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Loraqua la documant aat trop grand pour *tra raproduit an un aaui clich*. 11 aat film* * partir da I'angia aup*riaur gaucha. da gaucha * droita. at da haut en baa. an pranant la nombra d'imagaa n*caaaaira. Laa diagrammaa auivanta illuatrant la m*thoda. arrata d to It a palura, on * 1 2 3 nx 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^' \ ■: '^:.,«!,.::*w; ^''V'o-'J* »■;•!.;•. . ' .' ■7v;*:^f>i\ .-.•:■ ''■;.i:.-'VA v.. ,5-;^ ^/;t. :*y-- k "K- 'IJS' *- b BT. ■..-*«: ".ijMt' rth PI>i*BURGlC*^ MAPI*, % i{*i..a'' NBUAoirj;:; N, AMD "r 'mftimtmm^'fv %l COW J».E 1? B l-U BT • -*. .J^ G^ovVn:m^m^ earth,. \*- % / |. »rAiiii|jiAlr8;-sviM^ I ' '■■■ '" ,^:>5 I eoiitisTiiittf ciFmfplI'^^ i^^T^ >;■»;.!);••* ^1- ,, . "'■*-<. ■■..»-,"* »v^' ,-"..■•!;.■. ••■ ', ■'. Iat«ida4 chiiiAy foe |]|p Um «f i By WILliAH •T^€!^ ;il:R'i>f KLocuTtoil^iiM^ o: PHY IN SmABUROIt* \ SlilH EPflW>N, 2ll' IMPROTSD Jri^ Ali;.lltiTIl!i( SET OF KKM UJLBBg 4ND Ot|^-li|POA^ANT PARTlCUIiAllSr ' KDIKbURGH : jPIUNTSD FOR PCTSRvJItLL AND COMPANY, BDINRUJIdirJ^ LONGMAN, HURST, RERS, ORttS, AND BROWN, AND OCULB8, DUNCAN, AND CdrCHR4N| liif^IRON. . : P. ScUwa Fmtab .^w PRI^AC^ TOTSB SIXTH edition; Obookaphv it Jjittly coousbrad asmi estentikl pv^. •f polite education. It is necessary to the right under- standing of history^.voyagei^ travels, and even a com* mon magazine oc newspaper. It enlarges our ideas, increases our stock of usdFtil knowledge, and enaUea ns, on many occasions, to acquit oursdvet well Uk business, writihg, and conversation^ KmMKOCB have lioeii> ^publications on tfM sulv- ject ; some of wEich are, deservedly, in high es t w w ;> but there stiU seemed to be wanting a cheap Ccmpen* pendium of Geqgrapliy, calculated in a peculiar man* per as an Assistant in Teaching, and eihibiting, in^ proper Qrder« those particulars which ought chi^y tOf. be impressed upon tibe memory. This I haveieode^*. ▼oured to accomplish in the following pages. I(f inaking this attempt, I have not scrupled t»boiu^ row, wherever I' ceuld find mateiiall snitedtOLny purpose ; being less selioitotts to peoduoe a w«Hl ott originality, than one of usefulness, ajodtnidkmwiifjbk render ihe study of Geogn^y i^preeabfe and-icasy. By e^iduding extraneous matter, and abridging things worthy of notice, I have brought within nanranr lloimdii a greist variety of valuable informatioiik i .' ■ 1 ■ ■ ■ « ■. Tmm imimimAarf ptgA eonftvna A» pwinrifiiw li" wtfi^iwjflBf, MOdA.to Drodi i^ Afltrauuiiiy aft ii Btccmrjr. ^ prbpacb: to give «n idem of the Sdar Syitom; and the UniVene iii general. With then elementary particulars, the pupil should be made thoroughly acquainted ; though, in some cases, (as when « Globe cannot be easily ob« tained, or when the pupil is very young,) the f-xplana* tion of Maps, and the deaeripdon of the natural and political divisions of the Earth's surface^ may, perhaps, he thought a sufficient introductionb The body of the work comprehends a brief ac- count of the various countries of the Earth ; including their boundaries, principal divisions, towns, rivers, lakes^ mountain^ bays, straits, capes, and islands. All these shftyld Ai g t i i i iiid out in the Map, their situation atten^td <|iii, 'lip their names got perfectly by heart. The iKiHlIj^tions and historical remarju need only to be. read with Attentioo. . Tiine Appendix contains tables of the 'latitude and ' longitude of countries and towns, their population^ the hfeight of mountain*^ dimensions of lakes and islands; an4 other matter, which could not, so conveniently'^ hhve been placed telsewhbre. . In this edition, the late important political changes whidi have occurred with^regard ta France, and qj^et : parts oir Europe, are mentioned in their proper places f and immerous other improvementa^have been attempt* . ed throii|^ttt the work. . ' EmSBURGB, Januarv 1916: . DIBECTION TO THC BIK9EB.- The Maps with this Work are, the World> placed be« - lhre--£urtipe, Asia, Afiiica, Ncndi andSdutl^; 4jnecic% placed before tl^eir respective jfeag g ^M Wji -^ XJONTE^TS. "*v \t the Earth, Sun, Moon, ind Stan the Artiiicud Globe >nes ai^{ Climates - • iblemi lolved by the'Qlobe >escriptipn of Mapi/and Plfoblenia nplved ratnnu divisions of the Earth's surface Political divisions of the same Surope ... • England • • zotland •< i* Bland -• • Denmark « « [orway • • reden • • issia •,• >land . m . iia <■ }hemia, Silesia, and M<»«via lermany [nited Provinces « Netherlands france •> )ain - • ^rtugal ly Iwitzerland * lungary « [urkey . isia L&iatic Turkey Lrabia . rersia idia ' ^w "lastem Peninsula ' . . la I, . by s:^-v Pagii 1 6 9 11 them 18 ift S4 €5 «r^ *. t V. 48 '■.-'■ SI ' ■^ 57 60 e* 68 , fs * 78 , . 80 ■< 83 •91 f the prknary plmets round the sun ib. Annual periods of the primary planets round the sun - • Diurnal rotation o£ the sun and planets A table, showing at what latitode each t^Unuite ends - - *• -• A table, showing the length of a degree of longi- tude in eadi parallel of latitude - ftlfi Additien^ Problems « «. >. ft%$ ««7 258 259 26fii ^68, 270 1 27t 27^1 374 276 2T8 ib. lb. 281 JL . -r-.' "i NEW COMPENDIUM )>Off •J .-t^nr GEOGRAPHY. .D it'-f ,^ jsoGRAPH Y is a knowledge of the Eaarth ; ill* eluding its various ^livisions, and the most re*>r rkable |)a3*ticulats Wong^ng to «aidbi ' » %VW»^<»Hl%%»%*0" iNTRODUCTrON. 'V)F THE EAEtil, SUN, lifOON, AND STAttS. > . The^rth, Suii, and Moon, are t)Odies reii sembliog a splicre or globe *. * The rotundity x>f the Eartb is sufliciently proved bjr tl^e feQQsy voyages that hate be«B actualhf pelfonned around it; as tltostf dt Drake, AnSon, and Coolc. (See the Appendix.) The folkmin^ |)rdufs may also be |^lven. tV'han ti ship Is sailing' frotai the shori^ w^ first Itiae sight of the hntf, afterwards of the rigging, and« at last, discern tbe top of the mast only : on the contrary, when a ship approaches the shore, the first part seen is the top of the nastt [hen if^ars the rigginf , and, last of all} the hiltL 1!1rit i« fT^ A ft INTHODUCTTON. V 1 ?(!»■« 4. 5. 6, 2. The diameter of the Earth is nearly 8000 miles; that of the Sun 890,000; and that of the Moon 2180 * 3. Hence the Sun is 1,300,000 times the magni- tude of the Earth ; and the E rth nearly 50 times, the inagoitude of the^ Moon f . The distance of -the Earth from the Sun is 95 millions of miles; and from the Moon 240 thousand tniW J. The Sun has one motion, which it performs round its axis in 25 days 6 hours §. The Earth has tn^o motions from west to east; one round its axis, in 24 hours, called its diuinaJ motion; another, round the Sun, in 365 days 6 hours, , called its. annual motion. The former of these causes the apparent mo- tion of the heavenly bodies from east to west, Aetld^ occatnoned by t^c eooTexHy of the water. Anotlier proof is this : in traTellin^ towards the north or south, we come io sig;ht of stars, which, owing to the Barth*s rotundity, were before concealed from the eye, and, at the same time, lose sight of other stars be« hind us. Lastly, the spherical -figure'Of 'the Earth may be prored by its shadow ou the face of the Moon in the time of an eclipse, during which, the obscure part of the Moon is always bounded by a circular line ; and it isetident, that nothing bat « spherical body can, in all situations, cast a circular shadow. * By the diameter of the Earth, or any other sphere, is meant a straighfliiie conceit to pass through its centre, and terminated both ways by the surface. '¥ The method of calculating this is.giTen in the Appendix^ 7 A body moving'in a stHiigbt line from the Earth to the Snn, at the rate of seven miles every, hoiir, could not reach it in less than 1500 years. A body moving at that rate towards the Moon would reach it in about four years. 9y the axis of a sphere is meant a diameter, about which it re\ Ives. The rotation of the Sun about its axis (which is from east to west), and the time in whick it is performed, have been dis- covered by observing the motion of certain maculae, or dark spots, which, by means of a telescope, may be seen on different psjrt^ of his surface. In the same way, the motion of most of the planetb ^Tound their owB axes has beeo ascertained. lies; tlie ijrni- \s95 forms east.; ed its un, in lotion, nt mo- o west. r proof '» n sight of concealed stars be- ite proved eclipse, onded by irical body is meant UmiDited sndix* the Sno, I it in less tbe Moon Lt wbicb it [ch is from • beendis- kark spots, kt parts of he pWnetl^ INTRODUCTION. 3 ttnd the change of day and night ; the latter produces the difference in the length of the ' daysand nights, and the variety ofseasons *. [7. ^'"he Moon has three motions, from west to east : one, round the Earth, iki dhout four ^weeks; another, rbUnd its own axis, in the same time ; and a third, round the Sun, along with the Earth, in a year. ^The first of these motions is the cause of the Mooh'*s apparent increase and dect'eiase ; and produces also the eclipses of the *Sun and 'Moon *|-. Besides the Ettrth, and its attendailtihe Moon, other bodies revolve, in a similar mdnner, -about the Sun, and are enlightened' by him. * The two motions of the Earth are similar lo^ose of a batt, ile rolling on the ground, or when it is whirled from the hand ■ o the air. In its annual^roglre^s, the fearth fraffels at the raTe 68,T)00 miles periiour t while, by its diurnal motion, the inhabi- nts of Lbndbn are carried C5,0 miles' every hbiir,~ and those of '^inburgh §00. The true period oJT the Eartb^s retolntton round Sun, is 365 da^s 5 hotin'^ minutes'; whHch, being nearlr 5 days 6 hours, w« reckon 3^5 di^s fur three yiearu running, end 6 days every fourtli year, which Is called Bissextile,, or Leap ' ir. The earth is not a {perfect sphiere, hut is somewhat flattened rards the poles ; the dilFerence, lidwever, between its«polar aii'd , atorial diameters, is only 36 miles. In Ju{iiter,"i1ie largest it )^tca6i8t this difference IS 6230 miles, ^he eirtli is surround- by a fluid ci(tted.the dtmotq^here^ or Air^ which biecomes more rarb thin the hlg'hter it extends. Heat expands it ; cold condenses it. presi^urc Or W6i|1it ^n the Ra|i^VV #>''''^<^® ^ '^^ ^^® ^^ otVi nds upon a square in9h. A S^ular Eclipse is cau^d by ihe Moon coming between tliii and the Earth ; which can happen only at new Moon : a LunaiT ipse is caused by jLhe. Euirfh coming liblween the Sun and IVfoonV til cahifapp«Q only kt full Moon. Ouc Eaflh is a Moon to i\m on, !'nra[^^aiKAg tttlrteen'tiin^s ns big, and a&or^iug liii'' tfiiiw times a? much light aa thCiA^oon does to us.— The ti^isnrH* the attrActiftn orf^e Sun knd Moon, cliieifty frop that of in^e >n. 1>e)ii^1t«^t'* tides are lit n^w and full Moon, whicK; ar6 d Sjj^ng tides ; and the lowest, ^(hen the Mooin is at.liffir Jra) .,.;,.^ third quarters, which are called Neap tides. " '' * ^''^- 2 4 INTRODUCTION. All these revolving bodies^ together with the Sun, form what is called the Solar Si/atem. "9. The Solar System-eonsists of the Sun, the Pri- mary Planets, Secondary Planets '(called also Moons or Satellites)^ and Comets. 10. There are seven Primary Planet8,-^Mercury, Veni*s, the Earth, Mars, Jqpiter, Saturn, an^the Georgium Sidus or Her^hel *. ■il.There are ^ei/^teen Secondary Planets : of which, the Earth has one; Jupiter, four; Saturn, seven ; and the Georgium Sidus, six. Saturn has also a stupendous ring surround* inghim^. l^.The number of the Comets is not.knpwn. »* * The Georg;iuin Sidus, «r' Georgian Star, was dtseoTcred hy Mr William Henchel, a nafive of Hanover, March 13. 1781. 'Four other Planets (or Jateroidai as Hetsehel calls them) of very •mall diameters, hare been discovered by the telescope, to which liave been given the names of Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta : 'their orbits are beiareen thoso of Mars and Jnpiter; they are not Tisible to the nakflii eye. Mercury is seldom seen, on account of his proximity to the Sun. Venus Is the brightest, and, in sppttav' ance, thelanest of allthe Planets i: when it is seen to the west of the San, in nie mpmiag, it is called the Morning Star or Lucifer; and when to the east of it in the evening, it is called the Evening Star, also Hesperus, or Vesper. Mars has an obscure and ruddy appearance. Jupiter, the lai^est r4to m t uiu) Itft HMitiuu, a! thut Uitttt» wast B^O.OOO nuM eterr hQUi.«— Fortbe dimnvton of Urn Primary Flaucti, their- distance! UDnth^ Sun, ac« Sm Ui« App«tdix« f Thn Pls«d Stnra h%f « twinkling apMwrRnce i the Plnnets shine vrhh a nteadjr lifht* The nvmber of Fhted Stan seen, at any one time hi the nalted eye« idoea not exceed a thousand ; hut tho telH8Cope aUcov«ra to ns many miUioast birvut or the Dog-«tar». (supposed to be tho nearest to usof the Fixed Star?* from its belnf;^ Upparently the largest) is at such »di«tnnce from the Earth, that it is thought a.cannoa>baU( Hying ot the rate of 480 miles every hour, covitd not reach it in less than 700,000 years ; or, according;, to some ostronbmersii eight millions of years. ''"V. Pythagoras, a naUve of Samoa, who flourished abont 500 year» before Christ, was aipong the first who formed the idea of the mo- tion of the Planets. It was revived by Nicholas Copernicus, bom at Thorn in Potend, in 1473; and more fir>nly established by Sir I«anc Newton, the groat English Astronomer, who was born in- 1642, and died in 1726.— Henre this doctrine is sometimes called the Pythagorean, sometimes the Copernioan, and sotnetimes th«k ZJLew-toniaQ,, System. V w ■ INTRODUCTION. OF THE AJITIFICIAL GLOBE. 1. The Artificial Terrestrial Globe is a represent- ation of the Eartl) in its natural figure ; ex- hibiting tb«. principal parts of the land and water, and various circles supposed to en- com])ass the surface of the Earth *. 2. The rod or wire about which the Globe turns, is called the Axis ; and represents the ima- ginary line or^ Axis about wlucli the- Earth itself turns. 3. The extreme points of the Axis, in which it meets th? suiface, are cf^Ued the Poles of the. / Earth or Globe : one of them, the North or Arctic ; the other, the South or Antarctic. 4. There are four Great Circles surrounding the Globe ;— the Equator or Equinoctial iLine, the Meridian,, the Horizon^ and the Ec- liptic f. 5. The Equator is a circle eyery-where equally distant from the Poles;, and dividipg the Grlobe or Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Th» distance of a place, north or south, from this cifchy, is called its £afz- tude, 6. The Meridian ofany place is a<;irc]e conceived to pass through that- place, and through both tlie Poles ; dividing the Globe or Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres, The btass rhig surroundiiig tlie Globe is * Besides tbe Artificial Terrestrial Gkbe, there is. a Celestial one, for the solution of Astronomical Pntblenis ; on which are re* presented the most remarkable of the Fixed Stars, and CunstcUations or Clusters of Stars. . •f A Great Circle of the Globe is that whkh divides it intQ^wQ,. e^ual parts or Hemitiphtres. INTRODUCTION. CT called the Brazen Meridian ; and the Meri- dian of London or Greenwich is generally, in British GIoImjjs, reckoned the First Meri- dian, The distance of a place, east or west from the First Meridian, is called its LongU tude. 7. The Horizon of any place is a circle conceived to he every- where equally distant from that })lace, and dividing the Globe or Earth into Upper and Under Hemispheres. The cir- cuiar frame in which the Globe stands, is called the Wooden Horizon *. S. The Ecliptic is a circle crossing the Equator obliquely, and showing, the Sun's place in^ the Heavens, at any time of tlie year "f*. 9, The Equator, Brazen Meridian, Wooden Ho- rizon, and Ecliptic, are, each, divided into 360 equal partsy. called Degrees ; each de«* gree is conceived to be divided into 60 equal parts, called Minutes, or geographical miles ; each minute into 60 ^qual parts, called Se- conds ;yand so on }^ tO.The Ecliptic is also divided into 13 equal parts, called Signs, each Sisn containing 30 J — rees.. The signs are, Anes, Taurus, Ge- K \ X *^Tho Circle above defscribed U sometiines called the Ratloral: Horizon, to disUrigvitih iC from the circU fn which tlie Earth and ' Skies seem to meet att arouad, whicb ia called the Seasible or Visible Horizon. f The Ecliptic in the hearens is the Orbit or Path described by the Earth io its revolution vonnd the Sua ; in which, to us, the Sua always appears. X A degree of afpreat circle on the surface of the Earth is ■ nearly sixty-nine and a half English miles. Degrees^ minutes, se- conds, &«. are conmottly denoted thus : 30^ 15' IT", ftc. The method in which the degreea are numbered on the Eqyuiator, fk9m. w«9 be itnowB byin^w^tin; the Globes M INTV ODUCtlON. mini ; Cancer, Leo, Virgo ; Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius; Capriconius, Aquarius, Pisces *, ]LOn the Horizon, also, are repfesenterl tlie 32 Rhumbs or Points of the Mariners' Com- pass ; the 12 Si^s of the Ecliutic, with tlie characters denoting them,, ana the degrees in each ; the 12 months in the year,, and the days in each month. 12. Besides the Great Circles of the Globe, there are four Small Circles, viz. the two Tropics,^ and the two Polar Circles. 13. The Tropics are situated parallel to (or equi* distant from) the Equator ; one on each side, at about 23^ degrees from it. The Northern TrofHC is called the Tropic of Cancer ; the Southern, the Tropic of Capri* corn ;. because they touch the Ecliptic at the- beginning of those Signs.— -The Tropics are the boundaries of the iSun^s apparent course.. 14.Wheii the Sun i* over the Tropic of Capri- corn, we have our shortest day, the ^ii of December, called the Winter Solstice ;. and ii^en he is over the Tropic of Cancer^ ^ have our longest day^ the 9^1a( of June, caU led the Summer Solstice. ^ When, the Sun is over the Equator,, it in equal day and night to aH the world. tlW 21st. of Marcli * T))« Stti) enters A.rU»4,t]ie I^Ut of March* and the other signs pesrly about the saps day of the succeeding fnopths.— If wq coiir ceWe a broad zone or circle extending to about eight degrees on vcach side of the Kch'pti^ in the heay^BS, that ?one-or circle is caU Jbd the Zodiac* ap^ cQinp-ieheiuU the paths of the San,. Moon, and: Planets ; lience, the Sighs are commonly called Signs of the Zo- diac. Their names in English are, the Ram, the BnH, the Twins ; Jhe Crab, the I^on, the Virgin ;. the B«{a|icfc. the Scorpion, tho A:, her ; the Goat, the Water 'bearer, theFikhes....^:-The Characters er^mvks by wbivh the Signs are pointed out on the Ecliptic,^ muy hie seen, along with their n,aines, m th$ >\['<(ode«. HpciiAPi^ l^tVLOWCilOK 9 atnd the 183d of September : the former of which we call the Vernal Equinox ; the lat- ter, the Autumnal Equinox. 15.The Polar Circles are situated at about ^i degrees from the Poles. The Northern Po- lar circle is called the Arctic Circle; the Southern, the Antarctic. At these circles, the longest day is 34 hours, 1 6. Any circle parallel to the Equator, is called a- Parirllel of Latitude. IT.The circle round the North Pole of the Globe, having twice twelve houn^ marked upon it, is called theHorarVy or llbu'r Cir- cle; and a narrow flexible* plate of brass, given akfng with the Globe^ ciciual to a fourth- part of the Equator, a!nd divided into 90 xle- greesy is called the Quadrant oi' Altitude *. ■\ ZONES AND CLlSCAtESk 1. tirr; Ti*)'pics and >olar CW dMde tho Earth into broad spaces called Zones. 2. There are five zones^— the Torrid Zoney be • tweeq the Tropics ; the two Frigid Zbnes^ within the Polar Circles ; and th|6 two Tem- perate Zones, between the Tropics and Polar Circles j 90 called on accoutit df the diif&reht ' degrees df h'?at a!nd: cold m tlibse parts of the earth. 3. From tlie Equator to 'dther PoTar Girefe, the differehcci of half an hbcir^ in the length of * In the bmt GlobeSf the Hor&ry Ciircle is moveabte : to thatt any hour upon it nay be brought to the braiteD meridian: i» Mhers, this cijrcle is fixed, und has aa index or hand, wh i a hi a y ke torned to any hour* 10 INTRODUCTION. 5 V. « M the lonffest day, fpriQS what is called (vHalf- hour Cnmate ; and, within the Polar Circles,, the difference of a month in the. same, forma what isi. called a Mpnth Climate*.. 4; The first Ha1f*hour Climate reaches from the IJquator. to. where the longest day i$ 19^ hours ;i.\.p^'.K' The inhabitants of the Earth* ac»ordiAg.to certain positions in ^hiclLlhej ace sitnated. with reiprdUi one ano^r, are denioinina- ied l^Bn'iOBjpi, Antokoi, aQd,Ai)Tii>9niR>* T^e PanioBci an^ those who lirn nnder Apposite points <^' lite iane paralld of latitude. , To them* the seasons are the same, and the days aiid nights are of the saise length r, bnt when it is^^noen to the one, it ift midnight*. %^ the ether.— >The ANToncf^ar; those who^ litre upder the, Aeme l^mU'Meridilm, lindintlfe siined^^ of latitude, but on opposite aidfw of the £qnator. These >ave noon, or any hour of the day, ai.4he same time (bnt t^r eeasoasiare oontraiy : and to the one- i^ Is ^e loi^iest d»f ^ when it is the shortest to the other* The<- -^HJiMBit i^.tho«e«Fho Uxe diametrically op|W8ttft to 0119 a!iT> INTltODUCJ PB0B1BM8 80LVB6^ 1;% lance tha ectly ^itude of dinburgh, r. Tojmd the Latitui mrth or toutk place to the Bi above it, on tlte decree of Latitude. London is ffl^SCN. 56° N.— and that of Lima, 12*^ S * 2. To find the longitude of a place, or'iti dis- tance east or west of the First Meridian -j*. — Bring the place to the Brazen . Meridian ; and exactly under, the Meridian, on the Equator, you will >ee the degree of Longi- tude. * ThuSj the Tongitude of Edinburgh* ia 30 ^..tliatof Home, l2f^S(y E.— 'and that of ConstantinopTe, «9° £ ]^. 3. To find between what degrees of' Latitude and Loneifude a country is sUwited.'^Bnnsthe soutnem and northemr extremities 0? the country to the Brazen Meridian ; and ob- * serve what degrees are above them, on the Meridian ; brine also the eastern and western^ extremities to tneBrazen Meridian ; aiid ob- odicr, orttand, at if weie# feet to keU on dlffiercBt sides of tli»- Equator. To them the neMom are cmitfary : wheo it is noon ta the one, it is-midniglit to the other t. andj whea the one hav« th% lond^Bt day, the other have the shortest. * More ezanplih ttt* tha* jStst'fiaar problems nay be tdlfcen front: the Tables of latitude and luaiptade in the Appendix* ^ Properly speakiagf tha longitude of any p.iace is an arch of the Equator intercepted between the first nterkliaD and the meri» ■ dian of the plafte. !{: Having foond the*Iatitude of any plasOt it is manifest, thaty.. by turning the Globe, and observing what places pass under thalU degree, we may easily find all those places on the Globe which are f ia the same latitude : and, having found the longitude of amypblcey, Utwe.lpok.along.the meridian, those places may be knowa wJugIm have the famis longitude. & U INTRODUCTIONv. serve wliat degrees are below the Meridian^, on the Equator. Thus it will be fuund, that Great Britain in situated, between 5(y and 59^ N. Lat. and between 2^ £. and G' W. Long, 4. T!ie Latitude and Longitude rf a placf being fioent. to find the p/ace.-*— Bring the degree ot* ion^tuoe, on the Equator, to the Brazen Meridian,, then, under the Meridian,, at the degree of Latitude,, you will have the place. Thus, Long. 4° 15^ W. and Lat 40° 25< N. gives Madrid ; and Long; IB» 30' £. and: Lat. Si"* 3(y S. gives tlie Cape of Good' He ^0^ Todnd the difference of Latitude, or difference of Loufntmity between aiuf two places, r^li the jatitude or Longitude of both plhces be of the same kind^ subtiwct that of tne one place' • from, that of the other"^ if of different deno- minations,, add ;. the result wiH be the differ- ence required. Thus, the difference of La- titude between lUmdon and Edinburffh| is> 4^ SO' ; and between London and Lima^. 63*" 30^. Also, tJie diifierence of Lon^tude between Rome and (Constantinople is 16^ dXH ; and bet^wceen Rome and Edinbuigh^ 15*^ 3(y». To fnd the distance betmeen two phtces^-'-^X'^ tend a pair of compasses, or a thread,, from* either place to the other. The distance so foimd, api^idd to the Equator^ wilt give the number oi degree^ between the places ^ which may be reduced to English' miles,, by multi- • A table, stiowiiig the Imgih of a defrae ef hottgHmiB, ttn Hkm PanlM fau^ throof h eacb degree of Latitude, will, bf- |buad ia tlie AppeilUi,. INTRODUCTION. 13 lou ^ing by 69} or 70. The degrees may be una at ouce, by applying the Quadrant of Altitude. Thus, the distance between Lon- don and Gonstantinopk is about 22 degrees, or 1540 miles*. 7. The hour of the day in me place being given^ to find what hour it it, at that ttme, in any other ji/ bet win be the dMerenee of LoDgitiide.->The diftience of time between any'two places being fonad,. it nrast b^ added to the time given, fop any place farther east, and subtracted, for any place fur*- ther west. Bseveises sMy be taken fron Table Mt in the Ap* peadii. Tiras it will be foand,. that, when it ife; 2 h. 8.0 m. after- noon at EdinbWfh, it b 8 h. 88 ■. afteniooa Kit Vitona, 4 b. 84 Ik aAeramp jA Pelerabargib 9 h. 37 ft. forenoon, atlfewYoil^ sad 7 k 58 tt« JweaooASt th« «i^ of M«»m» AH^- i4 INTHODUCTION. gree of Virgo ; and, on the 12th of May, he-| IS in the 22a degree of Taurus. 9. The month and^day being given, to find the Sun's Declination, or his distance north or south of the Equator. — Find the Sun''s Place ; look for the same on the Elliptic ; bring it to the Me- ridian ; and, exactly over it on the Meridian, you will have the degree of' Declination.— r Thus, on the 1st ot December, the Sun's Declination is 32 degrees south; and, on June 5th, it is %S degrees north *.^ 10; 7*0 rectify the Gtobe according to the Latitude of any p/ace.-— Raise the adioiniiig Pole above the Horizon, till its elevation be equal to the Latitude of the ]place.>—-Th us, to rectify the Globe according' to the Latitude of London^ the North Pole must be elevated 514- degrees. —If the Globe be thus rectified for any place, and the place be at the graduated side of the Meridiart, or under the degrees, the place will then be in the Zenith, and the W<)oden Horizon will represent: the Horizon of the place +. 11, To find towards which Point of the Compass one- 1 place is situated in respect of another.-' — Bring the latter place to the- Zenith ; fix the Qua- drant of Altitude above it to the Meridian ; lay it along the former place, and it will cut the Horizon in the Point required. Instead of the Quadrant, a thread may be u^.— > Thus it will be founds that Constantinople is • The medibd of aoMag the rererse of Froblenas- 8tB and 9th, is obvious. •f* The middle point above the Horizon, or the point in the Iteaivens »bote our head, is called the Zenith ; and the opposite point below tlw Horivw, or under our feet,* is cikUed tii« Ntdiu INTR0DUCTIOi khe time of Sun-flung be taken from 13, there will remaiu th«\ e of Sun*8etting ; and if the time of Sun-attting be takta iron» there w4U remain the \iiDe of Sun-rising. 1« INTRODUCTTOJr. ;t^- If ^" iix tlie Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith ; turn the Globe till the |)oint in'the Ecliptic, diametrically opposite to the Sun''s place, be I elevated 18 degrees above the western part of the Horizon, known by applying the' Quadrant; and the Hour Cirele will shew when mofnmg twilight begins: and, if tliej Globe be tamed till the Sun^s place be de- 1 pressed 1 8 degrees below the western part of | the Hotizon (or till the point opposite his \ place be 18 (kgrees above the eastern part I of the Horizon), the Hour Circle will snew when evening twilight ends.—- If the point diametrieally opposite to the Sun^s place do not rise 18 degrees above the Horizon, it shews that there is no total darkness at the! place and time given *, 14. To find the time when the longest day and\ longest night begin smd end^ at any place with' [ tw the Arctic CiJ*cfe.— ^Look for the degree of Latitude, both north and south, on the Mc-I ridian, which is at the same distance fsom the Equator, as the given place is from the North Pole. Turn the Globe round, and] observe what points of the Ecliptic pass un'l der Uie degree above-mentioned, on Botlij sides of the Equator.— The point in the first quarter of the Ecliptic is the Sun's place, when the longest day begins j- and the point in the second quarter, when it ends : the point in the third quarter is the SurCs place * 1['wilight it eansed by th« atmospliete refrasUn^ the Sun'tj rays towardis tlie Earth, inthe mbrning, when he comes within 1 81 degrees of the ^Horizon ; atid^ in the evening', till he sinks 18 dc. I Eees below H.*^There can be no continual Twilight to any placal ving leav than 48^ degrees of latitude»»^If the time when monfl ing Twilight begins be Uketi from 12, tiier« will renuUB th« Uibq' whta evening Twill^t ends^ and the contrary. INTRODUCTION. 17 "wlien ilie longest night begins ; and the point ill the fourth quarter, when it ends. — Reduce tlie Sun's place in each quarter of the Eclip- tic to time, by the Horizon, and the Problem is solved.— Thus, at the North Cape, (in 7t degrees latitude), the Sun begins, on the 15th of May, to revolve above the Horizon uithout setting; and continues doing so till the 28th of July: on the 16th of November, he beffiii* to revolve under the Horizon with* out rising ; a4id continues doing so till the 27th of January. At other times of the year^ he rises and sets at the Cape every 24 hours*; 15. The month, da^, and hour, at any plaee, being given ; to find what partt. of the earth are then illuminated hy the Sun, and tohat partt are in dwkness.i those places to whieh: tlie Sun is- rising or setting ; those to which it ia noott or midnight ; and those to which the morn- ing twilight ia beginnings or the evening twilight cnduig.— Find Uie Sun^s Dcclina^ tion : bring tlie given place and hour to the Meridian, and then turn the Globe till 12 at noon be at the Meridian: fix the Globe at that hour; and bring the Sun's degree of Declination to the Zenith, by elevating the adjoininff Pole according to that degree.— So will the upper hemisphere of the Globe^ represent the enlightened hcHHspliere of the Earth,, and the Wooden Horizon be the boundary of light and darkness.- — To the middle poi.iU in the. upper hemisphere, th.e Sun is vertical,, or in the j^enith ; to the op- posite or middle point in the under hemis- ]>here, he is in the Nadir. To allplaces in the * (n a similac mannec might the Problem be solved the water ; as, "Cape Pinisterro, Cape StVince- *, ).By the Ocean or Sea, in general, is under- stood that vast l)ody of salt water which is spread over the greater part of the Earth . [.All Ocean is a great portion of that bddy; as, the Atlantic or Western Ocean, the Pa- cific Ocean, the Northern and Southern Oceans, the Indian Ocean. ^A Sea is a smaller ymrt of that same great body, bordering upon land ; as, the Irish Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea. {.A Gulf or Bay is a part of the sea reaching a. great way into the land ; as the Gulf of Venice, Bay of Biscay -f-. A Strait is a narroW passage or communica- tion between two parts of the M'ater ; as- the Straits of Dover or Calais, Straits of Gib- raltar J. ^A Lake is Water surrounded by land ; as Xake Ladoga, Lake of Geneva § . Properly speaking', such a paK of land is a Promontory, and : end of it a Cape. Point, Head, Naze, Nej>s, and Mull, -are If) used to sigirffjr remarkable parts of land stretching out into water. Though the terms Gulf and "Bay are often used as having' the lie meaning, a bay, in strict propriety, is more open at its en« ice, in proportion to its length, than a gulf. Bay of BungaHs re proper than Gulf of Bengal. A small inlet of the sea is caU a Creek. A part of the sea between tippoblte lands, is frequently called Channel. It will not be improper to observe here, th&t, in the Atlantic Pacific Oceans, to the extent of abotit '30 degrees on both es of the Flquator, the wind, throughout the year, bloWs almost kstantly fiom the north*east, on the north side of the Kquator, . from the south-east, on the south side. This wind is called Trade Wind, In some parts of the Indian Ocean, the wind vs six months of the. year in one direction, tod the other six £# INTHODtJCTIONf, ^ nOLITICAL XnVUjlOKS OF TBS EAttB*f SURFACE. I . Tlte divisions of the Earth, ninsing iknn the policy or ambintion of mankind, . are, chieflyi Empires, .Kingdoms, «nd Bepublios. S. An Empire is an eictent of territorygov^ed by a person who has tlie title of £mperor ; as Russia and Turkey *. 3. A Kingdom is a ooutilry governed by a King ; , as Spsiny Bennitrk, Sweden. j 4. A Republic is a ^country in which there is no ' monarch^^ the persons governing bein^elect- ^ -ed by the^^ecMN^ or by the nobility. In thej former ca8e,1!b$|pan«ttlie venial and '•atomoal equinox, and U tsammaii^ 9MiM^ atomiB of thunder, lightning, «n4| Tain. In the ToriiiZm»f,fA»Ot are Sea md Land Sreete$t bxA tending two or tbref Ungjim fima the shore, and blonring frofnl 'noon to midnight frotn tne ana, and from midnifht tb nooo fromi the land. Tlie dire«tioB at the trade-winds -and monsoons m isli^wn on the€bhe,|bf * dlduieaticm of arrows., Beyftnd the latii tude c^^ degrees, Ibo winds are tariable.— >Tne principaU if notl the only cause of winds, is a partial rarefication of the air by heaif * Ancient Empires were— 4he Babyloman or Assyriav, 4be 1^\ •imif the Creoian, and Bomn. HI tbe hiefly, vitncd. peror; King ; « 18 110 g^elect- Jnthej >bede- 1 latter,! r The narcby, being a| >fConi- equinox,] itninf « «n4| reeeeCt tex* wing frofni nofui from I onsoons tsl ad the latif sipat, it* notl ir by heaif ^ J» » /Ojr -Ajj-- CA «..w t ^' JEA fjaauhcrjim - JWi«sr Orfffr^W^y hyJ.Mmmu^, Wmm m ^ — T ^ T '■ 1'^,^'i -^b^ ♦^^' =*vj^2a V C1»'^ ':^^9S: f4-« •^l!»i!fe *■•-■■ ] t^ m C «s 3 ■-^■^^ ; iw|^»liWlt** WW.I'ffliWB''**^'--.^ : ^■4 r "4 J Et7ROPE» l W»>^<»%»hMii>«>i»^ •»s ig bd|llicl^iMK>ii ili^ «Etst, \>y Asia; '^1, by the Atkntic oceaH ; south, by the Medi* }i|rineaii aea; mcfitli^ by the Northern ocean K tM situated bet^i^ip 30 aitd 72 degrees north it^dei ftnd betiv«&al$ degrees west and 60 de^ (4 east lon^tiida - Its"]^ fifom west to it^, is about S^ Q9|^^ breadtli, ftqm m to north, is iiear^ lie s^e. ,, J. *olJw)4 .."^ v3B*»buygli, ^•^^gSUtt^^ ;: £^in^ % lleiip^le;..««v,,i^?^^,0^iihageih 6. Sweden ......v^ Jtoi*hoIin. «» :& iw. ^1 f rB.!ft^nd ^,,«.p.^. ^^. Prussia., Konksberat 10. Bohemia .v Praffiie. 11. C^ajiy.,^,,,.r^¥'V^a. 112. United Pw)i^ce» Aii^rdAm. 13. Netherlands...^,,, Brussels. 14. France.. '..V...V.V. Paria/ .n i PM tft« I«^ Set, «r Froimi Oeeaa, and soBetiuu» the Ar«>a^ B fe EUROP;E. 15. Spain Madrid. 16. Portugal Lisbon. 17. Italy Ronse. 18. Switzerland ^, Bern. 19. Hungary Fresburg. .20. Turkey Constantinople. ^ ntlNCIPAL 9EAS, GULF8. Al^D ^TRAITS. SeaoF Asoph, Straits of Cafia or Theodosda, Black Sea, Straits of Con8tantin6{)le, Sea of Mar- mora, Straits of the Dardanelles, Archipelago, i Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Venice, Gulf of j Manfiredonia, Gulf of Tarento, Straits of Messina, j Gulf of Naples, Gulf of Grenoa, Straits i>f Boni- facio, Straits of Gibraltar, Bay of Biscay, British -or English Channel, Straits of t)ov«r or Calais, British or German iDcean, 6r North Sea, Irish! :^a, Cattegat Sea, the Sound, Baltic Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Bothnia, Icy Sea or Fjrozes| (Ocean, White Sea^ Waygats* Straits. ' t -«T a Vrchipelago, ce, Gulf of, s of Messina, raits of Bonl- lacay, British fer or Calais,l th Sea, Irish I fic Sea, Guin or B»ze8 iiNGL ANt>. IGLAKD, or Soiith 38ritdiB, is; bdimdkl,-iH>ii norUi, by Scodan^; south, by the English mnel; eastyby theBritish or German Ocean, Noitii Sei ; west, by the Irish Sea *. [ncludtngtheWndpality of Wales, Ensland mded inW ^y-two oounties or shires^ wtiiich, thepi^cipal towns, are the folbwing. >-s-i. I. Six N^orthm Counties. COUNTIES. TOWNS. torthuinberland... N^wp^tle, J^orth-Shields): ^ Morpbth, Alnwick. jumberlAnd . .> i-i . Ct^rUsle* .J^enritb, WHtc- haven, Workington. ^estniprelfmd...i^, App)eby« Kenda^. Kurk^- _ ui ,:^ i : ty-Lonsdale. mrham ;*.... Durham, Sunderland, ^ SoutlwShklds, ParIing-» tQu, Stockton, Berwick tipon Tweed f , . ..'mU'. •.. >. . . . • For the latitude Mtd lo^tude, lenf^h aiul Inrradth, areft itioQ, of ilie connmas of Europe, aa also the latitude* lei and population of towns throu^out the world, see the ix— The aea, between Walea and Ireland, is contmonly St George's Channal'; 'tad that between Scotland aiiS' Ite- North Channel. ' ' era !■ ». detached fMurt of the eonnty of Dnrhanf» towards itb of the Twedi, in yhich, are Berwick, ^^(rham, and' I. The county If very frequently caikd the Bishoprink- •f-* fiS ENGLAND. COUNTIES. "TOWNS. 2. York* York, Leeds, Halifat,, Wakefielcl, ShefHeldJ Doncaster, Hull oij $ipg8tpn - upon - Hull, Bevefly, Scar^)rough| Whitby, RicfiinondJ HippoUy KnaFesbo| tmigh^ Harrowgatel Pontefract or Pomfret| 0, Lanclister ».....» Lancaster, Preston. Man Chester, Warringtoi^ Liverpool. II. Four CouiUtea bordentig iipoit Wales. 1. Ghester Chester, North wich, Ma clesfield, Stockport. !8. Salop or Shrc^h. Shrewsbury, Bridgenoi JLudlow. 3. Hereford ....••.,.... Hereford, Lecmiinstd Ross, i; Monmouth •»...«... Monmouth, Chepst ^ Newport, FontypooL| » . , lll» Four Countici bordering upon the Bri^ Ocean. I. Lincoln f Lincoln, Boston, 6r ' tham, Stamford, Oaij borough. * * Th« eatm^ of York is divided into thrae diitricto, North, Ea»t, and Wott Riding*. f Lincolnshira is divided into tbreo diitricts, HoUaniH, ii| «mith-«MterDputt K«»t«TtB, iatkoweitj and Lindoaji ii| IMrtlb ' ■ -if t England. ii^ COtlNtlES. TOWNS. Norfolk Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn. Suffolk Ipswich, Bury, Sudbury. Essex Chelmsford, Maiden, Col Chester, Harwich, Til- bury-Fort. tV. Fitt Midland Counties towards the North: Derby Derby, Chesterfield, Mat- lock, Buxton. Nottingham Nottingham, Mansfield, Newark. Stafford .,......»..<.. Stafford, Litchfield, Bur« ton, Newcastle-under- Line, Wolverhampton. Soutbwvk* Richmond »^, . Kingston, Guildford Famham, £p8om,Cro}j don. . S, Keint ^...^...Motti^ Deptford, Grcenwicli Woplwichj Gi^veseiid Sheemess," Margatd ■f .. *• ' P.eal, DoVer, C^ntea bury, Rochester, Cha| haxn, ^aid^tQiie» .Tii;i j bridgp, Tunbridg^ ' ' ' Wefe, ENGLAND. 81 COUNTIES. TOWVB. 1 4!: .Sussex ChichesterjLewesjBright- helmstone, Hastings. h Hants Dr Winchester, Southamp- Hampshire ton, Gosport, Ports- mouth.- \11I, Five South^Westem Counties.^ \, Wilts ..;..... Salisbury, Wilton, Marl- borough; Devizes, Brad- ford. \, Somerset Fart of Bristol, Bath, "* Wells, Taunton, Bridgewateri Dorset Dorchester, Blandford^ . , Weymouth^ Pool. Devotl.^. ........ M .. » Exeter, Plymouth, Dart- mouth, Axminster, 7a- vistock, ^ddeford. "* Cornwall.. Launceston, Truro, FaL mouth, Penzajice. IX. Six Cwntits in SotUh Waksi Glamorgm .t.....^. Landal^ Cardiff, Swan* CaermartheU' .,..•• Oaermarthen^ Kidwelly;. Llanelty. Pembroke .♦.. Pembroke, Haverford- west, St David^s.. |: Cardigan......^...... Cardigan, Aberystwith. ... Brecknock , . . . ',\ .'.; . .J^i^con, Built, Hay. BAdnor Radnor, Presteign^. Knighton. H £NGLAN]»; X. Sw Counties in North l^a/JM, COUNTIES. TOWNS., 1. Montgomery MontsoinerV). Welchpool. | 2. Denbigh Denbigh, Wrexham, Ru.{ thin. 3. Flint Flint, Hplywell> St A-! saph^ Mold. 4. Merioneth Har)eigh, Dolgelly, Bala.| $. CarnarvoB ......... Carnarvoii,^ Bangor, Con-j way. ^ Anglesea............ Beaumaris, Holyhead *^ HXYSJtti IiA|(B^*^ptJNTAlKS» BAY!,. CAtll^ AUD ISl^AMDI. 1. Eiy«.if»— >Thatne8, Med way, Severn,^ Avoni| Trent, Ouse, Humber, Tyne, Mersey, Deef.l % Lakes.— -Winander-mere, DeFwent-water,| U]ls water. Butter-mere, West-water, Bala oi| Pemble« safest and most capis^iitfat harl^dnu in -OpmI^ taw. ■7' 34 ENGLANa ^ - Thi northern and western, parte of Englar^ ire, to a considerable degree, rouffh and moun tainous, particularly the Principality of Watesl and the-eastem . coast is, . in many places, sand and marshy. The midland and southern pti are, ib general, rich and beautiful. En^and ^ porta cattle, abutter, cheese^beer, wool, iron, lea tiil,oopper, coals, leather, 8ttfrrdn,i|lum, hArd-wan catthen-ware, woollen and linea cloths, &Ci-— Tl English are well mad^^ and tif a fair and floij complexion, they are ingenious, lovers of the and sciences, honest, pl^nf lais^ burden. The houses are built of br It is the seat of government, and the general] sidence of the court It is ^ere that £>th he of piirliament meet, and the prinoipal^. court j;h8tice are held. It is noted tor many ingenj manufactures, for the porter-jbrewery, anid many elegant edifices, both public and priv^ *Ia^aiiMunr t^lt tberewfiv no fewer ib*n IMthrpsi line, 27; T^ewto of 60 gnas each, 251 fri|;ates, end 314 si naaned l^ 1^,000 leeiBen and mariners. The number of| chaat>Teesels amounts, probably* to 16,000| whkh cnplaji •ttfigatioa vlkout 140|0garden thea^' }, Somerset-place, the Sessions-house, Bank of |gland. Royal Exchange, Guildhall, the Man- •house>.lhe Monument {202 feet high), Cus- -house^ Excise-office, East India-house, the »wer, London-bridge, Blackfriars-bridge, and ' Btminster'.hridge. The bridges are 915,995, 1223 feet long,, respectively .^^-London is^ rly twenty miles in circumference^ and con« • about a million of inhabitants. Bristol is generally reckoned the second city iir ' jland, for wealth and commerce. It is seated on ^ pLVon, and contains 77,000 inhabitants. It has Hhedral, IS other churches, an exchange, ar Idhall, a theatre, a custom-house, an infirmary,. . lay a mile in length,' and numerous sugar- ks, glass-houses, and foundt^es: its hot- ts at Clifton are much resorted to in consump- cases. — Batkj also on the Avon, is famous for ledidnal waters, vast resort of company, and mt buildings, partteularly those in Queen's- re, the North and' South parades, Roval m. Circus, and Crescent. It has a cathe- I, a theatre, an infirmary, and other hospitals, te houses are built of white free-stone. — Oxford [tuated at the confluence of the Thames and Tw^. It consists chiefly of two spacious - Hs^ which cross each other in the middle oF / >«. 'Jfim S9 ENGLAND. the town. Its univernty is of great antiquity J and consists of twenty oolteges and five halls, se-,' veral of which stand in the street, and give it anj air of magnificence. Among other public build- ings are, the theatre, the Ashmolean Museum^ the Clarendon printing-house^ the Badcliffe in- firmary, and a fine Observatory.— Cam^Vgv, onj the Cam, is also noted for its university, consist- ing of twelve colleges and four ballsu Glouctuter^ on the east side of the Severn, has] 1h\xT principal' streets which meet in the centre of the town.. The cathedral of St Peter is a mag- nificent structure^ remarkable for its ]ai]D[e eloistcrj and whispering gallery. Great quantities of pins are made here— -TTorcMler, also on the east side of the Severn, is large and handsome. Its utua- tion is delightful,, and it carries on a considerable] trade in woollen stuift, gloves^ and china-ware.] Charlies XL was defeated Here in 1651«— ^S'a/tVfturyrj en the Upper Avon, is chiefly remarkable for its fine cathedral^ crowned by a spire, the loftiest ir the kingdom. The length or the church ia 47S feet, breadth 76^ and height to the top of the spire, 410.— >2)xfplace^ the exchange, the collegiate- ch, a theatre, and the infirmary. Manches-^ 3, next to London, the most pcmulous town^ (n^and, containing 96,000 inhabitants.. ^rk is a city of great antiquity^ pleasantly si-^ Sd on the Ouse,. which divides it into two s, united by a stone-bndffe of five arches* It [rrounded oj walls^ in which are four gates^ 88 ENGLAND. The minster, or cathedral, is reckoned the nn elegit and mi^nificent G^othic structure in EngJ land, that of Lincoln, .perhaps, .excepted. l\i length is 525 feet, and breadth 110. Near thd camedral,- is the assembly-house, which is a nobU structure. The castle, built by William the Con] qiieror, is now the county pnson., Besides tlj cathedral there are 17 churches ; there are alsoi jtheatre-royal, .a county hodmtal,: aad^ an asylun for lunatics. York is noted for raeesk- |nnal tants 35f000,^-'NiewcastU is a large and tK^uIoiu town, situated on the liver.Tyne.