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Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la mithode. ata slure, a n I2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 nil mmm ^^mm^fi^v'^rw ^ ■■ % 'ira' M / * *'i^ \ ' ')-fl*i'«fc«v5 f Ol G J L A VII k UNI A(lronomi( Geography Difcovci'y, of Arner Summaiy a and Sett; ca; Gen States^ Lakes I I tains ; Pi Governn merce; I Coneift aad of V'hich ha phical Sk oui Hero General ace Of its Be Illaftrated the Northei than any ths To which Britiflh, Spa Welt Indies- oxiJ'i n ^ ^ H A ME R I C AN J A VIEW OF TH PRESENT SITUATION O F T H E UNITED STATES of AMERICA. Aftronomical Geography, Geographkal Definitions. Difcoveiy, and General DefcriptioB ot America. Summary account of the Dircovcries and Settlemtnts of North Ameri- ca ; General View of the United States^ Of their Boundaries; l^akes ; Bayi and Rirers j Moun- tains ; Prodiiftions; Population J Government j Agricultuie, Com- merce; Manufaawesj Hiftory; toncife Account of the War, ^^K^f **^ important Events V'hich havefttccecded. Biogra- phical Sketches of fcveral illuftri- oui Heroes, General, account of New England; Gf Its Boundaries; Extent; Di- vifiona; Mountams; Rivers; N»i tttral Hiftory; Prodnaionsj Po. peI»tK)n;Chafaaer;TnidejHii; 3 tory. I ftrticuJar Defcriptiowof the '^mV^^ J teen United State*, and of Kcn- § t«cky/mWcfteniTerriiofyaniniAH MOKs£ Vat NTEft ly ^ ^ t Z A B E T H T SHEPARD KOLLOCOC. OWN: »oa THE AUTHCm, ^ •. !' 4 v^ ,,4. ■A I 'O . . t ^ ! WI im- Mi M ipi^«^ivw>nfiP^|P^'^nPi'mpip|*iMM|pit||| toHh excellency WILLIAM LIVINGSTON, Esq. I.I.JD. Governor of the Statii of NEW JERSEY, This BOOK Is MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBKl!), By his Excellency's MdST OBLIGED, AND \ Most obedient Servant, The author. MARCH 12, i789» ; f /-t f '%1'i-f ?t i ' «|(KI=> Vll rn-i;3' ■: J 'f fefled very 1 JEurof graph place ( while But fu nation ful foj thencf tic inf( the aut tend tt ous an( troddef had to been wi tie affifl have be the Au »rid ma of Scien rive his has alfc <^emlerr bed, for knd ind< krept in portanc€ raade the pardonal $hc work '■■^ J i-^ni*^ PRE FA C E. feffed the beft means of ir f ° •°"'''= cxclufivelv oof very little knowkj" of tSrn'r' ^''".fr""' t£ Europeans have been the fo e wr^""'^ f^" ''^ "^'1"'"=^. g^phy. and have too often t^H^f"'^^'^'""- Geo. place of fads, and thus have led fh^- ^^"'T '° ''^'PPly the while they profeffed to aim at «mo;[ "^t' i"to'eiU. But fince the United State have ^.f*' ''''"' 'Snonnct. nation.andhavcrifen into EmnL ^T ^1 i"<^^P™dent ful for them to fuffer thiSti ""''' '^ reproach. thereftofth?'*-"'« he ha. been widely fcattered- and Vh , , ™'^-^^^ thefe have tie affiftan/e from btl^^SeS ™^h?:{,'^.'''"^<= ''« '«! have been employed in 1- ^^'v, P"bliftied. Four vears the Author hfe'tS th ^^^^1" "« -"ich S »nd ^intainedanexte, five c' -r ''f '" *<= ^nion of Science: and in everSn? if P°"'**^"'^« ^«h men nve his informations "he "*'' ,«"deavored tode- ha» alfo fubmitted his T,n^ T^ authentic fources ; he" bed, for their corredion It ?f n*^l,P''"'^"'''rly defcri- and mdeed very probable that^°f^''' "°'^«hftanding. "ept Wibuth^tepetthere.J"^""'^"" "^^ hJ^l Portance. and that f^h as mav h °Tc°^ ""^ g^«t i«v. made the fubjeft of fev" re r^n^ "hfervcd, will not be Wrdonable caufe. Hlflatt^f 1'' ^^''f ^ibed to fom^ lithe work Bt,\>, «»-.-". . "<*5 himfcf. however .u" " ■■^^"'" " "'*•' P"faJic, .vilf be found' to'te ^ F R E F A C B. li I ' ' 4l accurate, compleat and impartial as the prefcnt ilaW of American Geography and Hiftory could furnilh. After all, like the Nation of which it treats, it is but an infant, and as fuch folicits the foftering cftre of the coun- try it defcribes; it will grow and improve as the nation advances towards maturity, and the A uthor will grate* iuUy acknowledge' ever friendly communication which will tend to make it perfed. In the profecution of the work, he has aimed at utility rather than originality, andof courfe, when he has met with publications fuited to his purpofe, he has made a free ufe of them ; anH he thinks it proper here to obferve, that, to avoid unncc/eflary trouble, he has frequently ufed the words as well as the ideas of the writers, although the reader has not been particularly apprized of it. For the Author diftindly to acknowledge the obli- gations he is under to many citizens of thefe ftatcs, as well as to fome foreigners of diftindlion, refidents among lis, would fwell this preface to an improper length; he cannot forbear, however, to exprefs his pecuhar ^obliga- tion to Ebenezer Hazard, Esq^ Poll Mafter General of the United States, for permiflion of free acccfs to his -very large and valuable Cclle^wn of papers, from which he has derived much of his hiftorical information. This trolledion has been made with unwearied care and mi- nute exadnefs; and the papers, which are of unqueftion- able authenticity, are the bed, and moft complete depofnum of facts relating to the hiftory of America from its iirn fettlement, that is to be found in the United States. The Author's acknowledgments are hkewife efpeciaii]r due to Captain Thomas Hutchins, Geographer Ge- neral of the United States, for his particular fnendfbi- andafliftance, ,*' uv • It is to be regretted, that fo fe>y Maps could be intro. duccd into the work; but the Author hopes to be ena- bled to increafe the number in future Editions. lh< Map of the fouthcrnftates,was compiled from original am authentic documents, by Mr. Jofeph Purcell,of Charlel. Q^Mth Carnlma. a Gentleman fully equal to the un- dertaking *-rty-t deftik pedin the no graver was ch lative flates 2 Indi nounc( ind pi from r The fixed, i beauty, that ci The Inerma rope, ! view t( Every acquaii to have but as I nccefla] parts o^ tion as is calcxi Youth ^ ©wncoi furnifh' ted fori 4ui5Hon Chai refent iVatc Id furnilh. it is but an f the coun- the nation will gratc- tion which d at utility- he has met has made a to obferve, jently ufed though the e the obli- fe ftatcs, as mts among length; he liar ^bliga- :er General :ccfs to his rom which ion. This re and mi- inqueftion- •te depofnum 3m its tirftr ted States*: ; efpecialiy apher Ge; friendlbi; d Idc intro* to be ena- Lons. Th< original anc ofCh^rlef. to the un- eruking, P K fv FACE. Vll deftakmg, and is the moft accurate yet publiflied ref- pc&ng that country, onfo fmall a fcale. The Map o} the northern tote* was compiled principally by the In graver.from the belt Mapi^ that coukjVnr^ureitOH of Araerira . . " Chromiogicai account of ihe Difiweries and Settlements tfN AnSwtr. Votth America, its ^Xvifiont . . ^ *"*^' ^ ■ UNITED STATES ' BiMdariet and contents Laket and RiiiHrt . ,"," " .'" JpW/- ^- (he Cttfrfiy Momiimnt _ . " * " Scil-^Fegetable^nd Animal Frodnaiont ' , " , rvpttlation, Gharatier, /£r^fs . ^ * Lexington Battk^ . , ' C^'^'ral m/bingtan's Appointment \ *iitpture of Burgoyne Capture of Corn^vallis—Peace' '. > " *' " ^'P^r Money, and it, coffeqnencet .* . * ^lf^foftheOld\:onf/deZion^Con^entiaM . V W./M ./ /^. ZiT. of General Wajhington . , , "~"'~ ' '*""" — General Montgomery " -General Greene - ' ■Mart/uis de la Fayette I ibid NEWENGLAND Dtyifitn3,Scnndarie., Face of the Cmntry , M^nntaifts , SsTr. Kmers— Natural Growth . , "'»«'*• IrQdteaiom^Popnhtkin.Charaaerl^c, ' ^ " ^ ^rade—'Nigortf -■ ••■ladietu • . . .!» 'If .1 35 - 47 4« - ' 50 5« 68 .79 •-4 It 91 97 9$ 101 104. - w» 117 • "I »3^4 -» ij6 140 ihid 144 '49 NEW Btnndarii Prodndio) Cottfiitutii \Hiftory Pomidarit Light Hou Literary « Chief To Confiitutio Bridges^" Revenue— Witchcra^ Quaker P. BotmJariei Bens, Mo Climate, S Mines, An Ci'vilDiv, Beys, /Jlai Trade, Li^ Religion, Curiofitietf BcHndaries Climate, S Di'oifiohs, Damages h Curiofities- C alleges, A Miner, Tax Praffice of W'^ar betnvf Law a fain Rivers, Ba Soil and P Chief Tvu Agriculture Medicinal S Minerals ^ S Religion Conjiitutiou Taxes, Indi ,HI* »4» NEW ,-:f Hid If 12 1($ ai 35 /^ 47 4« 63 68 69 79 91 94 97 9f lOf tOsf IIZ 117 "I »3r4 140 .'41 144 '49 '59 CONTENTS NEW HAMPSHIRE" StMftJarift, Divijiont, Chief Tvwns, Riven, Mountains, l^c, Prodttaiont, Ma»nfaaur:s, Trade, Population, iJc. ^c, CoHftUutim^Cdl-gtsand Acadimiit Hijioty - _ . Massachusetts' Boitndafies, Ri Taxes, Indians ' - _ IX i6r 161, i6z 164. 166 169 '74. 180, 171 177 ^9* 181 183 186 187 194. »9^ 197 19S 200 2or 202 203, 204 Z05, 206 208, 209 212 ibid 214, 217, 21^ 219 ?27, 230^ 220, 221 223 221; 228 231 23? 243 ihij 2^G 24.7 2?3 261 263 26f 267 , 2;o «« ^ ■» I -*/; ,g CONTENTS 'I i-i ii tonz and Btaten IJlandt . . llifioty /NEW "jersey Ftfyx, Rivers, ^c. Ihvi/iom and Population Mountains^ Sdl and Produaions Tra-'/.f, Mamfaiiures and Agriculture Mines , Springs ^ Chaf Oder, caves, Monwnatt - . ^ . ^fi^i'g'on, Colleges, ^c. • _ " Chief Toivns > , Conjiituiion, Lanv, Phvffc UtJioryJ^c, ^H^ . .. PENNSYLVANIA Aiiuatm, Mines y Divijions . , Reavers, Mountains y Produilious^ ^c. population, charader, l^c, 'Heligion - _ Moravian Settlements Literary, an<^ Humane Societies - " - Colleges, Acaden^es, chief Tonjjns - ' " . ^rade, ManufaBures and Agriculture oprings, caves, Antiquities . ;, Conftiiution J^e-w Inventions— Hiftory : DELAWARE ' .kAimate, Dtvijions, Produaions ^ Chief To-M„s, Religion, Population, conjlitution Jaijtorj _ _ , _ •' 4. MARYLAND ■Qi'viftons, Rivers, Soil, Produaions ropulation, charaaer, chief Tovuns Vrade, Religion, Colleges - _ j^ Conjiitution, Hijiory virg'inia" Ktvers Mountains Caf cades and caverns , • Mines, and Minerals Springs . . • " - ' , Popalation, Militia Civil Divijmty Tovuns Colleges and Literature _ , * _ Religiofi, charculer, cufloms, ^c, - " , Conjiitution and Lavos Manilfaaurcs and commerce - . " R f venue and Ex pences -fey^^ij' - - - - _ Page .276 282 ibid 284 286 287 291 292 297 298 302 303 306 3H - 319 320 325 328 • 333 338 339 341 345 ibid 346, 347 348 , 350 ibid 3j;i 354» 355 356* 357 360 361 366 369 37' 379 374» - 380 383 386 39' 3^3 39^5 398 INDIANA. Page - -, 275 ■-^- ' .276 282 ibid 284 ^ 286 -. • 287 2§9 291 292 295 297 298 302 ihid 203 304, 306 3H 319 320 325 328 - 333 33^ 339 341 345 ibid 346, 347 348 350 ibid 3j;i 352.353 354. 3SS dS^' 351 360 361 363 365 369 371 374» 379 - 380 386 391 3^3 396 398 INDIANA. C O N TE N rs: xi INDIANA !;o't K E N T-U C K Yi- i/s Rivers, Springs, Soil, Popu^ lation, ^c. - _ NORTH CAROLINA- Rivers, Sounds, capes, Snvamps, ^c. Divijions, j^rincipal Tcrwm, Produaions, ^c. Trade, Di/ea/es, Natural HiJiory,Re!igi$n Colleges^ Population, chara^ery cujioms, ^c, ConJiitutiQUtNe'wSettlementt and Roadt - •• Hifiory SOUTH CAROLINA ' Climate . _ ' _ ■ Rrvers, Mountains, Harbours, jyivijions, ^c, ' ChitfT^^ns - - , Face 0/ the countiy. Soil and Vroductions Conjiitution, Laim, Literature, i5fc. - . Religion Eopulation and charafier Militia, Re-venue, Taxes, Damages hj the War, i^c. Commerce, State Debt, ^c, _ „ ' Courts of Law, Hif^orj , _ ^ . " GE O R GI a" Di'vijtons , etc, - . -_ " Chief Tvwns, Rivers, climate, etc, " - . * . Face of the country. Soil, Produce Springs, curiojitm, commerce, etc. - - fopulatim, character. Religion, Literature, etc,^ Indians, IJlands, Hijlory WESTERN TERRITORY, Extent. &c'. Rmers, Population, Soil and Product - Animals, Antiquities, Forts , « Government and Divifons, etc. V E R M O N T. DmsioKs." Rivers, Mountains, Soil, climate, etc, Militia, Populalton character, curioftties,conJiitutioH ' Jsr.«;Sr ^^^^ICAN DOMINIONS. Canada . . \. " " 473 Nova Scotia '.'■'. ' ' "^^i ^/y;N/;sH Dominions in North Amefica.^^'^ 477 - 478 .479 - 482 402 409 410 412 4H.415 o 4'7 418, 419 421 423. . ibid 424.425: 428, 429 430 43^ 434 435 ,440 443 ihid 444 446 448 450 4;'. 453 457 458* 460 463 464 499 470 47 In Eajl and Weft Florida Louijiana New Mexico and California Old Mexico or New Spain T 1, . ,^*^'^TH America. Ttrra hrma $r Caftik del Or 9 ■'ftrii kii CON T E'N T S; li. iii , It Peru am Paragua or la Plata Brazil Guiana Amazonia ' - Patagonia IVeJi India IJlands Portugal Spain r ranee " ■ «. Italy Switzerland Turkey ' Hungary - Germany The Netherlands Holland . - ■ - Poland -^ Pfu/Jia • . Rujjia Swedsn Denmark _ Great Britain and Ireland European I [lands ^ 6?c. A Tartary China India « - ■ Perjia EUROPE. s I A Turkey in AJia Ajtatic IJles Africa - Barbary 2iaara^ and Negrolnnd Ethiopia, African IJles General Remarks Appendix AFRICA 484 485 486 487 488 , ibid 489 490 49^ 493 494 496 497 499 503 506 508 509 511 5»3 6H 6^5 518 ibid ibid ibid 5H 5^5 ibid ibid 528 5»« f *i^ ^Xx;oooo^^ ^ t 4>^^^^ .i ^ ^^ H ocxxxxxxx^' i^'ff^y^r^^^g^yg^g^^i^f i -i^ ^ ^^ A #: * t *•■ t I --■6., inii the na df eni 'ht. sun* tht* teat 009 2401 coo 00a 000 '■ WTf jcri C O N T E N T S; 11 1 m ,; i'i Peru Chili Brazil Guiana Aftiaiol Patagm IVeJl IH f I Poriugi: Spain r ranee i Ifaly \ Swiizej\ Turkeyi tiunga\ Germat The Hffllai Polani Prujjil Rujjia\ SwedeA Dennu Great £urop\ I Tartai China f' India I Tarke) AJiatii Afrkal £-ppt i Barl)a{ 2Mara\ £th20pi Cjenert Jppem 'wfr*' m fm Ww w ■^ Sun and Planets. un a lercury ^ enus ? arth ® 'lars cf upiter % aturn h erfchel m INTRODUGTION. Of astronomical GEOGkAPtiY, COMPLETE knowledge ofGyra/>^^, cannot be obtained with- out fome acquaintance with Aftronomv. This r^mtll^^- therefore. ^Ul be introduced with a C';cco?n of thTslre!^ In es diftances and magnitudes. The regularity and beauty oTS'- Ind the harmomous order in which they move, (hew thatthel LLfind Preferver poiTeiles infinite wifdom and power* '-reator and I Aftronomy was firft tttended to by the Shepherds on thf^U'.nt\f..i i • If^ a ^' r r a ^? '•"''^'>' '">^g'""'0". they diftributed the (tar. «lo a number of conftellations or companies, to which th-r Jav/,1,,! [araes of the animal, which they reprefented. '^ ^ ' "'* ,?-^''l'',^'"'"''-J'''''<='""'s'"''"''""''=S5^,^'6o 62,038, z^o^ 20'i6Q3,9^o,co3 14,102,562,000 7. C7 7, 496, coo ' " '" I \ .lx\ I . . 1. . 1 ii$ \art miU:are as cemJ>ttUj bj a wim '^rummers, \ I Liii^hiHf WeliSeomS,oailim [ffO ^SJ^j^StT^T^T!!! . / •s'-vJ^-' Ji ti/f!>/f^t't u ^^:^:i Ji '^^M\\ \ KHiiiiopea ^ -^^^s. IC? ^^^, ' ;^itnidUliuy^ ,^A>^.'^/'— ^_;; 0ltMV ?*• ^ s »//<'/•/ , l^ynitr') /iHffft/r A'ri/titn ___ T'oifHjr ^ r_ ' - ^iiti)ffit(yii^l y / ■^k * Sra/f of Mi/At (f(jkti>ftn^f/r,v >5l ko ».<»* "^"^ # ■i^- »^.^=^^:^:S^*>5S. ;'->«*^ ^^- ^^^ ^ "v/4r'///^ ft -T! \ . ' T^Ji Gy^A'Z^ jVoif 7 If CAJi O f. IJSTA Piinhltav 1"^ ti Pnii/aHaiiiit (\<^FEORrp^ .V fltSV^" ~ ■'♦.'^ '"'^. N F^L ^ '^ ^"^ T and WE .S T FL O R I » A '1^ r.-t" #•■ i^^:\ 0^ f///tr/f <-r the earth, or 209,100 miles, and is carried with the ©ixth roand the fun once in a year. Jupiterhas four moons ; Saturn has five, and is alfo cncompaffcd with a broad ring. The diameter of the rino; is, to the diameter of Saturn, as 9 to 4, and the fpacc between the body of Saturn and the ring, is equal to, the breadth of tlie ring. The motion of the primary planets round the fun, and alfo the raotioa of the fatellitcf round their primaries, is called their miHuel motion. Bc- fides this annusl motion, they revolve round their own axes from weft to eaft, and this is called their dinrfial motion. The lately difcovered planet Herj'chd,wzs firft obfervcd in 1782, by that celebrated aftronomcr William Herfchel, L. L. D. F. R. is. In Great-Bri- tain, it is called Georgium Sidus ; but in France and America it has ob- tained the name of Herfchel, in honour to its learned difcovertT. _ Comets.l The comets'? re large opaque bodies, which move in very clip- tical orbits and in all poffible diredions. Some revolve from weft to call ; fome from call to weft ; others from fouth to north, or from north to fonth. Their orbits have very different inclinations to the edip ic Some haveconjedured, that the comets were intended by the AU-wiie Creator, to conneft fyllenis, and that each of their fevcral orbits includes the fun, and one of the fixed ftars. The figures of the comets are very different. Some of them emit beams on all fides like hair, and are called hairy comets. • Others have a long, fiery, tranfparent tail projefting from the part which is oppofite to the fun. Their magnitudes alfo are different. Some ap- pear no bigger than ftars of the firit magnitude ; others larger than the moon. Tliey are fuppofed to be foiid bodies, and very denie j for fome of them in their neareft approach to the fun, were heated, according to Sir Ifaac Newton's calculation, 2000 times hotter than red hot iron ; a degree of heat which would vitrify, or diflipate any matter known to us. The numl)er of comets belonging to our fyflem is not certainly known. Twentv-one have been feen. Of thefe, the periods of three only have beca afccrtained with accuracy. One appeared in the years 1531,1607,1682 and 1758 ; Its period is 75 years. Anotlier was feen in 1532 and 1661, and is again expe<5led in 1 790 ; its period Uing 1 29 years.^ The third appeared lali in 1680, whofe period being 575 years cannot be expc^ed ta return until the year 2255. Of the Solar-Sjpm.] The feven planets, with their ten fatelHtcs and the comets, conftirute the Solar, or as it is fome times called, the Copctmican Syflem, in honour of Copernicus a native of Poland, who adopted the Pythagorean opinion of the heavenly bodies, and publifhed it to the world in 1 530. This is now univerfaily approved as the true fyftem. It has re- ceived great improvements from Gallileo, Sir Ifaac Newton, Dr. Halley, »nd other philofophcr* in ?lmoft every age. , Of ^ flamii \ tor r//, mtanij or tocaft, and 13 fullows : forms her rc- brnidjani rtT. in very clip- veft to eaft ; >m north to if ic. Some ife Creator, idei the fun, iry different. airy comets. \ part which Some ap- er than the : ; for fome >rding to Sir >n ; a degree to us. inly known. [y have beea 1607, 1682 and 1 661, The third expe^ed ta ites and the Copdrnican idopted the the world . It has re- >r. Hallcy, Of I Of the B A R T H. I J^ l^' ^ni u'''"-J T^*' '"'''•'"• ^3'^'='" » furroundcd with the fixed I gard to each other, fhefc ftirs* when viewed with the befttelrfmnT appear no larger than points, which proves that thcv arfa. L S^?^ diftancc from us. Although their diftance is not certainly knowneHr I. the general opmion of aftronomers. that they are at leait 1 oo7o; t^l. farther from u». than we are from thr f.m • ,„/»k-. ,.,,. r _ '?0'°°o„«»mci I would not reach qs from Sirius, or the do»-ftar which I, n^^JS . u- at the rate of 4go miles an hour, would not reach us in 700000 vp3 Light, which IS trannnitted from one body to another alri^Hn^an^r't"* ouHy, takes up more time in paffing from the fixedftars toX "fd" tlfaa we do in making a voyage to Eurooe ; fo that if all the fixed alrl* nowftruckout of exifte'nce, they would appea to « to k^ep th r fta' ^ons for fcveral month, yet to come. It iJ^ln.pofllbie. theS tha tW aou d borrow their light from the fun. a. do the planets. * '^ ^^ 1henumberofftar,,vifibletothenaked eycat any one time in th, t.pper hemifphere, is not more than a thoufand. A thourand mn^nl^r .'Jlff^VJ'f^ ^^" " ^'^^"'^^ '"^"^'y *« ^«°' «fe the Iky. and form a Hnt^f .rn^"*''"°P-r ^""''^^ earth, would be derogatory Jo thewir doni of tbe Creator. Aftronomers therefore, with much reafon I.T confidered the fixed ftars is fo many funs, attended wh^a n,.„t; r*"" volving planets, which they illuminate, wirm andcheHli^, If^hi^betr; there are as many fyftems as there are fixed ftars. Thefe may alfo " * Toh^ round one con^mon centre, forming one immenfe UemofAftemr g=0;^beholdcr. with f„b!im., m.gm/icent and'gLtu? id^T/tht Of the E A R T H. « ra?lpH rt,« «. .L ^ ? *^"^ovea round the fun once n a vear Th,\ r^i^lh^^^^^^^^^^^ The diamet.r1,f the earth's o bit t'^"''^!"' '^ "^r'^ ''' '^' ^^^^«"'- •trc^mferenceof acLcle i^i m . ^- '^Q.K^^ooo miles. And finer the ^^^ ^ illztih'nM^^^ '^3,thecircumfer, wrm • orbit, 1, 597,^87,6.0 nulgs. And ^i the earth de. fcribca 'iJI ii if 4 Of the R A R T H. fcribes tlits orbit Jn 36^ days and 6 hours, (or in 8766 hours,) it is plain that It travels r: the rate of 68,117 ""^^s <^very hour ; fo that its velocity in it8 orbit, is at Icaft 141 times as great as the velocity of a cannon-bjU, fiippofin^ the ball to move throueb eight miles in a minute, which itiJ found to do. nearly. At this rate it would take 22 years, and 228 daVs for a cannon-ball to go from this earth to the fur,. The earth is 2 5,65 S miles in circumference ; and by tarmng oli it» axis once in twcniy-fuur hours from weft to ealt, caufes a continual fucceflion of day and night, according as eitl>er fide is turned to or from the fun ; and occafions an apparent motion of the fun and hcavenlv bodies from caft to weft. This is called the earth's dmrmi, or daily motion, by which the inhabitants on the equator are carried 1040 miles every hour. That the earth is round like a g'obe is evident : Firji, From its hdving bten circumnavigated, or failed round by Magellan, Sir Fiancis Drake. Ldrd Anfon, Captain Cook and others.* Secondly, From its fliadow in eclipfcs of the moon, which Ihadow is bounded by a circular line. As tlie earth is round and habitable on all fides, it will doubtlefs appear ftran^e, th^tpcrfon$can Hand direaiy oppofue to us on the under fide. But * Magellan failed from Seville in Spain, under the auf pices ef Charles F, 10th of 4ugufi, 1519?,- and having dfcovered the Magellanic StreigUs in South America, he croffed the Pacific Ocean, andarri'. ed at the Philippine Iflands tAjhere he tvas poifon^d. His fhip returned h ■'Jjay of the Cape of Goad Hope, htn September 1 CZ2. Sir ¥ ranch Dvikt frHledfvm Plymouth, \ph December i ^^'j^entered the Tacific Ocean, and Jicering mtnd America, returned November ^d, 15 So* He ivas a man of great generoftty. The booty vohich he took, and even the wedges of gold given him in return for his prefents to Indian chiefs, hi divided in ptjl proportioml f hares with the common failors. Thomas Cavendifii/z/Z-^/row Plymouth nx,ith /w» fmall fhips the ifi of ■^"S"j - I S^^—rpaJfed through the Streights of Magellan— took many rich prizes iilong the coajis of Chili and Peru ; and near California poffifed himfelfof the Si. AntianAcapulcofhip, 'with a cargo of immcnfe value . He completed the Xircumnavigation of the globe the c^th of September, 1588, Betv}een the years \t^f^%, and \et(i,OX\y^x de Nort, of Utrecht, James Mahu, George Suillenberger. a Fleming, William Schouten, a Hollander, and James the Ht^rmit, fucccfftvely failed rouvd the globe. Lord Anfon failed in September 1 740 — doubled Cape Horn in a dangerous fcafon—loji mojl of his men by thefcuyiy, and voith only one remaining fhipy the Centurion, crojfed the Great Pacific Ocean, m its having ancis Drake, Ti it* fliadow liar line, ibtlefs appear : under iidc. But f CharUi V, 'c Streigits in lip pine IJlandi of Gotd HopCy — entered the r id, \i^60. ind ei'cn the 'it he divided s the \ji of ny rich prizes bimfelfof the '•.omplfitcd the y-echt, James a Hollander f a dangerom ling Jhip, the \'s o-ver — tcKdi cturticd home , fuccejjiwly; the t6lh of 2th of fune —made tnnnjf the natives^ iptdi/f Cleri^ ARTIFICIAL GLOBE. ^ But this will eafily be conceived, when it isconfidcred that the earth ittrafts all bodies, on or near it's fwrface, towards its centre equally on all fides. If fo, tiW people w'ko are oppofitc to ns ftand juft as firrorak we do. ^ It is now ten o'clock in the mornin-j, and we now think we are (land- ing upright on the up{M;r part of the earth. Wc (hall think the lame at ten o clock this evening, when the earth Ihall have turned half round, be- caufe we fliall then nerceivc no difFcrence of pofture. Wc (haii then be cxaaiy in tl.e pofJtion of thofe perfons who now Hand on the oppofite fide of me eaith. Since they are as Itrongly attrafted towards the centre of the earth as wc are, they can be in no more danger of falling downward, than we arc at prcfent of falling upward. ARTIFICIAL GLOBE. AN artificial globe is a round body, whofe furface is every where equally remote from the centre ; and on which the external form of our habitable world is rcprefented, and all the parts of the earth and water are defcribed in their natural order, for.i, diftance and fituation. In order to determine the fituation of places on the globe, it is fup- pofedtobccircumfcribed by feveral imr.ginary circles. Each circle is divided into 360 equal jjarts, called degrees ; each degree is divided into 00 minutes, and each minute into 60 fcconds. Axii of the Earth.'] The axis of the earth is an imaginary linepafllng through its centre from north to fputa. The extreme points of the axS are called the poles. Cjrclet,'] A circle palling through the centre of a globe, and thereby dividing It into two equal parts or hcmifpheres, iscalled a^rf«7/aWr. Of thefe there are fix.— -The equator, the meridian, the ecliptic, the hori- Kon, and two colures. Circles dividing thefphere into unequal parts, are called >r<7// «r hjfer tircles, of which there are four, the two tropics, and the two polar circles. Equator.] The Equator is that line or circle which encompaJTes the mid- dle of theearth, dividing the northern half from the fouthern. This line is often called the equitn^lial, becaufe, when the fun apjiears therein, the days and nights are equal in all parts of the world. From this line iatitude is reckoned. ^ Meridian.] This circle is rcprefented on the artificial globe by a brafs ring, and is divided into 360 degrees. It pafles through the poles of the earth, and the xenith and tlie nadir, croffing the equator at right angles, and dividing the globe into enftern and weftern hemifpheres. It is (;allcd meridian from the latin meridlcs, mid-day ; becaufe when the fun comes to the fouth part of this circle it is called noon, and the day is half f}>ent. There are an infinite number of meridians,- whicH vary as yoa travel c;iitor weft. Geographers afiumc one of the meridians for the firft ; commonly that which palTes through tiie metropolis of their own country. The meridian of Philadelphia is the firft for Americans ; that of LoRdoa for tlie Englifii ; and that of Paris for the French, Eclffttc.y If; * 'ARtiriCIAI. GL tomJCrlJ^^i ^Y'^ '' ' great circle, in whofe plane the earth pff- torms htr annual rcvolutiu.i round the fun. or in which the fun fecais to Sit when Zin^''^''- *^''"^' "? ""¥' "f ^^'^ ^""^ °^ "'^ ^W"' out When the moon is mor near the plane of this circle. It makeT an caTdX '^''"i^j^r ''^'^' ^^'''•"^ '"*"''^«» ^^i" ^'ooppoZ parti points he hrry l^"-'* ^^-"^^^-hen the fun i, in eit£ of ?heft SrL'V?!, !! "?.^^:^/'"»V«". -"^ fl^'ne. equally to both pole., and the &Dtrm£r ?h^r '''^'•^-'',?'/["''^*^ 2,ft of March, and the 2,ft of «alled fianr tI rii'"'-'"''^ u''*"'''' '^V*^ P««» of t"irty degree] each. Seeilr ",,,]* ^^,'" 'Vi'^ '""'^ interfeaion of the ecliptic wuii teM ofXr'* ^'•<: """"^^'^'Iftpn^ weft to eaft. The names ar J char.der. ters of the figns. with the month, in which the fun enters them .are as follow. : Latin names of the figns. 1 Arie. 2 Taurui 3 Gemini 4 Cancer 5 Leo 6 Virgo 7 Libra 8 Scorpio 9 Sagittarius loCapricornu* 1 1 Aouarius 12 Piices finglifh names. The Ram The Bull The Twint T.ie Crab The Lion The Virgin The Scales The Scorpion The Archer T he Goat The Water-Bearer The Fifties Charac- Months in which the ters. fun enters them. u m SI H 0mnf H March May Juno July Auguff September Oftot ir NoT^embcf Dccc.nber January February ^t^ft'} ^^^^^ "'"^'l' 'J^"' '^'*'^" P**"^"*^ ^« t^"^ ecliptic, at the diftance tt2tnrf^'n',''r'^ H' ""^K'^' ^P-^^' '^^ girdle^ncluded betwee^ thefc two parallels, fixteen degrees broad, and divi^d in the middle by the called the z!i^r^ '^''^''" '' *^ '''^'** °^ *" ^^"^ P^'"*''* ''^'^ ^« ^^7^"^"'^ /^j.^!°r'^°". ''/eprcfented on ♦heartificial globe by a broad wooden circle, dividing it into upper and lower hemispheres. There are geographically fpeakmg, two horizons. the»^/. and the ranoJ. The fenhole horizon IS that circle which limits our profpeft ; where the &y and the land or water appear to meet. The rational or r^al horizon! jsacircic whofc plane paffes through the centre of the earth, dividing 5 into upper and lower hemifpheres. ""wing « 4.J!l^^'''l?'"i' '^''''^'^ .'"'° f"."'- quarters, and each quarter into oc '.S;^rvir 'y'^T''"'"y.'''"'V (^l^-) eaft. weft, north and fouth, *he ^*' f ^^'l^f/-'^^-'- The poles of the horizon .re the zenith and IhlZ : r^^ ""T" '^.^P°'"' '^"'^ ^'^"O"'- heads; the Jattcr the point dircmy under our feet. » <- 4«^ v.* f.tn rr'*^ '^' '''^".''* "- ^'^° '"="'^^'" ^'"-« ^-hich divide the globs Uitp four quarters. Tncy arc called <»/,m. to diftinguiih them W othet av^cl the earth pf r- fun feo^is to d the Ecliptic, looa happcni. It makes an tppofitc parti tncr of ^thcfo lolcs, and the lei when the the 2ift of r/r«/equinox# legrecs each, ecliptic with rdchar-dcrf rcasfollovvi: in which the iters them. larch prii lajr ino "% uguiT :ptcmbcr ftol ;r OT^ember ccc.nbcr nuarjr ibruarjr ! the diftance icd bctwec» liddlc by the inetSj and it 5 by a broad res. There he rational, where the :al horizon^ dividing it er into 90 and fouth^ zenith and ; the latter ; the globs them froi» other ARTIFICIALGLOBE. f other meridians. Thev both pafs through the poles of the world, and wncottncm through the euuinoai;.: points Aries and ^bra ; the other through the follhtial points Capricorn and Cancc* : The former » cnUca the equinoftjal, the latter the follUtial colure. ^^ Tropics.] The trouics arc two circles drawn parallel to the equator, at the dKtance of 23", 30' on each fide of it. Thcfe circles form the Hmit. ot the ecliptic, or the fun's declination fron the equator. That which as in the northern tiemifphere, is called the trooic of Cancer, bccaufe it touches the cclipuc in th ; fujn Cancer ; and that in the fouthem hemif- phcre, IS called thetrooic orCapricorn. bccaufe it to.chf» the ecliptic ia the fign Capricorn. On the 21 it of June the fun is in Cancer, and we have the longcft day. On the 2 1 ft of December the fun is in Capricorn, and we have the (horteft 'ay. They am called tropics, from the greek word TaEP5, to turn, bccaufe when the fun arrives at them, he rcturnt again to the equator. Polar Circles.] T' - two polar circles arc defcribed round the poles of the earth atthe d.ftanc; of 23^ 30'. Tht northern is called the Arctic ttrcU^trom Arilos, or the bear, a conftcllation fituatcd near that phceia the heavens ; tht fouthem, being oppofitc to the former, is called the Jn^ tara,c ctrcle.— The polar circles bound the places where the fun fets daily, iscyond them the fun revolves without fetting. Zoner.] The tropics and polar circles, divide the globe into ilvc parti, called ^^f'S^^.T'' ^'=^- ?"«= »°f"^» two temperate, and two firigid zones. Ihe TorndZone, 47 degrees broad, is bounded by tiie tropics, and divid- ed in the middle by the cqudtor. It is called the torrid or burninjf zone bccaufe the fun being always over fome part of it, makes it extremely hot. liach of the Temperate Zones is 43 degrees in breadth. The one which lies between the tropic of cancer and the ardic circle, Ts called xhe north temperate zone; and the other, lying between the tropic of Capricorn and the antardic circle, is called the fouth temperate zone. 1 he mildnefs of the weather in thefe fpaces, which are between the extremes of heat and •old, has acquired to them the name oi fmperate zones, ♦u7'***^** '^"^. ^°""' ^oc«"e^ «i" account of the extreme cold of thoie regions, are included between the polar circles and the poles. Each or them is 23° 30' broad. Chmates.Yj&y a number of other circles, drawn parallel to the equafor, nt««ar:h]if divided into climates. ^ *» i\ :./m -j^ isa tra^ rf the earth's furface, included between the equator '^.'T'^ '^^^^^^Z^""^-' or l^t^een two parallels of fuch a breadth, a, that the Icngtu of the day in the one. be half an hour longer than in the other. \Vithm the polkr circles, however, the breadth of a circle is fuch that the length of a ^ay, or the time of the fun's continuance above the Horizon without fetting. is a month longer in une parallel, as you pro- ceed northerly, than in the other. » J V^ Under the equator, the day is always twelve hours Ion?. The day. gradually mcreafe in length as you advance either north or fouth from * »u^'^?"i°''' ^}^ ^P^S'^ between the equator, and a parallel line drawn atthediftaflceof SO 25' where the days are twelve hours and a half long, 18 called the firft climate ; and by conceiving parallels drawn in ^i« manner, at the iacrcafc of every half hour, it will be foaad that there arc I '01' ARTIFICIAL GLOBE. 11 are twenty-fonr climates between the equator and each of the polar circles. Forty-eight in the whole. Under the polar circles, the lon^eft day is twenty-four hours. The fun* when at the tropics, flcims the horizOn without fetting. As you nd- vance from the polar circles to trie poles, the fun continues above the horizon for days, weeks and months, in a conftant increafe until yoii. ari-ive at the poles; where the fun is fix months above the horizon j and the whole year may be faid to confift of but one day and one night. There are thirty climates between the equator and either poke Irt- the iirft twenty-four, between the equator and each polar circle, the peri- od of increafe for every climate is half an hour. In the other fix, be- tween the polar circles and either pole, the period of increafe tor each climate is a month. Thefe climates continually decreafe in breadth as you proceed from the equator, as may be leea by attending to the following table. I 3 4 I 7 9 ic J; I. 13 '4 15 16 17 18 1 1 2f. 2J 2r 2 2- a; 21 27 H. ^ Hi 16 20 20I 211 22^ 22 i I 2^^ 2C 3^' .24' inont!, '. do. 3 6 J7 '9 '3 m. as as 50 25 28 22 29 01 00 27 37 29 5^ 18 25 22 06 49 21 47 06 20 28 31 21 48 37 TABLE. Names of countries and remarkable places, fituatedin th« refpedive climates, north of the equator. \ Within the firft climate lie. 1 The Gold coaft In Africa, Cayenne and Surinam In S, Amer* 2 Abyfinia, Siam, Madras, Darien, Barbadoc3. 3 Mecca, Bengal, Canton, Mexico, Jamaica, Guudclupe. 4 Egypt, Delhi, Canary Ifles, E. Florida, Havanna. 5 Gibraltar, Jerufalem, Nanking, Georgia and Carolinaa. 6 Llfbon, Madrid, Afia-Minor, Virginia, Maryland, Philadel. 7 Rome, Conllantinople, Cafpian Sea, New-England. 8 Paris, Vienna, Nova-Scotia, Newfoundland, Canada* 9 London, Flanders, Prague, Drefden, Cracow, ^o Dublin, Warfaw, Holland, Hanover, Labrador. U Edinburgh, Copenhagen, Mofcow. tz Soutli Part of Swederii Siberia. 1 3 Orkney Iflcs, Stockholm. 14. Bergen in Norway, Peterlburgh In RuHiiU 15 Hudfon's Straits. '6 South Part of Weft Greenland. '7 Drontheim in Norway. i8 Part of Finland in RuiTia. '9 Archangel on the White-Sea. RufH^. 10 Hecla in Iceland. .:i Northern Parts of Ruflla and Siberia* a New-North Wales in N. America. 21 Davis's Straits in ditto. 27 7.8 Samoicda. South Pcjt of Lapland. Weft Greenland. Zemble Auftralis. Vprrshln P.:!V -■•lis 29 Spitib;igen, or E, Greenland. 30 Unlcnown. ^ Liit/'iuik.^ The latitude of a place is Its diftance from the equator, north or (aut^r. The gn ateft' latituik is tliit df the golesj which ai« ninety degrees dUlaut from the C'-.uat.jr, The Th2 eh tudeof th rett in tli the north your dift? Longitude meridian, places eaf weft long geographi mile. Bi proach ne It is obyic equator to of longitu fls is ev'iJc Shewing t Degrees of latitude. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q 10 I I 12 13 H 15 16 18 19 "ir-. 21 22 23 of the po!g? ■s. The fun. As you ad- :s above the fe until yoix Drizon j and ; night. ;r poke In- cle, the peri- >ther fix, be- afc tor each I breadth as ding to the atedin thd or. n In S. Amer# uudelupe. nna. Carolinas, ijPhiladd. igland. , Canada* )r. rth or {outTr» lut from rhe The Th2 Cicvati ARTIFICIAL GLOBE* on of the pole above the horizon, is always equal to the lati- tudeof tnc place ; for to a perfon fituated on the equator, both poles will rdt in the horizon. If you travel one, two or more degrees north, the north pole will rife one. two or more degrees, and will keep pace with your diftance from the equator. Lougiiudr.) Every place on the furface of the earth has its meridian. The Lon^^:t!,de of a place, is the diftance of its meridian from fome other fixed rr,eridian, meiifured on the equator. Longitude is either eaft or weih All places eaft of the fixed or firft meridian, are in eafl longitude ; all weft, in we« longitude. On the equator, a degree of longitude is equal to {ixty geographical miles j and of courfc, ,? minute on the equator is equal to a nnle. ^ J3ut as alj the meridians cut the equator at right angles, iuid ap- proacn nearer and nearer to each other, until at laft tliev crofb at i| poles. It IS obvious diat the degrees of longitude will leflln a's vou t;o loin the equator to eitftcr pole ; fo that in thefixtieth degree of latitude, a degree ot longitude IS but thirty miles, or half as long a. a degree on the equator ; fls IS evident from the following table. ^ ^ e, . , , A T A B L F, onewing the nuniberof miles contained hi a degree of longitude in each _^____^^^^^ parallel of latitude from the equator. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO 1 1 12 ^3 14 15 16 18 \l 21 22 23 cr. 60th pan ofa mile. 59 56 59 54 59 52 59 59 50 46 59 40 59 37 59 24 59 10 59 00 5^- 52 5f 40 28 5^ 12 5^ 00 5; 40 57 20 5; 4 56 56 55 55: 44 •24 00 36 12 "■3 '^. 41 u~, ■0 00 4C 8 39 20 3'^ 22 37 44 ^6 00 08 J5 26 3'! 24 ' J 32 ^6 OJ ■a 40 48 00 CO C4 oS 12 16 20 74 2y 32 i2 70 72 73 74 75 20 iq ih »7 16 '5 76 14 77 78 79 80 81 S2 13 12 1 1 10 09 08 ^3 |o7 84 86 «7 88 S9 50 of ■>4 "\3 02 01 00 O U- \o c 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 28 24 20 20 20 12 12 12 12 04. 04 00 Ji I '//.t Aun<'j^JtJC>x% 19 ARTIFICIAL GLOBE; ■ :^ I N: The Atmofphere.'\ The earth 18 furrounded by a thin, invifible fluid j compof^d of a mixture of falinc, fulphurious, watery, earthy, and fpiritu- oas particles, riling to the diftance of between forty-five and fifty mile» from the earth's furfacc. This fluid is called the atmafphere. Experiment has fhewn, that this atmofphere is eflbntial to animal and vegetable life. It is a neceflary vehicle of found; and without it few things would be vifible, excepting thofe upon which the rays of the fun fall in a diredl line between the fun and the eye : But the rays of light, falling on the par- ticles which compofe the atmofphere, are thence reflefted in every direc- tion ; in this way day-light is produced, even when the whole heaufpherc is covered with clouds. ^ Win(k^ Wind is air put in motion ; the fwifter this mbtion, and the more d(pre the air, the greater will be the force of the wind. If it be foft and gentle, it is called a breeze ; if frefli and violent, a gale ; if the gale be attended with rain and hail, it is called a ftorm. . As the air is a fluid, its natural fiate is rcfl-» which it always endeavours to keep, or re- cover by an univerfal equilibrium of all its parts. Whenever, therefore, this equilibrium is deftroyed by the rarefaftion of the air in particular parts, which renders it lighter in thofe parts than in others, there necef- \xv\y follows a motion of alJ the furrounding air towards thefc rarifi- ed parts, to reftore the equilibrium ; this motion is called 'wind. The velocity of the wind ^n a ftorm has been afcertained by Philofophers, and found to be about fixty miles an hour. Tides.'\ By tide is meant the regular ebbmg and ffowfng of the lea twice in twenty-four hours. The caufe of the tides, is the attraftion of the fun and moon, but chiefly of the latter. The waters of the immenfe ocean, as it were, forgetful of their natural reft, rife and roll in tides» obfequious to the ftrong attra^live power of the moon, and the weaker infiuenceof the fun. The moon in one revolution round the earth ia twenty-four hours, produces two tides; of courfe there are as many ebbs. Thefe tides, ncceflTarily following the moon'« motion, flow from caft to weft. This conftant agitation of the waters of the ocean, together with their faltnefs, are wifely ordained by the Creator to preferve them from putrefadion. Cloudsi] Clouds are nothing but a colleftion of vapours, exhaled from the earth by the attra(J^ive influence of the fun, fufpended aloft in the air, and foaring on the wings of the wind. They are elevated from a quar- ter of i« mile to a mile from the earth, according to their denfity, and that of the air. Ec/i/fes.] An eclipfe is a total or partial privation of the Tight of the fua or moon. When the moon paffcs between the earth and the fun, the ray* of the fun are in part intercepted, and the fun is faid to be in ecliple. "When the earth intervenes between the fun and moon, the moon, having nd light of her own, appears dark or duflcy ; and, as we fay, fhe iseclipfcd. An eclipfe of il'.e lun ru"ver nappcn* out a i mw moon ^ nor one oi tnc moon but wlicn ihc it fuU» GEOGRAPHY. ( QKO VX as ( Geogrs or particu Thegl called terr the other t Th The I. Into is a large hending fe doms. T contiguoui not entire There are eaflern anc continent i Afia and , North and II. IJlam of land ent ter ; as Rh Great-Briti land, Bon III. Tern almoft an i fl'rrcunded one narrov Morea, Cri vifible fluid j , and fpiritu- id fifty mile» Experiment egetable life, gs would be I a diredl line ; on the par- every direc- Ic heaufphere tioRj and the nd. If it be gale ; if the is the air is a keep, or re- er, therefore, in particular there necef- i thefc rarifi- tuind. The 3fophers> and " the iea twice adlion of the the immenfe roll in tides» 1 the weaker the earth ia IS many ebbs, from eaft to together with 'Q them from exhaled from oft in the air, from a quar- fity, and that jht of the fu» fun, the ray* )e in cclipfe. noon, having he is eclipfcd. kcr one Qi tuC JRAPHY. ^«-Us--_js. ^^09^^^^^ ^ O ><><>c><><>>=><>o<><><>c^ O $2a^ nwr ^Sfe^i^i^^ •w^ -r^ GEOGRAPHY. GEOGRAPHY is a fcience dcfcribing die furface of the earth as divided into land and water. Geography is either univerfal, as it relates to the earth in general ; or particular y as it relates to any fingle part. The globe of the earth is made up of land and water, and is therefore called terraqueous. About one fourth of the furface of the globe is land; the other three fourths are water. The common divifions of the land and water are as follows : The divifions of land are, I. Into Continents. '\ A continent is a large traft of land, compre- hending feveral countries and king- doms. Thefe countries, &c. are contiguous to each other, and are not entirely feparated by water. There are but two continents, the *ajiern and nucjlcrn. The eaftern continent is divided into Europe, Afia and Africa ; the weftern into North and South nmerica. II. IJlands.'] An ifland is a traft of land entirely furrounded by wa- ter ; as Rhode Ifland, Hifpaniola, Great-Britain, Ireland, New-Zea- land, Borneo, Japan, &c III. Penif?/ulas.\ A peninfula is almoft an ifland, or a traft of land A."rrcunded by water, excepting at one narrow neck; as Boflon, the Morea, Crim Tartary and Arabia, ly. The divifions of water are, I. Into Oceans.] An ocean is s vaft eoUeftion of water, not entire- ly feparated by land, and divides one contment from the other. There are three great oceans. The Jt~ lantic, lying between America and Europe, three thoufand miles wide. The Pacific^ lying between Afia and America, ten thoufand miles over. The Indian-Ocean y lying be- tween Africa and the Eall Indies, three thoufand miles wide. II. Lakes. \ A lake is a large col- leftion of water in the heart of a country furrounded by land. Moft of them, however, have a river iflii- ing from them, which falls into the ocean ; as Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, &c. A fmall colleaion of water, furrounded as above, is called a pond. lU. Seas.] A fca or gulf is a part of the ocean, furrounded by- land excepting a narrow pafs, called a ftraitj bv which it conim'ink'at?" with the ocean ; as the Mediter- ranean, Baltic and Red Seas ; and the gulfsof Mexico, St. Lawrence and Venice, IV. ii 12 GEOGRAPHY. y IV. IJlhmriJpsA An ifthmin is a narrow neck of Janci joining a |x^- ninfulato the main land ; a;.tiieilUi- nuisof Darien, which joino North ^nd South America ; and theilU-.- nuis of Seviz, which unites Afia and Africa. V. Promef/tories.] A promontory is a mountain or hill extending into the fea, the extremity of which is called a cape. A point of fiat land projerting far into thefcais likewife called a cape ; as Cape Ann, Cape Cod, Cape Hatteras. Vr. Mottntains, Hilts, 8cc, need »o defcription, P^ Sh-aiif.] A ftrnit is a nar- row paffnge out of one fen into another ; as the fcraits of Gibral- tar, joining the Mediterrattean to the Atlantic ; the Straits of Babelman- del,. which unite the Red Sea with tiie Indian Ocean. V. Bays.] A bay is a part of the fca running up into the main land, commonly oet^veen two capes j as Mairachnfetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod ; Delaware Bay, l)etvvccn Cape May and Cape Henlopcn ; Chefapcek Day, hcfa-eeq Cape Charles and Cape Henry. VI. Ri-vcrs.] A River is a con- fiderable (Iream of water, ifluing fronr. one or more fprings, and gliding into the fea. A fmall ilream is called a rivulet or brook* ilf/7/i.] Amapis^a plain figure rcprefentin^ the furfaceof the eafth, or a part of it, according to the laws of perfpeftive. On the m.-^p of any traft of country, are delineated its mountains, rivers, lakes, towns. Sec. in their proper magnitudes and fituations. Tlie top of a map is always north, the bottom fouth, the right fide eaft, and the left fide weft, From the top to the bottom are drawn meridians, or lines of longitude ; md from fide to fiJc the parallels of latitude. D I S C O V E R Y of A M E R I C A. IT is believed by many, and not without fome rcafon, that America was known to the ancients. Of this, however, hifcory affords no cer- tain evidence. Whatever difcoverics may liave been made in this wefteri^ world, by Madoc G^vinneth, the Carthaginians and others, are loft to mankind. The ealtern continent was the only theatre of hiftory from the creation of the world to the year of our Lord 1492. ChristophfkCol u Mil us, a native of Genoa, has dcfervec-ytliehonor of having lirft ciiicovrred America. From a longandclofc application to_ the iludy of geography and navigation, for wliich his genius was naturally inclined, Coiumhus had obtained a knowledge of ^he true figure of the earth, much fupcriortjo the general notion? oi the age in which he lived. In order th;U tlie tfTraqueous globe might he properly balanced, and tlic lan.lsand f-aM-roportioned to each other, he was led to conceive that ,..<, .a',. QtUn '*'^C^^r r.'A tr\ IapIi that this cnniinent was connc(J"ieJ with the Eail: Indies. Asearlv ns the v<-ar 1+74, he commutiicatcd his ingenious theory to Paul, a ph) .ician of Fiofcncej ciuinent fur his kriowlcdgc of cofmog;aphy He DISCOVERY 0/ AM%V.IC A. '5 rnit IS a nnr- one fen into t9 of Gibral- •rrartean to the of Babel man- Red Sea with is a part of nto the main cen two capes j between Cape d ; Delaware /lav and Cape : Bay, bcriveen ipc Henrf. liver is a con- water, ifluine; I fprings, and 'H. A fmall I let or brook* •of the earth,! he m.-^p of any 9, towns, 8lC.\ nap is always I I weft, From I ngitudc ; md| C A. that America I Fords no cer- in this wcfternj srs, are loft toj ' hiftory froml ec.y the honor! application tol was naturally : figure pf the iiich he lived, iced, and tlic conceive that uii to believe ious theory to cofmoe:aphy. lie He warmly approved it, ftigcreftcd fevcral fa^s in confirmation of it, and encouraged Coluinhii;; in an undertaking fo Juud'ibl:,and which pron)if>.d fo much benefit to the y/orM. Having fully fatisficd hirnfelf with refjjeijl to the truth of lii,s fyflem, he became impatient to reduce it to pradice. /fhe iirit itep towards this, was to fecnre the patronage of feme of the Euro'pe.m powers. Accordingly he laid his fcheme before the fenate a -^^ l^ionda and the Bahama inaiids. to the Eu ropL o ft^.^^^^^ AmerKan coall to Newfoundland ; thenci winds. It i^^' W 7/:nile^^:^;rf„ ^°" t?'^' ^'''t ""'"'' '''' '^^'^ diftance increafes as vL^ oc d no hvvarT 'n" ^^."/h^nUb^tes. The about 40 or CO mile. x^\dZ\TrT I u ' T'^ ''''^^^ "^ ^'"= ^^^^am is ty tliret n^ile^.n o^rl?' fr u'ft ^^e north, audits common rapidi. more rapid, ^^ndddvcXl^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^'•^^^'"' ^^"^''" '^ a contrary efFeft °'''^ ' northwefl and welt wind, have Ocf:t:i;^l;;^,5^^-\^7ri-> «-ch^ongthe Pacific -iles. Theheigl^tofChimWo he moft'T'%"! ^^■'S'^^.^^"' ^^-'^^ chain of mountains, is 20 280 T.'- In '"'"x^"'^ ^'°'"^ '" ^^'^ '^^^ othermountaininthe Wnvvodd * '" ^'°° ^*^'' ^"^^^^ '^^^'^ -"/ name of the J//.^^,.. M.JZ'ntr, a I , ?'" "■"^"'" '^^^ S^'^^^i ridi,^es under diflrentnamr^^ ^" manv Inokea j^W.^andthe^/C^JS^^^^^^ Georgia. The by the Gulf of Mexico. ItXsTerconlc> ' ^u ''T*r''''P''^ inands were formerly united wJhea^ho?^ ^^'^/'''* ?" ^^^^^ ^"^"^'^ continent, conne^ing Crth a 5 s> '^^^ ^^^ - ^''' ''^ '''^ jointed fituation is fu^pS to hi.; hi ^"Ir""'". J^'''' ^''^'^^ ^^^^ It is well known tha?t e prodl' »-'^ve%roduced oriltb:;an(iS:s;^^i^i:ls-«^^^^t^^^^ exaggerated atleaft one half r]^f.t f' ^?''''''^'^ '''^t this account .. r-,MuIattoes,and&al!oy:;^-^^-"K^^^ ^r^^'^;^i^^^ ^'^ J"^i--^ America, nnddle of the eyebrows. They nve itrle M ^ '''" ^^^T^^^^'"" to the and bending towards the Upper Jin Thi ^"'\'y^'' ^ thin nofe. Amll turescoarfeT the ears large S^rVml^l, r'"''"',"^" '^'•"^*" > tl^« ^'^'•'- lank and coarfe. ThefrlSs f,„n^l f V ''''' ^"^'^ ^-^'^v Mack. ftrait.of a copper col r.ndln '•"''", '''^"^"^^' the bodv tail, not fitted for ^Ij. Er 7 i" S^^ ^f ^ "^T? '''' '"^^'^ ^"^ o^vmg to . cudom among themof,tlHn^T; \?^^ '"'^ *^"'^^ '^^^^'^• countenances, atfirit vievv appe r , ? • ^^. ^'"'^ '''''''' '' l^^^^' i^^a>eaion, they difco^ S^" i^f J ?^ '""^^^t. but upon a critical are dextrous with their hn.. Ud frr'u f "^^r"' '"'^ ^""^"- '^^^<>^' - ■' ■■• ' -- " ■ '^^^'^'''' 5 ">nd of adorninjr themfelves ears and nofcs. In { cover prittcipal employ id flicUs about tl umincrthey go almoil naked H themfelves with the/kins of be.-.ft itir necks, and plates in tl :ioir '■' r^kcn in ; out in winter thei hunti ■mpnf 'fi —••-o ■-.■..;! jn uuntin";, w lie mnt. I hey many ^.mc» torture thcir^mifone C P "^h is their *rs in tl moft le i'', J .r 18 DESCRIPTION */ AIVIERICA. Jiion mocking and niel manner; generally fcalp them, and (hmetiinrfs broil and eat them. A gaut part of the Aborigines of America are LTof* JUoIatcrs. and worflnp the fun. moon, and Itars. !t is the opinion of m my Jcarnt-d men, lupportcd by fovcral well eftablilhed fafts, that tlw *nclian.s o America arcremaino of the ten tribe.sof Ifratl, and timt they- cajnc to tilts eoiit.ncnt in the manner hsrcafjer mentioned. oocitv'rinongfavagcsis extremeiv rude, 'ihe improvement of tiis falcnts whien naturfe has given them; is- of courfe, pruportion^bly frtall. AMstne genuisof a favav^e to aft from the impulie of prelent pailion. 1 hey Jkuo neither forcfight nor difpofition to form complicated arrang- muus with refpea to tneir future condud. This, however, is not to &t •icruxM to anv ocfeft m their natural genius, btrt to their ftate of focjety, %1'liicJi a.rord3 few cbjecls for the difplay either of their literary or politi- ca a!),iit,cs. Jn ad iheir warlike enterprizes tliey are led by perfuafion. J heir ociety allov/i ot no corr^pullion. What civilized nations enforce •pon their fui)jeas by compuifory meafures, they effed b^ tlieireloquence ; ft.Mce the foundation of thofc mnHerly ftrokes of oratory, which have neen exhibited at their treaties -, fomc of which equal the molt finifhed piece's that have been produced by the moll eminent ancient or modera orators. . As a fpecimcn, take the following from Mr. JefFerfon's notes on Vir- ginia. * 1 may challvn-ethe whole orations of Demoflhenes and Cicero^, anu ot anymore emintjut orator, if Europe has furniflied more eminent, to produce a hngle paffjge. fuperior to the fpeech of Logan, a Min?o f hier, to Loru Dunmore, when governor of this ftate. And, as a teiti- rnony of their talents in this line, I beg leave to introduce it, firit Hating m incidents neceflary for underftanding it. In the fpring of the year 1774, a rob K-ry and murder were committed on an inhabitant .of th« Xront^ers of Virginia, by two Indians of the Shawanec tribe. The neigh- bouring whites, according to their cuftom, undertook to punlfli this out- rage in a furnmary way. Col. Crefap, a man infamous f6r the many •nurders he had committed on thofc much-injured people, Cv^lleded aparty, «nd proceeded down the Kanhaway in queft of vengeance. Unfortunate- ly a canoe of women and children, with one man only, was feen coming ifom the oppofite Ihore, unarmed, and unfufpefting an holtile attack from tjtc whites. Crefap and his party concealed themfelves on the bank of the river, and the moment the canoe reached the fhore, fingled out their ohjcfts, and at one fire, killed every perfon in It. This happened to be thehiraily of Logan, who had long been diftinguifhed as a friend of the v-hites. ^ This luiworthy return provoked his vengeance. He according- ly hgn zed himfelf in the war which enfued. In the autumn of the Jame year, a dcciilve buttle was fought at the mouth of the Great Kanha- vay, between the collcfted forces of the Shawanees, Mingoes, and Dela- j-ares, and a detachment of the Virginia militia. The Indians were de- feated, and fued for peace. Logan however difdained to be feen among t.ie fuppliants. _ Eut, left the fincerity of a treatv ftiould be dlftruftcd^ jcom which lodiftinfTiiiHipH a rVuVf s.Kf.r>«-^rl h;r>,rJc u^ r,...u.. „ /r-_ ^•er the following fpeech to be delivered to Lord Dunmore. " I appeal to any white man to.fay, if ever he entered Logan's cabia J,un2ry, andhc^aye him ngt raeat; if ever he came told and ft^ed, and he n^. id (hmetiiTTtrs: ^rica are grofs. e opinion oF ifts, that the- md that they rment of tlis onabJy frftall. elent pallion. •ated arrang- , is not to Ivi. te of focjcty, ary or politi- ly perfuafion. lions enforce ireloquence ; , which have inoit finifhed t or modera lotes on Vir- s and Cicero^, ore eminent, m, a Mineo d, as a telti- :, firit Hating of the year itant .of th« The neigh- lifli this out- ir the many ided a party ^ Jnfortunate- feen coming attack from the bank of led out their )pened to be riend of the e according- umn of the rreat Kanha- , and Dela- ms were de- feen among )e dillrultcd^ „. „ /r igan's cabia , j^i^cd, and he r^ESCRIPTTON ./ AMERICA. ,, hf clothed him net. During the conrfc of ,hc h\\ long r-nd bloody war Logan remamai ,dle m h.s cabin., an .dvocr.te for pen?., fu- h wn,T; bve for the whites, that my countryman pointed as thcM' pulTcd in 1 (W "Logan .St .friend of white m.n> I ifad even tho -.ftTo 'h"' h d wuh you but for the mjunes of one m.n. -Col. Crta/p, the lall fp in., m cold blood, and Hnprovoked, rnunU-.red all the rt lationi of Looan no fpnnn^cven my women and children. 'Jhcre runs not a droj "of m< blood m the ve.ns o( any l.vpig creature. This called on me fn revenue. I have fought K : I have killed many : I have fullv glutted m-tC geance. l f.vage infenfibibty. but more to their exalted ideas of military gforv. and their rude notmns of future hnpp.nefs, which thev believe thev ih.ilfnr. feit by the leaft mam ellatjon of f-ar. or iinealincls. under thciVlufterin,.,. rhey are fincere ,n their fnendlhips, bi^t bitter and d^ ter.nin.J in thfir reientments. and often purfue tharcnemiesfevcrrJ hundud nules throuch the woods, furmounting every difficulty, in order to be revenged. In their public councils they obferye the gr.areft decorum. In the Ibrcmoil rank fit the old men who arc thecounfellors, then the warriors, and next the women and children. As they keep no records, it is the h.fin'^fs of the women to notice every thing that paffes. to i:T>prinr it on their mnno- lies, and tell it to their children. 1 hey are, in fnort, the records cf x\^e council ; and with furpr.^ing exai^nefs.preferve the airirlations of tre.-' ties entered into a hundred years bade. Their kindnefs aTui hofnit,!,;. IS fcarcely equalled by any civilized nation. Their nohtenefs in Jonv^iv fution IS even carried to excefs.fince it does not .How them to cont^;^;^ any thing that ,s afierted m their prefence. Jn ihort there anncars h be much truth in Dr. Franklin's obfcrvation, " Vve call the.nav-..s ]J- enule their manners differ fVoni ours, which we think the pertedion of tivihty; they think the fame of theirs." ^ Th. fi,ji p.oplw f 4mn-ka:] Jt has Ion {; hern a oneninn \n^-.^^ th^ turicus, howAmenca was lirlt pecyled. Varion^^ l-vc '-e-i ilv. tl -r ^ jind fpeculations of ingenious men open this fu'.jca. Dr. RoI.ertH"!^* Im Recapitulated ai.d canvailed the moll probable of thefc theories, and I. That America was not peopled by any nntion f om the anriait er.r,. tinent, w.iich had made any confide-ablc progrefs in civii;-/iTi„n • !.--'''« when America was firl} dif;;overed, its ini,abi?anu. wnv en.rc.alnrH whh the neceflary arts of life, whicl; are the firft oihy. .f tl 'h:^±X^l^:' j^-ard improvement; and if they h:.d ever Ix^n ac^uainu-d' wl*thrhem' f)i inflance with the plow, the loom, and the for,^./ ti:cir ur=htv -vm M have been fo great and obvicu.. that at i. impoHihic thy ^lould h^;; . bcea * Hiil. America. V«I. I. Page 22, !• DESCRIPTION e/^AMERICA, been left. T hcrefore the anccftors of the firft fettlers in Amrrica vver0 ^'^TT^'^A^^ -1'V^ unacquainted with the nccfllary arts oflife. IJ. Amenta could not have bct:n {)eo|^ltd by nnv cole ny from the more loikJiern, nations of the ancient continent ; bcc;uifc none ,.f thr rude trihea ^ , "5- ' P'^^'*'^''^^''^^^ cntcrprize, ingenuity, or power lutlicitnt to under- take uch a»dill.ant vo> age : but more cfpcJially, bccaufe, tiiat in all Ame- rica there IS not aft animal, tame or wild, which properly belongs Co the warm, or temperate countries of the ealtcrn continent. "'Jhe firlt care of the .Spaniards,, when they fettled in America, was to ilock it with all the g^omeltic animals *" Europe.; ^I'he tiill fettlers of Viri^inia and New- iingland, brought ove. with them, horfes, cattle, ilieep", &c. JUcnce it IS obvious that tlie people who f.rft fettled in America, did not originate from 4hofc countries where thcfe animals abound, oihcrwife, having been accuffomed to tbeir aid.