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CANADIAN NATIONALITY :

ITS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

I '

WILLIAM CANNIFF, M.D., M.R.C.S., Em.

At!lHOK OF

TRiyciPLss or Surgery," and " Settlemei t or Upi'er Canada."

-«•»-

TORONTO:
HART & RAWLINSON, PUBLISHERS AND BOOKSELLERS,

6 KINO STREET WEST.

1875.

5v«

■S.i;<?i.^^^?^-C^ 1 ":

■ % ,- 1

CANADIAN NATIONALITY:

i>Z^

ITS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT,

WILLIAM CANNIFF, M.D., M.R.C.S., Eno.

AUTHOR OF
' PllI¥CrPI.KS OF SUROEPY," AND "SkTO-KMENT (IF UPPER CANADA."

TORONTO:
HART * RAWLINSON, PUBLISHERS AND BOOKSKLLIRU.
6 KING STRBET WRST.

1875.

I" 3 ?9

CANADIAN NATIONALITY:

ITS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

—COO"

CANADA TO ENGLAND.

"Mother of many prosperous lands !

Thy children in this far-oflF west, —
Seeing that, vague and undefined,

A cloud comes up to mar our rest j
Fearing that busy tongues, whose speech

Is mischief, may hav6 caused a breach.
And frayed the delicate linkq which bind

Our people each to each, —
With loving hearts and outstretched hands,

Send greeting leal and kind.

" Heed not the teachings of a school

Of shallow sophists, who would part
The outlying members of thy rule ;

Who fain would lop, with felon stroke,

The branches of our English oak.
And, wronging the great English heart.

Would deem her honour cheaply sold
For higher prices on the mart.

And increased hoard of gold,

" That though many a thousand miles
Of boisterous waters ebb and flow
Between us and the favoured Isles —

The " Inviolate Isles " which boast thy sway-
No time nor distance can divide
What gentlest bonds have firmest tied ;
And this we fain would have you know.
The which let none gainsay !

" Nay, rather let the wide world hear,
That we, so far, are yet so near —
That come what may, in weal or woe.
Our hearts are oae this day !

" This is our hope ! and as for you,

Be just as you are generous, motlior !
And let not those who rashly speak
Things which they know not, render weak
The ties that bind us to each other."

—New Dohision Monthly.

It would prove ah interesting subject for the student
of history to consider the circumstances which led to the
creation of the Dominion of Canada, the youngest bom
of the nations of the earth — to consider who were the
sturdy and intrepid pioneers that invaded the primseval
forest and planted the several colonies which now form
the provinces of the Dominion, and who they were that
sowed the seed, the fruit of which is the present
Dominion ; also what was the nature of the soil, what
were the prospects of success during the early years of
settlement, and were the circumstances favourable, or
otherwise, which attended the process of germination.
To duly consider these questicMis would involve something
more than a giiance at the history of the colonial life of
the several provinces planted by European nations upon
the American Continent, especially by England and
France ; at the struggles between these two powers in
America for supremacy, and at the great rebellion of the
thirteen British colonies, which resulted in the independ-
ence of the United States. But we intend to pass by
the events connected with the history of the individual
provinces which have united together to form the Cana-
dian Confederation.

We take the day of Confederation as the period when
there appeared as a living power in America, a Canadian
National sentiment. Prior to that event, the feeling of
attachment to the individual provinces had been of the
most feeble nature, excepting among the French and the
United Empire Loyalists. It was not choice that
brought most of the old countrymen to British America.
Going to a colony was regarded as going into exile, and,
mainly, they remained in the colonies because they could
not help themselves, or with tho view of acquiring means
whereby to live in comfort at home, in civilized Europe t

The life, then, of the individual British American
Colonies may be regarded as a period of incubation, which
resulted in the production of the Dominion of Canada.

The day of birth is usually one of joy among the
members of the household in domestic life ; and should
not joy have sprung into the hearts of all the inhabitants
of the confederated provinces when the union was con-
summated 1 Was not the occasion sufliciently important
to create a new feeling unlike any previously existing
sentiment? They were no longer to be mere colonists,
but to form a "new nationality," Not that the Nova
Scotian, or the New Brunswickian, or the Lower Cana-
dian, or the Upper Canadian, or the inhabitant of any
other part of British America should cease to love his
own province j but like a brother, still entertaining all
the natural affection for his sister, finds his whole being
permeated by a new, strong, irresistible devotion to his
bride.

