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" Notliii^ eXtliibiftte, nor Mt denEii Mglit in aMkM*^ If ",' LONDON: ,»'f' K*^,* ,JC * ^' :N4»'^'V, ,.^ ,-'■1'" 'J^i/" It ' '.» A - f ( JJ" -% ;ife*^- ¥^' iwi •♦*d ^TT^'II^ " r'l^ .--.J',.. ■3l I LONDON: PnJNTED BY JOSEPH lllCKEUnV, SHRriBOlTRN lANF. ^.at*tffc,Ari* INTRODUCTION. The following Letters appeared recently in the columns of the Morning Herald. Having ex- cited considerable notice, and the writer having also received, through the Editor, a knowledge that they have been favourably spoken of by those whose judgment is flattering to him, he has been induced again to bring them before the public. In so doing he has referred more particularly to the " British American Latid Ctympany,'' which, since these Letters first appeared, has assumed in some degreee that importance in public esti- mation to which it is so justly entitled. The establishment of this Company he consi- ders, from his knowledge of the country, as likely T to produce the best effects upon the population and feelings of the Lower Province of Canada, and at the same time to conduce to the advantage of the colony, the mother country, and the capi- talists engaged in its promotion. No attempts at fine writing or learned disquisi- tions are indulged m, but the writer has endea- voured to give sound practical information, in lan- guage adapted to the classes of persons he ad- dresses. In the hope of being useful to his countrymen, he commits this unpretending work to the public. London, March 1834. \ri\ 1 FROM THE MORNING HERALD, December 20, 1833. It has justly been remarked by an acute and statesman- like politician, that " Britain exists all over the world in " her colonies. These alone give her the means of advanc- " ing her industry and opulence for ages to come. They ** are portions of her teiritory more valuable than if joined " to her island. The sense of distance U destroyed- bv ^* her command of ships, whilst that very distance serves " as the feeder of her commerce and marine." An able and valuable correspondent, well acquainted with ' Emi- gration' in principle and detail, having furnished us with observations and practical information on the subject, as applicable to our colonies in British America, we think that we shall be performing a pleasant duty to our readers by giving circulation to his valuable recom- mendations, assuring them that they may be most im- plicitly depended on. ; , I When it is considered that the direct emigration to f Canada alone, within the last three years, amounts to i 134,970 persons, and that the market for British manu- factures has increased in a greater ratio than the popula- tion ; that during the last year 1,035 British vessels, amounting to 279,7^4' tons, navigated by 12,243 sea- :#• ^m 6 I! t ! I It ' i men, have entered the port of Quebec alone — this asto- nishing trade having increased from 69 vessels and 15,876 ions, navigated by 731 seamen, in the year 1805 ; and also, that a million and a half of value in British ma- nufactures has paid duties of import ; and that all this immense and rapidly increased business is connected with the dearest and best interests of our country, we feel happy in being the means of communicating the know- ledge, and seconding the recommendations of the writer. We have no hesitation in asserting, that the recent sale of government lands in the province cf Lower Canada to the ** British American Land Company,'^ is a wise and politic measure, from which we augur much good to the province, as well as individual and national advantage. It is a measure that ought to have been carried into effect long since, and simultaneously with the establishment of the Canada Company. In no part of the British colo- nies has British capital, intelligence, and feeling been more required. And in no part of them is more to be ex- pected in the way of valuable return. The information of our correspondent tending particularly to this province, of which so little has been written and so little is known, we presume to be an additional reason for giving it pub- licity. it is not with the wish or intention of recommending or exciting to emigration, but to point out to those who have determined to make the trial, to what quarters, and in what manner it may be done with the least trouble, the least expense, and with the greatest prospect of success, combining at the same time individual happiness with national benefit. asto- and B05; ii ma- L this I with B feel know- riter. it sale Ada to se and to the ntage. » effect lent of [i colo- I been be ex- mation evince, nown, it pub- ling or lo have md in He, the iccess, Is with ■St;- 1 The Hon. Peter M*Gill. The Hon. George Moffatt. Chief Clerks Mr. John Reid. ■# Agents will be appointed in all the Out-ports to give information and advice to Emigrants, Settlers, and others. EMIGRATION. LETTER I. Mr. Editor, Thk press has teemed with works upon Emigra- tion, from the penny pamphlet to the ponderous quarto ; but too frequently they have been mere compilations and copies of each other, written more for the purpose of gain than of giving in- formation. Perhaps "Lawrie Todd, "and "Picken's Canada," contain the most real information; but they are not exactly the kind of books required, and are more costly than suits the pockets of that class of persons who are most desirous of obtain- ing it. To such, Pickering's "Emigrant's Guide," published by E. Wilson, is the most suitable ; his observations show that they were made upon the spot, and as they extend from Philadelphia to Buffalo in the United States, and throughout the Upper Province of Canada; they embrace a comparison not only of the soils and prices of lands and systems of agriculture of the two coun- tries, but what is of fully equal importance, of 10 1 the taxes, political and religious institutions, and prices of produce ; showing from thence the su- perior advantages which our colonies offer to the settler and farmer of small means. Of the " Back- woodsman," that inimitable little work, it must be confessed, that it appears to have been written for, and is most particularly applicable to the lands belonging to the Canada Company in the Upper Province. The present observations are intended to give, in as condensed a manner as possible, practical in- Jbrmation and useful advice to persons intending to emigrate, from the first step of choosing a pas- sage-vessel to the last of settling themselves on a farm. So much has been already written upon the Upper Province, and the extraordinary pro- gress it has made in population and wealth renders it unnecessary to say more, that it is my inten- tion to refer more particularly to the Lower Province ; although, upon most subjects, the hints and information given will apply to emigration to British America in general. My more particular acquaintance with the " Lower Province,'' and the operations of the " British American Land Company,'' now about to commence their operations in the eastern town- ships of that province, a section of country within one hundred miles of Quebec and Montreal, though at present unknown to the British emi- grant; but which offers, at the same time, the i; '■t., 11 , and e su- ;o the 3ack- astbe ritten the m the ) give, calin- mding a pas- 3Son a L upon y pro- enders inten- mver hints Ition to Ih the )f the about town- athin itreal, emi- le, the most beautiful scenery, by far the healthiest climate, and a soil as rich and productive as any in America, has determined me to refer more par- ticularly to it, in the hope that my countrymen may at least be induced to visit that district, be- fore they determine to proceed onwards eight hundred or one thousand miles, perhaps, into the United States, from which they may, possibly, after all, retrograde to these eastern townships, and St. Francis territory, in the more immediate neighbourhood of the shipping ports of Quebec and Montreal ; where cattle, butter, and cheese, are always in demand, and where a readier and better market will be found, whether to sell the other produce of their farms, or purchase the im- ported necessaries for their families. It is with pleasure I can add, that the establish- ment of this Company is in perfect accordance with the general feeling of the population of that part of the province in which its first operations are to be carried into effect ; and fortunately, too, among its directors will be found men intimately connected with the Canadas, and deeply interested in their welfare. As it is not my intention to write an elaborate treatise on emigration — I shall not fill up your columns with learned discussions on the emigra- tions of the nations of antiquity ; they were too frequently undertaken upon a large scale, either arising from necessity or from oppression ; for the 12 ir>i; fill I i If >Mi ^ purposes of conquest, agrandizement, or revenge ; carrying in their train war, bloodshed, rapine, and extermination ; whilst in these days emigra- tion is the offspring of peace, by which the great first law of nature, " Go forth and multiply, and replenish the earth," is fulfilled ; and the arts and sciences, the decencies and the comforts, the moralities and religion of the highest state of ci- vilization are extended throughout the world. Without referring to any of the writings of the ancients, I shall at once descend to modern times, and begin by quoting the writings of the celebrated William Penny the founder oiPennsyl- vaniuy now one of, if not the first state in the American Union, for population, wealth, and science. It is not a great many years since he said,, " I deny the vulgar opinion that plantations " (colonies) weaken England; they have manifest- " ly enriched and strengthened her ; the industry " of those who go into a foreign plantation is worth " more than if they stayed at home. Again ; '* England furnishes them with clothes, household "stuff, tools, and the like necessaries, and in " greater quantities than at home their condition " could have needed, or they could have bought, '•* and they often return with riches to England ; '* one in this caDacitybeing able to buy out twenty " of what he himself was when he went out." Dr. Johnson, of more recent memory, writes, — " That the settlement of colonies, the establish- ^ CI- »» (( 13 " ment of those in security whose misfortunes have " made their country no longer pleasing or safe ; " the acquisition of property without injury to any, the appropriation of the waste and luxuriant " bounties of nature, and the enjoyment of those " gifts which Heaven has scattered upon regions " uncultivated and unoccupied, cannot be consi- *' dered without giving rise to a great number of " pleasing ideas, and bewildering the imagination '^ in delightful prospects." 'Bonaparte, in the height of his continental conquests, cried out for " ships, colonies, and com- merce,'' as the only means by which he could de- stroy Great Britain, subdue the world, and make France the " great nation" he fondly hoped. Prince Talleyrand, who has lived to see France lose all her colonies in the East and West Indies, and again establish them on the coast of Africa,* has remarked that, with the ancient governments, the predominant policy appears to have been, that " bodies politic ought to reserve to themselves the means of placing to advantage, at a distance, a superabundance of citizens, who may, from time to time, threaten their tranquillity." "It belongs to our enlightened navigators," says he, ** to tell the government what are the "places where a new country, a salubrious climate, * The French Government has lately decided to hold their conquests in Algiers in perpetuity, and a large sum has heen voted for tliat pur{)ose. 14 " a fruitful soil invite our industry, and promise us " richer advantages. In commercial and manufac- " luring states, from the inequality of fortunes, and " the fluctuations in trade and population to which " such states are liable, colonies would seem to be " peculiarly necessary." Mr. Sherriffe, a very intelligent gentleman, re- siding at By-town, in Upper Canada, says, " that " emigration is now a movement of the people in- " dependent of their rulers ; still its object is legi- " timate. Although it may be diflicult, perhaps " impossible, to give it altogether a systematic " form, yet it may be for the interests of the coun- " try to regulate and encourage it. " From various causes the fields of employment " have become crowded, and the labouring classes "are looking about for more room, and better " means of subsistence ; emigration, under such an " impulse, resembles a stream from an overflowing " fountain, which may be guided, but cannot be "stopped." And the last, not least. Lord