-they would have fuppofed ihcm ncceilary to the jmprovciiicnr, and even fupport of civil fociety. • u 'u ^r"'^^ ^^^^ anim.ili in the northern regions of America correfpond with thofe found in Euronc in the fame latitudes, whik thofe in the tro- -pical regions, are indigenous, and widely different from thofe wiiich in- habit the corrcfponding regions on the taltern continent, it is more than jirobaoie iliatall the original American animals were of thofe kinds which inhabit northern regions only, and that the two continents, towards the northern extremity,, are fo nearly united as that thefe animals might pafi from ope to the other. IV. It haying been eitablilhed beyond a doubt, by the difcoveries of Capt, Cook in his lall voyage, that at kawjiath, in about latitude 66*-' north, the continents of Apa and America are feparatedby a ftrait ofr/j i Bmilei M-ide,^and tiiat the inhabitants on each continent are fimilar, and fre- quently pafs and repafs in canoes from one continent to the other ; frorn thcfe and other circumftances it is rendered highly probable that Amc-i rica vyas firit peopled irom the northeall parts of Afia. But fince the Elquimaux Indians are manifeftly a fcparate fpecies of men, dilHnit from all the nations of the Anieriean Continent, in language, in difpofition, an^ m habits of life ; and in all thefe refpefts bear a near refeniblance to tile northern Europeans, it is believed that the Efquimaux Indians emi- grated from the north weft parts of Europe. Several circumftances con- r rin this belief. As early as the ninth century the Norwegians difcovered Greenland, and planted colonies there. The communication with that I touiUry, aftiT long interruption, was renewed in the laft century. Some I.iitlieran nnd Moravian miilionaries, prompted by zeal for propagating the ClirilHan faith, have ventured to fettle in this frozen region. Erom l!iem we learn, that the north weft coaft of Greenland is feparated from America, but by a very narrow ftrait, if feparated at all ; and that the Esquimaux of America perfedly refemble the Greenlanders in their af- pcil, dref , mode of living, and probably language. By thefe decifne faifJs,, not ov.ly the confanguinity of the Efquimaux and'Greenlanders is Cii.iohihtH], but rhc pofijbilitv of peoDlinp" America from tb.r* r.rirtb, ivs " parts of Europe. On the whole it appears rational to conclude, that tj protjenitors of all the Americaa nations, from Cape Horn to the foutheral limii.i of Labrador, from thefimihiritv of their afpe*^, color, ^'''.c. migra- ted from the north eaft parts of Alia; andjhat the nations that inhabit! Eabrador. Discovery aud Settlement of North America. ti reenlanders is Lahrador, Efciuimaux.and the parts adjacent, from their unlikcncrs it> the relt of the American nations, r.nd their refeniblance to the northern Europeans, came ov.r from the north well parts of Europe. Having given a fummary account of America in general; (jf itr firft diicovery by Columhus. us extent, rivers, mountains, &c. of the Abori. gines. and of the firlt | eophng this continent, we fhall next tuui our at- tention to rhe difcovery and fcttlcment of North America. A Summary account of the firfi D,ficovEHiE3 7;,^Settlements ./ rsoRTH America, anangedin cbromlogUul order. ' VTORTH AMERICA was difcovered in the reign of Henry VII i> a .period when the Art^j and Scien6es had made very confrderabli progrefs in Europe. Many of the firft adventurers were inen of geniu! and learning and were careful to preferve authentic records of fSch of their proceedings as would be intererting to pofteri'y. Ihefe records afford ample documents for American hiltorians. Perhaps no people on the globe, can trace the hiflory of their origin and progrefs with fo much precifion, as the inhabitants of North America ; particularly that part of them who inhabit the territoiy of the United States. The fame which Columbus had acquired by his firft difcoverics on thi, . . A ^'^""."5°"!^"^"^' ^F^ad through Europe, and infpired many with 1496 *J^[P'";;.f enterprise. As early as ,496, four^ cars only after . on ^S '? la Roche to conquer Cana- er<^cl and entered a river which he called May river. It is more than probable that this river is the fanie which wc now call vSt. Mary's, which forms a part of the fouthern boundary of the United States. As he coafted north- ward he difcovered eight other rivers, one of which he called Port Roy- al, and iailcd up it fcveral leagues. On one ofthe rivers he built a fort and calJcd it C/6/-z;Zy, in which he left a colony untler the dire(^ticn of Captain Albert. Ilie feverity of Albert's meafures excited a J564 mutiny in which, to the ruin of the colony, he was flain. Two years after, Chatillon fent Rene Lr.udonier with three uiips to Florida, In June he arrived at the river Mrrj, on which he built a fort> ;!nd, in honor to his icing, Charles IX. hccallcd Carolina. In Augnft, this year, Capt. Ribalt arrived at Florida the fecond time^ with a fleet of feven vellels to recruit the colony, which, two years before* he had left under the diret^iion of the unfortunate Capt. Albert. The September following, Pedro Melandes, with fix Spanifh fhips» piirfued Ribalt up the river on which he had fettled, and overpowering; him in numbers, cruelly maflacred him and his whole company. Melen- des, having in this way taken pofTeirion ofthe country, built three forts> and left them garrifoned with 1200 foldicrs.. Laudonier and his colo- ny on May River, receiving information of tiae fate of Ribalt, took thfe alarm and efcaped to France. 1 567.] A fleet of three Ihips'was tliis year fent from France to Floridjt, under the command of Dominique de Gourges. The objeift of this ex- pedition, was to difpolfefs the Spaniards of tliat part of Florida which they had cruelly and unjuftitiably fcizcd three years before. He 1568 arrived on the coaft of Florida, April 1568, .ind foon after made a fuccefsful * . upon the forts. The recent cruelty of Melende& and his company excited revenge in the breaft of Gourges, and roufed the unjuftifiable principle of retaliation. He took the forts ; put mod of the Spaniards to the fword ; and having burned and demolifhed all their fortrefles, returned to France. During the ^o years next after this events the French enterprized no fettlements in America. 1576.] Capt. Frobifher was fent this year, to find out a north weft pafTage to the Eaft-lndies. The firft land which he made on the coaft was a Cape, which, in honor to the queen, he called .'^^/^w Elizabeth's Fore land. In coafting northerly he difcovered the itraits which bear his name. He profecuted his fearch for a pafl'age into the wellern ocean till lie was pre- sented by the ice, and then returned to England. /579'] I" J5'79» ^''" Humphry G"bert obtained a patent from queca JJIizabeth, for lands not yet poHofTed by any ClirilHan prince, provided lie would take poiieflion within fix years. With this encourage- ij;83 ment he failed for America, ami on the ift of Auguft 1583, an- chored in Conception Bay. Afterward lu* difcovered and took yo^^^jQlj^ ujf S;. John's Harbour, and tlic country fouth. In purfuing hi& Uifcorerick i;}' li a+ ^»scovE*y ^^/Settlemekt 0/ North Ambhica. difcoveries he loft one of his fliips on the fhoals of Sablon, and on his return home, a ftorm overtook him, in which he was unfortunately luft,- and the intended fettlement was prevented. • ♦^ \^!'^'^ Jmu y^^'},T ^f:'T "^^'^ S'"^"^^^ ^y q^^en Elizabeth, ono to Adrian Gilbert, (Feb. 6.) the other to Sir Walter Raleigh, for land* not poffeffed by any Chnfhan prince, By the direftion of Sir Walter, two (bips were fitted and fent out. under the command of Phih'p Amidas, and Arthur Barlovi^. In July they arrived on tlie coaft, and anchored in a harbour feven leagues weft of the Roanoke. On the inh of Tulv they, in a formal manner, took poffeffion of the country, and, in honor of their virgm queen Eh^nbeth, they called it Hrgi^ia. Till this time the country was known by the general name of Florida, After this Virgi- nia became the common name for all North America. 1585.] The next year, Sir Walter Raleigh fent Sir Richard Greens illd to America, v/ith feven fhips. He arrived at Wococon Harbour in June. Having ftatiooed a colony of more than a hundred people at Roanoke, under the direftion of Capt. Ralph Lane, he coafted northeafterly as far as Lhefapeex Bay. and returned to England. The co.onv under Capt. Lane, endured extteme harddiips, and mult have periOied, had not Sir Francis Drake fortunately returned to Vir- ginia and earned them to England, .fter having made feveral conqueft* for the queen in the Weft Indies and ot.ier places. A fortnight after„Sir Richard Greenville arrived with neu^ recruits < and, although he did not find the colony which he had before left and knew not but they had perilhed, he had the rafhnefs to leave co men at •the fame place. ■* ^ 1587.] The year following, Sir Waiter fent another company to Vir- ginia under Governor White, with a charter and twelve alfiftants. In July he arrived at Roanoke. Not one of the fecond company remained. He determined, however, to rifque a third colony. Accordingly he left 1 1 5" people at the old fettlement, and returned to England. Thisyear (Aug. n) Manteo was baptized in Virginia. He was flie iirlt native Indian who received that ordinance in that part of America. On the 1 8th of Auguft. Mrs. Dare was delivered of a daughter, whom (he called Virginia. She was the firft EngliOi child that was born in North America. 1590.] In the year i^-go. Governor White came over to Virginia withfupplies and recruits for his colony ; but, to his ereat ericf. not a man was to be found. They had all miferably famiflied with hunger, or were mailacred by the Indians. 1602.] Inthefpring of thisyear, Bartholomew Gofnold, with u perfons, made a voyage to North Virginia, and difcovered and gave names to Cape Cod. Martha's Vineyard, and Elifabeth Iflar.ds, and to Dover Clifl. Elifabeth Illand was the place which they fixed for theirfirft fettlement. But the courage of thofe who were to have tarried, falHnp-. they all went on board and returned to England. All the attempts to fet- ♦Irt true r^rinfirton* o.Ua.^L __.-. 1 .. i .1 -r-v « »^ - / ' •"' ^--.t.nv..-:. wiiiv.,! ucrc "iuuc uy mc i^utcn, i*rcncii, and Engiiih fromits difoovery to the prefcnt time, a period of no years, proved in- effeftual. 1 he Spamards only, of all the European nations, had been Juccelstul. Iher&isno account of there huving been one Europeaa family. ginia. iflands. Bay; tl 25', w they loa Barth third CO ing touc Bay, wh unfortur returned Franc the edi(? (April I was indi king fig f 1604 o 1 1605.^ difcovere river in 1 in his Ch latitude, ried with ^ 1606.] nia into ti and 41ft c the name The north of North north latii colonies h, putes abov hundred n thefe gram covered bj Both th within the be mentioi Mr. Pie the Londoi vered Fowl pany fent C lony in N( %et and ca J, and on his "tunately luft,- lizabeth, one jh, for land* Sir Walter, lilip Amidas, I anchoriad in jth of Julyj 1, in honor of' this time the this ViRGi- rd Green\ illd bourin June< at Roanoke, afterly as far 'Sj and muft rned to Vir-* :ral conqueftg ?W recruits j fore left and e 50 men at pariy to Vif-' Ififtants. In ly remained* lingly he left He was flig of America* hter, whom at was born to Virginia grief, not a I hunger, oif d, with 32 ;d and gave rids, and to for their firft ied, failing, cmptsto fet- md Engilih , proved in- S had been e Europeaa family. DiscoriRT W Settlement ./Nohth America. 2y Tamily, at this time, in all the vaft extent of coaft from Florida to Green- 1603 ] Martin Pring and Wifliam Brown, were this j-ear fentbv Sir W alter Ra cigh, with two fmall veifels, to make dif.overies in North Vi gjma They came upon the coaft which was broken w 'a multkndr of iflands, m latitude 43° 30' north. They coafted fouthwa 1 \TcTo7cnA Bay; thence round the Cape into a commodious harbou n Sde^?^ y^^ ^''! ^^^y ^^"' ^^'^'-^ and tarried feven weeks du4n^ wh^f rf they loaded one of th^ir vcObU wJrh f^^fr-A- . ^7'^^' auang which time 4rtholomew Gib; t;ir^ovat to^^^ returned to England, third colony which had C leffi hy^tZ^'^t^' t::l:\ '" king figned a patent in favor of De Mons, (1603) of all the ^-^^^ ,6ox of "J 'v' ^""tl"'^'' ^^'^ degreesofnoUlatkide under the name 1604 of JcaJ,a. The next year J> Mons ranged the coaft fromT Lawrence to Cape Sable, and fo round to Cape Cod dif ov7r;d b%& G^; ^''°^^'^ ^^'l^ ^"/ P^"'^-ft Harbor wen: rvcrTnlLu^de^^^^^^^ ,^" May he entered a large river m latitude 43 20', variation 11" ic' weft,) which Mr Prinr^ in his Chronology, fuppofes muft have been Sagall^ok ; but fVom tTe latitude. It was more probably the Pifcatacua ctntW^ irom the ried with him to England five ^of the iS ^ ^'^'"^'"'^ '''' 1 606. J In the Spring of this year, James I. by patent, divided Virc^L and 41ft degrees of north latitude. This was Hvled the ^ /!/ ^i the name of Soud. Virginia, and was ,:.7:J^l^t{,{:'^^^^^^^ IfK.tv-' •'"''^ '^f ^"""'^ colony,\nd known by the general amJ of No th Virginia included all lands between the 38th and^4?th d-re"! north latitude, and was granted to the Plymouth Compan" . Each off hefe colonies had a council of thirteen men to govern thenu f o prcven d'f putes about territory the colonies xve re prohibited t; plant^wihin an .he London (<^„;«;;; :;;r„v:":uhT;Sor^^^ Lv in NoS V^ •"'' ^^t"""' !."■ ' "'^'^ "f fifty-live tons to plan, a co. , , ° 1607.-] n ifi Discovery -^-cfir:t town th.it was fettled by tlie Englilh in North Ame- rica. The June following Capt. Newport failed for England, leaving with the president one hundred and four perfons, Atiguj} 2Z.\ In Aviguft died Capt. Bartholomew Gofnold, the firft projector of this fettlement, and oae of the council. The following win- ter James-Town was burnt. During this time the Plymouth company fitted oat two Ihips under tha command of Admiral Rawley Gilbert. They failed for North Virginia on the 31ft of May, with one hundred planters, and Capt. George Popham for theirprefident. They arrived in Auguft and fettled about nine or ten leagues to the fouthward of the mouth of Sagadahok river. A great part of the colony, however diflieartened by the fc verity of the winter, re- turned to England in December, leaving their prefxdent Capt. Popham, with only forty-five picn. It was in the fall of this year that the famous Mr. Robinfon with part ©f his congregation, who afterwards fettled at Plymouth in New- Eng- land, removed from the North of England to Holland, to avoid the cruel- ties of perfecution, and for the fake of enjoying " purity of worlhip and liberty of confcience." This year a fmall company of merchants at Dieppe and St. Malo's, founded Quebec, or rather the colony which they fent, built a few hut. there which did not take die form of a town until the reign of Lewis XIV. 1608.} The Sagadahok colony fuffercd incredible hardlhips after tlw departureof their friends in December. In the depth of winter, which was extremely cold, their ftore-houfe caught fire and was confumed with moft of their provifions and lodgings. 1 heir misfortunes were increafed, foon after, by the derfth of their preiidcnt. Rawley Gilbert was appointed tofuccced him. Lord chief J uftlce Popham made every exertion to keep this colony I •live by repeatedly fending them fupplies. But the circumftance of his death, which happened this year, together with that of prefident Gilbert's- being called to England to fettle his affairs, broke up the colony, and they all returned with him to England. The unfavorable reports which thefefirft unfortunate adventurers pro- pagated refpefting the country, prevented any further attempts to fettle] iviorth Virginia for feveral years after. i6oq.l The I,ondon company, laftyear, fent Capt. Nelfon with two fhipi j «nd one hunc'rrd and twenty pcrions, to James-Town ; and this year C^pt.j John Smith, afterwards prefident, arrived on the coaft of South Virginia, •and by failing up a number of the rivers, difcovered the interior country. [ In September Capt. Newport arrived v,-ith fcvcnty perfons, which ia- crcafcd the colony to two hundred fouls. Lie A. ftopher New- 26th of April to the moft it dill retains. fOi the year, fcttlement on ?own. ^J hisis North Ame- for England, ►Id, the firft [lowing win- ips under tha arth Virginia orge Popham It nine or ten ;r. A great le winter, re- ipt. Popham, )n with part n New-Eng- aid the cruel- worftiip and St. Malo's, a few hut. gn of Lewis lips after the inter, which nfumed with :re increafed, 'as appointed 5 this- colony I ftance of hi$ ient Gilbert's- 1 colony, and nturers pro- pts to fettle I 'ith two fhipi I is year C^pt. ith Virginia,! rior country. I which itt* Discovery <7«^ Settlement 0/* North Amirica. tj Mr. Robinfon and his congregation, who had ftttled at Amfterdam, removed this year to Leydcn, where they remained more tlvm elovcn years, till a part of them came over to New Englard. The council for South Virginia, havincr rcfljr.ct' \hi\r oM commlffion, Tcquettcd and obtained a new one ; in coiiTeqiience ot which they appoint- ed Sir Thomas Weft, Loi^d De la War, gc-ncral of tlie colony ; Sir Tho- inas Gates, hi:; lieutenant ; Sir Cerge Somcrs Admiral ; Sir Thomas Dale high marlbal ; Sir Ferdinand Wainman general of the horfe, andCapt. Newport vice admiral. Juffe 8.] In June Sir T. Gates, admiral Newport, and Sir Gccrgc Somers, with fevea fhips and a ketch and pinnace, having fiv : hundred fouls onboard, men women and children, failed from Falmouth for 7"b' 24»!1 '^'t^"th Virginia. In croffing the Bahama Gulf, on the 24th July, the fleet was overtaken by a violent liorm andfeparated. Four days after, Sir George Somers ran hisveflel afiiore on one of the Bermudas Ulands, which, from this circumttance, have been called the Somer lilands. The people on board, one hundred and fifty in num- ber, all got (d^e on (hore, and there remained until the following May.' ^ he remainder of the fleet arrived at Virginia in Auguft. The colony- was now increafed to five hundred men. Capt. Smith, then prefident, a little before the arrival of the fleet, had been very badly burnt by means of fome powder which had accidentally caught fire. This unfortu- nate circumflance, together with the oppolition he met with from thofe- who had lately arrived, induced him to leave the colony and reiurn to England, which he accordingly did the laft of September. Francis Weft, his fucceflbr in office, foon followed him, and George Piercy was elefted ' prefident. r6io.] The year following, the South Virginia or London company, fcaled a patent to Lord De la War, conftituting him Governor andCapr- tajn General of South Virginia. He foon after embarked for America with Capt. Argal and one hundred and fifty men, in thrc^ fhips. The unfortunate people, who, the year before, had been iliipwrecked ion the Bermudas Illands, had employed themfelves during the winter and i fpring, under the direaion of Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, and admiral Newport, in building a floop to tranfport themfches to the conti- nent. They embarked for Virginia on the 1 oth of May, with aboiit one ' hundred and fifty perfons on board, leaving two of their men behind, who chofe toftay,and landed at James-Town on the 23d of the fame month. Finding the colony, which at the time of Capt. Smith's departure, con- fiftedoffive hundred fouls, now reduced to fixty, and thofe kw in a dif- trefled and wretched fituation, tliey with one voice refolvcd to return to Engjand ; and for this purpofe, on the 7th of June, the whole colony * repaired on board their vefiels, broke up the fettlemenf, and failed down the river on their way to their native country-. Fortunately, Lord De la War, who had embarked for James-Towri the Marcli )ief)re, met them the day after they failed and perfuaded thtjm ' to return with him to James-Town, ^vh.!re they arrived and landed the loth of June. The gov Lord De'la War. From ernment of the colony of right, devolved upon ''-■ time we may date theeftertual fcttlement of lyfe, I Virginia. Its hiftcry from this period, will be givca ia it* proper place A« 38 Discovery <7»laware on both fides the river, which they called Nenv SiKvdelaud Stream. On this river they built leve/al forts, and made fettlements. 1628.] On the 19th of March 1628, t'le council for Nevx'-Englajid fold to Sir Henry Rofwcll, and five others, a large traf^V cf land, lying round Maflachufetts Bay. The June following, Capt. John Endicot, with his wife and company, came over and fettled at Naumkeag, now- called Salem. This was the firft Englifh fettlement which v.as made in Massachusetts Bay. Plymouth indeed vv^hich is now included in the Commonwealth of Maflfacliufetts, was fettled eight years before, but at this time it was a fcparate colony, under a diuinct governinent, and continued fonmtil the fecond charter of MaiTachufetts was granted by William and Mary in 1691 ; by which Plymouth, the Province of Main and Sagadahok were annexed to Mafiachufetts. Ju7tc 13, 1633.] In the reign of Charles the firft. Lord Baltimore, a: Roman CathoUc, apj)lied for and obtained a grant of a trad of land upon m I 50 nrsCOVERY /Wa'SETTLEMBNT #/ NoRTH AmIR1»*. jipon Chcfapeck Bay, nbout one hundred and fortv miles long and one htindrcd and thirty broad. Soon afnT this, in confeqiitnce of the rigor oiihc. lnw«of Kndand a;;ninrt the Roman Catholics, Lord Raltirnore, yvith a number of his porfccutcd Im-thrcn, t.nnic over and fettled if, and in honor of cjurcn Hrnrirtra Maria, they oiled it Maryland. I'hc firfl grant of Conni-aicnt was made by Robert, Earl of Warwick, prcfidintofti)ea)uncilofriymoutli, to Lord Say and Seal, to 1631 l.nrinrook and others, in the year 1631. In confcquence of fc\'cral fmallor grants made afterwards by the patentees to particu- lar perfons, Mr. Kenvvick made a fettlement at the mouth of Con- 1635 m-aicut river, and called it Sajhmk, Four years after a num- ber of pronle from Maflachufetts Bay came and began fettlements atllartford, VVether.sfield and Windfor on Connedicut river. Thus commenced the Englifti fettlement of Con nb en cut. Rhode rihind was ^n-ii fettled in confequencc of religious perfecution. Mr. Rorrr Williams, who was among thofe who early came over to ^Maflachufetts.not agreeing with fomc of his brethren in fentiment, was very unjuftifiably baniOied the colony, and went with twelveothers, l6?5 his adherents, and fettled at Providence in 1635. From tJ»is be- ginning arofe thecolonv, now ftate of Rhode-Island. 1664.] On the 20* of March, 1664, Charles the fecond granted to ! the Duke of York, what is nowcalled New-Jersey, then a part of a large trad of country by the name of New-Netherland. Some parts of New- jerfev were fettled by the Dutch as early as about 1 6 f c. 1662.] In the year 1662, Charles the fecond granted to Edward, Earl of Clarendon and feven others, jlmoft the whole territory of the three South- ern States, North and South Carolinas and Georgia. Two years 1664 after he granted a fecond charter enlarging their boundaries, rhc proprietors, by virtue of authority, veiled in th«m by their char- trr, engagrd Mr. l.orkc to frame a fyftem of laws for the government of their intended colony. Notwithftanding thefe preparations, no 1669 effeftual fettlement was made untill the year 1 669, (though one was attempted in 1667) when Governor Sayle came over with a colo- nv and fixed on a neck of land between Alh'ley and Cooper Rivws. Ihus commenced the fetttlement of Carolina, which then included the whole territory between the 29th and 36th ^o' degrees north lati- tude, together with the Bahama Iflands, lying betweem latitude 22° and 27*' north. I 168 1.] 71ie Royal charter for Pennfylvania was granted to William Venn on the j.th Maioh 1681. the firft colony came over the »6S2 next year and fettled under the proprietor, William Penn, who arted as Governor from Odober 1682, to Auguft 1684. The of the prck-nt populous and very flourifhingSTATE of Pennsvlvan;V.' ^ 1 he proprietory government in Carolina, was attended with fo many inconvt-niencies, and occafioned fuch violentdilTentions among the fcttlers, that ihe^ Parliament of Great-Britain was induced to take the province under tTjcir immediate can!. T\\t proprietors (except Lord Granville) accepted DiicovBRT *»i SiTTLiMENT a/' North America. ^j accepted of X.22,^00 ftcrling, from the c-own for the property and jurif- didion. 1 his dgrecinent was r tified by aft ot Parliament in 1729 1729. A claufe m this aft refervcd to Lord Granvifle his eighth fhareofthe property and arrears of cj^uit-rcnts, which continued legally vetted in his family 'till the revolution in 1776. Lord Granville'* fliare, made apart of the prefent ftate of North-Carolina. About the year 1729, the extenfive territory belonging to the proprietors, was divid- ed into North and Soath Carolinas. 'J hey remained feparate royal go- Tcrnments untill they became indejicndent States. For the relief of poor indigent people of Great- Britain and Ireland, and for the fecurity of Carolina, a projeft was formed for planting a co- lony between the rivers Savannah and Alalamaha. Accordingly applica- tion being made to King George the fecond, hciflued letters patent, 1732 bearing date June 9th, 1 732, for legally carrying into execution the benevolent plan. In honor of the king, who greatly encour- aged the plan, they called the new province Georgia.. Twenty-one truilees were appointed to condaft the affairs relating to the fettlement of the province. The November following one hundred and fifteen perfons-, one of whom was General Oglethorpe, embarked for Georgia, wher«? they arrived, and landed at Yamacraw. In exploring the country, they found an elevated pleafant fpot of ground on the bank of a naviga- ble river, upon which they marked out a town, and from the Indran name of the river which pafled bv it, called it Savannah. From this period we may date the fettlement otGeoRG i a. 1654.J Kentucky was firft difcovered by James Macbrlde, and fome *n6Q ^^'^*^'"^ "''^^ ^^^ *" company with him, in the year 1 754. CoL ' ^ Daniel Boon explored it m 1769. .^773'] *our years after Col. Boon and his family, with five other fa^ milies who were joined by forty men from Powle's valley, began th* fettlement of Kentucky, which is now one of the mort growing colo- nies, perhaps, in the world, and will doubtlefs be erefted into an inde- pendent ftate, as foon as the new government ihall have been properly organized. The traft of country called Vermont, before the late war, wasclaim«- cd both by New- York and New-HampOiire. When hoftilities commen- ced between Great-Britain and her Colonies, the inhabitants confidcring themfclves as in a ftate of nature, and not within any legal jurifdiftion, aflbciated and formed for themfelves a conftitution of civil government. Under this conftitution, they have ever fince continued to exercile all the. powers of an independent State. Although Vermont has not been ad- mitted into union with the other ftates, nor her jurifdiftion acknow- ledged to be legal by the ftate of New-York, yet we may venture to date her political exiftence as a ft^parate government, from the 1777 year 1777, becaufe, fince that time, Vermont has to all intents and puroofes been a fovereip-n and indmpndenf St?,te. The extenfive trad of country lying north'weft of the Ohio River withm the limits of the United States, was ereded into a feparate tempera- g.g. »•>' government by an Ordinance of Congrefs paffed the rsth of ' ' July, 1787. Tliw I feavc given » fummary >i«w ff the fyrft difcovcrici andprogrcf- five ' s» DiscoVsrV and Settlement of North America, |tj' five fettlement of North America in their cronological order. — The fdl- lowing recapitulation will comprehend the whole in one view. Names of places, Quebec, Virginia, New-foundland, New- York, ) Ncw-Jerfey, ) Plymouth, 'New-Hampfhirc, Delaware, ) Pennfylvania, ) Maflachufetts Bay, Maryland, When fettled. By nvhom. 1608 By the French. June 10, 1609 By Lord De la War. June, 1610 By Governor John Guy. about 1 614 By the Dutch. f. By part of Mr. Roblnfon's congre* I ' gation. ^ By a fmall Engllfti colony near the Connecticut, Rhode-Iiland, New-Jerfey, South-Carolina, Pennfylvania, Korih-Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Vermont, Territory N. W. of Ohio river. mouth of Pifcataqua river. 1627 By the Swedes and Fins. 1628 By Capt. John Endicot and company. 1633 By Lord Baltimore, with a colony of Roman Catholics. r By Mr. Fenwick, at Saybrook, near '^^ the mouth of Connecticut river. ^ By Mr. Roger Williams and his per- *^^ fee u ted brethren. Granted to the Duke of '^ork by -^ Charles II. and made a di.tinft go- * "^ vernment, and fettled fome time loefore this by the Englilh. 1 669 By Governor Saylc. ,0 By WHliam Penn, with a colony of '68* ^Quakers. , o Ere(ited into a feparate government about 1728 f^^^j^^ ;,gf.^,^^ ^^, ^j^g Englilh. 1732 By General Oglethorpe. 17^3 By Col. Daniel Boon. By emigrants from Connefticut and '^^^ other parts of New-England. 1787 By the Ohio and other companies. The above dates are from the periods, when the firft permanent fettle mcnts were made. North-America comprehends all that part of the weftern continent which lies north of the Ifthmus of Darien. This vad extent of country, is divided between Spain, Great-Britain, and the Thirteen United States. Spain claims all the land weft of the Milfiflippi, and eaft and well Florida. According to the treaty of 1783, all the country north of the northern boundary of the United States, and call of the river St. Croix, belongs to Great- Britain. ^The remaining part is the territory of the Thirteen United ^d Indefende^Sitattit Hi II -r ERICA, !er.— The fol- w. I a ) \ ly* jfon's congre* Dlony near the I river. IS. and company, ith a colony of ay brook, near ifticut river. IS and his per- ! of Vorlc by e a dixtinft go- led fome time nglifli. h a colony of j ; government, Engliih. e. >nnefticut am England. companies. raanent fettle- tern continent :nt of country, United States. i well Florida, t the northern ix, belongs to ^hirleen Unitei .#. m |ir| 3,i.»>: 5a DlSCOVlRf flJ?^ StTTLEMENT o/" NoRTIl AMERICA, I" 11 five fcttlemei Ipvving rcca{ i' ■«n*ME&: # w — • SCO ^ 3 B, • -." td Jh QjQl 3« io i^'H.g |cr 3 „ a rt c 3 2 1— /-> n, b» JiSS;. ^^TT-;- "-is-" U/iited 1 « a a .# ^fefe )IVl- ( n ) \ 0> M vj vj .^ O O <-" Wi tM vO O O c« « ^* tj O O ^ -i «i < rc-ozi*!-,' I t'Q. r • CO 0> ky% OO jM^i Cr oo O O 1-1 OO O C M (*) ro M M t' j:' -'^^ ip ^ ^ o o - - 1 £ lAj (aj p -^ to H 1^ - ^ "„ ^ "^3 ;^ O O ONLn O VO O i^ CO o o o o O >^ w Oo 00 Oi. e w a n" =» 2 ?* j^? §2. * 3 ■« Q. -^ |^ o 1^ n> <; i-M o O -J "» . a o c o - 3 t: • C c ■^1 t>0 -^i .J oj -1 4- -^ U) J* 5 ^ O *^ Co oo.fi c. II O ou (X WO) ^ CO Co K CO cr>^ 2 M P5 2: 2; ;> 2:^2 > — —. — L. Thirteen Hniferf States ly- »ng along the fea coaH from north eaii to fouti. 00 - NJ (O 00 1- ~ o o w 000 *- * « * U/tited hvi- O Iw VO Ur, vp' o C O ^< ^ O 0\ O C m 3 ^J - I -"J ^1 -M -^ -^ VJ v^ -J -» -Vl XJ -tj ^ ,£ nt • tt:-; 1^ '•"-o ^^r '-e,^ *i... ^i '^i »V/7 ■-'■f'vV '^"''/ii fe^>. -IJt 2K '"4^ ' >x>-" H'.JonS c .///«^ "i>' 'TiS^**' AT V ^^y- c.(...,:;,rt^^r l^:^'v_ji'y ^/ J} o M rj. ,011"' '/'iitinuiiiitf } >> Tier' ^« /jf "''-"/"^'W U tf'^..i |/V"V|.,j\,. iiV'^^ " GeupTieT* ..^"i^^i ;~.gjp4_ V" krfii"'''^ '^^y K ^. >3feri ii ^^ J R G i 'X c K r f N I A # lUpf Jiiuie.tH^ r) ?■ >l'tlAK\l ^- 'f/r'.-Airi-ri .1 .'iiirnrr, br Af.'rm 'i '^■'ri//i/\' , T rt\fa/ftt /o //it. n/, /lyiimtVMorwettf /fut/^fo/trf/firi'- rf iviiiii/ruit Ullf\ 7' KuifAiiof'f'iK vC'it/i'/'har/Ki VrUeU/r nM-rii\ :n j: w >"«■ 7 > ' l. jJ'^^^JiftriifiMi^^ J^AKK % V. ■^ fr I> o M L h-v* V- 4y 1 - xf"*" "/'flfi u\ % ^ kJo i^' V O U K » LAND X yjrf/!v\ %/>' 11^ } In a V V O Es: Sf/,im£.^~ /? ,;^',v ^ L-^"^ O F )tl(ig.ltll'' ,r,»^ ^^'Z"' ( ;W.""' ,«a»- t^ AV/^'' /' J r/^' Ric/tntvm/ L [.ouilbury ! I J^w r!r*t -y c^V ^^,X. X_ •f f/ ^j^^/.v,..,.. ■■■■< viM.' S ".^n.. .Wv\ rtw* 4P ll*'>• AT ^. \n '^. '(ir :'ce ..t!r A', •.!• //,•,•, /. ( 34 ) The UNITED STATES. mile J. SITUATION and EXTENT, ii Length '^50 1 3et,ye^„ r3i° and 46' North Latitude. Breadth 1040 J 1.8° E. and 24° W. Long, from Philadelphia. BomidariesA T ^ ^^^ treaty of peace, concluded in 1783, the limits of A the United States are thus defined. " And that all difputes which might arife in future on the fubjedof the boundaries of the laid United States may he prevented, it is hereb)^ agreed and declared, that the following are and (hall be their boundaries, viz. From the north weft angle of Nova-Scotia, viz. That angle which is formed by a line drawn due north from the fource of St. Croix River to the Highlands, along tlie faid Highlands, which divide thofe riversthat empty therafelves into the river St. Lawrence, from thofe which fallinto the Atlantic Ocean, to the north- wefternmoft head of Connefticut river ; thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude ; from thence by a line due weft on faid latitude, until it ftrikes the river Iroquois or Cataraquy ; thence along the middle of the faid river into Lake Ontario, through the middle 6f faid Lake, until it ftrikes the communication by water between that lake and Lake Erie ; thence along the middle of faid communication into Lake Erie, through the middle of faid lake, until it arrives at the water communication l)etween that lake and Lake Huron ; thence through the > liddle of faid lake to the water communication be- tween thatlake and Lake Superior; thence through Lake Superior north- ward of thelfles Royal and Phillipeaux to the Long Lake ; thence through the middle of faid Long Lake, and the water communication between it and the Lake of the Woods to the faid Lake of the Woods ; thence through the faid lake to the moft northweftcrn point thereof, and from thence, on a due weft courfe, to tiie River Miffiflippi ; thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of laid River Miffiflippi, until it fliall interfed the northernmoft part of the thirty-firft degree of north latitude. South, by a line to he drawn due eaft from the- determination of the line laft mentioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degrees north of the equator, to the middle of the River Apalachichola, or Catahouche ; thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the Flint River; thence ftrait to the he?d of St. Mary's River; and thence down along the middle of St. 3yiar)''s River to the Atlantic Ocean ; eaft, by a line to be drawn along the middle of the River St. Croix, from its mouth in the Bay of Fundy to its fource, and from its fource diredly north, to the aforefaid High- lands, which divide the rivers that fall into the Atlantic Ocean, from thofe which fall into the River St. Lawrence, comprehending all iflands within twenty leagues of any part of the ihores of the United States, and lying between lines to l>e drawn due eaft from the points where the aforefaid boundaries between Nova-Scotia on the one part, and Eaft-Florida on tlie other, Ihall refpedively touch the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic Ocean, excepting fuch iflands as now are, or heretofore have been, within the limitiof the faid province of Nova-Scotia," The folh Siaies. The t< of fquan Acres That] racy line and the 1 weft extri pi to the to the af( about foij Tob( Thew containin ceflion of transferre ing the c< ftates, wii lantic oce Ejiimate oj In lake Si Lake o Lake F Red lal Lake I\ Bay Pu Lake L Lake Si Lake E Sundry ftintate of In lake extended f of Pennfyl boundary 1 tory and th S'. delphlt, limits of I that all ies of the declared, the north by a line ighlands, lerafelves ic Ocean, nlong the )m thence )quois or Ontario, ration by lie of faid :, until it Huron ; ation be- iornorth- e through etween it s; thence and from ■ a line to I interfed South, line laft juator, to nee along e ftrait to Idle of St. wn along of Fundy lid High- rom thofe ds within and lying aforefaid 'lorida on Atlantic ;n, within The T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S. 3; n. /,/W^ cakulathm n^^ere made f,vm aBual meafnremeni of the hfl S^. ^ " ° ^ ^^ « " -r ^' H I N s, E/j^^ire, geographer /. the United ofS^;:n;lS inS^.'^^*" -tains hyco^putation a trillion ^ r» J r f 640,000,000 of acres. Dcdudt for water 51,000,000 Acres of land in the United States, 589,000,000 rarT^fn/'rp ^ ^'!.^U"l^*^^ States comprehended between the weft tempo- w/hfTT • Tc^^^^"''^"^^'^^^^' the boundary line between Britai a ancthe United States extending from the river St. Croix to the north- '^t^teTlff"^. ^'.'f^ of the Woods on the north, the river Miififfip- pi to the mouth of U^e Ohio on the weft, and the river Ohio on the foufh Sour fntTTT'^^?"'^^ of Pennfylvania, contains by computation aDout four hundred and eleven thoufand f(]uare miles, in which are n^j n r 265,040,000 acres. Dedua for water 43.040,000 To be difpofed of by order of Congrefs. 220,000,000 of acres. The whole of this immenfe extent of unappropriated weftern territory, t^ontaining, as above ftated, 220,000,000 of acres, has been, by the trfn°? a"^"" ff^. ''"'S'"^^ ^»"«een ftates, and by the treaty of peace, ransferred to the federal govtrnment, and is pledged as a fund for fink^ ^ig the contmental debt. It is in contemplation to divide it into new itates, with republican conftitutions fimilar to the old ftates near the At^ lantic ocean. Efimateofthenumher of acres of 'water, fmth and nvcjhvard of the river Ohio, luiihmtheterritorjofthe United ii tales. Acres. 21,952,780 1,133,800 165,200 551,000 10,368,000 1,216,000 5,009,920 89,500 2,252,800 '301,000 43,040,000 jlimte of the number of acres of 'water imthin the thirteen United States, In lake Erie, weftward of the line extended from the north-weft corner of Pennfylvania, due north to the boundary between the Briti/h terri- tory and the United States, . 4 1 o,ooe to In lake Superior, Lake of the Woods, Lake Rain, &c. Red lake. Lake Michigan, Bay Puan, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, Lake Erie, weftern part. Sundry fmall lakes and rivers. 36 Th E UNITED STATES. 1? J ■ Brought forward In like Ontario, Lake Champlain, Chefapeek bay, Albemarle bay, Delaware bay, All the rivers within the thirteen ftates including the Ohio, Brought forward, 410,000 2^390,000 500,000 1,700,000 330,000 630,000 43,040,603 2,000,000 Total, 7,96o,oo» 51,000,000 Lak^s find Riven. ] It mny in truth be faid, that no part of the world is fo well watered with fprings, rivulets, rivers, and lakes, as the territory of the United States. By means of thefe various ftreams and colledions of water, the whole country is checkered into iJlands and peninfulas. The United States, and indeed all parts of North America, feera to have been formed by nature for the moft intimate union. The facilities of na- vigation, render the cpnimunication betwefen the ports of Georgia and New-Hampiliirc, infinitely more expeditious and prafticable, than between thofe of Pi-ovence and Picardy in France ; Cornwall and Caithnefs, in Great-Britain; or Gallicia andCatalonia, in Spain. The canals propofed at South-Key, Sufquehannah, and Delaware, will open a communication from the Carolinas to the wcftern counties of Pennlylvania and New- York. The improvements of the Patomak, will give a paflage from the fouthern States, to the weftern parts of Virginia, Maryland, Pennfyl- Ta.ua,and even to the Lakes. From Detroit, on Lake Erie, to Alexan- dria, on the Patomak, fix hundred and feven miles, are but two carrying places, which together do not exceed the diftance of forty miles. The canals of Delaware and Chefapeek, will open the communication from South-Carolina to New-Jerfey, Delaware, the moft populous parts of Pennrylvania, and the midland corntiesof New-York. Thefe important works might be effecled, an accarate and well informed computer fuppofes, for two hundred thouAind guineas; and North-Amcricawctild thereby be converted into a clufter of large and fertile iflands, communicating with each other with eafe and little expencc, and in many inftances with- out the uncertainty or danger of the fea. ^ There is nothing in other parts of the globe, which refcmbles the pro- digious chain of lakes in this part of the worid. Thev may properly be termed inland feas of frefh water ; and even thofe of the fecond or third chfs in magnitude, are of larger circuit than the greatelT: lake in the eaftern continent. The beft account of thefe lakes that I have (ocn, is in Car- ver's Travels in North-America. This book is my authority for the de- fer! ptions which follow. The Lake of the Woods is fo called from the large quantities of wood growing on its banks ; fuch as oaks, pines, firs, fpruce, &c. This lake lies neariy eaft of the fouth end of Lake Winnepcek, and is thcfource or con- dwftor of one branch of the river Bourbon, Its length from cail to welt is about { Killiirino is the con Lake Siij- Rainy' an hiindr! Eaftwa the great little lake weft diffic: \ovagc fr Lake S ation, is f nent. It to be the French ch *hat if the hundred. ground. throughou remark, it during the yet on lett from thent the fame e: Thefitu have yet bi tude, and b nieridian pi There ai if proper fo Royal, whi forty broad Great Spiri Two ver northeaft fie Chipeways, Michipicooi whence thei into that ba Not far i the lake, hz than fix hur a white gart rivers, vvhici fizc Ontl miles in lenj of this cape, compofed of for the abun The UNI T K D S T A T E S. xSnorf 7 ""'^''' '"^ ■" ^°^ P^''^'" '» » f«rty miles X.UHhnoe Indians cncan.p on ifs l)«rdefs to filh and h 37 wide. The Eanu-ard of tlm lake. He feveral fmall ones which extend in aft ri';,^ ta it f Iv ' ''""T^ P'r- '"^"^ ^^^"^^'"^° Lake Superior Between thefe eft d Sr/T^'^'T"^? places, which render the trade mc„o«h to b; the krS hj; ^ Trl ^^' ^^'^^^" ofAmerica! and is fuppTd Fr. \ I ^- . h'^^y ""^ ^'^^ ^^te'" "n the globe. According to tii^ fClf ru"'': " a ^^^''^^ ^"/^'•^^ '"'^^^ ^" circumferenccY Carv "ippot vet of L„L I) ""' " impregnated with no fmall degree of warmth 'l"=*-p*ofabouiafathom,t1,e water drawn 'Hail.'SSL?'""''^ ™"'' '""' *" '^-inT" J' ^ ^'^''^" "^«'-' t^^^t. i"ft before it enter, thanl h^nV^P7'"'^r ^^^^ ^'" ^'■"'" the top of a mountain. ofnS a whit irti'1 r'"-. !'■' T^ ."'^^°"' and appears at a diftance like f-^rc if- ^"^P^l^-d m the air. There are upwards of thirty other fize On\trWf ° r^»^^' ^'T °^' ^^'^'^^ are of a confider We fize On the fouth fide of it is a remarkable point or cape of about fixt\r "f th s cat" ^f ; '"rf 'T 9J^eg?-gan. Xbout an 1. Jndred mik^weJ of this cape, a confidcrable river falls into the lake, the head of which is fTS^t^L" ^'^''f'^^^^^S^ offn^^n ftreams. This river is r ma kable for the abundance ofvirgm copper that is found on and ru^ar its bankst . Many WIH I 3« The united STATES. i i< ' Manj' fmall ifl;ind,«, particularly en the eaftern Ihorcs, abound with copper ore lying in beds, with the appearance of copperas. 'I'his metal might he eaiily made a very advaatagcous article ot'commerce, as it colts nothing oil the fpot, and requires but little cxpenee to get it on board boats or ca- ncx;s, in which it niiglit be conveyed through the tails of St. Marie to the Ifle of St. Jofeph, which lies at the bottom of theilraits near the entrance into Lake Huron, thence into Lake Ontario, from which it may be con- veyed l)y water into the Moiiawks river, except two portages, one of twen- ty yards and the other of about h mile ;down Mohawks river in the Hud- fon, except the port:ige at the Cohoes ; thence to New- York. Thecheat>. nefs and ca(c with which any quantity of the ore may be procured, will make up . for the diltance and expcnce of tranfportation. This lake a- honnds with fifh, particularly trout and ftiirgeon; the former weigh from tw'jlvc fo fifty pounds, and arc caught almoil any fcafon of the year in great plenty. Storms aiYed this lake as much as they i do the Atlantic Ocean; the waves run as high, and the navigation is equally dangerous. It difcharges its waters honi the fouth call corner through the Straits of St. Marie, which are about forty miles long. Near the upper end ofthefe Straits is a rapid, which, though it is inipoffiblefor canoes to afcend,yet, ■when condu* time, they gradually fell to their former b to a' thVt nG^ ^''"l °^ had completed this inexplicable reXion ' ' '" fi^^^^enyear. thcy rhe Chipcway Indians live fcatrercd around this lake : particular^ cherr£f " ^"'' """ ''' "^"'^ ''' ^^"-^ an>a.ing,,uantSfS Fr^'^nl^* S'"^'" ''•'' '^''"' ^''^ '""'y ^^^^-^^ i'^ke Huron and Lake Er e. and is about nuiety mile, in circumference. It receives th- u ater! WhL y™ apB each , i?fl«, '=*;l'«f " >"*=» '"ng. fmall and fpccklcd. •,rr,>f '°\'PP'°f" ". " flattens itfelf in a moment, and its foots which are ot various colours, become vilibly briehter throii»l, r7c^ ', r IS at prefent, contrary to the trcatir nf ■-», ;., 'yoft 'Niagara, vvluch government, as are 1ft of our Lrth ii ('crn ^J Zl"^ ""■'','"'■'' ft jjir y— i -J 40 The UNITEDSTATES. V 1 1 -^ m. . ii ing in t.ieir courfe, conftant accumulations, at length, with aaoniflifng grandeur, rulh down a (hipendous precipice of one hundred and fort/ Feet perpendicular ; and in a ftrong rapid, that extends to the dillance of eight or nine miles below, fall near as much more : the river then lofcs it- fcU in Lake Ontario. The noife of thefc falls, (called the Niagara Falls) in a clear day and fair wind, may be heard, between forty and hfty miles. When the water llrikes the bottom, it bounds to a great height in the air, occafioning a thick cloud of vapours, on which the fun, when heDiines, paints a beautiful rainbow. Lake Ontario isfituated between forty-three and forty-five degrees of latitude, and between one and four weft longitude. Its form is nearly oval. Its greatcft length is from fouthweft to northeaft, and its circum- ference about fix hundred miles. It abounds with fi(h of an excellent flavor, auong which are the Ofwego bafs, weighing three or four pounds. Near the foutheaft part, it receives the waters of the Ofwego river, and on the nortlieaftitdifchargesitfelf into the river Cataraqui, or as it is now- more commonly called, Iroquois. This river, at Montreal, takes the name of St. Lawrence, and palfing by Quebec, empties into the Gulf of the fame name. Lake Champlain is next in fizc to Lake Ontario, and lies nearly eaft from it, dividing the State of New- York from that of Vermont. It ii about eighty miles in length from north to fouth, and in its broadcft part, fourteen. It is well ftored with fifli, and the land on its borders, and on the banks of its rivers, are good. Crown Point and Ticonderoga, are fitu- atcd on the bank of this lake, near the fouthern part of it. Lake George lies fouth weft of Lake Champlain, and is about thirty- five miles long from northeaft to fouth weft, but narrow.— llie adjacent country is mountainous; the vallics are tolerably good. ' The MiniJippi is the great refervoir of the waters of the Ohio and Illi- nois, and their numerous branches from the eaft ; and of the MilTouriand other rivers from the v/eil. Thefe mighty ftreams j^nited, are borne dowa with increafing majefty, through vaft forefts anri meadows, and difcharged into the Gulf of Mexico. For an inge i^ous, beauti/ul and authentic de- fcription of this river, take the following, given by'M^.Hutchins, geo- grapher to the United States. The great Tength and uncommon depth of this river, and the exccffive muddinefs and falubrious quality ot its waters, after its jundinn with the MifTouri, aro very fingular.* The di- rection of the channel is fo crooked, that from New Orleans to the mouth oftheOhio, a diftance which does not exceed four hundred and fixty miles in a ftrait line, is about eight hundred and fifty-fix by water. It rnav be fhortened at leaft two hundred and fift) miles', by cutting acrofs eight or ten necks of l.-t'.d, fome of which are not thirty yards wide. Charlevoix relates that in the year 1722, at Point Coupee or Cut Point, the * /// a half pint tumhler of this 'water haf hcen fouud a fedimcnt ofttv inches offlime. It it, notivithJianJivg, extremely ivholcfoms and ^vcll tajied, und 'very coo! in tht^ hotieji feafons of the year ; the rozvcrs, nvl-o are there em- ployed, drink of it 'whiu they are in thcjirongcji perfpiratio'ty and nearer receive wy bad effeds from if. The inhabitants ofNeav Orleans nje 7ia other loater than that of the river, "xhich^ by being kept in jars ^ becomes perfSlly ckar^ the river nel of a f petuofity quality, 1 travellers Water in : new chan finding be In the i that with fatcn depth itv oi its the di- he mouth and lixtv ater. It rig acrof'i •ds wide. vt Point, the ftf oft'XV :ll )oJieJ, there e/n- 'er receive her uoater ckn, this truth becomes moreflrikiu'r Thebar. that crof^ moil of thefe fmall channels, opened by the currenT Iiave been multiphed by means of the trees carried down with the iheauK ' one of vyhich flopped by its root, or branches in a fnaliow par' UMi^ e-ienttoobftriiftthepairageof thoufands more, and tofix\S«t t dndtheMifTonn, Nvhich fingly would fupply the largelt city in Amcri.-i til th; " r^' T/'- ^^ ^"r^" ^"^^^ ^'^-S f-ffficientYor rfm^n . ' tht m the mnd carried down by tlie river ferves to Wnd and cem'^nc thera extends tneir length and breadth, but add, another layer to their heii^ht In lefs than ten years time, canes and flirubs grow on tiiem and fo m points and Hlands,wl«ch forcibly mi ft the li of the riVeT' ^ . . Nothin? 4^ I'M! UNITED STATES. 1 I' I it- Nothing can be aflTcrtcd with certainty, rcfpeding its length.. If* fcurce is not known, butfuppofed to be upwards ot' three tlioufand mile« from the fca as the river runs. We only know, that from bt. Anthony's falls, it glides with a pleafant clear ftrcani, and becomes comparatively narrow before its jundion with- the Miflburi, the muddy waters of which immediately difcolor the lower part of the river to the fea. Its rapidity, breadth, and other peculiarities then begin to give it the mr.jelHc appear- ance of the Miflburi, which affords a more extenfive navigation, and is a longer, broader and deeper river than the Miffifllppi, It is in fa6t, the principal river, contributing, raore to the coromfia llream than does the Milfifippi.even after its jmiftion with the Illinois. It has been afcend- cd by Freiich traders about twelve or thirteen hundred miles, and from the deptli of water, and breadth of the liver at that diltance, it appeared to be navigable many miles further. From the Milfouri river, to nearly eppoiite the Ohio,, the wcftcrn bank ©f the Mifiifiippi is (fome few places excepted) higher than the eaftern. From Mine au fcr, to the Ibbervillc, the eaftern bank is higher than th« weftern, on which there is not a fingle difcernible rifing or eminence, the diftance of feven hundred and fifty miles.. From the Ibberville to the fea, tlicrc are no eminences on cither fide, though the eaftern bank appears rather the higheft of the two, as far as the Englifh turn. Thence the banks gradually dimlnifti in height to the mouths of the river, wherq they arc not more than two or three feet higher than the common furfacc gf the water* The flime which the annual floods of the river Mifllffippi leaves on the fiirface of the adjacent ftiores, may be compared with that of the Nile,. which depoffts a fimilar manure, and for many centuries paft has infured the fertility of Egypt. When its banks fliall have been cultivated as the excellency of its foil and temperature of the climate defervc, its popu- lation will equal that of any other part of the world. The trade, wealth and power of America, will, at fome future period, depend, and perhaps centre apon the Miiiiffippi. This alfo refemblcs the Nile in the number of its mouths, all iifuing into a fca that may be compared to the Medi- terranean, which is bounded on the north and fouth by ths'two continents of Europe and Africa, as the Mexican bay is by North and South Ame- rica. The fmaller mouths of this river might be esfily ftoppcd up, by means of thofe floating trees with which the river, during the floods, is- always covered. Tl>e whole force of the channel being united, the only opening, then left would probably grow deep as well as the bar. Mr. Carver has travelled h'gher up this river, and appears to be bettec acquainted with its northern parts and fource, than any European or American, who has pubUihed his obfervations* He is my authority for what follows^ The falls of St. Anthony, in a^out latitude 44:° 30', received their name from Father Lewis Hennipin, a French niiffionary, who rravelkd' into thefe parts about the year one thoufand fix hundred and eighty, and was the firft European ever leen by the natives. The whole river, which' is more than two hundred and fifty yards wide, falls perpendicularly about thirty feet, and forms a moft pleafing cataraif^. The rapids below, in the render the dcfceiit confiderably greater ; f* th%t ngth.. 1^ fand mile« Anthony's iparativeljr s of which s rapidity, iic appcar- on, and is- 1 h6\, the I does the :n afccnd- and from appeared ilcrn bank c eaftern. ■ than th« lence, the to the fea, tk appears liente the er, wher? )n furface ;es on the the Nile,, js infured tivatcd as its popu- e, wealth d perhaps ; number le Medi- ontinents ith Anie- d up, by Hoods, is- the only be bettec ipean or lority for ed their rravellied' hty, and :r, which" :ly about IV, in the :ater; f* th«t Tn E U N I T E » S T A T E S: 41 th.it when viewed at a diftance, the^r appear to be much higher than thcv -really arc. In the middlfc of the falls is afmall iflaml, about forty feet brcmd, and fomewhat longer, on which grow a few cragged hemlock .ind fprucc trees ; and about halfway l)ctwetn this illand and the callcru fnorc, is a rock, lying at the very edge of the fall, in an oblie rapids above, from the attacks either of man or bcaft, ^ TheMiiTifiippi has never be<;n explorcdiii^her upilvan the riverSt. Fran- cis ; fo that we are obliged to the Indians, for all the intelligence relative 10 the more northern parts. Mr. Carver relates, that from the left accounts he could obtain from the Indians, together with h^s own obfervations, he had learned that th« four moft capital rivers on tlic continent of North America, viz. The Sr. Lawrence, the Miffiffippi, the river Bouri)on, and the Oregon, or the river of the Well, have their fources in the fame neighbourhood. The waters of t!'.e three former, are within thirty mile* of each other ; the latter is rather fartlier wd\. , This fhewsthatthefe part* are the highcft krnU m North America ; and it is an inftance not to be paralleled in the other three quarters of the gJob<*, that four rivers of fuch niagnitud-i fliould take their rife together, andench, after running feparate courfes.difcharge their watcre into diC ferent oceans, at the diibnce of more tlwn two thoufand miles from their ffiurces. For ia their pafLge from this fpot to the bay of St. Lawrence eail ; to the bay of Mexico, fouth ; to Hudfon's Bty, north; and to the ba-,' at the iiraits of Aiini:in, well; where the river Oregon is fuppofed t9 cmftj-, eacii of tbcrn travcrfes upwards of two thoufand miles. Mr. JeSerfon, whofe c?ftenfive and accurate information, ranks him a- mong the lira- authorities; in his nr.tes en Virginia, has given a defcriptioa of the river Oliio, and annexed fuch remarks on the fituation of the weft- em waters as will throw jrreat light on this part of our fubjeft, and may not be omitted, 1 lis obfcrvatians, together with thofe already made, will afford the reader a coinprehenllve and pretty complete view of the inter- na navigation of the Uiiited litaief ' The Ohio is ths moH: hcautif.il river into the Monou- l^ahela and Allegany. "^ TheMonon^aheia is four hundred yards wide at its mouth. Fron^" t licncc is twelve or fiftecii miles to the mouth of Vohoganv, where it is tnree hundred yards wide, ^ihence to Redllone by water is iiitv miles, by and tnirty. Then to t'le mouth of Cheat river bv water fort'y miles t>y Und tweaty-ei^hr, the width continuing at thrcc'huudred yards, and the the nav vards t IV inte feet ht in dry 1 fentirtf and led b!e in t tle.Kar ho^any nioiinta tired to ilrurted mountai to the 'I it. is agai tired yar Patomak fc^\h the on on th creek, at yards wii tlcrablc I mouth, ; higher. between ' boveits ii "I he A oatteaux dred yard IS a portaj '1 he CO flitutes fiv Cupied by the Gulf ( maining t! Before 1 pf their pr Hudfon's ] will pafs : Gi}Ifofi\] aird tedioui not fctHrn and other I an article i land or in ] the fiud/bn the countrv hio, and uj the trade w Thf united states. ountrv I)«- quiirtcr at nutchins^ 'S 1188 rto Lou- th of tho ( and ca- ndations Durin Slew Or. •ent will lirty feet lid rock, lich is a- r. The t courfo at, fo as Vti it is Londan? i ten or ;r over- s oppo- . The ^onon- From :re it is miles, miles, is, and the 45 the navigation -ood for boats. Thence t!;c u fdth is about two hundred vards tu the wd ern iork, Mty rnil.s lu.I.cr. arul ,l,e navigation f re! u n t Iv nitarnpted byrapus; which however wnh a fwell of two or three feet iTcomc very p.Uable for boats. It then ;.dauts linht boats, except Jn dry (^ixfon. lixcv-f.ve mile* further to the head of I'voari. vali;y n'c ^.tu.^ .„!y A.ne Andl rapid, and n.lls of on. or two i^t ^^^(J^ ^nd k:. nunir m its widthtu twentv yard.. The Wdlern fork U nav ca- Won. the wwncr ten ur hfteen n.iles towards tl:e northern of the kit- tle. Jvanhavyay. and will admit a good waggon road to it. 'IheVo ho^any 1, t!,c principal branch of this riv cr. Tt paffe. throuph the Laure' mountam. about thirty n.iles from it. mouth ; 'is (o far frc^ tWe hun: J red to one hundred and iifty yards wide, and the navigation rich oV ilruaed in dry weather by rapids and ihoais. In its pallagc th"ou^h the mmmtam it m.d.cs very great falls admitting no navigatif.n forten^m les to he I urkey foot. 'I hence to the great croiTing. about twen y m^k! n IS again navigable except in dry feafons. and u tlus plac.l is two h„n dred yards wide. The fources of this river are divided from hofe of th.^ Pa tomak by the Allegany mountain. Krom the fa-'s. where 1 inte ' feds the Laurel mountain, to Fort Cumberland, the head of the 1 av^at on on the Patomak, is forty miles of very mountainous road. Will C creek, at the mouth cf which was Fort Cumberland, is thfrtv orfonv yards wide, but aiTords no navigation a. yet. Cheat river, another conf^ dcrabic branch of the Monongahela. is'two hundred yards vvkle at i^ njOMth. and one hundred yards at the Dunkard's fottlemcnt. fifty mile higher. t IS navigable for boats. c::cept in dry feafons. The bounlrv be tvveen Virginia and Pcnnfylvaniacrofles it about three or four Sa^ uoveits mouth. "liics a- Th^* Allegany river, with a flight fwell. affords navigation for lio-hf ktteaux to V;enango at the mouth'of French creek, wherf 7s two ^n dred yards wide; and it is praftifed even toLc B«uf. from vvhei^e W IS a portage oi fifteen miles to Prefque Ifle on Lake ^^^j/"' ^^"«"^e th^"-* 1 he country watered by the MifTifllppi and its eallern branches con ftitutes ive-eighths of the United States; nvo of which fivLMghthsaWT ffS Km^-"'" "'\r^"^-' '^' -^'duaryllreamswh^ h rinto tie Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic, and thf: St. Lawrence water the il maming threc-eighths. ^^'^' ^"*^ ^e- Before we quit the fubjea of the weftern waters, we will take a vW pf their principal conneaions with the Atlantic. Thefe i e Xe .7 Hudfon^ river the Patowmak. and the MiCiffippi itf^lfr^ Dow^th' ft G fSl? -'^'^fT commodities. But die^.avigatlon through t.c Calif ofiMexicoisfo dangerous, and that up the Miffin^im Tn, r^ not ;;f "";.'"^ r '] ^^4^^^^ ''^'^'^'^ that'Eu;~e^^^/^^^^ not rct»rn through that channel. It is moft like iV that flour imhl and other heavy articles will be floated on rafts, which t' 1 fhemfc lit l^^ an article for fale as well as their loading, the navigators ^t" ni^^^^^ the Hud'b,'^ H ^f "p "" 7^"' "'^i' "^'''^^^'^ ^'^ ^ -^petition litleS the Hud.on and the Patomak rivers for tlie reiidue of the commerce of n^ the country wefiwardof Lake Erie, on the waters of th lak^s of-^h; A h>o, and upper parts of Mifli/Iippi. 