The consolidation of British North America secured
to the sons of the soil for settlement a vast extent of
territory, and a mine of wealth quite sufiieient to evoke
the highest aspirations, which never could have existed,

or been satiHfied, while the provinces i-emained in an
isolated state. Each one was a pcnt-iip TJtica. At the
same time, the immigrant, no matter where from, had
offered to him, beneatli tiie bright sky of Canada, in her
bracing atmosphere, in the treasures contained in her
woods and land and waters, more than a recompence for
all ho had left behind in tJie old world ; so that, although
fond memory w^ould not allow him to forgot the land of
his fathers, yet for the now land he could feel a new-born
and even a stronger iove.

The event was of a character so grand, and the require-
ments of the time, of such an earnest nature, to nourish
and protect the new-born nation, that all party feeling
connected with the individual provinces should have
been completely and forever overwhelmed in the great,
deep feeling of joy at the appearance of the "new
nationality." It was no time for individual dislikes and
personal jealousies to disturb where repose was required,
and unanimity should prevail. But, looking back upon
the infant days of the Dominion, we fail to see all of the
conditions and circumstances so necessary to secure and
promote the welfare of the tender child. For a few brief
days, harmonious action prevailed among the foster
parents and nurses, and there was unusual joy over the
new nationality, but subsequently there has been rather
a hard time for the young nation, and the growth and
development have not been what was anticipated imme-
diately after Confederation. The fact is, the attendants
could not agree among themselves. Each one wanted to
be head nurse. The result has been unfortunate for the
child.

But notwithstanding certain hindi-ances to the ^n'owth
and development of the new nation, and a Canad in na-

■ti»

.(•

tional aentimont, tlioy have continued to live, and even to
advance. There have been found those whose patriotism
enable tliem to rise above the murky, often polhited
atmosphere of partjdsm, and look only at the welfare of
the Dominion. Indeed, there wore many who coutinuod
to feel the deepest solicitude for the welfare of the now
nation, and who endeavoured to arouse and cultivate a
spirit of love for, and a belief in, its future success.
There were not a few siUnit workers who gave their aid
to the patriotic cause. A few, with eloquent tones and
trumpet voice, assisted materially in promoting the work.
Of these, we may mention the deeply lamented Thomas
D'Arcy McGee, who did perhaps in his day more than
any other single perso.t to establish faith in the possi-
bility of a '* great northern nation " in America, and to
warm into active life a patriotic love for the new nation-
ality. His mantle unfortunately fell on no form endowed
with such splendid energies and noble gifts. Without
undertaking to mention all the adverse circumstances, it
may be stated that it was not long before the new-born
patriotism began to languish in the impure air of extreme
partyisni. The conflict between those in power and those
out of power became so fierce and so general that the
interests of the Dominion were neglected, or became
secondary in the consideration of the combatants.

Growth and development has been in a measure mani-
fested of late by the organization of a National Association.
Many of the originators and r>'^omoters of this movement
were deeply imbued with a iesire to escape from the
thraldom of partyism, which had become intolerable,
and it is doubtless a cause of regret with these that they
have been unable to prevent rash efforts to chain the
Canadian Association to the leadership of a bittor and

■B

extreme partizan. But wliUe the pereonal ambition of a
few may have rendered abortive tlie movement of the
Canadian Society i»s a body, the principles advocated by
th3 Association originally, have not ceased to grow.
While the Association can hardly merge into a distinct
political party, Canadianism has made an indelible im-
pression upon both political parties. Public speakers,
of every political complexion, now-a-days never open
their mouths to speak without dcvjlaring thoir adhesion
to the doctrine tirst promulgated by the Canadian As-
sociaiion. So the growth and development of Cana-
dian feeling has been greatly advanced. The two
political parties of the DominioD, although often more
conceriied about the success of party than the ini-erests
of the country, have learned that it will best serve
party purposes by giving utterance to Canadian senti-
rne^i^ Thus the Canadian Association has been the means
of arousing throughout the Dominion a dormant feeling
of Canadian nationality; and, notwithstanding the effoi-ts
put forth in Ontario to erect Dominion parties upon
the narrow basis of Ontario politics, and to galvanize
into life the dead issues of anti-confederation times, a
more general and healthy political feeling has been estab-
lished. In fact, the growth and development of Canadian
nationality have steadily proceeded ; and if the Canadian
Association does nothing more, and coaaes now to exu t,
it — instead of having lived in vain — will have served a
most important purpose at a most critica hour in the
life of Confederated Canada, ^'ho organization of the
Canadian Society did not take place without opposition.
Its right to exist was challenged with no weak voice, and
its objects and motives were criticised with an unsp{.ring
hand. By some it was by turns ridiculed and misrepre-
sented. Not only politicians, but others, ai first scouted

»•!

