-■.!;(^■;f«,»|r,.J.Y.■>^^ ^ , LITERJRT WEEKLY INTELLIGENCEKi CONSISTING Ot ^r ORIGINAL PIECES, and ■ SELECTIONS FROM PERFORMANCES OF MERIT FOREIGN AND DOMKSTIC, $ '■ ^' ' ■ ■'■■>■■' <•■' > . . ;'^, ; '!' A Work calculated to di/Teminate ufeful Knowledge among all ranks of people at a fmall expence. ):i'r|iiv; it X.^- • v J JAMES ANDERSON, LLDi fKS. FAS. S.Scc, r . VOLUME FIRSTi APIS matin;e more MODOqOE, SPAR3A COLLICERE BONA, ET MISCkRE UTILE nt'LCl, CONAMUR. ED INfiURGttt , PRINTED BY MVSDELL AND ^OX, PARLIAMENT STAIN^* MDCCXCI. Vol. L . - :^s ■ . <^' : jiH ■f ' ^ • I . ■ \ n \y ..^ nA^>v\:i'Xt^^Vi •i-i/^i:^^ r,i:i v?.,/..J '■, Jt..!', >/ ^^ li/! H«.ti' ..X: ;« ti »»■ A • H^»f ■*»■•*» * .^■". ! ■■•':, ■"' I"" A -■'" «a4M —**.!.•»««•- :x;S!»;ri.~-- ''.'^r" -'-^^Vi- 111.. ' ■V^'--i I - !5I^ *''*i^»J % .•<♦«' tl- ^;^%, -t^ .»■* /.<-. 'fs,. ^? i / •%^ 'W^ r :JV,K-J'^ .>Vf v^w .■sr; ' 'rv^- \ /:■ ,« -) J S' :<' ,»U{ f-"^ ! » '..1 r . I !, MBB BBI AuM / , ,;fd^i:R.d^ ADVE RTI SEMENXr'^ .!< ■.«.r*» While the Editor contemplated this under- taking at a diftance^ he perceived difficulties ; but they were difficulties of fuch a fort, as only tend- ed to roufe the mind, and make it ad with greater energy and vigour : As the time of publication drew nearer, however, difficulties of another fort occurred, which have only excited anxiety and perplexing doubts, that tend to enervate and to freeze the mental faculties. The many obliging letters he has received from perfons of diftin- guifhed eminence in all quarters, while they claim his mofl grateful acknowledgments to their refpe^ive writers, have made a deep and melan- choly impreifion on his mind, which it will be dif- ficult to efface : for though he is willing to af- cribe no fmall fhare of the obliging things that there occur, to that complimentary polite- nefs every one. thinks it necefiary to affume on occafions of this fort ; yet their general tenor is fo ftrong and fo uniform, as to leave him no room to doubt that the public hath, in general, formed an eftimate of his abilities infinitely more favourable than they deferve. Confcious as he Jiimfelf is, that the only claim he can juftly lay , [ iv ] hold of for obtaining the public favour, is the fmcerity of his intentions, he cannot but feel an anxious dif^juietude of raind, at the thoughts of making his appearance before that public which he is convinced hath formed expedtatiofti altogether difproportioned to his deferts. He would fain wiHi to remove, if poflible, the dif- agreeable effefts of that unjuft prcpoffeffion ; but how to do it, he knows not, Imprcfled with thefe ideas, he offers this his firft number to the public, witb doubt and hefitation. Thefi? very thoughts have deprefled his fpirits to fuch a de-^ gree, as to render his mind, feeble at the bed, incapable on this occafion of even its ordinary exertions. Embarraffed too, with a number of cares refpeding the executive departmejit of a new undertaking, thefe perplexities have been ftill farther augmented on this occafion, in an extraordinary degree, fo as to divert him in c^ great meafure, 5it the prefent time, from being able to attend, as be ought to do, to ^hQ more congenial tafk, to him, of fuperyifing the literary department. In thefe circumftaiices, he feels himfelf under the necefEty of fupplicating the indulgence of his readers for the defeds and im^ perfe^ions of this number^ Should the pubjic be difpofed to receive this feeble effort with inr dulgence, as fome of thefe emtarraffments muO^ [ V ] . abate, his fpirits may gradually regain their wont* ed tone, and his publication perhaps aifume a little more of that energy it ought to poffefs. At any rate, he will fubmit with a becoming defer* ence to the public decifion in this cafe. And, after thanking his numerous and refpe^table fub* fcribers for the countenance they have given him, he win only add, that it (hall be his invariable ftudy to difcharge thofe obligations he has come under to them, Jind to the public, with the ut* moft fidelity in his power : indeed he could not give a ftronger proof of his determined refolu* tion to do fo, than by publifhing, while in the itate of depreifion of mind he feels himfelf, thefe prefent fheets : — for nothing but a pofitive en* gagement could have induced him to do fo: but a pofitive engagement to him is always an irre* vocable deed ; which nothing but an abfolute mpoffibility can annul. Kind reader, farewell. ..« iV, *J> ^n / »*'< "a'i uj:im}C' yfi'- ^'•^. wUi ^u^i::r y Y: II :« ...',«K>' ' c»- ■ i ^ /! ■ j^ tf.'^ f{ ' I ( ,;, ;. J i/> «.^ . ♦.(W ' H. ♦* :^^'iM i4 * > -.,.t '■ ■* V \iM\ O.f^toaj ./I:*! ^i/a:Ui:i5!Uvr^>'.' l;i.'/ i^i,** v?i^. ^ir> ^^,''^ Vil 'I- ■i '».'., '■1^1 *\ I i i '• 1, ^_^ A».i .>'■> I » «•> ' iJ ' ■ Mf .iMua ,1 J. i,-'.'i. Cij'' >r -Ji>- u. l^ i I ,, I < n^ii' ■»n'?jn >•<; " 1 ;'.rn /. J-j L.!» :'!fL» >< it "I'-f- l! <«' 'UO T'i h\0 \\ :' ~>il -04 Sid: dilij Jul I >i\.' >;« :i:;j::^.iM' dji ■.»;., ij-,( -j>?' ■n:; .incivrjl <• •( 'U it Mi ff\\ i-Jif* p .,<- 1 s. V. f $.n'\ ttVi.:v^H> fil » \ ■ i .. ■ »J UiV/ ,^»i. \i V il l?f O'hU/ ii.i pn li i r ,:-r} tH' 1 -V • . . :u, '<*} K; I'V; J « .uu :ju .ui/ijc .JiiU 0|t u ■ani f-G >¥• r*Kj' o? 7tijfoj4ii fv; :i^;'l ^-.^./horT F * /^ *•. n li* »JM A .t r.(i i.;j .■^. ii> 'W f w'i .•,*' .i.iii».i i» PROSPSCTttl r 1 1'- i s ,.) u . i . . it n^ ' '^/.^^ '<« }i "b.*: v 1' 1 i/:l i; •trj. i:m: /-. V '•' -J* i ••: l.f •s ', 'I.e. -• t > \ . 'i\ <;., I , 4 ' '»': m Tflt editor of this work hat frequentlj had occafion to ranark, in dm courfe of reading, that nutneroua faos, and important obfervatioMy have been publimed many years, without having ever come to the knowledge •( thofe clalTea of men who are engaged in the aftive pur* fuits of buiiners, though it is« for the mod part, by fuch men only, that pradlical improvements can be applied to ufefui purpoles in life. From this caufe it happens, that the difcoveries nude by uterary men, too often ferve rather to amufe the fpeculative than to awaken the in- genuity of men of bufinef$,or to ftimulate the induftry of the operative part of the conmiunity, who have no opportunity of ever hearing of the numerous volumes in which thefe (cattered fadU are recorded. He haslikewife obferved, that among thofe who are engaged in arti^ agriculture, manufa«fturc8, and commerce, there are many individuals of great ingenuity and confpicuous talents, who, from experience and ob- fervation, have made important difcoveries in their refpeftive employ- ments ; but that thefe men being «t prefent in a great meafure ex- cluded from the circle of literary intelligence, have neither an oppor- tunity, nor any inducement to conununicate their difcoveries to others. Thus is ufefui knowledge confined to a few individuals only, at whofe death it is irrecoverably loft, inftead of being univerfally diffufed, as it of right, ought to be, among all men, at leaft of their own pro- feffion ; and the progrcfs of the nation towards perfedion in ufefui at- tainments is much retarded. He has alfo often remarked, with extreme regret, that clergymen \ and others in remote parts of the country, whole minds in thor early youth have been delighted with the charms of fcientific purfuits, muft in the prefent ftate of things, unlefs they be poflefled of affluence, re- ludantly forego the pleafures that refult from a familiar intercourfe with the republic of letters, and fuffer themfelves to fink into a fort of men- tal annihilation. To fuch men the poet may be fuppofed aptly tf allude in thefe beautiful lines : , <( u Full many a gem of pureft ray ferene " The dark unfathom*d caves of ocean bear; And many a rofe is bom to bltdh unfeen, 5* And wafte its fweetnefs on the defert air.** Grat. .V V i.- AUke unknown indeed, and ufelefs to the world, are the muOtd trau fiires which thus are buried in obfcurity, as the inanimate objeds here defcribed; but not alike are the effeAs of negledk on the a«i- tnate and the inanimate objeds themfelves. The gem lefes none of its valuable qualities^ though it ihould remain for ages hid in the boibm of the dark abyfs ; the buriUng rofe bud alfo, covered with the dewt of hcjtven, unfolds its opening charms with equal beauty inthetu- « * Tbis obn;rTatioa chiefly sRplies to clorgTincn in Scotlao4. mi : I ( ^'" ) i l^ied glade, and diffufes its balmy fraj^rance with the fame profufioi in the lonely deferc, m in the policed garden, where it miniftcrs td the delight of admiring princes. Not fo the man. His foul, formed with a relifli for the fupcrior enjoyments of fociety, if fuHered C0 Eine in neglcAed obfcurity, lofcD its vivifying principle : its ardent bri)<< ancyfadesi and It Ufoon deprived of all thofc valuable qualiticfl which might render it eithet' agreeable or beneficial to mankind. Whatever, therefore, fhalt have a tendency to remove this evil, and to open a ^eady intercourfe between thefe valuable charadters and congenial niinds, will confer a very impor^ant blefling on mankind. ' Such Mras the general train of reafoning that fuggeiled the idea of the prefent work : Nor does the editor fcruple to own, that the pleafure Jhe has felt in anticipating the happinefs he may thus eventually be the means of procuring to many del'erving perfons who are now lofl in obfcurity, and in contemplating the benefits that will probably rcfult Co the community at large from the revivification of fo much genius, which now lies dormant and ufelefs, have tended greatly to incite him to attempt the prefent arduous undertaking ; and have influenced hini in adopting the particular form of this work, the mode of its publi- cation, and the price at which it is offered to the public, as being betteif Adapted than any other he could think of, for removing the incon-- vemences pointed out, and for diffiifing Knowledge very univerlUUy a- mong thofc claiTes ^f men who are at prefent excluded from the 1h terary circle. Its form is fuch as will eafily admit of its being kept clean and entire till it can be b«und up- for prefervation : The time t\i^ will intervene betwe*n the publication of each number will be fo fhort^ as not to allow t|ie fubjedls treated in one to be loft fight of before an- other appears : anfwers to queries may be quickly obtained ; and con- teflfd diicuflions will thus acquire an intereft and a vivacity that canncf be felt in publications that are longer delayed : Nor will thofe even in the bufieft fcenes of life find any difficulty in glancing over the whole at leifure hours; and the frhc is fo exceedingly moderate a.i to bring it within the reach of even the moft cconomieal members of the com-- muhity. Thus, he' hopes that this performance will become an inter* efting recreation and an ulcful inftruAor to the man of bufinefs, and an agreeable amufement during a vacant hour to thofe of higher rank. Nor does the editcu* confine his views to Britain alone. Tlie world at large he confiders w the proper theatre for litei'ary improvementsi, and the whole human, race, ^ cunli:ituting but une gi;eat lociety, whufe general advancement in knowledge muft tend to augment the profperity of all it^part^. He wiihes, therefore, to break down thofe little diftinc- tions which accident has produced to fet nations at vai'iance, and which ignorance has laid hold of to difunite and to render hoflile to each other fuch a large proportion of the human race. Comtnerct hath naturally paved the way to an atteh)pr, which literature alone could not perhaps Jhav^ hoped t achieve. Britifh trader? are now to be found in all pations on the globe; and the Englilh language begins to be ftndird a« highly iifeful in every country. By means of the univerfal intdrcourfe which that trade occafions, and the general utility of this language, he ^ I t ■!« ] hopci to be able to cflabllfli a mutual interchange of knowledge, and to efie<^ a friendly literary intercourfe among all nations ; by which man (hall come gradually to know, to efteem, to aid, and to benefit his fellow creatures wherever he finds them. The human heart is nearly the fame at all times; and it is perhaps alike Aifceptible of piety, beneficence and generofity among all people, if errors tha( too often pervert the underftanding were eradicated. The proper bufinefn of philofophy is to eradicate thofe errors which eftrange mankind from each other, and to extend the fphere of beneficence among men wider and wider (kill, till it ihall comprehend every individual of the human race. Should the editor of this work be enabled to eftablifli the foundation of this fyftem of univerfal civilization, he would reckon himfelf Angularly fortunate indeed, and think that he had accomplifhed one of the moil glorious achievements that can fall to the lot of man to perform. Animated with this hope, his exertions have been great ; and he trufts they "will not in future be unworthy of the objc<5t he has in view. He is happy in being able to fay, that he has been more fortunate in forming connections with men of eminence ii the literary world than he had any reafon to expeA ; and were he here to mention the names of thofe who are to honour him with their cor- ref}>ondence, it is hard to fay whether it would moft expofe him to be cenfured as vain, or bring his veracity in queftion. Suilice it therefore at prefcnt only to fUy, that there is fcarcely a civilized na- tion on the globe in which he has not a reafonable aifurance of having fome confidential correfpondents, on whofe knowledge and zeal in the caufe of fcience he can fully rely. It is indeed to that ardour for knowledge among them that he is folely indebted for the favourable countenance he has obtained. Into all nations, therefore, where the Englifh language is in any way known, this work will probably find its way; and of courfe it may be expef man- kind ; and he trufts, that his efforts to render as perfed as he cafi, thil much greater and more ufeful performance, may entitle him to hope for a continuance, and an extenfion even, of that favour, which he had« on all former oecafions, fo liberally experienced itpm an ever indulgent public. Should he fail in this attempt, lie fiiall regret it as ii misfortune, and afcribe it to the weaknefs of his powers, that have not been fuffi^ cient to roufe the public attention to- a fubjed of fuch universal mo- ment ; and to the accidental waywardncfs of the times. If, hoWeVef « i 9 work ; but Fa ud a» error* inedj which 10 ex|>ence, Able efft€t the native lid prompt urf ed ; and ' the very tckly rc^i- its fource. thus be af- it from all hant over !(9:9 aimed red at that iie public* tkiag. If aitirely to tf man- can, thil > hope for ch he hat. indulgent liaforttme, )een fufli^ er^il mo- hoWeVcr, he meet with the encoun^ement that the boldne{v> of the attempt, and probable utility of the work, fieem to merit, no exertion on his part ihall be wanting. Of his own fffikaiitn at leaft, while health fliall be con- tinued, he can fpeak with a reafonable degree of certainty ; oa the liberal affiftance cdP hit Utcrary friends in Britain, he can with a well groMnded confidence rely ; and he has every reafon to expeA that his communications from abroad will be valuable alike for their authenti- city, variety and importance. It is not, however, on the conmiunication« from abroad that he places his chief reliance, nor on the voluntary aflifiance of private literary friends ; he hopes for communications un interefting fubjeds, as they occafionally occur, from Uterary charaders in Britain who are entire ftrangers to him, and will be at all times ready to make fuch returns as the writers of fuch eflays ihall be willing to accept, in proportion to the merit of their performances. He ihall only add, that concifenefs and comprehenfive brevity will ever be to him great recommendations. The editor cannot pretend to announce this work to his readers as a newfpaper. It may ferve, however, as a concife regiiter of important occurrences, that admits of being conveniently bound up, tn be confulted occafionally, and thus to preferve the recolledion of events long after thofe papers that announced them more fully at the time, ihall have been fufiered to perilh. Though this performance cannot therefore boaft the merit of announcing news, it may ferve very completely the pur- pofe of anufeful remembrancer to thofe who wiih to preferve a diftind recolledion of the fucceifion of pad events. In one particular department, he propofes to adopt a method thjit his friends make him hope will give general fatisfadion. In all the newfpapers, mention is made of the feveral bills that are introduced into parliament ; but unlefs it be from the debates that occur on the paffing of thefe bills, the public are no farther informed of their contents than the name by which they are announced fuggefts. Many perfons, therefore, have ekprefied an e.'^meil wiih, (hat a diftindk and authentic account could be given of the charadterifbic peculiarities of each of theie bills, in fume performance that can eafily be obtained by the public at large. This the editor intends to attempt in the preient work* Inllead oi giving a diary of the tranfadlions of parliament, as in a newf- paper, he proioles to give a feparate hiflory of the rile and progreis uf £ach particular bill, announcing always at the beginning the particular 4ibjeds of the bill, and tracing vhe amendments it received in each ilep of its progrefs through the houfe ; and thus explaining the ilatc in which it is kft when pafTed into a law, or finally rejeAcd ; adding himfelf fuch occafional remarks as the lubjedl naturally fuggefts. By this mode of procedure, the account of parliamcnury jirocecdlngs niuft indeed be delayed till towards the end of each feflion of par- liament, as it is propoi'ed never to lufe fight of one bill till it be finally paffed into a law, or rejeded. But as the daily ])roceediugs in parlia- ment can be found in every newfpaper, this delay can be attended with little inconvenience to the reader ; and it is hoped he will re- ceive a latisfacftion, in feeing the lame fubjed: dlfcunid foou after, and [ »i J placed in a light fomei^yhat new; and which, from the manner of treating it, if the execution be tolerable, ihould' be more clear and fatisfadory than the ordinary accounts.ol parliamentary proceedings. How far he fliallfucceed in thit^(^artment, the public will decidie : I but it is extremely obvious, chat few things are fo much waated in this country, as a more general publication than at prefent takes place of the laws that afFeifl individuals; and he hope!< that this attempt, in a work fo much within the reach of all ranks of people, will be re- ceived with indulgent candour. The uncommon lownefs of price at which this work is offered to the public, has been adopted, that its circulation might be the more extent- five, with a view to render this, and other articles of ufeful information, acceffible to the great body of the people : and the editor warmly begs leave to foiicit the attention and patronage of the public at large in this attempt ; for it is by an extenfive circulation alone, that the general attention can be fo much engaged, as to eiFe<9: all the purpofes this pub^ lication is naturally fitted to accompliih. His utmoft zeal,, however, can prompt him to go no farther, than to be anxious that thofe who wilh well to the undertaking may have an opportunity of once fee- ing the work, and of judging for themfeives of its merit ;. and if upon trial they fiuU find it unworthy of their patronage, it is but juft and proper they ihould then give it up. Had private emolument been the chief objeA with the editor, he is well aware that he would have better fucceeded by aiHxing a muchhigherprice to it. The more general exten- fionof knowledge, however, iscertamly a much greater objecSl to aim at. Still farther to ftimulate the attention of the public, and to call f<»rth tilt latent fparks of genius that may lie hid from public view ; it is che wifb of the editor to give a fet of premiums, annually, rather hororary than lucrative, for the befl diiTertations on literary fubjeH PREMIUMS PROPOSED FOR LITERARY ESSAYS, &c. . First. For tie bef •ofrltten^ and tie mifi eharaBerijlie (ketch tf the life tf any of the great men or fbiloft^ers that follenio ; vix. GaUilet; Cotumtmt ; JDoH Henry of Portugal i T'ycbo Brahe; Friar Bacon ; Alfred; CbarUmt^t : Cofnto^ or Lorenzo de Medicis ; Cardinal Ximenes ; Guflavut Vafa ; The Czar Fder the Great ; Bacon Lord Verulam ; the Bifhop of Chiapa ; The Abbe de Sdint Pierre ; or any other great ftateftnan or phihfopher nvht appeared in Europe between the revival of letters ^ and the beginning of the prefent century ; A eoLD MEDAL,— or MVt GUINEAS. In thefe Jketchesy Jlriking ehara&eriflieal traitsy exprejffive of the peculiar genius and cafl of mind of the perfon^ contrajied totth the prevailing vtatmert t)f thepedple^ and modes of 'thinking at the time, ivill be chiefly valued. Brevity and force tvill be high recommendations ; but pepipous panegyric ivill be vievj' ed in a very different tight. Let fa6is f peak for them/elves : For it isfa^s, ^vhen fairly reprefented^ that confitate the chief and indeed the only excellence of the kind of painting here aimed at. The firm boldrtefs and accuracy of tbt touches, not the allurements of vaudf colouring, are here -wanted. • . Second. For the befl and moji friking cbaraSfcriJItcal Jketcb of any emU nent Jiatefmany philofopher^ or artijl note livings or -who has died within the pre' fent century; A GOLD MEDAL, — OF FIVE GUINEAS. In thefe Jhetches^ originality and frevgtlfof thought ^ and an exafi inovf' ledge of the human mind^ tvill be principally fought for : Brevity and ele» gaiite in tbt pUe and manner ivill be greatly efleemed ; but •without candour and impartiality^ they cannot be admitted. The cenfure and the praife of party •writers tend alike to defact all truly charaSleriJiical traits^ and to difguife infle^: of elucidating tljefubje£i. This mufi be here avoided, «* ' * »*« t"^ )Z Third. For the befl original mtfeetldnetus ejf ay ^ flory^ apiiiogue\'orfiale, illujirative of life and manners ; or effufon or difquifition on any fubjeB that tends to intercjlthe hearty and amtife the imagination^ in profe ; A GOLD MEDAI.^— or FIVE GUINEAS. •■"*; w.-^. -. - ..\-.'.>.\ ..-i -- , .--v.^--. ii\^ .y An original turn of thought; a ebir^eStnefs and purity of language; eafe and elegance nf arrangement y and fprightlinefs effliley tvhen devoid of affefjationj tvill be accounted firincifial excellencies. Subje£ls that are cheerful and Jportive tvill be preferred torthofe that are grave andfolemn. Btit let not affectation be miflaken for eafcy nor pertrefsfor tvit and humour : Neither fiould folemnity be codfound- ed tvtth pathos ; for the truly pathetic can never fail to pleafe. He begs lea've to repeat y that in thefe fketches or effaysy cotnprehenfiv brevity is principally required. It is not by quantity that the editor of this mifcellany means to fflimate the value of the performances offered to him ; but much the rrvrrfe. Thofe effays tvhich comprehend much in f mall bounds tvill therefore be altvays deemed the mojl valuable. He can never be at a lofs for materials t* fill his pages ; and therefore is anxious that the effays offered to him fbould be Lampriffd 'into as fn^ll a f pace as is tonjjflent tvitb elegance and perfpicuity. wmtm ■■ [ xlT J V Fourth J[ For tit heji original ejfay, in verfu •*, tcde^ tptfiUyfonnd^ w fiitrt poetit effu/wn o/tmy Und i A SILVER MEDAL,— K)r TWO GUINEAS. FiFTB, Ftr tht m^ fplrltul traitflatioHy or elegant imiiatitm tfanyfeU^ fottn in foreign Im^n^Sn tifbttbgr anagatt t ^mJtrH; A silver medal, —or TWO OUiME^S.. The editoffjifien he offers tbe/k *V)o lafi premnms^ does it not tvlthont fear mndbdiUtiim. AU tbdjine artt are pU^mg and attraOive { but none of tbem^ he beJieveiy if ft generaily feduSive to youib/vl mindt, at the aliuremente of foetry. WlMe im.agination \t ^at0rm,a^ be/ore a faculty ofdferving things aseurateiyt bis formed nju/l tafiofor imitative beauties, facility in mating vetfes if ofttn mijtakenfor apedbs t^Uut f and tbefidu&iom iifftlflove ietft up theiUuJJion. To tb^e foufet, be isfenfUe^ yie owe tb^ tfumeront utuMter^ ing merfes that are perpet'tally ijjuingfrom the pre/i, wbiebferve to d^gt^ the man oftt^e^ and make bm turn from the fgh* of vcrfe, tlMf^ be wottld be enraptured •u^b genuine ^octxy,jboi(ld it fall in bis way. Should tbefe fmall ^lluretnents call forth a number ^ trifles rf ibis fort, the editor' would /eel bo bad placed him/elf in very c^agreeable cirfuw^an(es ; for if it be unpleafvsg even to readfucb tbingj, it would beame in ibis ccfe extrtmely d\[lreffingyfrom the tmavoidabU recolleiHoHy that pain mujl be given by rejeHing them, The pt^afurBf bowjtverf be would feel at calling fortbr were it but aftn^e line of genuiDe poetry, thai mode^ merit might have otbesrwife fuppreffed^ indueed bint to propofe tbefe fmall premiums, TbteffeS they produce will determine wbe* tber in future tb^ JbuU he contin/ued ^withdrawn, Jt may not be impr^er ajfo ta^li/ftf that it tttill be retptifite that tranfiationo emd imitations from tht pntt in foreign or d^ad languages, be made chiefly from fucb p^ilfa^ fu have net alreeufy appeared m 'Mnglffk. A repetition ^ what bos alrea^ b/undomecmnwt be admitted, uuiefs it pojefs veryfuperior excellence, ffbere is a/pirity and fre, and heroic ardour , confpisuous in ** *rbe Songs of a J*ru^an Grenadier^* by Gleim ; and a yet higher degree of artlefs energy in *^ ^e.Sofigt of an Amaxon ,*' by IVe^e, that would be highly captivating to mofi reedersp were they known i and among tb^ Lyric pieces of Metajlafio, there is a br^Pttyi ajimplieityf an elegance ^nd pathos, that has beenfeldom imitated in the Engliflt language. It bsu perhaps been thought the genius of the language did not admit ifiU Neither was it iiought that a k>nnet could be written in £»glijb,tbat could poffefs tbofe feduSiive cbarmt that bad been admired for two . iundred years in the writings of Petrarch, tilt a lady, well known in the an- nals of polite literature, very lately fbcwed, that for tbif fpecies of poftry, no ianguage was more bappy than our own. Under the plajiic power ^genius, language becomes an injirument capable of every thing: JVbere genius is %uant* tug, it is a tool of very circumfcribed powers, ^ •*• mi"}' ii*tettdedfor this competition, written in the Englifi language, voiil be received any time before tht iji of May* 1 79 1, addreffed, pofl paid, ta the Editor, at the printing boufe of Mundell and Son, Edinburgh. To each ejfay mufi be prefixed a fi'w ivords as a mot*s ; the fame motto, in tbe fame band ivrli- # Tilt «rtitor coufiderijig that many perrons have not had an opporttinity ,of Tccins the P10- ft'jilUi* yfiio may wlih to bccumi; cujr.pctjL«r», hm enlarged the time ior' recti v5ii« paptr« beyond C »^ 1 GUINEAS. 9« of any f el e^ IV%% MIDAL, ingyheiitg infcriM upon the outftde of a kzledpaper aeeompanylng it^ coHtaiti'jng the name and addreft of the competitor ^ or fucb name and addrefs at be pleafet to put in ittjlead^ ifbt^ivifies to remain tinknaivn. Tbe fealed paper belonging to tacb oftbofe ejfays to nvbicb tbe premiums Jhall be adjudged^ will be opened xvbem [tbe premium* are atuardedf and tbe ejfay* be publijbed in tbis mifcellany, *tbf Vrtber ejfays will be returned if deftred; or tbey ivill be federally puHifiei^ if {approved by tbe judges to ivbom tbis matter Jball be referred^ andif agreeable \to tbe -writer. At any rate^ bowever^ none of tbe fealed papers^ unltfs ft be thofe [belonging to tbe ejfays to wbicb premiums are adjudged Jball be opened; but wiU \ie rtturnedf ifde/ired, to any perfon nvbo Jball call for them : Or, if not cmUed \for nvitbinftx montbs after tbe premiums Jbidl be adjudged, tbey tuilt *ben be [burnt, in tbe prefenu of refPeHable voitnejfes, vubo Jball attefi that tbefeali rotr* lunopined, Tbe (IriSieft bonmr in tbit rejpefi wuty be depended on. M I, •-«'!•' ■*'?. . ^w .' : ■,' -'-'^ ■ ./^■'■% I , i V. t . .. .t,'» U- if' .ir '■'-■• feeing the Pio- { paper* l)cvbv»} «-'y'!/A;_ '>r'Vi?a':-- Vvlfn'-M ^j^vl,-- J. , -» ".» . '•.■!; i'i,^ ->. ^^t '.s-i* \V.^ r>^ ,' . s% '■V Vf- !?.*V.^ ■', :i' .^JR.;•: Ml , , .f.. J; aV. ,.- '}■■ >•; •.V -: j-^i ?,<'. i^': ^: /:t>' >>/ »r ^'' /« X ^>^ ■ ' ^' ' V ,_ ■ .. . /.• -■:v\ V^H -M.^liVs. / :.--,! ,.-' t ■,.? '..'^■•f. »» 5*vO. A x ly^j* J3a t> ':l ir' .uMi.A.ii' THE BEE, -•. >i ' 6 R ')««■<■ I:!' '*t <, tlfERART INTELLIGENCER. ;'^a;{ %>:%, liiJiKsiisT ^^. roi( «.<■- ' -H' ^^ WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 22, I^odi F^^^ ^ t^i '.'*«f 'V-f n Curfory Hints and Anecdotes of the late DoSfor ' ' '^ William Cuuxn af Edinbursh^^^K^T' '^ '^4 "*■ »r ■w' ^t*''*^* '/?i>nii j'ifj - ,~ T Amicus Plato, fed magi's arnica Veritas. i'. A life of DoAor Cullen,with a full account of his writings, being mvt, preparing for the prefs by a mafterly hand, on the authenticity of whofe information the public may rely, — the editor of this mifcel- lany finds it unnecefl'ary, and would be improper in him to offer to his readers, in thefe circumllances, any thing farther than a few hints and anecdotes, illuftrative of the charader and difpofition of that great man ; moft of which have fallen under his own obfervation, but which could not with propriety have found a place in a regular biographical Urticle. Requefting, therefore, that the curiofity of the public may be fufpended till that more perfedl work fhall appear, — the following hints are oiFcred merely as a tribiite of gratitude in the writer, and in compliance with the engagements he has coQife under to the public. If they have no other merit, their authenfieitr may be relied upon. r , t' f r i/tiij .Tiv.fe.j It is a melancholy coniideration to the Editor, that he has occafion to begin his work witJi a pofthum >us account of the moft eminent preceptor and dilinterefted friend he ever had in the world. Short is the pe-^ riod that man is fuffered to tread this tranfitory ftage Vol. I. Jk ! 1 THE BEE, OR Dec. 22, of exiftence ; nor is it in the power of man to arreft the ftroke of death : But it is I'ometimes in his power to preferve a few faint memorials of thofe he loved ; and he finds a pleafure in attempting to .perpetuate the remembrance of thofe amiable qualities which have contributed, in an effential manner, to augment his own happinefs and that of others. Thefe are the mo- tives which induce the writer of this memoir to take up the pen on the prefent occalion. To fpeak of Do^or Cullen in his profefllonal qua- lity -as a phyfician, would require talents that do not belong to the writer of thefe pages : His writings are well known, and will be more juftly appreciated by others. It is Cvrtlen as a man ; as a member of fo- ciety ; as a man of letters, and a promoter of fcien- tific knowledge ; we mean here to contemplate. \ The moft ftriking features in the character of Doctor Cullen were, as a man of letters, great energy of mind, and vigour of ent^rprife, a quick perception, a reten- tive memory, and talent for arrangement : as a man — as a member of Jociety^ beneficence and warmth of heart, candour and fociability of difpofition, vivacity of temper, politenefs and urbanity of manners. Thefe peculiarities of charafter were perceptible in every tranfa^ion of his life ; had an infinence on his conduct on all occafions ; and gave a tinge to his ftudies, his rei^oning., his purfuits, and hi^ practice, through every po^od of his life. < ^t^o moft men who have made attainments that could in any refpeft be compared with thofe of Doctor Cullen, ftudy is a ferious, often a fevere, and feeni- ingly a burdenfome employment : To Jnm^ it never feemed to be more than an amufement ; an amufe- ment too of fuch a fort as never occupied his mind fo much as to prevent him from indulging, with perfeft freedom, thofe focial difpofitions which made him at all times take particular delight in the company of 1790* ' LITERARY INTELLIGENCER, ^ his friends ; fo that to thofe pupils and friends who had accefs alike to perceive his Angular exertions in his literary capacity, to converfe with him in his own houfe, and to know his mode of living, it has often afforded matter of wonder, how he contrived to obtain that knowledge they found he poffelTed. For more than thirty years that the writer of this article has been honoured with his acquaintance, he has had ac- cefs to know, that Dodor Cnllen was m general em- ployed from five to fix hours every day in vifiting his patients, and in prefcribing for thofe at a diftance who confulted him in writing ; and that during the fefBon of the college, which in Edinburgh lafls from five to fix months, he delivered two public lectures of an hour each, fometimes Jour lectures a day, during ^ve days of the week ; and towards the end of the I'effion, that his fludents might lofe no part of his courfe, he ufually, for a month or fix weeks together, delivered \eQ.\iresJtx days every week ; yet during all that time, if you chanced to fall in with him in public or in private, you never perceived him either cmbarrafled, or feemingly in a hurry ; but at all times he was eafy, and cheerful, and fociably inclined : and in a private party at whift, for fixpence a game, he could be as [keenly engaged for an hour before fupper, as if he had had no other employment to mind, and would h|^ as much interefled in it, as if he had had a thoufamP jlDounds depending on the game. Nor was it only after he was far advanced in life [that his opportunities for ftudy were few, and the means of acquiring knowledge interrupted by the pref- liing avocations of bufinefs. Though defcended from refpedatlle parents in Lanarkfhire *, their circum- ftances were fuch as did not enable them to lay out much money on the education of their fon William ; . who, after having ferved a fhort apprenticefbip to a fur- geon apothecary in Glafgow, went feveral voyages to * His father was fome time Bailie, that is, cbie/ magijlrate of Hamiltcfi A 2 • 1 :\ ' jl ,j|v THE BEE, ORJlJli: . Dcc. 22, the Weft Indies, as a furgeon, in a trading vefl'd from Jliondon : but of this employment he tired, and fettled himfelf, at an early period of life, as a country bur- geon, in the pariih of Shotts, where he Itaid a Ihort tiine, prad:iiing among the farmers and coimtry people, and theh went to Hamilton with a view to praftife as 9. phyjician, having never been fond of operating as a The writer of this article had no opportunity of knowiiig Do6lor CuUen, till he had nearly attnined his fiftieth year : but from the ardour of mind, the vigour of enterprize, the vivacity of difpofition, and the fociability of temper the t)odor then poifefled, it has often occurred to him, that during the younger part of lite, CuUen could not fail to prove a very intereU- ing character to fuch as were capable of judging of it, and of being a moil engaging companion to thofc who knew how to enjoy life. Thefe qualifications piade him be foon taken notice of by the gentlemen of the country where he refided, to whofe tables he was f»t all times readily admitted as a welcome guelt. "While he refided near Shotts, it chanced that Archi- bald Duke of Argyle, who at that time bore the chief political fway in Scotland, made a viut to a gentleman of rank in that neighbourhood. The Duke was fond literary purfuits, and was then particularly engaged fome chemical reftjarches, which required to be elu- pidated by experiment. Eager in thefe purfuits, his (Grace, while on this vifit, found himfelf much at a lofs for the want of fome fmall chemical apparatus, which his landlord could not furnilh ; but happily re- colleding young Cuilen in the neighbourhood, he mentioned him to the Duke ^s a perfon who could prol^ably fuiniili it. — He was accordingly invited to jiinej was introdqced to his Grr.ce,- — who was fo much pleafed with his knowledge, his politenefs and addrefs, that he formed an acquaintance which laid the foun-i dation of all Dodor Culien's future advancement. .jf^^ I'J^O, ^ LITERARY INTELLIGENCtR. J The name of CuUen by this time became familiar at every table in that neighbourhood ; and thus he came to be known, by chara6ler, to the Duke of Ha- milton, who then redded, for a ihort time, in that part of tlie country : and that nobleman having been fud- denly taken ill, the afliilance of young GuUen was call- ed in, which proved a fortunate circumftance in ferving to promote his advancement to a ilation in life, more fuited to his talents than that In which he had hither* to moved. The charafter of the DouglaflTes, of which name the family of ITamilton now forms a principal branch, has always been fomewhatof thefame (lamp with that of the riling CuUen. Genius, benevolence, franknefs, and conviviality of difpofulon, have been, with them in general, very prominent features : and if to that be added a fpirit of frolic and of diffipation, thefe will be accounted as only natural confequences of thofe youthful indulgences that fpring from an excefs of wealth at an early period of life, and the licence al- lowed to people of high rank. The Duke was there- fore highly delighted with the fprightly charatter and ingenious converiation of his* new acquaintance. Re- ceiving inftrudion from him in a much more pleafing, and an infinitely ealier way than he had ever before ob- tained, the couverfation of CuUen proved highly in- terefting to his Grace — no wonder then that liik foon found means to get his favourite Doftor, who was al- ready the elleemed acquaintance of the man through whofe hands all preferments in Scotland were obliged to pafs, appointed to a place in the univerfity of Glaf- gow, where his Angular talents for difch^rging the du- ties of the ftation he now occupied, fuon became very confpicuous f . f It was not, however, folely to the favour of thefe two great men that Cullcn owed his literary fame. He was recommended to the notice of men of fciencc, in a way ftill more honourable to himfelf. The dif- fSii'e of the JDuke of Hamilton having refilled the effed of the firft: 6 THE BEE, OR DeC. 22, During his refidence in the country, however, feve- ral important incidents occurred, that ought not to be pniTed over in filence. It was during this tJ >»e that was formed a connection in bufinefs in a v^ry humble line, between two men, who, by the decrees of fate, had been ordained to become afterwards eminently confpicuous in much more exalted ftations, William, afterwards Doftor Hunter, the famous lefturer on ana- tomy in London, was a native of the fame part of the country, aftd not being in affluent circumftanccs more than CuUen, thefc two young men, ftimulated by the impulfe of genius to profecute their medical iludies with ardour, but thwarted by the narrownefs of their fortune, entered into a copartnery bulinefs as furgeons and apotheciaries in the country. The chief end of their contrad being to furnilb each of the par^ ties with the means of profecuting their medical {In- dies, which they could not feparately fo well enjoy, it was ftipulated, that one of them alternately fhould be allowed to iludy in what colleges he inclined, during the winter, while the other ihould carry on the bufi- nefs in the country for their common advantage. In confequeuce of this agreement, Gullen was fird allowed to ftudy in the Univerfity of Edinburgh, for one win- ter ; but when it came to Hunter's turn next winter, he, preferring London to Edinburgh, went thither. There his fingular neatnefs in difledling, and uncom- mon dexterity in making anatomical preparations, his affiduity infludy, his mildnefsof manner, and pliability of temper, foon recommended him to the notice of Do6lor Douglafs, who then read leftures upon anatomy and midwifery there, who engaged Hunter as an afliftant, applications, DoAor Clarke was fent for from Edinburgh, and he wa» ib much pleafed with every thing that Cullen had done, that he be- came his eulogift upon every occafion. Cullen never forgot this; and when Clarke died, gave a public oration in his praife, in the Univerfity •f Edinburgh ; wliich, it is believed, was the fix ft of the kind in this country. -^ci-' ■.•...*.>.v ^, .-- . ^- ■ ^^- ^ ^f le was le be- ; and i^erfity this 1790. UTERART INTEILIGENCER. jf and whofe chair he afterwards filled, with fo much honour to himfclf and fatisfa6lion to the public. ' ^'' Thus was diflblved, in a premature manner, a co- partnery perhaps of as fingular a kind as is to be found in the annals of literature : nor was Cullen a man of that difpofition to let any engagement with Iiim prove a bar to his partner's advancement in life. The articles were freely departed from by him j and Cullen and Hunter ever after kept up a very cor- dial and friendly correfpondence ; though, it is believ- ed, they never from that time had a perional interview^ with each other. During the time that Cullen praftifed as a coun«* try furgeon apothecary, he formed another connexion* of a more permanent kind, which, happily for him, was not dillblved till a very late period of his life. With the ardour of difpofition he polVcired, it cannot be fuppofed he beheld the fair fex with indifference. Very early in life, he took a ftrong 'attachment to an amiable woman, a Mifs Johnfton f, nearly of his own age, who was prevailed on to join with him in tlie facred bonds of wedlock, at a time when he had nothing elfe to recommend him to her except his perfon and difnolitions : for as to riches and pofleflions, he had little of thefe to boad of. She was beautiful, had great good fenfe, equanimity of temper, an amiable dif- pofition, and elegance of manners, and brought with her a little money, which, though it would be account- ed nothing now, was fomething in thofe days, to one in his fituation in life. After giving to him a nume- rous family, and participating with him the changes of fortune which he experienced, ihe peacefully departed thfs life in fummer 1786. In the year 1746, Cullen, who had now taken a degree of Dodor in p.hjfic§, was appointed a lee- t Daughter to a Clergyman In that neighbourhood. § His diploma bears date, Glafgow 4th .September 1 7iQt '' ''• - - *" THE BEE, OR Ceci 224 turer * in chemiftry in the Univeriity of Glafgow : and in the month of 0£lober began his ledures in that fci-» ence. His Angular talents for arrangement, his dif- tiii^tnefs of enunciation, his vivacity of manner, and his knowledge of the fcience he taught, rendered his leftures interefting to tlie fludents, to a degree that had been till then unknown at that univerfity. He be- came, therefore, in fome meafure adored by the i\\i- dents. The fcmer profeffors were eclipfed by the brilliancy of his reputation ; and he had to experience all thofe little rubs, that envy and difappointed am- bition naturally threw in his way. Regardlefs, how- ever, of thefe fecret (hagreens, he prelVed forward with ardour in his literary career ; and, fupported by the favour o£ the public^ he confoled himfeif for the con- tumely he met with from a few individuals. His prac- tice as a phyfician increafed from day to day ; and a vacancy having occurred in the year 1751, he was then appointed by the king profeflbr of medicine in that univerfity. This new appointment ferved only to call forth his powers, and to bring to lighc, talents, that it was not formerly known he. polTtiTed ; fo that his fame continued to increafe. ' -. r- • ./tj-; -m. j . As the patrons of the Univerfity of Edinburgh are ever on the watch to difcovcr the mod eminent men in the medical line in Scotland, their attention was foon directed towards Cullen ; fo that on the death of Doctor Plumber, profeifor of chemiftry in Edin- burgh, which -happened in the year 1756, Do£lor Cullen was unanimoufly invited to accept the vacant chair. This invitation he accepted : and having re- ligned all his employments in Glalgow f , he began his academical career in Edinburgh in the month of Oc- tober of that year ; and here he refided till his death. * A ledlurer gives Icfibns like a* prnfeflor ; but he is not a conftituedt member of the corporate body called an Univerfity, f March »a.;.i7f6. •TS. •/.'>■'. f>l ...!,(. ••V'^ ;< ■»:i':5i» 1'79««'-^ LITERAR»'^INTttLle£NCER. ^^ t£ the admifi^on ^ Culteninto the Oniverfity of GlafgoW gavt great fpirit td the exertions of the ftu^ dcrits; this "Was ftill, if po^ible, more ftrongly felt ' in £dmburg I by mifrepreiiting the dodlrines of Cuilen to others Whd could not have an opportunity of "hearing thefe doci trines themfelves, made even fome of th6 moft intel- ligent men in the Uhiverfity, thihk it their dilty pub- licly to bppofe thefe imaginary tenets. The fferment was thus augmented ; and it was fome time before the I profeflbrs difcovered th^ arts by which they had beeii I impofed upon, and univerfal harmony rellored. During I this time of public ferment, Cuilen went fteadily for- I ward, without taking any part himfelf in thefe dif- I putes. He never gave ear to any tales refpefting hi* I colleagues, nor took any notice of the dodlrines they ■ taught : That fome of their unguarded ftriclures might iat times come to his knowledge,' is not impoflible ; but 1 if they did, they feemed to make no impreflion on liii Imind: For during three years that the writer of this article attended his public ledures, while this ferment reigned, and for upwards of thirty years that he has been indulged with his private acquaintance, he cart with truth aver, that neither in public nor in private, did he e^er hear a fingle expreffion drop f.ofn Cuilen, that tended, diredly or indireftly, to derogate from the profeflional character of any of his colleagues, or Vol. I. B •«%y. I ^:,|# " :.,.,■' " \fi^ii^. THE BEE, 0^; AMirriil ■" Dcc. .22* that could induce a iludtnt to %hivk lightly of their talents as profeflbrs, or .their abilities as phyiicians* This circumftance is here brought f^\\'j> khul 1 r I 0' (': .1 .„l*y*#' Dec. .22* y of their phyiicians* loerely as Rtk qf that ch Vk little lowet the le IJniver- lis fame as m, became 3uld it well Ige was al- lilarly clear and to his ian w^s fo T, and his gulated by kle for thofe A affiftance, without it. ery family mU ftp);.be tlTEk AHf -INtiLLIGiNCER. t). » -gir' 'marice's, poflefles the nimals may y, each in- iirefted on- perience, to 3, its nature, tfeU' placed, era of any .1 ...Ito # * 1790^''^ LITERARY ^NTELLIGHNCER. *, ^■ one clafs of animals remain without any change. Their numbers may increafe or diminifh ; but their faculties are, upon the whole, for ever the fame. The diftinc- tive properties of the horfe, the afs, the elephant, the bee, and all other clafies of animals we know, ate pre- cifely the fame at the prefent moment as in the days of Mofes and of Homer, and will continue unchanged till the end of time. But of man, the fame thing cannot be faid. Each individual of bis fpecies, like tho£e of other animals, comes into the world, endowed with certain inftinAs and perceptive faculties, which ena- ble him to make obfervations, and derive knowledge from experience as they do, and from reafoning. This experience, and the knowledge refulting from it, is not, however, in him confined to the individual alone — -lie is endowed with the faculty of communicating the knowledge he has individually acquired to others of his own fpecies, and to derive from them in return, the knowledge that other individuals who fall in his way, have in the fame nlanner acquired. The young derive information from the old ; and thus are enabled, at their firft entry into life, to fet out with a greater ihare of acquired knowledge than any one individual of the human fpecies ever could have attained during the courfe of the longeii life, had he been left entirely to himfelf, like other animals. He does more — The ex- perience of ages thus fumifhes an accumulated ftock of knowledge for every fingle perfon ; and the individu- al who died a thoufand years ago, may become the in* ftruftor of thofe who are bom in the prefent time. It is this faculty of accumulating knowledge in the aggregate, which forms the diftinftive charafter of the human fpecies, when compared with every other clafs of animals, and which has conferred upon man that diftinguifhed rank he holds in the univerfe. It is this circumftance which gives to the man, even of the low- eft intelleftual powers, that marked fuperiority he holds above the moft intelligent individual-s of the moft iaga- B a XI — THE BEE., OR.. . . Dec. 22. cious clafs of animals in the world : for there is fcarce- Ij room to idoubt, tha,t if the moil . fagacious animal in the ordeirof tHe elephant, and, the Jo we^ individual as to intelle^lualr powers among the human fpecies, had been Left entirely to themfelvcs, as individuals, the elephant, would have appeared to be the vyifeA animal of the two. . This progreffive knowledge of man, cQnfid^red as an aggregate body, though it has never, that I know, been hitherto controlled with, that of other animals, has long been an obje£l of human attention j and this ftate of advancement has been denoted by the name of the pro- grefs of human focietj — ^the advancement of man in civilization— the progrefs from rudenefs to civilization, &c. — and to man confidered in this aggregate capacity, muft be referred the words, manners, habit, cuftom, fafhion, and innumerable others of a fimilar nature, which it is not neceflary here to enumerate. , . ' Man has been diftinguifhed as a /octal animal ; but this is by no means a diftindive peculiarity. Many other animals feel the influence of the fecial principle in an equal, or perhaps fuperior degree to man. All the gregarious animals feek fociety, and fhun folitude with an equal folicitude as man; and moil of thefe, in cafes of danger, unite with equal alacrity and firmnefs in their common defence, fo as to derive, in this way, an aggregate power which they could not individu- ally have poiTeiTed. The ox, the horfe, the afs, do fo ; the iheep even, though unjuilly charaderifed by natu- ralifls, as the moil ilupid of all animals, when in a ilate of nature, unite in a firm phalanx for common de- fence, and prefent an armed front to the enemy fo clofe- ly compared, as to be impenetrable to the fax or wolf, who dare not attempt a dire^ attack, but muil watch an opportunity^ of ilealing upon them, when unprepar- ed, to obtain their prey. And the economy of the bee, whofe joint labours difcover an aggregate effort of an immenfe number of individuals, conduced with the u Dec. 22, is fcarce- is animal individual ecies, had iuals, the :il animal red as an low, been , has long s ilate of f the pro- if man in rilization, capacity, f cuilom, if nature, mal ; but , Many principle lan. All folitude thefe, in firmnefs his way, individu- fS, do fO 'y by natu- in a (late imon de« fo clofe- : or wolf, ill watch nprepar- Y of the effort of with the 1790. rj LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. , IJ moll unceafing afliduity, perfevering indiiftry, and ex- afteft order, towards one common end, has long fur- niftied a fubjed of wonder and admiration to man, and difcovers a much clofer fyllem of aflbciation for mu- tual defence and prefervation, than ever yet has been found among the human fpecies. It is not, therefore, by the focial principle that man is effentially diftinguiHi^ ed from other animals ; nor by his fagacity in calling in the aid of multitudes to add to his individual llrength : It is to the faculty of communicating ideas from one to another, and the accumulation of knowledge, that, in a courfe of ages, this neceffarily produces, that he folely owes the fuperiority he now fo confpicuoufly holds over all other animals on this globe ; and from that circumllance alone derives that irrefiftable power, by which all the animate obje£ls in nature are fubjecl- ed to his fway ; and by which che elements themfeives are made to minifter to his will. It follows from thefe premifes, that whatever tends to facilitate the communication of ideas between man and man, muft have a diredl tendency to exalt the hu- man fpecies to a higher degree of eminence than it could otherwife have attained. This, the art of print- ing has done in a very confpicuous manner. Men are thus brought, as it were, to converfe together, who could never otherwife have known that fuch perfons exifted on the globe : The knowledge that has been acquired in one country, is thus communicated to an- other ; and the accumulated experience of former ages, is preferved for the benefit of thofe that are to come. But the efFe£ls of this art would be greatly circum- fcribed, were not methods contrived for difFufing that knowledge very generally among mankind ; — and among all the modes that have been devifed for that purpofe, no one has been fo efFedual as that of pe- riodical performances. Periodical performances, there- fore, though apparently a humble kind of writings, are in effe^ the moll proper means that ever yet hav» t4 ■' ' THE BEE, OR "^ ' Dec. 23, been contrived, for railing human nature to its higheft degree of exaltation, and for conferring upon man a more confpicuous degree of dignity above all rther animals, and a more extended power over the ele- ments, and other objects of nature, than he could other- wife hope to obtain. - .- . - ' ; ,": Men of all ranks, and of all nations, however widely disjoined from each other, may be faid to be brought together here to converfe at their eafe, without cere- mony or reftraint, as at a mafquerade, where, if a pro- priety of drefs and exprelBon be obferved, nothing elfe is required. A man, after the fatigues of the day are over, may thus fit down in his elbow chair, and, together with his wife and family, may be introduced, as it were, into a fpacious coffee-houfe, which is fre- quented by men of all nations, who meet together for their mutual entertainment and improvement. The dead are even called back to their friends, and mix once more in foetal converfe with thofe who have re- gretted their departure. Could a Pliny or a Cicero have formed an idea of fuch a high degree of mental indulgence, what would have been the raptures they would have experienced ? To them, this moll exalted of all entertainments was forbid by fate : But what they eould never enjoy, and what Cicero would have glad- ly purchafed at the price of his beloved 'Tufculum itfelf, is now offered to every inhabitant of Britain, at a very fmall expence. Let us then enjoy with thankfulnefs the bleflings that Heaven hath bellowed, and make a proper ufe of thofe diftinguiflied privileges that the pro- grefs of improvement in fociety hath conferred upon us j nor let us fail to add our mite as we pafs, to the ge- neral ftore, that pofterity may not have reafon to re- proach us for having hid our talent in the earth, and al- lowed it there to remain without improvement or be- nefit to any one. . .f' < tt, • '. I, :j (f Dec. 23, its hlgheft pon man a t all rther r the ele- 3uld other- J .A ver widely ►e brought hout cere- , if a pro- ^t nothing of the day :hair, and, ntroduced, ich is fre- gether for ent. The , and mix » have re- a Cicero of mental :ure3 they >ll exalted what they have glad- lum itfelf, at a very mkfulnefs d make 3 at the pro- l upon us J to the ge- fon to re- :h; and al- ent or be- 1790. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. «5 } ' i ?3^ t>ifi Account of Mr. LedTARD, J ) . fv - f Mr- Ledtard, a native of America, who had an irre- liftable propenlity to explore unknown countries, went round the world with Captain Cooke — Afterwards he meant to go through Ruliia, into North America, to traverfe the whole of that great continent, from weft to eaft. On this expedition he fet out with no more than ten guineas in nis pocket. From Stockholm, he meant to crofs the gulf of Bothnia on the ice; but when h« came near the middle, finding it not frozen, he was obliged to return, and went round by the head of that great fea, and paffing through Finland, in the depth of t^^inter, arrived at Pcterfburgh — From thence he went to Siberia, as far as Kamfchatka on foot ; but finding the paiTage acrofs to America fhut up with ice, he was forc- ed to return to TaJlutx—'li.eTe he was taken up by order •f the Emprefs of Rufiia ; and without any realbn giv- en, was hurried away to the confines of Poland, where he was difmilled, with an order not to return into Rufiia. He found his way to Konigfberg, and from thence back to Britain. Here he arrived jull at the time that the aflbciation for making difcoveries in Afri- ca were looking out for a' proper perfoo to undertake thefe inquiries — Mr. Ledyard was immediately applied to, who gladly undertook the taik. The particular enterprife allotted to him was, to penetrate through Egypt into Sennaar ; and from thence to try to explore a way well ward, towards the river Niger, and make uhat difcoveries he could. The arduoufnefs of the taik did not make him hefitate one moment — He fet out on the expedition with alacrity, and reached Cairo in Egypt without any crofs accident. Here he remained feme time, making inquires concerning the countries he ^•as about to explore, and preparations for his journey — '^. f/n*y «>/ 1 li «*' TH£ ASC, OH p • TM Dec. 22 1 But iinexpcftcd delays intervening, he was feized with a bilious complaint, which carried him off in the M)d of the year 1788, in Cairo, where he was decently interred in the neighbourhood of fuch of the Engliln as had ended their days in that C4apital. Of this furprifing man, whofe ardour of mind could fcarcely be equalled in any age or country, 1 know not if nny portrait remains. " His perfon, we are told by one who knew hini well, though fcarcely exceeding the middle iize, was remarkably expreflive of aftivity and ftrength ; and his manners, though un- polifhed, were neither uncivil nor unpleafing. Little at- tentive to difference of rank, he feemed to confider all men as his equals, and as fuch he refpe£ied them. His genius, though uncultivated and irregular, was origi- nal and comprehenfive. Ardent in his wiflies, yet calm in his deliberations ; daring in his purpofes, but guard- ed in his meafures ; impatient of controul, yet capable of ftrong endurance ; adventurous beyond the concep- tion of ordinary men, yet wary and conliderate, and at*^ tentive to all precautions, he appeared to be formed by nature for achievements of hardihood and peril. , They who compare the extent . of his pilgrimage through the yaft regions of Tartary, with the fcantinefs of his funds, will naturally alk, by what means he ob-. tained a ifubfift^nce on the road? AH that I have ever learned from him on the fubjeft, was, that his fuifer- ings were exceffive" — — " I am accuftomed, fays he, in our lad converfation, ('twas on the morning of his departure for Africa) 1 am accuftomed to hardfhips — ' I have known both hunger and nakednefs to the ut- moil. extremity of human fufFerings — have known what it is to have food given to me, as charity to a mad- man ; aod I have at times been obliged to (helter my- felf under the miferieiof that char after, to avoid a hea- yier calaipity. My diflreffes have been greater than I ever owned, or ever will own to any man. Such evils are terriCle to bear ; but they never yet had power f % 790- "* tITERART INTELLIGENCER. 17 turn me from my purpofc. If I live, I will faithfully )erform, in its utmoft extent, my engagements to the Tociety ; and if I perifli in the attempt, my honour will lill be fafc, for death cancels ail bonds.** ' ^ Such was the language of this extraordinary man : jA language that will be deemed infanity by the bulk fcof mankind : It will be deemed madnefs even by thofe [who are the moft eager to avail themfelves of the dif- :overies that fuch men have made — ^Yet, if happinefs )e the only defirable objed in this life, it might pcr- laps admit of a doubt, if this very man did not enjoy a jreater fliare of it, than thofe iniipid charafters who languifh in the lap of eafe, and whofe fouls are de- voured with anxiety, when furrounded by all the allur- ing obje^s that affluence can procure. a<^ - ^ In one of his letters from Egypt, he fays, ** Money * Kt is a vile flave ! — I have at prefent an economy of a lore exalted kind to obfervc. 1 have the eyes of fome )f the firft men of the firft kingdom on earth turned [upon me. I am engaged by thofe very men, in the loft important objeS that any private individual can )e engaged in : I have their approbation to acquire, [or to loie^ and their efteem alfo, which I prixe beyond ivery thing, except the independent idea of ferving lankind. Should raihnefs or defperation carry me through, whatever fame the vain and injudicious might )e{low, 1 'fiH>uld not accept it ;-*— it is the good and ;reat I look to : Fame from them bellowed is altoge* ther diiFerent, and is clofely allied to a " well done" From God : but rafhnefs will not be like to carry me through, any more than timid caution. To find the leceflary medium of condu£l: ; to vary apd apply it to Jcontingencies, is the economy I allude to ; and if I [fucceed by fuch means, men of fenfe, in any fucceed* ling epoch, will not blufti to follow me, and perfeft [thofe difcoveries I have only abilities to trace ou|; joughly, or a difpofition to attempt." Q^n?'^ ^"-> yoL. I. ■ '-j:- J)x::-ar: •::•.;: IK jQ '' . --'■1 r«„-.»'. ,, - , -. J,.,, .. •i..ii.> i . . .^ / I*, '..Ji»*' J-' ' » ■ i8 TH£ BKZy OR '1 1 1 » Dec. aa, . -WUh -what, contempt \yill thoCe.who think tUa^ wif- dom cot)£i^s alone in the acquifuion of weahh^pd in power, dominion and authof i^y ovt^r others j witl^ what contempt for the intdle^ual powers, of our tTOPliler, will fuch perfon* reajl the following paragraph,; ** A Turkilh ^pha, fajs, Ledyard, hag no charjjas for me: If ithad, I Qould foon obtain one h«re. I could to< sorrow takje the comniand of the bed armanrteut of libmael^ey. I ihould bie furc of fuccef^, and its con- fequential honours Believe me, a lingle well done from your affociation, has more worth , in it to n\e, than aU the^Wappings of thtj. eaft ; and what is ftill more precious, is, tlie pleafure I have in ;th« j^lliilca- tion of my own condu^ at tl;i^ tribunal of my own HEART." Yet, it. was, fentiments, fuch as thefe, that produced a Columbus, a WoJfe, and a Cook^, ^yhofe fame ihall remain, a fubie^ for admiration to future ages> when the names of njiiriads who have indulged in a life of , affluent infipidity, ihall be defervedly loll in ^rp^^ual oblivion. ^i.,^jj;^cj ^ti^i-^n%,r.i& i , :n n^ ^ i Among other advantage^ ^^nat the world derives; from the exiftence of iuch.m^p x^ Ijedyard, is a know-^ ledge of h^man natijre, Jt;,i9, to rx^cs} ija trying iitua- tions^ alone,, that the humaft hj?art appears in its own . native coloursr--No hope perverts j no fear alarms j^| and it is at liberty to difcov^r its nat;ive emotions with the moft unbiaffed freedom, TThe following charadei: of the fai;r fex, drawn by a man who had had otcailon thus to view them, in their native purity, will there- fore, I truft, be deemed not. lefs beauuful tlianjuft. It is pleafing to contemplate the univerfal benefi- cence of that being who conferred upon man this ten- jiler companion through lifoy as a folace for his cares, and Si a fweetener of every enjoyiiient. What a reproach is iti to this lord of the creation, that a being fo naturally I amiable as woman, ihould in felf defence be in -fo many cafes compelled to become the fcourge of her tormentor. " I have always remarked, fays this careful obfervcr i of manner^ that women in all countries, are civil, Dec. ai, i. tUa^ wif. khh^pd in witl^ what r twcUer, »ph, ** A ]as for Qfie : could to- mameut of ,nd . its con- VLLh DONE 1 it to me, k'.Uat 1^, flill iQ j^iliilca- )f MY OWN thel^, that okq, ^vyhore 1 to futuic indulged in rc^l J ipll in ,'!rrr «-.,t . IJ irld derives p is a kuow-! rjing iitua-' in its own ar alarms ; Qtions , with g charailer ad occaiion will there- 1 til an juft. fal benefi- m this ten- s careSj and S ipjroach is it o naturally in 'fo fnany : tormentor. •ul obfervcr , are civil, tf()6 '^(1. UttKAlCf Tl^ttMt^EWdBltt. t9 obliging, tender, and humane : that they are inclined to be gay and cheerful, timorous and modeft ; and that they do not hefitate, like m«n, to perform a gennroiia - action. Not haughty, not arrogant, not fupercilious, they are full of courtefy, and fond of fociety : mord liable, in general, to err than man ; but in general, '" rUo, more virtuous, and performing more good adlions than lic. To a woman, whether civilized or favage, I lu vtr addrelVed myfelf in the language of decency and iriendihip, without receiving a decent and friendly an- il iVer. With man it has often been otherwife. -*• In wandering through the harren plains of inbofpitabie Denmark, through bone/i SxMden audyrossew Lapland, rude and churlijh Findland, unprincipled RuJJia, and the wide fpread ngians of the wandering Tartar^ if hungry, dry, cold, wet, or fick, the women have ever been friendly to me, and uniformly fo ; and to add to this virtue, Oo worthy the appellation of benevolence) their actions have been performed in fo free, and fo kind a manner, that if I was dry, I drank the fweeteft draught, and if hungry, I ate the coarfe n.^ ,,.,.., v \ - The prrfetit Iftile of ■poetry in Britain, is in many rel^fts confiderftMy different from that which prevail- ed in ifottoer times. Yet, among thefe ancitent relics, ire di'fcoVerable naany produftions of unecjui vocal me- rit. Blv6tt among thofe heaps of rubbifh, which a falfe tftfte had ^led u{>, a gem of inestimable value may life fometttnei found, in this clafs may perhaps be % 1790» ■ LiTERAI^Y INTELLIGENCER. C3 ranked the two foUqwing quotations, felefted by an ingenious correfpondent from a Qplle^ion O^at fevy have fe«?n, or had arty oppovtuftii;y qf conrulting f , They are to be found in a book intituled " A choice of emblems and other devices, for the moft part ga- thered out of fuudrie writers, enj^lifhed and moralized, and divers newly devifed, by Geffrey Whitney." Im- printed at I^eyden, in tl^e houfe of GriilopheF Plantyn, by Francis Raphalengius, 1583. i( " The nightingall that chaunteth allfhe fpringe, - Whole warblinge nottes throughout the v/ooddes are harde, *' Being kept in cage Ihe ceaceth for to finge, *' And mourns becaufe her liberties is bgrde* '* p. 100. *' The longeft day in time refigns to nighte ; The greatell oke in time to dufte doth turne ; The raven dies, the eagle fails of flighte j - -. The phenix rare in time herfelf doth burne : The princely ftagge at lengthe hL race doth runne, And ali muft ende that ever was beguanc." p. 23. No apology, it is hoped willbe neceffary, for fubjoi n- ing thjs following beautiful ode, that was Compofed by an unknown Scottifli bard, fhortly after thq unfartu- nate battle of Floddoii, in which King James the Fourth of Scotland was {lain, and the flpwer of hjs nobility deftroyed, with a gre^t (laughter of all ranks? by th^ Engl ifti army, under the command of the Earl of Sur- ry, in the year 1513. This beautiful ode is ftill fung as a popular ballad in Scotland. It is written in the 3cottiili dialed of that time. That Englifh readers f The editor willbe mujch pbliged to his readers fornoting down any thing curious, in this or other rcfpcds, that (hall occur to them in the courfe of their reading ; and mciely referring to the books where fthcy are to be found, where it would prove inconvenient to trunfcribu them ; amd where the books arc not fo rare» as caCly to be found. 44 VtBEBEE, OR V- DeC. «», may be at no lofs for underftanding it, a complete glof-i fary of the terms that here occur is Subjoined, on the accuracy of whichf U is believed* they may with cer,. tamty rely* ^^». > ■■*' j^-.t^x^ii « .i«»><^iivs j^vj i>i\<5»ii,-r '" it^JT "rf"-^* •m r -7 T ■^- t#* ftistoWoifcrvedthRtlnthcScottHhdialeift, the final 6 in aP fall, and other fuch words, is omitted ; and they are written a*, fa', &c, A few other word* can be exprefled by f.nglifh words without perir fiatSi, wfaicb gcf $naped here below the lias for eai); rcferpnc^. J*t */*.»«•■ ■4' * J^ ■*• i^' ..c .* I've heard a lilting * *^iij ^^^t- ^ At the ewes milking, JLafles a' lilting, before the break o' d^^Vp * Vr ^^ But now I hear moaning^ ^^ ft ^^« a^ X .j|v. On ilka green loaning ^ « j erery Since our bra' forreilers are a' wed away <^, '.'•'i. m aU weeded * That the £ngli(h reader may be able fully to comprehend the fore« •{ the allulions that occur in this little poem, let him be informed that the I'cene is laid in the country of Scotland, which at that time was aUnoft wholly open and uninclofed. Farm-^oufes, in thofe days, efpci* cially near tl^ border, were ufually placed near to each other jn fmall villages. The little com land that belonged to thefe villages or toxtm- Aipsy as they were provincially called, were employed for the pafturage of fheep or cattle ; and it frequently happened that the whole x>f the iheep be- longing to onti village, were tended by nit Ihepherd, and pent up each night a A llltinvj a cheerful kind of finging, alluding to a cuftom in Scot- land, praAifed on all occafions wh«r« country people, efpecially women, are engaged in any kind of employment, the time of the fong being a ^common meafure to all their operations. h Loaning^ an opening between fields of corn, left uncultivated for the fake of driving cattle to the homefteadfrom the diftaut parts of thp farou c Bra* pronounced braw^ means fometimes finery of drefs*; but on mnny .occafions, as here, it means excellent, worthy, deferving perfons. Fott referst a general name, poeticaUy here afiumed for the men of t^s <;ountry. i'jg6i,y;il tlTERART INtELLIGENCER. II. : S J .' ■;■,-*'. ^t'tj/ At buchts** ill the morninrf . ..: ... ./ Nae blythe lads are fcorning * ; " >'>*., >/] . «;'' no cheerful youths The laffes are lonely, dowie and wae. girls (lrje£teU and forrowful Naedaifin, nae gabbing ,,^4 ..^-Sir* i.ulqi no gay dalti»nce> no checrlul pratite ' -^ , i- -^ But fighing and labbing, r v X fobbing Ilk ane lifts her leglin ^, and hies her awaj^ * every one Uft< lier tnilk pail in one Iheep fold, beifig laid in rotation on each farm fucceflively, that each might fhare alike in the benefit of the manure they afforded. The acccfs to thefe diftant parts of the farm from the village, was bf paffages through the corn fields, which were left uncultivated for that purp'jle, and were technically called loans or loanings. Thcfe loaning^ were of unequal breadth, and were ufually bounded on each fide by an irregular kind of fence, or raither fear, to prevent the cows which were ufu^ly brought home at night, froni having eafy accefsto the corn ficld.4, as they went and returned, attended by the herd, whofe prefence could in no cafe be difpenfcd with. Thefe were therefore a kind of pafturaga paths around the villages, which, for the moft part, carried very good grafs, in confequence of the frequent manuring they received by the dropping of the dung from the cattle. They are therefore here very properly charaAcrifed by the epithet ^n?(r« loanings. In many places the ewes were milked, for fome time at leaft after the laro ■ ►vere weaned; and this was always done early in the morniig, C ..t '•■ jheep might be allowed to go forth to their pafturcs in proper ard as the fheep folds were often at a confiderable diflance from ?\,e, it became ncceflary for the milk maids who performed that operation co fet out from the village before day break ; and as the milk- maids of each family in the village Went out together, they naturally went along the green loanings ftnging cheerfully together, or lilting, as it is provincially termed, accompanied often by the young men, who naturally gallanted them en thefe occafions« Innocent mirth and good humour, therefore, abounded then. the \, ■'f ,x>i f - >ir' n. r' \ t fi«/- ,».'■■()•< M .hi < I Ui 2-6 ^1/tIIE BEE, OR -. /i . ,. i„ Dec. 23, ■"■'■" It. /5i ■»■»■■! >» III. ^1 ^rv'^A^^Ja .;.A' At e'en in the gloming ^ glooming, twilight , , . , . . , ,- Nae fwankies * are roaming, "^'.'^* "•i'/lo ti-'. no youug men *Mang ftacks with the laffes at bogle to play *, ; ,' 1 1 ;■'> 3 -■ ' !. lf«i" 1-. ■ For ilk ane fits drearie, ' ' l every one 1 , . . , .»v , ;■ Lamenting her dearie, /t^^^^i i-^^V^ •|iiai':5ti /i.^a lover * The flow'rs o' the forefl wh' are a' wed awajr. ho arc alt wecdeil iib ^^Ifvi:t>(l v.'di r, -^i^: Mtfli 'j/ivjiiii if ^ u * t:' In har'ft ' at the {hearing, \ ^.j u t>uj iku^i. • ?;.ftfj{ ^ ji JNae blythe lads are jeermg, ^ ,ji|c>; nd j^tsf f.:>n.i to tn - In the corner of the fold was ufually reared a fmall pen, into ivhick the ewes were driven wh^n they were to be milked, in which they were crowded fo clofe as to be cafily taken. I'his fmall pen was called a. tucht. The young men officiouily ailillcd in coUeding them : and as the rams were fometinies flyly flipped in among the ewes, this gave room for many a rullic joke, and great rural merriment. In ihort, it was in general a merry playful expedition, when the young men and women were mixed together ; and afforded a moft lively fubjcdi: for con- trail tp the poet. ..:. , ■■ * '.■.,., ^ ■-■■■■.,.( ". ■ , — '■ - ■ 1 -'— — ■■..-•-'- l:ii. - f*;<.l g S'uafiHieSf a Cant term for yoong lads, half-grown men. :;iii/ .mU '*■■• ■ k Lyarfj a term appropriated to denote a peculiarity which U often fcen to afFe "■ 1 Fleechhig means nearly the fame thing with coaxing; properly, it is a kind of earnelHy in treating, with a defireto gain any one over to the pur- pose wanted, by artfully drawing them to form a good opinion of the Jibber. Fairs and public preachmgs in the fields, at that time begin* ing to be common in Scotland, were places of public refort, at which young perfons of both fexes had occafion to meet : and as thefe were often at a great diftance from home^ it gave the young men opportu< nities of performing obliging offices of gallantry to their miftreflesj, which was, no doubt, one caufe of their being fo well attended : They were as the balls and ailemblics of the country belles and beaux. jS- .a:';r- the BEE, or -^'--n Peo %%, /'.'nrrr"i;'.ii«:j j" ■>)■> .•-irj;i lA O (lule for the order I ,. * y.r Sent oiir lads to the border ! .. , ^ The Englifti for anes, by guile wan the day, once The flow'rs of the foreft rr ';r' t '5i* .!!UT'.h' ii^jC. ^l:'j.t;/i«1 Wha aye flione the foremoft, t :>;• ail 'who always ' ■[.'<"• "'" ■"'•',' j" The prime of the land lie cauld in the clay "• : /v > cetJ The poet has, with great art and pathos, made aU lufions in thefe few lines, to many circumftances, the recoUeftion of which, and the changes he pathetically defcribes, that had happened by that fatal battle, mult have imprelTed the .minds of thofe who lived at that time with the moft tender emotions. No wonder that it has been preferved, when fo many others have en- tirely periftied. The fecond letter is in a fiile extremely different from the former, which, on account of the ftri£t im- partiality that is meant invariably to be purfucd in this performance, Ihall aUo obtain a place. The letter is as follows : ') '•(«!