'J^o go to New York A I - ^ the trade which ccmcsfrom thc^Les or t&lX:^;^^^,'^::^^ '45' The united STATES* into Lake Erie. Betwrcn Lake Si jpcnor and its waters and HuroH aretlw rapiosot J^t.Mary, which wil] permit boats to pafs, but notlar-^er vef. fels. Lakes Huron and Michigan afford communication with Lake Eric hy vdkh of eight feet drauglit. That part of the tr^de which comes *rom the waters of the f.!iffil]ippi muft pafs from them through fome port- age into the waters of the lakr.s. The portage from the Illinois river intoa Tvatcr ot Michigan is of one mile only. From the Wahalh, Miami, Muf- kmguin, or Allegany, are portages into the waters of Lake Erie, of from one to htteen miles. When the commodities are brought into, and have ipaOed through Lake Erie, there is between that and Ontario an interrup- tion by the falls of Niagara, where the portage is of eight miles; and be- tween Ontario and the Hudfon's river are portages of the falls of Ononda- '^u' /* , , .^ Ofwego, of a quarter of a mile ; from Wood creek to ou»c/,a3 it is called, is a kind of inland lea, from three to twenty- *ive miles broad, and about one hundred and forty miles long, extcndinr the whole length of the ifland, and dividing it from Conneflicut It commiunicates wi;' the ocean at both ends of Long Ifland, and affords a very fafeand convenient inland navigation. The celebrated ftrait, called Hell-Gate, is near the weft end of this, lound. about eight miles eaflward of New- York city, and is remark- able for Its whirlpools which make a tremendous roaring at certain timo A c' c P^*^^ whirlpools are occafioned by the narrownefs and crook- cdnefs of the pafs, and abed of rocks which extend quite acrofs it : and not by the meeting of the tides from eaft and welt, as has been conjec- tured, becaufe they meet at Frogs point, feveral miles above. A (kilfut pilot may with fafety, eonduft a fliip of any Burden through this flrait with the tide, or, at ftill water, with a fair wind. ^ Delmuare Bay is fixty miles long, from the Cape to the entrance of the river Delaware at Bombay-hook ; and fo wide in fome parts, as that a rhip, in the middle of it, cannot be feen from the land. It opens into the Atlantic north weft and foutheaft, between Cape Henlopen on the right, and Cape May on the left. Thefe Capes are eighteen milcf; The Chefapeek is one of the largeft bays in the known world. Its rn- trance rs between Cape Charles and Cape Henry in Virginia, twelve wiles wide, and it extends two hundred and feventy miles to tlie north- ward, dividing Virpinia and Maryland^ It is fro-n fev-rs to d«-hteefi nnles broad, and generally as much as nine fathoms deep ; affording, many commodious harbours, and a fafe and eafy navigation. It receive! the waters of the Sufquehannah, Patomak, Rappahannok, York an4 iJaRies river* which are all large aad navigably. Face 1 i 1 1 i' % 1 1*1 4-8 H E UNITED STATES. I Face cf the CotmiiyJl The trafl of country belonging to the Unite;! States, IS hnppily varicgnted with phiins and mountains, hills and vallifs* Some parts arc rocky, particuhirly New Enghmd, the north parts of New York, and New Jerfey, and a broad fpace, imJuding the fcvcral ridges of the iong range of mountains which run fouthwcflvvard throuMi Peunfylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, and part of Georgia, dividing the waters which flow into the Atlantic, from thofe which fall into the Mjffiinppi. In the parts eait of the Allegany mountains in thciouth- crn ilates, the country for fcveral hundred miles in length, and fixty or feventy, and fometimes more, in breadth, is level and entirely free of Iton?. It has been a queftion agltaiL-J by the iiulous, whether tiie ex- tenlive trad of I'^w, fiat country which fronts the feveral (hites fouth of New York, and extends back to the hills, has remained in its prefenc form and fituation ever ftnce the flood : or whether it has beer* made by the particles of earth which have been wafned down from the adjacent mountains, and by the accumulation of foil from the decay of vegetable fubftances ; or by earth wafhed out of the bay of Mexico by the Gulf ftream, and lodged on the coali ; or by the recefs of the ocean, occafioned by a change in fome other part of the earth. Several pheno- mena deferve confideration in forming an opinion on this queition. 1 It is a fad, well-known to every perfon of obfervation who has lived in, or .ravelled tnrougli the fouthern ftates, that marine fliells and other fubfhmces which are peculiar to thefea fliore, are almolt invariably found by digging eighteen or twenty feet below the furface of the earth. A gentleman of veracity told me, that in finking a well many miles from the fea, he found, at the depth of twenty feet, every appearance of a fait marfii, that is, marfli grafs, marfli mud, and brackiili water. In all this flat country until you come to the hill/ land, wherever you dig a well, you find the water, at a certain depth, frelh and tolerably good ; but if you exceed that depth two or three feet, you come to afaltifh or brackifh ^vater that is fcarcely drinkable, and the earth dug up, refembler, in ap- pearance and fmell, that which is dug up on the edges of the fiilt marfhes. 2 On and near the margin of tlie rivers arc frequently found fand hills, which appear to have been drifted into ridges by tiie force of water. At the bottom of fome of the banks in the rivers, fifteen or twenty feet below the furface of the earth, are walhcd out from the folid ground, logs branches and leaves of trees; and the whole bank from bottom to top, ap- pears ilreaked with layers of logs, leaves and fand. Thefe appearance* ftre feen far up t!ie ri\erK, from eighty to one hundred miles from the- fea, where, when the rivers are low, the banks are from fifteen to twenty feet high. As ynu proceed down the rivers toward the fea, the bank:* decrcafe in height, but (lill are formed of laycns of fand, leaves, and logs, fome of which are intirdy found, and appear to have been fuddcnly. covered to a confiderable depth. 3 It \\-\% been obferved that the rivers in the fouthern States, frc- •irii-ntlv vary tlieir ch:mnt'|>i ; thnt fh.e fwam.ps and low irronndsarecQn- ftanfly filling up, and that the land, in many places, annually infringes up- on the ocean. It is an authenticated fad, that no longer ago than 1 77 f » at Cape Lookout on the coaft of North-Carolina, in aboi>t latituijle 34'* 56', there was an excellent harbour, capacious enough to receive an hundred hundred tirely fill, along the It isol hundred i board. ' the fea. . IV. It is propor tains. Wl itisobfer\ ing heavy and fo on finally, is a clay of j itreddifh the red- Ian lip and ex; theleaft ni know that and heavic of finenefsj and fuch fouthern r V. Iti about nyie: fifty or two tion of oyfl fouth weft c ridges, wh ridges comi the norther quantities, ; for the pur| indigo. T quefb!on is, carried by 1: or boats, to The uncivil would rath< menfe labor them wouk a flrong cm have been e; averfion to 1 conveyed fu would have cumftance ol tance from t by fupj)ofing The tTNlT^D ST a tES. ^j the fa. " '^^"'"^ '=°"""'"=' ■■" " 'i™°"""'e'i br foundings, faHnS . IV. It is worthy ofobfervation, that the foil on til- liiint, „ci,. • «.propor.io„ably coarfe or fine acccording to ts disLe In n, S^ ''" it.sobfervaWe that the foil iscoarfc.witlialaree mixture of L 1.5 i?-"* ■ngheavypartidc. M yon proceed tov^ardsTcfe ^tte foii 1 t'tfe' and fo on in proportion as you advance the foil is finer ihd ;„t ' M ' finally, ,s depo(!,ed a foil fifoe. thntitconfoiiVates 4to '1 «eh""b' i n clay of a particu ar qua! tv. fo- a o-reir narr nf ;,- I, ('"^"'-'^•.'-la". , out iSfil^ rf- '""' ''^-V-°::oVX b;;H!s;,';SMf i^^on the red-/a»^s which he up towards the monntains. This clav ll L T • .iSZtl'Vf'lar*"- ^-'" '''^^ i-o^t:™\;nhl': tlol^ and heavteft partieles. mediately, thofe of the fe.eral :.e medi^Te decreet offi„enefs;andult,.„ately. thofe which are the moiHig?t a^d Sfc fo 'the™ rive,^!'' " "" ^""^' ^""'"^ "^ '="= <•-' <"> "' ^anks ot'Jhe V. It is a well known faa, that on the banks of Sav-nn^Ti rU-.. > about ninety n.ilesfron.the/ea in a direft lin; anf one huntcr^nd t/n^nf A^^^'^ff'^ '^ '^'^ ''''' ^""^' ^'^^re is a very remark abtcoUe" tion of oyfter fhells ol an uncommon fize. Thev run in a northL,? 1 ,,1 fouthweft d region, nearly parallel with the feTcorft in thre diftin^^ ndges, which together occupy a fpace of fcven mile in bre.d?h Th^ ndges commence at SavannahViver, and have been t Seed as fTr fhnrll ! the northern branches of fl,. Au'i.. .:... " ^V^r ^"^ ^V''"^ ?°"^l^ ^» the northern branches of the Altamaha river. They are found m f.u-h quantmes. as that the indigo planters carry them awa7in rg boat o i ind go. _ rhere are thoulands and thoufands of tons flill remainir " The quefhon ks how came they here ? It cannot be fuppofcd tu tfe we e or boats, to fuch a aniance from the place where ovfters arc n-w found The uncivilized natives, agrecablv to their rovini mannr of \Wh^ would rather have removed^o thefca ihore. than ifnXen ntt ini' trm ir"r'"^^">''^""- ^^''^^^ ^- ciifHcuitlSof Unt ;; a ftmnrr , r- ' i" "\^"^'"""'?^--^I^- They would not only ha^ .' had have b?.n In '" "" river ngamft them, an obRacIe which' wo.Jd noc have been eahly overcome by the Indians, „ho have ever had -^ \rZt :;;"t7,i:;;::'di^:r:i?j^t,'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ quantities, bv L.T ^'ie/'^«'«n »'e rat.onally accounted for in no other wav t>y iupi)ofing that tlw f«a (l>or« w^s {(.rnKrJy near this bed of Oiell av, than 'i •••'iB 11 and that 50 Th E UNITED STATES. I' I that the orcan has fince, by the operation of certain caufes not yet fully jnveftigatfd, reOeded. Thefe phx-norncna, it is prefumed, will autho- rize this conclufion. That a great part of tiie flat country which fpreads eallerly of the Allegany mountains, had, in fome pall period, a fuperin- cuinbent fca ; or rather that the conftant accretion of foil froni the vari- ous caufes before hinted at, has forced it to retire. Mountavis.'] The trad of country eaft of Hudfon's river, comprehend- ing part of the State of New- York, the four New-England States, and Vermont, is rough, hilly, and in fome parts mountainous j but the moun- tains are comparatively fmall, in few inftances more than five or ux hun- dred yards in height, and generally lefs. Thefe mountains will be more particularly dcfcribed under New-England. Iiv all parts of the world, and particularly on this weftern continent, it is obfervable, that as yoa oepart from the ocean, or from a river, the land gradually rifes j and the height ot land, in common, is about equally diltant from the water otv ei ther f^de. The Afidcs in South-America form the height of land betweere the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. That range of mountains, of which the Shining mountains are a part, begins at Mexico, and coutinuing northward on the eaft of California, fe- parates the n'aters of thofc numerous rivers that fall into the Gulf of Mexico or the Gulf of California. Thence continuing their courfe ftill r.orthward, bctweenUhe fources of the Miffillippi and the rivers that run into the South-Sea, they appear t'> end in about 47 or 48 degree^ of north latitude ; where a number of rivers rife, and empty themfelves either into the South Sea, into Hudfon's Bay, or into the waters that communicate between thefe two feas. The Highlands between the Province of Main and the Province of Que- bec, divide the rivers which fall into the St. Lawrence north, and into the Atlantic foutli. The Green Mountains, in Vermont, divide the waters which flow ealterly into C jnncdicut river, from thofe which fall wefterly into Lake Champlain aud Hudfon's River. Between the Atlantic, the Mifliilippi, and the Lakes, runs along range of mountains, made up of a great number of ridges. Thefe mountains ex- tend northeafterly and fouth wefterly, nearly parallel with the fea coaft, about nine hundred miles in length, and from fixty to one hundred and fifty, and two hundred miles in breadth. Mr. Evans obferves, with re- fped to that part of thefe mountains which he travelled over, viz. in tJie back parts of Pennfylvania, that fcarcely one acre in ten is' capable of cul- ture. This, however, is not the cafe in all parts of this range. Nume- rous trails of line arable and grazing land intervene between the ridges. The different ridges which compofe this immenfe range of mountains, liave different names in different States. As you advance from the Atlantic, thefirft ridge in Pennfylvania, Vir- ginia, "and North-Carolina, is the the Blue Ridge or South Mountain ) which is from one hundred and thirty, to two hundred miles from the fea. This is about four thnufand feet high, meafuring from its bafe. Bctweenl this and tiie rvortR iViountain, i^rcaas u lurgc leriuc viuc; ucth. iixzh ii;c Allegany ridge ; next beyond this is the Long Ridge, called the Laure! Mountains, in a fpur of which, about latitude 36", is a f[)ring of water, fif- ty feet deep, very cold, and blue as indigo. From thefe feveral ridger proceed j»rDceed tains ri All thei pear to Thej the back taken cc calls tht niountai trom thi and witl led from fufedly i topping mile hig nate in J country, Mexico, Thqy deduced enough; have beei ruins of i tiimal fu preferved -But with much mo of which great a m the Great one new j ble than t their pref( now." I thefe preti have been the convu we muft b old philol lieve that thefirft coi the great d vveredilfev order, H to the cloi the earth ; her of foil) tops of nu. in all parts leading th( >t yet fully will aiitho- lich fpreads a fuperin- m the vari- jmprehend- States, and ttlie moun- ; or lixhun- vill be more the world, that as yoa bs J and the he water orv ind betweerr are a part, lifornia, fe- he Gulf of courfe ftill ers that run eco of north i either into sramunicate inceofQue- and into the ; the waters fall wefterly t long range juntains ex- ic fea coaft, mndred and es, with re- , viz. in tJie sable of cul- !;e. Nume- the ridges. mountains, Iv-ania, Vir- Mountain ; "roin the fea. :. Between I the Laurell :)f water, iif-| iveral ridgesl proceed The UNITED ST ATES. , j, F?ceed innumerable namelefs branches or fpurs. The Kittatfnnv mnnn tarns run through the northern parts of ^w-JerfJ^'d SLv.ni " All thefc ndges, except the Allegany, arc ibpar'atcd by ri^.ers, wh Jh ap-* Far to have forced the.r paflhges through foJid rocks. ^ ^ the ;i.7/""''^V u"'\^f ^' 'I'^. ^iJ«g''^"X' ^l^-''^-h has been dofcriptivelv called iuicuiy icattered and broken, niine- here anr therp infr. K.vi, i nate XVh ^'^ Spread as you proceed Ibuth, aiui fome of them tern i! coTntr. 3 • P^^Hf dicular b uffs. Others gradually fubiide into a le el country, g,.,ng rife to the nve.s which run fouthedy into the Gulf of de Iced m^^nf.r"^ curious ph.xnomena, from which naturalifts have enoud^. m7f "? "* ^>' 'r'^' . ^""^ °^"^'^^'" ^ave been whimfical hav ten Wd of tr'^^h '^V^' "^°^^ obvious of the theories which t„:!f r T °* tn« earth is, that it wasor 'Mnally made out of th^ ruins of another. - Bones and ihells whichefcap^d theVatf of fofter an tiimal fubftances, we find mixed with the old material and If^mW ui wun aercrcnce to Mr. Evans s opinion, thefe appearances have hep« r^hiX MoS^li"^^"""' '^^ '' V'""^ th'e'reali^'f thTnord! Zr^t. ■ 1 ^'"^F" "' ^" account. Eut Mr. Evans thinks this too grea a miracle to obtain belief. But whether is it a grc^te "m r4t for the Creacor to alter a globe of earth by a deluge when mlu ',' or o cre^e hlS:Zi:it ---f another^ The formed certainly i.notleV: cS uic man tne latter. "Thefe mountams," fays our author "exiftpd J.. iow '^"S:,. m"%' '^'^'^ '^'"^^ ''' ^^^"g'' ^- not t bare o£ ' S pret" dedllaf T"hTV° '!. ^° --^-Itantially acquainted with have Iwn .n A . ,M •^"^''"'i to determine, unlefs we fuppofe him to the^nn ir ^"'?^\^"T"' ''°'^ '" l^avefurveyed them accurately before we Ift ? ' r''^ •''' ^'^"S^' ^"^ ""^^^ ^^ ^^" l^e fully affuuYofVl we muft be excufcd in not aifcnting to his opinion, and in adhcrinVto U old phiJolophy of Mofc,s and his advocates.^ We have ever rS to b tftehrltconvuluon of nature, at the time of the delu-e- that th /L-/^Vc ;V ts t^ TT^"' '''^'^■'' ''^' '^' ^'-^ ^'^^ v:ri:;3^.L;7iThre:x S He ti^t'':T^"^^""^^' f"'^'"^^^ degree of ^nfunonandcS: tn f J; .1 7 '^'f ^'^''' "* mountams which lift their cragay cliffs fcer of fo/nis andothe-"-""-"- ^^ ^^^"^^^^<^^y coni.r.Mcd i.y the vaft num- tops of in all m r marine cxu-v/ce, which are fouiul in-J),(ied on the ountains, in tlie interior parts of continen the world hitiierto explored. Tl leading thefe marine bod rs remote from the fea, e various circumUancesat- lics, leave us to conclude, that ihcy were adually generated. 5» The united STATES. generated, lived, and died in the very beds wherein they are found, and thercibre thefc beds mult have originally been at the bottom of the ocean, though now in many inllances elevated feveraj miles above its fur- lace. Hence it appears that mountains and continents were not primary produftions of nature, but of a very dillant period of time from the crea- tion of the world ; a .time long enough for thtjhata to have acquired their greateft dtgree of cohcfion- and hardneis ; and for the teflaccous matter of marine fliells to become changed to a itony fubftance; for in the fiffures of the hme-ftone and other ftrata, fragments of the fame fliell lia\e been frequently found adhering to each fide of the cleft, in the very ftate in which they were originally broken ; fo that if the feveral parts wero brought together, they would apparently tally with each other exaftly. A very confiderable time therefore muii have elapfed between the chaotic Ibte of the earth and the deluge, which a^'rees with the account of Mofes, who makes it a little upwards of fixtecn^hundred years. Thefe obferva- tions are intended to fliew, in ore inltance out of many others, the agree- Kient between revelation and reafon, between the account which Mofes gives us of the creation and deluge, and theprcfent appearances of nature, Thofe who wilh to have this agreement more fully and fatisfaftorily ftated, are refened to a very learned and ingenious " Inquiry into the origiml Jiate andformaimi of the earth:' by John Whitehurft, F. R. S. to whom I acknowledge myfelf iiidebted for fome of the foregoing obfervations. Son and produaisns, 'vegetable and aminal.] 1 he foil of the United States, though fo various that (cw general obfervations will apply, may be faid to be equal lo that of any country in the known world. Amonff tke great variety of its productions are the foUowino- : Indian corn, which is a native grain of America, from whence all the other parts of the world have been fuppHed. It agrees with all climates from the equator to latitude 45°. It flouriflies belt however between the latitudes .^o^' and 40'''. The bunched Guinea corn, is a fmall grain cul- tivated by the Negroes in the fouthern ftates, and affords a fine food for poultry. The fpiked indian com is of a fimilar kind. Rice, which was brought into Carolina firft by Sir Nathaniel John- fon, 1688 ; and afterwards by a fliip from Madagafcar, in 1696 ; till which time it was not much cultivated. It flnurilhes only in Georgia, and the Carolinas._ Several unfuccefsful attempts have been made to cultivate it in Virginia. The Wild Rice is a grain which grows in the greateft plenty .nfomc of the interior prts of North America; and is the molt valuable of all the fpontaneous produdions of the countrv. It is of a very fweet and nutri- tious quality, and in future periods maybe of great fervice to infant co- lonies, in affording them a fupport until, in the courfe of cultivation, other fupplies may be obtained. This ufeful grain grows in the water where it is about two feet deep, and in a rich muddy foil. In its ftalk, cars, and manner of growing it very much refemhles oats. It is gathered by the Indians in thefollowing manner : Abrutthe time that it beeins to turn from its milky Itate and to ripen, they run their canoes into the midfl ofit, and tying bunches of it together juft below the ears, they leave it in this fituation for three or four wefeks, till it is perfeftly ripe. At the end of this time, commonly about the laft of September, they return Kir re found, >fn of the ve its fur- )t primary I the crca- iired their matter of the fiflures have been ry ftate in )arts wero r exaftly. he chaotic of Mofes, e obferva- the agree- ich Mofes of nature, rily ftated, 'he original to whom I tions. le United >ply, may Among nee all the II climates ;tween the grain cul- t food for nel John- 1656 ; till Georgia, I made to -nfomc of of all the and nutri- infant co- iltivaiion, the water its ftalk, s gathered : beuins to -_ o -- i into the ears, they eftly ripe, ber, they The united STATES. ^^ 3sangeHca lettuce, afparagus. pcppcrgrafs, leeks, onions, wat melons, mullaifelons cantelopes, which are a ipecies of the mu&melon, but much fuSrTn richnefs and flavor, cucumbers, mandrakes, pumpkins, fqualhe . &c" Bcl^^des thefe are feveral otherroots and plants of a medicinal kind fuch as e ecampane, fpikenard or petty-morrell, farfaparllla, g^-nfen?, Hquo ke Soorrool: ^''^^-'^'''^' fol6mon-s-feaI, de;ilVbit,%rfe^;adirTnd The gold-thread is of the vine kind, and grows in fwamps. The root* fpread thcmfe ves juft under the furfacc oT the morafs, und a e eafilV drawn out by handf uls They refemble a large entang led Tein of fillf and are of a bright yellow. It is exceedingly Citter in ?afte and is an ex cellent remedy for a forenefs in the mouth. ' Devil's-bit, IS a wild plant that has the print of teeth in its roots. The Indians have a tradition, that this root was once an univerfal remedy fo^ alldifeafes; but fome evil fpirit, envying mankind the polTeffion of ^ efficacious a medicine, gave the root a bite, which deprived it oft great partofits virtue; Hence its name. ^tumgitat - Blood-root is a fort of plantain, that fprings out of the ground in f»c o feve^ long rough leaves the veins of whi?h are red ; the'root of it is like a fniall carrot ; when broken, the infide is of a deeper color than the outfide, and diftills feveral drops of juce that looks like blood. ThiJ juice IS a Itrong, but dangerous emetic. Ofthe various aromatic and other kinds of herbs are balm, favorv thyme, fage, balfam, fweet-marjorum, hyirop. tanfey, mint, p^ny^rol' al fennel yarrow, may-weed, gargit. fkunk-cabbage, or ^oke. wake robin, bittany, fcabious, mullen, wild peafe, moull^ar. wild indigo S;V'i:'? ^^ f ^^i^^^"',-^ called, citnip. nettles, ci^que-foireJe: bright, fanikle. olantain nf fwi/Prai u;p,i. „5,:j-_ i..:.. ^ ^ , , '-■!- dock, rock-hverwort, noble- liverwort, blood-w.rt, ^otherTor; wiM beans, ground-ivy, water-crefles. &c. &c. wort, wild Mr. Catcfbey obferves that the aromatic herbs in the fouthern ftates «re more h.ghl; flavored, and more volatile, than in Europe. ' Applet § ?4 The united STATES, _ App.cs are the moft common fruit in the United States. Thev stow m the greateft plenty aixl variety in the northern and middh ftates. and intl-.e interior but not in the maritime, parts of the fouthern. In the low country of Georgia tiie Carolinas andVomc other Itates. grow a fort otwdd crab-apple. The blolToms are fragrant, the frui fs fmall and four, and makes ^.n exellent preferve, or fweet-meat. befides apples, are pears, peaches, quinces, apricots, i^ftarines, plums, dierries of many kinds, currants, goofberries, ralberries. blackberries billbernes. whort kbernes. ftrawberries. mulberries, cranberries, &c ^ff h^;;r''r'^nr'''^'^'tTT,'^""'^' ^^'^^"^^ nuts, buttemuts, beech- nuts, hazlcnuts filberts and Illinois nuts, or pecaanuts. Thefe fruits imaica^'^''^ abundance and perfedion, in almolt every part of North The Illinois or pecannut is of the walnut kind, about the fize of an acorn and of an oval form ; the fhell is cafilv cracked and the kernel ihaped like that of a ^ alnut. The trees which'bear this fruit grow prin- cipally on the IJlmois river. The butter or oil nut is much Lger^and irf [f^" ', ' T'\""> ^'' ^.^" '' ^"^™"^^^' ^"^ ^°"^^'n^ ^ large cman- t.ty of kernel, which is very oily, and of a rich and agreeable flavor. An oil, equal to that of o hvcs, might be extrafted from this nut. 7 he in- fide bark of this tree is nvuch ufed in dye. A decodion of its bark or rr'ttft \ f '"'^ P°"t^^ ''\^"^"^ ' '""'^ is frequently ufedin thecoun- try inftead of a more coft y medicnie. Filberts are of the hazlenut kind, but larger and more richly flavored. Figs oranges, lemons, and pomgranetes, are not natural to any ftate north of the Carolinas. The pomgranate requires fait water. GrapS of feveral forts grow fpontaneoully from latitude 25^^ to 4c'' norVh. The various kinds of trees, ihrubs, and flowers, fo many of them as are worthy of notice, wiU be mentioned in the defcription of the feveral The late Count de Buffon has advanced tlie opinion, that the animak J^nf ; tv •■'■'"'''^'''V" ^ '^'y learned and elaborate manner, has confuted this opinixon, and proved that the animals of America are. in wolmltances equal, and in many refpefts fuperior, to thofe of the old ^orld ; and nas fiie vvn that out of two hundred fpecies of animals, which hundred fpecies arc aboriginal of America. Thefollowing catalogue of animals is collcfted principally fromCatef- by, JefTerfon and Carver. ^ r / BeaUs common to North America. kmi< Mammoth mm Kuflalo 1^ Panther m Carciijoa ' Wild cat »'' Wt 1 i n r ~fl- rjcar i ■ Klk \. it White Beati 'i f \Y.olF Moofe Deer Stap- o Canahou Fallow Deer Circeiiland Deer Rah!)it Ea M liama onax Coney Jrey Squirrel Grey Fox Squirrel Black Squirrel Rod Squirrel Ground Squirrel Flying Squirrel Black Fox Red Fox Grey Fox Racoon The Woodchuck iCatef^ The united STATE Woodchnck Skunk Opollum / Pole Cat Weafle Mar'en Minx ss Beaver Mufquaih Otter Fiflicr Water R»C Muflcrat HoufeMoufe Field Moufe Moles (.^ickhatch Morfe Porcupine Seal. I. _ _ Thefc are divided into three clafles ; Beafts of different e^ffw from any kown in the old world; of which am the OpoiTum, the Racoon, the Quickhatch, &c. 3. Beafts of the f^e genus, but of different fpecics from the eafterncou^ tment, of which arc Ihe Panther Fallow Deer Wild Cat Grey Fox Buffalo Grcv Squirrel Moofe Deer Grey Fox Squirrel Stag Black Squirrel Beafts which are the fame on both continents, viz. Ground Squirrel Flying Squirrel Pole Cat Porcupine &c. Th : Bear White Bear Wolf Weafle Beaver t Field Moufe Mole Morfe Seal, &c. Otter Water Rat Floufe Rat Mufk Rat Houfe Moufe The Mammoth is not found in the civilized parts of America It i* conjeftured, however, that he was carniverous, and that he ftill e-ifis on the north of the Lakes. Their tulks, grinders, and fkeletons of uncommon niagmtude, have been found at the fait licks, on the Ohio, in Ncw-ler- ley., and other places. The Indians have a tradition handed down froin their fathers refpeding thefe animals, ' 'I'hat in antient times a herd of ti-rm came to the Big-bone licks, and began an univerfal deftrudion of tne bears deer elks, buffaloes, and other animals which had been created lor the ufe of the Indians : that the Great Man above, looking? down and iecing this, was fo enraged thathefeizcd his liglitning, defc?nded to rhe cartn, leated himfelf upon a neighbouring mountain, on a rock, on which Ins feat and the prmt of his feet are ftill to be fecn. and hurled his bolt* among them till the whole were flaughtend, except the biV bull, who prefenting hi -forehead to the fbafts,flaook them off as they fell- but at length miffing one, it wounded him in the fide ; whereon, fpringina: round he bounded over the Ohio, the Wabafn, the Illinois, and finally over the great lakes where he is living at this day.* ^ European naturaliflshavefuppofed from the 'bones of this remarkable animal, that it is the fame with the Elephant ; others that it anfwers ta the hippopotamus or river horfe; the tulk and fkeletons have been afcribcd to thejormer, while the grinders have been given to t!»e latter. But MV jencnon obierves, that the fkeleton of the Mammoth (for fo the incoeni- tum has been c^^U^A) K^fpeaks an animal of five oH-^.x times the cubic vo- Monfi( lume ; eleph grinders are five times as large a« thofe of liie elephant and ted ; and that the quite of a rtif- fcrent 5« The united states. ferent {hape.and adds that the elephant is a native only of the torrid zotm and its vicinities, and that no bones of the mamaioth ha ever been found further fouth than the falinesiof Holfton river, a branch of the Taniflee, about the latitude 36" 30' north, and as far north as tli ardli^ circle. The nnammoth, then, cannot be the fame animal as theeleprant. The Opossum is an animal of a diftinft ger . .ma tr '.jfore has IktJe refemblance t« any other creature; Itis ah^^ .,h.«f'/« ot a common cat, which it refembles infome degree as to its body ; its icgs are fliort, the feet are formed like thofe of a rat, as are its ears ; the fnout and head are long like the hog's ; the teeth like thofe of a Jog ; its body is covered thinly with long briftly whitifli hair ; its tail is long, (haped like that of a rat without hair. But what is moft remarkable in this creature, and which diftinguiflies it from all others, is its falfe belly, whi :Ii i!» iormed by afkin or membrane, (inclofingthe dugs) which it opens and clofcs at will. In this falfe belly, the young are concealed in time of danger. • Though contrary to the laws of nature, it is believed by many, that thefc animals are bred at the teats of their dams. It is a fad, tliat the young ones have been many times feen, not larger than the head of a large pin, fail fixed and hanging to the teats in the falfe belly. In this ftate, their members are diltinftly vifible ; they appear like an embryo clinging to the teats. By conftai^t obfervation, they have been found to grow into a pvri'cft foetus ; and in proper time they drop off into the ^Ife belly, wiiero they remain fecure, till they are capable of providing for them- fehcs. From ihefc circumftances, it feems that theopoffum is produced, in a manner, out of the common courfe of nature. But it appears from the dilTcaion of one of them by Dr. Tyfon, that their ftrudure is fuch as is fitted for generation, like that of other animals ; and of courfe he fup- pofes that they muft neceflarily be bred and excluded in the fame way as other quadrupeds. _ But by what method the dam, after exclufion, fixes them on her teats, if this be the manner of produftion, is a fecret yet unknown. The Bu FFALo is larger than an ox ; high on the (houlders ; and deep through the breaft. 71ie flefh of this animal is equal in goodnefs to beef;, itsfkin makes good leather, and its hair, which is of a woolly kind, i> roanufii(ftured into a tolerably ^jood cloth. The Tyger of America relembles, in fliape, thofe of Afia and Africa, but is confidcrably fmaller ; nor does it appear to be fo fierce and raven- ous as they are. The colour of it is a darKifh yellow, and is entirely free from fpots. The Cat of the Mountain refembles a common cat, but is of a much larger fize. Its hair is of a rcddilh or orange colour, interfperfed with fpots of black. This animal is exceedingly fierce, though it will feldom attack a man. ^ The Elk is fliaped like a deer, but is confiJerably larger, being equal Jn bulk to a horfe. The horns of this creature erow to a prcdis;ious r. — grow r !-.i.^ r.^ !._^ "^1- pciiou;; iiitgiii lit uci'>vrc:i iii But what is ftill more remarkable is, that thefe ..U — 9t the fame time, uuc wnaiis itiii nioreremarKaoic is, that tneie norns are (bed every year, in the month of February, and by Auguft, the new #se6 are nearly at their full growth. The The Like til deer kii goodi^) that of nearly i ' is in hie ble. ^ The to the el upon the and takii Ihelter u vein, foi flying in to that e The S ducc. I ferent fr< it is freqi mixed in the fox. traordina On fuch i fubtle a I to a furp French E Stinking generally fliot and< vcffels, a which, he Ikunk, wli when drei The Po though it i excepting body is co are, cxcep the porcup degree, thi out incifiot to infert h hair, &c. The Wo inches lono broad, and which it bu ThiUNITED STATE! The Moose is about t^ Like the elk, it fheds its 57 ize of the elk, and its horns almoft ns larre. -.Mnhlghettee.. l.s ,Vi„, being tJo^VLi ZcZZ'^Z^flZ^l" ,r.l^' I?*""/'"",. " ""^""^ of *= cat kind, and ii a terrible enerav to the dk, and to the carra bon, as well a> to the Hp,r h! . ,i ^ "T t^"' r^r^"'^ f™" '""" "n-aCn TotcLb t "^^^^^ and taking h,,ftat,o„ on fome of the branches, wait, tloneTf them ,'k« ihelter under ,t; when he fallens upon his neck, and opening the ^^^^1,? vem, foon brmgs his prey to the ground. Tlie onl/ ry^ot e "«« is flying imraedtately to the water, iSr as the carcajou has a ereat d Sike .0 that element, he will leave his prey rather than enterTt. ^ duee It"u o?/hV?' ""f "'}'"":>r:y '"""'' ""= American woods pro- ducc It is of the fame %cie. with the pole-cat, for which though kf fcrent from it m many refpefts, and particularly in beTne of a lef fij; ..;s frequently miftaken. Its hair islong and L inTof a dlrtv wH^e rnaed in fome places with black. Its taifis long anJ^humv 1 "e that of the fox. It lives chiefly in woods and hedges ?a„d i, noir,.n>H If ttaordinary powers, which however are exeS on w len ftt purfued' Onfuchan oceafion itejeas fro™ behind a fmall f rea n of wat^r of t to a furoli'n'^' m "" ''7-,"^t ' '■™^"' "'" *= «' '» tainted wi°I t French f-???v,vT; ?" ^^" ''""'"' *= ^"^^1 is called by the |entT.fy"rS fpkeJ£= S^^^^^ -its^n i„ defence ia (ho. and dilMed maiy of them, declare tht he ftund ^;fr th/'u^n'al are, excepting at the point, of the thicknefs of a L'aL T efe oui U oaf incifion Thl fv ^1"^^^''^^^^^ "' ""^ "'^^^""^ '^ ^^ extra^ed with- out incidon. The Indians ufe thcfe quills for borine their ears md nofl hai'tc. '^^^J--^''-^^^^-b, wV ofornalnent^o :h":^bl?^^:: - Wood-Chucic U . rrrnn^^J a.j^.^I of the fur kind, about f,ftc,it . . , ^UCK IS a gronn inches long ; its body is round and its kga Ihort ; its fo b oad. and conftrufted for thepurpofe of dfgeineriiu cs which It burrows ; its fleni is toic/ably food.^ ^ H re paws are itt tiie ground, in Tlic I Hi I I I Tmb united states. The Ra( 'A li -f • I COON IS an animal of a genus different from any known m thceaficrn connnent. Its head is much like a fox's, only its cars arc fliortt-r, more round, and more naked. It alfo refembles that arimal in itsha.r, which 15 thick, long and foft ; and in its body and legs, excepting tha the former n larger, and the latter both larger and Ihorler. Acrolt Its ace runs a broad Itnpe including its eyes, which are large. Its fnout n black, and round.fh at the end like that of a dog ; its feeth alfo arc fuiulartothofcofthedog. bothin number and fliapc ; the tail is long «nd round, with annular ftripes on it ; the feet have five lon<> flender toes, armed with Oiarp claws, by which it is enabled to climb t?ees, and InnH? i-r'^E.T^f.^^'^'.^^^Shs. Its fore feet ferve it inllead of hands, like thofe of the monkey. The laft quadruped which Ihall be particularly defcribed, is the Bea- ver. J his is an amphibious animal, which cannot live for any lone time in the water, and it is faid can exift without it, provided it has the convenience of fometimcs bathing itfelf. 'Jhe largeil beavers are nearly tour feet in length, about fourteen or fifteen inches in breadth over the .launrlies, and weigh fifty or fixty pounds. The h, id of this animal is Jarge ; its ,Rout long ; itseyes fmall ; its ears fhort, round, hairy on the outhde, and fmooih within ; of its teeth, which are long, broad, ftrona and Iharp, the under ones ftand out ofits mouth about the breadth of three hngers. and the uppei- al>out half a finger. Befides thefe teeth, which are called wc/ors beavers have fixteen grinders, eight on each fide, four above and four below, dircdly oppofitc to each other. With the former theyareabletocutdowntree*of aconfiderablefize, with the latter to break the hardeft fubltances. Their legs are fhort, particularly the fore legs which are only four or five inches long. The toes of the fore feet are fcparate ; thofe of the hind feet have membranes betwec'n them. In conlequence of this they can walk, though but flowlv. while they fwim as ealUy as any aquatic animals. Their tails fomewhat refemble thofe of / r ^^] ?' ^l'"^ f^^'*' ^'"^ ^"'^*' ^^^ the only parts in which they do not refemble land animals. Their colour is different according to the different climates which they inhabit. In the mod northern parts, thsy are generally quite black; in more temperate, brown; their colour be- coining lighter and lighter as they approach towards the fouth. Their tur IS of two forts all over their bodies. That which is longelt is general- ly about an inch long, though on the back it fometimes extends to two in- ches, gradually fliortening towards the head and tail. This part is coarfc and of little ufe. The other part of it confifts of a very thick and fine Jown, of about three quarters of an inch long, fo foft that it feels like iiJK, and is that which is commonly manufactured. Caftor, fo ufeful in medicine, is produced from the body of the beaver. It was formerly believed to be his teiHcles, but late difcoveries have fhewn that it is con- tamed in four bags in the lower belly. The ingenuity of the beavers in building their cabins, and in providinjf thcmfelves fubfillence, is truly wonderful. When they arc about to , ,""""'"— *' "'•/ auvHiiJic 111 tuinpajiics, lonjf limes Oi iwo or tnree hundred, and after mature deliberation, fix on a place where plenty otprovifions, and all neceffarics are to be found. Their houfes are al- ^»yi lituatcd w the water, and when they can find neither Jake no«- pund \■■:.h^,^x^■- The united STATES. I cars are arinial in excepting . Acrols Its foout t alfo are il is long g flender rees, and nllead of S9' pond convenient, they fupplv the defcf\ ht. a • l fome brook or fmall rivrr^ For t? b> ftoppinir the current of of trees, carefully "iLrthofe aboe T/^f ^'7 ^'^'^^ « "^'"^ht build that they [.ay f^r^Tt.^Z.t'^Z^'^Z/f ■''''' f' to be ufed. After this they conftrifet a dan, wi 1 a,"m' ' I'T J ''^ ^'^ regulanty as the moft experienced workman ^ ou Id do -h^l'^""^ ?"^ of thcir cabins IS no Icfs rcn,arkable. Thefe cabins . ' u ^'l^^'''"' piles in the middle of the pond thrvhJff J ^ , ' '* ^^^^'^'^ ^a or ai the extremity of L^oint ofc T' 4'"' '"' '''"^^ "^ ' "^''^^ %ure of them is round ToS Two thi/d-'f '"? \"'''. " ^^'^•<-*- ''^^« the water, and this part i/brl, '.« "^^ "^"'^ '^^ ^^^'-^''^ '"'fes abor^ They are ^ontiguouft adi f he/To^ V';' ''m'"" "^^l-"' '''' inhabitant, Each beaver has his nlacr.frln ^' v ? ''i°^ '^ *=*^>' communication. Itrew, with leave rtSw^Tt ct"n and^"' f "'jf ' "^ -"^"^^ never furprizes thefe animaTiforeth.irhr ^r-*"'''^'^^* '^^^^ ^'"^^r houfes are gcnera'Iy iin Sbv the hftofS f' k ^^^"Plf ^d; for their provifions ifid in. which con^sofmallpSST^^^ '^^ manner as t pr ferve its moillure. ^ ^'^ "^'^i'"^*-'^ ^'^ ^"ch rat&;:n;rfS^^^^^^^ ^«ir J-ve beenenu.e- following catalVueisrnSt^g'^tffyt^^^^^ ^"^^"-^ '^^« i;-.. and to fhew the a W.in| .a^f L^ Kfet^^^^ Bluebird Pin r^ Purple Finch Buzzard Y "w tt?r..H r ^^^^^ ^'"^^ Bl"e Jay A'/ve Creeper American GoId-Fii;ch Blue Grofbeak Ground Dove cSd fI"'^ . . Duck Rj^T"^ %-catcher IIarh,« r • fiack-cap do. ilathcraDutc Little brown do Round crcfted do. Rcd-evedX SheldrachorCanvaf.do.Finchcreep^; ?uffelshead Ho. Storm Finch Spoonbill do. - Summer do. Blackhead do. Brown Bittern Crerted Bittern Small Bittern Booby Great Booby Blue Peter Bullfinch Bald Coot Cut Water White Curlew Cat bird v-uckow Crow Covvpenb.rd Pied bill 5. CTiattermg Plover Eagl priefail '^hitefaced Teal Blue winged Tea joofc 4 ■--_-* J f Hawk or Kildce BaJd Ea>Ie Filliing Hawk . >tJchick Pigeon Hawk Night Hawk Swallow-tailed do. Hsngbird Huott fl'il I im :; '4 I'll} JLilV 6o Th« unitep states. , '1 It The Heron Pelican Bahama Titmoufc Little white Heron Water Pelican Hooded do. Heath cock _ Pigeon of paflnge Yellow rump Hu.Timingbird Whits crowned pigeon Towhe bird Purple Jackdaw or Parrot of Paradife Crow Blackbird Paroquet of Carolina Raven Rice bird Red bird Summer Red bird Swan Soree Snipe Red Start King bird Kingfiflier Loon Lark Large Lark Blue Linnet Mock bird Mow bird Purple Mardn Nightingale Noddy Nuthatch Ovfter catcher Owl Scretch Owl Red Thrjlli Fox coloured Thrufti Little Thru ill Tropic bird Turtle of Carolina Water wagtaij Water hen Water witch Wakon bird Whetfaw Red winged Starling Large whitebilled wood- Swallow Chimney do. Snow bird Little Sparrow Bahama do. Stork AmericanPartridge Turkey or Quail Wild Turkey Phcnfant or moun- Tyrant tain P Jge Creftcd Titmoufc Water ': .ant Yellow do. pecker Large red crefted do. Gold winged do. Red bellied do. Hairy do. Red headed do. Yellow bellied do, Smallefi fpotted do. Wren Catcfby oblerves, that the birds of America generally exceed thofe of Europe in the beauty of their plumage, but are much inferior to them in the melody of their notes. The Water Pel I c AIT inhabits the MifTiffippi. Its poach hold* a peck. The Lark is a lofty bird, and foars as high as any of the inhabitants of the airy region : Hence the old proverb, ' When the Iky falls we Ihall catch larks.' The Whip-poor-will, is remarkable for the plaintire melody of its notes. It acquires its name from the noifc it makes, which to the people; cftheftates founds Wjiip.poor-will, to the Indians Muck-a-wifs. A ftiiking proof how differently the fame founds imprefs different perfons ! The Loon is a water fowl, of the fame fjxcies of the Dobchick. It is an exceedim^ly nimble bird, and fo expert at diving, that it is with great difficultv killed. The Partridgb. In fome parts of thr country there are three or four different kinds of Partridges, all of them larger than the Partridges of Eu- rope. What is called t'le Quail in New-England, is denominated Par- tridge in the foutiiern rtates. where the true Partridge is not to be found. The Wakon-bird, which proiiably is of the fame fjiecies with the bird of Paradife, receives its name from the ideas the Indians have of its fuperior excellence ; the Wakon-bird being in their language the bird of the? Great Spirit, it is nearly the iize of the fw.iilow, of a brown colour, fliaded about the nsck with a bnght green. 1 he wines arc of a darker brown 1 are thre green ai manner n ever r The^ bird, am groves, llance it The I of the ai of jo'tty 1 tail of t with inej down, fo: Of the The wiugs TheTK nature. I which it in The Joi mcnt, and white. It it cr.n hard breaks like to the bow( ture of blo( The Tvv fnakes inte duftion, is i country, an Mufeum of The fnak the fouthcri] browa The united STATES. 6x brown than the body. Its tail is compofed of four or five feathers, which are three times as long as its body, and which are licautifully (haded with green and purple. It carries this Tme length of plumage in the fame nianner as the peacock doer, his, but it is not known whether like him n ever raifcs it to an erecl pofition. * The Whets AW is of the cuckow kind, being like that a folitary- bird, and fcarccly ever feen. In the fummer months it is heard in the groves, where it makes a noife like the filing of a faw, from which circura- llance it has received its name. The Humming-bird is the fmallcft of all the feathered inhabitants of the air. Its jilumage furpafTcs defcription. On its head is a fmalJ tuft of jftty black : its breaft is red; its belly white; its back, wings and tail of the fincfl: pale green : fmall fpecks of gold are fcattered over it with inexpreffible grace : and to crown the whole, an almofl: imperceptible down,foften? the fcveral colours and produces the molt pleafing Ihades. Of the Snakes which infeft the United States, are the following, viz. The Rattle Snake Small Rattle Snake Yellow Rattle Snake Water Viper Black Viper Brown Viper Copper- bellied Snake Bluifh-green Snake Black Snake Ribbon do. Spotted Ribbon do. Chain do. Joint do. Green fpotted do. Corn do. Hognofe do. Houfedo. Green do. Wampum do. Glafs do. Bead do. Waller Houfe Adder Striped or Garter Snakt Water Snake Hiffing do. Thorn-tailed do. Speckled do. Ring do. Two-headed do. Coachwhip do. The Thorn-tail Snake is of a middle fize, and of a very venomous nature. It receives its name from a thorn, like dart, in its tail, with which it inftids its wounds. The Joint Snake is a great curiofity. Its fltin is as hard as parch- ment, and as fmooth as glafs. It is beautifully ftrcaked with black and white. It is fo ftiff, and has fo few joints, and ihofefo unyielding, that it cr.n hardly bend itfelf into the form of a hoop. When it is ftruck, it breaks like a pipe ftem ; and you may, with a whip, break it from the tail to the bowels into pieces not an inch long, and not produce the leaft tinc- ture of blood. It is not venomous. The Two-headed Snakf. Whether this Ije a difiinft f}wies of fnakes intended to propagate its kind, or whether it be a monftrous pro- duftion, is uncertain. The only ones T have known or heard of in this country, are, one taken raear Champlain in 1762, and one prefervcd in the Mufeuni of Yale College, in New-Haven. 1 iic inakcs arc not io numerous nor fo venomous in the northern as ii\ the foutiicrn Ihres. In the latter, however, tlie inhabitants arc furnilhcd ■J:f wi th w €2 The unite D STATES.^ %v.th a much greater variety of plants and herbs, which afford immMMM xelief to perfons buten by thefc venomous creatures. It ifan ob^eTva^fon limnl' n Pf 1'^"^^,^"^ S^^tcful remembrance, that where "ervenoCus Z::]:^^;^^^ ^^---^ '- ^^ P-ded fufHci^nS! tlo?^ the aftoniaiing variety of In s h c rs found in America, wc will men- '^^'' EaV^t^ W "'^ f^^P 'r^^^^ Butter Fly Earthworm Loufq Moth Leg or Guinea do, V/uod Loufc Ant ]\aked Snail Forty Legs or Centipes Bee Caterpillar Humble Bee Adder bolt Black Wafp Cicada or Locuft Yellow Wafp Hornet Shell Snail Tobacco Worm Wood Worm Silk Worm V^allLoufeorBug Cock iloche Sow Bug Cricket Horn Bug Beetle ^^^^ Fire Fiy or Bug iVian-gazer Fly Sand Fly Mufketo Spider K Gnat ftruSvttI' rh7 ^t ""f-^ '^' ^"^"^' ""^'^^ °"^'^ y^"« I^« proved fo de^ • <.i "> tarcruijy tnat icarcca finoh'nni* (<.;,,;■. -^.i .._j i. . ,• °° I iuiie aiiigafors h ieen cravvlii^ about: "The iemak" ' ""'' ''^'™ "' takes them or her her net watchf fome, a devout! remaini file herf than foi Thef creeks, in addrc up at til open, w fifh dovv alligator heads ab and chev Before port the then cree lie in a ti the pine I TheG Lizard, thought t In the 1 caught a i ftone. Popuhiii obtained, t eighty thrc increafing is compofe Jigions. " and, for th Thenati ritably fup| fcriptions The Cou on this fide duftions.' Abbe Rayn Jeiferfon hi which he ha; hood.* Altho. V ^titiuitsju The tr N I T E ^ STATES. I immediate obfervation :r venomous ficient anti- c will men- 63 ved fo (le- f-England •ance one idJiTc in, are very our when vour vaft er to bafk ilf rotten upon per- vv them- cceed five •re, they lies, and leir prey, ar fre hole 5, which ihe genc- y are all \h'. fand, clous ^(?- : returns i time to fpot, at- le eggs ;_ ivarni ot hem or her her neck and back, in order to remove them In*n . . 1. . watchful birds of prey make ufe of thi! o^^tunttv to T''' ^'!' H fome, and even the male alligator, who indeed comL r ^"'u ^^'^ °^ devours what he can, tilhhe female has SdXl--'" '""-tl' J'^^ remammg ; for allthofe which oifhrr ftji f i f V^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ewr file herfelfeats ; fo that of fach fforr^ ^ n''' u' \''^' °'' ^onotC^vm. than four or Rve efcape. formidable brood, happily not more Thefe alligators are the great deftrover* nf fK- ^n, • . . creeks, it being their molt fffe and ieneraTfood nn '" '\' "'"' ^"^ in addrefs to fatisfy their defire, I<^<£ ! •' "°'" "*'" ^^^V ^^^ntin^ up at the n.outh o^ aXt t "re f ^ S^' th '' 7'' b\-/-i-«. clrav^ open whiiftothersgoaconflderX^diit; ;'X^^^^^^^^ '--f. nlh downward, bv which mem.! nnn^ r.f o 1 • ^"'^ "^^f^' ^^^ chace the alligators being uLbkTo eaT" Z v L r^n'S.fS ''™- T'i^ hen creep ,„,o their dens, in the bank of ffme cwkor ,C T'' 'J"^ Aonght ,0 befpecies of tt fil:;" f^; h' he ^ocodn™ "f =^;. -<< =>« lu the httle brooks, and fwampl in thr4ck r, ,,. „f m ""''""'.?«»'•• -ghta r.aU a^phibions ,ob«L, in theS KSl^ndt':;.' obfe'3^r:^rhi„^^,^-^t,rs^"?.:t:T'' >'t"^ TrCo°/n[TVT'"f -^e,o,p,trr"™e;n':- ^^'' '» "- "- Jefferfon has confuted this theory and W ^'"•^ *'"''"P'^' ^^^ whichhehas IhewnindniSo-jr- K ,7.^'. *'^S:enuity and abilitie. hood.* '" ''"''^S "' ^^' exhibited an inftance of its falfc! The ^Jlthongh^ the Ahhe, . i„ a later edition of hi. n..rh A.. ....z . ^ . . -y«-/^.;/^^/^„„ cf America iuhabited'b^ /-v^:^::;^;;^;^""';;^^^;" i^/tit m UsjHlJ/orcc ,„ the other farts, ^hr n it it equaUj i?tappl:cahle, ifZe 64 The united STATES. E The aflertion of the Abbe Raynal's that ' America has not yet pro- duced one good poet, one able mathematician, one man of genius in a iingle artora fingle fcience,'* produce*^ the following reply from Mr. JefFerfon. ' * When we fnall have exiftedas a people as long as the Greeks did bpfore they produced a Homer, the Romans a Virgil, the French a Racine and Voltaire, the Englilh a Shakefpeare and Milton, Ihould this reproach be ftill true, v'c will enquire from what unfriendly caufes it has proceeded, that the other countries of Europe, and quarters of the earth fhall not have infcribed any name in the roll of poets. In war we have produced a Washington, whofc memory will be adored while liberty {hall liavc votaries, whofc name will triumph over time, and will in future ages af- fume its jult ftation among the moft celebrated worthies of the world, when that wretched philofophy fhall be forgotten which would arrange him among the degeneracies of nature. In Phyxics we have produced a Franklin, than whom no one of the prefent age has made more important difcoveries, nor has enriched philofophy with more, or more ingenious folutions of the phzenomena of nature. We have fuppofed Mr. Ritten- HousF. fecond to no altronomer living : that in genius he muftbe thefirft, becaufe he is felf-taught. As an artill he has exhibited as great proofs of mechanical genius as .'he world has ever produced. He has not indeed made a world ; but he has by imitation approached nearer its Maker than any man who has lived from the creation to this day. As in philofophy and war, fo in government, in oratory, in painting, in the plaftic art, we might faew that America, though but a child of yefterday, has already given hopeful proofs of genius, as well of the nobler kinds, which aroule the ])s'l fcttlings of man, which call him intoaftion, which fubftantiate his freedom, and condud him to happinefs, as of the f: Inordinate, which ferveto amufe him only. We therefore fuppofe, that this reproach is as r.njuft as it is unkind ; and that, of the geniufes wiiich adorn the prefent age, America contributes its full Ihare. For comparing it with thofc countries, whore gc!;'us is moft cultivated, where are the moft excellent models for art, and r ili,.'M nt\il] fit.iil.f I al e /I-i^n n fhjff //i**» /1%*0 lihtt //.^ *»mA J. .. .. , ,„, ,,,f,^.ij^,,j .,..^ -,_,., i,.,.,^...j. j.^. ,^ ....J ..^. ,„j ,,^.^ of the Ivor Id. Hift. Philof. P. 92. cd. Meaftriuh, 177^. T/iE UNltED STAT E Si 6j it yet pro- jeniiis in a from Mr. s did before Racine and "eproach be proceeded, dl not have produced a (hall have I re ages af- ' the world. Id arrange produced a E important : ingenious RlTTEN- be the firft, t proofs of not indeed ^aker than ofopbf and , we might :ady given aroule the antiate his itc, which )roach is as the prefent with thofc \ excellent as France tes contain the Britifh ittenhoufe. md Grcat- lat France quaintance : would be ?uffon, the . Src. We of genius. The ufto , ,uder rw off their hi. ,L m the prefent war having fo long cut off al! communication with Great- Lritam, we are not abie to make a fairelHmate of the ilate of fcience in that country. ^ The Literature of the United States is very flourifhinff. Their nro- grdsin the art of war. in the fcience of government, in philofophy and altronon.y, in poetry, and the various liberal arts and fciences, U, ZtlT'^X''T7' ^^^" '-^'^""^'h'ng. Colleges are inititutedin al thelites north of North Carolina, excepting Delaware; and liberal provihonismakK.g for their eitablilhment in thcothcrs. ThefeeoHeijesarL. generally we 1 f urmfned with libraries, apparatus, inltruaors and ih.^nts- The two late important revolutions in America which have been f^arcely exceedecl fmce the memory of man. I mean that of the declara- tion and eihibliHiment of independence, and that of the adoption of a new torn, of government without blood-flied. have called to hiltoric fame niany noble a.id diitinguifhed character, who might otherwife have flent in oblivion. ( '' But while we exhibit the fair fide of the charader of Fedcro-Ameri- cans, we would not be thouglit blind to their faults A European writer has juitlyobferved that ' If there be an obieft trul^r ndiculoi^ m/iature. itisan American patriot, figning rcrolutions of in. depende.icy with the one hand, and with t!i. other b.andilbing a whip over his affrighted ilaves. *• ^ Muchhas been written, of late, to (hew the injufticc and iniquity of enllaving the Africans ; fo m ch as to render it ^unneceflary here to Hu' any thing on that part of the fuhjec^ Ve cannot, however, forbear in- troducing a few oblervations refpeain-theiniiucnccof flavery upon no! - cy, morahj and manners. From repeated and accurate calculations it has been found, that the expence of maintaining a Have, cfpeciali; if Vve incmde the purchafe money, is much greater than that of maintaining, a free man ; and the labour of th. freemm. influenced bj the powerful motive of gain, is, at leall, twice as profitable to the emplov'er as that ot the flave Behdes, llavery is the bane of ind.ilrv. • It^enders labour among the whites, nc^Onlv unfa.lii.-i.ble, but dilrep.tai,lo. Indu.>rr u the o^sprmg of neceffity rather than of choice. 4ve.-y precludes this neceffity ; and in-H,leace, which ftrike. at the root of all fecial and nol i cal happme.'s, is the unhantv conlc.juenv.c. ^" Thefeobfervations. wiiw/it adding any thing upon the injufiiee- of thr t^raaice, fhew- that flavery is impoHttc. Its inrbJe.K-e on mannerra d morals isequally pernicious. The negro wenches in numv, perhaps I m-.^ fay in moft inifances. are nurfes to tlic-ir midreiT.s children. Fl e inr.nt babe, asfoon as it is born, is delivered to its b!ack ..K.rfe, n.-ul pcHrps fVl dom or never taftes a drop of its mother's milk. The cliildren, by bein:* brought up, and conffantly affociating with the negroes, too often i .! bibetheirlow ideas, and vitiated .nanners and moral; and contr^d a ff.g>-o^/.ku^d of accent_ arid dialed, which they often carry with thein through life. A mifchief connnun. in a greater or lefs degree in al ItTd fouthern (fates, at which humanitv and decencv blufh. is tnec i "irll in! tercourfe between the whites and bl.cks. * 'fhe eriovm.n^ nf ^ 1.!": or muiatto woman.' fays a traveller of ubfervation, '"is fpolcen of'as gJiti' « common thing, No rciuaance. delicacy, or fhame. Appear about th« * matten M llij III I! > I 66 The united STATE Sw matter. Ii is far from being uncommon to fee a gentleman at dmner, and his reputed offspring a ilave, M'aiting at the tabic. ' 1 myfelf ' fay*. this writer, ' favv two initances of this kind y and the company would Tcrv I facetiouliy trace the katures of the father and mother in the child, and very accurately point out the more chara<5teriaic refemblances. The fa- ther* neither oi them bluflied, nor feemed difconcerted. 1 hey were caU- ,ed men of worth politenefs, and humanity. Strange perveriion of terms and language i i he Africans are faid to be inferior in point of fcnfc, underftanding, fentiment and feeling to white people : Hence the one ir,- icrs a right to enflave tire other. I'he African labours night and dar to Gollett a fmall pittance to purchafe the freedom of his child • l^he whiteman begets his kkenefs, and with much indifference and dignity of foul, fees his offspring m bondage and mifcry, and makes not one effort to redeem his own blood. Choice food for fatire I wide field fbr bur- kfque ! noble game for wit ! fad caufe for pity to bleed, and for humani- tv to weep ! unlefs the enkindled blood inflame refentment, and vent it- ielf 111 execrations !' "Vo thefe I fl^all add the obferrations of a native* of a ftate which con- tains a greater number of flaves than any of the others. For although his obfervations upon the influence of flavery were intended for a particular ftate, they will apply equally well to all places where this pernicious praetice in any coniidcra't)]e degree prevails. ' There muft douhtiefs' he obferves ' be an unhappy influence on the manners of our people produced by the exiilence of flavery among us. The whole commerce between malkr and flavc is a perpetual cxeicife of the moft boifteroHs paliions, the moit unremitting defpptifm on the one part, and degrading fubmiflions on the other. Our children fbe this, and Jearn to imitate it ; for man is m imitative animal. This quality is the germ of all education in him. From his cradle to his grave he is learn- ing to do what lie fees others do. If a parent could find no notive either in his philanthropy or his felf-love, for reitraining the intemperance c£ paflion towards his ilave, it fliould always be aiuHicient one that his child IS prcfciit. But generally it is not fufiicicnt. q he parent ftorms, the cbildlooks on, catches the lineaments of wrath, puts on the fame airs in the circle of fmaller flaves, gives a loofe to his woril of palHons, and thus nurfed, educated, and daily cxercifed in tyranny, cannot but be Itamped by it with odious peculiarities. ""J he man mult be a prodigy who can re- tain hi» manners and morals undepravcd by fuch circumltances. And with what execration fhould the ftatefman be loaded, who permitting one half the citizens thus to trample on tlie rights of tlie other, transforms thofe into defpots, and thefe into enemies, dclhoys the morals of the one part, and the amor patriae of the other. For if a fiave can have a country in this world, it mult be any other in preference to that in which he is born to hve and labour for another : in wh-ch he murt lock up the faculties of hn nature, contribute as far as depends on hi's individual endeavours lo the cvanifhinent of the human race, or entail his own miferable condition on the endlefs generations proceeding from him. With the morals of th« people, their induftry alfo is delboycd. For in a Nvarm climate, no man Will labour for hinifclf who can make another labour for him. This is Mrjeficrfon, fa part, fu Th^ united state s. 11 tTo true, that of the proprietors of flavrs a ^re ever fcen to Jabuur. And can thr Jil cure when we hav 67. very fmall proportion indeed )eirties()f a nation be thouoht fc- ever tlJ, r^nli? l""^ "J"" ' ^^" l"^ i""i« ':»"no' licta for- Ln ?frr o. V anVmilV.''