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the idea of a Canadian Society in Canada, declaring that
as well might b. society of Englishmen be formed in
England. But nevertheless, the reasons for such an Asso-
ciation have been fully recognized, although a political
Canadian party may be an impossibility. Indeed, it
would be a strange doctrine to advance — that the natuml
affection an Englishman, or Irishman, or Scotchman
possesses for his native country, is incompatible with a
patriotic devotion to the w^^iole empire; and on what solid
ground can rest the accusation that Canadians, in foster-
ing a similar love of country, are compromising their
patriotism as Bxitons. On the contrary, is it not true
that the greater the attachment one has for his native
land, the greater will usually be his devotion to the
whole, of which his province forms a part. The man
who loves and laboura for his family is not thereby strait-
ened as a citizen. ^ ij^^^

■iJi i,fl-i,s>,/iJ(^\ n^'-i'if:

An article, penned by the writer, appeared about a
year and a half ago in the public prints. As appropriate
to this part of our subject, a selection from that article is
here introduced : ' " '

ij. ? »^i u

..*i',ff^-,-J6 ---t,.*,' i» '

" A society of Englishmen in England, or of Scotch-
men in Scotland, would be ridiculous ; while a society of
Irishmen in Ireland generally means treason and dis-
loyalty ; and a society of Canadians in Canada must also
be one or the other. It is submitted that this view is a
mistakoui one. The position of Canada in her relation to
the Empire is very different from either of the three
United Kingdoms of Great Britain. Canada is a colony.
Now, a colony is settled, and, for a time at least, peopled
altogether by individuals who, from various causes, have
left home to live abroad — away from all the attractions
of home. Rarely do they come to feel perfectly at home

in the colony. At least, there remains u longing for the
scenes of childhood. This feeling naturally obtains, and
retains tenaciously, the first and the strongest place in
the immigrant's affections. No one can find fault with
this love of country. It is, in fact, one of the noblest
traits of the human mind. As a result of this, we have
in Canada the different national societies — the St.
George's, the St. Patrick's, and St. Andrew's. By means
of these societies, old associations are revived in the
mind, and from time to time the glories and memories of
Fatherland are celebrated. Not only have these societies
afforded pleasure to their members in this way, but often-
times benevolence has characterized their behaviour. A
fellow-countryman in distress has been relieved, and in
various ways aided in obtaining a livelihood. This is all
praiseworthy and beneficial to the public. Moreover,
frequently these national societies have been the means
of inducing — perhaps assisting — fellow-countrymen at
home to emigrate to the colony. But, unfortunately,
the operations of these societies have not been limited to
the field indicated. In the first place, to become a mem-
ber of these societies it is not necessary to be a native of
the country to which the respective society owes its
name. Not only the children, but the descendants of
the immigrants are eligible for membership. The result
of this is that, in a great measure, the population of
Canada is composed of foreign nationalities, and any one
not connected with either has been almost an outcast — at
least deprived of certain advantages — and natives of the
soil are often more anxious to be considered English,
Irish, or Scotch than Canadians. But more : too often
these societies are used for political purposes, nationality
being appealed to, to persuade the elector to vote for a
certain candidate.

•f

•)

" If this can be said of these societies — in so many res-
pects meritorio\is and fruitful of good — what shall be said
of those of foreign birth, many of them secret organiza-
tions, which are entirely political, or sectarian, or hostile
to certain portions of the inhabitants, often some other
society] An immigrant has a right to maintain the char-
acteristics of his native country, and to cherish her
memory — to think even more of his native land than tho
land of his adoption. But has he a right to bring to
the new country the prejudices and the dislikes — the
clannishness and the feuds which exist in the old coun-
try? Should the family quarrels and the sectarian ani-
mosities, not merely of another country but of another
age, be carried across the Atlantic and planted in new
soil, or engrafted in new institutions, to be nourished and
perpetuated by the young of Canada 1 Is it not a curse
to any country to have its people split into factions —
divided into numerous isms?