■.; ;>.M •/ jj"_ Sir, -\r WiiiiX:.;i ** I happened lately to fee your Profpeftus of the ** Bee. This paper I read with great attention and ** pleafure, fhewed and recommended it to a numerous " circle of my friends, whom I found willing to pa- ** tronize the work, upon its anfwering the high ex- ** peftations which your zeal and induftry have excit- .7,-i.t:iji l<>^' , 1 ■ ^■.-■Mv. 'J. .•'>•'!■> . i.! ■ .?;• Ji m The laft veffe is a natural national apology for the defeat. Tl»c exprcflion in the firft line is common in Scotland. Dule (frtih dolor ! Tie Scotch were fond of Latin phrafes) fignifies grief er lorrow, as if he \at'i jfaid, AIm^ for the order ! LITERART INTELLIOEhfCER. 1700. ''-^ LITERARr INTEL-LIOt-NUliK. I9 ♦* ed. Among others, I (hewed your propofals to an " ingenious friend, who feemed much pleafed with " the fcheme, and who, at my requeft, promifed his " afliftance moft readily. But I fiiggefted to him that " you appeared to dr no great honour to his favourite ** art, Poetry, whicli is alfo mine ; and that he was " called upon t' ^efend it by a fpirited remonftrance, " and with al/ Lue enthufiafm of the irritahile genus, " He told me he would think of it j and though he is " as great an enemy to the mere rhyming race as yon " can be, and does not wifti to fee them encouraged, " a few days after he fent me the inclofed ode, which ** I have tranfcribed. In my opinion it will do no " difcredit to your work, nor to any publication what- ♦* ever. And I think you, as a profefled patron of the " mules, are in juftice and generofity called upon to ** let THE MUSE be heard in defending her honour at ** your bar. . ^ ..,.,^^.^.... ..,,... The ode alluded to in this epiftle follows. What merit it poflefles, the reader is left to decide. As to the editor, he would have been well pleafed if the ir- ritated mufe had defended her rights with a ftill great- er degree of energy and ardour. A ftri^ attention to nature^ he thinks he has obferved, has much more power over the human heart, than the moft ftudied or- naments of art, or the niceft allufions to heathen my- thology, which, he is afraid, too often leads the ima- gination aftray in purfuit of ideal pl^antoms inftead of j(eal objefts. i^ ; i ;;7i .f^S o»-iU;K.)u '-M.J*', ^' '>/'!, ' :l. r t ■ ' :• ■ • ."^"j'-N •fr» \\ -i I' •-'?> > T' ''f- ■ f ' ';;j Tv /'? -''•' l^Q (^J ., , . .>....'»« 3« THE BEE, OR Jf Dec. 22, '^e imprecation of the Mufe on a periodical paper ^ in^ tituled THE LEE, hy which a prize of Jive guineas, is offered for the heft profs effay^ and one of two gtii' neas for the heft poetical piece. ».h->" ;» - Mi '►:!... f <.\i ./ t). ^s .-.»,' .'».■; it v n't.'*. •■. I. ■ „ , . OUK — Irritahile Genus. , .■■■>■' ■'l .iv-'^v.V.rvN .-v- — — ^.^ ,• ,. "/^ • » ..f Nemo me Impune lacefTct. Roufe, Hecate, Regard my fpell, That wakes the fpeftres gaunt of night ; , Qiiick, fummon up ^Ve hags of hell, To blot the fun, to bjaft the realms of night. Rife, pitchy fogs, from Lethe's caverns rife j ; ' * Let poppies rankeft odours taint the Ikies. *''' ^ • -'J ».t ' r ) ■f' ' ♦ Where'er the bee explores the bloom, ' ^ Let mildew fhed, from dampy wing, ' Corrolive drops and chilly gloom : , 1^,^ ...r; Kor there let lark or linnet ever fing, , V: ,, But hooting owls through night inceflant wail, „ ? ; And footy bats the dark-brpw'd morning hail. ''Ut»i:': bki >V \ :*i 'i ,Si t\ ,,^,, Hade, with a fifter's powerful prayer, ^^^ Implore Latona's bright hair'd fon . .^ To rife,' revenge the wrong I bear, j, > t o i-li. »«u- The daring infult to my honour done ; . .^s ^v/* To me, to him, to all our facred choir, , fCJi.f;/ii., Whofe bofoms burn with pure etherial fite»y ',f,, |> ,\ Ye fouls fublim'd, ye favour'd few, ... ^ Indignant fpurn the paltry bribe, That finks you with the vulgar crew ^ Of dung-hill breed, the greedy, grovelling tribe. That ever dronifh creep, or lumpifh climb. And ftagger forth on beggar ftilts of rhyme, ' Dec. 22, ■ lypo. 9Ct LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. guineas, is ^ two gui- e ; ' )iti:4' tii. ■ 'i; i. ;i- i 't ,'' vail, J. hail. V i > . '^ k ••=si ,ni .%■ J . I 5 tribe, 3« Ne'er let a H-me or M-f-n deiga To grace th' untun'd, unhallowM band ; Ne'er tread the un propitious plain, Where now my fcowling foes ufurp command j Give me to dig in Mammon's dirtieft mine, o^ Me, earlieft honour'd of a race divine, mn fi- v «t»-«N»'i Lord of the foul expanding lyre, '^^ Shall thefe prefume to ihare thy fmile. Nor feel the vengeance of thine ire, *^ / To fcourge their impious crime through Albicans ifle, To root their annals from the rolls of fame, * Where fliines pre-eminent the poet's name ? " ^ - "»«! t* 'V ithe Home-bred Linnet, » • ;. f The home-bred linnet never knew To courfe the wide campaign ; t?' »^fr*l And knowing not his native right, ^"^ He knows not to complain. '?iti^ ??H»:^ >' Content within his narrow cage, He ceales not to ling, '^^ly^ But hails the beam of winter's day, \^'^^^ As happy as the fpring. / 3f« ne. Releafe him from his blifsful bonds. And let him wing the ikies, >^ J^^ So ftrange is the unlook'd for change.*^ '^* v He's loft where'er he flies. 'pf^ Accuftom'd not to feek his food ^^^ ^ The hill and valley yields ; The hills and vales to him are bare, And barren are the fields. I ij 31 ■ » /J ■J --'i.. fnt BEt, OR : ! Dec. 22, Wild and diflra£led, to the Ihade, All throbbing, he retires, * .11 Jm a'*' Till worn with hunger and fatigue, ''0^:r^ He flutters and expires. -' "'• n,' i So man, when born in haplefs climes * -• '^ vi^ Where freedom ne*er was known, ' -,{ /^l* Learns cheerfully to bend betimes To power, without a groan.., ; ., /. ■ M j 7 Content within his humble flied, .,j. ,,, i Full joyfully he fings j Though poor his fare, and meanly clad With mirth his hamlet rings. . .1 i « i vW.i*il^i yiVhV/ Untie at once thofe filken bands ^ Which willingly he wore, ~ -- : - Give freedom to his fhackled hands, Which ne'er were free before. Unus'd to tread thofe rugged wilds if.'> ,/f Where freedom loves to range, r ' ^ Soon tired, like a Wayward child, i.;r;jH He wiflies Hill to change, 1. (jn:ri3nA ', ^ iV»-lL >•»» * f%».-: Madly he grafps at wealth and pow^V,,-,. ( '"^ At pow'r he cannot wield ; « -lu /j j,,;. At wealth, which in an evil hour .i . / ' rsiO good to him can yield. -Nv w--'-j|,,,,^i,j t.-j/|fi,|'^:^.f ,.,^,.,:>j ,,-,f ,.-:,.,,,( -T His wonted joys now fled, his life ;£ j^,; i\ . In dire contention flows ; In rapine, blood- Ihed, tumult, ftrife Till death does end his woes, U>C'i r.\ i 3 i »■': rt*^ 'wx^^hynt^ •4' ,t>5«;i V m:1 i .»n 179°' LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. SJ A Frenchman's Remarks on Nobility *. Nobility is the proper reward and incitement to virtue. Nothing then is more juft or more ufeful than the inflitu- tion of it. A prince ought to reward virtue j and, if I may- be allowed the expreflion, he ought to recompence it ac- cording to the tafte even of virtue ; that is to fay, by honour- able dilHnftions. After the reward which it procures for itfelf by the inward faiisfadion which accompanies it : after the glory and reputation, the defire of which is the princi- pal iource of virtue, purely human, nothing is more flat- tering to it than thefe marks of honour eftabliflied in all nations, to juftify and confirm in fome p)«nner the public edeem. To reward virtue, is a juftice which the prince owes to virtuous men j he owes it alio to the public, to the reft of his fubje^ls : Since by rewarding virtue, he endeavours to make it both more perfeft and more common. It is a duty a prince owes to his fubjefts, to endeavour to excite virtuous exertions j he owes it them, I fay, both on account of the advantage it procures to thofe themfelves who ftiall be virtuous, as of thofe who (hall profit by the virtue of others. I have only* farther to reingrkt^how much the vir- tue of his fubje^is is advantageous to the prince himfelf. On the ^een of France, \£c, by Mr, Burke. It is now fixteen or feventeen years fince I faw the Queen of France, then Dauphinefs, at Verfailles j and furely never lighted on this orb, which (he hardly feemed to touch, a more delightful vifion. I faw her juft above the horizon, decorating and cheering the elevated fphere flie juft began to move in, glittering like the morning-ftar, full of life and i^endor, and joy. Oh ! what a revolution ! and what an heart muft I have, to contemplate without emotion that ele- vation and that fall ! Little did I dream, that when fhe added titles of veneration to thofe of enthufiaftic, diftant, refpedful love, that flie ftiould ever be obliged to carry the ftiarp antidote againft difgrace concealed in that bofom : * I'Abbe Trublet,— written in the year 1 755. Vol. I. 1 «. 23, tlif- a nn- 34 THE B££, OR Dec. Little did I dream that I (liould have lived to fee fuch ailers fallen upon her in a nation of gallant men, in tion of men of honour, and of cavaliers. I thought ten thoufand fwords mull have leaped from their fcabbards, to avenge even a look that threatened her with infult. But the a^e of chivalry is gone : That of fophilters, economilts^ and calculators^ has fucceeded j and the glory of Europe is extinguilhed for ever. Never, never more (hall we be- hold that generous loyalty to rank and fex, that proud fub- mifTion, that dignified obedience, that fubordination of t^c heart, which kept alive, even in fervitude itfelf, the fpirit of an exalted freedom. The unbought grace of life, the cheap defence of nations, the nurfe of manly fentiment and heroic cnterprife, is gone ! It is gone ! that fenlibility of principle, that chaility of honour, wliich felt a ftain like a wound, which infpired courage whilft it mitigated ferocity, which ennobled whatever it touched, and under \vhkh vice itfelf loll half its evil, by lofin^ all its groffnefs. This nux^tHyfteni of opinion and fentiment, had its ori- gin in the ancient chivalry : and the principle, though va- liediri its appearance by the varying ftate of human affairs, fubiilled aud intiuenced through a long fucceffion of gene- rations^ even to the time we live in. If it fhould ever be totally extinguiflied, the lofs, I fear, will be great. It is this which has given its character to modern Europe. It is this which has diilinguirhed it under all its forms of govern- ment, and dillingullhed it to its advantage, from the Hates pf Afiaj and poffibly from thofe dates which flourifhed in the moft brilliant periods of the antique world. It was this which, without confounding ranks, had produced a no- ble equality, and handed it down through all the gradations of fucial life. It was this opinion which mitigated kings into compainons, and raifed private men to be fellows with kings. Without force or oppofition, it fubdued the fierce- iielb of pride and power \ it obliged fovereigns to fubmit to the foft collar of focial elteem, compelled Hern authority to fubmit to elegance, and gave a domination yanquilhcr of }aws to be fubdued by manners, But no\y all is to be changed *, all the pleafing illufions which made power gentle, and obedience liberal, which harmonised the different Ihades of life, and which, by ^ Inland alTimulation, incorporated into politics, the fentj- Dec. 22, I fuch (ilf- , in a na- lought ten ibbards, to fult. But pconomilts^ of Europe all wc be- proud fub- ion of t^ic he fpirit of , the cheap and heroic F principle, and, which II ennobled If loll half ad its ori- though va- lan affairs, 1 of gene- Id ever be eat. It is ope. It is of govern- the flates mrifhed in , It was uced a no- gradatlons ited kings Hows with the fierce- ) fubrait to ithority to quifher of .,.\' .; »-■ • g illunons •al, which lich, by ^ the fentj- ^^ merit!! which beautify and foften private fociety, are to b6 dlllolvod by this new conqutring empire of light and rcafon. All the decent -drapery of life is to be ruddy torn off : all rlie fuperaddc J ideas furnilhrd from the wardrobe of a moral imagination, which the heart owns, and the underftanding ratifies, as rteceiTary to cover the defers of our naked Ihiver- iiig nature, and to raife it to dignity in our own eftimation, lire to be exploded as a ridiculous, abfurd, and antiquated fa ill ion. On tliis fcheme of things, a king is but a man j a qiieeri h but a womah j a woman is but ah animal, and an ahimal not of the highell order. All homage paid to the fex in general as fuch, and without diflinft views, is to be regard- ed as romance and folly. Regicide, " and paricide, and fa- rrilege, are but fictions of funerftition, corrupting jurifpru- dence by deftroying its fimplicity. The murder of a king, or a queen, or a bilhop, or a father, are only common ho- micide *, and if the people are by any chance, or in any way gainers by it, a fort of homicide much the moftpardon^ able, and into which we ought not to make too fevere a fcrutiny. " "'■ ' . , Intelligence rtfpeSling Literature, Arts, Agriculture, %^c^ Voltaire has writtten an eulogy on the age of Lewis thtf fourteenth : nor can it be denied, that in regatd to^olite literature and the belles lettres, France, during that period^ made a moft confpicuous figure in the republic of letters^ It is, however, highly probable, that in future ages the hi^ ftory of the eighteenth century will afford a more ampld field for the literary hiftorian, becaufe of the ftiany impor- tant difcoveries in all branches of fcience, and ufeful artSj that have been made during that period. The field is tocr ample to be entered on at prefent. Referving for a future period fome detached accounts of the moft iinportalit ob" jeds that have occurred in it, we irtuft confine our views ta the communicating to our readers fome of the more recent difcoveries ; for fcarce a day in this bufy period elapfeSf without bringing fomething to light that was not knowrt before^ ■^-■- ■ -.^»-.„..; -',.«^*- ■- ■ ■.-^. .^^^ . - ...... |6, THE BEE, OR i)ecr lif Nsii) Difcoveries in Germany refpe^ing Metals. Germany lias been long known to abound in metals 5 and the philofophers of that country have taken the lead as preceptors in the metallurgic arts. Long, however, was their operations confined to the art of purifying the metals ^that were already known. But of late, flimulated by the ifcoveries of Bergman, Scheele and others, they have turn- ed their attention to the chemical analyfis of many other mineral fubftances j fome time ago, feveral fubftances that had been before claffed as earths, were found to be metal- lic ores, which had not been hitherto recognized as fuch ; and there feems now reafon to belie"t^e that the whole of the fubftances that have been hitherto reckoned earths, will be at lait found to be only metals in difguife. We are not yet acquainted with the full extent of thefe recent difco- veries, nor with the qualities of the metallic fubftances produced j but fome idea of them is given in the following letter : Vienna 9 Auguft 27. " You have probably heard of the wonderful difcoveries *' made by a Neapolitan in Hungary. Born ftiewed me " the regulus of the barytes^ of the pure ma^neftan earthy " and the calcareous earth ; alfo molyhdenai vianganefe and *' platina^ obtained without difficulty by the fimple addi- *' tion of an inflammable fubftance. The reguli are dif- <* tinguiftied by their fpecific gravities, and other qualities, *' from each other. The filicious earth is now the only *' primitive earth, the argillaceous being only a modifica- " tion of this. The other earths are merely metallic cal- " ces over-oxygenated. " To obtain the regulusy the earthb were rendered as fine ** as polTible, formed into a pafte with powdered charcoal ** by means of oil, and put into a crucible with more char- •* coal, covered with lilicious earth, to prevent the approach V of the external air •, one or more of thefe crucibles were *' then put into a larger, and furrounded with charcoal, " the heat given ftrong for five hours, and then the ope- ** . ration found fo complete, that the platina is malleable, " and the manganefc no longer attrads the loadftoue. 1790. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. ^f " In a letter from Baron Born, dated the 28th of July, <' he mentions having fent me *La defcription du cabinet " de Mademoifelle de Raab.' The fecond volume will be " printed in two or three weeks \ in this laft volume you " will find Vcii defcription of the regulus of terra poudero- <' fa, or barytes, of magnefian earth, and of the calcarious *' earth ', for all thefe hitherto accounted earths, arc no- *' thing elfe but metallic calces." The publication here mentioned has not yet, that I know, reached this country *, when it arrives, further intelligence refpecling thefe fubftances fliall be communicated to our readers. On permanently Elajlic Fluids, The difcoveries of Dr. Prieftly refpeding permanently elaftic Huids, airs or gases, as they are generally called, has opened a wide field for experimental enquiries, and has produced a great revolution in the ideas of philofophers re- fpecliug the original and component parts of bodies, and Fiven rife to a new language in chemiftry. This laft al- teration originated in France, and difcovers much ingenui- ty *, but being liable to great objeftions, It has not been implicitly adopted. Hitherto our philofophical chemifts have been chieily employed in differencing thefe gases, and in feparating them from each other 5 fo that they are now become extremely numerous. The time is not yet arrived for Amplifying this branch of fcience, and reducing this chaos into order. In the mean time, various interefting difcoveries have owed their rife to the refearches concern- ing thefe fluids. The art of aeroftation, which made fo much noife for fometime, wasthemoft confpicucus of thefe 5 but as it has not yet been found that any ufcful purpofe can be efFe£led by thefe aerial voyages, th.y are now no longer attended to. The cylindrical lamp, though its prin- ciple depends upon properties of common air that were known of old times, yet owes its origin to the enquiries re- fpefting air that have come into fafhion of late years. The art of engraving on glafs, by means of the fluor acidj that- of forming artificial fire-works in imitation of flowers, and otTier brilliant objefts, by means of differently colour- ed inflammable gases j the art of whitening linen in a fiiort time by meaiJis of diphlogiilicated muriatic acid ) and 3^^ */ tHE fiEE, OR JOec. 14^ feveral others j owe their origin to thefe enquiries : but as thefe difcoverics are already known to our philofophical readers, they need not here be particularly defcribed j and though to explain them to others in a more detailed way than could be done in this article, will form th^ fubjeft of detached articles in this mifcellany, as occafion fhall ferve, yet it would be improper to enlarge upon them at this time* .■ ■' ■-''■^''■' yy^vK^'.^ It is to be regretted) however, thdt while the philofo^ phcrs of Britain keep pace with others in their phyfical re- fearches, and in the ingenious fpeculations of the philofo- phy of chemiftry, they flipuld continue to be fo backward in their pra6iical operations and ex perhnental elucidations in chemiftry : When the tim^ fhall arrive, that in Britain praiiice fhall be as generally united with fpeculation, as it is upon the continent, it is to be hoped that fhe will no longer hold the fecond place amon^ nations in this very im- portant brai^ch of fcience. -^^^-^ ^ '^ • r; ;. ,; - .\ ."'l* • '^e Root of Scarcity. <'■ ^>-y '^_ ^^ rrn^ But if Britain be in fome refpeds inferior to other nations, fhe undoubtedly holds the frft rank with regard to agricul- ture, and mechanical improvements, as applied to ufeful arts. In agriculture, every year adds to the lift of h6r ufe- ful difcoverics : but in thefp her numerous attempts, fome of them muft prove abortive. The root of fcarcity^ a fpe- cies of Beet, which was much vaunted at firft, has, upon trial, been found not to anfwer the expe(^ations that were formed of it i and the culture of it is now in general aban- ' ^^''^^ American Grafs. ■-•-■'•-■'- f- ^' '--■ The new American grafs, -yvhich was laft year praifed as poflelfing the moft wonderful qualities, the feeds of which were fold at the enormous rate of 68 1. Sterling the buftiel, has upon trial been found to be good for nothing. Of the feeds fown, few of them ever germinated j but enow of plants made their appearance, to afcertain, that the grafs, in refpeft of quality, is among the pooreft of the tribe, and that it is an annudl plant, and altogether unprofitable^ to the iarmer. ^ 3 , I ar I *,! ^ * r* « h%i^\ "^■J it .f . U- 'ji-t'iV J79»« UTERARY INTELLIGENCER. 39 Swedijh 'Turnipi or Ruta Baga, ' - Another plant, however, was introduced into Britain about the fame time, that promifes tq be a very valuable article to tlie farmer. This is a fpecies of turnip that was difcov- ered in Sweden by Linpeeus*, but the feeds of it only reach- ed this country of late. It has been fold here by its Swed- iih name of Rata Baga y and fometimes it is called Swediih turnip. Its appearance is not the moft promiiing. It does not, on ordinary loamy or light foils, grow to fuch a lizc as the common kinds oi field turnips j fcarcely perhaps does it equal in ^if.e the yellow turnip : but it feems to be better adapted to ftrong clay land, and thrives better in damp foils than any other kind of turnip. Its fkin too is very thick, which is rather an unpromifing appeai^nce. Its fleih how- ever, when ufed at table, is excellent, very much refcm- bling that of yellow turnip 5 and all kinds of cattle are An- gularly fond of it. The leaves too, which exaftly referable thofe of the cole-feed plant, are an excellent green for the table, but are not nearly fo abundant as thofe of other turnips, though more hardy with refpe6t to froft ; nor have we had any opportunity of yet perceiving that the bulbs are in any cafe aiFefted by froft, or the young plant confumed by the fly. Its excellence however, confifts in two peculiar qualities that it poirelTes : one of thefe is that of admitt' r of being tranf- planted with the fame facility as a comniOi colewort. It may therefore be either cultivated in the ufual way, as turnips, or tranfplanted into the field frotn a feed b^^d, as greens, according to oircumftances. Experiments fufficient- ly numerous have been made fully to J^ic^rtain this fad be- yond a doubt. But the moft Angular quality of this plant is one that I ihould not mention, becaufe it is fo coiitrary to the invari- able experience of men in all cafes of a fimilar nature, were it not upon fuch authority as I confider to ht indifputable. It is well known that turnips in general, and all other plants of this genus, when fuffered to run to feed, become dry and ftlckyj and as the feeds ripen^the heart of the bulb becomes withered and ftixivels up, fo as to leave a dry hol- low ball, when the feeds are perfected. But by the in- formation I have received from a gentleman in Norfolk, livhofe name is well known, and highly refpc6led in the 1;- 40 THE BEE, OR Dec. 22, terary world, I am aflured) that after this plant has fully perfeded its feeds, the bulb ftill continues freih and fuccu» lent, and fit for ufe by cattle. On mentioning this fa61 to another gentleman who had cultivated the Swedifli turnip on a large fcale, he confirmed this obfervation by the fol- lowing fa6l, which accidentally came to his knowledge. He had faved fome feeds of it in his garden : and his gar- dener, as ufual on reaping the feeds of turnips, pulled up the bulbs, and threw them into a wafte comer without the gar- den walls. There they were allowed to remain neglefted above ground for feveral weeks. In pafling that way, he accidentally ilruck one of them with his foot j and finding it firm, he took it up. The weight furprifed him. On cutting it up, he found it frefli and fit for ufe. He carried it as a curiofity into the kitchen, where it was dreffed and ferved up to table } and my informant eat of it, and found it very good. On exprefling my furprife at this fingular quality to my Norfolk correfpondent, he writes me of date as late as the •6th December, in thefe words : ^ ' •" '/• vV • ^ >^ ' " I have nothing to mention to you on the fubjeft of experimental agriculture at prefent, except that I have had an eye witnefs to the fo'^ndnefs of the bulbs of the Ruta Baga, after they had perfefted their feeds, in a gentleman who is fo near you, that I wilh to refer you to him for an account of their appearance on the Ji'r/f of Septeviher loft, Do6lor Andrew Coventry, the new agricultural profeffor at Edinburgh, having done me the honour to pay me a vifit, I carried hina to the place where they grew, and there find- ing fome of the roots remaining in the ground, we pulled one or two up, and found them in the ftate I mentioned, not a little to his furprife as well as fatisfaflion j as they thereby promife tq be a moft valuable accjuifition to the .huihandman.*' Every farmer will know how to eftimate the valy-e of fuch a plant. It promifes to fupply a dejidera' turn in hufbandry that has been fought for in vain, ever ilnce the introduction of turnips. M^^^ ^ ^ l,g continued, * ^^ ^l4V;-^ ' In our next will be given a curfory view of the prcltint ftate of Europe, as an intrduuiftitin to the Hiftorical Chronicle, which is intended only to begin with the new year. Our lijl* of books will commence at the fame period. .;:;iT !\0 .l!!tl M'BT aaae T- ,'..('.•: .4^..1jI 1134.' 45 il» >C<>; -'J ,r//t?Ir■'Ym■ Foehum habetin cornu; I<>rtge'fug;e. Jior. Sat. 'IK Lib^fi '* Fly far that bdaft J bis horns ire tjpt with hiy . . ^ ^'^^^^^ To ^&tf Eciitor ofthtBee. -fm^^^:^.. _ Sir,- ' . iftn"i^iio»,Jt,ii> ^ f ;:^l)i^{ '^i^."'. From the title given to yout tnifcellanj, and from the idea I form of it, as delineated in your propofals for publication, I conclude it to be intended as a repo- fitory of inftruftion and entertainment. Hende, its ma- terials muft chiefly be drawn ftom life and nature* At firft view, thefe topics may appear to have been fo often handled; that little new can be faid Upon them ) yet, from a deeper and more minute refearch, they will . appear to be copious arid ineiJehauftible foutcfes of im- provement and rebreatioiv But though the fuccefs may be fometimes precarious. Hill the defign is grand, and the attempt laudable. I am not an original genius, and therefore muH confine myfelf to fubje^s, which have occurred to my own obfervation. It is obvious, that Angularity, whether corporeal, intellectual, or moral, is an obied of no fmall curiofity, Vol. L _ . f F { ( mtmn 41 • TttE BEE, ot Jan. 12, and Infpires us with different emotions, according to its various afpedts ; but he^e it is my intention, to limit my views, to fuch corporeal fingularities, whether na- tural or accidental, as confift in mere defers or redun- dancies of form. In my younger years, to divert the languor of a fe- dentary life, I applied myfelf to muiic. Xii t^fe days, a (Iranger who profeiTed that art, arrived in the town where I lived : To him I pwfently had recourfe as a mafter ) but he being nearly feven feet high, in all his public appearances therefore, not only the multitude, but even thofe from whom better manners might have been expeflred, gaped, ftaredj and pointed him out as a prodigious phenomenon in nature. This they con- tinued to do, till the poor man, whd was naturally modeil, and ihrunk from public obiervation, deter- mined to leave tl>^ place, an4 return to his own coun- try, where, though ftill extraordinary, he might ap- pear lefs wonderful. Thus he facrificed coniiderable emoluments, to his enormity of height : and the town, by its culpable curiofity and indecent behaviour, loft a better mafter than ever it could fince boaft^ Not many years ago, a gentleman who had confi* derable hefitation in i'peaking, faw a beautiful lady of his acquaintance on the iftreet, and eagerly ran to ad- drefs her ; but not being able to accoft her with fulH- cient promptitude, (he rudely thus anticipated what he had to fay : " I know, Sir, you want to aft: me how T do; I will faveyou the trouble ; and fo, your hupablc fer- vant. Sir." Speaking thus, fhe left him with .accelerated pace, whi^ft he, cafting his eyes to the ground, ftopd fixed in a momentary ftupor ; then, breathing a deep figh, flowly left the place. The lady had rem,ovcd with a loud laugh, which, in the enjoyment of Jconfcious wit, fhe continued : but wretched is the triumph even of real wit^ when it exult3 over diffident humanity; more wretched ftill, when an affectation of wit^ as in the cafe befoire us, is elated with felf-approbation, at «79i' I LITERARY XKf ELIIGEKCER. 43 the expetfce of politenefs and delicacy. I have ibme« v^here read ia' bitter complaint of a blind man who was grofsly treated iia tliis way^ wliich be pleafed.to teceive in his-oWnwotds: Hence off the hand of ijgoorance and fcom, To t>arVrous mirth xibandonM, points me out With Idiot grin : the fupercilious eye, Oft/frpin th!5 noife and glarie of profperpus life, On my obfcurity diverts its gaze, Exulting J and wifh wanton pride elate, Felicitjatcs its own fuperior lot. Inhuman triumph' ! hence the piercing taunt ' Of titled iofolence inflided deep. Being once defired by fame friends to attend them to a public breakfaft, I was equally flruck with admi- ration and furprife, to fee the gentleman who prefided, called the Pollih Count.: his perfon was about 32 in* chad high, exadily proportioned in all his parts ; his motions were agreeable and eafy ; his converfation af* fable and intelligent ; fo tliat the gentlemen of malig- nant curiofity, could find nothing to gratify their fpleen^: either in his figure or difcourfe ; yet it was not long at a lofs,>for a proper object; they talked of fuch a little creature being married, and having children, not with- out fame farcailic praifes of his lady's truth and ho- nour. Some of thefe ironical fpe&ators, in order more perfe^ly to perceive and enjoy the contrail, had intro- duced a foldier of a gigantic flature, who approached the Count, and began to play with the curls .of his hair : this appeared to the Count fo ruf^c and unmanly, that he turned round in refentment, exclaiming that his foul was greater than this man's, in proportion as his body was lefs. Thus, in gratifying an ill-natured wit, they loft a purer and more exalted pleafure of contemplating nature, in the various operations^ of her hand. Thus were the charms of a pleafing and en« lightened converfation, much obfcured, if not entirely Fa ip wTT:r/ THE BKB, OR TITT T Jaoj T2, hid &om. their view : Thui> in (hort, the tigitefible mo* dulatioiis of a guitar, Cweotljr and artfully iQucHed, were drowned iti the adtfe of coafufed laughtngi and mingled converfation, of which I mjfolf had . lh« ho^. iiour to be in £bnie degree the theme. . . Yqu fniuft know^ Sir, 1 am one of thbfe Wfoiftiunate perfons whona the eomindri people of England oe^fpvely call Air LORD : added 'to this natural deformity, were the iiriperfeftions of old a^e,'bj wliich iriy figuv'e wa=} llill more cpntrafl'id, my j^ait tremulous, and all my motions awkward ; this could riot but. prove ^fruit- ful fOjUrce. of ridicule. Yondef , , faid oh6 to ifiother, fits a herb of a dlffeirent kii;id. Trut, anfw^rtd hi$ com- panion; but methihks the dif!in£lion would te more confpicuoUd, if the old gentlenian wei'e graced ^^ith mudaches. He wants nothing but a turban, faid a thirds ttO look like a Turkilh Bafhaw. It would Ve hi|;hly pi^o-^ pev, addeda fourth, to hang bim round with betls-» thait their fhnll and melodious notes miglit anoiOunce the entrance of a gueft fb venerable. i5»:i« 3 t^w ■"i^lfbus, dear Sir, I appeal to conimon fenfe and com- BlOA humanity, '^rhether theilr refle^ion^ , mig^t no6 have been more pleafiuglj- and nfefully employed ia fuggefting that the £une hand which formed me, like- wife formed them ; and thkf by rendering the infirmi- ties of their fpecies the fubjedt of farcafm and ridicule, th'ey infi^lt the wife ecoiiohiy of providence, ^which is falu^ary in all its procedures, dind beneficent, in all it^ ends.' ''^^i^-r- ,v-.<':-^.A.j,o ttii^ tfc; *.,li ui ^ .j.i^ .. ^^„. ■ ' ,ti/o '^.•* 1, ;U ^r- * *^■^^*^Q''»: Ahii >^if i.i .,^ r^i^ji ^^iv:iii^ l*J^Uli»l LITER AIvr.IlfTSJ'UGENCER. m ^•^^ iit?iF>iit>,le in one fefilon, even althou£[h he ufu^ly fave double ledtures for a month or fix weeks before the end of |tbe fel- on. His practice was to omit one branch of his fubjedt one feafon, and taking that in next feafon, omit another part that had been given the former year ; fo that thofe who attended two feafons migl^t ke fure of the whole. / xypt. LITERART IVTELLIOENCEIt. 49 f efforts own leAures at the time. But C alien never would take fees as a phyfician, from 9XijJludent at the Uiiiveriity, though he attended them when called in as a phyfician, with the fame ailiduity and care as if they had heen perfons of the firfl rank, who paid him moil liberally, lliis gradually induced others to adopt a fimilar pra6lice ; fo that it; is now become a general rule at this Univeriity, for medical profeflbrs to decline tak- ing any fees when their afliftance is neceifary to a lludent. For this ufeful reform, with many others, the fludents of the Univerfity of Edinburgh are folely in- debted to the liberality of Dodlor CuUen. I'he following little anecdote relative to this fubjed^ fell under the obfervation of the writer of this article^ ' and may be depended on. The gentleman to whom it relates is flill alive, as is believed, and in good prac- tife as a phyiician in England, and will no doubt rea- dily recollect it, if ever thefe fheets fhould fall in his way. A Ticdical lludent who lodged in the fame houfe with the writer, in the year 1760, and who attended at that time a courfe of le£lurei given by one of the medical profelTors, but who never had attended GuUen's clafs f , happened to take the fmalUpox, which necef- fariiy detained him from the clafs, and prevented him for the time from receiving any benefit from thefe lec- tures. At the beginning of the diforder, the young man, who was bulky, and in a full habit of body, was fick, and very uneafy. He naturally called in his own profeiTor as a phyfician $ but in a fhort time the fick- nefs abated, and the fmall-pox, of the moft favourable kind, made their appearance, after which no idea o£ danger could be apprehended. In this ilate of things, the whole fatkiily were very much furprifed to find f For the information of ftrangers, it may be neceflary here to ob- ferve, that at the Univerfity of Edinburgh, no courfe of ftudy is prefcrib- ed, but every ftudent is at liberty to attend the k^ures of fuch profeC* fors as he inclines* ^^^* I. t # i^M«mp ^fmmtmmmifmm'm mmm 50 .\ THE BEE, OR ,, ?; Jan. 12, that the patient called in the afHftance of Do6lor CuU len ; but he faid he had reafons for this conduct , that he knew they would approve of when he fhould ftate them, though he declined to do it then. By and by, he became quite well ; fo that there could be no pretext for the phyficians vifiting him any longer. In this fi- tuation, he watched his opportunity ; and when the phy- ficians were both prefent, he thanked Dodtor CuUen for the ailiftance he had given, and offered him money : but this, as the fly chap had forefeen, he pofitively de- clined. After gently intreating him to take it, and not being able to prevail, he turned to his own profef- for, and in like manner offered him money. But this, for fliame, he could not poflibly accept, though it was not known that this gentleman had ever before refufe^ a fee v hen offered to him. Thus did the arch rogue fave a fee by calling in Doctor Cullen, which he well knew he mufl have paid. The general benevolence of Doftor Cullen's difpo- fition cannot be exemplified in a ftronger manner than by his condudl to the writer of this article, which was fo generous, fo difinterefted, and fo kind, as to require the moft grateful commemoration. In other particu- lars in this narrative, it may be alleged that miftakes may poflibly have happened ; but with regard to his own particular cafe, it is impoffible the writer can be in any miftake. Gratitude demands thut juftice to the memory of the deceafed fliould not be withheld on this occafion. It was my misfortune to lofe both parents before I was o5 an age capable of knowing either of them j and the charge of my education fell to the care of a near relation, who had no fondnefs for literary purfuits. Being defl:ined to follow the profeffion of agriculture, my guardian did every thing in his power to difcou- rage, in regard to myfelf, an inclination for iludies that he thought were incompatible with the bufinefs he had chofen for me. But having chanced to sead at chat 1-791. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. ^ 51 time Home's Effay on Agriculture, and finding it was impoffible to judge of tht juilnefs of his reasoning on many occafions, becaufe of my tot^l want of chemical knowledge, and thinking, at that time, it would be difgraceful not to know every thing that could be known in the profeffion J meant to follow, 1 refolved to attend Do£l:or CuUen's ledures, to obtain that kind of knowledge 1 fo much felt the want of. It happen- ed, however, that I had not then a fingle friend or ac- quaintance, by whom I could be properly introduced to Doftor CuUen, and was under the neceflity of wait- ing upon him by myfelf, without one fo much as even to tell him my name. Being then young, and of ex* c6eding fmall Itature for my age, on prefenting my- felf, the Doftor very naturally took me for a child j and when he underllood that agriculture was the pro- fefllon intended, he conceived that it mull h^ave been feme childifh whim that had haftily laid hold of the imagination, and thought it his duty to difcourage it. He therefore began to diffuade me from thinking of purfuing that idea any farther : but finding I had re- ceded on the fubjeft, and had finally adopted a line of condu6t from which I would not depart, for reafons then affigned, he at laft was brought to acknowledge, that if I had fteadinefs and afliduity to apply properly to the ftudy, it might in the end prove conducive in promoting the knowledge of the principles of agriculture; and faid, if I w2ls determined to exert myfelf, he fhould do all in his power to forward my views. As his pub- lic lectures had then been for fome time begun, he or- dered me to attend a private clafs, with fome others in the fame predicament, to be inftrufted in thofe parts of his courfe already paft, till we ftiould overtake thofe in his public clafs, which was a common praftice with him at that time. In thefe private ledures, as well as in his public clafs, Do£bor Cullen was always at pains to examine his students from time to time on thofe parts of his courfe G 2 /' ■'P'^PP^PIW^JPW^^ 'mm^mmrtwi^mim ['^m\m wm^jmiimKmmi'mmm ^i^m 5* THE BEE, OR Jan. 12, that had been already delivered ; and wherever he found any one at a lofs, he explained it anew, in a clear, fa. miliar manner, fuited to the capacity of the fludent. On thefe, and on other occafions, he frequently deiired, that whenever any one was at a lofs as to any particii. lar, they would apply to him freely for a folution of their doubts and difficulties. In this propofal he was ferious ; and it was underftood by me in the moil ftrift literal fenfe of the word. And being very anxious tolofe nothing, I had no hefitation ^n complying with his requeft with as much franknels on my part, as it was made with fincerity on his part. It thus happened, that for a long time, at the beginning, there was fcarce a day that I did not run after him on the difmiflion of his clafs, to aik an explanation of one particular or an- other that I did not underfland ; nor was I to be fatis- fied in any cafe till it was made quite plain. Thus was he inceffantly teafed with the little prattle of a child, but without ever difcovering the fmalleft degree of peeviihnefs or impatience. Often have I fince that time wondered at the mild cendefcenfion of that great man, who, prefled as he was for time, in the profecu- tion of fuch extenlive bufinefs, was not only not oiFend- ed at thefe frequent interruptions, but feemingly was rather well pleafed with the turn of mind that occafton- ed them ; kindly entering into difcuffions that were fuited to my years, and liftening with patience to the arguments that were dilated by youth and inexperi- ence, and patiently removing thofe difficulties that per- plexed me. Thus commenced a literary acquaintance, which to me was highly interefting, and infinitely beneficial. Being afked frequently, with others, to his houfe, he came gradually, as ufual, to be acquainted not only with my literary difficulties, but with thofe of a more private concern. He became to me in fhort, as a fa- ther and as a friend. To him I had recourfe with per- fect freedom for his advice and friendly affiflance on all ly^I. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 53 difficult occurrences. By bim I was introduced to many refpedable acquaintance ; and if I ever have been, or ever ftiall be of any ufe in the literary world, I feel a particular fatisfa£):ion in faying that it is en- tirely owing to Doftor CuUen. In this refpeft, however, I was by no means fingular ; for very many otliers, who were in a fituation nearly fimilar to my own, have owed-obligations to him of the fame kind. Such was the generous, kind, and dilinterefted character of this great man, that 1 can aver with the moft perfeft fincerity, that at one time, when a tranfa6lion of great importance refpe£ting my private concerns was in agi- tation, though he was then involved in the greateft hur- ry of his own multiplied avocations, he ftill contrived matters, fo as that for months together he beftowed at leaftfrom one to two hours a day on my private concerns. Could I fufFer the memory of fuch beneficence to be buried in oblivion, I fhould little indeed have defer vcd - fuch a favour ! Few are the men who can conceive an idea that fuch things could poOlbly be done : but to CuUen this was no exertion ; to him fuch tranfa£lions were as mental food that transfufed freih vigour into his mind, and gave animation and energy to all his un- dertakings. I am not infenfible of the obloquy to which I expofe myfelf, with fome^ by this narrative ; but their fi^rcafms fhall be difregarded. I dare not, however, add to the length of this digreffion by any farther apology. The firft ledures that CuUen delivered in Edinburgh , were on chemiftry ; and for many years he alfo gave clinical lectures on the cafes that occurred in the Royal Infirmary there. Towards the clofe of the year 1769, he alfo delivered to a few of his private friends, a ihort courfe of le^lures on the principles of agricul- ture and vegetation, for which branch of knowledge he had, at every period of his life, a fingular and marked predele^ion. Of this courfe of ledures, a pretty complete account is preferved, that is now in mmmmmmm wwy^m^n^m •^•^K^m^^^w wp»^wm^Fi"P' 54 THE BEE, OR > Jan. X2, the poiTeffion of his familj, from notes taken hj one vrho attended there. It is probable the public may be favoured with thefe at fome future period. And if al- lowance be made for the length of time that has elapf. e4 fince their delivery, and the confequeat advances that have been made in this branch of fcience fince then, and the imperfe^ions ariiing from the inaccuracy of the perfon who took down notes of them, it is not imagined they will do any difcredit to his memory. The fame extenfiye views that charaderifed all his o- ther le^ures, are difcoverable here ; and the fame fti- mulus to aftive exertions which fo ftrongly marked his preleftions, are equally ftriking in thefe. They point out the path that ought to be purfited for the attain, ment of knowledge, rather than teach the knowledge, itfelf. And the writer of this article can freely fay,i that he has been more indebted to thefe lectures for in- ducing him to think juftly on the fubje£l of agricul- ture, than to all the books he ever read, though he alfo did frequently differ in opinion from his preceptor on particular points. In the month of February 1763, Doftor Alfton died, after having begun his ufual courfe of le6lures on the materia medica ; and the magiflrates of Edinburgh, as patrons of that profefforfhip in the univerfity, appoint- ed Do£lor Cullen to that chair, requefting that he would finifh the courfe of lediures that had been begun for thatfeafon. This he agreed to do rand though he "was under a neceffity of going on with the courfe in a few days after he was nominated, he did not once think of reading the ledures of his predeceffor, but re- folved to deliver a new courfe entirely his own. The popularity of Cullen at this time may be guefled at by the increafe of new ftudents who came to attend his courfe in addition to the eight or ten who had entered to Do6tor Alfton. The new {indents exceeded a hun- dred. An imperfed^ copy of thefe ledures thus fabri- cated in haite, having been publifb«d, the Do61or ■PUPM^POTMW j^QI. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. $$ thought It neceffary to give a more correft edition of them in the latter part of his life. But his faculties being then much impaired, his friends looked in vain f»r thofe ftriking beauties that charadterifed his lite, rary exertions in the prime of life. Some years afterwards, on the death of Do£lor " White, the magiftrates once more appointed Dodor Cullen to give leftures on the theory of phyfic in his Head. And it was on that occafion Doftor Cullen thought it expedient to refign the chair in favour of Doftor Black, his former pupil, whofe talents in that department of fcience were then well known, and who has filled the chair ever fince, with great fatisfadion to the public. Soon after, on the death of Doftor Ruther- ford, who for many years had given ledures with ap- plaufe on the practice of phyfic, Dodor John Gregory (whofe name can never be mentioned by any one who liad the pleafure of his acquaintance, without the warmeft tribute of a grateful refped) having become a candidate for this place along with Dodor Cullen, a fort of compromife took place between them, by which they agreed each to give ledures alternately on the theory and on the pradice of phyfic, during their joint lives, the longeft furvivor being allowed to hold either of the clafles he fiiould incline. In confcquence of this agreement, Dodor Cullen delivered the ^firfi courfe of ledures on the pradice of phyfic in winter 1766, and Dodor Gregory fuccceded him in that branch the fol- lowing year. Never perhaps did a literary arrange- ment take place that could have proved more benefi- cial to the ftudents than this. Both thefe men poflef- fed great talents, though of a kind extremely diflimi- lar.* Both of them had certain failings or defeds which the other was aware of, and counteraded. Each of them knew and refpeded the talents of the other. They co-operated, therefore, in the happieft manner, to enlarge the underftanding, and to forward the purfuits of their pupils. Unfortunately this arrangement was ^mmmmmm f^iffm 56 ' ' THE BEE, OR Jan. 11, foon deftroyed by the unexpedted death of Doftor Gre- gory, who was cut off in the flower of life, by a fud- den arid unforfeen event. After this time, CuUen continued to give lectures on the pradlice of phyfic till a few months before his death, as has been already faid. jTo he continued. Critical Remarks on the Othello of Shake/pear. Of thofe who poffefs that fuperiority of genius which enables them to Ihine by their own ftrength, the num- ber has been few. When we take a review of man- kind in this refped, we behold a dark and extended trad, illuminated with fcattered clufters of ftars, fhed-| ding their influence, for the moft part, with an una- vailing luftre. So much however are mankind formed to contemplate and admire whatever is great and re- fplendant, that it cannot be faid that thefe luminaries have exhibited themfelves to the world in vain. Whole nations, as well as individuals, have taken fire at the view of illuftrious merit, and have been ambitious in their turn to diftinguilh themfelves from the common mafs of mankind. And fince, -by the happy invention of printing, we have it in our power to gather thefe fcattered rays into one great body, and converge them to one point, we complain without reafon of not hav- , ing' light enough to guide us through the vale of life. Among thofe to whom mankind is moll indebted, the firft place is perhaps due to Homer and t6 Shakefpear. They both flourifhed in the infancy of fociety, and the po- pular tales of the times were the materials upon which they exerted their genius ; they were equally unaflifted by the writings of others ; The dramatic cempolitions with which Shakefpear was acquainted, were as con- ' temptible as the crude tales which ferved as the foun- dation of Homer's poem. The genius of both poets 1791- -f^V^ ' LITERARY INTELLXGENCER. 57 was then af undqubtejd originality, and varied, a»^ the - fcene i«, with wliich they were converfant. It cannot^' perhaps be faid, that an idea is to be found m. ^eir works, imit^t^e^ from- another. To w.hatever iujjjfift they turned thej,r attention, a pidure of nature^ fuph as was capable of filling their minds alone, aroieinfull profped before them. An idea imagined by Any other would be inadequate to the grafp of their genios, and uncongenial with their ufual mode of conception.: Itt- timately acquainted with th? original fpuntains pf biu^ man knowledge, accuflomed thenifelvjes to . trace the operations of nature, they difdained to take notice pf, or fubmit to the obfcure and imperfect tn|6^s . which bad been marked, out by on inferior pencil. They walked alone, ,andin their own Arength ; and wherever they have trod, have left marks which time will ne- ver efface, or perhaps, ^yhi^h no fupeiuor fplendor of, genius will obfcure cm: eclipfe, but will ever continue to be the high^ft objeds of human ambition and .^d,^i>» ration. v^^^r ^ ^,_..U,riW4.,:,,- />^-nTncff ^rft-gi^^r But however high the merit of Shakefpear mult ibe, in thus clailing him with Homer, it would not be do- ing juilice to either of thefe fathers of genius,, to appreti- ate their refpeftive abilities by merely aiferting them to be poets of the firilr order. The genius of Homer was undoubtedly fuperior in point of greatnefs and fire ; the mod awful and interefUng fcenes among man- kind, were the continual fubje^b of his fong ; the hurry and grandeur of battle, the ilrength of mighty heroeSf and all the violence of paiHoU) feem to be the high de- light of his foul : like his rival in modern times, he was confpicuous for a difplay of character ; biit _thef« were chiefly of the warlike kind : The fleady magna- nimity of Agamemnon, the irrefiftible fury of Achilles, the prudent valour of UlyfTes, and the bodUy iirength of Ajax, are painted in ilrong and ilriking colours : ^ud though he b^ not deficient in thofe of a more humble and amiable kind, yet in this fphere, Homer, and. Vol. I. t H X2. t/ jpl HJJrJV THE BEE, OK "^'^ ' Jan. ig>reiy' ohier writet, Uncietii bt mpdero^afi'e left far be- l^ind by Shakcfpear, whofe merit in this refpeft is in- Ae6d a^onifhing. He hath defcribed the gr^at and the ludicrous, the good and the bad, with e^iial facility, in all their ihades of charader, and ih every fcenc of ^utnan life. Succeeding writers have feldom mention- ed his name without the epithet of InifkitabUy and with much juftiqe ; for there has not been wanting in the Engliih lanffuage dramatic writers of irierit, wlio were hot infeniible to the lingular abilities of Shakefpear ; but of whit writer except himfelf can it be faid, that no iihttatibn has been attempted, noiie oJ His charac- ters Kate httii affumed ; his fimplicity, his fentiments, and cvett his ilile is altogether his own. In imitating Homer, maiiy writers have not been unfuccefsful. Virgil in beauty and tendernefs has exceeded him, Taflb in ttrength of iefcription has often equalled him] 111 enraptured fublimity, Milton has gon^ beyond him. But none has yet in any degree appropriated the fpirit and the manner of Shakefpear. .f .vj. **' In every work of this grf at author, we difcover all the markff of his genius ; his diverfity pf chatraflfcer, his boUndlefs iit)aginati6n, his acute difcernment, and his nervous expreffion ; but in norie of thfekii are thefe qua- lities thore confpicuous than in the tragedy of Othello ; a work alio, the freeft- of his irregularities, his puns, his bombail, and conceits. No where has he painted virtue with more darning fublimity thati in the charac- ter of Othello^ with more amiable tertdeiritefs, than in that of Defdemona ; andtio where are .all the artifices of human nature more fully difplayed thiin in the cha- rafter of lago : from the whole, he has contrived a plot, the nioft moi^l in its tendency, whifch winds up to the higheft pitch our fympathetic feelings, in concern for unfufpicious virtue, and at the fame tltiie roufes our utmoft indignation ftgainft deep-laid villiiny. From 41 review of the conduft of the poet in producing fuch .s. ;■/■ 1791* LITERARJ INTXLLIGipCER. 59 a noble f^ed> we. .may exped fnuch pUafure sin4 im- proveraei^jt* , . ^ It may l^ie, obfcry^d of the pro^pfllons of a. profound^ mind, that Vkc; the fource from whence they procei^d^ they are nqt apprehended atfirft fi^t. Shakefpe.a)c 6^- ten begins hjs deepeit tragejdies with the lowefl buf- foonery of the comic kind; with converfations among thei inferior charaders, that do not fcem to be conne6ted Vith the main, plot; and there is often introduced throughput th^ work, the opinions of thofe engaged about the lower o^ces, about the principal adiors, and the great defigns that are carrying on 9 and their inade* quate conceptions, has an excellent effedl in enliven- ing the (lory ; for befides the humour that is thereby produced, it elucidates the fubje^l, by placing it in a variety of lights. Examples of fuch a condud; are fre- quent in all our author's works, and are not to be ex^ peded but from that extenfive capacity which is capa- ble at once to Ttiew the fubjed in its rife and progrefs, and conneded with a\l its circumflances. Who cai;i take a wide rauge into, the affairs of men, without lof- ing fight of his principal adion, whofe compreheniive mind can coi\tain many auxiliary ideas, and many re- mote defigris,. without diftrading, or driving out the great tendency of the whole. Writers of a more li- mited capacity, confcious of their want of ftrength to conllruc^ an edifice on fuch.an enlarged plan, and con- iufed at the wild diforder of the materials as they lie fcattered through nature, generally rulh headlong among tliesTt, and introduce darknefs, where confudon only was Gcfore : having once ^eated their , imaginations, foam away, till they fuppofe the work is completed, and in fuch high wrought raptures as darknefs and confufion na- turally produce ; One prevailing fentinaept runs through the whole ; in every fpeech» according ^s the character is well or ill affe<5led to the fuccefs of the adventure, it is blazoned forth with sd^ the paiHon the author can eommaiul ; and the whole mafs is often chiefly illuminat64 .X3 .ZriL 60 **^ THE BEE, OR '''''*^' Jan: 12, With WsTny^azfclWg^^brdSttf wonder,' and ttrfor, and amaz^ement. Were the fubje^l of Othello %o be ma- naged in tlic French 'tnode, or by their Eiifflifli imita- tors, We. might cxjjeiSi:, in an int)roduftory roliloquy, to fee t;h€; nature of jViloirfyv with all its dire efFedts, ex- plained^ With muchpomp of language, perhaps by the perlonagc who is chie^V c6ncerned in the ftory, or by a fem'aie confident obfe'rving all at once the altered mind ofher lord ; and the fame fubjiift would be the Continual theme from fpeech to fpeefch, till the fatal conclufion, which never fails to becatifed by fomelotig- ekpe'ifted and obviousr difcovery. During the courfe of t'hte reprefcntation, the wearied fpedlator, inftead of that tumultuous joy, which is produced by the agita- tion of hQpc arid fear, is only amufed at times with the inferior pTeafure of poetical defcription, and m?.ny la^ boiire'd attempts to mflame the min ' by pathetic and* fuHlihie fentiments. Though often- interrupted by dif- ferent fpcakers, it is no other than! au uninterefting at'id declamatory pqem, where, if there is any difplay of ^hai-hfter, it is but in general terms,- of a man fplen- didly-^ood, or on the contrary, •outr^^eoufly wicked ; 6f a fkit^ female, gentle and amiable, arid«of her fierce and haughty oppreffor j but always in the higheft de- gree, hiofl aflonilhi'ng, and as they would have it, be- yond 'conception. ' The qualities of goi^d and bad, are iometimes expiefTvid with much vigour and fire; but the reft of the man is awanting; the imagination cannot lay hold on a diflincl and natural charafter, intermix- ed With fofne foible, which nevei^ fail to attend the beft, with a peculiar bias of mind towards a particular ob- je<3:, or the prejudices which are exp^fted to be found fM"»rt'the profeflion, the iituation, or any of the circum- ftJiiVcef^ of his lift; 'The few who have fucceeded in this^fphete, is a ptmfi that to cxcell in it 'requires a genius of the highell' and moft finilhed kind. The en- thnftafm'bf imagi-hation, and the calm and minute oh*" fervadon of judgnient, quaUtiesfo plainly requifae, are If;' 1791."- UTERART INTELLIOENCER. , fil kldam found united in anj high degtee among man- ••♦•The charafters which make a chwF figure in thetra-" gedy of Othello, are the Moor himfelf, Defi^emona, and lago. The iiibjeft is, ' the deftruftion'of Deitde- mona ; and this oataftrophe the author never lofes fight of. It is indeed' remarkable for unity of action, which of all the three unities is of principal confequence. Uni- ty of time and place, peculiar to this fpeciibs of compo- fition» arife from the nature of dramatic reprefentation, the aftion being fuppofed to be iri f iew of fpe£^ators for a moderate fpaci of time. But a ftrift attention to the unities ortittie^knd place, has n^vet been complete* ly attained by* any "Writer. When ah adion is to be reprefented, of fuch importance as to aWaken^ keep alive, and at laft gratify curiofity, it mull neceffarily give rife to many inciJents : and thefe incidents, if confident with nature and probability, in diflferent places and with different Intervals, much time is fpent, and ipuch i$ done behind the curtain, which cannot be brought in re- view ; fuch lib«rties never offend the reader, andfeldom the fpedator : aiid vt^hen a certain degree of liberty is thought proper,' the writer may go confiderable length without offending onr fenfe of propriety ; and we part- ly confider it as dramatic narration. To be fcrupu- loufly attentive to the unities of time and place,, con- fines the genius of the writer, makes the work barren of incidents, and confequently Iqfe intereflfinff : much muft be forced and improbable ; arid the internal merit, and beauty of the ftory^ miift be'/facrificed to the external / and artificial nature of reprefentation. llfiofe who con- tend for a llrid refemblance of the artificial a^ion to th(J ftory, require what can never take place: the fcene is often changed ori the fame fpot, arid it matters very little whether frbiti one toom of the palace to anoth^rt or from London. to York, as both are ecjualjj impolBble ; andibe farhe may be faid of fiippofing five minutes, when we well know it is really fiv« hours j ?V .;:nu '^^^ ■"> ^^ - Jan. ii, it mn^, without much greater improbability, be protrad- «d to five weeks. A natural train of incidents can fcarcdy be expe€ted from a florj accommodated to the An4 rules of the^iiage ; They mud be dull, few, and tiniiiQrvi, b^caufe tj^ey ar^ all in foipe meafure within view^ aifd comprtbended at firft fight ; and in place of incident, there mull be fpun out long harrangues of common place morality. Few or none but thofe who arc ci'itiCfiUy convcrfant with controverfies of this kind, ob- ferye infringements of tjme and place, but are all offend- ed V^ith a want pf probability in the management of ^he plot. I have tnade thefe obfervaUons, as Shakef- ipear is more remarkable for adhering to unity of adion than to the other two j the one is the offspring of genius ?JW>^;*fi9Mief;,ofart. , , , ^ . ..,; 9-; ■■'■ ; . cfj. X)n the iSflwy of Authorit t>y Profejtonl J-, Ta elt hlfloria literanun, atque certe hiftoria mundi, fi )xAt part« ftierit deftituU, noil abfimilis cenferi pofli^ (latuas Polyphemi tvit» peuh \ nam €a pari imaginis diefit, quae ingen^um e£ indolem perfonae maxime ^ t^irat. ' pae. dc Aug. lii, 11. eab. iv, ' 'I \; 4 ^ * . v.) ^rf ^m f»mir Ci^iL hiflory, the regifter of hiiman calamities and ^imes, has been amply, if not always; happily treated ; "whiljb the hiftqry of literature, which maybe confidered as forming theannals of the human underftanding, has been hittierto meagre apd incomplete. The reafon why men of letters h^ve thus treated the fo'urce of their fa|iie Tvitfi fuch ungrateful negje£t, it ipay perhiaps be diiffe- c^lt to aHign. The caufes whiiph affeft the progref? of iettcfs, are cppre rcmpte frpni compon apprenenfion Aau thpie ^^,^ipn ^ operate ppUticai changes. . Perhaps this difficulty mi ight have deterred, and perhaps hifto- V 179X, *. LtTERAftV INTKLIldENCER. Vj rians, ambitious of popularity, have been incited' tb the narration of civil aftairs, by the powers which tljey poflTefs over the heart artd fancy, and by their fupcrici fufceptibility of all the decorations of courtly jli)d tjo- pular compofition. Perhnps too, the pride of lite ratllrp ihrunklfrom topics which would expofe tlie dcbafe- mcnt and misfortunes of its profeflbrs, who have ever fjtcrificed themfelvcs for pofterity, and been the viftinVa of their devotion to letters, and their pafiionifor glory. From that portion of literary hiftory, which is the fub- jeA of our prefent effay, they have probably beeij re- pelled by the latter confiderailon. But a philofopHier, wiio is incapable of fuch irritable and faflidious vat)ity, muft perceive the hiftory of thofe to whom the world owes whatever it is, to be a topic of great carioiity and intereft, ' I iliall preface my remarks, by denning an ai^i. thor by profeffion to bfe, a perfon, who, in whatcvpi: mode, derives his chief fiibfiftence from literary pror dudions. This detinition is conceived with a latitu4e . fuitable to the views which I am about to unfold, t proceed to evince the exiftence of fuch a dfcfcrlptidh dJT men in every ftate of fociety, and to cxaniine the va- rious forms under which they appear, in th«; varioi|d ftages of its progrefs. The bard atid the gehealoiiih are the profeffed authors of fimplc ages. The favji^e hero nrfl probably fings his own exploits $ but the fiep of focial progrefs produces a diviiibii of labour. Ac- cident, in the attempt of many, diifcpvers fome one to be capable of imparting fuperior luftre to %h^ triumpH of the Warrior, or liiperior Ipjendor X6 the rites of thfe god. The pofleiTo^ of powers thus c^pabk of adTorill ing high gratification, is flattered by^ si difcoyery t<> his vatiity and his indolence. H9 is ablblved frbni th^ perils and toils pf his fellow favages. He devotes him- felf to their amui^mebt or de)ight ; and he is rewarded by the grateful hofpitality with which every cabin Wel- comes him who is to applaud or entertain its ^oiTeffors, t^ mdt or gladden it with fong. Tlus may be faid to be "9^ j^ ' jis'^r'-TUEtBEE^ 9R/,HAr/l *■ Jan. XI, thq firft fubfiftence earned . by the exertion of literary talent. This i? th^^^rftforip under which authors by jprofeffipn appear in, the hiftpry of jfociety* Theifo^ial progre£i afi|ervr'9r4s exl^ibits %h^m under other forms, cotrefp^ndingj to ,th^ varying circumilances. of naition&. In reftned natb^s,, djeftitute of the art of pFintk|g,^ey bepome lecturers, ^^ the circulation of manuicripts is too limited .either for the remuneration of money or fame. , Such were the ancient .philofophers, though the releniblance^ almoil exad between their character and that of the profeffed authors of modern times, has not hitherto been remarked. To attend the lectures of a philofopher,\ was in fact to read the fyftem of his do6lriBes. fiance Antonnius felt it no degradation to the imperial purple^ to attend the covirfe of a profeflbr, Ijecaufe he did the fanie thing as a modern prince, who ihould retire into hia library, to read Montefquieu or Smith. The prefs had not then furniftied that organ by which a philofopher may from his clofet ledure to the immenfe audience of foreign nations and future ages. Hence the vaft colle^ion of pupih in the aca- demy Find the lyceum, who had no accefs to the vo- lumes of philofoohy, liut from the mouth of their au- thors. It is obvious that their le^ures were not like thofe of modern academical inltitutions, — they were not elementary inftrudions— they were bold and liberal fpeculations. The fcboolmq^ers, the elementary in- ilrudtors, were, in the execrable ariftocracy of the an- cient commonwealths, almoil uniformly flaves. The variety of dogma, the contempt of received opinion, the hostility to edabliihed inditution, which character* ifed fo many of the Grecian fedts, clearly dillinguifh their fchools from modern fcminari«s. The youth of Ionia; of Cyrenc, of Sicily, of Magna Grecia, who repaired to Athens, came not to an univerfity, but to a library, not to receive the dogmatic inilrudion of tu- tors, but to judge of the various fpeculations of philo- fophers. Indeed, the conception of an univerfity was ' y I79I. ^ IITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 65 too grofsly abfurd for the fimple and unfophiftlcated ideas of antiquity. The union of fecular and fpiritual defpotifm, and the Gothic transfer of rank and title to literature, were neceflary to produce fuch monftrouS eftabliihments. The prof ejfed authors of our own times demand y) elaborate defcription; and inllead of retailing common-place fayings on that fubjed, we Ihall proceed to the ettabliftiment o£iome genera/ maxims , relating to the hiftory of this clafs of men. ^ , , 'To be csjitijiued, ■, ;j v ^ x-js On Animal infiinEls — ne Mole and Worm, All animals are endowed by nature with an inftin(^Ive fear of danger, and powers, in moft cafes, by whicli t'ley are enabled to dillinguilh tlieir enemies, and in ibme meaftire to evade the purfuit of thofe who feek to devour them. The oylter, on any profpecl of dan- ger, iliuts its Q.eU : The fnail and the tortoife retreat within the liard coat that covers thcni ; I'he hedge- hog rolls itfelf into a ball : The chicken, on the iirft appearance of the kite, is agitated with the mull vio- lent alarm, '^vA flies to its mother for prote6lion ; and the hare, on the firlt appearance of a dog, betakes it- felf to flight, and exerts its utmoi> powers to elude its ravenous purfuer. This is a general law of nature ; r.nd it extends, as T have reafon to believe, to animals of a lower clafs than we are accullomed to imagine. Tiie mole, it is well known, feeds upon the common r.irth worm ; but 1 believe it is not generally known, tliat in the dark regions it inhabits, it is endowed wutli faculties for diflinguifhing its prey at fome dKlance,, ijnd far lef.i, tliat the reptile it is in fearch of can dif- linguiHi its approaching danger, and try to elude it. "/et, from fome fifts that have fallen nnder my own obfv^rvMtion, there feems to be no doubt of thiseircum- flunce, aiul Unt in confcfjuence of it, the inolej in the Vol. f i 1 ). 66 '. f- . H3X THE BEE, OR Jan. 12, bowels of the earth, chaccs its prey with the fame avi-'* dity, as the lion, or the wolf, or the bear, upon its furface ; and that the worm flies with the fame degree of eagemefs, from its greedy purfuer, as the flap in the foreft, or the hare among the ftubble. One damp cloudy day, as I was ftanding in the gar- den, contemplating fome of the beautiful productions of the vegetable tribe, I faw the earth near me begin to be heaved up by the working of a mole, and imme- diately direfted my attention to that objeft. I could foon perceive that the mole was working with an un- ufual degree of agility, which Hill moie commanded my attention. It was not long before I perceived the head of an earth-worm penetrate the mould with a furpriiing degree of rapidity — nearly half its body came above the earth at the firft puili, and at the fecond, it freed itfelf from the mould entirely, and ran off along the fur* face with a degree of agility I never had feen this ani* mal exert till then. The mole too purfued ft ill ; but on coming very near the furface, immediately defifted, and retired, as I fuppofed, difappoinled, from the chace; iny imagination at leaft made me conclude this was the cafe. 1 leave the reader to draw what conclufions he thinks natural from this facl» Having had my attention thus awakened with regard to this phenomenon, I have been, fince that time, on the watch, in iimilar cafes, to fee if I could obferve the like, and had o?ie opportunity of obferving a fimi- Ur mole-chace at a future period. I ftate thefe fafts, of the exactitude of which I am certnin, that youv readers may take notice if any of them ev^r remarked any of the fame kind. Whether the inference I draw from it be juft or not, I leave every one to judge for himfelf: But if it fhould be admitted that the mole can thus purfue its prey at a diftance, we Ihould be forced, I think, to conclude, that it diftinguilhes its traft by the fcent, like a fpaniel or hound j but by "^»!iwi»ipm»i»«»f" 1791. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. Hjf^ what means the worm ihould be made fenlible of its danger, it is perhaps impolfible to divine. A young Obferver, N. B. In both the inftances I obferved, the worm that made its efcape, was of a bright, lively, red co- lour, more fo than is common among this clafs of rep- tiles. V/hether this could be afcribed to the ardour of the chace, or whether it was only accidental, I cannot pretend to fay, as in both cafes 1 allowed the worm to' make its eicape without detaining it fur future obfer- vation. The Editor is much obliged to the writer ©f the following ftti«5lvres> which he makei> hafte to infert. Truch is the great objebt of his re- fearche-j ; and every perfon who ailifts in difcovering it, he ihall deem his fupporter and friend. It was no fmall recommendation to him of the plan he has adopted, that it leemed to be particularly calculated for the attainment of tnith ; and he is happy to obtain fuch an early pradicai proof of it, as this article affords. Opinions are often taken np haftily from others without examination, and are retained merely from that indolence of mind which is natural to nfan, and from the limited fphere of his powers. No man can reflect deeply on every fubjcdl, and thus is apt to Aide carclefsly into error : he is therefore much obliged to thofe who fliall take the trouble to put him right, when this happeni^^obe his cafe, and without troubling himfelf, to have the benefit of their researches communicated to him. Once more therefore he.begs to return his beft thanks to the writer of the following paper ; und his future correfpondencc, or that of others who think in the fame liberal manner, will be deemed a particulv favour. Sir, To the Editor of the Bee. .iV's. Your edition of the fong called thQ Jlowers of the forejl^ lias occalioned the following remarks. There is a ft range propenfity in perfons of genius, to obtrude forgeries on the public, and a ftill ilranger propenfity ia the public, to admit them as genuine, witliout any examination at all. v ^ la es *«f * '*THE BEE, OR j •"''■> *-"'' ■.ri.:-:\ \-)':':A ,^V».* > sA%k:i::!ii. -^s '0: •3 rV. Ofi Fopiilar Writings^ The greateft part of the works which the public c- fteem at prefent, have only arrived by degrees at that uni- ve»-fal approbation, (ti.g. Shakefpe^r). Afuccefs too bril- liant at the Hrft, affords but a bad augur for its conti- nuance, and only proves the mediovcity of the work. Beauties which are within the reach of all the world, immediately make their impreffion ; great beauties are often Icfs ftriking, and it is rare that a " work of the firft meric, obtains, at the beginuitig, the fuifr-dge of s. great number. It is only a few who are able at onctt to feel the force of fingular excellence : but by degrees tiie falTe glare which dazzltd at thefirft, begins to wear off, and men gradually difcover. beauties that at iirll cfcaped their notice. This difcovery occaiions an agix^e- able furprife. They return to the fubjc6"l, and dilco\ er ftill more : fo tliat their admiratioa continues to au^:- inent fiom day to day. x\ :m f It is true the battle of Flodden was fought on the borders, whenc little ground .ould ihi-ii be cultivated : But the ;;£tie<^s OK k were !w!t tjver all Scoiiand, as the army was colkdled from every part of the cchh- try ; fo that this remark fecmi lo be not i'»j viU fciiided as the otLct ^ this ell uy. Nute uf tLe Ldi^r, .7P Ji;i«»5| THE BEE, OR ^-^tn--^ Jan. 12, Rq/line Cajlk At dead of night, the hour when courts In g?y fantaftic pleafures move, And, haply, Mira joins their fports, And hears fome newer, richer love ; To Rofline's ruins I repair, A folitary wretch forlorn ; To mourn, uninterrupted, there, My haplefs love, her haplefs fcorn. No found of joy difturbs my ftrain, ? - ^^ No hind is whiftling on the hill ; >rn w No hunter winding o'er the plain ; >*''*^ s -)^!y No maiden linging at the rill. '«T ^ ( '=; Eik murm'ring through the duiky pines, Reflefts the moon's mift-mantled beam?. And fancy chills, where'er it fhines, To fee pale ghofts oblcurely gleam. .