- It Alas' famous for the coal-trade upwards of 500 year and has . manufactories of iron, steel, glass, an woollen -nloth.; > The .assembly-rooms are eleganii and it has excellent hot and cold h&ihsi-^Sund(\ /and and Whitehaven also carry on a ^reat tra in coals... At Sunderland there is a bridge of c iron over the river Were, being a single arch 10 feet hiffh, and 236\feet mde* The'CO^Umines^ Whitehaven are sunk to the depth of 130 fathoi and are carried to a great distaiu;e under the sei where vessels lof large burden ride at anchor. Portsmouth^' Plymouth, Chatham, .Woolwid and Deptford, .are noted fot- ships of war, doclj and naval «nd warlike 8tores;-HuiI, for commercj Yarmouth, for the herring,.and mackrel iisher Hiwwich j for packet-boats to-Holland ; Dover , Brigthelmstone, for packets to France ; Falmoud for packets to -Spain, .Portugt^, >and. Americ[ .Chester and Hol^ead, for packets to Irek Mai^te, BrighUielmstoiie,. Southampton, Wj mouu),. ^c. for sea-bathine; Berwick for salmonj Xeeds^. Halifax,-. Wakefiekl, Kendal^ Stroud, .Bj:|u)fQrd,:are noted for cloth manufactures ; minghamand Sheffield, for hardware ; Punstajj /or. itTiftw hats> .&c..; ,Nw:tbwich, Namptwi ENGLAND. 90 liddlriwicb, and Droitwich, for salt-worfcs ; Tun- ridge, Cheltenham, Buxton, Matlock, Scar- >rough, Harrowgate^ Leamington Priors near Tarwick^ &c. ibf mmeral waters; Greenwich, lelsea, and Gosport, for hos]>itals ; Etoniiand Incbester, for colleges ; Kensington, Windsor, ^d " Hampt01^ for roy^ paliua^s ; Lancaster, Pontefnwt^ Noniam, Djsnbigh, Ludlow, rer. arwick,' Monmouth^ Cardiff, Chispstow, Pem- ke, Harleigh,. Carnarvon, . Flint,. Conway, lumaris, &c. for castles^; Newmarket, for races ; binsborough, Nottingham, Ilorchester, andBur- b, for ale ; Holywell, for. St Winifnde^s well. JBoTer, Sandwich,.Hythe^ Romney, and Hast- es, ard called the Cinque Porta; aiMl Rye,, Win- ilsea, and Seaford, :ilieicDependentt.-«^ix miles th of SalisburyisStonehenge, supposed to be the lains of a temple of the Druids -^ and fourteen es south of Plymouth, is Eddystone liehtrhouse^ , a rockintheEnglish ChanneL— Of the coun- iy Cheshire and Gloucestershire are famous for ;ese ; : Herefordshire) > for> apples and cyder-; nt,,for friut and hops4 JOorsetshircy for sheep; onshire, for' black . cattle ; Cumberland and erset, for lead; Shropshire, for .iron; and wall, for mines of tin and copper.— iThe Isk 'an produces m, black cattle, hides, honey, k. marble, kc^-^Jnglesea is noted for green ble„ and for its copper mine in Pary''s moun- .— The Scilly Tales (above 100 in number) most of them little better than rocks : St Manfa a-eastle; batten^, and barracks;iSt Agnes hda autiful Jight«hou8e.-*frt>At is.noted for its fee- y and beauty; Jettey and GWrM«ey,.for stock- s and cyder.— The principal canals in £n|^ljEmd , the Lancaster eanal^ from Kendal, by Lan- r, to yfe%X Houghton^ 74 miles j Duke. of mam ■Ma 40 ENOLANCr. Btidgewater^s canal noir Manchesier, 99 miles i the canal from Leeds to Liverpool,- 1)7 mUes^ from Halifax to Manchester, 9^1^ roilefe ;.fkMB Trent to the. Mersey,, called t£e fStmad' Trui 99 miles. HisTOBY. The first (certain Infonnation have concerning Britain is from Julius- Caesar] who invaded it 5& years befcore Ghriilt Tl Bomans, after manj bloody contests, subdued tli greatest part of tne island,, but finally left itiij the year 4f4l8. Englaiid became then subject the Sa3Eon8 and AruAeSf who divided it into seve kingdoms^ callied we Heptardiy ; which wen united under one monarch, Egbert,- in 827. II eontimied to be governed hr Saxon princes f([ about two hu'^dr^ years ; of whom the most xnarkable w^'i ' ilVed the Great. The Danes nc gained posse J' ^ of the kingdom ; and, in 1011 Canute, King of Denmark and Norway, mount the throne. The Saxon line was agam restori] in 1041, till,- by the defeat and death of Harold i die battle o ' liastings, Uth October 1066,^ Wil ■liam, Duke of Normandy,, called . thencefor William' the- Conqueror, became master of eountry^ It i&at this period that the history i England becomes authentic and interesdng. Tl| succession of kings, after William the Conquer with the year when each- began his reign, isi &llowsr 1087 1100 1135 1189 1199 WiUiam n. Henry I. Stephen. Henry IL' Richard I, John*- 1216 Henry TIL 127^ Edward I. 1307 Edward IL 1327 Edward lU. 1377 Richard IL 1399 Henry IV. ENGLAND. 41> [3 Henry V. )2 Henry VI. ]l Edward IV. EdwardV. Richard III. Henry VII. Henry VIII. Edward VI. Mary, Eli^beth, James I. i 1625 1649 1660 1695 1689 1701 1714 1727 1760 Charles I. The Common- wealth: Charles II. tfames II. William III, Anne. _ * George I.- George II. George III. )rj«- William-Frederick III. present king of it Britain. ft^9 * Irelandi was bom June 4. ; proclaimed king October 26. 1760 ;. and ie4 Sfptember )S. 1761'. Hii eldest ton,, ["ge-Auguttui-Frideriek, Prince of Walei, tKe fmo9 Regent); wm born Ifth Auguet Mr yMi I I ' llll .III II I I I II! * ti i*** r *« 1 SCOTLAND. Scotland, or North Britain,, is bounded- the south, by England and the Irish sea ; nortd by the Northern ocean ; east by the. British ocean west^ by the^Atlantic. Scotland is divided ioto thirty-three counties] I: Eight SMk-Eoitem^CwtUiefl i, . . ■ ' ■ •. ■ • « . . coinmst* TowNs^ ^^'~*- I burgh/DalkeiS ^^*"*"- ^ Queentferry. ' S. Haddii^on or East 1 Haddington, Dun Lothian. y Nort&Berwick. 4. Berwick or theVDunse, Coldstrei Merse, including >- Eyemouth^ Lau ^ Lauderdale. J Qreenlaw. a Selkirk. Selkirk. 7. Peebles or Tweedale, Peebles. ^ Dumfries ; including 1 Dumfries, Annan, Nithsdale andAh- x fat, Sanquhar,/ nandalq, &.c. }^ na-Gjeen.. §><;OTtAND. 45 -three counties] 11. Eight Southr Western . Caunties^ COUNTIEI. • TpWNi,* (Stirling, Falkirk, ( Grangemouth.. |Duinbiirton«.., Dumbarton.., :.{(nar]^ I pj? Cljde»» ) Lani^rk, HamiltoD,» dale., . ' J Glasgow. u«#w»-, i Renfrew, Paisley, Port- lenfrew. | Glasgow, Qr^enock. I Ayr i divided in Ul ^ Ay r, ^r win or Irvine^ Kyle, Carrick) and >- Saltcoats, Kilmar- Cuningham. ) nock) Androssan. Vigton , |M?r.. iyj^^yKgt9% fWhitehorn, Qjollow^^y. A Stranraer, Port Pa* QaWoway, t^igSO?* lute; isoifif^4 ofl ^^^^^^^^V the isles of Bute, | i>«*t;.«- - ' ^- ■ Arran,&c. - * h««*sa3^ n./al;rli.T III. Seo^n Middle Comiiis: 'gyle, includin orvcn, Isiesf ' 3tf i[ Qbaq. Jantyre,. Cowi Inapdale, Lb; t} Inverary, CampbeltOD^u [ull, Jurai,'IsM^&c. / *erth, including \ S'sllSr^:(P^.S«.„e. Dunked brathearn, tsti y I > 44 scot LAN IX COUXTIES. TOWNS. S. Clackmannan Clackmannan, AllidO; 4. Kinross, Kinross. B. Fife ,.. Cupar, St Andrew's, Kirkaldy, Dysart Kinghorn, Burnt island, Falklam' Bumfermlihe. §. Angus. or Forfar ... P d? ?orfar, Aber^ brc vick or Arj broath, Montros^ Brechin, Cupar. 7. Kincardine or Inverbervie,. Stonelia Mearns. vem IV. Ten Nor^emCountief. If. Aberdeen; incIu-vNew Aberdeen, 01| ding Mar, Buchan^ I Aberdeen, Peterheo &c. . i Frazerburg, Huntl| % Banff; including V Banff, Fortsoy, Ci Stratbdoverm I* len. 4. Nairn Niurn. 5. Cromarty Cromarty. 6. Inverness;- inclu.x ding Lochaber^ B*-#T«^^,m-»«o ^.^r^r. den^h. Isles off^''^'^*^'^^^^ Skye, Harris, North/ Foff /"g^^tus, Fo and South Uist,\ ^"^^^^ &c. / 7. Ross ; including the \ Dingwall, Tain, Foij Isle of Lewis. | rose, Ullapool. 8. Sutherland ; inclu- \ n^^^^i. dingStratlmavec. P^^'^^QcW SCOf LAKD. 45 ■< k ). Caithness Wck, Thurso. . ^ ). Orkney; coihpo%') Kirkwall, StrojQQIiess, sed of the isles of f JLerwick, (at which Orkney and Sheuy^ Charlotte Fort), land. I / -^ ffialloway. rSES, LAI$ES, M0tJU.TAlNS, tlllTfilB, CA]>£f) ' AND ISLANDS. RivERS.^-Forth, Clyde, Tweed j Nith, An- lan, Tay, Earn, South and North Esk, Dee, Ion, Doveron, Spey ♦. r Lakes.*— TiOmond, Awe» Xeven, Ketterin^ t£am, Tay, Rannoch, Eruch, Ness, Maree^ Shinf. I MotJNTAiKs.— Grampian hills, Ochills, Pent land hills^ Lammermuir hills, Moffat hills^ ten-Nevis, Cairngorm, Ben-Lawers^ SchihaU iion, Ben^LomoUcTl. The Forth is noted for its i^indings ; the Tweed knA Tay (6t Ir Salmon«fisbery ; the Clyde for falls or cataracts ; and the Spey [its rapidity and floods. There is a communication between jForth and Clyde by a canal seven feet deep, fifty-six feet broadi thirty-five miles in leng^* Loch l^omond is in DtambflHonsbire ; Awe in Argyle ; Leven [inross-shire; Kettering Eaifn, Tay« Ruioch, and Eruch, in lishire ; Ness, in Inverness-shirt } Maree, in Ross ; and Shin iutberland. Several of these are noted for fine scenery, par- [ilarly Ketterin. The Grampian hills and Ochills are In Perthshire : Pentland , in Mid-Lotbian i Latnmermuir bills^ partly in Hadineton* |e, and partly in Berwickshire ; Moffat hills, in DumfVies-snire i l-Kevis and Calrngorai, in Inverness-sbVe ; Ben-Lawars and phallion, in Perthshire ; and Ben-Lottond on the banks of Loch Bond. CaimgvMrm is noted for beautiful rock-crystals* For Mountaias in Britain, with thwlieights, see the Appendix. 46 SCOtLANi). ^_tway. Bays of Viigtoi-, RjfiQi, Long, Bjrne, Lihnh^y An<) ^r°<>"''| Sounds of Mully Jura, and Isla. Whirlpooll of Gorry-Vrekan. Tl^e Minch. 5. Capes. St Abb'^sHead, We-ness, Kinnaird-J '' H^d, Tarbet^Nes^ Dung|sbaY-^ead, Bunnetj Head, Cape Wrath, Butt or Lewis, Point ol Ardnamurchan, Mull of Cantyre, Fairland Point, MuU of Galloway, Burrow-»head, SaturnJ ' Ness*. _ _^,^ _ ^tiy;t-^;mli^^^ '6. Islands... Orkney Islands or -the OrcadesJ ' 'pri)(^pal, Mainland or Ppmona, and HoyJ i^h^tland Islandf ] {>rihcipal. Mainland pxm Yell. Western Islands or the Hebrides ; prin*[ cipal, Lewis, Harris^ North and South Uist,| ■S(ye, Mull, StaiFa, lona or Icolmkill, CollJ Tiree, EySdale, ^ura, Isla, Bute^ Arran, Ailsa,! St Kllda. In the Firth of I'orth are May| Bass, Inchkeith, Inchcolm, Inchgarvie. Ill I n ) TliE greater ^rt of Scotland is rugged ad mountainous, especially towards the west and north, where it is denominated the Highlands] The easterh and southern j^axis present, in geJ lieral, a more agreea)}le prospect, and are welll adapteidto the purposes of husbandry .-^The naJ tives are, in general, comely and well proportionJ ^d, of a stout constitution, a solid judgment, and! lovers of learning. They are excellent soldierJ especially the Highlanders, ^ho are brave, hardyl "^ lf««r Daiif8lw|-Head was Jolunj-Gctfat** Ropsck aCOtL KD. 47 Lpatiqpit of fatigue. — Socdand feeds vAt herds utkif and produces much grain and flax. -Its fS are rich in coal, lead^ and iron. Free-8ton9» ^tone, and slate, are found in abundance. If ^hdle niountuns bf marble ; and fine rock- and variegated pebbles are not uncom- ScotlAnd exports linen, coarse cloths, hides,' tallow, fish, hotaey, lead, coal, iion<^ EC fiNBVRGH contains upWard» of 100,d(}0 inha- . It consists of the Qld and New Towns, are united with a stone bridge and an m mound. The houses are of stone. The Ipal buildings are, the Cstsde, Palace of Holy* puse, Parliament-house, Advocates* Library, ^rsity. Infirmary, : High-sahodl, Exbhanjro, ^8 Hospital, Watson^s Hospital,,, the Or* Tospital, Magdalene Hospital, GillespieV [tal. Asylum for the Blind, St Gileses Church, m Church, St Andrew^sChurch, StGeorge^s ^h, Pbysician^ Hall, Excise Office, -Custom- L Register-office, Theatre, Assembly-Rooms, [of Scotland, Royal Bank, &c. Tlie princi- reets are, the jfligh-street, Nicolsori'^s street, ' re street, Princess street, and Queen street: pncipal squares are, the Fariiament square, s^s square, St Andrew'*s square, and Char- ]uare. A new approach or road is 'forming ;town iVom the east, witli a bridge, which called the Prince Regent^s bridge. c, situated on the river Clyde, is the town in Scotland : in point of population id to be the first. It is beautiful and well md is remarkable for its University, andent Iral, Infirmary, Newis^aol, manufactures of and foreign trade.— »Pat«%, on the Cart, is , 49 SCOTLAND. famous for its manufactures of muslin. It Mis i elegant inn, and the ruins of a once roaffnifioenti bey, the chiqpel of Which has an astoniuiing eel . Dufufee is a large and flourishing town on ^orth bank of the l^ay. It has an excellent hi bour> and a great deal of dipping. The chil Manufactures of this place aregiass^ osnaburgs^ coarse linen, saU-cloth, thread, &c. The tov liouse, new church, iissembly-rcfoms, and theatre, are degant buildines ; iand there is a loll Gothic square tower, part m a superb consecratj edifice, built in the twelfth century, Und dedicati to the Vi'igin Mary.— -PerM is delightfully situalj on the west ban'; of the Tay, ovi^ which beautiful stone bridge of nine arches ; it is built. Part of an andent monastery is divid into three churches ; atid adjoininj^ to the toi are barracks for the Soldiery, ana a depot I prisoners of war. A great linen and coi^on man facture is established here ; and the salmon-iij ing in the Tay forms a coUsidendble object bf < merce. New Jherdeen is ft handsome city, on the no Ibank of the Dee, over which, two miles above | town, is an elegant stone^bridge of seven arclj It has a college, called MarshaU College, a ha isome towni*hoUsd, Gordon^s Hospital, and an I firmary. This town has been long famous stockings. In Old Aberdeen is l^ine^s College.' Andr^ms is noted for its universi^ i Ldth foi harbours, shippings races, assembly*rooms, h glass-houses, and sea-bathing; Porio-helloy baths ; iSreenock and Port-Glasgow, for their i hours and shipping ; Port-Patrick, for packed Ireland ; Stirling and Hawick, for carpetp^ ; S ling &ndjDumbarton, for castles ; Falldi^^ fa SCOTLAND 49 it cattle fiors, ctlled Trysts, and Carron-iron- rks near it; Mojfaty Peterhead, and Pannanack Aberdeenshite), PikitHhh^, (3 miles south of th), and Duntblane, for mineral waters ; JCrf- £1^191, and Aberhrothwick, for fine ruins ; r, or Seoi^ TalMand, DunfirmUn»j and JLiii- . jt0, fbr ancient palaces, [he Orkney itlands (ahoamS in numW) ex- linen and woollen yam, stockings, butter, fish, herrings, &c.^— 7%e Skethwi iaIandB »ut 40 in number) are noted for wool, stockings^ little horses, called akeliiu. Both Uiese tcrs of islands are, in general, rucged and ;n, and destitute of trees and shrubs;— Th« ley islands oof itain 24,000 inhabitants ; the land islands 29,000.-r-The Western islands ud to lie above 300 in nupiber.— Lewis and ris (united by a narrow isUmius) are, for tht! part, barren and •mountainous. T^iey export cattle, and great quantHies of kelp ; i^umbcr habitants, ^00.— -Skye and Mull are noted llack cattle. Skye is also noted for a wonderful rn explored lately, resembling the fflX)tto of Iparos. Staffa is noted for basmtic pillars and pal'S cave ; lona for the ruins of a monastery ^tltedral ; Bysda^e, for slatei^quarries ; Tire^ marble quturry, and a hmdsome bjreed of horses ; Jura, for three conic mountains, the Paps of J^ra ; Isla, for lead, cq)per, >mef y. Tlie population of Skye is cstin»ated LOOO; that of Mull, 7000; that of Isla, 900a p is rugged and mountainous-: on the ooa^ mny remarkablc'caverns.-r-Bute, iu its north- )arts, is rocky and barren ; its southern ex*- [ty is more fertile, and is well cultivated. In >f these two islands, there are about 6009 Htants.-— Ailsa and the Bass are much fre^ C JO SCOTLAND. qucnted by the gannet or solan goose.— 'St Kild 19 tlie most westerly of the Hebrides. It is oiili tbroe miles long, and two broad, fenced about \vit| ]x*rpendicular rocks of prodigious height, exce at tlic landing-place on tlie S. E. where there isl narrow and steep passage to a village on the ^ of the rock : the island feeds many sheep, an produces plenty A barley and potatoes. Mni of the innabitants live chiefly by fishing catching wild fowls. In the latter employmen they are incredibly adventurous, being let doij from the summit of the precipitous rocks, then clambering along their fronts, in search] the birds and their nests and eggs ' — The westei isl^s contain altogether about 50,(X)0 inhabitani * HisTOBT. Fergus I, who reigned about years before Christy is said to have been the foil der of the Scottish monarchy. From him till | year 1006, there are reckoned eighty-two kirn after which, till Britain became subject to monarch, the succession was as follows ; 1006 Malcolm II. 1034 Duncan. 1043 Macbeth. 1057 Malcolm III. 1093 Donald VII. 1098 Pdgar. 1107 Alexander I, 1124 David I. 1153 Maloobn IV. 1165 William. 1214 Alexander II. 1249 Alexander III. f 12^92 John Baliol. 1306 Robert Bruce 1330 David II. 1370 Robert II. Stu 1590 Robert III. 1423 James I, I 1437 James II. 1460 James III. 1489 James TV. 1514 Jam^s V. 1543 Mary. ir.67 James VI. In ]L603, on the death of Elizabeth, Jj succeeded to the English throne ; and, in if . 22d Jwly> the treaty of Union between the doms of'^England and S(x>tlaud was concludcj t " 1 IRELAND. ^AKD islwunded— on the east, by Ae Irish every where else, by the Atlantic ocean*. is divided into four provinces— Leinster, er, Munpter, and Cannaught; containing in iirty-two counties ; of which there are twelve ties in Leinster, n^iDc in Ulster^ nx in Mu&* land five in C mnaught I. l^aoviNCi OF LsiNstEiit. Bounties. towns. Dublin Dublin, Swords, Newcastle. ''ick-ow ...... WickloW, Arklow. ''exford ...... Wexford, Enniscorthy, Ferns, [ildare .•.-......; Kildare, Naas, A thy. • ^arlow Carlow, Leighlin. Kilkenny ...... Kilkenny, Gowran. ^ , lueen^s County Maryborough, BalliViakilk tinges County Philip&town, Banagher. '^est Meath ... Mullingar, Athlone. (ast Meath .*. Ttim, Navan, Athboy^ term Iritk Sea, is sometimes applied solely i6 tlie broaJ le seo, in which is the Isis of Man : between Irelancl aod it is called St George't ChunMs abd betweea Irelaad aUk \f the North Chaanel. MMMttliiiW I i-ffrw-ITli i|-|imi«>TttTI 52 IRELAND. f OUKTIBS. TOWNS. 11. Louth Drogheda, Dundalk, Cor* lingford. 12, Longford Lon^cd^ XAnesborougfa. II. Pnovivcm OF Ulstbs. 1. Cavan Cavan, Kilmore. ^. Ifonaghan Monagban, Castlebloney. 3. Armagh ...... Anoagh, ChariemQnl. 4.,po^ .•••.. Dowi^-Patriclc, Newry, '**" ' Dop^hadee. B. AjQtoim ......... Antrim, Bdfast, ferj^us. *€• Londonderry... Xon&nderry, Colerain. 7. Donegal Donegal, Bailyshannon. I "6. Fermanagh ... EnniScillen or In^iskillenJ f9. Tyrone .r.. -Pungannon, &tri^.jane, vOmagh. III. PftOVIircE OF MuNSTEm. 1. Clare Clare, Ennis, KiUaloe. ^. Tif^cary Tipnecary, Caafael, Cionmel. B. Waterfiard...... Waterfordy Dungarvan, Xismoce. * 4. Limeriok Limerick, KUmallock. 5. Cork Cork, 'Kinsale, YoughBHJ fi, Kerry. Traiee, Dingle, Aghadc FjIQTIMOS OF CONNAUOHT. 1. Galway Galway, Tuam, A^hrii ^.Roscommon ... Roscommon, Elphm. •jl. Ldtrim Leitrim, Carrick> Jfl ^town• IRELAND. ^3 cbUNTIES. T Us in Ireland are those of Dublin and Newry. Lough Neagh borders- on several counties in Ulster. It is^ d for its heaUng Tirtue in scrophulous cases by batbingt add I turning wood i|»to stone.— JLough Earn is in Fermanagh; bt in Leitrim ; Conn* in MAyo ; Corrib« in Galway ; KiUarney [the Devirs Punch-Bowl, in Kerry.— Killorney or Lough Leai»- lamous for its beautiful icendvy abd wonderful echoes. The ^*s Punch-Bowl is a lak* Of a circular form, on the western t of Mangerton mountain, and i« noted "or its immense depth ^. a beautiiul cascade which rune oat of it. : The Mourne mountains are in Do«im : Nephin and Crough* rick are in. Mayo i, Maascvtott and tha Beeks or BoOw, ia.> mumniismsmau S4 IRE LAN; p. i». Cafe^— Cape Clear, Mizzen-Head, Cams Point, Howth-Head, F.«i 'ilead, North-Ca^ Loop-Head^ Kerry-Heaiu. . 6. Islands.— Copland Isles, Rathlin, North of Arran, South Isles of Arran, Achi)^ Cap Clear Island. Ireland is, in many parts, very mountainn and abounds with bogs and morasses. It is, nod withstanding that, a fruitful country, producin corn, hemp, and flax, in great plenty, and th cattle are so numerous^ that vast quantities t^eef and butter are exported; There are alJ minea of coal, iron, copper, &c. It is famous fj potatoes, upon which the poorer sort chiefly sii sist. No country in the world ii better situati for foreign trade ; and it has many secure ai commodious bays, creeks, aind havbours. T| .Irish are weU Blade, and of a strong constitutio they are generous and hospitable, but reckoni vindictive and proud# ' Dublin is situated on both sides of the Liffl •ver which there are si^ bridges. The houj are built of brick, and the numher of inhabitaij Is estimated at above 150,00(^. Of public ed ces the principal are, the Castle (the residencel the viceroy), Parliament-house, Trinity Collff pr the University, St Patrick*s Cathedral, Roj Exchange, Custom-house, Boy al hospital, Lyij in hospital, Linen-hall, the Barracks, Est bi'idge, Carlisle bridge, &c. There are seve magnificent squares, the largest of which isj ^tephen^s Green, nearly a mile in drcuit. Phcenix Park^ at the west end of ihe town^ I It E L A N D. b5 ]&{ enclosure, seven miles in compass: it ig )rned with the villa of the Lord-Lieutenant, seat of the principal Secretary, &c. ; also a lute battery of twenty-two pieces of cannon [d the ammunition-magazine, a strong fortiftca An observatoiy is erected on a rocky hill', )ut four miles N. W. of the city. Besides the woollen, and cotton manufactures carried :in the suburbs, other brandies of useful manu- ture are establishing in diflerent parts of the kropolis ; and its foreign trade is considerable. ^ork (on the Lee) is, next to Dublin, the jest and most populous town in the kingdom. IS noted for its harbour or Cove, and its ex- fts of provisions^. The Cathedral, Custom- ise, and Exchange,, are handsome buildings. number of inhabitants is about 70,00U. — mk is a populous plac«, has an excellent bar- ^r, and considerable commerce and shipping.— terford, on the Suir, is a large and trading f, containing 30,000 inhabitants. It is pro- ved by Duncannon fort and a citadel — Limerick livided nearly into two equal parts, Irish town I English town. The latter is a complete island [he Shannon. The Cathedral of St Mary's is renerable structure. Limerick exports great Wtities of provisional and manufactin-es linen, ^Uen, paper, and gloves. It contains 40,000 MifiXiXA.-^Kilkennyy on the Noire^ is enc of I neatest towns in tlie kingdom. It boasts of [ ^1^^"^ f^^ water without mud, fire with- >ufsnR)k%,aim streets paved with marble.'"-^ oghtda is ''strong and well inhabited, and ha& jxcellent harbour. Mfast is a large commercial town on Carrick- .^us Bay, at the mouth of Lagan Water, over fck is a bridge of 21 arches. It has manufac- .£0 IK ELAND; tares of linen, cotton, cambric, canras, glas^J sugar, and earihern vf&re.'^Carrickfergua has go^ harbour and castle.— Zon^fonderr^,, near tli mouth of the Mourne, is a walled city, famou for its siege in 1669. It consists chienj of U\ streets, which cross one another at nght .^iglesj in the centre stands the Exchange. There is i fine market-place, and a handsome churcl].- Aghrim^ is noted for the decisive victory, gainej in 1691, by the army, of King WiUiam over tlii of James II.— Ga/trqy has a considerable foreig trade, acapaeious harbour, and carries, on a grei salpion aud herring fishery. HisT09;Y.— -Ireland was Yery Httte known history till the time of Henry li. who, in 1 1'l landing near Waterford with a very small for uiQstof the petty pHnces submitted to him, acknowledged him as lord of Ireland. Henij VIII. assumed the title of King of Ireland, has been since goremed by its own Farliam^ij and' a Lord^Lieutenant; nepiMjeiiting. the Kin but is now united with Britain, under one Eii and one Parliament. This, union took place! the commencement of 1801. Britain and Irelaij are styled the tTnited Kingdom of Great-Brit and lireland, and the Farliament is. called imrierial P&rtiamcnt. The House of Comiwi is composed of 513 members for England, 45^1 S(^tJaod,.a&d 100 for. Iraland; in flal>6% DENMARK. ^aBv; every where eUeby the North Sea and ; Baltic. DiVtSIOXf. TOWiJS. rSleswiok^ Gottiorpy Smith JtutKmd* •< Flensbfurg, Torniin- North Jutland. AlWg^ Wiburg. Isles of 2ealftttcl»V6op6ntiagei]^ ElBinore, Fuiieih Attholt, &c. > Odensce* 3TEAiT6.-*The Sound, Great Belt, and Little It.; jAf E*— The Skar.' J*o Denmark belong fceland^ and the Faro or roe Islands. Tn Iceland are the towns of Rei- rik and Skalfaolt,- and Mount' Hecla.— Den- rk also daims East Greenland or Spitsbergen^ West' Greenland, famous for the whale- ^ery. Jftim AUK IB, in fftofst- fattM^ a lev«I ' country,'- ^rspersed wilh gently nsin^ hiUs,- weods^ and ^. Tbev^ are no eoni^^M^lft . nvers : the ler, in South Jutland) is the kt|[edt-— The ' >rt8ai«^ timber, cattle, hides, tar, pitfch, rosin, I, &e.«-*The na^Yes are^ inr«general, tall and 1 made : their Matures are regular, - their com- - lioBs florid, and their hair incli^iing. to* yellow red. The manners of tiie superior Danes It very little ivott those dftsses m other parts • Surope. The peasantry, except^ those of the' Fn, contiaiie in 4i state of vassalage ; and ate^ "tie^ idie^iUrty^ and dic^ted» - ■*IHll>i 5S D ]@ N M A R K. CoPENHA6£N is the best built city of the I North ; and, m 1799^ contained 83,618 inhabi. tants. It owes its principal beauty to a dreadful! £re which happened in 17S8, and another in| I794f. The new parts of the town, raised bj ^Frederick V. consist of an octagon, containing! four uniform and elegant buildings of hewn stonel and of four broad streets, leading to it in opposite] directions.: in the middle of the areia is an equem trian statue of that king, in bronze. The nevl royal market i£| the largest square in the city, and almost composed of stately buildings ; as, the aca demy of pamting and sculpture, the theatre, tU great hotel, the artillery house, 8^c. and in Xl ceijlre is a marble equestrian statue of Christia V. Most of the buildings are of brick. It b a citadel, a fine harbour, and dock-yards for th building of ships. The round tower, built b| Christian IV; and designed for. an observatory,! a singular structure, not havihg a single step it, though very Ipfly : its ascent is- by a spirij ro^, nearly fourteen feet wide ; and one of the kings was drawn in his carriage up and^dbwn i In 1807, while the two nations were at peace, j British fleet arrived here, and required the su render of th? ships of war in its harbour,, to prj Ycnt the French from setting possession of thei] Not bdng^^ven up, the city was bombarded i it surrendered ; and all the vessels and stores I ing sent ofi* for England, the city was abandon by the British. Copenhagen is five miles in m pass, and is seated Qn the eastern shore,^f Zej iand.— J7/^tnore isi a strongly fortified town, whfl jjl trading vessels which pass through the Souj pay a tolLr— The island of AnfwUf in the Catteff $ea, is in possession of the British.— The Sor is three or iQur miles wide. A superficial cum always sets through it^ into th« ocean^. while ' DENMARK. do later, at a considerable depth, keeps rushing in, |he Baltic Sea neither ebbs nor flows.— The land of Iceland is famous for volcanoes, hot )uting springs, and vast masses of ice floating jut it. It contains about 50,000 inhabitants^ ho export dried fish, salted mutton, beef, traitf tallow, woollen stockings, feathers, quills, &c. e Icelanders are an honest, well-intentioned kple, moderately industrious, faithful, and figing. Theft is seldom heard of among them. ley have an inexpressible attachment to theiir a country, and are no-where so happy.— The ro Islands are twenty-two in number, and ex- t salted mutton, tallow, goose quills, feathers^ bkings, hpc-^Spitzhergen (discovered in 1553, . ]Sir Hugh Willoughby) consists of several sd, barren, uninhabited islands, in many eternally covered with snow and ice. One le mountains here is 1500 yards' high. To- Is the south pole, the islands of ice are much' sr, and the degree of cold greater, than in the [hern hemisphere^ The dimeni»ons of one of ! masses seen by Captain Cook was about feet long, 400 feet broad, and 200 feet high ; |rs were still more extensive. tisTORY.r— Few interesting events occur in the )ry of Denmark before the year 1387, when garet mounted the throne, and formed the m of Calmar ; by which j in 1397, slie was lowledgcd sovereign of Sweden, Denmark, and vay. In little more than a century, however, ien recovered its independency ; but Norway Snued annexed to Denmark till lately, when ame subject to Sweden. The present r«gn*. lonarch is Frederick VI., who was born iu-i: \i and succeeded to the crown in 1808.1. 6 ♦A C eo I NORWAY* NoEWAY is bounded-^-Kwi thft east by Sweden j mrery where elto^by the Nortbem Ocean. QOVIItMBCIKTS. TOWWI; 1. A 1. -.-. /^v^ I* Ghriitiana, Frederick -^«£'^"»> ^' ^^^"-1 8t«lt„ FitKlericS "*"•• t shan, Konffiberg. ' 5!. ChlristianMndJ. C Ghristiainaxid, Ai 3. Berghen. Bferghen,.Stav«!iger. 4..I^nthete, ind**iYjj^„theim,. Christia ipg^part of Lap.| sund^Wardhus. miYEBSy LAKXf) .llOU«TAim, Bi4TS> CAfEB^j AMB ISLANJMk 1. BiysB8.'-->6lQin]iie, Dninme^ Lowe: f. LAKet.---Mi0S8> /T^ri^ Rai)d-Sio% and Ftj mund*. 9. MoTmTAi)98<«— Hardftn^r, Fille, liang, Dot ftc. forming a vast chain of mountains towa Sweden, whichc.may be called the Norwc ' Alps. '^ JBAi».->-'!rho8e of Christiana^imd Drontheii ; TkoN iWfffv nd Um mia the fotinOMBt of A||;crk j CAWJfc— The Nittc and the North Cajpc. !liLAfiD8.**Bomirtcl, MStttrtti, LoMett, Ver, l^oi^oe.— ^ the eodst, in latitude 69, is » rom. rbftHTATlB patt'/tiUirly remttfkable fbr motifi- ,8, lakes, forests, and a great variety of extra- inaty animals, partleuiimy the rein^^ecr^. etk, glutton^ eraiiffe,. lemminff, aid beav^ or >* ^ts estports are, tallow, Dutter, salt, dried ^ timber^ planks, horses, homed cattle, jntch, Tosin, Prussian hlue,.ahini, furs, copper, iron,. The Norwegian peasants are of a robust con«> ition; They are fhink, open, and undautited ieir manners, yet nothisolent ; never fawning leir superiors, but payh^ i^ proper respect tt> above them.— ^Lapland (the most northerly. lie rria^d^ nearly r«MAUli0ftttaffea«ept iisliiMifiiif thtolicad ' a little, and the horns projecting directly forward : betide»« fore*part cf the bead, neast the root of the lirf-gB honii, arit^ taller branohea ; a* tbolt theyaeeai to hate foar barna. lb r» the Li^fawdera mdie uaa af tt« r«ia*dear in travalBaf-: ila either ifresh or dried, is fhdr diief food ; and all their do* from head to foot, coniists of the akins of these animate* eia*deer also anppKea its owner arith a tted» with goad miUr». icellent^hecsa ; amd of tha intestines and tendana* he nakaa I and cordage-^Tfaa elk ia a tall ash-celoorad ammal* ia sh^Ma king at once of the horse and the stag. It is harmless, and whiter sochl t the flbah of it^tastea I&e Tanison.i— Tba l^inr, the cat kind, and haa ekfwa like » tigek..*>«The glatloD hus [resemblance to a long or Cop]| Westmania, and% berg.. j3flaGcarli& -^ * ^SSlr^T^n^* '"f "tlGottenbuig,. Scania, &c J Nordkoirfng. 3.' Nordland;: inclu-'^> Hel^ngia, &c. j 4^ Finland; including^: Finland Ptoper, f Abb,- Nystadt, "Wi East Bothnia, Ny- 1:. Cajaneburg*. \ land, &c. J 5. Swedish Lapland... Tornea, Xinn, * Finland is nowMbJfct to BsasHi: it was c«BQi|cnd1 |ltiMiauiBl808^ SWEDEN. U BIVX18, LAKES, CVtVi, AKO iSLAVftl. livEKs.— Dala, Gotha, Tornea. .AKE8.— Maelcr, Wenner, Wetter ♦. fuLFB.— Those of Bothnia and Finland. ir.A)708.-.-GothIand, Oeland>. Aknd, and. Rugen. rBDEN very much reisembles the neighbour<^ Torway; out is less mountainous,. land, in parts,, much better cultivated. The north* ?gions produce excellent rye ; the feouthern^ it, oats, and barley. The principal expoirti jppcr, iron, masts^ planks, pitch, tar, tnun^ um, potaihes, salt^tre^ sunpewder, 8alt|, iiih, 8oa|»,. and vitriol.<^The meQ.iQ^ ire eomdMMily rob^n and welUformed, and romen, slender and elegant tj^nder a simf^ l^nal appearance, tlie 9WefdM,.in general, ibon*^ I profound judgment, an acutie anddelicfate- is^ and often an active and intrepid ^iirit* [jfirst day of May and Midsummer are herd crated to mirth and joy. On the former^ fires, announcing the natural warmth about cceed the- severity of winter, are kindled iu ields 'r around which tk& natives asdemble^ others go elsewhere to, enjoy gobd oheer,. b banish care and sorrow. Midsummer-day - [«eler is at Stockhirfm { WeBoer ttad Wetter are in the mo* ^.Ootijlantf., :^'Z^ii;:L a;: 66 SWEDEN; is still better calculated to inspire festivity, the evening previous to this happy day, thepcopj meet together; the houses are ornamented will boughs ; and Ihe young men and women erectl pole, around which they dance till mornin Having recruited their strength by some houi repose, they repair to church, and, after impluriij the protection of the Supreme Being, they j give themselves up to fresh effusions of joy. Stockholm is situated on two peninsulas aij some ■ ^ands of the lake Maeler. The harl (an iniet of the Baltic)- is of such depth, that largest vessels can approach the quay, whicli isi freat length, atid breadth,, and lined with spaeid uildings and warehouses. At the extremitjl the harSour, several streets rise one above anotlf in the form of an amphitheatre ; and the pa'i a magnificent structure, crowns the summit, 'ij generality of the buildings are of stone or brij Btuccoed woite. Stockholm has a Royal demy of Sciences, and another of painting sculpture^ It has manufactures of glass, chij plk) woollen, linen*, gloves, he. The water, >vh divides the inhabitants ot the different qus of Stockholm in summer, unites tliem in witill for it then becomes an icy plain,^ which is tm aed by every body. The islands are islands longer : horses in sledges, phaetons, and vehiij of all sorts, scour the gulf and lake by the of ships fixed in the ice. Men, women, andi dren, are mingled in one throng. They vj jilide,,run about, or glide along on skates. M ber of inhabitants SOyOOO.-^Upsal is noted fo:| university ; Fahluniy for a copper mine ; Grt burg, (on the Gotha), for its commerce, Eastj dia Ccm^aay, and herring fishery \ and Cl SWEDEN. or Carhcrona, for its harbour, docks, ship* ^ar, and naval stores. [isTOir.— Christian II. was the last king of lark, wlio, by virtue of the treaty of Calmar,. : also king of Sweden. Attempting to render elf absolute, he was dethroned, and was suo- ed by Gustavus Vasa, in 1523. In 1611, ivus Adolphus ascended the throne. On ac- of his wonderful success against the Rus-» Poles, and Germans, he was surnamed the It. Charles XII., that illustrious madman, to the crown in 1697. He was continuallj ir with Denmarkj Russia, and Poland ; de- Peter the Great at the battle of Narva in by whom he was defeated, in his turn,jat ^wa, in 1709. He was killed wl>ile besieging prickshall, in 171S. Gustavus III. be^an. iign in 1771. By an extraordinary^revolutioa l72y, he overturned the Swedish constitution. r92*, at a masquerade in the qsera-house, he *)ot by an assassin, named Ankerstroera, in juence of a conspiracy among some of the itented. nobles. He was succeeded by his rustavtts Adolphus IV., dethroned lately by, icle, who has assumed the sovereignty, igi«. le title of.Charlejs XIII. born in 1741^ L 6» J. RUSSIA. l\vssiA in Europe, orMjMcovy, is bounded- the west by Sweden^ Inland, and the Baiti east, by Asia;. sou th^by/the Black sea;:: nor t()j{ the Frozen ocean *; It is djlvided into thirty-s^ governments ; of which is named after its princif^ town. 'i| following'^e the most noted. GOVERKMBNTS. .< TOWJSm, V, Petersburghi or In- VP'etersburghj. Na gria j Cronstadt. It. Revel, or Esthonia. . ttefel, Ba|^c Pert. 3. Riga, Qr Livonia^ Rig4^J^rn6v. 4. Wyburg, or lCare» f Wyburg,^^ Kexliij lia, ( JP^ricKshon ^ $» Arohaneei, inc!u-l «x/^ dins t&sniui liap%> Archangel, Kola, land "* J. ,,/ . . i^ t. Wologda . , , , Wolo0^ Tounx m^ 8. Novgorod.. J^Cl%^W> Kr^^^^i'P^ 9- Tver. ....^v«^ I ^] 1.0. Mo^cxar Mos^wy Koloniiiij n.SmoWsko JSmol^rsko, ij4 1«. Orel ...: Ofeli Briansk. IB. Kiow. KiowotKiof, Ostd VSk* Woronez Woroiiez^ Zadonsk| * The Rtissiaa empire includes also % great part of Atiij UD|(|h altof «tlier is upwards of 9000 Botles, aoi its breadth ' EUSSIA. S.. v, is bouncled- , axkd the Balti governments ; d nci]^town. ersburghj ^ >onstadt. PredncKshain.^ cTianggl, Kola // iV£i:KMBirBf . ilkatharinoslav ; i including Little [Tartary and the l!iiiii^a or Tau-: brida. :TOW«i. ' Ekatharin«6lav or Ga- ^mrinensla^ Pul- tair^ ILh^yn, Oc- jak^, XinBurn, Pe- rekop,y Syn^phero- pol, Caf&or Theo. le other governments are thoae of-^lescjov, sk, Yaroslawl, I^iistromo, Viatka, Pcrme, -lilev, Tchcrnigov, Novgorod-Sieverskoy, Ikav, Koursk, Kak)«ga, Toola, Riazane, hniir, Nizney-Novgorod, Kazane, Sinbirsk, )a, Tambov, and Saratov; each-having a town same name. IS, LA|:aS^ MOIfNTAlJffS, CtJLFS, STBAXTS, 4NX> ISLANDS. livEas-jWolga qg^ Volga, B^ Dnieper, lestern Jj^na, Neva, Northeru^wina, Pet^ i, Towna* j|^,Ao:g.— Lad^a, Onega, Peipus or Tchude, , Kr€utzJ.||j||j^e;^^ Bielc^zero or White Lake. to^S«rtK<>^^^''^ [noWnsko, ^'^^ b()uz. {^ ?Si Briansk. aoworKiof, Ostl \roro«&) Zadonskl l«» a great p«t of A»i^ loiy^AiNs.— Tine Semnoi-poyas or TJral )uiitaiuS} bordering upoa Asia; mountains bese fiileen goTennaents are all Uiat need be particularly at- I to by pupils. he Wi^ga runs a caurse <>f 1700 milest and falls into the d ser , by more than 60 mooths. Almost from its source is ia the gOTernmeat of Tver) it is navigable, without any nnterruption.— The Dnieper runs 10^ ntlas. iu this river > ao loss than 13 catari(St8* WwcBTft"; 7# RUSSIA. of Olonetz ; and mountuni of Taurida or . Grimeat ** 4. Gulfs* and S't»AiT8.--Str«t8 ofJfVaygaif WlutK^ea, G&lfsof Finlafid and Bjga, Sei . A^h, Straits'bfljafPa. | &, IsLANbsr— Oezel, Dago, Nova Zembla. Russia may, in general) be considered ai| vast plain, comprehending a great variety of mates, soils, and products. The northern reg is very woody, marshy, and but little fit for tivation. The winter there is long and extreni(| severe. The middle and southern regions for the most part, rich and fruitful, having md arable and meadow land than wood, marshes, barren deserts. The climate here is mild temperate. The valleys of Taurida have ai riety of fine rivers, springs, and rivulets ; the i is admirably rich, and produces, by the haiidl nature, apricots, peaches, plums, cherries, is\ beiTies, almonds, prunes, pomegranates, figs, nn walnuts, quinces, pears, apples, grapes, andi Ions.— The products of Russia, exported into I different kingdoms of Europe, consist chiefljj hemp, flax, t8^i -v, hides, red leather, s? il-cld linens, iron, timber, linseed, hemp-oii, traiii-j honey, wax, pot-ashes, tar, and pitch. — Tht ~ sians are, in general, a brave, hardy, and vigon people. Their complexions differ little from m of the English or Scots. The language is tremely difficult to pronounce, and not less cult to acquire, as it abounds with extraordifl sounds and anomalies of every kind : the chaiad amount to no fewer than thirty-six. RUSSIA. It its of JfVaygaJ "eteesbuboh, or St Pctersburgh, stands upcvi iriver Neva, near the Gulf of Finland ; and is It, partly upon some islands in the mouth of \ river, ana partly upon the main land. It [founcted so lately as 1703. by Peter the Great ; [contains, at present, 230,000 inhabitants. It iclosed within a rampart, fourteen miles in Jmference. The streets, in general, are broad ; reat part of the town is built in a very strag* irregular manner. The houses are, almost them, either of brick or wood. The most rkable edifices are, the Fortress, the Academy irts and Sciences, ♦he Imperial Palace, the liralty, the Church of St Isaac, and the Quay, is three miles long. There is an equestrian ^e of Peter, in bronze, of a colossal sise, the stal of which is a huge rock. ioscow, on the small river Moskva, was the il of Russia before the building of Peters- |h. Previous to the entrance of the French H2, its cireumference was 26 miles, and it ined 250,000 inhabitants. The streets were, fneral, exceedingly long and broad : some lich were paved ; others were boarded with like the floor of a room : wretched were blended with large palaces: cot- of one story stood next to the most stately ioijs. Many brick structures were covered wooden tops : some of the timber houses were others had iron doors and roofs. Nume- churches presented themselves in every jer, in some of which were bells of an enor- e, which were rung by a rope fixed to lapper. One of these bells weighed 336,000 another, 435^,000, being the largest in orld. The French, under Bonaparte, id Moscow 14th September 1812, on which, lie two succeeding days, the Russians (ac- Vft RU S S I A. cordinff to the Prench account) burnt down ^ part of the citv, and tlic Trench were forced] evacuate it. On their retreat, the greater partj the French tnay were frozen to death. — 1 cathedrEil of the Assumption of the Vii^ 18 the most'maffiiificent diurch in Moscow ; ihe most noted of the public institutions is IFoundling Hospital. Cronatadi (situated on a small island ini gulf of FiulamQ is noted for its forts, do haven for ships of war, ho^ital for sailors, academy for marines and officers of tlie navtj iVortTS IS a fortified town, with a lllirbour, on river Narova. The houses are built of br •stuccoed white. Here Peter the Great wasi featcdlw Charles XI I. in 1^00. — Ri^a issiti ted on the Western Dwin^ or Duna, about miles from its mouth. Next to PetersburglJ is the most commercial town in the whole emp Within the fortifications there are 9000 inlu tants, 15,000 in the suburbs, and a nuincFJ 'garrison in the citadel. Over the Dwina, tN 'is here a iioating bridge, 40 feet in breadth, a in length. — Novgorod, or Novogorod, stands! both sides of the river Volkhov, near lake Iln ^Itwas, in former times, the largest city in Ru 'containing above 400,000 inhabitants; it contains scarcely 7000. A vast number of r| "ous churches and convents are melancholy ments of its ibrmer magnificence.— TFo/o^dJ Vologda, on a river of the same name, is a[ ^f great trade, and has a large magnificent c))u a castle, and a fortress. — Fetrozavodsh n note iron-works, where small arms, cannons of| iron, and other articles requisite for arming i of war are made. — Archangel^ or Archangtl^ seated on the Northern Dwina^ at 20 miles m It tJ SSI A. ft mouth. It was long the only 'tea^port of issia ; but, since the building of Petersburgb, trade is greatly diminished.— Tver is a place of isiderable commerce, carried on chiefly by ms of the Wolga, on which it is BituatecL It »sts of an Old and New Town. The latter /ell built; the houses are of brick, stuccoed |te ; the streets are broad and long, extending, traight lines, from an octagon in the centre. p pnncipal buildinss are the ffovernor'*s house^ episcopal palace, the court of justice, the ex* ng0| the prison, &c Here are also an eccle* deal seminary, and several academies. Inha- ^nts 15,000.— 4$W/en^/to, on the Dnieper, is Irounded by walls 30 feet high, and 15 thick, of great extent ; but the houses are poorly |t, and it does not contain, at present, above inhabitants.^^AtW, is situated on the west of the Dnieper. It is divided into the Old I Nev\r Towns, has a castle, and carries on a liderable trade.'^-JEkatharinoslav, or Cathartm yif^ stands on the Dnieper, opposite the first cataracts. It is a new town, founded by the impress. Its name signifies, " The Glory of krine."— Poftowa is famous for the defeat of fles XII. by Peter the Great, 27th June in which 8000 of the Swedes were killed [16,000 taken prisoners. Charles fled to Ben- Turkey.— Oc/czo/com?, or Olchakof, is a town fortress of considerable strength, at the \h of the Dnieper, opposite to Kiuburn. It Several times taken from the Turks by the >ians, and was confirmed to Russia by the K of peace in 1791. — Nova. Zevibla, or Novaya ia, is a barren, rocky, inhospitable island in ^rozen ocean, frequented for the sake of kill* JO '^ . -;(iaMs»s.-aB>Miaaw:?»a*«' T*' m u s s I A. I ^ • fi^vPii and white beft«; , Jh no |^r.^»lS^rAS:7e« of M the year 1460. ^^P^Xt time. John or I'm coMJderation. A?°"V. "^ ^ue petty states, ai> Barilidei »WuedB^t of the Pe y ^^^^ b„ prospe^DUS «'«»^^ f°%rgrfndson, Jok pert to the country. "^^ » of Kas. &^tz "• """^'t Ae RuSian dontteiou „d Astracan Tatl»7 J? »^ * ^ c»r, which, and. in ^^^'^,^^'^1^6^ k«g- . "f^ the Sclavonian langua^, P successions the death °f /f "• f %rod princes, and thi fitted by a set of weak, crua v ^^^ territories were t»^°"\W^^t, who hadj 1696, Peter. «"'^»?^!^J^^ig„ ^ith hisbrotj gome years been J""' !^^ „t|„an, sole monar Iwan. became, by the death w jjg^ition, he, of Russia. .Tho^S^/f »=^^ " ?;« astoni! formed and "^^^^^^^Ttiti of Empem ing degr^. He a^um ^g ^^ „^ ^ .if the Bussias. ."!'"? jne, a *oman of I ,:eeded by h'!, '^'^ SfS ileW on ««.«» birth, whom he h»° m^'S^^,^ feuowed by her beauty and mentSbe^^ ^ I DukeofHolstem, un^we In 1762. Peter lU. ^"^^^ ge by hisj «K)n deprived of »>« f "W^^ abilities and Catherine U. » *°X hertt. ''hich hapi . ^nded the throne ■ . .