" How great would be the benefit if the barriers erected
by sectionalism, prejudice, and bigotry not native to
Canadian soil, but having their birth-place in another
part of the world, were dissolved by a noble patriotism,
so as to create a homogenous whole !

Of course all societies such as referred to, have a legal
right to exist, and no doubt the Orangeman sincerely
believes that his own safety and that of the country, and
the safety of the Protestant religion depends upon the
Orange organization. At the same time the Irish Roman
Catholics band together to protect themselves, and main-
tain their welfare — to prevent any tendency to extinction.
The existence of one is the reason or excuse for the con-
tmuation of the other.

" I dare say. from what I have already written, it will
be apparent to most what are, at least, some of the
grounds upon which Canadianism has been or is being
erected. The evils referred to have been increasing. For
the last few years^ a number of thoughtful Canadians —
Canadians by birth and adoption — have been considering
the matter, and now and then talking among themselves,
with the view of seeing if something could not be done to
remedy, if not entirely remove them. When, by a
union of previously contending parties. Confederation
was accomplished, and the Dominion of Canada was pre-
sented to the nations of the world, there was a hope that
in a grand universal desire to build up the Dominion, the
petty warfare of faction would be entirely submerged in
a common Canadian sentiment. But this hope was short-
lived; the ambition of demagogues, and the hate of parti-
zans aimed a serious blow at the " New Nationality."
The question presented itself: can nothing be done to
change the political character of the Dominion — to silence
sectional cries, and to elevate political life to a position in
keeping with the extent of our country — to have the pro-
rincial political parties superseded by a national feeling
co-equal with the wide domain confederated together] It
has been impossible for the distinguished statesman who
has been so long at the head of the Government, and who
has done so much, notwithstanding ungenerous opposi-
tion, to advance the interests of the country, to consider
and mature the best measures for the welfare of the
Dominion. A man who has constantly to defend his life
can hardly engage in any avocation. A statesman who is
daily assailed, constantly misrepresented, whose motives
are impugned, and character incessantly vilified, must be
indeed a great man to successfully lead a Government
and build up a nation. The difficulties that beset the

late government and diverted their energies will, it is to
be feared, so embarrass the present government, that to
maintain a majority in parliament will exhaust rll their
powers, while the ship of state will drift, or float down
the stream at hap-hazard. Fighting to hold the seals of
office, the present government may, ere long, be forced
Into a position quite as untenable as that lately evacuated
by the former government. (The reader may ji:dt;e to
what extent the prophecy has already been fulfille. '

" In view of all these facts, it can be no cause of wonder
that a new — a Canadian party, should arise distinct from
any now in existence. Canadian associations have for
some years existed in different parts of the country; but
their object has been historical, literary, or perhaps, to
counteract the untoward influences of other national
societies upon the young men. At all events, they have
not been political. The exigencies of the present hour
seem to warrant the creation of a Canadian political party.*
It is believed that the principles of this party will meet with
a res})onse,when fairly enunciated and understood,through-
out the Dominion. What do the people of British Colum-
bia, on the one hand, and those of Prince Edward Island,
on the other, care about Grritism or the old Tory party of
Ontario ? Why should Dominion politics be built up on
the narrow basis of Ontario partyismi The Canadian
party appeal to all, irrespective of province, of creed, of
nationality. The utterance of the party is, ' Sink personal
animosities; bury past dififerences of merely provincial
interest; forget nationality, if from abroad; listen not to

* The writer is now convinced that a Canadian political party
is an impossibility. No doubt, however, whichever party be in
power will hereafter give more prominence to the views origin-
ated and urged by the Canadian Association during its brief
existence.

bectional cries; and become Canadians.' If these senti-
ments i)revail in the Dominion, very shortly will a more
healthy tone characterize political life. Not only may wo
hope to have buried the thoughts of old political issues,
but sectarian bigotry overcome. The shameful scenes we
have witnessed on St. Patrick's day and the 1 2th of July,
will belong to the past. The sad spectacle of contention
between Canadian Young Britons and Irish Canadians,
will no longer be witnessed. And every young man of
Canada will reply, if asked. Do you belong to this or that
association ? * No, I am a Canadian.'

"Before closing, I wish to refer to another important
result that might be anticipated if old party lines of Old
Canada wei-e obliterated. It would tend to blend the
French element with the Anglo-Saxon. They are French
80 long as we have English, Irish and Scotch in our coun-
try ; but if the P^nglish, Irish and Scotch would become
Canadians, so would the French."