^ ^°^^"'-%^hem in fome part of our they fhall hi^,;aclirJdl^"^^ ^"'r '^^?">'^ ^"'^ ^'^'^^^ ""^^I incorporation with thethL-^nr'^'^'^i ''^'^'^ °^" ^^^'^^ ^ ^^ ^^7 termined AlT W u V '''■'" ^•''"*' °^^^" ^"7' remains to be de- xmnatural De^ot^^^^^^^ dangerous; and the htter difagreenble and fandreco e<^orrv ^'^r^^ ''r/'^ ^^•^' ^'^^ ^^'^^^ ' ^'^n thou- provocaTi ns ^ rea di n?' "^I'l^^J""'"^'^^-^' h.vefuflaincd ; new other circun^flateTwht "wouTdTe^^^^^^^^^^ befides .any produce convulfions are ob^q^i 50 divide them into parties, and. the blacks with thJd^^ntiVry^^^^^^^^^ nny acmand that thefe difficulties fl.ouid be t^oun c " " "'' '""" an] o?r S::::^:^j;^^T'-^'^- ^^^ ^^-'^"^^^ ^- ^- naves ; and IWY^r. "dllsta^ ^"''^"'^^'-'^^ '" Philadelphi, Icommon'v calfe Qual^ J")!^^^^^^^ '-''f'"^' P^H^ofe. The Fkiknos, their goodnefs in o^ Si' ^trirvipt^r^'^""^^ "''""" "'""^ ^^^ this truly hum.nean^ bene^^iC deJ^^ ^'^ ^^^'^"^'"£* uJt^S^^'VXh^uJ^f-""^^ '^V^ -iver^llv /poken in the fpoken w th g'reat pu itv ^nT '' ^""^f ^^ • «"^^ ^-^ records kept. It is bV V.r(onl:n!^-:^:!'^ pronounced w.thpropr.ety in New- England, tioii, by all ranki of nrn^^^^'^'^'V"'''^ ',?'"''' ^''^^^<''-''"rtions in pronuncia- ^v; had a ecattnu? of r" ' "^'^'^^V"^^ ^'"'^'^^^'n ^^'tates. where thev great mfiux of forei^^uer*, the language in ninny inilaucc. is n €i» Th E UNITED STATES. I 'f is corrupted, efpecially in pronunciation. Attempts are making tointro - uniformity of pronunciation throughout tiic Jitatcs, which for po tluce litical, ^s wijl as other real ons, it is hoped will meet the approba uioa «ncl encouragement of all literary and iiiliuential charaaers. Intermingkd wifh the Anglo-Americans, are the Dutch, Scotch, \rini, |e totally full power mcrce and ^ right do. protedion : in num- , and their I Perpetual if " The t>uld retain urifdidtion ation. By irm lcagu( ity of their mfelves to In be made commerce t managc- Ictermined as the Lc- firft Mon- :h ftate to ir, and to fend The UN I T E D STATES. 69 fend others m then; ftcad fo. the remainder of the year. No ftate wi, to be reprefented >n Congrcfs by lefs than two, or Jrc than feven member and no perfon could be a delegate for more than three years, inTn^ term of fix years, nor was any perfon being a dele^^ate, capable of ho/liL "r^ .^hce under the United States, for which he, or any other lor his e^e ,f hould receive anv falar>s fees oremolumentof any kind nd^ermn ngque.bcns m Lor^refs. each ftate was to haveone vote. Every ftaeTs bouna to abide by the determinations of Conjrrefs in all onrflionl »T^"u were fubmitted to them by the confederation.^ T "a c£ of eo ^^e^^ t.on were to be tnvar.ably obferved by every ftate, and e ni'm to "; perpetual ; nor was any alteration at any time hereafter to be ma le in anv of the articles, uniefsfuch alterations be' agreed to in Co LTfs and h« afterwards confirmed by the legiflatures ofevery ftat" The ar'ticks of confederation were ratified by Congrefs, July g\ 1 77^^ '''''^'' "^ Thefe articles of confederation, after eleven years experience b^n^. found inadequate to the purpofesofa falderal government Lr-r hereafter mentioned, dele'gat'es were chofen in eafh of Tc uiite^ " at ' to meet and fix upon the neceffary amendments, They acco din^K m.; in convention at Philadelphia, in' the fummer of JnLTZZtirto propose thefoUowmg conftitution for the confideratiJnlV their tSlca! iry E the People of the United States, in order to form a more per, V y ka union, eftabhft juftice. infure domeftic tranquility provfde for the common defence, promote the general welfare, an i/iu re he blefnngs of liberty to ourfelves and our poftcrity do ordain In 1. fill v! this Conftitution for the United States of AmeJica. ' ^'^^'"^ A R T I C L E I. Se^. t ALL legillative powers herein granted ft^all be vefted in a SedL z. The Houfe of Reprcfentatives fliall be comcofed of members ^hofen ^very feeond year by the .people of the feveral fta'tes. and le dec torsmeach ftate Ihall have the qualifieati-..s reouifue for eledor of th^ mort numerous branch of the ftate legiftature ^icciors 01 tne Reprefentatives and direa taxesfhall be apportioned amono- the feveral ftates which may be included within this Union, according to their c fpeft.ve numbers, which ft,ll be determined by adding ithewhde number of free perfons. including thofe bound to fervicf for a teT^^ of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Sns fheaaual enumeration ftiall be made within three years aft^r 'e firft arreting of the Congrefs of the United States, and within eTerAibfc qurnt term often years, injuch manner as they ft^all by law direk T't wwui^nor excccd^one ror every thirty thoufand, f'»f'^^'^ ; and until fuch enu- entitlcd to choofc ntiml-ipr rtf ron,^r. |-!--.-vjUaijVcs but each ftate (hall have at leaft one reprefen vc ; ana unn incration Ihall be made, the ftate of New-Hamplhiri ftiall be ''I TO Thb united states. if choafe three. MaOachufetts eight, Rhode Ifland and Providence Planta- tions one, Connecticut five. New- York fix, New-Jerfey four, Pennfyl. vania eight, Delaware cue, Maryland fix, Virginia ten, North-Caroiina five, aouth-Larohna five, and Georgia three. VVhen vacancies haf>pen in the repr<;fentation from any ftaie, the Exe- cutive authority thereof flial! iflbc writs ofelcaion tofiiJ fuch vaeanci,^s. 1 heHonfe of Re|)refentatii/es (hall choofetiieir Speaker and other offi- cers ; and Ihall have fhcfole power of impeachment. Si-/f. 3. The .Senate of the United States fhali be compofed of two fenators from each Itatc, chofca by the Jcgifiature tliereof, for fix years; and each lenator ftiall have one vote. Jnomediately after thby fhaU be aiTemblcd in confequcnce of the firft «]eaion, they (hall be divided as equally as may be into three clafTes. 1 he feats of the fenators of the firft clafs fhall be vacated at the expira- tion of the fecond year, ofthefecond ciafs at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third clafs at the expiration of the fixth year, fo that one third may be chofen every fecond year ; and if racancies happen by refig- nation, or otherwifc, during th.- reccfs of the legiflature of any ftate, the -executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meet- ing of the legiflature wiiich (hall then fill fuch vacancies. No perfon fliall he a fenator who (hall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been mne years a citizen of the Uni.ed States, and who Ihall not, whenekded, be an inhabitant of that ftate for which he fliall be choferu The vice-prefident of the United States fliall be prefidcnt of the fenate, tout fliall have no vote, unlcfs they be equally divided. Tht fenate fliall choofe their other officers, and alfo a prefidcnt pro tempore, in the abfence of the vice-prefident, or when he fliall exercife the office of prefidcnt of the United States. The fenate fliall have the fole power to try all impeachments. When fitting for that purpofe, they fliall be on oath or affirmation. When the prefidcnt of the Unite rates is tried, the chief juftice fliall prcfi! • Knf o rmalluf n...v^K»- _j: r. _ 1 day, and may be authorifed to compel the attendance of abfcnt member*. mem be provide Eacl bers fo expel a Each time pu quire fc any que the jour Neitl fentof t than tha 6V^. ( for their the Unii breach c feflion of fame; a\ tioned in No fe elcfted. States, w have bee under the tinuance Se^?. 7, fcntatives ether bill Every 1 fenate, fli; United St with his ( ihall enter derit. If a pafs the b houfe, by thirds of t of both ho perfons vo each houfe within ten him, the fa the Congrc not be a la Every or and Houfe adjourniner before th^ f proved by 1 The united states. ^, member., in fuch ,.anner, and under fuch penalties as each houfe ^y expel a member. ^'"''"''''' -nd, wah the concurrence of two-thirds, -^t^:^t^^ from timet, quire fccrccy; and the ^e 3 ty/of 'I r^,!" ^^t ^^^^^^ '^' any queitioa (hall, at tl/defire of oliif h'^i tE V"^ ''k'^^'" ^""'"^ ""^ the journal. """ ''* ^'^"^'^ prefent, be entered oa re„^5't^£!'ati"i for It'",,:^ fh^'^f =' """• -"-' '"' -„. "■- "J"' '-'id. tL .wo h'ouT: ftln S.'tint""' """ '" "»^ """^ P'-- breach of peace, be priXSd from L^ft'd' '""^l ■''"'"°"' ^'ony =nd Mon of thdr refpeaive S« ,nd ;„ I ■ ""^ ""j"' "'«n')''"ce at .he fame ; and f„, any fpeech o° Sba^ h, olTf 'V°l '='""""8 f™™ ' "' ""= '^"'"^'' have been encreafed durWfuch . me • , ^ emolument whereof (hall under .he Uni.ed S.a.es/ftflltVremb,^,"^^^,^'"" ''^'^■■"« -r "fficc tinuance in office. 'ncmoer ot either houfe dunng his conr ether bills. '"'" '"""y P'°P°^^ O'" concur with amendments al on United States ; if he approve Li m r t^^^^f ^^d to the prefident of the with his ohjeaions to t^hat hluf? n wf K • ^l' n ?'' ^'' ^«" '^'^'n i». ftall enter the objedion sat la'r/o^ 'T °"?"^^^^' ^^^^ der it. If after fuci re-confiderftion two tf^! ^ ^'' ? .^'"^''"^ '" '■'-^*''^^'^ Pafs the bill, it Ihall br^n '^^^5 h^"^* v' '^"^^ ^*" 'S^^' '^ houfe, by which it ftiall likewise crnSi'^-'fr^* '° ^^^^ °^^^^ thirds of thathoufe it Ihall blcLe a w^ '"n V^^PP'-"^*'^ ^y '^^ of both houfes (hall be dei S K,,^ * ^"' ^" ^" ^^^^^^ <^«^e« the vote, perfons voting for and aS tl e bmLlI K "'^'' T '^'' "^"^« ^^ ^^^ each houfe re|)edively. Tanv bill (I.M ^.Y''''''^ ^^ ^^^e journal of within ten days. (Sundays eTc^eptedS- ^ u'f'"'^ ^>' ^^^^ Prefident him, thefameVal l^ Tlavv InK ,^ '^^"" fliaJl have been prefented to the Congrcfs by thei7adiournm.^ ""'""•'" ""' '^^'^ ^''^ %"«! i^ unlef, «ot be a la w. ^ adjournment prevent its rctun., in which cafe it (lull JssCetT;tiTe:r;b:'if f ^7^— ^^^ ^^^ ^^-atc of i II .^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1' Ak<^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 yo ""^ Its lU 2.5 bfi 1 2.0 '> > 'ci^l ^ v^^""' V^ /A '^ o/t Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ■^i^ V :\ ,v \ ^ 4r c^ 4' h2 ■X I r 1* THt UNITED STATES. I' ^ ill if? of Reprefentatives, according to the rules and limitations prefcribcd in thd cafe of a biii. Sein, and fi)£ unties and iring foT li- r relpcttive ; high feai< make rules ley to that md and na* laws of the militia, .md ;ivice of the ment of thci to the difci- er fuch di(*- F particular government cespurchaf- me ^g-^b-h ofthefu [^rLfZfw S receL?ir h/ f'"' ^"""^ ^""'^ behaviour, and fhall, at ftated • Xd \nrZ Z- ■"■'''"'' .^ compenfation, which fhall not be dimi- mined during their continuance in office. ambafladors, other public minifters and corfuls; to all cafe, of admt S and mar,„„,e jurifdiaicm; ,o controveMe, to which thfulef s'2 «ce„,,„„s and under ftcK regulation's u the Cong^-f ftdfrnnr ' "" a»"f'"rT' ""^^ncn iioi committed within any fta^e the trial" f}i«IM>!^ at fuch place or place, as the Congrefi may by Jaw Vavc d^cd ^ 7^ The united STATES. '»li. ;i I Jlf\^'J/u '^S^'^'^'^^P^'^^^ Stares, fhall confift only in lewmir ^ ag u.It them, or m a]'«"' refpeding the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this conftitution ihall be fo conftrurd as to pr^mdiceanv claims of the L'nited States, or of any particular ftate. • « r.n M--"' f c '"'" ^'" guarantee to every Hate in thi. union a repuDb m form of government, and ftiali protect each of them againft :nvafion ; and on application of the legiflature. or of theexecutive (when the legiflature cannot be convened) againft domeltic violence. A R T T G I, E \''. The Congrefs. whenever two thirdsof both houfcs (hal! deem 'tnecef Jl^ry. hall propoieamendments to this conltitution. or, on the applira- tion of the legiflarures of two thirds of the feveral ftates, iliall call a convenuon for propofing amendments, which, in either cafe, fhall be xahdto all intents and purpofes, as part of this conftltution, when rati- fied bv thcleg.ilatures of three fourths of the feveral ftates, or by conven- t.ons in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification way !Sc propofed oy the Congrefs : Provided, that no amendment which inayl^maue prior to the year one thoufand eight hundred and eight, flial in any manner affed the firft and fourth claufes in the ninth feftion ox tne Iirll artirlf> • anH th-af nr^ rt„._ ...:^i •. r ^ .. . ' ~ '•• '•"'^'"- vviiiiuui US comenc, ihaii be de- prived of its e^ual fulFrage in the Senate Article in levying ^m aid and ; tefiimony court, of treafon, forfeiture. the public And the futh aftsi r. privileges ler crime; n demand delivered 's thereof, egulation delivered 3e due. lis union, n of any :)re ftates, ates con- dful rules inging to :()nftrurd jlarftate. his union n againit vc (when t necefr applira- II call a fhail be en rati- conven- ification t which d eigiit, I fecS^ion be dc- ICLE Thp U N I t e d s t a TE S. jj A R T 1 C L E VI. ,„^^ A!I debts con tiar-d and engagements entered into, before the ?.do&. tionot tmconUitution, Iball be as valid ai^ainJt the United States under tills conltitution, as under the confederation. This conftitution, and the Jaws of the United Stares which iliall be made in [urfuancc thereof ; and nil treaties, mndr, or which (hall be made Jinder the authority of the United State*, (hall be th« fopreme law of the i'lnd ; and tliejudges in every ttate (liall be bound thereby, anv thinij in tlie conititu.;on or laws of any ffate to the contrary notwi'thftanding. 1 he ic^nators and rcprefentatives before mentioned, and the members of the revcrahrate ieginaiures, and all executive and judicial officers, bath of the United Stares and of the feveral Hates, fliall be bound by oath or apirmation, to fupport this conltitution ; but no religious teft fhall ever StiteT ^^ ^ qualification to any ofliceor public trult under tjie United • Article VII. f.^JJirf/'u?/!'"" of the conventions of nine ftates, fhall be AifHcient lor^tnecltabJifhment of this conftitution between the flates fo ratifying the DONE if, Comjention by the vvammom con/e»t of the flates trefent, the fen;cnteenth day In CON FE NT 10 N, Monday September 17, 1787 PRESENT i> '■I'^i' The States ofNenv.HampJbire, Mnffachufetts, Convenient, Mr. HnmiltiL fromNe..nrK f-vj-ferfy^ P.nn/yl.ania, Delanvarc, Maryl^udT't gtma, Norlh-Carolina, South- Carolina and Ccor^ia. "^ Refolved, T^H AT the preceding conftitution be laid before the United States m tht it 0?"^M 'f'''^^'^'^ and that it is the opinion of this Convention^ that It fhould afterwards be fubmltted to a convention of Delegates it^tjL? T bv the people thereof, under the recommendScf ' fr •"'■^' ^"^ 'T' ''^^"^ '-^-^ ratification ; and that each conVen- tonairentmg to. and ratifying the fame, fhould a? ve notice thereof to the United States in Congrefs aifembled. «"ereoitO u. ^Jt^^^^^^P' ^^}^^}^ is the opinion of this convention, that as fooM a tie conventions of nine ftates ihall have ratified this conftitution th? Un led otatesin Congref. affembled, (hould fix a da. on whi h Eleaor' fhould be appointed by the ftates which ftiall have ratified the fame and a day on which the Eleftors fkould aftemble to vote for the Sent and thejtimeand place for commencin, proceedings under 7b' A"!!!.?;;!' «"», i nat after iuch publication, the Eleclors (liould be appoInVed'.'and the i! I 7« The united S T A T E S. the fcnators and reprefenfatnes elefted : That the efcaor, (hould meet on ^day fixed for thecWiionof the Prefident, and ihould tranfmit their votes certified, figne.l, fealed and direacd. .s the conftitution requ re to the Secretary of the United States in Congrefs afTembled ; that tlm icnators and rcpre(enfa rives (hould con vene at the time and place afligned ; that the fenators Ihould appoint a Prefident of the fenate. for the fcle fhTIf^ iI:T'n"F' TT^ ^""^ counting the votes for Prefident' ; an J, ^at after he (hall Ije chofen. the Congrefs. together with the Prefident mouid, wKhout delay, proceed to execute this Conftitution. Jij the tcnnnimous order of the Co»wntioH, GEORGE WASHINGTON, WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary, Pveftdeni, September 17, 1787. In CONVENT ION, SIR. ■\X7E have novv the honour to fubmit to the confideration of the United V V States in Congrefs afTembled, that conflitution which has appear- ed to us the mofl advifable. ^^ The friends of our country have Jongfoen and defired, that the power of making war,peac« and treaties, that of levying money and regulating commerce, and the correfpondent executive and judicial authorities fhould be tully an-a e^Teftually vefled in the general government of the union • but the impropriety of delegating fuch an extenfive trufl to one body of men is evident —Hence refulrs the neteffity of a different organization. It IS obvioufly impradicablein the federal government of thefe ftates. to fecure all rights of independent fovereignty to each, and yet provide for the interea and fafety of all.-Individuals entering into fociety. mufl give up a fhare of liberty to prcferve the reft. The magnitude of the facrifice mu ft depend as well on fituation and circumftances. as on the objea to be obtained. It is at all times difKcult to draw with precifion the line between thole rights which muft be fur rendered, and thofe which may be referved ; and on the prefent occafion this difficulty was encreafed by a difference among the feveral ftatcs as to their fituation, extent, h?- bits and particular mterefts. In all our deliberations on thisfubjea, we kept fteadily in our view, that which appears to us the greateft intereft of every true American, the conlohdation of our union, in which is involved our profperity, felicity fafety. perhaps our national exiftence. This important confideration,' ferioufly and deeply imprefTed on our minds, led each ftatc in the con- vention to belefs rigid on points of inferior magnitude, than might have been otherwife expeded ; and thus the conftitution, which we now pre- fent, IS the refult of a fpirit of amity, and of that liiutual deference and ca^celfion which the peculiarity of our political fituation rendered indif- fenfible. That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every ftafe is not J^erhaps to be expefled ; but each will douhtlefs confider that had her in- terefts been alone confulted, the cor>fequences might hs.'e been particu- larly difagrceable^or injurious to others : That it is liable to as ^t^ excep- tions 35 could rcifonably have been expcclcd. we hope and beiievc ; 1 hat ■i« it The united ST A T E S. uld meet on anfmit their ^n requires, 1 ; that the ce aligned ; "or the Inle ident' ; anJ, : Prefidcnt, Pveftdeni, 79 f the United has appear- the power regulating ities Ihould the union ; »ne body of tnization. thefe ftates, ^'et provide ciety, muft :ude of the as on the :h precifion hofe which s encreafed extent, ha- our view, :rican, the 1, felicity, ifideration, n the con- light have ; now pre- :rencc and ;red indif- ate is not ad her in- n particu- "ew excep- :vc ; 'Ihat it -4- Excellency'i Prejidtut. it may pi-omote the Lifting welfare of that co.mtr. r^ a . fccure her freedom and hap^pincfs. is our'rr.7nt\tm" '' " ^"' *«^ With great refped, we have the honour to be Sir V^* «.dft obedient, and humble fervants ' ' °" ^^l^OHGli: .WASHINGTON ^ u»aa,mous order of the Convention, His Excellency the Prefident of Cong'refs. orga„i.ado„ and ''^M^.^.^Q,'::::^::^^,^--^^;^^^-'^^ f" "• gratification of the rerp.«abfera"X?s of t/r'°™'^' ^"'^ *"<"• ■•'« hate tlieir friendly and charilS,e?,i^Lv ,1 T"1"' "'"' "^"l' •■> of tiiar fello>v citizens. ""'""ons fully underilood b,. all claffe. The Institution of theSodBTY of thp riN!rTMMA.r.r anda dea , , „^^^„^^^, J^t^^^I^^i^^^^^ rnccete,!;l:J^^„^^^^^^^^^^^ and independent : Therefore i?rat^f„llv r^ ^ ^""^"^ ^^^^^^ free to inculcate to thclateit ages^hf dl of lavin^^ ^^^^ ^^'^°^'- fumed for public defence bvfoSa.^-!- °'^"'" P^^^^^' ^^"is af- that moft Important princ p?J,irC^i;j TTT ^''^'\L'^''^^^-'^ commenced under the preffure of c^mnl H ''^"*"^J ^"endlhips which ads of beneficence, didated bVt he fT t Jf "^f. ' f"^ '^ "^^^^"-^^^ the thofe officers and heir families tS, /'■'^''''■'>' ^^r,^n^k, towards nccdiic,,f,,,,i,i4-^^-;^-;;-h^^ may be under the conlhrute themfelvel into A wH? V- ? ^"\e"can army do herebir veneration for the chara^lf "of Xf if^Xtus^R* PoMng the highe^ C..W., denominate themfelv^: THHri^xH^ro"/ f ^fc^t^^ mifa^d^nkTev^er^t^ronh" ^" ^^^ com- M;ho have ferved three yiars i.^^X^l^\r7 ^-^ ^^^^Uni.ed States, all officers who were in ad'al fervS .r^ ^ ^Tf^ ^^^'^ reputation j the principal ftaffofficerrofLonrr^^^^ ^h/war ; all have been deranged by the fcveralSlY^r^^"'^ *^ °^^"3 ^^'ha ferent reforms of the army ''^""°"* ^* Congrefs, upon the dif- ^^'^^X^^W^To^'^^^^^ thisTociety, the late and pre- general, andcolonels of reS^^ the United States ; all^thc * admiral, and captains of th^n^v^mkf^?^'^'?^^°^^" ^" "^^ operated with the armies of the UrLdW^-^ «'*^« ^^ve co- and fuch other perfon^ a.have ^:^^t^^^!^^^^^'^ liberty;' Aags. •'/ '"« •cii.jcciiv* iiatc-meei- 60 The united ST A T £ S. ■1 I fhall be equally borne by the ilatc funds) a reprcfeniaiion from each ftate. * The buanofs of this general meeting (hall l>c, — to regulate the dif- tribution cf furplus funds; — to appoint officers tor theenfuing term, — and to conform the bye-laws of ftate-meetings to the general objects of the inftitution. Se^'L V. ' The foclety fliall be divided into ftate-meetings : each meeting (hall have a prefident, vice-prefident, fecretary and treafurcr, refpedively to be chofen by a majority of votes annually. iVt?. VI. • The iiate mcetingi ihail be on the anriiverfary of indepen- dence. Tliey fliall concert fuch meafures as may conduce to the benevo- lent purpofesof the fociety ; o. ,»the feveral ftate-meetings fhall, at fuita- ble periods, make application to their refpedive legiflatures for grants of charters. " " . • Se^. VII. * Anjr njember removing from one ftate to another, is to be confidered, in all refpe(Ss> as belonging to the meeting of the ftate in which he (hall a(5tually riefide. Se^. VIII. ' The ftate-meeting fhall judge of the qualification of its members, admonifh, and (if necelTary; expei any one who may conduct hi mfelf unworthily. Se^. IX. * The fecretary of each ftate- mec-ing (hall regifter the names of the members refident in each ftate, and tranfmit a copy thereof to the fecretary of the focr-oty. Sec7. X. * In order to form funds for the relief of unfortunate mism- bers, their widows and orphans, each officer fhall deliver to the treafurer of the ftate-meeting,"6rt6 month's pay. Se<^. XI. * No donation {hall be received but frpm the citizens of the United States. * S.'c'?. XU. * The funds of each ftate-mecti'ng fhall be loaned to the ftate, bv permiffion of the Icgiilature, and the interell only, annually to be applied for the purpofes pf the fociety ; and if, in procefs of time, difficulties fho \ld occur in executing tlie intentions of this fociety, the le- giflatures of tht feveral ftate i ftiall be entitled to make fuch equitable difpo- fition a$ may be moft correfpondent with the original defign of the coii- ftitution. Sed. XIII. * Thefubjefts of his mcft Chrittian majefty, members ot this fociety, may hold meetings at their pleafufe,' and form regulations for their police, conformable to the objefts of the inftitution, and to the fpirit of their government. Seff, XIV. ♦ The fociety fhall have an order; which fhall be a bald ' agriculture, is many times greate. than the property emi>ioycd in every other way. The fcttlen.cnt cfwaftc I.mds, the rubdivifion of farms, and the numerous improvements in huf- bandry annually incrcafe the pre-eminence of the agricultural intereft. . he refources m- derive from ir, are at all ti.nes certain and indifpenfibly rcccifary Befides. the ruraPifc promotes health, by its aftivc nature, and morality by keeping people from the luxuries and vices of the popu- lous ton ns. In fliort agriculture is the fpring of our commerce, and the parent of our manufactures. The vaft extent of feacoaft, which fpreads before thefe confederated ftates ; the number of excellent harbours and fea-p.'>rt towns ; the numer- ous creeks and immenfe bays which indent the c^aft ; and the rivers. laKe* and canals, which peninfulate the whole coufitry ; added to its agricultural advantages and improvements, give this part of the world fupenor advantages lor trade. Our commerce, including our exports, iinports, fh.pping. rr.anufaftures and fifheries. may properly be confider- ed as forming one if.tereft. This has been confidered as ths great objeft. and the moft important interert of the New England ftates ; but erroneouny, for according to the beft calculations which have beeu made the propor- tion of properrv, and the nu.nber of men employed in manufactures, fifti- cries, navigation and trade, do not, even in this commercial pait of the union amount to one eighth of the property and people occupied in agriculture. In this ellimate fuitable deduftions are made from the value and population of tne large towns, for the idic and diflipated, for thofc who live upon their incomes, and for fupernumerary domeftic fervants. Kut taking the union at large, the difproportion is much greater. The timber, iron, cordage, and many other articles neceflary for building fliips to fini or trade ; nine parts in ten of their cargoes ; the fubfirtencc ofthe manufadurers, and a great part of their raw materials, are the pro- duce ot our lands. * Since commerce has ever been confidered as thehandmaid of agriculture, particularly in this country, where the agricultural intereft fo greatir predominates ; and fincc neither can flouriih without the other, policy and interea point out the necefiity of furh a fyftem of commercial and agricultural r'-gulations, as will originate and efFedually prefcrve a pro- per conne. The numlier of coafting vefTels entered at the cuftom-houfe of Philadelphir. in the year 178^, was five hundred and fixtv-feven -. all tht f m ■ - i Other 3r five tiiiK^s Tmi united ST ATESi fj •thcr c»trics of fca vcflcls in tl,e fame year were five hunare() and one f he dcnand or the forcmc.u.oned article, i. propurti(mal;Iv Zlt Z' other parts 01 theumon. (efpcciall^ ,„ Bolton Z ti.e rge Lnme^u! towns that he along the coaU no. th-eallward. wlueh enter iLe^Tto the hfljmg tradej and the veHds employed in trarfporting th3oL,r"i >^ ably numerous. The increafeot our towns and manufadureTw^lTnrriafk Che demand for thefe art.cies. and of cour.e the numbe orc^^ ft "' nf! ^.r!;yJh^t;H^^^=;eo^ Th?°rrT;. '^'^^ '", ''l^' ""•• P'-^'i'*'^*^ ^■'•"'" the L trad oi Canada The valt fettlements which art; makintr it PitfHM.r,, a • i ^^^^^^: the neighbourhood of Canada; he adJanial.^n^^^^ ' ,"' ?''^rP^^'.^ "» by means of the lakes, the nor he n brarhefof the OM ^"^'^ nav.gation. the Sufquehannah and the Hudfoi whrmanv o h.^ ' '' I ^^'^'^f- confeguently, this trade rannct be carried on Kv^hrT"^* '"-^ fame?acilit; aor advantage as bTmSHnM;^ the Can^ajans with the The ecportof buc'^-lkins amn..n.«li » '"*=>^2rs 1768, 1769 and 1770^ fand pounds. Thefale off^ «hfl I "P,^"^' ?^ thirty-three thou- produced, in 1782 four thonfan^f \' P^^'" London every fpring, th increased ii 1 78V aid in /^fi^ [f'" ^""^f ^ P^^^'^' ^*- ^^s^a lif: five thoufand pounds' Al H, J^ • ^''•T^^'^. '^" ^^""^''^^ and forty - and a fourthp^rrrof it is Irked in Xl ^ 7 ^"^^^'^ '-anufaaures , This valuable trade vl rh I l",^"^^^"^. where irs worrh is doubled. bly fall in ol?han<^^^ a^^^^^^^ ^^T"^^ ^'""'l'' ^''' ""«^°i^- poffefs in our northern temW ""^''^'^'^ ^"^^^ «*«» deration, rather ilarrolTor!^^^^^^^ J^^}^ conH- ^ — ..^amuji iurjjic ivoyaiuts, ma/ be H The united STATES. X be attributed the delay of that reftitution. 1'he period when this reftitu, Tion m:^t be made, the BritiOi anticipate with fo/row. Such are fouic of the commcrcia! refources and prof|x;ds of this country. But for various reafons, the advantages for trade which nature has fo liberally given us, have never yet been properly improved, i^efore the revolution. Great- Britain claimed an cxcJufive right to the trade of her American colonies, This right, which (be inflexibly maintained, enabled her to tix her own price, as wdl on the articjes whicii (be purchafed from us, as upon thofe of her own manufaaurcs exported tor our confumption. 1 he carrying trade too, vyas preferved almoll excluii vely in her own handsi vvhich afforded a temptation to the carriers, that was often too power- .. ful to be withrtood, to exati^ exorbitant commillions and freights. Al- * though we will not even hazard a conjedure how much Grcat-Bri^ tarn enriched herfelf by this exclufive trade' with her colonies, yet this we »nay fav, that by denying us the privilege of carrying our produce to fo- reign markets, (he deprived us of the opportunity of realizinf?, in their lull extent, the advantages for trade which nature has given us.*^ The late war, which brought about our feparation from Great-Britain, threw our commercial affairs into great confufion. The powers of our national government have hitherto been unequal to the complete execution rf anv meafures.calcUlated efredually to recover them from their deranped Ittuation. Through want of power in Congrefs to collect a revenue for the difcharge of our foreign and d{>meftic debt, our credit is deftroyed, and trade of confequence greatly embarraffed. Kacii ftate, hitherto, in her defultory regulations of trade, has regarded her own intereft, while ti'.at of the union has been ncgieded. And fo different are the jnterelts of the feveral ftates, that their laws refpeding trade, h. e «->ften claOied with each other, and been produdive of unhappy con- fequences. ^ The large commercial ftates have had it in their power to opprefs their ncighl)ours ; and in fome inftances this power has been dired- }y or indirectly exercifcd. Thefe impolitic and unjuftifiable regulations, formed on the impreffion of the moment,and proceeding from no uniform or permanent principles haveexcited unhappy jealoufies between theclaftiing itates,and oceafioned frequent ftagnations in their trade, and in fomeinftan- • cs,a fecrecv in theircommercial policy, This lalt mentioned circumftance, t'j^ether w ith the inconvenience in (ome ftates, want of proper regulations in others, and impolfibiluy in the reft of preftrving complete accounts of t^heir annual exports and imports, rcjider it impoiJil>le, at prefcnt, to give lAich an accurate ftatcment of the trade of the United States, as to deter- mine on which fide the balance lies ; wiiether for or againft us. Tfe HrliilTi parliament, too well acquainted with our deranged and andizeof the United States, for fix months, in all rh opai to the comjncrcc of her colonies, fubje^ to a u ports of nly of o on« >. rated, be nr»- th every ot tlie :n imported bjr il and foreign ment, inverted ichafyftem of rs of our trade refpeftable at 1 uniform and »c union, vi^ith )uch a fyftem onfequence of ive been more iberzg, 1787, :ates of Ame- roduce of the ! in French or en livres ten reloffivehun- i duty of onljr >and fix pence le faid duties ; ember, 1790. rted as afore- the moll fa- d other feeds, f beaver, raw ates to France ne eighth per the United tempted from wo and a half Jnited States, »hth per cent, ionary bond, be exempted r\f\ /ill >flAi. AM )dmftions and the ports of uurj only of on« Thb UNITED states: 9^ fen" :' t "e Untd Stags'" ""^'^"'"^ ^^ ^-chW, wluch may W conventions whatever? his '.!.»? n'r^ ^'^^/P^. '« "^ commercial United States enjoy nFancftLJ^.r'J''"^'^ citizen, of the tions. with the fibUsSsmeLr "^^^\ P"y^»'^g« ^d exemp- •inth article hereof" ^^ ' ^^''"^ ""'^^ « provided in tl« ^^:^!^:Z^:!:^;!::::^^f inhabitants of the UmtedSeate. bv the mod hvLrZT^r ^'^?W*-^' o^^'hich aiAy be hereafter enjor-xl hlsmaiTftVenfurerfo^^r^^^ of America : and mo^V^ States an thrnrlfl /"? *'^"'^^"' ^"^^ inhabitants of the United alwiys, thattlcKettll hii" i^'^"'", '"'''"! ^"^^"' P'""'^ port of the UniteYSs" fitted out ^d difpatchedin fome ■ •bferve'ktt^£'L°^°"'''"'"T-T^^*'^ ^^^"-^^^ «» ^hi^^hl would onlr TZv'^t^^t:^^^^^^^ beexpeftedto floi mentioned S^r^^rL^^^^^^^ privileges granted in Ae above- having been gVaS^' VffLTgne" '°'^''^""" "' *«= '^"^'^ ^"^^^3- matSe^'lrn^tt oSktd' T^T^ -^'^^"T^' ^^^^ °^ United States have fal emr^ r ^^?S'' " " confeffed, that the field of agr culture vet r2^"'r' ^''" "", 'H"^' ^^^^^ '» "^^^^ ^^^^ve already hire and n;arvm?;rw^Ml"rh7"'^'^'>^'" "^ manufaaurer. c.Uoythebi;rmssTfl[fe nfl.r '^^^^^M.^^'g^^e from Europe to fince we have foTc poor 01^-"' ^^ ?'' ' • '"^'^'""^ '"""''^ '^ our wafte lands. gooTpoHn^^ "'"'^l fettlements on prove the great »«W ^J' "".^"^V- "" ^""^ouzzg^ thefe men to ini- Snthemaa:rgbSr'"' '"^"°""^^^ P«"-' ^— >ing " oan''b':c"rTefo?ry''t'^^^^^^^^ In managing thofe fa«ories which contrived macWnes wW T '..'^'"'^"''^ '* ^'^' h^^^^. and ingeniouflr ea macmnes , which, as they require but few hands, do not divert people ^:"t of fl,; tenth c. J n , " P r ft .h7- ^ ''/'^ '^' ^'''''' P'" v.fion (hall have been rnade hv the7';! Va °^'^'^^' ^°'" ^^•'^' ^' "o pro- >vhici, the faid diaiesfti^irbt^ lev-i^d ' wh^/^^'""' '' '^".^'^^ '"='""^'^ '" ri^eof the veflels.or oike^vi^^r^.:^ r^V:iV:2^ •he admiralty, and to regul pnncrples of recipro salfo regulate them as fa >ch were given by h Jty, 3s foon as flip order IS majefly accord to umplify the fiil duties of Tcs fhai) he poflfjlle on the s fhall be completed .r.h.faid;a-;7 .7. ^onK^TeUft"* '° "" '""'^ n«h ■.rViVio «8' The U K I T E D S T A T "E S. h' 5 ill w 1 11; is i • P' people from agriculture, and are not burdened with any heavy expellee of hoarding, lodging, doath*ing and paying workmen. By wina and water machines we can make pig and bar iron, hallow ware and cannon fliot, nail rods, ti. e, ihect-iron, fheet-copper, fheet-brafs and (heet-lcad, anchors, meal of ull kinds, gun-powder, writing, printing and hanging paper, fnuff, lin'feed oil, boards plank and fcantling ; and they alfift us in finishing fcythes, fickles and woollen cloths. In the European factories, they alfo card, fpin and weave by water. By means of water likewife, our bleaching and tanning bufineffes are carried on. Breweries, which we cannot eftimate too highly, diftilleries, fait and pot-a{h\vorks,fugar houfes, potteries, calting and rteel fu maces, ^works for animal and vegetable oils and refining drugs, Iteam engines, and fcveral other works are, or may be carried on by means of that powerful and ufeful element fire, and be attended with the fame favings, that were particularized in fpeaking of water machines. Horfes grind the tanners bark, and potters clay; they work the brew- ers and diltillers pumps ; and, by an inventive mind, might be applied as the moving principle cf many kinds of mills. Machines ingenuoufly conftruded will give us immenfe affiftance. The cotton and filk manufa(5;urers in Europe are poflefl'ed offonie, that are invaluable to themv One inftance has been precifely afcertained, which employs a few hundreds of women and children, and performs the work of TWELVE THOUSANDS ofcarders, fpinners, and winders. They have been fo curionfly improved of late years, as to weave the moft complicated ma- !iufa<^\urcs. ^ We may certainly borrow fome of their inventions, and may ftrike out others of the fame nature ourfelves j for on the fubjed of me- chanics, America may juftly pride herfelf. A very ufefiil machine has lately been invented and made in Connedir cut,* for the purpofe of cutting and bending- wire for card teeth ; which will make thirty-fix thoufand in an hour. By a fmall improvement it may be made to cut double that number with equal eafe. With this ma- chine in its prefent form, a man, though blind, with a boy to tend the wire, might eafily cut an hundred pounds of wire in a day. Confequcnt- Iv with the propofed improvement, they might cut two hundred pounds. The inventor of this, has feveral other ukful manufafturing machinei partly completed. In fliort, every "combination of machinery may be expefled from a coun- try, a NATIVE Son* of which, reaching this ineftimable cbjeft in its highelf point, has opitomljcd the motions of the fpheres that roll through- out the univerfe. The advantages which nature has given us for thefe manufa(ftural im- ?rovemenr8, have not been ncgicftcd ; but m fome ftates, particularly in ^nnfylvania, New Jerfey, Connedicut and Maflachufetts, have been latoly much improved, 'till our manufadures will admit of being fur- tlier pufhed without interfering with the general interclls of commerce or • By Mr. Ehenezer Chittendon of New Haven, an obfcure mechanic, vhofe ingenuity and originality of genius entitle him to public notice and encouragement. * David Ilitt-uhoufe,li;fq; of Pennfylvania. The united STATES. % •r a,^nculture ; jprovided they are Jndicioufly apportioned to and ^n couragcd mWeftates. which from nature/ponulatiTandt^iVirfnf^^' nal refoufce,, are beft fitted to purfue them toVdv.mZ"^^^^^^^ South Cr.rohna. North Carolina. Virginia and MarylaS. where heSo! ple,confidenng the extenfive terrtory which thev inhabif .rr^i ^ tively few tillage profitable, and pJ^vifion, deJr mu^manuSK; an evident lofs ; while the advancement of this bufinefs S moft nf .' muraKuge!^'^' -„ufaa„re,a. can be made by .he „or,her„,«?o ,.rtZjL°Lh'":^Tr '°l- "^ r^^'B^h- (-ubfervientto ,he in. rerciis or agriculture. The workers m eather of everv kind in fl:.v o„^ crcumftancethat they are becoming ffionable H^feedo Llu'^^U preclude all fnrPf-fyr, ;,>,„^ » »• quanty, and m fuch quantities as to were expc„derb^y/&„|& ; ?:'p;.X^,r,Nv:rrr f ' -^ J.quor» ; and perhaps nearly half rha, f,,rfor fpiri Ifflfed ,, fc'f"' :^'>t^?orh^^^L=-afn^^^^^^ and happy '^'^''^''^'^J'* ^dependent in their circumltance. .:„!f:l^"':l^^^P'•«^«.^ 'h^f O'iritous liquors, exceot for c....;n ^..: ^..=.. u:c,, arc aitogefi.cr unnecelTarv. In the modenre ',Vfr",Vr ■"•"" -d.f„.a.«a„La.e;.Jhl|Ltct^jrbt™U;3;te^^^^^^ iitr» $0 Tni UNITED STATED I «fe of thefe liquors, labourcrs.and other people who have made the expcj4» ment have been found to enjoy more health and better fpirits than thofe who have made only a moderate ufe of fpirltous liquors. The reafon of rhis IS made obvious by a careful calculation lately made, from which It appears that malt liquors, and feveral of the imported wines, are much • "lore nounfhing and cheaper than fpirits. In a pint of beer, or half a pint of Malaga or Teneriife wine, there is more ftrength than in a quart of rum. The beer and the wine abound with nourifliment, whereas the rinn has no more nouriinment in it than a pound of air. Thefe con- fiderations point out the utility, may I not add. the neceifity of confining ourfelves to the ufe of cnr ou'n home made liquors, that in this way we might encourage our own manafadurcs, promote induftry, prefcrvc the morals and lives oT our citrxns. and fave our coui.try from the enormouf • annual expcncc of four milhcn-j of dollars. Another encoui fui table European gou^s i„io our raarKcts. 1 he merchants' commiffions for fhip": pmg and th.e f mc for felhng, coft of packa-s, cuftcm houfe papers in Lurope, and the ran:e wah_ a duty of five per cent, here, porterages. freight, infmauce, damage, intercft of money, wafte and lofs on exchange; thele may be rated at twenty-five per cent, on the fincft and Iea(t bulky ot our manufaaur«. This tv^-enty-five per cent, which would be much greater on artic.es of a more bulky and weighty kind, is a folid pre- mium opentipg Iik3 a bounty to our manu/aaurers to encourage their bulinefi;. 1 his iul:ftanr.ial advantage over European manufadurlrs they alu^ys mufl have, lo long as the broad Atlantic divides us. Thefe are feme of our numerous internal rcfources and advantages for the encouragement of fadcrles in thofe parts of the union where thev can beattended toinperfeaconiiitency with tlie higheft intcrells of cominerca and agriculture. . After having indulged in the enumeration of fome of our manufaaural advantages and profpccts, which I am fenfibleis deviating from the com- mon track of Geographers, whofe bufinefs it is to relate things as they are. and not to anticipate what they might be, wc will now proceed to take a general view of the prefcnt ftatc c: our manufaftures. Of the long lift of articles wiiich we now make ourfelve;*, we will mention, meal of all kinds, fliips and Loats, malt and diftllled liquors, potalh. gunpowder, cordage, loaf-fugar, pafteboard, cards and paper of every kind, books m various hmguages, fnufT, tobacco, (larch, cannon, inufquets, anchors, nails, aid very many other articles of iron, bricks, tile* potters war^ mill-ftones, and other Hone work, cabinet work, trunks and Windiorchairs. carriages and harnefsof all kinds, corn-fans, ploughs and many other implements of huihandrv, fadlery and whips, Ihoes and boots, leather of various kinds, hofiery, hats and gloves, wear- ing apparel, coarfchnens, and woollens, and fome cottcn s^cods, linfced and fifii-oil, wares of gold, filvcr, tin, pewter, lead, brafs and copper, bells, clocks and watches, wool andcotten cards, pri.itin? types, olofsand Ibne ware, canaks, ioap nnd ieverai otiier valuable articles. Thefe are tcnd- ,ing 50 greater perfcdion, and will foon be fold fo cheap a. to throw <«oreign ^oods of the f^mc kind entirely out of the market. Pennfylvania The united S T A T E 5." 9* rernfylvnnja ha, confefl-Adfy t.ken the lend of all htt filler f^ a t« 'J ^an.faftural improvements. A focfety for d.e ena,ur..cm nt of maVu ^ures and the uM arts, wa. inftitutcd .t Pl.ilndelphia m"le A^cr of, 787. Several ingenious, well written pamphlets were pubi fhTar It Z' rr^'"""^/"'"- "^"^'^^""^ '^^^^'"^^^ ' and ad vantages ^or ono ! Slntr^r^nd^^^Sa^^^^^^ A cotton nianufaftory has lately been cftablifhed at PhiladelDh.'a nt which arc made jeans, fuiHans, velvets, velverets and cord»rnvc ^ fand dollars, which U increafing. ir Xuted fa V 5'l T" . New tngland, the fot of the fifteries, has thc^rtat adv-m-a^. nf I., ing the cheapen and moll nonulou. nan nf A „ ■ aov.mfge of be- juft a charge aga,„ft the people of Amcrka', (inceccTofc^rf maHnpfct„,f^_„;„„ £_.. "''^* . ■I.': iscnitdy in large towns that thit. C3 -....i nn,-t i here, unfortunately, it madnefs tor foreign finery rages and deftroys. has been and is ftill epidi-mical of them in the defcrip.iS^rf'SS ,uL. """" ''""''"" ^="''"' Military - •/<«;» o/"//^^;^ PaHiphlett ivere 'written hv Ttnrh C^^. Vr r nr •/ , , 9* Tni UNITED STATES. i' , 111 If'il I / Military .md Marine Jiretigth.] On thefe two heads, as wc have no arf. curate eUi:nate of the number of inhabitants in foinc of the ftates, and no official returns of the militia ; and as wc have in fad no marine ftrcngth, wc are left to the field of conjcfturc and anticipation. The following cllimate may fervc until a better one can be made. Suppofe the number of inhabitants in the United States to be three millions.eighty* three thoufand.' Dcdu(i> from this five hundred andfixty thoufand, tlve iuppofed number of negroes; the remainder will be two millions, five hundred and twenty-three thoufand , the number of whites. Suppofe one fixth part of thde capable of bearing arms, it will be found that the number of fenciblemen in the United States are four hundred and twenty thoufand. This, it is conceived, is but a moderate cftimate. In Virgi- nia, according to Mr. Jefferfon's calculation, the number of whites is two hundred and ninety-fix thoufand, eight hundred and fifty- two ; and the militia forty-nine thoufand nine hundred and feventy-one, which is very nearly one fixth part. In Connecticut there are thirty-nine thoufand three hundred and eighty-eight males between fixteen and fifty years of age, who arefuppofcd capable of bearing arms ; and the whole number ot whites is two hundred and two thoufand eight hundred and feventy-feven ; the t^roportion of fighting men therefore is about one in five. In Rhode Ifland, Maflachufctts and New Hampfhire, the proportion is about the fame. In Vermont, Kentucky, the Weftcrn territory and Georgia, which have been newly fettled by a young and thrifty rare of hulbandmen from the older ftates, there is, without doubt, a much greater proportion of foldiers. So that in eftimating our military Itrength, we may fafely ven- ture to reckon upon four hundred and twenty thoufand men. A great proportjonof thefe are well difciplined, veteran foldiers, whofe bravery and expertnefs in war have been tried and honourably approved. And Europe will acknowledge, that no part of the world can bring into the field an army, of equal numbers, more formidable than can beraifcdin the United States. As to marine ftrength wc have none. All then that can be faid on this fubjea muil be by way of anticipation. I mentioned marine Itrength, only tJ;at I might have opportunity of introducing the excellent obferva- tions of Mr. Jefterfon on this head. Aticr having efiim.ated the pecuni- ary abilities of yirginia and finding that it could, witnout diltrefs, con- . tritmte one millionof dollars annually towards fupporting a federal army, -paying the federal debt, building a federal navy, &c. &c. he proceeds to make an application of thefc abilities, if, unhappily, we Ihou Id come here- after to meafure force with any European power. ' Such an event,' he obferves, 'is devoutly to be deprecated. Young as we are, and with fuch a country before us to fill with people and with happinefs, we fhould point in that direction the whole generative force <'f nature, wafting none of it in efforts of mutual deftruftion. It Ihould be our endeavor to cultivate the peace andfriendlhip of every nation, even of that which has h '-ired us moft, when we fhall have carried our point againit her. Our intcrcft will be to throw open the doors of commerce, and to knock offal I its (hackles, giving perfch freedom to all perfons for the vent of whatever they may choofe to bring into our ports, and afking ♦he fame in theirs. Never was fo much falfe arithmetic employed on any ' fubjea. vc have no arf* the ftates, and ad no marine cipation. '1 he nade. Suppofe nillions.eighty* thoufaiui, tlve millions, five . Suppofe one found that the red and twenty te. In Virgi- i" whites is two two J and the which is very thoufand three arsof age, who iber ot whites aty-feven ; the /e. In Rhode 1 is about the Georgia, which landmen from proportion of nay fafely ven- len. A great A'hofe bravery •roved. And bring into the in be raifcd in an be faid on arine Itrength, elknt obferva- ed the pecuni- t diltrefs, con- i federal army, be proceeds to uldcomehere- ifed. Young :ople and with nerative force )n. It fliould Y nation, even ricd our point of conifflerc?i ' all perfons for ts, and afking )lovcd on any ' fubjem much ftronger much ucahhier and happier. 1 bis I hope will be Jur wildom. And, perhaps, to remove as much as pofi]l)le the occafions of making war, it might be better for us to abandon the ocean altogether that being the eleu.ent whereon we (hall be principally cxpofed to jolUe with other nations : to leave to others to bring what we Ihall want and tl carry what we can fpare. '1 his would make us invulnerable to Europe by offering none ol ourproperty to their prize, and would turn all our ci' tizens to the cultivation of the earth ; and, 1 repeat it again, cultivators oi the earth are the moft virtuous ;md inuependcnt citizens. It mieht be ^ZV rf '^f,^^"^l^>"« of cur countrymen attach them to com- merce. They will cxercife it for themfelves. Wars then 1. oft fomerm,i^. whiX^^'^Hr'^^i'^'f ^^"'^^' ^'"^ to avoid th^rhalT^^^^^^^^ which would be produced bv our own follies, and our a«5ts of iniuftJce- and to make for the other half the beft preparations we can (f^h't nature fliould thefe be ? A land army Jol be uTlelfor "ffence aiS not the beft nor fafeft inftrument of defence. For either of thefrpurp'ofes the fea K the field on which we fhould meet an European enemv On that element ,t ,s necefTary we ftould pofiefs fome power. To iim a^ ffich a navy as the greater nations of Europe poffefs. would be a fooliftild wicked wafte of the energies o our countrymen. It would be to pull on our own heads that load of military expence, which makes the European labourergofupper efstobed.andmoiftenshisbread vvith thefweatofC It will be enough if weerfable ourfclves to prevent infultsfrom hofe nat^I ens of Europe which are weak on the fea, becaufe circumftances exift which renacreven the ftronger ones weak as to us. Providen e has tlced their richeft and moft defencelefs pofTeflJons at our door j has obliged their moft precious commerce to pafs as it were in review before us To pro tea this, or toaffail us, a fmall part only of their naval force will ever £ rifkcd acrofs the Atlantic. The dangers to which the elements ex,W^ them here are too well known, and fhe greater dangerf tTXh t^hev whol ^\""^f ''^"'^^' r' ->'g--«l calami!" oinvXttir whole fleet. 1 hey can attack us by detachment only; and-it wUl fuf ficeto make ourfelves equal to what they may detach. Even a We r nefswith which any check may be repaired with u. «;{,;! J li^a-^-»u them will be irreparable till too L. I Ju ntltrlteltll'^ "'"T \i"7"^'l ""•''''"". '''^S""Ja couid annuaiiy fpare without diftref^ aredg„„l^Thc.I,of,beco„fed„:;frra„gtS:at:ep"^^^ portion. i I f4 The united STATES. portion, would equip In the /;.mc time fifteen liunilred vnc ^ims more. So that year's conrrlbuticns would fet.u}, a navy of eighteen hundred cuns. Th liritilh ihii-softhel r: 1 , • I . , '"^ **7"iiefevenfy-fix guns; their frigates thirty-eicht. K,.hteen hundred guns then would io.m a fleet of thirfy mips, eighfeer^ o which m.ght be ot the ])ne, and twelve frigates. Allowing eighf men! the bri i(h average ior evcrr gun. their annual expence, including fubfift- ence. c loathmg. pav. andordinary repairs, would be about twelveliundred and eighty dollars forevery gun. or two million three hundred and four thouf.nd dollars for the whole. I ftatc this only as one year's poffibleexer- bl^'huTa"" "^ "°" " '"'' ''"'^ ' ^"'' exe'rtion mould yfo^y-] in addition to what we have already written of the difcoverv «nd fett ement of North- America, we r.all give a brief hiftory of hS war wuh Great- Bntam. with a fcctch of tt events whieh /receded nd prepared the way f or the revolutioa. Thi« general view of t he hiftory of he United States, w.l ferve as a fuitable introduftion to the partSar luflr^ncs of the feveral Hates, which will be given in their proper places n,nlJr'T'r''''"^"f!!H.-P'*°P^"'^.^>^ uncTvilized nations, whfch liied n^oftly by hunting and hlhing. The Europeans, who firft vif.ted thefe ftores. ti^at.ng the natives as wild hearts of the forelt. which have no pro- perty ,n the woods where they roam, planted the ftandard of their refpec- ivemaaers where they firR landed, af.d in their names claimed tSeeoun- IZrl'^' 7/1 '^ f'^YK ^"°'' ^"^ ^"y Settlement in North- America n.i- inerous titles of this kind were acquired by the EngliHi, French. Spaniih. rnd Dutch jiavigators who came hither for the purpofes of filhiL and trading with the natives. Shght as fuch titles were, they were ff^r- wards the caufls of cont.iuion between the European nations. The fub. htl ?V'?r"l ^-r'"'' ^^"'^",^^"1 ^^^'"1 to the fame tract of CQuntrv. becaufebonl-.adcifcovered the fame river or promontary; or becaufethc extent of their refpettive claims was indeterminate. While tlio Settlements in this vaft uncultivated country were inconfider- able and/catrcred. and the trade of it confined to the bartering of a fe^y trmkeis tor Jurs, a trade carried on by a few adventurers, the interfering of claims pr:ouced no important controverfy among the fet tiers or the nations, of Europe. Lutm proportion to the progreffof population, and tne grow h of the Amencan trade, the jealoufies of the natiois, which had mad': early oifcovenes and fettlements on thi. coaft, v/ere alarmed; and- cut cinuns were revived ; and each power took meafures to extend and lecnre its owu poffefnons at the expeiK-c of a rival. By the treaty <.f Utrecht in 17,3, the Englilli claimed a right of cutting log-wood ,n the i.ay of Campeachy, in South- America. In the exercife of this right, tne Kngbni merchants had frequent opportunities of carrying on a contraband trade with the Spanifn fettlements on thecontinent. ^i o xcuTMy this evil, the Spaniards refolved to annihilate a claim, which. though * Jstvellm^ylheNenxj Z,'alapdcrs, nvh havf not yef difcfwcred Europe, ft outaJh,!>, lajnl o'r wc corfl of England or Frame, a.d, finding m inhnhi- tattu but [uor J^joirmen m»dpoijmi,, claim the 'whale cauntry by rieht of dif- covery. ^ ^ t, v^* «*» more. So that ircd guns. The ;s thirty-eight. hips, eigiitcen ng eight men, hiding (ubfift- velveTiundred dred and four ipoffihleexer- certion fhould the difcoverjr ry of the late preceded and liie hiftory of he particular per places. which lived' vifited thefe have no pro- thcir refpec- led the coun- America n ^ of upwards of non.raifed a clamour againd the minire'^Si^Rote V^^^^^^^^^^^ .hiZrt duced a change in the adminiltration. This chan J n^ rZed rL r ^ % ■ war to Europe, fo that America was not immedia"e1v aSed bv 11 r"Kf'^ q..ent tranfadions ; except that Louin>urgh?thiTr L^^^^^^^ Breton, was taken from the French by Gel al kTe ' U i^ft i K r?'^ mpdore Warren and a body of New-'t^^Ud tr^i^^^^^^ '^' ^'^'"- ChIer7l7'l""K^'^J" '.748 by the treaty of peace figned at Aix h Peace however was of (hort duration. The Fren-h DolTefTrd P.n,^ . pars a. Niagara, and cre^iTf^t, 2^"/^ trf"* tliT'^d In 17^6, four expeditions were undertaken in America a'rnJn.T rl,-. iwr. ^"'r '''c'^\''^i "^ Victory, and his country to indeoendenrf T),-. 9« th« united states. iiil B TtWM not until the campaign In 1758 tTiat affairs aCumcd a mdre Javorablc atjwft in A.n-rica. But upo- a change of u'dsniiiillration, Mr. -Pitt was appointed orime minifter, and the operations of war bccame'more vigorous and fuccefsf!il. General Amherft wai fent to take poffeffion of Cape Breton ; and after a warm ficge, the garrifon of Louifburg furren- dercd by capuqUnoi). General Forbes was ruccefsful in taking poffefnyn of Fort Du Qarfn^.f. which the I'rench thought Ht to abandon. But General Abercromhir, who commanded the troop delHned to aft againft the French at CroMfti Point and Ticonderoga, attacked the, lines at Ti- coideroga, where the enemv were Itronglv entrenched, and was defeated with a terrible flaughter of his troops. After his defeat, he returned 10 his camp at Lake George. The next yeais*more ei*eftual mcafures were taken to fubduc the French in America. General PrideauK and Sir William Johnfon bcjan die operations of the cunpiiis/n by taking the French fort near Niagara.* .t in place of this plan, it was propofed, that th« cil (ho..ld afemoie and concert moafures for the general defence • creife fhould be wanted ; but th. treafury to be reimburf?d by a tax on the co" omes, to .e laid by the Englifh parliament. To tl is pkn. which wo ?i Z^LV'n"' i-^'2 V^hfof parliament to tax the colonies, the pro. Zttfnr'l^t' 1'^^'"^ with unfhaken firmnefs. It fee ms therefore eZc^^lfC \^^^^^ ^^'^ '^^'^ contemplation ta exercfe the right they claimed of taxing the colonies at pleafure, -v-;,- hi r.TTr^'"^ '" ^'/'^'^^^^"^^^•J"" i^ '^ <^»>vioas thit they laid hold ofthealarmingfitrationofth. colonies about the year iTZ and 17^,, to force them into an acknowledg.nent of the right, or to th* adoption cf meafures that might .fterwarcTs be drawn inlo precedent! Cdall the.rattempfi The war was carried on br reqtiifit^ons on lli* Bur'nn^-'; "^^^^'^ of men and money, or by vohintary^oittributions. But no fooner was peace concluded, than tho Englilh padiament re-. [aid1..t'tl! " '' ''''u^ the colonies; and to jutiify t'heir att Jm^ , Penc^ rf ILT'^;;,' b. ra.ied was to be appropriated to defray the ex. pence ct derenatng them in the late war t n mO umeots of writing, ns bills, bonds, &c. friould not be valid ia law, unlels drawn on ftamped paper, on which a duty was laid. No fooner was tnis ad pu^^^hihed in America, than it raifeda general alarVn The people were fii/rd wWh o«.,r«i,»..4„« _r. • ..»?"'' '^i diarm. klnf A Z-^"'" conft^tuuorral rig..t.. The colonies pethionld tha for fit Ir r '"r' ^"' ' •'""/" ^ "^ '^' ^^^'^^ '^"^■^' '-'■"i ^'^^^<^ affociationl - e Ttif f //t'"u"f '''" miportation and ufe of iiritiO. manuf.c Ures, .ntil th, aft .fho«ld ba repealed. Ihi* fpiriw^i and unanimoo* •^ •ppofuioa I cjH T M 1 UNITED S T A T E ?; o -M^ r ?/ ^/"«;;^'«'" P'-"^"^^^ the defired effea. and on the ,8tfc. H*. cv.;.V '., "" *r^ ''Vr' "■'i^'^'^^- '^^^^^ "^^-^ °f ^f^e repeal ^I'-n .n 7 ri .V- '■•'^°"''' '^'''' "'"^'"^^^ J^X' '-'"^ the trade between tncm ...111 Great bnta.n was rencwtd on the molt liberal footinfr. J he rarhamc.jt, by repealing this acl. fo obnoxious to theit .Ameri- can m.rhren. old not .n.end to lay afide the fcheme of raifing a revenue .. .! > ^'' ""f'^^ '" "'^'"g*^ ^'"^ "^o^e. Accordingly the next ear they paficd an art, laying a certain duty on glafs. teaVpaPer and fn Wri ': '" V^'l'] ^^f\ """ T'^ "-'^^^' -d not ma'nEfL^ured, ■ir^^ , '' ']:^J^"'dloa the refentment of the Americans, and cx- ued a g-neral oppof:tion to the meafure ; fo that parliament thought pro^erm 17-0 to take off thefe duties, except three pence a pound on ai'n--'. nl^w'"-'' T-"" '"^^^"^' ^'P' '^''"^ the jealoufy of the increu?d. ^PPofition to parliamentary taxation continued and hut it muR he remembered that the inconvenience of paying the'duty was not the fole, nor prncipal caufe of the oppofition. ft ia/the frZ /.v; AhKh, once admitted, would have fubjedted the colonics to unlimit- f ; P'^-'f^^'^t'Tv taxation, without the privilege of being reprefented. rl; ; nn K 'i""\ by precedent, was uniformly refifted. The Americans ould not be deceived as to the views of parliament ; for the repeal of Ultamp art was accompanied with an unequivocal declaration. ' that the parlian.ent hau a right to m.ke laws of fufficient validity to bind the colonies in all cafes whatfoever.' The colonies therefore entered into meafures to encourage their own «i nufarturc's. and homeprodurtions. and to retrench the ufl of foreign inivrHuities ; wnile the importation of tea was prohibited. In the royal arid pi-oprietary governments, the governors and people were in a ftate diflX'r wr 'T* • ^^^T''^''^^ '"''' repeatedly c-alled, and fuddenly uiflolved. Wh,Ie httmg, the alTemblies employed the time in dating To inflame thefe difcontents, an grievances and framing remonftrance„ .„ _,,,„,, ^„ art o parliament was pafled. ordaining that the governors and judge, fliould receive their fahi.es of the crown ; thus making them independfn onhe provincal aflemhl.es, and removeable only at the pleafure of the rnlV^"^^'?M T'' f'T'"''^'"-'' ^'^'^'^ 'i^any others not here mentioned,* couhl not fa.l o produci.ig a rupture. The firft art of violence, was the MalTacre .t Boflon, on the evening of the fifth of March. ,770. A body of biitinitrocns had been Rationed in Bolton to awe the in- h^.Mtanrs and info.xe the meafures of parliament. On the fatal day. when blood was to be fivod. as a prelude to more tragic fcenes. a run wnsraifed among iomefoidiers and bovs; the former ag^jreffing by throwing fnow-balls at the latter. 1 he bickerings and iealoufies be- tween the mhab,ta..f.sandfo!diers. which had been frequent before, novf became lerious. A miiltifiid»» uac rn.