Broiigham, has written with his usual perspicuity : " That the " possession of remote territories, understocked " with capital and hands, is the only thing which " can secure to the population of a country those " advantages derived from an easy outlet, or pros- " pect of an outlet, to those persons who may be "ill provided for it at home." With the opinions of these mentally illustrious personapjes, I shall conclude this communication, intending in my next to point out the real and moral value of these colonies to the mother country. M LETTER II. LS le id Ih Mil. Editor, Feeling that the independent tone upon which your useful journal is conducted, enables you to cast aside the garb of party spirit, and direct your vast power solely for the benefit of every class of this great community; with increasing confidence, and the humble hope of their utility, I now continue my further remarks upon the value of colonies to their mother country. It cannot be denied, that these mighty wings qf the empire^ by which she soared to her proud pre-eminence, will still prove of inconceivable value to her ; nay, it must be admitted that they will enable the parent state to continue to exalt herself for ages, in true political supremacy, over the surrounding nations of Europe. But woe to those who, imbued with the abstract theories and |onceits of the new school of " Political Econo- iny," should succeed in clipping these wings; for 16 4^ i " England never did, nor ever shall, Fall at the proud foot of a conqueror. Until she first did help to wound herself." Our versatile and talented Lord Chancellor^ in the earlier course of his rapid yet brilliant career, has further truly observed, that " The colonial " trade is a trade always increasing and capable of " indefinite augmentation, while the other branches " of traffic are of necessity on the wane : it is as " beneficial as a home trade ; and is, when rightly " understood, a branch of the home trade. Capital " taken from the mother country to her colonies is " not withdrawn from the empire ; it continues to " support the productive part of the community, " and besides being an integral ihow^ remote part " of the state, it directly employs part of the home " plantation transplanted thither. *' The capital invested in the colonial agricul- " ture encourages the agriculture of the mother " country, as much as the capital employed in the " different branches of domestic agriculture encou- *' rage the operations of each other. "It is a narrow policy which would consider " colonies as separate and subservient appendages " of the state ; they are integral ^?iti^ of the empire " which is happif enough to possess them, and they " ought to be considered as such. The sophistries " and cavils which political sceptics and innovators *' have founded, partly on a misconception of the " theory, and partly on a misstatement of facts? w \elhr, in t career, colonial ipable of branches : it is as in rightly Capital iolonies is tinues to mmunity, imote part the home il agricul- le mother jred in the ire encou- 1 consider jpendages he empire , and they ophistries unovators ion of the of facts? n <( (( " tend directly to c degradation of the system in *^ the eyes of superficial reasoners, and may ulti- mately renew a state of things from which the ' unassisted efforts of national heroism may be altogether unable to redeem any one community. ' The attacks of these men have, moreover, been inconsistent and contradictory." Here, then, we start with a conviction that colonies are a blessing to those nations which are happy enough to possess them ; that they ought to be considered as integral^ though remote parts of the empire; that they are useful as an outlet for the surplus population, as well as the unfortu- nate — the laborious poor, or the over-enterprising part of the community ; — that when the produc- tions of the colonists are protected, the labour of the settlers and emigrants from the mother coun- try is worth more, both to themselves and the parent state, and their consumption of her manu- factures greater, than if they had stayed at home ; that the markets they establish for her manufac- tures are continually increasing ones ; and that the sophistries and cavils of political sceptics and innovators, who aim at a degradation of the colo- nial system of Great Britain, are the result of misconception and misstatement, and alike dis- heartening to national heroism, and dangerous to national existence. Moreover, that though the tide of emigration cannot be stopped, it may be directed. 18 II i Perhaps the most valuable axiom of the whole is, that colonies should be considered as integral parts ojtlie state ; for upon this hangs the justice and necessity of protection in the way of discri- minating duties. With our colonies alone can we have such a reciprocity in trade as shall be beneficial to both, but in which the benefits are evidently greater to the advantage of the mother country ; as in exchange for timber, ashes, grain, and furs of Canada, being all either raw articles or manufactures of the lowest grade, England sends manufactures in the highest state of finish ; and the extent of her export is limited entirely by the value of the imports received from the colony. It is, indeed, a fact, that the exports from Great Britain greatly exceed the return of imports, the balance being in debts owing to the British merchants, and acting as a capital and circulating medium in Canada. What the Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, and the im- mense tracts of wild back lands are to the United States of America, the colonies of Great Britain might be to the mother country. It is hardly to be doubted, that with such institutions, and such a population as has been congregated in the United States, nothing short of the safety-valve offered by the wild lands and the back woods has pre- served them hitherto in union. At the present moment, such a hint may not be altogether foreign to circumstances at home. whole tegral lustice discri- le can lall be its are mother , grain, articles ngland finish ; entirely om the exports jturn of y to the tal and the im- United [Britain |ly to be such a United offered las pre- ^lay not lome. 19 Flint, a very competent authority, says, " that forty years ago there was not a settlement west of the Ohio river; in 1832, the state of Ohio alone contained a million of inhabitants ; and the aggregate of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, is not less than 1,700,000, and, if we add the states of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, 2,350,000 !" Whilst America finds such benefit from the settlement of wild lands, which, from their distance over land, or along the tortuous routes of rivers, are further in effect from Wash- ington, New York, or Boston, than many parts of our own colonies from London, is it not the duty of our Governors to assist, or, at any rate, promote the views and exertions of those who are willing to take the details of such labours off their hands as are comprised in opening the forest and con- verting the silent wild into the cheerful glebe ? America, as a term, is too frequently applied to the whole continent ; and even with some otherwise well-informed men, the difference be- tween the United States and the British posses- sions is scarcely krwwn : it is not therefore very surprising, that among the lower classes America and Canada should be considered synonymous terms. The difference is nevertheless great ; and it ought to be a matter of consideration to a person leaving Great Britain for America, whether he is about to transplant himself among a people of different laws and customs, with whom he can c 2 20 have little common feeling ; or among his own countrymen, where he will find laws to which he has been accustomed, possibly persons with whom he has been acquainted, manners and customs in which he can sympathise, and reminiscences of the glorious achievements of his countrymen in which he can partake. It is indeed true, that many emigrants in- tending to proceed to Canada have taken their passages in vessels for America, but have been carried (in perfect ignorance) by the sordid owner and unfeeling master, to New York, Philadelphia, New Brunswick, or Nova Scotia, and have there been landed, and left to take their chance. For- tunately, a tax upon passengers, or a bond from the captain, has of late been exacted at New York, which has had the effect of stopping this most cruel traffic to a certain extent. With regard to cheapness of living and high rate of wages, absence of game laws, stamp duties, tithes and poor-rates, the United States and the British Provinces may be pretty much upon a par : but if, in addition to all this, the emigrant can be assured (as is the fact) that he can, in our own colonies, find land cheaper, taxes so much less as to be considered next to nothing, and a decided protection upon his labour and agricultural pro- duce in the home market, it might be thought that but little consideration would be required to decide upon the land of his adoption ; and this lis own hich he ti whom toms in snces of men in ants in- en their ve been id owner idelphia, ve there e. For- ►nd from at New )ing this and high ) duties, and the upon a emigrant in our luch less decided iral pro- thought quired to and this t will apply to any of our colonies. Thus wheat imported from our colonies pays Qd, per quarter duty, when the average is above 67*., and 5*. per quarter when below ; whilst from the United States, at that price, it would be 18*. 8rf. per quar- ter; and in the same way upon the imported manufactures of Great Britain necessary to the American as well as the Canadian settler ; the duty may be 30 or 40 per cent, in the United States, whilst it is only 2J per cent, in Canada : hence English articles costing 102/. 10*. in Ca- nada, will probably, at the same period, be worth 140/. in the States ; so all British manufactures pay 50*. upon the value of 100/., in Canada, whilst in the United States, up to this time, cot- ton manufactures pay from 25/. to 75/., according to description ; hardware, 25/. to 30/. per cent. ; iron, according to quality and manufacture, from 10/. to 200/. ; leather goods from 30/. to 100/. ; manufactures of linen, 25/. ; silk goods, 5/. to 40/. ; and woollen goods, from 10/. to 75/. per cent, of value. The cheap government and the liberal institu- tions of America, have been so long the themes of adulation amongst certain sets of politicians, for party purposes, that it is no easy task to con- vince the world generally that this vain boasting is a mere delusion, when brought into comparison with our own colonial governments. The offspring institutions of the parent country are naturally 2sl engrafted upon British colonies in every quarter of the globe. The freedom which clothes the sons of Albion fixes upon every honest man the national character of independence in all our colonies. In the United States, the wealthiest and the proudest Englishman must be a denizen for a continuity of five years, and must abjure allegianr»e to all other governments, and the British in particular, before he can hold heritable property, or claim the common distinction be- tween a negro and a white, but hy courtesy. With this contrast of national liberty, Mr. Editor, I conclude until the next opportunity ; and am yours most impartially. i st^ LETTER III. Mr. Editor, In my last communication I maintained that the British colonies should solely be looked upon as integral parts (however distant they be) of the British Empire : and being convinced of their advantage and security to the mother country, I presume that their welfare should occupy no mean place in the attention of those who govern 23 lis. The udvantages of settliiit^ in a country whose laws are assimilated to our own; where the political institutions are the most liberal in existence among civilized nations ; where reli- gious liberty is enjoyed in its fullest extent, taxa- tion scarcely known, and education within the means of the poorest, protection to its produce afforded, and the lowest rate of duties on British manufactures imposed, need not be further en- forced. In the North American colonies particularly, the elective franchise, that boasted palladium of British liberty,- is even greatly more favoured than in England under the Reform Bill. Among other differences between the United States and Canada, that of slavery, existing in the country claiming to itself the title of a " free country ;" and which, whilst it has declared that "«// men are horn Jree,'' that "all men are created equal," and that " all citizens have equal rights," coutinue^^ to perpetuate slavery in some of its states ; and even when free to stigmatize them on account of their colour in every possible way, refusing to eat at the same table, to kneel at the same altar, or fight in the s^me ranks, — would point out the reason of a preference to our own colonies. No " man of colour," unless for three years a citizen of the state, and for one year seized and possessed of a freehold estate of the value of 250 dollars, and who shall have been 24 M'i 1^ } ik rated and paid a tax thereon, shall be entitled to vote for a member of the assembly. A good deal of misconception also prevails with regard to the comparative rate of wages in Canada and the United States. It is not uncom- mon to hear it stated that 6*., 7s., or Ss. currency per diem is given in the United States, whilst at the same time from half a dollar to a dollar, or 2*. 