■5' 'V- ■lik->y Not fo the night, that in thy halls, Once, Rofline, dane'd in joy along ; Where owls now fcream along thy walls, Refounded mirth-infpiring fong : Where bats now reft their fmutty wings, Th' impurpl'd feaft was wont to flow y And beauty danc'd in graceful rings. And princes fat where nettles grow. '-•%-^"' What now avails, how great, how gay ; How fair, how fine, their matchlefs dames ! / There fleeps their undiftinguilh^d clay, ^ And even the ftones have loft their names *. And yon gay crowds muft foon expire : Unknown, unprais'd their fair one's name, ^ Not fo the charms that vevfe infpirc ; Increaling years increafe her fame. * Many of the names on the gravc-fttmcs here arc ^vitc oblitcratf ,. ■ ;■ , i ■ ,. V ', .... ^ „ . , „ J. .... . J Pi Slur e of Government^ a la moderne, drawn hy an old Majler. In the commonwealth I would by contraries ^- , Execute all things j for no kind of traffic ^ v^ Would I admit, no name of magiftrate j Letters fhould not be known ; poverty and riches. And ufe of fervice, none ; contracts, fucceilicn. Bourn, bond of land, tilth, vineyard, olive, none; No ufe of metal, corn, or wine, or oil j ^ No occupation, all men idle, all. And women too, but innocent and pure; *'•-,,. No fovereignty: - All things in common, nature Ihould produce . Without Iweat or endeavoar ; treafon, felony, Sword, pike, knife, gun, or need of any engine. Would I not have ; but nature ihould bring forth Of its own kind, all foiion, all abu idanr ♦, To fetr my innocent pto V. ] would with fuch p^'rfcctioa goven), Sir, .^ To excel the golden age. • >- Shakesfear. .% 1% ' r«3 YHE BEE, OR ■>• vt 33= "•"' On Human Life^ From fiinnj fcenes, from days of joy, To hours of dark diftrefs, Alas ! how many fink, among The haplefs human race. Tlirown headlong on a guileful world, They, artlefs, do nOt know, Sincere and fimple in themfelves, Thfcy fancy otliers fo. Hence do we find that men of worth, Are oft to want betray'd ; Hence is the hopeful youth undone, , 'And hejice the ruin'd maid. The world's a wide and thorny wild, Where many fiiares are hid; /- And much of caution is requir'd ; ■ The devious wild to tread. ri i^. J . K ■'. -.^^■. !-' ^-^ -.:.■■- ■ ■i.^y ,j ,-JI'TBt I .1 'T'o Night, a Sonnet. -,,-"- I LOVE thee, mournful fober-fuited night, ':■ When the fair moon, yet ling'ring in her wane, And veil'd in clouds, with pale uncertain light Hung? o'er the waters of the relllefs main. In deep depreflion funk, the enfecbl'd mind - Will to the deaf, cold elements complain. And tell th' embofom'd grief, however vain, ' ; To fulk'n furges and the vicwlefs wind. ^i , i' Though no repofe on thy dark breaft I find, > J Itill enjoy thee, cheerlefs as thou art ; ¥or in thy quiet gloom, th' c^haufted hea^l^ : Is c'rdm, though wretched ; hopelefs, yet reiigncd, While to the wind and waves its forrows given, 3Iay iv.ach, though Igil on earthy the ear of iieavf n 1 1791- LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 73 Defcription of the NiJ/er Werk^ or Golden Ea^le, from Bruce. , . - f > '^ y '1 1 *,., Among other benefits that foclety will derive from the pub- lication of Mr. Bruce's travels, muft be ranked the enlarge- ment of our knowledge in natural hiftory. Various objeds In the animal and vegetable kingdom, that were entirely- unknown in Europe, are here deloribed and illullrated by drav/ings of uncommon elegance. ''- The bird which forms the fubjeft of this article, if not the largeft in the knov/n world, is at leaft the largeil of the eagle kind. *• From wing to wing he was eight feet four inches. I'rom the top of his tail to the point of his beak, when dead, four feet feven inches. He weighed twenty- two pounds.*' This noble bird had flrength and courage proportioned to his fize. Living in the uninhabited defert, he knows not the power, nor has he learnt to dread the arts of man. Ignorant of danger, therefore, he iliuns not man, but pur- fues his prey without regarding the eiforts he may make to deter him. " Upon the higheft top of the mountain La- malmon," fays Mr. Bruce, while my fervants were rcfrelh- mg themfelves from that toilfome and rugged afcent, and enjoying the plealure of a mod delightful climate, eating their dinner in the outer " air, with feveral large diflies of boiled goat's flefti before them, this enemy, as he turned out to be to them, appeared fuddenly : he did not Hoop rapid- ly from a height, but came flying ilowly along the ground, and fat down clofe to the meat, within the ring the men had made round it. A great (hout, or rather cry of diftrefs, called me to the place. I faw the eagle Hand for a minute, as if to recoiled himfelf, while the fervants ran for their lances and fhield. I walked up as near to him as I had time to do. His attention was fully fixed upon the flefli. I faw him put his foot into the pan, where was a large piece, in the water, prepared for boiling •, but finding the fmart which he had not expedled, he withdrew it, and forfook the piece which he held. Vol. If K r^ 4 it tRE BEi:, OK Jan. 12, rdere were two large pieces, a leg and a (houlder, \y^ itkg upon a wooden platter. Into thefe he trufTed both hi*; claws, and carried them off; but I thought he looked wift- fully at the large piece which remained in the warm water. Away he went flowly along the ground as he had come. The face of the cliff over which criminals are thrown, took him from our fight." He foon, however, returned, and gave Mr. Bruce a fair 6(>portunity of (hooting him, which gavti occafion for ob. ferving a phenomenon, not a little iingular in its kind. ^ Upon laying hold of his monftrous carcafe," our adventu- rous traveller proceeds," I was no^ a little furprifed at fee- fng my hands covered and tinged with yellow powder or duft. Upon turning him upon his belly, and examining the feathers of his back, they produced a brown .duft, the colour of the feathers there. This duft was not in (mall quantities j for, upon ftriking his breaft, the yellow powder flew out in fully greater quantity than from a hair-dreffer's powder puff. The feathers of the belly and breaft, which were of a gold colour, did not appear to have any thing ex- traordinary in their formation *, but the large feathers in the flioulder and wings, feemed apparently to be fine tubes, which, upon prelTure, fcattered this duft upon the finer part of the feathers 5 but this was brown, the colour of the leathers of the back." What the ufes of this powder were intended by nature, our traveller is at a lofs to fay. Heconjedures it may have been intended in fome way to fortify the animal againft the ri- gours of the feafon it would experience in that lofty fitua- ation : But this conjefture does not feem to be corroborated by the other fafts he there ftates. However this may be, it feems to be a peculiarity of this animal of a very un- common kind, and might well have entitled it to the name of the Powdered Eagle, a name which would have pre- vented the danger of confounding it with another eagle. which has. long been known by that of the Golden Eagle' r> V -.' • - '-■ V 1 791 LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 75 HISTORICAL CHRONICLE. INTRODUCTION. A Curfory ViEW of the prefent POLITICAL STATE of , . Europe. Ruffia. For many years paft, the Ruilian empire has made a very confpicuous figure in the political affairs of Europe. Avthi' tisfti however, rather than *mfdoin^ has charadlerifed the operations of that court in modern times. The terrilbrial extent of that empire is much greater than to admit of a proper form of government j yet, blind to this great defeft, the Emprefs has long exerted her utmoil efforts to extend Bs far as poflible the boundaries of her dominions *, and with that view, has kindled up a war that has been produftive of much mifchief, and of little benefit to any one. Little does flie feem to think thjit Ihe is thus preparing afar off, the means of effedually curtailing the enormous extent of her overgrown dominions. But though this conduft be not wife in the Emprefs, who cannot forefee to what point r ultimately tends, it may be very confiflent with the viewb t fome of her counfellors. For feveral years paft, the court of RufTia has been over- awed 'by the uncontroulable influence of Potevikin 5 a man of a daring and impetuous difpofition of mind, who has been raifed by the favour of his luvereign frcmi a low eflate to the higheft exaltation of power 5 a power whicii is now {o firmly eftabliflied, as to give his recommendations the fore e of commands, and his fuggeftions a certainty of being im- plicitly adopted. 1 liis man, who now polTelTes a diflatorial command of the 7,.rv.\y. and an unlimited power of drawing whatever fums he pit .. es from the public treafury, has car- ried on his military op:;rations againft the Turks with all the ardour that might be expected from a man of undaunted ■courage, in the prime of life, who is bleffed with a found conilitution, great bodilv itrength, an unbounded com- K 2 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 idio 1.0 I.I l^|Z8 12.5 ill 1.8 L25 iJ^ 11^ V] ^m / '/ /^ Photographic Sdences Corporation ^ \ iV \\ fv o^ 23 V.tvr M*IN STWET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 873-4503 ^f^' <- ■^ "% %L0 ^ m > A-^ 16 THE BEE, OR i* Jan» 12, mand of money and of men, with theprofpefl: of conquer- iriing for hhnfilf an independent principality. But, defli- tute of thofe great military talents which charaderife the accompliftied general, his attacks have been rather furious than irreliilable : nor have his fucceffes been adequate to the ardour of his wifhes, or the means that were put in his power J and he has new rcafon to fear that he may be pre- vented, by a general pacification, from eftablifliing, at this time, the deiireable fovcreignty which has long allbrded fuch a pleafmg fubje6l of contemplation to him. But though it be doubtful if he will be able to do as much as he intended, there feems little reafon to apprehend, that he will not be al^le to ol^tain for himfclf fonie fort of fo- vereign independent power, under the apparent conlroul of the Ruffian empire : And were he not a man of fuch dc- fpotic difppfitions, and arbitrary principles, as to give no hopes or any reafonable fyllem of government ever being adopted by him, perhaps this difmemberment of the Ruffian empire is what all European powers ought to promote. Should a new kingdom be eftabliihed on the confints of the Turkifh and Ruffian empires, adjoining to the JUack Sea, under a fyftem of government purely European, founded on commercial and pacific principles, perhaps nothing could contribute fo much to the general well-being of mankind in thofe regions of the earth. The Turk has now felt fo fircng- ly the difagreeable effe6ls of being obliged to contend with the neighbouring great powers, that little influence would be required to induce that hitherto intractable court, to grant to fuch a ftate thofe commercial privileges that would be neceffary for infuring its own profperity : and the fertility of the foil is fuch, and the fituation for commerce fo favour- able, that under a wife adminiilration, this kingdom might foon attain|Cuch vigour as to become refpedablc among al\ nations. The time, however, docs not ftem to be as yet arrived for this happy ellablilhment : nor is Potcmkin tlie man cal- culated to bring it forward. Tlmt he aims a^ foveieigjii power is fcarccly to be doubted : Tlvat he has fecurcJ great fams of money in foreign countries to be ready at cfmiiijand, is generally believed ; but whether he will be able to ri;Te«^t h s final cftablilhment, or whether he will be obliged to cou^ 12, I^'QI. ^ IITERARY INTTELLIGENCER. fj itnt himfelf with a limited and dependent fway, mu(l de- pend upon contingencies that perhaps no one can as yet per- feftly forefee. In the mean time, the court of Peterfturgh gives all the efFeft it can to promote his military operations ', and though their fuccers againft the Turks during the laft campaign has not been luch as to give them that decided advant ige over the Porfe they have aimed at, yet the RulVian arms have been upon the whole fuccersful, and the Turks have fuffcr- ed fome confiderable loiTes. , . - . , •'< ' Sweden, . . To the northward, Ruflla has had the cood fortune, laft fe?.- fon, to difembarrafs herfelf from a very troublelome opponent, which would otherwife have proved exceedingly diftrefTuig to her. The king of Sweden, having formed a Itrid alliance with the Porte^ made a fudden and powerful diverfion in their favours into Ruffian Findland, and on the l^altic ; but having been obliged to acl with greater promptitude than the ftate of his kingdom could properly admit of, his fubjeds at firft were fubjefted to great inconveniences by it, which excited private difcontents that gave him great annoyance ; and being attacked at the fame time by Den- mark, his affairs were for fome time in as ticklKh a fitua- ation as can eafily be conceived. And had it not been for the critical intervention of Great Britain and Prudia, he had great reafon to fear that he would have been driven from his throne. This difficulty furmoui)ted, the Sncdilh monarch, with an adive alnciity that is rarely to be found ; procured fupplies ; recruited his forces by fca and by land ; and having quieted by his addrefs the internal dillurbanres that threatened to break out, he began tlie campaign with that adive intrepidity which has dlilinguiihcd all his civil jind military operations. But having by an unlucky acci- dent furtained a great lofs at fca in an engngcmont with the IvuiTlan fleet, on the i cth of July laft, he, Ijy n mcil extraor- dinary exertion,, on a fucceeding day, recovered the laurels that fortune had torn from his brow. But being by this time fati.sficd of the futility of his attempts at conquell:, and both he and his opponent heartily tired of the war, a peace was fuddeuly concluded bptwecn RuHia and Sweden, witli^ (uut the intcrvenlion of any other power, and without men- J% THE BEE, OX Jan. 12, tion of allies on either fide. Thus did thefe two potentates, as ufual, contentedly fit down with their refpeftive lofles, without having obtained any other benefit by the contefl:, except a few empty laurels, which both moniarchs were will- ing to claim as a finall indemnification for the great loffes tiieir fubjeds had fuflained by the fruitlefs contefl. Germany, The late Emperor, who was rafh in all his enterprizes, 4efpotic in council, fickle in his temper, and mean in the condu6l of his private affairs, was continually projeding liew enterprifes, and ever unfuccefsful in executing them, had brought himfelf into embarrafsments, from which death alone could happily have extricated him. At a time when his conduct had alienated the affedions of his Belgic fub- je£ls, with the hope, no doubt, of extending his empire on that fide, he had been induced by the court of RufTia to engage in a war againil the Turks j but having taken it into his head to command his army in perfon, he had the moi tification to fee his baneful influence extended to the army, and the fuccefs that might have been expelled from fuch mJghty preparations retarded. - The ignorance, obitinacy, and inhumanity of this man, cannot be better exemplified than by the following anec- dote, which I had from the beft authority. When in the campaign of 1788, the Danube formed the boundary be- tween the two armies, the emperor took pofl'eflion of a fmall illand in it, very near the northern fliore, on which he placed a picquet guard of thirty men. The Turks, with that rada bravery which charafterifed moft of their enterprifes, at that time, attacked this fmall party from boats. They were, obferved approaching j and though nothing would have been more eafy than for the Aullrians to have repulfed them, by fending a fuperior force to fupport the picquet ; and though all the generals fotticited permifllon to do it, the ilmperor flood unmoved, and faw the Turks deliberately rut off the heads of his thirty men, without making an at- tempt to fave them. After he thought proper to withdraw from the fcene of ac- tion, the general, in fomemeafurc, retrieved his affairs in that «tinu;ter, though at the time of ^hc Ejnpcror'* deatli, he had 1 791* LITERARY INTELLIGEXCZR. 79 no reafon to boaft of his conquefls. The prefent Emperor, though he did not entirely abandon the military enterpii'ts of his brother, has profecuted them with lefs ardour, and more caution than formerly. He feems to be anxious ti» keep up his connections with Ruflia, not fo much -with the capricious view of extending his c' )minions beyond the Da- nube, as of forming a balance to check the preponderating power of Pruflia, which he feems to dread. Hitherto \m conduft has been rather more cautious than might have been cxpefted from the general tenure of his political fyftem in Tufcany, and he has had the addrefs, not only to favour the views of his ally in Poland, without giving umbrage to Prullia J but alfo to gain over that power to acquiefce in the plan he had adopted for recovering his former influence in the Belgic provinces, which muft now again fubmit to be governed by the court of Vienna. ' ^ 4 ^ «s ^ ' '^*r ^^ The court of Drefden, and the fmaller ftates In Germa- ny^ enjoy at prefent a ptofound tranquillity, the Bilhop of Liege alone excepted. There, the people have allerted their claim to certain privileges to which the Prince Bifhop does not think they have a juft title. Popular commotions were likely to enfue j and the Biihop thought it prudent to with- draw himfelf from a florm, that he imagined threatened his perfon, had he remained among them : by this means blood- flied has been avoided. The other powers of Germany are now preparing to interfere in this difpute j and there is little room to doubt that the prince will be reinflated, and the people protefted in their juft claims by the powerful media- tion of princds, whofe award muft be accepted as a law to both the parties in this difpute. . . < Pruffia, Frederk the Second, after a long life fpcnt in a perpetu- M ftruggle to augment his power, and extend his dominions^, by a prudence of condu^ which nothing but a vigorou;* mind could infpire, not only extended the limits of his em- pire, but augmented the profperity of his people by every mean that was coniiftent with a defpotic power in govern- ment : a power which even this great man had not forti- tude of mind to relinquifh. At the time of his death, his dominions wer*e at peace 5 his army in the beft order, and kis coffers full. He was then bulled in endeavouring, by 8o tHE BEE, OR • ).' an. 12, peaceful mediiiUon, to eflablifti his kinfman tlie Prince of (Grange, in the full enjoyment of his rights as lladtholder in the united provinces, from which he had been driven by the machination of a party, fupported by the court of France, vi'ho aimed at getting thus a direction in the councils of Holland. The prefcnt king of Pruflia, on his fucceedin^- to the throne, adopted the fame general line of conduct which his illullrious predeceffor had chalked out : but find- ing pacific negotiation vain, he proceeded, by force of army, to replace the lladtholder in his former authority, to humble the party that had driven him from the country, and to confer the power on that party which fupported his intereft; But though the prefcnt Hate of France prevents her from tak- ing any adive concern in thisbufinefs, the friends of that party in Holland is rather fuppreffed than extinguiihed j and there is reafon to fufpe^^, thai were not the powers of Pruflia and of England to overawe them, and the French unable to fupport them, the peace of thefe provinces would not be long preferved j for the Prince of Orange himfelf feems not to poU'eiS cither that firmnefs of mind, or thofe talents, which laid the foundation of the power of his anceitors, or fecurei their infiuence over thefe Hates. Ho be continued. ♦** On account of a prefs of bufinefs, and the interrup- tion that neceffarily attends a new publication, the printer has been fo much hurried with this number, that the ar- rangement of the parts was not altogether agreeable. There was not time to make the alterations that would have been eligible* In future, it is hoped, things of this nature will be avoided. There has not yet been time to obtain any account of the publications of this year. m ,V i., '--;; ps ,rt(C •',•«'-»' «!«■ \, * .1/ .. .■■ '■'"^^ ■ V TO FOREIGN CORRESPONDENta. Xo thofe gentlemen in foreign parts who hav« b^rl 'fi> Urid as honottr the editor with their correfpondence,' or who in ftrtiiire Aan'befoobl]go ing as favour him with any commuftic^itibns, Dr. iAtiderfbn beg^ leaVe mofl refpedfully to exprels his grit^M {hnft, of paft ^fiiWurs, and warmly to foHcit from them, and evei'y other \ih€rk\ wAxtdidd ^terKf td fcicnee and literature into whofe hands thcfe propdfMs iiiay'.f^U, fncK future communications as (hall appear to them fuitable lip the nature of his work. It fhall be his ftudy at all times to do* jufticb to their refpedive pcrfM^mances, and to lay thent before the public in ^h^ moft advantageous manner he can. ' ' > - ' To avoid th% neceflity of writing a gi-eat miny private letters, whldi would become expenfive to correfpondents, and couKl niit'be fo etfily read as a printed paper, he has adopted this met|A>(| of hying be* fore them a few memorandums, under the form of 'general queries, tQ put in their view fome particulars which it- times rH'ijght' chance t<> cfcape their notice. Thefe queries, it will be caifcly' pcrceivc4» are merely hints ferving to awaken the attention, arid ndt^ihg more*. Thofe who (hall fpeculate oh 6ny fubjcft will iafily jpcrceivt that they lead to many interefting difcuffions that are not hbidellary to be men- tioned. This circumftance is here noticed, merely with ai View to pre- vent our correfpondents from thinking thefe particulars Were meant Hq be excluded. - .... A.:■:'^/^.^. - . ,,u, w •#:,o,r..,4 But before he proceeds to thefe r. Ahdeif oft fceij^^ Mve to ft|f- geft, that as the objedls there alluded to may fiirniih the fubjeds of future difaiflion, during the whole time that this Work ihall be con- tinued, thefe may be left till opportunity and inclinj^tion fhall bring them forward. He cannot help, however, remar|ung, that' it would be particularly obliging in them, and fingularly grateful to him, if hd fhould be favoured as early as poflible from every quarter, with fucU general notices as fhall occur to eadi individualin particular, as of im- portance, refpeding the flate of literature, arts, nianufaAures and cathi^ merce in their own country ; their flate 6f imprbycmeht or decline ; concife accounts of fuch late publications as prove intcrefling, with cxtrafts where thefe appear to ht neceffary ; notices Concerning in- tended literary publications ; or any information that feeitis to be 'cal<^ culated to convey to flrangets a general idea tii thd ibuce of the coati- try at the prefent time, without eotcnng at the fy& itito too mhMc narticulars: ' *''' 'i''^ >'' ^...-.;^^;«t rf» % «,»'r:T^m.»>fi>»r ^fb ..TJ^irTJ particulars. ,ris.i .! •', ,4 > ■«.. -^1 .J. fi y-. < . .' ■fr ■ it. J»J.» .-ll" .« J- i\: J.U' v;'aU- m ( xviii ) GENERAI, C^E^WES TO FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS; I. To whom does the ground in this country belong in property ? What is ^e nftt^Tf pf; thiC tenure by which it is held? Are there dif- ferent kinds qjf- tenures here at prelent in ufe ? Wherein do they dif- fer ; and. what are the moft obvious peculiarities of each ? ;, ;t. Iq what manner is the ground parcelled out to thofe who culti- vaieit? ^Axethcfe cultivators tht, Jlavet^ Hie fervanttf or the tenants oi the lords of tl>e foiU— If ^w.r, What is the particular nature of their l«rvitud^? To w)la^ talks are they fubjededf How are they protedlcd ^y lavf,, or,by t^e cuftoms of the country ^ Can any eftimate be made of ^he pHcQ of their labour when compared with that of free men ? Are any devices adopted for exciting their induftry ? What are they ? Mfervantti. In what manner are they regulated ? Under what fubordi- nation are they placed during the .abfence of their mafter? For how loqg a tentr are th.ey ufually engaged ? Particulars that occur refpetft- ing wages, food^ clotliing ? &c.-r-U tenantt. What is the nature of their bargain^ Do 1;he labouring utenfils, cattle, &c. belong to the farmer iiin^elf, or tp the ,1ord of the foil ? If they belong to the landlord. What cule is obfeKve4 as to rents,? Is the rent in this cafe ufually paid in mo- ney or in kind— by a fixed rate, or by a proportion of the produce? How is this piopottionafcci^tained ? — If the flocking belongs to the farmer himifelf, What is the nature of his tenure ? Is it verbal or in writing ? froih year to year only,, or for a longer time ? — If written contracts or leafes are in ufe, For how many year» are thefe ufually granted ? Are thel(e leafes^ perfe<^ fecurity to the tenant for the term fpecified, pro« vided the conditions on hi;> part are duly implemented ? Is fuch a Icat'e good to tjtie tenan|; againfl any fuccefTor whatever ? Fs it neceflary. that thefe conent of expences ? 12. Under what regulations are the prifons? Who has power to commit to prifbn .' What evidence is required of guilt before a war- rant to commit to prifon can be legal ? Can a prifoner, in any cafe^ be- fore trial ai\d condemnation, be feciuded from all communication with his friends ? Are there any laws in force here for bringing prifoners to trial widiin a limited time \ What are they ? How are trials, whether for criminal or civil trefpaffes, ufually conduced ? Are all trials carried on in the open court, ai\d the witnefles confronted with the accufed ? If there be exceptions to this rule, what are they ? Are perfons accu- fed ever permitted to go at large upon bail ? What are the cafes in which this can be admitted? Is torture ever employed in judicial pro- '€eedin]^8, atid in vihtt cafes? In general, what is the nature of your of* minal code With refpeA to the objeAs accounted criminal, the modes of procedure, and the kinds of pijninunent ? 1$. ;How arc the poor in general provided for In this country ? *• N 14. What is the ftate of the roads in this country i Are they in ge- neral kept in good repair, or the reverfe i By what means are roads and liridge^ made and kept in repair ? Arc tolls erased for this purpofc ? Are thefe tolls general throughout the whole country, or local, and adopted in •articular cafes only ? If tolls or turapHes are generaly by what authority have thefe been eftablifhed ; and how long have they been in common vfe i Are they adopted as an objed of public revenue, and under the management of the officers of the crown; or is the money thus coUedl- ed applied folely for the making and repairing the roads ? Under who& management is this fund placctd ? If private and particular tolls nnly are in ttfe, WhatJdevices have been adopted to prevent the. money thus raif- ed from being in time applied to augment the income of private indivi- "duals? Are navigable canals known or common in this country ? If rare, What ?re thofc that have been made or propofied to be made ? Is the •cuuntiy fuicepdbk of ihis improvement^ though' it has not yet been adopted. •'■■■>- ij. What are the'principal fources of public revenue in this country* Does this arife from territorial rents, mines, ancient cuftoms, aids, feu- ^l incidents, or from what has been in modern times peculiarly called Awfff ? Where any of thefe particuhirs are not generally known, a fpc- cial account of them is wanted. If taxes are here in common ufe, what , is the general nature of thefe taxes ? Aie all the members of the com- munity alike liable in the payment of thefe ? Where there are exemp- tions. Who are the perfons claiming this privilege ? Are the taxes c^- le^led by the officers of the ciown; or is it cuftomary to farm them out t» others ? Have the coWcdlors of the revenue, or the farmers of it, any difcrertonary power in apportioning the tax amon|f individua'ls ; or arc they tied down by rules fo clear and definite, that they cannot tranfgrels them without being evidently culpable, and amenable to jailice ? Are there any inftances of the colkdlors or farmers of revenue being pub- Ecly tried and fined, or otherwiie punifhed, for nialyerfations in ofHcc, which To what reftraints are thje people fubjeded in this refpcd i What have teen the/ pretexts adopts for curtailing tlits liberty, where it could not l>e direAly attacked ^ Have th^c cncroachwients been made under the apparervt view of dugmenting tiie puUic revenue, or of ferving the caufe of religion, or of preventing immorality, or of promoting good order and public tranquillity, by protefting the innocent from calumny, «r.what ckcf Is the pofl office called in as an engine to effod this pti- t xi;a J firifs ? ,t have lid nut let the ng the good umny, IS I'W- yore ? Have paiticuhr taxes aUb been impofed with thin vUw ^ W^ arc they ? i ". r.. "'»•/-; x;. How is the pofl office regulated ? Is it eonduifted under the in* fluence of mtreaiitiUy oifmancial^ or of foUtkal notions ? Are letters itc* vcr In dauger of being ftopped at the poll office, or fearchcd there, un- lel'ii by the higbeft authority ^ in times of imminent public danger I Are any pcrfons or bodies of men exempted from the charge of potfcage : Wh» arn they ? and what are the privileges they enjoy, and how limited t Are any general regulations adt^ted for facilitating literary commuru- cations either altogether free of expeuce, r>x at a moderate charge ? What are they ? Arc thcfe publicly known and invariable ; or do they depend in any cafe on private favour, Co as to be either granted or withheld aC pleafure I Particulars refpedling this department are earnadly requefted, 1 8. How do the laws in this country fland rcfpciSting ^r ? Who "Sire excluded from participating in this diverfion ? What privileges do thofe poffefs who are permitted to indulge in it ; and how far may they with impunity trefpafs on the property of others ? What animals arc with you accounted game ? What animals that roum at large have been accounted private property, and by what regulation have thefe been pro- tefted ? 19. Arc there any public libraries of note, colledions of paintings, or mufeums, in this ftate ? How are thefe endowed and cared for ? Are thefe inftitutions of old ilanding, or of modern date : Do they conUlk chiefly of colle<5lion8 that have been made at ont timej owing to par- ticular circumflances, and when ? or have thefe coUedlions been made by a regular accumulation from year to year, from the firft inftitution ? Under whofe influence (I mean what clais of men in general) have thcfic coliedlions been made ? h the adminidration of the funds always un- der the fame peribn or fet of pcrfons for life ; or do diHerent individuals take it in rotation for certain periods, and how ? Are thefe libraries open fur the infpe^ion of the literati in general ; or can accefs only be obtain- tained through certain channels ? What are thefe I Have the collei5llons in thc£; repofitories been reduced into order, and catalagues of thent made out or publiihed ? What is the prevailing complexion of the w rit- ings, &c. of ^ch of thefe coUe4£lions as have fallen under your owo par^ ticular obfecvation I Is permitted to make copies or extxadls from tliefe performances without any farther charge than that paid for tranfcribing f What are the moft noted private colle6tions of books, pi«5lure8^ &c. that have come to your knowledge? If there are any old religi«>us houfe« here. Is it known if there be any anci tnt manufcripts, &c. in thair repo- fitories? Is there reafon to fufpedl that tl^^re may be in any of them fome literary treasures that, are neglected and unknown ? Can you poitic out any of thefe I • 10. What literary or patriotic fbeieties oc academies^ have beep eftab* lifhed in this country ? How long have fuch of them as hav" fallen un- der your own particular notice, been inftituted i* What are the chief ob- jetSts aimed at by thefe focieties ? What meafures have been adopted for (;ffe6ting thefe ends? If premiums are diftributcd — ^for what objedU- g;iven *, and what are the funds from wheucc thefe are paid I If thcfo* i . t «f^ J . .''■'^■■' . - tietiei proceed %f grafuitons literary enquirie9> Have their worlcs htcn publifhed f under what title, in what form, at what periods of publica- tion, and wh~ He wijhes, however, it may be univerjally underfopd, that it is not bis dejlre that the communications of bis foreign correjpondents Jbould be circumfcrlbed io thefubje£fs above hinted at. It could not be his intention to limit the excurjlotis of genius and tafe to fuch narronv bounds. He wiJhes tbefe to be left to range at large through the -wide bounds of nature. Here be pretends not to lead, 'the greater freedom that is allowed in literary difquifttions, the more he will be pletf ed: -whatever b- thefubjeii, if the difcujjions ian be comprifed within a moderate compafs, and do not give rife to etutlefs and unfatisfaSiory dtfputes, they wilt be received with fatisfaSiion ; and no pains Jhall befpared to prefcntthem in the moji advantageous manner to the public. I To prevent as much as poJJible all ambiguity, . and to guard againjl mi/Iales it »V requefed that thofe wka Jhall eccafonalfy favour bim wttU their corre- '*! t »vm j J^tkience^ wUi. ie particularly attentive to Jtave tie writing /o difihtit as thai Ifvery letter may ie MowHt ej^ecially ivitb regard to names. Where objelii ^,botifny or any other branch of natur'al bifiory are treated^ it will he obliging alfoi ivbere it will not be attended with too much trouble y to marij along ivitb ■ 'fhe nqme that the writer cboofes to \xdoptj 'the Latin name^ according to thefy. fient of LinneeiUf .or aryt other well known Jyf em referred to^ with fucb other fynonimes as readily occur to the writer at the time. And where any uncommon fub/lofice is mentiotiedt or new name adopted^ a Jbort iefcription or explanation of iff for once^ by peripbra/ts^ is requejied. Where communications are to bejl-nt ' bypdft, // is farther entreated ^ that ibey be 'written as clafe as may be, and in as f mall a band as is conftfient ivitb diJiinSinefs* ; and that the paper he of fucb a fize as ibat the nhhoteyij pbjffiblefmay be containedin oneJbeet-w.n6vi\Acdi \ for in Britain eyetyfip of papery however fmally pays a fcparate pojiage ; andjhat ' 'is in general fo highy as nearly to preclude literary correfpondence in this country. An attention to ecdnomyy efpecially in regard to the conveyance of parcels, is *very necejfary in an undertaking of this nature ; and the editor will be mutb 'obliged to any correfpondeM who lOill point out the leaf expenfve mode of con- j veyance to or from his own particular fituation. To every fea port toivn « ' ^hicb carries on a conftderabte trade y parcels can be eaftly fent from hence ; but • 'the editor is much at a lofs to know by what route they can be mtfl eaftly convey- ! 'edfrom thence p> inland places. It is requeued that every individual y for him- fdfy ifithi next letter with which he honours Dr. Anderfitiy will point out the eajief route to any fea port towny or to Parii ; and mentiony if he can, the ex- fence of carriage of lettersy and of packetsy difinguifiing particulars ' as accu- rattly as pofphle. Parcels coming from the (Continent ^ feay may be direSied ie ' C. Forgery No. 21. Poultry y Londony if for that porty to the editor at Edin- i "htrgby if fir Leitbf oif the dtber perfons fpee'^fed beloW, asfuits their conveni- ' ence: From the Baltic y to Wood and Howdeny ELSINORE. Orders frOm America maybe addrejfed to Mr. Samuel Campbell y Bookfeller New York ; ^e- hert Campbelly Philadelphia ; or John Campbell y Wilt^ngton, Firginia, ;Vi'*4^-. MERCANTILE HOUSES REFERRED tO ABOVE. ^i^emcey Robert Ritchie, Efq.-, ^t^ Zfjriorw, Birds & Orr. .'".'v^ Montpeliery Dupin & Fils. jBarcelona, Oregories & Gill« . Alicanty George Moor & Co. Cartbagena^ Macdonell & Co, Malagay Reid, Parkinfon & Co. Cadizy James DufF, Efq. Zilhony Holcroft, Marlhall & Hol- croft. Oporto^ Thbmfon, Crofts & Co. JBourdeauxyVotrdkiThy Brothers &Co» Havrcy Colo, Freres, Carmichael & Co. Ofendy John Buchanan & Co. " Rotterdamy Geo. Gibfon. ' AmferdamyTh.0. & Cha.Wilkinfons. HamburghyMr t'arifhor MrThom- fon. J?rfm1:^- llTERARf WEEKLY INTELLIGENeElt^ ,, ^ *• v •>;^^« Hints on 'Taxes* .It Vi^'t f-i The philosophy of man has generally feeen ^ulti-* ■^ated, cither by theologians, who Were ignorant of bodj^f^ or by phyjiciaris^ who were ignorant of mind. The an- cients, more efpecially Ariftotle, f-iw the neceffity of joining the knowledge of both, in order more complete- ly to comprehend htiman nature. But the phcBomena; Vol. 1. t I- 82 THE BEE, OR yrr.^. uwW u '-i n -* •■■•«-ft--i ■c*::* i'.'H.«p no wifer t))an a msuii who })eing by piofefhpn ^ 19. 1791. ^ LITERARY fNTELLIOENCER. f^ carpenter, (liould alfo choofe to be his own butcher, and baker, and taylor, &c., by way of faving expencest This would tarn out a narrow plan of policy. No tax fhould be in>pofed, which from its nature tends to difcourage literature, and the improvement of the human mind. Small are the advances we can make in knowledge with our iitmoft eiForts. Why then fhould we throw bars in our own way ? All the taxes on paper are impolitici The national affembly have propoled to aboliih them in France. They only afFed: the people who ought not to be affected by them. The writer of an obfcene novel feels them not j but to the man of fcience, whofe book often hardly pays expenccs, they ate a ferious and fevere burden. All duties on foreign books are a difgrace to the princes who fufl'ev them to be impofed. How few are the foreign books that can poflibly be imported into any kingdom, fince fo few can read them ; and fhould we deny to thefe few who have taken the pains to learn foreign languages, who are moflly laborious, learned, and often poor men, the means of acquainting themfelves with the knowledge and difcoveries made by foreign writers ; which difco« veries we ourfelves will foon and largely profit from. If a country has no good author of its own, the import- ation of foreign books fhould be encouraged by a pre- mium. Taxes fhould not be impofed, which tend to in- jure the morals of the people. All thofe that are eafi- ly evaded do' fo, as there is a continual temptation laid in the way of mankind, to endeavour to efcape them : Taxes that are too trifling produce -the fame eifed, as the flamp on gloves, which the buyer does not attend to, and the fhopman either pockets, to defraud govern- ment, or his mailer. Taxes too heavy are opprefTive, and occafion a combination among thofe concerned, not to pay them fully. Then the moft unconfcientious man has the befl chance, as he will always go farthef^ Jengths in evading the tax. 96 THE BEE, OR -rt:v Jan. 19, The whole of the funding fyjlem^ as it is called, or the eftabliihment of a public debt, of which only the antcrefl is paid, and the capital remains for ever dor- mant, — whether it originated from a profligate borrow, ing of money by a luxurious and expenfive nation, to ferve improper purpofes, or from the artful policy of minifters, to fave their popularity, and carry on their meafures, without the oaiam of impofing new and hea- vy taxes, — is to be cenfurcd, as a narrow and delulive plan. It is diminifliing 2. prefcnt evil to entail it on fu- ture generations^ and meanly ihrinking from a burden Providence laid upon us, in order to fliift it on the fliouldcrs of our pofterity. Every age ought to pay for its own wars, and then ftatefmen will be careful on what grounds they involve a people in war ; every age ought to fight its own battles, to pay its own debts, to meet its own difficulties. We look up with gratitude to our lieroic anceftors, who at any time encountered great dangers and difficulties, in defence of their liber- ties and their country; but how fhall we admire them, if we find ouriclves faddled with heavy burdens, to pay for their exertions ? Inftead of generous warriors, tlijs idea reduces them to the level of hired mercenaries ! The number of taxes fhould be as fmall as pof- lible, in order to diminilh the number of the tax gather^ ers : For they are a clafs of men of no dire£i ufe in a Hate. Like the people in manufaftories, employed to keep clean the wheels of machines, it would be bet- ter that one could prevent dirt from getting at the ■wheels, and then thefe men's labour mi^ht be directed in fome better channel. - Laftly, Every tax, however judicious, is from particular circumftances oppreflive to certain perfons. No legiilature can attend to half the exceptions that fhould be made. To reconcile general taxation then with juftice, it would feeni that theie ought to be efta- blifliec^ a board of exemption ^ to which all perfons claim- ing to be exempted, in part, or in toto, from the infiu- i'jgt. LITERARY INTELLIGENCtil. 87 ence of a tax, miglu apply. To that board let the fa- ther tranfmit evidence of the number of his children, and claim thofe privileges which a wife people ought to beftow on the fruitful parent. One of the firft philofophers in Europe, who has enriched the age by his difcoverics in nature, tpld me that he had been obli- ged to relinquifli almoft all correfpondence with learned foreigners, becaufe the cxpence of poftage was too great for his fmall fortune. This is deplorable I A generous p*ople ought to refund to fuch a man, a fum equiva- lent to his difburfements in the caufe of fcience and dif- covery. It. is a debt due by a people. Critical Remarks on the Othello of Shakefpear^ continued from page 62. Shakespear has adorned the hero of this tragedy with every virtue that can render human nature great and amiable ; and he has brought him into fuch trying iitu- ations, as give full proof of both. His love for Defde- mona is of the mofl refined and exalted kind ; and his behaviour, upon the fuppofition of his falfe return, is an indication of his great fpirit, and fuch as might be expe£led from his keen fenfe of honour ' and warlike character ; though naturally fufceptible of the tendered paffions, yet being engaged from his early youth in fcenes that required the exercife of thofe of a highei' nature, he has not learned •*''■ ' Thofe foft parts of converfation That Chamberers have. — Rude (fays he) am I in fpeech, ^ - ' And little blefs'd with the fet phrafe of peace. His manners have nothing of that fludied courtefy which is the confequence of polite converfation — 3 tindure of which is delicately fpread over the behavi- our of Lodovico and Gratiano \ but all is the natural 8S ,«. THE flEE, OR Jan. 1^, effufion of gcntlcncfs and niagnaiiimlty. His generous and fearing mind, always occupied with ideas natural to itfelf, could not brook, according to his own exprtf- fion, to Jludy all the qualities of human dealings ; the artifices of intereft, and the meannefs of fervile atten- tions. To a man like I ago hinrfclf, the afil£led intereft "which he takes in the welfare of his mafter, pi o found as it was, uiuil have beea ver^r fufpicious ; but to Othello it is the effeft of exceeding honejly I His en- larged affeclions were ufed to diftufe happinefs in a wide circle^ to be pained with miferj, and difpleafed with injaitice, if within hi^view^ but he did not conlider the fmall proportion of mankind that was infpircd by iimilar fentiments ; and therefore the parade of lago was in his eyes unbounded generofity. ' With fo much nature and dignity does he always act, that, even when diftorted with angry pafnons, he appears amiable. -, ^mil, I would you had never feen him. ,y, ,, -j JDcf, So would not I ; my love doth fo approve film, That even his ftubbornefs, his checks and frowns, Have grace and favour in them. ^^, y.^, A character of this kind commands refpe£l ; and in his adions we naturally intereft ourfelves. lago, who is the prime mover of the events of this tragedy, is a character of no limple kind ; he poffeffes un- common fagacity in judging of the actions of men, good and bad ; he difccrns the merit of Caflio to He more in the theory than in the pradice of war. Rodorigo he compre- hended completely : the amiable nature of Defdemona he was not ignorant of: he often praifes the free and noble nature of Othello ; the beauty of CafSo's life he felt with much regret ; and he is fenfible of the intrin- fic value of virtue, as well as its eftimation among men ; he knew well, that, without virtue, no folid or lafling reputation could be acquired ; and, withopt doubt, he underftood the force of Cadio's feeling re- flexions on this' fubjed, though he makes an appearance his un- and the jre- ona and he rin- ong or opt re- mce t79I. ^i • tiTERARY INTELUOENCER. $9 of defpiiing them, lago, it muil be obferved, artfully alTumes the chara£ler rather of ilrong, than of high and refined benevolence* In the fecond i'cene . of the firit aft he fays, "^ . , . .'o With the little godlinefs I have^ i' ' • • .* I did full hard forbear him. ♦ ' : » A chara£ler which he knew would be more eafily fup« ported, which would render him lefs liable of being fuppofed ading from pride, and confequently create no envy ; content for the prefent with the humble appella- tion of honejl creature^ he found fufHcicnt amends in the profped of being recompenfed with double intereft ' in the accomplilhment of his plans. * In his fird interview with Othello, lago begins his deep fchemes very fuccefsfuUy, by labouring, wich bold and maflerly cunning, to imprefs him with a ilrong fenfe of his fidelity and attachment to his interefts ; he reprefents himfelf as fuiiaining a diiHculi: confli£i be- tween two of the beft principles, regard to his mailer, and a fear of feemin^ to a£l with a malicious cruelty. He fpeaks like a perfon fired with anger that he cannot contain ; he does not give a detail of Brabantio's pro- \ ceedings like an unconcerned fpedlator, but in that con ^ fufed and interrupted manner worthy of the truell paf- fion ; his refle£lions, which, according to calm reafon, ought to come laft, according to paffion come firft. Tlie fcene which occafioned his paffion is over ; he then re- volves in his thoughts the nature of it ; and, laftly, the part which he ought to have adled, takes poffeffion of his mind. In this laft ftate, he finds himfelf when he meets Othello, perplexed in deliberating whether he ought in confcience to do contrived murder. Having difburdened himfelf of this, the fubjed: opens in his mind ; he goes backward, and deferibes what were his* fenfations, in a very ftriking manner— ■ Nine or ten times I thought to have jerked him under the ribs. Vol. i. M 90 THE BEE, OX Jan. 19^ The fumes of pailion are now fuppofed to be diffipat- ing ; and the caufe of his anger, and reflections, he un« folds more clearly, but in the fame enraged and ani. mated ftrain. Nay, but he prated, ' And fpoke fuch fcurvy and provoking terms Againft your honour. That with the little godlinefs I have, - .l... I did full hard forbear him. Having fully vented himfelf, he begins now coolly to urge fome prudential arguments with regard to Othello's conduft in this critical affair. — But I pray, Sir, Are you fad married ? For, be fiire of this. That the Magnifico is much belov'd, ^ And hath in his effcft a voice potential, % , As double as the Duke's : he will divorce you. Or put upon you what reftraint or grievance The law (with all his might to enforce it on) Will give him cable. Having managed his part in the fucceeding tranfac- tions of this fcene with the fame kind of propriety, the bufy rafcal makes hafte to a£t in a very differcat cha- racter with Rodorigo. Yo be continued. On the prevailing Rage for inventing new Names, Without entering into the confideration of the firft origin of words, it is fufficient for our purpofe here to obfervc, that after certain founds have been appropri- ated to denote certain ideas, it will ever afterwards happen, that when men find it neceffary to invent new words for cxpreffing new ideas as they arife, they will not employ mere arbitrary founds for this purpofe, but naturally choofe to compound words in thole way they can, by the help of thofe elements of fpeecli akeadjr eftabliihed. But as the compounding of words new will but way )cecli I79I* LITERART INTEHIOENCER. 9I is often a troublefome procefs, even this alfo will b« avoided where it can be eafily done. If a word has been invented in one language to denote the idea, thofe who emploj another language, and who have accefs to know that word, will naturally adopt it, inllead of forming a new one for thenr»felves. In this manner, words pafs from one language into another in great numbers ; fo that it is impoflible to find any civilized nation which has not in this manner borrowed a great deal from the languages of others who have preceded it, or with cotemporaries, with whom they keep up a continued intercourfe. *' ' ' In forming compound words, however, it mud al« ways nappen, that the ideas which prevail at the time, will influence in the choice of the elements employed to form the words. Thcfe ideas may in time appear to have been falfe and ill founded ; but the words, when once formed, will continue to be employed as proptr names^ without being influenced by the ob-vious original meaning of the elements of which they were compofed. They may even in time come to exprefs things dire£l:ly incompatible with the idea entertained at the time the words were formed, without occafion- ing the fmalleft ambiguity or embaraflment to thofe who are acquainted with the ufe of the language in which thefe words occur ; becaufe, whenever the word is employed, it immediately excites the idea it was in- tended to denote, without neceflarily indicating the com- pound idea that influenced in the choice of the fimple ele- ments of the words. Thefe therefore are difregarded or not adverted to. To give an example, — The Romans at an early pe- riod in th jir fcientifical knowledge, believed that thft earth which we inhabit, confided of a flat furface of great extent, which flretchcd out much farther from eaft to well, than from north to fouth. They there- fore denoted thefe dimenfions by the words long and Jjroad. Aiy diilance therefore, mcafured onthe earth** M a 91 >^- THE BEE, OR "^ - Jan. 1 9, furface between call and weft, was fuppofed to be in the direftion length- wife or longitudinal: and any dlf- tance between fouth and north, was of courfe broadwife or latitudinal. Hence they formed the words longitude ^nd latitude^ to denote thefe particulars. From the La- tins, all, or moft of the languages in Europe have bor- rowed thefe two words : and although the original meaning of the elements of thefe words are well known when adverted to, and although it be 'as well known now that the earth is a compadl fpherical globe, and not a flat table of unequal dimenfions, yet no inconve- nience is felt from the ufe of thefe words, becaufe, when- ever they occur, they immediately fuggeft to the mind pf the perfon who hears them, the idea of diftance on the earth's furface, in the oppofite direftions already fpecified, and nothing elfe. We therefore find it con- yenient to ufe thofe words ; and it would be evidently inconvenient and improper to to alter the language by inventing other words, whofe elements exprelfed our ideas, at prefent, concerning this fubjedt, as perfeftly as the original eletnents exprelfed the ideas of the Romans, becaufe a time may come when a fuperior degree of knowledge might fliew that this new formed word was equally improper as the old one that had been reje6led j and thus the language would be rendered fo fluctuating and variable, as never to be completely underftood by any one who iliould have occafion to ftudy it. Innumerable words occ jr in every language, that have been thus formed, and have varied their meaning by time, fo as when analized, to exprefs very incongurous ideas j but when coniidered merely as fimple ligns, ex- preflive of certain notions, are perfeftly good and un- exceptionable. Thus, candlejlick is well known to de- note any fubftance employed as a Itand for fupporting 51 candle : originally this was no doubt a fmall piece of wood, ufually called ^Jlicky employed for the purpofe pf fupporting the candle ; but now it is made of various kinds of metal, all of which, however, are called y?/rij- ^^^ in l*igi. ^ LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 93 nor would the moft faftidious critic find fault with the phrafes brafs candlejlick or Jiher candlejiick, though evidently abfurd, if the meaning of the original ele- ments of thefe compound words be advc r::ed to ; though the words themfelves^ as commonly uted, do in fa6t convey as diftinft ideas as any others in tlie lan- guage. If fo, then, would it not be highly abfurd and improper to change them for others? :•'■■[ u ?,;[./ .; It often happens that compound words of this kind come to exprefs the moft contradiftory ideas, if the mean- ing of the original words wereconlidercd,-^which, how- ever, when viewed as a whole, without regard to thefe ele- ments, are expreffive and intelligible ; — White-head is a common name, which has been evidently derived from the colour of the hair of the perfon to whom it was firft appropriated, — ^yet having pafled now as a com- mon furname, no one ever thinks of adverting to the co- lour of the hair, when the name is mentioned, — nor would the fmalleft impropriety be perceptible in any one faying that William Whitehead had very fine black hair. Bairns-father is another furname not uncommon in one part of the country, which originally denoted that the perfon to whom it had been applied was the fa- ther of children. It is now, however, applied indif- triminately to females and to males, — to thofe who are fathers and mothers of children, and to thofe who ne- ver had children at all, without exciting any other idea than that it is the name of the particular perfons to whom it is appropriated, and nothing elfe. Midwife, and man-midwife are words of the fame kind. — And many others might be added, which are in common and univerfal ufe ; but thefe will fo readily oc- cur to every reader, that it is unneceffary to fpecify them. In fcience, as well as arts, words of this kind are alfo common ; and in thofe branches of fcience which are progreflive, it muft happen that a word which is ii) vepted to denote new ideas as they arife, can be coii<- X i 94 THE BEE, OR J Jan. 1 9, fidered as proper, but for a very ihort period of time. But when a word has been once employed to denote a certain objeft, and has been generally admitted by the jus et norma loquendi to denote that objeft, the fame ob- je6l ought certainly to continue in all future time to be denoted by ,the fame word, without any change ; although it (hould appear at a future period that the ideas which prevailed when that word was formed, and which are denoted by the elements of the word when analized, are extremely erroneous ; for thefe words, like thofe above enumerated, will come in time to be confidered merely as names of the particular ob- jeds they are intended to denote, and nothing elfe. In- deed, unlefs we can fay that our knowledge of the ob- je£t is complete, fo as that our ideas of them can never afterwards change, what do we gain by fuch innova- tions ? Nothing but perplexity and confufion. The words, which according to the knowledge of the day, expreiled the properties of the objeft in the moll com- plete and perfe£k manner, will perhaps be found in a few months, in confequence of fome new difcoveries, to be altogether erroneous. This new word muft then of courfe be abandoned, and another new one formed in its flead, which, in its turn, muft give place to an- other, and another ftill, till at length philofophers fhall become like the builders of the tower of Babel, fo much confufed among this infinity of words, as to be altoge- ther incapable of underilanding each other, and be re- duced to the neceffity of abandoning the lludy of na- ture, merely from the impoflibility of thus giving or receiving aid to or from each other. Coniidered in this point of view, no literary enter- prize of modern times feems fo abfurd, or is fo ftrong- ly charafteriftic of the mental weaknefs and vanity of mankind, as the attempt which has been oi\2Xt, feriouj- ly made in France, by a fet of men otherwife of great talents, and confpicuous eminence for fcientifical know- ledge, to eftabliih an entire new fyflem of chemical nor 1 791- ' LITERARY INTELLIOElfCER, 95 mcnclature. Philofophical chemiftrj has been for fome years pail a principal obje£): of the attention of men of letters, in confeqnence of fome brilliant difcoveries that have been made in that fcience. Thefe difcoveries, however, though great, are evidently but hitherto im- perfect. We are exploring the way with great ardour, and every day brings to light new difcoveries that were not known before, fo as to throw additional light on the objefts that have been before but imperfectly under - ftood. The theories of laft year, are this year over- turned ; and thofe which are at this moment deemed unexceptionable, will no doubt in their turn give place to others. Is this the time to invent a new fyilem of nomenclature on philofophical principles ? Nothing furely but the intoxication of fyftem, and the bewitch- ing enchantment of theorifing, could have given birth to fuch a wild idea. When the ardour of enterprize is fomtwhat abated, the very men who are now keenefl in promoting thefs innovations, will be among the firlt who will difcover the inft ability of thofe foundations on which they have atternpted to build, and will in all probability be the mod aftive in pulling it down, and in endeavouring to obliterate thefe innovations from the annals of fcience. Let fenfible men give way to this temporary delirium ; when the fever is abated, every thing will affume its proper Hate, and ingenious men be permitted to profecute thefe important purfuits m a calm, fteady and effe£lual manner. enter- trong- lity of riouf- great now- al nor On Politenefs, Excessive and too frequent marks of refpe£l and efteem only tire thofe to whom they are addrefled, and on that account arc the contrary of true politenefs, whofe only end is to pleafe. It is a great art, to know how to vary thefe according to perfons and circumilances. That which is only due refped to a fupevior, would be to an equal accounted over-ftraiaedcomplaifance or aife^atiofl. . .1. I I, «)6 THE BEE, OR Jan* ip^ Account of Mr, Ledynrd, continued from page 19. The remailis upon man and things, of one who had feen fo much of the world, mull always be deemed precious. They are not the unmeaning daubing of u. cafual obferver. Every word is expreffive, and has a ftrong meaning, and fuggeft new ideas to every atten- tive reader. The following extracts therefore from his letters, will no doubt prove inteirelling to the public. ** Auguft 26th. This day I was introduced by Ro- fette (the Venetian conful, at that time charge d* af- faires for the Englifh conful at Cairo) to the Aga Ma- hommed, the confidential minifter of Ifmael, the moll powerful of the four ruling beys : He gave me his hand to kifs, and with it the promife of letters, protec- tion and fupport through Turkilh Nubia, and alfo to fome chiefs far inland. In a fubfequent converfation, he told me I fhould fee in my travels a people who had power to tranfmute themfelves into the forms of differ- ent animals. He alked me what I thought of the af- fair ? I did not like in render the ignorance, fimplicity, and credulity of the Turk apparent. I told him that it formed a part of the chara£ber of all favages to be great Necromancers ; but that I had never before heard of any fo great as thofe he had done me the honour to defcribe ; that it had rendered mc the more anxious to be on my voyage, and if I palTed among them, I would, in the letter I promifed to write to him, give him a more particular account of them than he had hitherto had. He alked me how I could travel without the lan- guage of the people where I fhould pafs ? I told him with vocabularies : I might as well have read to him a page of Newton's Principia. He returned to his fa- bles again. Is it not curious, that the Egyptians (for 1 fpeak of the natives of the country as well as of him when I make the obfcrvation) are Hill fuch dupes to va 191 licitv, that to be heard ur to >us to ,'ould, lim a herto lan- him lim a is fa- (for him es to 179I*' LITERARY rNTEttlCENCER. §7 the «f t of forcery ? Was it the fttllie people who built the Pyramids ? - ^ ' J " I can't underftafnd that the Tnrks hare a betted opinion of our men^ta:! powers than we have of theirs ; but they fay of us t^t we are a pe^ph %vho carry ou^ minds in our finger ends : meartiRg that we put them in exercife conftantlyj aftrd render them fubfervient to all manner of purpofes, and with celerity, difp'atch and eafe do what we do. / ' * *' " I fufped the Copts to have beeti the origin tli th^ negro race : The nofe aftd lips coirefpond with thofe ot the negro. The hair, whenever I can fee it among th* people here (the Gopts)* is curled : hot clofe lik^ the negroeS) but like the mallattoes. I cbferve a greateit variety of colour among the human fpecies here, thsfn in any other country, and a greater v^tiety of feature, than in any other country not poifeffiiig a greater de- gree of civiliza(iof>. " I hafve feefe an Abyffitiian Wbrfjaft, and a Benlgal man ; the colour is (he hnie in both ; fo ai^e their fea^ tures and perfon^. " I have feen a fmall mummy : it has what 1 taW wampum work oil it. It appeats as commoii h'e^e )i^ among the Tattafr*. Tatewing is as prevalent ^mang the Arabs of this plate, as amoAg the fouth-fea ifland^ ers. It is a little cufious, that the women here ute more genei^ally than in afty other part of the world ta- towed on the chin, with perpetfdiculiir lines descending from the under lip to the chin', like the wometi' on the north-weft coaft of America. It is alfo a cufHon^ here, to ftain the nails ted^ like the Cohin Chiriefe and the nor- thern Tai?tars. The mailt or veil that the women here wear, refembles exaftly that woi*n by the pricfts art Otahaite, and thofe feen at Sandwich iiiands. " I have not yet feen- the Arabs make ufe of at tbol liktf our axe or hatchet ; but what they ufe for fuch pur-< pofes as our hatchet or axe, is in the form of ati adze, I we found moft agreeable to t Vol, I. N 1)8 * • ^ THE BEE, OR ' Jam x^ iflaTidcrS. I fee no inftance of a tool formed deiignedly for the ufe of the right or left hand particularly, as the cotogon is among the Yorkertick Tartars. ** There is a remarkable affinity between the Ruffian and the Greek drefs. The fillet round the temples of the Greek and Ituffian women, is a circumftance of drefs that perhaps would (Irike nobody as it does me ; and fo of the wampum work too, which is alfo found among them both. They fpin here with the diilaffand fpindle oiily, like the French peafantry and others in Europe; and the common Arab loom is upon our prin- ciple, though rude. « ' '* I faw to-day (Aug. lo.) an Arab Woman white, like the white Indians in the South Sea iilands, Ifth« ikius of Darien, &CC. Thefe kind of people all look alike. ** Among the Greek women here, I find the Inciden- tal Archangel head drefs. ** Their mufic is inftrumental', confifting of a drum and pipe ; both which refemble thofe two inftruments in the foiith feas : the drum is exactly like the Otaheite drum ; the pipe is made of cane, and confifts of a long* and ihort tube joined ; the mufic refembles very much the bagpipe, and is pleasant. All their muiic is con-^ eluded, if not accompanied, by the clapping of hands. I think it fingular, that the women here make a noife with their mouths like frogs, and that this frog mufic is always made at weddings, and I believe on all other occafions of merriment where .there are women. ** It is remarkable that the dogs here are of jull the fame fpecies found among the Otaheitians. . " It is alfo remarkable, that in one village I faw ex- a£ily the fame machines ufed for diverfion as in Ruffia. I forgot the Ruffian name for it. It is a large kind of wheel, on the extremities of which there are fufpepded ieats, in which the people are whirled round over and Vnder each other. " The women drefs their hair behind exadly in the fame manner in which the Calmuck Tartars drefs .JJ79I. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. > 99 ** In the hiilory of the kingdom of Benin in Guinea, the chiefs are called Aree Roee, or ftrect kings. A- mong the iflands in the fouth fea, Otaheite, ^c. they •call the chiefs Arees, and the great chiefs Aree le hoi, I think this curious ; and fo I do, that it is a cuilom of the Arabs to fpread a blanket when they would invite any one to eat or reft with them. American Indians fpread the beaver ikins 6n fuch occafions. *' It is fmgular, that the Ar^b language has no word for liberty, although it has for flaves. *' Th^ Arabs^ like the new Zealanders, engage with a long ftrong fpear. •* The Mahometans are in Africa what the Ruflians are in Siberia, a trading, enterprifing, fuperftitious, warlike fet of vagabonds ; and wherever they are fet upon going, they will, and do go ; but they neither can nor do make voyages merely commercial, or merely religious, acrofs Africa ; and where we do not find them in commerce, we find them not at all. They cannot (however vehemently puflied on by religion) afford to crofs the continent without trading by the way. of led mcl the kfs Rights of WpMEN, From the St yames^s Chronicle, — Pshaw, fays I, Mr Baldwin — rights of a fiddleftick ! ■rights of meriy indeed ! I fhould not have thought of ithe he creatures talking fo much about their rights — while the rights of women lie negle(Eted — -This indeed would be a fubje£l-were not, as nay friend Mr Burk9 fays, the ** age of chivalry gone !" Have not we rights, Mr Baldwin, rights indifput- able, natural, abftra£t, and focial, and civil, and munici- pal ? are not " all women equal ?" Have they not a natural right to the privilege of fpeech, and have they ever bafely bartered that right ? Have they not the ah^ firaci right of vifiting from home when they pleafe "k N 2 !:|) i. ., ,.. ■ -, - '■ ..,-... / _. ^ Though, on account of his Englifli readers, the Editor will be cautious of admitting avmy poems written in the Scottiih diaicd ; yet, as the followinjij little poem poflefles fome degree of merit, and is defcrip- tivc of manners that are perpetually changing, he hopes his readers ia j^eneral will ai)prove of its infertion. Notes are added to explain allu- fions to cuftoms, which ^ould be othcrwife urknown to ftrangers. The bard wha fang o' hallow fair, The daft days an' Leith races *, Wha's cantie fangs dis kill our care* ; In mony funny places, . JForgat to ling the morning air, " Whan lafTes (haw their faces, * . "VVi guid het pir\ts f maift ilka where, , ' Yc'^Il kep them gau'n in braces, Fu' foon that morn. Hail hogmenai t» hail funny night, • . For daffin' an' for drinkin*, ' For makin' a' thing right an' tight, For killin' care an' thinkin' ^ • Fetgulbn. " , .,.,1. • r. f Het-p'mts. Among the lower clafles «f t? e people In Scotland, it it cuftomary for fome peri"on in each family to rift, very early on new-year'* morning, and prepare a kind of caudle, coniifting of ale mixed with eggs beat up with fugar, and a little fpirits, prepared hot, which is car» »led through every apartment in a floup, (pot) containing a Scotch pint (twoEnglifh quarts) and a cup of this is offtred to each perfon when in ted. This beverage is technically called bet (i. e. hot) pints, \ Ho^mrnai^ the laft night of the year. A great deal of gofipping and fun goes on that evening. It was formerly the cuftom in the coun- try for fmall parties of young people to go about from houfe to hot:fe i^ifniij&d, and adl a kind of p.ay. 'rheic vvci:c ciXLc « i 4 « ,;;--^' ' *!^ '• V\' ' r *A V '! \ i 1 79 i** lITER ARY INTELLIGENCER. 105 The following piece has often been printed ; ]jut its intrinfic merit is fuch as to entitle it to a place in evety colle<%ion Q1> if I have, they are fmartly taxed j" and, (as poor Richard like* wife obferves), ^' He that hath a trade hath an eftate ^ and be that hath a calling hath a*n office of profit and hohom::" ^ut then the trade muft be worked ajt, and the calling vyeU ""owed, or neither the eftate nor the office wilj enable us to pay our taxes. If we are induftrioug, we fliall ppver ftarve j for, as poor Richard fays, ♦* At the WQrking-tpan's houfe hunger looks in, but dares not ejiter." Nor will jhp bailiff or the conftable enjerj for, *' Induftry pay§ debts, whilp defpair increafeth .them," fays poor Richar4* Wh^t though you have found no treafurp, uor has any rich re].atioi| left you a legacy ? " Diligence is t^jp mother of gop4-luck," as poor Richard fays 5 and, " God gives iill things to ipduftry j then plough deep while iluggards ileep, and you (hall have corn to fell and to keep," fays popr Dick. Work yvhilc it is called tc-duy, for you know not hqw mvieb y.ou m^y b^ hinder. I '- iiorrowj which makes poor Richard fey, " One to-day V. or h two to-morrowS j" and farther, ^' Have you fomewhat :( do to-morrow, do it to-day." If you were a fervant, would you not be a(hained that a^ood nailer (liould catch you idle : Are you then your own mJ^ftcrj be a(hamedto catch yourfelf idle," as poor Dick fay§. When there is fo much to be done for yourfelf, your family, your country, an4 your gracious king, be up by peep of day j " letno]t the fun look dowr and fay, inglorious here he lies I" Handle your tools with Air mittens*, remember, that " the cat in gloves catches no mlc'.,-' IS poor Richard fays. It is true, there is n^uch to be done, and perhaps you are weak-handed j but (lick to it ileadily, and you will fee great cffeds) for, " coiiftant O 2 1 1 xq8 THE BEE, bR -v-v WT^-i Jan. 19, *.%>**♦ _ wea^s away ftones, and, by diligence and patience themoufe ate into the cable j and, little flrokes fell great oaks," as poor Richard fays in his Almanack, the year I cannot juft now remember. Methinks I h^r fome of you fay, " muft a man afford himfelf no leifiire ?" — I will tell thee, my friend, what poor Richard fays ; " Employ thy time well, if thou meanefj; to gain leifure , and fince thou art not fure of a minute, throw not away an hour." Leifure is time for doing fome- thing ufeful ;; this leifure the diligent man will obtain, but the lazy man never j fo that, as poor Richard fays, " A life of leifure, and a life of lazinefs are two things." Do you imagine that iloth will aflford you more comfort than labour ? No : for, as poor Richard fays, " Troubles fpring from idle- nefs, and grievous t'^'l from needlef» eafe : Many without labour would live b] u wits only ; but they break for want of flock :" Wliere induflry gives comfort, and plen- ty, and refpeft. " Fly pleafures, and they'll follow y9u j the diligent fpinner has a la.r^'"" iiiift 5 and, now I have a (heep and a cow, 6very body bids me good mqrrow j" all which is well faid by poor Richard. But with our induftry, Aye muft llkcwife be ftcady, fettled, and careful, and ovcrfee our own affairs v^ith our own eyes^ an4 not truft too much to others ; for, as poor Richard fays, *^ . * ** I never faw an oft-re^io^^ ' Nor yet an oft-removed family, **'t v.. That throve fp well as thofc that fettled b^." ^^ And again, " Three removes is as bad as a fire j" and ^ain, "Keep thy (hop, and thy fhop will keep thee j" and ^gain, " If you would have your bufinefs done, go j if not, ieud," And again, *< He that by the f ugh would thrive, ' , Himfelf muft cithei hold or drive." Aud again, " The eye of a mafter will do rnorc work than bot^ his handj j" and again, ** Want of care does us more damage than want of knowledge ;" and again, ** Not to over • fee workmen, is to leave them your purfc open." Trufting too much to others care, is thie ruin of many : for, as the Al- manack fays, " In the aifairs of the world, men are fave4 not \)y faith, but by the want of it :" but a man's own care is profitable j for, faith poor Dick, " Learning is to the ftiidi- and 1791. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. ZO9 oas, and riches to the careful, as well as pov.'er to the bpld, and heaven to the virtuous." And farther, " If you would have a faithful fervant, and one that you like, ferve your-; felf." And again, he advifeth to circumfpeftion and care, even in the fmalleft matters, becaufe fometimes " A little negled may breed great mifchief •," adding, " For want of a nail the flioe w^as loft •, For want of a (lioe the horfe w^ l§ft ; and for want of a horfe the rider was loft j" being overtaken and {lain by the enemy j all for want of care about a horfe-lhoe nail. ..'..; »* .,." ^./^ So much for ipduftry, my friends, and attention to one*s own bulinefs •, but to thefe we muft add frugality, if we would make our induftry more certainly fucceisful. A maa may, if he knows not how to fave as he gets, " keep his nofe all his life to the grindftone, ' and die not worth a groat at laft." " A fat kitchen makes a lean will,'' as poor Rich- ard lays ; and, .;-w?---;>-r-^-i^..^^'.- ■ -..i^ , ^^ -■•■■■.,_. -^ ** Many eftates are fpent in the getting ;, -^ / Since women for tea, forfook fpinning and knitting, And men for punch, forfook hewing and fplitting." If you would be wealthy, (fays he, in another alma- nack), think of faying, as well as of getting : The Iiidies have not made Spain rich, becaufe her out-goes are greater than her incomes." Away then, with your expenfive follies, and you \7ill not }iave much caufe to complain of hard times, heavy taxes, and chargeable families *, for, as poor Dick fays, * , . 1? Women and wine, game and deceit, '"Make the wealth fmall, and the want great." ^^? And farther, " What maintains one vice, would bring up two children," You may think, perhaps, that a little tea, or a little punch now and then, diet a little more coft- iy, cloaths a little finer, and a little entertainment now and then, can be no great matter 5 but remember what poet Richard fays, " Many a little makes a meikle ; and far- ther, " Beware of little expences •, a fmall leak will fink a great Ihip *," and again, " Who dainties love, fliall beggars prove *, and morcoverj " Fools make feafts,' aad ifife men eat them." r *; ' ' ' , * ^ l^he continued, '■ • '- u ■•M ■■"■ *:- . VHP iM i! ^ 11 's 1 10 rvm BEE, OR Jan. 19, Intsluq£nc£ refpeiiing Literature, &c. ' r ■!