-.ri ^iip^..,i ^„j ..._ _ _.. r became fo warm, that to difperfe the people, the troops were embodied and • Sef nn cmmernUov of griei-cwcss in the « aa of wJebendcnce,' and m it ilaricfj' ofpetttiQUi to the king and parliament. H 99 1 U N I T K D STATES. and ordered to fire upon the inhabitants. This fatal order was executed : and fevcral perfons fcJl a facrifice. The people reitralned tlieir vcni^eancc atthetime; but this uauton act of cruelty and nnlitary Mvotlfm ii^a- ' cd the flame of liberty ; a flame that was not to be txtineuHhcd but !>v a totul feparation of the Colonies from their opprcffive and holtile parcnr. In 1773 the fpirit of the Americans broke out into t)p.n vioiance. fertctt* a»d Jfi M : :^ , , --"'""""vi imi.m: • lue innaoitants to tUat decree, that about two hundred amcd men entered the veir 1 at night, coa.pdlfd the officers and men to go a fhorc. and fet fire to the ich1)0ncr; A re- ward of five hundred pounds, offered by government lor apprelscndinjraiiv of the perfons concerned in thi« daring ad, poduced nocffoaualdifcoteru About this time, the dilcovery and publication of feme private coni-- dentialletters written by t!)e royal officers in Bolton, to p> rfons in office in England ferv-ed to confirm the apprehenfion. of the Americans, with refpea to the d^figns ot the Entini government. Jt was now made ub, vious that more effectual raeafuies would be taken to eftablilh the Aipre, macy of the Britifh Parliament over the Colonies. 'I he letters recom- mended decifive meafurcs, and tlic writers were charged, by thcenarpcra- ted Americans, with betrajing their trult and the people t'hey governed. ^ As the refolutions of the Colonies not to import or confume tea, had. in a great meafure, deprived the EngliOi government of a revenue from this quarter, the parliament formed a HFiemc of introdyci.nir tea into America, under cover of the Eait India Company. For this purpole an aft was pafTed, enabling the company to export all forts cl teas, dutv free to any place whatever. The company departed from their uAial mode ot bufinefs and became their own exporters. Several fiiins wero freighted with teas, and /l-nt to the American colonies, and fadois wera appointed to receive and difpofe of ihcir cargoes. The Americans, determined to oppofc the levenuc-fvaeni of the Knp-, Ml parliament in every poffible fl-iape. confidered the attempt of the »:^t India Companyto evade the refolutions of the colonics, and difoo^c of teas in America, as an indired mode of taxation, fanciioned bv the au- thority of Parliament. The people alfembled in various place.'.', and in the large commercial towns, took mcafures to prevent the landin- of t^e teas. Committees were appointed, and aimed with extenfive powers to infpeft merchants books, to propofe te(!s, and m,-ke ufe of other expedi- cnts to fruftrate the ddigns of the Kail India Company. The fame fpirit pervaded the people from New Hampfnire to Georoia. h, f.;ne phuc. the cpnfignees of the teas were intimidated fo far as to icimriuiih th-ii' appointments, or to enter into engagements not to ad in that capacir/. The cargo lent to South Carolina was Itored. >iie confi^nees heinz r"-^- firamed from offering tne tea for faie. In other provinces, the ihi,u were fent back without difchargingtheircargoes. * But in Bolton the fen (YMtnu^u .M,^.•.> . '^'-i'^ i^-^^ c. .n . ., , ^ , r t , " '^ \i^)ii-iu i.ue. oc;:;;->ic tnat no le- pmeafuies could prevent its b.ing landed, and that if once landed, K would be difpofed of; a numuer of mon in dirgui:c, on the iSdi of W^ 1 'n ' ^P-' """'t-i '"' ^V^'' '"'^ '^''''' "-"^'"""1 three Iiundrcd aiul lorty cheltfc of it, which was the proportion belonging to the i^aft India. Coin:)an/, ||l! 90» fii E UNITED STATE S. i II,. IfH ill Company. No fooncr did the news of this deftruaion of the tea reach threat iiritam, than the parliament determined to punifh that devoted fown. On the kmg's laying the American papers before them, a bill was brought in and paffed, ' to difcontinue the landing and difcharginir. Jading and fliipping of goods, wares and merchandises at the town of iJolton, orwithm the harbour.' Thisaa, paired March ^9, 1774, called the Eofton Port Bill, threw thcmhabitantsofMafTachufetts into the greateft conlternation. The town ot Bollon p.iflcd a refolution, exprelTing their fenfe of th.s oppref- live meafure, and a defirethat all the colonies would concur to Hop all importation from Great Britain. Molt of the colonies entered into fpi- rited refolutions, on this occafion; to unite with Maflachufets in a iirm oppofition to the unconftitutional meafures of the parliament. The firft of June, the day on which the Port Bill was to take place, was appoint- ed to he kept as a day of humiliation,, f^fting and praver throughout tho colonies, to fl^ek tiie divine direction and aid, in that critical and gloomy jun(^nre of affairs. " ' It ought here to be obferved, that this rational and pious cuftom of ob- serving fads in times of diftrefs and impending danger, and of celebrating days of public thankfgiving, after having received fpecial tokens of dt- vine favor, hss ever prevailed in Ne\v England fince its firlt fettlement, and m fome pa^ts of other flates. Thefe public fupplications and ac- knowledgments to heaven, at the commencement of hoftilities, and dur- ing the whole progrefs of the war, were more frequent than cfual, and were attended with uncommon fervor and folemnity. They were con- fidered by the people, as an humble appeal to heaven for the juftnefs of fheircaufe, anddefignedto manifelt their dependence on the God ok HOSTS for aid and fuccefs in maintaining; it againft their hoftile brethren. The prayers and public difcourfes of^the Clergy who were friends to their fuffering country (and there were very few who were not) breathed the ipirit of patriorifm ; and as their piety and integrity had generally fecured to them the confidence of the people, they had great infiuence and fuccefs in encounigint- them to engnge in its defence. In this way, that venerable clafs of citizens, aided the caufe of their fountry; and to their pious exertions, under the great arbiter of human affairs, has been ju (fly a fed bed noinconfiderable fliarc of the fuccefs ^nd vidtory that crowned the American arms. During the height of the confternation and confufion which the Bolton Port Bill occafioned ; at the very time when a town meeting was fitting to confiderof it, General Gage, who had been appointed to the govern- ment of Mailachufctts, arrived in the harbour. Piis arrival however did not allay the popular ferment, or check the progrefs of the meafures then taking, to unite the Colwiies in oppofition to the op? reflive aft of parlia- ment. ' Ijutthe port bill was notthe only aft that alarmed the apprehenfions of tjie AmencMns.^ Determined to compel ;he province of Manachufetts to ui'nr.iit tn their iaws, patiianiciii paHeu an acl: for * the better regulat- ing government in the province of Maffachufetts Ray.' The objcft of this aa was fo niter the government, as it (tood on the'chartej of king Wil- liam, to uke the appointment of the cxctutire out of the ha.ids of the people, I I s. of the tea reach fh that devoted e them, a bill nd difcharging. It the town of ort Bill, threw ?rnation. The of thjs oppref- cur to (lop all ntered into fpi- lufcts in a firm cnt. The firft ', was appoint- throughout the cal and gloomy s cuftom of ob- lof celebrating tokens of di- firlt fettlement, cations and ao ilities, and dur- fhan L'fual, and hey were con- thc juftnefs of II the God ok loftile brethren. > were friends ew who were y and integrity , they iiad great in its defence. ■ caufe of their r ARBITER of re of the fucccfs hich the Bofton gwas fitting to to the govern- il however did moafures then c aft of parliii- apprehenfions ■ Mad'achufctts i)etter reguiat- leobjcft of this of king VV'il- hauds of the people, The united STATES. lot r and prople and place ,t ,n the crown thus making even tl-^ j-uWs flieriffs dependent on the king, and removcabic only at his ploafure. fnn rv^I IT " I""""'''^ ^>' ^"^^'^^'•' ^'^'^J^ "'■^^^'■"^'^ that any per- thennagiftrates m executing the laws, might be fent by the governor ei- ther to another colony, or to Great Britain for his trial. ^ .i Jhl\Tr.' •""'' "7'"* ^y f ^' ^""^^^ ^'" ' ^^hich extended the bound. tV. h-^A^P^r- «?f^ granted many privileges to the Roman Catholics. The ubjea of this bill was tofecurethe attachment of that province to : t::7rll7!rtxi^^^^^^ " ^^^"'-^ ''^ ^°^-^" ^^ ^^- -^^^- »,o?J'!t!^*' r "'^j'""''" ^l^ "ot intimidate the Americans. On the other hand they ferved to confirm their former apprehenfions of the evil defign, ot government, and to unite the colonies in their oppofition. A corrcf- pondence of opinion with refpeft to the unconftitutional ads of parlia- ment. proJuced a uniformity of proceedings in the colonies. The peo- pie generally concurred m a propofition for holdings congrefs by dcpu- ftrSonTf . ■""""[ '°'""ri"' ^"? ""'^'^ ^° concert meafu?es for the pre- Z?li^ M i ,' u- "2^''- ^"P"^^" "'^'■e accordingly appointed, and met at Philadelphia, on the 26th of Oftober. 17.4- h„r !n u A ?°"S'-efs, the proceedings were cooj, deliberate and loyal : ^ion or ft . ^'^i"?^"r»^y '-'nd firmnefs. Their firit acl was a declaral SX ,!'/ ^•''' f-i^'Y' ^V^^ enjoyment of all the rights of Britifli reS'n.Th^'.""'^- *''''. f *="^'"S themfelves exclufively, and of 3l l^ ' '" 'T'^ l'"^'"."^ '^^ ^°'^'"^^- ^^'^ ^^^" ^^ew up a petition L nn. fr.''°^P 'Z"'"^''^''^^''" grievances and praying for a repeal of Iffoci Son I r!°"'i ancf oppreffive afts of Parlian.ent. \hey fig'ed an finn of A '^^"'P^"^5he importation of Britidi goods, and the rlcporta- C a^ ZlTr^^'-'C'^^ '^'^' ^"^^^"'^^-^ ^""'^ ^' ^^d'-^ff^^- They neonl of f • '^"'"^r"'"'' pf Great-Britain, and another to the C fc of ""'r'"' '" ^he/^rmer of which they enumerated the oppref- miniftXtn in "''"L' ■ "^/'"^.^ °" '^'''' S'-"^'^ b^^^''^^" "Ot to aS the diavoured ^o ""/ '^"Y '^'"'t'" ^"^^'^"^^ ' ^"'^ ^^ ^^e latter, they en. f r ^if^^d^s^j^otilHtES^ ::;h^^'^^' -' ""^"^^""- ^^^^^- ooiofiHoITh "f "^'' '"a""^ ''^^"S in Mafl-achufetts wore the appenrance of b^^the crown K ^"'"^ '°""'^' ^"^ '^' ^^^'^^^'^^ ^^'^ '^^^' '''FPointed the execnt on .f ,7-^"^^^ were appointed and attempted to proceed in them in ,1 / .•'"" °?''- ^"' ^'^' •'"••'■^'^ ^^^"^^^^ to be fworn under tliem , in lome counties, the people alTembled to prevent the courts from proceeding to bufinefs ; and in Berkfhire they fucceedcd fbtiran exlm pie of .fulance that has fince been followedjin violatiin of ti lawro? .pi"olcheIj'"'r " '^?r '"'' '^' ^'Y ^"'" '^' ^"""^^' "^"<^^r «f the militia ;El'';!t...5:["^'!' Gage.apprehenfne of feme violence, had the pre- " =:?.6'42ine50ijai!munKion and ftnres at Cambridge and Charlefton. and lodged them in Boftun. This mcafu ing o that neck of land which joins Bofton <;aured a nnivprfal alarm o^J c^. ^ o re, with the fortify laufed and it Bntilh troops fal to the mnin land at Roxbuty alarm and ferment. Several thoufand people aflemblrr' was with diificulty they could be reilr-incd from falling uiMin the Oil toi The united STATES. I » .n On thi? occafion, an affenjbly of delegates from all the towns in Suffolk county, was called; and fevcral fpinted rcfolutions were agreed to. Thefe refolutions were prefaced with a declaration of allegiance ; but they breatlied a fpirir of freedom that does honor to the delegates. They de- Qlared that the late atis of parliament and the proceedings ofGenejal Gage, were glaring infradions of their rights and liberties, which their duty called tiiem to defend by all lawful means. This aff^mbly remonltrated againtt the fortification of Eoflon Neck, and a^amll the Quebec bill ; and refoived upon a fufpenfion of commerce, an encouragement of arts and manafartures, the holding of a provincial congrefs, and a fuljmiflion to the meafurcs which fhould be recommended by the continental congrefs. They recommended that the colleftors of taxes Ihould not pay any money into the treafury, without further orders ; they alfo recommended peace and good order, as the" meant to ad merely upon the dcfenfive. In anfwer to their remonftrance. General Gage affured them that he hadnointer.tionto prevent the frt;e egrefs and regrefs of the inhabitants to and from the town of Bofton, and that he would not fuffer any perfon Hnder his command to injure the perfon or property otany of hisraajefty's fubjefts. Previous to this, a general aflembly had been furamoned.to meet ; and hotwithftanding the, writs had been countermanded by the governor's proclamation, on account of the violence of the times and the refigna- tion of feveral of the n^w counfcilors, yet rcprefentatives were chofen by tiiejpeople who met at Salem, refoived themfelves into a provincial con- grefs and adj jurned to concord. This congrefs addreffed the governor with a rehearfal of their diftrefles, Hnd took the neceltary^ fteps for defending their rights. They regulated the militia, made provifioa for fupplying the treafury, and f urnilhing the people with arms ; and fuch was the enthufiafm and union of the people that the recommendations of the provincial congrefs had the force of laws. General Gage was incenfed at thefe meafures — he declared, in his an- fwer to the addrefs, that Britain could never harbour the black defign of cnflaving her fubjeftsandpublilTied a proclamation in which he infinuatcd that fuch proceedings amounted to rebellion. *He alfo ordered barracki to beereaed for the foldiers; but he found difficulty in procuring labour- C.S, either in B:to deftrcy the milita.^ Ccs Xh had biff colleded at Concord, about twenty miles from Lfton-Tu h!r ^ m were colleaed on a green. ,o oppofe the if cirfion of tffiiflffo'i^- There were fired upon by the Bririlirtroops. and eight men kSed o„ S The mHitia were difpcrfed, and the troops proc-cded to Pon™,^ fired upon them from houfes and fences, and pur A. ed then ^ fiXn events' Tn^ V r"/' ^1"°^'"^'' exhibited the moft illuftriouscharaaerS lerJand Rofto™*"''' f ^T"'"- '^'^^ ™""" ">>>'«'d '><>"' all qaar- ftop was put °o;in„", '* ''7^ ™ ''"'■'?"' '■>' '"^J- ^'O"" "■=" A I,°6, ! P" '" "". >nt!-rcourfe between the town and countrv and th,- In a: rf';:?ur:'d't'ot ;•%?;: go.'"- '^'^'^^ '^' --- *' p-^- and ^L,?r'<^,^lP-"'A "f "-V^f^uence, that attended it, were juftl, Pm^Sd^,„X?"re,oti,tef'°"^'S?°''r'f''^'=''"''"-»'-^^ SrSeeS^rf-?-^^^^^^^ hu ,d^d aTdlT' '/■"'[' "'"""'" of ™"' '» ">» a"">""t of about two nil Klred and forty, under the command of Colonel Allen and fnlnL^ Ch" e%o:„ ™SV, '?J-f'^ '°A foV'fV Bunker's hill'^ which lie, near i«s.e„igh;.r:rup-t^i-s"wt"w^2«?.eS:s^:l;ft; thd i t • lii Mil I III IQ4 The united STATE S» the fire of die Bntidi cannon. But the next morning, the Biuilli amy was fent tJ drive them from the hilJ, and landing under cover of theif cannon, they fet iire to Charleilown, which was confumed, and march- ed to attack our troops la the entrenchments. A fevere engagement en- fued, m which the Bntifh, according to their own accounts had feven hundred and forty killed, and eleven hundred and fifty wounded 1 hcv were repulfed at rirlt, and thrown into diforderj but they finally carried the fortification, with the point of the bayonet. The Americans fuffered a fmall lofs, compared wi:;i theBritidi; the whole lofs in killed, wounded and prifoners being but about four hundred and fifty. The lofs moit lamented on this bloody day, was that of Dr. Warren who was at this time a major-general, and commanded the troops on this cccafion. _ He died like a brave man, fighting valiantly at the head of his party, in alittle redoubt at the right of our lines. Genera! Warren, who had rendered himfelfconfpicuousby his univer- fal merit, abilities, and eloijuence, had been a delegate to the firil general congrefs, and was at this time prefident of the provincial congrefs of Malfachufetts. But quitting the humane and peaceable walk of his pro- feflion as a phyfitian, and breaking through the endearing ties of family conneaions, he proved himfelf equally calculated for the fidd, as for pub- lic bufinefs or private ftudy. About this timcy the Continental Congrefs appointed George Walh- ington Efq ; a native of Virginia, to the chief command of the American army.* 'I his gentleman had been a diflinguilhed and fuccefsful officer m thepreceeding war, and he fccmed defined by heaven to be the favior of his country, fie accepted the appointment with a diffidence which was a proofof his prudence and his greatnefs. He refuted any pay for- ei^ht years laborious and arduous fervice ; and by his matchlef^ '(kill, fortitude and perfeverance, conduced America through indefcribeable difficulties, to independence and peace. While true nivrrit is efteemed, or virtue honored, mankind vUl never reafe to revere the memory of this Hero; and • 'lile gratitude remains in the human breaft, the praifes of V.'ashi N(Jton fhall dwell on every American tongue. ^ General Wadiington, with other jfiicers appointed by congrefs, arrived at Cambri.!ge, and took command of the American army in July. From this time, the aiTairs of America begin to aflTume the appearance of a re- gular and general oppofition to the forces of Great Britain. In Autumn, a body of troops, under the command of General Mont- gomery, bdiegod^and took -he garrifon at St. John's, which command* the entrance into Canada. The prifoners amounted to about feven hun- dred. General Montgomery purfued his fucccfs, and took Montreal } aad defigned to pulh his viftories to Quebec. A body of troops, commanded by General Arnold, was ordered to march to Canada, by the river Kennebek, and through the wildemcfs. After fug:ring every hardfhip, and the moft diftreffing hunger, they ar- rived inCanada, and were joined by General Montgomery, before <^,c- bec._ This city, which was commanded by Governor Carleton, wa» »/n- mediately befieged. But there being littk hope of taking the town by a liege, it was determined to ftorm it. See Note (A) at the «lofc of this hiftory. The t«i t fjf tfi rJ s t A t £^. us$ - ./t^f '"f ^ ^f "'1^^^'" *^^ ^^^ ^^y of DftcemlTcr, but proved iinfac^ ^efsful. and fatal to the brave General ;* who. with his aid, wa. killed »n attempting to fcale t>e walls^ .u ?^^^^ ^uv"" diviHorts which attacked the town, one onfy entered. «ndi that was obliged to furrender to fuperior force. After thi,, defeat. Gen, Arnold, who now commanded the troops, continired feme months be^ lore Quebec, altlioiigh his troops fuffered incredibly by cold and ficknef,. AKn T^'- *'-'"^' the Anrjcncans were obliged to retreat from Canada. ^ About tins time, the large and flourifhinjr town of Norfolk in Viriri- «ia. was wantonly burnt by order of lord Dunmore^ the then roval ^o- vernor of thatprovincci /'" S" ♦I, ^''"''1^^ ?^? "^A"' *° ^^"S''"*^ ^'^ September, and wis fuceecded ia the command, by General Howe. ".cum Falmouth, a cotif.derable town in the province of Main in MaiTach-i-- Brhflhadmlrar *^^ ^ being laid in alhes by order of th« ' The Britilh king eritered inter treaties x^ith fome of the German PWl CCS for about feventeen thoafand men, who were to be fcnt to America n/fl-rr' ^T'r°K-5 ^" ^"'^^^"^"S the colonies. The parliament alS paired an aft, forbidding all ihtercourfe «.ith America » and while thev Z^Zt'^^ V K'?"P"r 'r • fip^^'-yhilb, theydeclared.il American pro- pcrty on the high feas. forfeited to the captors; This aft induced Con- grefs to change the mode of carrying on the War; arid meafu res wer- taken to annoy the enemy iri Bofton. For this purpofe,- batteries were' ZTriT ^r'\^f' ^'■^'^ ^'l^"^^ ^°* «"^ bLbs were throJhTntS the h^ft ?^.A !. ? "?!• ' Z^'''^ ''''^. °P""^^ ^"^ Dorchefter point h.d the beft elFea, and foon obliged general Howe to abandon the tmvn. Iri March 1776, th« Bntilh troops embarked for Halifax, and General Wafhmgton entered the town in triumph. ^cnerai In the enfuing fummet , a fmall fquadrori of mips commanded bv Sir wamA'ft'I' .^!i / ^f ^^f ''?y under the generals Clinton and Corn, wallis, attempted to take Charlefton, the capital of Soufh Carolina. The ftipsniade a violent attack upon the fort on Sullivan's Ifland, but wer» repulfed with great lofs, arid the expedition was abandoned. f. J "7' ^«".S'-^/"s publilhed their declaration of independence,' which feparated America from Great Britain. Tin's great event took p ace w2 hundred and eighty-four years .fter thefirft difcoverv oPAmerica^ b?Co! lumbus-one hundred and fixfy.fix, from the fifft^ffeaual fettlement irt Virgmia^and one hundred arid fifty-fix from the firft fettlement of ?lyl Smerla.'' ^'^^^'^"^^'*^' ^^ich were the earlieft EngliOi fettlemerits ft, Juft after tMs declaration. General Howe with a powerful force arriv- ed near New York ; and landed th. troops upon Staten Ifl.nd. Gen r, Wafiiington was ,n New York with about thirteen thoufand men. wha Wfc^e^encamped either jn the c.^ty or the neighbouring fortifications. *hJ^'VTT'' "\"'=,i^/"J'r' oegan by the aclion on Long liJand. in Tanandlarttbtcrfng. with a large body of men, were made prifoner.. 1 he night aftef tn. enga^jcment, a retreat wat ordered, aad ex?cute( the Britifh troopi. The fame year. Savannah, then the capital of Geor- gia, was taken by the BritiPi, under the command of colonel Campbell. In the fcjllowing year (1779J general Lincoln wa« appointed to th« tommand of the fouthern army. Governor Tryon and Sir George Collier made an incurfion into Con^. neiticut, and burnt, with wanton barbarity, the towns of Fairfield and Korwalk. But the American a .ni were crowned with fuccefs, in a bold attack upon Stoney Point, which was furprized and taken by general Wavne, m the night of the 1 5th of July. Five hundred men were mada prifoners, with little lofs on either fide. A party of Britifli forces attempted this fummer, to build a fort o» Penobfcot river, for the purpofe of cutting timlxjr in the neighl>ou ring fo>» rclts. A plan was laid by Maffachufetts to diflodge them, and a confider- able fleet collefted for the purpofe. But the plan failed of fuccefs, and the whole marine force fell into the hands of the Britilh, except fome veflcls which were burnt by the Americans themfelves. In Oflober, general Lincoln and Count de Eilaing, made an aiTault up^ on Savannah ; but they were repulfed with confiderable lofs. In this ac- tion, the celebrated Polifh Count Pulalki, who had acquired the reputa- tion of a orave foldier, was mortally wounded. In this fummer, general Sullivan marched with a body of troops, into the Indians country, and burnt and deltroyed all their pro.vifions and fct- tlements that fell in their way. On the opening of the Campaign, the next year, (1780) the Britifli troops left Rhode-Ifland. An expedition under general Clinton and Lord Cornwallis, was undertaken againft Charleflon, South-Carolina, where general Lincoln commanded. I^his town, after a clofe fiegc of about fix weeks, was furrcndered to the Britifli commander; and general Lincoln, and the whole American garrifon, were made prifoners. General Gates was appointed to the command In the fouthern depart- ment, and another army colledted. In Aueuft, Lord Cornwallis attacked the American troops at Camden, in South-Carolina, and routed them with confiderable Idfs. He afterv Is marched through the fouthern ftates, and fqppofcd them entirely iuuu d. The fame fummer, the Britifli troops made frequent incurfions from New York into the Jerfies ; ravaging and plundering the country. In June, a large body of the enemy, commanded by General Knip^ haufen,landed at Elizabeth Town point, and proceeded into the country. They were much harrafled in their progrefs by Colonel Dayton and the troops under his command. When they arrived at Conneclicut Farms, according to their ufual but facrilcgious cuftom, the/ burnt the Prefliv- terian church,* parfonage houfe and a confiderable part of the village. But the molt cruel and wanton aft tliat was perpetrated during this incurfi- on, was the murder of Mrs. Caldwell, the wife ot the Reverend Mr. /^_1.J 11 -TT'lT I .1 n- ' The * "Prejliyterian Churchet 'U-Jere called nefts «/" rebellion ; and it appears by the number that 'were burnt in every part of this cmtineut Kvhcre the Britrj^ had mccfjs, that thy njotre pariicularlj obnoxious. !!• The united STATES. This amlahlc {c: tin advani hep woman, lee ing tJic enemy houfc-kccijcr. a child of three >ear^ old, an infant of eight months, and a httlc maid, to a roo n fccurcd on all fides by ftonc walls, except at a window om>ofito ihc enemy. She prudently took this precaution to ay.ud the danger oi tranlieni Ihot. ihould the ground be dilbuted near that place, which happcntil not to be the cafe ; neither was there any fir- ing Irom eitlu-r party ne^r the houfe until the fatal moment, when Mrs. Caldwdl, unhirpicious of any immediate danger, fitting on the bed with her little child by the hand, and her nurfe, with her infant babe by her fide, wasinitantlv'fhot df^ad by an unfeeling Britilh foldier, who had come round to the unguarded part of the houfe, witli an evident defijrn to pcrj^etrate the horrid deed. Many circumftances attending this inhuman inurder. evince, not only that it was coramittedby the enemy with duign. but dlfo that It was by thepermiffion, if not by the command, of genera! Xniphaufen, in o/der to intimidate the populace to relinquifli their caufc. AcircuraWwhich aggravated this pi.. e of cruelty, was, that when the Brmrn oflicers were niade acquainted with the murder, they did not interfere to prevent the coipfc from being ftrippcd and burnt, but left It halt the day, ftripped in part, to be tumbled about by the rude foldiery • and at hift u was removed from the houfe, before it waj burned, by the «ld of thoie who were not of the army. Mrs. Caldwell \*as an amiable woman, of a fweet and even temoer dif. I November 17S1, Mr. Caldwell, hearing of the arrival of a young ladr at Elizabeth Town point, whofe family in New York, had been pefuliar- Jy kind to the Amercan prifoners, rode down to-efcort her up to town ■mandingofHcer who V..S then prefent; and as he (tepped forward with this view, another foldier impertinently told him to flop, which he im- niediately did ; tht foldier notwithltanding, without ^urfher provoca- tion fhot him dead (m the fpot. Such was the untimely fate" of Mr Caldwell. His public difcourfes were fenfible. animared and perfuafive «* his manner of deliverv agreeable and pathetic. He was a very warm pa' triot, and greatly diihnguifhedhimfelf in fupporting thecaufeof his fuf- fering country. Asahtilband he was kind; as a citizen given to hof, pitaiity. I he villain who murdered him was feizcd and executed ■ In July, a French fleet, under, Monfieur d'Ternay, with a body of Lind forces, comm::ndcd by Count de Rochambeau, ' arrived at Rhode- illand. to ...e great jdv of the Americans. 'Ihisye;irua.saHo diilinguifhcd by the infamous trcafon of general Arnolu. _G.-;,eral Wafnington having fome bufinefs to tranfaft at We- tjersfieJdin Connc(5iicut. left A mold^to command the important poftof Tvc;-:v:-^;:;t ; vvnuh guardsHpafs in i-fudfon's river, about fixty" miles from New \ or :. Arnold s cnndurt in the city of Philadelphia, the prc- «^ding winter, Iiad k-a cenfurwi ; and the treatment he received in con. fcquence, bad givai hua offence. He Thi united STATESw lit We aetermined to take revfn]»e ; and for this purpofe, he- entered into ' • ncgocMtion with Sir Henry Clinton, to ddivcrUcftLnUndS.w into the hands of the Bri.ilh While GerK^ral WaHung on wa, Vb "i^' hed.fmountedthecannoninfomeof the fort,, and took other C. to render the talcing of the po(t eafy for the enemy. ^'' '"* But by a providential difcovcry, the whole phm «-as defeated. Mainr Andre aid to general Clinton, a brave officer, who had lj„ f^'Z he nvcra, a fpy to concert the .plan of o,^rations with Arnold, w« rL ^.^"^<^^"!'^^ t>y a court martial, and executed. Arn.ld made hi» efcap., by getting on hoard the Vulture, a Britim vefT.l.which lay ia he nver._ Hi, condu^ has (lamped him with infamy ; and. like al t^a^? ors. he IS defp.fed by all mankind. General V^kh.ion^^^; gaS '""^'^ had made his efcape. and reftorcd' order Tn the After the defeat of general Gates In Cirolina, general Greene was a,» pomtedto the command in the foutl.ernre rendered abortive by the unprecedented valouf ■nd vigilance of t ho{. heroic men, who conduced the enterprise.— After having captured three naval Captains, and eighteen men. they fecured them on board the Hoop, which then lay along ifde the Eagle ; and which was laden with one hundred and nineteen puncheons of Jamaica fpirits, moll of the flr.ps fails, with twelve nine pounders, loaded and mounted, befides mua^uets. &c -The floop they brought off. and paffed througl the Kills vvithout moleftation fbr ]^:iiznb.th '1 own point ; where, havin-. lightened the vefTel, they conducted her in triumph to t!i<^ landing. Thenextfpnng (1782) Sir Guy Carleton arrived in New York, and took the command of the Britifh armv in America. Immediately on his arrival, he acquainted general Wadiington and Congref.. that neeocia- tions ior a peace had been commence ' at Paris. On the 30th of November. 1782. the provifional articles of peace were figned at^Paris ; by whioh Great Britian acknowledged the inde- pcnaciicc ana lovereigniy of the United States of America ;"'and thefe ar- ticles were afterwards ratified by a definitive treaty. Thui ended a long and arduous conflift, in which Great-Britain ex* pena«d near an hundred millions of money. witJi an hundred thonfand lifes. s. • oblcman, whofembtrs of the inflitution were to be diflin- guilhed The U N I T E D S T A T E S. u$ guiOied by xvearing a medal, emblematical cf the defign .f thefocJetv^ and heL rr^InTr ?^^?"f^p.^^ere to be heicditary i, tlie elddf male heirs and in default of male ifflu-, in the collateral male heirs. Honorary members were to be admitted, but without the hereditary advantages of the oc-iety, and provided their number Hiould never exceed the ratio cf one o four ot the officers or their defccndants. Whatever were the real views of theframers of tbisinftitution. its de- fign was generally underftood to beharmlefs and honorable. The of- I'^'f^P'Z'f.'^'^^^^^^ycoM not however (kreen it from popular nroH.l^rnn fr^^ S°"^J^ Carolina, the avowed product on 01 Mr Burke, one of the Judges of the fupreme court in til-t' k" r""^''^ '^' ""'^°^ ^"^"'P^^^ ^° P^ove that the principles. A^ht^^^^'^ly ^"' formed, would, in procefs of time. oricinatJ nantt'^h r"'^'/°^"°^"l'>^''" '^'' ^°""^^' -^^-^ would be ripug! nam to the genius of our republican governments and dangerous to liLHTr. Sfed brthrh'^ff P'T''^ in Connecticut, during the commotions Itr J 1 ^''It pay and commutation ads, and contributed not a little uerfons^InH nri ^'' •''";"' 'S'?^. '^'' '"^^ «'^^ ^^'^ ^^"^'ied their perlons and properties in the revolution. dv to burff^Trf^^ f^v '.^'^^°"^^"« of the people were genenl.and rea- eovSnrient ?hl .!" ''^^"^"' ^''r ""'"' ^^ ^"formation, vi^. the officers of f ofed to rh ' clergy, and perfons of liberal education, were moltly op. tTonat M?d^r.rr^""'¥^r'^^'^^^ ^^^.^" ^y ^he committees and conven- Conieff both Iw"' ^^T/upporred the propriety of the meafures of ^ongrels, both by converiation and writings proved that fuch erants to Terl nnfflM '''^°"' ""' oppreffive. During the clofe of the year ,'78 ?. theXofth?^^^^^ vvasrnade to enlighten'the people, and ^fuch ^wa tLfonoliniv ^r'"'' "r'^ ^y '^' '"^"°"'>'> '^''' ^" the beginning of ^nH tir "if '''^'k'''^ oppofition fubfided. the committees were difmiled. to car"T 'aT^^^^^^ 'V^i^'^: J? ^%> the legiflature were aWe AnXvLnfi^ ''■'•'"'".'^^^^ before been extrfmelv unpopular, ^er iTn!^ ? ^""""S '^' ''"P^^ «^ ^""^ P^^ <=^"t. to Congrefsjano. ther giving great encouragement to commerce, and feveral towns wcm ZT.T.i ^"^"'^"fiye privileges, for the purpofe of reg kSng tho exports of the ftate, and facilitating the colleftlon of dc bts. ^ ^ order of Jr^"°" tothecongreffional ads in favor of the officers.and to the asinCoi^n^^^^^^ did not rife to the fame pitch in the other ftate* an^f^me othe " ' /'! "produced much difturbance in MalTachufetts. the oe^lnf , J^.^'«"^/of Po^^'er had been univerfally fpread among lerrfrS ^ f ^T^ ^''*"- '^^^ deftruftion of the old forms of J. thcTr h^t' oTobldV'^'"'^^ •" ' g-^^ -^•^^"-' ^r*^'n drfv^Hf^ J ,M "^"'^ '. ^^^'' P"^^'°'" '^^^l ^^e» inflani^d by the cry of apSroact ^f ' ^'^' centinels. who have been fuddenly furpHzed by^tl^ approach of an enemv. the ruftlino- nf a l^-^f - - r..a:..:„.,. K^ _.-. _ ^., Z wmcn will probably continue vifible durintr the nreH^nf generation, opc^ perations. cncrs op. JDurini u6 The united STAT E S. I ' 1 1 1 i 1 ! 5 During the war. vaft fums of paper currency had been emitted by Con- grefs, and lafge quantities of fpecie had been inircKiuced, towards the clofe of the war by the French army, and the Spanilh trade. This plen- y of money enabled the ihtes to comply with the firft requifitions 6f Congrefs ; fo that during two or three years, the federal treafury was, in fome meafure. fupphed But when the danger of war had ceafed, and the vaft importations of foreign goods had Icffened the quantity of circu- lating fpecic, the ftate. beg.n to be very remifs in furnilhing their propor- tion of monies. The annihilation of the credit of the ptper bills had totally Ibpped their circulation, and the fpecie was leaving the country in cargoes, for remittances to Great Britain ; (till the luxurious habits of the people, contraded during the war, called for new-fupplics of goods, and private gratification feconded the narrow policy of llate-intcrcft^in defeating the operations of the general government. .u A " ^^^^/^;^"^"es, of Congrcfs were annually diminifhing ; fomc of the flates wholly negleftmg to make provifion for paying the interefl of tiie national debt ; others making but a partial provifion. until the fcarity fuppiie^ received from a few of the rich ftates, would hardly fatisfy the demands of the civil lift. ^ ^ This weaknefs of the federal government, in conjunftion with the flood of certificates or public fecurities, which Congrefs could neither iiuid nor pay. occasioned them to depreciate to a very inconfiderable value. 1 he officers and foldiers of the late army were obliged to receive tor w:|gcsthefe certificates, or promiflary notes, which pafTed at a fifth, oreighth oratenthoftheir nominal value; being thus deprived at once of the greatefl part of the reward due for their fervices. Some inc^eed profited by fpeculations in thefe evidences of the public debt ; but f ich as were under a neceffity of parting with them, were robbed ofthatibp- port which they had a right to expeft and demand from their countrv- inen. •' Pennfj'l vania indeed made provifion for paying the inlereft of her debts, both ffate and federal ; affuming her fuppofed proportion of the continen- tal debt, and giving the creditors her own ffate notes in exchan.^e for thofe of the United States. The refources of that ftate are immenfS. but Ihe has not been able to make pundud payments, even in a depreciated pafK^r currency. '^ Mafiachufotts.in her zeal to comply fully with the requifitions of Congrefs, and fatisfy the demands of her own creditors, laid a heavy tax upon tiie people. Tins was the immediate caufe of the rebellion in that Itate. in 1 786. But a heavy debt lying on the ftate, added to burdens of ttie fame nafurc, upon ahnoft every incorporation wi;hin it; a decline or rather an extinction of public credit; a relaxation and corruption of raanners, and a free ufe of foreign luxuries ; a decay of trade and manu- Udiurs with a prevailing fearcity of money ; and, above all, individual* involved m debt to each other— thefe were, the real, though more remote caufes of the infurreaion, ^It was the tax which the people were required to pay, t.iat caufcd thea. to feci ihc evils which we have enumerated— thi» called for^T all their other grievances ; and the firft aft of violence com- ni'.ttecl, was the burning or dcftroying of a tax bill. This fedition threw tae itate into a convuiiian which Med about a year; courts ofjufticc were The U NI TE D S TATE S. ' ,,7 were violently obftrufted; the collcaion of debts was fufpend-d • and abodvof anned troops, under the command of General Lincoln! wa» employed during the winter of 1 786. to tiifperfe the infureents Yet fo numerous were the latfer in the counties of Worccller, H.,mpfiiire and ierkfhire, aiid io obftmately combined to oppofe the execution of lavv by force, that the governor and council of the ftate thought proner not to mtruft general Lincoln with military powers, except to ad on the tadclirn ''"t!'' ^^ f^^^ce wuh force, in cafe the infurgcnts fhould at- tack hun. The leaders of the rebels however were not men of talents • they were defperate, but without fortitude ; and while they were fuD^ ported with a fupenor force, they appeared to be impreiTcd with that coni kioufnefs of guilt, which awes the moll daring wretch, and makes him Ihrmk from his purpofe. This appears by the conduft of a large part^ with a t'.M ^^^'>',^^f^^«'J,g''»?^"^j»^ Springfield ; where generarShepard yvith a Imall guard, was Rationed to protect the continental ftores The jniurgentsappearedt'pon the plain, with avail fuperiority of numl^ers bu a fevv Ihot from the artillery made the multitude retreat in diford"; with thelofs of foCr men. This fpirited condud of general Shepard with the mdMftrv perfeverance and prudent firmnefs of inera Linco n difperfcd the rebels drove the leaders from the flate. and reftored tran quillity. An i'^ of indemnity was pafled in the Icgiflature for all the in' furgents. except a few leaders, on condition they ftould become mJeT ble fubjeas and take the oath of allegiance. The leaders Tftemard; I'egXtul "'"'°"'"'"'' '"" ""^"" ""'^'"''y' ^^*^ g^n'edbTth: But the lofs of public credit, popular difturbances, and infurreftions were not tne only evils which were generated bv the peculiar c cumfta" ces of the times The emiffions of bills of credit and^ender la vs wem added to the black catalogue of political diforders. ' ^ The expedient of fupplying the deficiencies of fpecic, bv emiffions of^ paper bills, was adopted very early in the colonies."^ The expedi nt v^ °; obvious and produced good efFeds. Li a new country, where r^p^Ja ion IS rapid, and the value of lands increafing. the farm!; find, anTanl ..ge m paying legal intereft for money; fo? if he can pay the intereft by his profits, the increafing value of his lands will, in a fcnv vea s d'f charge the principal. -» icw ^ears. dM. Li_no colony vvas this advantage more fenfiblv experienced than m Pcnnrylvania The emigrations m that province we'e nurn^ ou'^^thc natural population rapid-and thefe circamftances combined, advanced h^r^f n'^P'^PY'^'""" aftonilliing degree. As the firfl fmlcr, there, as we 1 as in other provinces, were, po-^r, the purchafe of a e^ fo eign articles drained them of fpecie. Indeed* for many years Z balance of trade muft have necefl:-.rily been greatly againlt ' the co L e. . K"t bdlsofcred.t, emitted by the Hate and loaned^o the induftrHu; Strck* 'Tf r'/'n '''"' °^'^"^^^' '^"^ '^'^''^^ '^' f-mer o ^ur cna.e Itock. Jhefe bills were apnfr-,\U, o i^^,.i .^.,.i„- ;_ .n . ., . K^^ Fivate cpntraas. and the Aims IS" did ;;;|;;en!i;^eK;:;d ^^J^ n t?"'^'''T ^7 T^''''^ fy"^'' '^'y '•^^^i^^d thei'r full nominahal ; in the purchafe of commodities But as they wore not received b^ he Bntifh inerchants, inpayment for tlieir goods, there was a great demand for Its The UNlTEt) STA T E 5. \h\ m- ■ ' 1; ' ' ! ,4 1 ' I'anous twecn for fpecieand hills, which occafioned the 1 ciatc. Thus was introduced a difference u..wc.-n uic x^npiiin uerJ. money and t.e currencies of the colonics which remains to this day * ♦1,/r v^r""'^^^' '^^ '^°.'°"^" ^^^ ^'^"^'^d ^ro"^ bids of credit/under the Bmifli government, fug^elted to Congrefs, in 1775. the ideL of ifl fu.ng bills for the purpofe ofcarrying on the war. ^And this was pe - haps their only expedient. Money could not be raifed by .x^tion- t could not be borrowed. The firft emiffions had no other eM upon the ZtZf. "''"'? uy' ^^^"/^^"^^ ^he foecie from circulation^ But €d the fum m circulation, much beyond the ufSal fum of fpecie, tlie bill, b^an to lofe their value 7 he depreciation continued in proper on ^ the fums emitted, until feventy, and even one hundred and fifty no- 2!lt^Tt[lff "^r" '^^^^^^'-"^^"ivalent for one Spanilh Lued dollar, btiil from the year 1775' to 1781. this depreciating paper cur- jency was almoft the only medium of trade. It fupplied the place of fpecie, and enabled Congrefs to fupport a numerous army j until the fum the year 1780, fpecie began to be plentiful, being introduced by the trench arm^ a private trade with the Spanifti iflands, and an illick in! tercourfc with the Britifh garrifon at New York. This circumftancc accelerated the depreciation of the paper bills, until their value had funk dmoft to nothing. In 1781, the merSants and brokers in the fouthern ftates, apprehenlive of the approaching fate of the currency, pulhcd im? menfe quantities of ,t fuddenly into New England-made valf purchafe. t)rivate Trauds oJX f '^-' y"""'"'"^ ^T' '' ^ ^'^^^^ ^^ P^^^^i^ «"d private frauds. Old fpecie debts were often paid in a depreciated cur- rency~and even newcontrafts for a few weeks or days were often dif- charged with a fmall part of the value received. From this plenty and r".AT\nTf' J.^^ T^i"T' ^P^""S hoftsoffpeculatorsand ti/erant traders, who left their ^onelt occupations for the profpeft of immenfe gains ,n a fraudulent bufmefs. that depended on no fixed princTple^ and the profits of which could be reduced to no certain calculations ,2lZ''f"-^'^'rh^P'''i'^ ^^^ ^°™^d to fix the prices of art L S t^h,n7h "' • Pf '^"^.^'•^'^ g^'i'lS °^ receiving n^ore for any commo- dity than the price dated by authority. Thefe regulating afts were re- probated by every man acquainted with commerce and finance ; as they were intended to prevent an effea without re noving the caufe/ To at- t<^mpttofix the value of money, while Itrcams of bills were inceffantly «ttenjpt to fcftram the riiing of water in rivers amidft Ihowers of rain. Notwithftanding jvLi^fZ* '" ^'''^'"^ ^r^' " "^^^ ' ^"' '^' /'-'^^ If « Dollar rofe in i^erw-England currency ta 6/\ m Ne^u> Tark to Ka ;„ \L., 'y.„/i.. r^J.ri ^:-xjn^ ^ ; ;. Virginia, f^'. in Norih Cuniii.i^^t^'^ 1;^ J^7rJ ^ ""^ ^'A^rrojurd^ to .x,Ji in the nominal .juration of coli '^•^•^•""■^ franklin's Mi/aL u'orh , P, a 1 7. The united STATES. „, the ft ,e '■ it""" '"' 1"'^"!'' ''''''" '■'«"' °f "™" "'■-l' had deluged theltates. Ihe ) r.oeso( prodiicehad rifai i„ ,,ropor,Mn to the auanHrv ."•"■"'tL'" "^"T"'f '™. ••-?'i "1'= demand for the cLmodi. « of .?e c^"! det,^™ro^;opfe '""S ^'^"'^'i''-'^. 'P^'^^'i "•en.fclve, a.„<,„g ,h ,^^a^a"J"T ""'"'"■'';'« ''""«n Great.Britain and America we« r„r- off to pa, .Wforel„l?J "f'^'" ■ ' argu„,e„ti„;.f,vor.l«.l,„reS:„1S,rf /"'"'"«"''-' -» »n flr/;:2irbms'o?c''r:df''raf hr "^''f "/=".'" ""= """»-■ -" 'NS. had tenmved henS^'J ,' '^^"f ^'". 'P^f . K"' ">« revolutioT means by which it f "mer c edi,V» f fi'raet™e, that ,i had deRroyed th» of the war, were no I fin,T„ v=r u'^T '^IT"'""""'- ''""'^' " ""= ^^lofe Iv he purci;afcd aswh lerh, '"'".''~^''^'«P ^""''■o:, could not fo readi. .he«a^ewa»^p1it^*t;tf™:',';f--';P^^^^^^ 55SSiS.i!^»et-^SS&S ii I 1 20 The united STATES. the whole at its nommal value, yet the advantages of fpccie as a mcdJum of commerce, cipcciAly as an article of remit ancc to London, Toon made a dmerence of ten per cent, between the bills of credit and fpecie. This ditteci^nce may be coniidered ratiicr as an appreciation of gold i.nd filver than a depreciation of paper; but its efteits, in a commercial ilate, mult be highly prejudicial. Jt opens the door to frauds of all kinds, and frauds are uluallypraaifed on the honeit and unrufpeaing. cfpecially upon all clalfes of labourers. « o t / 'Ihis currency- of Pennfylvania is receivahle in all payments at the cuf- torn houfe, and for certain taxes, at its nominal value/ yet it has funk to two-thirds of this value, in the few commercial tranfactions where it ii received. North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia had recourfeto the fame wretched expedient to fupply tliemfelves with money; not refledting that mduftry, frugality, and good commercial laws are the only means of turning the balance of trade in favour of a country, and that this balance IS the only permanent fource of folid wealth and ready money. But the bills they emitted Ihared a worfe fate than thofe of Pennfylvania • they expelled almoif all the circulating calTi from the Itates; they lomodities which value. bearin7fo2VrooorrTnf . 'r ^^'"P^'^,«' ,^^^^^ o'^' an intrinfio ofthelawwaflSaS h" rh ;'^r"^^^ '^.' ^'^''' ^^e injulticc in Rhode Ifland InS a fimL i ""^''^ ""/T^'^ ''^^ ^'^"^'^^ «^ P^P^r chufetts ; and in Connedicut .t f a ^T'^'^f^ ^^'^^"'"'^ timeimViaila. takelandonanexecZn ' ' ' ^T\"S^^^, ^J-at a creditor ftail be omitted, that whili.fli,.„;„n ii„ .*>.""">="«"• " mult not however paper medium, ,o the Jr^^i '?i!"« "'""""'"l "«" introduced* of paper in Co'„„eat,f "h Teh- ^ T', "J^'"''" "" """'i"- .ommandmoreth „ "ieSl, of thl"^ l.rrie fpene, c.,„ld m-vrr inoversofthebillhavrrarXeLoedriH f °r ''«i(l»ture. Tli, rur. reprobated a. a fou^^^'/f^^Xi^^Sci milS"''^ '" "" '^■ '?^pf!^".Z;l.^TJ::^- : \T '"" '-' r '="» "-«!" -d «urml 'her with fpecie fuX "Tf ^""""cial advantage, alwa, , rf edit, which fu'p7:„£^^,:','-f^^^^^^^^ » l"r I'niii, bill. ±!^:J^}'^ P^P" ha. ra'ifedXtr '„V?t,*t^":S:?':?.!Z"''- £ il H Th e UN I T E D STATES. I . compel the fulfilment of public engagements ; and where all confidence III public faith IS totally deitroyed. While the tbtcs were thus endeavoring to repair the lofs of fpec'ie, by empty proniiics, and to fupport tiicir bulmefs by ihadows, rather than by reality, the Britilh miniitry formed fome commercial regulations that de- prived them of the profits of their trade to the Well Indies and to Great Britain. Heavy duties were laid upon fuch articles as were remitted to the London merchants for their goods, and fiich wore the duties upon Ame- rican bottoms, that the ftates were almoll wholly deprived of the carrying trade. A prohibition, as has been mentioned, was laid upon the produce of the United States, (hipped to the Englilh Welt India Iflands in American built veflols, and in thofe manned by American Teamen, Thefe reftric- tions fell heavy upon thecallern itates, which depended muchupon Ihip- building for the fupport of their trade ; and they materially injured the bufinefs of the other ttates. Witiiout a union that was able to form and execute a general fyftem of commercial regulations, fome of the ilates attempted to impofe reftraints upon the Britifh trade tiiat Hiould i.K^enniify the merchant for the lofles he had f ifFered, or induce the Britilh miniftry to enter into a commercial treaty and relax the rigor of their navigation laws. '^Ihcfe meafures however produced nothing but mifchiqf. The itates did not act in concert, and the reftraints laid on the trade of one Itate operated to throw the bufinefs into the hands of its neighbour. Maffachufetts, in her zeal to countera(ft the ef- feft of the Englilh navigation laws, laid enornjous duties upon Britifh ■goods imported into that ftate ; but the other (I did not adopt a fimi- lar meafure ; and the lofs of bufinefs foon obli^ .» chat ftate to repeal or fufpend the law. Thus when Pennfylvania laid heavy duties on Britifh goods, Delaware and New Jer^y made a number of free ports to en- courage the landin^^ of goods within the limits of thofe ftates ; and the duties in Pennfylvania ferved no purpofe, but to create fmuggling. Thus divided, the ftates began to feel their weaknefs. Molt of the legiflatures had negledted to comply with the requifitions of Congrefs for furnifhing the federal treafury ; the refolves of Congrefs were difregard- cd ; the propofition for a general'impoft to be laid and collected by Con- grefs was negatived firft by Rhode Ifland.and afterwards by New- York. The Britilh troops continued, under pretence of a breach of treaty on the part of America, to hold poffeffion of the forts on the frontiers of the rates, and thus commanded the fur trade. Many of the ftates individual- ly were infefted with popular commotions or iniquitous tender laws, while they were oppreffed with public debts ; the ccrtiucates or public notes had loft moft of their value, and circjlatcd merely as the objeds of fpecula- tion J Congrefs loft their refpeftability, and the United States, their cre- dit and importance. In the midft of thefe calamities, a propofition was made in 1785, in the houfeof delegates in Virginia, to appoint commiflioners, to meet fuch as ''"S"" J..- — ........ ... -.... ^.»,..^, , ,. , ,..........,,.. — •_• » -^t ......i- mercial regu,lations for the United States, and recommend it to the feveral legiflatures for adoption, CommifTioners wTre accordingly appointed, and a requeft was made to thek\^iflatnresof the other ftates to accede to the piopofition. Accordingly feveral of theuatcs appointed commiffion. ers who a.v t at Anna^c^li* in the luiiiiiicr oi j-06, tocunfult what mci- furcjf U confidence in ites, tlieir ere- The UNITED STATES. „, mcrcial lyWem. but ns the flaes were not all re^.rcfented. and the powcri of the comrniffioners were. ,n their opinion, too limited to prcmofi a fvf em ot regulations adcjuate to thepmpofes of governmcnt.tre/alree'i to rccommcndageneralconvcntion to be h.ld at Philadelphia thc-next year wuh powers to frame a general plan of government for the United State * This mcafure appeared to the eommiifionprs abfoluiely necefiar The oM laws, and compulhon cannot be exefcifcd over rtate. ^.vil*^^ 1 ' war and an^rrh^, Tu r J ^"^r'^"^" "vcruates, without violence ks lawf m/ • f \^- '^°"f^'^^'-«t«'^" ^vas alfo deftitute of a ilmdlon to offer ,0 the co„SeS„ of * Tfa^ra "X J"? ''""', '^ '■"™ """• fede.,g„.„„;:«:°M:rwrhr aSf .d,e'r°"'"="'' "■= ^'- "^ laturcrof".h^ S' '' l"/ "" ["*="' "^O""""'!"" "^^ fubmiltM .0 .he le»if- rpiri,e^c;;ofi.il°^o1he^'"^^"'■^^^^ "'= ^^^ -o'"*. "«« -». « long and me S. cVlZhZ"" ST"™?"'- 1''«= ''•=''«« >«« iTdef : h,„ " Ilr^-..u ."^'^ '•"■',"" ■•'".'' I'™'>efs weredifplaved on both two-thirds'o'f'ihrmember,' '^tT"^'' "■" '""'''T'"" *^' '""'^d by obftiuacv that iU^came, 1,7 T"'"'' ""? '""'""fi^'i. and with an .heir reafonsof Lent wh h welfrr'V" f ' " ^7' ^P''- P"""!''" 1«^ T H « UNITED STATES. r, wrrr unani- I In New-Jfrfey, thcconvrntion whith tnct in Dccrmbe. , roous in adoptinjj thecoullitiiiion ; as was likrwilc iliut oi Gci.ij^ia. In Connecticut there was feme oipolltion; but the conlWtution was, on the 9th of lanucirv 1788. ratified by thrcc-lounbs ol the \otes in con- vention, anil the minority peaceably :uquicmt of the Uate, and have not heard the argument;. ;ind objeaionsof the 'u-^o/c', whereaj, his iit\ is to affed the iv/.v/e' flate, and therefore js to be direcfied by the fenfe or wifdom of the whole, collcdted in the legiflative allembly ; yet the delegates in the New-Hamp- fhire convention conceived, very erroneoufly, that thclenfe of the freemen in th? towns, thofe little diftrids, where no aft of legiflation can be per- formed, ;;T^pofed a rcilraint upon their own wills.* An adjournment wa» therefore moved, and carried. This gave, the people opportunity to gain a farther knowledge of the rticrits of the conltitution, and at the fccond meeting of the convention, it was ratified by a refpee'table majority. In Maryland, fevcral n en of abilities appeared in the oppofition, and were unremitted in their endeavours to perlu^ide the people, that the pro- pofed plan of government was artfully calculated to deprive them of their t'eareil rights; jet in convention it appeared that five-lixths of the < ices were in favour cf it. In South Carolina, the oppofition was refpe<5>aMe; but two-thirds of the convention appeared to advocate and vote for theconftitution. In Virginia, niiiny of the principal characters oppofcd the ratification of the coni^itution with great abilities and indullry. But after a full difcuf- flon of rhe fiil.jeft, a fmall majority, of a numerous convention, appeared for its adoption. ^ I^n New- York, two-thirds of the d«'legates in convention were, at their firft meeting, determined to rcjeft the conilitution. Here therefore tlie debates were the molt interelling, and the event extremely doubtful. "^ hear^urntnt was managed with uncommon addiiis and abilities on both il.-ies of ihe quefiion. But during the fefiion, the ninih and tenth llatej had acceded to the p'-opofed pfan, fo that by the conltitution, Congrefs vere empowered to iflue anordinanee for organizing the new government. 1 hja event placed the opponuon on new giouiid ; and the expediency of uniting * This pernicictts opitiioH hfis prevailtd in all the JlaUs, and done i" finite r, wrrr unani- The united STATES. „^ who were onj. iially opn„fcd to ili , nnfti,, , '"•™ . f'lpwlible nuiiibtr, •iheco„rti,.f;o„L, ,,,tlbJb-r°S x\orthCfl'-oIina met m convention in luJv tn A^WV^mr . jonf nation. After a iliort feffion they feic,^cd i* hv ^ * — '^*^ ."'^^ hundred and feventy f.x.againlt fevemv S H hJ ^ « majority of one has. in a forinal manner. rejecCl the c Ui^' ^' J'5 '^* "^'^ *^«« they did it. it is cliflicuh tften fnd ddk^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^«» P""ciplc ries that will probably arife fro ' thdr fen. ' r' T'^^"'!* ^^^'^ "^'^i-- their inter VdivifK>n^s may evntuXo^^^^^^^^^^ •"'"' '"^ certaan.h, oeir rejection if the ne7pran of govcrrem^^^^^^^^^^ '^ " Rhode Ifland was doomed to he the fnort nf » M.V,! j r The legiflature, in confiftencv with theZ.r ''''"4\"^,fin«"IarpoIicy. purfued. did niccaJl a onventron to co Lrt rt f'f" ,^^1 Wbefoi. thcpropofedconftitution bininan n ^"?^^ ''^ the ftate upon fub^itted the plan of give nment to the ^T'' -"^ '^^"^^ "^^""^ " Accordingly it was brouirbef^e town meerL '■!,"-^" "^ ^^ »^^PJ<^ jefted. fnVome of the ifrgeTwL ^rtS ""m " "'"^ «f themV dence, thepeoplecollededmiS/vrd wli ^'" ^'*P°'^ ^"^ P'o-i- could not take up the fubta and .h,; T n ^'''/ P'T'^^* *^^^ ^^^r opJo«:j^,;-o/tt^^^^^^^ to fend delegates; yetintwovear»aff,r,Y, ^ "^ i "■'S'" "^fed nvoft in fupporting our independence 1„,^ *"" ^}' ="">"« ">« '««■■ Khode inand, may be a Sv en»; Jl i ,7 ''""■ ^°"^ '-""''"^ »"d in oppoling the conftitutior -l/St d«'T""«.' ?' ""=^ '« "o* ..c^.ved and .n fon,e l„ttance» i4^c5:r;poi: "St^^-ctSX? Philadelphia, ' 126 The united STATES. Philadelphia, New Haven, Portfmouth and New- York fuccefllvely. No- thing could equal the lieauty and grandeur of thefe exliibitions. A fhip was mounted upon wheels, and drawn through the ftrcets ; mechanics ereded ftages, and exhibited fpecimens of labour in their feveral occupa- tions, as they moved along the road; flags with emblems, defcriptive of all the arts and of tht federal union, were invented and difplayed m honor of the government ; multitudes of all ranks in life aflembled to view the majeftic fcenes ; while fobriety, joy and harmony marked the brilliant exhibitions, by which the Americans celebrated the eftablifhment of their Empire. I ( 127) NOTES. NoTi (A) for Page 104. N"r^In^7S.^;;Jra^^^^^^^ been a.e.ea with confidence, anceitors came from tW^S thTs eo "n t^^^^^^ T'''' "^^ ^'^ He, in the third defcent after to ^^ ^°"S ago as the year, 657. February, (old ftylej 17^T arth^Ei^nf W^^ ^'^^of land county, in Viriinil^ His fath?^c f -r^^^'^^'^^ ^" Weftmore- wasthefirrtfruitofffeo^dm^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'? "r'^°"^' ^"^^ ^« cipally conduced by a prTvate tutor^a; fifSln ''''°m \'"^"^ '^^^^ P^'"' a mid(hipman on bLrd Ta Bri dlh velfnf ^ a" ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^"^"^^^ , Virg^nia%nd his baggage ^e^aJe^d 7of:l:ZZT-tZ^^^ °' abandoned on account of the reludance CmotLr ^xprek^^^^^^^ ''" gaging m that profeffion. ^nomer exprelled to his en- fcd-Xl'ti^rite^^^^^^^^^^^ his fa. His eldeit brother, a vf unV man of^ll' A^ °" v ^ '^^'^^ ^'^'^''^ command in ^he cdonlaALps empW^^^^ - hu return from the expedition nShf^ Car hagena, and on Mount Vernon, in honour of 'fhAT' ' rT ^^^''"'onial manfion hehad received man^civS He wa?.'^^^ of that name, from whom neral of the militia ofVirgiTiabufdirno.^'r^^^ niade Adjutant Ge- {notwithllanding there a f hei^s of an X K ^ ^T'u' ^' ^'« ^''''^^ moiety of the palrnal inherit" ce/tJe eWeft Cont d.e"r ^''Y' ' !"^^ inherited this feat anda confiderab e landed pro^^^ the fecond marriage the extenfive lim ts of the colonv th^ ,'. property. In confeqnence of was divided into three d^ftrS^^^^ndtL/. f '' ^^ Adjutant General attained his twentieth yea Cn m/'^'t. "''"/ ^'"'^^^^^ before he app^i.UmentinthatdepSe-^-.h'^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ « I'-cipal vernment of the colony was admin^eL h:'?L.,£l!,I^i'. ^^^''^i'?- go- oic, encfoaciiments were reoorfrtl fr>i,o„-K """■-"''".'' 6"/^*""^*'i-'inwirf- Canada, on .he terrieo" « of "l fSr Wft c^l„' ■" """"l ''^ ""^ ''™=''- f™"- 'r". w!d,,hf ravage, a^d w™„ .hfpS /foEr "'^'if '•"'" "'^ f'«'- p.rfo™ed .he d„,e3 of hi, ^mJ::^^t^t S^L^^fc and 128 The united STATES. I 'ill ""i 1 '■ '' i' :i||j and addrcfs. His journal, and report to governor Dinwiddle, wMclt- wcre pul)lilhed, announced to the world that correCtnefs ofmind, manli- ncfs in Ityle and accurauy ia the mode of doinij btjiinefs, which have fmcecharaderifed himin theftonduot of iuoreardjous aiiairs. But it was deemed, by fpme, an extraordinary circumliance that fo juvcnilu and inexperienced a pcrfonlhuu Id have been employed on a nrgociation, with which fabjcits ot the greatell importance" were involved : Yubjeas which fnortly after Ixjcame the origin of a war iietween England and France, that raged for many years ihrouijhout ever/ part of the globe. As the troubles ftiil fubfiited on the fr mtiers, tiie colony of Virginia raifcd, the next year, a regiment of troops for their defence. Of this corps, Mr. Frv, one of the profelfors of the college, was appointed Colonel, and Major Wafhington receivd the commiffion of Lieutenant Colon.