6d. to 53. is given as wages in Canada. This, however, is a delusion ; for whilst the dollar is divided into 8*. in the state of New York, which bounds one side of the St. Lawrence, it is divided into five only in Canada ; therefore, in truth, a New York shilling is equal to 7^rf., and one in Halifax or Canada currency to I2d. And it is too common for agents and others to quote the rates of wages in currency, and the necessaries of life in sterling money ; thus stating the value of labour at Ss. per day, and expenses of living at 3*. 6d. ; in which the real difference, though startling, is in reality only Sd. ! I am aware that in stating such facts, and drawing such conclusions in favour of our ov;n colonies, that I run some risk of having my state- ments doubted, my intentions perverted, and my reasons ridiculed ; but I can assert, that in the United States the citizens are not so overdone with morbid sentimentality as to recoil from can- vassing the institutions of England and her colo- nies ; neither are they backward in taking advan- 25 tage of the liberality of our colonial governments ; for a very great proportion of the store-keepers, tavern-keepers, methodist parsons, and newspa- per editors in our North American colonies are of Yankee origin. I shall preface my further remarks by repeat- ing, that it is not by any means my intention to induce emigration ; but since it is now generally admitted that under some circumstances it can- not be checked, I shall merely point out the class of persons to whom it is likely to be beneficial, and the mode by which it is likely to be accom- plished, when once decided upon; in the simplest, most economical, and most comfortable manner. It has been thought by many, (even by some persons of great intelligence,) that every emigrant should go out with the intention of becoming at once a landowner and farmer ; as if, where daily labour wages are high, a poor man could at once command the labour of others. This is contrary to common sense, and would confine emigration to a class who have not i\\ general the greatest desire or the necessity to leave their own coun- try ; whereas the fact that labour is high (so high indeed as to enable a sober, patient, and indus- trious man to live upon half his earnings) is sufficient to show that persons without the means of purchasing and stocking a farm, (upon which they must live a twelvemonth before they earn sufficient for their wants,) may emigrate with 26 I: ; .,1,1) confidence ; certain that with prudence, they will soon, by labouring for individuals or on public works, become equal or superior to many who purchased and settled too early, with an insuf- ficient capital and too little experience. This is, indeed, a matter of every -day observation ; as the few discontented grumbling " ne'er do week" who return home in disgust, are men without either judgment or energy, who having entered on farms without sufficient means or knowledge, have reaped the wages of their folly, and endeavour to make others as unhappy as themselves. During the whole of the last season em])loy- ment might have been found for 100,000 able- bodied men in either of the two provinces of Canada, at a rate of wages compared with the expense of living, that would have formed a happy contrast to the wages, or roundsmen's pay, in our own agricultural districts. Besides, every emigrant is not, and many never can be, fit to be- come a ^itittler or farmer : " hewers of wood and drawers of water" there must be ; men who, so far from being able to manage a farff: are unable to regulate their own conduct, economize their daily earnings, or " provide for a rainy day." Thus, then, a labouring man who can transport himself to Quebec or Montreal, with a few pounds in liis pocket, need not be afraid of bettering his condition. To those, however, who have been brought up to agricultural pursuits, and who, 27 with a knowledge of the rudiments of farming, can command from 50/. to 500/. Canada offers every advantage that the most sanguine person can rationally hope for. A capital too small to stock a farm at home, will afford ample and suffi- cient means both to purchase and stock one there ; and the mode of commencing such an undertak- ing (so different from taking a cultivated farm in England) will be hereafter pointed out. It may be asked by some, who and what are the description of persons to whom emigration offers advantages worth making a trial at once expen- sive and trying to the feelings ? I acknowledge, and every one should consider that some sacrifice is required ; but at all times some present sacrifice must be made to ensure future success. . I would say then, that all who have health and strength, and are desirous of a change, (for a hundred dif- ferent reasons,) whether to break from bad society ; to discontinue an unprofitable business, without seeing any chance of a better ; to improve his condition from an under-paid agricultural la- bourer, or a small unproductive farm ; to active and intelligent mechanics of every description, whether in wood, iron, stone, or leather, who, though not skilful enough to get the best wages at home, are sufficiently so for a new country ; all such men are sure of doing weU, if they allow themselves a fair chance, by avoiding the be- setting and besotting sin of drunkenness, alike 28 destructive to the energies of body and mind. The retired officer, either of the army or navy, whose half-pay and small patrimony is insufficient to enable him to make his vs^ay among his own class at home — all those, in fact, who, with limited means, and the reality or anticipation of large families, find a difficulty in "getting along," will, by the aid of a farm, find not only a pleasing occupation, but the means of bringing up a family in comfort and independence. Those who are doing tolerably well in daily occupation, or have fair hopes of doing better, should not think of giving up their present comforts. To the idle, the dissipated, the drunken, or aged, the physician, the lawyer, the young gentleman from behind the counter, the clerk from the desk of the merchant, or the self-sufficient livery-servant, emigration (at least to Canada) offers but little prospect of benefit. Still it must be confessed that, after all, individual character has, perhaps, more to do with fitness than previous education. Of this all may be cei 'ain, that ree )lution, persevering industry, frugality, and temperance are necessary for suc- cess ; without these qualities, ennui, disappoint- ment and disgust will ruin the prospects of those who by previous education would seem most fitting to secure it. Wild land must always be considered as a raw material, upon v/hich much labour is required to bring it into the state of a manufactured article of 29 i> value in the market, or beneficial for the mainte- nance of a family. As there are no poor-laws, there is no system for the support of the idle ; but as " the labourer is' there ^^ worthy of his hire^' so "/^^ thatworketh not, neither shall he eat.'' Infant emigration has been a good deal talked of lately by some well-intentioned and well-in- formed men; and a society has recently been formed to promote it. Although it is generally considered that in these colonies a child at seven or eight years of age is able to earn his own share of the family meals, I cannot say that I am competent to give advice on this subject ; it might be made a most efficient mode for the adop- tion of parishes to keep down poor-rates, and the increase of surplus labourers ; but I think that, till a system is adopted by which the colo- nies shall be prepared for their reception, that little good could result, and possibly considerable evil would ensue. Should any society set to work in earnest upon this business there is little doubt that the different land companies would readily enter into arrangements to facilitate the operation. In Nova Scotia it has been very strongly ad- vocated by those who are most likely to be judges of the matter. From what has been here said on infant emigration, it is clear that a man need not fear that a ivife and children will be a burden to 30 1 :l him in our North American colonies ; indeed, it is to the sober married man that emigration offers far the most comfort and happiness. Education is general, and cheap enough to be within the reach of the poorest settler, whilst the children will be brought up in the habits of life most likely to be useful to them in after life. Pauper emigration, conducted systematically by parishes, has engrossed much attention from country magistrates ; and we know not why those of the metropolis have not considered it equally worth their consideration : to the colonies, how- ever, the difference between a healthy agricul- tural addition, and the mental and bodily morbid and disgusting refuse of a metropolis is great ; and for the benefit of our Britisli American colo- nies, we should hope that the filthy demoralized paupers of London will never find their way thither. Some of our Australian colonies would seem to offer better situations. The experiments made by Lord Egremont and the Petworth committee upon parish emigration, have proved highly satisfactory ; and we recom- mend to parish officers, clergymen, and magis- trates, the little pamphlets published for that so- ciety by Longman and Co. The committee has concluded, that for 15/. a single mi, and for ^^l. 10*. a man, his wife, and thr'. children, can be settled in Upper Ca- nada. It may therefore be fairly concluded, that 31 the same may be settled on the nearer lands of the '• British American Land Companies" for 12/. 10s. and £9/. When a person has resolved to emigrate, let him turn into money most of his goods and chatties ; as probably there will be but little worth the trouble of carrying with him, or adapted to his new operations in the country of his future adoption. As to furniture, let him not attempt to take any : if a labourer, and he have a few common tools, and the port of embarkation is near at hand, he may take his spade, and a few other implements ; if he be a mechanic, let him, of course, take the articles necessary for the working of his craft. As much of an emigrant's comfort, during his passage across the Atlantic, depends upon his prudential arrangements beforehand, and particu- larly with regard to selecting a ship, in my next I purpose to point out the means by which they best may be attained, and until then, I am, yours, &c. LETTER IV. Mr. Editor, T CONCLUDED my last communication by stating ?!■.!' ilili ;'(.i 32 that much of an emigrant's comfort during his passage across the Atlantic depends upon his prudential arrangements beforehand, and parti- cularly with regard to selecting a ship : on this occasion I shall address my hints more particu- larly to that class of emigrants who go out as steerage-passengers. A small portion of common sense, and a little careful inquiry amongst the numerous respectable mercantile firms trading with the Canadas, will soon dictate to this class of emigrants the simple necessaries to their comfort during their passage ; and those who have children will do well to at- tend to the minutiae of these details. Mr. Bu- chanan, the government agent, gives the following list of stores for a family of five persons : — 48 stone of potatoes, 2^ cwt. of oatmeal or flour, 56 lbs. of ship biscuit, 20 lbs. of butter in a keg, one gallon of molasses, 20 lbs. of bacon, 50 lbs. of herrings in a keg, one gallon of spirits, and some vinegar. These will cost about 5/. in Scot- land or Ireland, in England 71, A few pounds of tea or coffee, and 28 lbs. of sugar, will be an additional comfort to the females ; where there are children, a mother's disv retion will point out a few more simple necessaries. The spirits taken out should only be used medicifially ; every la- bouring man must learn to do without liquor. The time of passage will prove to him the possi- bility of so doing, and where indulgence in them 33 ig his on his parti- n this irticu- 3ut as has commenced, it may happily prove the means of breaking so pernicious a habit. .