^^.^^ t rs 3 P O L A N D» >LANB is bounded'-on the east by Russia; ^t, by Germany and Silesia ; soutb, by Hun- y and Turkey ; norths by Russia^ Prussia^ and [Baltic. DIVISIONS. ^ tOWJ^. ^ ^Masovia t'i^j,w,Prag^^ubHiu^ "Western or Polish ) DanSic, EllSng, Culm* Prussia ' ) Thorn. ^ ■— -> f/^ *. T» 1 ^ f Gnesna, Posna or .I?6- iGreat Poland \ ' jittle Poland Cracow^ Sandomir. *odoIia v.... Kanuniec. ^ < tTolhinia .........>.. LucRQ or Lusuk. ^olesia ^res^i. rolachi^ BeilfiL/ ^ lithuania .>. Wi lr^ jgrodno. Atriogitia Ro8|^ne. ^^^ jouHand............ Mitt^ifT Libau^ RIVERS AND MOUNTAINS.' rERs. — Vistula, Warta, Niemen, Westerly: hvina, Dnieper, Dniester, Bog. ^ ' hy In T^olaiid,. afid partly in Rn%sia, 6b both aides of thia. [i« a country or district called the Ukraine, which signf'ir |>ntier. The priocipal towns are iKio# and Ctercassik ;|# |l a people called Cossacks. There are also, the DoA ''^)k < OB the hanlcs of the Don ; and the Yaik or Uralia* [on the 48uik8 oT thi Yaik or Ural in Asia* 2 ':'^m 76 POLAND. 13. Mountains.— -Carpathian or Crapack moun- tains, between Poland and Hungary. FoLAKD is, in general, a level country. The tsoil is fruitful, especially in corh, vast quantities of which are exported. It also exports oxen, hemp, flax, leather, furs, timber, pitch, tar, tur- pentine, salt, hops, honey, wax, pot-ashes, nitre, and vitriol. The pastures, particularly in Podo- lia, arc rich almost beyond expression. "Poland abounds with mines oi copper, iron, and coal ; and, not far from Cracow, at the village of "Wielitska, are wonderful salt mines, which have Ijeen worked upwards of 600 years.— The Poles are well formed, and of a fair complexion ; honest, Jiospitabk, and courageous. Warsaw is situated on the Vistula, and is 'Said to contain 6^000 inhabitants. The public buildings are splendid >; but the greater part of the houses are mean, ilUconstrUcted, wooden hovels. The palace is a laige brick building. — Prasa is a suburb of Warsaw.'— Dan/zic, on the Vistula, has a fine harbour and university. It is large and populous, is strongly fortified, and carries on a vast trade in the exportation of com and naval | stores. — Thorn was the birth-place of Copernicus.! There is here a remarkable bridge over the Vis- tula.—- Gftesna is noted for its cathedral, the gates] of which are of Corinthian brass, curiouslyl wrought. — Posna, or Posen^ has a university, aj magnificent cathedral, and a castle on an islandl in tne river Warta.— Croeotc, seated on the Vis-I tula, has a palace, cathedral, and university .-'| Lemberg is defended by two citadels, and \m fnany xhaguificent churches and pul^ic build'^ of' POLAND. 77 ipgs.— .JTamtntec is the strongest town In Poland.-— Bn'asici u noted for the largest Jewish synagogue in Europe ; WiVwa, for its university ; and Mittau for its palace or castle. — The towns oWoland are, for the most part, built of wood, and the villages consist of mvan cottager or hut». History.— Poland was formorly divided into nianv small states or princiualiiies, al.nost inde- pendent of one another; tliough they generally I ad some prince who was paramount over the rest. In th« year 700, the people gave the su- preme command, under the title of Duke, to Cra« cus, the founder of the city of Cracow. Hia posterity failing in 830, a peasant, named Piastus, was raised to the ducal dignity. He lived to the age of 120 years. The title of Duke was retain- ed till the year 999, when Boleslaus assumed that of King. The crown of Poland continued elec- tive, and, iir 1673, Sobieski, a Polish General^ was cbosen, who maintained a successful war against the Turks, and acquired immortal honour by obliging them to raise the siege of Vienna. Their last King was Count Stanislaus Poniatowski,. or Stanislaus Agustus, who was elected in 1763» In 177^, a dismemberment of Poland took place, by which great part of that country became sub- ject to Russia, PriHsia, and Austria ; and, in con- sequence of a revolution in 1791, the whole of that unhappy country was seized by those rapa-. cious. powers, and added to their dominions. Stanislaus was forced to resign his crown at Grodno in 1795, and died £oon after, a striking instance of the uncertainty of human greatness.— By the ^ace of Tilsit, in 1807, the greater part of Prussian-Poland became subject to the king of^ Saxony, but was restored in 1815. 8 AV X^ ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 Ui|21 IIS ^ Lfi 12.0 IRHB 6" ^ */ Photographic Sdences CorporatiGn ^ 4\- \ <^ 4^. -8^%. '^"5^- «> ^ '^j^ C^ 23 WKT MAIN STREET WEISTER,N.Y. 145M (716) t72-4S03 '^ '^^' ^^' ^ f 1 C w 5 PRUSSIA., J HE kingdom of Prussift is bounded on. tlie north by the Baltic ;« every* where eUe by Poland^ The most noted towns are, Koningsberg or, Konigsberg, Pillau, Tilsit, Memel, Braadenburg^ Friedland, and Eylauj The rivers are, the Pregcl, the Niemen or Memel river,. and the Vistula* To Prussia alsa belong the greater part o£ Silesia, with a coBdiderable poip^n o^ Poland: and Germany. According to a for^^n Papefr. the Prussian^^ doininions are to be divided into ten provinceftii •ontolnii^ twenty^flve dittri^Bts or circks., Th» iiamet oTthe provinces^ with their capitals, are^ the billowing.— Eastern Pirus^ia, Konigeberg; Western Prastia, Bant«ick; Grand* dotcliy ot' Posen, Posen ; dutchy of Sfilesia, Breslau; Orand dutqhy of Brandenburgb, Berlin ; dutch v of Po- fBeraaia, Stettin; dutcfav of Saxonf, Ma^eburgh ; dutchy of Mun^ter, Munstfer; Grand dutchy of the ]k>wer Rhine, Cologne ;. dutchy of Cleves and* Berg,. Dusselddrfk-^Selisia alone contains two millions ot' inhabitants ; each of < the other pro-^ yinces from 700,000 to l^OOO^iDO^ in all, about ten million«^. Each province is. to have i^ uni- versity* m^ t Trs kingdbm of Peuss A is a level- country, . and produces a great cteal of ilax, hen^p, and- oom. Of animals^ there are hones, sheep, deer, ^ild boar8|. and'Ibses. The ciye^ aa4 lakes are PRUSSIA. 79 well stored with fish ; and amber is found upon its coasts. The woods furnish the inhabitants with wa3|f,< honey, and pitch ;. and these is plentjr ofpit>coal. KoNiKGSBERG, ou the Piregel, contains 60,000^ inhabitants. It has a university, and a magni- ficent palace, in which is a hall 274 feet long, and 59 broad,' without piHars^ The townohouse, "exchange, and catl>eara1, are- handsome' struc- tures. The tower of tlie castle lias 284 steps to the top.— Pi//a«f is the sea- port of Koningsbcrg; it has a good 'harbour^ and is defended by strong fortifications.-i*-Jfir(rtncf hAs- an excellent fiarbour, and a very extensive commerce. — Ei/ldu is noted for a most bloody battle fought between tlie French and Russians, Sth February 1807 : and^ Ffitdland for mnothery Hth. June 18()7 ; in both battles the French trere the victors.— Ti/wt \% famous for the peace which followed the battle of Ftiedltod.. ' - ■■ 'V -■ ■■ , ' ■ . ■ • ■ Hi8TOBT.<— Phisna^ from bteing only a dutchy, was ei'ectied into a kingdmn-so lately as ITOf^ when Frederic I. was cngnified with the title oT king of Prusna in an assembly of the states, and toon afler acknowledged as such by all the powers of Christendom. His son, Fredenc 11. succeeded him in 1713, and died in 1740, leaving no less than seven jnillions sterling in his treasury; a sum which enabled his son Frederic III., by his- wonderful victories,, to become the admiration of JBurope. Frederic III. was succeed^ by his nephew Frederic I^ in 1786, who, dying ii^ 1797, left the kingdom to his ma Fi«deric Y.. ^^ prevent sovereign^ bom in 1770.. ^ X '■.^ BOHEMIA, SILESIA, MORAVIA. Thsss ooiyntries are bounded-f-on the east, bj Poland and Hungary ; every-where else by Qer** many. Boliemia and MoiaTia are divided into Clr^li^s^: and Silesia into Principalities ; but these divinooav are not of much n9te^ ■■\ 1. Kinfldom of 1 Prague^ Bgr% Xoningt* Bohevia* f ^^^ 3. Idarqutsate of ) Ohnu^^ Briim ^ Birunn^ ||0rayia» | AusUrlltZi, Iglaw.. I. RiTEas.«^£ibe^ Huldiiu^ Bger^^ Oder» Mo»> rava. iBk MovNTAiKa.«M.Tbe Giants, bctweev^^ Bohemiat and Silesia; and Zotenberg^ in the pnm^ pality of Sdiweidnitz. BOHEMIA, SILVIA, MORAVIA. 81 BoHEiiiA is fertile in corn, safFron, hops, and pasture. In the mountains are mines of gold and sihrer, cornier, tin, and le2K].«-SiLEsiA produ(^» wheat, hartpv, oats, saffron, honey, wax, &c., and has mines or silver^ copper, iron, lead, and quar- ries of various stones, ucsides antimony, saltpetre, sulphur, alum, vitriol, quicksilver, &c. It feeds a great number of cattle ; there is plenty of came in the woods ; and the lakes abound with fisn.— - MoBAViA is well watered with small rivers and brooks ;• and is, in general, a fertile country.-— Bohemia, the southern part of Silesia, and the whole of Moravia, are subject to the emperor of Austria: the middle and northern parts of Silesia belong to the king of Prussia. Prague is seated on the Muldau, over which is a bridge of freestone, 1770 feet long, and 35^ broad. The city is built on seven hills^ and con* sists- of three towns, the Old, New, and Little*- It is abdiit i5 miles in circumference, and contains 80,000 inhabitants, a great many of whom are Jews. The houses are of stone. The principal structures are the University, the old Palace, the Cathedral, and the Royal Castle. Egra^ on the* £ger, is noted for mineral waters.— >jffre«/itzti, the- capital of Silesia, sUpda on ihe Oder, and con^ tains 60,000 inliamumts. The houses are alt built of stone. It has 'a unrversity and an ele-^ gant town -hall : manuJ^turesfine linen. — Schweid^ nitz is the handsomest town in Silesia next to Breslau r it has linen and woollen manufactures.— Otmutss (on the Morava or Moraw) has a univer- sity.— -^nnn is noted for the strong castle of Spiels lerg ;-. and I^lau for good cloth and excelfent been. '^Auaterlitz la famous for a great victory gainedl near it by the French over the Austna&a. audi .* m. BOHEMIA) SILBSIAi MOBAVlAi, Russians in I8O69.. whic|i led tOr tb^ treaty of' Fresburg. The Bohemiaipi, utpbility Ujsed tQ elect theii'. o^n. jKiinces, thoueh tbe emperors of Genniiiiy sone- ^es imposed a king upon^ theijby.and at lengthy Vsurped thf^t throng tbeni8elv(M.;r In l43Sy AU liert II. of Austria received tbre^i^wiis* ihe Em-; . jure, Bohemia, and Httn|i^i^^-V ^hcv^; that, tho: !||ouse of Austria hmi re^e^;]ii^^ ■:vK;. %, ,n :Vy" c pm GERMANY* G^iMAM^r it bounded— eiDg^ st^ll ia an unsettled state^ tke 9ipMl«l^ ift'dtniiow arS cooiiaBed Uia sanf aa Canaerljt . ,. . ^ fH^i A, ^ ii (C £ BAf A K y; eiBCLXS. TOWNS;. '0' temberg; maroraTate of "Ba&n i Bhsgaw ; bisfidprie^ o£' Con- stance and Augs- burg, &c •;. ^- rtsMton w* contain" : ing the bidsopricf ' llviietsbili^i li„. . berg, and JMi^sti^t; marquiiates wCtillem- bach and Anspach,. RasC^dV KchI, Fri^ burg, ..^^onstAe^ urtoburgr 6iEnnber|^ Aicfasnu)t|^un£nl bach,. Anspachy.. Mu^ , l!emb^f{^ ^ <^ ^mmg the land-^ | CiuSer,. Marpuxg,, gr a \ es; «f Hcfi c • CaF- | Parnsstadt,. Nimbu,. sel, Hesse-Marpurg^. I li^^Sfii /^ormsy ^d Hesse Darmstadt ;. / HOunties of N&ssauand ii^ainau ; bislioprics of WonnBandSpire;rdut'> eby of Beux-ponts^ &C. me,o|>eu3t^pdut8^, Anklort ^^ the Haine^Wi t» j; # \ 9. Lower Bhib o ' coii-' taininjap the airc^ishopf- # CSlS^e^lBIentZj Bonn^. Ticsor€o1ogne^Ment2,v Trcv^^ Cdbl^z^ and Treves;, jpalad*/' Heid^berg^ nate oi the Rhiiie,\ heimT Hani; ff > <% Tht axldix of VfkUaamt^h'xmn.tk {cttj kktf&Mb :^^^, GEftMilkNlr. 99 'J.TTpjjer Saxony-*oon- I taming' Baxony and Bradenburg ; lanclld^- vate aC Thurbgia; Misn^ ; inaFquisate of Lusatia ; (lutc% of Fomeraina, 8ec^ i. li^"^ 8. Lower Sisi^y— oonv taining the electiovrate of Hanover ; dutcbies of Brunswick,. Magde* burg, Holstein,. and Meodeiiburg, &c *; Frj dvWestpbaliU'— ing tne bishoprics of Munster^. Osnaburg^ Faderbom^,andiLiege; dutcbies of Juliers,. €leves,. B^, and Westphalia ; principa- lities of Miniden and Embden ; ooiMltles of m&^holtZj Lippe, Marcky.&c. Dresden^lieipnc^Wit- tenbj^, BSK Pi^tsdam, Franklbrfei on the Qder,. Er- tbrt, Ootliay Jena,. Bitttien j^ BucQlj^ 8«n, StetSm^oC^ Strahisund^ Got^j^en,. ^_£. StrelitK Mun80^,^^OjiBabur|^, Paderbom,. Lies S|A, Juli^ a]_ la^C^delle, Cleves^ den|.pi^^ort2,Lip- \ sy- *^ Tbe Electorate of HiuoTCr (Inbject to tb« Unr of S^||)inid)« •oupireliead* the ten4torK» of Calenbeiy, GrabeM^geb* 2et^. tonmilmiip, Lanenburgi Bremen> VerileDf Him» Dfe|)hoI|k» cm* taining 8000 iqnare milesy wmA 800«000 ioMptaatt. J^lM»|lft|^ got tM titl« of a king^fonu. '>Hi 'A ifi^ g^ermany: BIYBBB, LAKBIvANO MOfrmCAI^/-. •!•-. 4^ Iv 13.ITBBS.4-I)anube, Rliine, £lbe, Oclar> Inn^ Maine, MoteUey^W^Mr ^. S. liAKBt.— <;!ziniits, Chiemaee^ "^* €oii8Unc^ DummeB^Muritzf. ' 3. MovMT Ai«».— -Part of Uie^^ps, m Auitria. GEAMAKr^ if we except the eircle of ^ Austria, is a level oountry. The wm\^ m BUch an extent of stt^fiice,. roust De very various r but it is^Jn ^ neral, fertile, and produces plenty of com, fruits, and wines. 'Inhere; are also mines of silver, q|uick- silver, copper, iron, salt, cods, and qoames of marble. Rubies, and other* fcinde of precious stones, are 'found in many parts r. and the forests abound in bears, wolves^ wild boars, and game of all kinds.— The Germans are of a robust consti- tution, and make excellent soldiers i. thev arc ostentatious of th^ aneestry and titles, and are, in general^^an honest and hospitable people. They are ingenious and expert in the arts ana'sciencetr, and famous for. many inventions in mechanics. The French themselves scarcely- talk, faster,, or are more bommunieativea ViEiiNA, situated^ on* the I^anuba,' consists of the city and suburbs. The former i& surrounded' hy a strong fortificatbn ;: Between winch and the. * The DmhIm TttM. wboot 1500 niUts. lU uiTigstioa U in- ttmiptsd, in fome places, b; cataracts. •f* Czirnitz* notaq for the eiDldDg of its waters in samner, is id CMcnioktrChiemseef^b $avariai Ceastanee, iaSwablat Dunmei^. atDie^iQlt&i.aiid Muitz, in MecUeaboiig; GERKANT. MiBurbsr it an onen space all round, 600 yards iir breadth, on which no houses are allowed to be Built. The whole is thouoht to contain ^HfiWX inhabitants, of which 70,000 are within the wallsi The houses are cenerally built of brick, covered with stucco. Of public buildings, the principal are the cathedral^ the iDiperial* pialaoe, tne palace of Prince Eugene, that of Piioce Licfatensteini . the imperial. arJBenal, imperial library imperial museumi the civil. and militara hospitals, arclu bishop's palace: . The cathedral of St Stephen is . a Teneraole. pite of gothic architecture, with a steeple of great height*, in which is a^bell of un<* • common magnitude. TJie l^raiy is^ said to con<« • tain llK>,00ff printed vvJumes, and 10,000 manu<* scripts. The. university used to be frequented by thousands of students* The Capuchin convent, situated in,the vieinity of the imperial pidace, is remarkable ab the place whece all the emperors^ stripped of the ensigns of power,, of gldrv, and of tnumph, are ranged side by side^. within the narrow Compass of a temb.i At the distance of five or six miles, i$ the imperial palace of Sekom^ brunn^ a laige md handsome-edifice,, stimding in an extensive garden, containing, long alleys, formt ed by shady Uiees,. where theteitizens of Vienna - ire aUowed tO: wallu T4ie Prater and ih^Augar'^ ten are places oF amusement for persons of all ranks on hopseback or on , foot; Vienna has ma- nu&ctu?es of silk stuffs,^ lace, tapustry,. looking* glasses^t isc^^^Mumch f>^ ^^ Iser, is Wge, plea- sant, apd populous. The . palace b said to con* tain 11 courts, 20 hails, 19 galleries, 8660 win- dowg, 6 chapels, 6 kitchens, 19 large cellars^ 40 qMfftinents as liut^buUdtngs, and 3C^ large diam^ mr^. richly; fuoufihi^ lUid allied mth^. 4^^^ n OERHANT. .!^ If paintings : one of these chambers is 1 Y^ftetFon^ and SsMoad. There are idso a calnnet of cun« cwitiesy a libraryy^ and an arsenal, with fine gardens. The cathedral has S5 chapels and 80 Surs.— Near HokenHndtn the Frendi gained a decisive victory over the Austrians in 1800. Jtoltsioft, on the Danube, is noted for its mag* nifioent town-house ; m the hall oC which the ge. neral diets of the empire were held.— -^ATifreiiiAer^, on the Pegniti^ is surrounded by high walls an(^ a deep ditch. It has an elegant town^ouse, an academy for punting, an anatomical theatre ; and is notea for toys, maps, prints,- rousicaF and ma* thematical^ instruments, clock-work,. &c.— JFVoii^- fort Ml tkt MamCf is divided into two parts ny the river Maine, over which is » bridge. The streets are spacious and welV paved. The houses are built of bnck. The chief structure is the tow^house, in which the emperor was elected. Frankfort is one of the most commercial towns in Europe, and has two great fairs eveir year. A smgular custom is oliserved- here. Two women appear every day, at noon^on the IxittYlements of the prin* eipal steeple, and play some very solemn air« with trumpets. This is accompanied by vocal psalmody,, performed by several men, who always attend the- female trumpeters fol' diat purpose. Inhabitants' 60,000. CohgtKf on the Rhkie, is noted for its univer^ taty,. numerous, chuK;hes and* monasteries; and Jfuntz (on the same riverV for its strong fortifica^ cations. Menta Ikys claims with IfarUnti teihe invention of printing.^-^I>rfM2efr is divided l>y the l^be into the Old and Nev^ towns. The houses are of free'Stone. It is noted for the palace, a unfverMty, bridge over the Elbe, porcelain ware^ and lace; Inhabitants 50,000 *fWiUenbcrgy on GBUMANY* 89L the £Il)e, is noted for a univeraly ; Leipnc (an, the Pleysse) for a uniwnity, citadel, exchange, and three great annual fairs *,^^tna has a uni* versity* and is £inious for ajseneral ^tion fought near it in 1809, between the French and Prussians^ in which the lattier were defeated. Be RUN (the capital of the Prussian dominions^ 18 seated on the Spree^ and continns 140,000 in^ habitants. The streets are stra'^t, bnrad, and long; and there are several laree and beautiful squares. The king^s {mlace and the arsenal are superb buildinjgs. The openuJiouse is an elenuit ffucture ; anc^ besides a magnificent catheara]> there are numerous churches, several academiea and hospitals, and an astronomical observatory. On a stone bridge over the Spree, is an equestriaa statue of William the Great, esteemed an exquisite piece of workmanship. Berlin has manufacture^ of ulk, cotton, wool, Unen, camels hair, Prussiait blue, porcelain,. &c. In 1806^ ten days after the hattk of Jena, Bonaparte held a court in th# palace.-— Po/«(fam (on the Spree and Havel), if noted for its fine palace; and Frankfort on thJt, Oder, for its university, and three great annual fairs.— ^am&«r^, on the Elbe, is supposed to con-. tain 100,000 iniiabitants. It is a free imperial city, and the most commercial towa in Germany.. It is divided inlo the Old and New towns, and is well fortified. The town-Jiall, exchange, and ca- thedral of Notre Daine,^ are elegant. This town^ * Lutlwr iMgnn t)i« Reronaation at Wittenberg in 1517. H* was born 9ti Eisleben-in I483» ko^ died in 1546.-.Aftcr MTeral, Mnigninarj battfea fim^ht in tbe nei^hboarhpod of'Leipsic, ki whic^ t|w French, und«r Bonupnrt^ were deteated with immeaM loM«,t)i* tiMCP n:a&.tiiloo ^r thi) allies ^Qib Octobec Idtdk / Iftr' $9 CEHMANY. . . 't ■ tuffered much from the French, who first tnol^ possessionof it in November 1806, but were forced fi. iiiilly to evacuate it in 1814.— ZiVge is noted for its university stdd numerous chtirches. . r 9t 2. UNITED PROVINCES. These provinces are bounded— on the east by Germaiiy; south by the Netherlands; north acd vest by the North sea.. % Holland . .^ • « . • • • • *** ••.- PAOVIXCBS. ^, TOWNS. ^. Amsterdam, ^, Rotter. dam, Delft^ th$ Haeue, Leydeo^ HmeWf, Sardam^ AIFt^aar, Brfei, Hel- voet^ilysy Dordrecht {^' brDo^ ^ \t ZeS[kBd,,.i,»*.,»*»t'' Middleburg, Flushmg;. |S. Utrecnt ...... .#.«..^.. Utitpht, Amersfort. \^ " .. f Niri%uen, Arn]iSntti jd... ...... I Zi^n, Gueidres. ««...M«*.*# X)evei^ter, Campl^^. ^^, ^....1....,, fieewar^n, Franeker.. |01d channel of the Rhine, Waal, Leck^ Ysse^. Vecht, Maes or Meiise* . The Univi^d Pn6viNeE» afTord a striking Iproof, that unwearied and persevering: industry m capable of conquering almost every disadvan* Itage of situation. The air and water here are ^]^ mpsit eq^u^iliy bad ;, the soil produce^ naturallje. UNITED PROVINCES. Bcarce any thing but turf; and the possession of this very soil is dbputed by the scean, which, rising considerably above thle level of the land, is prevented from overflowing it only by strong and expensive dikes. But the labours of the pa. tient Dutchman have rendered this small, and seemingly insignificant territory, one of the richest spots in Europe, with respect to population and property. The roads are excellent, sliaded oa each side with trees, and bordered with large ca> nals, full of boats passing and repassing. Among I the most valuable natural productions of these provinces, maybe reckoned their cattle, which yield vast quantities of butter and cheese. There are manufactures of linen, woollen, cotton, and silk, pottery, snuff, tobacco— pipes,, i^t, leather, wax, oils,, sugar, starch,, paper, $cc. with numerous windmms for sawing timber and grinding cornJ Puring the late wars, the Dutch lost all their foreign possessions ;. but these have been in part restored. / ' The Dutch, in general,, are k>w in stature and inclined to corpulency, with a heavy awkward inien. They are of a phlegnratic temperament, and the courage which they have often shown at se& is rather obstinacy than ardour. The art of I getting and keeping tnoney is their most striking | characteristic The air being always moist, and commonly cold, the Dutch dress is calculated for warmth, and not for elegance; An extreme clea»< liness is observablie i tlie houses and stilts ; even hamlets inhabited oy poor fishermen display a neatness which forms a striking contrast with tJie , squalid appearance of the German villages. In winter, skating is the favourite amusement, and | ^ thi^ canals ace crowded with all ranks of people^ UNITED PROVINCES. 9S from the senator to the milk-maid with her pail, md the peasant with his eggs. Amsterdam is situated on the Amstel and Wye, and contains 1^40,000 inhabitants. The houses are of brick or stone. Great part of the town is built upon ^il6s of wood ; and under tlie Stadthouse alone are 13,000. The streets are broad and well paved, and most of them have ca»> nals bordered with trees $ but there are no public places or squares. It received the French troops in 1795, and, in ^consequence of the downfall of Bonaparte, the Prince of Oran^, Stadtholder, after 19 years absence, entered it 2d December 1813. The most noted edifices are, the Stadt- house or town-house (in which is the Bank), the Exchange, the Adiiiiralty, and the bridge over the Amstel. The Stadthouse is 282 feet long, 355 broad, 1 1 6 high, and cost two millions ster- ling. , Amsterdam is, next to London, the most commercial city in Europe —-^ot^ercfam, on the Rotter, is the second city in the United Pro- vinces, for size, population, beauty of its buildings, trade, and riclies. There are so many fine deep canals, that the largest ships may unload at the very doors of the houses. The principal public buildings are, the Town-house, the Bank, the East and West India-houses, the Admiralty, and the Arsenal. Number of inhabitants 50,000. The Hague is situated two miles from the sea, and is large, handsome, and pleasant. The num- ber of inhabitants has been estimated at 40,000.—- Leyden stands near the ancient bed of the Rhine. It is about four miles in circumference, and ia famous for its university, cloths, and siege in l57S,'^HarUm is also noted for its siege in 1]E»73, for the invention of Priutuig about 1440, and fur si irNfrfiD PHbvlTNCiES. the largest orsan ip £urope.-^{7lr#cA^^n the Old Channel of the Bltine, is a beail^ul city, of a | square fonn, and about three miles in circunife- i>ence, besides its suburbs. The steeple of the cathedral is very loflv, and the handsomest in the whole country. It has a ceTebn^ted university ; and is famous for the treaty of peace in 1713, which terminated the wars of Queen Apne.— DeZ/^e is noted for earthen ware; Sardam, for ship, building, wind-mills, and magazines of timber; Alkmaary for cheese and butter; Hetvoetstuysy for packets to and from Harwich ; 'Dort, for its sal- mon-fishery, Frantket and Oroningen, for theit universities. History.— The United Proivinces are bit a part of "what (itk its most extensive meaning) is called the Netherlands or Low Countries, and which was ran^ced by Charles V. bub a division of the Geimah empire under th6 tiathe of the Circle of Burgundy. The tyranny of his son Philip II. who succeeded to the crown of Spain, and to whom the Netherlands became subject,, occasion^i -ed a general insurrection c^ the ilihabitants^ By the assistancie of the Bngli^h, the seven ticnrthern provinces were enabled to throw off the yoke, and the Spaniards Dt'ere forced to declare them a free people in 1609. They were afterwards lu;know- tedeed by all Europe to he an independent state, tinder the title of the United Provinces. The southern provinces submitted again t6 ihe Spa- nish government; w^hich^ in 1700, ceded them to the House of Austria^— In 1806, this country was erected into a kingdom by Napoleon Bonapa^t^ in favour of his brother Louis» and was afterwards incorporated with the French empire. It is now united with part of the L^w Countries under the titl6 of The kingdom of the Neiketland^ of #hich the Prince of Orange is Sovereign^ NETHERLANDS. The Nrthkblaxds, or Low Countries, aire IWnded— oh t|he north, by the United Provinces'; touth, by Fratice; east, py Germany ; west^ by I the North sea or German ocean *. PROVINCES. jiH ^^t.JlP^NS..^. ^^, 1. FlanderSr..... Lisle, Du^^k, Douay, Tour^ nay, Courtfay-) Tpres, Ou < i ■<,:. These provinces are extremely fertile, and Iproduce great plenty of corn and nax. There ift * The provinces here named the Netherlands are sooMtimes ItiUed Plasders or Belgium : and the United Provinces" are also IciUed Holland or Batavia.— >The United Provinces, with the |greater part off Belgium* now form (as has been l)eeo already oV rr«4) th« Jcingdom of the Nc^h^rlamht, 9S NETHE^ANDa fe. also excellent pastutage. Flanders is almost peN fectly flat. The other ittovinoes consist of httle hills, valleys, woods, enclosed grounds, and cham- paign fields. The manners of the Flemings paiw taw of those of their neighbours, the Dutch and French ; the phlegm of the one being tempered by the vivacity of the other. - Lisle, on the Deule, is thought to contain 65,000 inhabitants. It is situated in a rich marshy soil, and is fortified in the stron^st man> ner. The citadel is one of the best works of Vau* ban. The public structures are, the Exchange, General Hospital, &Ck The principal trade is in camlets. Most of the other towns in this coun>> try are strongly fortified.— DimHr^ is a noted ^ar-Tport.'-^Ghent contains 60,000 inhabitants, but is not populous in proportion to its extent, being 15 miles in circumference. It is situated lit the confluence of the Scheldt and Lis, and is divided by canals into 26 islands ; and over the^ canals tnere are 300 bridges. It has manufactures of silk and woollen, and a ereat trade in corn.— -04» tend is a large and populous sea-port, famous for the siege it sustained against the Spaniards, from 5th July 1601, to 22d September 1604, wluen it surrendered to the Spaniards, after they liad lost nearly 80,000 men before it There is a large canal from Oatend to Bruees, and thence to Ohent — Cambrai/, on the Scheldt, manufactures linen and cambric, which last took its name from this city. — Vatenciennesj also on the Scheldt, has a strong citadel, and other fortifications. It »uv* rendered to the allied army in 1 793, after a se- vere siege. This place is noted for lace, woollen stuffs, fine linens, and cambrics.— j^russe/s, on the Senne^ is about seven miles in circumference^ ^'El-HERlANlDS. ^: 9? «tpeN f little chain* wpaiw en and oontiun a rich ist man^ ofVau. LchangC) ideisin lis coun* a noted ints, but It, being id lit the J divided le- canals ctures of »rn.-— 0«' ;mous for ds, from wliien it had lost is a large! Whence to ^ufactures ime from' |ldt, has al It SUV' 'ter a se- woollen' is, onthel •ence, aiwl contains, ^rhaps, 80,00Q inhabitailits. The great market-place is degsnr and beautiful, and the public buildings ate sumptuous. Brussels was the seat of the AustriiUi government, and is cele>* brate^ lor its lace, camlets, and tapestry.-*-"Z«ou- ratn, on^he Dyle, is noted ibr its university ; and Mechlin orjifuliwifi (on theDeHder) for kce.-^^7tl» V}erpf on the Scheldt, once the most commercial city in Europe, is still of great extent, and con- tains ^ pubiie squares. InhaHtaivts ^OjQOO. The river here is 4|)0 yards wide, and, at bigU water, 22 feet tlee^. The public buildings are very handsome and numerous. Sir Thqmas ^resham took the model of the Royal Exchange in London, frotA the B^^hange here. iHie ca- *hcdi^i is a fine stru^tite, 50^ feet loftg, ^3Q broad, and 466 to tlie top of the S|)Vrd. The town-house is a grand piesw? of architecture.-— i&er^e}t-oj>>Zobm is fttmcius fbirits i^ehgth ; as are also Breia, BoMt'-Ducy ^c.^^Agincourty Matntty iies^ ^udendii*d,\M)tifplttqitetf and Jemappef are noted Ibr battlee- fotfght near those places,, i^i M1«H 1706, 1708, 170^, and 17§2.— fr«etwecn n-Fr^pfh arthfy. cpm* nianded t)y Na^leeM Boiiapai^j and a combhied force of British, Handvemn, and Prussian th)opS| L-unJer the Diike of Wellington, in which, filter fourteen hours of <;6nstant ^ghting, the French were totally dented. - ; jfi kI: E •C 9« 3 FRANCE. ¥*«AycB U bounded— on the north, bj the Ne- therlands and die Brit»h Channel; south, by Spain and the Mediterranean ; east, by Oennany, SuritzerUnd, and Italy; west, by tne Bay of Biscay. 1. Isle of France Paris, Vertailles. ,,., /AmSlSt';. Abbi'JJtfe, 2. Pkardy .^..^.^vf..^ Boulogm^ Calais, /Roueii, .H^Tre>^f- '3. Normandy «...v«*4 Ciraoe, Die|i]^ Caen, li. Bretagne or Vri- 1 Beb^^ Nad^, VCfn- tiny J ent, Brdt, St.Mitto. M. Champ-gne ........ Bh«^^^ % Alsace ...^if^l^: 4 ^*?!^^- ^^"^ 41. Franchff Comt^ ... BesanjC^ ' ^\ ^ ^ 4^: .Bourgpgne, or Bur- ) Dijol^ Chacons, Ma« 10. Orleannois Orleans, Blots. ; ^ 11. Touraine.».....H..... Tours. /^" 'f ,^ 12. Maine ...i»».^.Uri.. Le Mans.' ' IS. A^oa Angers.^ ^^ t J. »^*.«« . j Poitier^^^ Bocbelle, 15. Guienie er.:.:. .... Bawdd^^gMd 16. GasoGgne or Gasi- r^w»i, Bayonn^ Ba{> ^ ^njr I nefes; tareg«s. 17.] la ] 19.1 iea 1 Otl Berry naissii G S. Mo ta 3. Cap (•wards Si{ ^0 torrain MoaktPfl «aa partly I ,v bC cvule, ::«lais, ,Caen, M«* VEAMCl. %> 17. Luguedoe ......... | MantpHlMr, Niwe**^ 18. LyoDiKrit LyoMj^V ./ ; /, I'-^-'^v i?:^,v'^*^ 19. Piovence «;.«.. r..... Aix,MaraeiiIea^Touion. Other inferior divisions ai>e— Soissonnois, Berr^, Nivemois, Bourbonnois, Maiiphe, Limou- sin, Aneounois, Saintonge, Aunis, Bresse, Ve- «ai8sin,lLioir^ NftTarr^ xom^ mtA Rousilkm. .■■■■' v.. ItlVSBS, M OUKTAIKS, ITA^Sy XVB TSLAlfDS. 1. Rtvisilr-'Sein^ Loire, Sonjune, Garonnt, ^' ' ^ Girra«e, Rhone, Saone. < > <^ ^^'^ . ^. MooN¥AiN8.<^^P^renee8 or Pyrenean riioun>- tfuns, fNitt of the Alps, Jura, Cevenne9i.^ t^. > Vosges^. , 3. CAPBS^«*->La Hogae„ and Barlkur. 4. IsLAjT^.^ti'sliant, -BeUdslf, Khe^ OleroiA, I^ieres. — Cor$ica, in whidi ^re Baitia, St • Fiorenxo, Caivi, Corte^ Ajacteio^ and Boi|i«> iacia ' ■ r 1 ' * t!be i^reMcf separiito FriuMi* 'fi>oin Sp^ni Moant Jarajs towards S«vitc«rluid { the Ceveanes are in LangiMdoc; yaiigaa in Lonrain. ./ The highest eleratioo of the Pjreoeao chva is MooM Terda* ^arlh* <^uijtf|t beipa^ 11,090 fhet lO^tW th^Ml vtibdktji. The BOitataias called the A^pSt an parity iii.Itat||r» partly la the 8outIi*eHtfteta part eif France, partly Ul JirU «a3 par tit ia Amlruk " aoo FRANCE. At'tbe Revolution, the NatMHwl AiBenibly decreed that France, and the then French Ne- Circle of the S0uth-E8st.—-8aone and Loire, Ain, Isere, Rhtme and Loire, Puy-de- Dome, Cantal, Upper Loire, and Ardeche. #. Circle of the Coasts of the Mediterranean.— Lozere, G«rd, Herault, Droipe, Upper Alps, Lower Alps, Vaucltise, Mouths of the Rhone, Var, and Corsica. 7. Circle of the South.— Aveiron, Lot, Tarn, Aude, Eastern Pyrenees, Upper Pyrenees, Lower Pyrenees, Arriege, Upper Garonne, Gels. -6. Circle" of the South- West.— Landes, Lot and Gah)nne, Gironde, Dordogne, Correze, Upper Vienne, Charente, L^er Charente, Two Seyre% and Vendee. * Mtw^of t)M DefwrtmeBt* «i« naned from riverp $ «MBe ftonk mom!l$l^» it is net BecMSM]f to get all fli«8e iuuD«i b^ heart. FRANCE^ 101 9. Cirdc of the North-West.-^Sarte, Mabe, Mnine and Loire,. Lowef Loire, Isle Mid Vilaine, Cotei du Nord, Morbilian, and Fiiitfilerre. 10. Circle of* the Centre.— Loire and Cher, Itidre and Loire, Vienne, liidre, Clter,. Nievre,. AUier, and Creuw^ ^ )• Tab face of the country in l^ranoe is heauti^ fiilly cKversified ;- and the soil produces ail the necessaries of life in abundance, with many of its luxuries, particularly, some-of the most delicious wtnefti Beside wine^ it exports brandy, oil, silks, cambrios, jMnmes^ Stc.«^ts situation is e:^^ tremely faviMiirable to commerce. The French' are». in ffenerati rather of a lower stature than their neighbours : they are sprightly^. ▼olatilC). and' loquaoiouSi always cheerful, aiid re- markable ibr their politeness and freedofm of man- ners. On the- otner hand, ancient and recent •vents conspbe to affix a< sanguinary stain on the national character, which one would little expeci> amid so mudi. «uety and seeming benevolence. The massacre of the Protestants in 1^7S, was the most atrocious .act of treachery and cruekw in the history of mankind ; and It must be owned, that massacres, assassinatioAs, and murders, are among the most striking features of the late lie- volution.-— The French language is the most gp-^. nerally diffused of all the languages in Europe; In variety, clearness, and precision, and idioms adapted to life, business, and pleasure, it yields to no modem speech; bnt it wants force aad dig*- nity, and still more sublfmity. 3 loi fkancel Paeis m Mated on both ndeft of the Seine ; and is suppoicd to eontMii W)fiOO inhobitantfi. The houiet ere of stone. U ii surrounded with riunparts, called the BouWards ; in which there are 12 gates, some of which are superb pieces oi avchitecture.. The most remaikable space in Paris is the Place de Louis Quinee, the scene of the execution of Louis XVI. of his consort Marie. Antoinette, and his sister Elisabeth, &c. Be- sides the cathedral of' Notre Dame, one of the. largest in Europe, Paris has many fine churches. The Hostile, a fortress,, which, served as a state prison, was stormed and demoliBhed by the pecmle, 14th July 1781h. The univenity oon^sts of tour faculties, divinity, law» physic, and the sciences. The royal' observatory \% built entirely of freestone ; neither irqa Qor wood: has been em*, ployed in Ita construction* The botanical garden Vi wortJiy of its appellation of Hoyal. The IbUr principal palaces are, the Tuilleries, the Louvre^ ihe Palais-Royal, and the Luxembourg. The Eincipal hospitals are, the Hospi;tal-&enera)^ oftpitol de fa: Pietie» the Hotel-Dieu^ and the ^otel des Invalides. The two. principal theatres are, the Theati'e de.lai Nation, and the Italian Theatre. The Hotel de Ville is an ancient struct ture, in the Place de Greve, whereall public re* jjoicings are celebrated, and common- malefactors execujted. Tlie principal bnilges are, the Pont ^otre-Dame, Pon^ au Change, Pont Neuf, Pont l^yal, Pont de la Concorde.. The Seine is not ba&'so large as. the Thames at London. The most interesting of the. manufactures are, plate- glass, and tapestries made after the pictures of the greatest masters.— Paris surrendered, without sustaining any siege, to the Allied armies^ of |t.u|i«i^ Prussia, ai\d Austria,. 30th Miirieb,!?!^ ^:f« FRANCE. 1Q5 feraaHUa is noted for its firte palace * ; Amtefu^ H)r the treaty oi peace, 27th Maroh 1802 ; CVi/om, t«>r packets to Dover; Koiten (7(),000inhabitants)» fiir its comroeroe-, bridge of boats over the 8eine»^ cathedral, and exchange; Rennes (on the Vilaine)^ for its superb town4iail ; AaiUet (80,000 inhabU taiits), for its great commerce, fine buUdingSy bridges over the Loire, brandy, Sec. ; BretU tor its harbour,, extensive quay, citadel, ships of war* nuval stores^ &o. ; Rheinu, for its magnificent ca- thedral, in which the kings of France were crown- «il; MelZf for its fortifications, cathedral, and srweetmeats ; Strutburg: (50,000 inhabitants), fur its fortifications ana a cathedral, in which m a«curious clock, showing the motions of the euii and pbmetSy dayt of the week, hours, &c. ; itfi tower is AW feet high^ and is ascended by 63^. 8tepa.-^r/eaiM is remarkable for its trade in^coi^ v^ wine, brandy^ &c.^ its bridge over the Loire, wm^i:: its siege in 1426,^ which Joan of Arc, called tho MaidofOrUam»^ compelled the English to raise -f*; Taursf for its cathedral ; and B/ot#, for its palace. -^PoiiMen is noted for the victory gained near it in 1356, by Edward the Black Prince ; Roeht" fortf for its harbour, ships of war, and naval stores; Bwrdeaux (100,000 inhabitants), for ita commerce, extensive quay on the Garonne, ex- change, castle called the Trumpet, &c. ; Bayoime^ for haurs and chocolate ; Bagneres and Bareges^ for mineral waters. Toulouse contains 60,000 inhabitants : it has a superb town-house, and a fine bridge over the '•.»d * Other palaoM or seats of the lungs of Prance are, Marlj,,. Vincenaes, St Gemaio, St Cloudy Compiegne, Ponteinbleaa, &e. t 'North of this towa is the forest of Oileaasi whitih cotiri lifOOd acres,. 4. 104 FRANCB. Garonne * ."^Narhonnt is noted for honey ; Mbnt- pdlier^ for its healthy situation, liqueurs^ per- fumed waters, &c.! — Nismes^, for Roman antiqui- ties.— •Zyon5 is situated at the confluence of the . Rhone and Saone, and contains 100,000 inhabi- tants. The houses, are of free-stone ; and th(^ cathedral, town- house, hospital,, Soman amplii- theatre, and many other buildings, are worthy of attention. Its manufactures are, silks, silk- stock-, ings, velvets, laces, &c. — Grenoble, on the Iscre, is noted for leather aAd gloves ; Aix^ for hot-bftlhs ; Marseilles (90,000 inhabitants), for its antiquity, great commerce, fine port and citadel ; 7^oii/o7r, for its harbour, ships of war, docks, ship-build-, ing, rope-walk, magi^zines, foufi^ery lor can-. iaon>. &c.. CoBsiCA, 1^ lai^e island in the Mediterranean, is billy, and poony cultivated^ It yields, bow. ever, wheat, oranges, olives, figs, vines, almonds, and.ches'iflitS';: aim there are mines of,ijron« lead*^ popper, and aliim.7^Bastia, Calvi, and Corte,^ have each a strong citadel. St Fiorenzo is.ii- # tuated on a fi,ne bay. HisTOBy.-r-France afler a brave resistance, was annexed to the Roman empire by the- invin- cible arms of Julius Caesar, about forty-eight years before Christ. It continued in the posses- i^ion of the Romans till the downfal of that em- pire in the fifth century ; when it became a prey * T4ier« is a comaiuoication between the Garonne at Teolovse. and the Mediterranean, bjf a canal 190 miles ia length, 130 f«et< l^(Ot4\ '^ ^ f^t deep. PRANCE. 105 to the Goths, the Burgimdians, dtid the Franks*^ The first Christian monarch was Clovis, whose wrgn commente^d in 481. — ^Cliarlemagne was erowned in 800, and became also master of Ger« many, Spaiti, and' part of Italy. Soon after his death, the Normans,' a fierce WarlUce 'people, froni the north of Europe, subdued part of JB*rance, and in 1066, gave a king to ]£nstandj in the pe.rson of William duke of Normandy, ll^rancis I. who was contemporary with Charles V. and Henry- VIII. of England, mounted the throne in 1515. Charles IX. became king in 1560, in whose reign 50,000 Fretich l*r6testants were most- treacherously murdered. Henry the IV.. sur- named the "Great, cume to the crown in 1589» and w^ assassinated in his coach, in th& itrects of Paris,' by Francis Havaillac, in 1610. The succeeding kings of France were, Louis- XIII. Louis :ftV. Ws XV. and Louis XVL who began their reigns, respectively, in. 1^10^ 1643, 171 5j and 1774. The unfortunate Louis XVI. was pubKcly behead^ in Paris, 21st Ja-- nuary 1793, in tne 39th year of his age.— In 1789, the Firench R&volution commenced ; and, afler various changes of fortune, in the course of a bloody and destructive war, the republican form of government (to establisli whiclf had been the' chief object of the contest) has been completely overturned in Fratsce. Napoleon Bonaparte ac- - Slimed the title of Emperof Noyemiier.: 1B15^ i» C ' m' :i SPAIN. Spain is bounded— on the North, by France- and the Bay of Biscay ; south and east, by the-^ Mediterranean; west^ by Portugal and the Atlantic. PKO\^ESi -r;?! ^ ,^-: C#' ^^OWNS.^y , ^^. 1. New'^Castik. U^.. Madnd^ Toledo, Tala^ 2. Old CastiS- ...... Burgos- VaUadolid, Se-^ .^.(.^^i.*..;. Leon, A^foi^ Salainan«- :ir^r--y9%- - "■ ^^a, eiudadjiodri^^ /,..,. 4. iEstremadiira...... Badajoz, Me^a, Alcah^-^^ ^^ - tara^.AlBi«^ /.;' 3. j\\ .* J r ZJ^ % GalMa. 5. Bfscay Bilbda^? /^t^ Sebastian. , .fi%(^ ^ FonterSwa, ^ttwia.'^^ 6i Astuna Oviedo, $antilIaV]^ St»'V - ///v /^ Andero or Santandeir. ,y ifti^...^....^ Gompostelk, Corunnaf f 4.^ T)^,^: . - V ; Eeiw!, Vigb^^S ^ .^^^ ^ /%. 8. Upp^N^aire... ^E^peiuna, EsteUiL^ ^ 9. Arraipp.:^t;l; '^^^^.v H). Catabi& ......^. Barcllaia, Tor^a, Qe. 6 ?^ 1 rona,. B^si^ J^igueras,. ./ '.fe^^'^^ il% Valencia............ ^alenci%, Alicalft, Paiii^ scola.* ndr. SEA IN. RlVEAfy. MOUNTAIN 8, CAPES* AND Isr.AKDS. 1, RivEBB^a-Ebro; Guac^vi^rj GuadaJ^iVer, 3 Segutl^Tii^ Guadia^ Tagunr T^o,, J?. Mots^TAiN8.-»-Pyrenees, fMomrtatm of 'Biscay and Asturia, Montserrat in Catalonia, Sierra Morena, and the Hill of Gibraltar *. 3. CApes.— Ortegal, Finisterre, . Trafalgn^ E«« ropa Point, Gat^ or Gata,. FsSos^ and: Ulartini-il* 4. Is]:.ASDs,<-^Maiorea, with a town of the. same name.-'-^MinSca, in y^ich areCitadella and • Port Mabon.<-->Ivica br IvizAy wi^. a town of tho s^me name. Spain i» a. mounttnnous country^. li is vei^. jferttk;.: though there are large tracts of unculti- vated ground, agriculture being greatly impeded i by the superior attention paid to the large flocks of sheep. The products of Spain are, wheat, barley, wine,, oil, lemons, oranges, citrons^, rai- sins, almonds, figs,, prunes^ nuts, sugar, capers, silk^ fine WQo],,fiax, cotton,, saffron, marble, alum, eom)er, lead, iron, quicksilver, saltpetre, &c. The Spaniards have a swarthy, or olive com- plexion, with glossy black hiur and. sparkling eyes. The men. are of an elevated, but uncultivated "^ The hill of Gibraltar was formerly called Calpe, which, and WHiBt Abjia, OK theopjpofite akaiw of Africa, were called tlM FQ^ lart of: Hercules.. ' SPAIN. im' gem^$, ami aTe admired for their (totistancy and patience in adversity : they are proud, haughty, jtnd indolent.; nioVf ia^ dcteraiiniiigi but true to their word;, and e^ttremely ten^rate in their eating and drinking,., THe S|iim8h ladies are short and slender ; . and their indiscriminate use of paint,, not only upon . theiii faces, . but also on . their necks and arms, soon makes them a][>pear old.. The men wear little round bat^, waistcoats with sleeveSn and a. large mantle^ The grand di- versions in Spain aretbe exuel*ones 6f bull-feasts i and there is in almost every town in the kingdom . a large square for the purpose of eadiibitirig tnemw- Mahexd is seated in a large plain surrounded 1 hy mountains. Near it-is the river Manzanarcs^. -which, though Fmall) bas>- a magnificent bridge. The houses are mostly bulk of stone : the numbec of inhabitants about 150,000. It contains 77 churches and 66 convents t. the finest church is that of St Isidore. The streets are long, broad^ . and strai^t, and, at proper distances, adorned with fountains. There are above 100 towers oc steeples in difierent parts, .which contribute greatly to the embellishment of the city. The royal palace^ is an immense building: each front is 470 iee^. l6ng, and 100 high. The finest square in Madrid is the I^laca Mayor,., which is. surrounded h^r 136 houses, five stories hiffh, all of the same height, every story adorned with a handsome balcony, . andi the fronts supported by columns forming very fine arcades. The Frado, which is the public airine*place, is shaded with rows of' poplar-trees, and IS w..tered with. 23 fountains; Here the stately Spaniards make the most bril« liant display of their finery. Casa del Campo isv af royal nouseK)f pleasure, .afoottthf^ a juil«LfroiKi- II» SFAFN. Madrid, with flnt' gardens and pleasant walka. 