•,•:>< ' ' Society for the Improvement of BritiJIj Wool, Ji SOCIETY has been lately inftituted under the awfpices of Sir John Sinclair, Bart. M. P. for the improvement of Bri- tilh wool. That intelligent and adlive fenator, in the courfe of his invefiigations refpefling the revenue, trade, finances, and refources of this country, having had occafion to ob- ferve that the wool of Britain, for many centuries, had been accounted the finefl, and beil for the manufacture of cloth, that was then to be had in Europe, and that it now is ma- ny degrees inferior to that of Spain, was at pains to trace the caufe of this lingular phenomenon. The refult of his inquiries was, that this change could only be attributed to negleft 5 and that this ncgleft had probably arifen from fome legiflative regulations that topk place foon after the acceflion of the family of Stuart to the throne of Eng- land. Hence he concluded, that by a proper degree of atr tention, the wool of this country niight be brought to an equal degree/of finenefs at lead to what it formerly pofli^ed, which, if effected, mud: prove highly beneficial to the manufa^ures of this country. In one neglected corner of the kingdom (Shetland), he difcovered the remains of this fine wooUed breed of iheep nearly unadulterated ^ but it was in Co great danger of being loft, by an admixture with other breeds, that his firfi; attention was direded to the faving of it ^ and having propofed it to the Highland Society of Scotland, that patriotic body of men, with their ufual uberality, made hade to fecond his intentions ^ a fet of premiums have been offered by them for feleding the beft of this breed of (heep, and obtaining a thorough know- ledge of them, which will cffeftually preferve them till ^eafures can be adopted for more fully afcertaining the va< lue of their wool and other qualities. But as the Highland Society have many other objeds that claim their attention, and exhauft their funds, it was judged expedient to eftablifh a diflind fociety, v^'hofe fole i^bjeiSt ihould be that of imjjiroving the quality of Britifh \ I79J tiTERARY INTELLICENCER. Ill orner tins of but ixture ed to iland their a fet gthe Know- till TTOol. .This was no fooner propofed) than many noblemen and gentlemen of the Rrfl rank, made hade to ftep forward in fo public a caufe. The I'own of Edinburgh, with an al- acrity that does honour to the magiftrates of that city, have contributed very liberally towards that end ; and the Cham- bers of Commerce, and other corporate bodies, have expref-* fed a defire to do the fan. , , fo that there feems to be little doubt but the funds of the fociety will be fbon adeqiiate to the purpofes wantec* Each member of his fociety, is to contribute one guinea a year, towards its funds, while he continues a member* The money to be at the diipofal of a committee, chofen an- nually, by the fociety at large.' The objeds of this fociety are, in the firft place, to feled the bed breeds of (heep, that are ftill to be found in Bri- tain, and to keep them apart from all others, till, by a fet of accurate experiments, the adual vadue t. Such are the extenfive views of this patriotic fociety, which are fo liberal and beneficent, that it cannot fail to obtain the good wiflies of every well-difpofed citizen. In confepuence of the attention, that has been already bellowed upon this fubje<^, fome specimens of the Shetland wool have been obtained, and fliewn to manufa^rers, who account it an article of ineftimable value. In fbftnefs of texture it far exceeds the fineft Spanifli wool, and may in fome refpe61s be compared with the laine de vigogne. And it can be had of a much purer white than any other woc^, fo as to admit of being dyed of the moft delicate light co- lours, which the yellowifh tinge of other kinds of wool doe* not admit of. We fhall prob^ly have occafion, in fome fu« ture numbers of this work, to give a further account of this artick. i Li M Ill - tH£ BEfe, OR r Jan. 19^ Nautical Affairs ». . ",;,..' Though Britain bellows more attention to trade than any other nation^ and though it be the general opinion, that the fafety of the ftate depends upon her navy alone ; yet it feems not a little extraordinary, that nu)ft of the great improvements in iliip-building have originated abroad. The bell failing veffels in the royal navy, have in general been French prizes. This, though it may admit of cxcep- tions, cannot be upon the whole difputed. Nor is Britain entirely inattentive to naval architefture •, though it is no where fcientifically taught, and thofe who devife improvements, have feldom an opportunity of bring- ing them into pradice. What a pity it is, that no con< trivance fhouid be adopted, for concentrating the know- ledge that different individuals tt*.iain in this art, into one common focus, if the expreflion may be admitted. Our en- deavours fliall not be wanting, to colled together, in the beft way we can, the fcattered hints that fliall Occur under this head, not doubting but the public will receive witli fa- vour, this humble attempt to awaken the attention to a fub- 'jeiy;v'' fM> Vl -f'* :♦. J i *; I9i than lion? ane ", ■ the road. neial xcep- bire •, I who aring- o con- know- to one )ur en- in the undei" rith fa- ) a fub- enga- Liiinter- [et this perfeft of fea- art of ind ma- them. ly con- )y, who }, where ret was [Thi^ he )£ rigg- )ver the truttion, |*^^I,,?^ LITERACY. llfJTELLIGENCER.^ .ii»*3 I 4P no^ hear th$iV]^UJK)t)iP0Ve9i«rtt/hii» irv'any ctif« be«fi a4optdiJin Sfif!ii»}<.j .iJii^i^ht itlyftrtt^gfift ^hat \BfOuld' i»i»U froii^foivi9g,gvyeff4J>fo(t9^4Mr^ag^lrt )(|ft\i[»ter-;to; lidl wilh the 4n*e %adin(^f^<.p«iHlitip[li« ^^Uy, «<5^tr^^c.ww4, ft^tno may,d<^ ^hat U lb.ar|i^yli)i»iiliv^i:KjQ obyjpsWvihuW mgtty par** fons Jj^-iy^ J>)E?p defiiji&iRi^.'t^ c^^Uijlg; -^pojiv fomft-jteayitojcffda it, > 4^?iwA i^n^loay.thiStfetsb-W^ft »t.t;qmpt^/!l)^«^e^cof require to be here partici\V^r|^,jiefcrib*^i ifiQ^nrt^tlYrithoiil effep.€f p^iaififlleS) ^jromifcs<'b6/'beJ|ttend«' e4 vy>i^ B;fo ) hapgpiieJliijeff^Qj^* j(^,iiti,hithei*«» thfeb^fiBcrai-ti have ^been.|(j;f«re^ly !^iyfti;te^j tShu fl-im? »v jj;l ik^ wecdTaify >to eradi^tf{,j3|<^pi^ j^fo^iprta ^f ¥W]t "^^ jfta^T^trig^^^befoife? this c^ivbiSrfife^ftfti^idQne-.; ! ,-Mr^.R '.n j w. •■> n' •j-...! ;-• 'v'.^^ , ]\^r, jA^,' ^rodiei) iUipimaftej wXf^th has lftti?ly adopted a coiit4vanp/e ^ijthisi.^virpQjfieJ/ilhat l«em5/ to'bc *tLthib fame time v^j:yi:j^ple)j a^di text^e{;i|Qly; efficacioui^^ oNedeflaiyv iA this cafe, ^9'i9,)i),anyrQth0j:(9;jwft9' the mo^er o£ iaveition; He hadaifm^l, flai,: M bitiikiba^t^ which :.nras ,;ib ill con* ftrufted as. ,fcar?ely, to . a,w»ij;»%^,,"iwtv'»i! IU4 «:i.)^r vTHE BBE, dH Jan; 15^, h I IkioveabU kCefU toulB^be eafily lifted up at pleafure ^ fo that M4ken he wa« enttrin^ into a ha^bouT) or flioal wAter, he Had' only tO" lift up liiis kcjel^, aiid the. boat was as capable of being managed thtre, as if it bad wanted them entirely ^ and: when' He Went out to Tea, wKert there was depth Enough, hyletting them down, the lee keel took a firm hold of the We try ir^ ' We -*tade tw.o experiments. At firft, with a sloderatie Ijpeeiie/ vwten f he moveable keels werd^ kept lip^ |he beat; when laid as near the wind as it cduld go, made ah. angle with the wake of abbut 50 degrees 'j butawhen the kfeeU wtfref'ldt down^ the f^ne cingle did n6 exceed five or fixdegreesv being nearly parallefl with the -fcotfrft.'^''^^ ' ' AtaootHer^time, the wmd. was right ^-^head,' a briflc breeze. When we began to beat up againft it, a ''ti^ding' floop was very 'near us^ ileertng the>ra«i« Gourfeidtb-usr This (loop went thsoughthd water^ a gbbd deal faftef^hftn v^M tould : But' hi the courfe of two hburs beating to windward, we found that the fioop was left behind two feet in- three, though it is certain, that if our falfe keels had not bfeen kt'^ down, we could fcarcely in that fituaiioa have advanced 'one' foot for her three. i .. It is unhecfeffsry to point out to fea-farmg then, the be- nefits that may be derived from this contrivance in certain circumftanc^s^ as thefe will be very obvious^ to them* ^^q'- : t tti muNorth'-JVift P^ffage* *j um^^.^^^ij^^ '^^■ Notwithilanding the many fruitlefs attempts that have been made to diicover a. north-weft paflage into the fouth feas, it wo\ild feem that this important geographical quellioit is not yet f£(Ily decided ; for at a meeting of the academy t There it appears, that at the entry into Davis^s (Iraits, north lat. 6o degrees^aiTd s8 of longitude, counting from the firft meridian, he turned^to t|^e wc^, ^^xVW ^^^^^^^^^^ bay on the fouth/and BatlinS l}ay on tde north. Arrived at lat. 6$ and 297, he went towards th^tiorth by the ilraitt of Labrador, till he reaeiied 76 and 278 ^ and finding him- ' {elf in the icy fea, he turned fouth-weft to lat. 60 and 335, where he found a flrait, which feparates Alia from Ameri-^ ca, by which he entered into the fouth fca, which he called the ftraits of Anian. This paflage ought to be, according to M. Bauche, between William^s found and Mount St. Elias J The Ruflianp and Captain Cook have not obferved It, becaufe it is very narrow. But it is to be wifhed, th%t,' this important difcovery (hould be verified, which has been overlooked for two centuries, in fpite of the attempts that. have been made on tliefe coafts. M. Bauche calls this paf*^ fage the ftraits of Ferrer. Vii-^lff'K.^XIflf^. |:M iOijin^'^^o ,'> ■i:" 1* I - v;,^!^; '■ ' jihicdoii of the Emperor Charles Vl --^^ -m Don Martin Yanez de Barbuda, mafter of Alcantafa, hav* ing about the year 13 90, attempted with a fmall force to kill all the Moors in Spain, was, together with moft, of hia' forces, flain in battle \ on his tomb is the following infcrip- tlon: j^iuiyace aquei^ in cuy gran corazon nunca pavor tuvo entrada, *■'' Here lies he, into whofe great heart fear never found entrance ^^ which gave occafion to the Emperor Charles V. to fay, Ef^fidalgo jamas debio apagar alguna can' delacon fus dedos. " Then, that ge^tjieman never has rnufl[<^4 a candle * with his fingers." • '* • *^ - ^- :^i ^ , ♦ Candles Were then ufcd, in the time of Charles V. '?|'i /i^©^ V.u :h ^i?n^ja -mmL. y^^^^i i^ h-:wf^iui;:-^q r^':' '^dn i}*n ff h'v.'A "Fo^^dp .,"--' ^>r' • .! ! ■•^I ;Tr .,, PoLAW) hi^si foi-^rot^e'time j)aft'cAj^id aftttte bf tranquillity thit'has bidefti very rarely ^xpeiicntefd iH 'that country* This arMes fetkireiy from the pqlitfertl ftatfe bif the kingdoms ardtind' it. Sltice thfe elevation of prince Potemkin tt) p«ywer,« thc^tdurt bP kuflia hai^' had fe • Jredeleftibn for the operations of war, rather than the inti^gii'es of thd cabinet ^ fo that the ftate of parties in foreign nations has been lefs diligently attended to' than formerly. "And fhe late' Etnpe- ror was fo little x:apable of adverting t9 the nice fprings that operfite on the human heart, as to Ipfe every advantage in pi^liticid finieffe that hjs natural fitiiatibn put in his ^ower. fifetvretin the' partifafij oJF thefe two potchtalea, and thofe of tht lC,ing oC Prirfliar, there was ^ pei^petual ftruggle for power, vvhicti ]pfbd\!iced' i:roubles and hatioVia! difputes that often drftarbed the pijbHc tranquillity ; Fc^ thbugh- the induence of the Ibrftifer prepoirderateid, the Prliffiart party always h^d a cdnfidera^re 'influence. Now^ however, nothing of that ^iljd takes pladi. v' The king of PrtiiSa) eager to improve tvefy circumftan'ce to his own advantage, availed himfelf of the opportunity that the remiflhelfsbf the two imperial courts prefented to him ';'£(nd his party, by confequencc, foon obtained an undifputed fuperiority in the councils of the republic. Ruflia, which had for a long time had the I ■- l'79li^l LITERARY OTELLrOENCER. 11^ The Poiir ]. not only prepired htiplf for defence by every means within her 6wri power, btrt alfo, imitating the policy of £uropefthr ft^ttiiis, (he tried to Weaken her enemies by ex- citing a^ ^werful diveriioit from another quarter. The king of SWidchy allured by the tiemptation of a higjh fiibfidy from thcmi made t^at rapid irruption into Ruflbh Finland, gbove dttfcribed; jnd by cutting out employment for the feilfian ffc«t in the Baltic, preveiited the Emprefs from at- temptihg|inyhavijl expedition of confequence into the Me- ' dherranteaiv, which, had it betn permitted, would have dif- tfeffed 'the Turk more than any other mode of attack. For^ tunately for thtra, Ruflia had' behaved to Britain with fijjcli ' a haughty ahd infidious policy, when (he had it in hcr^wer to anhoy it, as made that coUrt look with a jealocis »>>* ' .2 20 ttfP^E|:,,OR 1.1 4.. Jan. 19, means accrue lo the revenue, will cpmq to bt £elt j .and it wiH'^e pepc^iy^i that fifc«l wc^^h r«ft»lts 'fto^j^thi^ prpfpe. ' xity.of .th^ poogle, ^i^ thc> ccjntequ^iit ijs^wifcj^^^ I'hcf'etfcqkis p£, a naval fpcce \^i]l be g^ceiyed- in rjBgard to natioiJ?iVfg • ' Sgrljo ^r ni n^' ;r-. •i'm ^Ti::'>fTi^fr'?; tf :5SE A Catalogue of New pubhcathm, mM) siff Thoughts on th^ ptefent fth€me>of extenfive taxation, London, Stockdale, 1 s* Letters to the Right Honourable Mr. Burke, occasioned by his refleftiortd on the Ri^yolMions in Francey 2 s. d. ' A Syftem of, Anatomy and Phyijology, with the compa- rative Anatomy of An^imals, : 3 vols, 8vo.. Robinions^ 4 1. 1 s. boards;- t < . • ,-. • '■■■' '• f- -^f-i^ .. ■ i , '? ■. ^-■ 4.*^'^.^. -■« Medical Commentaries for the year 17 90, by Andrew Duntaft) M. D« Rdbinfons, 8vo. 6 s. * ;,^ . n< rfc vitj^ ; Queftions to be refolved j or a J'Tew Method of exerci/ing the attention of young' people, Tranflated from the French of tiladame de la Fite. Murray, i2mo. 2s. 6d. - s^'lf-.i A treatife on the Extraftion of the Cataraft^ by B. Au- guftus Gottlib Richter. Tranflated from the German. Murray, Syo. 4 &« Sacred Biography 5 or the Hiftor^ of the Patriarchs, by Henry Hunter, D. D. vol. 5. Mujfray, 6 s. . ^ Remarks on the Advertifement of the Committe on the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Egerton, 8vo. 2s. id 'T^y«> w^ ^im FEDNE3DAT, ?E»RUARlr 2. IJpi. .,,,^^;;;,,^. as 1 ,:r Cur/or y Hints and Anecdotes ofihe late DoiSior J^ILLIAI€ CULLEN ^f Edinburgh^ continued from page I2l. It would feem as if Do6^or CuUen had confidcred the proper bufinefs of a preceptor, to be that of^ puttin j^his pupils into a proper train of ^udy, fo as to enable them to profecute thefe (ludies at a future period, and to car<* f^ them on much farther than the (hort time allowed for academical prelections would admit. He did not, therefore, fo much ftrive to make thofe who attended his ledlures, deeply verfed in the particular details of objeds, as to give them a general view of the whole fubjed ; to (hew what had been already attained re- fpeding it ; to point out what remained yet to be dif- covered ; and to put them into a train of fludy, that (hould enable them,- at a future period, to remove thofc difficulties that had hitherto obftru6ted our progrefs ; and thus to advance of themfelyes to farther and far- ther degrees of perfection. If thefe were his. views, nothing could be more happily adapted to it than the mode he invariably purfued. He firfl drew, with the llriking touches of a maiier, a rapid and general out- line of the fubjeCt, by which the whole figure was feen at once to dart boldly from the canvas, diilindt in all its Vol. I. ,_,-,^ ,t,,. . . ■■ .. X, ■ i62 THE BE*, OR Feb. 2, parts, and unmixed with any other ohjtSt, He t^en began anew to retrace the pi^ure, to touch up the lef. fer parts, and to finifh ^e whole in za perfed a man. ner as the Hate of our knowledge at the time would permit. Where materials were wanting, the pi£lure there continued to remain imperfect. The wants were thus rendered obvious ; and the means of fupplying thefe, were pointed out with the moft careful difcrimi- nation. The ftudent, whenever he looked back to the fubjed, perceived the defers j and his hopes beinr awakened,' he fdt an itrefiftible impulfe to explore that hitlierto untrodden path, which had been pointed out to him, and fill up the chafm which dill remained. Thus were the aftive faculties of the mind moft powerfully excited ; and inftead of labouring himfelf to fupply de- ficiencies^ that far exceeded the power of any one man to accompHfh, he fet thoufands at work to fulfil the tafk, |md put them into a train of going on with it, when he ^ iiimfelf fhould be gone to that country ** from whofe dread bourne no traveller returns.'* ' ^'^ " -^ *^' It was to thefe talents, and to this mode of applying them, that Dodtor CuUen owed his celebrity as a profef- for; and it was in this manner that he has perhaps done more towards the advancement ot fcience, than any other man of his time, though many individuals might per- haps be found, who were more deeply verfcd in the par- ticular departnnents he taught than he himfelf was. ChemiAry, which was before his time a moft difguft- ing purfuit, was by him rendered a ftudy fo pleafing, fo eafy, and fo attractive, that it is now profecuted by numbers as an agreeable recreation, who but for the lights that were thrown upon it by Gullen and his pu- pils, would never have thought of engaging in it at all ^ though perhaps they never heard of Cullen's name, nor have at this time the moft diftant idea that they owe any obligations to him. The fame thir^^ may, m 'doubt, be faid of the other branches of fcience he taught, though of thefe the writer cannot fpeak from his owfi l^pl- LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. l6§ knowledge. Such indeed were the extenfi^e views he took of every fuhjcf^, and fo luminous was the arrange-* oient he put them in, and^fo vigorous were the pqwers of his mind, that the writer has often regretted he was ever permitted to teach aoj one hranch of fcience long* er than two or three years ; during which time he could have formed a fchool capable of going on without his aid. After this was accompliihed, Cullen ihould have been appointed to . teach another bianch, and another ftill, till he had gone round the whole circle of the fciences. This idea will no doubt to many appear ah* fard ; but to thofe who have had opportunities of hear- ing him inqidentdily in conversation touch upon fubjeds, on which it could fcarcely be thought his other avocations would have allowed him to fpend a thought, will not be farprifed at this idea. No one will fuppofe that either Logic or Mathematics would be ftudies that could have much attraded his notice ; yet the writer of this has incidentally heard Do^or Cullen, in the courfe of not many minutes converfation, throw out fuch ideas on both thefe fubjeds, as plainly (hewed, that had he been required to give le£lures upon them, he could have done it in a manner that would have been equally plea* ling and adoniOiing nearly,, as on chemillry, orany other fubjed he ever taught; and as a profefiTor of natural philofophy, it is perhaps impoflible to form a^n idea of the ardour he would have excited, or the innu-> merable exertions that would have been made in con* fequence of it, to perfe£i this great and mod ufeful branch of fcience. .s.a -* „ ,,s,iV ^ *«.„«. To draw a juil charaiSier of Dodor Cullen, would require talents much greater than the writer of thefe remarks can claim, and a degree of knowledge he does not poflefs : He therefore declines the talk. — The fol- lowing traiti, communicated by a friend, appear to him fo jult, that he begs leave here to tranfcribe them. They were written by a man who knew the Dodor well, in his public as well a^ liis private capacity. ,» > ^1 164 THE BEE OR l^^i'S^ t Feb. 3. i(t ** There arc three things which certainly diftinguifli- ed CuUen in a very eminent manner as a prbfeflbr. ••The energy of his mind, by which he viewed " every fubjefl with ardour, and combined it imme- •• diately with the whole of his knov^^led^e. '■\ I ♦• The fcentific arrangements which he giave^ to his *• fubje^, by which there was a lucidus ardo to the ** duUeil fcholar. He was thefirft perfon in this coun- ** try who made chemiftry ceafe to be a chaos. •* A wonderful art of hiterefting- the ftudients in ♦• every thing which he taught, and of raifing an emu- ** lative enthuiiafm among them." Let it not, however, be imagined, becaufe of thefe juft eulogiums, that the writer of this article wifhes to reprefent Doftor CuUen as a perfeft charaftcr, utterly devoid of faults : Far from it. To fay that he never deviated into error, Would not only be abfurd, but it would be to contradidl, in dired terms, the defcription that has been given, of the peculiar bent of his talents, ^nd of his peculiar difpofition of mind. It is impof- fible that men of fuch a lively imagination as he was, whatever be the ftretch of their talents, fliould not at times lofe fight of lelFer objedts, when contemplating thofe of great importance. The diftingnifhing cha- radteriilics of men of great talents, have ever been ra- ther great beauties than an exemption from faults. The works of Shakefpear abound with defers that writers of a mediocrity of talents never could have been guilty of— -and fo it was perhaps with CuUen. It was, how- .ever, a peculiar excellence, refulting from the mode of analyfis that Gullen daily adopted in his fearch after truth, that his pupils thus became habituated to fuch a Urid: method of reafoning, and fuch a careful difcrimi- nation of circumftances, tht.t they were enabled eafily to perceive the cafual errors even of their preceptor himfelf ; and no fooner did thefe occur to himfelf, (which was often the cafe,^ or were pointed out by ptberS) than he inftantly not only relinf[uij(hed theni,. 1791. • LITER ARf INTELLIGEKCER. I&5 but expofed to view the circumftances which had mif- led him, that his pitpils might be put upon their guard againft fimilar deceptions in future. It is little minds alone, who are incapable of acknowledging, and cheer- fully correcting an error. Cullen felt he had no need of fuch puny aids to fupp6rt his charafter. Truth was in all cafes the object of-his refearch. In quell of this, though he never wifhed to degrade another, he refpeCt- cd no name fo much as tb prevent his candid ftrifture* when he did perceive them wrong. If even a Boet' haave, whofe great talents Doftor Cullen much ad- mired, could not efcape reprehenfion where he had eif red; fo neither could a Gulien himfelf efcape correc- tion, where any kind of miflake could be (nade appa* rent to Doftor CuUenl " > ! ' ' ': ,; V The above remarks apply to Doctor CnWen when in his prime* But for fome years before his dea^h, his friends perceived a fenfible decline of that ardour and energy of mind, whibh fo ftrongly charadlerifed him at a former period. Strangers, who had never feen him before, could not be. fenfiblie of this change; nor did any marked decline in him fti*ike them ; for his natural vivacity ftill was fuch as might pafs in .general as the unabated vigour of one in prime of life. Yet then, though his vigour of body and mind were greater than others of his own age^ it fhould never be forgot that the vigour of old age is but feeble, and the utmofl energy of fenility bears no refeniblance to that gigantic &rdour which charafterifes the man of genius in the prime of life. Cullen to the laft was great ; but" how^ different from what he had been, thofe alone can tell'who had an opportunity of knowing him in both fituations, and who had at the fame time not an opportunity of per- ceiving the change imperceptibly advance upon him, during the lapfe of a continued intercourfe. Let not thofe, therefore, who knew him only in the decline of life, pretend to judge of the accuracy of thefe (ketches. Jt is to thofe who knew him at the diftance of twent/ Vi I i66 ^ - THE BEE, OH . , t Feb. a, or thirty years before hit death, that the writer begs leave. to appeal for the juftnefs.of .the pi£ture he has drawn. Many of thcfe are ftill alive : To them he cheerfuUy fubmits what he has faid, in nothing doubt- ing but that they will be ready to acknowledge, that fnendihip has in no cafe encroached on the province of truth. Fortunate the man of. genius may be deemed to be, who dies while he is yet in the vigour of life: Men have b^en accuftomed to behold with admiration his rapid advances, and they; anticipate in idea the pro- grefs he would have inade; they forget, that, though like the growifig tide, nothing feemed at the beginning capable of withftanding its power, yet the time ap. proaches Tyhen its vigour fhall gradually abate, when the feebleil obje£t<~ra graip of fand itfelf — ((lall be fuf. iicienttp withfland its force; and when at lafl it (hall ihrink back inta itfielf, incapable of any thing but a retrograde progrefs. Happy is the man of genius who dies in his youth : He is then the admiration>of the great i and little minds (hall never dare, even in imagi. nation, to think they coul4 comprehend the exteat of his powers ! . ^.^.;p^^ .,^^ ^4-*.!'^ vr...',...--f?*f; -.t-— *• Bo^of CuUen's e]ii;ternal appearance, though (triking and not unpleafing,( was not elegsmt. His countenance was expreiuve, and his eye in particular remarkably lively, and at times wonderfully e^predive. In his perfon, he was tall and thin, itoopipg very much about the ihoulders. When he walked, lie had a contempla* tive look, and did not feem uiuch to regar^ the obje£|:s around ^^^^•^-■jfi^.h^'':^.%^t4ii'^\{i0^ u^lj^i^u:, ■■ irrC';^ i\^0^ • ~\^.i_ - -"."I a. i^:*'i!jf^i^iv't^^:i7.;o .mil :^:tix.i: V i79« LTTERART IlTtELLIGENCER. tdj MBMHaeasEassESSSB .Ui -r'Mi*!? :* • '•/ 7? /i« £r 0/ tit Set. i| r Farther remarks on thi utility of Periodical P'erform- \ ■■■! -iiy t'lr*.''' ances. :r,h A?f aeqiikititance of mine ufed to fay, ** that all boys ought to be taught to draw, were it only to accuflom them to obferve with accuracy and difcernment the ob- jefts that came ib their way. Natural objefts certainly appear in a very different light to a painter, from what they do to an ordinary perfon. The one, little accuf- tomed to difcriminate particulars, views them (lightly as they pafs in a rapid and unintereiling fucceflion. The other markd them with precifion, diilinguifhes beauties from defe£^s, and is able to recollect the par* ticulars with great accuracy, long after every trace of them is effaced from the mind of the other. I think this remark might with great juftice be ex- tended to other objefts. In particular, I, on my part, would recommend to every perfon who intends to pro- feoute a courfe of literature, early to habituate them- felves to the art of writing and literary compofition, were it with no other view than to enable them to pro- &t bv what thev fhould read ani hear in the courfe of i68 tHE BSe oil Tp '^i F«b. a^ their ftudies. The man who has never attempted to ] reduce his own ideas to writing, feldom obferves hSts or circumftances ^Krith the degree of accuracy that is neceffary for utility. His notions of things are rude and indigeiled. Succefli^vie ideas prefent themfelves to , his imagination for a moment, and are difplaced by others, which, in their turn, give way to a following fet, no one of which has been examined with accuracy, or their tendency diftindly afcertained. To the man, however, who has been accuflomed to writer this is not the cafe. When a thought occurs to bim, he has been in the habit of purfuing it, till he has been enabled to mark its tendency and confequences ; and in this man« ner he deduces conclufions that are not only clear and definite, but for the mod part are jufl and true alfo. In confequence of this procefs, his mind acquires a fleadinefs and vigour that it nf ver otherwife could have poflefied ; and he in time attains a diilin£lnefs of per. ception, and a faculty of diicriminationt that gives him a decided fuperiority above other men of equal talents, who have not been at the fame pains to improve them. A man who profecutes his fludies by means of reading alone, or academical ledlures, may be compared to one who derives his knowledge of men from obfervations made upon them, from a window, as they pafs along the Areet before him. He fees their general figure, it is true, and can recolle£^ that fuch or fuch per- fons he has feen before ; but his knowledge is confined merely to thefe fuperficials ; whereas one who has been in the habit of writing as well as reading, may be com- pared to that man who acquires his knowledge of others, not only from feeing them, but from mixing in their company, and converfing with them frequently, in a cordial and familiar manner. In this point of view, uo fpecies of publications de* ferves a higher degree of praife, than thofe periodical ptrformances, which ferve as a general receptacle for 1791. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. , l6^ mifcellaneou3 effays coUeded from all quarters, and conniuinicated to tlm people at large. By this means, a Tingle detached thought that occurs to any one indivi- dual, however unconnefted he may be with others, may be rendered, without trouble or effort to him, a matter of general inveiligation, if it conveys any nice idea that gives rife to additional obfervations, which, but for this circumftancCj would never have had an ex- igence. Thefe ol>i."crvations, when nearly examined, give rife to doubts, which excite a fpirit of inveiligation and refearch. In profecuting thefe inquiries, new/facts are difcovered, which lead to conclufions, fometimes of the higbeft importance. Knowledge is thus drawn from a thoufand fources^ which, but for this encou- ragemcntj would have been for ever unobferved. A new creation may be faid to be made ; for mental ob« je6ts are thus called into exiilence, that but for this cir- ciimilance would never have been brought to light ; and it often happens that a man thus difcovers, to his great fiuprife, that he himfelf pofleifes powers which he never fo much as once fulpefted, fo as to be compelled to cry out m extacy, with the celebrated Corregio^ *' td io aiiche fon pittore ;" and I alfo am a painter. Nor are the beneficial etTecls of fuch performances confined to the writers of fuch elTays alone. The read- ers of fuch performances, by following the train of thoughts that occur in the eflays, acquire i- their turn a hubit of attention, and a difpofition to obfervCj that they never without it would have poffelVed. By being accuftomed to perceive arguments refuted, which ap- peared to them at firft entirely conclufive, they imper- ceptibly acquire a habit of fufpending their judgment, till the matter Ihall be fully invelligated ; they doubt, compare, and weigh arguments with care ; and thus gnuhially acquire that nicety . of obfervation, and caution in forming conclufions, which conllitutes thef, tflence of (bund judgment. : ^ , f ' ',/?vv - ■ ,| f Vol. I. t ' Y ; ii w^mm The foregoing obfervations applj in fdrne meafure to effay writing of every kind ; but they are chiefly applicable to thofe effaya that are publiQied in fucceflion at Ihort intervals of time, like that which you propofe ; and where they are no^ confined to a particular clafs of writers, but where full liberty is given for every individual to become a writer when he feels a propen- fity to it, without any farther* limitation than good mantiers and becoming politenefs requires. By means of fuch a publication, to purfue your own flmile, men may be faid to be introduced to a literary fociety, on the moft liberal plan, in which they may not only hear and obferve, buC may alfo become aftive members of it. Thqy miy there converfe with freedom, on the footing of unbounded equality ; but they are at the fame time compelled to ad: with propriety, and to think with juftnefs ; becaufe any deviation from this plan will immediately receive the corre6tion it requires. What travelling therefore, and a general acquaintance with mankind, is to man in his private capacity, writ- ing in a periodical work, is to literary perfons. It is only by mixing with fociety, on a footing of equality, that man can learn to rub off thofe rude inattentions to others, which felf love fo naturally produces in every individual, when confined to folitude ; and to acquire that fuavity of manner, and attention to others, which conftitutes the higheft pleafure of focial life, that is now denominated urbanity. In like manner, it is only when literary men mix with others in a periodical pub- lication, where liberty is permitted to every one to do what he thinks proper, on a footing of pdrfeft equality, that they can properly feel their own weight, and be compelled to relinquifh thofe ungracious felf-fuffi- cient tones, which the fancied Cuperiority that every man is difpofed to afcribe to himfelf, before he has ex- perienced the powers of others, fo naturally infpires ; and to give that becoming modefty in reafoning, which conftitutes the higheft polifli of a literary charafter. It r. It J 791. • LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. - 'T' has been remarked, that clergymen, wVio have confined their literary efforts to difcourfes delivered from the pulpit, are more apt to affiime that didatorial air, and dogmatic felf fufficiency of manner, than Qther claifes of literary men. Nor can any thing be more natural : Such pulpit difcourfes, from the reverence due to the place where delivered, are never cnticifed : The pallor therefore, has no opportunity of being ever convinced of the weaknefs or the futility of the vc afoning. He of courfe concludes that his arguments are ftrong and un- ahfwerable ; and delivers them with the tone and man- ner that fuch an idea will naturally infpire. It is per- haps to this circumilance we may afcribe the afperity of manner that fo long prevailed among mankind with refped to theological controverfies and literary difputes managed by divines. Fortunately it has happened that periodical publications have now b«come fo common in Britain, as to have afforded young divines more fre- quent opportunities of trying their powers fairly, than formerly. The confequence has been, that gentlenefs of manner, and liberality of fentiment, in difputed liib- jefts, djgin to prevail even among meii of this clafs. In thofe foreign countries where fuch periodical perfor- mances are rare, the fime rudenefs and illiberality is ftill obferved to prevail in literary difputeal ; and we fliall in general find that the progrefs of nations in know- ledge, but more efpecially their advancement in literary politenefs of manner, will keep pace with the number of periodical publications allbwed to circulate, and the freedom of difcuffion that is tolerated in fuch pub- lications, when under proper reftriclions. As I doubt not, Sir, from the general charader you bear, that your work will be conduced on the moil liberal principles. I moft fincerely, from thefe and other confiderations, wilh you a continuance of health and fpirits to complete your plan, and that fliare of public fupport which may enable you to go forward in your enterprife with vi- gour and alacrity. Medicus. .'Y ^ il iii- ,i ^n m I ir .■*jBi. THE BKE, OR /> JT'^fJ* '•,■*«■ Jt^rf^v ^S^S,"?!. rfViy^^V^'j*;* Feb. IS^I r ;' .,0>i Frejudices affeBing the 'Truth o/Hiflory, , Among an ignorant people, hurpan a£iions are ne- "yer fairly appreciated:^ Thedelicaie operations of the imind ar^not fufficiently adverted to ; and, a precipitant : -judgment; is formed of the' motives for every adiqn, thatis iti mod cafes erroneous. Hence it happens, that ^len of great talents, when they appear among fuch a peoplv^^ are either repreiented as raonilers of wicked- \nefs, or adored gs angels ; and, thofe who record the , Jlranfactions of their life, will ^llow no jQiare of good to j.thofe ihey condemn, nor the fmalleil imputation qf .."wrong, to tlipfe whom they have taken delight to hon- ^^^.Ainong ^ qivuized people, however, the caie is much ]the reveriq: Thofc who have ^dverted to the conftitu- tion of ^he. human mind, Jire fiifficiently aware, that the beft are npt exempted from the frailties and errors of .human nature, and that the moil wicked, are never fo ^thoroughly debafed, as not to have fomethmg about ,ihem that would defer ve applaufe — while among the vthe ordinavy run of manfiind, virtues and frailties are fo equally balanced, as to make it often difficult to fay, which of them preponderate. . ...pifioriaos however, who give an account of pad itranfadions, find it a diliicult matter to delineate juftly the cl^ara£ter of perfons, whofe anions have been fo muc^i mifreprefented by their cotcmporuries. To .weigh the whole with attention, and to form a jull ^judgment of the chara^er of any perfon, from t.iC con- tradictory • ccounts of perfons, who are in every rc- fpeCl equally worthy of credit, requires an attention, • i^nd a painful refearch, that many wifli to av^oid. alienee it is ufual for the hiftorian of modern times, in ch.ara^erifing ancient perfonages to follow with great 1 79I« '"', I-ITERARY INTELLIGENCER. - ' v 173 exa£lne(sV the outlines that have been h;ft td him^ by the anaaliit he copies from', — and thus the aionftrous pic- ture is perpetuated. ,\ The prefent age, however, is diftingiiiflied from all thofe that have preceded it, by more fretjuent attempts to get the better of this delulion than formerly Seve- ral perfons of great talsrits, have fteppcd forward in de- fence of injured merit, and in fome cafes have proved far more fuccefsful than was expected. The champi- ons of Mary of Scotland, have gone far to do away the ilanderous reproaches, with v^hich (he has been U>o lont^ loaded, — and an attempt to apologize even for Richard ' the Third, has not been without its effedts. But among all the confpicuolis charatlers in the an- cient ftory of Britain, Thomas Becket has had fewer fa- vourers than any other : — Fumv3 and Lyttleton have loaded him with blame without the fnialleil fcruple, — nor has any one till the prefent time, ventured to fpeak one word in his unpopular caufe. The charvifter of hita we now prefent to our readers, is very different from that they have been accuftomed to read,-— and v/hether it be jull or not, it has an undifputable right to the claim of being well ivritten ; on which account, as well as the new idcAs it fuggclls, we think to do our readers a pleafujre by laying it before them. .4^^^' CharaBer of Becket, by the Rcverefid Mr, Bcrlugton,^]'- " Thus, in the 53d year of \\h age, died Tiiomas a Becket, Archbifhop of Canterbury, and Primate of England. Without incui'ring tlie imputation of a vain Angularity, may I f?.y, that the characler of this man has never been fairly appreciated ? Wlien the Catholic draws the portrait, all his virtues are emblazoned, and his blemiilics are loft in the glare of light. They view him as a faint ; and unfortunately, fo impofing has that charadler been rendered, that the eilential itainii of mor- tality are not allowed to reft upon it. Since the recent (date of the reformation, it Ihould fccm, that the moral 174 fK'&'^'S' THE BEE, OR Feb. order of things has been inverted. Some virtues loll their name ; and what had been religious, exemplary, and perfed above the reach of unaffifted nature, ceafed to be fo. The Proteftant then feized the pencil, and, viewing Becket, drew a portrait, on which were feen no lines of former beauty. On both fides is much partial judgment. The ancient hiilorians, I know, who lie be- fore me, wrote with too ;warm an impreffion. The glare of miracles, they thought, was flalhing round them ; and the praifes of Rome and of Europe echoed in their It is an apotheqfis which they celebrate. But ears. becaufe this is too much, can we fit down with too lit- tle, and fay that we are juft ? *' A^ith fome enthufiafn. on my mind, I confefs, I have defcribed the condu6l of Becket. Every where I faw him great as other men, and on fome occafions I faw him greater. Real excellence there may be ; but it is, by comparing <^ly, that we judge. By his fide, the contemporary men of the day, the greateft the aera could produce in church or ftate, lofe all their fplendor. Alexander * is an irrefolute and timid politician : The prelates ofEnglandbafely deferting a caufe, which their own confciences held facred, are courtly fycophants, and excite contempt : The facred college of cardinals, brib- ed by gold, forget their dignity, and bartering away the privileges of the Roman fee, publicly poll up their ve- nality, and become the fhame of Chrillendom : Henry, the lord of many people, whom Europe then admired, and whom pofterity has called the greateft of Englilh kings, through the quarrel which himfelf provoked, is wayward, vindi£live, timorous, and deceptious, never lliewing one exertion which became a king, and ever indulging a train of affedllons, which would have dif- graced his loweft valTal : Becket, from the beginning, is firm, dauntlefs, compofed, and manly; like a deep and majeftic river, he proceeds even in his courfe, hai;d- ly ruffled by rocks of oppofition, and true to the level he had taken. • The Pope. x^" j>i«: t«> ne f,^, and brib- ay the ir ve- enry, nired, nglifh ed, is never ever dif- ining, deep hai;d- level 1701. • LITER ARr INTELLIGENCER. t*f^ ' • , • » .. » ** His endowments from nature were great ; an^ "he had given to them fuch cultivation, as the ftate of the times permitted. It would have been well, perhaps, had he never feen Bologna, and imbibed from its mailers thofe maxims of church domination, which, though the age held them facred, were to him the occafion of an unfor- tunate controverfj, and to others brought muchafflidlion. Early in life, he was engaged in bulinefs, which made him an able negociator j and the favour of his prince, which foon followed, raifed him to uncommon great- nefs. But the unbounded confidence he enjoyed, w^as all ufed to ennoble the fource from which it flowed. He did not enrich himfelf, his family, or his retainers. All was Henry's. His influence he employed to gain him friends, 'and to fpread his intereft ; and when h? difplayed a munificence more than royal, it was his mafter's fame he looked to. The love ol pleafure, which, in a dillipated court, can make the ftouteft vir- tue tremble, pafled over his fenfes, as a gentle gale. There was a fternnefs in his charader, which would n^t bend to aflfedions that enervate ; and it is remark- able, that, when his enemies were mofl: numerous and ' malevolent, they never charged him with a fingle vice. His ruling paffions, were the paflions of a great mind, fuch as, when circumftances favour, lead men to the . achievments of patriots and of heroes ; and had provi- dence given Becket to his country but a few years later, we ihould have feen him, oppoiing with main fortitude the wild preteniions of Rome, and at the head of barons, \rreiiing Magna Charta from the tyrant fon of the Henry* On fome occafions, 1 think he Was too acrid in his ex- preflions, and too unyielding in his condud ; but when we weigh his provocations, and the inceflant ftrefs of low oppofition, wonder we cannot, and we may eafily forgive. His private virtues were amiable. They en- deared him to Henry, who loved him with a brother's love ; nor were they foured, it feems, by adverfe for- tune. They made him many friends ; and John of ,\ t*j6 : n V TJtE BEE, OR ~"^, Feb. SaliHuiy, his fecretary aiul campanlon, then defcribts J him bell, when he checks his impetuofity,. anci chidts his too cauilic humoi^r ; and iioes not give oiience. " In a word, he had blcnrlfhes, artd he liad many virtues : His caufe whieh to us wears few marks of chriOian truth, tu him was iacred, and he defended it fincerely; but if many ciij:hoiies' have praifed him im, mode lately, why Hiall proteitants be unjuft ? True it is Men's fivil manners live in brafs j their virtues .-^ - .We write in water." :ynSUi<^^ Critical Remarks on the Othello of Shakefpear, concluded from page 1J5. It hns been obferved of Shakefpear^ that he has not often exhibited the dehcacy of female character; and this has ^beenfufficicntly apologized for, from the uncivilized age , in which he lived ; and women never appearing upon the ftage in his time, might have made him lels Ifudious in thl:> department of the drama. Indeed, when we con- fider his Itrength of mind, his imagination, which de- liglited in whatever was bold and daring, we would al- irioft think it impofllble tiiat he could enter into all the foftnefs and refinement of love : but in fpite of all thefediiadvantages, he has iliewn, that in whatever viev/ he choofed to behold human nature, he would perform it fuperior to any other. For no where in the writings of Sliakefpear, or any v»'here elfe, have we found tlie female charafter drawn with fo much tendernefs arid beauty as in that of Defdemona. The geiitlenefs with "which (lie behaves to all with whom flie converfes, the purity, the modefty, the warmth of her love, her re- fignation in the decpeit diflrefs, together with her per- fonal accomplidiments, attract our higheft regard : but that ivhieh chiefly diftinguifhes her, is that exquifitc fenfibility of imagination, which interellcd her io much in the dangers of Oiheiio's youthful irdvcntores, a paf- iipu natural enough indeed, though it is not every on« l> 1 791. LITERARY IliTELLieENCER. 17^ who is capable of experiencing it. Othello, as we have ieen, was naturally of an heroic and amiable difpofitidn ; but when by his bold undertakings he is expofed to imminent dangers, he would then ihine in his brlghteft colours ; all his magnanimity, and all his addrefs, are brought to view ; at that moment, all the generous af- fections of the foul would be drawn towards him ; ad- miration of his virtues, wifhes for his fuccefs, and fo- licitude for his fs^ety. And when the beft feelings of the heart are thus lavifhed on a certain obje£t, it is no wonder it ihould fettle into fixed love and efleem. Such was the fublimated pailion of Defdemona, in« fpired folely by internal beauty. The perfon of Othello had every thing to cool defire, poiTeffing not only the black complexion, and the fwarthy features of the Af- ricans ; he was alfo declined, as he fays, into the vale of years : but his niind was every thing to Deldemona; k fupplied the place of youth by its ardour, and of every perfonal accomplifhment by its ftrength, its ele- vation, and its foftnefs. Where, in all the annals of Love, do we find fo pure and fo difinterefled a paf&on, fupported with fo much dignity and nature ; (he loved him ybr the dangers he hadpajfed\ upon this fleeting ai^ incorporeal idea, did (he reft her affedions, upon abllrad feelings and qualities of the mind, which muft require in her all t4iat warmth of imagination, and livelinefs of conception, which diftingnifh the fineft genius. The charader of this exquifite lady, is always con- fiilentjy fupported. Her behaviour towards Cafiio, ihews, in a particular manner, her liberal and benevo- lent heart ; and het converfation with Emilia, about the heinoufnefs of infidelity, is a fttiking pid):ure of innocent purity. It is artfully introduced, and -adds much to tffe pathos of the tragedy. The circumftances of order-. ing her wedding- fheets to be put on her bed, and the melancholy fong of a 'willow, are well imagined, and awaken tlie mind to exped fome dreadful revolution* Vol. I. t Z ^ ' !' 178 THE BEE, OR ti .!»'A•^ Feb. 2, Indeed throughout the whole fcene before her death, an awfulfolemnity reigns ; the mind of Defdemom^feems to be in a moil agitated condition ; (he flarts an obfer. vation about Lodovico, and immediately falls into her gloomy thoughts, paying no attention to the anfwer of Emilia, though connected with an anecdote that would have at another time raifed her curiolity. This abfence of mind Ihews beyond the power of language her afilift- ed and tortured ftate : but what gives a finilliing ftroke to the terror of this midnight fcene, is the ruftling of the wind, which the affrighted imagination of Defde- mona fuppofes to be one knocking at the door. This circumftance, which would have been overlookt^d as trifling by an inferior, writer, has a moft fublime effed in the hands of Shakefpcar; and till the fatal cataftrophe, the fame horribly; intereftiteg fcnfations are kept up. Othello enters her bed-chamber with a fword and can- dle, in that perturbation and diftra^lion of mind, which marked his behaviour, fince the fuppofed difcovery of her guilt ; remains of tendernefs, ftill ftruggling with revenge in hid bofom, and a converfation is protraded ; during whiph the mind is arretted in a ftate of the moil dreadful fufpenfe that can well be imagined.^ 't*^>-. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 1)9 fame high tone of pailion is preferved. Upon the dif* covery of Defdemona^s innocence, and the intrigues of lago, all the chara^ers ad a very confident and natural part. Othello's diilra£lion is painted in an inimitable manner. Unwilling to believe that he had a£ted upon falfe grounds, and confounded with contrary evidence, he knows not where to betake himfelf. After utter- ing a few incoherent fpeeches, which fhew in the ftrong- ell light a mind rent with grief and remorfe, he gradu- ally recovers hinifelf ; and refuming, as much as pof- fible, his natural compofure and Urmnefs, he looks around him a little, and deliberately views his wretch- ed fituation ; but finding no peace for him on earth, he terminates his exiftence. ^ I 'r>r *:r ' lago alfo ftand^ forth in t^e group, a juft monument; of his own crimes. Seeing the proof too plain againit him, he c^n brave it out no longer. He fees no pro- fped of efcape from any quarter j his own arts arc now of no avail, and he knows that he deferves no pity ; he gives up all for loft, and refolves upon a flate of dumb defperation, moil expreilive of the horror of his mind. In this ftate, we have the fatisfadion to fee him drag** ged to deferved puniftiment. It might now be expe£ied that we ihould proceed to the ungrateful ta(k of pointing out what a critic would blame in this tragedy. I have already obferved, that it is perhaps the mofl fublime and. finilhed of Shake- fpear's compoiitions ; yet were I to point out all its re- dundancies, puns, conceits, and other faults, which are commonly taken notice of in this author, I might fill feme pages : Such a detail, however, would be trivial and impertinent. No perfon who can reliih its beau- ties will be much offended with any thing of this kind in the courfe of perufing Othello. Its excellencies are fo bold and fo ilriking as to make the blemifhes almoi( wholly vanifh in the midfl of their fplendor. In j^ ru4^ age, it is ia4^ed s^ven the mark of a rich and luxuriant '.. . Z a, ■ i8o THE BEE, OR M Feb. xnind, to abound in faults, in the fame manner that a ftrong and fertile foil produces moH weeds — ** What are the lays of artful Addifon, Coldlj corred, to Shakefpear's warblings wild. It IB with much regret, however, we miift obferve, that after Shakefpear h^d fupported, with uniform pro- priety, one of the mod difficult charadlers Genius ever attempted, he fhould at lafl fall off, and put a trifling conceit in the mouth of a dying man. 0th. I kiffed thee e'er I killed thee — no way but this, Killing myfelf to die upon a kifs. • ^ It might «lfo be objected to the contrivance of the plot, that lago had not fufficient motives for the perpe- tration of fo many horrid crimes ; and this the fagacity of Shakefpear has forefeen, and with much addrefs ob- viated. In the courfe of our obfervations, we have al- ready noticed, that he does not fuppofe lago, in his firfl fetting out, refolutely to plan the deilruftion of Defde- mona and Caflio. The objeds he had in view were, to get poffeilion of the wealth of Rodorigo, and to be pre- ferred in the place of Gaflio ; but feeing matters be- ginning to be embroiled around him,, the firm and un- daunted lago will not flop Ihort, whatever fhould be the confequence. By thus viewing his condud, it will ap- pear natural and probable. He wifhes (as human na- ture ever muft) to view himfelf even for a moment in the light of an honefl man ' And what's he then that fays I play the villain, &c. ■ A6i, 2./c, xiv. But the principal fault which we obferve in this per- formance, is a want of conflflency in fupporting the tipright and difinterefted charader of Emilia. We can cafily fuppofe, in the firfl place,' that fhe might procure Defdemona'is napkin for her hufband, without feeming to concur with him, or even fufped his fchemes : But when afterwards, in the tenth fcene of the third a^, fhe fees the improper ufe to which this napkin is ap- ^ied, and the great diflref? which the lofs of it occa^* I . .-- 1791- LITERARY INTELLI6£KC£R. t&l fioned to Defdemona, withoat fo much as wiihing ta explain the mifunderilanding, fhe is no more the open and virtuous iEmilia, but a coadjutor with her dark and unfeeling halband. This -is a remarkable violation of every appearance of probability, when we contraft it with her noble and fpirited condud afterwards. We are furprifed to find a flip o5 fo much magnitude from the clear and piercing judgment of Shakefpear, efpeci- ally when we coniider, that it could have been very ea- By remedied, by removing her during this interview. ^ W.N. "^ '' Anecdote of Mr, Whitfield. About thirty years ago, the famous Mr. George Whitfield ufed annually to vifit this metropolis, and by his popular mode of preaching allured great multi- tudes, efpecially of the female' fex, to attend his fer- mens. The great objeft of his difcourfes was to roufe them to a£ts of beneficence \ and as he had inftituted a charitable feminary at Georgia in Carolina, he was (Irenuous in his exertions to induce his audience to be liberal in giving altns for the fupport of the helplefs perfons he had there colleded together. Among his conftant hearers was one Mrs. the wife of a brewer, in a fmall line of bufinefs, in the Grafsmarket of Edinburgh, who had fome difRculty to provide funds for carrying on his affairs without embarralTment. He had no time to attend the daily harangues of this ghoftly orator \ nor was he much pleafed with the time his wife fpent on thefe occafions, and far lefs with the demands fhe fometipies made upon him for money to be given for charitable purpofes. This diverfity of opi-. nion between the man and wife fometimes produced fa- mily difcord ; and while the lady believed the Divine was little lefs than an angel from Heaven, the hufband confidered him as no better than a thief, or a pick- pockety who, under falfe pretexts^ indnced drnple people ' f ,J ''ii* ill l> it TnEBM, OR Feb. 3, to throw away, upon others, the means that were necef. fary for the fubfiflence of their families ; nor was he, when heated in the conteft, and chagrined at times from the want of money, at all fcrupnlous, in expref- fing, without referve, the opinion he entertained of this fuppofed faint. The wife, who was of a warm difpo- fition, though not deflitute of fenfe at bottom, was much irritated at thefe reflexions, and thinking t^ ey proceeded entirely from the worldly mindednefs of her hufband, felt a ftrong inclination to indulge her own propenfity to benevolence by every means that fhould fall in her way. To get money from her hulband avowedly for this purpofe, (he knew was impoflible ; but (he refolved to take it when ihe could fii^d an oppor- tunity for that purpofe. While llie was in this frame of mind, her hufband, one morning while he was writing at his deflc, was fuddenly called away, and, intending to return direftly, he did not clof his defk. His wife thought this too favour»ible an opportunity to be mifTed j and opening the Ihuttle where fhe knew the money was kept, me found about i$ guineas, which the hufband had provided to pay for. fome barley he had lately bought. From this fhe took out ten pieces, and left every thing clfe as before ; nor did the hufband, on his return, take any notice of it. She was now very anxious to get this money pro- perly difpofed of ; and with that view drefled herfelf in great hafte ; and having wrapped the pieces in a bit of paper, fhe took them in her hand to go out j but as fbe pafled a mirror, fhe obferved fomething about her head- drefs that required to be adjufled, and putting the mo- ney on a bureau beneath the mirro^, fhe fpent a little time in making the neceffary adjuftments ; and recol- le^ing fhe had onoitted to give fome direftions before fhe went out, fhe flepped haftily into the kitchen for that purpofe, without taking up the money. Juft at this nick of time,, the hufband came into the room, and feeing fomething on the top of the bureau, he took it lypl- ■ UTERART IKTILLIOENCER. " iJj Up to examine it ; and, feeing whM ik was^ ht imme- diately conjeftured what was the truth. Without fay- ing a word, however, he took out the gold, and put an equal number of. halfpence in their fletid, leaving the paper to appearance 6s he found it, and went out again. The wife having heard her huiband go out of the room^ was in great fear that he had. difcovered her treafure, and returned with great anxiety to fearch for it ; but feeing it happily juil as fhe had left it, ihe haftily ihatched it up, without looking at it, and went diredly to the lodgings of Mr. Whitfield to difpofe of it. When ihe arrived, ihe found him at home^^and a happy woman was flie I Having introduced herfelf, by telling him how much ihe had been benefited by his pious inilrudions, &cc. which he returned with a ready politenefs ; ihe exprefTed her regret that (he had it not in her power to be as liberal to his poor orphans as ilie could wifh ; but file hoped he would accept in good part the mite Ihe could affotd to ofl:er to him oft their account ; and with many profeffions of charitable dif- pofitions, and thanks for the happinefs fhe had derived from attending his difcourfes, ihe put the money into his hands, and took her leave. Mr. Whitfield, in the mean time, putting the money into his pocket without locking at it, made proper acknowtedgments to her, and waited on her to the door, ^--i'm- ^ »f i He was no fooner, however, alone, than he took it cut to examine the contents, and finding it only cop- per — and comparing the fum with the appearance of the perfon who gave it, he inilantly imagined it muft have been given with intention to afiront him ; and with this prepolTcflion on his mind, he haftily opened the door, and called the lady back, who had tiot as yet got to the bottom of the *ilair. This fummons ihe in^ ftantly obeyed. On her return, Mr. Whitfield, ailum- ing a grave tone and ftern manner, told her, that he did not expeft (he could have had the prefumption to offer to affront him ; and, holding out the lialfpcuce, aikcd 154 -»* THE BEE, OR ^HtT^l ' Feb. 2, her what (he could mean by ofTerlng him fuch a paul. try compliment as that. The lady, who was very cer. tain (he had put good gold into the paper, and recol. lading that (he had often heard him called a cheat and an impoftor, immediately concluded that he himfelf, had put the halfpence in place of the gold, and made ufe of that pretext to extort more from her ; and fell upon him moft bloodily, telling him, (he had often heard him called a fwindler and a rafcal, but till now (he had never believed it. She was certain (he had given him ten red guineas out of her hands, and now he pretended he had got only as* many halfpence ; nor did (he leave him till (be had given him a very full complement of abufe. She then went home in a great hurry ; and had a much better opinion of her hu(band's difcemnfient and fagacity ever afterwards. He kept his lecret ; and till her dying day, (he made a good wife to him ; nor ever afterwards went after (ield-preachers of any fort. .... ^, « - v - \ - . A. Sir, To the Editor of the Bee, Your ingenious correfpondent's obfervations on the Flowers of the F«re(l, go far to prove that it is not of as old a date as has been generally fuppofed. But what he has fuggefted, has not produced full conviction on ray mind. The firft d^iwnings of the Reformation in Scotland were in the end of the 15th century. In the beginning of the i6th, we know for certain there were many preachings in churches, private houfes, the ftreets, fields, and fea.(hore. Is there any thing incredible in fuppofing, that then, as at all times, people reforted to them from various motives : Some from mere curiofi- ty ; and that the youth of both fexes might occafionally improve thefe feaibns for the purpofes of love ? lypT. LITERARY INTELLtGENCER. 1 S j As to the language, it may have undergone changes, fh)ni tranfcribers and publifhers bringing it nearer the orthography and diction df their own times. This, in^ deed, does not apply to the rhyming words ; there the found at leaft cannot be eaiily changed. Thus, away occurs four times, always rhyming jktjt, which fixes its found. I confefs I fhould haye^uppofed awa, near- er the diale£t of the i6th century. Perhaps it may help to account for this, to fuppole that in the fouth- ern parts of Scotland, where this poem may have been compofed, from their intercourfe with England, there might be more of the EnglilH dialed amongfl them, than in other parts of Scotland. ,. ,*.♦.,, f:. Thefe hints are offered with diffidence. It is not pretended that they give an anfwer to your correfpon- dent's obfervations — this was not intended, as I wifh not to make your ufeful mifcellany the vehicle of con- troverfy. All that is aimed at, is to (hew the poflibi- lity of this poem being compofed foon after the battle of Flodden. ,;■< ^i; ^ >.. ^'fiij; ,-» "i/.s - , ,- . j ffO f. .j.^.< I agree with your correfpondent, that in the prefent cafe it is a matter of little confequence when it was compofed. The poem pofleffeg intrinfic merit, and will be admired on that account, though its author and the time of its compofition (hould remain unknown, r, -r, Upon peiuiing it, fome obfervations occurred to me, which, if you ihould think them worthy a place in your mifcellany, are at your fervice. They were made, you will fee, under the idea of its being compofed foon after the battle, which idea the author has not yet feen rea- fon entirely to abandon. But even on the fuppoiition of its modern compofition, they may flill be applicable ; becaufe the author evidently perfonates one living at that time. And in this view, there is this additional to be coniidered ; the art of the poet in removing him- felf from'^his own times ^ entering fo much into ancient Vol. I. t A a 1 86 THE BEE, OR / Feb .2, manners, as to give you what we fuppofc; a juft defcrip, tion of their feelings on that melancholy event. I am ■ ' Transforthanus. Ithe ohferuations in our next. Advice to the Bee, , :.r- Miftrefs Bee, when you "hum, whether profe or loft lyrics, ^ ^ , Whether cynical fatires, or pufF'd panegyrics, Pitch nor high, nor too low — Still avoid in your tones, The ill- nature of wafps, and the dullnefs of drones. Aristaeus. 'V I i I I I M\ ') -S rm r - ' A ^ Sonnet » See, o'er the water's far extended plain, Yon vcffel comes with all her canvas fpread ; Beats on the waves, and, rifing, falls again:.; Still paf&ng on,^ ihe ilowly moves ahead. So man is tofs'd upon a fea of cares ; / ^ Now rais'd to honour, wealth, and fhort-lived fame ; Now funk in mifery's vale with fallen fears ; Still pafling to the land from which he came. Time hafteth on with drowfy wings, while fad j Juft fo yon ihip, when adverfe gales arife : But when the hour of pleafure is furvey'd, ' As darting fun-beams, the feducer flies. Ah that 1 warn'd might be from this fad truth ; Nor fplit on pkafure's rocks, and wreck my youth. Q;, D. C. i79i< LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 187 T^i ■A Song^ How bled the man, while circling years Their numbers ftill increafe, Who, far from Grandeur's tumult, dwells With Innocence and Peace : Whofe days, no envious angry flrifes — Whofe nights, no troubles fill ; But fmoothly rolls the tide of life 'Mid comforts growing (lilL In vain to him, Ambition llrives, And Av'rice hoards in vain ; In vain the fons of Pleafure feck That pleafure to obtain. His mind afone, with freedom blefl. From baneful paffion's fway, Can tafle the joys thofe pafiions feek, But feeking, drive away. To him, fweet health and competence, Alternate toil and eafe — A cheerful friend, and peaceful home. Where all thofe comforts pleafe, Are all he afks of earthly blifs. And Change but threats in vain — ■ He views the fifture without dread. Nor viev^rs the paft with pain- While each around the fecial board Now feels the joys we ling ; Let mirth and glee — and friendftiip too. Their joyous tribute bring, To raife the fong, and make it laft, While circling years increafe — " How bleft the man who, cheerful, dwells *' With Innocence and Peace." ^ Aaa : 1 ■Ki 183 THE BEE, OR Feb. Sir Edward^ a Story, ' . . Sir. Edward F — r, to whom I had the pleafure of being in- troduced at Flprence, was a charafter much beyond that which diftinguiHies the generality of Englifli travellers of fortune. His ftory was known to fome of his countrymen who then refided in Italy j from one of whom, who could now and then talk of fomething befides piftures and operas, I had a particular recital of it. He had been firft abroad at an early period of life, foon after the death of his father had left himi mafter of a very large eftate, which he had the good fortune Xo inherit, and all the inclination natural to youth to enjoy. Though al- ways fumptuous, however, and fomctimes profufe, he was obferved never to be ridiculous in his expences \ and though he was now and then talked of as a man of pleafure and diflTipation, he always left behind him more inftances of be- neficence than of irregularity. For that refpeft and efteem in which his character, amidft all his little errors, was ge- nerally held, he was fuppofed a good deal indebted to the fociety of a gentleman who had been his companion at theuni- verfity, and now attendedhim rather as a friend than a tutor. This gentleman was unfortunately feized at Marfeilles with a lingering diforder, for which he was under the necefTity of taking a fea- voyage, leaving Sir Edward to profecute the remaining part of his intended tour alone. Defcending into one of the vallies of I^edmqnt, where, notwithftandlng the ruggednefs of the road, Sir Edward, with a prejudice natural to his country, preferred the con- veyance of an Eno;li(h hunter to that of an Italian mule, his horfe unluckily made a falfe ftep, and fell with his rider to the ground, from which Sir Edward was lifted by his fervants, with fcarce any %ns of life. They conveyed him on a litter to the neareft houle, which happened to be the dwelling of a peafant, rather above the common rank, nt whofe door fome of his neighbours were affembled at a fcene of rural merrirnent, when the train of Sir Edward brought up ^helr mailer, in the condition I have defcribed. The ctnn- I»^9I. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 189 paflfion natural to his fituation was excited in all ; but the owner of the maniion^ whofe name was Venoni, was parti- cularly moved with it. He applied himfelf immediately to the care of the ftranger, and with the aflillance of his daugh- ter, who had left the dance (he was engaged in, with great marks of agitation, foon reftored Sir Edward to ftrength and life. Venoni poffeffed feme little (kill in furgery, and his daughter produced a book of receipts in medicine. Sir Edward, after being blooded, was put to bed, and attended with every poilible care by his hoft and family. A confi- derable degree of fever was the confequence of his accident; but, after fome days it abated, and in little more than a week, he was able to join in the fociety of Venoni and hi» daughter. He could not help exprefling fome furprife at the appear- ance of refinement in the convcrfation of the latter, much beyond what her fituation feemed likely to confer. Her fa- ther accounted for it. She had received her education in the houfe of a lady who happened to pafs through the val- ley, and to take fhelter in Venoni's cottage (for his houfe was but a better fort of cottage) the night of her birth. " When her mother died," faid he, ^' the Signora, whofe pame at her defire we had given the child, took her home to her ow^n houfe ; there (he was taught many things, of which there is no need here j yet ihe is not fo proud of her learning as to wifti to leave her father in his old age j and I hope foon to have her fettled near me for life." But Sir Edward had now an opportunity of knowing Louifa better than from the defcription of her father. Mu- fic and painting, in both of which arts ihe was a tolerable proficient, Sir Edward had ftudicd with fuccefs. Louifa felt a fort of pleafure from her drawings, which they had never given her before, when they were praifed by Sir Ed- ward ', and the family concerts of Venoni were very dif- ferent from what they had formerly been, when once his giieft was fo far recovered as to be able to join in them^ The flute of Venoni excelled all the other mufic of the val- ley ; his daughter's lute was much beyond it *, Sir Edward's violin was finer than either : but his convcrfation with X^uifa— -it was that of a fuperior order of beings !— Science, « 190 THE BEE, OR Feb. t ' tafte, fcntinient ! — It was long fince LouiTa had heard thefe founds. Amidft the ignorance of the valley, it was luxury \o hear them : from Sir Edward, who was one of the moll engaging figures 1 ever faw, they were doubly delightful. In his countenance there was always an expreilion, animated and intererting 5 his iicknefs had overcome fomewhat of the fufl, but greatly added to the power of the latter. Louila's was not lefs captivating — and Sir Edward had not feen it fo long without emotion. During his illnefs, he thought this emotion but gratitude ; and when it firfl grew warmer, he checked it, from the thought of her lituation, nnd of the debt he owed her : but the ftruggle was too inef- Je(Stual to overcome, and of confcquence increafed his paf- fion. There was but one way in which the pride of Sir Edward allowed of its being gratified. He fometimcs thought of this aa a bafe and unworthy one j but he was ihe fool ol words which he had often defpifed, the' flave of manners he often condemned. He at laft compro- mifed matters with himfelf 5 he refolved, if he could, to think no more of Louifa \ at any rate, to think no more af the tics of gratitude or the rcftralnts o£ virtue. Louifa, who trufted to both, now communicated to Sir Edward an important fecret. It was at the clofe of a piece wf mufic which they had been playing in the abfence of her father. She todt up her lute, and touched a little wild niijlancholy air, which (he had compofed to the memory of htr mother. " That," faid flie, nobody ever heard except my father j I play it fometimes when I am alone, and in low fpirits. I don't know how I came to think of it now *, yet I have reafon to be fad." Sir Edward preffed to know the caufe j after fome helitation fhe told it all. Her father had fixed on the fon of a neighbour, rich in poffeflions, but rude in manners, for her huiband. Againft this match (he had always protefted, as (Irongly as a i'eiife of duty, and the Hiildnefs of her nature would allow j but Venoni was obfli- nately bent on the match, and (lie was wretched on the thoughts of it " To marry where one cannot love, — to marry fuch a man, Sir Edward !" — It was an opportunity bcyoi>d his power of refinance. Sir Edward preffed her hiiad, faid it would be profanatiun to think of fuch a mar 1791- IITERARY INTELLIGENCER, »fl UlOW "ather but (he d the obfti- the -to unity her ■> rlagc •, praifed her beauty j extolled her virtues ; and con- cluded by fwearlng that he adored hei. She heard him with unfufpe6ling pleafure, which her blulhes could ill con- ceal. Sir Edward improved the favourable moment, talked of the ardency of his paflion, the infignificancy of ceremo- nies and forms, the inefficacy of legal engagements, the eternal duration of thofe dictated by love ; and, in fine, urged her going off with hi'-i, to crown both their days with happinefs. Louifa ftarted at that propofal. She would havs rep-cached him j but her heart was not made for it ; flie could only weep. They were interrupted by the arrival of her father with his intended fon-in-law. He was jufl iuch a man a^s Louila had reprefented him j courfe, vilgar, and ignorant. But Venoni, though much above their neighbour in every thing but riches, looked on him as poorer men often look on the wealthy, and difcovered none of his imperfedions. He took his daughter afide, told her he had brought her future hulband, and that he intended they ihould be married in a week at fartheft. Next morning Louifa was indifpofed, and kept her cham- ber. Sir Edward was now perfectly recovered. He was engaged to go out with Venoni ; but, before his departure, he took up his violin, and touched a few plaintive notes on it. They were heard by Louifa. In the evening, (he wandered forth to indulge her forrows alone. She had reached a feqaeftered fpot, where fome poplars, formed a thicket on the banks of a little ftream that watered the valley. A nightingale was perched on one of them, and had already begun its accuftomed fong. Lcuiu fat down on a withered flump, leaning her cheek upon her hand. After a little while, the bird was feared from i^s perch, and flitted from the thicket. Louifa rofe from nhe ground, ami burft into tears. She turned, and beheld Sir Edward. His countenance had much of its former languor : and, when he took her hand, he cafl: c^ the earth a. melan- choly look, anu feemed unable to fpeak his feelings. " Are you not welL Sir Edward ?" faid Lou J fa, witb a voice faini and broken. " I am ill iruieed," faid he, ** but my iilnefs is of the mind. Louifa csnnot cure me ef tb^t. I an? ^i tg% THE BEt, OR n Ui' \\>\ Feb. i, wretched ; but I deferve to be fo. I have broken every law of ho/pitality, and every obligation of gratitude. I have dared to wi(h for happinefs, and to fpeak what I wi(hed though It wounded the heart of my deareil benefadlrefs— .. but I will make a fevere expiation. This moment I leave you : Louifa } I go to be wretched, but you miy be happy, happy in your duty to a father *, happy it may be, in the arms of a hu(band^ whom the polTeilion of fuch a wife may teach refinement and fenfibility. I go to my native country, to hurry through fcenes of irkfome buiinefs, or taftelefs amufe- ment, that I may, if poffible, procure a fort of half oblivion of that happinefs which I have left behind *, a lilllefs endur- ance of that life which I once dreamed might be made delight- ful with Louifa !" Tears were the only anfwer (lie could give. Sir Edward's fervants appeared, with a carriage, ready for his departure. He took from his pocket two piftures ; one he had drawn of Louifa, he faflened round his neck, and kifling it with rap- ture, he hid it in his bofom j the other he held out in a he- iitating manner. This, faid he, if Louifa would accept of it, mayfometimes put her in mind of him who once offended, who can never ceafe to adore her. She may look on it, perhaps, after the original is no more, when this heart fliall Aiave forgot to love, and ceafed to be wretched." Louifa was at lall overcome. Her face was firft pale as death j then fuddenly it was croffed with a crimfon bluih. Oh I Sir Edward, faid (lie, what — what would you have me do ? — He eagerly feized her hand, and led her, reluftant, to the carriage. They entered itj and, driving off with fu- rious fpeed, were foon out of fight of thofe hills which paf- tured the flocks of the unfortunate Venoni. • , To be continued* Anecdote of Zini. When Zink was In the greateft practice, he was in a very bad ftate of health j and being well refpe£led by a number of the mofl celebrated phyficians, had their afTiflance and advice. All of them pronounced that he was in a decline- but about the method of cure, they were not unanimouv lypi. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. I93 Some prefcribed one drug, and fome another j and one of them recommended brealt-milk. The drugs he fwallowed j but the breall-milk he did not much relilh the thought of. Finditig himfelf grow rather worfe than better j and being told that air and exercife was the beil remedy for his complaint, he tafked himfelf to walk through the Park, and up Conftitution Hill, every morning before breakfaft. This did not relieve him j but from habit rather than hope, he jtill continued his perambulations. One fummer morning, = a handfome young woman, very meanly clad, with a child i(bout fix weeks old in her arms, afked his charity. He gave Iier fome pence, and afked her how (he came into her pre- ftnt diftreffed fituation. Her hiftory was Ihort : She had been a fervant j (he became partial to a footman in the fame houfe, and married him ; they were both turned away j the man had no other refource but to enlift : he became a fol- dier J was fent abroad : (he had never heard from him fince •, had been delivered of the child now at her bread, for whofe fupport and her own flie Ihould beg till her infant was a few months older, when fhe (hould try to get fome more reputable employment.——'* Her franknefs," faid Zinky " pleafsd me ;— her face pleafei me ; — ^her com- plexion pkafed me *, — I gave her my dire6tion •, flue came to ' me ; I took her infant into my houfe j I did bring myfelf to take her milk •, it recovered me ; I made inquiry after her hufhand, and found he was killed in the flril engage- ment he was in, at the pillaging a village in Germany. I married her j and a better wife no man ever had." With this woman he lived near twenty years. The fol- dler's child he educated for the army, and promifed to giet him a commiflion when he was twenty-one j but the boy died at fourteen. By Monfieur i^nk fhe had two children, each of them were well provided for ; and one of them was a very few years fince alive, and well fituatcd in a northern province. LcDovico Dolce. Vol. I. Bb \n 194 THE BEE, OR \' ■^if"'' Feb. 2 Intelligence re/pe^ing Literature^ i^c, '. , ' ' Africa, The good cflfefts of patriotic aflfociations, have been fo f^rongly felt in Europe itfelf, that the inhabitants of Eu- rope begin to introduce them into all thofe regions, where they eftablidi themfelves. This affords a happy preface of growing improvements, and is a bleffed effefl of that Ibcial fpirit of freedom, vyhich makes man confider himfelf, not as an infolated being, incapable of any efforts, beyond the power of his own arm, but as a part only, of a great body, whofc power is irrefnlible, when all its exertions can be directed to- wards one point only. The idand of Saint Helena, is an infolated rock, far de- tached from all land, rifing boldly from the fea, about 1200 miles well from the coaft of Africa. — It feemed at its firft difcovery, a barren rock, incapable of producing any thinrr that might afford food to man j — but being lituated in the tra(5l of iliips, bound to or from the Eafl Indies, it was thought expedient, to fettle iome people upon it, and try if any frefh proviiions could be there reared, to accommodate Ihips with, on their long voyages.— For many years after It was fettled, little could be depended on from thence, but wa- ter, and a few goats, that bronzed on the pointed cliffs of that rocky illand j — ^but by degrees, it began to be cultivat- ed in fmall patches, and it now yields more abundant returns. Still the vegetable produftions of that rock are but few\ — Some gentlemen, however, who have been ftationed there by government, and other fettlers, having taken a careful furvey of the whole, obferved, that by attention, fldll and care, the produce of that ifland might be greatly augmented.— To promote the improvement of that fort, a number of gentlemen in the ifland, with governor Brooks at their head, refolved in the yeAr 1788, to form themfelves into a patriotic fociety, for promoting the improvement of that ifland, each member agreeing to contribute a ftipulated fum annually, to be applied for the purpofe of importing the feeds or plants of fuch produ£^ions, as promifed to profper in the ifland, and be ufeful to the inhabitants \ and to give premiumt for exciting the induflry, and awakening tht ■attention of the common people, to thofe important objeQs. I79I* LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. I95 No fooner was the fociety inftituted, than they call their eyes on Dr. Anderfon of Madras, as a perfon on whofe good offices they could depend, in forwarding any plan, thatpromif- ed to render the lot of any part of the human race more agree- able than it had been. The prefident accordingly wrote to him, acquainting him with the nature of the inftitution, and requeuing his aid in procuring for them, feeds or plants of any vegetable produ6lion, that he judged proper for their illand. The following is the anfwcr Dr. Anderfon returned to this letter j with a copy of which, the editor of this work has beenJately favoured. The information it contains, may be of uf''/o/it odoratifiviay fit timber for carriages of burden, fuch as carts, &.c. •' Thcfpifia Populma, — Light fmooth grained timber, and ftrong enough for wheel carriages. ^ ' • ' « " Cajcilpina Sappan. — Logwood for dying. " Miniofa Nilotica, yields gum-arabl.-, and bark for tan- ning-leather. The feed pods equal galls for ink. " Mimofa Cinerea^ the infpiflattd juice ol this tree, is called terra Japonica, " Mimofa Madrafpatenfis^ — Hedge mimofa. <* "Rohinia Mitis. " Robinia Gr^ndiflora, — Its leaves are boiled and eaten as greens. " Annona Squaiiiofat cuftard apple. ■ " Cachu nut. " Taynarindiis^ theT?imarind tf^^, of whi'-h the leaves 7nd fruit are a pleafant acid. This tree grows wild h(?re among fttep rocks. " Gojj'y pium. Cotton of the f^neft grain. '' Indiocfara, Indigo. The la: ^e feed from Surat •, the fmaller, the bcft fort of indigo mude here. " Moringha, Indian horfe radifh. " All thefv. feeds are frc(h gathered : Some of them are mixed with powdered tobacco •, and the bags in which they are contained dipped in '.i folution of v orrollve fublimated mercury, to prevent in Tec ' dellrcying them." What benefits wouhl r<. fult to fociety, if men of letters would in general turn thci- attention towards ufefulpurfuits! How much might the lot of mankind be meliorated in a few centuries by fuch purfuits ! Europe, .\ii-a, Africa and Amc- ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I I -- IIIIIM 1.25 11.4 IIIIII.6 % /: •=5 '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 vr-'>Y MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 6^ ip^ r^H THE BEE, OR V Feb. 2, lica, wouI4 thus cacli contribute its (hare to the general im- proveirient. And every country on the globe would be bet- tered, for it. The mention of one plant alone, introduced into Europe from America, the potatoe, is enough to awak- en the attention of every perfon, whofe foul can feel the ex- panfive glow of beneficent affections, and. make them look up with gratitude to thofe, who by attentions of this fort, have proved the beft friends of mankind* , .^*» HISTORICAL CHRONICLE. t . t '• INTRODUCTION. A Curfory VlEW of the prefent POLiriCAL STATE of Europe^ continued from page ho. . li. ^I-- i'il, . »"i ^V Spain, i'^i" Spain, though greatly weakened by the unwieldy extent of her foreign poffefTions, which have ruined her own do- jneftic induftry, and reduced her to a ftate of debafement (he nevt : could have otherwife experienced, feems to be not yet aware of the evils that have refulted to her from this caufe. She cannot make ufe with advantage to herfelf, of even the hundredth part of thofe territories, that all the world admit belong to her j yet (he greedily grafps at more*. They are in terror every moment, of hearing, that tlieir befl fettled provinces have thrown off the yoke, and aiferted their independence j yet fhe is eager to affert her right to fettlements, which (he has it not her power to occupy ; and which if (lie could occupy, would be pro- dufttve of nothing but additional embarraflfments. In thefe refpedks, Spain is only on a footing with other powers \ who in general purfue with as inconfiderate warmth, projefts alike delufive and deftru6live. The conteil for power, which has juft been ended between Britain and Spain, if no other object was concealed under it thap what was avowed, was one of the moft inconliderate, that has been entered into in modern times j nor can the evils origi- nating from that be palliated by the equivocal nature of that m^ M/ LITER ARt INTELtlGENCER. »99 convention which has been patched up between them, * Aa Equivocal treaty will always be deemed highly prejudicial to ail the powers that are concerned in it, by every politician of found fenie, however much it may be relifhed at times, bj thofe of another denomination. '^ The Count de Florida Blanca. who has had the principal direftion of affairs in Spain for fome time paft, feerns to be fcrioufly difpofed to augment ther internal profperity of that fine country, as much as is in his power — ^but he has many difficulties to overcome, that mull retard his progrefs. He has the prejudices of the people, and the prejudices of the minifter himfelf to get over, before he can make thofe rapid advances he wiflies. — Time, — ^much time muft be required, before thefe can be effeftually got over. This aera, he never can hope to fee. — In the mean while, he does the beilhe can : — The operations of war he diflikes, as only tend- ing to derange the private economy of the flatc. His at- tention feems to be direded to the excitiag a fpirit of in- duftry among the people, — by directing their attention to agriculture, manufactures, and commerce.— Under his auf- pices, navigaole canals have been formed, for facilitating internal commerce : Roads have been projected, and in part made, under his infpe6iion j bridges built } focieties ia- ftituted in every part of the kingdom for encouraging agri- culture and ufeful arts,— and every thing elfe that can be expefted from a man in an exalted flation of life, who never can be fuppofed to know the beft means of alleviating the diftrefs of the poor, or of removing thofe, apparently fmall, but irrefiftlble obftrudions, that flaud in the way to retard their feeble progrefs. May fuccefs attend his endeavours, and may thofe that fliall fucceed him, be able to profit by the experiments he will have made, and the experience he fhall have obtained! . 7 ^; i Spain is much left known in Europe than it deferves t» be J and though far behind fome other nations in ufeful arts, is ftill lefs backward than has been in general fuppofed. The bigotry, for which fhe was fo remarkable in the days of Philip the I'econd, is now much relaxed. And among other benefits, conferred upon the people by Count Florida Blanca. muft be reckoned, the check he has given to the power of the clergy J not by diredly curtailing their eflablifhed pre judices by forct, but by introducing a mode of reafoning and wmmmm wxm 490 . ,THEBEE, Feb, 2, tliinj^ng on thofe fubjcfts, far niore liberal tban formerly. In (hort, among the rulers of a bigoted and ignorant people Ibis relpe£tablc nobleman wiir probably occupy a diftin- ^uiflied rank, in the recordiag. pages of future hiftorians. ' It has hten generally believed, that the government is much afraid, of haying . that free mode of reafoning which Hqiv^ prevails ill France, introduced into Spain ^>-^nd |)ro. bably it is fo :— Nor is it tp be doubted, put the infe6lion will ipread thither fboner or later. It has alfo been fuppof. ed, that the late armaments were fecretly intended to fa- vonr-Jkhe caufe q{ the king of France againfl his fubjefts, with a^iew to';rein][late him upon the throne, had circum- ftances appeared to be favourable for it.— -But what truth was * in thefe allegations, we pretend not to (ay;—- It is eafier to fay^ that if thefe were his real intentions, it was probably more lucky for the kiifgof Spain;, that he has been prevented from interfering in that qu£trrel ^ as it is highly probable, had the fiibjeds of the two ftates been fuffered to mix freely to- gether, theyxmigbt have catcKed the fo muck dreaded ' dl- feafe, as the French diH in America 5 and have carried it with them into the beat t of their own county, long before the time it could otherwife find its way thithef. Spain had carried on a fort of defultory war, with the pirancal ftates of jBarbary, which is now alfo concluded) fo that lit* piefent, that ' country enjoys the moil profound peace. Long may it continue fo ! Nor, from the pacific temper of the minifter, do we expeft, that (lie will be eafily Induced to diilurb that tranquillity, with an intention to forward the ambitious views of the Emprefs of RufTia, who wifhes to get them heartily to efpoufe her caufe. The late king of Spain, was of a mild pacific difpofition, and remarkable for the upright integrity of his mind, — though his talents were much beldw par.— What will be the the bent of the difpofitions of the prefent king, is not yet known.— While Prince of Afturias, he was mucK efteemedat court.*--Some. have fuppofed, that" the fliffnefs of the Spanifli court in her late ftrugglc with Britain^ was to be afcribed folely to him. * \ 'mtmmmnmi'niH i^p ^i^-^^lh^^^ -^ ^^M ¥ ,.:«» "S. .■Hi,- ^Jy V ' i"iimm»>- m^^m^^^^iF^amm^^'r^mfim mmmmm £NS£T£. mmmm BBSa T H E EE, » ) B% It irTERARr WEEKLY INTS^LLIGENCER, MH WEDKESDAYi FEBRUAUT g. t*J^t. ; ;J|JHO; r' ; ', , Enfett. . \ . ■'. BoTAKiCAt reifearches, whcniuiitsd with a 4i|pofidon to philanthropy,; are highfy . uiiefi^il. They bring to light many plants that ;iiay prove beneficial to man, by being tranfported hom the peaces oC their iiatiye gsowUi to o&er favourable iituaitions, wherjc they have not been planted by nature^ ^^iOj >, ^ . In his refearches, perbjips the botanift ihould bellow his chief attention to the .:4iiiB0v^i^ of fuch plants aa afford a wholefome nouri^m^et^t to man himfeli^ efpe- ciaPy if they thrive in fitnations where, t^ co;mmon kinds of elculent plants 4o not abound. The £nfete of Abyfiinia, according jto Mr. Brace's af^o^uit, muft be ranked in this clafs. It profpei^ only in marihy wet fituations/ without aay culturiB. It rifes with a thick fucculent Aem, to the height of eight feet, which being foft and pliable, bends by its own weight at the top. The leaves, and whole figure of the plant, hjas fome re- femblance to the Banana, though it differs from that in many obyious particulars. The whole appearance and habit of the plant is fo well reprefented by the figure, th^t a more 4etail9d defcription of it ia unnecelTary here. t CC 2 $04 ' THE BEE, OR . Feb. q. The part of the Banana tree wliich forms the food of nian, Is the fruit. It is the ftalk onljrof the Enjkc which is eatable. ^* The figs of the Enfete are not eatable ; tliey ^ro of a. tender .fo{tvfa||tuance, watery, taftelefs, and in colour and coniiilence fimilar to a rot- |en apricot i they are of a eoaical fornix crooked a little at the lower end about an inch apd a half in length, and an inV$ i^ fateadtbt %|liet^ tloikkcfl. i In Xk^ iafide of thcfe is a large iloi\e, half an inch long, of the ihape of a bean or Caihew nut, o| « dark brown colour ; and this contains a ftnall feed, which is feldom hardened into frait, -BiiC eoiifift» ^hlf of ikita.*' " When you make ufe , of the Enfete for eating, ^d^s ISfrr cfiic?,' 3r6u cut ft immediatclxubove thie fmall detached roots, and perhaps a foot or two higher, as the plant is of age : l^dto ftrip the green from the ^jip^r JiiW, ti!l'^k\j^toer w^ wh^a foft^ like a ttiniipiiell boiled, '4f «(it twtj^ mMk and butter, it is "die b^ft 0f dl food, 'vHfoMotiaif, nourifhing, and eafily di^fefhwi/* ^ It^ght ad* tnu<5^ conveniencies of !!!^; W6rft tliis pleini^b'l&et^rtt^ to iomt parts of the Wed Indies, or other tropical dimatfs lifted to it^niliit^i Thtiy IttkVe'itlmtfr In the Eaft Indies a {ilatit Hrbieli d<>e^ ndf ^1^ inw^ but in deep wa* tet^ tht NyHifbtttt %i#^r«ii^^*t«(hic)i uflR^da food to f great^^^i^^^ oountfiesv^ - ^e general i^rt^ifand^'of this plant (o^tlMKh refemr W*r4 thatWtfce'Banstnav tikat Mr. 6. with great proba. Viiitji; tot^a^n^ ft haft bettt > oflen mlil^ktn for that plant by' th0]fkotftittus, he ftrewdjy ijbfeiires, is g^fiet^J* Tttppofipd t^ reprcfent a Ntfe, thiit hiA htcA fo abtindiint, ^s to bi; 4eftru^ive. Whtn tfceWtbifei >rc fee ttpOfr |he dbelilk& *he fiippopo- ipotatttvi^ ^fcftfoying the Banana, we may ibppofe it tneanttfiit t^e eittfat)rdinarir innundation had gone fo fdV, >S not ^ly to deftroy the wheat, but aJfo to retard ^X Ixntt Hi* growth of the l^nfete, whiefe was to fupply 1 \ 179' LITERARY INTELLXQENCER. ^05 its ptece. I do likewife conjefbire, thmt tht bundk of branches of a plant, whic^h Horus Apollo iays the an- cient Egyptians .produced as the food on which thej lived befot^thf^ difoovery of wheat, was not the papy- rus, as he imagines, hat this plants the Enfete^ which retired to its native Ethiopia^ upon a fubftitute being fo^nd» better adapited to the climate of Egypt.?. Ha4 the ancient Egyptiitns been poflieiled of the Symphaa (iquatica, they could never fi a ve experienced a famine from a fuperabundance of wafe^^S When. too much f<>r wheat, the Enfete would thrive <; when; too de^p fot the Enfete> the Ny mph«Ba w^uld have prof- pered. ,u^y. ^h -moh-ja^l:'. • '' . •'•■''1 ' ■' ' , ••' •'■■ ■'^> i.i 25=3= ftiifiiirM ! Uii.'.:i . — •■•^■* ^n\m^hi^^*^li •I ;. w oricdi Nqtices coticerntng the Atoors in Spain, .«» At ti time when Europe was1)uried in barbarlfm and ighorance, tl^e natives bf Africa were a great people, highly civili?ied, and f^r advanced in arts, in induftry, andfcience. It was durir^g that epoch, that the Moors, jnvited by the profligacy of the prince, and the barba- rity of the people of Spain, invaded that fertile penin^ fula ;' and during the courfe of two campaigns, made a total cbnqtieft of that country j a few mountainous pro- vinces on the northern borders ofit alone excepted. The fertility of the foil, the mildnefs of the climate, and the induftry of the Moors, who now occupied thefe regions, all contributed ailike to render it in a iliort time one of the mbft delightful regions in the univerfe. Along the coaff<»f the Mediterranean, where nature has proved fingularly bountiful, the Moors chiefly delighted to fet- tle ;-^and accuftomed at home to a feudal dependance on afuperior, the kingdom was divjded into feudal feig- peurles, depending upon their common chief, the great Miramolin, who then reigned with unrivalled fplendor in Africa, But upon the difaflers that be£^ the defcen- c>- 906 I ik' THE BEE, OR Feb. Dalits of that great prince, the fubordinate Mooriih chiefs in Spaifi; gradually aflumed an independent au. tbority, and ereSed each for himfelf a fmall kingdom, hh light to which none of the neighbouring princes had any authority to controvert. Thus was laid the fimndation of the kingdoms of Valencia, Murcia, Gra- nada, and many others, which, under the dominion of a fet of wife and civilized prinqeis, abounded in men, in motley, and ia induftry, fo as to becomie a kind of uni. Ttrfal garden, a terreftrial paradife, in which all thofc «fCs that can minitler to the delight of a wealthy and liix, vrious people, were carried to« very high degree of perfedion. ^ Among thofe independent ilates, the kingdom of Granada became in time the moft confpicuous. Her princes were diftinguifhed by their wealth, liberality, courtefy, refinement of manners, and militaty prowefs, ."Her people, in poffeilion of every enjoyment that induf- try, when allied with fre^ooi; and foftened by a tafte for literature and th^ fine arts, could infpire^ enjoyed for many ages a degree of happinefs, that few nations ever could boaft of-— and knew alike how to enjoy thje blelfings of peace, and to defend their rights in the ftruggles of "Wai. They adored their princes, and were beloved in their turn. TJbej flrengthened his throne, and he pro- teSttd them from iniult. rij ni -> * If love can iind an entrance into the hearts of^ the ihofl favage people, and can tend to fweeten the lot of thofe who groan under the rod of oppreflion, it miift have had an infinitely more powerful, though mor$ gentle influence on the minds of this people, who lived fo much at their eafe. — And whenever love aflumes a fovereign power, there the finer arts, and all the gentle contrivances that tend to foothe the heart, and cherifli the beneficent afiTedious, will be adopted. , Jn thefe cir- cumflances, the court of the prince became the feat of pleafiire, — ^The fplendor of his throne daz!zled the eyes of all beholders j and among a people of lively fancy, i79I« ^ LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. * l6y the impreffion it made upon the mind, wai little (hort af adoration. It was during the happieil years of this happy pe- nod, that the palace of Grenada, called in the language of the country, jilhambra, was bdilt ; a magnificent pa- lace, accommodated with fpacious halls, adorned in tlie mod fumptuous ftile of Moorifli architecture, fumifhed with copious fountains of limpid water, tending to mo- derate the heat of the climate, and to give a pleafing coolnefs, highly gratifying to the foul, — To this palace was annexed fpacious gardens, watered with innume- rable rills of pure watery whichf gave a luxuriance ta» the magnificent trees that there abounded, and a perpe- tual verdure to innumerable plants that fprang up a- round, to adorn this feat of voluptuoufnefs, and to fcent the air with fragrant odours. — This palace, fituated on the fummitofa lofty eminence, commanding, on the one hand, a diilant profpe£l of thofe towering mountains called the Sierra Nevada or fnowy mountains, as being covered with perpetual fnow ; which, melting in fummer, filled the dreams that wafbed its walls with an inexhauft-* ible abundance of water, highly refrefliing in fuch a fui- try climate :•— On the other hand, it looked down upon a fertile plain, thick, ilrewed with hamlets, gardens, and fields, abounding in corn, in wine, in oil, and other rich products of the mildeft of temperate climates. ^^ Among thefe people, whom we have been accuftom- ed to view as rude barbarians, a ftrong fenfe of religi« ous veneration for the fupreme being prevailed ^ ^nd a refpedlful attachment to that form of worihip they had been taught to cultivate, formed a very flriking chara- £t:eriftic feature. This we learn from the mofl uadifput- able authority, that of their public inlcriptions, which are ilill preferved ; which, on account of the fublime £mplicity of expreflion, the purity of the morals they inculcate, and the refped for fovereign power, tin- debafed by the meannefs of adulation, that under 4:he gatb of praife, for the moll part conveys the foupd-^ lOS tHE BEi, 0» FcU 9, eil advice,«*-form upon the whole a fpecied ot compofi. tion, fo uncommon, and at the fame time fo pleaiingy that I hope my readers will be well pleafed with tlie following morcels, which have been fele6led for their en- tertainment. At the fame time that thefe infcriptionb may be prized as obje£bs of tafte, thej deferve to be held in high eftimation, as hiftorical records, that terd to give a diftindl idea of the (late of the country, at the time they were written, and of the modes of thinking of its people. The (following infcription was copied from the front of a building, ere£ied as an hofpital in the year 1376, which anfwers to the 778th year of the Hegira. It runs thus : •• Praifebe to God. This hofpital, an afyluro of mercy^ was built for the benefit of poor and (ick Moors; a work^ the piety and utility of which no tonguecan fulHcient- ly praife. It (lands a monument of th^ faith and cha- rity of the founder, and will be his recompence, when ** God (hall inherit the earth, and all that it contains. ** The founder is the great^ the renowned, and the vir« <* tuous, Abi Abdallah Mahomad : May he profper in ** God ! the zealous king, the friend and benefador o£ ** his people ; who employs his miniiler for the glory of his religion, and of God ; the courageous prince, the propagator of pious works ; the prince proteded by angels ; the pure faint ; the protedor of the laws and of morality ; the worthy emperor of the Moors ; may he profper in God ! He is the fon of our Lord, the jufi kingf the high and powerful, the conqueror^ the fortunate, the pious governor of the Moors, Abi- alhageg, who bears witnefs to the laws^ fon of the re- nowned, of the fublime Abi Algualid, the deftroyer of thofe by whom companions are given to God ; fon of Nazar t^ e privileged, happy in his works, and in every thing which is rcfolved in the decrees of God, for his fervice and with him : He projedled this aedi- *^ fice, from themomesittlie Mooriib nation becsme fove^ 4« « «l « « 44 <4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 % tt a it ti t( (i (ffi' ifQl. tITERARV INTELLIGENCER. 16^ " reign of this city, and thus made £ provifion of me-, " rit. He filled her ark with charity and good works; •( and his whole intention was directed in the prefence <• of God. God is he who infpircs good thoughts, and •< who communicated to him his light, that it might <« ue communicated to thofe who (hould come after him ; <• and for the daty when riches and anceftors will us a- •* vail nothing, and when nought will remain to us, but " that which God in his mercy (hall have giv^n i:s, " The plan of this hofpital was drawn in the ten' « days in the middle of the month Moharram, in the *' year 777, and finifhed in the ten days in the middle " of the month Zaguet, in the year 778. May God " preferve the pious work of the founders, and never " leave without recompenfe, the meritorious labours ** of thefe illuftrious princes. God be with Mahomet " and his adherents for ever !" 'ic*?;^ Europe owes great obligations to the magiftrates of Granada, who fome years ago caufed all thefe infcrip* tions to be carefully copied, and lodged in the archives of that city, together with accurate tranflations of the whole, there to be preferved, after the Works them* felves on which they were infcribed, ihall be crumbled in the duft. -^^.^. The following infcription, yet more fimple, and in a ilill better tafte, was placed over the principal gate of the palace, which was employed, as was ufual in eaft- ern nations, as a tribunal of juftice. . ^ ..^ ** This gate, called the gate of the judgment, of tri- " bunal, (nay God caufe it to promote the happinefs " of the Moorifh people, and perpetuate it to the end of " nations), was built by our lord the Emperor and King of the Moors, Joleph Abulhaggeg, fon of the juft and warlike Abigualid, fon of Nizar; God give a happy end to his works for the good of the Muff- ulman nation, and profper the edifice built for its de- " fence. It was finifhed in the month of Maulen Alm- nadam, in the year feven hundred and forty-niner it (( ti (t *( Vol. I. Dd «« 210 THE BKE, OR Feb. 9, God render it lading on its foundation, and perpetu*. ate in the memoiy of men, the epocha of its com- pletion." Upe would believe that the French nation had bor- rowed the idea of the language they wiih to adopt, with refped to their prince* from this, infcription. But un. fortunately, we do not find in modem times, the pitty of the ancient people. Inftead of paintings, which are prohibited by the Co. ran, the principal aparto^ents of the Moorifh princes were adorned widi infcriptions alluiive to the circum- ilances andiituation of the place.-— The foUowinginfcrip. tion formed one of the ornaments of an open court, fur- rounded with galleries, that led to different apartments of the palace. * *' Let God be extolled ; he has given to the nation a •*" governor, who has brought it to tbe,higheft de. <* gree of glory and renown., Oh! from how many, *' and from what herefies has he delivered Che people ! He has affe^ionately condud:ed them to their inhe- ritances ; but they who have (hut their eyes againft his light, have been reduced to ilavery, and made ufeful to the welfare of his kingdom. With his fword and invincible courage has he reduced nations to obedi- ence, and conquered provinces. Thou, Nazar, haft achieved heroic deeds, before unheard of. Thou didft enter and conquer twenty renowned cities ; thou didft return crowned with vi^ory and immenfe rich- es, with which thou haft rewarded thy brethren and people. If they know how to dired their prayers, when their foul becomes elevated, they will aflc of the great, the fublime, and the only God, length o£ days for thee, and for thy ftates duration and prof- perity. O Na2;ar, although born in the midft of great- nefs, thou ihineft by thine own luftre, Hke the flars of heaven : Thou art our fortrefs^ our fupport, and our arm of vengeance : Thou guideil us like a fiambeauy which difTipates darknei^ from before us. The flars «< «( It c< «c CI j'' ^0 the Editor of the Bee. Sir, :**'* I FORMELY told you that I was not an original genius ; and of confequcnce my thoughts mud chiefly arife from occurrences that happen under my own obfervation, * The palTage is, " Proted it with your five fingers and your band, ailtiding to certain ttnets not underftood by us. ''^ ^ Ddi 9ift ^'Vt^-^h-f Hv THE BBE, OR i*r— I Fpb. -:{, which jT>u iQaj infer t or fupr^fsi according as you think them acceptable to^ the^ public or not. :, » The following fpeculatic(n[ was fuggefted by An event, which^ though diftant in time, afTe^s me^ (lill with a fenfation, rather to be felt than defcribed. • , . As I wav walking with ^a young lady froni the New TowQ; to ^jeith, I law h monfter who condufije^ a cart heavily laden, of which, the horfe, -refled with his burden, had fallen. The unfeeling wretch, with, inapla- cable fury, la(hed the proftrate creature, or alternately ftru9k, him with the handle of his whip, till pur fouls were agoniited with the profpeft. ♦* Oh heaven !" cried the lady, whofe frame flauddered in every nerve with hprror and compaflion, ** why dp^you torment the pQorcreatjLire in fuch a manner?" The fellow, who to infenfi bill ty of heart added depravity of mind, gave her fuch an anfwer as would be too brutal to repeat. JHe continued h;s diabolical operation on the poor ani- mal, who at laft, after much ftruggle, and many a vain effort, raifed his heavy burden, and recovered his feet, :}.To me, unlefs I had feen it, it would hardly have been conceivable that one living being fliould be thus capable of tormenting another. I could not have ima- gined that education and habit could have fuch dread- ful effects 'upon a rational being. Predatory animali indeed, with mfatiable voracity devour the victims which they purfue ; but they are llimulated by the rage of hunger^ and probably imconfcious of the pain they give : even boys do not tornient flies, reptiles, infefts, and birds, from a wanton propenfity of giving p.nguilh} they are only amufed by the ftrange contorlions and un- common attitudes into which the creature is thrown by what it fuiFers ; yet this cruel cuftom loudly demands fevere animadverfion from parents and tutors ; but for a man endued with a rational foul, thus to harden hi^ heart againll the (harp compunftions of nature, is ir^ my view a degree of wickednefs that is fcarce concclv- ?hle. - .M ■-.•rt 'tmi^^'^M^ ' » I79I. V . LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 213 lam not even convinced that thofe philofophers are not deferving blame, who, for the fake of experiments, put poor animals to excefUve and agonizing pain ; im « portant indeed fhould the objeds aimed at be, which ihould authorife fuch cruelties : and are the objects of refearch for which fuch experiments are made always of great importance ? Or, can the fads wanted be af- certaincd in no other way ? It is furely on thefe condi- tions alone they (hould be tolerated. We are told by an ancient oriental fage, ** that the merciful man will be merciful to his bealt j but the tender mercies of the wicked are cruelty." 1 am no Pythagorean ; yet my foul abhors the gratuitous and wanton cruelty, daily pradifed upon animals. If neceffity (hould extort from us the otherwife unna- tural meafure of hurting or even of killing them, let it lie done with a gentle hand, and a compaflionate heart. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day. Had be thy reafon, would he Ikip and play ? Pleas'd to the laft, he crops the flow'ry tood, And licks the hand juft rais'd to flicd hi-s blood. Humanity is one of the mod pleafing and important feelings of our nature. It enters into all our condud ; it is the mother and guardian of the virtues, which without it would degenerate into felfiih habits or mer- cenary collufions. iis^r* Next therefore to piety towards heaven, let us cul- tivate thefe precious fentiments ; lee us beware of be- coming fpedators in fcenes of cruelty, left by repeated and horrid fpedacles of this kind, we lofe the fympa- thetic feufe which vibrates at the pain of another. When the natural horror of recent blood, even flied by animals, is leffened or extinguiftied in us, we foon transfer the fame callous difpofition to fufFerers in our pwn fpecies ; and when any advantage- of their petfons, j:prtunes, or reputations may be taken with impunity. 214 * THE BEE, OH Feb. 9^ which either gratifies our/- avarice, our tafte for iUegi- •tixnate pleafure, our ambition, or our revenge, we im- prove with avidity tha infernal occaiion, till at laft we fall the yI6lims of our own infatuation, and fuffer the miferies which we have infli^e^d. Domitian and Cali- gula did not arrive at the height of their atrocity a}! at once* ** Is thy fervant, a dog, fa id Hazael, to the prophet tb^ he ihould do tliefe things." But I fear I have dwelt (oo long on a fubjefl, though in itfelf intereiling, and ihall therefore conclude with fub- j[cribing myfelf, Your moft humble fervant, Ai>AM £ard-Apple. On Imprifonment, - Of all the evils to which mankind are fubje£ked in their perigrinations in this world, perhaps thofe which re- fult from imprifonment are the mod deplorable. Bo- dily pain, when it becomes exceffive, muft foon be ter- minated by death. Sicknefs, while it weakens the hu- man frame, deadens the fenfes, and mitigates that dif- fi'^efs to the fiifFerer, which affli£ls thofe who behold it. In the fame manner, almoft every other evil brings with it a natural remedy, which tends to alleviate dif- trefs. The very fympathy that nature irrefiftibly ex- torts from every perfon who beholds another in diftrel's, affords a healing balm that tends to adminifler comfort to the afHided. But from the folitary prifoner, every kind of thing that could adminiiler comfort is withdrawn. Confined in a dungeon, out of the fight of every per- fon, he becomes dead to fociety, while ftill alive to the «ngui(h of life. He is forgot by the perfon who con- fined him ; and in confequence of tLat forgetfulnefs, i* fuffered to fpend whole years perhaps in agonizing dif- trefs, which tne perfoa who fhut him up could not have tolerated, could he but fee it for one hour, h is with jnftice theu that all nations have exalted their in their ich re- 5. Bo- be ter- the hu- lat dif- ihold it. 1 brings ate dif- bly ex- diftrel's, comfort I79r.,| • LITERARI INTELI^GEICCER. ti$ voices in the prefent day, and with an unanimity that never was feen before, demand a total abolition of the power of arbitrary imprifonment by any human being. And though it may happen that laws for this purpoTt: will not be ena£ted in every ilate at the prefent t*me ^ yet the examples that have been given in a neighbour-' ing country, of the danger of making a wanton ufe olf this power, will ferve to overawe thofe monarchs who may flill claim a right to exercife it, from daring to exercife that right in the manner it has hitherto been exercifed. BlefTed be the fpirit which hath aboliihed fuch an intolerable evil ! Every man, when he reflects ferioufly on this fubjcdl, mull be fenfible of the evils that accrue from this fource ; but it is not at all times that man is difpofed to refie^ ferioufly on any fubje£t, nor is it at all times that he can form a lively image of what he has never had an op- portunity of obferving* He is therefore under obliga- tions to thofe who take the trouble off his hands. The following pi£lure, drawn by the mafterly pencil of Sterne, when he^^is difpofed to turn his thoughts on this fubje£t, will have its effe6jt. i ^he Captive, " The bird in his cage purfued me into my room ; I fat down clofe by my table, an,d, leaning my head upon my hand, I began to figure to myfelf the miferies of con- finement 'y I was in a right frame for it ; and fo I gave full fcope to my imaginations. ** I was going to begin with the millions of my fel- low creatures born to no inheritance but flavery ; but finding, however afFefting the pidure was, that 1 could not bring it near me, and that the multitude of the fad group in it did but diflradl me, ** I took a fingle captive ; and having firfl fliut him up in a dungeon, I then looked through the twilight of his grated door, to take his pidure, ** I beheld his body half wafted away with long ex- pectation and confinement, and felt what kind of Tick- H^n^BwaawiMaiiliinpa ai6 THE BEE, OR ' Feb. 9j nefs of the heart it was which arifes from hope defer- red. Upon looking nearer, I faw him pale and feverifli. Id thirty years, the weftem breeze had not once fanned his blood. He had feen no fun, no moon in all that time ; nor had the voice of friend or kinfman breathed through his lattice, his children " But here my heart began to bleed ; and I was forced to go on with another part of my portrait. ** He was fitting upon the ground upon a little ft raw, in the fartheft corner of his dungeon, which was alter- nately his chair and bed. A little calendar of fmall flicks were laid at the head, notched all over with the difmal days and nights he had paffed there. He liad one of thefe little fticks in his hand ; and with a rufty nail, hd was etching another day of mifery to add to the heap. As I darkened the little ligiit he had, he lifted up a hopelefs eye towards the door ; then caft it down; fhook his head, and went on with his work of affliction. I heard his chains upon his h^gs, as he turn. ed his body to lay his little ftick upon the bundle. He gave a deep figh. I faw the iron enter into his foul. I burft into tears. I could not fuftain the picture of confinement which my fancy had drawn." Think not however that this is a mere fancy pidVure, which has no reality in exiftence. Could the horrid walls of all thofe gloomy manfions, allotted for the con> finement of human beings in every part of the world, be now cafl do\A;n, and the miferable objects they con- tain be laid open to the view, what human being could bear to look at it ? The heart of the moft favage tyrant would be melted at the fight ; and the millions of mi- ferable beings who are there, now, at this very mo- ment, dying in the agonies of mifery, and thofe who figh at the diftant profpeft of that only termination of their wretchedaefs, would freeze up his foul with horror. Yet the man who could not bear the fight for one mo- ment, can, without one painful effort, order hundreds from his fight to be ihut up in thefe dreary manfions 179t« ; LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. at J for ever ; and the next moment, forgetting them en- tirely, indulge himfelfin every excefs of fenfual grati- HcHtion. And doft thou not, my gentle reader, whoever thou art, in fome meafure paiticipate in his guilt, if thou never fpendeft a thought on the miferies of thofe who arefhut up from their families and friends in the man- lions of furrow, provided in every town for the punilh- ment of the guilty. Would to God I could fay of the guilty alone ! But t muft add, for the deftruftion o£ the unfoftunace. The beneficent Howard acquired that enthuiiafm of philanthropy for which he was fo remark- ably dillingui(hed, merely by vifiting thefe unfortunate manfions. Nor could any one whofe foUl was not grown callous in iniquity, have done as he did, with- out having felt a fenfation of the i'ame kind that ani^ mated him. It is merely becaufe the miferable objedls are not feen, that they are not attended to ; and it is becaufe they are not attended to alone, that fome me-* ihod is not adopted for freeing them from the intoler- able diltrelTes under which they groan j and that a praftice is tolerated in Europe which is the opprobrium of thofe who call themfelves a civflized people* But I have dwelt perhaps too long on this melan^* choly fubjed. I therefore relinquifh it for the prcfent. that it were in my power to fuggeft a means of alle- viating this evil J for to prevent it entirely, I fear, is im- poffible ! That the evil may be diminilhed, is certainly in our power; an attempt to do it deferves to be re- ceived with favour. In the hope that it will be fo by my readers in general, I ftiall perhaps venture on an early occafion to fugged fome hints calculated for that purpofe. A. ' ■ . Vol. L..- ,., ' + ''" .' Ee .' : ' li':' > ^Jr:,"' y^^t?■* . ';.'• .'l.'j. ' i X,'^ ai8 '\if TH£ BEE, OR •V; •- » Feb. 9, Anecdote of Mr» de Salloy thefirfi Inventor of Periodic cal Performances, In the year 1962, when P&ris was affli£led with a long and fevere famine, M. de Sallo, returning from a fum- mer's evening walk, with only a little foot-hoy, was accofted by a man, who presented his piilol, and in a manner far from the refolutenefs of a hardened robber, aiked him for his money. M. de Sallo obferving that he came to the wrong man, and that he could get lit- tle from him, added, ** I have only three pifloles about me, which are not worth a fcufHle ; fo, much good may you do with them \ but, let me tell you, you are in a bad way." ' \ The man took them, and, without aiking him for more, walked off with an air of dejection and terror. The fellow was no fooner gone, than M. de Sallo ordered the boy to follow him, to fee where he went, and to give him an account of every thing. The lad obeyed ; followed him through feveral obfcure fireets, and at length faw him enter a baker's fhop, where he obferved him change one of the piiloles, and buy a large brown loaf. With this purchafe, he went a few doors farther, and entering an alley, afcended a pair of flairs. The boy crept up after him to the fourth ftory, where he faw him go into a room, that had no light but that it received from the moon -y and peeping through a crevice, he perceived him throw it on the floor, and burft into tears, faying, '* There, eat your fill ; that's the deareft loaf I ever bought ; I have robbed a gentle- ^ man of three piftoles ; let us hufband them well, and let me have no more teazings ; for foon or late thefe doings mud bring me to the gallows \ and all to fatisfy your clamours." His lamentations were anfwered by thofe of the whole family ; and his wife having at length cdlmed the agony of his mind, took up the loaf, 1791* LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 21^ and, cutting it, gave four pieces to four poor flarving children. ,. . , . The boy having thus happily performed his com- miiHon, returned home, and gave his mafter an account of every thing he had feen and heard. M. de Sallo, who was much moved, ordered the boy to call him ,at live in the morning. This humane gentleman arofe at the time appointed, and taking the boy with him to ihew him the way, enquired in the neighbourhood the charafter of a man who lived in fuch a garret, with a wife and four children ; when he was told that he was a very induilrious good kind of man ; that he was a Ihoe-maker, and a neat workman, but was overburth- ened with a family, and had a hard flruggle to live in fuch bad times. Satisfied with this accQunt, M. de Sallo afcended to the ihoe-maker*s garret ; and, knocking at the door, it was opened by the poor man himfelf, who, knowing him at iirft fight to be the perfon he had robbed the evening before, fell at his (eet, and implored his mercy, pleading the extreme diflrefs of his family, and begg- ing that he would forgive his firft crime. M. de Sallo defired him totnake no noife ; for he had no intention to hurt him. ** You have a good charaAer among your neighbours, faid he, but mull expert that your life will foon be cut fhort, if you are now fo wicked as to continue the freedom you took with me. Hold your hand ; here are thirty piftoles to buy leather ; " hufband it well, and fet your children a commend- able example. To put you out of farther tempta- tions to commit fuch ruinous and fatal actions, I will encourage your induflry ; I hear you are a neat workman, and you fhall take meafure of me, and of this boy, for two pair of fhoes each, and he fhall call upon you for them." The whole family ap- peared ftruck with joy, amazement, and gratitude. M. de Sallo departed, greatly moved, and with a mind filled with fatisfadion, at having laved a man, and per- E e 2 (( i( i( (( (( <( (( i( . I 229 THE BEE, OR ^ t Feb. 9» " haps a family, from the commiflion of guilt, from an ** ignominious death, and perhaps from eternal perdi- •♦ tion." Never was a day better begun ; the cenfcicuf- nefs of having performed fuch an a£tion, whenever it re- curs to the mind of a reafonable being, mud be attended with pleafure, and that felf-complacency and fecret ap- probation, which is mor^ defirable than geld, and all the pleafures of the earth. ^saz Sia, To the Editor of the Bee, Whether, as a young obferver in that diflertation af. ferts, the mole, by a fenfe of inftinft, purfues any particular worm through the earth, or not, I will not here attempt to prove, as the talk appears to me too difficult ; though, from what is there faid, it might at firft fight appear to be fo, from the mole difappearing, and retiring as difappointed. But not one word is faid, whether the mole was near the furface of the earth, at, or near the place where the worm rofe. That the worm rofe to efcape its purfuer, or in other words, its enemy, whatever means were ufed to follow it, whether that particular worm was purfued or not, is certain ; as I think I can eafily demonftrate from the following fimple faft, which will alfo folve a young ob^ ferver's difficulty of comprehending by what means the worm is made fenfible of its danger. Being, when a boy, very partial to the amufement of angling, and frequently at a lofs for want of worms, I was often reduced to the neceffity of digging them up. Once, when employed in this toilfome bufinefs, as to me it was, I was accofled by an old mole-catcher, nearly as follows ; and fince that, by following his in- Itrudtion, I have obtained as many worms in one hour as I could before in a whole day. Take a pretty thick long flick, a dung fork, or a fp^de, ipfert it i^ a ilanting direction into the earth, in 1791' LITERARY INTELLTCENCKR. 221 a garden bed that has not htcly been moved, or any other piece of ground wlierc the giafs is not thick, as otherwifc the cfFeCl will not be fo well Icen, and- begin with a gentle agitation, gradually increafing the force applied. At firft the neighbouring worms will rife, and endeavour to efcape with furprifing agility ; and Es the agitation is increafed, not only the bright red worms, but every worm large and fmall, will be * in immediate motion upwards, as far as its influence extends, and require a very quick hand to tuke them. By this I think I have folved the dilliculty of a young obferver ; and though I have communicated to you a fail, which I hertoforc thought of no confequence ; yet, if you think tjie communication of it in any (hape will add one particle of honey to your combs, it will be extremely fatisfa^tory to , -, -? . 4, j .f, .(' '♦ V .r. ■A Ob/ervations on the Poem intitled Flowers of the Foreji^ I HAVE felt peculiar emotions on hearing the fong fang or played. The pleafure may in part anfe from the pa- thos of the air itfelf : but it is heightened by an afibci- ^tion with thofe afFeding circumftances which occur in the poem. Indeed, muiic has moll efFeft, when hap- pily combined with poetry. „ . . There is a fatisfa£tion in dwelling on pall fcenes, to which few refleding minds are ihangers. When ad- vanced to manhood, with what pleafure do we think of the occurrences of early life ? Many Are fo much affedl^ ed with this retrofped, that they would wi(h, it pof* fible, to recall thofe happy days ; and for the time con- iider the enjoyment of inaphood as not to be compare^ with thofe of infancy. Tiiere is here a fallacy in our reafoning : We view only the beauties of the pid:ure j — . its defeds are unnoticed. The pleafurable Icenes of ear- ly life are remembered with delight ; Its troubles arq aia THE BEE, OR Feb. 9, forgot ; or if remembered, no longer give uneafincfs, but pleafure, from having called forth exertion. Analagous to the fatisfa£lion with which we contem- plate, the fcenes of youth is the pleafure we have, in reading the hiilorj of our forefathers ; and in contraft. ing the fimplicity of their times, with the mc:e poliih- ed manners of our own. Here too, the mind is often, and by a fecret charm, captivated with the defcription ; and forms the romantic wifh of hnving lived in their times, and having witnefTed the fcenes in which they were engaged. The fatisfadlion we feel on thefe ocea- fions*, is of the melancholy kind. To ufe a favourite expreflion of a bavd of our own country, on the fame fubjed, " The . tale of other times is, as the joy of grief, pleafunt and mournful to th« foul." In mofl nations we difcover a reli(h for this melan- choly pleafure, in their ftrong attachment to their early writers, particularly to the produdions of their poets. And the llrength of this attachment fometimes leads us to afcribe to thofe early produ6lions, an excellence above their merits. Now, though I confefs myfelf an enthu- fiaftic admirer of the early produdions of our own coun- try, both in mufic and poetry ; yet I hope I fhall fo far guard againft prejudice, as to illuftrate its beauties, without incurring the charge of being too lavifh in its praife. r ' ...... • We may fuppofe it to have been compofed in winter, after the poet had witneffed' the fcenes alluded to, of cutting down the grain, and having it brought into the barn yard. Winter was well fitted to fuggeft the me- lancholy ideas to nie poet. The flowers of the field faded, the leaves of the trees fallen, the iky overcaft with clouds, could not fail of making an impreflion on his mind. — But he had then acaufe of grief which more deeply affefted him. The flowers now faded, would a- gain bloflbm ; — the trees now naked, would again be clothed with foliage ; — the fun, whofe rays were now obfcured, would again fhine forth in his glory, and by i79t* literarV intellioekcer. aaj his genial heat reflore life and beauty to the face of na- ture. But the flowers to which the poet's thoughts were turned, were never again to bloffom. They were cut off for ever. The place which once knew themy ihould know them nu more. The palTion, therefore, which we mud fuppofe pre- vailing in the poet'i mind, and which he defcribes in the poem, is grief : Grief of a peculiarly aggravated kind ; and which we, who live in happier times, can- not eaiily conceive. The forrow was general in the country. Many a mother then bewailed her fon : many a iiiier her brother : many a widow her hufband : many a maid her lover. No family but had caufe to weep at the mention of Flodden Field. It is the nature of this pafTion to dwell on thofe cir- cumilances which nourilh it ; and to aggravate the mifery of the prefent, by contrafting it with the joys of the pai^. This is exemplified in the poem now be- fore us. The great caufe of the grief, the death of the young warriors, is repeated in almoft every flanza : and all the circumftances introduced, have a tendency to heighten the forrow. There feems, indeed, great art in the fele£lion of thefe circumftances. The poet did not mean to paint the eflfjcls of grief upon the whole body of the people. This could not have been fuccefsfuUy attempted in a (hort poem. He therefore confined himfelf to ps^int its effeds on thofe whofe fituation, he well knew, would in general be mod interefting, namely, the virgins. Nor does he defcribe all the various ways in which they might be affedled by this difaftrous event ; he confiders it only in one point of view, and that too, the mod interefting, as it afFe£ted them with regard to lovCi when Ilk ane fits dreary, Lamenting her deary. Thus, we may obferve an unity of defign kept up throughout the poem. All the circumftances introduc- ,,;•(...'• I. j><-7 n 224' •• THE BEE, OR ! Feb. 9, ed, relate to the young virgins ; and relate to them in lefpeft of love. There are tbree circumftances laid hold of by the poet, all expreirive of the greatnefs of their grief; their fighing^ tht'iY Jilencc as to words, and their love of foU^ tude. Inrtanccs of thefe, we ih.iU have occalion to re- mark, in particularly examining the poem. When the firft anguilh of grief is abated, wc may have fatisfaftion in i\\Qfociety of oitr friends, and may have a pleafure in unbofoming our thoughts to them, and in liftening to the confolfttions they fuggelt. But the grief which the bard defcribes, was yet unabated. It refufed to be comforted. It could not be expreffed by wonh ; but by lighs and tears. It had no pleafure in thefocieij even of friends; but fought in folitude freedom of indulg- ence. / The bard too heightens this defcription of their for- row, by contrafting it with their former fcenes of mer- riment. This he has done in four inftances ; which we proceed now to examine. 1. y - I've hear'd a lilting * At the, &.C. In this and the following ft-anza, the poet gives U3 the I ft inftance, in defcribing the milking of the ewes. He begins by mentioning the cheerful fcene which he iifed to witnefs in the iiiorning. Joy was in every virgin's face, as ftie went forth to her work. They ma- nife/led the gaiety of their hearts, by joining in the fong ; and every obferver partook of their joy. — But now ♦ LlU'ti^^ and tfiilnh?^ are not allowable rhymes according to niodern. nilts. ConlidLfaitle latitude is indeed given to the rhyming vowels, a« grove, lom.OjJoinJy kinJ^ &c. &c. which frequently occur in our beft poctii. But the rhyming confonant mufl be invariably the f;uur. There is a more {biking vi«>lation of this rule in the lall ^■^ir/.'n, forefl,fcrtmoj}, ivac, and aiuayy are alio improper rhymes, the rhyming fyllables being in fitOt the fame in I'ouiid. We find, hovvever, among the old poets, Icfs nicety in thefe ref[)e*Sls. By the way, do not thcle aiford fomc ptcfumption iu favours of tiie poem's antiquity i 1791*^ ' ULERAkY imELtlGtTitCttL. - ^ 225 how different was the cafe. Nothing now ftruck the ear, but the voice of mourning : and what met the eye was the weeping virgins. They were not, as formerly, cheerfully ailbciatinc together i but wandering by them- felves in a very retired path, to give vent to their for- row. There is a beauty ana pathos in this contraft, that cannot fail of touching the heart. That love was the great caufe of this forrow, though it be not ex- prefsly mentioned in this ilanza, is abundantly Evident from what is faid in the next. n '■.•••-■■.- ■■;.- ■ At buchts in the morning, , :• ^^ '■''-''" Naeblyth, &c. " .;,^ " ' ' The fame contraft is carried on in this ftanjiai The firft defcribed their going to the buchts ; this ivhjtt id done at their arrival there. The lafles are faid to be lonely^ not only in reljpeft of their fallen lovers ; but ia refped of each other. They have no reliih for fociety ; they feek for folitude. Even when engaged together in the fattie employment of milking the ewes, not a word is exchanged ; nothing ^heard biit fighing and fobbing. They feem delirous to retire as foon as poflible ; and they go alvay, not in a company, but one by one. ** ///$ *' ane lifts her leglin^'' At e'en in thef gloming, ; - 1. Nae fwankies, &d. , Inthisftanza, we have another inftance of their grief ; their not partaking of any of their amufements. Here too tlie contraft is prefervcd, and the imagery introdilc-* ed fimpl^ aud beautiful. We are pleafed to fee inno- cent amufement" going on after the labours of the day. Even the diverfions of children conllitute a gay and pleafant fcene. It becomes more interefting, when we iuppofe the perfons engaged, fo far advanced, as that love can bear a part. But how much more interefting Vox. I. • '• -f '"•■■■ ••■ — ■ .-" -■- F f ■-'-' •- ' • 226 THE BEE, OR Feb! ft" is the fcene contrafted with it. The lovely virgins now forgo all their amufcments. They are retired, each by herfelf : They weep in fecret their fallen lovers; and refufe all comfort. What heart not deftitute of feeling, but muft fympathize with them, and join the poet in lamenting the untimely fate of the Flowers of the Fo^ rej}. This metaphor ufed toexprefs the youth, is a hap- py one. In fhofe times, we may eafily fuppofe, gar- dening was not carried to any degree of perfedlion. In the fields and the woods only, they beheld the beauties of nature's fpontaneous productions. And what could be a fitter emblem of the youth who had lately fallen, than thofe wild flowers, which at heft were but for a feafon ; and which were often cut off prematurely, from various incidents. This metaphor fuggefts the age of thofe who had fallen. They were in the bloom of youth, in the prime of life.^ It fuggefts alfo their beauty. They were fair and lovely flowers. They were lovely in the eyes of the virgins. They appeared ftill more lovely at tfi?ir death. — ^They had fallen in a glorious caufe, fighting for their king and country. We find in fcripture a beautiful alluficn, very fimilar to this : ** Man that is born of a woman, is of few days, and " full of trouble. He cometh forth as a flower, and is " cut down." IV. ; In har'ft at the fliearing, Nae blyth, &c. In this (lanza, we have another inftance of the change that had taken place, fince the fatal battle. As tlie poet had mentioned Jlach in the former ftanza, 1u;j thoughts were naturally turned to the cutting down of the grain in the harvell ; which ufed to be a time of great mirth and feftivity. But now the women only were engaged in this work, no youths to aflift them. There is fomething very affet^ling in the circumftance of the binders. They are all old men — the fathers, / 1791- i LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 227 we may fuppofe, of thofe who ihould have been engag- ed in this work. They were top much overcome with grief thepifelves, . to adminifter comfort to the weeping maidens. The grief of both too was embittered on this occafion, by the recoUe^iQn af xh^ fprm^f: merry Icenes, at that fealon. * '^ ' ■ ' T ' In the latter part of this flanza, the poet mentions another iuftance, in which the change was remarl^able. There were now no love ploys, as formerly at the fairs and preachings. Love had for a feafon taken wing ; and given place to forrow and defpair.-^Here^ I confefs, I could have wifhed a change ; that preachings had either not been attended to, or attended to in a different manner *. We commend the young men for Ihewing all attention to the maidens at the fairs ; and improving fuch feafpns of leifure for cherifhing a virtuous affec- tion. But when attending the public ordinances of re- ligion in the church or in the fields, they ought to have fomething higher in view, than what relates merely to themfelves. Poetry fhould ever be employed in the fervice of religion and virtue ; and keep at a diilance from the appearance of licentioufnefs. - - •J^.- ■ 'r i O dule for the order, \% ¥i' / h .. bent our, &c. . «• • ■ .. ■'- . . .. .Jl 1 i' After having thus beautifully defcribed the effeds of grief upon the virgins, the poet in this flanza natu- rally gives vent to his own : vainly exclaiming againft the unhappy mandate, which had proved the caufe of fuch misfortunes. He difcovers here a partiality to his countrymen, which is at leafl pardonable. He al- In? to; tr.' :.{ J'C! JLfK^i^ t^ * The remarks above, may fliew that the author is not fo partial as to find no fault with the poem. It is ihe more neceffary, becaufe the abufc, there clluded to, is at this day common in fome parts of Scot- land. Tent preachings are often confidered as a ploy of the fame kind with the fairs. When they refort to them with fuch views, we may eafily fuppofe little attention will be given to the worihip of God, or to the inflru*5tions delivered by the preachers. Til M aiS THE BEfi, OR F^b. 9, lowd the Englifh had gained the day ; btit would infi- nu^te that it was not their ufual cuftom; for anes, fajrs he, thejr got the day. Nor will he ^Uow them the glory ot a fair viftory^ : hy guile^ i^fs h«, they got the day. From the yotith being all cut oiF, he draws an argument in favour of their bravery. It was no wonder then that they (hould have been cutoff, for they were always the foremoft in battle. They never feared their enemies, but ruflied on boldly to death or viftory. * Thus hath he raifed a trophy to their memory, which hath yet efcaped the devaftations of time, and which we hope fhall yet be long preferved by the fair djiughters of Caledonia. And while they tune theii harps and their voices, to raife this mournful fong, they fhall fometlmes drop a te^r for the brave youths, who fell in Flodden field ; and for the difconfolate vir- gins, wiho were left lonely in the halls, tp bewail the untimely fate of their lovers^ ■ f ... . . •,'"^ ''''.■ 1 1 ' ■ ' , ■ ' ■ 11 I .1 ^ Copy of a Letter from an Englijh Slave-driver at Al^ giers to his Friend in England* By the blefiing of God,I have now got into a' very good birth. I have the command of twenty flaves, fome Spanifh, fome Engliih, and fome Americans. I get my victuals, and equal to one fhilling a day befides, and all for driving the flaves to the field, and keeping them to their woik when they are there. To be fure it went hard with me at firll to whip my country-folks ; but cuflom, as the faying is, is fecond nature. So I whip them now without minding it, jufl for all the world as if they were a parcel of horfes ; only when they pommit a fs^ult, I make them whip one another, which you know horf«s cannot do. I hope, Tom, thst neither you nor any of my friends will think the worfe of me for being as I am in my prefent birth. People may Jf^y this or that of the infidel sj but fure apJ J they V / 179^' LXTERART IlfTEIXIGEKCER. ./., , 210 do not deferve to be extirpated any more than the £ng- lifli themfelves. For one white (lave that we have heret the Engliih haVe ten Slack ones in the Weft Indies, and they ufe their flaves much more cruelly than we do ours. And what though we fometimes make the Engliih iailors (laves } they are much better here than at home, for they are nothing at the beft but flaves. You know* Tom, how both you and your brother Jonathan were knocked down and prefTed before you could hand a rope ; and how, being crammed into the hold, your brother died '. of the bad air ; but you being Wronger, was faved, . by the blefling of Grod. You know how you have Aiewn me the marks of the flogging which the captain ordered you, and ail for falling from the main yard, and killing his whore*s lap dog, though fure I am he might have had pity on your broken collar bone. And befides, we do not make the flaves fight for their mailers, and they never come by any wounds, as the Engliflimen who are prefl*ed for failors do. We only make them work as they would be obliged to do^ or ftarve, at home. Their viduals are of the beft ; and for fruit, the beft Englifli lord in the land might wifti to get what they throw away ; fo that our dealings are mercy, compared with your treatment of the poor nigers, which both you and I have feen at Kingfton, and which you will remember, by this fame token, that when we got a^ board again, we wiflied they would rife and cut all the white men's throats. So you muft take care of taking up wrong notions to my difadvantage ; for we juft do here to the whites what the whites do to the blacks ia the Weft Indic$'j only we ufe them more meriWy, J taxkf 6cc«^ ^. Algiers, 3d February 1 790i ''■■■: >-. M^t ^3^••r^f-'R'it%^■•^»eV i T fi .s. .1 . J « «t 830 v;' tH£ BES| OR F^. 9> irn ■'0> -siS t'^/ l..n. . 'Mj CWi •? njf Petitiofi-yrom the Ladiei ofM'dinburgh to DoClor UzBM Doiabr, let it not tranfpir©* - How frtuch ^OUF le^ures we admire ; . How at your eloquenbe we wonder, When jroil explain the caiife of thunder, Of Kghtnfing; atid of eleft ricit j, ; . < , . With fo much plainnefs and fimplicitj : The origin 6f rocks and mountains. Of feas and rivers^ ]akes and fountains^ ; Of rain and hail^ and froft and fnow, \..iii.iii, ■Jir--'s-r And all the wiads^ and ftorms that blow : Hr ' Beiides an hiindred wonders more, , Of which we never heard before. But now, dear Dodor, not to flatter, There is amO^ important matter; . A matter v/hich you never touch on, A chatter which our thoughts run much on ^ A liibjeftv if we right conjc£lure, 'Which well deferves a long long le£lure, jiol Mlfti^i Which aU the ladies would approve^ ri} i viM^/fi wiiii The natural hiftory of love. :f *?7^ '''^YWQt'^ihh ' Oh lift' toour united voice, . ^ ^ ?^ -» ii^\ Deny us not, dear Do£lor Moyes ; ^^^li^d ,-» *3!:?>i- Tel! us, why our poor tender hearts ^uf 'rsi^^^-jkuoi' So willingly admit love's darts : . ^%t%- ^awf' Teach us the marks of love's beginningj j^-j ji^fj;^;^^^^ /^ What-ij it makes a beau'fo winning ^ iri^ .,j|j\^^.^^J;^ Whllrltiiakes us think a coxcomb witty, | |v- A dotard wife, a red coat pretty : Why we believe fuch horrid Kes, That we are angels from the Ikies ; Pur teeth are pearl, oiir cheeks are rofes; Our eyes are ftars j fuch charming nofes I Explain our dreams, waking and lleeping ; Explain our laughing and our weeping ; ■ ■ ■f i -.r f i : To the Bee. Sir Bee, if you are not fplenetic, But malleable to the critic, I'd thefe few lines inculcate under, My fentiments — on yoi^r firft. number; And ftiould I chance in any thing V offend^ retort, Sir — :ufe your iting ; All's fair ; and be affur'd I'll fcorn it. Bee though you are, nay though a hornet— And, primOf as to Doftor Cullen, I'm fure he would look marvellous fuUen, . k 1^. ■ •' • ::)^r:ri£i-,' •. T * u 'J v;'.»l? '4iu\. \\^ /■/. ■,•" »,. Broke he from Nature's bond, to fee Himfelf in fuch a (trange foffee ; '4d^ With not one fingle leading feature „,,:;f^thl& io mark the man from fuch a creature; ttt*tnWj«7i#gWr Which fliews to all, at the firft view, '^'^ "- ^' ^.>itr^-4gi?v No more like him—than I'm like you. 'ff ,'^?^ ff And then, how oddly the deicnpture ,3^t'*!t>v 3^1 Jb'^ni* y ■i TH£B££y OH , Feb, Befits fo hideous a picture ! — * Next, as to your mufe irritant. Her rage is juft ; but then her cant, 'Bout Hecate fell, and fraught her didion With fuch combuftible like fidion ; And Lethe's fumes, that 't would make a flranger^ To read it, think his life in danger ; And ftill the author feems to jump- As in the vacuum of an air pump ; Scores Nature, and thinks of creating A world's of 's own out of a nothing. — Your linnet fings a little better. Though coloured fcarce to common nature.-^ Now, if you deem us poets fools. We think you chemifts ftatefmen's toolsy Nor are our brains fo very addle, But we can turn on you the table : v^> « . Would not two grains of Peter Pindar, / " '.t ' H' Your motely menftruum of wonder, And dull, pedantic, pond'rous metal. Amply precipitate and fettle ? — Though dread you need not fublimation ; But now I've wrote to faturation ; — So farewell to your firft ; I propound Next to addrefs me to your fecond. -.fi - * Th^ mufe your threats being fo annoy M it, jj .^.fj Will juft devour it as you void it. P. S. Print this, and let the great world fee. That you are an impartial Bee*. / i ' V '; ■/,-•' • T. ,A}:!.- • The editor returos tftaftks t6 Mt. T. for the above lines, which, ' though not pofTeffing all the merit he cwuld wifli, have ftill one merit, — Sprightlineftf "which he is forty to fay, is a very rare one among his cor- refpondents. As he has not one grain bf that quality in his own com- pofition, he wilhes very much to find it among his corrcfpondents, and will pay a particular attention to thofe compofitions, cither in prefe or verfe, where it is difcoverable, when nutural, and not affedcd. But though with him, chcerfulnefs, like charity, will cover a multitude of faults, it will not alone be fuflRcient to attone for eve- ry defc(ft. He obfervcs that ClauderQ of facetious memory, in an intro* ■Sf !i'^'T*Jt»d^r^'J(»",^-i^> ' nA\ ( / v..>]. If.;;;; ■ 179^. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. «I3 k 1,' / 1 » t. ;;■*,< 'H f? « Sir Edward, a Storv. The virtue of Louifa was vanquiftied j but her fenfe of vir . tue was not overcome.— Neithar the vows of etertial fideli- ty of Iter feJucer, por the conftant and refpedful attentioA which he paid her during a hurried journey to England, could allay that anguiih which (he fuifered at the recollec- tion of her pad, and the thoughts of her prefent fituation.< Sir Edward felt flrongly the power of her beauty, and of her grief. His heart was not made for that part, which, it is probable, he thought it could have performed ) it was Hill fubjed to remorfe, to compailion, and to love. Thefe emotions, perhaps, he might foon have overcome, had they duAion to feme poems printed by him, defired his readers, if they chanc- ed to find a/oo/ too fliort, to go on a little farther, and they w«uld pro- bably meet with another with a foot too long, which, he hoped, would be confidered as making up for the firft defe^ Perhaps, our hobbling bard reafons after the feme manner. Yet we would advife, when he next intends to beftride hishobby,oft mifnamed Pegafus,he would carry him tothe4mith,andgive the pooranimalafetof new flM}e8,to keep hisfcet found in goingoverthe rugged road which he islikely to encounter;-— and alfo, that he would put a little bard meat in his belly, to give him bottom, before he grafps the whip, and ties on his fpurs ; for it is a painful thing to fee a poor beaft puihed by whip and fpur beyond his natural fpeed, coming, wheezing and limping on ; and we are afraid fome of our tender hearted readers might dillike that kind of fpart ;<— befides, he might have i chance of being diftanced and thrown out; which, according to the rules of the turf, would put it out of his power to ftart again for the fame prize. — But by keeping his feet in good order, aiid his body hearty, he may be enabled to fcamper away with eafe to bimfelf, pleafure to the rider, andfatisfaAiontothefpe&ators. The editor begs alfo to obferve, thatthoughheisnotf(»hardyastO(^if- pute the canon of Pope,—*** one line for fenfe, and one for rhime" for fear of ihe c6nfequences ; as, if he is to judge from their pnuSfcice, he ha>> no doubt but the whole of the rhyming race would be immediately at him^ to defend their facred rights.— Yet as He knows not if it is an article in the magna ebarta of poetafters, that for the fake of rhiihe they have a right to coin new words at pleafure }«»till this privilege be clearly af- certained, he Jlhall objed: to the practice as licentious, and contrary to the fpirit of the laws of ParnalTttit. Indeed> poor profe writers will think it a very nnreafnnable demand, after the conteffion that has juft been made ; for if fenfe be facrificed to found, it muft be a very extraordinary cafe in- deed, where a known Word cannot be found to clink with another. Tha( uur impartiality may not be called in queftion, we have copied the a Voul. t Gg ""^- • .jijiav.^;: XWt BBEr OR *"^f>^ Feb. ^^4 '^^-fk^^.^K-i-.nm mibm>f %9k »^ <»v rev* g. been met by vulgar violence or reproaches ; but the quiet ancf uiiupbraidin^ forrows of Louifa nouriflied thofe feelings of tendernefs and attachment. She never mentioned her wrongs in words ; fometimes a few darting tears would fpeak them $ and when time had given her a little more compofare, her lute difcourfed melancholy muiic. ' On th^ir arrival in England, Sir Edward carried Louifa Vo his feat lYT the country. There ihe was treated with all the obfefvantfe i>f a wife *, and, had (he chofen it, might have coittmandfed moVe^ than the ordinary fplendor of one. But the Wduld not allow the indulgence of Sir Edward, to blattfk^ ^Ith equipage, and Ihew that flate which (he wi(hed to hidii, and, if po(tabie, to forget. Her books and her mufic were her Ohl;^ pleafuYes, if pleafures they could* be called, that ferved' Ihit to alleviate mifery, and to blunt for a while the pangs of coiitritidii* .. ■.ik^..hi^ boVe lincii lro«if ihe authur** manufcript witk allpoffible fidelity, verbatim «r iiteratikt, diat oar risadeTft may b« able to decide Whother he has been culjpabie •£ » licestiouB treipafs on the eflablilhed bwk in this refped or ki6t. Satire ii a woapon,'that if rightly wielded^ the tditor has ever thought may he of the higheft utiUty in the repb^ of letters ; -^but it ita wea- pon that £»w can'hahdls with adroit id^m . .' * * Their want of edg;e from their offence is fctn ^^ ' • ■ S^' " Bodi pain us leaft When exquifitely keen. : * ' If theie rules be adhered to,, he ^iU be better plealbd with the falu. tary lafli, than ^th the nio(b ftudied language of panegyric. — Much good refultafrditt a ju(b and well timed reprimand; — ^but nttle good can ever attend the koguage of compliment, even ^hen there iff fome fouii' dation for it. He begs his young correfp«»ndents to advert to this, and they will reap much benefit from it. If at any time they feel a (mart under the lam of (atire, let them b« aflurcd the latire i» well founded.