^ . If* he have the means, (without cramping his future resources,) let him take a little bottled ale or porter, one or two bottles of port wine to a family, some rice, a few oranges, (if sound,) a seed-cake or two are pleasant and useful to children after sickness ; also two or three bottles of milk boiled with sugar, and close corked. A net to boil potatoes in : some cord and string, a hammer '^nd turnscrew, with a few, nails and screws, may jpossibly be found very useful on the passage. Cleanliness on shipboard is truly next to godli- ness; it should be strictly attended to by the passengers, and rigidly enforced by the captain. Every passenger is of course supposed to be upon deck as much as the weather will permit ; and at all times strictly under the control of the captain, from whose authority there is no appeal ; and it is absolutely necessary for the comfort and the security of all on board, as well as of the ship and cargo, that such should be the case. As there is much unoccupied time on ship- board, women should take with them some linen to make up, or materials for knitting, and a few books, if they possess any, by no means forgetting that book of books, the Bihle. Not only on the passage will it be found a valuable acquisition ; but, under the various trying circumstances and D situations of after-life, it will be found a com- fort. . ^ I,,, It is not usual to pay much attention to the Sabbath beyond clean dressing and cautious behaviour; but a hint to the captain would in general cause some of its duties to be attended to. Sailors are in general very attentive to the offices of religion when feelingly and decently performed, even by their own officers or a re- spectable passenger. . ^ It is a matter for the emigrant's choice, whether he pays for his berth only, and lay in his own sea- stock of provisions, or agrees for ship's rations. In point of expense, there is but little difference for the same food ; but the full seaman's diet is more than is absolutely necessary for a steerage passenger. For comfort, it is undoubtedly best to agree with the captain to be found every thing. And some respectable brokers will contract for a certain sum to provide passage and food on ship- board, and internal travelling and eating expenses to Quebec, Montreal, Lennoxville, or York. The more money and fewer incumbrances the settler has upon his arrival the better: it is a rare judgment that can anticipate in England what experience proves to be useful abroad. Cer- tain writers would lead one to believe that theo- retical fancies are superior to practical expe- rience ; but I would recommend the candidate for comfort and independence in our colonies, to 8ft com- m M ^. leave all his political economy behind him, whether adopted from the bold but ever chang- ing anti-providental assertions of ^Malthus, the anti-colonial principles of M^Culloch, or the more interesting and insinuating, but not less system- bound writings of a Martineau.* I would advise generally, in the first instances, that the mode of labour, of husbandry, and of domestic economy, should be copied from the practice of those among whom he has settled : experience will teach him when to alter them to advantage. If he come to London to take his passage, let him be careful in the first instance to place such money as he intends to emigrate with in the most respectable hands ; it is far better than attempting to carry it with him : and Messrs. Smith, Payne, and Smith ; Thomas Wilson and Company ; the * The abstract theories of Political Economy may be en- tertainiii^ and satisfactory amusement in the closet of the philosopher or at the professor^s lecture, where the battle is fought on blank paper and the result at the will of the player ; but, unfortunately, the natural divisions, inequalities, and climates of countries, and tlie artificial state of every existing society, whether arising from those causes or the long established customs, religions, and habits of nations, present an impenetrable barrier to the cosmopolitan ideas of the new school. In every country, as in every family, there are sufficient reasons for deviating in the economy of the establishment from our neighbours. An Utopia must be found for the exercise of this " most certain science." D 2 ^11 1 3(J Canada Company^ the British American lAind Company, or the most wealthy houses in the Canada trade, will, on receipt of his money, give an order for it either in Quebec or Montreal, or York, in Upper Canada. The disposing of money early in this manner is a matter of greater importance than is seen at first sight. London is full of sharpers, who are dexterous in the art of finding out countrymen with money in their pockets, and getting it from them ; besides which, the allurements of London are of themselves suf- ficiently dangerous for countrymen who are ramb- ling about without employment. Having disposed of his money in safe keeping, and thought over all matters connected with leav- ing the country of his birth and the ties of kindred and connexions, and coolly determined to look out for a new settlement, the intending emigrant should turn his attention to the best mode of crossing; for on his fortunate or unfortunate choice of a vessel or captain depends thirty-five to forty days of comfort or annoyance : it behoves him, therefore, to look well to this matter. It is not always the nearest port or the cheapest o flier that proves the best to select. In most of the small sea-port towns of the United Kingdom the vessels are small, and the competition not suf- ficient to ensure civility, low rates, and good ac- commodation. The first precaution of an emigrant is to avoid • f Ijand in the y, give ntreal, ing of greater \don is art of their which, BS suf- ramb- eping, I leav- ndred ) look [grant de of unate y-five hoves It is ofier 1 being "caught and booked" by the numerous land-sharks, disreputable brokers, shipowners, or the ** touters," who infest all our ports and docks, as well as not to be taken in by deceptive ship- bills, advertising their vessels of 300, 400, or 500 tons burden^ whilst perhaps they are little more than 200, 280, or 320 tons register. Apply, then, to the most respectable agents, brokers, or owners ; and if the accommodations of the vessel satisfy as to height of cabin or between decks and cleanliness; let him strike a bargain as soon us he can, and prefer the earliest sailing vc^sd ,.* the spring ; taking especial care, however, to de- mand from the captain or broker an engagement in " black and vrhite," as to the time of the ship's sailing, with an agreement, that for every day that she is detained, he shall live on board at the ship's expense, or be allowed 1*. or 1*. 6(/. a day to provide himself; and also, that on arrivring cit her port of discharge, he shall be allowed forty- eight hours, if necessary, for landing. If the ship carry a surgeon, so much the better ; but a few shillings laid out in simple opening medi- cines can never be ill spent. A little medicine a day or two previous to the ship's sailing, or whilst going down the river, is often found useful. Ships for passengers are generally fitted up for two classes ; namely, cabin and steerage ; the first having convenient berths or ^^ state-rooms'^ for families, and being provisioned by the captain ; 38 1 "' ''-fStl in regular traders both the accommodation and fare are excellent, and the rate from 20/. to 30/. each. Families may, ho^yever, make better bargains. ^ The steerage, or 'tween decks, is fitted up with small berths for single persons, or larger spaces for families, the passage-money being generally from 3/. to Al. As. ; children under fourteen years of age are charged one half; under seven, one- thir j, and those under twelve months, free. The charge for provisions is generally from 3/. to Al, for tlie voyage. Some vessels of large size and superior build, which have been heretofore in the West or East India trade, are fitted up for " intermediate'' pas- sengers, who take separate state-rooms, by special agreement, and find their own provisions : this is by far the most comfortable and inexpensive mode of transport for respectable families, to whom economy is a paramount object, and the separation from steerage passengers a desirable attainment. Although the number of passengers which a vessel is allowed to take is settled by law, there is a great difference in the accommodation afforded in vessels of the same tonnage. By the 9th of George IV., chap. 21, ships are not allowed to carry passengers unless of the height of five feet and a hfilf between decks; nor are more than three pass3ngers for every four tons register per- 39 )/. th y rs mitted. There must be on board at least fifty gallons of water, fifty pounds of bread, biscuit, oatmeal, or bread-stuff, for each passenger; and no part of the vessel's cargo, stores, or provi- sions to be carried between decks, if the full com- plement of passengers is taken on board. Masters who land passengers at any other port than the one for which the vessel is destined, unless with their own consent, are subject to a penalty of 20L for each, recoverable by summary process before two justices of the peace, in any of the JVb/*/!^ American colonies. For the first ten days after getting to sea, lands- men generally suffer a good deal from sickness, and during its continuance a very little food is consumed ; weak brandy and water, and occa- sionally (as it abates) j^ glass of p^-^^er, are very grateful to the stomach. The sea-sickness once over, all is health, appetite, and spirits ; the vari- ous incidents of the voyage are very amusing ; to most of the passengers they are even exciting as well as entertaining. After being fifteen or twenty days out, the ship will probably be within the influence of the gulf-stream, which will be knowi by the large quantity of weed floating in the current and the increased heat and moisture of the atmosphere ; a little cooling medicine, or a jug of salt water, may not be amiss. The ship is by this time " half-seas over." If going to Quebec, you will now be approach- h i' f H ■ M il 40 ing the banks of Newfoundland ; should the wind be lulled, will perhaps be catching your own cod- fish, and observing occasionally the slimy track or the spouting of a whale. In fact, when once the sickness is over, there is much to break the ennui and apparent sameness of the situation; the rising and setting sun ; the brilliancy of the night ; falling-stars ; the sporting of schools • (shoals) of bonitos ; the occasional falling on board of a flying fish ; land birds settling on the rigging so fatigued as to be caught by the sailors; dolphins racing as it were with the vessel, leaving their long blue tracks behind them ; the brilliant and beautiful, but yet unexplained phosphoric phenomena of the waves ; the various curious and minute animals found in the gulf-weed, when fished up and shaken into a basin of water, all these afford pleasure to the inquiring mind. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence numbers of * fin- ners,' a small species of whale, will be seen spout- ing abovt in every direction. Perhaps some of the white porpoises, said to be peculiar to the giiii, will also play around the vessel. Byron, with more of the licence of a poet than the truth of a naturalist, has described these salt water inhabitants as sporting in the fresh waters and falls of Niagara ! On sailing up the St Lawrence the passenger will bo struck with the magnitude of the river, the boldness of the mountain scenery on the north 41 shore, and the novelty of the forest -covered land- scape. When within 200 miles of Quebec, the white houses and long barns of the French in- habitants will be seen almost within hailing dis- tance of each other. These humble but in- teresting mansions are the abodes of peace and content ; a more decent, respectable, and happy peasantry than the " habitans" of lower Canada does not exist, when placed away beyond the reach of agitators. Attached to each house will be observed an oven erected of stones, and co- vered with the mud of the St. Lawrence, under wbich will probably be found the pig-stye. Here i, i there a lofty pole, surmounted with a tin cock, shews the residence of the officer of militia ; for even here a " little brief authority" is valued. To those properties close to the water will gene- rally be observed weirs of basket-work stretching along the shore, to catch various fish and eels at the falling of the tide : occasionally large quan- tities are thus caught. Am' jm: the many customs peculiar to these people ' ore so singular, and, at the same time so amiable^ that the writer cannot resist intro- ducing it to his readers. It is the custom of " donneingy'' that is, of parents, as they become advanced iu life, givin^ up possession of their hoi re and property to their family, on condition of r'^^ei^'ng, during the remainder of their life, board and lodging, a cabriolet to take them to and ti:'i M 42 from church, a certain small allowance of pocket- money, &c. &c. This is done by a regular deed, in which all the little necessaries and comforts to which they have been accustomed are enume- rated ; and on neglect of such provision, the young people may be legally sued ; seldom, how- ever, does such a necessity exist. With much satisfation does the writer recollect the hospitality he received from the family of Richard Rioux, seigneur of that " ilk," when, in a dismal stormy night, he was taken out of an open boat, near Trois Pistoles, by a cart ^ ' horse driven to the boat by the son of the Seigueur, well conversant with the rocks and holes, in which boat the party must otherwise have " borne the pelting of the pitiless storm," till day-light. These good people had been awoke by the firing of our signal-gun, and instantly prepared fire, food, and lodging for the benighted strangers, whom they were pre- paring to rescue. Pleasant is the reminiscence of the respect paid to the aged couple who occupied the best apart- ment of the house, (all of which opened out of the hall or general family-room,) and still more the placid look of these " lodgers'' in their own house and among their own children, going " down the hill" till they should " lig thegither at the foot," like John Anderson and his wife. . The Catholic churches will now appear at every distance of six miles, the steeples covered r y^; 43 with tin reflecting with brilliancy the rays of the sun ; for such is the clearness of a Canadian atmoL^phere that the tin does not rust, and, till lately, it was the universal covering; of large buildings. On approaching Quebec, the emigrant should arrange his trunks and baggage in as small compass as possible, and get them in order for going on shore. If the ship goes to a wharf, the landing is of course a matter of ease, par- ticularly if they wait for a proper period of the tide to bring the ship's side even with the wharf. If, on the contrary, she anchor in the stream, settlers should not be in a hurry to get into the boats : — numerous are the accidents arising from a foolish haste on these occa- sions. Especial care should also be taken that his property of all kinds is in the same boat, or left on board properly marked, under the care of some known friend. Should the weather be wet, foggy, or stormy, remain on board till it changes. Passengers are allowed to remain on board forty-eight hours; and this is not unfre- quently a great advantage, as they may land, make inquiries, and arrange for further proceed- ings, and then return and sleep on board. Captains are bound to land passengers, and their luggage free of expense. The same caution as to bad characters and sharpers, and the allurements of vice, is here IV » .1^ 44 quite as requisite as in London before embark- ing. The man of small means should never forget the necessity of husbanding his resources, and of avoiding all unnecessary expense, particularly that of riotous and sensual indulgences. It may be necessary to caution some persons against the too free use of the water of the St. Lawrence ; it is particularly pleasant to the palate, after sea- allowance, but apt to disagree with strangers. Those in bad health, or suffering from accident, will find immediate care and attention at the Emigrant Hospital^ at Quebec or Montreal ; institutions that do honour to the colony. If English money is required to be exchanged, tliey should go either to the banks or most re- spectable merchants, and trust not the proffered kindness of some port-lounger, or cunning tavern- k-eeper. Money in Canada is reckoned in what is called Halifax currency, 9s. sterling being v.orth 10*. currency; the dollar is the coin in general circulation, and is reckoned as 5s. ; besides this greater value of money in currency than sterling, there is an exchange when bills of any amount are drawn on Great Sritain, varying with circumstances, but during the last two years it has averaged about eight per cent ; so that 100/. in England, if drawn for in Canada, would command 120/. currency in Canada. The gold sovereign is therefore worth from 236'. Qd. to 24*. i 45 there. To bring sterling money into Halifax currency add one-ninth, and Halifax currency into sterling' money, subtract one-tenth. In the United States the currency is somewhat perplexing to a stranger, and difficult to reckon when passing from one state to another. The money of accounts is the dollar divided into cents. The dollar is worth 4*. 6d. British ster- ling at par, but the rate of exchange varies : at present it is at 1 per cent, discount,* that is, 99^. sterling in New York is worth 100/. in England ! A cent is just about a halfpenny. > £. s. d. The dollar in the currency of New York and North Carolina, is divided into . . • .080 Of Philadelphia 7 6 Of Boston . . . , . . . .060 A guinea in the currency of New York is worth. 1 17 4 Of Philadelphia 1 15 Of Boston 18 To reduce sterling money into dollars and cents at par, multiply the sterling money by * The exchange from New York on England has for several years averaged nearly 10 per cent, premium. At this time great distress exists throughout the Union, by the aiin- trary and impolitic interference of the government with the banking business of the country, and exchange has fallen as above noticed : the effect produced has had certain influ- ence upon Canada, which had recently recovered from a shock produced by the uncalled for meddling of oi»r home government with the banking affairs of the colony. '■•: 46 %. forty dollars and divide by nine pounds, and vice versa. Gold is not used in circulation, but ge- nerally taken as bullion, at the price of the day. When it is necessary to carry even a small amount in dollars, it is very troublesome, 100 dollars being only 22/. 10s, sterling. With kind attention to travellers, this trouble is seldom imposed, as the principal and almost universal circulating medium is paper, which is issued from the numerous banks in three various values, from one dollar upwards. The multiplicity of banks, and the different degrees of credit they enjoy with the public, has made it necessary to keep a kind of price- current of their value, which is published weekly, and their different notes taken or refused at certain discounts, from one per cent, upwards. It is by no means uncommon to see notices at the money-changers, or by advertise- ment, " Notes of broken banks bought here." Indeed it has been said, that this system has been found so profitable as to induce some banks to break and buy up their own notes. In Canada this confusion and risk happily does not exist, though the system of reckoning money by the New York currency of eight shillings to the dollar appears to be almost established in the Upper Province. It cannot be too strongly recommended to emi- grants, whether they intend to gain their liveli- hood by labour, or to become farmers by pur- i ?is 47 chasing lands from the Canada Company, or the British American Land Company, not to lengthen their stay at Quebec or Montreal one hour beyond the time necessary to make proper enquiries and gain sufficient knowledge to reach the place of their destination. A greater error cannot be committed than wasting time, which necessarily implicates loss of money, at sea-ports on arrival. Farming land, in the vicinity of such places, is never likely to be found at a price worth purchasing, and any wild lands are sure to be in reality worthless. In the Lower Province there is plenty of em- ployment for the hard-working labourer, either upon public or private works, and many find it immediately on their arrival at Quebec. There can be no doubt but that the ** British American Land Company" will have constant employment, at good wages, in road making ; a kind of labour simple and easy for the newly arrived emigrant, re- quiring little learning. By the earnings from such employment, he may shortly be enabled to pur- chase land of the Company, by paying a small portion of the purchase-money down, with a credit of four, five, or six years for the remainder by instalments. To the agent of this Company we would there- fore recommend application. I shall continue these remarks in my next. 48 > "•: / l :,:'.l . '♦ J i I ^ LETTER V. ■t Mr. Editor, In resuming my remarks upon the best course for emigrants to pursue on their arrival out in Ca- nada, I must forcibly endeavour to impress upon all new settlers the value of time ; not a moment must be lost ; every exertion must be made to avert the curse and misery of idleness, and the mind must be fully and resolutely bent on pur- suing a course of severe labour and some priva- tion, increased perhaps by the novelty of his situation and the absence of his accustomed com- panions ; but he may be assured that in the end he will meet his reward in plenty, comfort, and independence. The opinions which some persons have formed of the state of Canada, as to its rudeness and the infancy of its civilization, are so singularly absurd that it may not be trespassing too much upon the nature and object of this publication to remark, that Canada, particularly the lower province, has not been neglectful of the general interests of humanity, nor of the advantage of cultivating the arts and sciences ; the following lists, to which additions are making annually, will show 49 that there is field enough for the employment of the mind in this comparatively new country. Some of these institutions merit particular notice, which cannot be given in so condensed a work as the present ; among these the Literary Society of Qjuebec, and the M'Gill College, and Natural History Society of Montreal. Quebec. College of Quebec. Royal Institution for the Advancement of lieaming. ' National School Society. District School Society. British and Canadian School Society. Quebec Library. Quebec Garrison Library. Literary and Historical Society. Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Sciences. Mechanics' Institute. Medical Society. Christian Knowledge Society. Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society. Agricultural Society. Hotel Dieu, or General HospitaL Emigrants' Society. Benevolent Society. Friendly Society. Charitable Institution. Female Compassionate Society , Society of Friends of Ireland. Jail Association. Temperance Society. Savings' Bank. Masonic Lodges. Trinity House. y * ■ ' " - - K ■ \\\ 50 m I'.. •:1: 1- Fire Society. Quebec Fire Insurance. Quebec Bank. * Committee of Trade. , I Montreal. } M'Gill's CoUeg^e for the various Branches of Learning. College of Montreal. National Society. Union School. Grammar School. j British and Canadian School. Sunday School Society. Infant School Society. Montreal Library. Advocates' Library. Eclectic Library. Society for the Promotion of Education and Industry. Ladies' Society for the same. House of Industry Society^ Christian Knowledge Society. Bible Society. Religious Tract Society. Ladies' Bible Association. Glasgow Society, for Promoting Religious Instruction amongst Scotch Settlers. Domestic Missionary Society. Wesleyan Missionary Society. Medical Institution. Agricultural Society. Horticultural Society. ^i Mechanics' Institute. Natural History Society. Temperance Society. , Savings' Bank. ' ,' Friends of Ireland Society. r . .- ^ / 51 Montreal G al llospitul. Iliberiiiun Benevolent Society. Orphan Asylum. Masonic Lodges. Montreal Bank. Committee of Trade. Inland Insurance Company. Fox Hunt and Jockey Club. If, from the recommendations of competent advisers or the settlement of friends, the emi- grant determines to make his way to Upper Canada, he should address himself to A. C. Bu- chanan, Esq., the chief government agent for emigrants, or to the office of the Canada Com- pany ; and having ascertained from them par- ticulars of the situation, soil, and value of the lands, in the district he has fixed upon, h will, ^ course, proceed up the river St. Lawrence, or the Ottawa, according to the district he is going to, or the recommendation those gentlemen may point out. Travelling in Canada is generally in steam boats; the accommodation is excellent, the speed great, and the rates low. However, the progress upwards from Montreal cannot be accomplished without occasionally landing and passing the rapids or other impediments. Up the Ottawa to By-town this takes place once only, but oftener on the St. Lawrence to York. The following; are the distances and routes to various parts of Upper Canada, where the Canada E 2 52 W itf . Iv^^^, Coinpmu/ have their lands for sale, the mode of tfavelling, and rates generally charged ; By the St. Lawrence, Mile*. Miles. Quebec to Montreal . .180 180 Steam- Hates have ge- nerally been ^■""{shur Shillings. boat boat Montreal to Lachine . . 