We have spoken not merely of the growth of the
Dominion, but of a Canadian national feeling. These
together may be designated the body and soul of national
life. They grow together; one is dependent on the other.
But with healthy growth there is usually a corresponding
development. The Dominion has not only grown mate-
rially, but a wonderful degree of development has taken
place ; in fact, development has at times been greater,
more r.ipid than the growth, an event to be deprecated as
much PS precocity in the child. In the life of a nation,
as in the life of man, there is no standing still — growth
and development continue until maturity is reached, and
then degeneration and decline ensue ; there is constant
advancement; it may be (in a young nation it ought to be)
upward, it may be downward. We may not fix the life

%-»

of a nation, but we can determine the point wlien matn-
riiy has passed ; if a nation ceases to advance upward, she
will begin to decline. The policy adopted by the Glad-
stone government, the utterances heard from the English
press and many British statesmen a few years ago, with
respect to the Colonies of the Empire, supplied ample
reason for the belief that the British nation had arrived
at that important era in its existence ; but recent manifes-
tations show that the sap in the tree is yet full of vitality
and vigour, and they give promise of a far greater Britain
in the future tha . we 'lave in this nineteenth century.
Is it too visionary to s?vy that the twentieth century may
witness a Biitish Empire that will embrace every foot of
land occupied by the Anglo-Saxon, including every one
who speaks the English language.

Returning to our subject : we look for growth and
development in the Dominion ; we expect to see its vast
resources within a few decades made available for the
interests of the country, and we may at the same time
anticipate further growth and development of the Cana-
dian national feeling which is the soul of the Dominion.
Now it must be confessed that the direction this develop-
ment shall take is a matter of uncommon interest, of the
most vital importance, and calculated to arouse feelings
of considerable anxiety with the patriotic Canadian.
Canadianism, or the newly created national sentiment, is
endowed with vital powers of a nature so sturdy, that its
continued existence cannot be questioned : Canadians will
no longer allow themselves to be regarded as mere colo-
nists, they will no longer tolerate imported supercilious
mediocrity — they will be satisfied with nothing less than
equality with the people of the United Kingdom. As
Canadian Bi-itish subjects they will sutler no obstacles to

bar their entrance to all the privileges and honours open to
their fellow suljjects in England. Such then being the
fact, what direction will the development of Canadian
national feeling take in its onward couree, for onward it
must move !

Certain parties were, or pretended to he, seized with
the belief that Canadianism would necessarily and inevit-
ably lead to Independence, and that this would be only a
stepping-stone to Annexation to the Urfited States.
Others hold that independence, instead of leading to
annexation, will be the most certain means of once and
forever settling the question against the possibility of
annexation. But a large number, which is constantly
increasing, entertain the strongest conviction that the
development will be toward an Imperial Confederation.
It is right, however, here to state that it formed no part
m the considerations of the originators of the Canadian
Association to mark out the line in which Canadian
feeling should march. On their part there was simply a
declaration of individual existence as a nation — a throw-
ing off of the swaddling clothes as a colony. The destiny
of the Dominion was considered in one respect only,
namely, that it should never become annexed to the
United States. At least, this was the aim of the great
majority of the promoters of Canadianism. It cannot be
denied that certain circumstances gave reason for a pub-
lic belief that independence was to be the aim of the
movement, with a view to ultimate annexation. The
unfortunate use of the motto Ccmada First, and the more
unfortunate declamation against British institutions and
honours, at a public meeting, had a disastrous effect upon
the movement while it was in an incipient stage. But
nevertheless, the principles aroused by the Association as

*■ r-1.

♦ IV ^

■^ c

a body, have, :»s we Jiave tteeu, quickly spread ana per-
meated both political pnrti'^' With repaid to t,hefutiii«,
we may safely leave the work -t' devtl "inuejit to pi^oc« <^d
in accordance with natuml laws, if tlin growtii oi the
Dominion be healthy and stfiUc, , iovft}opTr"^Tit will

likewise be normal and lasting. It is neir-h r doaiiaUe
nor healthy to force either growth or dPvelo[>'>u»av. It
may confidently be affirmed that the develoi>i)»eiku of
Canadianism will not be toward independence, much loss
annexation, \inlesa violently turned by the conduct cf
England through her press or public men.