— And inftead of being enraged at the pedton who wounds them, let them ftudy to avail thenJelves of the light he affords to them, and fo to con- d\x& themfelyes as to diiarmhim in future. Let thenoi not, however, dread the lafh of capUous £itire ; for the editor will put himCelf beiweeii them and danger in (his refped, They may reft fecure in his protedion againft thofe mifchievous^uu that are pointed by malevolence, rather than afpiritofjuftcenfure; for though lie courts foAnd criticifm, he will baoilh from hi^ mifcellany,- with contempt, every hint that fcems to be di<^ted^ by ill-nature or malevolence, v^}; ^^ r; >, '^ t79l' IIT751A«/ IWTSLUOBNCIIt. fljj ' Thefi^ were deephr aggravated by the recoUeSlion of her father ; a fiithdr left in Jus age to feel his own xmifbrtunesy 8od hb daughter's difgracc. Sir Edward was too generous pot to think of peoinding for VendnL He meant to make feme atonement for the injurr he^ had done him, by that cruel boonty which is reparation only to the bafe, but to the koneft is inbilt. He had not, however, an opportunity of accompliijiing his purpofe. He learned that Venoni, foon tfter hb daughter's elopement, removed from his former place of reiidence, and, as his neighbours reported, had died in one of the villages of Siavoy, His daughter £elt thb widi anguiih the moft poignant *,' and her aM6tion for a while refufed confolation. Sir Edward's whole tender* nefs and attention were called forth to mitigate her grief ; and, after its firft tranfports had fubfided, he carried her to London,, in hopes that objeds new to her, and commonly attractive to all, might contribute to remove it. f With a man poflefled of feelings like Sir Edward's, the afBi£tion of Louiia gave a certain refpc£k to his attentions! He hired her a hoiue, feparate from his own, and treated her with all the delicacy of the pureft attachment, fiut-his folicitude to comfort and amufe her was not attended with fuccefs. She felt all the horrors of that guilt, which (he now conlidered not only as the ruin of herfie^, Imt the mur' derer of her father. V .f^-ttftsf'^^* r-but I will not call up recol- ledions that might render me lefs worthy of your future efteem — Continue to love your Edward^ but few hours, and you (hall add the title to the affedlions of a wife \ let the care and tendernefs of a hu(band bring back its peace to your mind, and its bl<>om to your cheek. We will leave for awhile the wonder and ^e envy of the fa(hionable circle here. We will reftore your {ather to his native home 5 un- der that roof I fliall once more be happy without alloy, be- caufe I (hall deferve my happinefs. Agaih (hall the pipe and the dance gladden the valley, and innocence and peace beam on the cottage of Venom., I*! .t Mf>d Jinn ^i-ui; j ; rf- nv hm * % i ^ t$9 ■ .?'-v:w.r THEIM OR -nT-" Fib. 9 ^if aec9unt of the culture of the plant j called by Linnausy ' Oldenlandia UmbelUta, and by the Indians on the *' Coromandel Coajl^ Che \-^the roots of which afford ^ the fine permanent red dye to cotton. — Communicated ^ hy yames Anderfon^ M. D, phyjician to the prefidency "■ at "Madras^ in a Utter to james Anderjon^ L, L, Z). '-'fit Cotfieldnear Leith. Dated Auguji 3, 1788. THfe feeds of Oldenlandia or Che^ are gathered in Januarj, aud fown in July : Uie roots are dug up in march. When the iieeds are frefli gathered^ I ihall fend you enough to at. rive without any rifque of lofin^ their vegetktive power \t grows every where here, a finadl weed ; but it is only by particular culture the roots become poflefled of the beau, tiiful. and permanent red dye, the feeds of which only are preA^rved for crop. • v^t* .^^iHr^t^k vn^'f t^' 'Uni^ t t5^x ,- ' To enable ypu to judge whether our Weft India iflands are capable of its culture or not, I r:iuft give you a iketch of the Coromandel coaft, and the nature ^the foil employed for raiiingChe : Of the climate, you have fomevi^iat in the philofophiral i^ranfa^ions. It appears to me, that the decompofitioa of the mountains, vaihcJ down by the frefhes, have extended a clay foil which encroaches fiome miles on the ancient bed of the fea, fo 9s to form a level plain along the coaft, about two or three (eet higher than the fea's furface. A' «*^ ^: j^ >J^ J** T^is being eftabliihed, there are rivulets at a ie^~ miles oaVy from each other, which Vaih great quantities of fand from the foil of the inland country, til? it reaches the fea, when it is carried off at a right angle by the current, and thrown out by the furf, fo as to form the beach. • Now, the high winds that frequently, blow here, drive this^fand farther backwards \ fa that in ages, the clay foil is in many places covered with pure fand to the height of two or three feet, and here and there, a fand hill thirty or forty feet high. ;. "^- -'•'=' ""'"■■ '■'''-'"■" It is on thofe parts, where the fand is evenly fpread, the CJie is cultivated. The fandy plain is evenly laid out *- in 179I* IITERAftY lUt^fSttiiStVCJLK. 93^ beds like a garden, on which th^ feeds are foWii, aild car6^ fully watered every t^d xliorning- «t fun-rife for the fij-ft month. ;'.'■[. ' " "^/f^ H'- S^r'' ' ■-< ■J-^^'-'^ \' -p^v. ,^... ,;^.r^i^: ,..> . . The value of the root htfre prevents it* being} f*ht to E^i- rope, as well as that the pow^r of the fun's ttys are necer'> fary to obtain the full effefl of the dye > fo that t dyer muft fometimes repeat his procefs 2C0 times before he hhs the right colour. The fboit, which is very (fcndcr and long, when dried, is cut up in bundles about t fpan in girt, and brought thus to market, where it fells according to its quality, at the rate of from ten pagodas, or four pounds Sterling, to feventy pago-< das or tWdhty-eight poiinds Sterling the maund, or quarter, of a bundlrcd weight. . . ,- , . .;, I , r -jT" Tran/lation /rom tht Talinga^ for the cultivation of tbe . , CheorChay*, »... The way'of gathering feeds of Chay root, when the plants are well grown and red-coloured, and after they have flow- ered and produced fruit snd long roots, then it is time to get the feed ^ as^ the feeds are very fmall, and drop down un-^ der the plants, it can only be gathered wita the fand, which mill be kept as in a heap till next year, as it cannot be uf- ed that year.-— The ground fl|iould be Tandy, and where there is fweet . water, well raanur«>d with (heep's dung ^ or (lieep (hould be kept on the ground for that purpofe, and then ploughed) the more frequently the better, feven or eighc times. It mull be perfe^ly level, without grals, and divid- ed Into beds of one yard breadth,' and four yards long, with a narrow water courfe. The feeds muft be fown thinly therein, and Palmira leaves placed over the furface, and the water poured on them to prevent the feed being walhed out of the ground until they (hoot up, which will be in ;, or 6 days. For two months after this, the ground muft be kept conflantly wet and fprinkled beiides with water, having cow: dung mixed with it every morning, to prevent the (hoots being blown off by the wind ^ during the remaining month":, the cow dung may be omHted, and the ground only water- * Tills v/ai read in the Royal Society of Edinbnrgh, November 3 ; and the original from whence the traiiilatiQU was inadr, lodged with the fccrctary of the fociet.y. -fit'i ■ M.'" 1" J I ;V';''' ^40 ,Kn TB« BEE, OJR Feb. ed t\vkea-day^'morning and evening .----Grafs mufl not be allowed.to grow.— If managed as above, it will be grown in fix months, when it muft be dug up with a large iron-bar, to prevent the roots being bn^e, and bound into fmall bundles that axe to be dried and bound into larger, bundles of two mniunds weight, or 150 pound weight. - i' , After cutting or beating on the upper part, the roots muil be well powdered, and mixed up with four times their quantity of water in a pot, an^ boiled for fome time, both for painting and dying red. For the painted Calenguiy or Chintz, the painters ufe qther iluifs together with chay root, according to their convenience, as Brafil wood, to (hew them where the red is to be put, but the Che root is the princl- pal. — The ground that is planted with Chay root cannot be ufed for the fame purpofe* again for five years. • ;' T* ',,'.. ■•'■'..•■'• T 1 , ■ • . ,•■■■»- N, B. Seeds of the Oldenlandia Umbellata were fent b; three different conveyances, which all arrived fafe in Britain. —One parcel was giVen to the royal fociety for the promo- tion of arts in the Strand, London y another parcel to the fociety of agriculture, Bath j and another to the philofo- phic and literary fociety at Manchefter j with a requeft to the firft, th^t a fmall 'parcel of the feeds (hould be commu- nicated to Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart, and another to the king's gardener at Kew .^ — ^the remainder to be diftributed among fuch perfons here, and in the Weft Indies, as were iftoft likely to give this plant a fair trial. It was alfo rcquefted, thit the members of the other focieties would take the trouble td fend thcfe feeds, chiefly to their correfpondents in the Weft Indies, fo as to give it a chance of a fair trial in different places.— At the fame time, as the root is of fo great value, it could admit of being imported direftly from India, as an article of commerce j and fome of the roots have bfien accordingly ordered home for a trial. It muft, however, be admitted, that the ufe of this drug is not now fo much wanted here as formerly, feeing an in- genious gentleman, now at Glafgow^ has difcovered a me- thod of dying cotton of a permanent red, little inferior to that frcm InJi'a, -^r-. ■-'■•''■ .*—''^-..-----*^'" ':• -i ■•■,>;..- T.n Mil ' 11 ^ ' 1 ' "no^i^M. £• *-. ' ' ^^^^^''^^' - J '^'''^ '■ As matters have ftood for fome time pail, there is no tnan who deals extenfively but muft fuffer ;- and Ihe fraudulent bankrupt is eenerally the one who lives rooft (plendidly. !'-" ^^ T<^^ ^«<>«^J*»« -sfUsd •!- *'" When we trace bankruptcies to their foutce, we ge- nerally find extravagance at home, ruinous f peculations, or misfortunes, the caufe to which they have been ow- ing. Could not fon mode be adopted to check the growth of this growmg evil ? Cotild not fomc^ itiark of odium be (lamped upon them .by the public ? The wife moft furely would applaud a fcheme for that purpofe ; 'tis a pity it has not been already. put in execution. For inilance, when it w^s cjkarly proved that a man had fairly ruined himfelf by heedlefs expenditures, which he well knows his circumilances could not admk of; if he is a member of a tnercantile fociety, and it is inii- nuated that either frauduletit practices, or fome other caufe, owing to himfelf, have been the caufe of his 1 iV • M S79l« ' t XITERART IKT£Z.UGEKCER. I43 failure, why not make inquiry ? and if that is found out, oughrl ie iiw t o b e expeHed focicty b y the unan f* mous voice of hqi:^eil.xneQ ? .We are t^old^ ihame ads more powerfully than 'principle ; , ■■■" ^ ■' ■ ,■ ' »■ ' *«** In. our next, will he offered to the jpuUlc fomc^ hiiit^, teHdlt|g tP •"eaicdy the evil here comblaincd of. ■'■• f.^'* >^t.i;U«» ^c^uL/i Hh « 244 *nT.y,':^u%ntJ^9K- -^^-rn.i . Fcb.,i6, '-.-., , , . « : ■ I, ' ! ^'^^ SlR,^|'''i \ Hsiiaton, Jan. 7th 1791. Aa I fee . it is ; i i I . '♦ii.. Remarks on Liberty. ^^^,^^.^^^^ ;^ 5o the JEditor of the Bee. ST» .,,■,■.,..•., , On reading the article France, No. IV. of your hif- torical chronicle^ the following thoughts were fuggeft* ^^■■^i,ri>\t::..^\ •■Jy^^U-'^'tti^'M-i.:^ ■,j»».^'.Hff*4^."t-.t't v'.- lv'Revolutions m focieties and nations are not affairs univerfally demonflrable, that owe their perfe£iion or circumicriptioQ to the powers of the human mind. Thefe lifflong rather to the, nature of caufe and efFeft. Their hidden and fecret nature, are befl known by their confequences. One caufe however is obvious, the op^ prejjion of men in power, Defpotic governments might preferve the peace and felicity of their fubjefls by le- nity and equity of adminiHration. The people under fuch princes might be cemented to , their Sovereigns without fo much as knowing for why — at leaft with- out any inquiry into the rights, of fovereignty : But whenever opprefiion begins, the painful drains fpeak to their underflanding more emphatically than all the eloquence of Demofthenes. Another evident reafon of Aate-revoiution is, the introduSiion of commerce. The beads of the people might even be generous and hu* I79I* LITERARY INTELUGENCER. I47 mane in fratning an abfolute goVerninent : But thefe principles being onlj flelxible, and corruptible by in- terefi, what can favea nation from utter ruin, but the common and ooniniiercial people ? and how fliall theie become favtoura of: their country, unlefs by me- chanical ingenuity ai)d icommerce, they obtain inBu- ence to.raile up^ theftv dignity? Unlefs they induftri- oufly cultivate thofe artS) Iwhicb have fertility to fupply the defeds o^f nature ? Oppreflion, therefore, matching with influeiicei and mental reiiiiement, willilruggle and debate/ from their own weight and importaneei ^ and the refult muft turn out a^ciording to the fuperior balance of contending powers. Suc)i thing9 appear to have been two caufes of the French Revolution, which, if as ftedfaftly maintained iaiafincy, as at the birth, mud be produ^ive of the manhood of liberty* If thefe principles laid down are general, Spain in its multiplied degrees of fociety, and ill ; (ttuation for tr^de, on ac- count of the influx of the Mexican fpecie, mud yet ipur long in the furrows, bf fl^very.^? '^-yrv « f- -• -, . : ■'<^(l^.riH^- '^'\i ^l-i'ioi^.i: /:6l}^^A^'^' Un ami inconnu, Paiflcy, 31ft Januaryfi79J. 'viM^i^lA.iiim. ; "fiiQ^'ft^ r-^ >■ -'j?^ t, ~-7 ,{'■ •'HIH'^^ Sir, To the Editor of the Bee, . ? V> A.f- ■Alt ■i'^r-. As a friend to every attempt to ferve the community, I cannot but be interefted iri the fuccefs of your weekly publication. I fend you ii fhort paper on the means of promoting agricultural knowledge, and the great bene- fits which may be derived from it to this country. If my future corefpondence (liall be thought worth yout acceptance, lAVill purfuethis fubjed. * * '^ Caters fpecimen ejio^ faid Cicero to Atticus : and he faid wifely ; for fuch is the influence of example over \l S48 B"» If n THE JB££, OR iT} the hiimiin mind, that one virtuous and confpicuous character will more efTedually promote the caufe of morality, than an hundred mere declaimers, in or out of the roftrum. So, one good farmer will more ejcten. lively difleminate his improvements in agriculture, than -an hundred theorifts. I have long wiflied for fome publ. lie efiabliihments, to extend and promote the art of huf. bandry : The focieties have done much ; but they have left more undone. And to any perfon who is much -converfant with farmers, the caufe of their failure is fuificiently obvious. The fame objections will in part apply to the many valuable treatifes upon rural economics. Much praife is due to Mr. Young, to Mr. Marfhal, and though la(^, not lead, to you, Sir. Since I have been informed of Mr. Pulteney's defign, to efta- blifli a i'cgular courfe of ledures upon agriculture in this univerfity, the plan has met my full approbation ; and no endeavour fhall be wanting to promote its ge. neral utility, fo far as the exertions of an individual can avail. The univerfal teftimony that is born of the ability of the profeffor, affords the fairefl hopes of fuccefs ; and his well known modeily and candour, muft highly prejudice the public in his favour. At prefent, he muil necefTarily ftand in need of much afTiil- ance, not only in point of practical' information, but of countenance and fupport from the neighbouring gentle- men. Much of the fuccefs of any new inftitution de- pends on the outfet. I own myfelf an enthufiail in the caufe, from my full convi£tion of its certain utility, if well copduded, and fleadily fupported A numerous and refpedable attendance is the firfl objefl ; the fe- cond, free and full communications of authentic expe- riments, and real and tried improvements in the me- thods of agriculture, as well as defcriptions, drawings, or models of the different inflruments which are found ufeful, and which are reafbnably fuppofed to be better than thofe commonly in ufe. To communicate thefe will be neceflary. It is certainly the intercft of the Feb. ji6, I 1 791. commui X79I» LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 249 farmers, to attend regularly upon thefe leftures, as they will thereby be enabled, with little lofs^of time, and at a (till lefs expence, to poflefs the concentrated wifdom of ages. They will collect without trouble all the mo- dern improvements, not only in this ifland, but upon both the continents of the old and new world, without the wafte of timeand money^ inlongandexpenfive journeys. They will have the pradlice of the whole world of agri- culture laid fully before them ; and if a defire of fur^ ther information, and of a more perfed: praftical know- ledge ftiould be excited, an event not lUoce to be wi(h»« ed than expected, they will leave home, ftored Hvith fuch previous information, and fo general a knowledge of the objedl of their inquiry, as will enable them to direft their refearchcs to the- moft important objeds, and to make the moft of their information, by a judici- ous arrangement and well-direcled inveftigation. I would particularly reccommend thefe leftures to the at- tention of thofe who are deftined for the Church. They will* come prepared by a Hberal education, and their at- tendance will be only a relaxation from feverer ftudies» As they will be refidenit in the country, and conned^d by their fituation and office with this moft ufeful body of the community, their inftruftiotis and advice will be attend- ed to with al moft filial reverence ; and thus they may employ the many hours of leizure* which mud hejfe be a burden to themfelves, in difpenfiug iifeful knowUdge^ and throwing, at the fame time, a flrong bar in the way of vice, by promoting. a fpirit of virtuous induftry and laudable exertion. Ifi my opinion, a knowledge of the principles and praftice of agriculture, is neceffary to the perfedion of the facerdotal charader ; J|s a. tfiu nifter fo endowed, will imitate, and iti fome nieafure cooperate with God in giving the higheft perfedtion to his works, and diireminating the moll extenfive blefl- ings amongft mankind. They furely will not think this a mean employment or an inferior duty. If they fhould, let them call to mind Becket, Hooker, a.nd * Vol I. f li %^o .raiv the bee, or nit Feb. 16, thoufan^ other venerable eccieiiaflics, who efteemed it a pleafure, as well as an obligatioo, to till the ground, who havd been contented in the ihades of retirement and even obfcurity, to fee God's bleflings fprin^ out ot the earth, and eat that bread, which they could properly call their own, in peace and privacy. I need not add, that it is no lefs their intereft than their duty, to pro- mote in their feveral parilhes evei^ poffible improve- ment in agricuture, when peace and plenty fliall fuc, .ceed to wretchednefs and want ; when the cattle fhall be upon a thoufand hills, and every valley fhall laugh and ling* ■■"1 (jf.;,. \i(« -r^wi ■>M,4i'iyni.-n -i) ■f.:-y- On the Iniquity of prefcfihing Oaths in certain Cafes, . *Tl8 he that takes the oath thkt breaks it, : Not him that for couvcnicnce takes it. HuDlBRAS. Amongst the many focial virtues that attend the prac- tice of true religion amongft mankind, that of a Urid ad- herence to truth in every tranfa£lion in life, is of the greatefl importance : — It eftablifhes confidence and fair dealing in every fituation ; to maiiitain the adherence to truth, and to maintam religion in the people, are the fame thing :— without the one, the other cannot fubfift ; and it ought to be the firft objeft of a legiflp.tor, in the making of fuch ilatutes as have any conne£lion with the morals of the people, to frame them in fuch a man- ner, as not to introduce great and frequent temptation for diflimulation and lying. It is pretty generally allowed, that religion in an en- lightened age, cannot exift in the breafts of the people, when it fubjefts them to very great temporal inconve- niences,— Men will not adopt any plan of conduft, without the profpeft of gaining fonie advantage there- by :-l.the hopes of reward from religion, in the limited view by which the ignorant and the bulk x)f mankind confid^r it, are/ confined entirely to a future ftate, I 179^1* LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. • ^jfl mean, to a period after tliey have departed from this world : — fhefe hopes, diftant and uncertain, yitld to the nearer and more obvious purfuits of this life ; and therefore, when in the exercile of religion, great tem- poral inconveniences are occafioned, the religion ceafes, and the femblance of it only is kept up« Hence, I give it as my opinion, that it is a mod de^ ftru6live do«^rine, in all cafes, to adnit of a man's oath, when it operates either for or againft his own intereft. Yet I am forry to obferve, that the legiflators of my country, have of late been of a different manner of thinking. They have enabled, that every retail dealer of foreign fpirits, wines and tea, iball make oath from time to time, that he does not fell above the quantity of goods fpeciiied by him in a certain book,-~or, in other words, he mud fwear that he is an honeft man. — Not a fartliing of .duties can be drawn back on the exporta- tion of goods, without one or more oaths of the parties connefted in the tranfadion. — A bankrupt muft fw^r that he has not cheated his creditors : — and I believe there is fcarcely a branch of trade or manufafture un- der taxation, wherein people are not obliged to fwear that they will not take a farthing from the king, al- though they have it in their power. Upon this, let any man refled, and aik his own mind, if men will adhere to thefe oaths, when it is evidently lofing them very great profits. — I am confident, that in fuch fitnations, there is not one in a thoufand who will. — I recoiled!: of hearing an anecdote of a dealer in tea, who was one of thofe apparently auftere religious people, to be met with in every place : When the invention of Shopkeep- ers fwearing to the excife officers of thefair^efs of their trade was firfl put in practice, this man, who had always been in the practice of fmuggling a little, and was now very unwilling to forego the advantages thereof on ac- count of an oath, fet his invention to work in contriv- ing a method of fmuggltng, fv/earing, and having a lound confcience ;— the vefult of mature deliberation I i2 I mmm^ %S^ .^i! rTBE BEEi OR Feb,a6, was, that ona^a^ratoent Sunday, he ihut himf^bif «p b^ his room, and after a long prayer, made a folemn oath that he (hould never in hi^ life (peak a true fentence t& a ganger (excife ofiicev). He ever atfrerwards cdnfidered this oath of ^redter weight than the other; and his con. fcience as very free from (lain, although he perjured Iiimlelf once every three ii;ionth5« ; "^ How cafy can laffes true what they defire.*' are the wcnr ds of a famous £eottifii batd, and apply to |nen and wives as well as lafies. ' '\ Such are the^ptaclicesof meh ; and while temptation is in aSion, ever will be.->Iihall not however, be with- out the hope of feeing a better fyftem of checking evil pra^ices, and of feeihg the adminiilrators of govern- ment, employ the 'fame able talents that were exerttd iaft year in evincing the propriety of obliging all man- kind to think in the fame way f, in devifing methods of eftabliihing virtue^ honour, and liberty among the people. ":' i'-i'iMV' r ■ A. A.L. ', % the Editor af the Bee. ^ Sir, ,' " , - ^ ■ . - ' ^'^''■ vnfjf yc>n think the follb\l<^ing ^bfcrvittions deferve a ^kce in ytiur mifciellany, they are very much at your *^|fer^icc' ^ '*'*i ^'A cai/iant readetv' '''■ ;; OntmaginationfdndtheAhufisofit, '^*^' ^It has been obferved of imagination, that it Iiolds a middle ^lace betwixt the pleafures of intelle^l^ and "^thole df fenfe. Elevated ab6Ve mere feeling, it par- • takes alfo much of the refinement df underftahding. It retains as much feeling as to inteieft deeply, an^ at the fame time reaches to the variety of mental poWcrs, #:^ i ^ -■ :i-^. lypli ^ LITERARY INTELLIGENCER, IjJJ TUhfi moft dull smd phlegmatic are not altogether void. pfit; aiidto po^efs it in a high degree^ is to poiTttls the 'higheft honour of ^genius. Though the dUlin^tive qualities of judgment, link*, gination, and an anal fsnfa^ion, be. fufHcientfy marked $ yeU uponca ue^r infpeftion^ we will find thefe three regions of our nature fo interwoven, as never to exift feparately* Imagination is fwmetimes uled ast another word for feeling ; and without mental images tlibre can be no judgment. Imagination cannot be employed without alTertiiii; the.. qualities of the objeds witli which it.is cunvf^fantraiid this is the petculiar^rovince of judgmlent. , A late eminent philofopher * has probably gbne to» fai* inmflerting, that there is really- no difference at aill* betwixt judgment and imagination ; that one endowed with greatnefs of mind, mull have necelTarily both thede faculties, in equal perfeftion. With vigorous powcn to grafp any great or exalted fubjeft, ma}'^ be feid equal- ly of the poet and philofopher ; and therefore, fays he, if the mind of Newton had been direS^d to the ftibjecl of Milton, he would have been a poet of the firfl or- der, and vice verfa . iln this ingenious remark there is fome platifibility ; but, as I have faid, it is carried too far : iot thougli fruitfulnefs* of imagination niay be equally afcribed to a Euclid, who invents a procefs of mathematical reafoa- ings, as to a Shakefpear, who brings together a group of human charaders, and a feries of adiohs ; and itk other refpedts there may be a fimilarity o£ 'Ope tat ion in the exercife of judgment and imagii^atidU ) yet the objects to which, thej are feparately direfted, form be-^ twixt them a decided diftinclion ; a diftin£lion whicli cannot be accounted for, but from an orjgilial bias of nature. On the mind of the poet is imprinted, iquali- tiea of beauty, fublimity, and grandeur, which hkhk * !l may indeed improve, but never will iupply. A mind thus adorned, would avail nothing ; nay, perhaps would be unfriendly to him who would dwell among the pure sbftra£l:ioas of mathematics. It is enough to fay on this fubjed:, that coolnefs, and activity of mind, conili^ tute the philofopher ; fire and feeling, the poet. It is not fo proper therefore t;o term jadgii^ent and imagina« tion dilliud faculties, as \ he fame faculty, or in gene- ral, mind impreiTed with different qualities. Invention, or the power of creation, has been com- monly conlidered as the diftinguiihing charaderifiic of imagination : but this mult be underftood in a certain fenfe. A poet, or painter, may imagine a landfcape, which for beauty of colouring, and exad difpofition of parts, will exceed whatever is to be found in nature, and produce an aggregate, or one complex idea, which in itfelf is new; but to this, creation is limited^- The objects of which it is compofed are all familiar; the ihepherd and his flock, the river, the mountain, and the tree. But it is not fo much the power of extending be- yond the common appearances of nature, and exhibit- ing piftufes of original defign, which chara^erize tliis faculty, as the nature of thofe pictures which it exhi- bits : its fphere is among what is magnificent and beau- tiful in matter, or what is heroic and amiable in mind ; its bufinefs is to feize with whatever is aflonifhing, or melt with whatever is amiable ; for judgment may alfo, in its own fphere, among qualities And relations^ difcover many new aggregates, and many new combinations, the one however with more fplendor and extravagance, the other with more fobriety and_ truth. Perhaps in this refpeft the work of Locke is an edifice, though lefs glaring, yet conftrufted with as much fertility of invention, and cd^fiftency of defign, as that of Hbmer. It has. been aflerted that the poet is at liberty to tranfgrefs the laws of nature, or contradid its cora- 1791- LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. ' 255 moil Operations, that he may create beings which have not exiiled, or which, according to the known analogy of nature, cannot exift. But this is furely founded upon a miilake ; for without nature and truth, , nothing can pleafe. In the infancy of hu« man. ireafon indeed, it is not to be expe^ed, that men fhould be fo much enlightened with regard to the laws of God, rcfpeding this earth, as to eftimate with ex- adnefs all the jiofTibilities of things. In rude ages, the prppenfity to believe whatever exceeds the common courfe of events, feems to know no bounds. Moun- tains, and rivers, and trees, have been fuppofed a^ing in concert witH human perfonages ; and it is no way fuiprifing that the abilraded idea of fixed and immu- table laws, (hould have fmall place in that mind whofe only gratification is wonder and adipiiration. As long therefore, as the bounds of nature's operations were not determined, he could hot be faid to tranfgrefs them^ who afferted extravagancies, which long experience, with the hiftory of the world, and philofophical reafon- ings could alone countervail. Homer, I make no doubt, believed, with the reft of his countrymen, the fuperna- tural events which he relates ; and \ ^f we fome- times afcribe to his invention, was perliaps often the confequence of credulity only. Virgil, whofe more enlightened age, and philofophical principles, rendered lefs credulous of the theological fyftem of Ho- mer, evidently enters with lefs fpirit, and with lefs na- ture, into the anions of fupernatural beings. The ad- ventures of i^neas, with the principal events, were however traditionary ftories commonly believed, and which he probably alfo believed himfelf, and the em- belllihing circumilances were what happened to Ho- mer's heroes in iimilar fituations, and might alfo hap- pen to his. The romantic imagination of Taffo and Ariofto, might very naturally delude them into the common belief of the times, with regard to the man/ 9^6 ^ THE BEE. •'"'I-*' Feb. 1 6; wild trafhfii^ions of knfghNerrantrjr which they tclate j wid the ghofts, the witches ami' the fairies of Shake- Cpear, were no doiibtali^ the Uubjeft of hisJ otyn be* lief. It is not indeed aatutal to fuppofe that thefe writers were fo refined, as firll coldly tpfiu^down, and confider what anions they ihould relate that would bfe ftrioll acceptable to the multitude ;i but ' that rarther, thexnfelves fired with the generous love of paetiry, they ftiHg of thofe great and fplendid fcenes which moft flattered their imagination, or were moft congenial with their feeli«'£ Keeping entirely out of fight the .inter- itfted idea of writing for approbation or gain, they al- IjMved themfelves, according to the bias of fheir genius, to be hurried along among thofe objefts that were great and interefting, or detained among thofe that were calm and beautiful. They chofe a Sory whkh the ob- fcnrity of tradition had rendered venerable, aflimilat* ing the a£iors^ and the feepes, to their ufufti pitch of c^rnc^ptioiH and adorning the whole with thofe femii ments, and that colouring, which is at the fame time natural' aind grand ; and as long a§ the probability of thefe wonderfal actions and fcenes could not be called iti queftitin, fo long did they remain the fame as if ua- ttira) and true. But in an after age, when the light of phiiofophy had difpelled the vilionary phantoms of popular credulity, he would aft a very injudicious part indeed, who would continue to addtefs men as if pof- feffed with thefe prejudices. A (lory, however won- flerful, founded on the religious notions of the ancients, with all the appendages of Fauns, of Satyrs, and of Nymphs^ would have now few readers. On the fanie principles, the giants, the dragons, and enchanted caf- tles, which amufed the dark ages, are at prefent ne- fflcfted foi: the mofe natural adventures v f a Crufoc, or » Jones. ' ^ jV*^.n„.q '•^ It is not therefore what is new, what is wonderful, 9S what is fiftitioUs, which is the fubjeft of poetical mimmmmfiT I79I. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 257 imagination.. It is onljr when thefe qualities are con- fonant to our knowledjge of hiftory, or our feelings of truth. The frequent allufions to the fabulous tales of antiquitjr, with which modern poetry is interlarded, are nbut; of its ornaments ; and in the progrefs of tafte, it has been gradually difufed. Invocations to beings who have no dxiftence, and the fu|)pofed interpofition of their power, can have little impreffion on the ima- • gination of thofe who have been initiated into the ra- rional tenets of chi^iftianiiy. Though Fertelon has made ufe of the mythology of the ancients with . confiderkble fuccefs, yet the artifice is too ol^vious to impofe upon us; and were it not for the eiliin^nt merit he poffeffes of dif- playing what is amiable in manners, and what js re- fpedable in virtue, and the hiany beautiful rural fcenes with which he charms the fancy, the poerii of Tele-' machiis Would be fefpkafirig to every reader of tafte. ; A pbet therefore may decorate and heighten, but He muft ntever lofe fight of natures He ntiay defcribe fccnes and aftions which never exifted, but which may ixift.' It would not be proper at this day to talk of caftles remo>fed to diftadt places inftabtflrteciufly, and all the aftortifhing adVenture^ of eaftern relations. How prepofterotts would it be, when we are taught to think more worthily of the goV^ernnient of the univerfe, to fuppofe that the ruler of the main would create ftorms in order to difconcert petty undertakings, or which is Hill worfe, to introduce Neptune, Boreas and Eolus, with all their kindred train affiftin^ at the operation. Had Ceres been admitted an adlor in the harvcft fcene of Thomfon, our thoughts would have been diftrafted* betwixt nature, ahd the poetical notions of the an- cient^j ; an abfiird^ity h'6weVer of this kind, an inferior writer would have very readily fallen irtto. As inti- inately conneded with the fubje(5t of thcfe remarks, we Ihall conclude with a few obfervations on what i^ "l!ed t,q/fi\ r;Jjft> V)i«' OL. I., , :J" 'vf ■; -■ ,.l" T,,]--' K k w^^"«^^^^^ ^mi 238 TimBrnfOK Feb. 16 It 13 fomewhat difficult to fi^ttle the exa£b limits be- twixt genius and tade : that genius cannot esclH without tafte, that is, without a reliih for its peculiar exercll'es, cannot be called in queftion + ; but whether we can com- pletely difcern the excellencies of an author, without poflemng an equal portion of his genius, is perhaps a matter of doubt. There is however a pleawre which attends the invention or fabricatipn of a work, diftinft frpm an after furvej of its beauties ; and the firft of tjiefe, one would think, is peculiar to the author alone; the laft, in common with his readers. It may indeed be replied, ths^t we cannot be faid completely to enter into the views of an author, if we cannot follow him in all his prpgrefs ; if we do not go back with him in his effort, view along with him the materials as they lie rudely fcattered through nature, and arrange them with him into that goodly fabric which we mutually furvey with fo much delight. But whether we can follow him in this progrefs, and enter fully into his conception^, without that force, that grafp, and tliat adivity of mind which the author ponefTes, is not fo evident : certain it is thiit we cannot do juftice to any •work of merit, without completely comprehending it j and that we can be faid completely to comprehend it, without viewing it in every refpe6l, as the author has done, I dp not fee ; and this operation we know can- not be performed without the fame powers of mind, and the fame fenfibilities qf enjoyment. As a very conelulive proof of what has been men- tioned above, it may be obferved, that the number of eminent critics ' has been as few, perhaps fewer,' than the number of eminent poets : the reafon is obvious ; to that fcnlibility and ardour, which is requilite to catch ^he flame of high genius, there mull be fuperadded dif- * Wc fufped the author here may he in a millatc. Great compafs of mental power, -which we fliould imagine conftitutes the cffcnce of ge- nius, may certainly cxift, where that peculiar modification of it calk^ ia/e is not to be found. JEJit, , , 79^* LITERARY INTELLIGENCER* 259 cernment of judgment, and coolnefs of attention; and thefe qualites are not-to be often expe^ed united among man- kind. An accompliilied critic is then a higher, and more refpc6):able chara6ler than that of a poet ; he muil have the imagination of the poet, and that judgment which diftinguifhes himfelf. Completely to relifh the beauties of poetry, is then the lot of a few ; but to view them at a diftance, to have a glimmering profpeft, is ditFufed through a multi- tude ; and thofe who have this incomplete knpwledge, are generally of that clafs, denominated people of tafte ; though incapable of difcerning what is high in inven- tion, or all that is beautiful ineitecution, they fee enough to pleafe ; part they can entirely comprehend, part faint- ly and dimly ; and for wha^ is beyond their reach, they are compenfated with the pleafure of being fuppofed ca- pable of following the opinion of the few who can de- cide with precifion, on thefe high fubje£ts Thefe obfervations cannot apply to ftatuary and paint* ing, as a great (hare of the merit in thefe arts, depends upon mechanical operation. L Towards the latter part of tM« effay, the Ingenious writer feems not to have bqen fufTiciently guarded in the ufe of his terms : Other fuDJeds than " thofe cf tafle, may be the objedls of citicifm; and in judging of thefe, or in other words, prcfperly criticiiing them, thofe faculties that have been fuppofed to conftitute a fine taile, feem as little required in the critic, as in the writer whofe works he examines. Edit. ■-^e: I To the Editor of the Bee» Sir, .;\. Amidst the multiplicity of applications limilar to the prefent, fhould you think the following worthy a place in your mifcellany, an infertion of it will oblige a reader. Having fometimc ago, proje£l:edahiftory of the lives oftlie minifters of ftate, from the revolution to the prefent time, I find that my progrefs has been but fmall, as I cm too frequently attracted by other and indifpenfible avo- Kk2 '-■-. f ^mmmmmimi^'mmmmmmmm 260 .51 4, , THE BEE, ORp.j J Feb. 16. cations. If what is annexed, is held to men|: public attention, I^ may be ^induced to metbodife my materials, ^d fend you the work completed. At prefent I tranf. mit you the abridged chara^ers of a few eminent Hatef. men, as a fpecimen of my manner and flile. , lam, Sir, Your Servant, T. R. Sir Robert Wclpolei Sir Robert WAlpole had a great fluency and readinefs of language, though deflitute of nervofity or elegance- He poffeffed a certain, eafinefs of foul and calloufnefs of fentiment, which made him proof againft all attacks, and raifed^him fuperior to every embarralT- ment. By an unwearied attention to figures and caU culation, he had acquired a little knowledge in i\\t fubjeft of financie. The maxim which he uniformly purfued, and fhamefully avowed, was, that every man had his price. He ridiculed the very ideas of patriot- ifm and public fpirit, thought felf-intefeft the wifeft •principle by which a man could be actuated, and bribe- ry, _ the moft elevated and compreheufive fyftcm, that ever entered into the human mind. Lord Carteret, This ftatefman was poffeffed of the fineft abilites, the moft elegant tafte, the moft fplendid eloquence : All the treafures of polite literature were his own, and he perfeS- ly underftood the intercfls and the politics of every coiirt inEurope. Had his integrity kept pace with his ta- lents, he was formed to be the btightelt ornament of the court in which he lived. His patronage might have given new vigour to the republic of letters, and his political Ikill, new luftre to the annals of Britain. T. R. ■»W*«M«P«a 1791. LITERARY INT£LLIOENCER. t6i 'the Bee. A Bee, the bufieft thing alive, The moft ihduftHous of the hive, ?'"*'* ''"^''"^ ^^ ^ Had toil'd for many hours ; Had rifled gardens, lawns and fields, Or what the fpicy fhrub'rj yields, Of balmy herbs and flowers. '^^ Each hill and dale well knew his fong ; To him their honied ftores belong j Then why i?ew fcenes explore ?• — Ambitious of a nobler prize, He through vny .Anna's window flies, - To crown his plunder'd ftore. There, buzzing round her beauteous lips, Which did the blooming rofe eclipfe, Their tempting fwects to fpoil. Eager he whirls round the fair, ^ /^ i^ Tin, '/a«jr/.^ in her lovely hair, _ ■^^^'^^.^ He s Icized amid the toil. Ye fwains, take warning from the Bee, Flee the enticing fnare, ah ! flee j By him and me be taught : Avoid thofe dear bewitching charms, Nor hope to gain her to your arms, Or, like us, you'll be caught. ,&m".,.i}i>w?vr ^■■i 4:*- Edinburgh, "} January 19, 1791. J ^ Jfii.'J it.]." .'4 *)t <• TiOW^ Jt>' ..>' m nods %1 •** " X': .*. 'r>:j . \," %6% THE BEE, OR Feb.iG. M Epitaphium Felts Jortinu yil> nuilnu partem divins mends.** Vitc. FnsA annis, morboque gravi, initifHrna fells Infernos tandem cogor adire lacus : £t mihi fubridens, Proferpitia dixit, *' Habcto ** Elyfios foles, Elyfiuinque nemus.'^ Sed, bene fi menu, facilis regina filentum Da mihi £iltem una no£te redire Domum : Node redire domum, dominoque haec dicere in aurcm, ** Te tua fida etiam trans Styga felis amat." Imitated^' and applied to a Lady* Epitaph on a Cat* Death, that fell tyrant, to one end who brings. Cats, dogs, and lords, and minifters, and kings ; Has feized my cat, with age and pains oppreft ; She mewed, fiie licked my face, and funk to reit. Farewell, thou mildeft of the tabby race. Ah ! ne'er {hall fuch a puffy fill thy place. Stem Pluto's queen received my favourite Pufs With fmiles benignant, and addrefifed her thus : •• Iif bleft Elifium's bowers of deathlefs green, ** Where never maftiff, foe to cat, was feen ; •* With endlefs joys, Squalina, thou flialt dwell, ** For thou on earth did'ft fill thy llation well ; •• Did'ft well perform great Jove's allotted taik ; " From Cats, — from Men, — 'tis all that heaven canalk !'' 1791. '« God< •' Thy '' O gri *» In th « To t\ » Thy / ' i79i< LITERARr INTELLIOEVCZK* u u Goddefs (flie faid), fince poor Squalina more Thy favour gains, than e*er did cat before ; O grant me yet one day to jireathe the air In the lovM prefence of my miilrefs fair, To tell her with my lad, my parting breath. Thy faithful puily loves thee after death !'* 263 Love, a Rondeau. PEACE ! thou fond fiutt'rer, prithee peace ! Why fhak'ft thou thus my troubled bread > I let thy painful throbbing ceafe. And give me back my wonted reft : For now forlorn I wafte the day, ^ And now forlorn I wafte the night ; 1 court the fun's declining ray, I languifti for the morning's light ; Then peace, fond fiutt'rer ! prithee peace, And let thy painful throbbing ceafe. ti « (( (( (( (( it Willie my refiftlefs troubled head, Rolls the warm tide thy veins along ; Still (hall thy pulfes madly beat, Irregular, and wild, and ftrong. Ne'er flialt thou quell the inward ftorr-r,, Till Ifabella's heavenly charms. Her gently yeilding, lovely form, Shall pant within thy ciccling arms : Then I'll eafe thy troubled breaft. And give thee back thy ^onted reft," '« CARLOfk 4 \ ■•*H. ' '■>.■/, ••• \ •^4 -.»•. -ui ^t'tZt, OR Feli;i6, I *79«' f 1 •>•.[ ^tSi Method ofrhakin^ "P ttrmefan Cheefe. '; .11 -. . II . A refpe<5laWe dorrefpojncltfn'! communtcates the fwllowlng accnunr of the method of making' Fsrntefan tbtrfe^ in hopes it may pi;ove ufefulfor improving the quality of the cheefea of his counfry, '1 he receipt was brought from Italy by Mr. Arthur Young, well known for his la. bour»in agrfculture. ^-•^ ifV .-i-ill^'h^^ The Lodifan is cKiefly low grounds, and moflly watered. A dairy farm of loo cows.' makes daily a cVifeefe of 70 lb. or 75 lb. of 28 ounces. The clieefes in wintej: fmaller, but better.- The cows ftd only four or five hours a day upon pailure, the reft on hay at home. Eighty cows for the dai- ry, 20 for calves, and the farm 1000 perticas of land, 80D of flanding meadow, and 200 in corn and grafs. Rotation j the cows milked twice a .day^ and give, one v/ith another, about 32 cocallis of 30 oz. of milk. The evening's milk is put to the morning's. At 1 (> Italian hours or 16 in the xnorning, the evening and . morning's milk, after being Ikimmed, were put together jr\to a boiler, 8 feet diameter at top, 5 feet 3 deep at the bottom, about 2I wide, about 272 cocalli, and put under it; t Wo faggots of wood, which made the milk rather more thau lukewarm \ then the boil- er v/as withdrawn from" the fire, and a ball of rcnnit about an ounce weight diffolvied in the mifk, turning it in the the hand in the milk •, it wa.^ Aot fufFiciently coagulated till about noon, being early in the Spring 5 but in bummer it is done in half or three qyarters of an hour j but they then life half as much more rennit as was coagulated, fo as to be taken in pieces from the furfacc of the boilei;^ oT/is tsiJ/. Tlhe foreman with a ilick that had 18 points, or rathci* 9 fmall pieces of wood fixed by their middle in the end ot it, and forming nine points on each fide, began to brtah exaftly all the coagulated milk, and continued to do io for inore than half an hour, from time to time examining it to fee its ftate. He ordered to renew the fire, and four fn*/- gots of willow blanches were ufed all at once. He turned jhe boiler, that the fire might aft j and then the uudermi:n ' - c. ■'-' v.. i79«" LITERARY IHTELLIGENCER. 76s began to work in the milk with a (lick like the above, but with only four fmaller fticks at the top, forming eight points, four at each lide, a fpan long each point. In a quar- ter of an hour, the foreman mixed in the boiler, the pro- per quantity of faffron (about one third of an ^ ounce) and the milk was all in knobs, and finer grained than before, by breaking continually. Every moment the fire was re- newed or fed, but with a faggot only at a time, to k,eep it regular. The milk was never heaped muqh, nor does it hinder to keep the hand in it, to know the finenefs of the grain, which refines continually by the Hick work of the underman. It is of the greateft conibquence to mind when the grain begins to take a confidence. When it comes to this Uite, the boiler is hurried from the fire, and the un- derman immediately takes out the whey, putting it into proper receivers. In that manner, the grain fubfides at the bottom of the boiler, and leaving only in it whey enough to keep the grain covered a little, the foreman, extending bimfelf as much as he can over, and in the boiler, unites with his hands the grained milk, making like a body of pal^e 0/ it 'y then a large piece of linen is run by him under that L) >ay of paile, while another man keeps the four cor- ners of it, and the whey is dire£tly again put into the boiler, which facilitates the raifing the pafle, which is put for a quarter of an hour into the receiver, where the whey was in the linen : The boiler is then put on the fire t6 ex- trad a poor cheefe ^ after a quarter of an hour, the pafle is put into a wooden form without top or bottom ^ a piece of wood like a cheefe, put on top of it, putting, and gradually increafing weights upon it j in the evening, the cheefe fp fonned, is Carried into the ware-houfe, where, after 24 hours, they begin to give the fait. It remains in that ware- houfe 15 or 20 days, but in Summer only from 8 to 12, where the cruft will be formed, when it is carried into an^ other ware-houfe. They turn all the cheefes under fix months every day ; after that, once in 48 or 60 hours, keep- ing them clean, otherwife they acquire a bad fmell, diftin- guifhed by the name of grained cheefe. Vol, I. . ■^^\,i^j,,, ^: ^?^, ;% ■ ■! W -. h.- i - * I' •^w mm t66 THE BEE, OR Feb. id, Liter ART Intelligence. Society for the Improvement of Britijh Wool, In our third number, we had occafion to mention the patriotic exertions of Sir John Sinclair, for reftorinp; to Great Britain its long loft fuperiority over other nations, in refpeft tl the quality of its wool. We are happy to add, that the people in this country fcem to be now fo fully fen- fible of the benefits that may be derived from this article, that mony patriotic individuals have eagerly inrolled their names as members of this patriotic fociety 5 and feveral towns and refpeftable corporations have contributed Yihk- xally towards the fame end. It will always afford us par- ticular pleafure to mark the progrefs of improvement in this branch j and with that view we fhall be careful to acquaint our readers with fuch tranfad:ions of this fociety, as have a claim to attraft the public attention. The firft general meeting of this fociety was held nt Edinburgh on Monday the 31ft of Jrnuary. At this meet- ing, among other fpecimens of fine woollen manufactures of Scotland, was produced three fh'auls, one made of the bell Englifli worfted that could be obtained j one made of fine Spanifh wool, undone made of Shetland wool, all manu- fafturedjby the fame perfon, and treated in every refpeft iftlike, to afford a fair comparative trial o^ the quality of thefe kinds of wool refpedively. The gentlemen there rae*: were unanitjioujly of opinion, that in refpeft of foftnefs as well as of pure whitenefs, the Shetland wool c.xeeded both the others in a very high degree, though the manufacturer owned, that the wool of which this fliaul was made, had not been properly forted, much coarfe wool being intermixed among the iinej and that if it had been properly forted, the quality of tie iluff would have been greatly fuperior tu what this was, •, i ;J' ;, v-^;,- -' !'t ■>«■ '/ lypIfuJ LITER ART INTELLIGENCER. 267 After a full examination of the fpecimens offered, and a free difcufion of many interelling panicUlars connected with the bufinefs of the day, - Sir John Sinclair of Ulbfter, Bart, was called to -^f » V 'the Chair^ And opened the meeting with a fpeech of confiderable length, pointing out the objedls of the propofed inftitution — the means by which they were the moil likely to be attain- ed, and the material advantages that would refult from it. The Earl of Hopetoun next rofe, and entered very warm- ly into the national importance of the objefts in view ; and ^iter feveral other Gentlemen had delivered their fenti* luents in favour of the propofed inftitution, the Meeting '^'^^'' ■ RESOLVED ... ; . / 1. That the efl;abli(hment of a Society for the Improve- " ment ofBritiili Wool, is one of the moft likely means o£ promotinff the commercial interefts, and permauent pxofne-- rity 01 thcle kmgdoir.s. , ^., ...v •..,:. , ,, ' .; 2. That the Meeting here aflembled, and thofe tor whom they are empowered to ad, together with fuch other per- fons, whether in Great Britain and Ireland, or its dependen- cies, as are willing to co-operate with them, will conftitute a Society for that fole purpofe, either to aft feparately, or ill conjunction with other Societies of a fimilar nature, as may be thought moft advifeable. 3. That the important objefts of the inftitution be re- fpedfuUy laid before his Majefty, by the Chairman, in name of the Society, in full confidence, that a Sovereign, whofe attention to the welfare and happinefs of his fubjefts is fo well known, will be gracioufly pleafed to take this fociety Under his royal protection. mv 4. That application be made to his Royal Highnefs the Prince of Wales, that he will honour this inftitution, by accepting the office of being Patron of the Society 5 and that the Chairman be alfo requefted to make that applica- tion to his Royal Highnefs, in their name. 5. That the affairs of the Society be conduced by a Board of Diredors, confifting of a Chairman, deputy Chair* man^ and fourteen Diredors, to be annually chofcn on the 168 THE BEE, OR Fcl3|. l^, lad Monday of January (this annivcrfary), by the figned lifts of a majority of the members prefent at fuch meetings, any five of the faid Dire£lors to be a quorum, with power to eledl a Chairman for the time, in abfence of^the Chair- man and deputy Chairman; and that a Treafurer and Se- cretary (hall be annually ele£led at th0 fame time, and in the fanie manaer. 6. That the faid board of Directors (hall hold four ftated n^etings in each year, viz. dn the laft Monday of January, the laft Monday of May, the laft Monday of June, and the laft Monday of November } with power of adjournment j and that there ihall be alfo four general meetings of the whole Society held on the fame days. " ;l_i ■ ■ 7. That upon requiiition made by three Direftors to the Chairman or Deputy Chairman, or, in abfence of both, to the Sectctary, Extraordinary Meetings of the Court of Direftors ftiall be called j and that extraordinary General Meetings of the Society ftiall be alfo called, on application as above, by any nine of the members 5 eight days previous notice of'fuch extraordinary meetings of the Direftors, and 14 days pi'evious notice of fuch extraordinary general^meet- ings of the Sdciety, bejng always given in the Edinburgh newfpapers^ .'v-,.^-..,,- ,;*. ^,y ^ ^-,. .. , .? 8. That the Bireftori and other office bearers fliiall, for the ettfuing year, confift of the following Noblemen and Gen- tlemen, viz. ,.^,- .. V v.--..: . \. .%' Sir John Sinclair, Bart. Chairman. . . Sir Alexander Ramfay, Bart. Deputy Chairman. , His Grace the Duke of Argyle . Right Hon. Earl of Dumfries ^^tt|j- Right Hon. the Earl of Hopetoun^. f-i* , Right Hon. Lord Sheffield Right Hon. James Montgomery, Lord Chief Baron R^^ht Hon. the Lord Provoft of Edinburgh .. . Sir John Edward Swinburne, Bart. * ' Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. Preiident of the Royal Society Sir James Foulis of Colinton, Bart. fohn Erikine, Efq. of Mar . ri. . Robert Oliphant of Roflie, Eiq. \ I79I» ^ LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. , 269 Robert Belches of Greenyards, Efq. George Ramfay, Efq. Younger of Barnton Gilbert Hamilton, £fq. of GlaTgow Sir William Forbes, Bart. Treafurer James Home, writer to the fignet, Secretary, '9. That the fubfcription of each member ftall be one guinea per annunty or ten guineas at admiiTion, the Society being deiirous of having as many perfons as poflible con- neded with it, and confiding in the farther fupport of pa- triotic individuals, and of public fpirited bodies of men, in the profecution of the great national obje£ls they have in view. 10. That the Chairman, deputy Chairman, and Directors, do, betwixt this and the laft Monday of June next, draw up fuch laws and regulations as may appear proper for the future government of the fociety, to be laid before the ge- neral meeting to be then held 5 and , that they be in the mean time empowered to take fuch fteps as may feem pro- per to them for promoting the views and interefts of th^ Society. 11. That the thanks of the meeting be given to Sir John Sinclair, for his patriotic affiduity in inilituting this So- ciety J and that he be requefled to permit the able fpeech he has this day delivered, to be publifhed, as tending to excite attention to Oie great objeds in view, by diffufixig a knowledge of their importance and pradlicability. 12. That the thanks of the meeting be alfo given to the Earl of Hopet^tun, for his warm and patriotic zeal for the fuccefs of the eflablifhment, and the information his Lord- (hip has now communicated on that fubjeA. 13. That thefe refolutions be publiihed in the London, Edinburgh, and other newfpapers, for the information p£ all perfons who may be inclined to become members of the- Society. Extrafled from the minutes of the meeting, by James HoKNf, Secretary. •"' »■ 27© .f THE bejb:, or ,11 ,»• :*«• *.?1 Stiitifiics, Sir John Sinclaif 's patriotic exertions have not been con- fined to the foregoing objedl only : His aftive mind, which fufFers no abatement of exertion when ufeful improvements are in view, has been, for fome time paft, bufy in purfuit of ano- ther object of great national importance, which he has now the profpeft of bringing to "4 happy concluiion. In' the courfe of his exteniive inquiries refpeding the finances and refourc- es of this country, he had innumerable occafions to remark, that without an accurate knowledge of the real ftate of the country at the prefent time, when compared with that at former periods, with refpeft to population, induftry, com- merce, and other circumllances, a financier mull proceed in the dark, and be not only obliged to grope his way at firft, without being able to difcover any ray of light to direft his fteps, but muft go on in the fame way without either hq himfelf or his fucceffors being able to know whether the mea- fures have proved hi^rtful or beneficial. To remove this uncertainty in a matter of fo much im- portance, no method appeared fo natural to our enlightened legiflator, as that of obtaining an authentic account of the prefent ftate of the country, in refpc61: to every particular that can tend to afFeft, diredly or indirectly, the happinefs and the profperity of the people ; — and to obtain this, with refpefl to Scotland, he has called in tjie afliftance of the clergy, a fet of men in this country, wiiich, confidcred as a body, is perhaps as refpeftable a community as any on the globe. By his own~ vigorous exertions, and the afliflanceof thefe worthy men, he has already obtained, as wc are affur- ed from the moft undoubted authority, materials for giving a very ■<^triG&. Jiatijiical * account of many pariflies in that country j in digefting which into proper form. Sir John has been bufily employed during the ihort recefs of Parliament j and in the profccution of which, we are alTured, he will go on with unremitting diligenqe, during every hour that can be fpared from his .adive duties as a Britifli fenator. • Utatifical is a word hardly yet naturalized in the country.— -With- out entering into a laboured etymology of the word, it is fufltcient to inform our readers, that it means an account of the ftate of any country rclpe^wr^^.i--fBdlli #Wrj«»{>drt« and Ith^rti-hsl^e ki'^atiy* increafed* W« ese^onkaM gtfO*l fi'oli^l^iW^^ Jl^anlhcflct,* ^c. ', and we import confia^ttbief quantltt^t <6f iten tfianufaftur*. The itthibitants of PdrtMtrlck, how- ever ' ftyo generally only tW'carff^rs ; the diiljers are thofe/^ who, not being fuffioientlyj ^ptilent to*ft«(ght Kn^\6h4lif^i' {hip?8^ carry an a haukift^ tuflfieft b^' Ikrtd. Thtty b^n^ th6ir goods ill: carts, afkl hit^ thf* Pdrt^trick Vdflfek W con* vey th«m from one ftiorfc u the other; t r < .^^ " /r//^ C<»///^.-^Butttf All thtt articles of the cotJirtierce of Pol:t^^t#i and fometimes even up- on the prpipefl; of large crops of the.flp articles, that ;there is muchjpeculation in itr Great gains and great loilTes are therefore ludden and ffeq.uent. Hence the imppiit is unt- .qual. ^ Some people fuppoie that the trade is favourable t& unuggUng, and hoftile to the revenue. Other* obje£^ to it, as in a peculiar manner detrimental to thpfe diAH^s in Scot- land where black cattle are bred ; and there fe^nas .to be ra- ther a hardihip in jpermitting fuch numbers of, cattle to be imported into North Britain,^ or even carried through it, in order t6 rival the produdions of that very ccmatry, in the oniy miayket to whic|i it has accefs. Without entering, however,- into thefe fpeculations^ it mayjje fufficient.at pte- fent to' remark, that the import will probably diminish; oi it- felf, in confequence of the rapid progrefs which Ireland is iiqw making. The tkne is faft approaching, when that kingdom will be in the fame ftate in whi^ch Englan4> i* at; prclent, having i market withii> itfelf futhcicnt £or..rfie con-, fumption of its own prociuftions., Pexhaps that may fooabe, the cafe in regard to other cpthmodlties, beiides cattle..^ The! Irlih are rapidly improving in our mianufafturca, an4 we ia theits } at leaft the cottons of Manchetter and Glafgow are likely fbon to fupply the place of the linens of Ireland j io that in time th^re will remain few articles to barter between the two kingdoms. ** /*^/a/rf//>«.— The return to the inquiries made by Dr. Vy^bfter, regarding the population of the parifli of Portpa- tric^;, about forty yeaj:s ago, \vas t^5l fwuls.. It ,has fmcej .^l ►u'- "Wl" naiH 4791.1 ' LITERAHY DfTELLIGENCER. / 275 confidenbly increafed* It appcajrs from an enumeraiioa re- cently made, that there are in th£ country part pf f.}\<^ p^ riih, 4844 ttift/ in tfaie to«vn,: $i2i fouls > fo that the ' whole population aoitftmts to 996^ being an addition,, in that fpaqe of time, of ■445:(buls. ka^i ..-,.^, '^ .-i?i,a%.,^;:;? x''^'f ' The birth9) deaths, and marriages, - as entered in th^ pa^- riih rigifter, for the lad eight years, are as follows : i^ Deaths. 18 20 " Rflnt qfthf i*ari/h,^^Ahq\Xt tlie year 1761, the whole pariih was valued, for ihe purpofc of a|S:^^aining the amount of the teind, or the yaliue of.the tythes, ^n4 it was then ef- timated at 472 1. Sterling. But as the increafe ;has fince been very coniiderable, the land rent •alpiie' is now about 1000 1. per anpum^ythe town rent is at leafl 200 1. more; the dues of anchorage, and a duty of 2..d> pfr head on all cattle and horfes expoited or imported, payable to the Blair family, may alfo bring in about I26L^ i^ that the rent o£ |he pariih is rather better than .1300 ^ a year. ^*^ A fuller extraB wUl ht given from (his valuahU *ears*>i,.: ^,. .,!■ Berths. 1783 ri ?^ : 26 17S4 t^rf-^ ' H 1785 - 27 1780 y'-jjfr*^,., 31 1787 — 34 1788 — JO 1789 -, 37 1790 .— 34 Marriages. 5 air .■.';.,'9. . i: "^.nf'rA"'- -Ak 9 ^ I w 4 Uy 9 in perfsrntance^in.Qur next,y\ -v^y-*^ \^ '* ''I *v . Hajiings turnip, , r. Hastings,, When he was in the ^alt Indies, Was .at- tentive to every riiral objeft that promifed to prove Tafeful to the country. Among other products of the^^Eaft, that he imported hither, were thp, feeds of a kind of tji^rriip from Benitar, which has not yet been long enough cultivated to af- xeijtain its qualities.-— Th« folldx'V'iRg letter from Sir Mcpin ' M m 2 ' k* to-, BanlMj Bart, to Mx% ArtkuK Voungi fbnie hints •>i : <« I riiiav* Rh expferfment \*ith th« turnipr v^^htch Mr. Hnf. ttngs'bip6u|^t h^mc lr(Maii .Benta^vthftt 1 hope may prove very intereftiLg. I fowcd fome feed tfi Mltdi - laity -with- out producing one turnip. Mygikidtth^t faid^tfie^^ feed! had degenerated, end ;•) ,•' r l.i' ^ Curfory VlEW(^thepP&fifit POLITICAL ^TATE of EUROPEf continued from page I20. '? ' ' . , ■*■.'■ ; Great firifaiff^ JToTHiNO can exhibit a more ftriking proof of the juilice of tHjis maxim, that extent of empire does hot always augineai t^ie prqfpi^rity of a natioti, than the prefent ftate of Great Britain, j^ .few years ago, fhe loft feveral extenlive pro vinces tl^at were generally deemed of fo mUch confcqueiice to her, that few people imagined ftie could well fubfill with- out them.— Vet it is now uhiverfally adin;tled, that fince ■t ' I7pt« ; LITERARY INTtLLIGENCER. I77 that period, her tridto hai iugmented, her manufa£turet hftvi betame more flourifiiing, and her internal profperitf U greater than was ever knovrn at any hvmtr period. It is oot to be-expe&ed, however, that this ftrmig example ihoukt either xhedi her own; defire of acquiring farther dominion, oy teach other nations to judge rightly in this refpe^t. All man^ kind ate acjcuffcokned to afbirom the influence of habit, rather thanifrom reaConing ', and they will continue to do fo. Since ithe. peace of 17 8>2, Britain had no jufl caufe for be'mg alarmed for her own fafety, or for dreading the effe^V* of foreign powers : (he might therefore have hieen permitted to attend quietly to her own domeftic concerns. But tian* quillity is npt fb ifuitable to the wifties of the people, as fomc bullle 'y and mod miniilers will think it theii: intereil to in- dulge the people in this their Favourite paitime. Till a man, therefore, can be founds, a6iing' as prime minifter, who Ihall prefer the fubftantial intareits of the country to his own pri* vate gratification and that of his friends^ a long trad of con- tbued .tranquillity cannot be expected : And he w^o looks £or fuch a man,, mufl fearch a long while in vain. Twice iiace that period, has Britain been alarmed with imaginary fears, and forced to equip powerful armaments, at a very great national e^qpence, which have been again laid down HS ufelefs. .1 I - ^ '* The king of France, with twenty thoufand men, . ^^^ " Went up the hill, and then— -ciime d^Qvrn- again." ^ Thefe facetious lines may with juilice be applied to our late armiimeitts,— -which would not have been here taken notice of, did it not fefcm that this mode of obtaining mock vifto- iies,at anammenfe expencc, appears to be a fort of fyftematic iirraiigement, to which rccourfe is meant to be had whenever it is intended to put the good peopU of Britain into good hu- mour, when any favourite point is to be aimed at. It would be well if a lefs expexifive kind of paftime i;ould be contriv- ed j or one that would tend lefs to injure trade, to derange* the national economy, or to diftrefs individuals ^ for fuch a ladden adoption of meafuresin themfclvcs fo arbitrary, ought farely never to be reforted to, but in cafes of the moft urg- ent neceflity. ' ■< - ' ! Thefe troubles are for the prefent overblown; and though' Bpaui ha;l renfon to complain, that by the overbearing iia ^7 8 .p.r:j : the bee, or^'i * « v^ •• ' FcV t(5, petuofity of ber rival, (he has been^ut to a great deal of un. meceiTary cxpence, yet ihe had the wiBom to fee at laft how matters really doodi and to acquiefcein th« good old pro. verb, that it was more for her intereft to . n . -• .. The proverb is fo tr^te, that it is uhnec^flkry to repeat it. To ihew, however, to >!! the .world, that there was no other objcft aimed at bnt'an 4/»^arefJt Ti^ory, and . to prove that the real vidory was on the other fide, fiie has di£lated a pa- eification in fuch terms, as to throw evtiry real advantage fhe could aim at intohei own fcale, whileftietnadea (hew of giving Something to her opponents. This kind of legerdemain in jx)litics, is however, at beft, a mean fort of attainment, which a candid raind would think it beneath its dignity to adopt, whatever were the temptation to do it. . j. :i i rn. ^ Vanity is the ruling principle of nations. It has been the immediate caufe of the ruin of alraoii every Hate that has «yer attained celebrity in the wqrld, and will be fb to the end of time. Wherever power is lodged, there will this pailion be dtfplayed ', and wherever it is difplayed, it muft provoke other nations, iboner or later, to kiunble it. Bri* tain,' for fome time pall, has been placed in more, fortunate crrcumilances, than the rival powers around her, and has ihewn that (he has pofleiTed this. (illy padion in as eminent a degree as any other nation.^ — She alfo ftflt, during the laft war, forae of its natural confequences, but not in fuch a de-> gree as to eradicate, but merel,y to moderate it for a time. It is to be regrctt<6d, that the prefeht circumftahces of other nations tend fo powerfully to nourtfh this prc^enfity in her. May the time loon come, when we ihall be obliged to view them with a greater degree of refpeft ;_for it ivS then only» that {he ihall be enabled, «s^ a nation, to a£t in a rational and refpe6table manner ! . • With regard to the internal admlniftration of this coun- try, it is like that of every other nation, a tiifue of good and bad blended together, in which the bad greatly preponde- rates. This, indeed, mu0; evier be expe^ed to be the cafe j hecaufe the good produced by government, can only be the refult of knowledge, while the bad is the confequence of er- iiafr..^But truth is only 0y7r, and the road to that folitary tme is often difficult to be difcovered j whereas every devii- tiipafrpm it lead$tp error ; nor can a miniilery embaralTed H' ' <».*'^x** 1791* LIT£RART IKTELLIOEXC£R. 3^^ wUh the multiplicity of affair^ that for ever claim His atten-r tion, find leifuri; to euter into the m»fiy diiHcult iiiveili^a- tions necefl'ary to keep him fi'om deviating from the ri^hc path ; if therefore, he has not had time to make thd'e necel* fary inveftigations, while he Was in a private llation, he cannot afterwards do it .himl<:lf. Thefe important difcuflions mufl then be left to others^ and io many ianidcr views may induce thefe counfipllors to give improper advice, that tt ifi next to iiu- poinble hcfhould be able to avoid being wilfully led into error, it ought, therefore, to be an objeft of greater wonder, that s^ minilter fhould be ever right, than that he Ihould be ofte» wrong. Thefe few general obfervations on the government of a free country, are enough to give fome flight notion of the prefcnt political ftate of Britain j for to cenfure or to applaud individuals, is no part of the plan of this work. When par- tic ulaf laws or regulations ihall come to be confidered fcpar rately, ^ the cdnrfe of this work, their tendency will be pointed but with that candour, it is hoped, which is becom- ing a liberal mind, and with that freedom which ought, to accompany difquifitions that arc indeed intended to enlighten- the people, .without any intention of cither hurting or ferv- ing any party whatever 5 fo that the remarks will fometime^N feem io Favour the onej and foinetimes the other, as clrcum- ftances fhall render necefrary.r— It is not difficult, however, to forefee, that if truth be the: fole objeft of purfuit, it muft naturally happen, that thofe who, from their fituation in the ftate, are obliged to take the lead, will be found more fre- quently deviating into trror, than thofe who aie only allow- ed to aft a negative part. The only othfcr great objeft refpeTvs ;»ri- «- mm " "^:!^>(J'?*"l,W! "HI MIWW.HU' $Jo ,.tHEJS«i:;rfl;..j?::- Feb. f6, objea of tlw! pi^feftt |rdft€uti6*^^ nb one could have been feledcd, wbo Was more generally popular a- tnong thofe who wfcre uttdc* his^ admittiftwtiori. ^li'A refult of the trial it i» not dilSotllt to forfee.' One g6od effeft, however, has certainly refiilted frbtn the late parfiamehtary difcuflion concerning it, v\t, that it is not in the power of a king of this realm to fcree« ft gfeat deiiHv^Uent from ptihlfh- ment, when the general fenfe bf the nioft ttiMghtisned part of the nation (hall think it is meritedi - j;>hj feu I ' I I ,iUi^i|( i jj Catalogue of Neio Publications. Thb Shakefpear gallery by Mr. Jemingham, i s. 6 d. Robm/ons^' "^^? Effai Hiftoriqnc et Rail'onn^, 5 S4 • JPaulier. "^'i *. -j^'^A Temperate Comments on intemJ>orate refle^mi, a review of Mr. Burke, % s. WalUr, Sermon on tht heart, by Jamiefon, M. A. » volumes 8vo^ Xiitty. Sermons un the dodrines and duties of Chriftianity, by Q.' Laughton, J D. D. 8vo, 6 9. boards. Laio,' , ' ... iA Trearife on 118 difeafes of the eyc9, Ice. by W. Rbwltfj-^ICI. D. C. Nttvber^ A Letter to the Patentee, concerning the medical prcpertiefi of the . fleecy hofiery, b; Dr. Buchan, 8vo, 1 s, 6 d. !A. fucduit digefl of the laws relative to bankrupts, 48. 64 ' Ri'oing' tOtt. Memoii s of the old Highlsmd ferjeant, Donald M'Leod, a s. Foties. A Sketch of the reign of George IIL from 1780 to 1790, 4 s. fewcd. Debrett. A Sermon on the caufe of fuiciUe, by h. Turner, I s. fVilliams. The Chriftian remembrancer, a tarcwell fermon at Uxbridge, by \V. Harper. 4to, l s. Evans^ BufFon's Natural Hillory, abridged, with plates, 8 ». b«ards. Kearjley. Moderp Poets, a fatyr, % s. Rie^ervay. Stridures on Mr. Burke's pamplUet by a juftice of the peace, is. 6 d. A Letter to the morthly reviewers, by F. Grevillc, Efq. author of re* fiedions, a poem, i s. 6 d. Pijhe, Eflky on v^italfufpenfion, is. Rivingtont. A digcft on the ftatute-law, by T. W. Williams, z volumes, 4to, 4 1. 12 «. ft d. RabinfoHs. Hiftcty of the American revolution, by D. Ramfay, M. D. x volumes, 8vo, 10 Si 6 d. Stikidale. An abridgement of the Hiftory of Scotland from Robcrtfon, Stewart, &c, 3 8. Kearjley^ A treatlfe on the digcftion of food, by G. Fordyce, M. D. 8vo, 3 9. 6 d. fewed. yohnfon. *.i)f\ver to Mr, Dixon by Lieutenant Mcars, 4to, % s. U^alter. •;') V « II I k sss THE BEE, 2» OR LirlRART WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER, fOR WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 2^^. I79I, > ' ■■ I , . OhfervationsL^pHthe Laws of'Byitain, refpeWing Inipri- ; ' ' fonmentfir Debt. At a tin>e when the Britilh parliament is making fuch a diftinguifhecl ftaud in defence of the rights oi juftice and humanity, fuppofed to have been injured in Afia, and when the people at large have interefted themfelVes fo confpicuoufly in favour of thofe unfortunate neprroes who have been rediiced to a ilate of flavery in our Weft India fcttlements, it feems to be fame what furpriiing, that we iliould quietly tolerate among ourfelves a fpe- cies of flavery of a more opprcfllve nature, than, that of which they fo juftly complain^ while it is at the fame time fo impolitic, as to fecni to admit of lio defence. I here allude to the power of irhprifonment for debf^ vls at prcfent permitted by our laws, which, in. its nature is fo cruel, and in its confequences to society is fo pernici-* ous» that it never could have bc^n tolerated by. a fenfible and humane people, had not the dillrefles- which it oc- cafions, and which are fo much concealed from publid view, in a great meafure efcaped the notice of perfon-s ii the higher ranks of life. : : The confequences of this fpeeics of flavery, however, with regard to the unfortunate futFtfrc.rs themfclves, and their families, -are fo obviou::, tiiat r!re {iightcii decree: of attention will difcovcr tlieni ; and the fiibfeiuei^t: Vol. I. j*^*-'^'- '•' ^-'•■'Uf- -''.»' i^"-* \'!i" ■■ ]Sj ^ .""• I • .Jf. THE BEE, OR Feb'. i6, hurt that refults from it to the community att large, has been fo well pointed out by others, that I fiiall not enlarge upon it here. On this head I fhall only make one remark, that cannot be too often repeated : viz. That prifons in general may be confidered as the moil fuccefsful fchools of vide that this nation affords ^ and that many perfons, who, when carried thither on account of unavoidable misfortunes only, were poffeffed of the moft upright difpofitions of mind, have returned from thence, depraved in their morals, and thoroughly fchool- cd in every fpecies of vice ; thefe leflbns of depravity are quickly communicated to their children and near connexions, who fail not to reduce them to practice on the conimunity at large, by a thoufand ingenious de- vices, they nev^r could have thought of by themfelves, and which only could have been invented, by the unit- ed efforts of the numbers who are left at leifure to brood over their diabolical fchemes, and bring them to perfeft maturity, in thefe numerous feminaries of vice and idlenefs f . Imprifonment, if viewed in a political light, can only be reconciled tojuftice, from two confi derations. Firft, as being the tneans of preventing a perfon from efcaping juflice, who has been, to appearance, guilty of fome crime : And fecond, as a punijhment for delinquencies of a certain fort. How far this mode oi punijhment is judicious or the reverfe, I mean not at prefent to en- quire. I fhall only obferve at this time, that unlefs im- prifonment fhall evidently tend to anfwer the one or other of thefe purpofes, it mufl certainly be unjuft, and therefore it ought not to be tolerated. Imprifonment in every cafe, is fo fevere in its efFefts, on the perfon who is fttbje£ted to it, that our forefathers feem to have viewed it in general as a kind of puniih- ment, the feveity of which ought to be n^tigated as much as poflible ; Hence a provifion has been made by * See on this fubjed, a moft excellent diflertation written by Sir CEnn- fipherous Paul; and the other obfervations of Mr. Howard on prifoiK ■where thefe evils are fo fully difplaycd as to leave nothing new tu be adJii by me on this head. "' ii'iW, ^■■fy[ -r 179I. '^ LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. . 