9 189 Stage Iiachin'^ to Caj«cades . . 24 213 Steam Cascades to Coteau du Lac 16 229 Stage Coteau to Cornwall . * 41 270 Steam- Cornwall to Prescoti . . -'^O 320 Stage Prescot to Biockville . 12 332 Sieam- Brockville to Kina^ston . 60 392 do. Kingston to York . . 180 672 do York to Burlington Bay 45 617 do. Burlington Bay to Niagara 48 665 do. From Btiffalo to Green Bay, ' ' Miles, Miles. Quebec to Buffalo about . .680 680 ^ Buftiilo to Dunkirk . . 40 720 Dunkirk to Portland . .14 734 Portland to E^rie . . .30 764 Erie to Ashtabula . . . 40 804 Ashtabula to G. River . . 33 837 G. River to Cleveland . . 30 867 Cleveland to Sandusky . . 60 927 Sandusky to Detroit . . 80 1007 Detroit to Fort Gratiot . . 80 1(^7 Fort Gratiot to Miboat, board included* cabin, five dollars. Deck passage, two dollars without board. St. John's to Laprarie, sixteen miles per stage, Ss. to 7s. 6tL ' Laprarie to Montreal, per ferry steam-boat, eight miles, 6d. Montreal to Quebec, by steam-boat, one hu;idred and eighty miles, cabin, found iOs. Deck passage, not found, Js. 6d. Those proceeding to the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada, in the vicinity of Sherbrooke, Stanstead, Sfc. 4*c., will proceed to St. John's, from whence good roads lead to all the settled townships eastward. If they are going to the one 95 Ottawa river, they will proceed from Montreal and Lachinc. from whence stages, steam-boats, and batteaiix, go daily to Grenville, Hull,, and By-town, as also to Chateauguay, Glen- garry, Cornwall, Prescott, and all parts below Kingston. ' Emigrants can avail themselves of the advice and assistance of the following Gentlemen : — At Montreal, Carlisle Buchanan, Esq., or at the office of the British American Land Company. Lachine, John Hays, Esq, Prescott, John Patton, Esq^ A. C. BUCHANAN, Emigrant Department, Chief Agent* Quebec, \si October, 1833. " LORD AYLMER'S REPORT. Report on the Survey of the Water Communication between Quebec and the River St, Francis. The Governor in Chief, on a tour of inquiry through the townships on the Craig Road, in the course of last summer, passed some time in examining the lakes in Halifax and Ire- land, and the stream which conveys their waters to the River Becancour. The settlers residing on the banks of the lakes informed his lordship that the Indian hunters, who frequent the sources of these waters, sometimes came down in canoes from the Great Lake St. Francis, by taking advantage of the smaller lakes or ponds which He between the head- waters of the St. Francis River and the streams which flow into the lakes in Ireland. They described the route in general as practicable for canoes, and even for larger boats ; but somewhat obstructed by rapids, and having several portages between the lakes ; at the same time it was represented as being susceptible of great improve- ment ; and in the popular opinion, it had long been thought an eligible line for a canal from the Lake St. Francis to the River St. Lawrence. M i' I-.!' 96 The opening of an easy water communication between Quebec and the unexplored country on the banks of the River St Francis being an object of great interest with Lord Aylmer, the favourable accounts giveo of this route by the inhabitants in Ireland, attracted much of his attention. In pursuing the inquiry, however, it became evident that great part of the route followed by the Indians passed through a broken and elevated region, and was too circuitous and difficult to promise any great facilities in reaching the country on the banks of the St. Francis, to which it was desirable to penetrate. It was expected, that in exploring the country below the discharge or outlet of the Great Lake St. Francis, a more direct and practicable line would be discovered ; and, upon the whole, the information obtained was so encouraging, that Lord Aylmer determined on having the intermediate country care- fully examined and the character of the streams fully ascer- tained by actual survey. His lordship accordingly directed a surveyor to ascend the stream traversed by the Indians, pursuing that route to its junction with the St. Francis, and to return by the best channel he might discover between that river and the lakes in Ireland. Instructions were given to take the necessary levels, and to form an estimate of the expense of making the streams practicable for scows, or boats capable of conveying from four to five tons of loading. The result of the survey has completely confirmed his lord- ship's expectations. It has been ascertained, by the discovery of a channel through an arm or branch of Lake Aylmer, an (extension of the River St. Francis,) that a direct, and with moderate outlay, a very practicable water communication can be effected from the Falls of the Thames in Inverness to the Rapids on the St. Francis in Weedon, a distance of more than 82 miles, without any other interruption than a portage of 3f miles, over the height of land between Black Lake and Black Creek, on ground which will admit of an excellent road. 97 The distance from Q ;ebec to the commencement of the water communication in Inverness is 42f miles, of which 32 miles are land carriage, on a road running through a level and practicable country, and of which the last 12\ miles only require to be completed, being already opened and passable for winter carriages. The accompanying plan exhibits the whole line of communi- cation comniencing at Quebec and terminating at Sherbrooke, the details of which are as follow : — From Quebec to St. Nicholas — conveyance by water From St. Nicholas to the Falls in Inverness—* land Mllei. 11 3I| 48f 3f carriage «------ From the Falls in Inverness to Black Lake Portage —conveyance by water - - - - - From Black Lake, over the Portage, to Black Creek — land carriage - - - - - - From Black Creek to the Rapids in Weedon — excel- lent water conveyance - - - - - 25 ' From Weedon to Sherbrooke — water conveyance, with some interruption from rapids - - - — When the small obstructions in the rivers shall be removed, and the necessary repairs to the roads and portages be com- pleted, the whole journey from Quebec to Lake Alymer can be accomplished by emigrants with baggage in two and a half or three days ; and there is every reason to believe that the expense will be very 'ight, as it is ascertained that the cost of conveyance to any poiat on the contemplated line of communi- cation which is at present accessible, will not exceed one-fourth of the rates now paid. The route to be taken by emigrants will be as follows : — On leaving Quebec the traveller will cross the St. Lawrence to St. Nicholas, on the south shore, for which the horse ferry- boats afford a cheap, safe, and expeditious conveyance ; charging only fourpence per head for passengers, and at the rale of 6d, a barrel for luggage : — distance 1 1 miles, * H &8 From St. Nicholas to the Falls in Inverness, the journey will be performed by land, the road for 31^ miles running through a level country, requires only moderate draught, and the single horse Canadian carts will convey a load of 8 cwt. in one day, at the cost of about ISj. ^ The water communication commences at the Falls. It will be effected in scows or boats carrying about four tons. It will take two days to reach Trout Lake, in Ireland ; the expense not exceeding Qd. per cwt. for loading, and in proportion for passengers. At present it is not possible to cofivey goods thus far, nor to bring down produce under 5s, per cwt. At this point the settler destined for the townships south of the Craig Road, and upon parts of that communication, will dis- embark :— the distance from the Falls is 35 miles. From the Trout Lake to the Black Creek on Lake Aylmer, the water conveyance is interrupted by a portage of d| miles ; but the distance, being only 17^ miles, will be accomplished in one day, at the expense of from 3d. to 5d. per cwt. On reaching Lake Aylmer, there is an uninterrupted navi- gation, descending by the stream of the St. Francis for 25 miles ; and the communication by water continues, with slight obstructions, which it is expected can be removed at a mode- « rate expense, to Sherbrooke, at the distance of 68 miles from the portage, and in the centre of the eastern townships^ On reaching the portage between Black Lake and Black Creek, the traveller finds himself on the high ground, or height of land separating the two water communications. The sur- face of Black Lake is elevated 153 feet above the Falls in In<< vemess on the one side, and 43 feet above the waters of Lake Aylmer, in the opposite direction. Lake Aylmer, in itself, is situated on a plateau of considerable extent, below the level of the Great Lake St. Francis, whence it receives its waters by the river of that name, which rushing impetuously through a broken and rocky channel, descends 104 feet in a distance of only six miles. The Lake, which is an expansion of the 99 River St. Francis, is succeeded by several smaller sheets of water, all of great beauty» and affording singular facilities for establishment on the surrounding lands. It is difficult to estimate the importance of this line of transit to the city of Quebec and the townships that will be brought into ready communication with the great shipping port of the province; the immediate advantage that it presents is the facility of penetrating into an extensive and fertile portion of the country, which has been, until this momenta inaccessible, and almost unknown ; thus affording to British emigrants a field in which they can be located within a few days after their arrival, without fatigue, and at small expense, enabling them to husband their means, and profit by the saving of time, which is so precious to the new settler in his fin^t establish- ment. The revolution of a Jew years mill probably exhibit this com' municaiion laden with the products of their industry, seeking their natural vent in the market of Quebec. 4 Office of Crown Lands, Quebec, 10th December, 1833. His Excellency the Governor has ordered the Plan to be deposited in the Office of Crown-Lands, where it will be open ^r the inspection of all persons who take an interest in the subject. The Official Tables of Export and Import, showing the value of and duty on the same for 1 833 are not yet published. The value of the preceding year's operations will be found at the beginning of this pamphlet. The quantities of the princi- pal enumerated articles imported by sea to the ports of Quebec and Montreal to the close of the navigation of 1 833 are thus stated: — H 2 Ui 100 IMPORTS. Articles. 1831. Blacking casks 1,913 Bricks 276,000 Candles boxes 256 Coals tons 12,772 Coffee, Do bags 67 Do barrels 387 Do tierces 50 Earthenware pckgs. 3,561 Fruit, Figs " 733 Almonds " 577 Raisins barrels 1,173 "~ Do boxes 1 1,356 Glassware, Bottles crates 431 Do. matts 767 M^indow-glass . . boxes 10,153 Grindstones 2,633 Hemp, Do bundles 152 Do tons 149 Indigo chests 102 Iron, Flat and Round . . tons 954 Flat....t bars 230,453 , Do bundles 15,182 Hoop " 12,352 Pig tons 611 Sheet bundles 1,547 Canada Plates . . boxes 3,182 1832. 1833. 1,363 912 441,000 533,000 809 1,314 24,300 21,108 609 473 399 36 38 1 3,535 3,521 2,120 1,292 657 427 1,218 2,998 9,511 8,646 595 573 545 566 10,764 17,306 920 1,358 37 6 167 213 86 36 695 1,538 183,000 80,223 11,764 4,868 14,253 29,581 750 1,129 2,174 3,437 2,770 13,564 101 Articles. InONWARE, Nails pckgs. Ovens and Pans .... Frying Pans . . bundles Spades & Shovels *' Oil, Linseed jugs Do casks Olive pipes Do boxes • Palm casks Pepper bags Pimento " Pipes boxes Powder pckgs. Salt. tons Soap boxes Spirits, Brandy pipes Gin « Rum puns. Starch boxes Tallow . . r casks Tin boxes SuoAR & Molasses, Muscovado . . . , hhds. Do barrels E. India bags Refined hhds. Molasses casks Wines, Port pipes Do cases Madeira pipes 1831. 1832. 1883. 9,644 8,582 12,663 6,931 5,857 15,913 1,034 709 696 2,715 3,257 2,274 1,581 586 313 32 540 835 10 182 233 238 496 152 5 63 248 705 906 1 ^ioS 213 70 76 3,294 2,178 2,108 1,835 2,877 1,490 10,387 9,083 9,067 6,314 9,760 14,762 476 1,345 1,978 553 419 1,263 12,366 9,549 9,000 1,455 964 1,191 240 1.015 881 5,916 5,531 6,793 2,830 3,170 2,946 4,709 3,801 2,166 1,471 1,828 4,630 1,087 1,081 1,640 994 1,228 723 386 438 493 218 304 193 271 188 300 I : , 102 AmticLBs. Wines, Tenerlffe pip«g Fayal " Lisbon *' Spanish ** Sicilian " Sherry " Malaga «< French fahds. Do cases Unspcidfied pipes .... 