-!. But Colonel Fry died the fame fummer, without ever having joined ; and of courfe left his regiment and rank to the fecond in command. Colonel Walhington made indefatig..)le etForts to form the regiment, eftablilli ma- gazines, and open roads fo as to pre-occupy the advantageous poll at the confluence of the Allegany and Monongahela rivers, which he had re- commended for that purpofe in his report the preceding year. He was to have been joined by a detachment of independent regulars from tht- fouthern colonies, together with fome companies of provincials from North Carolina add Maryland. But he perceived the nccellity of expe- dition, and without waiting for their arrival, commenced his march in the month of May. Notwithftanding his precipitated advance, on his afcending the Laurel hill, fifty miles (hort of his objea, he was advifed that a body of French had already taken poffiflion and ereded a fortifi- cation, which they named fort du^efne. He then fell back to a place known by the appellation of the Gnat Meadoivs, for the fake of forage and fupplies. Herehebuilt a temporary Ifockade, merely to cover liis llores ; it was from its f;ue called fort NeaJ/i.y. His force when joinwl by Captain M'Kay's regulars, did not amount to four "hundred efFeftives, Upon receiving information from hisfcouts that a confiderablc party wa» approaching to reconnoitre his poll, he fallied and defeated them. But in return he was attacked by an army, computed to have been fifteen hundred llrong, and after a gallant defence, in which more than one third of his men were killed and wounded, was forced to capitulate. The garrifon marched out with thelionours of war, but were plundered by the Indians, in violation of the articles of capitulation. After this difaller, ihe remains of the Virginia regiment returned to Alexandria to be recruit- ed and furniflied with necefTary fupplies. In the year 17^5;, the Rritilli government knt to this country general Braddock, who, by the juntHon of two veteran regiments from Ireland, with the indcjiendent and provincial corps in America, was to repel the French from the confines of the Knglifli fetdements. Upon a royal ar- rani^emei . of rank, by which " no officer who d'd not immediauj de- me his commiffi.^/.« ,u..;v UJ ^.r« h the fame ^car. county. ^ liiS ( i J 130 The united STATES. c! a judge of the He elected after delegate to the fJrft alleinbled in ihe year follow- ing. Soon aher the war broke out, he was appointed by Congrefs tominander in chief of the forces of the United Colonics. It is the lefs ncccffary to particularize, in this v?Iace, his tranfaftions in thecoiirreof the hrte war, becaufethe impreflion which they made i» yet frdh iiLevcry mind. But it is hoped pofterity will be taught, in what manner he transformed an undifciplined body of peafantry into a regular army of foldiers. Commentaries on his campaigns would undoubtedly be liighly intert^fting and inllroftive to future generations. The conduft of the iirft campaign, in compelling the Britilh troops to abandon Bofton by a bloodlefs vidory, will merit a minute narration. But sf volume •would fcarcely contain the mortifications he experienced and the hazards to which he was expofed in 1776 and 1777, in contending againft the prowei's of Britain, with an inadequate force. His good deftiny and confummate prudence prevented want of fuccefs from producing want of confidence on the part of the puiilic ; for want ofiiiccefs is apt to lead to the adoption of pernicious counfels through the levity of the peo- ple or thp ambition of their demagogues. Shortly after this period, fprang up the only cabal, that ever exilted during his public life, to rob him of his reputation and command. It proved as impotent in eiFeft, as it was audacious in d^iign. In thethi-ee iucceeding years the germ of difcipline unfolded ; anu the refouces of America having been called into co-opera- tion with the land and naval armies of France, produced the glorious conciu- fion of the campaign in 1 7 8 1 . From this time the gloom began to difap- pear from our political horizon, and theafHiirs of the union proceeded in fl meliorating train, until a |:>eace was moft ably negociated by our am- bafladors in Europe, in 1783. No perfon, who had not the advantage of being prefent when general •Wafiiington received the intelligence of peace, and who did not accom- .pany.him to hjs domeftic retirement, can defcribe the relief which that joyfulevent brought to his labouring mind, or the fuprcme fatisfaftion with which he withdrew to private life. From his triumphal entry into New York, upon the evacuation of that city by the Britifh army, to his tirrival at Mount Vernon, after the refignation of his commiilion to Con- grefs, feftive crowds impeded his pafTaee through all the populous towns, the devotion of a whole people purfued him with prayers to Heaven for -blelTings on his head, while their gratitude fought the moft expreflivc lang;uage of manifcftiag itfelftohim, as their common father and bene- factor. When he became a private citizen he had the unufual felicity to find that his native ftate was among the moft zealous in doing juftice to his merits; and that (fronger demonftrations of afFeftionaie efteem (if poflible) were given by the citizens of his neighbourhood, than by any other defcription of men on the continent. But he has conftantly de- clined accepting any compenfation for his fervices, or provifion for the augmented expcnces which have been incurred bv him in confequence of jiis pU'Uic cmpioyuic.ii:, aitnougn propoiais aave Dccn liiatic in liie niuil delicate manner, particularly by the ftates of Virginia and Pennfylvania. The virtuous fimplicity which diftingui(hes the private life of General Walhington, though Icfs known than the dazzling fplendor of his mili- tary luc 111 I lie iiiua The united STATES. 15,. tary atehlevments, is not lefs edifying in example, or worthy the atten- tion oi hw countrymen. Theconfpicuous charader he has a<^kd on the theatre 0* human affairs, theu.iiform dignity with which he fii, Gained hi» partamidfldifiicultiesof the molt difcouraging nature, and the trlo-y of having arrived through them at the hour of triumph, have made many official and hterary perfons, on both fides of the ocean, ambitious of x correfpondence with him. Thefe correfpondencies unavoida[)ly en-roAi great portion of his time ; and the communications contained in themt com- bined with the numerous periodical publications and newspapers which he perufes render him, as it were, ihc/ocm of political mtdUirlnce for ibe 7unv 'world, _ Nor are his converfations with well-informed men lefscon. • ducive to bring him acquainted with the various events which happ:n m different countries of the globe. Every foreigner of diiUnaion, who travels in America makes it a point to villt him. Members of Conerefs • and other dignified perfonages do not pafs his houfe, without calling to pay their refpeas. As another fource of information it may be mention- ed, that many literary produftions are fent to hira annually by their au- thors in Europe j and that there is fcarcely bne work written in America wh,v7;'''' T"""^ OT{nh]ca, which does not feek his protedion, or which IS not oiFered to him as a token of gratitude. MecLinical invcn- rS.? "^r'^i r"^?."'."^ '° ^'"^ ^°^^^^ approbation, and natural curiofities prefented for his invefligation. But ihe multiplicity of epit; tolary applications, often on the remains of fome bufinefs whirh happen- hf. fi If^t; y'^T"'""'^"',^". '^^^^' Sometimes on fubjeds forei/n to th.n'; ["'"''?"' ? their nature, an.- intended merely to gratify the vamty of the writers by drawing anfwers from him,is truly diftreffinir then mS^r'^D^^ His benignity in anfwering. perhaps". encTea?!- it wouS nn. \P- u^ "°' ""^'"^ '^''■>' "^^"^^"^ ^" ^he belt advantage, bee^peaed! H^^eammuterdefc .fion of his domefticlife may ,. I^^^^^ * ^i^""* ""^y^ ^"^ ^°"» *° ^^^ '"Oft "fcfuJ Purpo^'es ; he live, and indu'rv' h/ y" '^^ ""^'"'"^'^"^ ^^^''^* "^ ^^'Sularily. temperance and r.nLn' f " "' *" '"?'"'■"'* ^'^^ asfummer.at the dawn of day ; ad generally reads or writes fome time before breakfalt. He breakfaftl hsTabo„^r/n?/Tf'''l>^'^^"^^'^^'''^"' ^'^^'"^> ^"'i remains with At hreel /hj ' ''"'' ^f '^° °'^^°'^^' ^^^" ^'^ returns and dre/re,. vhmol^J??^^^^ finale dilh. and drinks from half i Lfore^tf^i^^'"^ ^^^''^h he tak?s half ai houj day wZt?';^^ T"^^''"^'^ '"^ ^^'"^^ ^"ft^"^^^'^^ ""^'1 the next bv^ts eW.n ^""^ ^f '°'"P'^" ""' "^^' t^^ «^^i« » always prepared ma n '^^''Z"fr^''T'''J''' '^''' ^^^^P^^''" 5 and the General re- Wva L^i Htv ?r "TN''^'f^^""'^' i» f^="&ar converfation and con- vivial hiJarity. It is then that everv one nr»fp«r ;= .,\w .. ^^ ^:..- Si^l^le^h"^ '" % ^'f ' ^^^^ "^"^ n^'u;f>;q,;entiy';;H:aice^ra maedfo r^^^^^ Fu^^^^"^'^' and gives » new turn to the ani-^ r?he army Al^h'r'T' ,'^^*h'"g^"".i« ^^^^^ ^-'hearful than he wa, WscounteZ;.^ '^,' bis, temper n rather of a ferious calt and mscountenancecommonJycarr,«thc imprpflion of tiioughtfulncfs, yet he '3« Thi united states. i:i he perft(fHy reliflhcs a pleafant ftory, an unafTcdfd fally of wit, or a bur- Jefquc dcfcription which furprifes by its fuddennefs and incongruity with the ordinary appearance of the objed dcfcribed. After this fociable and innocent relaxation, he applies himfelf to bufinefs ; and about nine o'clock retires to reft. This is tlie roiine, and this the hour h" obfcrves, when no one but his family is prcfcnt ; at other times he attends politely upon his eompany until they wifli to withdraw. Notwitliftanding he has no off"- fpring, his adual family condfts of eight perfons.* Jt is. fddom alone. He keeps a pack of hounds, and in the feafon indulges himfelf with hunt- in? once in a week ; at which diverfion the jtentlemeu of Alexandria oftea aflift. Agriculture is the favourite employment of General Wafhinc^ton, in which i)e wifhes to pafs the remainder of his days. To acquire and Communicate pradical knowledge, he correfponds with Mr. Arthur Young, who has written fo fenfibly on the fubjeft, and alfo with vtizwy agricultural gentlemen in this country. As improvemcntisknown tobehii pallion, he receives envoys with rare feeds and refults of new projefts from every quarter. He likewife makes copious notes, relative to his own ex- periments, the (late of thefeafons, the nature of foils,, the efFcds of differ- ent kinds of manure, and fuch other topics as may throw light on the farm- ing bufinefs. On Saturday in the afternoon, every week, reports are made by all hi» overfecrs, and rcgUtered in bocks kept for the purpofe : fo that attheend of the year, the quantity of labour and produce may be accurately known. Order and ccccnomy are ellablifhcd in all the departments within and without doors. His lands arc inclofsd in lots of equal dimenfions, and crops areafiigned to each for many years. Every thing is undertaken on a great fcale : but with a view to introduce or augment the culture of fuch •rticlcs as he conceives will become moil beneficial in their confequence to the country. He has, this year, raifedtwo hundred lambs, fowed twenty feven bulhels of Hax-feed, and planted more than feven hundred bulhels of potatoes, in the mean time, the public may reft perfuaded that there is manufactured, under his roof, linen and woollen cloth, nearly or quite itifiicient for the ufe of his numerous houfehold. Note (B) for Page 105. (* "^ FNER AL Montgomery defcended from a rcfpedable flimilj- in th« V^ North of Ireland, and was born in the year 1737. Kis attachment to liberty was innate, and matured by a fine education and an excellent underftnnding. Having niarried a wife, and purchafed an eftate in Kcw-York, he was, from thefe circumftances, as well asirorahis nat^iraJ love The fcrn'ily 5/" General Wjifninwton, in addition to the General and his Ln' ijenerai s i^a.oj — v^oi. ruimpnreys, jormeny ma ae y^ampio me KstMerai'— Tyir. Lear, a gtvtl, -man of liberal eduration, pri'vate fecretary to the Gentrel—^ nvd iixjo Grand Children of Mrs. WcJhingtoM, The united STAT E S. love of freedom, and from a convidlon of the juftnefs of her canfp In ' ducedtocCflderhimfcifasanAmerican. Win principle he earner barked in her caufe. and quitted the Aveets of ealy fortune- the/nfov" ment of •, loved and philofophicaj rural life, with the highelt domeia: ^ IhefScfrer^life!" '"'"^ ""'"'^ " ^" '"^ '"'^^^^^ ^"'^ clfngers ZJ auend Before he came over to America, he had been an cffice.- in thefervice nf England, and had fuccefsfully fought her battles with the immota X^^'l^f at (^lebec, m the war of 1 7 c6, on the verv foot whprr «.!.« r l • .nder the ftandard of freedJmUe was doS^^o^aSn^ars'aga^ ^'h^r^ No one who fdl a martyr to freedom in this unnatural conteft,^rs mom fincerely, or more unnxrfally lamented. And what is extraordinarVThe inoft eminent fpeakers in the Britilb parliament, foreettina for the moLnl that he had died in oppofing their cruel and opprdlie mfafrresS "^^ all theireloquence in praifing his virtues and lamenting his fate.' fl^l orator and a veteran feliow-foldier of his in the French war of nc6 flied abundance of tears, while he expatiated on their faft friendniinln,! Hjutual exchange of tender fervices in that feafon of enL'rt'^l All enmity to this veteran foldier expired with his life; and refpeft to his private character preva led over all other confiderations. By hlTdZ of General Carleton. his dead body received every poffiblemark of dFttfnc tion from the viftors. and was interred in Quebec, on the firfi dlv r? January 1776. with all the honorsdue toa braV^foI .-.ioi-kIq „i"^i._ r, ■ . , ' "■• f white marble, of the moft beautiful fiml plicity, and inexpreflible elegance, with' emblematical de follow mind of a Franklin ing truly claflical infcription, worthy of the modeft/bui vices, and the great To '34 I li i The united STATES. To THB GLORY OF Richard Montgomery. M; 'GoMFRY, Major General of the armies of the United States of Amerio«, Slain at the fiege of Quebec, the 31ft of December, 1775, ^geJ 38 years. This elegant monument has lately been eredted in front of St. Paul's church in New York. There is a remarkable circumftance conncftcd with the fall of this brave officer, that merits to \.k recorded, bncaufethe fadt is of a very intcrcfting nature, and will ferve to perpetuate the memory of a very amiable and deferving charader, who was alfo a martyr in the caufc of his country. The circumftance is this : One of General Montgomer)''s Aides'de Camp, was Mr. Macpherfon a molt promifing young man, whofe father refided at Philadelphia, and was greatly diftinguilhed in privateering in the war of 1 7 56. This gen- tleman M a brother in the i6th regiment, in the Britilh fervice", at the tinie ofMontgomery's expedition into Canada, and who uas as v^'olent m favour of the Enghfh government, as this GencraVs Aide de Camp wasenthufialbc in the caufc of America ; the latter had accompanied his General a day or two previous to the attack in which thev both loll their lives, to view and meditate on the fpot where Wolfe had fallen • on his return he found a Ifetter tVom his brother, the Englifh officer, full of the bittereft reproaches againit him, for having entered into the American feryice. and containing a prettv dired wifii, that if he would not abandon Jt, he might meet with the deferved fate of a rebel. 7 he Aid de Camo immediately returned him an anfwer, full of Urong reafoning in defence oj his condua, but by no means attempting to fliake the oppofite princi- pies ot his brother, and not only free from acrim6nv, but full of exnref fions of tehdernefs and affi:aion ; this letter he dated, " from the Vnoi- where Wolfe loljhis life, in fighting the caufo of England, iJ^ZZ 'ivuh America This letter had fcarccly reached the officer at New York before it was followed by the news of his brother's death. The cfiedJ was mltanraneous, nature, and perhaps reafon prevailed ; a thoufand not jinworthy lentnnents ruHied upon his diltrefTedmind ; he quittedthe Fne- hlh fervice, entered into that of America, and fought every occafion of dilhnguilliing himfclf in her fervice ! ^ "^^ Y occaiion ot ^■^^•~^-'-^<'i^^~»^'-e>,'.e>v.it>^: KoTE (C) for Page in. GS^.^h ^^^P^^^E wasbornatW^arwick in the ftate of Rhode {^Jifv T w ^'''" '^f ^ ° ''^'"'^^^^ V'^-'''''> belonging to the fociety oi tru»ds He was endowed with an uncommon deerfe cTf iiid^ ment and penetration, hi, difpofition was benevolent and C n^nZ affable. ^ At an early period of life, he was chofen a mP..h.r J .,! '"n!!L" o.y. ana ne uncharged \m trult to the entire fatisfaaion'of his'^onSitu: ^i'^^'tJ^''^"^^^''^^^'"^^''"' three regiments of troops were raifedin ^Rhode Ifland, and ti« *0H)n,.nd of thc^^giyea to Mr. G^ceTe'who wa" nominated It of St. Paul's The U NI T E D S T A TE S. ,35 nominated a Brigadier General. His merit and abilities both in council and in the field, were foon noticed by General Wafhington, and in Auguft 1776, he was appointed Major General. In the furprife at Trenton and the battle of Princeton, General Greene diftinguiflicd himfdf ; and in the aaion of Germantown, in 1777, he commanded the left wine of the American army, where he exerted himfelf to retrieve the fortune of the day. At the battle of Brandy wine. General Greene, diftinguifhed himfelf by fupportingthe right wing of the American army, when it gave war. and judiciouHy covering the whole, when routed and retreating in con- fulion ; and their fafety from utter ruin, was generally afcribed to his JkiJl and exertions, which were feconded by the troops under his cora- niand. In March, 1778, he was appointed Quarter-mailer General, an office heacceptedonconditionofnotlofinehisrankin the line, and hjs right to command in aftion according to his feniority. In the execution of fhig oftce, he fully anfwered the expeftations formed of his abilities ; and en- abled the army to move w?th additional celerity and vigor. At the battle of Monmouth, the commander in chief, difgufted with the behaviour of General Lee, depofed him in the field of battle, and appointed general Oreene to command the right wing, where he greatly contribut- the^da'^'"^''^ errors of his predeceflbr, and to the fubfequent event of o. uu ^77.? ""'ier General Sullivan in the attack on the Britilh Garrifon at Khode Ifland, where his prudence and abilities were difplayed in fecur- mg the retreating army. In 1780 he was appointed to the comjnand of the fouthern armv. which was much reduced by a feries of ill fortune. By his amazing di- ligence, addrefs and fortitude, he foon collefted a refpedable force and revived the hopes of our fouthern brethren. ^ Under his management. General Morgan gained a complete viftorv over Colonel Tarleton, He attacked Lofd Cornwallis at Guilfordr^ ^r ^ r "'' '"r ,^^^i"."gh defeated, he checked the progrefs and difabled the army of the Britifli General. A fimiliar fate attend'ed Lord Kawdon who gained an advantage over him at Camden. rnn^' a'^'''"^''' f ? BritiOi troops at Eutaw Springs was one of the beflf Tr Fn/^l?- ?°^^"',''r^^'^"^'"^^Sernents diat took place during the In:? A i^" ^iT'"'^ 9'^^"^ was honored by Congrefs with a Britifh the fn,l """i ' ^°^^ "^'^^l'- . ^' ' ^^^^^^^ f°^' I"« P^^^i'^^l'-'r Services „ fndtlnr.1'Pr n^ ftate of Georgia prefented him with alarge and valuable trad of land on an ifland near Savannah. "^ bad noil T\ ^'^^'''^'i to Jii« "«tive ftate ; the contentions and in G^eorgL * ''^ ^'"^ '° ^'"'^ " ^"'^ '^'''^ '"> ^" <^^t« Tne!^T."'T^ his family in Oaober 1785;. but in Tune the next fum- mer, the extreme heat, and the fAUau,- nfi „,aiu K;^.,^r,» j:r__j:_ S"f^H 'r^ ''^'' r'^^A"." "^^^'^ th-efam^'^iSomh: ^H^^liv^d hI S"^-'""^ rejpefted.and his death was as univerfallv lamented. fe' the Cincin natr" '" ^^^^^^^^^ ^nd the funeral proceffion attended Immediately 136 The united STATES, ^ Immediately after the interment of the corpfe, the members of theCirt- cinnati held a meeting in Savannah, and refolved, • That in token of the high refpcft and veneration in which the fociely hold the memory of their late illuftrious brother. Major General Greene, dcceafed. George Wa(h- ington Greene, his elde:tfon, be admitted a member of this fociety, to take hisfeatonhisarrriving at the age of eighteen years.' This fonof the Gene- ral's lately embarked for France, to receive his education with George Walhingfon, fon of the Marquis de la Fayette, thatartive and illuftrious friend of America. General Greene left behind him a wife and five children, the eldeft of wh(»m, who has been jm(1 mentioned, is about thirteen years old. On Tuefday,the izthof Auguft, the United States in Congrefs aflcm- bled came to the following refolution ; * That a monument be crefted to the memory of Nathaniel Greene, Efq. at the feat of federal government, with the following infcription : Sacred to the Memory of NATHANIEL GREENE, Efquire, who departed this Life, on the nineteenth of June, MDCCLXXXVI ; late MAJOR GENERAL dn the Service of the United States,' and Commander of their Army in the Southern Department : The United States in Congrefs aflembled, in Honour of his Patriotifm, Valour, and Ability, have erefted this Monument. •K>-t-C>^^-<^'~C^^-Oi^-^^ : n : if I N GTE (D) for Page iiz. THE enthufiaftic zeal and great fervices of the Marquis de la Fayetttf, merit a particular detail. At the age of nineteen he efpoufed the OTufe of America, with all the ardor which the moft generous philanthro- py could infpife. At a very early period of the war, he determined to embark from his native country, for the United States. Before he could complete his intention, intelligence arrived in Europe, that the American Jnfurgents, reduced to two thoufand men, were flying through Jerfey before a Britifh force of thirty thoufand regulars. This news fo effedu- ally extinguifhed the little credit which America had in Europe, in the beginning of the year 1777, that the commiffioners of Congrefs at Paris, '"'•'■'5 ' U^J ...n. veflel to forward bis intentions. :_n IJ Under thele circumftances they thought it but honeft to difluade him from the prefent profecution of his perilous enterprife. It was in vain they aded fo candid a part. The flame which America had kindled in his breaft, «ould not be extinguilhed "by hei; misfortunes. STATES. '37 The united St. Johm. He WM notL A. If, V, " ^'''^'i '" '^'" Motreal and menr, and hodeft heart rH^ru,^.«^ j,- ''"' '-"™";'*"^' "^"t "is cool jud?, taryfame. undeV cir ™ton e 'That ^ '"dtllginga pal/ic„ (br'mii *n.ilarto that of the unfortunate Bulyne With a h' S^'^''^/ 'i""" .f.«heteceivedti.Ll.tJ'c:jg;;f3tr^^^^^^^ co^t^andin Vitgh,™lt:;e'pa;ttaT„''o:i*" '°°'' P'^'' •'"^" «' fortf^outh ^Z'l^^^Z ze LSfd'a^he" I^ST t^'f^ hopes than when he was ohlJa^r^ .^ rcceivea a cneck, no lefs fatal to hi» Theenga,e.ent ,: jr^:!;^ J? ^^T^^^^^O^ -.^nada. Theengagemen rearthe Xof he S ? '"'YT''''''' '' ^^^"^^- ook place on the fifth of Kwh '^ ' c^"''J\'^"]"-^^ Arhuthnot, which took place on the fiS of March .8. Tr ."]""f ''^^^^"^^not, which this event he marched back L the nJad ^f F^L 1 '^' f""'"'^''^'' ^P^" derfron, General Wa(hin^tan to return Lv"' '"'' ''" ''''''''^ ^" ^'' Philips, who had joined ^fn'ra Arnold .. p'T'"' f" T"^" ^^^'^''^^ troops under his command were in wait nkl t''"'^' , -^^^^^""^''^ ^^« t elefs proceeded with themTBllt^^ ' HT;;\:Srtr?Ll"' ""'"l excited, enah ed him to obN.n f I V"'^ conhdence he had univerfallv neceifaHes fo his t^oons InH '^ ^^ "^"n^y nhich procured himfome fuppofed Rich^l;°?fb'e the ^:*"'/^"f^-^ vigor to his march, h' "" • • - "■■■ ''^^ ^^^ "u,.cr oi^ general l^hiiips, and therefore th iu's "le evei iiing bcf{ fo . ore general Fliilips. He arnval by major-general baron Stewb S^^;^^.^,>^P"^yit\on, tliat he arrived at that was joined the liril nip!- ptace t afcr f -i uf V ir^iaia, at that time fuL'd with almoft ^ ..II II IJ I ill I I mil »38 Thk u ♦' I t e d state S. al' ilie military ftorcs of the Hate, f;ivedfrcm the moft imminent danger, ^i he. t'litith appeared the next raorniugat iVljinchelter, jult oppofue to Richinoiul. '1 lie two armies furveyed'ench other for foine time, and then j;.-ncral Pl.ilips, apprclicnding it to be too hazardous to attack the mar- quis dy la Fayette in h^s llrongpofition, very prudently retired. Such wa.s thegioat fuperiority of nunilKMs by the conjbination of the forces undi-r general Arnold, general Philips and lord Cornwallis— fo fatal to nil rhe fouthcrn ftatcs woidd have been the conquell of Virginia— that the marcjuis dc la Fayette had before hirn a labour of the M confc- • quencc. and was preiled on ail fides by innumerable difficulties. In the firlt moments of the riiing temped, and until he could provide againlHfs utmoil rage, he began to retire with his little army, which confided of about a thoufand regulars, two thoufand militia, and fixty dragoonii. Lord Cornwallis, exulting in the profpeift of fuccefs, which he thought to be heiglitened by the youth of his opponent, incautioully ■wrote to GreatBritain, ' that' the boy could not efeape ! '.n.' The en- gagement, however, which was to confirm his promife, was feduloufly avoided. Findingitimpoffible to force an adion, he next endeavoured to cut off the communication of the marquis de la Fayette with gedtral Wayne, who, with eight hundred Pennfylvanians, was advancing from the northward. The juntHon however, was efFcfted at Rackoon Ford without lofs. The next objcitof lord Cornwalli-i, was to get poffeflion of the American (lores, which, for their greater fecurity, had been remov- ed from Richmond to Albemarle old court-houfe above the Point of Fork. While the troops commanded by the marquis dc la Fayette and general Wayne were forming a jundUon, lord Cornwallis had gotten between them and their public ftores. The pofleffion of thcfe was a principal ob- jert with both armies. 7~he marquis de la Fayette, by forced marches, got within a few miles of the Britifh army, when they were yet diftant two days march from Allv^marle old court-houfe. Once more the Britifli general confidered hirnfelf fure of his adverfary. To fave the ftores he knew was his dcfign, but to accomplifli that objetft, his lordfhip faw no praftical way but l)y a road, in paffing which, the American army might be attacked to great advantage. It was a critical moment, but the mar- quis de la Fayette had the good fortune to extricate himfclf. He opened in theniglit, by part of his army, a nearer road to Albemarle, which, having been many years difufed, was much embarVaffed, and, to thcafton- ifhraeut of lord Cornwallis, ported hirnfelf in a ftrong pofition the next day lietwcen theBritilTi army and tha American ftores. His lordfliip, fintlingal! ins fchemes fruftrated, fell back to Richmond, whither he was followed by the marquis dela Fayette. The main Ame- rican army in Virginia was now reinforced by the troops under major- general baron Steuben, and by volunteer corps of Virginia and Mary- land gentlemen. And the marquis de la Fayette had the addrefs to 'n- prefs lord Cornwallis with an idea, that his force was much greater than lie actually commanded. His lordlhip, therefore, retreated to Williaraf- burg. After a feries of manccuvres, which it is not ncceflary to relate, and in Wliich the Britifn general difpla^-ed the boldnefs of enterprise, and tlie • your.^ marquis the found judgn):nl of age, blanded with the ardour ot .you th. thi united states. 1 19 youth, the former fixed hmifclf and his army in York-town. The latter,- under various pretences, Tent the Pennfylviuiia troops to the foutn lida of James River ; collftled a force in Glouceitcr county, and made fundry arrangements fubfervient to the grand defign of the whole campaign, whici was the capture of lord Comwallis, and the Britilh army under his com- mand. .^ Sometime after the capture of Cornwai lis, the marquis de la FayeMe went to France, where he fuccefsfuUy ufrc nis endeavou:* to promoU the commercial and political interefl of f.icle Hates. Pennfylvania, in order to fho'v her efteem for this gillant nobleman, hat lately eredcd part of her weftern tcrr itofy into a fcparatc eonnty, an4 named it Fayette, N E VV "■■aSfe-- J 4 I '- II ( H<3 ) ■ .•1 NEW ENGL A N D. England. Sevefal thLlLr^ " ^^ ^'^^ S^""^'"^' "'''"^*'' ^f ^^'^ hiftory, &c. are h, In r' ^"7 m"^"'^:' ^"^'' V'^^^^^'^om, natural xvhich took pla e n t^KF ' ^""'^T- ^^^'-^^^ °^'^^^ ^'^^''^^^ ^^'^"^s following genen;id?rcrin^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^'^ ^'-"'^ »<^ the tenVsV ^n "^^^^^^^^ -- -eluded in feme of the original pa- Ne.vin"h;7 Corrpany, and was fettled wholly from SITUATION and extent* miles. I-eno-thj-o "1 Breadth J40 j Between {; 41^ and 45' North Latitude* and 8° Eaft Longitude. ^So' Not' W7;L^T. ¥^"^ '' ^"""^^^^' ""^th by Canada ; caft by I/f^d t^dVa"^ ttt NeV?o:y '^fj'lie^^in^l'm^"' ^^°"^ Jat tudel o riut^n, "^ " /^ the f>.nuh welt corner of Connefticut. ]atitMde tl^'/u '^ taft of north, until ullrikes the Acth decree of Jamude.and then curves to the eaftward almoit to the Gulf'of sl^Iavv- T-u''^t^''''''^T-l ^^''^ ^ng^^nd i« divided into f^ve ftates viz Nr«r ^heieftates are fubuu.ded into countic, and the counties into to^^: ^ Facf of the coumry, v,ou»taws, ^r.] New En-land is a hieh hillv nnd Kifonje parts a mountainous count/y. formed V nature to't " hi d coUar tfvel "fm" H ""• l"^"'^^'^""^ "^ republica'ns.-The mountains ic comparatively fmall, running nearly r.nrth and fouth in ridees narallel m each other. ^ Between thcfe ridges, H- w the great rivers k. ina e "caj^ ders receiving the innumerable rivulets and larger lTria.r htlTnro cced from the mountains on each fide. To a fixator orthe too if » neighbouring mountain, the vales between the ridges, while n a ifate of ln.:-..u uui ucprciicd in Its iuriace like that of the great ocean itielf^'A trious hu b indmen, have been cleared of their natural growth : and die f.u t of their labour appears in loaded orchards, cxtenfnx- meadCrcoveiid with iJiions, natural NEW ENGLAND. ':i!^E}^-t'^J^''^'^^''''' ^^^"J=> --^ rich field HI rious kinds of grairt s of riax, corn and 7 hefovallics, which have are of various breadths, f inundations of tl recei rom ved t he exprcfa ve name o<[ wter-vnl lams , lie ri wo to twenty miles ; and T.y th vers which flow through them, th e annua 1 ^.n^latton of .eh, .J JL.; .. ^^^ Sc^t^^.l:-:;^ - nonltrftrf5lUX;i;l;^ of mountain, paffingnearlv from titudcofuariS ri W^^^ thro ^;h r.ew-Kngland. 7here coniiitof a m»L of the gen ri n5^^^' '^^-^^'"8 ^-m thecourfe Jand ThJl^^' ^'"chfpurs are again broken ,ntf) irr-£ular hilV of the country C>TT(T - ^ ''^"'^ defcent in the interior nart Hudfon" rivVrs "A,. ' "^T ","^'^ r-ns between Connecticut and which fioV;rkouVnrk^%ert?;m.V";r^^^ ^'r ^^-$^-^ terminates in a bluff head at Sen A r 'i^ "I "'^^of thisra^^ge Willingford. and a third at NWH^^^^^^^^ '^ ^^''""^ '^^^ ^" ^^^^ "^^""^^ «' range trends northern 1^- tf.?;7> ''"""^">',^f ^onntdicnt vale. 1 his miifs eaft f om he iv;r anH 1 f?""'u^'"'!:'^ >:' '^'^''''- ^^" or twel-^e .range take thTiame of Chi-L^^^^ '^''''■^^ MafllKhuf.tts, where the Hamofhire at flf. T;?> ^'^'^^/^^« "^ountam ; thence crollme into New- lineTft r n; p L a ;;"rv iXf ^ ^'^^'^ ^^- Maflach.fe", this ridge of thrran'rA^'e^ir-J'^'^^^^ ^W./.^. which terminates 43'' 2o^ run uD?n?o\ '^.r'^''"""'^.^^ ^o^^'""'^-^-''"^ in abo-,t latitude S fameydg-e?!^ S.^^tourir "^^ ^'""^ ^^'>' ^^^^-^ ^-^-' - cculfetrtfS '^°"'""S?" /" Conncaicut. It take, it. rifes again and ran^^^^ theV? T' ^v"''"" '''\ ^'^^""^'"""^'^ ; it the, in latitude 430 fc"^ run nn Tn'r ''r ? "^7 ^ ^'" Hampfhire, whcr.. rri ,- ^? J ' '""^ iip into a hiHi pct ' r-tlh^A r^-. .r n Concord, =nd cTo^^'m ?ri,li':i™S= ™S' ""'^ '- «'»„.,„„„ 3,,.! .HaT"/Sf:°'„I'::i™'-;f:;>',;f^;^-P-...ndn^ each other in cverv dircftinn ';j7, • .* "hid-, mterlockmg fades, f^ow n^cSrll^g S r^r;; ; s 'gloir X "^'^ '" ^""T^^^ ^^^ IS better watered than New Englandr ''""''•^' ^" '^^'^ S^^^ On the fen criaff f h.-* ' *l)e vallies. I ■- <-=u i5 low, ana.,, many parts level and fa jencraiiv brol jefween the forementioned en, and In ran o-cs ot P^b.oof being cultivated ..,..„. i»any fpots even on the tops of the nnv. In mountains, the l^nd \% any pi.ices rr.clcy, l)ur of;, flroprv rich foil to irood advnnt 'ge, vv-hich alfo is i\ ra- mcuntains. lie cafe with R IV rs ■1 i Sj ; i ■ 1 : ' ('. 1 ■ r ■ f !■ i 1 ! :; f u » ? i ^ . !'-/ 11 >4» NEW ENGLAND. i Rivfrs.] The only river which will be defcribed under N^w England Jonnedicut river. It rifcs in a fwamp on the height of land, in latitude 45" lo', loi\gitude 4'' eaft. After a lieepycourle of eight or ten miles, it tumbles over four fepanite fails, and turning weft keeps clofe under the kills which form the northern boundary of the vale through which it ryns. The Amonoofuck, and Ifracl rivers, two principal branches of Connec- ticut river, fall into it from the eaft, between the latitudes 44*' and 45". Between the towns of Walpolc on the eaft, and VVeftminfter on the weft fide of the river, arc the great Falls. The whole river, compreffed be- tween two rocks fcarccly thirty feet afunder, fhoots with amazing rapidi- ty into a broad bafon below. Over thefe falls, abridge one hundred and fixty feet in length, was lHiil«: in 17S4, under which the higheft floods nay pafs without detriment. This is the firft bridge that was ever cred- cd over this nobl.^ river. Above Deerfield in MalTachufetts, it receives Dcerfield river from the weft> and Millers river from the eaft, after which it turns wefterly in a fmuous courfe to Fighting falls, and a little after tumbles over Deerfield falls, which areimpaftable by boats. At Windfor, in Connedicut, it receives Farmington river from the weft ; and at Hart- ford, meets the tide. From Hartford it paffcs on in a crooked courfe, until it falls into Longlfland found, between Saybrook and Lyme. The length of this river, jn a ftraight line, i:. nearly three hundred miles. Its general courfe is fevcral degrees weft of fouth. It is from eighty, to one hundred rods wide, one hundred and thirty miles from its mouth. At its mouth is a bar of fand which confiderablyobftrudsthe navigation. Ten feet water at full tides is found on this bar, and the fame depth to Middleton. The dillstice of the bar from this place, as the river runs, is thirty-fix miles. Above Middleton are feveral flioals which ftretch quite acrofs the river. Only fix feet water is found on the (hoal at high tide, and here the tide ^.bbs and flews but about eight inches. About three miles below IVlKkikton, the river is contraded to about forty rods in breadth, bvr.vo hi;>h mountains. Almoft every where elfe the banks ure low, and fprr.ad into fine extenfive meadows. In the fpring floods, which generally h;tppcnin May, thefe meadows are covered with water. Ac Hartford the v, atcr fometimes rifes twenty feet above the common furface of the nver, and having ;ill to pafs through the a', ive-mentiuned ftreight, it is fou.jtimes tv\o or three weeks bcibie it returns to its uftial bed. Thefe floods add nothing to the depth of water on the bar at tiic moKth of the nv; r ; this bar lying too far offin the found to be afFedcJ by them. On this beautiful river, whnCc banks arc fettled almoft to its fource, are many plea.luit, neat, vveil-hiiilt towns. On its weiiern bank, from its mouth northward, are f.hcfcuvnsof Siiybrook, lladdam, Middleton, Wea- riicrsfield, HaifFv.;n, in \vl::cli is J'ort Dum'ner. Weltmlnller. Windfor,! n;xiU'.in.i, i'riirlcc. N'.vbur',, Brunrvnck, and man^ fUlicrs in Vermdnt. oiiinu- the ri } Mil/ J na! r : 1 ! tfiii:n:':'r.;tr ,- 1 iot" N'-u' ilMiiij'tl.wc, an>i tr.-aelling on the eaftern' y r.i'.'.i'y oppofito to Brunfwick, Nor- \\'' v,")^; ')i.M oj c.v'Ury, Lyman, OjIokI, lyme, Hanover, ii wliicli NEW ENGLAND. j^ which is Dartmouth College, Lebanon, Cornifh, Clermont, Charlcfton. or I\o. 4, Chelkrfield, and many others in New Hampfhirc, Sunder-' land, Hadley, Springfield, Long-meadow, in MafTachufotts; and in Con- necticut, Enfield, Eaft Windfor, Ealt Hartford, Glaitcnbury. Eaft ! lad- dam, and Lyme. This river is navigable to Hartford, upwards of fifty mtles from it» mouth,andtheproduoeof the country for two hundred miles above is brought thither in boats. The boats which are ufed in this bufinef* are flat-bottomed, long and narrow, for the convenience of going up ftrcam, and of fo light a make as to l)e portable in carts. They are takea out of the river at three diflerent carrying places, ail of which make fif- teen miles. Sturgeon, falmon, and fhad are caught in plenty, in their feafon, from the mouth of the river upwards, excepting fturgeon, which do not afcend the upper falls ; befides a variety of fmall fifh, fuch as pike, carp, pearch, vCC- From this ri ver are rnployed three brigs of one hundred and eighty tons each, in the Europ<;an trade ; and about fixty fail, from fixty to one hundred and fifty tons, in the Weft India trade ; befides a few fiflacrmen, and forty or fifty coafting vcfTels, Natural Gfmv/L] The foil, as may be collefted from what has been laid, mufl be very various. Each trad of different foil, is diflinguilhed by Its pecuhar vegetation, and is pronounced good, middling, or bad trom the fpecies of trees which it produces ; and one fpecies generally pre- dominating in each foil, has originated the defcriptive names of oak land- birch, beach and chefnut lands— pine barren— maple, afh, and cedar Iwamps, as each fpecies happens to predominate. Intermingled with thefe predominating fpecies are walnut, firs, elm, hemlock, magnolia or moofe wood, falTafrafs, &c. ^c.*- The befl lands produce walnut and cliefnut ; the next, beach and oak ; lands of tlie third quality produce fir and pitch pine ; the next, whortleberry and barberrv bufhe[- and the pooreft produces nothing but poor marfhv imperfed (hrubs, which is the lovyeff kind (if you will allow me to ufe a hard word) of /-uff-yuUx vcirc tation. "^ -^ ' ^t.*"" ^ Among the flowerino; trees and fhriibs in the forefls, are the red flower- ing maple, the faffafrafs, the locufl, the tulip tree,t!ie chefnut, the wild cherry, prune, crab, floe, pear, honey-fuckle, w.ld rofe, dogwood, ehn, leather tree, laurel, hawthorn, &c. whidi in the fprin^ of the year give the woods a molt beautiful appearance, and fill them with a deliaous fragrance. «."'.iuu» Among the fruits which grow wild, are the frveral kinds ofgrares. which arc fmall, four and thick fkinned. H^ie vines on which they a ow are v^cryluxunant, often overfpreading the highcfl trees in the fo^lls. i li'-.e vyild vines, withoutdoubt, might be greatly meliorated by prouer --. „ . .., j.j....:i;^.cuiro..-. tne grapes equal, if not fuped- le celebrated wines of I ranee. Befides thefe. are the wild cfier- cultivatif or, to the 1 . J , "" * — ~'-' ^^vnvivvi i.in_it:. die ijic wild cfier- ries, wfiue and red mulberries, cranberries, walnuts, ha/elnnts. chcf- Se^annT''- T^"r'"'^^^^'""^' '''^ ^''''* whortlcbcrrie . bJI. berricj, goolberrici, ftrawberries, &c. . tioduPtiotlS. ♦ I NEW ENGLAND. Pm{uJ?io;:s.] The foil in the interior country is cnlculated for the cul- , tu.c: ctlndun corn, rye, oats.barley, fi»x, and ii'einp, ior whicli tiie foil and ci!nr:te are peculiarly proper, buck-wheat, begins, peas. &c. In many of th.e inland parts wheat is railbd in large quantities ; but on the fea coatt it ha^ never Ixx-n cultivated with fuccels, being ful>jVa to blnfts. Various rcalons oavc been afiigncd for this. Some have fuppofed tliat the blaPs ^ycre occauoned by the faline vapours of the fea; others iiavc attributed tneni to the vicinity ot Barberry WiTies ; but perhaps the fandinefs andpo- Verty ol the foil, may be as e^cacious a caufe as eitlu^r of the others. i he truits which the country yields from culture, arc, apples in the greaidt plenty ; ot thefe cyder is made which conltitutcs the principal drin^ot the inhabitants; alfo, pears of various forts, quinces, peaches. Irom winch is made jjcach brandy, phims, cherries, apricots, &c. The . tulinary plants are iuch as have already bctn enumerated. New England is a fine grazing country ; the vallies, between the hills, are generally mtcrfcfted with brooks of water, the banks of which are lined with a trad of rich meadow or interval land. The high and rocky ground IS, m many parts, covered with honey fuckle, and generally affords the hnclt of paiture. It will not be a matter of wonder,"therefore, that New Ji^ngland boafls ol railing fome of the lined cattle in the world; nor will Ihe be envied, when the labour of raifing them is taken into view. Two months of thehottdrt feafon in the year, the farmers are employed in pro- curing tood for their cattle ; and the cold winter is fp-nt in dealing it out to them. "1 he pleafare and profit of doing this, is however a fatisfyinsj co.npenlation to the honeit and induarious farmer. Population, MilHnry Stren;;lh, Manners, Ci^Jioms and Dlverftont.l New England IS the moit populous part of the bnited Jjtates. It contains at Jeall, eight hundred and twenty- three thoufand fouls. One fifth of thefe are fencible men. New England then, lliould any great andfudden cmer- genev require it, could furniai an army of one hundred and fixty-four thoufand fix hundred mcru Thegreat body of thefe arc land-holders and cultivators of the foil. The former attaches them to their country ; the Jatter, by mak-.ng them ftrong and healthy, enables them to defend it. The boys are early taught the ufe of arms, and make the belt of foldicrs. ^ew countries on earth, of «]ual extcntand population, can furnifh a more tormidable army than thispart of the union. New England may, with propriety, be called a nurfery of men, whence are annually tranfpLintcd, into other parts of the United States, thoufands of Its natives. The State of Vermont, which is but of yefterday, and contains about one hundred thoufand fouk, lias received more inhabitant* from Connedirut, than from any other (late ; and yet between the years 1774 and 1782, notwithftanding her numerous emigrations to Vermont, J^ufq-ichannah and othei ^ lace*, and the depopulation occafioneii by a fe- venyears bloody war, it ii found, from adiial cenfus of the inhabitants in the years bifore mentioned, that they have increafed from one hundred and nniety-ieven thoufind eight hundred and f.ftv-(ix, their number in 1774, to two hundred and nine thoufand oik hundred and fifty, their num- ber in 17H2. Vail num!)ers of the New Englanders. fince the war, have emigrated into the northern parts of New- York, into Kentucky and th« Wciteru NEW 5^ N G L A N a '45 t.l attention that his bi p, d '"IT ."'■ "",'' '", ''"= S™' »"''/n^l to brave the dan- tion, law. .nd fituation,ferve T Xf^^^^^^^ 'I\' •'["'^^- "^^''^ ^^"'^^^ Theirjealoufy isavvakened at the^ fiTr ^ "'* ^^'^^ notion. ^f liberty, rights/ The; are indeerof , ^ blToe^ T"''' '" ^".^"'^^'^ °^ ^^-^ « fruitful fource of imaginarleriev.n.r f ' V ^ ^^''^"'•^^^"ce which i. i-ufpicions, and unjuft cfSnfsS^^ '"'^ of innumerable groundJ.f. tionsofjealoufvstLughTenrrabJf.? government. But thefe ebulh^ iliew that the eLce of tr^e tl em 'ex'^fi Proc^J'^tiveof fome political evils! is the guardian of liberty and a cL.cf' .^J>7/ngland ; for jealoufjr i-efpeding the defcent of H}1 ^'^f.^f^n^icof free republicans. A law. which fof fubftantTs the W in Tl T ' M ^Tfy}"'^'^ ^« '^ ^-P'e foundation and prote<5Hon of h 1 i 7 ^,"-^^"'^ ^^"^^^' '« the chief the father are to be equaHy di v d.i . ^' h^ !^''\ \''^' '^^ P^^^einons of rldeftfon. who has Tdou^T tL ' ^^c children, excepting th« «iediocritv among the p"onL^^X^ , I" this way is preferred that h.^0Y Jnnoves iVom theTn teniutit 'r ,1 .' ^^'"^"^'"g crconomy and induftry, iobrietyandtemp4nc^ ^"f forms them to h. bits of txempt^hem fro^waa;. J^tr^:^:::::^:'''l^t''^^y ^"' '^^^^^'^ «.roachm-nt on their liherdes. ^ ""^ fubmitung to any en, of ^c^:";h^ni!r;;;!; Sir jr ^r^"^ "^^^^ --^ ^^ -"i<» .ibbliihment of fchools in e^ eryfovtlfip ^' ' ''''''' '^'^'" '''' ^--'-^^ - - r.ugrana, and circuiati^ in ^ln,.^a .... «oimtrv, .'irr l■^t•in^..,^ uerli in A peilon of mature aoe, wh toinKJ. By means of 'th HtriulatiQij <^f >;e almolt every town aad village in\h o cnnnot both read and lis general ellabiilh ^•j^apcrs, andthe t(jinlVc write, is rarely to b^ t'lfntnfrchoois, theextenii ve <;utru fpreud of karning, every luvvnlhip J i ' ' I 146 NEW ENGLAND. townfliip throughout the country, is furnifhed with men capaWe of con-, duiiiing the aiFairs of tlieir town with jutlgment and difcretion. Thefc men are the channels of political information to the lower clafs of people ; ii fuch a clafs may be laid to c>iift in New England, where every man thinks himfelf at leaft as good as his neighbour, and believes that all man- kind arc, or ought to be equal. The people from their childhood form habitsofeanvafling public affairs, and commence politicians. Thisua- turally leads them to be very inquifitive. It is with knowledge as with riches, the more a man jias, the more he wifhes to obtain ; his defire has no bound. This defire after knowledge, in a greater or lefs de|;ree, pre- vails throughout all claffes of jpeople in New England : and from their various modes of exprcfling it, lome of which are blunt and familiar, bor- dering on impertinence, ftrangers have been induced to mention imperti- nent inquifiti'venefs as a diftinguifliing charaderiftic of > vv England peo- -ple. But this is true only with regard to that clafs of people who have confined themfelves todomeftic life.and have not hadopporturity of ming- ling with the world ; and fuch people arc not peculiar to New England-- they compofe a great part of the citizens of every State. This clafs, it is true, is large in New England, where agriculture is the principle employ- ment. But will not a candid and ingenuous mind, afcribe this inquifitive- ncfs in thefc hon^ft and well meaning people, to a laudable rather thai* to a cenfurable difpofition ? A very confiderable part of tlie people have either too little, or too :nuch ie'arning to make peaceable fubjeds. They know enough, how- ever, to think they know a great deal, when in fa„d living SgoTrlX' wliich t4B NEW E N G L A N it 11 m I l^,!^frl % ^"'"''"^ P^"''"' ''^'>' ^^'^ ^^^^ '^'^fJ^" t" ^'HHcrv, car. Z fTr^f '^' or intngnc. Real abilities and a mor.l character unblem- ts::^:^:^^,.;^^^^^^ to i. projtci fsthe it^o 'T^^'^''^'^, ^^^!" T'^^ great fuccer.. 'j heir colleges have flouriflied beyond any nhers m the Lnited .states. The illuftrim.s characters they W produced who^havediftinguifhed themfelves in politics/faw divT Sc•finP.r^^' '?"'',"'? '""^ pl"lofophy, natural and civil hillorv, and in tJic hne arts particularly in poetry, evince the truth of thefe ohfervations. have f^rf '^' "^^"i"","; J'f^ ^"^''"'^ •'»'■" handfome. '1 heyfbncrally have fair, frefh and healthful countenances, mingled with much female foftnefs and delicacy. Thofe who have had the advantages of aTood te^TJ^'lJ''^"'' confiderably numerous) are gentc^eJ. eafy, and agreeable ,n their manners, and arefprightly and feufible in converfation. iliey are early taught to manage domeltic concerns with neatnefs and ZuTP /^^1«^(^J^^ fi/V^"'^ ^"^ ^°^^""^' "^^ke it a part of their he L^" '" ' '° ["Penntend the affairs of the familv. Employment at theneede, in cookery, and at the fpinning wheel, with them is honoura- !ln' . if '^"^ff ' e^^" '" fI?o^e of independent fortunes, is univerfally dif, reputable. 1 he women in the country manufadure the greateft part of the clothing of their families. Their linen and woollen cloths are ftronjr world ' ' '""^ ""^^^^^ '' ""^ '''^''"°' ^^ ^"y "^ *hf Dancing is the principal and favourite amufement in Now England • and of this the young people of both fexes arc extremely fond. Gaming IS praftifed by none but hofe who cannot.or rather will not find a repu- rnMn.r^rv!"'- ?}'■ S^"^^'^^^ the horfe-jockey, and the knave, are equally dcfpifed, and their company is avoided by all who would fuflain *air and irreproachable charafters. 'I'he odious and inbuman practices of J^neUing. gouging, cock-lighting and horfe-racing. arc fcarcely known The athletic and healthy divrrf:ons of cricket, foot-ball, nroits, wred, Jing jumping, hopping, foot nices, and prifon-bafs are univerfallv prac- tiied in tlic country, and Pniie of them in the mofl populous places, and »)y people of almoft all ranks. Squirrel hunting is a noted diverfion in country places, where this kind of game is plenty. Some divert them- idveswitn fox hunting, and other, with the more profitable fports of y(hing and duck hunting : and in the frontier fettl^ments where deer and them^''"^'' ' " ^""^^^^<'^"f« n^''i^e a lucrative fport of hunting In the winter feafon, while the ground is covered with fnow, which is rominon ly two or three months, fleighing is the general diverfion. A great j^art of the fhmibes throughout the country are furniftied with horfcs and iteighs. The young people colled in parties, and with a great deal off , ui.,:,v:ui:s,vvncre tncy regitic tiicmielves for ciabiiit''^ refort to?, a few hours, with dan Wiverfions, as well as all othe cing and a focial fuppcr, and then retire.- Tl ne rs, are many times carried tf) excefs. Ti thefe exccfTcs, and a fudden expoinrc to extreme cold after the exercife of danci n?. NEW ENGLAND. U9 among cing, phyficians have afcribcG the confiimptions, which arefo fi'equent )ng the young people in New England. Trade.] New England has no one ftnple commodltv. The ocean and the forclls afFord tlie two principal articles of" export. 'Codfifli, mackarel, fhad, lalmon, and other fifli--whale oil, and whale bone— mails, boards, fcantling, ftaves, hoops, and fliingles, have be^n, and are Itill rxported in Jarge quantities. The annual amount of cod and other fifh.for foreign ex- portation, including the profits arifing from the whale fiihery, is cltimat- ed at upwards of half a million. Befides the articles enumerated, they export from the various parts of New England, (hips built for fal^, horfes, mules, live itock— pickled beef and pork, pot-a(h, pearl-afl-i, flax feed, butter and cheefe— New England diftilled rum, and other articles which will be mentioned in their proper places. The balance of trade, as far as imperfeft calculations will enable usto ju<]ge, has generally been againft New England ; not from any un- avoidable ncceffity, but from her extravagant importations. From a view of the annual imports into New England, it appears that the 'rreateft part of them confifts of the luxuries, or at beft the difpenfable convenience* of Jife ; the country affords the neeeffaries in great abundance. The jpaHions, for the gratification of which, thefe articles of luxury are confumed, have raged fince the peace of 1783, and have broupht a Ilea vy debt upon the confumers. Neceffity, that irrefiftible goverrnef* ot mankind, has of late, in a happy degree checked the influence of thefe pailions.and the people begin to confine themfelves more to the neeeffa- ries of life It IS wifhed that the principles of induftry and frugality maygain fuchflrength.as to make thofe wants, which at firft may be painful, become fo familiar as to be no longer felt. ^f0op.^ New England owes its firft fettlement to religious perfecution. soon after the commencement of the reformation* in hrWland, which was not until the year 1534, the Proteftants were divided into two parties, one , the followers of Luther, and the other of Calvin. The former had chofen gradually and almoft imperceptibly, to recede from the church of Rome • while the latter, more zealous, and convinced of the importance of a tho- rough ^ * The reformation ivas hegun by Martin Luther, n vatin,e ^Saxony, born v: tArjeari^S3. He 'was educated in the Roman Cnthdic reli^^wn, aud avas an A:,gvjan trmr, ^a:hen,in 1917, hanging 'written vinety-fi-ve ^ h^Jes a^aivlithe rope s mdulget7civs, he exhibited thern to public "jieiv o,v the church door at Wir- tenburgh, m Saxony, and thus began the reformation in Germany. In izz% the reformed religion 'was introduced into Switzerland 6' Zuinglius. Oeco- lampadius, c«^o/^^r/. 6 * " The year folk-wing, the Diet of the German Empire aJimbUd at Spire apci sjjiuda decree againft the rnforniatinti.. Amin'l thi^ drcr^r th' ^V-^-Qt- *" Saxony, Gdorge. Marquis o/Brandenburg.^^K.rnefl'. W Francis.^Duke c^ Lunenburg, //?.. Landgrave ./ Hcls, a.d the Count ./ Anhnlr. -who ^were Z7 Z f'^'^r f/^' "''"'^^''^^''^y ''"'^'^"'"- ''-^OT^^^T, and in th,s -way, ^ ^Jl'^red for thewfel-ves and their Juccefors d^njo^i to ^^ prejcnt time, the name i;b I ! i:^ Vi i NEW ENGLAND. tons which had l,ecn brought into it lince the days of the Apoillcs and KiTANs. Irom thele the inhabitants of New England defcendej. hmesllm ^":;ff 7 ^^'■^"^"f Henry VIII. Marv. Elizabeth, and S of bSvv-rr'f ''"'''' ^"^^^P^'-''^")' the Puritan., were the ob. nianlv bnrn n^^?.^ '"^'^ thoufands 6f then, were either inhu- manly burnt, or left more cruelly to perilh in prifuns and dungeons. thJir rntni(t;l"Z^f of religious people in the North of England, finding oni reS !• h ? ^''^ V^-^'''^'"''' "•" ^'^'^''^' ^"^^ themfelvcs greatly oppreflcd w th the commilTary courts and otherwife, entered intoa folemn covenant u.th each other ' to walk with God and o^e nother Jn the en- bintr".it' "f '"'•^'" ''!'° '"'f ^^ '"'" ^'"^ aflbciation. was Mr. Ro- binfon, a man of eminent piety and learning, and the Father of New Eng- and^the^nfvt^''* ^°V"^?'' "''l"'^ '^"'^^'"^^ *° Amfterdam, in Holland; and the next year jo Leyden, where they lived in great friendfhip and har' Enjand";^"^ themfelves and their neigh'bours, unll they "eCed "oNe^ Am^eHcf ^ TMr'^'^r ^ft-"" ^"^ '"'^ '^'^'^ ^^^^'^'^^ « removal to America. 1 lieir motives for this were, to preferve the morals of th^.V youth-topreventthem. through vvant of cmployment!frorica^^^^ 1 hefe reafons having been propofed and maturelv ronfir^^rr-rl K. ♦!, agreed to come over to Amer ca. and fettle in a d.ftJnA K^!i ^ ^ j' ^"f> |«|er.,lgover„.c„t of Virginia 4 "ifV grejd f tS ,"S%t Robinfon, fliouia reman with the sreated Dart r.f .l^L f' i ,' , ' ti-ey chore to tart,- a. Uyden. or .rcTm^o^e'r °o tericr'' "'"'"" in ronfrqucnceof tliis agreement, thev fent Mcfc. R. Ciiniman ,n,l J. Carver, to treat with tl'e Virginia company upon the fcbjc'loTfet.Sg within '■'-ff^'Ove from th. tioman Caiholic reli.-ion Th'p fnlh-,., rx'"J"''i ^''T" ^'^cb iLas th' rapid groivth of the Pyotcjiant intcrdi the h, r-/^. .. / .< n, was Mr. Ro- NEW ENGLAND. i^, witliin the limits of their patent, and to cDonire whether, in cafe of rheir removal, the king would §rant them liberty of confcience. The agents were fuccefstul in their application. The conipanv adiired them that they would do every thing in their power to forward' fo ijoud a defign, ad were .villing to gram them a patent with ample privijcires Butfuch was the bigotry of the times,.that the king, though folicited by* fome of the firit men in the kingdom, could not l)e prevailed upon to grant them liberty in religion. He did, however, at lait agree to connive at them, and to permit them to live unmolelled, provided they bchaveij peaceably ; but to tolerate them by his public authority under his fcal was inadmiffible. * This was indeed difcoura^ing to the pious people at Leyden ; yet with an humble confidence in divme providence, they determined to purluc their original defign. Accordingly they fent their agents to England, where, in September 1619, after a long attendance, they obtained of the Virginia company ? ^'^^"i of the northern parts of Virginia.* This patent, with propofals *rom Mr. Wefton, and feveral other refpeftable merchants and fncnds refpeaing their migration, were tranfmitted to the people at Leydei. "or their confideration. Thefe were accompanied with a requell that 'they would immediately commence their preparations for the voyage On receiving this intelligence, the people, agreeably to their pious cullom previous to their engaging in any important affair, appointed a day of lolemn prayer, on which occafion, Mr.Robinfon, inafermonfrom i Sam xxui. chap. 3, 4 ver. endeavoured todifpel their fears, and encouraoe their relolutions. As it was not convenient for them all to go at firft, not even lor all who were willing, they improved this religious opportunity todc- termine who fliould firlt embark. After canvafmg the matter it was found convenient for the greater number to remain, for the prefent at Leyden; and ofcourfe Mr. Robinfon, according to agreement, was to 'tar- ry with them. The other part, with Mr. Brewfter for their elder and teacher, agreed to be the firlt adventurers. The neceffary preparations fitted out in Holland ; and another of about one hundred and eichtv tons hiredin London The former wascalled the %.^^..//,and the latter the May.flotve:: AH other matters being prepared, a large concourfe of tnerids from Leyden and Amlterdam, accompanied the adventurers to the (hip, which lay at Delf Haven ; and the night preceding their embark- ation was fpentin tearful prayers, and in the moft tender .nd friendly in- tercourfe. The next day fair wind invited their departure. 7'he partinp- fcene is more eafily felt than defcribed. 'I'hcir mutual good wilhe !? their affeaionate and cordial embraces, and other endearin|exprefiions of chriftian love and friendlliip, drew tears even from the eyes of the ftrani^ers who beheld the fcene When the time arrived that tliev muft pa t. tl^y an with their beloved paftor, fell on their knees, and with eves,and hands, and hearts lifted to Heaven, fervently commended their ;ivenrudng brethem "^ This pntod ivas taken cut iji the Kei'er cnme to America, andfo all thtir trwbkand exp hjf, m tb.'y fifver maig a//j ufe if if.. nanif of John IFi^cob, ivho provich.ilinlly enceJn Qhtinrnivjr a nvrr: 4^ I I »5' NEW ENGLAND. ,.' * I H il brethren to the Lord and Ills hlcfTm^. Thus, after miitunl embraces a^. cjmp;tmcd wicli maay tear... they bui a lor;g, and many of them a'laft This vvns on the zid. of July, 1 620. The fame dav they f '"rd btrbrc a tair wind for .Southampton, wht^re they found the other f '• fr^^m I'^n don, with the relt of rhc adventurers. After they had made the neceiTarv preparations forcnih: ' f ; thev divmed thenifolvcs into f.vo companies, one for each iliip a. i \ 'h thn ' appro'^-'f-'O" "1 the captains, each companv chofea governor, a... .wo or three adiitants to preferve order among the people, and i,> di'' ' -jte r^e proy.fions. On t'le jth of Anjruit they failed ; bat the fmaK^ft Ihip prOv> ed io leaky, thatthf.y wereobli^red to return -ind rent. On the 21ft of Augufl- they failed again, and proceeded about one hundred leagues fro ■. land, when they found their little Ihip totally unfit for the vova^^e anrf returncti. ^ * * ^ It was not until the 6th of September that they pur to fea ajya-'n leav- ing their Iitrle (hip, and part of their company behind. On th- qth of November, after a dangerous voyage, they arrived at Cape Cod and the next day anchored in the harbour which is formed oy tlv- hook of the Cape. _ Ihis was not tae place of their dcHination, neither was it within the limits of their^patent. li- was their intent: .1 to have fettled at the mouth of Hudfon's river ■ but the Dutch, intending to planta colony there of their own, privately h-red the mailer of the lb ip to contrive delays in England, and then to conduft them to thefe northern coafts, and there, under pretence of (hoala and winter to aifcourage them fro -n venturing tothe place of deftination. n his is conhdently affei ted by the hiftorians of that time. Althou-h the harbour in which thev had anchored was good, the country around was fandyand barren. Thefe were d'fcouraging c:rcumftances ; but the fcafonbemg far advanced, tney prudently determined to make the beft oftheirprefent fituation. As they were nc't «'ithin the limits of their patent, and confequently not under the jurifuiction of th. Virginia company, they concluded it ne- jeifary to eflabliOi a feparate g ^vernment for themfelves. Accordin^v before they janded, having on their knees devoutly given thanks to God for their fafe arrival, they forrred themfeb'es into a bodv politic by .yoLEMN CONTRACT,* to which the.' a'l fuhfcribed, thereby makinV it the bafiso f their government. They chofe Mr. John Carver, a gentle- man of piety ;, ,d appro^ed abilities, to be their governor for ihe firlt year. 1 hu was on the 1 1 th of November, Their * Tkefol!onvwgh an amhevtk copy of this C0Hfra.