3uen Retiro is anotner royal palace near the city, intended as a retreat in the neat of ftnnmef;-^ Fifteen miles N^ W. of Madrid is the famous pa. lace called the Escurtal^ built by Philip II. They reckon in it Spo pillars', ll>d()0 windows, and 14,000 doors. It IS in the form of a gridiron *. Toledo is seated on a mountain near the Tajo. There are here many superb structures, particu- larly the rojal castle and the cathedral; which last is'the rudest and most considerable in Spain. There are in it two mitres of silver, gilt, and set all over with pearls and precious stones ; also two bracelets and an imperial crown, dedicated to the Virgin Mary^ consisting of gold, large diamonds, ancTotfaer jewels* The vessel which contains tlie consecrated water is of silver, gilt, as high as at man, and sa heavy^ that it requires 30 men to carry it ; within it is anotlier of pure gold, enrich-^ ed with jewels. Toledo has » university, and manufactures silk and wool. Burgos and Leon are noted for their cathedrals ; Valladolid^ foB its university f iSWovta,. forthe best Spanish. cloth, paperj mint for coming money, and a stupendous Roman aqueduct; Salamanca, on the Tormes,. for its univermty and cathedra); Badajozy for its bridge over the €ruadiana ; and' Alcantara^ for its bridge over the Tagus ; both bridges built by the Romans.— CuM^od ifodng» was taken by storm from the French, by the com-* bined army- of British and Portuguese^roops, Ja- nuary 19. 1819.— .'^^t'/^oa, is- noted for sword- blades; OvkdOf for a univerrity ; GomposteUa, for a university, and! a cathedral, m whieh, it is said^ St logo or St James was interred ; Corunna^ for * Besides tlie Esentia], tken we slfotherojrvliiil&ceftof Artfu JkesandSt-Ikbfoaadi SPAIN. ^Mt packets to and from Falmouth ; Ftrrol^ for iti harbour and ships of war. SaragosBa has. a uuWersity, and contains manj maffnificent churches. The finest church is that of Nuestra Sj|B;niora del Pilar, in^^ which is 9xt image of the Virgin MaJy, the ornaments of which of inestimabfe valiie. There are here two are bridges ov«r the 'Shroj^^BierceUma i» very exten- sive and populous, has a university, a strong fort, a palace for the viceroy, an exchange, &c. and is. famous for curious woi^lis in glasss also for silks, knives, fire-arms, and blankets. Sevilltf on. the Guadalquiver. is reclifoned'' the second city in Spain r it was once the caf>ital. It is of a round form, fortified by a strong* wa]^^ flanked with high towers. Inhabitants 80,000.* The cathedral is one of the largest in Europe ;- and has a steeple of great height and curious work. 112 SPAIN. This port is the ccnatre of the Spanish conmiferce to the West Indies -and America. Inhabitants 70,(XKX There are two grand cathedrals, and an- hospital that will contain 6000 patients; After a long blodcade by the French ^durhig which it was defended chiefly by the British) ' the Viege was terminated August 24; 181S^ the French flying, with precipitation, and leaving behind them a nu- merous artillery mid a large quantity^ of sMores. Gibraltat is the strongest fortress in the world. It was taken by the English in 1704, and will be ever memorable for th^ diseomfiture of the nnited flatted of France and Spain in 1782, after a dose siege of three years. Tnere are about 5000 inha- bitants, besides a numerous wxetk9oni^**>Oranada is noted for a pukoe of the kmgs of Spain, and' another of the Moorisb- Kings ; Malaga for wine and fruits ; Murcia^ on the Segura, for a superb cathedral, with a steeple, the stairs of which arc so contrived, that a'person may ride to tlie top of it either on horsebadc or in a coach.-^-^Carthagena is noted for- its excellent. harboui:, docks, and ma- gazines ; Valencia, fix its university, cathedral, and manufactures of cloth and silk ; Micant, for its castle, harbour, wines, and fi^uits ; Cvrurtiia, Saia* manca^ TcUaverOy AtbuerOj Barossa, and Vittoria, fibtr battles, in whiofa the French were defeated chiefly by the British; Baiqfoz, Ciudad R&drigo, Cadiz^ Tarigu^ Saregossa, Germa, Tarragona, Figueraa, Valencia, Ptniscola, Pampeluna, St Se- MStsdan, and Surgoa, fWr sieves during the late con^- test ; Mnumza, tor the defeat of the &itish and Dutch troops by the French and Spaniards ia^ 1707. The islands of JfaTc/orctt and Minorca are moun- tainous,, but produce corn, fruits^ wane^jandlio* Biey ; /oica ia noted foe salt*. ^PAIN.. J13r IIistORY.— Spain was long an- c' *'»efe of con- tention between Ilome and Carthase ; lill at length the litoman arms prevailed. I.t uccamc next a prey to the Goths and Vandals, and afterwards to, the Saracens of Moors, from Mauritania in Africa, Tiic Moors established themselves in the southern, pi'ovinces, which they held about 700 y.cars. loc the reign of Iferdinand and Isabella, about the end ol the 15th. century, they were finally ex-. pellcd out of Spiain. Charles V... Emperor of Ger- many,, came to the thrpne in 1516; and, on his resignation, in 1.558, his son, Philip II. became king. Charles- II. having no issue, named Phili]j, duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. for hi» successor, and died in 16611. This gave rise to a, bloody war^ in. which almost all Eurofie was en-- Sftged. Pliilip, however, succeeded, in 1701, by ietitl$;of Philip V.— In 1808, Bonaparte aU lured the royal family into France, and endea- voured to fix his brotrier Joseph on the throne,^ ipstesad of the b^reditar^ heir Fordinand VII. lu. consequence, of the expulsion of the French from, Spain, Ferdinand became kiitt ; but has shown himself, a. bigot and despot, t)y:. re-establishing^; the Inquisttioii, and persecuting the Cor/te«, who,, during his absence, had abohshed that infernaL CQMrt, and framed a liberal system of government. Ferdhiand was born in 17,84,.^ and succeeded his^ ffttjiej:. QliarJejB l.Y. who luid nbdjcfited tUec):pw.iu. [i 15* t 11* 3 PORTUGAL. PeiiTUGAL 18 bounded— on the north and eA&t by //' Spain ; south and west, b^ the Atlantic* V J PEOVINCES. j/^^^T0WN^\X ' 1. iEstremadura Lisbon, St Ubes, VU /. /. J- miera, Abrantes,' ,.yr-^f^3 o/^antarc4n. ^ f. Beira...^^. Coimbra, Guarda, At- i^y^^ '^ meida. ^ f^jJ, ^V ' /. Minho |Bri^ Oporto, Jiau^ <£/ /o //- Villa Heal.*/^ 5, Al^ejfc: ^Ipvora, ISX^^Votv^X 6. Algam \^ xagos. Faro, Tavica. 1'. BivzHs.— ^'Digusor Tajo,6uadiana3IondegQ)| // Douro, Minfap; ^rv/ $. Caprs.— St YiMnt, Rbca or the Bock of | Lisbon, Mondego.„ PbRTUGAL, like Spain, is veiy mountainous, | The soil is not very productive, either with re* gard to corn or pasture; but there is great abun- dance of oranges,. lemons, fig?, raisins,, almonds,! nuts, and olives ; with mines of iron, tin, li^ad, and marble.. The principal production of thisj country is wine, known by the name of Pbrt ; of I which vast Quantities are exported. | In general, the Portuguese are an elegant racci I with, regular features, aa olive complexion,^ anil PORTVGAl/, tii^ ifOk expressire eyes. They are represented m a treacherous, revengeful, ana biguted people ; but they have displayed much courage and patriotism^ ']ft the defence oftheir country against the French. The women are rather below tlian above the mid* die stature : they are graceful and beautiful. LisBOH is seated on the Tagus, ten miles front Its mouth. It is buil^- ia the torutpf an amphi- theatre, on seven hiHs. The entrance to the har* bour (which will contain 1000 ships with the greatest safety )t is defended by two forts. The eity is alfN> protected by the fort of Belem and a citadel ; and vrtt^^ is conveyed to it by a grand aqueduct. The royal palace*^ fronting the river« is large) and magnificent. Besides iike cathedral^ iy/\\\m is frttcicnt and gloomy) there ai^ in Lisbon,. 40 parisir'cnurches, oO opavents, a uhtversity, a tribunal of tlv? Inquisition^ two tlieatres. Number of inhabitants, dOO^OOO. Next to London and: Amsterdam, ^Lisbon is reckoiied the most com- i^ercial: ibwn m Burope. Great part of it was destroyed by a diJc^adMil earthquake, Novembec 1. 1755 ;: but it has been. 4iandsomely rebuilt. The number of inhabitants who perislied was es«. timated at 50 or 60 thousand; The parliament of Great-Britain,, on receiving inteNigence of thifr event,, immediately voted l(X),000 pounds for the velief of the distressed people of Lisbon. In De- cember 180T, thiseiAy was entered by the i!rench, who evacuated it in August 1809^ St Ulbesi or Se^luvafy. is noted for salt ; Coimbra- (on the IVIonde^)), for a university, fine cathe- dral, and a curious bridge built by the llonMHis ; Oporto or J^orto (on the Bouro), for wine; IJoora for a university ; Etvas, for its castle, and a cis- tern. So large, that it will hold water «uf6cienttft im PORTUGAL. serve the town for ^x inont1». — Near Vimierty the British defeated the French, in 18U8. HisToiiiY.— Portugal, an a part of Spain, par- , took of t)>e vici»situdes which ibllowed tne dccliiM ofthelloman empire. In 1139, Alphonso VI. gave that part ot Portugal which he possessett, with his daughter, in marriage, ^to Henry of Kur. gundy, grandson uf Bobert, King of France. The crown continued in this family till 1580, when: Philip II. of Spain reuniled it to his kingdom. In 1640, the PortugMese rendered themselves in.' dependent of the Spanish crq.wn,. and placed the Duke of Braganza on tlie throne, by the name of John! V.!-»Maria-France8-l8abclIa, present queen of Portugal, was bom 1734^, and began her reign HI 1777. This Princess being disordered' by re- Itgious melancholy, the govemnient of the country rests witli her son, John-Maria-Joseph-Louts, the Prince of Brasil, who was born in 1767. In 1807, in consequence of the Frencn invading Portugal^ the whole of ^e roytl family embarked in a neet in the Tajo, and on December 1st smled for Brasil, escorted by four Brkish men of wai^ A regoBcy was previously appointed; but no attempt>'%as made to resist the French, who soon after entered the capital. In 1.808, an army was sent from Britain, to aid the Portuguese, and the French were defeated on the 81st of August at Vimicrav This battle was followed by a convention, in con- sequence of which^ all the French forces were sent by sea to their own country. The French again- entered Portugal; but, after successive defeats by the British and Portuguese troops, they were OPmpletcly expelled from: that country. . C "7 3 I T A L Y. Italy 4t belfiided— in its northern parts, b^ France, Switzerland, and Germany ; every where else by the Mediterranean. DIVISION! TomsB, h States of the Church, \Roroe, Tivoli, Fresoati, • or the Honian State J Civita Vecchia^ Vi- ' ^^ — — conaipreliendingv -terbo, Perugia, Lo- .; * St Peter's Patrimo-^ rcUd, Ancoua^ Ki y ; , CampagniMii-V nini, Jtavenila, ^ok* -^ ■''^ bruzzo, Principat Calabria, &c incipato, \ Canosa, Ban^ Bnn« dbi, Tarento, Ot- ranto, Maida. 3. Dutchy of Tuscany, \ y^^/^ ^ /i containing the pro- /Florence, Pisa, Lcg- ymces of the Floren- > horn or Livorkio^ tino, Pisano, and Si-1 Sienna. C? cnnese. J ^ 4. Dutchies of Mo-"| ti, C; I f Modena, "J // dena,lVlirandola,aDd [• ^^ Mirandplop Mantua. r/P p. Dutchy of Parma ... Patma, Placenza. Mil^n^-^^^^avia, Lodi,"^ "" |6.DutcbyofMUan.^ SSriao^S: 1 andria, Marengo. 7. Dutchy of MoDtferrat Casal, Acqui or Asti. 118 ITALY. DIVISIONS. fA/tA/' t6\i^.'' 9, Dutchy of Savoy i awA County of >^hamberry/'Aik> Nice. Nice. -fcJ } ' -/' .^' 10. State of CreneMi/^4/^.^^ Geoo^ Savona. 11. Republics of Luc- ) -rA / ^^ *, ^2^'^' tai aW^ MaHno. | !-"«», St 3^^„o. Veiffee, Padua, Vicen- 12 //^l 0> (Veiflc^, Pad^ Vicen. ^netumTerritcnyv>^ za> Vero\4^ Brescia^ i Bergamo. ^<^ 1[!1ieFe are, also, the «mall principalities of { Monaco, Oneglia^ Massa, and Piomtlno; with towns of the tome names. Part of Italy was formed by Bonaparte into | •a sovereignty called the kin^dlom of Italy ; of which he was king. It compnsed the dutchiesofj Milan, Mantua, and Modena ; all the Venetian t^ritories; the ,pro^inc?8 o€ Romagna, Bologna, «nd Ferrara^ &c. Milan wat the capital. miVfeaS, LAKKB, MOUNTAINS, ^ITLFS, VTBAIt^| CAPES, AKn ISLANnSw 1. RivEBs-^— Po, Adige, Atitda, Teshi iorTesi- no, Mincio, Fiumickio or Rubicon^ Amo,| Tiber^ Teveron^ Volturnoi Offiuito. <, %, Lakes.— Ma^ore or Locarno» Lugano, 0| mo, Ibco, Gardai Perugia, Bf^sena, Ceknb. %, MaviiTAilis.--^4rt of the Alfisy Mount BlartC)| ITALY. li^ f Coni. it) Nice. rmo. ly Vicen. Brescia)" alities of no; ivith )art^ into! Italy; of I utchiesof Venetian i Bolo^a,! BTRAlt^ wTcsi-l n, Arno,] Mpunt Rosa, Great and Little St Bernard, Mount Cenis, Mount Viso, the Appenines^ Mount GarganO) Mount Vesuvius ** 4. Gulfs anc^STaAiTiM— Gulfs of Veidce, ,Man- fredonia, Tarent^ Salernp^^.Napl^' and Genqa,---Stniit%€^Messii|lii^and Bionifacio. ^ I i^ Capes.— Spiuruyento, Leuca or Finisterra. i{. IsLAKDS.r—5xcf7y ; in which are Falermo, Mes« sina, Catania, Syrapusp, ^^pi^ Mount Eijpa, or Gibello. — Isles of Lipan ; jMrincipa^o^i- pari, $tromboli,,and \oLc3Xko,^-^Sardffim^^S£j^' which are, Cagliari and Sassan.— Corsica,— ^ Caprif'^Ifchia,''~'JElbaf-^Malta ,* in which is ■i/ ,^ }■.*«*• •^- ■^/.' Italy, in its ngure, bears n striking reaenif^ blance to that of^^ leg or boot. It is a fertile Und beautiful country, and produces a great Va riety of wines, and the best joil in Euro|)e ; exceU lent silk ; corn of all sorts, but not in great plenty; oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, almonds, raisins, «ugar, mulberry-trees, "figvS peaches, ncc* tarines, apricots, pears, apples, filberts, chesnutr/ 1 &c. It contains also mines ci iron, lead, alum. >rh • ) A * Mount Blaik! (ia Satoy) b tlie highest ■mawtrnfit'^ not only, of the Alps« iMtft of Euro^.— Tho Appeninef begin at. the Stnte «f Genoa* and'j^aM through the middle of Italy to the southern ex- treiuitiea of tha Icingdom of Naples.-^ Vesuvios ia a famous bnin<* mg monntain or TJoiJIcanQ* about i|tn miia* muth^enst of the city of Naple8.---It» firat eni|^tjon (ifhich happened in, the year 79) de» strayed tW cities of Hercnlaneum and PompeiL These cities have been dikcovwed again t tha former in 1 713 ; the latter iibout forty lIltBlartCilyiannllar. VwMTittiinshadabottt40ar«ptieai. gano, Ol 120 €TALt. Bulphul^, copper, antimony, and mathle. Italy 1$ Tery mountainous, especially in its northern parts. "Calabria is particulany subject to eartliquakes, of which dreaaful ones happenud in 1638 and 1783. The Italians are, in general, well-proportioned, active, and comely, with such animated counte- •nances as have greatly agisted their |Jaihters in the expression of real beauty on the canvas. The ladies are remarkably handsome, and are said to possess all that delicacy of feeling which gives i)irth to the enthusiasm of love. In their dispo. ^itions, tlie people are rather vindictive tlian braVe ; superstitious than devout. They' subsist chiefly on vegetables ; and the immoderate use of strong liquors is almost universally 4iscounte*> Glanced. Rome, once the mistress of tlw world, is built on seven small hills near the Tiller, over which it has four bridges. The walls are of brick, lA which are 15 gates. Its circumference is upwards of 16 miles : but it 'contains only about 160,000 inhabitants. The street called the Corso is the most frequented. There are several other very noble streets ; "but, in general, Home exhibits a strange mixture of magni^ent and interesting, :mid of common and beggarly -objects ; the former consisting of churches, palaces, fountains, and remains of antiquity; the latter comprehending iilmost all the rest of the f fbe Doric order, and constructed of 54 blocks of white marble. Its height is 115 feet, and it is ascended by a circular marble stair-case, consist- ing of tS5 steps. On its top stood formerly a statue of Trajan ; but Pope Sextus V. ordered that to be taken down, and replaced by one of St Peter.— The amphitheatre of Vespasian is'the most stupendous monument of antiquity in Rome. From the remains of it still visible, it is calcula- ted that it could contain 85,000 spectators. Of splendid palaces, there are, the Vatican or Pope's palace, containing a noted library ; the senatorial palace, the Cdlonna palace, the Justiniani palace, &c. Besides the university, there are several academies and literary societies. The castle of St Angelo serves more to. keep the city in awe than to repel any foreign attack. There are few manufactures in Rome^ and the people are said to be, iii general, .extrem^y idle, indolent, and dissolute. TivoH and Frescad are noted for their sur- rounding beauties.— JLorc^to is famous for an image of the Virgin Mary, said to be brpught from the Holy Land by angels*— ^neona is no- ted for its fine mole, strong citadel, and Tra- janV triumphal arch.— •^o/og'na, (called the Fat froni the fertility of the surrounding country), is remarkable for its university, academy of arts and sciences, magnificent 'buildings, and fine paintings, fiologna is seated near the Re- mo, which turns 400 silk mills.-r-iVap/e« is' the largest and most populous city in Italy, contaii\- ing 350,000 inhabitants. It rises like an amphi* jt;heatre from the beautiful bay of iVap/e«, and is it ALY. M sir stjr- for an ffpugbt I is no- ,d Tra- the Fat wutry), emy of rs, and the Ke- U 18' the contaiiv ti amphi- and is defended by three strong castles, particularly that of St Elmo. The cathedral is a fine Gothic edi- fice, and the kitig''s pilace is magnificent. The Strada di Toledo is nearly a mile in .length, is wide, and contains shops filled with all kinds of merchaTidrlse, besides sev^l churches, and some palaces of the richer nobility. Naples has also some fine squares. The chief articles manufac- tured hiere are silk stockings, soap, .snuff-boxes of tortoise-shelland lava, And tables and ornamental furniture of inai'ble. Their mac<':roni$ cdnfectiotis, and cordials, are in the highest esteem. A great proportion of the inhabitants consists of priests, monks, fidlers, lawyers, Inobilit}^ Tootihen, and lazzaroni or vagabonds ; persons who cclntribute little to -the welfare of the community. The laz- zaroni alone have been rated at 40,000. Many of the poorer sort spend the night, as well as the day, in the streets, for want of habitations. — Be- tween Canosa and the rivier Offanto was the an- cient town of Canitrj|' 2 ^f«4 ITALY. (45,000 inhabitants), is noted for its finehar1»our, canals, and commerce ; Jfan^iKz, for its fortifica- tions and sieges ; Pamuty for its university, mag. nificent catl^dral, and its large and beautiful opera-house. Milan (called the Great) is -situated betweea the Adda and Tesin, and contains 130,000 in- habitants. It has a strong citadel, and a. vast number of churches, convents, hospitals, and col- leges. The cathedral is a grand structure, 500 feet long, 200 broad, and 400 high. It stands in the centre of the city ; and, next to St Peter's at Rome, is the largest church in Italy. This vast fabric is entirely built of solid white marble, and supported by 50 columns, 64 feet high. "The governor's palace is also magnificent. The manufactures here are, ^iik ana velvet stufi^, stockings, handkerchiefs, ribbands, gold and silver lace, embroideries, woollen and linen cloths, glass, porcelain ware, &c.— PaiTui, on the Tesin, is noted jbr its university; Lodifora battle in 1796, in ^hich the French defeated the Austrians ; Acqm and Aix, for i^ineral waters ; Turint >Qn th6 Po, for its royal palace, university, and strong citadel. -^Gtnba (called the Proud^ is built like an amphi- theatre, and abounds with m^jgnificent churches and palaces. It has an exoel^nt harbour, with a mole of great length, and is surrounded by lofty walls. The inhabitants are computed at 80,000. They have manufactures of velvet, silk, and cloth. In 1800, it suffered by a terrible sieges was taken by the Austrians, but restored to tiie Frendi in a few days, in consequence of the battle of Marengo, fought 14th June. Venice is buut on 72 islands, i and contains | S00,000 inhabitants.' There are many canals,, ;«#ver which are numerous^brldges ; the principal r^j\ L T^ iQ5 ef which' is- called the Rialtb, huili of marble over the great canal, which has a serpentine course through the middle of the city. The most re- markable place in Venice is the Eflazzo di St- Marco, in which are^-. the ducal palace, the churches of St Mark and Geminiani, and other fine buildings, all of whicli are of marble. The arsenal of Venic6 is a fortification of between two and three milds^in compass. It is, at once, a^ dock-yard ,and repository for naval and military ' stores. The manufactures of this city are, sillc, scarlet-cldth, mirrors, isLC'—Veroiia, on the Adig6, - is noted for its amphitheatre, . built by th« = Romans. . Sicily is divided into Val dr' Demone, Val di Noto, and Val di Mazara. It^ is extremely fer« tile in corn, wine, oil,, silk, and fruits.-^PaA;nno« . the capital, contains 150,00(^ inhabitants. There are in it upwards of 900 churches.— jtfes^nta is noted for its citadel and spacious harbour in fomT> of a half moon; Syracuse or S^fracusa^ for ita siege by the Romans 214 years before Christ, and for being the. birth-place of Archimedes. , Mount Etna has had ^t least 33 eruptions, of which that in 1693 was the most dreadful. It was accompanied by an earthquake, by which the city of Catania was destroyed. Dunng the late contest, .Sicily was protected from the tVench by. British troops% The Lipari tslant!* are I2^^in^ number. They produce alum, sulphiir, nitre, wine, raisins, cur- rantSy figs, ,&e.— Aromio/t is a constant volcano, - and is therefore called the light-house of the Me- diterranean.-— «$(sr£^t'nia produces corn, wine, oranges, citrons, and olives; and has mines gf^ leid,.^sulphur, and alum.^r-Coriica4ia0..becn. ol^^* a* \&6 I T A L Y. ready taken notice of. ^^Elba produces good wine ;. oranee and lemon trees thrive well ; and it is noted for iron, loadstone, marble, and the tunny fishery on its coast. It has two towns, Porto. Ferrajo and Porto-Longone. Elba is also re- markable for being the place assigned by the air lied powers as the abode of Napoicon Bonaparte on his first resignation of tlie crown of France, He was landed in £)ba on the 3d of May 1814,. from which he escaped to France the beginning of March 1815. [See Paris,] — Malta is strongly fortified, and sustained a dreadful ^iege in 1566; in which the Turks lost 3p,0(K) men. It pro> duces little corn, but has large quantities of 1q> mons, cotton-trees, and vines. Vakttai the capi- ta], is amazingly strong, both by nature and art. This island wa^ subject to the ICpights of Maha, but was taken from them by the French. After a close siege of two years by the British fleet^ the French were forced to evacuate it. Malta iff now subject to Britain. His^i'ORY. — The Roman state in Italy was foundeid by Romulus, abput 753 years before the birth of' Christ. By; degrees it .extended its con- quests, pot only ovec.jili Italy, but to tlie greatest part of the known world. J[ulius Caesar added to It Gaul, great part of Q^rnpfany, and evei| carried the terror of his arms into. Britain. He. was slaiu in the senate-house, 44 yeari^^ before Christ. In the fifth century, the Rqn^n empire was over- turned. The Lombards,, a nation of Germany, seized upon the greatest pi^^t of the north of Italy, and founded the kingdpm of Lombardy in 57l, which lasted till 772, w^ien it was overturned b^ Charlemagne. During the .feeble government of his. fiiccessors, Italy w&e dWided intq diCerfiit stftps^ Italy; ivr Ferdinand IV. King of Naples and Sicily, (or of both Sicilies) was born in 1751, and as- cended the throne in 1759. Ferdinand was driven out ofltaly by tlie French, and the title of King of Naples conferred on Joseph Bonaparte, afterwards the nominal Kins t)f Spain, who was succeeded in Naples by Joachim Murat, brother- in-law to the Emperor Napoleon. This unfortu- nate man was, in 1715, forced to fly from Naples, ^ and, attempting to excite an insurrection in his favour, was taken prisoner and shot. — Victor Emanuel, King of Sardinia, was born in 1754.-— Pius VII. the Pdpe, was born in 1742, and was elected in 1800. After being long captive ia* France^ he was restored in 1814. I »«■ % ■ m 3- SWIT^ERLANP. S SwiTZEit£AKO or SwiftsxitLAKDy or thci He>«i€tic Republic, is t}ounde4<**on the south hy Italy; north and east by Germany ; west by . France Switzerland Proper consiirttfl^of thirt^n divi- sionr-, callc^ QanlbpiaB;. of which, and the^princi- ,pal towns, the following are the uani^ei^ : , ^ CAMTOKa. TOWKS., 1* Herti*. •••«••••« Bern*' 2. Priburg ...... Friburg. 3. Soleure Soleure. \ r 4.- Basle ......... Basle. 5. Schaffhausen SchafFhauseiK. 0. Zurich. Zurich*, T^Zugv.. Ziig. jxf'--' 8. Lucern ^..... Lucem. <^^ 9. Schweitz ...... Schweit&/ 10. Glaris Qlaris. -' 11. Appenzel...... Appenzel; 19. Underwald... Stantz. / 13. IJri Altorf- " » . ■ _ Fart of the canton of.Biem is called the P^y^fiie Vaud, or country of Yaud, in which is Lausanne. —Switzerland is now,,d}Videj}, into 19 cantons, Tiz. Appenzel, Argau, Basle, Bern, i^Viburg,. Glaris, prisons, Liucem, St Gal), Schaffhausen, Schweitz, Soleure, TFesin, Thurgay, Qade^aldi^^l Vri>.ya^dy iSug^ and Zurich, SWITZBRUmr X 199 Cmtntrm in JUianee with the Swita, DITWiaill. T0WV8. U CotiDtry of the Grisons Coite'or Chur;' !!. Repubfic of Vidais Sion or Sitten. 3. Republic of Geneva ....... .^ Geneva. > . ■■ 4^^ Pnncipality of Neufchatel... NeufchateL ^ 5. Bishoprieof Baiile'k 1 Porentru. 6. Abbey of St Gall St Gall, Also the countriet^tyf Chiavenna and Bormio ; the principi^ towns ■of'Awhicb-are^r.Ghiavenna ami Bormioi Cm^ntriea Subject to thi^ Stmw^ BAlf.1iIt'wiCKS. TOWNS. ^ .1 ■ ]«i Baden..... Bddem^^-. ^ .1 2. Thurgau ..,..,... Fravenfield. S^^RIveintlial ........ Bbctncek. ^ ■ A.Maggiaf ............ Mag^a. t, I 5. Locamo;, Locarno. . . 6. iJiguim V Luffaoo; 7w ^ BelTizoQ^ . .,. »•,.. .. ■ Be^ion^. BITSBS^ XAXBay.:AMi> MOUlITAlXg^ r?3i»ae^ I i:TBiviBR8.-»-Mmey.,Bbone, Aar,/R^ug, und tusanne. I i^^nmat. . ,// cantons, I / ^'/'j // • feViburc^ I •- /■ '"^ H . fhausen, I 23'LArE».-^T}i6se of Geneva, N^fchatel, Thun, ()c»rwald I Brientz, Zuri^,^Zug, Luuern, WaUenat^idt^ ^ ^^ *^" and Conttance. 4^c, I JV ISO SWITZERLAND; 3. MouNTAiifs.— Part of the Alps; Mcnint St Gothard, in the canton of Uri ; Mount Fi- \9fKf at lake Lucern ; part of Mount Jura* Swi^TZEULAKD h tKe most remarkable country in Europe for mountains, 'lakes, and variety of prospects; The traveller is defighted ivith a con- stant succession of beautiful, romantic, and sub- lime objects. The foot of the mountains, and sometimes- also the very summits, are covered with vineyards, corn-fields,, meadows, and pasture- eroundsiv Other part» of the country are more dreary, consisting almost entirely of ^ barren and inaccessible rocks, some of which are continually covered witli snow or ice. . In some parts there h a regular gradation from extreme wildness to high cultivation ; in others, the transitions are very ab- rupt Here you may behold a continued chain of cultivated hills,, richly clothed with wood, and a'.udded with liamlets and cottages ; there, rocks, cataracts, and mountains of prodigious height, <* whose heads touch heaven."— The products of Switzerland are, sheep and cattle, wine, i^heat, barley, oats, ftax, ^emp, apples, pears, nuts,: cher- ries, plums, andchesnut9. The Swiss are generally tall, well-proportioned, active, and laborious; distinguished for their honesty, steadiness, and bravery ; and, above all, ^r their zealous attachment to the liberties of their country : they are frank, sincerey And hospi- table to Strangers. In most parts of Switzerland sumptuary laws are in force, as well to preserve the greatest plsunness and simplicity of manners,, as to. banish every thing that has the appearance SWITZERLAND. isr of saperfluity and excess. No dancinc is allowed, except on particular occasions ; silk, mcc, and sc« yeral other articles of luxury, are totally prohibit ted in some of the cantons; and even the head-- dresses of the ladies are Subject to regulations. The cottages convey the liveliest image of clean-' lihess, ease, and siinpKoity. Many of them have their little territory, generally consisting of a field or tw6 of fine pasture-ground ^ frequently skirted with trees, and well supplied with water: it is no wonder, therefore, that the Swiss peasant should be attached to his country. The police is well regulated. The punishment of death is almost faUen into' disuse. Instead of being subjected to capital punishments, felon»are impnsoned in the house of correction *. • i I'* BiiitN, the capital of Switzerland, is situated on ,a peninsula, formed by the river Aari The streets are broad ctnd long, and the houses of grey stone, resting jOn' arcades. There are several li- braries and oollettions of natural curiosities. The adjacent'country is rich and fertite ; and tlVe pro- spect of hilli^ lawns, wood, and water, is bounded' at a distance by the long chain of the superior Alps, rising like snowy clouds above the horizon,—* Lausanne is celebrateq for the l)eauty of its si^ua- tion.-^^ Fribiirff is seated among rocks and hills. Three miles From this town is a celebrated her- mitage, cut in a rock, and contkinin^ a church and steeple, a vestry, a kitchertj-a hall^' two rooms, and a cellar. Th^ clUirch is 63 feet long, 36 broad, and 22 high, and the steeple jTO feet nigh : ■ * The above was tha character of tbe Swiss, prcviouR to the French Revolution. 6 lot SWITZERLAND. fhe whble performed by one man «nd hir Mrrtnt ; m 85 years»— JBof fe is skuftted ob both tifles of the luine, over which is a handsome abridge. The cathedral is an ancient Gpthic'edifice, oon^ tapping the- tonib of the ffreat-ErMmus t aBd< the uuversky his producecT many illuetrious men. T|ie docks here aie dwajs set an hour too fast ; ; be^ausfr the town^dkwk weai so on fi df^ rapetnt* fd-to murda^vtbodnagistfates, by wfatc£^tne con. spiracy wasdi8cenoerted.-»-€!0iM«a is seatec^at the south-west extremity of thelakeiofthe same name» and is vdivided l^ the Bb<»ie into two unequal^^ parts. The housesrare lofty, and the-situation is ddightfuT^ Itthas a univenuty, and is noted £»r watchmaking. Idhabitants 26,000.— .Aufeir is noted for bliths ; and Schaufff^mtHa^ioat a cataract: of the:KhiBe near it^^at Lauffen. HiSTomr.— Switzerland was subdued by the Jlomans about 60 years before Christ^ The Germany and Burgiindians took possession of it. in 395 ; to whom it continued' under little more ^n a nominal subjection tiH' about the year 1900 $ when the emperor -^bert treated them witb ft) much rigour, that they petitioned him M;ain8t the oruelty of > his governors. Thisfseinred only, to redouble the haraships of the people ;: and one ^ of Albert^d Austrian go¥emor8, Grisler, in the* wantonriess of :tyranny9 set up^a hat upon apole,. to which be ordered the natives to pay as much^ respect as to himself. One Wittiam 'feir, being: observed to pass frequently withcmt taking notice of the hat, and being an excellent marksman, the- tyrant condemuied him to bo.haneed,. unless her '«ov.e an apple upon his son'*s head at a certain^ ite with an arrow*. Tell bad the dext^tji < i »WITZgttLAN0. l» tar cleave the apple, without hitting the child.? The tyrant, pefceiving he had another arvow^^ stuck m his belt,, jisked kiin for, what purpose? To which he bol^ repUed, ** To have shot yoa " to the heart, ifi haa had the misfortune to kiH "-my son.^ The enraged governor ordered hint to be imprisoned. But he soon made his escape^ . and his raUow-citizens, animated by his fortitude and patriotism, ^flew to arms, attacked and van^.^ quished Gtider, who was shot to 4eath. by Tell ; aod the independency of Switteriand undinr a re* publican fbrm of govemment, to^ place irnme* 4»tely, '•■ , 1^- ■■^^:-'. ■> U M« ' I' ■//'-■■ HUNGARY. HuSGAEY (jncludihff Transylvania, Sclavonia, and Croatia) is bounded^-on the south and east,, hy Turkey ; nwtB, by Poland'; west, by Austria and Moravia. . DIVISIONS^- V2^%^W1JWK ^ ; 1. Hungl^ty Proper ^r^resburg^ Buja, Pest, including' Upper T'^;^omorn, Gran, Agria, and jMYnet Aun-r^/l^ocli&y,. . Temeswai> garyv^) WiX^remnitz, Schemnitz. ,j j^'V ^^ / Hermanstodt, Jf',^m» 2. TranayW ania ... T,'!"^ senburg, ..., .Clausen- *^avwa. Zffisseck^ Poseg*^ r ^ 2 ?T7 ^ '• waradi^.:? * cio«fi«:..r::. {^"^'^ , ■*8««"'^* RlVSRSj LAKES, AND MOUNT AINS. f. RivEES-p-IHinube, Drave^vg^veJ TeysSyMaro*; 2. Lakes. — Lake'Faktton.or Platten-saa, Lake Pelso or Neusidler>sea "f. ^t 3; MouNTAiNSi-r-Carpatfaian or Erapack moun- tains. ■ Hungary is, in general^ a fertile country, and produces abundance of com, good pasturage, and die most delicious-fruits, especially grapes. There are mines of gold, silver, quicksilver^ copper, anti- mony, iron,.and salt. The gem called opal.is pe- * Most of the towns in Hang;ary have two .lanes ; the^ one Ger- man, the other Hungarian. Thub, Priesbor^cr PosMif Buda or 0ffen ; AgpHa or Erlau, &c. "^ Lake Balaton is soutli-west of Bada } aid Peiso,. 8cutl»>wiest •f Presburi^. PeUo, «outb»^*«sl HUNGARY. 135 oitliar to this country. Game is in such plenty,.. that hunting is allowed to all. Hungarian hoi'se»' are highly esteemed. The greatest part of Hu;;^-^ gary r roper is a 'vast plain : Translyvania, Sdb— vonia, and Croatia, are. woody and mountainous. All these countries are < subject to the House of Austria.-^The Hungarians are well shaped, ffe>> nerous, and brave,. but haughty and revengeful. Their dress, consisting of a tight vest, . mantle, and furred cap, is graceful ;^4mcl their whiskers add a military ferocity to their appearance. The horse» men are called hussars. . Presburg, on the Danube, is a fortified town, , with a strong ^castle on a hill^ and a cathedral,. in which the sovereign is' crowned. The inhabi- tants are abbut 27,000.-^The Danul)e is here very rapid,' dnd about 2S^0 yards in breadth.-^- Buda, on the Danube, is blIso strongly fortified. The churchles and' other, public buildings ace handsome ; but the town is chiefly noted for its hot baths and wines; Including Pes^ it contains about d4<,OjO(^ inhabitants. There id^,#. bridge of '^boats, half a mile long, between Buda..and Pest.— Toc/:ay, on the Teyss, is famous for its excellent mvi^.^Cremnitz is noted for its gold . mines; and Scktmnitz or Chemnitz for those of silver.— At Esstcky there is a bridge, or rather a continuation of bridges, over the Drave and marshes, five miles in length, fortified with.towers. HisTORY.-rH^ingairy was fprmerfy an assem- blage of difierent states.^ The first who assumed the title of King was Stiephen, in 097, when he embraced Christianity.,. In. his reign the crown, was rendered elective. In 1687, it was declared: hereditary in the House of Austria ; in which fa» mily it has continued ever since. •'v^ ■I ;.'V ' ^i \ .«?-•} t^n^' TURKEY, TmtKxr 18 bounded— Kiift the north, by Hun/niry and Poland; south and west, by th«.5i9a]bhica, Cont^ FhiHppi. J « kiu^' "^ i Scutari, purazzo;, Chimora, 4, -an.-^. j£Z. f Lp^ris^ Jannai or Joannin% »»f~y — 1 /Pharsa or PhawaJia^.iJ y/ J| qC.,^ / fAtbenpt, Thiwa or l^eWes, Lui M^Ti— 4;« i/^* vadii, Delphi or Delpl^os, #. .l^ivadia * -^ «Iarathon^ €lMBron«a, Le- w«it | •BtntBce of ih9 stnitt to wVck they give nene ; the om, celled aiMtoe, ii IB Bemaie $ the othef| ctUcdAbjdes, is in Kuteliiu. if, Boink 1^. Dalmfttii T U R« E Yv Seraio, Sal^. v/^>/- /' Mostar, Spaliitro, Zara^.Ra»>v gusa*. M- BJ^TSRSy MOUNTAIN^, QJJLWMy CAPE9> ANO , ISLANDS. h RivEB^r^DanubQ^,^ Save, Frutb> . Dniester^,^ Mariza. 8, Mount AiN8.-*-FaFnaMU8,H£;licony Olympus, OflbBta,. Pi^Qy Pindttfl, Athos, Bhtpdope, Ha-^ . mus+, » V Si GvtF8.-*-Th(Mks o£, Lepabto, N|ip(>li»,£ng%^ innina^ J 4] C,4rxi»-^]Vlati^MiQ| Malioi Skyllcq,. Colpnnv,, '5,^ IiLANOS.— Lemnosor Stalimene.-^Tenedos.— • . Lesbos or Mytilene.-!— Scip.— Samo8'.^-Pat-.. mos.-^Ne^opont, or Egripo. — ^Naxia. — ^De- . los or IhB.— FaroS'-^Axitiparos. — Milo.-^ Sfintorml— -Salamis or Coluri— Cerigo or CyUierea. •<— SSajEUiiP. — Cefalonia. -^orfu. ^im . Candia and Rhodes ; with towns brthe^.same names^*— Cyprus, in which is Nicosna.*— Se- yei^al of these islands n^ght^ be considered a^ , 4«iaUo. ■WTO TvAKCT in Europe is, in .many parts, very: I mountfiinoua. Irer tne jip^rth^west ^6f Constantly * TIm gnater part of Dulnuitia is aow ai^jactto Au»ti>U. ■f*^arwMMs and Halicoa are in Luradia: Ol^pu*, Osia* Pa* ., Kf^, knid Piadvik io Thessidy : Atdoa or Moate .8aatO| Bj^od^i^. lid lioiua ar CcMtlifnaxMri bi Mafi^doaia. »' r,. ^M>t ^JKi^l 138 TURKEY. nople there is a plain of vast extent. The soil is extremely rich ;. but i^nculture is greatly ne- glected. The general produce it, oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, raisins, figs, almonds, olives, cotton, and various kinds of drugs. The horses are excellent, and the cattle large. Turkey marble is the best in Europe.-»The'Turk9, im general, are tall, , of a grave and solid turn of mind, proud, courageous ; hut little acquainted with arts and sciences. They sit cross-legged on mats. Drinking of wine is forbidden ; :but they drink much coffee, chew opium, and smoke to- bacco. They breakfast .as soon as they rise in the morning, dine at eleven o''clock, and sup at six in the evening. They use. neither knife nor fork, but eat with theie^migers. Their manner, of salu- tation is an inclination of the. head, with the right hand applied to the breast Their common diver* sions are chess and draughts. The men wear their beards to a. great Ic^ngth, shave theii" heads, and J^avealockon the crown;:. Th6y welur turbans^ which they never take off, but when they wash themselves,, or retire to sleep. None but Maho- metans are permitted to wear .white turbans. Po« lyg^my extends to fbur wives at a timc^ and no more. The. women generally look^old at .thirty. Constantinople (the capital of the Turkish empire) is of a triangular form, seated on a. neck of land, separated from Natdia by the straits of Constantinople. It was anciently called' Byzan- tium ; but its name was chapgeaby Constantine the Great, who made it the seat dP' the Roman empire in the east It wa» taken by the Turkic in 1453. The houses are, in genera^ mean, &ad constructed of Wood; and the streets are narrow, iNKlly paved, and dirty^ li is very subject tu TURKEY. 13^ ^s and the plagiie ; but, against the latter ey\i^ vaccination, it is said, lias lately been discovered to be a .preven(;ative. The Grand SigniorV- pa- lace) called the Seraglio, is on the sea-side, sur- rounded by a wall 30 feet high, flanked with towers. It is of great extent, but very irregular. The principal entrance to it is called ■ Capi, the Gatr • r T> t, a name used frequently to express tbe -k. jrki.« ?ourt or empir~. The temple of So- phia, erected in the sixth c^.itury^ and converted into a mosque, is a superb edifice, and wil^ con-* t^in 100,000 persons conveniently. The palaces, mosques, bagnios, and caravanseries are, many of them, magnificent. The bazaars, oc market- places, are large square buildings,, containing ^all sorts of goods, which are there ex^iosed for sale. There IS a market for slaves of both sexes. A gulf, about four miles in length, on the N. E. of the city, is the harbour, beyond which are the sub- urbs Galata aBd< Peca : the latter is the plac* where the foreign ambassadors reside. As the houses of the city are built onrising ground, there is a charming view of the wiiole from the sea. 1% is surrounded by walls of freestone flanked by ^50 towers. There are 22 gates ; six on the land side ; the rest towards the sea and the harbour. The castle of seven towers is a state-prison, near the sea of Marmora. The population of Coni* stantinople has been, estimated at .400,000. AdrianQulC: is pleasantly situated on a fineplain^ near the river Mariza.. It is eight miles in cir* cumference. — S^lonica isvten miles in circuit*. It is a plaee of great trade, and is defended by a ci* tadel and several forts. — Pharsatia is noted for the decisive victory gained by Julius Caesar over Ifompey, in 48, BT ,C.. and Philippi for the. defeat «£,Brumsaiid Cassius^ io 42^,B. C— -4:iiiacle, that dries nilturally> 2nd becomes as hard as stone.-— Df//^^t , was famous for the or&ole of Apollo. — Near Ja- . p^nto^ Don John of Austria obtained a famous s vietoBy over the Turkish neetin 1571. — Marathon is famous for the victory obtained by Miltiades, with 10,000 Athenian^ over 130,000 Persians.— Chaerojiaa is noted ^for the defeat of the Greeks by Philip king of Maoedon.<— TAermo^/ae and- J^jlatea were noted for battles between the Greeks and Persians.— Cortn^A exhibits ruins of temples^ &iq. It has a castle seated on the top o£-a rock, from which is one of the finest prospects in the world. — ^apoli is said to contain 60,000 inhabi- tantsw J is a strong town> with a capacious bar* bour, Uk. entrance into which admits only one' ship 9t a time.— Aftsdra is the capital of the Md» rea. It is< large and populous, and has a strong castle, with several fine mo^ues and synagogues. Hereabouts was Lacedemim or Sparta.r^Nawvri'M has an excellent harbour^ defended by two forts. . B€lvid£reh noted for a par^cular kind of raisins. Bender^ on the Dniester, is a strong town, noted fpr the residence of Charles XII. of Syreden for seme time after the battle of Poltowa.— /«mat7, Q^ the Danube, is noted for its siege by the Bus- nana uiMier Suwarrow, when, being taken by a^orm (December $3. 1790), its brave garrison, to tl^ number of 80,000 men, were massacred by their barbarous enemies.— Bi^^atff, on vthe Da- nube^ is &mous for its strength and sieses.— JScir gwta \»Jk» ^capital, of a^^ioeall republic. It u» rtf^xnr. iH two miles indrcumference, strong, and pretty well built. The Idandij in ^neral, sre beautiful, and pro- duce the most dehcious fruits.— -£aniiof is parti*)^ cularly noted for its minedd earth ; iS'a^os, for being- the hirth-blaee of Pvtbafloras ; Paimotf for a grotto, in which it is saia^t John composed 4h« book of Revelation ; Puroty for the finest white marble'; JiUiparot, for a-wonderful grotto : Zante^ for currants ; Candiay for its nege by the Turks, tirbich lasted 24 years, from 1646 to 1670 ; Rhodet^ for its excellent harbour, and colossus of brass, which was reckoned one of the Seven Wonders of the World,— Defot or DtVt was formerly celebra- ted for the temfJes of Diana and Apollo; it is DOW uninhabited.— -iSWctRts or Coluri is noted for ; the defeat of the Teruan' fiect by the >Grecians. HisToitv:-^In aneient^times, the southern parts of Turkey, called Greece, comprehended a num- ber of petty states, Athens and Thehesy Lacedcmony or Sparta, &c. all which, in consequence of the battle of Chaeronsea, 357 years before Christ, were brought under subjection by Philip, king of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great. These states produced the celebrated lawgivers Lycurgus mnd Solon ; Demosthenes, the pnnce of orators-; and the phildsopliers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. On the death of Alexander, 3!^4 years before Christ, the Grecian empire was divided "among his great general officers, andlGreef^e continued in a very convulsed state for many years, till it was subjugated by the Bomans, who established here what was called the Eastern Empire. This con- tinued till it was overturned by the Turks, a people originally from Tartary, who, under 0th* manj about the.yearxl229> had possessed tbem- ■r\ W. Ui TURKEY. selvet 6r some of the finest provirtees of Asia, «D(), in 1357, got a footing in Europe. Bajazet I. one 'of OthmanV successors, received, in 1402, a notaMe d^feM in Asia, -by Tamerlane, a Tarta- rian Prince, in which it is^d d4(]^0 The House of Commons consistarof six hundred and 6%>eight members: of whomj 513 represent Eo^aod ; 45, ScotUnd; ao4 100, Ireland. TURKEY. 14a Bohemia, and Honnirv, are Kingdoms: and to these may now be adnewtb, 5000. 1. Aliatio]T1(trkeY^^«^••.....•^le|)|)Or 2. Arabia;;!^:U.;*ifVfl:;:i;^^>l#^' 3. Persia • • • » • >4n»« «• *»i Mi4r< 1>ofOntiu^ bay, BaT.:«>f. •• I 4. India,r;:^;*^i^;;^:*v#-T)iffiJ 3. Ea8terilPfai^iy|fi^\..t.... Siani '^<3hina«;^, H«.yi^., ?i^>fV -'S# n#or Stf^ta Guir,i6ulf ulf of CaiD'' [^ofCc^ea, j^oilHeru K»B««iti-H t «Mi, #■» »^^w * TiM Lennt^i^'nciiM tlttfiitenifart vT Iht IMilnraaraii. i- BilM^Mll^if BMfUf^i Straits, UtwMs E«lt Gim ffrapfrv \ \~ y R r 0/ *t»^i Caid^ A'^ Ai" LSkr N- N die ChurcKofSc«>dandL t i*« 3 '■*-- fi^' ^ Taw ccliiil^ 18 biM Arabia; «ft8t|.