18dl. itsz. 1833. 956 543 291 6 88 118 10 7 1,246 829 2,465 90 179 888 64 190 329 £1 15 166 21 720 821 668 1,006 886 £18 681 638 Principal Articles Exported btf Sea, from Canada to the close of the Navigation, AftTiCLES. 1832. 1833. Ashes — Pot » 16,174 23,1 16 Pearl 7,935 12,909 TiifBER— Deals^pieoes 1,673,000 2,100,000 Pine 169,882 168,674 Elm 16,717 10,965 Oak 20,879 23^88 Staves —To the West Indies 667,000 448,000 « Other parts 3,526,000 4,142,000 Total Staves .... 4,393,000 4,585,000 Wheat— To London bush. 1 22,000 45,000 ** Liverpool 201,000 452,000 ♦'Clyde 90,000 130,000 " Other ports 66,000 32,000 Total Wheat .... 479,000 659,000 103 AmicLBi. Flour — To London barrel *' Liverpool «* Clyde " West Indies " Other ports and places 1832. 1833. 12,104 3,813 3,831 26,472 2,153 13,258 4,920 5,143 21,878 43,707 Total Flour .... — To West Indies " Other places Total Beef. . . . — To West Indies " Other places Total Pork 44,886 92,393 Beef 2,454 2,703 1,483 3,744 5,157 5,227 Pork 4,328 3,712 3,520 8,462 8,040 12,382 The Price Current at the end of the season, and remarks on the state of markets may not be uninteresting. PRINCIPAL IMPORTS OF THE LAST SIX YEARS. 1827 1828 1829 1830 Wine, Maddn 10864 19617 15553 iPart M887 65236 39394 TenerUfe 3S026 ] 106463 24590 Fayal 16898 21270 1971 SiciL &Spui. 84765 31804 17991 Other kinds... 31759 26215 65122 Bnuidjr 09096 129395 86607 Gin 602O4 90541 13872 Rum 953163 83652/ 1133158 Molaaiei 48779 73279 90159 Refined Sugar 455655 641359 629313 Muscovado ditto 2891748 2187<)17 4739004 Coffee 159111 214596 70467 Leaf Tobacco 88289 62tl06 85545 Manuftctured ditto... 96418 29324 16819 Tea 1054569 660145 12314 Salt 190824 181160 433607 Mcttfadz. pa)rlng2| f £794,303 £933m 11 7 £841,403 4 6 £l p.c duty 1 16160 44809 66781 169040 6B366 81629 67124 1449768 661969 4404190 211128 65187 1831 1832 32699 55619 29049 538 165172 66011 64216 73414 1428283 102166 1084889 6936196 119464 119622 73063 687174 846806 884040 ,183,986 7 2 £1,317.960 105 22327 gaU. 79592 do. 94227 do. 110 do. 131718 do. 62376 do. 183613 do. 606d) do. 1099578 do. 127143 do. 1C55348 lbs. 5777J)61 do. 174901 do. 125774 do. 147109 dob 983256 do. 287436 do. £1.327.369 [1410C>'. 104 PRINCIPAL EXPORTS OF THE LAST SIX YEARS. IS 1837 1828 IKK) 1831 1833 Aiho Pearl ..~ Pot Flout nicuit , Wheat Indian Corn Mid Meal ... Peaae. ,.. Flax Seed Beef Pork Butter „ Codfish Salmon Staves, Std. Hhds. &Bbls. Oak .....> Pine Deals, Boards, and Planks Elm, Ash, Maple, &c. ... . 9409 csks. . 17894 do. . Mm . 3726 991420 8345 3183U 1421 6003 7007 74835 10241 642 5.-76548 2j[736 86090 1621648 10601 10455 22399 S5713 2054 120112 1144 21164 1454 £793 12850 74211 113ai 487 4111786 2-1695 110779 1518106 10265 csks. do. 9548 bbls. 23993 do. 25689 1330 40462 4315 112971 4183 7208 11622 142688 61684 1092 7680442 26460 183942 1365529 182196 50917 cwt. 134506 do. 71976 7440 590101 2422 17769 896 4393 11800 152269 77441 360 4550942 13213 160919 1816714 12145 19747 30512 81057 7210 1329269 728 7124 70 5415 8461 35026 45K67 688 5551907 18654 194408 1(162238 isgiio 13934 Barls 26344 do. 51170 do. 5489 cwt. 657240 mts. 659 bbls. 36i) mts. do. 5125 bbli. 8187 do. 15700 lbs. 24404 cwt. 591 bbls. 4933275 pes. 208041 tons. 194276 do. 1163488 pes. 20995 tons. BUILT IN THE PROVINCE .in 1825 61 Vessds, 22636 Tons Register in 1826 59 17823 , in 1827 35 ...... 7540 in 1828 30 7272 in 1029 21 5465 ,, in 1831) 11 3059 in 1831 9 3250 in 1832 13 3952 1833-Arrivala 1007-.Tonnage 271,147— Emigrants 22.062. CLEARED OUT in 1825 883 VesieU, 22770? Tons, 9684 Men. in 1826 801 . 198848 • t* 9057 ... in 1827 678 .... . 162091 ••• 7523 ... .-'*» in 1828 763 . 191199 • •• 8544 ... in 1829 965 .... . 259667 •«• 11372 ... in 1830 1052 .... . 256448 • •• 11719 ... in 1831 1180 ..... 225296 • •• 12569 ... in 18^ 1094 .... . 221653 • •■ 12611 ... PRICE CURRENT. MUNTBEAL WHOLESALE PRICES. January 22, 18.34. Ashes, s. d. .v. d. . Pot, let sort, per cwt a 21 3 Pearl a 23 C Bread, Pilot, cwt 22 6 a 25 Newfoundland 17 6 a "0 Crackers, lb a 4^ 105 Candles, s. Tallow, lb Sperm 2 Coals, Newcastle, chaldron 25 Liverpool 22 Scotch 22 Coffee, Jamaica, lb 1 Inferior 1 Copper, . . , , ., Bolts, lb 1 Sheet 1 Cordage, Russia, cwt 35 Canadian 35 Fish, t P t. , ■-, ,-. ... ,>, , ^. . 'u Cod, dry, cwt 15 Herrings, No. 1, brl 20 No. 2, brl 12 Smoked, box 4 i Mackarel, No. 3, 20 Salmon, pickled, brl Flour and Meal, Amer. Sup. 196 lbs ♦; Can. do Fine Middling Pollards 20 Rye Flour A Indian Meal, per 168 lbs 19 Oat Meal, cwt 11 Fruit, .-. ,.,,., ^..;- .. - -, Almonds, soft shell, lb Currants, Zante d. s. d. H a a 2 9 a 27 6 6 a 25 6 a 25 1 a a 6 a 2 a 1 3 a a a 17 6 a 22 6 6 a 14 6 a 5 a 22 6 a 55 a 27 a 28 9 a 27 6 a a 22 6 none a 20 a 12 6 H a 10 4 a H "f 106 F&UIT, *• Fig8,lb Nuts, Barcelona Prunes, French, per lb Raisins, Muscatel, Box 15 Bloom 9 Malaga, lb. cask Glass, Bottles, Beer, gross SO Wine 30 Window, 7^ X 8^, 100 feet 30 7X9 8X 10 32 Grain and Seed, Barley, bushel 3 Corn, Indian 3 Oats 1 Pease, boiling 4 Rye Wheat, U. Can, per 60 lbs 5 Mixed 5 Red 5 L. C. Minot Gunpowder, Canister, lb 1 F. 100 lbs 75 F. F. 100 lbs ,. ... 85 F. F. F. lOOlbs 95 Iron, ,.,.. Bar, English, ton £ 11 Russian, O. S 22 Swedes 20 Hoop 14 Pig £7 Boiler Plates cwts. 17 d. s. d. 4 a H a a a 17 6 6 a 10 H a 6 a 32 a 35 a a 30 6 a 35 9 a 4 6 a 3 9 8 a 2 6 a none 6 a 5 7 3 a 5 4 1 a 5 2 a 6 a 1 8 a 80 a 90 a 100 a 6 10 a 25 a 10 a 15 a 7 10 6 a 107 Iron, s, d. Sheet Iron, cwt 15 Potash Coolers 17 6 Kettles c > 16 Pots belly 18 6 Ovens and Covers 16 Lead, Pig 21 Sheet i 22 6 Leather, Calf, Canada, per lb. . . . « Sole Upper, side • Molasses, W. I. beit, gal Inferior Nails, Cut, common, cwt, . -. 22 6 Annealed •>. 28 Wrought, 6d.m 2 4 > 14d ^ 28d 7 Spikes, cwt 22 6 a 16 a 20 a 17 a 20 a 20 4 6 10 5 2 10 2 6 a a a a a Oil, Florence, 30 flasks, box 30 Olive, gallon 4 6 Linseed, boiled 4 Single, raw Cod Seal Whale ... Paint, Black, keg. 3 9 2 6 2 9 2 6 Spanish brown ^ 6 a a a a a a a a a d, 3 6 a 22 a a 5 a 1 1 a 15 3 a 25 a a 25 32 6 4 8 % 9 3 6 108 Paint, s. d. Blue, fine, lb 11 a Green 9 a Yellow , 6 9 a White Paint, keg 7 6 a Lead, dry White, cwt 32 a Red, dry, cwt 20 a Porter, London, best, doz 8 3 a Provisions, Cheese, Am. lb 5 a English 9 a Beef, Mess, brl 50 a Prime Mess 40 a Prime S3 6 a Cargo 25 a Butter, Salt, lb 8 a Hams, Am 5 a Lard 5^ a Pork, Mess, barrel 81 3 a Prime Mess 67 6 a Prime 56 3 a Cargo 51 3 a Rice, South Car. cwt 0a Salt, Liverpool, bushel 1 6 a Lisbon 110 a Shot, Patent, cwt 22 6 a Soap, English common, lb 3 a Montreal 3l a, Spices, Pepper 6^ a s. d. 1 3 8 9 10 34 22 6 11 3 6 1 51 3 42 6 27 6 8| H 82 6 70 57 6 52 6 23 6 1 8 2 3| 3f 7 109 Spices, s. d. Pimento, W. I., lb 7a Spirits, Brandy, Bordeaux, Gal. 4^ 9 a Cognac 5 a Gin, Hollands 4 6 a Montreal 3 6 a Rum, Dcmerara, la4 4 1 a Jamaica 2a5 5 a Whiskey, Scotch 6 6 a Montreal, la2 a Steel, English Blister, lb *. 4| a Cast, lb 11 a Hoop, L 8a Crawley 6 a Sugar, Barbadoes, cwt 52 6 a Jamaica 52 ^ a Trinidad 51 3 a Bengal White 51 3 a Mauritius Brown 48 a Brazil 0a Refined Glasgow, single 6| a Spades and Shovels, , , doz 30 a Tallow, American, lb 7 a Russian, Y. C 6f a Teas, Twankay, lb 2 9i a Bohea 1 11 a Hyson 4 4 a Hyson Skin 2 10 a Young Hyson 4 3 a s. d. 71 •4 5 5 6 4 9 4 3 5 3 11 49 51 n 36 7| 7 2 10| 2 4 1 2 14 4 iia Tin Plates, *. d, *. d. I. C. box 225 a 45 I. X 52 6 a 55 I. X. X. 62 6 a 65 Tobacco, Leaf, U. C. lb 4^ a U. S a 5f Plug 7 a 7i U. C 5^ a 5 Tobacco Pipes, TDpbox 21 3 a 22 6 Vinegar, Bordeaux, gal. .....t 1 9 a 2 English 1 8 a 2 Wines, Champagne, doz 60 a 90 Claret, hhd £8 a 12 10 Fayal, Cargo, pipe a Lisbon a o Malaga ...* -0 a Madeira 40 a 80 Port 35 a 60 Spanish, good-red a 12 Common 10 a 11 Sicilian 13 a Teneriffe, Cargo 16 a 17 Sherry Wine 15 to 30 MONEY. Exchange at 60 days. Bank 6 per cent. Do. Do. Private 4| a 5 per cent. Do. 30 days, Government 48. l^d. At Now York | a 1^ per cent. Drafts on New York, 3 days 2a3 per cent. Gold Sovereigns 23s. Montreal Bank Sl^ares 125 10 s, 111 General Remarks on the Montreal Market for the Season 1833. IMPORTS. Rum. — The average consumption of rum in the Canadas is rather over than under 10,000 puncheons ; fluctuating materi- ally with a high or low price, and also with the condition in which the harvest leaves the habitants to make purchases. The importation of the present year has shown a monthly deficiency, which has caused a regular advance from Zs. \Od,y the opening price of Demerara, to 4.r. Sd.y its closing price, small quantities having been sold as high as 4f . 6d, ; Jamaicas, in like manner, have advanced from Ss, 6d. to 5s, 4id. With this range of prices the short supply will be sufficient for the year's consumption, though, we should say, not to leave any , stock on hand at the opening of the ports. SuoAU. — The average consumption of sugar cannot be ascer- tained with accuracy, as it is continually increasing with the increase of the population of British descent in both provinces. Ten years ago the consumption of Muscovado sugar scarcely exceeded 1,200 hhds, now it is certainly more than thrice that quantity. The supply this year is as follows : West India, (all packages reduced to hhds.) .... 3,250 East India, (bags do. do.) 580 r ' ' , 3,830 Now the population of British descent, and consuming cane sugars, has increased about eight per cent., including immigra- tion ; hence the supply, to equal last year, should have been about 400 hhds more. A deficiency which the import of re- fined, 1,640 casks, more than makes up. Molasses. — Import, 723 casks. The import is about SOO casks short of the consumption, but the stock on hand must have been considerable, as the supply of last year was exces- sive. Prices have ranged generally high, and the consumption of the article may be looked upon as increasing. 112 Coffee.-— The supply of coflPee by sea has been small, but a considerable quantity has been imported and smuggled from the United States, still prices have ranged high. The removal of the Crown duty of 7*- on coffee imported from the colonies will probably increase both the supply and the consumption. Hitherto coffee has been an article but little attended to. Pimento. — The importation of Pimento has been short for two years ; the consequence is, that the heavy stock of 1831, which caused the article to be a complete drug on the market, has been pretty well cleared off; and in the spring the market will be bare. The consumption cannot be estimated at more than 120 to 130 bags. Pepper. — The demand for pepper has incrieased very greatly within the last few years ; the present year's importation of 1,455 bags, though a great increase on all previous years, is« not sufficient for the demand, and the price is accordingly high ; and we should think a supply of 1,800 bags would not . leave a very heavy stock at the re-opening of the succeeding year. Indigo. — The , consumption of indigo in the Canadian markets is trifling, not being more probably than between 60 . to 70 chests : this year's importation was only 36 chests, but the stock on hand was large. A small quantity has been sent to the States, so that the market is now quite bare. Spirits and Wines. — Brandy. — The consumption of brandy has increased greatly since 1831, but the supply, as not unfrequently happens, has over-run it. Previous to 1831 the consumption of brandy was about 700 pipes, that is, 3,600 had been consumed in six years in a progressive ratio. In the spring of last year, owing to the circumstance of a preju- dice existing in favour of brandy, as a safeguard against con- tagion, the price advanced enormously in the face of a heavy import. Under the impression that the paying price of 1832 would be maintained in 1833, a very heavy import took place this year, and the price has consequently been declining during 113 the whole season^ the importation having nearly reached 2,000 pipes. Gin.— The consumption of gin up to 1830 was about 550 pipes; in 1831 the import was about equal thereto; in 1833 it was very short ; and this year it is greater than ever known. The stock in the spring must, of necessity, be large. Port Wine. — The importation fully equals the demand; owing to the advance at home in the spring this was not an- ticipated. Madeira.— Nearly the same remarks apply to madeiras. A fair supply has been received, but it is deficient in choice qualities. Teneriffe.