Prom the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the extended
border line to the most remote settlement, among all
classes, all nationalities, from the most cultivated to the
most barbai-ous savage that roams in the north-west, the
feeling is, not simply a desire for continued British con-
nection, but almost a total disbelief in any other possible
state of political existence. Any statement made }>y the
press, or in any other way, which would lead Great
Britain to believe that even a small minority of Canadians
desired political independence, is not only untrue, but a
shameful fraud. [The organization of a club in Toronto,
with the cognomen, IT. E. Club, has a deeper signification
than might at first seem to attach to it.] If a desire for
Independence may be found existing in any part of
Catiada — perhaps growing in some secluded spot — this
seed was sown by persons in England : it was scat-
tered by the adherents of the Manchester school, who
have sought to dismember the empire. Should these
viewB again be expressed by responsible persons in Eng-
land, it is by no means unlikely that the nascent Cana-
dian sentiment will find its field of growth end develop-
ment in the way of political independence. What per-

If)

iccution, poverty, and distress of every kind could not
ucconipliHli among the United Empini Loyalists, may bo
effected hv taunts and sneers, such as liave emanated
from the London Times. But in the event of such a
suicidal policy, so far as Groat Britain is concerned, pre-
vailing, and Canadian independence resulting, the auto-
nomy of Canada will not be effected except to increase
its strength. The growth and development of Canadian-
ism has attaineil to a sufiicient magnitude to make its
permanent existence a matter of absolute certainty.

If a small tree should bo planted beside a large one,
where the soil was only sufiicient to sustain one, the
larger would sooner or later destroy the smaller. But
no such condition exists on this continent with regard to
the United States and Canada. There is ample room for
both ; and the United States would not attempt to force
Canada into the union. It is true the attitude that
nation has always maintained towards Canada has been
uniformly unfriendly, often actually hostile. Indeed, the
history of the United Stptes is prominently characterized
by unswerving efforts to obtain possession of British
America. Every inch of Lmd along the boundary which
could possibly be claimed has become from time to time
a question of international dispute. And in consequence
of the ignorance or indifference of British negociators on
the one hand, and American craftiness on the other,
valuable and important portions of Canadian temtory
have been severed from their legitimate connection, to
enlarge the domain of the United States. It is true that
shortly after the Revolutionary War, when numbers of
American Loyalists had sought new homes in the wilder-
ress of Upper Canada, the United States endeavoured to
starve them out by insisting upon an early evacuation by

•='

the British of fche various military posts along ih%
frontier, which wore a channel throuj^h wliich came th«
necessaries of life to the refugee settler. It is true thai
at the close of last century the T^'uleJ States sought a
reason to declare war against En<^i.ind in order to seia©
Canada, and that in 1812, war was actually made — what-
ever reason may have been given — that British Amerioa
might be conquered. Again, it is true that the Canadmn
I'ebellion in 1837-8 was encouraged, with the exj)ectaiiOM
of acquiring the country ; and agaiu it is true that th#
United States acted a disgraceful part in publicly and
privately encouraging Fenians to invade Canada for
the same object : and it is true that, in a multitude
of ways, efforts have been put forth to control the iles-
tiny of the country by indoctrinating Canadians with
the theory of Manifest Destiny. So constant has been
tho effort, anil so unscrupulous the means to secure the
desired end, that it is no cause of surprise that fears
should be felt that, when Canada ceased to be under the
protection of Great Britain, the United States would,
without delay, find a reason or excuse for carrying out an
intention cherished throughout her whole national life.
But if we examine the matter, it will be found that such
a conclusion is unwarranted. The fact is, the people of
the United States have held, and continue to hold,
although perhaps in a less degree, a bitter hatred to
England. While the native Americans have been edu-
cated from childhood tj regard England as a foe, many
of the immigrants to the States have brought with them
an undying enmity to Great Britain. With such fecliuga
prevailing, it was natural for the nation to seek every
opportunity to wound the object of their dislike, if not at
the heart, at least in an extremity. Although a lust of
territory was felt by the United States, the chief moti\»

yf&H to cripple England in America, and, if possible,
remove her flag from the continent. If Canada were
independent, the probability is the United States would
leave her alone. The Americans have enough on their
^ ^mds already. At least until the southern States are
reconciled, they will not provoke hostilities. It will take
half a century for the feelings aroused by the late Civil
War to be appeased. By that time Canada, in jvny
event, will be old enough ?ind strong enough to defy any
power.

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