^|>7 Fctfsf tlie Black S^i Irei^ Arcbipel«go,im(dib liie south, by _ ly Tartary and totrvs. ®^S Bulla, anl 4^iift.' «a.' ^ i or Ko# >g!Eini9 Ama- l?okirt» Tiebi. ^ x^ I «w»ii^ Satatia, Tarsuft ^s?^*^ - ' — ' ^ Tj^, Acre^ Jerusai^ i,Na. Asigkni, Ga». )i or found tfaii iM,^lk«r a^S|MO«S «<'ttrlillilFMticiU«MWMi,Bt ■«ftheie«. iii«s, ta Ada, A(Hc% ami AaM*le% ««• tht Afpead)*; -'^^t I* ^W^3 ^a :;^ ^ 146^ ASIATIC TURKEY. blVISTOXS. , TOWNS. 3. Irac-Arabia Bagdad, Bassora. ii4. Diarbec or Alge- ) Diarbec, Mosul or zira. j Mousul. 4^ 5. Curdistan .. Betlis or Bedlis, Van. 6. Annenia or Turcv- V Erzerum, ArbU or Ar- ^. mania. J bela. 7. Georgia....... Teflis. SIVEBS, LAKES, AKD MOUNTAINS. 1. RivEas. — Euphrates, Tigris, Aras or Ai'axe?, Kur, Kizil-Irmak, Sac^la, Granicus, Sara- bat, Meander, Orontes, Jordan *. i ■ ■ J' 2. Lakes. — Sea of Galilee, Dead Sea^ Lake Van, Ulabad f . 3. MouNTAiN8,-v*Ta\irus, Olympus, Ida« Ara^ rat, Lebanon :(. IM*. Tbe general appearance of Auatic Turkey Is mountiunous, but intermixed with large and * TIm ^ophrates nias a coarse i^ abont 1400 mil^s, tbe Ti*| fris, 800. •f The Sea of Galilee* h also called tha Lake of Tiberins or I Genezareth; and the Dead Sea ia also called Lake Asphaitis or] the Sea of Sodom and (lOiBorrah ; both these luKes are in Fales« tine. Lake Van is is knrdistan. ' :{: Tb* mountains of Taurus (sometimes named Taurus and] Anti-Taurus) are said to extend from the western part of Natolia, thi'ough Persia to India. Mount Olympus is at Bursa; Ida ill near the Durdanailes ; Ararat, in Armenia ; and Lebsinon or Lj« banuSt is the name of mountains ia Sjria, distingubhed into Li«j Wbus and Aoti'Libanas. t t)eautif with ri( touaBo cij, hoi oranges, aromati< Its exp( drugs, < tigers, J «amels, I Smyii> and carri carpets, \ Greek eh 180,000-. temple of the Worl ^ursa or ^'vmpus, «^egant mi for its hot a^so noted! (ancientlyl «^ antiquil Walls builtf porphyry.] inhabitantl most valui hair of a ^ gJ'eat trl fiiH^st stuff! •^ Tocat is noted for per vessels lliehirih-j^ -diej^o ol \ ASIATIC TtJRItEY. J47 Wutiful plains, which, instead of being covered with rich crops of grain, are pastured by nume- rous flock« and herds. The products are chiefly, oil, honey, cr^ee, myrrh, firankincencc, olives, oranges, lemons, citrons, figs, dates, a variety of aromatic herbs and drugs, and abundance of silk. Its exports are, cottons, carpets, leather, fruits, drugs, coffee, &e. Of animals there are lions, tigers, hyenas, wild boars, antelopes, goats, camels, &c. SsiYRXA or IsMiR, is « large commercial city, nnd carries on a great trade in camlets, cottons* carpets, drugs, ke. It contains 19 mosques, 2 Greek churches, and 8 synagogues. Inhabitants \2Q,000~-^Ephesus 0r Ajasalouc was noted for the temple of Diana, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is now of little importance.— Bursa or Prusa, seated at the foot of Mount Olympus, is large and populous, contains many elegant mosques and caravansaries, and is noted for its hot baths, silks, and tapestry.— iTtM^a/a is also noted for warm baths.-— ^ngfora or AngourUf (anciently Anc^ra)^ is remarkable for its remains t)f antiquity, and a large castle sui*rounded by walls built of white marble, and etone resembling porphyry. The city is said to contain 80,(XK> inhabitants ; and in the country about it is the moat valuable breed of goats in the world, witli hair of a pure white, and almost as fine as silk. A great trade is carried on in this article, and the fiai\st stufl's, particularly camlets, are made of it. <^Tocat is the centre of trade in Natolia. It is noted for Turkey leather, sewing-silk, and cop- per vessels. Innabitants 60,(HK).— Tarsus was the bin h- place 0(X) iah«« 2 148 ASIATIC TURKEY. bitantfl. It stands upon eight hills* and has a castle upon the. highest, in the middle of the city. There are. a great many mosques and ca- ravansaries. The Christians live in the suburbs. Here, as in many other parts.of the east, the heat makes it agreeaole to sleep in the open air ; for ^hich reason, the houses arc flat on the top. 'The trade x:onsists chiefly of silks, camlets, and Turkey leather^— TVipo/t is a populous place, and is defended by a citadel. Damascus or Sham is situated in a large plain. it is in the fbi:m of a square each side of which is a mile and a half long. The number of inha. bitants is reckoned to be 180,000. It is famous for its antiquity, ;larg^ castte, beautiful mosques and caravansaries and manufactures of damask, iuibres, and knives. It has also manufactures of cotton, and excellent soap. The gardens and orchards extend several milea round.— ^h'ocA) Sidotii or Sai^d^ and TVrf, formerly ^rge towns, are now little better than h^ps of mms.^Jcr^ or Ptolemais is noted for its siege by the iCr.usaders in 1191, and by the French in 1797, when Bona^ part^ was compelled to re^treat hefopd S^ Sidney Smith. . Modern Jerusalem is about three niiles In dr^ cumference, and is seated near the ruins of an- pient Jerusalem, which was destroyed by the Ho^ man&, together with the temple, 70 years after the birth of Christ, The Crusaders took it from the Saracens, 5tli July 1099, who retook it in 1187. The Turks expelled tlie Saracens in 1^11, have kept possession of it ever since, and call it Jlelqids or the Holy City. It is chiefly supported by the great resort oS pilgrims, who come to visit the church of the Holy l&pulchre, a large struCf |l4;i;$>^ with a ipund nave, w hich has no Tight but .i.:^^!.,: ASIATIC TURKEY. UO what comes through the top, like the Pantheon at Rome. In the middle of the nave, and di^ rectly under the opening of the dome, is tha- Holv Sepulchre, in a chapel so smalt that it mW hold but three persons on their knees at a time. At the entrance, on tlie right hand, is the place where the body of Christ was laid. Many lanip^ are kept constantly lighted within ft The whole is covered with white marble ; and, on the out- side, there are ten fine columns of the same. Be- fore the gate of the sepulchre is* a silver lamp, so large that two men cannot fathom it. Bethlehem IS famous for being the birth-place of Christ, and Nazareth, fot bemg his resicicnce in the early part of his life^ — Aacaion is noted for its sie^ by the Crusaders in I ] 92, after a battle^ in which 40,000 of the Saracens were slain.*— Gaza was the chief place of the Philistines : it is now very small.—- The ruins of Baibec or Heliopo* /w, and Palfmfra or T^idmor, are very magni6- cent^Bagddd extends along the east bank of tllie Tigris about two nnles. It has a considerable trade with the caravans of Aleppo, Smyrna, &c. and is defended by a strong castle.^-^o^sora (or Bttssorah or Bals&ra) is large, populous, and com- mercial, though the trade is now much declined.. It is seated on the Euphrates.— u^r&tV or Arhela \% noted lor the decisive victory gained by Alexan- der over Darius.— ^rsremm is situated between tlie two sources of the Euphrates, is surrounded by a double wall, and contmns Sd,000 inhabi- tants. — Tejlis is large and populous, but meanly built.— Geor^a has at present a temporary inde- pendence, supported by Russia.— Ct(rJt«ton is al- so independent. — Part of Armenia is subject ta Persia, in which is the city of Erivan, of coo*' sidsirable extent. -^^ a 169 ASIATIC TURKEY. . HisToiiY.— The Turks, so early as 1037, had s^ted upon Armenia, and, by degrees, possessed themselves of the whole of Anatic Turkey. Up. on the declension of the Caliphate, or empire of the Saracens, they made themselves masters of Palestine, and, by their cruel treatment of the Christian inhabitants and pilgrims who came to visit the Holy City of Jerusalem, gave rise to the famous Crutadfii, m which most of the Christian powers were engaged.-^Turkey in Asia was part of the Ass3rrian or Babylonian empire ; the capi- tal dties of which were, Nineveh, en the Tigris, supppsed to have been nearly where Mosul now stands ; and Bahykm^ on the £u])lirates, in irac-^ Arabia. Scarcely any vestiges of these great cities are now to oe seen. Ttic Assyrian empire^ lasted upwards of thirteen hundred years *. . * KhieT*li, built, hj Nkivw* is Raid to hmn been 60 milei !■, circumference. The walls were 100 feet high, and aa broad* that, lyiree chariots coold go oa th^m abreaat. Thev were d«ftea, 8& oa each side, all of solid brass, from which stndght streets ran, intersecting one ano>. ther across the whole city, and dividing it into squares. The Eu- phrates rail through the muldle of the city.— The accounts we. bare of these two ciUes, KinoTdi and Babylon, and other plac^, af antiquity, are, ^babl|, much exiag^i»M be^^Qnd the^pith*. C «" 3 Iv ARABIA. Arabia is bounded — on the north, by Asiatic Turkey; south, by the Indian ocean; east, by the gulfs of* Persia and Gnu us; west, by Egypt and the Red Sea or Arabian gulf. %IVJ[8I0NS. TOWNS. 1. Arabia Deserta Mecca, Sidon, Medina J 2. Arabia Petrea Tor, Mi^ian. » '■ A"*« ^^^ { 'TaUJ^I^U^'"' VitlKClPAX. MOVKTAHTt. Sinai and Horeb, in Aarabia FeUrea. Ther^ ire no considerable riven or lakest Ababia Petrka, or Stony Arabia, is mounw tainous and barren. Arabia Deserta, ^or Desert, Arabia, is sandy and desert. Arabia Felix, or Happy Arabia, is fertile and pleasant ; and pro^ duces frankihcensie, myrrh, balm of Gilead, pome-^ granates, dates, gum-Arabic, aloes, and prodi- gious quantities of coffee, which is reckoned the best in the world. — This country is famous for horses, camels, dromedaries and ostriches.— Thq^ Arabians are of a tawny complexion and a mid- ' dlins stature ; and have always a grave and me* laachoVy lur. They derive their su1)sisteiice (bomk 4t^ IH ARABIA. their fhciiSy Arom hunting, and from what they aoQuire by launder, to which they are extremely addicted. . The dress of the Arabs consists of a robe bound round with a broad leather girdle. Their drawers ar« made of linen, and descend to t}i9 lower part of the leg. They wear a kind of red cap on the head ; and have generally half, boots on, that they may be ready toget on horse^ back. The Arabs in the deserts live m tents, and wander about from place to place with their flocks, and camels. Mecca, the biith-plaoe of Mahomet^ is seated iOi a valley,^ surrounded by little hills. It is the best built town in Arabia, and is chiefly support- ed by the annual resort of thousands of pilgrims*,, who come to vint the^lCaba or House^of Giody in honour of Mahomet The Kaba resembles, in itk form, the Royal Exchange in. London.; but is near ten times as large. It has 42 doors.—- «$t ' by the Indian Ocean. PBOVINCKS. / TOWWSi 1. Irac-A|;enii Ispahan, Casbin^ f. Aderbijan ,Tauriz or Tebriz^ 8. Farsistan or Fars ... Shiras. 4. Kerman...; ^^ Goinren, Ormus. 5. Mekran Ti'z, Kid|}e^ 6. Segistan Dergssp. ^ ^7. Korasan ^^. !K£e8chcKl or Efferaiii. 8. Candahar Candahar. Other provinces are— Cushistan, Korgaii, E». terebad^ Mazenderan, Ghilan, Shirvan^, and Dag* Jkisflm. Pkrsia 18 a mountainous country, and abounds in extensive deserts ; but produces com, wine, oil, and delicious fruits, especially oranges, dates, me- lons, grapes,, and pistachio nuts ; it produces also senna, rhubarb, and various other (tu^, and is famous for silk. .The commerce consists chiefly in raw and wrought silks, mohair, carpets, leather, and gold and silver lace.— The Persian horses are admired for their beauty ; and there are also camels, large-tailed sheep, leopards, panthers, wikl gpats^ &c.— -The rivers in Persia are small PERSIA. I5J md unimportant ; us are also the lakes, except the Caspian Sea. Of rivers mav be mentioned tne Aras Kur, Zeindeh, Mend, ;^nderoud, Bunda« and Hinmend ; of lakes, Urmia, Zereli or mir Durra, and Baktegan. The principal mountains are in chains of great length and height The Persians pride themselves in universal po- nteness, and are nospitable, not however, without the expectation of presenit in return^ BoUi ridi and poor are generally gay; and immoderate mirth will succeed the jnost violent quarrels. The general complexion is fair, somewhat tinged with olive : The men are strong and robust, and are inclined to martial exercises. They generally shave the head, and .wear high crimson bonnets ; but the beara is sacred, and tended wi^h great care : they are fond of large cloaks of thick doth. The women wrap round their heads pieces of sill^ of different colours ; and their robes are rather sliorter than those of the men. The chief repast of the Persians is the supper, as with the ancient Greeks and Homans. The most usual dish is^ boiled rice variously prepared'. They aT# re.< markable for deanliness, both in their persons and habitations. Their laneuage is the most celebra- ted of all the Oriental tongues for strength,, beauty, and melody. They write from right to lefl ; and, as no'pnnting is allowed, a great num. ber of people are constantly employed m writing ; an art in which they are remarkably expert and ingenious. They are, most of them, Mahome- tans ; with some idolaters^ who worship the sun, fire, &c. Isfahan stands in the middle of a laree plain^ surrounded by mountains at eight miles distance : there is a small river, called the Zenderoudi whiclt 6 FERStA. suppli<^9 the houses with water. Ft is 20 miles ii» oireumfcrence^ contains 1 60 mdsqties, 1 800 eara-^ ▼ansarie^ S60 public baths^ and a vast number of coflbe-houscs. The number of inhabitants v/m jbrmeriy computed at a millitin^ but is now much reduoedL The streets are not paved ;- in some of them are canahi, phinted on each side with trees. The kinff'*S paliice is built cf brick, and is two miles ana a half in circuit. Though- at a great distance Ctom ilie tea,. Ispahan carries on an ex^. tensive trade^ Caabin or Catwin is a krge town, and is noted' for almonds^ rainns, and melons.*— 7Vi«rt« is the- second city in Persia^ Its mosques and caravan* saries are very numerous ; and it has a* prodigious trade iifi cotton, clothsj silks, gold and silver bro* cades, fine turbans, arid shagreen leather.- The inhabitants have been computed' at 550,000.— «yAtr(£9r is a lar^-towui famous for- its wines, which, are the best m Persia; It is surrounded' by a wall twenty^five f^t high, and ten thick;*-— Fifty miles nortn«>ea8t of Shirasy are the ruins ni Per^ «fpo/i>, the ancient capital of' Perua.—- Obmron or 6fofM5roQfi, (called by the natives Bender Abasai), is a sea-port of considerable trade.— OrmM», situ- ated in an iskmd' of the same name, was formerly the greatest mart of the east ; but is now almost deserted.— J/fscAfd: is noted for a magnificent se- pulchre, a manufactory of pottery, and fine Tur- key stones.->-CancfaAar is a rich trading town,, capital of a kingdom which is partly in Persia and: panly in India; HisToay— The Persian empire succeeded the Assyrian or Babylonian, ana lasted from the v reign of Cyrus, 556 years before Chriife> to the .tiiue.Qr Darius, who was conquered by Alexander,, PERSIA. nr 320 years before Christ. Alexander's empire was- divided among his great general officers, and their Auccessors were conquered by the Romans. After the subversion of the Roman empire, Persia wot subjugated by the' Tartar Prince, 'Tamerlane; whose posterity was supplanted by an ancestor of the Sophi fkmily, who pretended to be desoanded from Mahomet nimself. At the beginning of the eighteenth century^ the Peruan throne was u* surped by Tahmas Kouli Khan or Shah Nadir ; who, on account of his cruelty, and attempting to chan^ the religion of Persia, was put to death bv his chief officers and his rel&tions, in 1747. iW several' years after, the kingdom was rent by internal commotions, unti) the settlement of Kerim Khan ; who, under the title of Vakeel, or Regent^, governed Persia from 1763 to 1779, when he died, in the eightieth year of his age>. Regretted by all his subjects. After his death, several com- petitors for the crown appeared, particularly two, Jaafar Khan andt Akau Mahomet' Khan, who reigned over different parts of the. kingdom^ Jaafar perished^ by an insurrection in the yeov/ C i«» Di INDIA. Ihsia or Htndbostan (fonnerly the Empire of the Great Mogul) b bounded—on the west, by Persia and the Indian ocean ; east, by the EasU cm Peninftula and the Bay of Bengid ; north, bj Tartaiy ; souths by the Indian Ocean. SOUTHEIN SBGIOK. ^J'W^ ► -^ TOWN/i. ^ ^^ TMadras, Arcot, Pondi- 'I. Camatic, on the Co- J chaTy, ^ Ti»n5[uebar, romandel Coast, | Ncinipat^i b, I Ncg^pat4ni| Tanjore, % Madura. W / • TbT^iii^. A . f ^y^w* SeringaSatam, «. Mysore^,i...,u. I fean^bre. . J S. Travancore, Cjdi.^ ^ravancon^i ^Cocliin, «"^ ♦^*'"5?V K ^ Galicut, *^}Kcheny Zat ^*^f Mangabre, Goa. ^ lUDDLB REGION.. ■ / /5^^IV**^<*^8. ^/^ TOWNS. :;.|3^. t. Carcars and Gol- Y Masulipatam, Visagajll^ conda* . y tarn, Hydrabad. ii i. VisiapoUr, Bala.v gat, Isles of Bom fVisiapour,Poonah^ Bom- jay, Salsette, and | bay. « Elephanta. I • '^/^ iria 3. Dowlatabad an lAurungabad, Burham- Candeish. >) pour. ^ c/ 4. Guzerat ...!.. | AmedaH, Caml^ 5. Berar and Orissa Nagpour, Cattack^ India. ijt Y /Chanaeroagore, ]%»- I. Bengal..... .««.... ^..\ sey, Moorehedabact O /or ^iuxadabadr jpT ^ ,DMca.<$," _,/ g. Ba&ur and Benares Fatna,J^ares. 'f. Oude and Ilohil- 1 Luoknow and Bereil^ cund. y ! I ly.^ // 5. Delhi/iJnid^ Agm Del6t- Agra. ^ 7. ^itdT.. . j lOi Napaal and Boor VCfltmandu,, Tasftpiu tan. 1 ' don*;^ \ miVE^i ANJ; KOUNTAINS, 1. BiyKBS.— Gangesy Sanpoo or Burrampooter or Magna, Jvjrua, Soanc, Nerb'udda, Indu» or Sinde, Pudd^r, Tupty or Sural river, Godavery, Bain, Kistus. Cavety +. ' * Th« Sontheni Regi'X) (whieh is ^onth of the river Ki8tna> k called the Peninsfila ; greater part of the Middle Region (be*^ tweev the riverii Ki&tna and the Nerbadiia) is called the Deccan % and the Kottihern Region i« sonetinuiR cnlte'* Hiiidostaa Proper. \ Thtf Ganges and the Sanpoo ot Burrampooter are said ta issue from opposite sides of th' same rid/;t» of '^ftuntaids in 'Hbe'* tiu Tartarjf, and '^'n in different direcUo'^<«| till thej are ItOO tes INDIA. % Mountains.— >The Gauts or Balagat moan- tains or Iddiaii Appenihes ; extending from the Tapty to Cape Comorin, tile most south- erly point of land in India. This vast tmet consists chiefly c^ extensive pliuns, fertilized by numerous rivers and streams, ^and interspersed by a few ranges of hills. The periodical rfuns and intense beats produce a lux- uriance of vegetation almost unknown to any other country. Ta the east of the Indus is an immense sandy desert. There are also large forests in va. rious quarters. The products of India are, rice, maize, suear, cotton, millet, %s, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, citrons, cocoa nuts,. &c«. and it has mmes of gold, silver, and diamonds. Of ani- mals, there are elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, leo- pards, panthers, camels, dromedaries, buffaloes, and monkeys. The principal exports are indigo, salt-petre, silk, cotton, calicoes, chintzes, .muslins, shawls, and precious stones. The original inhabitants of India are called Hind x>s or Gentoos. They are of a black com- plexion ; their hair is long ; their persons straight and elegant ; their countenances open and plea- sant. Their manners are gentle; and their liap- miles asunder; yet meet together, alioat 40 miles from the sea: after each has r|i|i through a winding, course -of about l^OO^miles. On entering Hindoetan, the Bunranipooter assumes the name of Magna : it is called the Sanpoo» inihe upper part of its course.— The extreme mouths of the Ganges have formed many isbnds, -called the Sunderbunds^ overgrown with tall bamboosi and other luxuriant TegetatKNO,, the impeQetroble haunts of tigers and other iJeasW.of prey.. INDIA. Ui mncss consists in the solaces of clomestic life. They ase divided into tribes or casts^ The principal tribes are, the Bnunins, Soldiers, La- bourersy and Mechanics. The Bramins have the care of reKgion. The Soldiers are commonly called Raiah-Poots ; that is, decendants of Rajas : those in the service of the English are called Se- poys. The Labourers include farmers^ and all who cultivate the land. The Mechanics compre- hend merchants, bankers, and all who follow any trade. All the different tribes are kept distinct from one another by insurmountable barriers. They are forbidden to intermarry, to cohabit, to eat together, or even to drink out of the same ves- sel. Besides the tribes,, lliere are the Parians, or Hellachores, a set of poor unhappy wretches,, des- tiued to misery from their birth. These perform ail the vilest offices of life, and are held in the ut- most abomination. The members of each cast ad- here invariably to the profession of their forefa- thers. Most of the Hindoos are idolaters. Their tcuiples or pagodas are magnificent, and the trans^ ^nigration of souls is one of their distiDg>.ii!$!Mng tenets. ']"'bcir food consists chiefly of rice, ghee, (a kind of butt ;r) milk, vegetables, and spices* The horrid custcai of women burning themselves in the fire^ with the dead bodies of their husbands, i;s still practised in Mindoostan. Madras, or Fort St George^, is situated close on the margin of the sea. It consists of two prin- cipal parts, called the White and Black towns, separated by an. esplanade. It is one of tlje Pre- sidencies by which the Ea^iit- India Company's pos- sessions are governed. The other Presidencies are those of Calcutta and Bombay. The fortress is of great airengll), and is a regular square, abouj: 100 yards on each side. It stands in the middle ■# 162 INDIA. of the White or ET)ffli3h town, which has three vtraight streets to tne north, and the same num- ber to the south of the fort. The houses are co- vered with a stucco called Chunam, which is nearly as compact as the finest marble, and bears as high a polish. Near the fort are barracks for the sol- diers, an Iiospital, and a mint for the coinage of gold and silver. The whole is surrounded oy a strong wall, and defended by batteries, bastions, &c. — The Black town, which is also walled and fortified, Is inhabited by Gentoos, Mahometans, Armenians, and Jews. The streets are wide, with trees planted in ome of them, which afford shelter from the sun. The inhabitants of both towns to- gether are computed at 100,000. Madras, like all the European settlements on the Coromandet coast, has no harbour for shipping. It wa» settled by the English about the year 1640. ' Arcot IS the residence of the naDob of Arcot or the Carnatic. It is large, and has a citadel.— Pdndicherry was the principal settlement of the French in India,— J'rgn I nions in Asia, and the seat of the Governor-Gc> | neraL It is- ssud to contain 500,000 inhabitants. Its citadel (Fort William) is superior to any other fort in India. The houses, variously buiit, s >me of brick, others with.mud, ai d n greater nuni" ber with bamboos and mats, make a motley ap- pearance ; and the mixture of European and Asi- atic manners observed in Calcutta, is wonderful i coaches, phaetons, hackeries, two-wheeled car- riages drawn by buikicks, palanquins carried oa the shoulders of the natives, the passing ceremo- nies of the Hindoos, &c. form a diversified and | curious scene. The quarter inhabited by the English is composed entirely of brick buildings, I * The trade of Sarat consbta of diamonds, ])earl8} sfflcsj cottons^ INDIA. m inany of which have more the appearance of pa* laoesthan of private house.— '2>a(xra is large and populous, and has a great trade, particularly in the most delicate muslins —Pa^fui, on the Ganses, is [also extensive and populous. It is fortified with I a wall and citadel.-— Beiiare« is charmingly situ* I ated on the Ganges, and is the most compactly built of any city in Hindoostan. It is chieny ce^ lebrated as the ancient seat of Braminical learning. Delhi, on the Jumna, is the nominal, and kas long the actual capital of all India. It is said to have contained, in the seventeenth century, two millions of inhabitants. At present its num- Ifaer is very low, and it is in a very ruinous stiite; Ibut there are many splendid remains of palaces land baths of marble. The MoguPs palace is grand ; but the Mogul himself has little power or Jterritory. The principal mosque is built of laiarble and red freestone, with hi^ minarets, and lilomes richy gilt. In 1718, when Nader Shah {invaded Hindoostan, he entered Delhi, and dread'* ful were the massacres and famine that followed : 100,000 of the inhabitants perished by the sword ; ind the plunder amounted to sixty-two millions Sterling -^Agra, also on the Jumna, was once the lost splendid of all the Indian cities, and still exhibits most magnificent ruins. In the 17th pentury the Great Mogul frequently resided here. Whose palace was prodigiously large. There were kibove 700 mosques, $00 baths, and 00 caravan- laries.— OM^ftMis about six miles in circumference, surrounded by a strong wall, with round towers.— \Tutta is noted for manufactures of silk, cotton, md wool.— The province of Cashmere is a valley "~ mile» lorg, and 40 broad, surrounded by lofty nouatains; and is celebrated for its romantic 166 INDIA. beauties, the fertility of the Boil, and the tempt, rature of the atmosphere. Among other curious mi^iufactUTC'i of Cashmere, is that of Shawls. Its capital is built on both sides of the river Chelum or Salvim.'-^Golconda is famous for diamond mines. HisTOET.*— India has been, from time innne-l xnoriaH, the prey of rapacious invaders. The iirst| pf these worthy to be noticed was Alexander of Macedon. Zinghis Khan, a Tartarian prince,! also directed his force therein 1231, and made! the emperor forsake his capital : he is said to bavc| fiven tne name of Mogul to the . sovereigns of ndia. Several revolutions followed, till the timel of Tamerlane, who entered India in the year! 1S98. This invincible barbarian met with no re.| sistancc sufficient to justify, even by the militaryl maxims of Tartars, the cruelties with which hel marked his way. After an immense slaughter o([ human beings, he, at length rendered himself Ior(l| of an empire which extended from the Archipelaj^ to the banks of the Ganges. His successors in India committed the provinces to the care of their own sons, or to unjust and cruel governors, by whichl the empire was often miserably torn in pieces J till at length, in 1067, Aurengzebe, a great aiulj 'politic prince, extended his dominion over the whole of that vast country. After his death iiil 1707, one bad prince succeeded anotlier, till the invasion of Iiidja by Kouli Khan or Nadir ShaliJ This invasion cost the Gentoos 200,000 lives,] and the plunder is said to have amounted to m less than two huiuired and thirty miliions stci' ling. When Nadir had raised all the money he could in D«Ihi, he reinstated the M4)gul, Ma*| faoauaed Shah, in the sovereignty, and returned INDIA. S07 into hit own oountry. A general defection of the provinces soon after ensued ; none being willing to yield obedience to a prince who had not tha power to enforce it In 1756, a most unhappy event took place at Calcutta. The Indian nalN)b or viceroy of Ben- fi\, Sur Raja al Dowlat, quarrelled with the Dglish East-India Company, and invested Cal- cutta with a large hndy of his troops. The gom vernor and some of '>e principal persons of the place, threw them^ cs, with their chief effects, on board the ships in the river : those who re- mained bravely aefended the place, till, being overpowered by numbers, they surrendered upon terms. The nabob, instead of observing the ca- pitulation, forced Mr Holwell, the second in com. mand, and one hundred and forty-five other per- sons, into a prison called the Black.IIoIe, a place about eighteen feet square, shut up from almost all communication with free air. 'i'heir miseries during the night were inexpressible ; and, in the morning, no more than twenty-three were found alive. The unfeeling nabob was, in 1767, de- feated in the plains of Plasseyby Colonel Clive, and one of the nabub''s generals was substituted ill his stead, Hindoostan may now be said to consist of five principal states, which hold, as tributaries or feu- datories, numerous inferior states. The princi- pal states are, the Brittsh'-~-'Vhe Poonah Mahrat- i(/s...the Berar Mahrattas'— the Soubah of tfie Deccan, and the *V«7«ira.— The Brilish possessions are Bengal, Bahar, part of Allahabad and Orissa, the Circars, a Jaghire in the Carnatic, part of IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) C ^ % 1.0 if«ai 1 1.1 11.25 2.5 tii I2i2 12.2 ^ us. 12.0 I ■lUb U 11.6 V ^> 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET VVUSTIR,N.Y. 14SS0 (716) •72-4903 'V K' 16$ INBIiL Mysoref Cftllicut, Tellidierry, Bombay, md Sal« •ette, Sec— To the Mahrattm belong Visiapour, Candeisb) M alway the principal jiart of Guzerat, Agimere, Beiw, and Orissa.— The Smibah of the Jkccan is soyereiffn of Goloonda, principal part of Dowlatabad, and the irestem part or Berar.— •The StUkt posseM Lahore, the piineipal part of Moultan, and the western paitdri)ielbi.—-Cabul) Cashmere, Sindy, and part of Moultan, are sub> ject to 4he king 6f CanMar^ C 169 3 EASTERN PENINSULA. This oountry u bounded-^ its nortbeni parti> by Hindoottui, China, and Taxttacyi every^mhett cue by die lodiaa Ooeaa. DIViSIOKt. TOWNS. 1. Assam Gbergong. 2. Meddey Munnypour. 3. Arracan ^... Arracan. 4. Ava Ava,-Uinmerapoora. 5. Pc^ Pegu, Rangoon, Promew 6. Stam ; Siam. "-^ r 7. Malacca «. Malacca. S. Cambodia............ Cambodia. 9. Laos Lancbang. 1)0. Ton(|uin Kesho. It. Cochin-China Hue-fo. '^^^^^ \\t Siampa.M^..... Fencri*. ™*W- Meckley, Arracan, Ava, and Pegu, form Ivhat is caUed tlie Birman empire. ^^^''^■ %. rmiNcifAz. mivxtts. Sanpoo or. Burrampooter, and Ava, Pegu^ Mam, and Cambodia nvers f . * ^h* firtiftr Bwlw of Xrracu la YM.!Keia ! uai Pagu n cat* id by tha natiTas Bigoo. *t The Ava lit ar is also callad the Irrawaddy t tha 9«m rivar, Aleitaa4 aad tha CfembMlia nvart tha Ma0M| , H V. - ^0 lEASTERN PENINSULA. '■0yy The Eastern Peninsula is frequently called Turther India, or India beyond the Ganges; and Hindoostan is also called Hither India, or India within the Ganges.— Europeans are little ac. . quainted with this Peninsula ; but it is certain that it is extremely rich in all the productions of ^e eastern countries. At the same time, it is subject to the most dreadful calamities^ from floods, volcanoes, earthquakes, tempests, and rapacious and poisonous wsimeAsk The Bibmans are a lively inquisitive race, active, irascible, and impatient. In war, tiie men display the ferocity of savages; while, in peace, taey can boast a considerable degree of gentleness and civilization. The women, though free, are rather in a degraded state. The face of the country affords almpst e\ery variety, from the swampy Delta of the Irrawaddy to pleasant hills and aales, and consideraUe ranges of moun- tains. The soil is ^^rtile, and yields good w hea^ «ugar-canes, fine tobacco, indigo, cotton, and thoj different tropical fruits in perfection. All the countries that compose the rich and extensive t|6rritory of India beyond the Ganges, bear such I A ^miiftrity to each other in their prod^ctions, as I'enders it unnecessary to give separate descrip- tions. The animals are^ in general, the same as in Hindoostan. There are mines of gold, silver, and precious stones, and quarries of the finest marble. The governments are all despotic, andj ■the people idolaters. Aeracan is a large town^ containing a greatl number of pagodas, and a superb palace, ioi which it is saia are seven idols cast in gold, twc inches thick, each of a man^s height, ^d adornec with diamonds, rubies, and other precious stoneJi.| •^^f a, the 2|^cteiit capital, has be^n permitted U nhk ; mera^ lofty like^ betwfi Irraw an ex cornel palace "name, built.'. pire is thoug] iainS^ the noi the kin upon p kre'con or Ytul river IW and CO] ^nd a town Hist toiintriJ middle [ like masters 1753, tl their kf turn, ll tiun bul (WciateJ time fel of 17,0 EASTEilN PENINSULA. n^ sink into ruin, since the r^6ent founding of C/tit** jnerapoora, which, with its ijnres, turrets, and lofty obelisk, denoting the royal presence, seems, like Venice, to rise from the waters, bcins .placed between a lake on the south-east, and the rivet Irrawaddy on the north-west There is a fort oif an exact square^ with a gilded temple at each corner, in the centre of which stands the royal palace.^-Pi^, the capital of the country of that "name, is also in ruins, . but ia beginning to be re- bailt.— One of the chief ports of the Birman en)- pire is Rangoon, on the southern coast ; which, though of recent foundation, is supposed to con- tain 30,000 inha1utaat8.---Prome, considerably to the north, is still more populous.— «The houses in the kingdom df Siam .are small, and constructed upon fmlars to guard against inundations, which We*common in that country. Its c^uA, Siam or Yuthiuy is situated in an island formed by the river Meinan. It is Baid to be of great extent, and contains many pagodas, and a palace a mile ^nd a half in ciccuit.^--^Afa(acea is a commercial town of no great exteat,. possessed by the Butch. History.— Little was known concerning thesft jtountries tilt the sixteenth century; about the middle of which, the Birnmns, a OTave and war- I like race who had conquered Ava, became also masters of Pegu. By some European aids in ]752i the Pe^uese suSdued the BirmaAs, taking' I their king prisoner : but the Birmans, in their turn, headed by Alompra, a man of low extrac- tion but great abilities, rose against th^ Peguese, (defeated them in many encounters, and in a short time recovered all their former territories. The Birman empire is supposed to contain upwards* of 17,000^000 ofinhabitents. ,2 C i7f 3 I CHINA. ,Ohina is bounded— on the south, by the East« era Peninsula and the Chinese Sea ; north anil west, by Tartary ; east, by the Pacific Ocean. PBOTIMCBS. TOWNS. 1. Petoheli Peking. 2. Chann... Tiuyuen. 3. Chensi Singan. 4. Changtong Tsinan. $' Honan (Sayfong. 6. Kiangnan ^ Nanking. 7. Houquang •• Voutchang. 8. Kianffu Nantchang. 9. Fchekiang * Hangtchou. 10. Fokien Foutchou. 11. Quangtong ..; Canton. 12. Quangu Queyling. 13. Yunnan « Yunnan. %4h Queytchou , Qu^ang. 15. Setcnuen Tchmfftou. 16» Lyautong Mougden. Of the towns, the most noted are, Peking, Nan- king, and Canton *• PBINCIFAL BXVEaa. Hoan-Ho, or Yellow-rirer ; Kian^Kea, or Blue- 1 liver ; and Ta, or river of Canton^ * The ChioM* mmiM of Pakfaur, Kankimp, aad Ctabomt 'm,\ Chwk-iing'taat Coa-ding-Unt and Qnuif-teliMiipfoa. Pekiofl maaM tha Nortbam Coert, aad NmUi^, the 8— thaw . China »[ hj thi a^n^^^M Tchon-koot, which fifattaf tha eaatra ofttol CDINA m The Peninsula of Coeea is a kingdom tribu- tary to China.-— Its capital is Kingkitau* China is one of the finest countHes in thr world. It is, in- general, beautifully diversified ;' the ground is highly cultivated,- ana the popuhu tion immense, 'fhe northern part is extremely eold in winter. There are numerous canals for the purposes of inland navigation ;- one of which is above 600 miles in length, and forms a com- munication between the southern and northern parts of the empire. The vessels employed upon these and thd nvers snre called junks. Tliey are ofacuriouacomitruction,. and are flat-bottomed» so as to draw vary little water. The soil pro- duces wheaty riccr turnips, carrots,- fniitsi sugar* canes, tobacco, &c. Of animals, there are ele- phants^ tigers* dzomedariei^ camels, horses, slieep^ goiitsj^ogs, &c and there are mines of gold, su- ver, quicksilver^ copper, tin, iron, and coat. Several tree» and plaats ^bow here that ara peculiar to the country ; particularly a tree that produces peas, differing htlle from those of Eu- rope; another, b«uinff a kind of gum, which makes excellent varnish ; a third, bearing whitt berries, of the uzex)f a hazd-nut, whose pulp is a sort of tallow, of which candles are made ; and a fourth, called the white-wax tree, producing that artide superior to the common bees-wax. The bamboo-cane grows to the height of an ordinary tree ; and though it be hallow within, the wood Is hard, and proper for many uses, such as pipes to convey water, boxes, baskets, and the makiiig of paper, after it is reduced to a sort of pi(Ste<£ they even construct houses of it. But the most a -^- 174 CHINi^. remarkable production of this country iis tea, 6f which above thirteen xmUions of pounds are an* Dually exported in firitisli vesstls*. China is uho uimous for its procelain ; though little of that article is now exported^ it being so well imitated in several countnes of Europe. Besides tea and porcelain, China exports silk, cotton, nankine^ ealieo, Indian ink, &c.— On the norjtb, China t% separated from Tartary by the great Chinese wall; which j it is said,^ is 1500 miles long, 2^. feet high, and 24 broadj and has lasted above SOOO years. The CHii7E8Jiare,in general, ofalowerstatuf^^ ■than the Europeans: they have large foreheads, aved with broad stones. Tlid houses seldom rise above ono stmry^ and are butlt of wood and brick. The shppa hav^ their fvonta^ 176 C^HIKA. fancifully ornamented. The inhabitants withia the vallf are estimated at a million, and the sub- urbs contain half that number. The river is covered with barks, which have apartments in them for families, where many constantly reside. It is in the suburbs that all commercial business is transacted; and Enghind, Holland, France, Sweden, l>enmark, Portug^, Spain, and Americ4i, have factories established there : but tlie English, both from the extent of their buildings, and tlis number of their ships, appear to engross almost the whole of the Chma trade to tliemsel ves. HisT0RY.r--The Chinese boast of.an antiquity beyond that of any other nation. Their first em« peror i& said to hftve been Fo-hi,, who began his reisn 2500 years before the birth of Christ. They XeSion twenty-twO dynasties, or different i^unilies, -who l]«rec ricccr^lcd tnc throne, and 236 emperors, down to the present. The annals of tliese empe- rors, contain little thajt is very interesting^ They liad frequent wars with the Eastern and Western Tartars ; the latter of whom conquered the coun^ try about the year 1278, bwt were expelled ia 13^8. Th^ Great Chinese philosopher, Confucius^ flourished about 530 years b^fbre 'Christ. The «mperor is an absolute prince t but the examples of tyranny are rare,^ aane is tiiught to regard the people as his children, and not as his slaves. The Chinese are idolaters. For some time^Chrbtianity made a considerable progress in Cliina^. under popish missionaries; out these were ^driven out by the last emperor, and that, religion i& no longer to]|9rated.-^In 1792, Lor4 Macartney. was sent from Britain at the head of an embassy to China ; but his reception was such, as to preclude the hope of any closer conn^tion between the twa gqN.ntriiess. a^ least fpc a oonindgrable^ time. x C m 3 TARTARY. T«is vast r^on it bounded-^n the south, by Asiatic Turkey, Persia, Hindoostsn, the Eastern Peninsula ana China; north, by the Northern Ocean ; west, by Russia in Europe ; east, by the Pacific Ocean. ntrisioxsk ' towns. 1, Tibetian Tartary... Lassa or Tonker. *-^5Jj^^*''"^"^}Tcitsicar. . S. Western Tartary. { ^^bJST*^'^ Bokhara rAstracan, Orenburg^ A. Russian Tartaiy. } Oufa, Tbbolsk, Ko^ i jyvan, Tomsk, Ir-^ ^ kutftk, Yakutsk*. BITSSS, LAKES, AUD IffOUMTAlKS. I. RiyBB8.<--Sanpoo or Burrampooter, Amur or Saghafien^ Oxus or Gihon or Amu, Wolga^ Oby, Irtii^ Tobd, Enissey, Lena f ^ , ^ / • Tibetian Tartary is diTided into freal and little tibct i It fo' tiilnitarj tst China.— Eastern Tutan oontaina the Man&hnrsr ' Mandioa« and Mongttl Tartatf—i-In Westera er Indeprndent Tav* tapfj air* Uie Usbe^ Tartars, the Kalmii^ksy A^c^^RiusianTW- .tary eompMlwBdB Siberia*. Astracan Tartaty* and Cfreassia*— *Ili- Siberia are the SanM^des* the Tanj^, the Xamtsehatkadat|(|». &G.— Rasaia in Aida is now divided into the ive goTeranMnta MP CaticasQS* Oofa. Koljfan, Tobolsk, and irion||alii ■ ■.Russia £h^ Asia is equai^u extent to idl Burope. t The Obj is said to mn a course of .SOOOiailet : the Saisiejv i|8Qa? the Lena, 1vouiiger or better, and is diaoovered. again in the oody of some child by certain tokens known oidy to the lamas or priests. The residence of the Grand Lama is in a vast temp|e or pagoda on mount Putala, near the banki offbeSanpoo, about seren miles east of Lassa. The Tibetians assemble in chapels^ and unite to«- gether in pnxHgioiis nun^ts^ to perform their religious service, which they chant in alternate- recitativeand chorus, accompanied by an extensive band of powerful^ instruments;— 'Ureat part of' Tartary is totally unknown to lUiropcans. Lassa or Lahassa^ called aW Baron/lofo or Tonker^ is net. a large ^ eity, but is well > built^-^ Swnarcami (on theSoflnd) isan ancienty large, and populous city, capitM of a fcingjdom of the same > name, in tlie country of the Usbcck Tartars. It was the birth*plaee and seat of Tamerlane the Great. The nouses^ are bittit of stone: .there is an academy of sciences ; and it carries on a trade" in excdlent fruits.^— ^ofr^ra^ on the same river^ i» large and populous, but meanly buih.-^B'a/^ is^ adittii^iushed cityion the river Behash, which - flows into the Oxus.*<<-^^«lramf» isr built on'^veiU small hills that rise amid the meadows p? the Wolga. It is the largest and roost populous city in all Tartary ; is surrounded by walls, has a fort- less^ an excellent Iiarbour, aniid is noted for fisb Cto TAltTAlTY; ttnd salt There are in it twenty^fiTe Russiair ehurches,. besides places of worship ibr the Arme. fiians^ Lutherans, and Papists, and a temple for the Biiadoos^-^Toboldci. the cajntal of Siberia, it seated on a hili, at the confluence of the Irtis anid Tobol. The houses are low and mean. The Chimib cannrans pass^ t]ut>u^h this town^ and aM the Airs ibniished bv Siben». a»e brou^t to it^ 4uid ther^ce forwarded to Moscow. Thel^useianft- commonlv; send thar state prisoners hef«.<^Ia. the neighbourhood of JTe^oan there are silver ■mines. HisTOBT.^fhouffh it is certain tliat TAHTARr,. ibrmerly known^by^ Uie name of Serthi^. peopled' •the northern parts 4)f £urope^4mdtumi^ed those amwaing numbers^ who, under ^wribus names, de- itttmed the Bomain empire^ yet it is now but very thimy pei^Ied, and some of die finest parts of it j. where learninftaiid the ails sesidedL are now scenes ofliaiTar and%arhirity. The country of Usbeck; TaprtarjF was* onoe the seat of a more powerful! empire than that of Greece or Home. It was not only the: native* country^, but the Jsvourite resi- dence^ Zinghis op Jeng^s- Khan, «nd of Tamers- lane the Gri»a|,.the conqueror of Bajazet> Persia) and Indian Whon tiie vast donainion^^f Zinghis Khan fell to^ pieees^ undee his successors in the I0th oentiiBy, die Taitarhordes, who had formed one empire, agmn.separited,. and have since con«» tinned, diliiiict They pay a tribute oracknow.. Mginent bf their dcpendeney upao one or. othei ^ Uieir poKftr^ ncagjiboufSi. C M* 3' »* ASIATIC ISLANDS. Cbylok ;: in whtck are, Candjf, €!oliiinbo^ ancl* Triiioonid4i— The Maldives and Lackadives.-** The Niophar and: Andaman islands.— >][^noe of Walesv island or Fenang.—Sunda islands ;■ prin* eipal, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. In Sumatra are Aohen and Bencoolen ; in Java are Batavia and Bantmn; and in ^rneoi. is a town of dia same naBic*"-niost of the- rivers havt their source, the two Iwgest of wlnchr^are the Ma. livagougaandtheMulivaddy. In' someplS^wefr there are rich nrines, whence are procured diamonds,, rubies,' sapphires, topazes, and other stones, of lest value ; also iron, copper, and Uack-kad. Ceylon produces' great quantities of cinnamon; &na its pepper is of a superior equality *: OiW o^ the most remarkable trees, besides tnecinnamon^tree, it the tallipot, whiob grows strait and tall, one of whose leaves will eover ten men* Of the animal tribes, this- island is famoBs^ for its* elephants, which are more esteemed than any others in the Indies; audit abounds with buffaloes, goats, hog^^. deer, hares, dogs, jackalls, monkeys, tiger«, and flii< \t jkinc mi five '.tbe the [doos inai boui thou won reck and cove] have few < two< * fht- clnimnoa-trM iflifroni ei^ht to ten jards bi|)i. twvorthma b«xk*i whi«h form, ih« cinoMtoa* It li» f TBe elephant is thelai|^ of aH termtiiftl anim&la; but thi height of tba largett is oalj^ batvweo teoiand elaTon foet, tbonglv^ j soae travellers hava asserted that it is fuaiteen. Tba most re* markaMe part of tkis animal is his probocis or trunk) which is ge« •anUij about ein^bt feet lonf » wad Mrvcs all the prpotei of «.band^ I Briti ICant %t the Iseatc Icipa ASIATIC ISLANDS. 