—- Is rather scarce, but the demand for it is materially checked by the immense quantity of low sherries and other white wines in the market. Spanish Red. — The supply of Spanish wines is excessive, more so, in fact, than any other, but being an article of general consumption in the country, a glut does not long continue. All Wines. — The following will show the three last years' supply of all wines, leaving out bottled wines in cases : — 1831 2,682 pipes. 1832 3,432 " 1833 5,270 " Supply of 1833 one-third in excess. MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. Blacking. — Import short; but previous stock extremely heavy. DRY GOODS.— (Makufactures.) As the season advanced sales became diffic.ilt, and scarcely any one article brought such an advance as the holder consi- dered he had been warranted in calculating upon. It appears that the depressed state of the dry goods' trade is owing much less to an over supply, than to a check having been given to 114 the demand. Lower Canada has experienced two bad harvests in succession ; and this the country shopkeeper feels most sen- sibly. The non-payment of the officers of government must also, as stated by the Quebec Gazette^ be severely felt in that city. This must have taken a very considerable demand from the dry goods' market generally, and is felt here in an indirect way. The general stagnation caused by the cholera of last year, is also to be taken into the account. If the importation of the ensuing year be guided by care and prudence, wc cannot think there is any thing to apprehend from the quantity which may now remain on hand. Earthenware. — The importation has been extremely steady for the last three years. This year, however, there has been a check upon the power of the country people to pur- chase, and prices have scarcely remunerated. Fish. — There is now a considerable winter trade in fish car- ried on in Montreal ; but we are sorry to say, the dealers have this year provided too heavy a supply. Fruit. — Our supply of fruit is now drawn wholly from the Mediterranean. Our importation last spring was large. Glassware.— The importation of bottles is under 1200 gross, whicli is rather short of a consumption decidedly on the increase. Window-glass is in excess, being upwards of 1 7,000 boxes, against 20,000 in the two preceding years. Hemp may be considered as very heavily supplied. Iron. — A considerable decrease has taken place in the im- port c. Dar-iron. Last year 183,000 bars, and 11,764< bundles were imported : this year, only 80,223 bars and 5858 bundles. The immense stock left over in 1831 and 1832, prevents our saying that the supply is deficient ; still it must be considered as a favourable feature in the trade, leading to a fair anticipa- tion of improvement next year. Of hoop-iron the import is excessive, being rather over double that of last year. Of Ca- nada plates the import is five times that of 1832, and four times that of 1831, prices consequently ruinously low. Other 115 articles as follows :— Nails, thirt}' to forty per cent, in excess ; ovens and pans, thirty per cent, more than the two previous years ; frying pans, about equal to last year, but below the consumption. Salt.-— The importation of salt is about equal to that of 1832, bift below that of 1831. As far as we can learn, the stock is sufficient for the demand of the winter. Soap. — The importation of soap is more than fifly per cent, greater than that of last year, and above double that of 1831. This was to save the drawback, which would only be granted for a limited period ; as for the future, the excise on soap will not be charged in England. Considerable quantities of soap are manufactured here, of a quality superior to that of Liver- pool, and about equal to London . Tallow. — The importation of tallow by sea, is rather less an last year, being 881 casks against 1015 casks of last year. The deficiency by inland importation is also great, the supply being 188 casks and 48y barrels against 271 casks and 1101 barrels last year. Considering the high price in England, we should say the importer is scarcely remunerated. EXPORT TRADE. Ashes have been extremely dull of sale, owing to the dis- couraging state of the trade at home. The quantity of ashes produced in America has been greatly diminished for the last three ^years. The receipts in this market were 7500 barrels less in 1832 than in 1831 ; and 6700 less in 1833 than in 1832; yet with this decreased export, prices in the English ports continue in a most languid state. There is no doubt that the use of soda, from common salt, is interfering most exten- sively with both pots and pearls; and it is only where those 116 ftlkalies cannot be dispensed with, that their use will be con- tinued at 2S«. while soda costs only 10s. Every effort should be made by the producer to render the process of manufacture as economical as possible, or this valuable branch of our trade will be entirely lost to us. Wheat.— The price of Upper Canada white wheat, -which i^^ really a beautiful grain, has ranged from Ss. 8d, to about 6s, 6d, The quantity exported of all kinds will be seen by our table. Our accounts from the interior lead us to anticipate rather a decreased quantity next year, as the surplus of some parts of tae country will be required to supply a lamentable deficiency in others. The prices in Great Britain are far too low to be remunerating. Flour. — The quantity of flour received, both from Upper Canada and the United States, has been larger than usual. Our receipts amount to 139,898 barrels, and our exports to D^fSgS, giving 47,505 barrels retained for consumption in the Lower Province. Most of the foreign wheat received here in the spring was •ground for consumption^ and on trial, has been found to produce a very excellent quality of flour. Should the accounts of distress in the country parishes below prove correct, it is not improbable that an advance in flour may be experi- enced towards the spring. Provisions have also been well supplied this year: 29*110 barrels of pork having been received against 20,304 only last year. This does not include the fresh pork received and packed during the winter, which is sometimes considerable; but the quantity of which cannot be estimated. Prime pork has ranged, during the whole summer, from 12 cents, to 12^ cents, and occasionally 12|, a price which is highly remunerating to the packer. Lumber. — The stock of lumber at Quebec is by no means heavy ; the only articles above an average being oak and elm. Red pine and staves are especially deficient, and the former has been bought up by one house. Great exertions. 117 we are told, are about to be made in the forests to get out red pine, and bring it early into the Quebec market: still the quan- tity will be hardly sufficient for the spring demand. Of staves the stock is exceedingly low, and there appears no prospect of receiving supplies till the season is considerably advanced. The population of the British Colonics in North America is estimated, as follows, by Mr. Bliss : — Lower Canada 542,000 Upper Canada 287,000 Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton 165,000 New Bnmswick 100,000 Newfoundland 75,000 Prince Edward's Island 35,000 1,204,000 The following will show the comparative statement of arrivals, tonnage, and emigrants, at the Port of Quebec, since 1818, taken from the Exchange books : — YEAR. VESSELS. TONNAGE. EMIGRANTS 1819 613 155,518 12,907 1820 576 148,195 11,239 1821 418 100,646 8,050 1822 586 146,188 10,468 1823 542 131,862 10,258 1824 603 148,581 6,515 1825 762 191,614 9,097 1826 694 178,792 10,731 1827 600 152,764 16,862 1828 701 , 1«3,255 11,697 118 YEAR. VESSELS. TONNAGE. EMIGRANTS 1829 861 234,301 13,356 1830 855 225,138 24,391 1831 1,009 259,878 49,250 1832 961 248,038 51,422 1833 1,007 271,147 22,062 »v N.B. This table shows only the direct arrivals of emigrants at Quebec, without including the arrivals through the United States, by way of New i ork. The numbers of emigrants arrived at New York, from all countries, in 1833, were 41,000, of whom, it is supposed, that 6,000 found their way into Canada. Upon the subject of population, the following is ex- tracted from the Settler, a newspaper of extraordinary talent, edited by Mr. Thorn, late principal of a large scholastic es- tablishment, in the neighbourhood of the metropolis. Some weeks ago, a statement of the populousness of the principal states in the modern world appeared in some of the provincial journals. According to that statement, England is more densely peopled than any other extensive district, not even excepting India and China. England, however, is cer- tainly much less populous than v.ere Egypt and Palestine in ancient times ; and even without comparing her with regions superior in soil and climate, she cannot be supposed to have attained her highest amount of population, while she has nearly three acres of land to every inhabitant. Moderns are apt to doubt the truth of the ancient records of the populousness of Egypt and Palestine ; but if we take into account the almost universal prevalence of a vegetable diet, the matchless fertility and miraculous activity of the soil, the almost exclusive atten- tion to agriculture, and the abstemiousness of the consumers, we can believe that the inhabitants jostled each other like maggots in a cheese. In England ever}' acre might maintain its man ; and in the more h^bly favoured regions, which we have named, a family to an acre would not have exceeded the 119 resources of the soil. Such must have been the actual state of the population in the most flourishing days of the kingdom of Judah. As connected with this subject, the following calculations may, perhaps, amuse some of our readers. A square mile contains 3,097,600 square yards, and, at the rate of four persons, large and small, to a square yard, 13,390,400 human beings. Thus the swarming population of the United States could be crowded, without inconvenience, into a square mile, and could be walked round in an hour. In like manner the host of Xerxes, of which the Grecians represent one fc d as seeing the sun rise, and the other as seeing him at the same instant set, could have been ranged in close order on a field of a hundred acres, and could all have heard the voice of one speaker. The inhabitants of the whole earth, about nine hundred millions, would not fill a circle of ten miles in diameter ; it might, therefore, be ridden round in an hour by Mr. Osbaldiston, and might hear a bell placed in the centre. These conclusions, we believe, are new to most of our readers, and incredible to some of them; our principal motive in recordr ing them has been to impress on the young mind in particular the necessity of bringing all historical numbers to the test of arithmetical calculation. By such a process, much of what seems incredible will become simple, and much of what is plausible will be shown to be false. In July, 1833, an attempt was made, at Dublin^ to establish the " North American Colonial Association of Ireland " for the purchase of lands, and themselves carrying out emigrants, &c. Among much that is good in the prospectus, there are some things imprudent to attempt, and others impossible to accom- plish. The objects in view are exclusively Irish, even to the employment of shipping. Local societies throughout Ireland were to be formed ; and, thrj}|l)|h them, subscriptions raised }*f¥ ^■■fi--*^^ iQlkimithe general plan, and providing a reds:$nable portion of the expenses of the emigrants of its own neighbourhood. The expenses of passage, provisions^ &c. of a family of five, is calculated at 30/. The colonial land to be purchased by the Association, is to be leased only to the settler at a low rate ; lands are to be prepared, and log-houses erected in readiness for their customers, &c. ;,'«'■ ,' ; ^ .> . . ? ' It is clear, that to make the plan practicable, it must be shorn of much of its present" intention. ■ .•;•;• .,,,;.,' ' In Lower Canada, according to official returns, there are 489 asheries, 857 corn mills, 750 saw mills, 90 carving milts, 97 fulling mills, 121 iron works and founderies, 70 distilleries, 14 oil mills: some of these are, of course, small establishments. The lumber trade is, after all, the engrossing trade of the pro- ■. vince ; it is, from the first to the last, a matter of labour. The ' cost of labour in cutting it, dragging, and shipping, forming the whole value, exclusive of duty ; and the entire of such value (and far more) is merely a remittance for merchandize from the mother country, the entire advantages of which belong to our own countrymen. Where, it may be enquired, apart from our colonies, can such reciprocity in trade be found ? .,»;.,.-: ,^ v • .-.' ■.; . - ■ •. * , . y»*--', ,* -'- * 1 / ., . S ■ -.:t' >. ... "v^ . , .. . ■■■- ^ ' . > -'■ THE END. ^"^ t: e- 5»''_' •...• .} Jote\)h Itkk • „ *i r, Shirbouin JUiiC' ..«'»'■>.., t*