^~« Tn the Name <;/ God Amen : 11 e ivhojc A'wn-s arc mder-^ivritten, the LoyalSuhjeas of our dread Sw '^^eraonLordknrg]^,^^,h the gr.ue o/GoD, ./Great-Britain, France, (*ndirv\zr\i, Ki//g, Dc-rcNdtr of the Faith, ^c. > ' * " rtu^vwg u»d^r;akn> for the Clory c/God,aAid ad'vavcemcnt of the Chrif turn taah,nndHoriou>ofonrki,g a»dCou,tn, a Voyage to Plant ihe ^x^ Colony wthe Northern Parts ./Virginia,- ihiy thefe F>r/i„ts /Wmuh and 7r,Ht^aVymth*PreJr7^,, o/L,d,wjdoue «W..^, Covenant «W Combine ou^l'h.s ■' y^-'i' s ^ E W K M G L A H a * ,;, fufFcr iruTedibrh/rdS J M.r^^^ numerous difficulties. anJ tr^ thcto/n wh ch thev '/ fj^?"^^'^'"'"'"^^ '"""^P'>'"«"^h''" England. perhaps was the mean of ^referl^^^ P'antmg the next fpring. and They nvidc diligent enauirrrr/h^ ^ *rotn pe„ihing with hunger. wa4 paid the SrvK^£^t?""'"' "^°" '"^ ^"""^' ^"^ -^^- ^^^^^rToLi^^^^^^^ -^c of Winia. Whit, to have been the firft child of Eurnn'n ^'i ? ' "^: '* ^^= ''' ^"PPo^ed ^ The whole compary that t^.j^'^^ ''^^^^ ^'^ ^'^^'^"^^• fituation was diftS7and h • ^^/''j;^'*''^ °( ^"^ '°' ^""'''^ ^heir Their neat^ft n ig^^^^^^ ^^"-V difmal and dirconragin; «t Port Royal, and ZoFtRjluT^Vr """' * ^^'^"^'^ ^^"'^^n^eSt was 500 miles from them an^ „rr^ • ^'K'"''* Thenenreftof thefe in a time of famin? or daC? VZ '"^^P^^^^^^ ^^^rding them relief trefs was before them pSntJJnT- ^^f/;""'^'^ their eyes, dif- -grieved for the profanaHon of L h I 7kk\'°" '" '^'''' "^^^'^^ '""^l nefs in HolIand-fatiVued bTrhl' ? ^^ ^'.^^u'^^' ^"^ '^^'^^'- liccntiouf- pointed, through the S^^^^^ ^"^ '^"^<]"o^^ voyage-dilap. country-forcedon ad^nl. 7 !^^"; ^""^"^^'^'^er, of their expeacd JcoldVinterlf^^ro/nd^^^^^ in the adva,!ce of human fuccour-^dered the aid or fl i ^^f V'^"'' ^^'ho.t any hope of out a patent^withont a pub c ^ .^^0^ tt """ «l/'"i?J?"'^-'itl.- their rehgious Jiberties--wof on ^' , t^;. , pe^ce.ble en oyment of venient (helter from the vT^ZT^Z * ['"^ ^j^frerm^^s-wiihout con- and fudi the fitii^ZlJFr^' the weather.-^Such were t.'.e orofnet^s Id ^i4 NEW ENGLAND. S i f T o fiipport them under thc.e trials, they had need of all the aids and com, lorts which chnllianity affords ; and thefe were fufficient. The free and uiimok-lted enjoyment ot their religion, reconciled them to their humble and lonely fituutinn— they bore their hardlhips with unexampled patience, and perfevered m their pil^riiuage of almofl unparalleled, trials, with luci. relignation and calmnels,as gave proof of great piety and unconquer- able virtue. 01/ -1 On the 3d of November, 1620, king James figned a patent incorpo. rating the duke of U'uox, th^ marquides of Buckingham and Hamilton, tlie earls of Arundel and Warwick, Sir Francis Gorges, with thirty-four others, and their fuccefTors, Ityling them, • The council eUabliOicd at 1 lymouth in the county ot Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering and governing of New England in America.' 'I o this council lie granted all that part of America which lies between the 40th and 4Hth degrees of north latitude. This patent is the great civi/ baju of all the grants and patents by which New Kngland was afterwards divided. The Plymouth council retained the power vefted in them by the crown »ntil the yeari63^, when they rellgned their charter. Previousto this, however, the council had made feveral grants of land to adventurers, who propofcd to fettle in New England.- Ihey granted New Hamplhire to Capt. John Mafon m 1621— the Province of Main, to Sir R. Gorges ia j6z2, and Mailafchufetts Bay to Sir Heury Rofwell and five others in 1627. As early as March 162 1, MafafToit,* one of the moft powerful Sagamores ofthe neighbouring Indians, with fixty attendants, made a vilit to the 1 lymouth fettlors, and entered into a formal and very friendly treaty with them, wherein they agreed to avoid injuries on both fides-to puniTi of- fenders— to reitore ftolen goods— to afnft each other in all juftifiable wars —to promote peace among their neighbours, &c.— Mafaffoit and his fuc- cellors for fifty years, inviolably obferved this treaty. The Englifh arc rnuch indebted to him for his friendfliip; and his memory will ever be re Ipedcd in New lingland. The Narraganfetts, diaiklng the conduft of Mafaffoit, declared war agaiml hun. which occ-(ioned much confufion and fighting among the indians. 1 he 1 lymouth colony interpofed in favour of Mafaffoit, their good ally, and tormmated the difpute, to the terror of their enemies. Even Canon reus himfelf the terrific Sachem of the Narraganfetts, fued for peace, ° The prudent friendly and upright conduc'tof the Plymouth colon v to- ward their neigliliours. the Indians, fecu red their friendfhip and alliance. Oil i.ie 13th ot September 1621, no.lefs than nine Sachems declared alle- jliance to king James; and Mafaffoit with many of his Sub-Sachems, who 1 lived around the bays of Patu xent and Maffachufetts, fubfcril^d a writing acknowledging the king of England their mafler. Thefe tranfadlons are lo many proofs ofthe peaceful and benevolent difpofition of the Plymouth fettkrs ; for had they been otherwife difpofcd they never could have intro- duced and jm:^iutained a friendly intercourfc with' the nadve's. On iy* Ner.-i/^dff/eii Buj. ui.$kL\ tn Namajhi river, iMtiich empuu NEW ENGLAND. vevt iMtikh empliii 'n On the loth of Sept. this year, tlic king granted to Sir William Alex- ander a patent of all the traft of country bounded by a line drawn from Capt' Sables to the Uay of St. Mary ; thence to the river St. Croix, thence north to Canada river— down tiie river to G;ichepe; thence foutheaft to Cape IJreton llland and Cape Breton; thence round toCape Sables ; with all feas and iHands witliin fix leagues of the wcflern and eallern parts, and wjthm forty It-agues fouthward of Cape Breton and Cape Sables: to be called /Voxw-Vo/w. ' The ixtWducl in New England, was fought with fword and dagger be- tween two fcrvants. Neither of them was killed, but both were wSSnded. J^or this ougraceiul offence, they were formally tried before the whole com- pany, and Icntenced to have ♦ their hea s and feet tied together, and fo to be twenty-four hours without meat or drink.' Such, however, was the painlulnefs of their fituati-n, and their piteous intreaties to l)e releafed, that, upon promife of better behaviour in future, they were foon releafed by the governor. Such wastlie origin, and fuch, 1 mav almoil venture to add. vva? the termination of the odious pradice of duelling in New Eng- land for there have been very i^v, duels foughtthere (ince. The true me- thod of preventing crimes isto render them difgraceful. Upon this prin- ciple, can there be invented, a punilhment better calculated to cxteramia.e this criminal pra^ice, than the one already mentioned ? ,.w "^"'^'••yefton font overa colony, which attawipted a fettleraent at Weymouth. Butt^iey being a fet of rude, profane I^'hows. regardlefii ofjutticc, provoked the Indians by dealing their corn and other abufes to j>cconr^e their enemies, and occafioned much trouble both to themfelvei and the Plymouth fettlers. At length the Indians entered into aconfpiracy to dearoy the fettlement and would have effe^ed it, had it not been for the nuerpofition of their Plymouth friends. Such, however, was the re- duced Ihtc of the colony, and their danger from the natives, that thcr. thought It prudent to break up the fettlement ; which they did in March 1623, and afterwards returned to England. / u ui .vidrco l^hisyear (1622) died 6>..,//, the friend of theEnglllh, who merits to have his nrnne perpetuatea in hirtory. S^uanto «tfsonc of the twenty In- dians whom Hunt pcrhdiouny carried to Spain;* whence he came to x-ondon, and afterWards to his native country with the Plvmouth colonr. forgetting the perhdy of ihofc who made hin/a captive. iK-became r^^^^^^^^^ friend to the E;,ghn, and continued fo to the day of hi, death. A fc"^ fl^'Fn' rn' 'i' ^" ^^f^^'"^ '''^ ^'^^'"'•"^^ '^ P^W tlut he might go to the Engl.fi^man s God in heaven. He gave the few article, hepoffeld to fevxral of his Engbih friends as remembrances of his love. *'"=''' We liave already tnentioned that Mr. Carver was eleded governor of he colony imm.nhately after their arrival. He died the 5th of April fol« lowing. ^ His lols was mol fenfibly felr and f.ncerely lamented. He wa, ,v'n ff'' ^'"'r'' /"'^ '"^'■•fatigahle in his endeavors to advance the intereltand happ.nefs of tne colony. Mr. William Bradford was foon af- tcr chofen to ticrced him in ofiice. This gentleman, by renewed cleaion,. was continued in olcc until he died in ^657, except in ,63^. -6,6 nd 10+1. when Edward ViinHow was ch;)fen,and 163+ when Tloma. Prince wa« See Pagf 28. .W m 156 N E W ENGLAND. r^eaed unril r / ^^"^^^^^^ Bradford and was annually tifu d urn he dM • "'I.^'^' ^^" -^"^'^^ ^''"^^"^ Succeeded and con. Cliaricy, and, ooether with a good lupply of clothing, brought a hu/I W /^... bc^rs, which were the full cattle if the kind in this part of Im.rica pr.ng the prefcnt multitudes of cattle in the northern ftates. None of influenced t'vl'/r ^'^^r'f* T ^^^^^^^erous intriguing charafters. he cWh tf^ ' f'"''' ^rH'' «'^^*^"^"^^r«. to J<-^in die.n^n oppofing the church .nd government of the colony. Their artful defigns got vent Llrd'who ft""\'''"'T^"u ^^^^'^"^ '^'^ ^--'^^•^ -'i b^ninLd! ^i<^ pi^o^ldS:^^'" '^^^''^"' -s,uponapparentrepent. fiftlxl' or ,'in^' "^r^'' ■^''' u' ^ 'f-'^i 'i^-' P^«"tation at New Plymouth, con- fto kwa^ r^ '; ""^^ ^'"'"^ ^" thirty-two dwelling houies. Their Itock was a f,w catr e and goats, and a plenty of fwine and poultry Tl e,r town was irnpaled about half a mile in conipafs. On a higCouni fomexvatch-tower. 1 his year they were able to freight a fliip of i8o tons, buch was the healthfalnefs of the place or otfhe feafom/tlat onro V ''f r^^^'^' ^?^f"^ ^^^^^^"^'"-^ 'f ^'^^ "^'^^fl-"" of life, no; one of tnc tint planters died fur three years. However rigid the New Plymouth colonics may have been at their firft «paration from the church of England, vet the/never difcoveVed that rerncutnig fp.nt which we have feen In Maflihufetts When £ >utdunfon and her adherents were baniOied from that colony, they a l^ie t ;: r'vv rf •' ^J^-n acknowleged to be' within Plymouth iomn;^ 1 iT"'"f?S'''"''^^' ^^''^^"S'^ their tenets were no more 'l(b -d t% ^'"''^' ' '^''V'^ the MalTachufctts. Some of the Quakers Jhev madel^'7'"''^ 'rounds, and probably f.ved their lives, for akT.ough onila nn wT Tev-cre enough aganUl erroneous opinions, yet in no cafe s'^nzVv h ^.'P^'^^l^Y' ii'»l nv)rc f^nourably received, the town of fc ts a lo,^^'^£ ^^'t.Ied by Baptill refugees ir m the MaiTachu. Jcrtsioiony and when one of their minilters fettled u. .'.c church of vn^'!n.: h'"^ T'l 5""'^'^^ tliat he (liould baptize by immeriion or dip. n £\^ ^^\o!^'--''r«l/t, provided he took no exception to the other ml niil^^r f^,nnkhng fuch for whom immerfion was ^t judged neceffary «.ottir wV?^' r'^^'r^^^^^^ fettle Wey. 1 fnoutn, J >orchfiter. Cape Ann and Nantnflcet. ^ }^e ' '^':^''^ ^^^''^ Rev. Mr. Robinfbn. i te-it an i . ■ t' '" ^^'!i' •' '". ''' ^°'^^ ''''' "^'''^ ''g^' He was truly agrea and good man. and hvcd in great love and harnfony v hh his ml l^rJl^T: T '^'.^^h eftnnario« by all his nccjuaintancr. for his ' J.Jrmng, pj. t\-, moderation and excellent was lauicntcd as a public Icfs, and felt by none morethaa " by his'bel.^vd and NEW ENGLAND. ,^7 and far diftant people at Plymouth. His fon I/kac came over to Plr mouth, where he lived to the age of qo years Hi. Zf!^.. uV r. 1. . ^ ' in Barnftable county in MaiTachufett?. ^ "^'^ 'i^^^^adants ftiil hv* After the death of Mr. Kooinfon. the remaining part of hi, con^re^a tion were extremely dcfirous of coming over to theTr friends at Plvmoufh" and meafures were taken for thepurpofe- vet ir wa/ or . .-[r i years after, that they eiftrted ti Jr dSgn? ' "' ""'^^ ^'''''^ fJn;^"^"'V "^'^' '^'"'y-^'^ «f t^^e leyden congregation wirh their families, and many more pious people from England, arrivedTa Mo from London, tothagreat joy of their friends at Ply no u7h The next fpring. another company of Leydeners ca.ne over. \\hetl^r thcfe were the^whole that remained, or whether others came over alter them, i. not From this time New England began to flourifh. At Henrv Rofwell and others hadreceived a patent of" MafTachu let ts from the Counciro f New England Settlements were fuccelsfull, enterprized at SaL Charlertown Boflon. Dorchefter and other ^lace , ^^ L . fc '^^^X^^^ -'i 4 chur'S ,n^'!'lM^"'^^'"rPff^'"^''°" '^^'^ conduaed with unrelenting feveritv • and while It caufed the dettrudtion of thoufands in England^Vm^^^^^^ be a principle of hk and vigor to the infant fettlemSmn America tors'of trp'^r^"'^"" ^" ^"8^^"'^' -'^^ -- '^- ^"-ds and prot cI Ihltfi ?^^'",'-"''-'"''"""*^'^^ ^«%"<--f fettling in New EnXid f of?he"^l?b ty 'S tl": X'"" ^^T^ Pr'"""^'^- ^»- eiSm; f 'ThT. r r /j J , reformation of the religion of their own countrv They fohcited and obtained grants in New England, and were ^t e el; dh „^^ P'""' ,'"/»' "='« ''^■"■dc^r N.v. England fro,,, receX'i„' vaft »d c;inL:' " ""-'""f"™". . .=. of .he lai.,. who adhered » £ New Plymouth, u til this t.,.k ..r ,,-» ^v;'n^\a"oth - "Il extending dircdly from the mouth of Cohalfi licr et river fo- Hard »5« NEW ENGLAND. if ward the weft fo far up into the main land as theutmoft limits of the faiJ Polcanokct extend :' Alfo, 'ail that part of New England between the utmoft limits pf Capcrficont which adjoincth to the river Kenncbek, and the falls of Negiimke, with the faid river itfelf, and the fpace of fifteen inilcs on each fide between the bounds above faid,' with all the rights, jurifdidions, privileges, &:c. &c. ufual and neceflary. This patent paffed the King's hand, and would no doubt have now been fiiiilhed, had not the agents, without the notice or advice of the colony, inferted a claufe to free the colony from cuftoms feven years inward, and twenty-one outward. But in confequcnce of this claufe the patent was never finifiied, and they remained without a charter, unti^^they were in- corporated with Mah.jchufcttb in 1691 or 1692. Notwithftanding this. New Plymouth was a government defaao, and confidered asfuch by king Charles \\\ his letters anu orders which were fent them at various times previous to their incorporation with Maffachufetts. It was in the fpring of 1650, that the GREAT conspiracy was en- tered into by the Indians in all parts, from the Narraganfetts round to the eaftw&rd, to extirpate the Englifh. The colony at Plymouth was the principal objca of this confpiracy. They well knew tha' if the/ could eiied the dfftrudion of Plymouth, the infant fettlement at Mafla- chufetts, would fail an eafy facriiice. They laid iheir plan with much art. Under colour of having fome diverfion at Plyn outh, they intended to have fallen upon the inhabitants, and thus to have effefted their defign. But their plot was difclofed to the people at Charlefton, hj John Saga- more, an Indian, who had always been a great friend to the Englifh. This treacherous defign of the Indians alarmed the Englifh, and induced them to ere«^ forts and maintain guards, to prevent any fuch fatal fur- prize in future. Thcfe preparations, and the firing of the great guns, fo terrified the Indians that they difperfed, relinquifhed their defign, and de- clared themfel ves the friends of the Englifh. Such was the vail increafe of inhabitants in New England by natural population, and jiarticularly by emigrations from Great Britain, that in a fcv/ yenrs, befides the fettlements in Plymouth and Maffachufetts, very lloiirinurig colonic,^ v.-cre planted in Rhode Ifland, Connedicut, New Haven and New Hampfliire. The dangers to which thefe colonies were cxpofcd from the furrounJing Indians, as well as from the Dutch, who, although very friendly to the infant colony at Plymouth, were now lil-tely to prove troublefome neighbours, firfl induced them to think of an alliance and confederacy for their mutual defence. Accordingly in 1 643, the four colonies of Plymouth, Maffachufetts, Connedicut and New- Haven, agreed upon articles of confe' '5= '''=^'* • '"^ ">«r chufetts Indians a^'fafd to havXn X^d IZ'/'"' '^' ^"''- IKTaehn^r:.;f"'*=^™^"'»^^-P'^^^^^^^^^^ handot providence is noticeable in thefefumrifinainfto ^^ ?"^''- ,7^* «mong the Indians, to make room S/the EnS C °^ '"°';''^1-'^'- have perifhed by wars 'i'hev JTfll oni S Comparatively few ner urWcountableTd^ppear? ^^«^ *"^ ^^"^'i" ^vvay-they, in a man. The number of Jndiansin the ftate of Conneftlcut In .... Their number was again taken in i-S^I^,? ^77> was 136^ thatofthe Negroes TheirnVrrV.^-'Srf^"°^^^P^ ^^^ate fWn Mnffni^---^-^^^ MoTe^lh-p^orlh^^^^^^^^ «aa'fta,e„f the I^dl? pL^Lrion'^rMT^ \^" »"^ '? "fcertain the .-;in other parts. ^:':^:z^::j:£; isi^^i^: ro^X" * fatt^t'l- '■" ^"T"' '""= '"■'"- "»■) notices li«d life, and toifft K™ 'n XetSLT^f '!'™ "'^ '?'''" °f'"i. .ercourfe with the Indians ^nld , "'To "flIS f^ '^T >"? '"" natural regulations. Thev ordained thai If ■ '""™* ^"^1 good and jnoft a fortnight, he fhanL/tel b 'f ' E " ' ""' ' ""''■ "' " ' Servant, ftall bcobliged' to'^fet on a „i3; T' ■ '"'".■"S ™a"- "ot . •n unmarried man ftSl lie w^ h"fn "'S«a.m, and plant for himfelf. If «.. n,-if V^ ''^ ^"n an unmarried woman lii>n.-.it iiyeih illings, 5:6, liwt nave Her hair tied M|i Qie (hall Thi pay i6o NEW ENGLAND. How the Indians came to dtfFer fo much from the Englifli in the know- Mfnn^r ' iT- ^r "''u- "fV'''>' "" fprangtVom one father. I ,?J'''^'".'^^^^^-S^^''^ '" his labours, and travelled throuch all parts of Maffachufetts and Plymouth colonies as far as Cape Cod. The colony had fuch a veneration for him, that in an aft of the general aflem- by relating to the Indians they exprefs themfdves thus, \ the advice otfaid magiltrates. and ofMr. Elliott.' Mr. Mayhew. who alfo learned the Indian language, was vervaftivein propagating the knowledffp of chriftianity among the Indians at Nantucket, Martha's Vineyarrand Elizabeth Illand. ' Mr. Brainard, wasatraly pious and fuccef;:ful miOionary amon-v the Indians on the Sufquehannah and Delaware rivers. In 1744, he*^ rode about 4000 miles inmong the Indians; fometimes five or fix weeks to- gether without feeing a white perfon. The Rev. Mr. Kirtland, of Stocic- bridge. has beenlaborioufly engaged, and greatly ferviceable incivilizinff and chriltianiiiing the Oneida and other Indians. Concerning the religion of the untaught natives of America, Mr. Brain- ard, who was well accjuainted with it, informs us that after the coming of the white people, the Indians in New- Jerfey, who once held a plurality of Deities, fuppofed there were only three, becaufe they faw people of three kmds of complexions, viz.—Englifli, Negroes and themfelves. It is a notion pretty generally prevailing among them, that it was not the fame God made them who made us ; but that they were created after the white people : and it is probable they fuppofc their God gained fome fpeciai (kill by feeing the white people made, and fo made them better : for It IS certain they look upon themfelves, and their methods of living, ^hich they fay their God exprefly prefcribed for them, vaftly preferable to the white people, and their methods. With regard to a future ftate of cxiftence, many of them imagine that the chic/Mng, i. e. the Oiadow.orwhatfurvivesthe body, will, at death, go fouthward, and in an unknown but curious place—will enjoy fome ''.^%>-tf>.'.*Hv^i'.,pT .•-*s>.,*^»^>>i^v,t,sv,v^,,.^ .>^ .!n^..^S NEW HAMPSHIRE. SITUATION and extent, 1 miles. ^?j!t 1° iBetweenf '' 4o' and 4- 20' Eaft Long-fudc. Breadth 60 J \ ^,0 ^^, ^^^ ^^o ^o^h Latitude. boundaries.] R^TOl^ED northwardly bv the Britiih province of Qy^* 4 T^fJ^rJf fia for Mvidin^ N(-w lU 'OUHliCH, 'mpjhirc into CQhfiticf 'ujcu pajftd as late HfllJK. i€i NEW HAUfSHlKEi ' , I I i ( Countfes. Rockingham, StafTord, Hillfborough, Chefhire, CraftoiT. Chief To\»ns, Portsmouth and Exeter, Dover and Durham, Amherlt, Keen and Charlcftown, Haverii and Plymouth, ^ In T776, there were 16; fettled townfhips in this ftate. . Since that time the number has been greatly increafed ; and as a confiderable part of the ftate is unlocated, the number will continue to incrcafe. Thofc town- fhips vyhich were laid nut in the infancy of the ftate are large and diffet iu their fue ; butthofe of later date are uniformly fix miles Iquare. Chief Tonxjtis.'] Portfmouth is much the largeft town in this ftate. It ftands on the foutheaft fide of Pifcataqua river, about two miles from the fea, and contains about 600 houfes, and 4400 inhabitants. The town is handfomely built, and pleafantly fituated. Its public buildings are a court houfe, two churches for Coiigregationalifts, one for Epifcopalians, tind one other houfe for public wortliip. Its harbour is one of the fineft on the continent, having a fufficient tlepth of water for veflTels of any burthen. It is defended againft ftorms by the adjacent iknd, in fuch a manner, as that ftiips may fecarely ride there in any feafon of the year. Befides, the harbour is fo well fortified by nature, that very little art will be neceflary to render it impregnable. Its vicinity to the fea renders it very convenient for naval trade. A light boufe, with a fingle light, ftands at the entrance of the harbour. Exeter is a pretty town, fifteen miles fouth vvefterly from Portfmouth, on the fouth fide of Exeter river. It has a harbour of eight and an half feet water, and was formerly faimous for fhip building Dover Neck, which m;ikes a part of the town of Dover, h fituated Iwtween two branches of Pifcataqua river, and is a fine dry and healthy fituation ; fo high as to command the neighbouring fhores, and afford a \ery extenfive and delightful prbfped. ^ There arc many confiderable and flourifhing towns on Connedicut river, in the wellern parts of this ftate. Rivers, 6aji oid lakes.] The Pifcataqua river has four branches, Ber' wick. Cochechy, Exeter 2ind Darham, which are all na\'is^able for fmall vdTcls and boats, fome fifteen, others twenty miles from the fea. Thcfc rivers itnife about eight miles from the mouth of the harbour, and form one broad, deep, rapid ftream, n.ivij;able for fhips of the largeft burdeu. This river forms the only port of New Hampihire. Its principal branch called Nywichwannot, fprings from the fouthernmoft oi Lovel's ponds, and tumbling over feveral falls, in its foutherly courfe, meets the other ftreams, wliicii uniting form Pifcataqua river. A line drawn from the northern head of this river, until it meets the boundary of the pro- vince of Quebec, divides New Hampfhire from the Province of Main. TRc iMcrrimak bears that name from its mouth to the c( Pemigc'wallet and Wininifiokee river of the fame name: one brati, not icfs than fifty raiW. '^ The heiZ of >hJfe fcs^r LTa%s ™e"'?r "T-r ^%'<^^- thp M-'/- "' ""oj'it appearance from which they are denomimfcJ the ^1- fjfie mountanis. From thi« fumn.Ir ;„ 1 -^Z '">' "^""mmatLa .noble vie«.. ex.endin/f^V'ot Ire^;'™ e^ ^V'^ ^^^e^^^^'^'S'' ieaguesoitatlea, and aoj^ar likean exceeding bright cloud in the hnr falls f,on,,he;^:'.j:2nde::::,'^,:?:r;h:tr„;:„f,e%t':l','.'^^r fou'!ilwe;W-«:/2iiaS »"""'""'' ■" Cl.=fl-= cent,, i„ the CW^.J The air in New Hamnfhire is Torene ind W-^hhC 1 T^i >thcrisnotfofubiccttochanor. ^.c'A r ™ ^. '■^^'^^"^"^- I newea, bofomin^ a number of v^^^^^^^^ This ftatc, em- hood of i--^-'/- T T "; •■•„"^^^ ^ncc^wuuunon. Jnng pcc.ple iieai;hful and robuft. Soil 1^4 NEW ri A M P S II I R E. I T Z ^jytfi^^'o"'- ] On (lie fe.1 f oaft, nml many places Inland, tl)e foil it fandy,btit;;fFordsgood pattiintgc. 'liif intervals at the font ofthc mountains arc greatly cnDciicd by the fnihets which bring down riie foil upon them, foruimg a fine mouK!. and producing corn, grain and herbage in the molt luxuriant plenty. 'J'hc back lands, which have been cultivated, arc gener- ally very fern le, and produce the various kinds of grain, fruits, and vcgc tables, which arcconanion to the other parti of NcvV England. Hie un- tuliivated lands are covered withextcnlive lorclisof pine, fir, cedar, oak. walnut, Arc. Mitaufaaures.'] As this (late is tlic living magazine of marts and naval timber, and aflbrds every other material neceffary for (liip building, that hiifin'^rs may here be carried on extenfivjL'ly,' and to very great advantage, indeed much was done in this way before the war. A number of mer- chant voflcis, and fomc frigates were built annually, and fold in Europe; «ndin thetimeofthewar, a fcventy.four gun (lup was built at i'ortf- inouth. Since the peace, this bufinefs has been revived. Tradf,'] The principal trade of New Hampfliirc was formerly to the AVen India fujjar illands, to which they expnted all the various kinds of Juinbtr—horfes, cattle, Iheep, poultry, failed provifions, pot and pearl alhes, dried fifli, &c. and received in return, rum, fugar, molaflcs, cocoa, ^c, 1 heir fhips Vvere ufually fent to the Weft Jndia iflands for frciglit t() Jjurope, or to the Bay of Honduras, for logwood ; and from thence to Europe, where they were fold. They alfo exported mails, yards and fpars for the n>yal navy of Great Britain. Topuhtioi}, Charaaer, ^r.] No aftual cenfus of the inhabitants has beenlatdy made. In the Conrention at Philadelphia, in 1787, they were reckoned at 102.00c. There is no charaaerinical difference between the inhabit.ints of this «nd tlie otlier New England States. The ancient inhabitants of New Hampflure were emigrants from England. Their pofteritv, mixed with eii'ji,ria;us from Mafu.chufctts.fill the lower and middle towns. Ea:igrants from Conncifticut compofe the largefl part of the inhabit- ants of the v^ellerr. towns, adjoining Conneaicut river. Slaves there are none. Negroes, who were never numerous in New Hamplhire, arc z\\ Iree by the nrU article of the bill of rights. Ijifw:h.] The I Acs of Shoals are the only Iflands in the fea, belonging to New ] iaraplhire. Ihey ar,, convenient for the Codfilhery, which was i<;r:r!fr!y carried on tliere to g;cat advantage, but the pcopleare now few piiu pcor. It;di.iHs.'\ Tliere are no Indians in the State. The fcattercd remains of foraier tribes, retired to Canada many years fincc. ^ CofifJt-itic^.] The Conftitution of the State which was adopted in 1784, ^f. tiiken almolt verb itim, from that of Mallachufetts. The principal dit- icrciKcs, e.sapt fuch as arircfrom local circumftances, are the following; ^iiie ftilev of the Conititutions, and of the fuprcme magiftiates in each ftaie, are dii}brcnt. In one it is'Govehnor of theCoMMONWEALin of J/lai!achu!eu^,' in tlie other ' PRtsiuE* r cf the State of New ilamp- fliirc." :rcd remains of •NEW HAMPSHIRE. ,$"^ fliirc." In each State the fuprememaglf^ratc has the titlcof Mis Excel-' LENCY." 'Ihc Prcfident of New Ilampfhirc, like the Governor of MafTachufetn, has not tiie power ot negativing all bills and rcfolvrs of the fcnati- and hoiifo o^ reprcfcntativcs, and of preventing their pading intolavi'vunlcfs a). nrovcd of by two thirds of the members prefcnt. In New MamnniJre • the 1 rcfident ot tlie State prefidcs in the fcnate/ in Mafiachufctb the ftnatc tlioore their own Prefidcnt. 'J here arc no other differences worth mentioning, except it be in tlie mode of appointing militia officers, in which New Hamplhire has jrrcatly the advantage of Mafl'aciuifetts. See Majfachn/ettt, Colleges, Academies, i^c] In the townfhip of Hanover, in the weftcrn part of this State, is Dartmouth College, fituated oa a beautiful plain a- bouthalf a mileeaft ofConnedicut River, in latitude 43® 2^' It was named after the Right Honorable William Earl of Dartmouth, who was one of Its principal bcncfaaors. It was founded by tiie late pious and benevolent Dr. Elcazer Wiicelock, who, in 1 76Q, obtained a royal charter, wherein ample privileges were granted, and fuitable provifion made for the educa tionand inftruftion of youth, of the Indian tribes, in reading, writing and all parts ot learning which lliould appear neceffary and expedient for civiluing and chriltiamxing the children of Pagans, as wel! as in all libe ral arts and fcienccs,andalfoof Englifh youths and any others. The very liumane and laudable attempts which have been made to chriltianize and educate the Indians, have not, through their native untrai^tablcnefs, been crowned with that fucccfs which was hoped and expe<5ted. Its fituation in a frontier country, expofed it during the late war to many inconvenien- cies, which prevented its rapid progrcfs. It fiouriflied, however, amidll all Its embarraffments, and is now one of the moft growin? feminaries in the United States. It has, in the fl.ur clafTcs. about i.o ihidents imder the 'irrbon of a Prcfident, two ProfeiTors, and two Tutors. It has twelve 1 ruflees, who are a body corporate, inverted with the powers nc- cefThry for fuch a body. The library is elegant, containing a large col- Icaion of the mo(l valuable books. J ts apparatus confilts of a conrne-tent number of ufeful inftrumcnts, for making mathematical and philofophical experiments. I here arc three buildings for the ufe of the Uudents ; one of which was ereded in 17S6, and is not yet finiihed. It is one hundred and hfty feet in length, and fifty in breadth, three rtorics hi-h and hand- fomely ouilr. It has a broad pafTage running throu'>ii it? centre from end to end, interfered by three otiiers." In fronds aJar^c green cncirded with a number of handfbme houfes. Such is the falubri^y of t'-.e air that TftnMm "'" ""^ Tu^'^AX '^'' h-^.i,cntA among the ftudcnts fincc the firfl cltablinnment of the CoIIfo-e, **• Mr'^n/m-'""'w"M^'f fl^'">P''"g Ac-ideiny, under the inilruftion of Mr. A'llham M^oodhridge ; and at Vortfmouth a Grammar .School. All the towns are bou.uiJ)y Jaw to fupport fchools; but the grand juror, whofe buimefs it is to fee that thefe laws are executed, are not fo careful as they ought to be in prefenting fins of omlffio,,. Churches, y.-.] The churches in New HamnlhirearP nnnrln.Il.. r... ..^ gregationahiis ; fomefor Prelbyterians and Baptift6,andone'lorEp'if"copa. liii uni. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT--*) 1.0 I.I I "^ IIIIIM IM 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► m s /a ^l. VI Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ \ ^V "^^ ^gs- 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ "^^ &, J ^ ^&s NfiW HAMPSHIRE. #1// I • ^ . , " '^en^'om^tion ; and in that cafe thcv are libera ted from tlicir p«rt of the parilh contraft. . ^ HamTflhC^^fif -'"K^'^r r^-^^ ^^^ ^"^-"y »ev^r entered Neu. the pnnapal perions of Pifcataqua and th. Province of M in ^^ ,W h 1' "?'''' ""' ^""^J^'^^^^' ^^^ ^ ^''^^ ^^''^ng over Lnd connea ing thofe pomts. together with all iflands within five league, of the coal w'^^e'f/thl bo e:::nti""d'T''r "^T'^^^^- '' -- -hfnded'd^ uicoj iik.t4Qua. Jhcp«,ric uMJtrtlirfe governments, unproteftcdbr- I ' I t nent was made at N E W H A M P s H I R K. .5^ ^ngland, in confec^iM-nce of her own internal diftraaion, ^nA . / divided in dieir opinion? to form any genera n In^f * ^ ^°° "'"^-^» couid afford any proipeft of Denifanerr ^^S ^ 1^ ^^,g"/ernment u hich queft, and accordingly , i„ April ,6!?fhf^." • ^'^^ ^'""'^^ '^^^ re- qua. by a formal inVrJmenV ^^fic^^^ed tl^ f ''n'^^^ ''"l=" °*' ^'^^-«»^- MafTa/hufetts.onconditTontut h^il^^^^^^ "^ '^^ ^''^'^ ^^ Ixodes w^d^heirown"^::^^ Jncni, liieproperty /! •"Wtipknip ,„,,,_. ^rp ,r ^ V ^ ^^^<-*^a amone; ^*-.u.. _r T. * t* y. ^ n^iiS^'''^" j7 Portfmouth. and of one thu5 ''yaitoProyed lands thpn-In .„„. -.A . '^ ^dands therein, was referred to f^Ml-V'/"'"'"'"- The/ere- 'fMauachufetts. and what is ex- 01 the government for rctainin,- yjlachurett,. declaring that none l^r^Maifachufetts.theywer^ of that of Do ^ r',and ofali the lords and gentlemen pri fervations were acceded to on traordinary, and manifefted die them under their jurifdiaio«i, a lau put church members ftiouid fit in in their favour. While they wero ufflRd Mt\ Ma' ^^^^ were Hric^i; obf?rved. DunV his oeldtn ^""r''"."" of tt>e unioa with rnany difficulties. Onr^il^'L^feer^^^^^^^^ !?'.^"^^^" m a bloody war w th the InHi'anc . o.,^ ^"gctner with Mairachulctts »-.rmdif/„t« occaConM 4Arin;,4"t.Trfff/'^/J,'^^ -'"> «>" cover the property of theirancXr iw i-r"'^""'^'' '' ''«'^ '» «- -^ed by the «o„„, and New Ha^m.pfti™ wL . ?afi " "%"'"' P"'"" Tcrnment. Maffachufetts was dirXd J^„ i 1J ,, . '""' " '=?"«= go. cla.m b„, died btfoithe a(4.r ua "oncMcd ^""""^ '" ''""'^''''^ ^i* ]>4y^o?SS^^°et;^^ Oo. ti. er„e, b,.- murdered.or led captives »'h;wX""r ''"^r. ""'" ■"''"->'' rartsof New England wereairoaV^;-''^'- !''" '^'■" '«'■'«" i" "Hior »nd it would require volume To e ■ cr I r'' "'^^'' ''^' ""= '"-"»"' I" ■ 737. a coitroverfy. wM?h h rd "n^ fr'^K","'''"'" ''"'^"i"?'- vernme„t« of Mafladmfet s and N^w Alnn;' ** '?"!'=" ''"= "™ S"" fional l,„e wa, heard by com^mZ,'2t^^^ k''''u'^'"S "«'^ "i^'i- purpofe. Thcfe commiffioners d^^^^vT 1 ^^ *= ""■"> ^°' tint ofMaflaehufetts lkouUb""2.,uTf "" f'"= """>'"" boundaries -"4 as far as Panrucket fall, ,h f ""'"' """'■' ^""" "-e river Merr N5- Vork line. Il-lS-S M^^^. "f"" Tf 'f -""K until it S ^ irrc.al wavfc tu ootain redrcfs, the line hw , ncvcf ■.-!-, '■''■'. '!Wl" l6S NEW HAMPSHIRE. never been altered, but is. at piefent, the divlfional liue between the tw» Itates. Douglafs mentions, ''ihatihe governor of Maffachufctts, for many years, was al(o governor of New Haniplhire, with a diftinft com- m'uTion,' This muft have been many year, after New Hampfhire had Ix'cn ercdled into a fcparate government in 1679. He adds that New Hampfliire entered a complaint 10 the king in council againil the joint governor, relative to fettling the boundaries between the two provinces. This complaini was judged by the king to have been ell founded, and • therefore a fcparate governor for Ne'_ Hampfliire was comnraffioned anno. 1740.' Although New Hampfhire wai of Maflachufetts, yet they had a proportionable (hare of the expe tions and military exertions, w In every ilage of the oppofition urifdiftion of the governor _ flature. They ever bore a evies in all enterprizes, expedi- lanned by the colony or the crown, v'ds made to the encroachments of the Briiilh parliament, the people, who ever had a high fenfe of liberty, cheerfully bore their part. At the commencement of hoftilities, indeed, whiletheir council was appointed by royal waa^/rt/ww, their patriotic ar- dour was checked by tliefe crown officers. But when freed from this re- ft raint, they flew eagerly to the American ftandard when the voice of their country declared for war , and their troops had a large (hare of the bazard and fatigue, as well as of the glory of accompliihing the late re- volution. MASSACHUSETTS. SI T U A T I O N and EXTENT. miles. Length 150 B:tadt!i 60 Bwfidi J>Betwe ,j 41' ' 20' and and 42" 50' North Latitude. 5 ° 30 ' Eail Longitude, i's 1 T^OUNDED northwardly by New Hampfhire and Ver- " '-^ JO monl; weft by New- York; fouthwardly by Con- aeaicur, Rhode hland and the Atlantic; eaft by the Atlantic, and Maf- fachufctts Bay. Rivers.'] Merrimak river before defcribed, runs throngh the northeaf- tern part of this ftate. Charles river rifcs from five or fix fources, on the fouih ealt fide of Hopkinton and Hollifton ridge. "" ''-' "^ t R E. e between the tw9 Maffachufctts, for 'ith a diftinft com- ev Hampfhire had ir: adds that New 1 againil the joint he two provinces, ell founded, and was comnrtiifioned n of the governor They ever bore a iterprizes, expedi- ilony or the crown, encroachments of ;h fenfe of liberty, hoftiiities, indeed, their patriotic ar- freed from this re- hen the voice of a large (hare of the iihing the late re- M A S S A C H U S E T T S. J 6a -.'-i>»<-tfS'-<5^'.<>%'^|>i<-<>i'-*j T S, rorth Latitude* gitude, amplhire and Ver- hwardly by Con- itlantic, and Maf- ingh the northeaf- X fources, on the : main dream runt idge, until, in Na- is ;i confiderable ellward, tumbling in falls acrofsthe fouthweftend of Brooklyn hUls, and pnli'na near Fr.^ Bl.e Mo.pns, which^L^^^^^^:; an^lS.^^^ jt Jf t principal drain of the countrv hino. ealt of tvr. T ^"'^ *'^^'"'' *-^" runs ncarl, aft^igh, curfc f"u;U^,;:lV /h torX^^ ^f, .r.^ Iiverton on Narr-ioanr.«n- 14..., r^ 1 • ""•.^■" •"= mountains, to paifes through a lar^re tra'^ of X. L/ft T • Conway. enitTs and t u.,ii a jdrge traK.1 ot thelmelt meadow m the worM in th..r„ meadows it receves Green Riv^-r rr,-.,« »», ^" I'Jc wur.n. inthelc Herri„;i;?„^;" t„n\' „s^;ii: ;r™« ;™;vl: *«v' '■^r'n one m le only would infnlafP ,!,'>?■ * ^V"''^'^^''^"^^ of about than an hnnd red u'ars na^ * Th V'^ ^l I'f n/"/Wofformnr. fca .or,,,;,,, d,;;:;e,o„' o,o:i;! '""" '""'"' '■■'" '"-'«'• ""<- ■'- .:.c ter offma iflinds Jng liiaiKl .10, gave the name d Mi-tlN\ VHi-uor-^ n L- 'jout re Cur in ur^adj?}. Jt C(»i|IUV l!i contains riihcE. ITO MASSACHUSETTS. II t\i\r:%. Kil^irtoi, wljich ioclutks the ifland Chabaquidick, is the fti'Ir* tosvi!. This hitie iihnd is about half a mile from the harbour, and ren- ders it very fccure. This county is full of inhabitants, who, like their neighbours at Nnntuckct, fui)!i(i: principally by fiihing. They fcmi three rcpreftntatives to the general afletubly, and one fensitor. Nantucket lies fouth of Cape Cod, and is confidcrably lefs ib"« Duke» county. It containsj, according to Douglafs, 23,000 acres, including th« beach. No mention is made of the diicovery and fctilement of thi» iiland, under its prefent name, by any of our hillorians. It is more than probable that this is the ifland which is ufually called Nautiean by ancient Yoyagers. It formerly had the moft confidcrable whale fifhery on th« coaii } but the war abnoll ruined them. Tliey are now beginning to re- vive their former budnefs. Moil of the inhabitants are whaiers and fifiicr- men. As the iiland is low, fandy .tnd barren, it is calculated only for thofe people who are willing to depend almoit entirely on the watry ele- ment for fubfiltencc. The ifland of itfelf conftitutes one county by the name of Nantnckct* It has but oiic town, calkd bherburne, and fendi one reprefcniative to the general aficmbly. Lrzhi- //cwrr.] Within the State of MafTachu ferfs arc the following Light- Iloufes ; on Ph!m|) iiland, near Newhurv, are two, which mufl be brought to l>ear in a line with each other in order to pafs the bar in fafety. CM Thatchers ifland, oft* Cape Ani, two lights of equal height. Another' Hands on a rock on the north fide of the entrance of Bofton harbour, with one fmgle light. On the north point of Fiymouth harbour are two Jights one over the other. On a point at tho entrance of tiie harbour on the ifland of Nantuckett is 0)>e with a fingle liglit. This light may be fecn as far as Nantucket flioals extend. The iiLnd being low the light ;i|)pears over it. Rclijfh^t.l The religion of this comrronwcaTth is ef^ablifhed, by their excellent mnflitution, on a mofl liberal and tolerant plan." All perfons, of whatev religions profe!?; )n or fentim*nts, may vvorlhip God agreea- bly to thee: "latcs of their own conrciences,unmoIefted, provided they do not didurb the public peace. The Icijiflafure are empowered to require of the feveral towns, parlihes, 6cc. to provide, at their own expcnce, for the public worfliip ofGod, and to require the attendance of the fubjeft on the fame. The people have liberty to choofc their own teachers, and to contrad with them for their fiinport. The bodv of tlic churches in this flate are efiaMlfiied upon fhe.cotigre'- gcitional plan. 'I'heir rules of church difcipline and government are, in general, founded upon the Cambridge platform, as drawn up by the fv- nod of 16.1.8. The churches claim no jurifdiilion over each other, and tlK power of eccleuaflical councils is only advifory. The following ftatement, fliews what are the feveral religious dena- miaaiion^ in this Hate, and tlieir proportional numbers. Dcnominatlonjj MAS Denooiination';. C-nng-iegationalifts, Kpifcopalians, frintdsor Quak-rs, iVftyteiians, Total. S A C H U S E T T S, ni Suppnfcd number of ea.,h de'iiamination. 277 ,600 5^,296 • 1 1 , 1 04 6,940 - 2,776' ^ 094 thisnuy not be an exad apportionment of tlx dSn f k t . "^-^ p-rhaps as accurate as toe nature of the fubieft Jm n '^^'' >" i,^ .'» tnt to give a general idea of th« Propo L Jh J ri ''' ''"^ ^"'^^•" nons bear to each other. ^ ^ ' *''"= ^'^^'^'^^^ ueijomina.- The number of congregarional churches in ,740 was 2-0 Seas. Congregationalifls, Friends meetings, iiaptills, J;;pircopa]Jans, riclLytcrians, Congregations. 22 JO 4 Suppofcd number of fouJsoftacii ffct, 22>,426 16,192 14.72? 2.044 rr, . ^ ' ' ' 268,850 i he congregational miniflers in this ft itp li,,.« or, 1 Bofton,the Tifurfday following tl^m^tS.^"'''^^^ un^Uo^u oecafi.n a fermon is preached a-i'i a .' M.T ^ "r '^^ '>' ^" ^^'^'^'^ [upport of fuch of thci foe e y as are at: J^ •"'^'/"'" ''^' "''^'^"^'^ i--i^ chieiiy ap,.ied to thi ^i^;:.;:f i^iir:^!;- ^^1: N^^^Sif;:i(^:::^.S^:^— di^ded into tabi^exhibitsacomparatwe vieJv ofr e^^^u .."^^^^ ? ' '^'"'^''^^S J.nents~military lirength. &e. of the Sai «oun~'%"''"l'"'^' ^"Tr^' ^■a ports and princi-^ai iradii'o towns. ^-ounrjc., toget.ier u ui» tlicif TABLE. , 11 Jiiii I J72 M A S S A C H U S E T T S. I / IX^ Jlul T B I. "F.. Counties. Numlier cf Inhabitants. Acres of improved Lard. -c; ^ G J ! 3 V. ^ ot (^ in k* C ■-• w 5 — Number of horned cattle of all kinds. ' E'5 ^ ya Suffolk, 36.783 105.6351 77.556 3729 19,271 7356 Eflcx, 48.723 i7i>893^ 47.801 4195 28,317 9744 Middlefex, 34.823 163.8341 199,548 671.344 5217 32.675 6964 Hampfhirc, 43.143 25,01^ 1 '3'3S- 142.375 8442 39.904 8628 Pli mouth. 92.5Ui 129,191 2784 20,552 5003 Barnftable, 39,202 1 45,720 930 8071 2670 Dukes, (iHand) 311C 18,198 12,172 312 2043 622 Nantucket, (anifland) 4269 25,64c 16,091 143 1 219 585 Chiefly quakers Briftol, 97,360 130,767 2958 2I0I 17,86c 5'30 York, 20.50c 66,142 264,931 18,71^ 4102 worcelkr. 47.^' M 207,430 510,236 8321 51.36c. 9523 Cumberland, 14.714 53.865 260,693 ^^35 14.588 2943 Lincoln, 15.27^ 45.803 87,028 799.970 1712 15,699 3054 Berk 111 ire. 24.544 234.497 6762 18,348 4909 1 Total 357*5'^ 1.087,375 3,185.857 49'4n 286,qqQ 70,648 * This 'Validation ivas taken in 1784, andjuppojed to be lefs than the reality. 4 Ihis ejiimate is me^y imperfca — No account ha-ving been taken for near ttuelve years. Number MASSACHUSETTS. »7J 39,904. 8628 ■n 286.qQQ|70,648 lefs than ihe reality, ig been taken for near Number "=> o.'^ ^ ^ ^"^ benevolence, a number of the m-dicaland other gentlemen, in the town of Bofton in 178c fcL. I n fociety. by the name of the human, socr et^ ?br thJpL^^^^^^^^^ recovering perfonsapparentiv dead, from drowning fuffocationCna luig. and other accidents This humane fodety hf e erS th;ee l^ut^" f.rmfjed jv.th u^ood. t.nd. r boxes, blankets, &c. one on Lovel's IH^mi J!1 Bofton harbour, one on Nantafl-pt ht^-^rU La Z • , ' "" near M„fl,field. f^r .heeom&r cfft^^^^^^^^^^ '"^ ^"f^ fame kind are erefled on Plnmb Ifland „« N^b: ^b; ? '"'^V"'^'"' ^"J^- to invelUgation. and a LJ of Se t a ' 1^^^^^^^^ ' f."^ '' i' «"n"I"f by th. prefident and truftcc*, to theSn llZJh-r '^■^"'^^^'^^ ""»"•'"/ td dillertation. * " "^'"^ exhibits the moil aoproy- ThcSoCltTV FOR PROfAGATINOTHE Gn.!.., , ' and others in North- America, was incorLr J Vi '""^u^ '^*^' ^"'^'^"^ W I.C7 arc enabled to receive fubfXi3;- ^^^^^^^^er ,9, ..g «n.l may take -y pcr-.areft te^nC X AH ,'^' ^^lO'cfedj^er/on.; ety either by fubiCiptions. legacy or otrrwir."'"""^'^' '"^ ^""" be differently appropriated by ClL„ /„ Ijl ''P''"^/"^^' ''''' '"^X into the capital Itock of the^ibcL wl ich I^^^ ' ^"'' "^' "^ ^' P"^ on good fecuri.y,orothervvifeS;n^d torn.? T '"'' °" '"'^'^'^ income ami pro/its are to be nnnbed to L \ ' / T'*''^'' •■'"^' '^^ manner as the fociety Hiall jud4 moft rnn T" "■P^'^^^Hf ore/aid. i„ fuel, their inllitution. ^ *» """^ conducive to anfwcr xhe dc%n of ailtoprofper. ThefeinflitutiontwS'Tftr.n^ t''^' l'^^^ -^'^"ot Jate nuhe union, are fo many evidences of th/7''^''5 '" '^'"'^^ ^^^^V^ f^ate of civilization and improvemen? in tbt ^'^^^^^^^^l an^ advancing wife that a free republican govenment ^^1^''^' ?^>' ^'^''^ ^^^e! mofthappilyealculatedtoprfmocreenVaM '''/r ^" '''^''''' ''^^ jnd the nioft favourable tVt^rbenfvoIen'^^^Mi^""^"^^^^ human heart. Denevoient and humane feelings of fhc Li/erafure, Colleger, Aadcmks, ^^1 According .« i, , Commonwealth, every town havno^fifrvh^nu^ ^° ^^^ ^'''^' "^ th" conftantly provided Jith ^(^Zl^.Z^^^^^ "P--?«' '- to be read and write ; and where any town h, I f }-'''^'^'' ^"^ >""th to ? grammar fchool fet up therein 2dlZ' Tc ""''^''^ '^''"^ '^ ^''^ ^o be in the language, procu^red ScrtLTine :n'rhP7^""ur^^ '^'^"^^ inhabitants. ^ "'^ ^'""^' ^"^^- oe fuitably paid by the orJJ:tt!:;r ':^^^;^::^i^^^ -^-^ed in many part« ^nd thehappinefscfthepeonirreo.r-^ ^"^ "•^^'^ ^" tended to anfwer, ^^ 'Is ;:;t Gr:r^S"r ^'^°^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^-^'--> - '^i-h. fion to the Univerfity. ^ ^^ gentlemen are fitted for adrSf- ^"r.,erly Lieutenant Governor ^ X t? I^^^""'-^^^^ ^^ilHam Dummer fverfinee retained. Itwas nco;;^^^^^ T>'^- "-^e it ha *"tendence of fourteen refpedaTt-2es ^ '' '"^ '* ""^'^'' ^^^^ ^"P^'^" ^HrM,,P5's AcADKMV.at Andnv^r 'o»,„„ :..._.•« - -■-• • '"■ ^" ^Aiuence to the bene. '%"uou« of the HonourabIe"Samuel Til Ml- ^ ^-•" ^^'"HIVC It ver, in the county % 1 |i ■p 'I i 'I !■! J J ! iti;ti;,sltil r; I 17« MASSACHUSETTS. county of Eflcx, ami State of Maffachulett* 6^1 and the Honourable John Piiillips, Efq; of Kxetcr, in the tounty of Rockingham, and State of New Hampl'iire. It wai incorporated Odtober 4, 1780, and has twelve trullees.s lyEiCEsTER AcADEM v,in thetownOiip ofLciccfter, was incorporaied in '784. For tht: cncourageu-.eni of this inltitution, Eocnezer Qrafts and Jacob Davis, Ef(}r's. gcneroufly gave a large and cominodioub inanfjon houfc, lands and appurtenances, in Leicelter, for that ufe. At Williams-town, in Berkfhir:^ county, is another Academy, which is yet in its infancy. Colon.:! Isphraim Williams, has made a h::ndfomc do- nation, in lands, for its encouragement and fupport. At ilingham is a well endowed fchool, or Academy, which in honor of its principal donor and founder, is called Derby School. Thele Academics have very handfome funds, and are flourifiiing. The dcfigns of tlie truilees are, to diffeminate virtue a:id true piety, to promote theeducatioh of youth in the Engliih, Latin, Greek, and French lan- guages, to encourage their inftruCiion in writing, arithmetic, oratory, geography, pradical geometry, logic, philofophy, and fuch other of the liberal arts and fciences, or languages, as may be thought expedient. Hakvard College (now Umvermtv) takes its date fiom the year 1638. Two years before, iKe general court ga\e four hundred pounds for the fuppo-t of a public f 'aool at Newiown, which has fince been called Cambridge. This year (1638) the Rev. Mr. John Harvard, a worthy min'ller refidingin Charleston, died, and left a do.iation ofjTyjg for the ufe of the fo:ementioned public fchaol. In honour to the memory offo liberal a brnefaftor, the general rourt the fame year, ordered diat the fchool fiiould take the name of* H a rv a r d Col lege. In 1^4.2, the College was put upon a more refpedablc footing, and tl.e governor, deputy governor, and magiftrates, and the miniltcrs of the fix next adjacent towns, with the prcfident, \Vere erefted into i\ corporation for the ordering and managing its concerns. This year nine young gentlemen received the degree of Batchelor 6f Arts. It received its lint ' charter in 1650. Cambridge, in which the univerfity is fi^uatcd, is a pleafant village, four miles well ward from B.-»i}.>n, containing a number of gentlemen's feats vi'lucli arcn^at and well hailuThe uiiiverfuy c onfilts of four elegant brick 1- iiliees, handfomely enclofcd. They Uarid on a beautiful green which fpreadstothe north weft, and exhibit a pleafing view. The naaies of the feveral buildings are, Miuvard Hall, MalTachufefts Hall, Hollis Hall, and Ho'.dcn Chapel. Harvard Hall is divided into f:x ;«ppart nents ; one of which is appropriated for the library, one for the mufcum, two for the philofophical apparatus', one is nfed for a chape!, and the other for a dining hall. The library, in 1787, confiMcd of 12,00.0 volumes ; and will be continually increaling from the int:reit of y>ermanent funds, as well as from cafual bcnefadions. '1 he philofophi- cal ^ppiratus Iwlonging to this univerfity, coft between 1400 and ^r 500 lawful mo!jey, and is the mod elegant and complete of any in America. Agreeably to the pre'"ent conftitution of Maltacbafetts, his excellency the governor, lieutenant governor, the council and fenate, the prefident •f ih? uf?iverntV5''!nd the minirterK of the con^reoational churches in thc tow nil M A S S A C H u S E T C T S. 'ry towns of- Boflon. Cliarlcftown. CnmhrM... Wat.rfnu ,p . H.i.cock profcirur of oriental J.,iJ"'e"';; gery. pof'ciror ofth. theory and f ficc\ff . h^-' "^ "•''"">' ^"<^ ^">- try and n^ateria .ned.o:, and iou/fHois ' " '"' ^'"*^-^^'- "^' %"''i'- KsfirUdiabWlhmcnt ,, 6 ! 2 ^ "•" "." ''"« ^"oti.nent. Since the gofpel miniltrv. It has gltra ^ frZ . '^^""'^ '' '"'-' ^^"^^ of C/A.v//..,.,^.] Boston is^^rll'-Zr ''°'"'50 Uudents. of Ne. KngJd "hTb iltt afi;r:ilo7^^' "' ^^'f-'^'^-^^. ln,t bottom of MafTachufetts bT ^iT^^^ Z:^''^''^^. 'r^'. '' ^'^° PeninfuIatotheoontinenr.i,.Mhcfm" endof .1 '"'''"^ J'^'"^ ^'^« Koxbury. The Jcngth of the foun nrhH ' 'T*"' ''"'^ '^'•''^ ^o n).lcs ; the town itfeif is not n?,^!'/''?^ the neck, is «bout three At the entrance from Aoxbur;jtrn;:r'TI '^* '"^'1"^ ''' ^ ^ -' m.Jeand ijgyards. The b.fi d n^c jir; ^ ^'' S^^''''^ Uf .'.a sono It contains neVr ,8co dwelling hoi, "'"''' '''''' ^^^°"^ ^oooacrc. i.sexciufivcof:lrangc/s nnrtrTn^enr n r ' ' "^ ^'"•■'' "'•■• ^'^'' """'^'^t of the whole nnn,bt ofM^^J^'^!^: "^^^f!^- -^ariy one third oKhecenfu.,. were about a 6>o In thu y^' '^f'^^ P'^^^^^ arthcd.ne ftrcets. thirty-eieht Janes /nl?; ',^'"'' ''^^''■- ^'"^^ ic'^entv-ni,,^ courts ; and'abSei,W K^':" I'r.lfd""' "'''''' ^^^'^'^^^'^ of f-juare,.! J The principal wharf?xte Js rtno ^^"'^'''r'">' '""^^-"i'^nt fir vend.. ti>e north fiSe vvith Lrg I'd^nvi'^ctC ''^'^ w" "'' ^^ ^^^^^ <^« wharf in the United States ''^"''''^'"' '^"'^^'*- ^^ ^^^ exceed, any other !;^r j,^^t:-ii^;-,::::teSK^ ^^ -^"^^^ -i- ^r. the fnends, and one for unived^li T '' ^"^ ^'''''"^''' «'^''* f"' ■" u. The public granary i com =r i ' , „' , "" '""",' ''"''* '''■=''■ »«i'^''« ■".pare ha„df„„,"^" foX rf'^T'Jf ''-'"^ M ,(1 „f the public b„iH. 't»avcryi«„dr„,„evi.JL. 'a"™^.^r;■''"^'''^'■'™""•'■'-^"' |'i<^>:oftl)e town is the m»ll aiYroa,;i ,( |,oin tlie (oa. 0„ tlw well fw;,''' .'^ "'""^ ^'^"'"gated ppofi5c<^ ' "■ '"** "/foui the wcii. •-;-s a line v.arJrgared ppofpca ^ he harbour of Rnrton uV.r^ Bollon is fafe, and large cnoug! b to contain ;oo fliipg at .78 MASSACHUSETT S. . at anchor, tn a good depth of water ; while the entrance is fo narrow as Icarcdy U) admit two (hips abrcalK It is di^crfified with many iflands. wh:ch afford rich pafbring, hay and ^rain. About three miles from the town IS the Caftle, which commands the entrance of the harbour. Here •re mounted about forty pieces of heavy artillery, befldes a large numl^r of a fmaller fize. ] he fort is garrifoned by a company of about fifty foldiers, who alfo guard the convifts that are fentenccd, and fent here to Ja.ooiir. Thefe are all employed in the nail manufaftory. In Bofton there are two grammar fchools, and four for writing, &c. whofe njaders are fupported by the town : befides tweiv^e or fourteen private fchools. It has been computed, that during the fiegi: in 1775, as many houfes \ were dcltroyed m Bofton by the Britilh troops, as were burnt in Charlef- town. Since the peace, a fpirit of repairs and improvement has diffufed 'VIa ^'TV^ inhabitants. A few years may render the metropolis of Maffachufetrs as famed for arts, manufaaures, and commerce, as any citv in the United States. ^ The town next to Bofton, in point of numbers and commercial impor- tance, is Salem, fins town was fettled as early as 1628, by Mr. Endicot altervyarc s governor, and a colony under his di region. It is the oldoft town in the ftate, .except Plymouth, which was fettled eight years before. In 1 7S6.it contained 64.6 dwelling houfcs. and 6700 inhabitants. la tlrs town are fiv.- churches for congregationalifts, one for epifcopalians, and a meetiing houfe for tne friends. Its harbour is inferior to that of Bjfton.f he inhabitants notwir.hftandine.carrv on a large foreign trade. 5alem is fifteen miles northeaftward of Bofton. and is confidcrld as the metropolis of the county of Effex. Newbury Port, forty-five miles eaftward from Borton, is fituated on the fouthweft fide of Merrimak river, about two miles from the fea. 1 he town IS al>out a mile in length, and a fourth of a mile in breadth, and contains 450 dwelling houfes, snd 4,13 nat.« al inhaWtants. It has one epifccn^al. one prefby terian, and two congregational churches. Tht bufinefs offh.p bu.ldmg is hi rgely carried on here. Thefe towns, with Marblehcad Glouceftcr or Cape Ann, and Beverly, carry On the fifherv which furnDTies the principal article of exportation from Maflachufetts. Worccfter is one of the largeft inland towns in New England. It is the Of Bofton? '°""''"' '"'^ '' '^""' forty.fercn miles weftward On Connefticut river, in the county of Hampfhire, are a number of very pleaf^nt towns Of thefe S,oringficld is the oldeft and largeft. It ftamis on th. eaft ude of Conneft.cut river about ninety-fix miles weftward of iM.fton. I he courts are held here and at Northampton alternately. M'.thm Its ancient limits are about 700 f^unilies, who are divided into c;g.it worftiipping affemblies. The original townlhip has been divided into fix parifhes fome of which have been incorporated into diftina rownjhips. 7'he fettlement of Springfield was l^.n/;,. ,< J k/S* ^"?I li^if^"; '''3 ' -""Y}. ¥'^''^'"'1 ^re ftill hVing inVhe^lace.' He ^ Northampton, itive place in Eng- MASSACHUSETTS. ,„ the river. "* ** ^^^ '"^^vcl northerly on the weft fide of crnmcnt The' declaration affer 3 t^n^tlV^f '^^^ ' ^?'"^'^^^^•^- ,.en-l.berty of cunfcicnce-F edom of he! at" T,^ '^"^^^'^ "^ vereignty and independeiice—thnr .II • V .^"~"^'^^^ ^Y jury— So- that hereditary honVu ^a id 7^^ ?, f r^""-'' '^"''^ ^"^^"^ the people-1 jea is entitled'io pro e^bn ofT/e 7^^ '^f^"'^^'^^^-^^^^^ ^^rjLh. jnult obey thelav'^s and pay ll proiSn'n?^ '"^'^"^n. he m.ll not be obliged ^oVc^urhS. h ^ '"T.^" ^xpence-dia detence^thathema^ keep arm^ but ianHw'"'^'-'''^'''^'^ ^" ^^« '^^^^ ta.ned m tin,e of peace-fhat^o'tax H ,n l ? '""/'' ^"" ""' ^ ^ain- ot thepeople by their rep efentad cs J W T5-^^«"^ ^^^'^ -""<*ent xnnde-that the martial la«f fta r'^tend L "" ^"^ ^" '^'^ ^''" ^^*" ^^ Jrvice<.thatthelegi/Iati.erex.cu^^^^^^^^ '° ""'" ^" ^^^"^^ 'niiitary dilhnft, &c. By ti fran.; of go;e^i Po-er. fluH bekep' lodged ma general court, confi& of f! ' H P^"' '^^ Jegiflation i, ahoufeofreprefentatives/eachSL branches, viz. a fenale and ineetannuallfon the l^tt Tue^iay^lIaV'^N?^?^°" lll^ ''''''' ^^^^^ tiie approbation of the governor un).f^: , • ? ^^-'' *^ P^^'-'d without in favour of it. Either branch 'or rh^'^ two-thirds of buth branches arc the opinion of tk juftlLVof th;?u„r ^'-'r- 1"^'-'"""'^^1> ™^/ require queftioa. SenatoLre chofen 1X7^^ i-Por'ant ^an thirteen. The .mmber of cou ifeno'r, . Tr'^ '^'^'^ '"""°^ ^' ^'^^ Commonwealth, is fortv • the n,.rl^ r f^ Senators, for the whole their public tax;s ; b^ni XTtllt^'tl.f'''' '' 'l ^''^^^'''^^ ^ fix. J>ixteep fenatorsmake a guorum rt ^ r '' '? ^'^^ more than the feveral towns, according to fC; ^^'7^P'"^J="fativesarechofen hy .150 polls one is eleded and ^r ., '^"^^^^"?1^« of ra:e .ble polh. For Their travelling expel^s 1 "hT'^ 'u'^"^^" °^"5. an addfdonal on the public, but^heFr wageffor a^^^^^ general coirt, are defrayed by laipeachments, for mifSft L 0^^^"'^ k by theirown Lwns^ and tried by the fenate: but the^. f^' ^^ '^^ reprefentatives. office and fitare difqual ficat on M^'". .?" «° ?"'>' ^" ^^'"^^'^^ ^^om reprefentatives,butmavbeal eredb^r V '"* °'i«'"^^^ '" ^'^^ houf; of V eged from arrefls ormefne pfoc^f^ |"^^^^^^^ ^ep-rentatives arc pri. Ihe fupreme executive authoritv S x^eft. ^ '^ '"'^'^'' '^'^'^ ^ q"""'^. annually by the people, and has JcomrT^ nv ^°'f "°''' ^'"^ ^^ eledcd ernor and nine Utlemen chofe^^^^^^ °^.^^'^ J'^"^enant gov- counfellors and ifnators. F^ve co«nfeno ^ T' ^^° ^^^ returned fo. crnor is commander of all th^miZ 7fl "f \' 1 ^"'^'""^' 'l^he goir- . ^..convene the general court, i^^^^^^^^ Jirofficers, and with aUvi?c of co^nS '^""^?^^^^"- He commiffion, M.tary officers are thus appoinLt^^^^^ all judicial officers ^^P--ndfubalter.,.&oot;^L-^^^^^ their ■( =^i !s k ifo MASSACHUSETTS. 'I j their brigadiers.. The m.'ijor-geiieral8 are 'appointed by the general court. JulHcCi of" the peace are comir.ilTioiit'*.! for revtn years ; all other juciiciai; jimlail fxeciirive and military oiiiccrs, continue during good heiiitvioiir, yet are reinovoal.le by the governor, upr.n addrcfj, of the Icgiflature. The falarics of governor and juilices of the fuprerne cc ■irt, cannot be di- mininicd.ykhougli they may he enlarged. Oiacial qualifications are as follows — for a voter, twenty one year's age, one year's rcfidcnce, a free- hold of three pounds annual value or fixty pounds of any otlicr ellatc — ■ for a rcprefentative, £.Wo frceliold or j^'.zco other elbtc, and one year's refidence in the town— for a fcnator, ^.300 freehold orj^. 600 other ertate in the Commonwealth, and fi\e years relidence in the diftri>rt--for gov- ernor or lieutenant governor, /'.iwco freehold, and fcven years relidence. i'very governor, lieutencmt governor, counfellor, fenator, or rcprefenta- tive, moil declare that he believes the Chrilb'an religion, and has the le- gal q'-iaiili.aticns. A governor, lieutenant governor, or juftice of the I'upreme court can hold no other office. Ko man (hall hold two of thefe ofiiices, jadge of probates, nicrilF, regiilcr. No juiliccs of the fuprenic court, fecretary, attornev-general, treafurer, judge of probate, inlfrutior of Harvard College, clerk, regiftor, fiierifj'or cullom officer can have ;♦ feat in the legifiaturc. 'I'he privilege of Habeas Corpus cannot be fuf- pended more than a year at one time. In 1795, if t^^o-thirds of tlie qua-. liScd voters defirc ^t, a convention ihall bo called to revife the conllitution, JSru/ges.] The- principal bridge in this State, or in any of the United States, is that which was built over Charles river, between Bofton and Charlefiown, in 1736. n'hc following is an accurate defcrlption of this convenient and hand- fonie ftrudure : The abnttment at Charleftown, from the old landing, is Space to the firil pier, .... 