185 rees, andthe vffodSf which, interior parts nd thick fo- valiies. The Humalell or al form, near top is a large in the shape larger. The ^8) the great nt of hifi foot heaven. The rtsbyarange e rivers havt hi are the Ma- neplkes there ed dlMuiioiicls, ' stones, of lest lead. CeyloB LHifm; and itr Oi^ of the sinnamon-tree, id tally one of >f tire animal its elefihantSy others in the s, goats, hog». rs, tigers*. and birds, some of fHicb are pecnfMr to tlie oountry ; also very dan- gecous serp^ts ; and ants, which do a great deal of mischief; The naittTe» of Cevlon are of two ' kinds^ the Cingaidse and die Vaddalis. The lat. ler are sdllin the londest: state of social llfb, and lire embosomed in the woodsy or in the hoUows of the mountains, and subsist chiefly by bunting. The Cingalese appear^ to bare been a >ra^ of Hin- • doosiitfstrocted inall theartS'of civil life, nearlj^ in as high a degree as the natives of the neigh« bouring continent* They are Pagans; and,* though tb^ aoknowled^ a supreme God, tbey worship ottiyifiierior deities^ among wliicfa tbey itickon the sun and moon. Their housea are small- md low, Mritb walls made of hurdles^, smoothly eoTered with 'day, and' the roofe -thatehed. The^ haYd* no chimneys^ and their furniture is - only a- few earthen vessels, with two copper basins^ and. two or three stools. Their food is generally rice';^ and the commim: drink water, wfiieh' tb^ pour into their mouths out of a vessel like »> tea^t.-. On the Qoith-west of the island is a famous pearl [fishery. The- divers descend froi& five to > ten fathoms, and remain- under water about two mi- nutes, each brii^ng up^ about a hundred oystersii in his net.-»Tbe Portuguese were- the first Euro- peans who settled in. Ceylon I but theDutch soon- Idrove them away,' and estabhsbed themselves in 1^1 the principal plaees-along the coast. In 1796,, cinnamonJ pepper, arrack, cocoa-nuts, oil, wax, honejr» corau ivory, &c.-»Triiicoma/i^, on the east coast, is chief^ iy noted for its harbour, reckoned the finest in the East-Indies, and defended by two forts. The town occupies more ffround than Columbo, but contains a much smaller number of houses, and of an inferior appearance. Sumatra is separated from Malaccas by thi straits of that name, and from Java by the straits of Suoda. It is almost equally divide' by the equator, is 960 miles in length, and froi 150 to 200 in bccAdtbk Several chains of moun^ tains run thfoueh its whole length, between whicli are extensive plains, where the air is cool, and u which are many lakes and rivers. Great part ol the island is covered with woods, which form as eternal diade. The Sumatrana are^ in generalJ rather below Uie middle stature; their limba slight, but well-shaped, and particularly small ati the wrists and ancles. Their hair is strong, and of a shining black. The men are beardless ; ffreat| pains being taken to lender them so, by rubbing their chins, whtte boys, with a kind of quick^limc T}ieir complexion is yellow. The rites of mar jna||e consbt dibfly in joining the hands of ' z' Al^IATIC ISLANDS. \%6 prtieft, pronouncing them man and wife, and Fgiving an entertainment on the occasion. Poly« i gamy is allowed to the men ; but, owin^ to tlicir [poverty, few instances occur of their having more |than one wife, except among the chiefs. The ^original natives are Pagans. The inferior anU loals are tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, bears^ iDonkeys, aligators, buffaloes, a small kind ef liorses, goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, and hoe-deer, [an animal somewhat larger than a rabbit, the head resembling that of a hog, and the shanks and f^et like those of a deer: the besoar-stone found on this animal has been valued at ten times its weight in gold. Of birds, there is a greater variety than of beasts. The Sumatran pheasant is a bird of uncommon beauty. Here are storkir of a prodigious size, parrots, ducks, wood-pigeons, doves, and ni:^rfOr.>uo VvCwtSt of smaSt bit'd» of th» most beautiful colours. The reptiles are lizards and cameleons. T*he island swarms with insects. Rice is the only grain that grows in the country^ but herd are sugar-canes, beans, peas, radishes, yams, potatoes, pumpkins, &c. Indigo, saltpetre, iulphur, arsenic^ bra^l-wood, the bread-fruit-tree, pepper, cassia, carophire, coffee, and cotton, are ; likewise the produce of this island. The forests contain many valuable kinds of wood, as ebony, pine, sandal, aloes, teek, manchineel> and iron wood. Bees-wax is a eommodity of great import* ance here ; and here are also edible bird-nests^ Gold, iron, tin, copper, and lead, are found ia tiie country. Sumatra is divided into many p^tty kingdoms, the chief of which is Achen. In the south-west part are the British seitlementf of Ben-* eoolen and Fort Marlborough. 4.m^ is 4^0 mi)e9 Ipng, and of Tarious broftdth*. ib6 ASIATIC ISLANDS! The land is low near the shore, but rises graduaU Jy towards the centre. On the north-coast there are many commodious creeks, bays, harbours, and towns; also many little islands. The^c are two kingdoms in Java; one under the king of Ban- tam; another that ofMataram. The Javanese Uve chiefly on vegetable food, and'use no ferment- ed liquors.^ They are a barbarous, proud, and fierce people ; of a brown complexion, short black liair, lar^e cheeks, small eyes, and large eye-brows. They paint their teeth jet-black, except two mid- dle ones, which they cover witir gold-leaf ; and the operation is repeated as often as is necessary to keep them in tliat state. The men are very robust, and stron^limbed ; but the women are of ] a small size. The men wear a piece of calico wrapped two or three times round their middle^;. A»d womeiy vmiMr it fr^ift th<4? sbi^ulden down tj9<| their knees ; but all other pails are bare. Tht men have two or three wives, according to their etrriimstaiicesk Thocjs that live near the coast are | generally Mahometans; but within land they are Gentoos. This island has some rei^ high moun- tains, particularly the Pepper mountain on tht south side. It has likewise impaissable forests and wildernesses; hut to the north, between Batavia ■and Bantam^ the country Is very populous, fuU of rice fields^ and plenty of salt and pepper, besidei mvsi sorts of fruits. Here also are hogs^ beeves, and ^eep, with other tame animals.. In the woods arc large tigers, rhinoceroses, and other wild beasts; and in the rivers are crocodiles. The air is as tera* Derate and healthy as in any part of the £ast-In* di^i The serene season is from May to Novein* berj when the rains begin, which lay the low grounds under water, and kill the insects. In llarcb they beg^in to sow^.aifid. in July the sugar ASIATIC ISLANB9. 187 flid rice begia to ripen; but September and Octo- ler are the beat months for all sorts of fruits. Java ku a river which rises in the mountains, and, di- viding itself into many branches, waters the cir» tomjacent country ; these afterwards unite,, and pass through Batavia, which was the principal set* tjement of the Dutch in India. In 1811, this inland was reduced by the British, in consequence of a decisive victory obtained over the Dutch and French troop6< on the 20ih. of AngusU-^^Batavict lias an excelknt harbour, a strong fort, an hospital, ind arsenal. There are canals in the principal itreets, planted on each side with trees ;. but it ]» Tiery unhealthy.*— Ainllam is a poor place^ but haf two forts ; and a river ron^ through it Bwmeo^ next to New Holland, is reckoned the largest island int^he world ; but is little known to £iw repeans. It is 900 miles long, and 600 broad. The inland country is mountainous; but (he sea-coast is kkvand marshy. Itproduces rice^|H»>per, sago, bee^ . laz* dLuiuMiJi^, gOM^.Aearfei.camprior»^eiiU»ie bird-;-. nest% canes,- and sanoaUwooid. The osan-ovtang (the most str&ing tbougib hideoos resemblance of the humaiv racc),i»a< native of Borneo. There is I town of tbe sainiB name on the north coast^ whicb has a place,, an4is surrounded by a. high wall witbc. R ditck The Dutcb hajre some settlements ii» Borneo— -Prtnee ^ Walts Island ^ or J^emng", ia the straits of Malacca^ belongs to the I^glish, £ast India Company. It ha^ a settlement called, George-town. Celebes is 560 miles from north to south, but very irregular in its>^ breadth. It produces cot- tpn, inaizCy rice,, sago, cocoa^nut9, ^mipions,. l)lack pepper, be^nS) lUjelons, plantains^ oiinges^. las ASIATIC ISLANDS. lemons, mangoes, pineB, &c. It abounds wUbl poisonous trees ana plants ; and is wdl stockedl With buffaloes, cattle, sheep, goats, hoffs, horsesJ cats, and monkeys. It has quarries m excellentl stone and marble, and mines of gold, copperJ and tin. The natives, are short and stout, and have a flat^h face, of a reddish yellow. Theii manners are unffraeeful ; and they are jealous and| revengeful. The Dutch have some settlements on the coasts, of which the chief is Macasiar, a name that is sometimes given to the whole island.) The Moluccoi are famous for cloves, mace, and nutmeg. By a treaty in 1619, the English badl one third of the produce, and the Dutch two| thirds ; but, in three years after, the latter forget' a plot of the English against their lives and liber- ties, and, at Amboyna, put them^ to death wit the extremest tortures *. The Philippine hldndt were ^scovered by Ma flellan in 1521, and conquered by the Spaniardi in the reign of the tyrant Philip II. after whom they were named. They are said to be 1100 it number, but great part of them are very small.! Thia extensive ^roup presents many volcanic api pearances, and is subject to violent earthquakesJ thunders, and rains. The air is bot^ and mobt, and the soil is fertOe in rice» bread-fruit, sai * The dove tre* grows to tho 1)d|^t of 40^ wr 50 feet« will •praadinf^ branclies and len§^ pointed lenTea. The luiitug tr grow* to the sine of a pear tree, the leavei resenbliog those the lanrelt and bears fraif from the age of tea te en* handr jears. The nvtneg, when ripe on the tree, has a very enrto and heantiAil appearance. It is about the sice of an tprteot, aeadj of a simUar eolonr, with the save kind of hoH^ aurk round \^ Vfhfn perfectly ripe, the rind over the mark opeas, ai iiscoireq^themaee, of a deep nd, gnwiog ov«* the thia sheU tM Qiltiacft lAichU blade. ASIATIC ISLANDS. 18d Ittiny other useful vegetables and fruits. The Lotton is of peculiar beauty, and the sugar-cane, |lDd cocoa-nut trees, are particularly cultivated. IXhe trees are always sreen, and there are ripe llhiits all the year. The natives are affable, hos- pitable, and honest, and cultivate the land with indant skill. They are tall, well made, and 1^ a tawny complexion. The men wear only a ildnd of shirt and loose drawers : the dress of the Ifomdb is chiefly a large mantle : their black and iautiful hair is of great length. The houses are 'bamboo, covered with palm leaves. The chief [food is rice, cocoa-nuts, and salted fish.-— JUantiZ/a, lb the island of Luconia, is the capitid of all the Ifhilippines. It is well fortified, and has a castle laUea St Philip. The houses are mostly buiU lofwood. It is deemed the most healthy of all Ithe European settlements in the east In 1762, 'le Enfhsh took it by storm, and suffered the rchbiihop to ransom it for about a million ster- ^Dg* great part of which has never been paid. The PeUw Itlandt were discovered by the Spaniards; but were little known till the Ante- ;, belonging to the East-India Company, was recked upon one of them in 1783. Captain /^ilson found the natives simple in their manners, ielicate in their sentiments, and friendly in their lisposition— in short,; a people that do honour tc^ luman nature. On his departure, the king of le islands suffered his second son, Lee Boo, to ccompany him to Eneland, where this hopeful [outh unfortunately died of the small-pox in «cember 1784. The Caroline Islands were discovered by the Spaniards in 1686, and named from the Spanish lonwch Charles 11. They are about 30 in kber, and very populous.^— The Ladronc 190 ASIATIC INLANDS. IdahdSf besides other fruits natural lo the vd and cUmate, contain the bread-fruit tree in abun] dance^^-^atnofiand />>niM»fa produce many valuJ able commodities, and are partly subject to the Chinese. The Japan Itfandt form a powerful and popuJ lous«mpire; and are deserving of particular at tention. Ben4e8 many smaller isles, there sh. three of great extent— -Jvt]pOfi, Xhtdu, and Siktiid which are divided into provinces and districts] The number of inliabitanis is supposed to be abou^ 30 millions. The face king, the meat being previouslv out into small pieces. The general drink is sacki, or beer inade office; which last article suffplies the place of bread. Tea is universally drunk ; but wine and lipiritous liquors are unknown. The practice m smoking tobacco is generah— The dress con- ' Isists of trowsers ; and loose robes of silk or cotton (ire universally worn by both sexesi— !>StoekingB lire not used ; and the shoes are commonly of rice Litraw. The men shave the head from the fore- head to the nape, but the hair en the sides is I turned up and fastened at the crown of the head« [Conical hats made/^ grass are worn on journeys ; [imt the fashion d^^earing the hair forms the com- inon covering of the* hetS. — In science and lite- jrature the Jcipanese yield to none of the oriental Inations. Some of their arts and manufactures sur- hpass even those of Europe. There arc excellent workmen in iron and copper; mann&ctures of lilk and cotton; and in varnishing of wood they [are unequalled. Glass is also common : and they ttven form telescopes. The porcelain is deem^ superior to that of China. Their swords display tincomparable skill ; and many varieties of paper tare prepared from tlie bark of a species ot inul- berry-tree. They have long had the art of print- bg; but they use blocks, not moveable types, and my impress one side of the paper. j£DDO, the capital of the whole empire, is situ- ited on a plain, near an extensive bay : a large Iriver passes through it. In it are the emperor's Ipalace, and many sj^endid houses of the numc- Iraus princes. The palace is of great extent : the iloon of the hundred mats is 600 feet in length, id 300 in breadths There i» a liigh square 19t ASIATIC ISLANDS. tower, oonuttixiff of feveral ttoriet richly deoort-^ ted, and most of the rooTt are ornamented with] golden dragiMia. The oillan and ceilingi are of oedar, camphor, and otiier precious n^oods ; but the only furmture b white mats frin^ with gold J The whole city is said to be sixty miles in circumJ ference, and contains two millions of inhabitanti.| Miato contains half a million. It is the most com- mercial city, and is celebrated for the principall manufactures.— The houses in Japan are of wood J coloured whiter so as to resemble stone, and neverl exceed two stories in height; the upper servingl for garrets. Each house forms but one rooin ;| whidi may be di? ided into anartments at pleasureJ by moveable partitions. Tiiey use neither chaini nor tables, bat sit on straw mats, the meal beingl served apart to each on a snudl square wooden! salver. In Jeddo the houses are covered withl tiles ; but the general, fabric is a frame-work of wood, split bamboos, and clay .«— The inland com- merce is very considerable, and is exempted froml imposts. The harbours are crowded with vessels,] and the shops are well replenished. Large fairsl are held in different places. 3'hcir Borden tradel is confined to the Chmese and Dutch. Tneir ex-| pprts are copper in bars, lackered ware, &c. The established religion in Japan is a PclytheismA with the acknowledgement of a Supreme Being. Soon after the discovery of this country by thel Portuguese, Jesuitic missionaries arrived in 1549 ;| and their doctrines were diffused till 1638, when! the pride and avarice of the Portuguese producedl a persecution, in which It is said 37,000 Christians! were massacred. Since that time Christianity hail been held in supreme detestation.— -There are two! emperors, one called the Kubo, or secular emperorj who holds the chief sway ; the other, called the! ASIATIC I6LAND& 193 Dairo, or SDiritual monarch : tb« former 1ms his [court at Jeddo ; the other at Miaoo. The Dairo, [H is laid, wears a bbck habit, and a cap on his head. His feet must never touch the ground, nor must he ever be exposed to the rays of the sun. He never cuts his hair, nor his beard, nor his nails ; and all his victuals must be dressed in new iTessels. The likt of Jetio are governed hj a prince ivho is tributary to J«oan,'^S(whalien is a very hrge island, inhabited oy a mild intelligent race, resembling the Tartars in appearance. The na- llive name of the island is Tcnoka.-*The Kurilis Ure subject to Russia. The Northern Archipelago Peontains four ])riQcipal dusters of islands. That [group which is called the Fox I$land», was so named on account of the sreat number of black, grey, and red foxes with which they abound. The linhabitants of each of the Fox Islands consider it las common property ; and have neither chiefs nor Ituperiors; nor laws nor punishments. -c; m a •S•• 6. JEgypt; mcluding i, Fez, Me(|ui- llee, Tffraphv tyJ.2immw. v-x 1 "A' • I'J^P^ ruimed o AJRICA. m '•• Hottentot, touh. jc^^^^ )^ Lower Guii^ea... St Salvador. !'^ Benin, Cape-coast-castle, C%ti8tianburir, Fre- dericksburg,^ Free- town, Oilier diyisions of M&i^ laid down in tiiaps, f, Biledulgeiid», Saluira or the Great Desert, Nzan, BcOT^oUi Nep?gland or Negritia, Sene^ imbia, Seneg^i Iwi^bgs Tombuctoo, Houssa, iTangara, l)a]:^(b(BviAilel, Ajan, Lower Ethiopia, [onomotapa, Soffiili, t^^raria, Mataman. [V]g%S^ XAfftfl, M9l»ir$AIKS, BAYS, BttiAlTiy RiTElcSi— )^ile, M|f^r^ Setiecal, Gambia, Ri^ ^Grande, Sierra , ^ai re The Nile* nccotHh^ inlWr Brnee, rises in latitude 10 Aeg, Imin. K. and lepgltU^f-^ 4^> 55 tbin. B. and rung a course- Ibont 2(^ miles. Itovedb#s its banks, regularly, every year,. n the m^dle of JniNl to the middle of September ; upon which I fertility of the conntry depends. This inundation is eansed \fy [periodical rains whH^^fall between the trdpics, and patdcnlarly kbjssiilda. A Kttii belj2.w Cairo, it divides into two -great jiches, whivh, with the Mediterranean Sea, form an islandt the Delta r this name (I^elta) is also applied to tracts of fuimed by the men^of the pj^i^ Ava, &c.— The sourcii. [termination of tKe N^rl&re untnown^to Europeaaa : butit is certain that its course is from west to east* 2 19$ AFRICA. J. Lakes. — Zambre or Maravi, and Dembea or] Tzana *. S. Mountains.-— Atlas, mountains of the LionsJ mountains of the Moon, Lupata or the Back, bone of the World, Table mountain, Sugar. loaf mountain, Lion'^s Head, Charles Mount,] James Mount, or the Lion'^s Rump. 4. Bays and Straits '— Straits of Gibraltar, Gul^ of Calies, Gulf of Sydra, Red Sea, Straits of Babelmandel, Channel of Mozambique] Table Bay, False Bay, Saldanha Bay, Gul of Guinea "f. S., Capes. — Spartel, Blanco, Verd, Good-Ho{ Guardafui. 6. Islands.— Madeira, and* Porto Santo. I Madeira is Funcha).-— Canary Islands ; prin cipal, Canary, TenerifF, Ferro, and Palma. ' Cape Verd Islands : principal, St Jago.— Louis.— James Island.^Goree. — St Ma thew and St Thomas.— Ascension.— St H ]ena.-»Madagasear.— -Comora Islands ; pri cipal, Comora, Hinzuan or Johanna. — Is] of Monsia, Zanzibar, and Pemba. — Bou bon.-*Isleof Franceor Mauritius.— Socotan APEiCi Asia by tl broad. 1 the influei especially itare notl of which a put in moi caravans h other banc which are of spring, I in a lamcn of a dark wards the i ivernments/ I almost all i I metans. . 1 m the othe lions, tigen there are a diles, and I teeth are i * Lake Zambre i|nd Lttpata- rount^'na are to the west of Zal {^bar : lake Dembea is in Abyssinia : mount Atlas, in Barba the mountains of the Lions divide Negroland from Upper Gnine the mountains of the Moon are in Lower Ethiopia : the remaiaij mountains are at the Cape of Good Hope. •f* The Straits of Gibraltar are 34> miles in length, and \i\ lireadth. A strong current always runs through them from Atlantic into the I^edilerranean. - Barbab Tunis, Tri and produ< almonds, o are, fruits, ther, ostric {>le are of i atter inhaj and are mi ners and hundred tl of the phi Emperor ^ A F R I C A. 197 AfhiCa is an immense pcninsijla? united to Asia by the isthmus of Suez, wliich is 120 miles broad. The whole of Africa is so much undci; the influence of the sun, that it is extremely hot, especially in the middle parts ; and vast tracts of it are nothing better than dry deserts, the sands of which are almost burning hot, and are so easily put in motion by the wind, that it is said whole caravans have faieen buried under them. On the other hand, nothing can surpass the fertile parts, which are continually clothed with the beauties of spring, summer, and harvest. The natives are in a lamentable state of uncivilization^ TJiey aro of a dark complexion. In the middle, and to- wards the south, they are quite black. The go- Ternments are in the highest degree despotic, and almost all the inhabitants are Pagans or Maho« metans. . There are more wild beasts here than in the other quarters of the world ; particularly; Kens, tigers, leopards, rlnnoeeroses, and hyenas ;. there are also camels, cameleons, ostriches, croco- diles, and the hippopotamus or river-horse, whos& teeth are the best of ivory^ BAmsABv (which includes Morocco, Algien,- Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca) is, in general, fertile,, and produces com, wine, citrons, oranges, figs, almonds, ohves, dates, and melons. Its exports- are, fruits, Barbary horses or barbs, Morocco lea- ther, ostrich feathers, indigo, wax,. &c. The peo- ple are of two kinds, Moors and Brebers. The ktter inhabit the mountains, lead a pastoral life, and are much better than the Moors, both in man- ners and morals. In 1799, between two and three hundred thousand of the Moors in Morocco died of the plague. The sovereign of Morocco is styledi Emperor ; that of Algiers, , the Dey ; that ofT r198 AFRICA. Tunis, and that of Tripoli, the Bey., The A I- gerines are noted pirates; and the inhabitants of Barbary arc Mahometans. Barbary, in former times, comprehended the Carthaginian State, Nuniidia, and Mauritania. The whole country became suligect to the Romans; afterwards to the Saracens or Moors, who were forced for a long time to submit to the Turks, b!it seem now to have thrown off the yoke. Egypt is famous for its ancient learning, its curiosities and productions. Among its curiosities are, the Pyramids, (nearly opposite Cairo, west of the Nile) the largest of ivhich covers eleven acres of ground, and is 500 feet perpendicular; the Mummies or embalmed bodies, some of which are reckoned to be 3000 years old ; the Sphynx, which is a stupendous ngure of the head and shoulders of a woman, cut out of the solid rock ; and the Labyrinth, partly under ground, which, contained 12 palaces and 1000 houses. The .commodities purchased here are, coffee, senna, cassia, rhubarb, sal ammoniac, myrrh, saffron, .saltpetre, aloes, opium, indigo, sugar, dates, cot- ton cloth, &c. Here are produ(;ed also almonds, oranges, pomegranates, figs,- peaches, apricots, melons, &c.— -Of far the greater part of Egypt, the aspect is that of a narrow fertile vale, per- vaded by the Nile, and bounded on either side by barren rocks, and mountains. Rain is here a very uncommon phenomenon ; the heat is extreme. Weakness of the eyes and blindness are very ge- neral in Egypt. History. — The princes of the line of the Pha- raohs sat OKI the throne of Egypt in an uninter- ic>ipted successiofi, till Cambyses II. king oi'Pcr- \ AFRICA. •1.0 lendcd the >fauritania. e Romans; I who were lie Turks^ roke. arning, its i curiosities !^airo, west rers eleven lendicular; le of wliich le Splijnx, head and solid rock ; md, whiclk ses. The 'ce, senna, h, saffron, dates, cot- o almonds, , apricots, of Egypt, vale, per- either side n is here a is extreme, •e Yery ge- fthePl^a. in uninter- ng oi" Per- sia, ronquered the Egyptians, 520 years before the birth of Christ.. When Alexander the Great vanquished Darius, Egypt came under the do- minion of that prince. At the death of Alexan- der, it fell to the share of Ptolemy, and again be- came an independent kingdom, about 300 years - before Christ. His successors retained the name of Ptolemies, till Cleopatra, the wife and sister of Ptolemy Dionysius, the last king, ascended ^ the throne. U[X)n her death, Egypt became a Roman province. Omar, the second caliph of the Saraccnsj expelled the Romans from it, after it had been in their hands 700 years. About the time of the crusades, between the years 1150 and 1190, Egypt was eoveraed by >forredin, whose ion, the famous Saladine, was so terrible to the Christian adventurers, and retook from them Je- rusalem. He instituted the military corps of Mamalukes ; who, about the year 1242, advanced one of their own officers to the throne ; and Egypt continued subject to princes chosen from among, that body, till the Turks under Selim de- feated the Mamalukes, and reduced it under their own government. The French expedition into that country under Bonaparte is well known. NtFBiA is partly subject to the Turks, and partly to the king of Sennar, Great part of this tountry consists of wild deserts, and the peopl*; tire deceitful and ferocious. The general dress is a long blue shirt. Its exports are, gold, ele- phants' teeth, civet and slaves. — Ahifssinia (which, together with I^Iubia, is sometimes called Upper Ethiopia) is subject to its own king. In many parts it is very mountaitious, and there are tre- mendous storms of lightning and thunder, and wipds no less dreadful. Tne rainy s«ason eon-- 4f. 200 AFRICA. tinues from April to September, and is succeeded by six months of cloudless sky. The religion of this countr]^ seems to be a mixture of Judaism and Christianity. The natives are of a dark olive complexion, and the dress a light robe bound with a sash, the head bcinc covered with a turban. They are said to be fond of eating raw flesh. — Zan^ebar includes several petty kingdoms, in which the Portuguese have various settlements, and tp whom the natives are partly subject. The country of the HoTi* kKTOTs. is the most southern division of Africa, The natives arc, in their manners, little superior to the brute crea- tion. They clothe themselves with sheep-skins, and besmear their bodies all over with fat mixed with soot ; and this is ncviu* wiped off. . The nose is sometimes, by vay of ornament, marked with a black streak of soot, or with a large spot of red lead. They generally go bareheaded, and seldom wear any shoes ; what they do wear are made ofl undressed leather, with the hairy side outwards. Their habitations are adapted to their wandering pastoral life. They are merely huts, of a round! or oblong shape ; and the highest of them so low, that it is scarcely possible for a middle-sized mau to stand upright in them ; but this is not an in- convenience to a Hottentot, who flnds no difR- culty in stooping or crawling on all fours. TU fire-place is in the middle, and they sit or 11^ round it in a circle. The door,, which i» searcelv three feet high, is the only place that admits tin light, and the only outlet for the smoke. Inure( to it from his infancy, the Hottentot feels nothing disagreeable in the cloud that surrounds him but, rolled up like a hedge-hog, and snug in lii< skin, he liqs at .his .ease at the bottom of his hut AFRICA. to% Lower Guinea comprehends the kingdoms o(* Congo, Loango, Angola, and Bcnguala. Neai* the coast the soil is fertile, producing various kinds of fruits, besides palm-trees, from which they set wine and oil. The trade if chiefly pos- $essea by the Portuguese, and consists in slaves, elephants^ teeth, iron, lead, tin, and copper. The inhabitants, in general, worship the sun, moon, and stars.— 'Upper Guinea comprehends the dis- tricts of Sierra Leore, the Grain Coast, the Tooth or Ivory Coast, the Gold Coast, the Slave Coast, Dahomey, and the kingdom of Benin. The Grain Coast takes its name from its trade i^ Guinea corn ; the Tooth Coasts from its trade in- elephants^ teeth ; the Gold Coast, from its trade in gold-dust, which is found in the rivers.; and the Slave Coast, from its trade in slaves. The coast of Guinea is unhealthy for Europeans, though the natives live to a considerable age. The latter, in general, go almost naked, and are an innocent, inoffensive, and hospitable people ; but the Europeans, who have factories on the coast, are said to promote feuds, frauds, and civil wars among them, that, by every means of seduc- tion, kidnapping, coercion, they may carry them off as slaves.—- In 179 1 , an act of^ the ^British Parliament was obtained, incorporating a com- pany called the Sierra Leone Company, for the express purpose of cultivating West-India and- other tropical productions in Sierra Leone, on land purchased of the {mnce of the country, the blacks who might be employed to be free. This colony appears to be gradually improving andi flourishing in every respect. Of the other parts of Africa little satisfactory er. certain is known.— ^t/e(?M/ffen* ous people, who have a republican form of govern- ment.— Za/mra or Zaara, is nearly equal,' in ex- tent, to one half of Europe. The greatest part of it consists of barren sand, interpersed with countries of great fertility .-^Fcsrzan is an exten- sive plain, encompassed by mountains, except to the west. Agriculture and pasturage are the chief employments. The principal town is called Jfourzouk.^—Bomou lias a great variety of animal and vegetable productions. The people manu> iacture cotton, cultivate the ground with hoes, and are, in their manners, courteous and humane. "^Negroland or Nigrilia is a vast extent of coun> try south of Zahara, containing several kingdoms, of which Tombtictoo is one of the most remark- able. The houses in . TombuctoQ are built like bells. There arc a great number of weavers of cotton cloth, and the natives carry on a > great trade in slaves, ivory, senna, gold dust, dates and ostrich-feathers. Instead of money they make use of kowrie shells and small bits or gold.* — MaU' ding is also noted for gold.-— Zouier Ethiopia com- prehends Monoemttgi, Matamba, Ansico, Mujahy Gingiroy Alaba^ &c. of which little is known but their names.— Jlfonomoto/?a or Mocoranga and So-- fala, are famous for gold. The latter is thought Dy many to be the Ophir of the ancients. Its king is tributary to the Portuguese.— Ca^ram is divided into daffrarid Proper and the country of the Hottentots. The Caffres are an industri- ous courageous people. The- country is fertile ; and they have large herds of cattle, which are mery small and docile, coming at a whistle». A r ft I C A. «0^ The city of Morocco stands in a beautiful plain, planted with palm-trees, and is surrounded by very strong walls oi' tabbj/, a mixture of stone and mortur, ^vhich becomes as hard as a rock. It has a royal palace, many magnificent mosoues, and is of great extent, but does not contain above 30,000 inhabitants. — Fez consists of three towns, Old Fezy New Fez, and Belei/de. The palaces ard magnificent, and there are numerous mosques, public baths and hospitals^ and two colleges finely Duilt of marble ; one of the mosques is said to be, in circumference, a mile and a half. Th6 central part of this building is 450 feet in length, 840 in breadth ; and it has a tower of great height: 900 lamps nightly illuminate this ex- tensive building; and contains 7 pulpits, from which the priests instruct the people. The houses are of brick or stone. The city is said to contain upwards of 300,000 inhabitants.— •AfcTUtnesr is now the general residence of the emperor, and the capital of the wl)ole empire. The palace is guarded by several hundreds of black eunuchs, who are cleanly dressed, and have scymiters co- vered with wrought silver. The bouses are good, but the streets are exceedingly narrow. The women live in the tipper apartments, and often visit each otherfrom the tops of the houses, which are ^at-^Sallee has been long noted for its pirates.— Ceu/a and Ordn belong to Spain. Algiers or Algter is a town of very great strength, and very populous. It makes a fine appearance from the sea, the houses rising above one another in the form- of an amphitheatre. The nole of the harbour is 5(K) paces long. — Tunis ij he most civilized town in Barbary It is three niles in circumference, and has manufactures of felvetSjsilk, linen, woollen stuffs, &c. Not far ^04 AFRICA. to the north-east of Tunis are the ruihs of Car- thages-^Tripoli has a commodioMS harbour, birtj the houses are low and mean^ and the streets nar- row, dirty, and irr^ular. at the 1 and a Egypt, is abou a cohsi( Cairo or Grand Cairo, consists of threel Senm towns, Old Cairo, New Cairo, and the Port ofB five mil Bulac. The inhabitants are said to be about! inhabit! 300,009. It is situated on the east side of thel flat-rooj Nile. The finest houses are built round a court,! ]ace is I liaving their windows towards the court, and prc-l ed by b sentiug onlj a dead wall to the street. The! Nile, cc streets are narrow, like lanes. It contains inanyl situated public bagnios and caravansaries, and about 300l tains ab mosques. The Calish is a canal, which conveys chiefly the waters of the Nile into the city ; it is about 20 of a cor feet broad, and has houses built on each side of it. There is a castle built on a rock. Joseph^^ well (bO called from the Grand Visier who, about 700 years ago, had the care of the work) is 60 feet m circumference at the mouth, and 27i) feet ike&p,-^ Alexandria was first built by Alexander the Great, about 333 years before CHrist. It was long esteemed the finest city in the world next to Rome, but now consists chiefly of one long street ^cing the harbour, and does not contain abov \2 or 14 thousand inhabitants.. Its Pharos oi watch-tower, was one of the seven wonders of th( world;: and its library, destroyed in 642, consist ed of 700,000 volumes. Near Alexandria i Pompey''s pillar, built of marble, and 110 fee high. — Rbsetta stands on an island formed by tin west branch of the Nile : it is one of the pleasant 6St towns in "Egypt"— Damietta is situated at on of the eastern mouths of the Nile. It has a goo( harbour, several squares, various mosques, am public baths faced with marble,— fSttea is seotci being e: '—Axun known Melii the Por Fopean The nu bique is from tl possessi built, I convent Cape streets other a built of hind th< tains, .the scut yards, lia.— .^S AFRICA. J05 hs of Car- rbour, birt streets nar- s of three! at the north end of the Red Sea. It has a castle and a harbour.— Gtr^, the capital of Upper Egypt, stands near the left bank of the Nile. It is about three miles in circumference.— CossetV is a cohsiderable port bordering on the Red Sea; Sennar, seated on the west side of the Nile, is he Port of I iive miles in compass,, and contains nearly 100,000 ) be abouti inhabitants. The houses are all one story high, side of thel flat-roofed,, and very ill built ;: even the kmg^s p»- ind a court,llace is but a confused heap of buildings surround- rt^ and prc-l ed by brick walls.' — Dongola, also seated on the treet. Tbel Nile, contains 10,000 houses of wood.— Gonc^ar is ttains manyl situated on a hill of considerable height ; and con- l about 3001 tains about 50,000 inhabitants. The houses are ich conveys chiefly of clay, and the roofs thatched in the form of a cone. There are no shops^. the merchandise being exposed to sale upon mats, in a large square. — Axum (the ancient capital of Abyssinia), is known by its extensive r^uns. Melinaa is a large and populous place, in which the Portuguese have warehouses stored with Eu- ropean goods, and several churches and convents. The number of inhabitants is 200,000.—- Jfosam- bique is situated in a small island about two miles from the continent. The Portuguese have had pssession of it ever since 1497. It is large, well 3 Pharos oi built, and rich, with handsome churches and mders of tb( convents, and a strong fort or castle. 34:^, consist Cape Town^ on Table Bay^ is well built : the lexandria if streets are broad and regular, intersecting each other at right angles; and the houses are mostly built of stone,. and white-washed. The ground be- hind the town rises on all sides towards the moun^ tains. It is protected by two strong forts. To .the south-east of Cape Town are some small vine- yards, which yield the noted wine called Constan- Ua.— 5( Salvador is seated on a craggy Mountain*. is about 20 2ach side of :. Joseph's who, about work) is 60 ^nd 2W feet Alexandei list. It wa^ orld next to B long street ntain abov^ nd 110 fee rmed by tin the pleasant uated at on t has a goo( losques, aw uez is seot \p^'^ 20e AFRICA. It contains the king's palace, several Portuguese] churches, and 40,000 inhabitants. — Benin, on a river of the same name, fs a large city. The shops are stocked vptth European merchandise, as well as with the commodities of the couittrj; and the streets are kept neat and clean hy the women- Cope Coast Castle is a British settlement; Chris- tianburg and Fredricksbttrg are forts belonging to I the Danes.-— /Vcc-n is the capital of the settle- ment of Sierra Leone. The harbour has three wharfs, and is protected by a battery. It stands onl the south-side of Sierra Leone riv.«r, near its en-| trance into the Atlantic. The Madeira islands, are subject to tbfe Portu-I guese. The principal island abounds in fruits ofl almost every kind ; as oranges of all sorts, lemonsl of a- prodigious size, bananas, citrons, peaches,! figs, plums; strawberries, that grow wild in the| mountains with astonishing profusion ; grapes, which are as large as our common plums, and re>| markable for their peculiar flavour. In Madeiral are made the finest sweatmeats in the world ; all] kinds of fruits being here candied in the most ex-l quistte perfection. But what this island is prin cipally celebrated for, is its excellent wine, wliichl keeps best in the hottest climates, and of whichl vast quantities are exported. The number of in J habitants in Madeira is computed at 64,000, of which the town of Funchal contains 1 1,000.— The| Canary islands (seven in number) belong to Spain, and are famous for sugar-canes, wine, excellenf fruits, silk, and Canarv-birds. The Peak of TeA wfrfjfis one of the highest mountains in the world,! and is a volcano. "J'ho population of these islands! is said to be 140,000, of which 64,000 belong tc' TeneriiF.— Cope Fcrd iWanc/*, (tenin num^ber) tirs AFRICA. 207 I subject to Portugal. They are, in general, moun- tainous, but produce various kinds of fruit : Mayit (one of those islands) is noted for salt.— 'Gore^ is, at present, subject ta Britain ; St Matthew and \Si Thomas, to Portugal. Ascension is barren and uninhabited, but has a isafe harbour, at whiqh the East-India ships often touch for turtle.— iS't Helena is situated about ' |l200 miles west of Africa, and 24/00 east of South JAmerica. Its length is about 10 miles, breadth^ h, and circumference 28; It was discovered by Ithe Portuguese, in 1^502, on St Helena^s dtTy. I Afterwards the Dutch possessed it till- 1600, when. they were expelled by the English. In 1673, the iDutch retook it by surprise ; but it was recovered Iby the English in 1678, to whom it has ever since [belonged. There are several lofty mountains; Ithe highest of which is said to rise 2690 feet above Ithe level of the sea. The country, however, is pr from being barren. The little hills are co- vered with rich verdure, and interspersed with' jfertile valleys, which contain^ gardens, orchards, and plantations. It feeds cattle, sheep, and some }ats. A great variety of excellent fi^h is taken upon the coast, and sea-fowl deposit immense uantities of eggs around the island, which form m agreeable article of food. Vegetables of every liescription abound, but no grain is sown. The ir is remarkably salubrious. The only landine- lace is at St Jameses valley, in which the town is ituated, consisting of three streets of decent com— lodious-looking houses, with a^ church, and the pernor's residence, called the castle, which is ^urrounded by a strong^ wall. The island is de- fended by various fortifications and batteries.— bt Helena is now the abode o£ NapoleonBonapartiy, 20S AFRICA. the ex-emperor of France, who arrived there the 17th of October 1815. Madagascar is in length about 800 miles, an 200 in breadth. It is said to contain two hu dred millions of acres of excellent land,, water by rivers and rivulets, from a long chain of mou tains which pass in the direction of the island froi north to south. The natives are rather above t middle stature, and. are mostly of an olive coi plexion : some are tawny or copper-coloured. Tl chiefs are known by their rea caps. Their ai thority is inconsiderable. The women are live and cheerful, and form the chief delight of the{ husbandst The products are, flax, sugar- canei cocoa-nuts, bananas, tobacco, indigo, cotton; pe per, gum-lacca,. benzoin, amber,: ambergris, rii yams, kidney-beans, melons, pine-apples, tam rinds, oranges, pomegranates^ gingerf cinnamoi ebony, &c. Cattle, buffaloes, and sheep aboum There are no lions, tigers, elephants, or hors There are beds of pure rock crystal, three, kim of gold, with^ topazes, sapphires, emeralds, ai spotted jaspers, commonly called blood-stones. The Comora Islands. TprodvLcc a great variety fruits, rice, honey, &c. The East-India shi often touch at Jonanna for refreshments. The] islands, as also Monsia, Zanzibar, and Peni are said to be tributary to Portugal.— >£our6on a fertile island, and produces,. in partcular, exci lent tobacco. There is here a noted volcano.. T French colonized this island in 1654.. The ch town is St Denys.— -The Isle of France was fii possessed by the Dutch,, who abandoned it 1712; soon after which it was settled by t French. It is particularly remarkable for indi and ebony ; produces wheat, Indiaa corn, ai AFRICA. «9a r, cinnainoi Lgar canes, and has two fine harbours. The Uncipal town, called Port Louis, is strongly for- Ified. These two islands were taken by the Bri- jish during the late war. Bourbon has^ been re- Itored ; but the latter (along with its dependencies todrigue and Les Schelles) remains subject to >itain. — Socotora is noted for its excellent har* ours, alpes, frankmcense^ rice^, dates, &c. m corn, ad .f* C «io 3 v».JJP^. NORTH AMERICA. ^aUTH AMSRIC4 ]« «iUnded-7«oii the south, tHe Isthmus of |li»|ib^^ ^le Xrul^ Mcxid Q€^> by the Nortni^lScean; the ]iu4|c Ocean; wfistiliyl^^^P^^ Ocean.—^ far^^sitis kn0fii, it p situated between 8 7$ degi^s nc^ lill^id^) md between 50 aij 1^0 degrees west jSiiptude.-^^^ so fd from south to tiQi^> isaboiil 4100 miles ; and lu^th^ ftom west to east^ 3600* Amseica Wfit first discovered in 1492, Chnstopher 6i(^hl«$liv^^<^tife of G^oa» in i\ service of SpaiiUi: Jtwasy.however^ oamed aft^ Am^icus Vesputiii^A merchant of Florence, wh| some.timea^e% sailed to South America, ani published an aecount of his^qyage, in which \\ Insinuated that he was the^.first who made the dii covery. — The known .parts of ISorth Araeric| may be divided ii)it0!*-»tfe British DooHiiions,- TJnited states of America,*-and th^ppanish Py .Tob Ct^U a 1i^ci«tialt Itfc the service of Henr; VIU. he souti), of MexicJ i hy the Ocean. — J ween 8 ar veen 50 ar ngth so fd tUes ; and ;m 1 14911, roioa, in t named i oreDce^ wb merica, an| in which I nade tbe di th Ameri bn^ions, Ipani^hP Ain«riea» (whicl r Anerica nnf laid to have in 1008. Pal 1407^ by Job •4i .Vn^ravitid ihr Se^ittlr fftu'^rapfiy i '''>itmt -V- p*"^* QtriviRA Jf /-V, C~ f A^^CK;; jf^i^/CiuA ?^** vw> ^»s ff*-^»d^_^ ^ jpx.yw*"wriw S^**^^ L^^^^s ^^^ ^S*1 ^rfwi^m^H-^^ yravi^ fiyr Se.€4t!r fiffffrap^ i J',2£inEuit. •'"%! BE 1 DI I Acadifl Sccd ing Prop Brun Canads New ] cludii ai'i '. |lUV£R% Rivers Chun .•*^.-..JH...f< -> .''-*•: * S L^KKSJ Bats a St. I^ Bay ft Bamti Th«ael»k« Ontario i i(iiciilar.