283^ law, to fhorten its continuance in general, as far as is »; confiftent with public fafety. "Where a perfon has been f committed on a prefumptive appearance of guilt, if the * crime is not of a very heinous nature, he may in moft ■* cafes be admitted to freedom on bail, till it <:an be afcer- * tained by a fair trial, whether he has been innocent or*^ guilty of the crime laid to his charge. In crimes of a > deeper dye, where it is not competent to liberate ,the f *^ pfifoncr upon bail ; the time of imprifonment before • . trial, is made as fhort as is coniiftent with a fair invef- tigation of fads. In this refpeft, England is confpicu- oufly diftinguiQied above all other nations, and with * juftice, is proud of her habeas corpus a£^, which fo per- feftly fecures to her the benefit of thefe invaluable pri- ■'* vileges. In cafes where imprifonment is ordered as a punijhment ^ frr delinquency of any fort, the power of inflifting that puniftiment, as the power of infliding every other pun- ishment awarded by the law, is taken out of the hands of the* " perfon injured, and is entrufted to the judge alone^ who is impowered to prefcribe the time of its duration, and to determine the condition on which it may be fhorten- • ed ; and who, by being cool and uninterefled in the caiife, is fuppofed to be able, in awarding juftice, to re- member mercy. ^' In all cafes too, wliere imprifonment is ordered as ei ' punijhment, even the judge himfelf is not authorized to inflid it, till the crime for which it is awarded be ful- ly proved : for it would be highly unjuft to inflidt a punifhment, where there ftili remained a doubt of the guilt. In general, our laws have alfo cautioufly difcriminat- ed between crimes and misfortunes. If one man, for ex- ample, fhall have the misfortune to kill another, the mere proving of this fad is not deemed enough to fix npon him the guilt of murder. Before the culprit can be punilhed as a criminal, it mufl be proved, that his heart alfo was alTcnteng to the deed : nor can any one Nn a It1l M' ^. 284 ^'1^ THE BEE, OR ' Feb.;i3, bp puniAied for having fet fire to a houfe, iinlefs it be praved that it. was pot done by accident, but by defi^gn. The wifdom and equity of th«ife regulations will not be difputed : But in regard to debt^ all thefe rules are totally overturned, or entirely difregarded- The mere a6b of having contracted a debt which cannot be eafily difdharged, may no doubt on many occafions, prove prejudicial to the creditor, but it does not, prima facie^ appear to be a crime of a deeper dye, than that of fetting fire to our neighbour's houfe, or tlie depriving a fellow fubjeCl of life. Yet. the fimply proving of this fa6l, without any reff)ed being paid to the amount of the debt, or the circumftances that occafioned the failure of payment, is deemed a fufficieut rea,fon for withdrawing from the debtor the protedlion of the judge ; for de^ priving him of the means of vindicating his innocenOe l)efore an impartial jury of his countrymen ; and for delivering him into the power of an enraged creditor, who may, if he fliall fo incline, without controul, indid upon him a puniihment, that (hall be more fevere than death itfelf. And it is in this land of freedom, which boalls of the prote^ion the laws afford to every indivi- dual, that fuch tilings arc permitted ! Is it in this land, where humanity is univerfrlly cherifhed, that fucli cruelty is tolerated I Is it in this land where freedom is adored, that fuch a horrid fpecies of flavery is fulfer- ed to prevail! It is even fo. And ought we not Le jifhamed to vaunt of our freedom, to glory in our fpirit of humanity, or to pride ourfelves on the juftice of our ' laws, while this fyllem of legal barbarity is fuffbred to exift among us ? A debtor may have doiibtlefs become ; fuch through mibfortunes, as well as from a criminal condud:. Why then, ibould he alone be liable to fuf- ; fer the fevere puniihment of guilt, before even an at- tempt ihall have been made to prove, that fuch guilt does aftually cxid ? The only apology that can be ofiered, for onr having fo long tolerated fo barbarous a fjllcm, it^, that tl;e unhappy luflerers are in gencrallbut I79I» LITERARY INTELLIOEKCER. ^85 Up from public view, and thus have been in a great mea-i fure inadvertently difregarded ; and that perhaps, among the efforts that have been made to alter the condition of debtors, the tend^ency of the meafures propofed, have been fufpe^ted, rather as adopted to fcreen the guilty offender from puni(hme'..t, than to protecl the innocent fuffcrer; In the following hints that I ihall beg leave to offer, with a view to introduce into this department of civil polity, fome part of thqt equity, moderation and lenity, which charaderife our laws in other refpeds, my aim ihall be, to proteQ: the innocent from unjuil fe verity, but not to fcreen the guilty from punifhment ; and to fecure the rights of the creditor^ in a way at leaft more ef{ec« tually, than they are under the prefent fyftem. How far the following regulations would tend to produce thefe effe^ls, the reader will judge* a 1. After a debt has been fairly conftituted by law, let the creditor, as at prefent, be authorifed to feize, not only the effeEls- of the debtor wherever they can be found, but his per/on alfo. I believe in England, a treditor is only authorifed to take one of thefe, either the perfon or the effects of the debtor ; in Scotland, he may lay hold on both if he ftiall fo incline, and fecure his perfon in jail, until he ihall either make payment of the debt, or, if that be not in his power, ihall make a full furrendry of his effefts in favour of his creditors. Af- ter th^'* is done, the debtor ihall be entitled to be dif- charged from prifon, unlefs in the cafes that ihall be afterwards fpecified. i- 2. But that no unnecefTary delay may take place in regard to this tranfaftion, every debtor thus committed to prilbn, ihall be entitled to be carried by a writ of hahcac corpus^ as fooii after his commicmecit as he ihall incline, before a proper judge, the imprifoning creditor having got due intimation when the fnrrendry is to be uaade ; where tl.e debtor having declared, that he is a«S ' "^ THE BEE, -I)# ' ' ^^"^ * "5 Feb. ^3, unalde at the time to make full payment of his debts, and given anfwers to fuch queries as his creditors ihall propofe to him, fhall be allowed to make a full furren- dry of J) is efFeds in favour of his creditors, and in that furrendry he Ihall fpecify upon oath the various parti- culars oC thefe'eife^s to the utmofl of his power, inti. mating at the fame time where they are lodged ; a copy o£ which furrendry ihall be delivered to the crtiditor or his agent at the time. And if he or they ihall then de. cla^^e themfelves fatisfied with the furrendry, the prifon- er ihall^ be immediately difcharged. But if the credi- tor ihall' demand time to examine the a£l of furrendry, the judge ihall allow him a fpace of time, not under three days, nor exceeding^^?, to examine it. The debt- or during that time to be remanded back to prifon, un- lefs he Ihall iind fureties, for his reappearance- at the time fpecilied. And* if within that fpace the creditor makes no objection, the prifoner ihall at the end of the time fpecified, be entitled to a difcharge ; the creditor or creditors in tlje intecval of time, having power to cite the debtor before them, to anfwer fuch queries, as they ihall think proper to propofe to him. •* 3. In cafe of enlargement of the prifoner by either of thefe methods, the perfon who arreiled him iliall be bound to pay the prifon dues and all other indifpenfible charges incurred by the prifoner, referving a right to repayment of this out of the debtor's elFeds, if they ihall amount to fo much, after payment of all his legal debts at the time. But in cafe the eiFeds ihall fall Ihort of this, the expence ihall be born entirely by the credi- tor himfelf, and he ihall not be entitled to repayment at any future period. .,i t 4. But if, at the time the ad of furrendry was made, or at the time fpecified by the judge for that re-appear- ance of the parties, the creditor ihall make oath before a judge, that he has reafon to believe, and is himfelf convinced, either that the furrendry has not been quite ^mple.te and fair, or that the. debtor has been guilty (•^ V X79I» ' LITERARY INTELUOENCER. ^ '^1^7 of culpable conduft, he fliall, in that cafe, be entitled to demand a warrant for detaining the prifoner for the fpace of days, until he can be brought to a fair and open trial, to afcertain whether or not he has. been guilty of the crimes laid to his charge. > 5. Hitherto, if I miftake not, our law only takes cognizance oi frauds in bankrupt cafes, the puniflimcBt of which is death; but as there may be fmaller delinquen- cies which ought not to be allowed to eicape impunilhed, though death would be deemed too fevere ; the(e delin- qiiencies may be fpecified by the n2Lme.o{ culpable conduS, the punifhment for which tr€*fpaires, might be pillory or imprifonment, or both, at the difcretion of the judge, according to the degree of delinquency proved* The creditor, therefore, Ihould be at liberty to bring his a€« tion for one or the other trefpafs, as he fliould fee caufe. If the affidavit run for a fraud, the culprit ihould be remanded to prifon. But if the accufatioii went no far- ther than culpable conduB, the judge fliould be empow- ered to admit the debtor to bail, on his being able to find fureties to a fufFicient amount, who ih^U become bound for his appearance at the trial *, 6. In all cafes of this fort, both in «SVo//^«// and Eng- land, the trial fliall be by jury only. ^ 7. If upon trial, the prolecutor fliall fail in hisproc^y fo as that the jury acquits the prifoner, the judge (hall immediately declare him free at the bar : Nor fliall the debtor after his acquittal be liable to be again incarce- * It is fuhmltted, whcthir In this cafe It would not be rfafonaWe to require the fuiedco to become bound for the payment of a l(;ra ctjual to the amount of the ivLoL: debt due to tht deponent or deponcm», >^hofliaIi appear and make oath un tkis occafion. An^l that in cafe of foifc-iting the bail auud, the money r«cuvercd upoii thi> itc^af; n ihaii go wboUf into the poclcet of the dcpouen^ dcf ^ent- wirliout conniiuiiitating it to any oftheothc- crtdito- and 're iuretii" in tfja cafe (hall come in the place t>f the 4.redit{)r t^r creditttn* whtun they have paid, and be entitled to rank anuJUK the creditors of the bankru]>t for the furu tlury have paid, and as fach, Ihall obtain a proportional dividend of his ct- fcar,. rated, or brought to tt trial at Any future period, for any thing refpefting debts that were owing by him at the time of bis bankruptcy. The profecutor, in this cafe, to be liable in all cofts without re4:ourfe. If, on the contrary, the jury (hall iind the prifoner guilty^ the judge will of courfe pronounce the fentence that the law awards. In this cafe, the expence of the profecution fliall be paid out of the debtor's elFefts, before a divim dend takes place among the creditors, 7; If the jury fhall perceive that circumftances upon the trial appear fo fufpicious as to make them heiitate about pronouncing the prifoner innocent y though the proofs are not fo direct ad- to authorife them to pronounce him guilty^ they may return a fpecial verdiSi, which fliall imply that the prifoner may be detained for the fpace of days longer, till a new trial can be brought forward! In this cafe, the expences already incurred, ihall be paid by the profecutor, who (hall not be entitled to draw any part of it out of the debtor's effeds ; but it fhall conflitute anew claim againft the prifoner, the repayment of which the creditor may afterwards enforce by any means in his power, under the conditions to be after fpecified. 8. Where the jury give z fpecial verdiB^ the prifon- er (ball be bailable or not, as before, according to the nature of the crime he is charged with. 9. And if a fecond, or any fubfequent jury fhall give 2.nothtr Jpecial verdiSi, the prifoner may be again and again brought to trials till a jury fhall fee proper either to acquit or to condenrm hinfi. And as to the expences incurred by each of thefe trials, including every thing from the time of the former trial, the nature of the fentence of each jury fhall determine by whom it fhall be borne, according to the rules above laid down; every trial being paid by itfelf, and not liable to be in any refpeft afFefted by the fenjte^ce to be pronounced on a fubfequent trial. I .t^aii^iji^ mtt^ b^M.1 lypl* LITERARY tNTELLIGEKCBR. ^89 lOi But in the event oi'Sifpecial verdiBy thfe 'profe- rutor i?iall not be obliged to carry his fuit farther than he (haU incline ; and if, immediately after the trial is over, he fhall declare that he declines any farther pro- fccution, and if no other creditor fhall come forward^ and make affidavit to the fame eifecl:, and agree to |!;o on with the profecution, the prifoner fhall then be difmiiTed from the bar, though he fhall flill be liable to be profecuted for this crime at any future period^ until a final dividend of His effeds hav6 been made, but no long- er. Or if the profecutor fhall relinqnifh the trial at the time it ought to have come on ; — in that cafe, the pri-^ foner fhall be difcharged, and the fame rule with regard to expences fhall take place, as it he had been acquitted by the jury. This does not, however, preclude him from bting again brought to trial at any time before the final dividend of his efleds, as is fpecified in the next article. 11. All the cafes above fpecified, only refpeft thofe debtors who have been committed to prifon, before their bankruptcy had been declared. In cafes where a bank- ruptcy had been declared, when the perfon of the debt- or was free, the following regulations with refpe£l to imprifonment, appear to be jufl and equitable 12. In that cafe it fhall be competent for any credi- tor, during the whole of the time that fhall elapfe from the period when the bankruptcy was declared, until the laft dividend of the efFedls fhall hav^e been made, to bring the debtor to a trial if he fliall fee lit, by making an affidavit in the manner above defcribed, and conduct- ing the profecution in every refpeft as above. 13. But if no perfon fhall think proper to bring on a trial, before the laft dividend fhall have been made of the debtor's effects, it fhall not be competent ever after- wardij, to bring on a trial for any thing refpe6ling that bankruptcy ; and the perfon of the debtor fhall, as to thefs debts, be ever after free from arrefl. """ '^1 ; 'Vol J, ^t O *' 39© THE BEE, OR - *^ — Feb. 23, / 14. By this mode of procedure, the per/on of the debtor would be free, unlefs where he had been convid- ^ ed of a crime. But it is by no means intended, that he . ihould be thus freed from thofe debts that dill remain unpaid, after all his effects have been fold. Thefe debts, while. undifchargedy fhall remain a burden upon Jhim, and upon his heirs, in all time to come. Nor Aiall .;i.;,any individual creditor be compellable to grant a dlf. charge of his own particular debt, by any mode of pro- cedure whatever, unlefs he fhall choofc to do it 'uolunta- rily and of his own accord. The law which at prefent xcxifts in England, by which the confent of a certain " proportion of the creditors, neceffarily grants a dif- . charge from the whole, and that law in Scotland, which in certain circumftances grants a general dif- charge from all debts, having been *oniy adopted to mitigate the feverity of our law refpe£ling imprifon- ment, and being evidently a great infringement of pri- / yate right, and liable to confiderable abufes, ought to be ^ entirely abrogated as unneceffary, were the fyftem here propbfed adopted. For the fame reafon, it would feera proper, that all fan^luaries for debt, ought alfo in this . fenfe to be done away as unneceffary, and liable to abuf and general a£ts of infolvency could no longer be ne- cefiary . '^jx ,,\ .n 15. In every cafe where a bankruptcy is incurred, and ,a furrendry of eiFefts of courfe takes place, the , fame regulations that now are in force, for bringing the I efFcfts to a ready fale, and dividing the produce equal- ly among the whole creditors, may ftill fublift till other - regulations Ihall be devifed, that may promife to be \ more efficacious.,,^^ ,: .n^...,:u'\^^ .i,t;.M^if/4|.-.-^' .:j, 16. But after a bankruptcy has once taken place, , and a Cubfequent equal dividend been made among the creditors, though the claims of each of thefe creditors ,' continue to be good againft the debtor for all the unex* tinguiflied parts of their debts ; yet: no oiie o£ thefe iliaJl have power to bring on a fecoad bankruptcy for I79I» LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 291 thefe debts, but each creditor fhall have a power, legal- ly to feize on the effc6is*of the debtor wherever they can be found, and to apply them ta his own ufe^ with- out communicating any part of them to the other credi- tors, untirhis whole claim fliall be finally extinguiflicd. 17. But if the debtor ihall contract any new dehts fubfequent to his bankruptcy either to thefe former creditors or others, if a fequeftration of efFefts fliall be made for any of thefe wfou debts, while the debtor is not able to fatisfy all claims upon him ; this fliall neceflari- ly bring on a new bankruptcy, which muft as neceflarily produce an equal dividend of the produce of the debt- or's whole effedts among all his creditors at the time ; and on this event, the old creditors fhall rank the fame as the newy in proportion to the amount of their refpeftive claims. 18. New debtors in this cafe, fliall have the fame power to imprifon and to bring the debtor to a trial, as if it had been a firft bankruptcy. 19 But that a man, who, notwithftanding the out- ilanding debts againfl. him, has hv perfon thus protect- ed from danger of iniprifonment may be enabled to earn his bread, it fliould be enac ed, that in all cates of ar- rell or fequeftration of effedtb, the rreceflTary tools foL* working in his profeflion ought to be excepted, as alfo, one fuit at leaft of body clothes for hirafelf and each individual of his family. As many bedclothes likewife fliould be protected, as fliould be deemed reafonably fufficient to defend the whole family frerm fuffering by cold, and fo many of the kitchen utenfils of the plained fort, as are neceflary for readying common victuals for the family, without n'hich it does not feem that per- fons can eafily fub'itt m a ftate of civil fociety. : ' ^^ " 20. And that no abufes might be fuffered to creep in under this pretext, it fliall be fpecially required on every furrendry of eifeCts, that thefe excepted goods be all produced before the creditors at the time, to be infpcdted by them ; and if thofe produced fliall be judged of a kincj > ^ O o 2 V in l*« IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V.x 1.0 I.I 1^8 |25 I ^ j2.0 ^.,. I£ Mill 1.25 1.4 J4 ^ 6" - ► V] ^i ^4^1^ /A '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRKi WnSTER.N.Y. U5S0 (716) S73-4S03 a>^ ^n iV \\ y '^.>^ Q> i z 1^ ^ ■^ mmmmmimm tg% ^. THi: BEE, OR , Feb, 23, too fine, or too coftly for the occafioq, thefe may be re- tgined^ if the creditors fliaU fo ijicline ; and others-inore plain, though, equally ferviceable, t6 be fubftituted iii their ilead. J|i every cafe, the whole goods excepted fl^all be eounaeratedV and fpccially defcnbed in the aft of furrendry ; and any unfair concealmeut in this re- ped: iball be accounted a fraud, an4 iball b^ liable to be profecutcd as fuch. ,21. Should thefe regulations' be adopted, though it would not be poffible in any circumitances toco/«/>tf/any creditor involuntarily to grant .,a difcharge until his whole claim was paid up } yet it is by no means in- tended to prevent aiiebtor from obtaining a relief from the preflure of his debts by means of a 't^oluntary difcharge from fuch of his creditors as might chocife to grant it, upon any terms of compofition they mall think proper to accept. By thefe f'ew regulations, it \ appears to me, that the per/on of a debtor would be as much protecled, as juftice and found policy cOuld demand ; and his power of enjoying life as much preferved, as feems to be con- fiftent with the^ juft rights of his creditors, Fraudu- lent bankruptcies would in thefe circumftances be much lefs eafily carried into effe£t than at prefent, and creditors would have a far better chance of obtaining payment of their debts, than x\^ej can ever have under our prefept fyilem of laws. It will be readily remarked, that thefe regulations would be beneficial, chiefly in regard to debtors in the lower ranks of life \ who are, according to our prefent fyftem of laws, particularly liable to be oppreiTed by fmall debts, and the community thus deprived of the benefit of thpir labour. It is f .ich perfons chiefly, who, from theirbeing uftobfei'ved by the great body of the people, are^ allowed to pine in thefe manfions or mifery and viilany, while ^hcir Wretched families, deprived of that labour which fiiotild be; their fupport, become an oppreffive burden on the inaufiri- PUS part of the community, or ^feve re fcourge oil the I79I*'* '^ LITERARY INTBLLIOENCER. 495. natipn ;jit large. It is perhaps impoilible to compute, the full amount of /the. Ijeneiits that fbciety would de- live- from this meai^i^ » i>ut taken in this point of^ view, it is obvious it mull be very great., . With regard to debtors 9f oot^, who are in general greatly moije culpable than tliofe i^ lower rank, as the>; attract tlie att;ention of the peopley,thefpirit of the times, aiFords them a protection, againd fuffering un^ue feve- rities inprifon.— But fiicli debtors would find it a much more diiHcult matter than they now do, to Qxakfi tl^em~. felves free from the effeds of a bankruptcy, 5^1d after- wards to live in affluence and fplendor, while many of their creditors were, through their means, ]^e4uct;d t^. poverty and want. , /,•;;! I Further explanations on this fuhjeB will he given in out next* 'Y»» For the Bee, * '>'ti On the Prevalence of Error, ** Truth is reality ; error is nonentity. The one is ttii fource of goodf the other ot e'bil to the human race.— In proportion to the deteilation of honeft men towards every fpecies of deluiion, deceptpn and fiilfehood, fo fliould be their efforts in removing ignorance, incond'- deration, undue prejudice, precipitance of judgment, and unjuft difcrimination as to the refoedire importance of different fubjefts and purfuits ; all of which give countenance and fuppo^t to the prevalence of crrror a.. mong, mankind. What^e'ver be the fnbjed under confideratibn, a due knowledge oi it is an indifpenfibl^ requifite, towards a true judgment thereof. Mankind, thcrefrjre.lhould en- deavour to balance l:he value 6{ hiowledge, againft the temptations to ignorance ^^^itxilhv to their refpedive li- tuations in life. Thus,^h high rank, the allurements to inferior pleafure, would more often lofe their influ- m^m ^^mmmrfm^m S94 THE BEE, OR^^^'^^*' Feb! I3, ence^'iii ^KJ^cdfitempltition of ii^ofc toVSi jbys of rea- fon :•— Secular care and &n anxietj for riches, -woiild in the middle dafs, be left generally put in competition with an enlightenied underftanding J — while thbfe iij the lower walks 0^ human life, would be more apt to grafp at every opportunity of iiiftruftion, which had a ten- dency tb elevate their minds, and to enable them' the better to exercife their own faculties. The habits of men, are greatly formed by education and circunaftaiices. Often the one is deficient, and the flfi5^ unfavourable towards mental improvement. Of- ten too, the perfons themfelves, arfe infenfible of their lofs in both, and thus reft fatisfied.— -Ignorance and er- ror in thefe, are more to be lamented than blamed. There are others however, who have been early taugl^ more enlarged ideas and belter fentiments, who have alfo met with due encouragement* to improve them, but neverthelefs, difcover an infenfibility to the worth of knowledge and truth, that can only be accounted for, from an inattention. to their importance. Some favour- ite paflion, purfuit, or external circumftance, or all of tfiefe, cngrqfs their whole; thoughts. Hence arife con- tracted fentiments, falfe concluiions, and mifapplication of talents. A refleding mind will not fo allow itfelf to wafte its powers upon inferior confiderations, to the negled of the nobleft of all purfuits, that of truth. Would men duly contemplate the value of wifdom, they would grafp at the means of it. ^ Truth is one unchangeable thing ; but almoft every country lias eftabliOiec^ truths of its own, and each looks upon the other as poflefled of error. Nay, there is ibmething peculiar that belongs to the mode of think- ing and judging of every individual ; and hence th^'/ame tbtng will appear; to different men in a different point of view. As foon as mankind cojne to years pf under- ftanding, they are initiated Into the principles of their parents, or of the country whcrfe they chance to live; and early impreilions are generally perihanent an d lafl- ' 'f- • • I i 1..' , . wmi^ 1791. LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. 2g5 iflg. To the ideas we have picked up in early life, how apt are we to cherifli a fond affe6lion ? 'Whetiihefii chance to be founded on trutby the prejudice in their favoilr, becomes ufeful^ but if on error, extremely /*!'-' nicious. Often in both -lafes however, they arc more the effed oi feeling and edueatioriy than the ^efiilt of our own inquiry and inveJligation» Henpe people often ve- nerate what they do not fufiiciently know,^^ and make a great ado, about what they are unable to give a reafon fbrw To hear the truth of their principles called in queftion, ilartles and afloniilies them ; and as they are not aware of obje^ions, they will 6ften admit none. Thejr are hot and impatient under contradi£tion, and often uncharitable in their treatment. Thus it is that undue prejudice nar- rows and contra^s the mind, that it ilops the progirefs of truth and virtue in the world, and cherifhes hatred and malevolence among mankind. A man devoid of it, and pofTeffedoftrue liberality of mind, who regards truth above every other confideration, fets to work in order to find it outybr himfelfy perfedly regardiefs where it may be found, whether among the many or the few^ or where it may lead him, providing he difcover it. This is buying the truth ; and after he has thus bought it, he will not fell it, nor make any mscan compliances with the world inconfiftei^t therewith. He knows that from various confiderations, mankind mujl differ in opi- nion: Jthis teaches him candour and modefty, well know- ing that truth exifls ; and that in however varied ihapes it may appear in the world, it vi'i^ finally prevail and exhibit its own native luHre. Precipitance of judgment, is unfavourable to the in- tereils of truth. When a man is impatient in his in- quiries ; when he will not be at pains to -procure the requifite information ; when he will not coolly and de- liberately weigh and digeil argument^ ^ when he infers general conclufions from particular c^i^s ; when he al- lows his mind to dwell too much on one fide of an ar- gument, to the negledof every other confideration ■■' rl '# Vi! A-iiSTivI Fea •> 45f6 . >>^^r THE fiEl:, Oft .-^^"i*^ ■t'ett. a^, which relate ta the fubjcft in hand ; when he retails as truth., what he picks up from doubtful report and gene^ m/ totiverfdtion 4 wh«n h^'i^ much prepofleffed by new ^xtemarappearances and circumilances ; whe he is carried awBj by a love of novelty, or a propenfity to iinglilanty; when the fear of deviating from beaten ^aths retar^ds the progrefs of his enquiries j be it frpm thefe, or whatever caufe, when a mart fully decides upon any one thing, fo a'^ to msike it a principle of his owrt, previous to his giving it a complete inveftigation, he runs an eminent riik of falling into efror^ and of be-> ing the mean lof difFufing it in fome degree or other. t Man being an imperfe£l beings he often llamps ay«- ■perior value upon inferior obje^s. Prone to imitation, he frequently values and purfues things frivolous in thetnfelvcs, from no other reafon than becaufe th«y are \€ufhmary^ /a/bionable, or generally adopted. Tlvere are many, who are much more folicitous to ornament their bodies than their minds; who prefer unprofitable ainufe- inent, to thofe which enricb the underflanding ; who |>lace their chief happinefs in the acquiiition ef riches ; and who, in ihort, arc anxioufly careful about trifles, while important matters are by them much neglected. Not that worldly enjoyments are to be defpifed ; they claimour gratitude : bat it is a prepollerous way of judg- ing, to give them that place in our attention and re- gard, to which from their nature they are not entitled. Error, falfe maxims and conclufions, in this cafe, ufurp Jthat place, due to the fearch of truth and propriety. Ideas are eafily transferred from one cafe to another ; their prevalence inc«'«afes ; habit renders them fo famili* ar, as that their unfuitable ftation is fcarce perceived ; and thus the means of wifdom are weakened and un* dermined. It is the bufmefs of reafon, to value every cbjcftaccordiTig to its real worth in the fcale of im* •portitnce, and amidft «>flr/Vrfpurftiits, to give the prefer* 4nce to thofe which in their nauire challenge it. I79X, . ' tITERART INTELLIGENCER. ' 197 Many more caufes might be afUgn^d for the preva« lence o£ error ; but it is more properly the bufineCs of the preacher than the maraljft to point them out. i±k \'} „^ ^OfGypfum 9rsfjfaft^r of Paris as a Manure, It is about a dozen 'of years finde this fubftance wa$ difcovered to operate as a powerful manure, in certain circumftances, in France : But fince the noife it mado at the begmning, we have heard little more of it» Moi||^ of our readers have of late heard from jhe public papers, of the wonderful eSe£ts that have refulted from the ufe oi?|, it in North America. Some trials of gypfum, as a ma*^ ! nure, have been made in England) without the delired^J luccefs ; one by Mr. Arthur Youngs and two other ex^; periments by Sir Ribhard Sutton. But though thefe ' failed, there feems to be no reafon to doubt, from thet, fads ftated below, that in certain ' circuffifianfjes^ this fubllance ads in a moft powerful manner as a manure^, It is of much importance to the practical farmer^ to know, what are the peculiarities of foil, and circum*^ dances of crop that will infure him fuccefs y but thef much alike in every circum- ftance, that f could not perhaps hav»diftingui{hed the one from the other, before the experiment was tried ;- and I haVe known feveral other manures that have produced effedts equally oppoiite on foils tf/i^orcff/^ alike; Let no one therefore conclude, although his trials c^ the manure fbould prove abortive, that others will not find it an- fwer with them ; neither let him> raihly infer, that becaufe others have had wonderful fuccefs, he is certain of ex- periencing the fame. A fpirited improver will always endeavour to advance whenever he fees a path opened before him f but if he has prudence, he will advance with cautious circumfpedion,- and flop whenever expe- rience teaches him he can go no farther with profit. With thefe cautions, I willingly lay the following in* terefling pa||ers before my readers. ExtraB of a Letter from a Gentleman in the State of Pennfyltmnia to bis Friend in ^ebec, *' You jhave inclofed fome account of the experiments and ufe of the gypftim, or plaller of Paris ; if any furtlier communication be neceiTary, you ihall have it; '* I fee by an account of a late publication of Arthur Toungfsy he mentions it as being ufeful as a manuri, »*> w' » , I79X* IITERAUr INTELLIGENCER. ' . 999 bat h6w far lie has publifhed the uCe of it in Enghmd* I do not know ; as yet I have not been able to pix)cure a fight of his treatife. '* This manure has produced a great revolution in agriculture. The fine watered and banked meadows in this country, are no longer held hi the eftimation they were ; our dry poor u^ilands, from the cffed oF this valuable and cheap manare, are infinitely more produce tive, and more valuable, than the bed lowlands, I mean for grafs i in fiiort, the value of iirm-yard ma* nure is al& much leCened ; Jbr it is cheaper /or thefar^ rer to purcbafethe plaftor at two-thirds of a dollar per bafliel, for his grafs land, than to 4niw out his dung thereon^3 .:;■ .:±- *' This difcovery exceeds credibility^ it puzzles the philofopher, and aitoniihes the farmer. Indeed, it telk us all reafqning hitherto extended to the principles of vegetation, was withoiHt foundation ; and that the hu« man race are in a total ^ate >of ignocance refpe£^ing it.'* Exptriments on Gypfitm 411 a Manuri, ^^#: **lNanfwcr to your c^ueries refpe£ting gypfiim or plafter of Paris, I (hall give you as full information as I can, coMilent with my own and neighbour's experiments. '* The bed kind is imported from hills in the vicinity of Paris ; it is brought down the Seine by water, and is exported from Havre de Grace. I -am informed there are' large beds of it vp the Bay of Fuhdy, fome of which I have feen nearly as good as that from' France f hut feveral cargoes brought from thence to Philadelphia, have been ufed without effed. It is probable this was ^ taken from the top of the ground, and was, by the in- fluence of the fun and atmofphere, difpo^efied of the ^qualities neceffary for the pnrpofe of vegetation. The lumps compQfed of flat fhining jjj^rw/flm, are preferred to thofe which are formed of round particles like fand ; when pulverized, and put dry in an iron pot over the fire, that which is good will foon boil, and great Quan- tities of the fixed air el'cape by ebulition. It is pulve- P P ^ ' I I* \ l\ 000 • ' .,TT THE BH, OR ; .TJTU . Fct^aj, rized by ikft.ftainpiiig it in a .ftamping mill, and then grinding it in a common grift iniU. The finet its pul. verization, the better ; it will thereby be; more gene- rally difFufed. It is beft to fow it in a wet day ; but if that is not convenient, it (hould be a little nmoiftened, when you can fow it at any time. The moft approved quantity for grafs, is fix fauihels per acre. No . art is • required in fowing it, more than making its diftribu. tion^ias equal' as pofHble on tb? fwardof^grais. .. It ope. rates altogether as a top manure, and therefore fliould fmtvbe put oa in the fpring, , tintil .th& operaiiasn of the frqfti is bver, nor until vegetation hath begun.. The genial time for fowing it is in April, May^ June^ July, Auguft, and even as late as September. Its efFcd: will generally appear in ten or fifteen days ; after which the gtoWth . of the grafs. will be fb great /as to produce! a large burdei^ atith^.ei^d of; fix weeks after fowing. It muft be fown dn, dry landj riot fubjeft to overflow. I liav^ fown it ioufand,. loam ^ and iclay ; and it is difficult 'to fay oii^hich it has beft anfwered, although the ef- .|$d: is fqQip^r v^iibjie on thf fand, ,_It has ,been,pfed as ^n^anure in jtnis- State for upwafds of twelve years. Its duration may^ from , the beft inforniation lean col- left^ be e^in^ted , fi'ppa feven to- ten years j for, like jpther manur^,.jts^ continuance muft very much depend jptK the n^tur^'rof.th^ foil on which it is placed. One of -jHjy neighbours' fowed^ a piece of his grafs ground fix ^years agp--^anQther ffo wed a field four yc^rs.ago — a f?at p^i|^ of fl(^y ,own fafip wds fown in May 1788.— P T^g^Mriy, R^ow two crop^, and pafture in tjie Au- i^unin.. No appearance of failure, the prefent crop being ^^lljas good as aQy pjjeceding. I have this feafon mow- ^4?abom,fifty acres of red clover, timothy, white clover, j^., which were plailered J^ft May, July and §eptem- ber^i Mai]y jWha faw th0 grafs, efti mated the produce -Sit two, tpns per acre j but J c^alqulate for the two crops ^rm t^...8?v??^ .ftnfs^j^qr^,. left in the, diperent -.m t Kd \ 179^1. /I LITERARY INTELLIGENCEk. ^ 30I fields ^vithout plafter; thefe w«re unproduftive, i^nd Apt wortn:m,owiiig. , . ^f. «>^ ^^^ f,.^jj,e ^fi-iffo-^^ f-r'' ^\ ** In April 1788, 1 covered a fiDall piece pfgrals grouiid iipwai;ds of two inches thicli;, jwith farm-yard manure^ in the fame *worn out fields. I fowed pkifter to contrail it with the doog. I n^pykred the dunged , and plaftered land twice laft year, and once this : in every erop, the plafter has produced the moft. You yi\\\i reipefnber, in all your experiments wUh cloter, you, ihould mix about one third of timothy-grafs feed ; it. is of great ad- vantage in ferving as a fupport for the* c;lov(^r, as it prevents it from fallings it very much facilitates the airing of the clover, atid when aired* is a fuperior fod- der. The plafter operates equally .as well on the other grafTes t^s on clover. Its efFe£l is faid t:o be good, /if fown in^he fpring, on wheat ; but this A cannot fay from experience. On Indian corn, I knowjts opera- tion to be great. We ufe it at the rate of a table fpoonful for a hill, put on immediately after , drefsing. From- fome. accurate .experiments lail year, and re- ported to OUT Agriculture ^opiety, it a,pp^ars, that n]ne bufheU of additipnal corn per acre was produced by this much of plafter. ; . As the ufe of tlxis cheap and extraordinary manure ](ias now become very general in this State, , and many accurate and judicious farmery are, UQW making experinients therewith^ I doubt not but its^pijes at: the clofe of the feaCbn willbp better ki)own, and further extended , when I fhall be happy to inajkiP ^,, 9Qm^unicati,q|i thf rc^f to you. , Experiments ^^. on the. Plafter of Parisy made in the Province JofPennfyhania ^-rrCommunicated 6y a Gen^ tlematf in ^^^ebec^ Member of the ^Agricultural Society* tA rc^ ri'- Copy of a Letter from Robert Morris to ^effe Lawrence * '" After the converfation which pafTed between thee and me, on the fttbje£t of plafter of Pj^ris, I conceived it might not be improper to giye thee an account of the feveral trials which I have made with it as a manure V L- 301 .iU'O, THE MI, OR Feb. }^y for land. Perlmps it might have been in the yter 1775, that it was recommended to me as a manure for land : I accordingly purchafed five Inifhels ; jet my faith there- in was fo weak, that it lay by me until 1778, when, in the month of March, I fowed at the rate of two bulhels and a half per acre, on fome ground which I had tilled and fbwed with Clover feed, the fpting preceding, leaving a piece in the middle not fown, and likewife on each fide. That feafon, where there was no plafter fown, th<5 clo. ver iloodron the ground about twelve inches high j but where the pladerwas fown^ the tlover ilood, upon an average, thirty-four inches hi|h. This ground I mowed for abdut four feafons after; I found it to have lefs grafs every year, thou^ that which was fown with the ]rfafter had as much more in proportion as the firft year. I afterwards ploughed up all this ground, e!icept a| quarter of an acre ; upon this I again put plafter of Pa- ns, in the 3^ear 1785, and no other manure whatever jfince 1778; aud it is now in much better order than it Was at that time, and^ it has produced me about two tons of hay 'every year fifice, for the firft crop, and a tolerable ^od fecond crop, and fometimes a third crop^ or very good pafture ; though the laft time I manured it, I put in the proportion of fix bufiiels of plafter to aoatre. I have likewife made many experiments other- wife ; 1 have tried it with Indian corn, where it does t6lerably well 9 with buck-wheat, and it makes it grow ib rapTdly, that it has always fallen down, and I have led my crop. I have tried it with wheat; and it is not pofilble to difcover that it makes any difference when fown on the crop; but when it is fown on grafs gipund, and this ground turned up and laid down in wheat, it is amazing the advantage it is of to the crop. Lail fall was a year, I put down about eight acres of wheat, which I harrowed i^, and then fowedclover feed, which «ame npv and looked very fine in the fall ; but the win- ter being very fevere, with but little fnow, the clover was dead in the fpring f when I fowcd it again with -\ ■ f LITERAXT IHTEILIGENCEI. 1 791*^ LITER AKT INTELLIGENCEX. 59 J clover feed, and about fix bufbels of plailer of Paris to the acre ; and hj harved time t had clover all over the piece, about twelve inches high, and which I moweA in about two or three weeks after tay wheat was cut ; I believe 1 might have cut a full ton of hajr off from each acre ; and I am well fatisfied, that if I had not put any plafter of Paris On it, I (bould not have bad any grafs that I eould have cut. I have likewife fold this manure to many people ii| this State, ms well as in New*Jerfey, Maryland^ Delaware, &c. ; and after trial, their applications to me have been very great, ^ich induces me to believe they have found the like benefits from the ufe of it as I have myfelf. With refpe6fc, I am thy friend, '4 ROBEJIT M*»»i».'*»i' ■ . ■ ■ . ' ' • h Philadelphia, Feb. 15, 17S9W " I, Clement Biddle, Efq. Notary Public for the Com- snonwealth of Pennfylvania, duly commiffioned and qualified, do certify, that Robert Morris, miller and farmer of the county of Philadelphia, by whom the fbregoing writing, certified by him in his hand-writings to me well known, i» a perfon of good character and reputation, and that i have been on his farim, and have feen great appearance of improvement in the produce thereof, from the ufe of plafte'T of Paris ; and am of opinion, that credit is due to bis certificate before writ- ten, relative thereto. The faid plafter of Paris came from Nova Scotia, and is of great repute. • • - ^^ " In teftimony whereof, I have hereunto fet )ny hand» an4 fixed my notorial feal, at Philadelphia, this 18th day of February, 1789. ^ 'W ClEHEHT BlDDLB, N* P.*^ ' «■ I > A \ft ^:p 4 A ff I- ./.;>' T .! i 'i '^*'; '.ft, rA 'or 31T jft^m ::« ^. r? |- ^aitiifvi;} a i \ \ ^304 .S3:i^tr>^».!:j«l^f , .OB F^l), i6, JU. jLziiu '■ '.fn V With a view to the propofed new Corn Bill. -. . ,-, . • ■ 'f-^*^ -„■,:-.■ "^ By the Editflf, '■ f. ■'•=.:.■:'■.,■■::•... v . At th€ prefeiit tiirte, when the attention of the country iis caP;id to confide^ th€ nature of the corn^lalva, a few ^obferVationa pn that fubjed will not be deemed unfea- fonable. c For a good many years paft, our eom-laws have i been only tetfiporary enactments, with a view, as it would feem, to give time for difcovering what was the beilfyllem to be adopted in this important department;. It is now'propofed to make 2i permanent law, with th*e avowed intention of continuing unaltered for a great .many years ; it is therefore of much importance that the fubjed fh<^uld fiow be coolly difculTed, fo that fuch errors as n^ay permanently affe^ the welfare of the country- may 'be avoided.,.?? ' -tf:-?"''"'' ''V^t") f'4-r":h^^Vr ' •» -^'•The fubj^ft is avowedly of great importance; and the inveftigation of it is attended with intricacy. A difference of opinion therefore, in many particulars, may take place even among thofe men who have made poli- ' tical economy a principal objed): of their attention : But among the great body of the people, who have never been accullomed to judge with precifion on fuch intri- cate fubjefts, a ftill 'greater variety of fentiments muft prevail. Trvith, however,, which is all that either par- ty can in this cafe fearch for, can only be difcovered by a calm and unprejudiced inyefligation ; and it will be well, if every perfon when he begins it, will try to di- ved himfelf of prejudices which tend to confound, but never can enlighten mankind. ■ In confidering the corn-laws, there are two' leading queflions that require to be feparately examined, viz. I ft. Is a bounty on the exportation of corn, under the beft regulations that can be adopted, capable of pro- I791> ' LITERARY INTELLIOENCER. 305 rooting the good of the community- at large, or the re- verfe ? If this queftion fhould be refolved in the affirmative, it will next be necefTary to confider, what regulations the trade in diis article ought to be put under, fo as to produce the greateft good, and avoid inconveniencie;s as much as poiEble. With regard to the firft of thefe queilions, which ihall furnifli the fubjeA of our prefent difcuffion, men of great eminence have ranged themfelves on oppofitje fides. From the time a bounty on the exportation of corn was granted in Britain, about a hundred years ago, till a few years paft, it was the fafhion to .confider ^ bounty as highly beneficial. But of late, a man of great eminence, whofe name will long be held in refpedl by political enquirers f , has ventured to reprobate this fy£. tem as abfurd, and has of courfe got many followers. He contends ,that fuch a bounty on exportation of corn, gives birth to many frauds and inconveniences, which he thinks might be totally removed by granting an unli- mited freedom to this kind of tra0iC| as well as to trade of every other kind. There is fomething fo apparently liberal in this idea, that it is apt to .captivate the mind, and to difpofe in- genious perfons to wiih his fyflem may be founded on truth ; and the refpeft that is juftjy due to every opl- nion of a man of fuch eminence forbids that it fhould be fligbtly paffed over : but in a cafe of fo much impor- tance, it is neceflary to proceed with great caution. Since the time xhat the bounty was granted, this coun- try is well known to liRve profpered abundantly ; and though this circumftance does not furnilh an argument that alone fhould be deemed conclufive, it affords fuf- ficient grounds for proceeding with the utmofl caution before this fyflem be departed from. • . , The great obje£ls to be aimed at in a corn law, are, to encourage the growth of graiu in this country, to keep the t Doaor Adam Smith, Author of the Wealth of Nations. Vol. I. t Qw^ 306 •''** THE BEE, 0R-r^^3^^»| Feb. 23, average price of that commodity, as nearly the fame as poffible, and as low as circumilances can permit. The regulations which tend in the moft effedual manner to .1x0 thefe things, are withrout doubt the bed ; and it is fuch a fyflem alone that fhould obtain the fupport of every patriotic member of the community. As to the plan calculated to keep the prices of grain permanently higher than they might otherwife be, if ever fuch a plan was devifed, it ought to be reprobated with horror by every honeft man ; or if it could be carried into prac- tice, it (hould be guarded againft with the moft anxious folicitude. The attempt, however, I think, would be equally vain, as impolitic and villainous. Agriculture is a manufacture, and mufl, like other manufadures, be carried on at a certain expence (if ilock and labour ; which expence, muft be repaid by the price of the produce, otherwife the bufinefs cannot be carried on. The fame reafoning, therefore, that will apply to manufaftures in general, will alfo apply to agriculture in this refpeCl. There is perhaps no pofition lefs generally liable to exception than this : " That the fureft way of bringing any branch of manufacture to the very loweft price that it can poffibly be aiForded for, is to provide fuch a market for that article as can never be overftocked ; fo that manulafturers, however numerous, ftiall be always certain of getting moiiey at the time they find it ne- ceffary, without being obliged to let the goods lie long on hand, or to fell them greatly below prime coft." Thvj reafon for this is plain. When a manufadturer finds a conllant ready market for his goods, he is at liberty to extend his bufinefs as far as he finds it convenient, and to adopt every coptrivance for diminifhing the expence, that ingenuity, aided by a fuitable capital, can devife; and as the rifk in this cafe is inconfiderable, he is con- tented with a much fmaller fhare of profit, than would ^?' jieceflary to induce him to engage in any branch of Jl.'tT I>9i- LItEIlARY INTELLIGENCER. 507 bufinefs that was more precarious. Hence it evet muft happen, that in manufaftures thus circumitanced, larger capitals will be employed, greater ingenuity will be exerted) more permanent eftablilhrrients will be adopted than in thofe that are lefs fteady. In this manner, the actual primie coft to the manufafturer will becoiifidera- bly diminifhed ; and as the owner will be at the fame time induced to be content with a fmaller rate of pro.» fit than he otherwife would have required, it muft happen that from a. concurrence of both caufes, the price of the commodity at market, by a general com* petition of many individuals, will be reduced to the very loweft rate for which it can be afforded. Jiinu »' • Apply this dodrine to agriculture, and it will appeal? that a bounty on exportation, in a country fituated like Britain, ought to tend in a powerful manner to mode- rate, upon the whole, the price of grain. — By means of that bounty, a more fteady market, in years of plen- ty, is provided for corn on the fea-coafts, than could , otherwife be obtained for it ; and, of courfe, farmers are never afraid of overftocking the market, or of evei? Ipeading a thought, how they may diminiih their pro-* duce, fo as act to over-fupply the dernand.-— Their whole attention and care, therefore, will be applied to- wards the augmenting the quantity of their produce, and diminifhing the expertce of dbtaining it. From this coniideration alone, the beneficial efreifts of a bounty mufl be apparent to any confiderate mind, even from reafoning only. — But the truth df this rea- foning is ft ill more abundantly cotifirmed by well-known fads, the only fure criterion of truth in matters of this Ifort. Norfolk and Suffolk afe the principal places from I whence grain has been exported from Britain under^the inftuence of the bounty. — If that bounty tended to raife the price of grain upon the whole, as thofe whodifapprove of it contend, it ought necefTarily to happen that the a- jvcrage prices in thefe countries ought to be higher wmmm ?^6S Tnffi BIEK, OR than the average pirices o^ the fame kind of grain in o- ' ther parts of the kingdom, from whence no exportation has ever been made^ — ^Bnt £o far is this from being the ^afe, that it appears hj the annexed tables, copied from the London Gazette, th^t oil an average of ten years paft, the price of wheat in thefe countries has been at leafft four fhillings a quarter below the average prices efali Knglandj-* And if the average of the inland coun- iies aloiic, where the operation of the bounty law can. not take place, had been taken, the price in thefe ma- ritime counties would have, been nearly eigkt {hillings the quarter, or one fhllUng the bufhel lower than the inland counties.-^ Whether the bouuty ha^ been a^uaU If the fble caufe of fuch a very great fall in the average |»rrce of grain on the fea-coaft, I will|iot po^tively ^. '( iert ;->^bot from this palpable fa^t, there is not any room f Average Price of Wheatjiir^ i% ymr$ frtm the $th of January 1770^ txj the ^th of January 1789. , ; ^ ■'--%■ Tuart, 1771. 7»» 7.1, U 7Ji 76, 1U t Si, 8j» «7, 88, 7 a 10 2 II % 1% 1 8 I 18 a 3 « i, I 13 I 15 a 4 a 7 ro % t% 8 a 8 x6 a z 10 t 18 10 a I 2 » 5 o d. % 8 o 8 4 a 6 o 8 8 Tears. I27I, 7*^ 73, 74, 75^ 76, 77, 78> 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85. 86, 87, 88,. In Iforfoli, £' '• % 8 a 10 a 8 ^/->^\ '-'t ^'^r-- "^ '/ mt& ;)v->V. '\.V.yi::i. ^: 310 ^ , THE B£c, OR 1 Feb* a J, It was obfervecl by Swift, with his iifual ucute- ncfs, ** that he who raifes two ftalks of corn, where only one grew before, does a more efTential fervice to the community, than the greated politician that ever exifl. ed}" and the obfervatlon is well founded. — He who pro*. duce3 d greater quantity of human fuflenance in a iiate, thap it Would otherwife have afforded, may be fai(^, in a certain fenfe, to produce more men, and thus to add to the power and the ftrength of the ftate, in the mofl unequivocal manner. Individuals, however, in their own operations, can only attend, each to his own im- mediate profit ; and it oiight to be the fludy of an en« lightened legiHature, to adopt fuch regulations as fhall naturally tend to render the profit of individuals con- tributive to the general profperity of the ftate. Now,i it fo happens, that the bounty on grain exported pro- duces precifely this effect ;^ — for, by affording a ready market for the produce of cultivated fields, it fliiyiu- lates the owners of waile lands properly dtuated, to con- vert them into corn fields* and thus to augment . their natural produpe, perhaps a hundred-fold beyond what it otherwife would have been. Thefe fields, alfo, after being thus once converted into tillage, come in their turn, by the well-underftood rotation pf crops, to be turned once more into artificial pailures, much more rich and abundant in herbage, than the original , heath from which they were recovered,.^ — Thus room is givtn for flill more wafles to be inverted into corn fields, and more corn-lands to be turned into artificial paflure; fo that a conilant progrefs in melioration is eflablifhed, and whole counties are gradually converted into rich fields, which, but for this circumftance, would have remain- ed, to the end of time, barren deferts. Gonfidered in this point of view, the benefits of the bounty on the exportation cf com, are perhaps ineflimable to the com- munity. ^' Nor is this hypothetical reafoning only. — It is fup- ported by the evidence of fa6ls that are ftrong and un- \'. I7*)l- ' ' LITERARY INTEIlIGEWCER. 31! controvertible. In the inland counties of England, where the inducements to the culture of grain are fewer than on the coaft, few are th** waftes comparatively, that have been converted into tillage ; and of courfe the augmentation of the produce of human food has been there^ but very, inconfiderable ; but in the maritime counties of Scotland and of England, the cafe is Very different. — ^ere you can fcarcely look around you, but you fee large trails of land, now bearing abundant crops of corn and grafs, that, within the memory of man, were dreary waftes, or extenfive trails of barren heath. The whole county of Norfolk, which was in fome re- fpe£ls become a pattern in agriculture, owes its creation . if I may adopt a ftrong term, to this caufe. Had it been beyond the reach of the bounty, it would proba- bly have remained, till this day, a barren plain, cover- ed with briars, fern, and other ufelefs plants, with fcarce a blade of grafs interfperfed among them, and not a ftalk of corn.— -Who can behold the change without af* tonifhment and admiration! - Thefe confiderations, without entering upon others in this place, that might be eafily adduced, feem to fhew, that a bounty on the exportation of corn, under proper regulations, may have a natural tendency to be* nefit the country in a very eflential degree. — It by no means follows, howevdr, that the diftribution of a boun- ty cannot be managed in fuch a way, as to fruftrate, in /bnie meafure, thefe beneficent purpbfes, and to produce certain inconveniencies of a very ferious nature, that ought to be guarded againft with care. The com^laws . of Britain have, in fa6l, been hitherto fo imperfeftly formed, as to be productive of many evil confequences, that ought in future to be guarded againft. Tliefe evils , were obferved, and carefully marked by Dr. Smith, which probably induced him, too haftily, to adopt the ppinion, that to get rid of thefe, it would be expedient 5S» THE B££, 9t Feb. 25, to grant no bounty at all * : But if it can be mad^ ap- pear, that thefe evils Have originated, merely from im- propicr arrangements, that admit of being eafily correal- pd, it win be found unneceflary to refojt to the dange- rous remedj that he has. recommended. In confidering the fccond jqueflion above anounced, occafionj will be givt^, to fee whether the law now propofed, is calcu- lated to effed this purpofe or not, which fliall form the fubj^fl of another difquiiition in fome early number of this work. =^ias Chorus^ from Lavinia^ a dramatic Poem in five y^&s^ written on the Model of the ancient Greek tragedy \, See where the God of battle co;;nes I Terror fits upon his brow ; Rage augments his fwelling veins* Mark \ how from forth his burning eye Beamy lightnings flafh around. * The only reafbn for mentioning: Dr. Smitfi in this. paper, is refpe^ tO' oi!e whofe name is defervedly held in fuch high eilinriation by every |ieirion, ^yho has occaHon to examine fubjedbs of the nature here treated. His work li^ been umvcrfally read, and mud be expt^<9ed to have made a deep impreflion on the minds of many perfons who have not had op- porttmrtics of forming a decided judgment from their ov^ obfervation?. if therefore, in any cafe he has erred, (and what human beings has SOfc etved) ? it becomes higlily necellary to point out thefe accidental de- yations. I Ihould have had fome hefitation, however, to have entered on thia difquintion, now that he is dead, had not the fuhflance of thefe rc< jw^ks, ^ifch many others to the fame purport, been publiihed, more than .9 dozen of y^ears ago, and fubje^ed to his own reviial. (See obfervu- tions on National: ^dufby, kt. xiii, p. 8.) It was fiuce that period, my arquaintance with that liberal minded man commenced ; and fmce then, I have experienced from him many civihties and marks of polite atten- tion, Thofe who are in iicarch of truth only, confider every one who lias the fame «bje^ in view, as friendly co-opecators in one great rt- fearch, without being offended at accidental difference of opinion. f This work is propofed to be publifliedby fubfcription, price js. Tlie foTlowing note accompanies it. The author humbly and earneftly folicits the patronage of the public. His fortune hat lattl^ fu^ained a eonj'idcrable injury ^ aiid bis health is in a dalhf ingjlcte. 179**' LITERARY WTELLIOEKCER. . 313 Now he (hakes his pond'rous fpear. — Yet hear, O Mars ! a moment bear Think on the Orphan's piercing cries ; Think on the Matron's dreaming eyes ; ^ Think on the dying Father's fpeechkfs woe : — Oh ! think on thefe, and yet fufpend the blow* /^ And thou, Bellona ! who wert wont Acrofs the embattled field to drive Thy foaming courfers, urging ftill Thy brother to the burled fight. The while fell difjpord rudely dight - In tatter'd garments flies the car before— . Her tatter'd garments drench'd (O dreadful fight I) in human gore ! »^ To thee we bend. O Goddefs ! grant our prayer, f , Quick from forth this blood-ftaiii'd plain> < Turn thy chariot's falchion'd wheels : contemplate yon heaps of ilain ; Thinfc on the pangs our counttyi feels— Our country, once of ufeful art^ the nurfe. Now groaning from a Tyrant's heavieft, deadliefl curfe ^^■^•■ SEC To the Editor of the Bee* ■ \.\ What name fo proper to exprefs A well directed plan, . '' ' „ , That boafts the philanthropic aim, ^j^*„ - '-^i^ ^^ ::iW_ Of ufefulnefs to man. ; ...^^.r^^ v^mi^^mMJ't^i':^ The Bee from every opening flower," , j , Culls with induftrious care, Thofe fweets, which, wroug,ht within her cell, ^ 4>-;^^ Aflbrd delicious fa^e, ■ , ^t;,^ mmSiB *\ Whether they grace the gay parterre, Or deck the humble flain ; Vol I. . . t pi'tM-:,?^ -i'-v^n'^rfW Rr , < 314 • THE BEE, OR From all, fome beneficial (lore She labours to obtain. And thus, througlhall the expanded fields Of fcience you may roan? And while ftlefting foreign fwects, Enrich, jour native home ! , ,, / A fimple flowret of the mead^ No ftores can I impart, Yet would I then the wifli exprefs That glows within mj heart. May every liberal, ufeful arj Adorn this favour'd Ifle ! There may the peaceful virtues dwell^; And fofter'd* gonitis fmile. ' And may the labour of the Bee, To noble ends inclined, Meet fuccefs, and obtain applaufe From every candid mind. May nothing trifling, falfe, or vaii^^* Its notice e'er engage, But learning, reafon, fenife and truths Illumine every page;- Nor ever feel th'envenom'd fliafts, That baneful envy throws ; The malice of pretended friends, . ' Or fcom of open foes. And, gloi^iri'g'ihmy country's pride, rU gladly hail the day, When firfl your infant work infpir'd This tributary lay. Feb.' «3^ SeOTUHNAv i79«^ LITERAIIT IKTELLIOENCER. 315 ^he Parijb af Hblywood^ from Sir John Sinclair* j Jia» tyiical j^ccount of Scotland, Origin of the Name, HoLTWOOD is evidently derived from the holy wood, ot grove of oak trees, which furroitnded a large Druidical temple, ftHl ftanding, within half a mile of the pariHi church. It is formed of twelve very large whin or moor flones, as they are called, which inclofe a circular piece of ground of about eighty yards in diameter. The oaks have now all periihed \ but there is a tradition of their exifting in the laft age. Many of their 'roots have been dug out of the ground by the prefent mlnifler y and he has ftill one of them in his pofleflion. Situation, Extent, and Suf/ace.^-^The parifti Hes in the divi- fion of the county of Dumfries called Nithfdale, in the Pref- by tery and Synod of Dumfries. It is about ten Englifh miles long, and one and an half broad, on an average. It is bounded by the p^riih of Dumfries on the eaft ^ by Terregles, Kirkpatrick-Irongray, and Kirkpatrick-Durham,onthe fouth; by a imall part of Glencairn, and a large tra6l of Dunfcore, on the weil and north ; and by Lirkmahoe on the north-eaft. Being fituated in the middle of a broad valley, it is in gene- ral flat and low land. The hills in the parifh -are neither high nor rocky. Rivers* — The river Nith runs along the whole of the eaft end of the pariih, interfering it, however, in one place for above a mile, in length. The river Cluden, «lfo a confidera- ble.one, runs along the ibuth iide of the parifh above eight miles, and interfe6l:s it in three places, emptying itfelf into' the Nith in the fouth-eaft corner of the pari(h, near the old 6ollege or Proveftry of Lincluden, which ftands on the Galloway fide of the rivei, in the parifh of Terregles. /V/^.— The Cluden abounds in fine burn trouts, a few pike of a middle fize, and of excellent quality, fome falmon, iome fea trout, aiid herlings *. The Nith produces the * Herlings are a fmall kind of trout, a little larger than a herring, and ;|(h3ped like a falmon ; its flefh is rcdcliih, like that of the falraon or {^ .^i6 THE B££, OR Feb, 28 fame kinds of fifli, but with this difference, that the hcrllngs* fea trout and falmon, are much more plentiful in it than iti the Cluden. One peculiarity defervcs particular notice ; Though the two rivers join at the fouth-caft corner of the parifli, each has its own dilHnd fpccies f ialmon. The Cluden lalmon are confiderably thicK- cr ".nd ihorter in their body, and greatly fliorter in thtir head, than thofe of the Nith. The burn trouts abound in the fpring.and funyner j the herlings and fea trout in July and Auguft } and the falraon from the beginning of March to the beginnig of O»^ober. The falmon is in the gieateft perfection in Jupe and July. In the fpring it fells for about one (hilling a pound of (ixteen ounces, and gradually decreafes in price as the feafon advances, to lid. a pound. It is all fold in the town of Dumfries, and to the families in the adjacent country. Dumfries being fo near, an^ many of the fifhermen living in the town, the price id that market, and on the fpot where it is caught in this pa- rish, it alv^ays the fame. The prices of the other kinds of fifli, arc always a little lower than that of fal- mon J and they rife and fall with it. About ten years ago, the price of filh in this country was fcarcely half of what it is at prefent. The increafed price is perhaps ow- ing, in part, to the increnfed confumption, and luxury of the inhabitants, but principally to the great demand for this fifh, to fupply the rich and populous manufafturing towns in Lancailiire; for, within thcfe laft ten years, very confidera- ble quantities of frelh falmon have been fcnt, by land car-f Tiage, into that country, from the Solway Frith, and the mouths of all the rivers that run into it, ^S't?//.— -The foil of this parilh is of four different kinds, viz. a considerable traCt of land, about a fourth part of the parilh, in the eaft, along the river Nith, and, on the fouth, for about feven miles up the river Cluden, is a deep, rich, light loam, and free from ilones : 2d, Another fourth part, contiguour, to the former, is a light, dry, fertile foil^ lying on a bed ot fandy gravel, producing heavy crops of corn and grafs in a ihowery feafon j/out it is greatly parched up in dry feafons : front, but confiderably paler. They abound in all the rivers in this part f^f the country, ^nd have the name of hcrling in all the adjoining yu- riihcs. • , h I79X« LITERARY IKTELLIOEKCER. 317 !)//, Another fourth part, which joins this lad, is a d^p ilrong loam, interi'perfed with flones, upon a tilly bed *, it is naturally wet, (tiff to plough, and not fo fertile as either of the two former ; but, when drained, I'mcd, and properly- wrought, more produ6live both of com an^ grafs than either of them, in all varities of feafons, excepting only a cold and wet fummer. 4/^, The remaining part, which is hilly, is fomewhat (imilar to to the la(l, only not fo deep and wet } it produces a kind of grafs, neither very fine nor very coarfe, which, in fome of the higher parts of the hills, is mixed with heath, and a few other hard weeds. ^;>, Climate 6c.— The air is dry, and remarkably wholo* feme. The fingular healthinefs of the inhabitants may, how<« ever, be attributted to the following caufes. They do riot live in towns, or feven villages j they are not employed in fedentary occupations j being either country gentlemen or farmers j they live in houfes detached from each other 5 they are engaged in aftJve employments in the open air j they are induftrious, fober, and cheerful. The drynefs of the air, is owihg to the peculiar local fituation of the parifK. The clouds, intercepted by the hills on every fide, float in fogs on the top of them, while the inhabitants enjoy a clear and dry air in the valley. At other times, when the clouds break into rain on the hills, or the fides of the valley, while the fkirts of the (bowers only reach its central parts. Add to thefe circun itances, that the two rapid rivers carry off the fuperfluous water from the land, and the moillure from the air. Seed time y and Harveft — The time of fowing wheat is from the middle of September to the middle of Oftober j oats, . psafe beans, hemp, ortd Hax, from the loth of March to the middle of April \ potatoes and barley from the middle of April to the loth of May j and turnips, from the loth to the 24th of June. Thfe harvell generally begins about or be- fore the middle of AuguiV \ and the crop is got totally inta the barns, and barn-yards, by the end of September. In cold and wet feafons, like the lail, it is however fomewhat later. "Epidemical Difeafis, — No local diftempers, or ficknefs of any kind, are prevalent in the pari(h. In the months of February and March, indeed, fo;nc fevers appear among the ^ J i8 THE BEE, OR ^eb.'«3, people of low circumftances, efpecially m that diftrift of the pari(h, which lies in the narroweft part of the valley j but thefc feeiti chiefly owing to poor living, and bad accom- modation during the winter feafon, and' perhaps to the dampnefs of the preceding months. Maniifaiiurci, — It was before mentioned, that there are neither towns nor villages in the parifli, but that the inhabi- tants live in detached houfes : manufa6lures, therefore, can- not well exift in this diftri^:. The dearnefs of fuel is ano- ther obftacle : Peats ar,. bad, fcarce, and confequently dear; and coals are either carted twenty-four miles land carriage, oi- brought from England by water. Thefe laft would be moderately che«p, wfere it not for the high duties laid on them, which are as fatal to the improvenient of this, as they are to many other parts of Scotland \ nor can this part ef the country ever greatly improve, until thefe duties be abolifhed. 7b h€ concluded in ourhext. Intelligence refpeBtng Arts, Literature, \£c^ In no one department, has Britain made mo-e remarkable advances of late, than in what regards merVanical inven- tions, as applied to ufeful arts, Mr. Arkw right's contri- vance for fpiiiuing cotton, has been attended with fuch happy effedls, as to have opened the eyes of mankind to the benefits that may be derived from inventions of this fort. It is now clearly demonftrated, that by means of machinery, yarn can not only be fpun much cheaper than by hand, but cilfo it can be made of a much better quality. In confe- quence of this invention^, mullins have already been made of a quality equally /;7ff as any that can be brought from Jndia, that can be fold as cheap as Indian goods of the fame quality y fo that we want only x\iq fine cotton wool iu abun- dance, at a low price, to outrival the inhabitants oi' Afia in tiiis their favourite manufaclure. It is furpriling that manufafturers (hould have been fo back\vard in applying this machinery to the fpinning of fvoollj^u vaiu. This however is now coming into pratiicc. 'wwnipfmi^'wswfi'ww ' i|M^ II I (I ^^M^ma^w^M 179^* LITERARY INTELLIGENCEIt. 315 One macliine of this fort ts already eftablifhed in the weft of Scotland for fpinning wool^ and others will foon follow the example. One only obje(^ion we can conceiv^ to lie againil the fpinning of wool for the manufadure of cloth by machinery, vizi; that it is more eafy to make yarn thus, that is much twifted, than fuch as is of a more loofe con- texture: a quality much to be prized in all woollen goods that are to be fubjeded to the operation of fulling. This inconvenience however may be eaiily got over by a very fimple mechanical contrivance, which we (halll defcribe in feme number of this work, as foon as a plate for illul^ trating it car« be got ready. By this very fimple machine, any kind of yarn ir.ay be untnuifled^ during the operation o£ reeling, to any degree that (hall be thought neceiTary for the purpofe required. Machines, upon the fame principle with thofe above nam- ed, though fomewhat different in the mode of applying if,, have alfo been adopted for the fpinning of linen yarn . The iirft of thefe that we have heard of was erected near I>ar- liugton in England j one machine of the fame fort is juft fini(hed in the neighbourhood of Dundee, in Scotland, with fome effential improvements, by means of which the work Is performed in a much better method than formerly. T6 encourage the exertions of ingenuity, the Honourable Board for encouragement of manufadures, &c. in Scotland, have conferred, we hear, a premium of three hundred pounds ou the iiiventer of thefe improvements. Another machine of the fame kind is now ere£ling, and nearly fiilKhed, on the water of Leven in Fife \ fo that) we hope to fee the bonefits of thefe two improvements foon ex- tended to other places. t I Intelligence from Gerfndny', ) > ' v Among other articles of intelligence lately received from Germany by the Editor, he is informed that the difcovery re- fpeftingmetals announced in the firft number of this work, was made nearly at the fame time by two different perfons, viz. in Hungary, by a profefTor of chemiftry named Ruprecht^ and aMb by a learned Neapolitan, whofc name has not been fm iientioned.' The refHltWas nearly tlie faine m B6tli. cafes, as already mentioned. TKe Experiments have been repeat-* edby Mr. Weftrumb, and others^ and found .to fucceed. Of tfaispdtfcQVery a fuller account (hall be communicated, when the printed work, contadning this article (hall ariive, which is expeded. ^ Helmflaadt Tteviefu) ' " ^' A NEW literary review was to commence on the 3d of Ja- nuary laft at Helmllaadt, to be publiftied by M. Sleckeifetty bookfeller there, which, from tlie profpedus of it, promifes to be a valuable acquifition to the republic of letters. It is to be written in the German language, and is to be conduc- ed by a lociety of eminent men, chiefly profeflbrs in that yniverfity. It will coniifl of two half Iheets, to be publifheid weekly j to which will be added monthly one flieet more, which is to be appropriated to literary news, (hort accounts of academical, and other writings that may occur y details of new difcoveries, &.c. . The work itfelf will contain an impartial review of fuch new publications, refpe£ling fcienCe and ufeful improvements, as Ihall be deemed defcrving of notice. But no notice will be taken of tliofe of mere amufem^^t, Tlie pric^ thriee Rix- do|lars a year. ' i\&k. Le Correfpondent Pol^ique et Anecdotique, This is another new publication, a profpcfVus of which hat been received. It is to be publifhed at Duffeldorff. This is anew newfpaper, in a folio form, written in the French language, and, by the annotwcey it feems to be put upon a refpc6lable footing. . ,^ -; * - , , . ' '■ ' '' " <*■ ' J-'*^y ::l U'^: .■;'''•:; -^-„!' ■•'',■:> H^'i- --urc ;(( ., ^'r:p\g:.*4^ 1 »»• * ^ ** ir *^* »•<»•■ ^.SStS. THE BEE, i'^l'iiii 'OR LITERARY WEEKLY INTELLICENCER, lU Itl'i'. ' tOtK * L f ■■. WEDNESDAY, MAJICH 1. 1 79 1 . \i£: ■^:. -i'^ .fXJ;X> i>:.i»a^t-.t« *ii* !.*?¥»" ■ ,„,« * "" " "" "" To the Editor of the Bt^i SrR, The inclofed obfervations were written fonie years aga| at the requeft of a gentleman diftingp.i(hed for his pa- triotic exertions in parliament. If you think they will throw any new light on thjs interefting fnb^e6l, I Ihall be glad to fee them obtain a place in your ufefal mif- cellany.^ ^ . ^^^'^^-mw^- " -^ ■ 5- !• fHtrtt' '" r.rf *: ■. i ; n'^l '1, «»{» -•^.li-f^'-^ ConjeSiures on Taxation. Taxes may be coniidered as a cbmpofition in lieu of perfonal fervice, paid to the flate for the fupport and equipment of thofe who are conftantly employed in the fervice of the public. It has been alleged, that certain impofts are paid by particular ordeh 5f the people, without af!e£tin^ the other claffes of .the community. - When we rcfteft however, on the dependence the different ranks of the people have upon x«ich othef, we can hardly conceive. how one clafs can be affe£tedy||Hth* out affefting all the other clalfes. Vol. I. t S f , i 324 THE BEE, OR ^ March 1, We ought not to confound the advance, v/ith the ultimate payment of the taxes ; the one is obvious, the other may elude our oblervatioa. When the circumftarices of a nation are profperoos, it is probable, that every additional tax is ultimately paid, by an increafed produce of the labour of the induf- trious clafs of citizens. If an additional tat is impofed, in confequence of an addition made to the number of the fervants of the public ; fuch addition may diminiih the number of productive labourers ; but the diminilhed number of la- bourers, may be able to produce as much as the undi. xniniihed did. Or if an additional tax be impofed, in confequence of a more ample provifion made for the fervants of the ftate, the produftive labourers may bfe able to increafe the' produce of the labour, as mueh as the increafed provifion made to the fervants of the ilate, amounts to. Such increafe in the produce of labour, is not necef^ farily the refult of aii increafed exertion in induftry.