-~.I » «v DIVI8I0KS. Acjtdia or Nova^«» v- TOWNS. „« e-^*:^t SMbuirne, St ilibbii\ Frederick^ ing Nova Sooti^^ SWbuifne, Si Proper, an( Brunswick. Proper, and Neni '^ Brunswick. . - ' ; *vwn. Canada, Lower and f ^J^!f%,«. : Montreal. tipper. 1 3^^^?^'^''«s ^'^ "^ (v I'fefWi Biyers, York. New BritiMn; ii-\ Prince df Wales or eluding Labrador I Chiiii^hill Fort, Yor^ ai;4 New North/ Fpi^^ Severn Fo]ct* Hjad Souifr Wales./' A&myfoi^ "*^'.t?'' •*■ |ll|V£Re^ XAKtS, BAVV STUAITS, jlWl) CAY^« RivsR8.-^St Lawrence, St Joim\ St Crojy^ Churchill, Nelson, Severn. I^i;RS.-^Sujperior, Hunm, Erie, Ontario *. Bays and^ Steaits -— Baj of F«ndy, Gnlf of St Jjiwrenee, Straits of Bellisle, Hud^nV B^y and Straits, Jameftfim^, Davis's Straits, Baffin's Bay. ^ * Thisae \sktm w partly in tht United States. Between Eri« I Ontario are the fail* of tbe river Niagara, aboqt 150 feet perf idicular — The river $t Lawrence is navigable fur ships drSa » as high as Quebec, wjiich is ebove 400 miles. It is ni&etj m widq at its raooi^ ai^ fivjQ milas Ui^breialdi nnu; Qtteb«t^ ei2 NCntTH AMERICA. 4. Capis.— Sable, Charles, Sediey, Farewell, ^iansi ^ NbvA ScoTtA, till lately, was almost a cont nued forest ;- but great tracts of it arc now cult vated, and become fertile and flourishing. In gJ neral, the land is well adapted to the produce i hemp and flax ; and* the timber is extremely {)r^ -per for ship-building. Its coasts abound wit cod, herring, and other kinds of fish. The first grant of lands in Nova Scotia w^ gtven by James I. to his secretary Sir Willia^ Alexander; from whom it had its name. Siiu then, it has frequently changed from one privaj proprietor to another, and from the French to tlj Bnglish, backward and forward, till it was coif firmed to the English by the treaty of Utrechj In 1749, 3000 families were sent to it, at tl charge of the British government. Camada was discovered by John and Sebs tian Cabot in 149T. It was settled by the Frem in< 1608 : but was conquered by the British 175i In 1791, it was divided into Lower and Upp Canada, of which Quebec and York are the ca] tals. The number of inhabitants in liower C| nada is not less than 250,000. In Upper Canadj 80,000: The winter u very long ana severe, tli ice on the rivers being often 3 or 4 feet thicli but the dimate is healthy. The uncultivate parts are almost a continued forest ; but the lai that has been cleared is fertile, and the vegetatio rapid. The country abounds with coal ; and nf Quebec is a valuable lead mine. Canada turpeil tibe is greatly esteemed for its balsamic qualitif There are numerous tribes of original natives < NOHTH AMERICA. Hit tdians; but their population has much decreased, rinff, it is said, to the immoderate use of spirit HIS liquors. Of the inferior animals here, the St useful and most sagacious, is the beaver *. Canada was settled by the French in 1606 ; Lit was conquered from them by Britain, in th^ kr which terminated in 1763. * A larfe bcATer is ftboat Iwealj^Mglit iacfiea in Uni^tht IVoni I hind part of tiie liaad to tlia root of tba tail, and wei^ha 60 or ipoanda. The head is aliapcd lika tliat of a rat » and ia small I priiportion to its body i its snout is lon|^, its «ves small, and its in small and roand. Its Icfs ara about ifs inches in length, lith pawa formed Kke a maa^s hand t but the hind feet are web« like the toes of a goose. The tail is shaped like the blade of i paddle, and is four inches broad where it joias to the body, five »ix in the middle, and three at the extremity t it is covered with ^•ca^r tiAn, the scales being near a quarter of an inch long, and Uded over each other like^hose of a fish. Beavers are of difl'erant olotirs, black, brown, white, yellow i of the furs are formed es> elleat cloiths, gloves, stoekiags, and hats. These animals cut own trees, baild hoases, and form themselves into societivs. In he mooth of July they assemble together, to the number of 4 or I hundred, on the border of some deep river or lake in an unfre- jfuented part of the country. They cut down the trees which grow the banks by gnawing them at the bottom, and contiive it so I that the trees may fall into the water. Some are employed iu Itutling down the trees, others in conducting them in the wuter to Its destined place, where they are cut into piles. Others deiicend the bottom of the water, and dig holes at proper distances from be bank. Thpy then raise the piles up, force them into the holes, lud bank them round with a stiff cluy. The piles being thiM fixed, hey place rafters on them, and plait them ov«t with th« branches, Iwhich they'plaster with clay. Their habitations cuusidt uf three, Itumetimes of four stories. The first story Is nearly even with the liurfaoe of the water ; the second at the height of the bttok: and Itbe third at a convenient height above. These stories srSr^^ di- hided into apartments of an oval fisrm, from -f to 6 fevt iA-lire'adth. [The walls are plaited and plaistercd. Therd are two doors to each jspartment, one towards the water, anotlier towards .the laud. This jieems to be a precaution in case of a surprise, thut they may escape Jfrom their pursuers on eitlfSt side. Each faniiiy has a fleparate Iplnce for a magaxine. The range of buildings is sometimes more thiB 100 yards ui leogtjh, afidcousist^ef at least 300 pilss. iS14 NORTH AHIERICA. Nkw Britain, is remarkable for the extrem severity of the cold in winter; which is greate than in any other part 6( the world in the sann latitude. The ice on the rivers is, then, eigh feet thick ; port wine freezes into a solid mass brandy coagulates ; and the very breath falls 01 the blankets of a bed in the form of hoar frost * All the quadrupeds are clothed with a close, soft warm fur ; and even the dogs and cats from Eng.i land, when carried into Hudson^s Bay, have, o: the approach of winter, changed their appeal ance, and acquired a much longer, softer, thicker coat of hair than they origkially had. In' summer there is here, as in other places, al ^variety in the colour of the several animals. When that season is over, (which lasts onlyl for three months) they all assume the livery of winter; and every sort of beasts, and\most 6 their fowls, are of the coldUr of the snow ; every thing, animate and inanimate, in white. The soil, in the parts that are known, is poor; but the coast abounds with large, convenient, and safe harbours. An extensive fur trade is carried on with the natives, by the Hiidson'*s Bay compittiy, which was established by charter in 1670. So far as is discovered, Labrador is generally hilly, and even mountainous. The natives are moun- taineers and Esquimaux : the former resembling gipsies ; tlie latter resemble the Greenlanders. The knowledge of New Britain and the n^ifrh- bouring seas, w^as owing to the attempts of the * The regions towards the nort1i*eastern coast of North Ame. rica are, by many degrees^ colder than the countries undertlie sfomo latitude in Europe : one cause of which is supposed to be the wind passing over a vast extent of land from the north isnd west before it reacht!s those (Mu-ta ; another cause is Um uncuttivated state »t the countqf. NORTH AMERICA. SI 5 lish to discover a nortk-west passage to China the East Indies. In 1585, John Davis vi- the western coast of Greenland, - and explo- the narrow sea called Davis'*s Straits. Henry idson made three voyages ; the first in 1607, second in 1608, and the third in 1610. He ed the straits and bay known by his name ; was preparing, in the beginning of 161 1, to ue his discoveries, when his crew mutinied, ed upon him and seven - others who remained ful to him, and committed them to- tlie fury the seas in an open boat. These unhappy n were never heard uf more ; but the ship and rest of the crew returned home. Another at- pt towards the discovery of a north- west pas- was made in 1614, by Baffin and Fotherby ; i another in 1746, by Captain Ellis ; both of iich proved unsuccessful ; and it is not now hable that this discovery will ever be accom- lied. A north-east passage was also attempted, vain, by Sir Hugh Willoughby, in 155 J, and Captain Phipps (late Lord Mulgrave) in 1773. In 1770, the Hudson's Bay company employed r Hearne (an ofiicer In their service) to ascer- n if it was practicable to reach the Northern ;ean over land. He traced the continent to its minatioii in about 71° 20' N. lat. and l^S'' W. ig. where the sea appeared to be entirely frozen, cept some parts about the coast. Halifax is situated on the west-side of Che- leto bay, which is large enough to shelter a oiisand men of war. The town has; aii en- enchment, and i» strengthened with forts of tiin- r. At the northern extremity is the King's ck-yard, provided with naval stores of every iid,'-~Aiinapoli9, on the bay of Fundy, has a ai6 NOBTH AMERICA. Most excellent hafbour.— i$Ae/6time (at the he of a bay called Port Roseway) is large and poi lous, and has a capacious and secure harbour. Quebec consists of an Upper and Lower To the former erected on the summit of a limestoi rock ; the latter round the base of the eminem on the north-west border of the river St L rence. The streets are, in consequence of t1 situation, irregular and uneven ; many of tb are narrow. The houses are of stone, and fortifications are strong. The governor resii in a citadel, which covers the town, and is ~ regular and handsome. The cathedral t)f Catholics is a plain building. The Jesuits lege, a large edifice, is now tx)nyeil£d intobj racks for the troops. The Protestant Metro] litan Church, and a house for the courts of I are neat buildings, erected on the site of a nastery destroyed hy fire in 1796. The sei nary of the Catholics, the Hotel Dieu, and convent of the XJrsulines, are also deserving tice. On the north side of the town is an edi above 500 feet in length, containing the ofBce ordnance, an armory, barracks for the royal art lery, storehouse, and workshops. A new iail I been lately ^erected. The General Hospital, the banks of the river St Clmrles^ is an ^xcelj institution. The harbour is safe and commodio and flanked by two bastions. Here are seve dock-yards, where vessels of every descripti from &0 to 1000 tons are constructed. Inba tants 15,000. Quebec was taken b"; the Brit in 1759^ but with the lamented deat)i of Gene Wolfe in the moment of victory, 12th Scptenib MoNTSEAL Is situated in an island of the sai KbRTH AMERICA. ^17 ime, in the river St Lawrence. The streets are jiilarly disposed ; and from the river there is a ^adual ascent to what is called the Upper Town^ which are f:he cathedral^ the Enghsh churoh, nd the Government house. It is nearly as po^ ilous as Quebec^ and is rapidly improving. The md is 3d miles long, atid 7 broad.—- The town lied Tkret Rivers stands on a liver of the same inie, which, before its junction with the St Law- hoe, is divided by two islands into three branches. is but a small place.— 'ForAr is the capital of pper Canada, it is situated on the north-west le dp Lake Ontario, has an excellent harbour^ lid is VI a flourishing state. .r.t It •# t »1« 1 UNITED STATES. ST Tennai I, Ohio . ITo these Indiana fly inha ih of tli^ iLately, t ' import! ILODISIA] was cede STATES. TOWNS. 1. Massachusets 1 Boston, Lexington, Bay*.... j lend, Cambridge. -» r, .' . f Hartford, Newhavei 8. Connecticut | ^^^ ^^^^^^ 3. Rhode-Island... . Newport, Providence. 4. New Hampshire- Portsmouth. 5. Vermont Beiinington, Windsor. € New York i ^^^ ^^^^' Hudson, %. xsew lork. I 1^ Saratoga. f rr» y T» !• ^ Bwas ceae ^•^-•'-y {^p^Xa^w^""^''^'*^- i Philadelphia, Germ: %, Pennsylvania 4 - Town, LancasU I York, Carlisle. ^Delaware { ""j5:';e3st ^^^ 10. Maryland Annapolis, Baltimore {Washington, Ric mond, Norfolk, W liamsburg, Yo Town. 12. North Carolina... New-Bern, Edenton. 13. South Carolina...^ Charleston, Columbia. l^. Georgia Aumista, Savannah. . ^ XT A 1 f Frankfort, Lexinirtoi nt Ul 45 d W. Kentucky | ^^:^^^^^ ST * To this State beloojp • division, bordering on New B ivick, called the Province of Main^ . the capital of which is -I%od.—- The first five States are divisions of what was called Ntm England, TEKS, LA Rivers. tucky, and I Delaw; mac, The source Turtle lake, rinding, tl leadicalarly id the Falls e river are i rm aad trees I Poi ent. Tb*] formei cipal stream ruyus a cut rs iit'^thd wo IsfORtH AMEPt^A it\» S. ■N8. :ington, jridge. Newhavel Ion. ovidencc. Windsor. Eludson, iioga, Burlingtol iboy. Germi LancasU rlisle. Wilmingto| • Baltimore. Ric] Difolk, W Yo STATES. TOWNS. Tennassee l^hoxville. I Qi . f Chillicothe, Marietta^ '' \ Cincinnati. Cdenton. Columbia, vannah. Lexingt( ■To these divisions may be added the territories [Indiana and Michigan, farther to the north, ifly inhabited by various tribes of Indians.-^ ch of tli^ States is divided into counties. [Lately, the United States have received a vast * important increase of territory by the cessio* iLouisiANA, sold to them by France, to whom Iwas ceded by Spain.— The principal town is \\v Orleans. ITEES, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, BAYS, AND CAPES. Rivers. — Mississipi, Missouri, Ohio, Ken- tucky, Cumberland, Tennassee, Illinois, Great and Little Miami, Connecticut, Hudson''S| Delaware, Schuylkill, Susquehannah, Poto- mac, Savannah, St Mary's*. on New Brm »f which is Pofent. At was foi The source of the Mississipi is sud to have been traeed t« Turtle lake, iu lat. 47 deg'. 40 mtn. near Red lake. lacludiii^ rindiogs, the Ittngth of its course ma; be about 2000 niileil. OlVat laL 45 Aeg. the whole river, more than 250 ^ards wide, fallft eadicalarly about thirty feet, forming a most pleasing cataract, id the Falls of St Anthony. Uufortuaately, the tiiouthsof this e river are not navigable fur large vessels, on account of the and trees brough't down, and lodged tiiere by the furce of thte T\\6 Missouri, which joins the Mississipi, is in fact thi» irmefi^ipAl stream,, and has been ascended above 2000 miles.— Thd runs a course of ilbd miles, and is one of the m-»i»t beuutiiwi rs iif^thd world. 22 the children, and preserve and hand down to These sterity the memory of public transactions* •ty, quicli lese employments of men and women are ac- rid subtih tinted natural and honourable. Having fre- and amis lent occasion to hold public councils, they have heirfrien ojuired great order and decency in conducting hey live ^|Pt The old men sit in the foremost rAnks^ 3^ fff NORTH AMEHICA, Their ^s has 1 I travellii if, withou bre, as s< )p and Iter.. T id lead i leant d\\ ley are p lilt to hu Drs are i tlic warriors in the next, and the women and chi clren the hindmost. The btisiness of the wodk is to take exact notice of what passes, and impiij it ill their nrrmories (tor they have no writing] and communicate it to their children. They aJ the records of the council, and they preserve tri dition of tlie stipulations in treaties a hundr^ years back ; which, when we compare with oJ writings, we always find exact. He that woul speak, rises. The rest observe a profound silencl when he has finished, and sits. down, they leaf him five or six minutes to recollect, that, if he hi omitted any thing he intended to say, or has aiCearv * a thing to a<3d, he may rise again and deliver iMpare of v To interrupt another, even in common conversm^ stran£ tion, is reckoned highly indecent. How differeiMfQu^ij^ . this is from he conduct of a polite British HouA^aing ^ of Conimoi where scarce a day passes ^vithoiKQ^jnc) ^ i^onie confusion, that makes the speaker hoarse iKfTers of s calling to order ,• and how dfffereht from tlie moAuideg ^ of conversation in many polite companies Aurney ; !^u rope, where, if you do not dehver your seiKimnent. Unce with great rapidity, you ale cut oiF in i\W ^^liaiddle of it by the impatient loquacity of ihoM Lquib you converse with, and never suffered to fi^i^K)l count ^-' . ich and AY hen any of them come into our towns, on op^, people are apt to crowd around them, to gaz § jice^ ^ upon them, and incommode them. This tlie ny in t esteem great rudeness, and the effect of the wan Ifississii . of instruction in the rules of civility and goo g partici manners. " We have,*" say they, " as much curie jq. Indi (( sity as you, and, wJhen you come into ou M towns, we wish for opportunities of lo<^)kinga fuming " you ; but, for this- purpose, we hide ourseive he Spai <=* behind bushes where you are to pass, and neyt' France, '^intriide ourselves into yourcpmpany/' omsian NORTH AMERICA. a^s". Their manner of entering one another's vil- ^s has likewise ils rules. It is reckoned uncivil I travelling for strangers to enter a village abriipt- jf, without giving notice of their approach. There* bre, as soon as they arrive wilhm hearing, they )p and hollow, remaining there till invited to Iter. Two old men usually come out to them, 1(1 lead them in. There is, in every village, ii scant dwelling called the strangcr'^s house. Here ley are placed, while the old men go round from- lilt to hut acquainting the inhabitants that btran- Ws are arrived, who are probably hungry and- eary ; and every one sends them what he caii' )are of victuals, and skins to repose on. Wheii^ ie strangers are refreshed, pipes and tobacco are [ruught ; and then, but not before, conversation [^gins, with inquiries viho they are, whither )und, what news, &c. and it usually ends with. kffers of service, if the strangers have occasion for- mides, or any necessaries for continuing their )umey ; and nothing is exacted for the enter-- linment. LouifiiAKA, as far as it is known, is a delight<^ |ul country, producing spontaneously whatever i» lich and rare in the most desirable climates of Eu- ppe. Two annual crops of Indian corn, as well rice, may be produced ; the timber is as fine as iny in the world ; and the neighbourhood of the 'bssissipi furnishes the richest fruits. The soil particularly adapted for hemp, flax, and tobac- t. Indigo is, at this- time, a staple commodity.-— Louisiana was settled by Louis XIV. in the be- ginning of the eighteenth centurV) and ceded t»< me Spaniards in 1763, who resigned it lately tQ» ! ranee. It is now subject to the States. 4. t|4 KORTH AMERICA. Boston is seated on a peninsula, at tlic hoiim of Massachusetts bay ; and has a pier 2000 feci in length, to which ships of the greatest burdci va&y come quite close. On an island in the bat is a strong fort, called Fort William. The street] of Boaton are handsome ; and, on the west side o| the town, is the Mall, a beautiful public walk number of inhabitants, 20,000.— *S'a/em is nota for ship-buitding, and Camlri(lge for a univcrsij ty. — JSew London, Newport, and Portsmouth, havi excellent harbours.— A^£«£? York is situated on il.^ south-west part of York island, at the confli'.end of Hudson and East rivers. The island is joinec to the main land by a bridge called King'^s bridge The town is four miles in circtmrerencc, and, ii 1790, contained 33,000 inhabitants. The houscJ are generally built of brick. Its commerce is great) and its harbour is one of the best in the Uniteq States. It has a college called Columbia Collegol Philadelphia stands on a neck of land, at X\\i confluence of the rivers Delaware aud Scbuylkilll It is famous for the regularity of its plan, and thd beauty of its buildings. The two principal streets] Market-street and Broad-street, intersect one ano] ther at right angles, and are each a 100 feet wide: «t the place of their intersection there is a squartj of ten acres. Most of the houses are built of brick] and have a small garden and orchard. Th( wharfs are fine and spacious ; the warehouses ad large, numerous, and commodious ; and the dockil for ship-building are well adapted to their pur] poses. The state-liouse is a magnificent building ; iind there is an elegant court-house; as also university and medical school. In 179?, Philal islphia contained 40,000 inhabitants.— The plan oi Annapolis, m Maryland, \s a circle; trie stadt| ]|QU.se, a vei'y elegant building, bein^ in thevcentrd NORTH AMERICA: 22S in the bufl Washington (so named al Ihe streelB|^cneral) is the metropolis of est side ol blic Avalk m is note a univcrsi loulh, hav ited on tl. confliienc d is joine g's bridgi ;c, and, i rhe house •ce is great, the Unite :he boltonBjnd the streets, like radii, diverging thence in differ- 2000 fi'cflfDt directions.— •Bo/^tmore is large and commercial. St burdci| after the celebrated the United States^ lit is a new city, seated at the junction of the rivers- {Potomac and the Eastern Branch, extending about bur miles up each ; and is partly in Virginia, and rtly in Maryland. The plan combines not only nvenience, regularity, elegance of prospect, and free circulation of air, but every thing grand ltd beautiful that can be introduced into a city. t i'j divided into squares or grand divisions, by treets running due north and south, and east nd west, which form the ground-work of the ilan ; however, from the capitol, the president's and somjp of the important areas in the' ity, run diagonal streets, from one material ob- la Collegoliect to another, which not only produce a variety nd, at thAf fl^g prospects, but prevent the insipid sameness Schuylkil]ly)jic}j renders some other great cities unpleasing. m, andtn#rjie great leading streets are all 160 feet wide, pal streets^ including a pavement of ten feet, and a gravel- ct one ano. ^ralk of 30 feet, planted with trees on each side, feet wide nrhich leave 80 feet of paved street for carriages. IS a squan fhe rest of the streets are, in general, 110 feet It of brick ^ride. The diagonal streets are named after the rd. Th( >espective states composing the Union. Tha houses ar( quares or divisions of the city amount to 1 150. 1 the dock! yj ^hg houses must be of brick or stone.-— their pur [„ the year 1800, after the adjournment of Con- : building ^rggg^ at their last session in Philadelphia, the as also I )iiblic offices, records, and property, were removed 92, Pkila Q this city ; and here, on the 22d of November, . -The plat dg Congress assembled for the first time.— On »' Uie stadt lie 24th of August 1814, a British force, after the centra lefeating a superior number of American troop>" • ^ ■ I ne NORTH AMEEICA. near Btadenslnirg, entered- WaBliingtoii, and il«J Mroyed by iire, the capitol '(in^liuling the senate huuKC, and houne of representation), the " tenal, the dock-yard, treasury, war-office, pre eidentVpalace, rope-walk, and the great brid< across the Potowmac. A frigate nearly ready to 1 launched, and a sloop of war, were also.consumc A vast quantity of cannon and warlike store was taken. Having accomplished this work . destruction, the British troops were immediateljl witlidrawn, and re-embarked on board the ships] (^futrleston is situated on a. peninsula formed h\ tlie rivers Ashley and Cooper; the former ol which is navigable for ships of burden 20 milej above the town ; and the banks of the rivers an adorned wiUi beautiful plantations^and fine walkal interspersed with rows of trees,.. which. make thij town very agreeable. The pnncipal buildingi ^re the exchange and the state-house. In 1761| Charleston contained 8700 white inhabitants, anc 7700 negroes. The people o£,.Charleston are ad| mired for their affable and easy manners. — Co lumbiay the seat of the Government of the State i.s seated on- the Congaree,. 110 miles N..N. of CharU8ton.'-~-Ntw Orleam.'is seated on the easl side of the Mississipi, 105 miles from, its mouth [ the houses are chiefly of wood. History.— The United States were formerl; British colonies; but, thinking themselves ag i^ grieved by the parent country, they threw, of their allegiance to her; and, aner a violent con test of seven years^ in which they were joined bj j, France, Spain, and -Holland, they were declare( to be Free, Sovereign, and Independent, in treaty which was signed at Paris, by British an( .American commissioners^ 30th November 17$^ (^ sp: DIV Florida Wes( New ]^ ding New New A liforn Old M Spair Mexii New cala, Guat duras ihore KIV KlVERf Lakes. ragu£ Gulfs. Baha ofH< Cafes. C ««T J SPANISH DOMINIONS. DIVISIONS. TOWNS. Florida* East and ) St Auffustin, Pensaco^ West. j la. Mobile. New Mexico, inclu-Y ding New Biscay, >■ Santa Fe, Acoma. New Navarre, &c. J New Albion and Ca- VMontery, St Juan, Lo» lifornia. j retto. Old Mexico or New ' Spain ; including Mexico Proper, New Leon, Tlas- Mexico, Acapulco, La^ Vera^Cruz, Cat-i- cala, Yucatan, ' peachy, Guatin*ala,. Guatittiala, Hon- n*—-?"- duras, Mosq^uito- shore, &c. TruxiUo. RIVERS, LAKES, GVLVBj AND CAFXf. i: Rivers,— Rio Blbavo, Colorado LAKEs.^Lake of Mexico, and Lake Nica-- ragua. Gulfs. — Gulf of Itfexico,- Gulf of Floridi or Bahama Channel, Bay of Campeachy, Baj^- of Honduras, Gulf of California. Caees.'— Florida and St Lucar.^ 1 ' «2r SPANISH DOMINIONS. Florida is a fertile country, producing tv crops of Indian corn in a year, rice, gardeij vegetables, oranges, lemons, &c. in great abu dance and perfection. It produces also indigi cochineal, copper, quicksilver, pit-coal, iron-on cedar, pine, mahogany, kc^Florida was firShe empire coloniseid by the Spaniards, but ceded to BritaiBortes in li in 1763. In 1783,, it was restored to Spain. iBorses. and was first discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1497 ruelties coi heir other New Mexico is beautiful and pleasant ; th he Spanish face of the country being agreeably varied wit St Augi plains intersected by rivers, and gentle eminence f an oblonj covered with various kinds of trees. It is inha irossing on bited by a great number of people,, whose lai ied, and h , guages and customs are very difi^rent.— iV€«£> A acola stand hion, (so named by Sir Francis Drake), is moui brms a coi tainous ; but there are ex^tensive plains and va The cit^ leys of luxuriant soil, though they have not bee arge plain turned to any great advantage. The Spaniarc nountains. have divided it into four jurisdictions, name( was forme from their chief towns, Mimicry^ St Diego, S low the us Barbara, and St jFVcjicwco.— CALiFORNiAabound -oyal audi with extensive^- plains, pleasant valleys, and excel It enjoys t lent pastures. There are many sorts of grain of all the and several trees and fruits peculiar to thecoun Burope, i try. Divers nations- or tribes inliabit the coun East-Indi( try, without acknowledging any chief. EacI part of th father is a prince over his own .family; but hi mulattoes, power ceases, when the children are al^e to pro them all. vide for themselveis. A girdle and piece of Unci estimated round the body, some ornaments for the head find a chain of pearls, serve them in general fo dress imd finery.. and othe Old Mexico contains mines of gold, silver Coramodi ii»D>^ copper, lead^alum^ vitriol^ marble^ &c. an( Acapulco ous harb( stated pe return fo SPANISH DOMINIONS. 229 icihg t garden at abu > indigi iron-on fin o was duces Indian corn, cabbage-tfees, indigo, co« , pine-apples, cochineal, cotton, fruits, sugar, ms, and drugs. In general, it is a mountain* s country, intermixed with many rich valleys. . •Honduras is famous for logwood and mahogany. he empire of Mexico was subdued by Fernando to BritaiBortes in 15^1, with no more than 600 men, 18 ^pain. florses. and a small number of field-pieces. The in 1497fruelties committed by the Spaniards, in this and eir other conquests, are an eternal disgrace to sant ; thihe Spanish name, aried will St August in is situated on the coast j and is eminencelf an oblong form, divided by four regular streets, t is inhalrossing one another at right angles. It is fbrti-- I'hose lailied, and has a castle called Fort St John.-^Pen- ^liew Amcota stands on a bay of the same name, which rms a commodious narbou" safe from all winds. The city of Mexico stanod near a lake, in a ge plain, environed,, at some distance, by higli ountains. It is very extensive and populous;. as formerly the abode of the emperors ; and is ow the usual residence of the viceroy : it has a.^ [Aaboundlpyal audience, a university, and an mquisition. and excelut enjoys a prodigious commerce, being the centre - of grainnf all the trade between Spanish America and thecouniSurope, and between Spanish America and the the coun East-Indies. The Spaniards do not make a tenths ^f. Bad part of the inhabitants, the rest being negroes,. ' ; but hi mulattoes, native Americans, and a mixture of l/e to pro them all. The number of inhabitants has been !e of linei estimated at 150,000. — Acapulco^has a commodi- the head ous harbour and a strong castle. It sends, at eneral fo stated periods, vessels with silver to Manilla, in return for which, they bring back spices, drugs, and other commodities of the east. In 1743, Commodore Anson took a galleon bound from Acapulco to Manilla, valued at L. SOO^OOO.^-*- 1, is mou is and va e not beei Spanian IS, nam Diego, Id, silver ?9,&c. an( ^ J* V tso SPANISH DOMINIONS. I^era Crux ib the centre of the treasure and me. chandise of Mexico. An annual fair is held herJ for the commodities of the Old World.^— Guo/ti mala has a university. It stands not far from th< site of the former town of that name, which wa totally destroyed in 1773 by an earthquake, ii which it is said 80,000 persons perished. The north-western regions have lately, in parti been explored by Messrs Hearne and Mackenzie] They are inhabited by viirious tribes of uncivil lized natives. The principal rivers are, the Coj per Mine river, and Mackenzie's river, both falU ing into the Arctic ocean ; the Slave river, tlu Unjigo or Peace river, the river Oregan or Great river of the West Of lakes, there are, lake Rouge, lake of the Woods, lake of the Hills,| Winnipic lake,' and Slave lake. The chief moun- tains are, the Stony or Rocky mountains. . To- wards the Pacific, the natives are fairer than iii| the other parts of North America. Their eyea are not dark, like the other Indians, but gcey,| with a tinse of red. The men wear, only a robel made of the bark of the cedar tree,, rendered asl fine as hemp ^.sometimes with borders of red and] ydlow threads :_ the women add a short apron.l Some of their canoes are forty-five feet in length.! —On the western ooast (which in general is veryl mountainous) are the promontory of* Alaska, andl Cape Prince of Wales; and in lat. 4>9'' 33^ isl Nootkaor King Georse's. Sound ; which, in 1789,1 had nearly occasioned a rupture between Great] Britain and Sipam.-^West Onenland (so called byl the first discoverers of it, because they found the| shore covered with green moss) is a cold miser» able country, inhabited by white bears, . foxes,! deer, and a few wretched savages. Attempts| have been made to settle ifi if ; but the men havf genshed by the severity of the weather.. .•?>i^ ■V ,J_j^ S!=S!VLKinr\i ItffJPaiermil & CP^rin '•^ ^^tmfedti^S'cotts ffeoffTHipfy fyJ-HenMier^ N O A T L T H N^ T |I C TB-MTf O C E -A 2!3 lM£: sp^ #^ )iVU^ w>mifu/d lAMIL .t Jin^ ( t-IaijaJiL. J'oivMiif,^ f", mha tijamtox o KlIJ? ft / -r-r- — I .vrw "^/ T f /^ JVr Lif C lkyteltrSSIl8cC9PnntBrs to Ote. £kurcfLofSeoilanfi. ■rifTTl^: •;*#' % M C: 281 1 X w nW i mim 'ty i Ji'iNf i i 1 'i ii 'i »)'< ii" > i Biii| ' i ri Syiiliippii| '^ SODTfl AMERICA. 4'^ A m Amebica is bouaded— -on the north> b]r and the C^ril||f^ai^ Sq^; 80Uth, by the era Ocean ; east, M the Atlanlil ; west, by icme Oeean. It is situatect^tliEw een 12 de- north andS°lfes'ii^uth is^itude, and n 34 and 82 degrem^^e^t lQn|itude.-r-It« , from nortlito som|^ is about IdOO xnilei ; breadth, from wet^ to ea8t,.„30O. ' DIVISIONS. Terra • Firfiia,— in^ cliiding the; pn^ iCarthagena, St Marsha, Venezu- ^- ela, C|pim;c$3^.Cu- ^mana. New An-^ r TOWKS. :- - . I ■ ! I^mama, iporto-Bello*,; CartBa^ena, Tolu,.. Venezuela, Mara- caybo J X.eon de Ca— racc|S| Cumana, St ThcNofas^ Jdalu(i^a,:&c. j, . lie w Granada Santa Fe> Papayan. ?^^"'-^?^^^"f)Luna, Tmixillo, Paita, Itbe provinces off kt^ nJLn PiS ^ Lima, Quito, and C ^^^' ^""^^ *^ PiX- Los-Charcas. tosi. .t I f !A line d^wft frfim Ptoana to Porto^Bdlo (or rathir a liUtt to t^ west o^lbose towns) is the pro{i«^ luttif between Nortli and^ 90^1 Ameridi The bthntts of Oariea or rauma is here oal^. 6fl milea- in *wdtli. . - - :,... .^ai-y^- '■ t ' ^2 SOUTH amebica; DIVISIONS. TOWNS. *■ %'^°'"*''"Slst Jago, St Juan, Val- Clnh Ptoper anS j ^ia or Baldivia. Cuyoor Cutio. J Mi Paraguay, — inclu- \ ding the Provin-# Buenos-Ayres, Sacra- ces of La-Plata, > mento, Monte VU ParaguayProper^i deo, Assumption. Parana, &c. y 6. Brasil, " including X St Salvador, Olinda or theffovernmentsoff Femambuco, St Se- Bahia, Fernambu- C ^ bastian or Rio-Ja- CO, Rio- Janeiro,&c. J neiro,Porto Seguro. 7. Guiana Paramaribo, Cayenne. ■ 8. Amazonia and Pa- ) xt x tagonia. JNotowne.. SITERS, LAKES, MOUNTAIXS, BAYS, MBAITB, AND CAPE^. f. Rivers. — Amazon, Oronoko, La Plata, St Francis*. %. Lakes.' — Maracaybo, Parima, Titicaca^ Za- rayos, . Merim. *'The Amazon, (called alsottte OreHana or Maranon) is raid (o ha the largfest river in the world, running* above 3000 milei.r It is 150 miles broad at its mouth, and in its cenrse receives near 300 other rivers, some of vrhich are not inferior to the Danube* parti* «tolarly the Ucaial, PurnSf Madeira, and Na^ro.— La Plata is equally wide at its mouth. It ifSpBJ^ed chiefly of the Faragjiay, . Ilraguaj, and Parana*. '\ •OWNS. Juan, Val- Baldivia. !S, Sficra. Monte Vi- isumption. V Olinda or ibuco, St Se- or Rio-Ja- *orto Seguro. , Cayenne. ■ a Plata, St 'iticacay Za- SOUTH AMERICA. 9S3 ranon) is said (o 00 miles^ It is selves near 300 Danube, parti- .—•La Plata is f the Faragjsayy . S. Mountains. — Amies or Cordilleras, Chim- borazo, Cotopashi *, 4. Bays and Straits.— Bay of Panama, Gulf of Darien, Gulf of Venezuela, Bay of Alt Saints, Siraits of Magellan, Straits of Le^ Maire. i^. Capes. — Orange, North, St Roque, St Tho-^ mas, St Mary, St Anthony, Horn. Terra Firma, or Castile del Oro, is, in th». itiland parts, very rich and fertile. It has mines of gold, silver, iron, and copper; but those of gold are nearly exhausted.. The manchineel or manzanillo tree, which grows here, is remarkable for its poisonous quality. It bears a fruit re* sembling an apple, but which contains the most subtile poison. If a person sleep under this tree,, his body swells and is very painfui Vipers aiad serpents are very common here; and here is also that remarkable animal the Sloth, sometimes call- ed ironically the Swift Peter, from the uncommon slowness or his motion. Monkeys are very nu- merous, keeping together, twenty or thirty in company, and rambling over the woods, leaping from tree to tree. This part of America was dis- covered by Columbus, in his third voyage. It was subdued and; settled by the Spaniards abouti tlie year 1514, to whom it still belongs. * The Andes extend almQst the whole len^h of South America ; . and, in some parte, rise from 15 to 20 thousand feet aboYe the lemA of the sea.— The .chief summits are near the equator, not far from .. Quito. Three other chajju of o^rontAios of great heig^ht procft^-i iVprnwesttocast* 234 SOUTH AMERICA. jyfW New Granada was conquered byr the Spfi* niards in 1536. It is so fur elevated above the level of the sea, that, though it approaches almost to the equator, the climate is remarkably tempe- rate. The fertility of its valleys is not inferior to tliat of the richest districts in America ; and its higher grounds yieldgold and precious stones of va- rious kinds. Its towns are populous and flourishing. Peru is? chiefly noted for its mines of gold, sil- ver, and quicksilver, and for Peruvian or Jesuit's bark. The most remarkable animals are tlie la- mas and vicunnas, which produce the finest wool. The lama is used as a beast of burden, and its flesh is agreeable and wholesome. The Spaniards flrst visited Peru in 1526. It was con- quered by Francis Pizarro with 250 foot, CO horse, and 12 small pieces of cannon, and has ever since remained in the possession of Spain. Pizarro was put to death,, in consequence of a con- spiracy raised against him on account of his ty> Kmny and crudty.— Chili is also claimed by Spain; but, excepting a narrow tract near the coast, it is still possessed by the natives. Here, not only the tropical fruits, but wheat, and every other species of grain, come to the greatest per- fection. Chili wme is reckoned as good as Ma- deira ; and there are mines of gold, silver, cop- per, and lead. Paraguay, or La PIata, was dtscovered br the Spaniards in 1515i; and, in 1535, they founds ed the town of Buenos Ayres. Great part of thi« country is one continued plain for several hun- 4r^d miles ; extremely fertde, and producing cot* ton in great abundance, tobacco, and the herb cnUed Paraguay, which is peculiar, to this coun-^ SOUTH AMERICA. MS try, and the infusion of which is drunk in all tha provinces of South America, instead of tea. Here are also a variety of fruits, and very ricli ))asture», but no woods. Cattle, sheep, horses, and mules, are in great abundance ; of the latter- nany thousands are annually sent to Peru. Brazil is subject to the Pc tuguese, by whorti it was settled in 1549. The clinr>ate is temper- ate, and the soil is, in many places, very rich. It (iroduces great quantities of sugar, tobacco, Bra- sil wood, citron, ebony, fruits, and drugs. The mines of gold and diamonds, first opened in 1681, yield above five millions sterling annually, of which sum a fiftli Mongs to tlic crown. Th*. cuttle have increased so prodigiously, tliat they are hunted for their hicics only, 20,000 being* sent annually to Europe. 'fhere are many noxious insects and reptiles, particularly the liboyai (ir. roebuck snake, which is said to grow to tiir length of thirty feet, and seven in circumference ;. tlic rattle-snnle, «»ul tlie ibibaboka, a serpent twenty-one feet long, and eighteen inches in cir- cumference, whose bite is almost instant death.^ No country can produce a greater number of Ijcautiful birds. ; in particular, the colibri, which is not much larger than a ipaybug, and sings as harmoniously as a nightingale. — The natives, who^ inhabit the. iuland parts, are people of different languages ;. but they all agree in wearing no clothes. They are strong, lively, and gay, of a copper colour^ an4 are subject to few diseases. Tliey love to adorn themselves with feathers, and f^e fond of feasts, at which they dance immode« r^itely. They have no temples, nor any other sjgn of religion ; and they make no manner o£ «^rupli^ ID i9«]irrying their iie^?st relations. They> 936 SOUTH A. IRiCA. m. '4. ■■"^^. Iiave huts made of the branchet. of trees, and covered with palm leaves. Their arms are bows, arrows, and wooden cliil)s.* When they travel, they fasten their hammocks between two trees, and sleep all night therein. '' Guiana is situatcil between the rivers Amazon and Oronoko. The rortugucso possesH the part mljoining to the river Amazon ; the French, tho- colony of Cayenne, consisting chie/ly of a town and island of that name ; the British, Surinam, Berbice, Demerara, and Issequibo ; and the Spa- niards the part next to the Oronoko. The in- terior parts of the country are inhabited h^ natives- of different languages and cu8to:ns. The products are chiefly, sugar, cotton, indigo, coifee, tobacco, drugs, and Cayenne pepper. Surinam abounds with game, and singular animals of diflferent kinds ; the toad, in particular, is of an enormous size, and ugly form ; the woods are full of monkeys; and thert are serpents thirty feet long. Amazonia was discovered in 1580^ by Francisco Orellana, who, coming from Peru, sailed down the» river Amazon to the Atlantic. Observing compa- nies of women in arms on its banks, he called the the country Amazonia, and gave the name of Amai> 2M>n to the river, which had formerly been called Ma- ranon. The air in this country is cooler than might be expected, considering its situation in the torrid zone ; which is owing, partly to the heavy rains, which cause an inundation of the rivers fur half the year, and partly to the cloudiness of the at- mosphere. The soil is rich and fertile ; and thft trees and plants are verdant all the year. Th* woods abound with tigers, wild boars, buffaloes, 4eer,i. and game of various ktnd9. The rirers aoil ,..X : SOUTH AMERICA. is^ U\o9 have plenty of fi«h, but are infegted bj alli* gators and wdtcr-fierpcnti. Their banks are inha- bited by different tribes of Indians, governed bj {)cttjr sovereigns,^ distinguished from their subjects >y a coronet of beautiful feathers, a belt of tiger«* teeth or claws, and a wooden sword. The nativei are of a good stature, and copper coloured, with handsome features, and long black hair. They mak« cotton cloth; and their houses are built of wood and clny, thatched with reeds. Their arms are darts, javelins, bows and a/rows, and targets of canes or fish-skin. The Spaniards have made many unsuc- cessful attempts to settle in this country ; but, on the coast, between Cape North and the mouth of th« Amazon, the Portuguese have some small settle- ments. Patagonia is the most southern part of all Ame- rica : it is a bleak and barren tract, extending from Kio de la Plata to the Straits of Magellan. The natives have been represented by voyagers as un- commonly tall, stout, and well made, some of them fully six feet seven inches high, with their hands and feet remarkably small. Their colour resembles bronze. They are all painted, and clothed nearly in the same manner : they have circles round the two eyes, some white and red, and some red and black. Their teeth is as white as ivory, and are re- markably even and well set. They have no other clothing than skins, which they wear with the hair inwards. This country has no timber in the south parts, though the north contains an immense quan- tity, and numerous flocks of cattle. The principal harbour is that of Port St Julian. Panama is situated on a bay of the same name, noted for its pearl-fishery. The streets are straight and broad, and the public buildings elegant.-— /'or- U>4fdlo (or tbe Fair Marhour) consists of one prin- idence of the Incus or Emperors of Peru. Four large streets, perfectly straight, meet in a square in ihe middle of the town. It Is well watered by several streams, and contains about 50,000 inhabitants. Quito is seated in a pleasant valley between two chains of the Andes, and is nearly as populous as Lima. It has a university and several convents, and is famous for its manufactures of cotton, wool, and flax.-^/'«'7a is a small town, with a good har- bour, much trequented. It was plundered by Com- modore Anson, in 1741.— ^/^o^ost is large and popu- lous. It is seated at the bottom of a mountain of the same name, in which is the richest silver mine in * The earthqnakev at Lima have been very nnmcrous. Sums af the mvfct terrible hap^iaued in 1630, 1637, 1719. SOUTH AMERICA. aso the world, though it is said, now, to be ahnost ex- hausted. -It appears, from the official registers, that the gold and silver coinage in Spanish Ame- rica, in 1790, amounted to five millions sterling. St Jago is a neat well-built town, seated in « beautiful and fertile plain on the river Mapocho. It has a royal square, a cathedral, and bishop'*s pa- lace. — Valdiviay or Baldi via, is a sea-port, built by the Spanish General Valdivia, about the year 1551. Bue7ioS'Aj/res (so called on account of the excel- lence of the air) is situated on the south si-fi$hery on its banks, which beo^ins in May and ends in Sep^ tember, and employs a vast number of seamen.-— Long, Slaten, and Amelia islands belong to the United States.— The Bermuda islands (British) have a pure and temperate air, with plenty of hesh, |, fish, and garden-stuffs. — The Bahama islands (Bri'> i'lah) are said to be 300 in number, 13 of which are large and fertile. They are chiefly noted fof cotton, of which there were exported in 179? no less then 1,16:^,83:8 pounds. (Jne of these islands (caPdJ Guanahani, St Salvador, or Cat island) wa4 the first land discovered by Cjiumbus, l!2th Oc- tober 1492.» The climate of all the W«irt-In«lLi inlands is ncaf* ly the same. From their situation in the torrid zone, they are subject to a degree of heat which would be intolerable, if the ivacle-wind did not blow in upon them from the sea during the da), and re- fresh the air in such a manner, as, to enable the people to attend to their concerns, even under the meridian sun. On the other hand, as the night advances, a brreze begins to be perceii'od, whicft blows smartly from the centre of the land lowjird* the sea, to ail points of the con. ass at once. The rains in the West-Indies (and we niay adi in tho East-Indies) are by no means so moderate as wilfi 242 AMERICAN ISLANDS. us. They are rather floods of water, poured from the clouds with prodigious impetuosity : the rivers rise in a moment ; new rivers and lakes are form- ed ; and, in a short sime, all the low country is un- der water. The rains make the only distinction of seasons in the West-Indies : the trees are green the whole year round : they have no cold, no frosts, no snow, and but rarely some hail : the storms of hail are, however, very violent when they happen, and the hailstones very great and heavy. It is in the rainy season (principally in the month of August, more rarely in July, September, or Oc- tober) that these islands are assaulted by hurricanes, the most terrible calamity to which they, as well as the East-Indies, are subject from the climate. These destroy at once the labours of many years, and prostrate the most exalted hopes of the planter, often just at the moment when he thinks i)imseif secure beyond the reach of fortune. A hurricane is a sudden and violent storm of wind, rain, thunder, and lightning, attended with a furious swelling of the sea, and sometimes with an earthquake ; in short, with every circumstance which the elements can assemble that is terrible and destructive. First, they see, as a prelude to the ensuing havock, whole fields of sugat-canes whirled into the air, and scat- tered over the face of the country. The strongest trees of the forest are torn up by the roots, and driven about like stubble : their windmills are swept av^ay in a moment ; their utensils, the fix- tures, the ponderous copper-boilers, and stills of se- veral hundred weight, are WTenched from the ground, and battered to pieces. Their houses are no protection : the roofs are torn off at one blast ; whilst the rain, which in an hour rises five feet, rushes in upon them with an irresistible, violence. One of the most remarkable hurricanes happened AMERICAN ISLANDS. US 10th October, 1780, which did incredible damage wherever it reached ; particularly in Jamaica, St Lucia, St Vincent, Granada, and Barbadoea* A gnni of 80,000 pounds was unanimously voted by Tarliament for the relief of the sufferers *.^— The productbns of the West-India islands are sugar* rum, cotton, indigo, coffee, cocoa, pine apples, gin- ger, oranges, lemons, limes, grapes, figs, &c.— ^ Cuba and Porto-Rico belong to Spain ; Hispaniola to the blacks ; most of the others to Britain. Cuba was discovered by Columbus in 1492. It IS 700 miles in length, and 70 or 80 in breadth. The Spaniards are entirely masters of it, having ex- tirpated the natives ; but, trom their laziness, and the want of hands, only a very small portion of it is cleared. The soil is fertile ; cattle, sheep, and hogs, are numerous, and there are copper mines in the mountains. The hills run through the middle of the island, its wiiole length from east to west ; l)ut near the coast the land is generally lc»vel ; and many rivulets flow from the hills to the north and south. Havannah, the capital^ is two miles in cir- cumference. The houses are elegant, and builc of stone ; the churches are magnificent, and the har- bour h capable of containing a thousand vessels. 'I'he place is strongly fortified. It was taken by the English in 1762, but restored to the Spaniards in 1703. Hispaniola is one of the richest of the West-In- dia islands, and was discovered by Columbus in 1492. It is 400 miles in length, and KX) in breadth. In 1790, the. population amounted to 30,000 whiles, 480,000 slaves, and 24,000 mulat- toes or free people of colour : the average value of the exports of sugar, cotFee, cotton, &c. amounted • The Uac'iiS raid whites who perished in this hurricane wer» compnted at 4326, and the daruu^e ut L. 1,320,500. 34% AMERICAN ISLANDS. 4o L. 4,765,129 sterling^. It has a g^reat many rivers, and mines of gold, talc, and crystal. The Spaniards had possession of the whole i:>iand for 120 years; in the first fifteen of which- they reduced at least a million of its original inhabitants to 60,000. They were afterwards forced to divide the island with the French, who had the western part ; the Spaniards retainins^ the eastern, the most extensive and fruitful. This joint possession continued till 1795, when the Spaniards ceded their part to the French Sinre the Revolution in France, this island* has been subject to the greatest calamities. An insurrection took place among the negroes, many of the white iiiiiabilants were mas- sacred, and the plantations (Jestroyed. Troops sent from Frarce in 180^ fell victims to the climate, ^and thie blacks, headed by Christophc, (who has been crowned Emperor of Hayti), have now pos- session of the island -^St Domingo (the capital of the eastern part) is large, well built, and defended by batteries. The capital of the western part. Cape Town or Cape Fran^oi;^, was also a consider- able place ; but, in 1 795, the negroes, supported by the mulattoes, entered the town, and put to death all the white people,— '/'or (i[)iiie%i number)) are a^bject td) Hortuga]. Tbey enjoy, a clear sky and salubrious air ; taie extremely fertile in com^wine^. and a Ya> riety of firuits ; and breed great numbers of cattle. Ptco bas a mountmn ofremarfcable he^t New Molkmi is the largest island in tbe worlds Tbe eastern coast la denominated New South: WakBf wbich is nleasiiiffly divernfied with flentl^- rinngs and small winding valleys^, covered, for ibe most part^ with large (qpreadmg trees, affi>rd- ipff-» sHipoession of leaves in all seasons. The soil isCound to produce coal in vast abundance, salt, Jlme^, very fine iron-bre >j^ber fit fin all ptti$y have a great ta^ tent for imltationy^i is probiUe that iome kndw- iedge of the arts will soon be iillroduced Mn^og- iheitt.-^Tbere are hei^ many trees and shrubs entirely new to an Btirc^fiean* The mgst remark«^ able Of the quadrupeds are thd kanguroc^ and a^ species of dogs which are extretnely fierce.- Thet^e are many beautiful birds; particulai^ a Hack swan, its wif^gs edgied wifh while, an^ Its bill tinged with ^. S$dnitji\a the town» or set^^etit oi the Britidll convicts^ ii^icb was begun to be et^:^0 M Pari Jackem m f776; that ntuation beiift >ji^lged moi« pnK per for the purpose tban utiUinf Bay, where it was first intended to be made. It has at present ft promising appeariince •^Pbrtt tliii^^vd}! (about twelve miles north of Botany Bay)r is one of the finest harbours in the world, extending about: itoteen miles in lengthy mth numenmt <»e8k» ^*^^r,' «S« ISLANDS VERY DISTANT FROM and coves. The toiif n of Sydney is said to con^ tain 10,000 inhabitants, of which number 8000 have been sent f^om Bcitainr as convicts. It is now laid out in regular streets, and divided into districts, mth constables, watchmen, kc. Five town««hips have been marked out on the Hawkes- bury and George rivers ; the roads from Sydney to Faramatta an4 Hawkesbury have been repair* ed» brieves thrown over the small streanis, and turnpikes established. Wool i^ likely tii be the first staple of commerce, v ; Tlie coasts of New Guinea are generally lofty ; Und, inland, mountain rises beyond mountain, richly clothed with, woods. The shore abounds with coooa*trees ; and tlie whole country seems to have impressed every navigator with delight; : but the aspect of the people is fri^htfjiil and hide- ous. Thfe men. are stout ; their sxin. of a shining black, . their eyes very large,., their noses flat, mouth from ear to ear, their lips-amazingly thick, eiipeciaily the upper lip ;. tlieir hair is woolly, eiuier a shining black,, or a fiery red.. The heads of the women are of less size tlian those of the men ; and in theic left earthey wear small brass ring& This island is sufnposed Xo be 1200 miles long, and 300 miles broad. It is noted for the bird of paradise, elegant parrots, _ and the great crowned pigeon^, almost equal ta a turkey in size. -^New Britam and New Ireland axe rocky on the qoasts, and mountainous inland.. The mountains are covered witli trees of various kinds, among which fure the nutmeg, the cocoa, and the palnL The inhabitants are black, and woolly-beaded^ like, the negroes^ but have not the flat nose and thick lips. N(w Zealand (&rBt discovered by the Dutch, in: X'SASi)^ was found,, by Captain Cook, to consist o^ BOTH CONTINENTS. tssr tira large islands, . separated by a strait, to which he gave hit own name. The southern island is mountainous and barren: the northern has a much better appeara,nce. It is supposed that here every kind of European grain, plants, and fruits, would flourish with the utmost luxuriance. There are forests . of great extent, full of the .straitestai|d largest timber, fit for buildings of any kipd. The only quadrupeds are dogs and rats. Captain Cook introduced European poul- try, and the. creeks swarm with fikh. Tlie men are stout and fleshy, but not corpulent : the womea are smaller than the men, and are remark- able for the softness of their voices *.. New Caledonia is inhabited by a strong and ac- tive people, who cultivate the soil with some art and industry.— The New. Hebrides are, in gene- ral,' high and mountainous, abounding with wood and water, and the usual productions of the tro- pical islands. The inhabitants are of < a slender make and dark colour. The Friendly Islands {dXscoy&tedihy the Butch in 1643) are in number more than sixty. Their general appearance conveys an idea of exuberant ftjrtiliiy. The produce is the bread-fruit tree, cocoaF-tree, plantains, yams, sugar-canes^ Ue» Agriculture,, architecture, and fishing, are the employments of the^men : to the women is con- fined the manufacture of cloth. The ♦S'octe/^ Islands are seven in number, and- are beautiful and extremely fertile. — Otaheiiee (discovered by Captain Wallis in 1767) consists of two peninsulas, great part of which is covered with woods and forests,. consisting partly of bread- * Thesa two islands ue taid to be. each above 600 miles Iofig>. aadl50bn>ad. fS4 ISLANDS VERY DISTANT, &c. • fruit. trees, palms, cocoa^trees^^lantiuns, muU 6errv-trees, sugar-canes, &c. The land is Ie\el on tne coast, but rises in high ridtajes towards the middle. The people have m9d features, and a f>leasing' countenance. They are about the Ingest size of tiie Europeans, of a cleitr oliye or brunette complexion, with fine black hmr and eves. They wear a piece of doth round their" midwe, of their own manufacture, and another about the head, in rarious picturesque shapes, like a turban.- The women ore accounted very handsome. Their cloth is made of the fibrous bark of the mulberry-tree, and they are exceedingly neat in making tiasket and wicker work.-— The natives of the JOarqitesa^ are said to excel in sjrmmetry of shape and regu- larity of features. Like most undvihzed nations,, they have no stated meals, but eat five or six times a day, or oftener. The Sandtcich Islands (discovered by Captain €3ook in 1777) are twelve in number *. The ve- getable productions here, are nearly the same as m the lS)ciety Isles. The inhabitants are strong and active ; and the women have good eyes and teeth, with a sweetness and sensibiUty of look,, that renders them very engaging. Most of these islands are very populous..>^OwA^Aee is the largest of the group. It was here, on 14th February 1779, that the celebrated Captain Cook fell a sa* crifice to a suddeu impulse of revenge in the na- tives, with whom he unfortunately had a misun- derstanding.— In most of the newly discovered Islands the natives have some kind of religioh, and some ideas of a future state ; many of them are^ cannibals ; ami human sacrifices are not unfre-^ q^uent * La PerouM says th^ wer« first discoTered bj the Sgamard* la 1S4&, and called bj them King'$ Itlandt^ ^ APPENDIX. TABLE r. SiETTrUDS AND LON«ITiri>£ OF C0UKTAIS9 IH; SUEOPS. €6llMTRIE9. LATITUDE. England • - Scotland • •> Ireland - • Denmark • • Norway-i j. - Sweden - - Russia n . - • Poland.'/i^^-'- Prussia /•» ' » Beheiiia Germany United Provinces Netherlands - France - • Spain • • • Portugal • Italy m * m. m. SwitzerlibOib - j/46 Hungary'^,ir"i4<|S Turkey- .2^^>**) *]-Eiigland ia^ situated between 50 and 56 deg. N. lat and between^ 6 deg. W. and 2 deg. E. long; &c.— Tbe latitudies and fongUudes of the countries being given^ as is cu»^ tdmary, in wkok degrees only, the numbm in theM taUes ate, consequently, some of them a little abom^ and others » littlo bektnt, tha exact Imtik- %56 appendix: TABLE II. , CENCTB, B&EABTH^ A^A, AND POPULATieN OF. THE I SA»f£. . i. . CooDtriefl. Length Breadth m»L Miles. Square Miles. IvbabitMits. England - - 345 540 50,000 9,000,000 Scotland - - 2tO 150 28^000 1^600,000 Ireland 280 150 30,000 5,000,000 Denmark - 240 110 15,000 2,000,000 Norway - 1000 200 150,000 750,000 Sweden * - 1000 500 220,000 3,000,000 Ruibsia -' - 1600 1000 1,200,000 S0i000,000 Poland - . 700 700 170,000 14,000,000 Prassia - — 200 200 20,000 -1,000,000 Bohemia - S20 270 40,000 5,000,000 Germany - 600 500 150,000 25-,000,000 Unit,Provin. 140 100 10,000 2,500,000 Netherlands 200 180 20,000 12,500,000 France - 600 500 150,000 25,000,000 Spain - - 600 500 150,000 1 1,000,000 Portugal - S$0 120 «),000 «,b6o,ooo Italy - - 700 350 120,000 16,000,000 S\vitzerland 200 150 20,000 2,000,000 Hungary i- 500 250 60,000 ' 8,000,000 Turkey - 900 TOO 180,000 8,000,006 Thepo|iiilation of ommtries, and even of towns, is not easily ascertained;' hut the abov% numhesaare peN haps pretty near the tni|h.<^In ^ese tables, ^htmk indudes Silesia and Moravia ; Switzerland mdudes the country of the Grisons, &c.; aiid Hungary in- eliides Transylvania^ Sdavonta, and OFoitk.iir That part of Sweden call«l Fidland is now subject to Ititssia^«~The Prussian' dominions ccmtain dto)> gether about ten millicais ef inhabitants.<^T1ie whdt population of Emrope may^amount to about lOO JnUlions. That of die ot^er quarters of the worldc cannot be datennined witli any d^ee of ^reciBlbiu> APPENDIX. «57 TABLE III. I.ATlTUDa AND LONOITUDK OF COUNTBIBf- KH ASIA, AFBICA, AND AMEEICA. Countries. Asiatic Turkey Arabia - - Persia - •- - Hjindoostan •< East. Peninsula China ... Tartary - - Barbary . - Egypt -. - Nub &Ab3C8smia Zangvebar, .7 Nova Scotia ' • Cai^a , - - - Unitld States^-^ Ji N.--46'. Flprida NewMexipo - 014. Mexico^ « Terra Firma •• Peru - - - jChiU - - . Paraguay - 'Brasil . - . .^m'ama - - Latiiada.. Loogitude. 80*» N.. 1« N.— 53 95 N.--40 7 N.— Sfl Equat. — S7 80 N.— 4« 26 N.-^80 28 N— 37 tS. N.^S2 -6 N:— 23 $ N.— 18 43 N.-.49 45 N.— 52 25 N.— 32 23 N. — *S 8 N SO Equat. — 12 Equat. — ^25 25 S.— 45 15 S 37 Equat.— 35 2 N.— 8 N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. & N. N. N. N. N. N. N. S. is. s. s. N. 270 E.--48^ E. 32 E.— 60 E. 45 E.— 70 E. 66 E.— 93 E. 92 E.-109 E. 97 E.-125 E. 40 E.-I90 £. 11 W.^28 E. 28 E.— 36 E. 25 E,— 42 E. 34 E.— 42 E. 60 W,— 67 W. 69 W.-^O W. 67 W.— fi.5 W. 80 W.— 91 W, 93 W.-125 W. 80 W.-llO W. 60 W.— 80 W. 60 W.— 82 W. 65 W.— 75 W. 50 W.— 70 W. 35 W.--60 W^ 5r W.-^l W. HKtt APPENDIX. ■■■^: TABLE IV. LENGTH AVD BREADTH OF THE SAME IN BNOLX8H MILES. Coutritf. Asiatic Turkey Arabia Persia Hindoostan Eastern Peninsula China Taitary BarbajT* . . . Egypt . Nubia and AbyssiniJa Zanguebar Nova Scotia Canada United States « Florida . . New Mcauco CHd Mexico Terra Fimia Peru . ChiU . . Paraguay, • Brasu Guiana • Length. 1000 1500 1200 1900 1800 1300 5000 2500 600 1200 ISOO S5# 600 1200 600 1500 2000 1400 1700 1400 1500 2:400 TOO BrMdtb. 1000 1000 1000 1500 IQOO 1000 8500 750 dOO too SOO soo -eoo 1000 130 iloo 1 600 700 Sioo 300 1000 700 j40O Hindoostan is said to contam sixty millioiisof in- habitants. JThe popidation (^ China, according to thf account giVen by Sir George Staunton, is 3SS mil- lions ; a number mudi beyond the boimik of credi- baity.^The territory of Ae United States of Af- rica, without including Louisiana^ contains 589^- lions of acres of land; and» in 180J« Uie qihb^ of io]uibitai4s was 5,305;l638.. APPENDnil <^ TABLE V. llATlTtTDE AKD LONGITUDE OP SOME OF TBI rAINCIFAL TOWNS TBBOVGHOUT THE WOBLO. Towiu* LutUude. LoDfHnda* lAbbeviUe lAberdeen lAdrii^dople Ag» . - - [Aleppo - ** - lAlfixandzia (l^gypt) jAl^pierfl - - - Abcant • - Amiieni - • « Amstetdam Andrew's^ St - - Antwerp •> • - Ancfaaag^ -,.;-^- Astrac^n - • « Athens ^ •• « AVa ;- ,- - Ai^biif, . Augnstp; St Bagdad; BwDeU Bafle Bipfsora - Bath ,. B^ast^ - V l it ■ ■ I t i<*..» ! ii. 50° 07' 57 06 41 45 27 20 35 45 50 21 9^ 49 58 24 419 54 52 23 56 18 51 IS 64 84 46 22 88 05 21 00 49 27 29 58 82 20 41 26 47 45 29 ^ 51 22 54 45 00 N. 'S. N. N, N. N. K N. N. N. K. N. N. K N. N. N. N. N. K. N. Ol** 55' 01 50 26 08 87 81 02 00 02 N. 4)4 •^-^ 02 04 S9 47 28 96 l.l 81 48 02- 07 44 02 05 21 27 80 20 a 18 00 28 50 45 28 00 40 57 SO 04 to 52 18 84 5^ 22 52^ 20 B. W. E. E. E. £. E. E. £. W. E. E. E. E. E. m E. E. £•< W. E. 100 APPENDIX. m — ♦ Towns. LaHtudA. LongitQ^e. Berghen • - Berlin v - eO^' 11'. N. 05" 45' E. 52 82 N. IS SI E. Bern - - - 46 52 N. 07 20 E. Burmingham - - 52 SO N. 01 50 W. Bolbgna 44 30 N. ir 2fJ E. Bombay 18 58 N. 72 S8 E. Bopton (New Eng.) 42 25 N. 70 38 W. BpiurdeBiix ■ » ,44 50 N. 00 80 W. Breslaw - . - 51 08 N. 17 14 E. Bjrest - * - 48 28 N. 04 26 W. Bristol * • 51 28 N. 02 ^6 W. Bniges • 51 12 N. 03 05 E. Bnusell 50 51 n; 04 28 E. B^ ^ 47 U N. 18 22 E. BiifnotAyres • '54 35 S. 58 26 W. JD^ma ^ »• « 89 22 N. 29 05 £. Cadis ' . p- "- »- 86 81 N. 06 06 W. Cairo ^ .•• *^ "- 30 08 N. 31 25 E. Cal^ima • : •■ 22 2»i^. 88 «8 E. Cainbridge •^ - 52 WK. 51 19 W. 00 09 E. Cn^terbiiry 1^ or o\ E. ■^^m^ :-:• - 28 da R il8 * oof E. Qtflisle^ I . '54 56 N. 62 58 W. Ciithageiia (Spaih) 87 38 N. 00 $fi W. CairicKf^guB - - 54 48 N. 06 08 W. Cbambbrry- ' - 45 35 N. 05 50 £. eUarle^n - - 82 PO N. 79 ^0 W. Che$te^ A - ? 58 12 N. 08 08 W. ^,Q^fiti|ui.^jj *. . - 59 55 N. 10 50 E. f:'C^^^<^^^/. 50 55 N. 07 10 E. 'Ci0^ttimpnop|(» ^ 41 00 N, 28 59 E. €!<^^iiiiM^«i - - h5 41 N. 12 40 E. -C^oi^, .,,,, • . ..j»;.»,^-.- 51 54 N. 08 28 W. Coventiy - - 52 28 N. 01 28 W. Cmcow. - - -I 50 08 N. 20 16 £. m APPENDIX. i«l Towof* Cusco - . . . Damaacttf . . - Dantsic - . . . Delhi V . - . - Dresden . . . . Dublin - * . . Dundee •, > • - Dunkirk - C - - Edinburgh- . . - Elsinore - - . • Exeter . - . . - Fez M .... lorence -^ - . - Francfort - - - - Geneva - - - - lOenoa - - - - Ghent -' - - - Gibridttf - - - Glasgow . . . . Gloucester - •: - Gottieaiburgh i - - Grenoblb^ - :- - - HagCie, The - - -. HaSa^c (Nova Scotia) llan^^urkh' -'' - - HanS^ieF-'- - -■ -' Harleita' -■ '^i-i- -' Huli'^ -.-- ^'■'*- .• lag©, St (cm) i - Ispahan - ^ - - JeruMtlem - - - Koniiigiitierg >^ -' - Latitnd*. Longitud*. 139 33 54 28 51 53 66 51 55 56 50 34, 43 50 46 44 51 36 55 51 ^7 87 - 55 45 52 44 5S 552 i5« 53 34 32 S5 17 54 09' S. 45 N. 22 N. 37 N. 10 N. «1 N. SO N. 02 N. 58 N. 02 N. 44 N. 04 N. 46 N. 01 N. 12 N 25 N. 05 N. 06 N. 52 N. 04 50 N , 03 42 N. 08 N. 54 N. 12 N. 07 N. 45 N. 34 N. 55 N. 24 N. 45 N. 10 S. S5 N. 55 N. 50 N. 42 N. 71** «7 18 77 13 06 02 02 03 12 03 05. 11 08 06 08 OS 05 13 03 04 05 04 6^ 09 10 04 00 71- 52 35 76 20 00* W. 00 £. 38 £. 40 £. 50 £. 06 W. 55 W. 27 E. 07 W. 37 £. 29 W. 35 W. 20 £. 22 05 41 49 22 £. £. E. £. E. 02 W. 16 W. 10 E. 80 W. 29 W. 44 E. «6 E. 30 W' . 55' E« 05 E^ 38 E^ 14 W, 05 W. 53 E. 25 E, 52 W^ 4^ >E. fiGt API^NDIX. Lancaster Leeds • Leghorn «•■!>»■, Leyden Liege Lima Limerick Lisbon - ! Lisle Liverpool London Londonderry LouYain Lucem f Lyons Madras Madrid Manchester Mantneim^ < Mantua > Marpeilles Mecca >> ^ Memel - M^uiinez; Mentx «• Meta Mexico Mfian - Montpelier Morocco Mosambique Moscow Munich \i' 1 latitude. Longitude. . :k - 54° 53 48 51 52 50 IS 52 S8 50 58 51 55 $0 *7 45 IS 40 .86 I 53 49 45 43 21 55 . 88 49 49 45 43 31 15 55 46 04' N. 48 N. 34 N. 19 N. 10 N. 37 N. OJ S. 35 N. 42 N. 38 N. 23 N. 30 K. OJ N. 53 N. 05 N. 46 N. 05 N. 25 N. 85 N. 80 N. 26 l!l. 10 N. 1.8 N. 45 N. 46 N. 56 N, 59 N. 07 N. 54 N. 28 K. 37 ^' 12 N. 05 a 45 N. 10 IS. 02° 56' Wj 01 29 10 17 12 25 04 33 05 40 76 44 08 30 09 05 03 09 02 54 00 00 07 41 04 49 08 06 04 55 80 25 03 30 04 85 t)2 20 08 81 10 50 05 27 40 55 tl 28 06 06 05 20 6$ 16 100 00 09 16 03 58 06 45 40 49 ^ 37 31 11 36 WJ EJ £] £ WJ wJ WJ £J WJ W.i EJ E E eJ WJ W.| W.I E. E.I El El £. W. E. E. W. E. E. W. £.1 E. EJ ^i^' 1^ Dgitude. ^56' W 29 w, 17 E 25 E 33 E 40 E 44 w. 30 w. 05 w. 09 E 54 W. 00 41 w. 49 E 06 55 E. K. APPENDIX. f6S Town0. Latitude. • Longitude. • Munster - - - 51<> 49' N. 07*» 49' E. Murcia . . - 38 02 N. 01 14 W. Nanking - - - 32 04 N. 119 25 £. Nantes - - - 47 13 N. 01 28 W. Nicies - — 40 55 N. 14 20 E. NewcasUe on Tynfe 55 03 N. 01 27 W. Norwich - - - 52 40 N. 01 20 W. Nuremberg - 49 27 N. 11 12 £. Oporto - ~ - - 41 10 N. 08 21 W. Orleans - - - 47 54 N. 01 59 E. Orleans, New- 30 02 N. 89 53 W. Ostend - - 51 14 N. 03 01 E. Oxford - 51 45 N. 01 10 W. Padua - - 45 22 N. 12 01 E. Panama - - - 08 48 N. 80 15 W. Palermo - - - 38 15 N. 13 23 E. Paris - - 48 50 N. 02 25 E. Pai;ma - - - 44 50 N. 10 30 E. Patiia - - 25- 35 N. 85 21 E. Pavia - 45 IS N. 09 15 E. Peking - 39 54 N. 116 3a E. Perth - - - 56 22 N. 03 12 W. Pieter^imrgh - 59 56 N. 30 25 E. Philadelphia - - 39 57 N. 75 06 W. Prague - - . 50 05 N. 14 60 E. Pliesburg- - - 48 14 N. 17 11 E. Quebac - - - 46 55 N. 70 31 W. l^tisbon- • 48 56 N. 12 05 E. Bennes - ^ - 48 07 N. 01 36 W. Rlipfmf - - 4,9 56 15 N. 53 N. 04 08 E. 24 25 E. l%a - - Rome - -, - 41 54 N. 12 34 E. 51 55 N. 04 26 E. Rouen - 49 27 N. 01 10 E. Sidonica - - - 40 41 N. 22 53 E. fl6« AI^ENDiX. Towiw^ ukm^ Salvador, St (Brasil) SainaKCiind - . - SatitavFe ^ ^ i Saroim - « Seringapatam - Sophia - - - Seville - - - Shrewsbury - Siam - - - Smyrna - - * Stockholm Strasburg - - Sm-at - T ■ Tauris - - - Tobolsk - Toledo - - - Toulon - - 1 Toulouse '^- ' Tripoli (Barbary)^ Tunis' ' - - . ^- Turin - - - Valencia - ^ - Venice - . - Verona - - Vienna - — - Upsal - - - Utrecht - - * Warsaiw - - - Washiligton - Watetford Worcester " - York \ . - York, New " - Zurich - Latitude. : 12° 45' 56 00 41 *S^ 44 18 la 31 42 SO 37 32 52 43 14 18 :d8< 28 59 «0 48 S5 21 10 38 is 57 30 39 50 47 07 43 S6 32 34 S6 42 45 05 37 23 45 S6 45 ^6- 48 13 59-5^ 52 07 62 14 38 53 ^2 18 52 II 53 . 59 4I> 43 47 20 S. -N. N. N. -N. N. N. N. N. N. N. • N. N. N. •N. K -N. N. N. •N. ■ K^ N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. N. Loo^tode. 40° 63 105 00 08 70 23 05 02 100 27 18 07 72 47 68 03 05 01 13 10 07 00 12 vn 16 17 05 21 77 07 02 01 74 08 lO' W. 20 E. 00 W. 28 W. 20 E. 46 E. 5» E. 34 W. 41 W. 55 E. 25 E. 09 E. 51 E. 48 E. 10 E. 18 £. 45 W. 47 E. j 27 E. 12 E. liS B. 4$ E. 10 W. 10 E. 24 £. 28. £. 48 % 08 £. 06 E. lA W. 08 W. 14 W. OJ W. 05 W. SO E. '•^'Savfr APPENDIX. TABLE VI. sto TOtVLATtQV or tOWKi. M il . I Ivbdbit TOWM. Alihevitte - A|H(filcon Adnanopie - Atz - - Aleppo - Al«|X8achria, £g^ AJgidni - -> Alscant - • Ami^iM - « AiyiPterilam - Aooona - • Altcoa - AstmcaQ ■"$k Ai^aburg - Ballad Bwcflqoa - BMton - -. Bath - -. Dayonne * • BeUast - - B(4gradp - Bwnrdfltux - ^BratcM - - •«*QtQ Brtft r 30,000 Bn0t(A " .. 80,000 Bni^ 28,000 Br«iMfk - ^ 8dO,000 Buda and Pest 14,000 BoiBiipa Ayres 120,000 Bona UfiOO C9i» - 40/>00 Caen 240,000 CaiYO - 20,000 Caiaia - . fiSiOOO Cideutta -„ 4QjQ00 Camon ^^ h- iOfiOO Carthagena Sp, .l5J0m Chambaay - 96iOCkK Cbai|eiton •. . 2Q,000 Chealer - ^ 100,000 Chrlattana «. l^ilOOa Colog^ • 4U),000 ConpoiMla MfiOlO 18,090 25,000 18,000 140u^PO I2;000 73,006 Coiii^aiirtaiiople Co|)enbag€n Cork « - Covcaittgr - Ctacow - Cpearana •<• Damascus - 70,000 Dantaic iao»aoo JK),000 60,000 ■ ■K I M Dover Dresden DuUin Inhabit, j io,ooo ^0, 77,000 20,000 80,000 84,000 88,000 i^,ooo 7i>,000 82,000 800,000 7,000 500,000, 1,500,000 28,000 20,000 l5/)00 15,000 9,000 40,000 10,000 400i000 80^000 70^000 16,000 24,000 25,000 50^000 180^00 96fiqo iSJOOO 50,000 S06 APPENDIX. 1 Towns. 1 Inhabit. | Towns. Inhabit. H 4 1 T Dundee - 26,000 Lisbon 200,000 ^Y Dunkirk - 27,000 Lisle - - 65,000 1 Nurei Edinburgh 103,000 Liv^pool - 94,000 1 Oport Exeter - 17,^0 London - 1,000,000 ■ H Orlea] Ferrara - SOiOOO Lotivain - 40i000 ■ Osten Fez - - 300,000 Xubeci - - so,o6o I Padua Florence - S0,000 Lucca - - 40,000 ■ Faislei Francfort 50,000 Lyons Madras - 100,000 ■ 1 i;alem Geneva - 26,000 100,000 1 Fans Genoa - 80,000 Madrid - 150,000 I Parma Ghent - 60,000 Magdeburg 20,000 I Pavia Tl 1 • Glasgow 108,000 Malaga - 40,000 ■ Pekmj Gottenburg 20,000 Manchester 84,000 ■' Perth Grranada - 52,000 Manheim •* 24,000 ■ Petersl Gratz - * 35,000 Mantua - 12,000 ^H Philadt Greenock • 17,000 Marseilles - 90,000 ■ rljrmoi Grenoble -r 24,000 Mechlin - 26,000 I Portsm Groningen - 20,000 Melinda - 200,000 I Fotsdai Hague 40,000 Mentz - - 27,000 ■ rrague Hamburg - 100,000 Metz - - 40,000 I rresbai Hanover -. 16,000 Mexico ^ 150,000 I Quebec Harleni •> 40,000 Milan - « " 120,000 I Quito Hull n 30,000 Modena - 30,000 Ratisbo InTemeai 9,000 Montpellier 30,000 Rennes Ispahan - Kilkenny - 700,000 Moscow - 250,000 Rheitns 16,000 Munich - 38,000 Riga Koriingsberg 60,000 Murda - 44,000 Rodiell XaH^sa - 50,000 Namn^ - 36,000 Kome Leed^ - 53,000 Nanci - - 32,000 Rotterd Le^^om •> 45,000 Nanking - 2,000,000 J Etouen Leicester - 17,000 Nantes - 80,000 ' 1 Salaman Leipslc - 30,000 Naples « 380,000 Salonica L^ith - 15,000 Napoli 60,000 Saragosf Leyden - 48,000 Newcastle - 37,000 Savona Liege - 80,000 Nismes - 40,000 ^Seville | X^a - - 70,000 Norwich - 37,000 1 1 llixnerick - 40,000 Nottingham 29,000 . A^iPfiNfDlX. 567 Towns. u-t — »~ Inhabit. Towns. Inhabit. Nuremberg 80,000 Sheffield - .31,000 Oporto 50,000 Silistria - 6e,ooo Orleans - 40,000 Smyrna - 120,000 Ostend - 14,000 Sophia « >'. 70,000 Padua » - 40,000 Stockholm 80,000 Paisley - - 30,000 Strasburg - 50,000 Palermo 130,000 Stutgard - 20,000 Paris - . 600,000 Surat - - 500,000 Parntia - 35,000 Tanris •• •* 550,000 Pavia - - 28,000 Tobolsk - 15,000 Peking - - 2,000,000 Toledo - 25,000 Perth - - 15,000 Toulon 80,000 Petersburg - Philadelphia 230,000 Toulouse - 60,000 40,000 Tournay - 40,000 Plymoudi 43,000 Triest - 32,000 Portsmouth 32,000 Tripoli (Syr.) 60,000 Potsdam - 28,000 Troyes - 32,000 Prague - - 80,000 Turin - 90,000 Pyesbnrg • 27,000 Valencia - 80,000 Quebec 15,000 Valetta - 20,000 Quito • - 60,000 Vall^uiolid - 20,000 Ratisbon - • 20,000 Venice 200,000 Rennes 85,000 Verona 58,000 Rheitns 30,000 Versailles - 50,000 Riga . - 24,000 Vienna 250,000 Rochelle - 16,000 Um - - 15,000 Rome *• » 150,000 Warsaw - 60,000 Rotterdam - 50,000 Waterford 30,000 Rouen - - 70,000 Yarmouth - 15,000 Salamanca - 13,000 York - - 35,000 Salonica - 60,000 York (New) 24,000 Saragossa • 40,000 Zurich 14,000 Savona - " 30,000 Seville - - 80,000 •a ft^ APPEKDIK. TABLE VII. ▲N ALPHABETICAL LI«T OF TOfWM« IN £KGLAM1> AVD WALES. Aberifltwith . Cardiff Dunstable Abingdon Alnwick Cardigan CarliJe Durham Ely Appleby Carmarthen Epsom Axminfiter . Carnarvon Eton Aylesbury Castleton Evesham Bala Chatham Exeter Banbury Chelmsford Falmouth Bangor Chelsea Famham Bamet Cheltenham Flint Bath Chepstow Gainsborough Beaumaris Chester Gloucester Berwick Chesterfield Gosport Beverly Chichester Grantham Biddeford Cirencester Gravesend Biggleswade Colchester Greenwich Birmingham Conway Guilford Blandford Coventry Hackney Boston Cowes Halifax Bosworth Croydon Hampstead Bradford Darlington Harborough Brecon Dartmouth Harleigh Brentford Daventry Harrowgate Bridgenorth Deal Harwich Bridgewater Denbigh Hastings Brightelmstone Deptford Haverford Bristol Derby Hay Buckingham Devizes Hereford Built DolgcUy Hertford Burton Doncaster Highgate Buxton Dorchester Hinckley Bury Dover Holyhead Cambridge Douglas Holywell Canterbury Droitwich Hull ■ APPENDIX. i269 Huntingdon [ Newmarket Stratford Ipswich I Newport Sudbury Sunderland , Kendal Newp.-Pagnel Kensington Northampton St Albany Kidderminster Northwich St Asaph Kidwelly Norwich St David's ,., , Kingston Nottingham St Ives , ' St Neot'jK^ Knaresborough Okeham Knighton Oxford Swansea Lancaster Peel Tavistock Landaff Pembroke Taunton Launceston Penrith Tewkesbury Leeds Penzance Truro Leicester Peterborough Tunbridge Leominster Plymouth Uppingham Lewes PontefVact Uxbridge Lincoln Pontypool Wakefield Litchfield Pool Warrington Liverpool Portsmouth Warwick London Presteign Welchpool Tionsdalie Preston Wells Loughborough Radnor Westminster Ludlow Ramsay Weymouth Lynn Reading Whitby Macclesfield Richmond Whitehaven Maidstone Rippon Wilton Maiden Rochester Windsor • Manchester Ross Witney u ■- Mansfield Ruthin WolverhamptonJ r M'arffate Marlborough Salisbury Woobum Scarborough Woodstock ' Matlock Sheffield Woolwich • ■ Mord l^elds Worcester Monmouth Soujthampton Workington I Montgomery Southwark Wrexham Morpeth Stafford Yarmoath Newark Stamford York :■ Newbury Stockton . Newcasue Stourbridge 3 1 <7<^ APPENDIX. TABLE VIII. vHEIOHT OF MOUNTAINS IN BRITAIN^ IN FIST ABOVE THB LEVEL OF THE SEAj WITH THE COUNTIES THEY ARE »N. Mpuntiiiiui. Feet. Moantains. , CheviQthill, North. Skiddaw, Cumber. Cross-fell, Cunib. Whernside, York*. Bowfell Ingleborough Pennygant Cader Idris, Mer. Snowd, LiMiftrk Tinto . ^^ - tailjo Ijiw,jm ■ East Lomond - We#t Lomond •* Riockpabai)»; itfiea. 2682 Mount Battock 8270'Ben Dochie, Aber. ifiSpoBin Hill, Banff S840|Ben Eagen - 3440 Corryhabbie 3700,BenIomond, Dum. S930,Ben Lawers, Perth 2850 Shi-Hallion d47o!Ben Ledi 814Ben More 1700 Ben Vorlich 940 Ben Chonzie IS^oBen Gloe l602,Ben Derig l8S0|Farragon 1557 Ben Cruachan, Ar; 1760 Ben Nevis, Inver.* 2370 Cainigorm 2200,MeaIfoarvouQy - 2295lBen Wewish, Rosa 2582|Scawy Hills, Caith. 2044 Ord of Caitlinesa 1 758 Pap . of Caithness 1020 Other Mountains, 1014 Mount Blanc, Sav.. 1650 Mount Ro»a 1564 St Gothard, SwitB. 2300 VesUiVius, Naples 1240 Etna,, ^cily 1010 Heekla> Iceland 1260 1280 12370 Feet. PeakofTeneriff Cbin^i>orazo, Andes 3465 1420 1045 158r 2558 3262 4015 3564 3009 3903 3300 2922: 37i24 3550 2584 3300 .4370 4060 3060 3720 1«76 1250 1929 IS662 15600 9075 89S8 10954 5000 15396 20008 AlPPENDIJL' ^n TABLE IX* DlMUNftlONS OF LAKES, IN ENGLISH Mlf^BS. -r— / Lakes* Winander-mere Lomond^ Scot Tay Ness Awe Maree Neag^h> Ireland Earn Corrib Rands-Sion,Nor. Wenner, Swed. Wetter . - Ladoga, Russia Onega Peipus Ihnen Maggiore^ Italy Lugano Como Isco - 15 S8 15 22 SO 18 20 scl 20 1 7 1 1 2 4 15 10 5 5(J\ 2 80 50 80 12 120 70 150 50 50.40 26 27 25 SO 20 S S 5 tS 6 Lakes. •J I Oarda * Geneva, Switz. Neufcfaatel - Thun Zurich Constance - Balaton, Hong. Pelso Caspian sea, Tar. Aral Baikal Van Dead sea Dembea Superiour, N. A. Michigan Huron - Erie - Ontario Nicariigua - S0\ 40, 20 12| 30 8 9 5 3 $ 45. 15 45, 8 13, 4 660 20a 200, 70 400 40 8a 4a 50 12 60; SO S60l60 26o| 50 240 ioa 306\ 90 220; 70 170 80 * V' ^ofetojp.270. mrm- * Ben Nevis is the highest moittil^ Vi^^ilA^'p Whemside is the highest in Engliu\^ ) vm^^gef-r toiv (SOOO feet) is the h^best in Ireland ;«7« TABLE JL SlMEKtlOira or ISLANDS, lit tN6LIBS MltES^ Ish ^ ItlMd*. « 560 280 binds. 1 « ' Great-Britain Malta 20 12 Ireland SCO 160 Lemnos 25 25s Man 30 » Lesbos 40 20 Anglesea - £4 14 Scio - ^ 3li 12 Wight 21 IS Samoa SO 10 Jersey 12 6 Negropont > 100 20 Guernsey - Mainland^ Oili. 12 g 180 40 24 9 9 Rhodes - 3% \S, Mainland, )%et. 60 6 Cyprus - 150 70 Lewis & Harris 60 18 Ceylon - 260 150 Skyc 50 20 Sumatra - 950 200 Mull 25 25 Java 650 100. .Jura 20 7 Borneo* » 900 600^ Isla 25 18 Celebes - 500 200 Bute 15 5 Luconia 400 200 ^Arran 25 10 Mindanao - 180 120 Iceland 260 200 Hainan \hO 75^ Gothland - 70 25 Formosa - 240 6a -Oeland -> 70 d Niuh 40 15 Bfartiiuoo - (K> 90 Trinidad - 80 50 New Holland is utuated between 11 and 9% de- grees wmthlatitode^ and' between 110 and 154 de-i grets catt knffitadc. It is about 2000 miles firom north to sou£, and 2700 firom west to east ; and' contluBS an extent of surfiice nearly equal t6 «Ua Europe. . G 874 3 AStlESr AND MODERN NAMES OP COUNTRIES, &c. Albion or Britannia, Britain ; Cambria^ Wales ; €atedonidy Scotland ; Hibemia or /rrnf, Ireland ; Scandinavia^ Denmark) Norway, Sweden, andl4ip land ; Chersonetus Cimbrieaf Jutland \.,Sarmattai Poland, Prussia, Russia in Eurc^, and Siberii^ ; Gemtanioy Germany, and Bohemia ; Galiia or Gaulf France, Switzerland, Netherlands, and United Provinces; ffeivetid, Switzerland; BeU giuMi. Netherlands ; Rhetia, Country of the Ori- sons; Noricum, Austria ; Hiapania orJberiaf Spain and Portugal ; Luaitaniot Portugal; Italia or Hes-* jperia, Italy *; Liguria, Gcnoesellepublic7./£Jo/tan islands,, ides of £ipari ;' fiamionia^ Hungary Pro- per ; Illyrieum^ Sclavonia, Croatia, Bosnia,, and J3almatia ; Daeid, Transylvania, Walachia, and Moldavia ; Maaiay Bulgaria and Servia ; Thrada or TAroce, Romania; Gracia- or Greece, Mace- donia, Thessaly, Albania, Livadia, and the Morea; . Feloponneausy the Morea -|* ; Asia Minor, Natoliaj; . * Divisioni'of Italy were— ffrvrta, CTinftrta, Pieenwmt Laihtmi. . Companint Sammiumt JpultM, CalaMat Z>iieaiiui« Mid Bruttii, •f Grideia ^rofria included only Livadia. The Romaaa di- wded Greece into two provineM— JcAoia* contoiDio^ the MoreiV' and Liva^a ; and Macedonia^ inchiding Macedonia Proper, Tbes- Ralia, and Albania or Epirui.— Divisions of the Monaot Pdo- jwMMMct were— ifcAaia, Eiitt^ MeMtnua, Laantica or Xaeom'a, . Arcadittt and Jrg^o^.— Diviamns of Livadia or Grtecia Pntfiria,. were— itttoai Megm$, Bmptia, Pkaeit, LtenttDoru, and i£, the IXon ; Borysthe-' nes, the Dnieper; D^mhtbius or Ister^ the Danube; Padus or Eridanus, the Po ; Ryhicwi, ihxi Fiuini- •ino ; Rhodanus, the' Rhone ; BhenuSf the Rhine ; Iberus, the Ebro ; Adriatic sea, the Gulf of Venice; uEgean sea, the Archipelago ; HfUespont, straitis of the Dardanelles; Pfopontis, sea of Mannora*;^ Thrdcian Bospkonis, striaits of Constantinople ; Euxine sea, Black*sea ; Ctfninerian Bosph^oruiy. straits 6f Caffa ; Pdiis Maotis, sea of Asufp-T-' Riphaan mountains, Oural mountains. ^-.^ * GreeianTkebeat in Livadiai is now c«Hed Thiv^. i^i^^S^ of Laeedewion or Sparta stood nearly in tho sitnatioA of ^ism. Mempkit* the ancient capUal'of Egr^pt, was 8iti|a|te4, nfB|;l« tfia ^ ->- •ame as tho present capital. Egyptian Thtb^9t faihoqs foriti iOONewcastle.upon-Tyne, and Berwick, are eounties of thems^es, distinct ftom those i»whiel^ ^ey are situated.. V' % CIRCUMNAVtCiATORS OF TH^ EARTH. MAQEtLAK, a P6rtugu0i9e^ sful^ from Seville in Spain, Augtistlpth .1519'; and» havitg dis- covered the straits tha(l>^at his naihe, he crossed the Pacific Oceliii, and arHv^ at the Philippine tslands, where he was poisoned. His ship return- ed by the way of the Cape of Grodd H6p49, Sep. tember 8th 15S3. Sir l^RANibis 1)rakb sailed from Plyihaouth, December l^th 1^77 4 entered the Pacific Ociean, and, steering roiiiid America, returned November SdlSSO. Thomas CavendIsh siuldl i'roih Plymouth, with two small ships, August 1st 1586 ; passed through the straits of M ageltiin ; took many rich prizes along the coasts of Chili and Peru ; and, ne|r California, possessed himself of the St Annan Acapulco ship, of immense value. He i^mplet^d the circumnavigation of the globe the 9th of Sep- tember 1589. Between the years 1598 and 1626, Oliver DE NoRT, George Sfillenberger, William ScHOUTSN, and James the Hermit, Dutchmen, successively sailed round the earth. Lord Anson sailed in September 1740; doubled Cape Horn in a dangerous season ; lost most of his men by the scurvy ; and, with only one re- maining snip, the Centurion, crossed tlie Pacific Ocean ; took a rich Spanish galleon, on her pas- sage from Acapulco to Manilla; and returQfd home in June 1744. Byron, BouGAMviLLE (aFrenchman), Walx^^ . APPEKDIX* «79 and Cabtebet, successureTy performed voyages round the world,. l)etw6eA. the years 1764 and 1769. ■* Captain. CooK). in the Ship Endeayouif^ sailed from Plymouth^ August S6th 1768, on his first voyage round the ^obe ; returned- the 12th of June 1771. He setsout on a second voyage, July 13th 1772, and returned July dOth 1775. Uk third voyage commenced Fa^bijiuary 14th 1776. In- this voyage he was killed on the island of Owhva> hee, February 14tb 17791 His ships, under tn^ command of Captain Clerk, returned the 5th of October 1780. This celebrated man made seve- ^ ral imjmrtant discoveries in the Pacific Ocean; ascertained >Te,w>I|olli^ to be an;ii^and; and found that New Zeidand consisted of two large sepiarate islands. '> ; Captain '• Geoboe ' TAi^totvEB commenced a voyage round the world, Apriri791, whicli was finished in September^l795.. ■V- ■J' i. \ 299 ATFENDtX: TABLE X. MAMlTBlit or TItE SUNrMOON, AND PRIICART PLANETS. JlotUef. MOes. Bodies, Maes. imx « 890,000 Earth • > * 7,970 Mopn • «J«0 Man 5,400 Mercury 8,000 Svtpbxit • • 94,000 T0U19 - 9,sso Saturn 78,00« Georgium SidusM.....-S4ijOOO* OI8TANC;l8 OV THB PRIMARY PLANETS FROM THE BUN, AND or THB MOON FROM THE EARTH. Planets, JdUes. Mercury •« S6,840,000 Venus - 68,890,000 Eartfi • 95,17^,000 Mars - 145,000,000 Planets, Miles. Jvpiter « 494,990,000 Saturn - 907,956,000 Georg.Sid. 1,816,000,000 Moon - - 240,000' A19NUAL PERIODS OF THE PRIMARY PLANETS ROUND THE SUN. Planets, Hays, Hours. Mercury - 87 23 Venus - 224 17 Earth - SQ5 6 Planets, Days, Hours. Man - 686 23 Jupiter - 4,332 8 Saturn - 10,671 34 A Tabl\ ^ J La " ~ 1 2 16 3 23 4 30 5 S6 6 41 7 45 8 49 9 52 10 54 Georgiiun Sidu8«......M30,456 days. By thii knoivn yi A\sOy froK It is situi infifly-01 ninth clir ^titude,J DIURNAL ROTATION OF THB SUN AND PLANETS ROUND THEIR AXES, AS FAR AS KNOWN. Bodies, Ihys, H, Mi Bodiesi Days. H.M, Sun 25 6 Man m-. 1. 40^ Venus - 24 8 Jupiter - 9 5^ # E#| - 1 Georg. Sid. • 1 18 30^ APPENDIX. ftSt TABLE XL A Tabim,, shelving at what Latitude each Climate endsy^ proceeding from the Equator towards either Pole* n Latituda. 1 3 3 4, 5 6 7 8 9 10 8° 16* 2S 30 36 4J 45 49 52 54 25' 25 50 25 28 22 .S9 01 00 27 I 1 :2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20* Latitude. 56° 37' 58 29 59 58 61 18 62 25 63 22 64 06 64 49 65 21 65 17 e 21 22 23- 2« 25 26 27 28 29 50 Latitade 66"" 66 66 66 67 69 73 78 84 90 06' 20 28 31 21 48 37 SO 05 00^ By this Tabic, and inspecting a Globe, may be kno^n what parts of the earth are in each climate. Also, from the latitude of a place, the climate in 'which it is situated may be found. TIius, London, being' in fifty-one and a half degrees of latitude, is in the ninth climate ; and Edinburgh, in fifty-gix degrees of. l&titude, , ia in. this eleventh climate. SS2 APPENDIX. * TABLE XII. 1 A Table, showing, in Geographical Mile*, l^m ^glk of a Degree of Longkude on the Parallel I passing through eacu Degree of Latitude from the 1 Equator to either of the Poles. I Degrees of Latitude. Miles. lOOth parts •f a Mile. 1 Degrees of Latitude. • J 100th piarts •fa Mile. Degrees of Latitude. J lOOth parts of a Mile. 1 59 96 31 51 43 61 29 04 2 59 94 S2 50 68 62 28 17 S 59 92 33 50 32 63 27 24 4 59 86 34 i49 74 1 64 26 30 5 ^9 77 35 49 15 , 6^ 25 36 6 59 67 36 48 54 66 24 41 7 \59 56 37 47 ,92 61 SS 45 8 59 *0 > 38 47 28 68 22 48 9 59 20 39 46, 62 69 21 51 10 59 08 40 ,46 00 70 20 52 11 ,58, 89 41 45 28 71 19 54 n 58 68 4>i ,44 95 72 18 5$ IS 58 46 43 ,43 88 73 17 5\ 14 58 22 44 43 16 74 16 53 15 58 00 46 42 4S 1 75 15 52 IS 57i 60 i 46 41 68 ■ 76 14 51 17 57| SO 1 47 41 00 : 77 13 50 18 57i 34 I i 48 40 15 78 12 48 19 56, 73 ' 49 39 36 79 11 45 20 56, 38 ! 50 38 57 80 10 42 J8t 56 00 51 37 73 81 09 38 22 ,55 63 i 52 37 00 82 08 35 23 55 23 53 36 18 83 07 ^4 24 '54 81 54 35 26 84 Oo 9^6 25 54 sa j 55 34 41 85 05 £3 26 54 00 1 I 56 33 55 86 04 18 27 53 44 51 32 61 87 03 14 28 53 00 58 31 79 .88 02 09 29 52 48 59 SO 90 89 01 0& SO '51 96 60 I 30 00 00 00 00 -_i»A ADDl i. To fim Contents Sun and 1 I. Tofi Ibody, or llhe diamet Ificial conte Ion its surft Idiameter ; by 3.1416 numiier of — multiply of the diar diameter l multiply tl To find: th tblhwving [ as the cub( The (lanra meter of. ^clrt 22 ; more ncai "f iTbe squa snlf ; and the the numhor it« the cube of 4* X The diam &c. are to one 54, 940, 780, und which wil ness^ For ex Earth, giveu i C ««» 3 ties, lh&\ /""■'«■ ADDITIONAL PROBLlilMS. from thc^ Miles. ] 00th parts of a Mile. 29 04 28 17 27 24 26 30 25 36' 24 41 23 45 22 48 21 51 eo 52 19 54 18 5$ 17 54 16 53 15 52 4 51 13 50 12 48 1 45 42 >9 38 )8 35 )7 ^4 6 26 5 83 4 18 3 14 2 09 1 0& 01 00 ll. To find the Circumference, solid and superficiat Contents, and Comparative Magnitudes^ of the Sun and Planets, I. To find the circumference of any spherical body, or its greatest measure round, — multiply the diameter by S.1416*. — 2. To find the supers ficial contents, or the number of square miles, &c. on its surface,— multiply the circumference by the diameter; or, multiply the square of the diameter by 3.1416 -f*. — 3. To find the solid contents, or th« . iium4)er of solid or cubic miles in the whole body,. — multiply the superficial contents by one-sixth of the diameter ; or, multiply the square of the diameter by one-sixth of the circumference ; or,, multiply the cube of the diameter by .5236.—- To find: the comparative magnitudes, observe the fb]|(«ving proportion l Spheres are to one another as the cubes of thetr diameters J. • The same may be fuimd by tb« following proportion : The Ai» meter of . 9 circle or npbore, is to its circumference nearly aft 7 to 22 ; more nearly an 113 to 335. -f* iPhe .s(}uare of any number, is the product of tke nnmber by it- self ; and the cube of any number* is the product of its square by^ the number itself; thus'; the square of 4, is 4 times 4, or 19 ; aud the cube of 4* ib 4 times 16, or 64. X The diameters of the Sun, Moon* Me^0rft Venus, the Earthf . &c. are to one another nearly as the numbers 6900, 22, SO, 93, 80t 54, 940, 7B0, and 340 ; of which the cubes may be easily obtained^ unci which will show the magnitudes required with suflBcient exact-^ nesSi For examfties, see the magnitudes of the Son, Moon, aaa Earth, given i» page U ' 284 APPENDIX II. The distances of the Planets from the Sun heim given, to find the proportional degrees of L\g]\ anA Heat which they derive from the Sun ; hi\ apparent degrees of Magnitude^ as seen fn ' them ; and the Circutrferences of their Orliits oi Paths round the Sun, 1. The degrees of light and heat derived froi the Sun, and nis apparent magnitude, diminish ati the squares of the distances increase ; from which tlie required proportion may be determined.— J 2. Muliiply the diameter of any planet''8 orbit (oij twice its distance from the Sun), by 3.1416 ; th« product is tlie orbit^s circumference nearly. Th« iame may be found by the proportion given in note to the preceding problem *. in. To find the Rate of Motion, per Hour or Mii nute, of a Planet, in tts Orbit, or that of any Pointl im its suiface, caused by its JDiiirwU Motitm, Divide the circumference of the Plancf s orbit, by its annual period in hours or minutes; the quo* tient win be the Planers rate of motion, per hour or minute, in its orbit nearly. — 21 Divide the cir^ cumferenoe of the planet itself, by its diurnal pe- riod, in hours or minutes, and you will have the rate at which any point in its Equator moves, per hour or minute.— For any other point,.. having ita latitude given, Find the degree of latitude in the * Th« distancea of the plaujts. Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Be. from the Son, are to one another, nearly as the aumbers 12, 83, 33, 48, 65, 303, 605 ; or, with lesa ezactoest, aa the nimber 1, 8, 3, 4, I4i 96 50. lo solvbg the first part of theprobkn, these numbers may be used instead of th» veal distances.— Hence it wiU be found, Ihftt^e light, heat« and ap|>amiit magnitode of the Sua* are, at Mercury, about 7 times as great as to us ; while, to us, tb^. ar» abo«t.360 times as great as at the Georgiuni Sidin» APPENDIX. S8S ible of longitude, page 282, adjoming to which, fon have the lengtn of a degree of longitude in [hat parrallel ; this, multiptied by 360, eives the rhole circumference of the parallel ; which, di- Ivided by the diurnal period, in hours or minutes, Iwill give the rate required, nearly, in geographical Imiles ; and these may be reduced to English miles, hy multiplying them by the number of English Imiles contained in abridged Vocabulary, bound Introduction Life of Christ, ISmo, bound Ainsworth*B Dictionary, 8to, bound Boyer*s Dictionary, new edition, 8to, eomctod by the Rev. W. Gardiner, L L. D. ™ — Grammar, 18mo, bound - . Barriers Collection, 18mo, bound ——1- Tyro's Guide, 9th edition — — — Child*! Assistant, per doz. done up Beauties of Or Robertson Blagden*8 French Interpreter* neatly half bound Brown's Logarithms, 8vo, bound Chambaud's Fables Clarke's Homer's Htad, 2 vols 8vo, with naps, boards . . . II. 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