--. As the different branches of induftry are improved, the fame a£iual es^ertion produces more th;in before fuch improvement took plaie. ' ^^'-^^m--^ ^m,:^:m^mm During the progreiflive (late of a nation thferefcre, taxes may be fometimiss increafed, without much afied- ing the great body of the people. " '-^^^. Hence taxes with regard to the nation in general, when they are impofed in confequence of increafing the fer- vants of the {(ate, may in a certain degree be nominal only i for if fu^b addition is m^de from the idle and dif* iipated, fuCh of thefe as have no fund, from which to defray their expences, are perhaps no greater tax upon the public when ferving the fiatc, than they were be* 'lore. ■ ' ■'•■■•• ;>.' :..;..,V v-'.y ■}"■- ' Taxes being advanced in money, if the value of mo- p^y diminiihes, additional taxes muft be impofed } and if Aigb ^ddition^t ta^es are oul;^' equivalent to the fal} •7 15j1 ii Mi 1 7 91 • r. M LITERARY IMTELLIOENCER. 3 2 j In thQ,vi^1u<3 of monej, fuch additional taxes will be no more t];iat^ nominal. When the circumflances of a ilate are ftationary, as produdlon wfid confumption, or expenditurie, are equal, every additional la's mud be difcharged, hy a diminu- tion of confumption or expenditure* In the declining flate of a nation, whep, .produce is lefs than expenditure, additional taxes mull be paid hy the exportation of dock j in this cafe they wijl^bjc doubi* ly felt by the body of the people. ' ; Induilry by the exportation of (took will lofe a va- luable inflrument, and fuiFer by lofipg the demand| which the ftpck^. while reipaini^g at home, made upon it. ■ --' .-. ' ~^ . tr ' ''i ' '. ' . . . Taxes then being ultimately paid, either by an in* creafe of the produce of labour, a diminutipn of con- fumption or expenditure, or by exporting flock, it does not appear, will be lefa felr by the body of the people, when advanced to the flate by an impofl on wine, than by a duty upon candles. Certain individuals will at all times have it in theit power to free themfelyes from the burden oi taxes, by . throwing their fhare of it upon the fboulders pf others^ This depends not fo much on their rank and fituation^ as on the demand for their labour, or for the ufe oi their property* , •;; vj;,^ ,,,; . ^. ^,^1^ ^^ ^ The exemptibn therefore, that individuj^lSiniay enjoy from taxes, does not fo much depend upon the mode by which it is advanced, as upon the circumflances above mentioned, ^j,^ ,|V v ^1. ,,, ., ,:.^,, ;, . - Taxes being advanced in money, and in conuderable foms, the lowec clafles of the people not being poffefTed of money, cannot be fubjedled to the advance of taxes* Hence poll taxes have been found oppref&ve | und fuch taxes are obnoxious, becaufe they are too vifible. Taxes of this fpecies will generally be paid with reluct- tance, and in many cafes with difficulty ; of this kind mjiy be reckoued the window and houfe t»tes; # - Sf a * y P^ •J9!TJ/>TH£ BEE, OR ' '^ ' Mardh 2^ Taxes iipon merchandize and marinfaduife, if 'mode- Tate, are advanced without fcruple, becaule,th6fe who advance them, are fenfible they will be repaid the ad- vante. Taxes of this dtfcription are not obvious to the vepayers, becaufe they are confounded with the price; they are not obvioully oppreflrve even to the 16wer elafs of the pediplie,' Ifeoaufe the repayment is made in fmall fiims at different times t a perfon who drinks a pint of ftrdng beer /^^ day, will repay to the advancer of th^ duty upon ft.rong beer 'j J dayly ; fuch a perfon might perhapilie unable to pay'dt once 10 s. 6 d. per annum. * The {)rbdiice of a tax, muft be greater than the par- ticular pl^rpofe for- which it 'is impofed requires, in prpportiqn to. the expence of cpllefting it. j As taxes Upon import or manufafture appear leaft oppreffive or obnoxious, it may be proper to enquire ivhich are leaft burdenfome when ultimately paid. If npbn a febitfparifon it (hould be found, that the nett produce df the revenue axjfing from the duties of ekcife, is more, in proportion to the grofs than that of the cuf- to^s, the extxfe duties will be faid to be colleded at lefs expenc6 than thofe of the cuftoms. The fees of revenue: officers being equally a tax upon the public with their falaries, if at any time it fhould appear, that the fees paid to officers of the cuftoms, are greater than thofe paid to officers of excife, will it not further kflen the proportion between the grofs and nett produce of that branch of revenue f ? The perfon who advances arijr partt)f a tax, is not only repaid it, but is alfo-paid a pren^iuia for the money he has advanced. Jf a duty amounting to ico,ooo 1. is advai»ced a year before it is repaid, fuppofe the premium 10 1. per cent, idth a tax "will be to the repayers no,oool. - ' Taxes on manufacture therefore, will be lefs burden- ..*.■■■■'..-. "- f Is not'ivify :ed commodity iail;?, the tux riles rJ -vjJnn-m : , . and of courfe the temptation to i'luuggiiui; increafes, ihe tax on foap is ' iitprcfent about 50 1, per ceat ad 'ualcrem ; nnd it may widi probability lie predifled, that the quantity of foap ch'ir|:;cd with duty will fall beiotr Jisufual avenige in coi)(>'^vioncc of i'mii^;^-lin^. ■ ,. • ^ .^-a^i ...■..;•. 4,*,, ' 3 aft V among • • / THE BEE| OR March 3f thefe theie ivill be a natural competition of prire ; an impoll on one, will deftroy in proportion ro its heavinefs this natural competition, and may turn the fcale in favour of another, until the rife in its price is compenfated by improvements in its manufadlure or otherwife. Let us now confider, what circumftances fhould de- termine us in the chocic of fubjeds of taxation^ Commodities whofe manufacture or import are in the hands of a few, being more eafily taken account of than thofe in the hands of many ; impofts on them may be more cheaply colle£ted. Among all manufa£lured commodities, duties on glafs and printed cotton are col-' le6ted at the leaft expence. A duty upon delft, ftone-ware, bricks, tyles, and flower-pots, might be levied at t Imall expence, the charge to be made at the kiln. That ftage of manufacture which takes up, the larg. eiit time^ is the mofl proper for taking account of it and charging the duty : Thus, though the duty is impofed tipon drying malt, yet the account of.it is taken when m the ciftern, couch, or on tb^ floor, not when it comes from the kite. Commodities, therefore, whofe manufactures are more tedious, are preferable to fueh as are lefs fo, as fubjeCls of taxation. Bleaching being one of the moil tedious proceiTes we are acquainted with, a duty upon whitened linen or cotton cloth might be charged at the bleaching-field with the greateft c^tainty. • The advance of duties will be fLorter upon commo- dities thfct are not meliorated by keeping, than upon fuch as are improved by age. Commodities that are fit for ufe, when they have pafled through ihe hands of the manufacturer, are pre- ferable, as fubjedlis of taxation, to thofe that muft be kept for any length of time ; the bottle is not the bet- ter for the keeping, but the wine is. Hence, during V'hatever ftage of its manufacture, the duty upon a commodity may be charged, it flioiild not be exadlecl till near the time the comimodity is fit for ufe: tbe» tl^i. ' X. «' LtTflRAllV INTELLIGENCER. 349 the duty npoii glafs may be fooner exafted, than that upon wine. The credit given in paying the tnalt du- ty is proper; for though it does not improve by keep- ing, yet the greateft part of it is made many mouths before it is confumed. The time 'of paying the leather duty, is fixed with great propriety, A moderate impoft upon commodities of general ufe or (ionfumption produces si greater revenue than heavy taxes on fuch as are confumed by the few. The annual amount of the duty on llrong beer is about 1,500,000 1. The prbduce of an import of il, per ton on wine was in 17.80 eftimated at 30,000 1. per annum *. Contmodities of general ufe are preferable fubjefts of taxation, to thofe that are lefs univeiially confumed or ufed. ' The great confumption of whale oil, even in light- ing the lireets, renders it probable that an impoii on it would be confiderably produftive. Candles are tax- ed. A duty upon whale oil might be charged at the bolling-houfe, A duty on tin-plate charged at the mill would be produdlive : As would be a duty on gun-powder. Merchants and manufedturers complain when the par- ticular branches of trade are taxed. It will, however, be found, that thofe branches of trade and manufadure that have been moderately taxed for a century paft, have fucceeded, as well as thofe that have not, or even as ftich as have been foflered by bounties. Moderate impoils, on manufactures tend perhaps to hailen their improvement, both as a llimulus to inge- nuity, and as tending to throw manufactures into the hand of perfons poffefled of llock. The revenue ariling from licences is confiderable ; but it feems to be a very unequal mode of taxation. * The ^le duty might be rendered ftill more produ(SHve, by n»king areafonabje 9i}d equitable akeraticn itt the br€\Ycry laws. \ 330 TUB BEE, OR March 2, /\3 licences are paid at once, if not exceedingly moderate, they may, in many cafes, be opreflive. Coiifedlioners, perfumers, and hair-dreffers, might be fubjefled to the payment of a licence with as much propriety as the retailers of fmall beer. X ho coach-diity may be reckoned a licence tax ; be- itig charged per tale, it is not liable to the objedion of inecpiality. . A fmall duty, charged per ton on all fhips and vef- fcls, might be levied at little expence, and with great certainty. titamp-duties have, of Jate, become common ; all perhaps, that can be faid in their favour, is, that they Rre cheaply collefted. They point out no particular improvement by which they can be compenfated*. They are, in the firft inflance, unequal, and cannot be retailed like imports on merchandize or manufac- ture. In their payment, nothing is feen but the tax. '* There are two ftates in Europe, (fays Montef- quieu), where there are heavy impofts on liquor ; in the one (England), the brewer alone pays the tax ; in the other (Holland), it is indifcriminately levied upon all the confumers. Jn the firll, nobody feels the rigour of the impoft ; in the fegond, it is looked upon as a grievance.*' Stamp-duties will always be obnoxious, and every ef- fort will be made to ev^de them. There is no reafon to apprehend, that before the receipt-tax can be made ef- ficient, fuch encouragement mull be given to inform- ers, as may prove prejudicial to morals. In fpite of Mr. Sherridan's aflertion, taxes of this 'kind are perhaps, of all others, the Ig^il prp|)er for ^ free peoj^le. ,^ , ,.,.; „ ^, ....^ril "^i.'^i^r^;;!^'/^' Ux . ^'..;t>u:M i^iitit^ 'v^.'»|;jin.-j iii,^iM''-H> ^1' tJ- ,1 ^b« b JU 3M'>' V, X79^« ■'^*^' LITERARY INtlLLXGENCEll. 3^0 -J&'jia sysiVJt'J'^*n^i:si*i ,i'i ■.',*t^>i>*H*-^r!.t j#.*i> f/l i/rvi.-uij^-r 4V Farther exptaikitifiins of the tendendy of the regulations propofed in our lafl^ refpe£iing Impnfonment for Debt. It will eaiily be perceived, that the two. great points aimed at in the foregoing regulations are, to throw bars in the way of wanton imprifonment of debtors; and to render it difficult for a bankrupt ever to live ineafe and aiHuence until his juft debts ihall have been all paid. The Qnly particular that will feem lingular, and will be liable' to be. mifunderftood, is that regulation which permits ev«ry individual creditor, after the bankrupt's effeds have been fold, and an equal dividend of the price of them, has, been made among the whole, to ar- reft the debtor's eilFeds, and to apply the price of them towards the payment of his own debts only, without communicating any part of it to the other creditors i fome explanation of the reafons that fuggefted that reii> gulatipn may therefore be neceiTary. ,,,,,^^ It is found by experience, that whei^ many perfons are alike iiiterefted in any tranfadlion, where the value of the whole is much greater than that of the feparate parts, an individual feldom choofes to take up- on himfelf the difagreeable tafk of a profecutor, where others are to be equally benefited by that profecution as himfejf. On this account, it is found by experience, that after a bankrupt's efie^^s have been once fold, and a dividend of them made, his creditors feldom ever think of recovering any more from him at a future pe- riod j and therefore feldom hefitate about granting a difcharge ; fo that, (hould the debtor, in a very ihort time acquire affluence, his original creditors muft be content to bear their lofs with patience. This circum- itance is no doubt carefully remarked by thofe who have a fraudulent bankruptcy in view, the chance of* its taking place carefully computed, and their condu£)t Vol. I, f Tt I in I; i -s . ,i \ 330 THE BIE, OR .^.^. March t regulated hy that calculation. It therefore tends great- ly to encourage fraudulent bankruptcies. By the regulation here propofed, creditors in general will not be in a worfe iituation than they are atprefent; for thofe who never intend to look after the debtor from the time they receive the lad dividend of the bankrupt's cffe£ts, will l)e preci{^ly in the fame iituation as they afe in at prefent. But thofe whofe circumftaflces make fuch forbearance eitremely inconvenient for them, will be in a much better fituation than they are, as the law how ftands. They well know, that if the debtor has not tided fairly by his creditors, a few years will dif- cover that he is able to live in affluence ; and as they will then, efpecially if thefr debts be fmall, by a Arid attention to his condud, be able, by dlftrefs, to recoi ver payment, they will be difpofed not to grant a dif- charge till they fee very good reafons for their doing fo. A fraudulent debtor, in thefe circumftances, would find himfelf fo narrowly watched by his individual ere* dilsrs, that his iituation would never be an agreeable fo that mankind would have little inducement one voluntarily to put themfelves into that iituation. ? : Should it be faid that creditors who live in the neigh- bourhood of the debtor would thus have an advantage over thofe at a diilance — this is admitted : But ftiU thofe at a diftance are no worfe than they are at prefent. They would even be better : For if it Ikould appear that there was a chance of recovering any thing conliderable of their claim, they w6uld Always find fome petfon who would purchafe the debt at a reafon- able price. ■ ^ ...-iv '..:.. \;.:X_:... ■ :..:J ■.. By admitting a neW bahkf upt6y to take ^lace, where ne*iv debts had been contraded, and allowing the former creditors to rank equally, while the debtor's efFeds In the tnean time were always liable to be carried off by the old creditors, bankrupts would find it more diffi- cult to obtain credit than they now do, which would operate as an additional bar to the pradice of fraudu- lent bankruptcies, and as a caution to avoid bankrupt- fjgfU ^l" LITERARY IKTBtUOBNCER. 531 cies of any kiad; fts being at(efii f>''i» r ■s.vu^. t! : Creditors are in the firft place allowed to have recourfe to the moft eafy and direft mode of obtaining poflefiiop of the whole of the debtor^s effi^ds ; and he hasthe ftrong- eft inducement to difclofe them fairly and candidly. :;. They are, in the next place, indiv-idually, granted a preference for obtaining payment of fuch part of their debts as remain uhdifcharged, after a dividend of efFcfts Ihall have taken place, that n^o perfon at pref'. nt pof- fcfles in this country, and that no perfon ought of right to poffefs, but in a cafe of this fort. This certainly is a powerful means put within their reach of getting the better of the eifedls of a fra'idulent bankruptcy, which they do not at prefent enjoy ; and of courfe the fitua- tion of creditors muft be bettered by it. . , - ,.^ By the fame regulation^ the fituation of a fraudulent bankrupt is rendered much lefs agreeable than at prelent. .*.','■■■'. ♦ ■■.t t*!gi» ^ LITER ARY^^NTELLIGENCER. 333 He will have more diflicultj of obtaining credit from xjthers : He will have more difficulty to preferve his ill got atquifitions, than h^ rioW pofleffes : He will of courfe have much lefs temptation to put himfelf into thatfitu- ation than he now has. If fo, he will guard againft the chance of bankruptcy with greater care ; and if he fees it unavoidable, will take care to ftop fooner than he otherwife would have done ; as he will thus have a better chance of being able to difcharge his whole debts; without which he will foon fiftd it would be impoflible to enjoy life with any degree of comfort. But if the creditor be benefited, and if the fraudu' lent debtor be put into a worfVi lituation than he other- wife would have been ; furelj no perfon could have face to object to thefe regulations, becaufe they tend to free the hone fly though unfortunate debtor, from the gripe of mercilefs oppreflion ; and to put it in his power to earn a fubiiftence to himfelf and family, by his in- duftrious exertions, of which at prefent he may be ut- terly deprived, by the tyrannical difpofiticii of a def- pot. Thefe are the avowed and obvious tendency of the meafures propofed ; and they are fubmitted to the con- fideration of the public, in the hopes that their imper- feftiops may be Supplied, and their errors corrected, by thofe who are better capable of judging of thefe things than the writer, whofe only claim to merit notice is the uprightnefs of his intentions. 'f V " .' /\ I 4-1 i;:>'^ : t<- I « ;■? •T 1: .<:'•»' •,;.' U'> '••YT' ■Arv '^' To the Editor of the Bee, Queries refpe6iing the Georgium Sidus, .0 SiR» :«:.'! ,. - As I have lived in the country f*nce the year 1781 till very lately, I have heard nothing as yet, vefpeding the diftance of the Georgium Sidus from the fun, ex- cept from a calculation made by Mr. Lexel, profeflbr 53*4 ^ " THE BEE, j»* ' Match a, if aftronomy at St. Feterfburgh ; who informs us, that a circukr orbit, whofe radius is about nineteen times the. difianfce of the earth from the fun,, will agree very well with all the obfervations that have been made dur- ing the 1781. As the truth of this calculation depend- ed upon its orbit being circular, which I have heard no confirmation of, and on account of the great nicetj required in obferving the figure of io fmall a portion of that immenfe curve, which the planet has defcnbed fince. the year 1781, it naiuft be owned, the weight I laid upon this calculation was but fmall. •-'' . - Soxtie aftronomers are of opinion, that th« new plaftet is th6 ftar, that is marked No. 964 in Mayer's catalogue. This feems to be confirmed by feveral obfervations that have l^en made on purpofe to iind it, in that part of the heavens where it fliould have been, if a fixed ftar, ac^ cordinir to the catalogue, but without fuccefs ; and that this planet's apparent place in the year 1756, ought to have been that of Mayer'^ ftar (on the 1 5 th of Septem- ber 1756, Mr. May^r difcovered that ftar). If this is allowed, profeftbr Robifon thinks that the calculations refpefting it may proceed with eafe. Others are of opi- nion, that the ^new planet is the fame with the ftar No. 34. of the Britannic catalogue. As it is a long time ^nce I have l)eard any accounts concerning it, I would wifli to learii through the channel of your paper, from fomc of your ingenious correfpondents, whichfof the ftars, viz. No. 964 of Mayer's jcatalogi^e, or No- 34 of the Britannic, aftronomers in general have pitched uppn to be the fame with the Georgium Sidusy and how they have determined its diftance from the fun, figure of its orbit, &.C ? The giving the above a place in a cor- ner in your ufeful publication will much oblige Your moft obedient humble fervant '^ y? '<''?^ Edinhtirgh 1 'yofivar/i^tk 1 7 9 1 . j til. 1;:: 'r r> 5 ■tiw^in'^'iu **t»v-5 .rt ->*.■' n k\r. v-i' I. D. I79I' LITERARY INT£LLIG£NCSR. ^35 7b the Editor of the Bee. ■ ' Mr. Bee, I HAVE often admired that part of your commonwealth's political wifdom and juftice, the expelling drones from the fociety ; work or ftarve is their maxim. I wiih mankind, who are the only other animals that hare drones amongft them, would follow fo wife an exam- ple. We have clerical drones, medical drones, drones of the long robe ; nay, I am told we have not a few drones in parliament, though I hope this is not true, ^■^ '^ . aid be a melancholy thing to have drones make laws for us. But the drones who fall more particularly under your cognizance^ are the literary drones ;* thofe clear iighted critics who can fpy the fmalleft blemifh in the labours of others ; who will tell you there is not anew idea in the compoiition, and how much better it Would have been had it been handled in fuch another manner; but all the^while the commonwealth at large is never a whit the better of their own remarks and new ideas. They ought at lead be grateful for food to chatter upon ^ fie upon thfm^ give them a fling, good Mr. Bee ; I hope you can fti?-:: r vice without injuring yourfelf. If thi$ does not liivi* if- a reformation in the drones in my neighbourhocd, &ad fet them a working, I will coUeft their remarks, and fend you them ; they may not be honey ; but you know bits of wax are ufeful to you. I am i • ,. - •// ,u V AJjrone^ er. Wc think t tii gentleman will confer a very great benefit on focicty, ir he can hril. .!.y kind of ufeful eniploymentr-^hall be glad to hew: he meets wittiuccefe. .i ,, ; r, •/ i «■,' I, . '.l :. ..ivS.'^ 33^ '■>iy .'^ • THE BEE, OR .;;:r r ' March 2, -K-' . ■ «»■■" ■ ',.11 . » 7b the Editor of the Bee. Ohferoations on the Mangel Wurfel or Root of Scarcity* ^ 1 • *ii r. i i ' V», ,(^ 1;' 7 Sir, , , You have mentioned in the firft number of your ufeful TOifceli^,ny, that the culture of the root of fcarcity, is in general abandoned. That this is the cafe, I will not difpute: it is however, • '•^ well worth cultivating, particularly in a cold foil, ;re other ufeful pot herbs would be cut off by the fe verity of the weather. This I can vouch, from an cxperimf'«^j £ made, the firft or fe.» cond feafon the feeds wer^ introduced into this country! In the month of June, I tianfplanted a row of the young plants on a cold foil, without manure ; at the lame time there were fome; cabbages and favoys planted along fide of them ; no other care was taken of the fcarcity than of the other greens ; when the winter ftorms and froft had vented all their rage, the cabbages and fa- voys were entirely deftroyed, while the fcarcity root remained almoft unhurt ; a few of the outer leaves were only affefted. I gathered fome of them, and caufed boil them, when brought to table, they were tender, and had a relilh equal to any ther greens ufed at that feafon. From about fixty pints, there were at leaft three difhes of green leaves gathered weekly, from the end of February to the end of May, that young cabbages fupplied their place ; each difh was fufficient to ferve fix people for vegetables : Had it not been for this ufeful plants I fhould have wante4 greens, or paid dear for them at market. The feeds of the Mangel Wurzel produce red and green plants ; the latter kind is the bell ; they can eafily be diilinguilhed wlienin the feed-bed \ it is a fpecies of beat beyond doubt. I79I« ' LITERARY INTflLLIGENCER, 337 I fhall have occafion afterwards, to make fome re- marks on the Swedilh turnip, v "?t ., A Friend to Agriculture f . "ij.:.; rrz4^' : J-v r ■ 'Tlbe following extraSi of a letter on the fame fuhjeB from Dr. Lettjom^ is of too much importance not to me- rit an early notice, as it fates fir ongfaEls refpfBing this planty that are^ I believe, in a great meafure un^ known. -'"t:T> ^■.r^^i^---ii yi»>^- '.^-VJt^ In this week I had the favour of a letter from the fecretary of the agricultural fociety of Amfterdam, o^ which the following is a quotation : ** The fcarcity root is already known throughout our province ; we find no reafon to complain of this difcovery ; our foils are very apt to bear them, and particularly the fens and moory grounds, promote the vegetation of this root to a pro- digious iize, fo that fome of them weighed 36 lb. with the blade. We confider both thefe plants (fcarcity root, and mowing cabbage) as a very beneficial acqui- fition, for fuch of our countrymen as live upon poor heathy grounds, who are always in need of proper fodder to fuftain their cattle." ^^ i^; ■ v , .^>>i^ih. iu ^ ' ^ This letter, with my own experience, evince, how cautious we fhould be of indifcriminate cenfure. if the fcarcity root have not anfwered with certain individu- als, it is not a fufficient proof of its inutility, fo various are foils, and fo long does it require, the bell mode of cultivating the produds of the earth. If I fhould fteal leifiire, I (hall devote Come obfervations in print to prove thefc fentiments. , ^ ;. i • ' M . J. C. LETTSOIif, London ") r .^ January 26. I79i» j ■ ;.:K«:>r(' 'mr M .J-. f The obfervations c^ this correfpondent, or others who ftate ary Vuportant fait refpcding agriculture, will be ahvirj's acceptable. Vol. I. U u ir-"<*'Wi 338 , .iia THE ?£E, pii.;s^,j3'4jij March 2, ExtraSl of another letter on the fnhjcB of the root of T do not wonder, that tbofe who have met whh a bad fort of feed which has produced plants with the crowns clofe to the ground, and roots with many fangs ihould condemn it. But a fample which is now grow- ing in the old kitchen garden of H , many of which rife a foot or more above the ground, have de- termined Mr. C-— ~ to try it in his farm next year. The firft root he attempted to pull u^, he expe<§ted to require great ftrength ; but it came up fo eafily, that he tumbled backwards, and carry iag it to, his farm yard made his arms ache, fo as to convince him there was fome fubftancein it ; he weighed two roots, aneof 24^ the other of X2 pounds, h^' :i;q &i?k i> > «rb i«Hr{ oi ■>■ ■ What originally induced me to try it w^s, that I found many people condemn it without trial, and that I could not meet with any body who had tried it. I reported my firft trial of it to Dr. Lettfom, who infert- cd my letter in the gentlemen's magazine, in fpring 1789. That great philanthrophift imported a large quantity of the feed, which he fold for the benefit of the humane fociety, and fmall debtors ; it is no wonder, that as no feedfman was employed, they (hould ail abufe it unfeen. One farmer of this neighbourhood from the fight, or rather from feeling the weight of mine, was induced to fow foujr or five acres of it in the loUowing fpring, which he found of fo great benefit to his lambs when weaned, that he determined to fow fifteen acres laft fpring. He had then juft got one of the Reverend Mr. Coke's patent drilling ma- chines, and ploughed his ^nd in tidges as diredted in the pamphelet fent with it ; but having given rather too good meafure, he took a furrow from each ridge for a vow of potatoes. His two firft fo wings (one I think was in February, the other in March) almoil all ran to feed, and he fowed fome turnip feed on the ground, which will account for his not having turned his lambs 1791- • LITERARy I^TfiLLKiEKCER. 339 to it as in the preceding year, and for his flieep having mangel wurzel, potatoes and turnips at the fame time, which hie mentions in the note I inclofe you, which he fent me in anfwer to one, d -iring to know what fault his (hepherd had found. in mangel wurzel, as he did not feem to like it the time J had fecn him, when I had not an opportunity of gathering an explanation. I think you will admit the note (which was written in halle, while my fervant was waiting) to be a candid one, and to come from a fenfible nian. You are wel- come to make what ufe you pleafe of any part of it. '■■■■• ,-;;, r ■ -.w^iri^'vi' r.hv :-. ^^ < Yours &c ** , \ ^ Note referred to ahtive, ,^,w#^v|>;^? When ewes are put t(hturnips evefy feafon, tfiey are at firft affefted by the change of food fo much that fome die : they are by the fliepherds frequently injudci- oufly treated, giving them too much at firft : This feafon was very wet when my Iheep began to mangel wurzel and turnips, — two of them died,-^I have about twenty feven fcore, — and I dare fay every perfon feeding fheep on turnips alone, loofe as many in proportion. For the time, my Ihepherd declares he never faw flieep do better.; and where my lateft fown mangel wurzel was, he never faw more food on my farm of turnips in the fame fpace. I was from home the whole time they were eating mangel wurzel, they had finilhed two days before I returned. At that feafon I never faw my ewes look better 5 my fhepherd now Approves mangel wurzel, which is more convi£lion than I cxpefted : but potatoes, he fays, are fuperior to all other winter feed for Iheep; and mine are fonder of them than ei- ther turnip or mangel wurzel. They had of each be- fore them daily for fomc weeks. I fow ten acres of mangel wurzel in April, and hope to^fcertain its value on my foil next feafon. * In a future number will be given, an account of fome experiment ^ith this root by the fame Uu 3 ! 340 itJil B££, OR -l^-^rz t« March 2, 1 4 ^^ M Td //&tf i//iVor o/*f/5tf 5^^. On the Birth^day of Br. R ofSu Children* Hail ! O hail I aufpicious day. Sorrow hence, let all be gay, — Day that gave our ffither birth. Be thou Confecrate to mirth. .-••i- Health, the grcateft blifs below, , J Health, which to his Jkill we oWe ; ^ill thy genial influence flied .^ On his lovM and honoured. head Hear, ye powers above, our prayer, Be that father ftiJl your care. Him from danger fafely guard. Grant his worth its due reward.— Edinburgh "> February "jth i*jgo. J ih. ijrom lis K^if^.- . ,'>'• jT- V > '■ -''S m j*-jji V; ,.-,* ,1 •■-•li ■< '■■(.,?S-.' vU^ D. C pi*- ^0 afoUiary Star in a Jlormy Night, Fair wanderer of the nightly iky, Whofe folitary lamp, on high, ;. v^ y Dim in its mill obfcurely burns. And all its filters abfence mourns. '\J ? flail ! fweetly twinkling, maiden liar, Who, glancing through the troubPd air^ With mild and foftly trembling eye, DoH gild the cloud-polltited iky. •vs ,.%:' So, gently charms the melting fair. When in her eye ^ penfive tear, 179^ .:>' LITERARY INTELLIGENCE X. 341 Slow gathering, dims its fportive fire, 1, And bids unmeaning mirth retire. While care untrpubled mortals deep. Thou doft in heaven thy vigils keep. And wak'ft, to lift the plaints of thofe .. Whofe forrows rob them of repofe. Fair orb, who o'er the (haded plain Dark mufflM, hold'ft thy filent reign ; Doft thou in all thy wand'rings fee '; A wretch who wakes to weep like me ? i**<'^.V*., rV.'Vvi > .'^5 ,^i^.|, •. , i( • ,w» Or does thy pitying eye explore The friend, who, from a diftant ihore. Nightly beholds thy chariot burn. And weeps like me till dawa of mom ? Slow rifing in the filent air, Doft thou our mutual forrows hear,^ Nor yet the ardent vows convey Which each t;o other nightly pay ? f ! could I on my wiflies rife, I'd feek thy manfion in the fkies ; ; . That I might fee beyond the mainy f'\ The brother of my foul again ; Back to my eyes at leaft reftore The friend whom I now fee no morey And once more in our minds renew. The joys which we together knew* ►v>J. >«f> ;. ' ,*' Wk I '',)"^ nr • )r}.: Edinburgh "I 1791. V F. R. S. yanuary 'jth .•%>■>■ ■ t*.i , 54 i *"r' •'» THfe'BftE, OR - ]»• • r Nt March 2j Fattier rurtkulars concerning the ufe of Cypfum as a 7nanure in North ^Jj?ierica,\i!-;^ii'i -i ;,.. « 6o^6j' rt/'r/ Letter from Mr. H. IVynkoop^y ofVerden HoJf\ Bucks Coujityy PenfyhanniaTR, " Convinced of the utility of t'le plHflor of Paris as a grafs manure, I communicate to you, for the information of the jociety, an experiment which I lately made.. In the month of March lall:, as foon as the fnow was oil" the ground, and fo fettled as to bear wnlkinr»; upon the furface, I fpreaii eight bulhels of the plafter of Paris upon two and a half acres of wheat ifubble! ^mund, which had been fown th& fpring- before (in common with the rell of the field) with a- bout two pounds of red clovei* feed for pafture ; this fpot yielded, about the middle of June, fi\ie tons of hay. A fmull piece of ground within the inclofuve, and of iimilav quality, having been kPt uiifpread with tlie plafter, afforded an opportunity of dillinguilhing the effeds of plalter of Pa- ris as a manure ; for, from the produce of the latter, ther& •was good xeafon to judge that my piece of clover, without the allillance of the plainer, might have yielded one and a half tons of hay 5 fo tliat the eight bufiiels of the pulverized ilonc mull have occafioned an incrcafe of three and a half tons of hay upon tw'o and a half acres of ground j in adili- tion to which, it is now covered, to appearance, with be- tween two and three tons fit for the fcythe. This foil has been in courfe of tillage about fifty years, and never had any dung or manure upon it, but yet was what might be called gcod. wheat land. As the efie61s of the plafter were thus powerful upon fuch kind of grouud, there is good rca- fon to conclude they would be much greater upon a foil pre- vioully manured. With due refpec^, lam, &c. ■ ^ Henry VVym^ogp. To the Prtfidrnt (.Fthe Agricultural Society in Fhilaclclphia. • »7i>^V^'-n LITERAR'/ INTELIIOEMCER. 3^3 I tlo hereby certify, tint the above name-i Hcnfy Wyn- koop, I* 9. perlon of undoubteil go(Kl chuiacUcv and worthy of cvedi:. j and 1 do alio farther tciiify, that the plallec of Prtils is njuch ufed as h nvuujre, in the neigh b«l of Phihidelphia, and that it is {generally held in high eilima- tiou by tbpfc who have tried ii; as a rnnnure, ■■-:''¥mi "yflv^^?: ■■. ...v.'.u r.- Samukl PowELt, *— ^ • ' ' •: .r -Ilirfit-A^etl^ U" .-,N Prelidca't of the iVgiicultural .Society, Philadelphia, June 30, i-]Z<). t.ii>:ih'Mhxv>ii^o^ ^ij .1 ii^-- > Letter on the Ufe of Plafur of Paris as a Ma7!!n'e^ tai- en from (jk Publication^ inlltkd^ The Amlkican Mi'- " Having, for four yeais part, made ufe of a large qiian-r tity of plailer of Paris or gypCain as a manure upon a variety of foils, and under di-iferent circumftanccs, — I bcc»; leave to lay before you the refult of my e\poriments, together with fome obfervations refpeding the nature of this fofiU. 1 am the more anxious to comply with my duty to the fociety in this refpecl, becj^ufe many of our feilo\v-citi-!Pns are lolinq; the great advantage to be derived from the ufe of tliis ma- nure J entertaiaing an opinion, that it floes not in itfelt con- tain any nutriment to plants, but that it aci:s merely as a ftimulus to the foil, by which, although vegetation is for a» fliort time rapidly promoted, yet the ground becomes ex- hauiled, and is left a deiid inert mafs. ■ ' ! I. In the yej^r 1785, I {b',Ycd three acres of light ifing- lafs * foil, containing a little cl,ay, with barley and clover. In the month of April the following year, 1 divided the field into three pr>.rts. and Ihevvcd llx buihels of French gyp- fura on No. I ; the fame quantity of the American gypfum, brought froiatlie 1 ay of Fundy, on No. 2 j and left the in- termediate fpace. No. 3, without auy. On cutting ths firft crop, that year, little djifcience could be obferved*, the' fecond crop produced double the quantity of grafs, where the gypfum had been put j and in the fuccecding year, the difference was ll^ill greater, in favour of this manure. Early in 061:ober 1787, the clover lay was ploughed once, about four inches deep, "swis fowed with rye^ and in that rough ftate, was harrowed. Phc rye v;as of a fuperior quality, • This is a diftindinn of ibil& not Unov/n in this country. Ediu m- 344 THE BEE, OR March 2, and double the quantity on No. i and 2, of that on No. 3. After harvcft, the rye-ftubble was ploughed, and fowed with buck-wheat, wh.en a ftriking difference was ftill ob- fervable in favour of the gypfum, and which continues in the prefent crop of Indian corn. 2. In April 1787, I fowed three acres of potatoe ground, (a light loam), with barley and clover. Juft as the barley was above ground, fome gypfum was flrewed diagonally a- crofs the field, about eight feet wide. Little or no differ- cnce could be obferved in the barley j but in the month of September following, there was a ttriking difference in the clover, in favour of the manure, which would h«ve afforded a good crop of hay, whilll the remainder of the field was but indifferent. I have frequently put gypfum upon grain, without obferving any immediate difference in the appearance of the crops. 1 3. In April 1786, fix acres of poor ifinglafs foil, fituated on German-Town hill, w^re fowed with oats, the ground not having been manured for twenty years j it produced a crop not paying expences. In April 1787, one half of the field was covered with gypfum, fix bulhels to the apre. Thq latter end of the fame fummer, that part on which the ma- nure had been put, produced good pafture of blue glafs and white clover, whilft the remainder afforded little but a few fcattered weeds. In Oftober, the field was ploughed once, and fowed with rye j at harveft, the former produced ten bulhels to the acre, the latter not above five. "- 4. A fielu of fifteen acres, a light loam, was, in April 1784, fowed with barley and clover, the produce only twen- ty bufhcls to the acre, the ground not having been fuffici- ently manured. In 1785, it produced a good firft, and a tolerable fecond crop of clover. In 1786, the firft crop but tolerable •, the fecond very indifferent, and therefore paftur- cd. In the fpring 1787, I wiihed to try if gypfum would not renew the clover. In the month of April, the whole field was covered with gypfum, fix buftiels to the acre, ex- cept the width of twenty feet, through the middle of the field. St. John's wort, mullain, and other weeds had tak- en fuch .poiieffion of the ground, that, although the manure produced a great luxuriance of grafs, yet, being full of weeds, it did not anfwer for hay j and therefore was paf- tured until Oftober 1788 ; The whole was then ploughed tfgt. LTTERART INTEI tlOBlNCER. 347 eight incKes deep, with a ftrong three -horle Dutch plough ; La(l April, it was well harrowed, and crofs -ploughed, four inches deep, with a light two-horfe plough, leaving the fod at the bottom. The iield was lowed with Spring barley 'y at harve.il, the difference of the crop was altoaiOiingly great in favour of" the part \Vhere the gypfum had been put, two years before. This ground is now under wheat and winter- barley, which have a promiiing appearance : The rotted Ibd being turned up and mixed yfith the foil, aifords a ilrong nouridiment to the prcfent crop. " 5. 1 put a quantity of gypfum, three years ago, on feve- ral fmall patches of rough fod ^ it produced a difierence in the flrength of the vegetation, which is ilill obferv- able.'V, , ^ What follows of this paper contains no experiments, but? fome reafoning on the nature of this fubftaiice, \Vhich we thi'^k unnecelfary here to tranfcribe. — Several other cxperi- IT s follow, that have fo much the fame refult wifti tho p aing, that it is thought unneceffary to tranfcribe them. 71iere are, however, fome circumllances o£ variation; in the following, that deferve notice. I * Pennsylvania, June i, 17901 ** t wrote to you fome time ago, refpefting our manuring^ with the plafter of Paris : I have now experienced it up- wards of three years j others have ufed it upwards of fifteen : It exceeds any thing ever kxiowii. t'riy prevail on fome perfon to fow a \fmall quantity qi red clover on ^ dry foil ; a fewiihiys will evince its power. Six bufliels to the acre 1 ufe, and it is prefer£tble to fifty loads of the beft dung. This you muft think extravagant j it is foj and yet true. I have contrafted it for three years with dung in that prc^ortion^ and the refult is my aflertion : I have upwards of one hun- dred acres now under plafler, applied in various ways, and 6n different foils ', it has m no inflance bailed i the laft £ made, I fhall relate as follows : ** In April 1789, I ploughed the end of a poor fand hill^ which by long and bad culture had been totally exhaufted } il contained no grafs, but was covered with wild onions the next day after ploughing, I fowiSd it with oats, clover Vol. L X x 348 ;i«r- >^ ii^; oiWA^-*^^ March 2, and timothy) wKcn the oats were a few inches high, I {ow- ed a ftrip through the middle of the field with plafter j the ground being poor, the oats were not knee high at harveft ; the clover where the plafter was not fown, was very fmall and poor j but the ftrip on which the plafter was fown, pro- duced clover near as high as the oats. As foon as the oats were cut, I fowcd all the ftubble with plafter j in Oftober, the ground produced upwards of a ton and an half ^^r acre j and I now think the crop fuperior to the beft acre you ever " The land I fowed three years igo, I mow twice, and pafture the bad crop j not the leaft failure yet appears 5 I intend to renew a part of it, by way of experiment, with acre. after my firft mowing, three buftiels of plafter per which, wiy be in eight days. ** It is generally efteemed to continue good from five to feven years j it is much ufed in this country, and is travel- ling weftward and eafftward. I faw laft week feveral fields done with it near Reading, in tliii ftate, about fixty miles from the ri\ er. A fpoonful on a hill of Indian corn, will increafe the quantity about te> bufliels per acre, and it is found to ripen two weeks earlier. The grafs as well as hay raifed from it, is found more nutritive than any other \ fo much fo, that cattle fatten in near half the time. Were J to write a volume, I coald not tell you all' its advan- tages f. " The foil of the plantation of the above winter is warm, being a loam, more or lefs mixed v^ith fand, having a few inches of black mould on the furface, and not a cold clay. " The plafter, generally made ufe of in the United States of America, is imported from Havre de Grace, and fome from Halifax, in Nova Scotia, but of a much inferior qua- lity, unlefs got in depth, and not near the furface of the earth. The plafter is found in Yorkfhire, and in fome other parts of the kingdom, but whether equal in quality to that in France, experiments will difcover." \^ , -.fo^*rh^ Annals of Agriculture. * No notice is liere taken of the ftrip in the middle, that appears to liavc been twice covered with gypfiim. Ed\t» \ Thii account hM much the air of exaggeration. Edlt^- f v- I 2, 179**^^ LITERARY INTELLIGENCER. J49 Parijh 0/ Holy wood, from Sir John Sinclair's JatiJHcal Account of Scri!and, cancluded from page 318, Population — On tht laft day of the year 1 790, there vrere living in the parifh of Holywood 736 perfons^ of whom there were, ^ Under ten years of age, , .jJBeiween ten and twenty, j^. Above twenty unmairied, Widowers or widows, r-J-j rws; sjMarried, ':^/,^-.^^^^^:^:^{:m'^^:- ^ '^[-^tt-^ L.I .'?* Out of the 736 pcrfons, 11 were between 80 and 90 years old, which is an uncommon number among fo few in- habitants. Thie return tb Dr. Webfter of the population of Holywood, about forty years ago, was 612 fouls ; the inha- bitants have therefore increased 124 fincc that period. Aiftra£i of the Baptifms, Marriages arfd Burials for the > j . lafi ten Tears* Years. Baptifms I78I — . 25 1782 — i3 1783 - 15 1784 — , 15 1785 - ^5 J786 — 16 1787 -. - 16 1788 — • . 14 1789 - 13 1790 — 19 V v *" , '5 "'■■■ tt-'f- ''"..i *^ 'frj .r ..M.^*f* "■' ■ • 162 Yearly average nearly, 16 Marriages. 7 o 3 I 4 6 Burials. 10 20 8 II 8 " 14 II 8 8 16 'i 108 The great number of deaths in 1782, was owing to an infeftious fever in the weft patt of the parifli, where the valley is narroweft *, and the large number in 1786, was owing to the ravages of the natural fmall pox. X X a ^"" yj MM — 9 — 6 — 6 — . ■■-• .i-i I'r.] PIMPIIIP wmmm mmm ISO THE BEE, OH mrcti DhiJIan hf the Itthabiiants, and their Occupations. -^hW the inhabitants are farmers, and cottagers employed hf them, exc^|y| thofe afterwards mentijMied. About ten of the inha- bitahts are fmall proprietors of lands,, ^hich they ddcupy themfclvcs. There are eight weavers, two bleacher?, two {hoe-makers, two millers, five blackfmiths, five^afoHs, four taylotsj, and eight joiners : all of whom are employed in working for the inhabitants of the parifh, anid not in manu* faftuting articles for'fale. There arc po houfehold fcrvants except in gentlemen's families, and thefe are few. There are about thfrty-two 'male, and thirty-fix female labouring fcrvants. The greateft part of the farming and dairy work is done by the farmers themfelvcs, their wives, their fons and daughters, and cottagers j which lad work, either by the piece, or by the year, receiving what is callied a benefit 'y that is, a houfe, yard, peats, 52 ftonesofmeal, a quantity of potatoes, and as much money as, with thefe articles, would, communibus. annisy amount to thirteen pound Sterling per annum. Befides tTie above mentioned fcrvants, fome {hearers are hired by the day from the adjacent moor coun- tries. It is remarkable that all the inhabitants are natives of this ifland, except one perfon only, whp comes from Ire- land. There are no nobility refident in the parilh, and the gentry amount only to twenty -feven perfons, befides their domeftics. AU the inhabitants are of the eftablhhed church, except fix Camerohiaifs, ' nine Burgher Seceders, two of the Church of England, and three Catholics 5 but moft of all thefe denominations attend the parifh church occnfionally, ex- cept /the Catholics. General Charuiler, — They are a fober, regular and induf- trious people, all employed in farming, except the few above mentioned. They fire • generous and humane, although they have not been called to the exertion of thefe qualities by any remarkable events, except in the years 1782 and 3 783, as fhall be mentioned afterwards. They enjoy in a xeafonablc degree, the conveniencies and comforts of focie- ty^ and are in general as contented with their iituation as jnoft people. Their condition, however, might be melio- |-ated, cpulci the heavy multures be removed, which hinder ^piovcments in agriculture 3 or could coals be importc4 % ' 1 791 LITERAAT INTELUGENCER. 35« duty free, which checks any attempts to the eilablifhing manufadures. With refpe£l to the morals of the people, it may be obferved, that during the time of the prefent incum- bent} which is 19 years, only one perfon has been baniihed for thtft, and -one enlifted for a foldier : This laft, in a few mo^iths, folicited his friends to make application to get him out of the army, which they did with fuccefs ; and he has ever fince lived in the parifh an induilrious labouring man* In regard to other particulars, they are healthy, robuft, and rather above the common ftature. Several inllances of longevity have been obferved among them. Within thefe few years, three perfons have died, whofe ages were 90, 95, and 96. Church, — The value of the living, including the glebe, is about 1 20 1. Sterling. The laft patron was Robert Be* veridge of Fourmerkland, Efq. the proprietor of an eftate of that name in th« pariih. He died lately, and by his death, the patronage devolved to his fillers, the eldeft d£ whom is married to the Rev. Mr. James McMillan miniHer of Torthorwald. The manfe * and office houfes were all new built in 1773 j the church in 17795 an4 the two fchool houfes > 1782 j all which buildings are now in excellent repair. State of the Poor. — The average number of poor who now receive alms is fifteen. The annual fum expended for their relief, is jibout 32 1. Sterling, produced by the colle£lion» in the church on Sundays, excepting the intereft of a fxnall fum appropriated to them. Thefe fifteen perfons are all maintained in their own houfes, or boarded in other fami^ fies J none of them are kept' in hofpitals or work houfes. The greatefl number of them earn about two-thirds of their maintenance. Thofe who are orphans under ten years old, or who are very old and infirm, and without telations to aifiil them, are boarded out at the rate of 4 1. Sterling per annum. Befides the relief from the parifh, the poor receive frequent fupplies of food and clothes from charitable and well difpofcd people. They are however kept from begg* dciiv^ The parfonage houfe, thus called all over Scotland, is evidently as manfion is fiem the Latin maneo. to remain or abide* I'- 55^ %^^ THE BEE, OR Marph 2, *ag ftora door to door moil ^ffedvally, by the affurancc of til sir inevitably loiing all parifli relief if they pcrlift in the pradice. As the church feflion * is extremely attentive to give them relief, according to their neceflities, to provide medical afliftance for them when fick, to pay the fchooi- mafter for teaching their children reading, writing,, and the common rules of arithmetic, their own intereit induces them to comply with the delire of the feirion, not to beg. Beggars, however, occafionally infeft the parilh, but they do not belong to nor rcfide in it. -.\*f ,**-. ■ Frke cj Grain and Provificris.-^nt price of wheat, bar- Icy^ and oats are generally regulated by the Liverpool and Greei>ock markets, being juil as much below the prices at thcfe places, as will pay freight, and afford a very mbderatc profit to the corn merchants, who export the grain tp on^ or other of thefe places. For many years paft, the price of g;rain has been in general the fame as in the London market, -which is always a little below that of Liverpool. Grain is ill g2nerai cheaper here about Candlemas, the markets being then overftocked by the farmers anxiety to makeup their Kalf-year's rent, which is payable at that term. Communibtis annit, wheat is 5 s. barley 2 s. 2 d, and oats is. lo d. the Winchefter bulhel. The prefeut average price of beef, veal, mutton, lamb, and pork through the year Is 3 d. the pound of 16 ounces, for thofe of the beft qualities. At particular times of the year they are all much cheaper j and though at fome periods they amount to 5 d. a pound, thefe dear times do not laft long. The price of a roalting pig is 4 s. j ef a goofe 2 s. •, of a turkey 2 s. 6 d. 5 of a duck 10 d. j of a 5iea 18*, of a chicken 3 d. 5 of rabbits, though there are few of them, I s. the pair without the {kins j butter is 9 d. the pound of 24 ounces \ cheefe varies according to its richnels and age* trice of Lahur» — The Wages of men labourers are i s. a ■* LITERARY mtfiltfGtiJJCER. 3S3 harveft, 13 d. Both men and women furnifti their own pro- vilions out of their wages. The day wages of a carpenter and a mafon, are i s. 8 drj of a bricklayer and (later, 2 s. j'l * of a taylor, i s. without, or 6 d. with meat. Work, how^^;, e^er, is generally done by the piece. The average of fann' fervants, when they ^at in the houfe, is 7 1. for men, and' 3 1. for women j but the farm fei-vants arc generally paid by what is called a benefit, before defcribed ; and if the manV^ wife and children arc employed by the farmer, their work- ' is feparately paid for. The wages of domeftic fervants aic nearly the fame with thofe of farm fervants. 'J ,Kxpen<:es of a Labourer'* j Family.-^lLh^ expences of n com-^^ mon labourer, when married, and with four or five child-V ren, is about 16 1. a year. The wages which he receives, together with the induftry of his wife, enable him to live tolerably comfortable, and to give his children an educa-v tion proper for their ftation, provided he and his wife aririt poceecW from the general tafte for good houfes, which marks this period, ana from many monied men, who, having purchafcd eilates m this part of the Country, are building elegant iiiaafion houfes for themftlves, and good farm houfes for their tenants. • ■Mm^WiMMRpPliiHIillli 354 THE BEE, OR : March 55, About the year 1771, a fpirit of improvement appeared in the paridi, when the farms became larger than they had for- tticrly been ; but for fome years pa ft they have continued nearly of the fame iize. 'I'ne beft arable land is let from 1 1. 1 s. to 1 1. 10 s. ) and the inferior from 20 s. to 7 s. an acre. The hill pafture is not let by the acre, but by the lump. The whole rent of the parifh amounts to fomething more than 3000 1. Sterling fer annuMy including houfes, and the fmail fiflieries in the Nith and Cluden. Tke heri- tors are thirty-one in number, of whom ten of the fmall ones and three of the largeil, reiide in the pariHi. There is no map of the parifli, the number of acres in it have hot con- lequcntly been precifely afcertained j they are eftimated at about 7500. Of thefe, about 60 are employed for raifirig wheat, 250 for barley, 20 for peafe and beans, i o for rye,, 1310 for oats, 1 00 for potatoes, 30 for turnip and cabbage,! 20 for flax aud hemp, 500 for fown grafs, the reft is paftu- rage, except about 150 acres for roads and plantations. None of the ground is common j and every proprietor knows the exa6t marches of his eftate ; bi^t a conftderable quantity of the hilly part njiuft always lie in a ftate of pafturage, not be- ing arable on account of the fteeptiefs of the hills. Several hundred acres, however, of the Iswer parts of thefe unbrok- en grounds, are capable' of cultivation ; and, if properly improved, woiild pay well for the labour beftowed on them. The greateft part of the parifti is thirled * td the ihill of Cluden, and pitys a very high multure f , which greatly tends to retard the cultivation atid improvement of the diftri6t. ,^ ■! ',.:;i".^ . ,r ?'.f- ' ' » ,' ''; ' ^' Mode tf Cultivai/on^'-^'TlKitQ are 70 ploughs in the parifli. Thofe ufed in the firft diViiioii, fee page 516, and the great- ■i. f 'Wlienthc laird, i. f. lord of the manor, t)(iilH« a mill, he olrligcs llis tentints to have all their com ground at that mill enlf. The faun!) are then faid to be thirled, or under thirlage to the mill. But fometimes, tut is the cafe here, the tenants of one eftate are thirled to the mill of another, which, when the dues are high,b a great bar to improTement. * Multure is a certain ftipulated quantity of meal, given as payment to .fhe Wilier for grinding the com : And all corn grown on farmn thirled to the mill is obliged to pay mujturc, whether the Corn he ground a? thtt mill or clfwh«r«. \^. 1^5'» ' tlt^JtARY IKTELLI6£KC£R. J^J eft part of the fecond) viz. the light foil, are the fxnall £n- gliih plough J ill part of the fecond, and adjoining part o£ the third, they ufe the Scotch plough with the Englilh mould board, or ploughs compofed partly on the model of the old Scotch, and partly on that of the Englifti j aild in the re- maining part of the third, the Scotch plough only is ufed. Each of thefe ploughs feems well adapted for the nature o^ the foil in the dillricl where they are ufed* The Englifh plough is certainly the beft } but it can only work properly in land that is free from ftones* The Scotch plough, when properly made, is doubtlefs the fitteft for ftrong land ^ and, laftly, the plough compofed of the two, is the moft proper for land that is compofed of the two kinds above mentioned j aj>d thefe are the nature of the different foils in which the feveral kinds of. ploughs arc ufed. The ploughs are com* monly drawn by two Arong hoifes, and one man both holds the plough and drives the horfes, vrith a pair of long reins« When flifF land is to be broken up from grafs, three, or fometimes four horfes are yoked into a plough of thei fame donftrudion, but of a ftronger make. . Pr»duce,—^lL\i ». Eajl Indies, . : /^ ; r- Our tenitories in India are yet extenfive j and like a per- fon who is* on the eve of bankruptcy, to afuperficial obferver, they appear great and brijliant objects j but their remaining in our pofl'effion, depends rather on the faults of others than our own t^xertions. Had not Tippoo Saib been a brutal monfter^ it is not impoffible, but at this moment we iliould not have had a footing in India. His vices fight agalnft him, and aid us. But every defeat adds to the lirength of the native powers in India*, .%ud fo foon as a man of talents and virtue fliall appear among them, the European power in India mull ceafe. This is the unavoidable confequeuce that muft ever refult from the crooked policy engendered by vice and weaknefs, which has got footing in India un- der the name of flate necejjity. This fyftem, when once adopted, diffolves \.A human ties, and leaves nothing but fear as the principle of a6Hon. But fear cnge;nders perfidy, that; is continually ready to burft, before it gives any warn- ing, on the head of the unworthy oppreffor, or if that fhould fail, it ferves as a principle of union, to conne6t together people of the moft oppofite charafters and interefts, in order moil eflfeftually to crufli him. It is happy that heaven hath thus annexed punilhment to guilt, which no more can be feparated than the fhadow from its fubftance. cnce. I79I.' LITERARY INtfiLLIGENCER. 3^1 •<»' A.uii i. \ vr. / , - . INDEX JNDIGA TOUItrS. ' •^" ^ "■" «„" ' :^ The editor borrows this phrafe from a popular periodical work of long flanding *. Under this head, he propofes from time to time to throw together fuch obfervations, culled from the letters of his corrcfponjciciits, as feem to be deferving of notice ; though they do not merit a fcparatc pubiicatibn in the form they have been fent ; and to make fuch acknow- ledgments and remarks upon the communications fent, as iippear to be more deferving notice^ than tliofe contigned to the blue (overs of this '.. . .'..'l'* . " '■ • ■■"'■ '- As the editor has been favoured with a great many communication*, apparently from young writers, he begs leave to prof ice this department of hi* work, with a few general obfervations calculated for th«»ir benefit. Young people are generally induced to write f-om one of two motives,- viz. a defite to difplay their own talents, or a wifli to communicate to others information concerning fonie particular, that they think will prove entertaining or ufeful to them. — Too often, early in lite, thejf>y?ofthef(fi motives is the principal ftimulus ; and when that is the cafe, it ftldoni fails that their fond hopes are fruur.'\ted. Writing is an art that recjuires praAice to bring it to perfedllon. This pradlce beginners rnuft always want; on which account, their firft produiSions, in moll cafe*!, arc extremely difgufting to men «f tafte ; fo that iinlefs there be Ibme bafis of ufeful difquificion at the bottom to atone for this difguft, indead of being admired, they are only defpifed : But if an ingenious youti) feels hia mind Itrongly imprcifed with lome leading ideas, which he wifhes to deve- lope to others, he will, in this cafe, for the mofl: part exprefs himfelf witli a becoming difildence, that conciliates good will ; and on account of the origin nal thoughts that occur, every good natured reader will be difpnfed to overlook thelittle inaccuratiesthat mull be cxpciSled to arife from inexperi- ence. When a young man is therefore about to communicate his fcuti* nients in any way to the public, let him firft alk himfelf this fimple quef- tion : "Is it merely becaufc I wifli to fhine, that I take up the pen ? Or do I feel certain ideas in my niind, that I do not perceive are familiar to p- thers, which I fliould have a pkifure in communicating to them, ais I think they will contribate eitUcr to their welfare, emolument, or fatil- ladion of mind ?" If the firll queftion be anfwercd in the affirmative, ict him abandon his proje«5l at the time, and I will anfwcr for it he ne- ver will have reafon to repent of it. But if his mind fairly acquits him • if vanity, let him fclcft for a fubjeA that which imprefles his mind the moft foicibly and frequently ; let him think of it often before he puts his thoughts to paper ; and when at lafl he does write, let him try t<> exprefs himfelf in the plainell language he can, without ornamen- tal flourilhes, or an attempt at the frippery of fine writing, which ufual- ly, at a tender age, makes fa ftrong an imprelTion on the imagination. Let thofe who feel a predeli(Slibti for verfe, be informed, that among . all the trifling acquirements a young perfun can aim at, that of maluxig ♦ Th; Oentlctnen's Magizinc Vol. L f z 36z THE BEt, pit \ March 2p rhimes, is one of the eafieft and at the fame time the moft infignifi* cant. Young people, in general, think it a proof of, extraordinary get* nius, if they can put two or three lines together, that (hall run, in any meafure, like veifes; and whenever they can do this, they think fo much of it, as never to he fatisfied, till they fee it in print. In this re- {peA, they jadjge erroneuufly. The faculty of meafuring a few fyllahles, is a thing that any perfon, with a tolerably juft ear, can eafily attain. Btit a poetic talent, which conftfts in a lively imagination, an ardent vi- gour of mind,, a qutcknefe of perception, and a faculty of combining ob- je&s together, fo as to form new and flriking imagesj is as rare as the other is common ; but it is this ]a{l alone, which forms the poet. Would our ybuthflil rhimers attend to this diftinSion, it Would check their va*- nity in ibme degj-ee, and make them helitate, before they became candi- dates for the title of poets, merely becaufe they had made a few fmooth and unintereflisg Bnes. Thefe gener^ remarks premifed, the editor proceeds to the talk he has afligniid to himfelf under this department. ''<-*' ' ^ Fiatory who writes from Berwick,* as if on his return from a tour through Scotland, complains of the low ftate as to fpod and wages of the labburers in Scotland^ and contends, with great warmth, that their wag- es fhoiild be augmented. But has he adverted to the fituation of thofe who have the wages to pay ? Before reformations ml this fort can be prudently attempted, many particulars require to be adverted to, that d ) not occur to a hafty traveller. And in every country, where per- k&. freedom is allowed to individuals, to follow what hufinefs they incline, things of this fort wHl inevitably find their natural level,, without the ^gulating efforts of any man. T. offers an hypothecs concerning the human foul that is not intelli- gible to us ; w;hieh, fbr that teafon, we decline offering to our readers ; MetapAifical difquifitions, unlefs very fhort and very clear, will be fpar- ihgly admitted, as tending only to engender difputes, without leading to any ufeful conclufions. y. 5 ---«///« propc££8 as a query, whether, if a perforation were made through the centre of tliis earth, and a {tone dropped from the furface of the globe into that vacuity ; the (lone, by its increafed velo- city, when it reached the centre, would not have acquired flich an im- petus, as to enable it to rife, on the other fide, as at firfl; and fd on coritinue vibrating for ever l a. He aflcs, what is the nature of the gela- tinous fubftance, called by country-people, a (hot flar ? f erus obferves, by way of anlV^er to a remark in 7he Mirror^ that Bean Swift did not know the favourable opinion the Duchefs of Marl- borough had entertained of the author of Gulliver's TravelSyOtherwil'e it was not propable. he would have left a fevere inve6live againft her , to be publifhed after his death. But in this conjecture, he alleges the ekgant writer of that effay has been miflaken ; for Swift viraa really in- formed of this circumftance by his friend Gay, who yrritcS thus to Swiff, 17th November, 1716. " The Duchefs dowager of Marlborough is in , raptures with it, (Gulliver's Travels). She fays Ihe can dream of nothing eU& fiuce ibo read iU She d^claresi that ihe hath now found out thi^r. .I.fi" 1791. LITER ARt INTELLIGENCER. 3^3 > tier whole life hath been loft in tareffing the worft part of mankind, and treating the beft as her foes ; and that if (he knew Gulliver,thcan properly be able to underftand, although he exerts his powers to the utmoft. -If this be a real cafe, it ihews the injudicioufncft of the parents ; but we prefume this is a cafe, that feldum occurs. We jEiifped, the error oftencr lies in the other extreme. BentvogUo regrets, that both writers and leAurers on ethics, fo often disjoin religion from the moral principle, as he thinks the latter derive all their truths and efficacy from the former. " If the rules of molality are to be held binding on mankind ; they muft, like the rules and laws of human judicatories, infer, if not rewards for compliance with them, certain punilhments for difobedience of them. How then, are thefe punifhments difcoverable, and by whom inflidted \ If we are not to take into the account religious principles, which, whether derived from natu- ral or revealed religion , inftrud: us that we are accountable to a fu- preme being, who will certainly vindicate laws, which, if they have any foundation in truth, muft be derived from him V* This disjundion, he thinks, has given rife tQ a great many falfe fyftems, which have fuc- ceeded each other ; and which, by being fucceffively ftiewn to be erro- neous, tend to infpire young perfons with a notion, that there is no fo- Kd baiis^or m'^oliTy, and to introduce a fpirlc of fccpticifm. He then j^^qk- Z Z 2 I \- ¥. 'WWWHt' 364 4 THE S££, OR March 2, cee^s to points out Paley's fyftem of ethics ; which, by making religion the foundation of morality, avoids this great ftumbliqg block, and ftrong- ly recommends it to the public. J^gt-ejlis complains of the bnitality of fbme pcrfons, who, with a view, as they think, tq preferve their own dignity, require from people of an inferior f):ation, degrading marks of debafement and humility :-— And re> prebends with great judice and icverity, the infolent meannefs of a young man of this fort, who permitted a poor old man with a few grey hairs ii: his head, to ^ditid. uticowred bcfide him for a quarter of an hour in the ftreet while it rained hard ; the gentleman, as he called himfelf, being, fcreened all the while by his umbrella, buch difregard to the feelings of another, furely m^ks a meanncfs of foul, that ought to be execrated by every one. ,i4 JJ^-aVfr takes notice of the powerful influence of faihion in certain refpc6ls, and ftrongly animadverts on the prevalence of the prud of time ; and it would be a vain attempt to try to recon- cile them in this tefpe^. If they can be brought to concur in attempt" ing to render man better and wifer than they have been, a great pinnt will be gained ; and this fhall be our aim. ^i ;ii Cato^ who alio figns R. fays he was deputed by a fet of merry fellows to give a critique on the fianzas intitled, " The feafon for remembering the poor." From the name he has given to the fociety of which he is a member, we prefume it was intended to be very droll ;-— but that fpe- cies of wit, called humour ^ is perhaps more difficult to acquire, where nature has not planted the feeds of it, chan any jother.— The critique in quefiion is entirely devoid of it, and therefore could have afforded no entertainment to our readers. «: i- . sr Jrony is another fpecies of wit, which, when dezteroufly managed, is exquifltely plealing; but where it is not truly fine, it is of no value. We are forry to be obliged to decline the intended fatirc by a pretty fellow^ on account of the want of edge in the i>o«y.— Swift has evidently beea the model ;->but Sterne and Swift, from the exquifite beauty of fome of their produ<^ions, have mifled more young writers, in hopes of attain^ ing that kind of excellence by imitating them, than perhaps any others in the Englifh language. To admire their pieces, and to be able to imi- tate them fuccefsfuUy, are very different things. We wifh to fee as few imitations of any fort, as poffible. When the mind is ftrongly impreffed with ideas, it cannot find leifure to thmk of the manner of others, but advances with a firm ^tep, regardlefs of the frippiry of affedatinn. If the thoughts are bold and juft, theexpreffioos are ufually artlefs and energetic, 36€ '^-■''*''^t^VlEgf-on' Mardii, Wl fttldtmi &H to tileafe. ' Mei/m paipfr if$ JSrt yinaiiit ho^ik of ait 4ttU)ther. feldbm hilto ])1eaie. ' Mei/mfaij>frh\Mreyinaxhithoin of ait ntiibr. A itfMl Ufualiy appears to nin^ better advantage in a {Jain of 1^ 9wn, t|te io itatire fainlT dvpuA tha^ bag b^n made t6 fit . '.ii ■ ■ ■ . ■ sz W ll;.r»i , .At ttle dole ^ef (hh ▼<4ttme, it i«ouki be unbecoming m the editor i^^ to «xprilii the juft fenfe he efitertaaiii txf the iavou^i with whidi ao in* ^If^tix fiiMic hwhhonooi^d this pefformance. 60 confcious, indeed, is he of "ttxe little merit of \vhat is already done, that he finds himfelf nmch at a k>f» for words to expreft the -gratefnl fehfe he ^hteitain^ of the uncommon cncotin^enlient he has teceiyed. Since the commehcement «f this woiit, his attention has beeft- too much occupied by die arrange- jpentSf refpedking^ die roechanicat exeCudiem ctf it, to allow him to be- 'fiow that attctidoft he wiihed to the literaiy part. 'Tbefe embarajBhie^ts arc now, however, in pare abated, and he trufts that etreiy day will di- tniniik them more -and moi*e. But, tipon reviewing this velulne, he is pcrfuaded that few of his readers wtU feel fo fcnfibw its imperfe^Aions, aa Kt does himfelf. ilelying upon the indulgence of the pilblic, he judg- ed it more advifei^le ^lo -delay Ibveral articles th&t came within the Umits •f hie plan, than M attempt diem at a time when it vrould have been 4|uite impraAicalH#for him to 'hawe done them, ^at he would have tiwnght jvftice iytbe exeeitdon. He has reccjyed federal communications from unknown correfpon- dents, expreffive of much approbation ; from odiers, he has received let* tert in fttcV^ Hratn, as could not have failed to excite his refible facol- des, had kA» mind been in a proper frame for it. Perfons who can fcarce- I7 ^IVthvee words on end, and who cannot write a fentence, vdthout comnAringthe ftrangeft grammatical blunders, aflume the place 6f judg-^ cs, and» without hefitatioh, have cncicized eveiy piece that has appear-^ cd in this colle^Hon, and pronounced die whote, without one fingle ex- cepdon, ** Moft eioecrable ftuff." (pardon the vulgarity of the phrafe). / FerfonA, whofe reading has fcarcely extended to a common newfpaper, yroftounccdy/6^«ri(sfeto be:borrovf6dfrum 6ther performances, andh^e ;brasitha8gbn6,.in9y iUnd a fair comparlTon iinth any othar that ii E t^gn. LITERARY XHT|XUGEKC£K. Ear* ex- 0- er, roiti^ )r a hzi lem- >ted Itvail Imly Ithis ping, lany 3*7 pubtHhed, and without 1» doubt, qoiitaini a; much ^ipttcr proportion of thefe than moft of the periodical publications in Britain. Thu drcttm- ftance, howcve^^ ishere ftated mexcij m a matter •/ faBy-ixA Jl not^ ad- duced as;a proof a|pts fuperior eveelience. Had ' fewe^ original pieceil Been admitted, it is by r>6 means trapirobaBle' that its intrih0c meVic might have been the greater; asWtll c|u>fen copiea from other woiE|k» may be niore valuable, than compositions that have neVet bedn publi'Qitid. Had originality of ma^er been all his aim, the editor might eafily haVe fatisfied himfelf; as he has materjials taf his pofleffion that might have! filled feveral volumes,, without taking » fingle Une fi'om aily printed work whatever. But ^ die ayowe^ritention of this mi(bellany, is ta ieledE from other pei-forman^es, a« well fu to give new matter, h<; thinkt he Ihottld have been to blam(;,haf^Ki^ot attempted in fome'tt^ comply with the terms of ^i;^ pn^fol% This he Has done i^. to ihia particular to a certain <%r#tf, though» were he^ himfelf tO judge, hot to much as he ought to- have done ^ but he thinlcs he perceives, mat other*' put a higher value upon mere originality as fiich,. than he does jp riot Will he prefume to £st up h^ own j,ud^eiit as a ftandard for others, but will endeavour to accpmmodate himlelf in every innocent compliance, a» much as he cav^to the dc%c» o£ the public. Ko paVt of the office thie falls to hik flwre as an editor, is halffi» diiagreeabfe ^ tha£ of reje^Bntf' pieces, thit perlbns from the bell motives have had the |^oodnefs to fend himf and nothing but a ftrongfcnfe of duty to hif r^^f it tat' attt unpardonable degree. Of this he does not complain, nor of tin con- tiadiaory reiiuefts of his difiereut correQ)Ondimt»k»fome of- whom con** demn in the fevereft terms^ thofe pieces that others talk of with rapture ; while in their turn they difapprove of the performances, the others have highly applauded ; fo that, like the man with the two wives, who weeded outofh»head alternately the black hairs and tj^e white, were they permitted to go on, he fhould foon have none, or were he to liften to both partieHy he would be reduced to the neceflity of prefenting a book, like Sterne, o£ blank pages, as the only mean left of avoiding ofience. Of all this the editor does not complain, becaufe every one who afliimes tha office he bears^muft exped a ilmilar fate. Knowing therefore, that it is impoifible to plea£e alike every talte, he will go on to feleA, to the bcit of his judgment, fuch pieces, whether originals or copies, as (hall feem to have the bed chance of forwarding the views anounced in hisprofpeil^uss ever paying due attention to the friendly hints of thofe who think he erss, and relying upon the public indulgence for overlooking unavoidable defers. It is with infinite vexation hi remarks the number of typographlcaT OYort that have dipt int9 this work^ Of the circumllances that have o«> mimimm^ s^ in the <|uaitcr Irpiii^^e: occafipoeil .by , cU:<:ur 7.1/ M%tifi a; «Uowiedfoinie i^di'e Mjji^w rf ^ve g^tie »r^ -ih th6)r prefotlt* iitcor^ rf ifi^ iUlt<, hjs would 'l^U!igiy1ilv^Uen''»e ^ ^xpence of having; theiri VV|:^if Tuhrcribers find ailricady )$t&(^h1fcffV6om ifor complaitot tj^n be- fore* and Aat in future tlui^gs ii!fin^lHtt.b< better. " ' " Jit waf prdpof^d td] extend th^ ^lent Mimber fo far beyond !;Ki^: S^MH file, a9tp in^ud^ the chropi<^ie (Whkh' for thi^v^ftie will Ibtl^lds )>«M fe^ than Is intended in olherOi fji^, liMlei i bttlr# w^i foiihd' th^tthis wo«ld haye retarded 'the ^1^%tio4,6f 'thisJ^'iMb^f t|is$^i^d ^ ufnat' tu4e,of publication : it is ^p^jpi-e pSht^lh^ "^fhout theW. , 1^ cnro-r' iltbe cai;t^9M|^ iCY^iuififf j^ may n6t Jbavein his piMe;r to .. The ^^^*f witii'iSjpain Saa |;reatlr interrupti^ 1^s^ei!^i»tthlcati^^^ with tJkat JKm«dxmi ajRd: it^c fovtheTil pai^ 'of Ettrope j atid 'tftd' Winter hu pediSr^im^ th«S loaft. bf'tW Baltic, ^irl^hufft^^yf^ftvmhjki^ WitK ysehuany.' tbiett thefe JBt^li^ptifpt jt il,iv^53j^4 WW 1x foon felfnoted, * " *>4i'!siyi&.,t4i^; ■ii?:.^-- Mi '^ti 4- »• - ♦ ♦il»^ *^* Mi \ \ .