36 Piers at an equal diihmcc, to draw, V'V'idth of thv'ilraw, - . , 39 Piers at equal diiiance* - - . •^ j; the whole number of piers. Spaces to the aburtment at Bofton, Abuttrncnt at Boiton fo the old landing. Whole length, - - Feet. 100 16 30 672 16 i 45 i- ^5^3 Each pier is compofed of feven flicks of oak timber, united by a cap- piece, drop;;; braces and girts, and afterwards driven into the bed of the river, and Hrmly fccurcd by a (ingle pile on each fide, driven obliquely to a folid bottom. Th? piers are i onneded 'to each other bv large firing pieces, which arc covered with f^onr-inch plank. The bridge is 43 feet in width, iind on each fide is accommodated wjih a palTage fix feet wide, railed in for the fafety of people on foot. The bridge has a gradual rife fron each f^nd, fo as to be t-^^o feet higher in the middle than at the . ' 're- nuties. Forty elegant himps arc elected, at afuitable diftance from each o llier, T T S. by the general court. us ; all other judiciai; I ring good l)eii;tvioiir, cfj, of the k-giilaturc. : co-.irt, cannot be di- ul qualifications aie as •ar's rcfidtnce, a frec- of any otlier ellatc — . ellatc, and one year's J or/. 60® other ellate the diftrift- -for gov- fcven years relidence, fenator, or reprefjnta- iigion, and has the le- nor, or juftice of the lall hold two of thefe iiiliccs of the fupreiiic of probate, inllrut^or lorn officer can have 4 Corpus cannot be fuf- wo-thirds of tlie qua-, evife the conllitution. in any of the United between Bofton and convenient and hand- mding, is Feet. 100 16 jr. t 522 { 30 673 16 t. 45 ■f >* 1503 ber, united by a cap- 1 into the bed of the , driven obliquely to )rher by large firing he bridge is 43 feet palTage fix feet wide, ge has a gradual rife die than at the . 'tre- !e diftance from each ullwr, M A S S A C H U S E T T S. ,^, •ther to illuminate it when necciTarv. there are four flron? fton*. ' .v;.u-ves, connected wuh three piers'each. fbnk in vari^ p^^l^f^ The draw is conf^ru^ed on the mofl approved plan : the machineVv ?» very fnnple ; and U ,sdelignod to requiretne iirength of ttoTnt^ S i rniiing ,t. j he floor on fhe bridge at the highelt Tides, isfour Tei aboie the u.-uer, which generally rifes about twelve or fourte;n fee?. '° 1 his bridge was completed in thir^e^n months; and whUe it exhibits the greatelt effect oi private enteiprize within the United Mates is a moft nedl that flourifhing lirtle town with Salemf it fete Irt^^^^^^^^^ euterpnze, ingenuity and public fpirit ; and ferve to n.^w that arehTec ture, in this State, has arifen to a high pitch of imp. .venient. 1 fsa con fideration not unworthy of being here noticed,^ tiiat whUe many other nations are wafting the brilliant efforts of genius, in monurnenTs of ,Wr nious folly to perpetuate their pride; the Americans. acSn^ to fhe" true fpirit of repubhcanifm, are employed almoll entireirin XkVof puDhc and private utility. ^ works ot /Trode Manufaatires aud Agricullure.\ In the vear T^R, ♦1,« « _ from this Stateexeeeded their nnpori. ; and it is m'o'e thin^iroh.hr^lT* rom therapidincreafe of manufaLral^ndagricultu it^^^t^^^^^^ tj he prevailing fpmt of induftry and oeconomy. the balance nftvoi'r "1 theStatcwillbeannuallyincreafed. The exports from the p^^^^^^^ the year paft. (Auguft ,788) eonfiftirg of fifh. oil. wCland^^^^^^ lumber of various kinds, pot and pearl-alhes, flax-f^ed furs oork h" / ' corn flo.r. butter, chee/e, beansfpeas. bar-iron, 1 a low ;^redlf whale-bone. tallow and fpermaceti candles, foap. ioaffu^ar wool e.rd ' ea er^ ihoes, nav.al ftores, ginfeng. tobacco, bo^lts duck lK^;;etd^^^^^^^ iiails, &c. amount to upwards of /.34r.ooc lawful raonev Ne.^ ZTy^^A rum. pot-alh. huHher. fifli, and the produce of the Sry* are die nf- pal articles of export. No \^{. th'-n 4783 hog(heads of !\e.v £^1^; rum were diftilled and exported from'^ihis Srfte Lryear befideftW I Iiome confumption, which was not inconfiderable.* ^ " ^^*'/ New \1 Ifr ^"■^^^'^ '""^ '; ^'J^'^^'-'^f^^'" ^oJaffes imported f^yym the Weft Indies \Mi f : ll" '^"^ ^^'^^ V' ''' '"'"^ ""'-'^^ -'-'^^ -«^-^ '^ouuZ I" 182 MA.SSACHUSfiT T S. ■ II' II New markets for the produce of this, and the other ftatex.arc continu- ally incrcafmg. Th? Cnpe of Good Hope, the lile of France, Surat, Ba- tavm aiul Canton, have lately opened their ports to receive theartidci of beef , pork, bacon, butter, cheefe, timber, g'mkng, and feveral others. To C,rcat-Br,ta.n are fe.u pot and pearl-afhes, ilaves, flax feed, bees wax, &c. To the \\eft Indies. lumber. Hlh, pork, beef, flour, &c. '['he whale, cod and raaccarel fifheries, employ a great number of hands, and yield a hand- lomc prout. ^ The N^gro trade is totally prohibited in Maffachufetts by anaapaffedinthewmterof 1788. ^ Annual improvements are made in agriculture, chiefly by gentlemen ©t fortune. The common hufbandmen in the country, generally choofc to contmue in the old track of thdr forefathera. Tiie Academyof Arts and bciences have a committee, by the name of the * Agricultural Com, mittce, whofe bofmefs it is to receive '^nd communicate any ufeful inform mation upon that fubjed. • In this liate, are manufadured pot and pearl afhes, linfeedoil, bar and call iron, cannon, cordage, fperraaceti oil and candles, and many fmaller arti- cl^s, fuch as linen, woollen andcotten cloth, hofiery, hats.fhoes, tools and jnftrumentsofbufljandry, wool cards, fnufF, clocks, cutlery, mufkets, cabmet work, &c. The town of Lynn is particularly famous for the manufaaure of womens filk and ftulEflioes. It is computed that they make 170,000 pair of them annually. Thefe are exported to varioui parts of the union. A cotton manufaaory has lately been eflabiiftxed at Beverly, which bids fair to be produftive of advantages to the town. An -iflociation of the tradefmen. and manufadurers of the town of Bof- ton, has lately been formed, confiding of a reprefentative from each branch. In this body the whole manufa^uring intereft of that patriotic town is combmed By a circular letter of Auguft 20th, they have ftrongly recom, mended the fame procedure to their brethreA in the feveral fea-port, in ou"'°u' M J'"^ association will douhtlefs be produftive of happy efliefts Shipbuilding, after a long ftagiiationfince the peace, now beirins to revive in various maratime parts of the ftate. Preparations ?re makine for a glafs houfe in Bofton. ^ Mr. Jofeph Pope. ofBofton,haS conftruaed a large, complete and ele- ^intP/u,7fianu^, fix feet in diameter. This is entirely a work of ori. ^inal gerj.us and afUduous application, as Mr. Pope never faw ariv ma- thine of tne kind hi.t his own. It exhibits a proof of great Itren^th of »ind, and really does him much honour. ^ Rr^jfm^ W rw] The principal fources of revenue are land and poll wxes. impofts, excifcs and the fales of new lands. Taxes are levied on all males between fixtcen and fifty except fuch as are exempted by law-alfo on the number of acres of improved and unimproved land— on dwelling I»«ijres and barns, warc-houfes, ftor.^s, &c. thefe are all valued, and upon this vaJ'jatiun taxes arc laid, fo many pounds for every £. 1 000. Mines andmmerals.] In Attleboroagh is a magnetic iron ore ; it yields a rd (hot iron, not good. In Attleborough Gore, is fome copper ore, but fo intermixed with tte iron rock ore, as to render both unprofitable. Alluni MASSACHUS'B T T S. iSi Allum flate, or done. Iia<8 ht^An f„..^j • r «arth. which Verves to m^rk ftec^ ."fj" ^"'T ^''r"" ' ^'^" ''^^^^' or ird priming, inftead of Span ^ b ofv'n 47 'f "-^^'^ ^^ ? S^^""'^ ^^^^^ S been d.fcovered in Brimfie d anJLnTui '"'"^ «^Wack lead, have clay, and yellow and red 00^^31 mS^^ ^"'^ ^^^^^'epipe abJc copper mine at Leveret in ^Cn! ' ^"''^'''^''* '^^J'<=re is , valS- ■>' ''^^ "eds ot l.me ftone and afbeftos. //i/?c<- tlie general confent of the compTnv warob v ""^^ ""T '°.^*=^ ^"S'aad. and Pfnt/hcmldbetransferre^raXttledTM.f!-'^'. the government I In t630, feventeen ..ips ... .iirerprrt^rE^^^^^^^^^^ arrived l« Maflacbufctts, we bay at the bottom of ,hi „ J, ?"""^/ ="<' 8^": 'hf ir name to the [r^elnd^anwordis M.. ^^^l ^^^J^^^^^^^ ^^l;l^^'i^, ^nlt^et^-r, ,0 a Wn,.a.. [ " Sr ^^' i-.;.//, .S-,^. '^^^ ''^^ ^^^«* tJ^'^n entertained, re^nrdin^ Usrnhhha^K,!i::i2!| ;;'.;;- novelties) teuf^^Cp- nuch what the fame for heat and coJd f, s °^ ^-"g^.^^^^^en : It being j^hamp.on Ground, hut noth.Vh Mn . "T"" '"'^ ^^'^""f*-^''. it l>einf Wand£^., foil of S^,^^^^^^^^^^ like the S.^ ij- % t-c „„ •rn"'^:' "= j^-'S^ana IS. But oriruMo-iK. /• "r ' *''" "^^ ^\i^^i% aod : 's an Ifland. and ....„,. •om the maine land in A. iiear a Iva '«lr-J'f"':>-i"che;tS' r.';,":f«"»,^''ywe(!;a;d ttiai neof £, in forty degrees, and runnc '^^2 1^ % Of clw^liJ '"^ S°«'h ""f euher into7h«So«ti,Se^ + Meffr*. H iSginrcn. Skclton. Bright and Smith, •iirope ( r dfe 184- M A S S A C H U S £, T T S. ■vm I iii; MHfTachufetts, with more than i j'oo pailongcrs, among whom were manjr jK-rions of diiliniflioii. Incredible wcrj the hardiliips they endured. Ex* pofei to the relentlefs crudties of the Indians, w!io, a few mouths before, jhad entered into a general confpiracy to extirpate the Englilh — re- duced to a fcanty pittance of provifions, and that of a kind to which they had not been accuItomcd,and deftitute of necellary accomodations, num- bers fickeried and died; (o that before the end of the year, they loil 200 of their number. About this timefettlements were made at Charleilown, iiollon, Dorcheller. Cambridge, Roxbury and Medford. '1 he firlt ge- niral court of ]Vlaffachur«itts was held on the 19th of Odober, 16^,1, n«;t by reprefcntation, but by the freemen of the corporation at large. At this court, they agreed that in future, the freemen (])ould choofe the af- filtants, and that theaiTifbnts fliould cl oofe, from among themfelves, the governor and deputy governor. The court of alliftants were io have the power of making laws and appointing officers. '1 his was a depar- ture from their charter. One hundred and nine freemen were admitted this court. At the next general court of eleftion, in the fame year, the freemen, notwithftanding their former vote, refohec' to choofe their own governor, deputy, and alTiifants, and paffed a moft extraordinary law, ' that none but church members fhould be admitted to the freedom of the body politic' 'This law continued in force until the difTolution of the government ; with this alteration, however, that inllead of being church members, the candidates for freedom, mull have a certificate from the miniller, that they were of orthodox principles, and of good lives and con- verfations. In the years 1632 and 1653, S^^^^ additions were made to the colony. Such was the rage for emigration to New England, that the King in council thought fit to ifTue an order, (February 7, 1633,) to prevent it. This order, however, was not flridtiy obeyed ; for this year, came over JVlefTrs. Cotton, Hooker and Stone, three of the moft famous pillars of the church. Mr. Cotton fettled at Bofton, and the other two at Cam- bridge. Mr. Hooker, and 100 others, removed in 1636, and fettled at Hartford, on Conneclicut river. In 1634, twenty four cf the principal inhabitants appeared in the general court for eleftions, as the reprefentatives of the body of freen>cn, and refolved, ' That none but the genera! court had power to make and ^ftabliih laws — to clr6t officers — to raife monies, and confirm proprieties ;* and determined that four general courts beheld yearly, to be fummon- ed by the governor, and not be diffolvcd without the coufent of the ma- jor part of ilie court— that it be lawful for the freemen of each plantation, to choofe two or three perfons as their veprefentativcs, to tranfat^f.on their brhalf, the affairs of the commonwealth, &c. Thus was fettled the le- gillative body, which, except an alteration of the number of general courts, which were fnon reduced to two only in a year, and other not verv material circumllances, continued the fame as long as the charter I ifted. In 1636 Mrs. Hntchinfon, a very extraordinary woman who came to New England with Mr. Cotton, mode great difturbuncesiu the churches. Two capital errors with which flie was charged, were, * That the Holjr Choil dwells pcrfonally in a juftificd perfon ; and that nothing of fanfti- ficHtioHj MASSACHt/S E T T S. iSj" iication. can help to evidence to believers their juaifiratfon ' n;r . ran high about the covemnt nf wr^rh. "t^ ^ The uie of tobacco was prohibited under a penalty ; and the fmoke of lJ'/"/°"'*^ ™^""^cripts, is compared to tlie fmoak of the bottonilcfs pit. i he licknefs frequently produced by fmoaking tobacco was conlidered as a fpecies of drunkennefs, and hence what we now term fmoaking, v.as .then often called • drinking tobacco.' At length feme of the clergy fell mio the pradice of fmoaking, and tobacco, by an ad of tiovcrnment. * was fet at liberty.' / 5 » In 1650, a corporation in England, conOituted for proj -gating the gofpel among the Indians, began a correfpondence with the commiifiorcis of the colonies, who were employed as agents for the corporation as long as the union of the colonies continued. In confcquenceof this correfpon- dence, thecolonifis, who had too longneglefted their duty, renewed their attempts to inltruft the Indians in the knowledge of the Chriftian religion. Thefe attempts were attended with little fuccefs. While the Englifh and Dutch were at war in Europe, in 16C3, infer, mation was given to the governor of MafTachufetts.thatthe Dirtch gov- ernor had been endeavouring to engage the Indians in a confederacy agamft the Englifh, to expel or deitro> them. This created an alarm through the colonies. An examination was made, and preparation* for a warenfued, which the pacification at home prevented. In 1655, a diftemper, ^'^e to that 0^1647, went through the plan- tations. ' £> i In 165:6 began what has been generally called theperfecation of the quakers. The firfl who openly profefTed the principles of this fed in this colony, were Mary Filher and Ann Auflin, who came from iJarbadoes m July of this year. A ^cw weeks after, nine others arrived in the fhip bpeedwell of London. On the Sth of September they were brought be- fore the court of Affiftants. It feems they had before'afErmed that they were fent by God to reprove the people for their fins ; they were accord- ingly qucflioned how they could make it appear that God fent them ? After paufing they anfwered that the v had the fame call that Abraham had to go out of his country. To other queftions they gave rude and conKinptuous anfwers, which is the reafon affigned for committing thcqj I topnfon. A great number of their books which they had brought over with The author of the Eimfetm/eitlemenit in America, atnov^f tunry errors at ft ., ...-.,., J ,^:^„j,j ^,^ycr-,-cs ur: ;.vcjm!jrcr cj me l\t^ L:i gland per jtcu^ tmnt 'Such is the mauuer of proceeding of religiom pfiriiet lonvards -achsther, \ and m this ref pea the Nen^i Ef?glafzd people are not tvorfe thani he reft of mankind ; vor rrvas their Jt'veyity any jrtft matter cf reftedion upon that mode of religion I '"'^''^y thyprofefi. i\o religion 'u:hatfoi-uer, true orfaJfe, can cxcuje its rMtt mmbert, or accufe thofe of any tther ttpoa the fare »f perfeciitmn.' I \M ,1 I . I ) Its MASSACHUSETTS. with intent to flatter them about the country, were fcizcd ami rcicrvedfor the iiro. ii{jnu\ attor thm, as (iitr )>(>vnnor was going troni })iibiic wbrihip vn die Loril'it day to his own noulc, levcral gcnticnicn accompanyinjj bint, M.'iry I'rincc latlcd to him from :i window ot (he pnioii, railing at »\n\ reviling him, Iwyiiig, W'oomuo thcc, thou art an i>|>prclTor; and de. iiouiKtng tin* jud^.^niciits of (iod upon him, ISoi coiuunt with this, fhc vroic u letter to die governor and ma^illratcs lillc J with opprobr:om fluli". The governor iciit for her twice tr.)!n the priuin to his hoyle and to.ik much iiainsto pcifu.idc her to difitl from fuch extravagancies. Two of the miiiitlcrs were pivfent, and uiih mutih niodcrafiori and tcndcrnef* •♦ulcavoured tc convints her other errors, to which ihc returned tliQ grulTell railings, reproaching them as hirelings, deceivers of the people, J^aul'b pricIU, the Iced oi the fer;>cnt, ot liic brood uf HUiuacl iuid tho Jikc. At tliij time there was nofpecial provifion made in the laws for the pu- nifliment of the Q^nakers. Hut iti virtue of a law which had been n\adpallionate beings: pud troni -4 principle of piry they will olten advocats a caufc which their judgment difowns. Thu*; it waajh the cafe of the Qoaker* ; the fpecla-i tors comiiaifionatcd their fuffcrings, and then adopted their fentiments. '1 heir ga»\viii;,j numbers induced tl;e legillature in their Oclotjcr fellion, takers who Ihoald return into thit law, idenct I pvfll as of law, reiurnevi after having been baniOicd. That foive pro- vifion WIS ncceifar)' againll thcfe people fo far ab they were diliurbcrsof I civil peace and orcier, every one will allow; but fuch finguinary Inwi pi^aind' p.ircioul:«r dodrines or ienets i.i religion arc r.ot to l)e defendeil, i *l'l.e molV th.Tt can l:c faid for our ancettors is that they tried gentlermeans | ^t tir(^ which ihcv found utterly inellcc'lual, and that tiicy followed the ex- Hmj'Ics of the aiKhoriti(?(, in moll other Hates and in molt ages oi' the world, I who with tl'.c like aofurdity have fuppofcd every perfon tould and ought to think, as they »lid, and with the like cruelty have puniuied fuch ss ap- peared to diiler fiom them. We may add that it was with rclutitante that there unnatural lavvswere carried into execution. '^I'he law.sin England at this lime wore very fcvere againft thcQiiakers;! and tliough none were a^hially put to death by public execution, yet ma. nv were connned in prifons where they died in confequenco of the rigotl of tlie law. Kinc Charles the fecond nlfo, in a letter to the cqlony of M?f4 ^chufciis approved of tiieir feverit)'.* The gondutt of the quakers, ntj fcveral to pifs a law to piinilli with death all Qitakers who Ihoald return ini jurifdirtioii alter bardlhrnenc. Under tais impolitic as well as unjuft tour poikHis only unrered dc.th, and tlicte had, in the face of pru* ce ot pri That h)n * Extraif Jrun tht Kiar^'s Ltikr Juted tht i%tb yuttk iQ6tf *i irt f T T S. fcized and rcicrvcd for g frtmi public wbrihip itlc'incn tfccompaiiyiiijr t [he \mi'o>\, ruilihg at an op^rclTor; and de. coiuitnt with tUis, the illrj with opprobr:ouj )i°iuin to his hogi'e mvi Kxtravagancicii. Two icrafiori and tcndcrncf* i-hich ihc rcturticd thQ ca-ivers of the people, od ut KUiuacl iuid tho in the laws for the pu. which had liccn n\ad6 CO yf haiufliment upon ed.ajDong which were ion, if a man, wai to ■ — a wGUJan to l>c each \\v.r niau or woman, tu nn. d, and ever will have 1 ouipallionate hcings : us a caulc which thci; : Qoakoii ; the fpccla- optf d their ftntiments, 1 tlieir Oclotjcr fcllioii, ► Ihoald return into thit c as well as uiijuft law, | ce of pru 'I'hat U)iv hoy were didurbcrsof I fuch finguinary Inwi i-c r.ot to l)e defendeil, i ht'v tried gentlcrmeans | t they followed the ex- noit ages oi' the world, I lerfon tould and ought | I'e puniihed fuch ss ap> as with relu«!tant.etlue| e againft thcQiiakers; die execution, yet ma. tifequenco of the rigor I r to the colony of M?^' iutt of the quakcrs, ntj fever al M A S S A C H U 8 E T »r S. igj fcvcral fimcB was fuch a, rendertd thrm proj^er fuhvft., of a m-d-houfc "nt ^wj; ^:;^f "r t '"^ " '' '^^^•''^^' tim.veran>:^j;:rl^ dTM.\^,r! a T"''"" ^^"^^'•'^o inlhnce. of their con- uM, wluth clearly rnanildt a fpecies of .nadncfa. • Thomas Ncwhoufe Hvat into the .neefng-houfe at iJuiton with a couple o Sbotrl, and Wv «'"":•? ^''-->ir-8.-'i<'M and threatened. ^L^.y/X W ^ndjou ,n uu;. Ano her time M. Jirewlkr came in with her fate in .arcd as^b ack a. a eoal ])eborah VViHbn w. nt through theftrcets of winch the Qnakers were treated on the one part, we cannot, at the (mn^ n tile r "^ '^"^^' ""'""^^•'"' "'^^^^'"^^ -^^ infat Jatcd conS ]n Thde unhappy diffurhances continued, until the friend, of the Qnakeri KnglanJ int.rp_ofed and obtained an order from the king. SeprembeJ I the face of prudenct | Oicd. That {()nie pro- 9ih 66t. re.ju.n,ig that a Hop (hould be put to all capital or cor, oral punuhments <.liu. ^,bjrft,eallcd (fakers. This orde/ was pnXi* COM with, and the dilhirbanccrby degrees fublided. From^ h,S the r^.akers became in general :. a orderly, peaceable people and W fabantred. to the aw, of the government, iin^der which fhefhave rcfided excep fuch aj relate to the militia and the funport of the riiniftrrand JJ. heir fcruples as to thcfc, they have from tline to time wifely b^en^i- ; lulged. hey are a moral friendly, and benevolent people, and have mwJu„eT.ta..badyfor thdr driest difcipline. regular cWpondence fjr heir hofpitaitv and particularlrfortheirenga.^^^^^ o .e llavery o the Negroes: In this land of^fvil .nd religious W *i'>in.ti« hoped, tuatperfecmion will never again lift its dueful hcTd ?""'"'">' ^_*;"l-^'« ^denomination of people. vThofo fentiments and con- dutt are confiitent with the peace and happinefs of focicty. * Soon after the reftoration of Charles the If. in i66o, many eomplaints were made to his majefty refpeaing the colonv.and. agreeably toTrS ftK.n from hun.ag.nt« were fent over to .n4r ti them. ThefcT« f.vourahly received, and returned in a llicrt time with letters fVom th^ king comm:.nd.ng the alteration of fume of the law* ai.d coaomrand dn;.d.ng the admuu Iration of i..ftlce to be in his name. The 1^8 not bc.ng Hr.aiy obeyed and new complaints coming to the" king's ea^ four r-;;:' "r; ^^^ 'f ^^^^^^^ - ^ ^^^^ co the colony, with Vbfoln^e a . tlK.r.ty to hc3r and deteraune every caufe. 'ihis authority met with merited^vH>ntion The coloniii. adhered to what they imL,n d to e s;;i:;^;;st:^T''^"'"^' '?rs'^ wwhate^p^w^';^' ihdr Ob ia,itc delenceof ,. lew unwarrantable peculiarities, deferve commen- 'i heir report, however, occafioned no trouble from England, on ac- count i^gra„.d ^0 thoj, p^a„s cc.r.o4 called ^.akfn, r,>h/j.rinap^lCX yjl.nt^.uh arr^hndvfg .^,cyn>nent, a., ha^ve found U fjpry by the Svle IfO MASSACHUSETTS. it. ' •our,« of the jcaloufips of government which then prevailed there, and the misfcrcunes ot the pJaguc and tire of London. The colony now attained a more profperous condition than it had hi- therto known. Afpirit of induftry andojcononjy pervadedthe peopie,and many ofthemagiftratesand merchants became opulent. 'Ihc civil. ind ccclefialhcal partsof thecunftitution had, from the hegianing, been har- monioufly united, and continued to bt until 1670. when a divifion, which had been made fome years before in the church, originated a dif- putc, in winch the civil authority interpofed, and claimed a Aiperionty to the ecclefiaUical. 'J he cJcrgy notwithlhnding, continued to have great influence in government, until the dirtblutiou of the charter. The war, commonly called Philips war, occafioned the next diftur- bances in the colony. This wai Jailed feveral years. Many Indians were engaged in ir. They meditated the general dcftruaion of the Enc- liHi, and mucli cruelty was exercifed by both parties, until a period was put to holt.hties by the death of Philip, the Indian chief, in 1676. In the lieight of the diltrefs of the war, and while the colony was con- tending for the polTeffion of the foil with the natives, complaints Were renewed in England, which ftruck at the powers of government, and an enquiry was fet on foot, and followed from time to time, until 1684, when a judgment was given againft the charter. The fucceeding year, the legiHature. expecting every day to be funer- fedcd, paid little attention to public affairs. In 1686, May 15th, a commiffioner arrived appointing a prefidert, and divers gentlemen of the council, .^o take upon them the adiainiltra- tion of government. This adrainiftration was i^iort, and produdive of Bo grievances. On the 19th of December, the fame year, arrived Sir Edmund Androi, with a commilfion from king James, for the government of New Eng- land. Conneaitut however, was not included in his commiffion. His ^ind profeffions encouraged, for a while, the hopes of the people, who from his charafter expected a different treafui.mt from him. He foon aftcdout himfelf, and, together with his council, did many arbitrary afts to the oppreiTion of the people, and the enrichment of himfelf and fol- lowers. The prefs was rcftrained— public thankfgiving, without an order from the crc^ ..'s -v-,s prohibited— fees of all officers were encrcafed, and the peo- ple conpcih • £ r petition '- new patents of their lands, f«r which they were obh«,pa to pay exorbitant prices. The colony was greatly difquieted by thefe and fimilar tyrannical pro- cccdmgs; and when news arrived of the declaration of the prince of Orange, in 1689, the governor and about fifty others were fcized and con- fined, and afterwards ient home, and the old magiltrates reinflated in their iofHces. ° The affairs of the colony vrere conduced with prudence, and liberty being granted to the people by the crown, to exercife for the prefent their former crnvprnn\fnt tU.,,, ,^^^^^ i„j ...:»u i-..:».. j.'_-. .. .the old charter, flriving in vain to get it confirmed, until, in 1692, thef received and adopted a new one» The new charter comprehended all •he territory of tlie old one, together with the colony of new Plymouth, the rcvailcd there, and the ivery day to be fuper- MASSACHUSETTS^ ,9, tlie Province of Main and Nova Scotia, and all tTie country between the ^n ;- 'all nr rt'j'r^'" ''^* ^» ^^^ "'^^^^^-^^ ^^ '»- River ".Lw! Vineyard. '' '"'^ '^'' iAand, of Nantucket and Martha* By the new charter the appointment of the governor was in t»,f crown. ta.ft ofZt: '^^'rf r^'^ '^•l''"^; ^"''"S^ >-^' -'^ eve.:/"?!": ta.u of forty pound. Itcrhngpcrfonai eftate. was a voter for reprefcnta- The French of Quel)ecinftigating the Indians and joining with the lu top under and k,!l the Knglilh. a.fd the French of AcadicfnS W t ,c coa h and taking many vcUels. the general court in the winte of .680' :;; ri Sei^c ^''t °^" '\' ^"-^^ 't^ ""^^^ ^"-^p^''^ ^"^^ '-» upon ^th'x. forces were fentoutand took Port Koyal and the whole 'fhe L;^ 7 '^r V^ '''''^:^'' ''^ '^'^ ^'"^ ^^"S'^"^ rarlemcnts ' diaLnttSf • rrt''?"'"".^^'^'^"^^^^ ^^•'^'^ '"■^^"'•'h and In. n e thn-r H r^ "^ "^f'^'', '^f'""^' determined the general court to profe- cute their defign upon Quel>ec. But the feafon waffo far advanced wher the troops arrived at Canada-the French fo fuperior in numher-th; weather fo tempeftuous. and the f.cknefs fo great a.uonir thrfo dicrs that this expedition was attended with great lo.f. ^ "' were 'Zt n?^' 7T^"^^r •■■'^^ V'^'."''5'^^^"""« ^"'^'='"''' ^^l^'Je the troop» were gone out of the -o/ .ny, but hoflTlities wece foon renewed. ^ AcX f!u '"^ ^"'^i.''",' "'^^"'^'^^ ^^^ inhabitants of th;; frontiers daily. U rhl F ffi?'" '^^,° '^^ '''""*' °^ ^'^^ P'^"*-'''' ^"'i ■•vas afterward, retaken eft dffJw^ ''^- ^^'\'"'^«bitant3 of this territory experienced the g eat" clt lufFerings at every change of their mafter. ^ hiu\ r2 •?r'^'^''°1 ""' ^'''":i'^ 'S^»"'^ Canada, and ailiftance from Eng, nil ^f"" 'J'"', r""* ^"'" ^'^« '•ed"<^ion of the French, who wefe endeavouring by the aid of the favages to ruin entirely the Britifli fettle! rivlVit^N>''fP'''/°r"^'.'"'''°'] "^^P^-^'ng ^'itchcraft was again re- IZil ^^r'."^' '"^ "S^a with uncommon violence. Several Z..T T'' '','"^'^'- '?^">' ''''' condemned, and fome executed. Va- ornlrS V -.5 pious jeople have believed there was fomething fu- oe natural in it, and that i was not all the efFed of fraud and impoifure. o^^er^whl h "^c.^'/r.f^^'^ the accufers to have been under bodilv difl ZrL f M^ ^K'' ^'"^^g^"^"""^- This is kind and charitable, if nil • ^'"P°'^"T • ^'•^'".^>' >'°""S girls, who at firll perhaps thought nothing more than exciting pity and indulgence, and continued by a 1 I perfons. who were afraid of being accufed themfelves. The one and the other, rather than confefs their fraud, fufFcred the lives of fb H>any rtl m'% '^V'r""^ of Utrecht, in xiv^, Norvc ^\otia nvm arbitrarily taken- Jnim Mafachu/etts, and ereaed into a feparate gaver,:ment. And by the treafv •J 11^3, the territory befween the Highlands nvhich form a part cfthe north- ern boundary of ,he United States, and th^ riv^r St. Liwreme, w^r- ced.d t. ^reat Britain^ ^ ^* ii I- » ■ I tc^i MASSACHUSETTS. many innocents to be taken away, through the credulify aC juc'^rs aiid juries. / ^ & That the odium of thii tragic conduft might not refl upon the New EnglanJers alone, it ought here to be obfervcd, that the fahie infatuation was at this time current in England. The law by which witches were coudeamed, was a copy of the Hatute in England ; and the praitice of the courts was regulated by precedents there affbrdcd. .Some Jace iuaances prove that England is n»t entirely cured of thut delufioii. In 1711, fome ihips and troops being fent'over. the colony troop joined them, and an attempt was made upon Canada, in which the' '^rcaur part of them perifhed. 'I his diialtor was very grievous to the people of New England, and many perlbns, in confequencc of it, abandoned every expectation of conquering Canada. Frequent excurfions on the frontiers immcdiatelv followed ; but as foon as the peace < .. Utrecht wc, known, the Indians'cf tiie various tribes re> quelted to be at peace witi; the Englifh— a&ed pardon for tlicir violation of formertreaties, and engaged for tiie future to demean thcmfclvcs as good fubjcdts of the crown of Great-Britain. Articles of a general treaty were drawn up atid figncd by botji parties. From 1675, when I'hilip's war began, to the prefent time, 1713, five or fix thoufand of the youth of the country had pe.ilhed by the enemy, or hy dittempcrs contrafkd in thefervice of their country. Ihe colonic-s, which uiually doubled their inhabitants in five and twcntv vears, had not at this time double the number which they had fifty years before. The profpcft of a long peace which tlic gcnernl treaty afforded, was interrupted by the machinations of one Ralle, a French Jefuit, who infiigated the Indians to make freOi incurfions on the benders of the colony inl 7 1 7. After fcve- ral inelfeaual attempts topcrfu^-le the Indians to'defift from their oi^>era- tions, forces were fent out by government from time to time, who de- ftroycd feveral parties of the Indians, but there was no ccflation ofhoai- lities until the death of Ralle in 1 724. In 172 c, a treaty was made with the Indians, and a longpcace fucceeti- cd it. The length of the peace is in a great rneafure to be attributed to the fiivourable a^s of government, made foon after its commencement, refpefting the Indian trade. In 172 1, the fmall pox made great ha^ock in Boflon and the adjacent tnwn^. Of^BSc) whotook itin Bolton, 8^'4 died. Innoculatton wasmtro' duccd on this occafion, contrary ho«vever to the minds of the inhabitants in general. Dr. C. Mather, one of th<' principal minilkrs of Kofton, had obferved, in the philofophical tranfadions, a letter from Timonious from Conflantinople, giving a favourable accourtof the operation. He re- commended it to thephylicians of Bofton to make ttieexrerimcnt, but nil declined but Dr. Boyllfon. 'i'o Ihew his conridejtce of fuccefs, he began wi:!i his own children and fervants. Many pious people were (truck with horror at the idea, and were of opinion that if any of his patients Ihould a:-. 1-= ->=,g|nj jQ ij^ treated as a muidercr. lers of inon in a greater or lefs degree, condemned a praftice approved and to wiiich thoufandi owe uic. r. ft»«atlon of their iivet*. pre* In W' dulify o£ judges aiid P R O V I N C E o , M A r K. :g^ In 174^, according to a propofal and plan of the gov«rnor of this colo- ny, Louilburg was befieged and taken. The pofTc^'Iion of this place appeared neceilary for.the fccuritv of the Engh'fli fi(licr>-, and prevented ail ittack upon Nova Scotia, which the French had meditated and threa- tened. The reduaion of Louifhnrg by a Britidi colonv, furprlzed Great Bri- tain and France, and occafioned both powers to form important plans for the next year. Great Britain had in view the reduftion of Canada and the extirpation of the French from the northei.i continent. France' the recovery of Louilburg, theconquelt of Nova Scotia, and the deftrufti' on of the EnghOi fea coall from Nova Scotia to Georgia. Great prepa rations were accordingly made by both monarchs. A very formidable Irench fleet failed for the American coaft ; a Britiih fquadron was lono- expcaed to oppofe them, and to protect the colonies: but expededin vaiif n he colonies were in immediate and imminent danger. Fortunatclv for them, the French Heer was rendered unfit to accomplifh tlieir deG^n' hv a violent ftorm, which damaged moft of the fhips fo much as that'thev were obliged to return to France, or retire to the Weil Indies to refit _ Pious men faw the immediate hand of divine providence in the protec- tion, or rather refcue of the Briti'h, colonies this year, as they had done in the almoit miraculous fuccefs of the Cape Breton expedition, th- year before. ■' By the time the fears of the colonies, which had been excited by the French fleet, were removed, the feafon was too far advanced to profecut- the Candida expedition. The inaalve profecution of the war in Europ- on both fides, indicated peace to be near, which tlie next year was tficlC ed. Here governor Hutchinfon ends his hiftory of MaOachufetts. It be- ongs to theprofeffcdhirtorianto relate the important events which have ha; pened fince Several of them, however, may be found in the foreoo- ang hiftory of the United States. It ought in jultice here to be obferv?d that in point of military, political, and literary importance, Maflachu- fctts IS inf&nor to none, and fuperior to moft, of the itates in the union. <^■■*^-<>T-fC>^■, •''-«?i>-c5S'<>,i<>-,<.,^.'<>,i.<5>^L,^ .'^l^-.i-O. PROVINCE OF MAIN, Including the lands which lie eaft, as far as Nova Scotia. (Belonging to Mailachufats.j SI TUATION and £ X T K Jf T. miles. -ength 30-'! g^tween/ '^^^ ana 46'' North Latitude. Breadth 104 J "l^ 4" and 8« Eaft Longitude. Boundaria.] T\ ^''^^^'^K^ northweftwardlv by the higldands, wlixli J-* fcpaute the rivers which iall .hco the St. Lawrence, B b ' • fr,w„ ■{'■s M llTf ! 'i" '94 PROVINCE OF MAIN. f •. om thofe wliidi fall into the Atlantic ocean ; eaft'.vardly by the river Sr. Croix, and a line drawn due north from its fuurce to the faid high lands-, whicii divides this territory from Nova Scotia ; foutheaftwardly by the Atlantic octan j and weftwardly by New Hampfhire. The Old Province of Main (included in the limits prefcribed above) is b iiuled on'thefouthwcft and well by New Hampfiiire ; foutheailby the Atlantic ocean, and north and northeaft by the land, called in fomc maps bagadahok. It was fuppofed at the time of its being made a pro- vince, to have been 120 miles fquare; but by a fettleraent of the line, in 1737, on the part, or fule adjoining New Hamplhire, the form of the land was reduced from a fquare to that of a diamond. The Province of Main contains, according to Douglafs, about g,6oo fquare mifes. Civil divjioii.'] The whole Province of Main, and the territory to the eaft of it as tar as the wellern boundary of Nova Scotia, were formerly in one county, bv the name of Yorl<.lhire. In 1761, this extenfive county was divided into three counties. The ealternmort, called Lincoln, contains all lands eatt of Sagadahok. and feme part of Main, viz. Gcorg^- AX)wn, oji the fca coaft, and all the lands between the rivers Kennel>elc and Aincrafcocv.in. 'i his county is iaid to be 1 50 miles fquare. It has been in agitation for fevtral years 'to divide it into three, but for various reafons the divi- fion has hitherto l>cen delayed. For the accommodation of theinhabi- tunts, it is at ptefent divided into three diftri(Jts, in each of which is a judge, a regi'ler oi probate, and a re^ilkr of deeds. A great part at tilts county M yet in a ftate of n uure. It is hqwever rapidly fettling. 'Hie frontier inhabitants on each fide of the Canada line, are but a few Hiilf.s apart. Next to Lincoln is C umberl A nu county, of which Portland is tk| coijnty town, and capital of the whole territory. This county con- tains nearly half the Old Province of Main. The reft of the Province of | IvLuii is included in York county. Thefcth.ee counties arc fubdivided iro ninety-four townftiips, of which Lincoln contains fifty-three, Cum- bcrlnnd twenty, and York twenty one. Thefe counties in 1778, hadfix regiments of militia. Ill 177!^, a ftate tax of ^.254,7x8:16:11, was aflefled on the polls and eftates, within the Commonwealth of MalTacliufetts, by their general conit. 'I he following apportionment of that tax to the three counties ahovenif-ntioned, wiliferve tofhew the proportion which they beano the whoJe itate. York county, - £.\i,\02:-[6:%~\ Cumberland, do. - 6,4.28:6:2 ^ttt • 1 • 1 ^^v^*.^»,a\ T- 1. 1 ^., ol vv Inch IS nearly one thirteentfl JLincoln,do. - 1,782 :7:h> ^ f, ,\ r I part ot the whole lum. Total, X.i9»3J3-io:6j Rvvers.'] St. Croix is a Ihort andinconfiderable river, forming thccaf- tern boundary of tlie United States.* It falls into Paflamaquody hay. Penobfcot Qovcrltor T(rx)nal juppofti that Pnjpintarpuo.ij river, 'which is j^M"»«c t'v:int] P R O V I N C E o F M A I N. ,9^ f-cnobfcot river rifes in fome ponds in the liea. of the country, and paf- fing through feverai fmall lakes, it tumbles for near two miles over falh, which effcdually prevent any further marine navigation. To thefc falls which are about lit'ty* miles from the fca,this river is navigable for vcllcls ot ;in iiundrcd tons. It empties into Penohfcot bay. Kennelx-k river rifes from a little pond in the l:eigbt of land, in north latitude 4;" 20' and about 5" 10^ eaft longitude. Its gcn-ral courfc is from nortn to fouth. It is navigable for vcihh of an hundred tuns, to hallowell, fifty milesfrom Small p,.>int, at the nwuth of the river. bagadahck or Amcrafcnggin river, which, properly fpeaking, is but the mam wefcern branch of the Kennebek. rifes in 'latitude aa.'' co' northeaflward of the mUe Hills, in lake Umha(1 beautiful bav, interfperfcd with fni?]l iflands, and i .rins the enrrance into Sagadahok. It has a fufficient depth of water i I ve6, the compact part of the town, and the port were incorporated by tho name of i'ortiand. It has aa excellent, fafe and capa- cious harboiir, but incapal'le of defence, except by a navy, and carries on a ''v.::^.;n traie, and the nriK'iy, and builds fome fnips. The town, is grow- ini^, aiivi(.apai>le of grcfat iiuprovmcnt;;. '1 he old town of Falmouth, which included i\)rt]an ' as divided into three parilbes, which contained UiOre than 700 familic:, 1 flourifning circumliances, when the Britifli troops burnt it in i"/7'» It is now cliioilv rebu'lr, tie towp on tlie etdt fide of the mouth of Pifcata- ry pretty qua river, and is famous for ll.ip-building. One of :ts prefcnt iiihahi- taiits* is one of th>; firil geniuTcs in that liu.?, in America. . York, Wells, Berwick. * Mr. Peck. A I N. ; courtry, and empfy entrance by water in- York river runs up for vefifcls under 200 ftrangcrs. Spurvving " Cape Eliznbeth, and ns. Sheepfcut is na- hc ocean at the fame : port called Wifcaflet, of navigation on this ;o Damarifcotta river. brmer has a beautiful th innumerable bays, auth of Penobfcot ri- ined with a clufter of e Britilh, in the late w a tovvnlliip of Maf- iimber trade. It has, bagadufe, or for the ut four leagues weft- 1, Peraaquid point or 1 Cape Elizabeth, and nd about fourteen in ith (nvAl ifl?iids, and ;ient depth of water I Cape Ncddik, and [es northwell of Fal- :oggin and Kcnncbek s ponds, and Icveral failors, is about cioht s ill the townfhip of armcrly part of Fal- /n, and the port were x'llcnt, faff and capa- navy, and carries on !. The town, is grow- 1 of Falmouth^ which .vliich contained iViOre ;n the Britifli troops ie mouth of Pifcata- )f ts prefcnt iiihahi- :rica. . York, Welis, Berwick. PROVINCE OF M i& I N. 197 Berwick, Arundel, ,Biddeford and Scarborough, are all confidcrable towns. Climate.'] The heat in fummer is intcnfe, and the cold in winter ecuaJ- ly extreme. All frclh water lakes, ponds and rivers are ufually naaable on ue, fnxn Ciuiftmas. until the middle of Mirch. The longel? day is fittecn hours nnd fixteen minutes, and the (hortcft eight hours and forty- four mmutes. The climate is very healthful. Many of the inhaUtanti hve ninety years. Face of the country. Soil and Produce. 1 The face of the country,! t reeard to evemieisor roughnefs, is fimilar to the relt of the New Kngland Itates About Cafco Bay, it is level and fandy, and the foil thin and poor. Jhroughout this country, there is a greater proportion of dead fwamps tiian in any other part of New England. The traft lying between PaifL niaquudy and Peno'^fcot rivers is white pine land, of a llrong moift foil uita fome mixture of oaks, white alh, birch and other trees, and the interi- or parts, are interfperfed with beech ridges. The fea coaft is generally barren. In many towns the land is good for grazing. Wells and Scar- borough have large trafts of fait marfb. The iniatiu parts of Main ar6 Icrti e, butnewly and thinly fettled, 'i'he low fwamps are ufelefs. 1 he grain raifcd here is principally Indian corn— little or no wheat-* fome rye, barley, oats and peas. 1'he inhabitants raife excellent potatoes in Jaro;e quantities, which are frequently ufed inftcad of bread. T'heir biitter iias the preference to any in New lingland, owing to the goodnefs ot the grafs, which is very fwect and juicy. Apples, pears, plums l^eaches and cherries t^^row here very well. Plenty of cvder, and fom^ , perry IS made in the fouthern and wcdern parts of Main. The perry " IS made from choak pears, and is an agreeable liquor, having fomethin^ ot the harihnefs of claret wine, joined with the fweetnefs of metheglin. Timber.'] On the higJi lands arc oak i!:fomeplacTs, but not plentv,maple, beech and wiiite birch. The white birch in this part of the country ,'is unlike tnat which grows in other parts. It is a large fightlv tree, fit for many iHes. Its bark, which is composed of a great number of tiiicknefies, is, whc« [ Jcpar.'ted, fmoother and fofter than any paper. The elav-landsproduc |ir The timber of this tree is unfit for nk, but it yield? the balfam which IS To ranch admired. This balfam is '.-ontained in fmall protuberances, iiKt '..uilers, under the fmooth bark of the tree. The Hr tree is an ever- green rerombling the fpruce, but very tapering, and not very large or Trade, Mattu failures, $5fr.] From the firft fettlement of Main until the year 1774 or 1775, the inhabitants generally followed the lumber trade to the neglcd of ngricultuce. 'J his afforded an immediate profit. Large quantities of corn and other grain were annuallv imported f-rom Bbltoji and odier pIaces,^wit'hout which itwas f jppofed the intiablcantj could not a.e iuuuircu. Bui the iatc war. by rcnderinfr tiicie reiourees Drecariflns. put the inhabitants upon their true intercit ring tneic reiourees prccanaus, Lindb, which, at a little ditiance from the fi i.e. the cull :i\'at;() n of their RfHin. The in! abitants now raife a fulfi ^ea, are well adapted for raifini' eieut Qunnti ill in ty f ption ; though too many are Itiil more fond oi t heir .)ri: axe tiKin owneoh" of the plough, ii ■ «t,S P R O V I N C E F M A I N, plough. Their wool and flax are very good — hemp lias not been fufficicntly tried. Ahtioft every family manufacture wool and flax into cloth, and make hufl)aRdry utenlils ojfevery kind for their own ufe. Mines and Minerals.'] Iron and Bog ore are found in many places in great plenty, and works are ered^ed to manufadlure it into iron. There is a ftone in Lebanon, which yields copperas and fulphur. Exports.] This country abounds with lumber of the various kinds, iiich as mafts, which of late, however, have become fcarce, white-pine boards, fhip timber, and every fpeciesoffplit lumber manufaftured from ^ine and oak ; thefe arc exported from Quamphcgon in Berwick, Saco falls in Biddeford, and Pepperillborough, Prefumfcut falls in Fahnouth, and Anierafcoggin falls in Brunfwick. The rivers abound with falmon in the Spring feafon. On the fea coaft liHi of various kinds are caught in plenty. Of thefc the cod filh are the principal. Dried fi(h furnifhes a ca- pital article of export. . Animals,] In this country are deer, moofe, beaver, otters, fables, brown (quirrils, white-rabbits, bears, which have frequently deftroyed cornfields, ,wolves, which are deftrudive toflieep, mountain-cats, porcupines or hedge hogs — patridges, but no quails, wild-geefe and ducks, and other* water fowls, abound on the fea coaft in their feafons. No venomous ferpents are found eall of Kennebek river. Charaficr and Religion.] The inhabitants are a hardy robuft fet of peo- !c. The males are early taught the ufe of the mufquet, and from their requent ufe of it in fowling, are expert marks-men. 'Ihe people in ge- neral arc humane and benevolent. The common people ought, by law, to have the advantage of a fchool education, but there is here, as in other parts of New England, too vifible a negled. , In March 1788, the general court ordered that a trad of land, fix miles iquare, fhould be laid out between Kennebek and Pen bfcot rivers, ro the northward of Waldo patent, to be appr'ipriated for the foundation of a college. - As to religion, the people are mode' te Calvjnifts. Notwithftanding F.pifcopacy was eftabiifhed by their former charter, the churches are prin- .cipally on the congregational plan ; but are candid, catholic and tolerant towards thofc of other perfuafions. In 1785, they had feventy-two religious afTcmblies, to fupply which Were thirty-four minlAers. Hijiofy.] The firft attempt to fettle this country was made in 1607, on the welt fide of Sagadahok, near the fea. No permanent fetticmcnt however was at this time efl?e«5ted. It does not appear that any further attempts were made until between the years 1620 and 1630. In 1656, Courts were held at Saco and other places, of which fome re- ■ J_ _^.^_ ._ .. T? -_ .1 C __^ 1 • . . _ -I . .1 .-.11.1. ©f'rus «irc cxiut'ii. r ri)iw incic lecorus ic appears iriHr tiiC coiirrs acTCU i50ui in a legiflative and judicial capacity. Very few of their orders and laws are to be found. They proceeded in a fummary method, attending ,moTc to fubftance than form, making the laws of England their general rule. In ..tw*' VROViNCE OF MAIN. '9f lies, to fupply which In 1635, S'r Ferdinando Gorges obtained a grant from the council of Plymouth, ot the traft of country between the rivers Pifcataqua and Sa- gadahok, which IS the mouth of Kennebek; and up Kcnncbek fo far a^ to form a fquare of 120 miles. It is fuppofed that Sir Ferdinand firlfc initituted government in this Province. In 1639. Gorges obtained from the crown a charter of the fo'I and fu^ rildiction, contaidmg as ample powers perhaps as the Kin? of England ever granted to any fuhje(it. r r s '^lauu. i In the fame year he appointed a governor and council, and thev admi- mfieredjulhce to the lettlers until about the year 1647, when, hearing of the death of Gorges they fuppofed their authority ceafed, and th_^ peopte on the fpot umverfally combined and J'greed to be under civil govern- ment, and to eled their officers annually. ^ Government was adminiftered in this form until i6c2, when the inha- bitants fubmitted to the Maffachufetts, who, by a new conftrudion of theic charter which was given to RofTwell and others, in 1628, claimed the foil and jur.fdiaion of the Province of Main as far as the middle of Cafco Bay Main then firft took the name of Yorkfhire; and county courts were held in the manner they were in Maflachufetts, and the towns had liberty to lend their deputies to the general court at Bofton. In 1 664, Charles II. granted to his brother the Duke of York, all that lTfh!f a"^''"J^ ""' d'^ ''" ^^'^"^'^ ^^- ^'^''^ «"d P^^'^^qu"! rivers, on the fea coaft ; and up Pemaquid river, and from the head thereof to Kennebek river, and thence the Ihorteft ^courfe north to St. Lawrence nver. 1 his was callexl the Duke of York's property and annexed to the tC'rhTn^K'^-^"/^- T^ ^"*^^°^ Vork,on thedeath of hisbro! therUiarles II, became James II, and upon James' abdication, thefe lands reverted to tiie crown. ^ ^ ^ idiiu« U.fj'f'^'u'^'^ territory ff the Sagadahok is fuppofed to contain all nds lying betv.een the river St. Croix eaft, and Kennebek weft, and frort the^ Atlantic to the highlands in the northern boundary of the Unitcg Upon the reftoration of Charles II, the heirsof Gorges complained to th« ^ crown of the Maflachufetts ufurpation; and in 166c. the KiL's commit lioners who yifited New England, came to the province of MaUanTap- ff mag.ftrates and other officers independent of Maflachufetts Bay. fi h ?nTT''' '^'^fP^'P'^^' adminiftered government according fa uch inftru<^ions as the king's commiflioners had given them, until alwut onr;nd''f ' "'".t Mafl-achufetts general clurt fent dowTcoiS - Hn< Won 'T'"^'''^ ^f' t'- '^'"^ ^y'^' authority derived from the lome declaring for Gorges and the maeiflrates appointed by the kine'i ai"jiffioners. and others for Maflachulltts. The latter however pL P ts of "i' M^'fr"^ ^^r'' '2^ '"'"^"'^ jurifdiaion were held as in qlher parrs ot the Maflachufetts Bay. • About the year 1674, the' heirs of Gorges complained aeain to the ^ ng and couftcil of the ufurpation of Maflachufetts Bay. andTcy were ailed upon to anfwer for their conduft. The refult w^as. they ccS i ZdoTJ'' "''"•' a ''Si' i""f^i«i«n. «nd Gorges, grandfun of FerdV nando, fent over inftrua,'.o<.,. ^W m 1 677, the JVlaiSchufcits, by thek agent. t09 PROVINCE Of MAIN. agent, John Ufher, Efq; afterwards governor of New Hampfliire, pur- chifed the right and intcrcft of the patent for/. 1 200 tterling. TheMaf- fachufetts now fuppofed tliey had both the jurifdiftion and thq foil, and flccordmgly governed in the manner the cliarter of Main had diredtcd, until 1684, when the Maffachulctts charter was vacated. In 1 691, bychaiter from William awd Mary, the Province of Main «nd the large territory eaftward, extending to Nova-Scotia, was incorpo- rated with the Maflachufctts Bay j fince which it has been governed, and courts lield as in other parts of the Maffachufetts. "Ihis country, from its firil fettlement, has been greatly harralfed by the Indians. In 1 67 5, all the fcttlements were in a manner broken up and deftroyed. From about 1692 until about 1702, was one continued fcene of killing, burninganddeftroyiiig. The inliabitanlsfuftered much for feveral years preceding and following the year 1724. Andfo late as i7J.4and 1748, pcrfons were killed and captivated by the Indians in many of the towns next the fea. Since this period, the inhabitants have lived in peace, and have increafed to upwards of 50,000 fouls. This number h daily and rapidly increaf- ing. To facilitate intercourfc between the inhabitants, the legiflaturc have lately adopted meafures for opening mads in different parts of tlie country. Such is their growing importance and their ardent defire for indcpentknce, that their political feparation from Maffachufetts may be fuppofed not far diftant. RHODE -ISLAND. SITUATION and extent. miles. Length 68lg^^^^g r 3* and 4^ Eaft Longitude. Breadth 40 J \ 41" and 42° North Latitude. BOUNDED north and eaft by the Conttnonwealth ofl Maffachufetts; fouth by tlie Atlantic; weft by Con j ncfticut. Thefe limit» comprehend whal hai been called Rhode-lflaniij Civil and Providence Plantations, RHODE. ISLAND. Aof- New Hampuiire, pur- otterling. TheMaf. dlion and the; foil, and ■ Main had dircdtcd, a ted. he Province of Main a-Scotia, was incorpo- is been governed, and [reatly harralfed by the )ken up and deftroyed. inued fcene of killing, iiuch for feveral years late as i7J.4and 1748, > in many of the towns ace, and have increafed y and rapidly increaf- bitants, the legiflaturc n different parts of tlie heir ardent defire for MafTachufetts may be Cifil Divijions and Populaiion.'l which arc fubdividcd into twenty- Cp UNTIES. ( Townships. This vState is divided into five coantie^, nine towafnips, as follows : Newport, Newport, Portfrnouth, Folter, ■<( Janiftown, Mid^llctown, Tiverton, ^Little Corapton "Wefterly, North Kingiton South-Kingfton Wafhington, ^ CharlUown, Exeter, Richmond, ^Hopkinton. Kent, f Eaft G reenwich < VVeft Greenw. [Coventry. "Providence, Warwick, Smiihfield, Scituate, 5*rovidence, ■<( Gloucefterv Cumberland, Cranlhm, J oh niton, .North Provid. llfifto]. rBriftoi, < Warrtn, I Barrington. No. of 5S30 1350 1763 345 674 1959 1720 2328 2675 2058 1094 '735 1609 1698 2107 4310 21 12 2217 1628 2791 1548 1589 996 698 1032 905 53+ Inhabitants. ; mal live. J Twenty-nice. | 51,896 j "13 •« fo On o 5 01 CA c C3 o a ' «,- Oh' (u w 15 u rs o c fcOcC i « o c S F -« " " u c " o c re CO Vj c^ • ^ _ .-< rt i2 i^ jS • "-I TO ^ • •-< JZ '- 3 o •^ w- - - «j u 5 c^ S «5 c s =3 «-> 3 4J ^, On rv. CO a\ LP) rfl CO E «-^r-' CO in »0 CO f^ CO r^ .- -4 00 »H COiO 00 CO CO 00 • CO .^ -C ra ei CO CO C0"<0 10 0< ^ CO CO ^ tN. « o CO the Confmon wealth oi'j lantic; weft by Con I :n called Rhode-Iflamij The civH diflentlons in which this State has for fome time paft I^ca ~ ;•' " , ; •;,:"""', cuu-rauor..s. unt.i theic dillenti'jns are compofed, the number will no doubt continue to decre-afc. The inhabir.inf*- arc chie/Iv of Englifliexrraf^Wjn TV,« « • • ir ^c ^rv/. I kM Pi !'I\ , KlM .302 k H O D E . I S L A N D. WK tlI«;to.i. Prys, ILuboiiys aud IJIiSiids.] Narraganfctt Cay makes up from fouih to no. til, lx;twecn the main lanilon ihc eail and wcrt. It cmUofoms many | icrtile illrtnds, the ;'rinci}>alo{'wliicli arc Kliodc-llland, Canoiinicui, PrJ. d.n.e, hicicii. c, Uo^^, Dyer's and Hog illand^. 'I'iie liarhuari arc iScw|>ort, i'rov id'.'ncc, Vv'ickford, Patuxet, Warrca| an. I Jirilloj. • Rhudc-Jlhnd i.s tliirtcon miles lone from north tofouth, and four mllcjl dc, ar.d ib divided into three lovvn^nlp^, Newport, Portfniouth.aud Midi It is a noted refortfor invaliils from fouthern climates. '1 lu* liland ib exceedingly p'.eaiant and iiciiltlifal ; and is celebrated for its {In/uoincn. Traveiloi-.s wiih propriety, c;oratcd by iict (U^iir-nibly by the name of JameUown, in i6;S. Hlock lllandj called by the Indians Maniifes, is about forty-tlirecl niilesfouthwcd from Xewpv>rt, and is the foutiiernmoll land belonging tu the vSiate. It was erected into a tovvnllup, by the name of JScA-jhon;. | ham, in 1672. Pnidence Lland is nearly oj; quite as large .%:> Canonnlcut, andl.'cl liurih of it. Riftis.'] Providence and Taunton rivers both fall into Narraganfctt Bay, the former on the well, tlie latter on the cait lide of Rhodc-illami, | Provideiv.e river nlcs in rvialfaehureits, and is navigable as far as Provi- and th.c diflcnt;irv. Theie are nol fo iiiuch owlni^ to tlu climate, as 10 intemperance and i;w prudence. Kioil and PtsJu^h.'is.^ This Stat:', generally fp"aki:''g, is « country for] ])ai!iire and not for ^r;si:i. ir hov.-t'sr^i pnniiKo eom, rvf, h-nritv, uiUii an>l iliK, and ( uiin.iry plants and roots in yieat variety and abunc'auv.e. Its natural i;rc>v\ ili is the Uww -.v. in the otiie- Ne*v England Srates. The weftcin jknd northuellern parts (if the .State arc iMit thinly inhabit-d, and are bur* rtn and rocky. In tlw Narra'.;anfett country the land is i*;c for gra/iiig. The tin ODE-ISLAND. "3 land, Canoiiaitut, P; :ford, Patuxet, Warrca 1. Canonnkut, and 1,'e, all vcCcls lu 'i auiuun. ilic people arc genrraily farmers, and nlfe great numlwrs of t'.-.c fincl^ and Ircfit neat cattle in America; foine of them weighing from 16 to iHco Licielit. 'l"hey keep large dairies, and make butt^-r ^iu\ rhcefe of the Kelt mialit)'. a'ld in large quantities for exportation. Narraganfctt is fnn^cil I for an excellent breed of pacing horfcs. 'I hey arc ftmng, and remarkable I j;)r their fpeed, and for their excellency in enduring the fatigues of a long jounicy. Tr^.fc] Before the war, the merchants in Rhode-THand imported from iGreat-Rnrain.dry goods— from Holland, money— from Africa, flaves— from theWelt-lndics.fugars, coffee and molaires— and from tlienvighboiir- ing colonies, lumber and provifions. With the money nhich they ob- lined in Holland, they paid their merchants in England ; their fugars thev carried to Holland ;' the fiaves from Africa, they carried to the Wi-lMr- diei, to^rether with the lumber and pro\ ifions procured from their neighbors; the rum dirtillcd from molaircs, was carried to Africa to purchafe negroes ; v.ith their dry goods from England they trafficked with the neighbouring colonies. By this kind of circuitous commerce, they fublifted and grew rich. But the war, and fome other events have had a great, an-.', in molt refpei-^s, an injuriou'- effeft upon the trade of this State, 'i'he fiar c trade, wliich was a fource of wealth to many of thc.people in Newport, and ia other parts of the State, has happily been abolithed. 'I he legiflature have paired a law prohibiting (liip* from'going to Africa for Haves, and felling them in the Weft-India ifiands ; and the oath of one fcaman, belongi ig to. the (hip, is fnfHcient evidence of the fad. This law is more favcurable to the caufe of humanity, than to the temporal interelts of the merdiants who had been engaged in this inhuman trade. The prohibition of the f.avc trade, and the iniquitous and dellrut'tivc inOuence of paper money, com- bined with the devaftations of a cruel war, have occafioned a itagnation of trade in Newport, wiiich i-^ truly melancholy and diftrefilng. 'I'hefn- lutarv influencesof a wife and eficient government, it is hoped win revive the defponding hopes of the people in this beautiful city, and place them in their former affluent and rcfi>edable fituation. The prefont exports from the State ix-fced , Inmber, horfes, rattle, fifh, poultrv, onions, cheefe and barley, i ..^ imports, confifting of Euro- pean and Weft- India goods, and logwood from tl^-e Bay oi' Honduras, ex- ceed the exports. About 600 veifels enter and clear annually at the dif- ferent ports in this State. Li^ht.Hou/c.} For the fafety .^nd convenience of fail-n- liitT t]ie hnrbouc of Ncvv'port, a7/^/j/-/w/^was ercrtcd, in 1749, in Beavertail at ::ie fouth endbf Canonniciit illand. ijr. Douglafs, in his Stmm aiiy, ^-c. nublif^ed in I'-r.';, i>is given a , particular ddcription of it. As I know not that nnv material altcr.Ttion hai taken place rcfpediu'^ it, finer that time, I fliall infcrt it from him. ' The diameter at the bafo, is 24 ft'ct, and at the top i 3 feet. Th& hei'>1it from the ground to the top of the cornice is cS feet, round wluci\- is a c-allerv, and within that ftands the lanthorn, which is about 1 1 feet hij>!i, and 8 feet diameter. ""The ground the li^ht-houfc funds on, is about 12 feet above the furface «f the ua athi'.ih wa:sr. The ••aar^ ^^ H O D The foil ^■ISLAND. places fioin tii ovying arc the l)caring» (by the II-' iight-houfc VIZ. cornpaH,} of fevcral remarkablt i'oint Jmlitl, s y; J^ock-Iilami N.W. Point. S.' VV.* IJrcntr.n's Reaf F S*F Scnl Rock F S V* J'.Iu.MtotRhode-inriml E. ); «f' 'i Hor fe on Caltle-Hill E. N. E. Brenton s Point £ N F Port on GoaMnand E. N."r .- ?d|f;";"°*l';!'hf i:>"mplins N. E. by E. -—tie bottom Rock N. E . Anchoring place between tlie] * coXr- ',,aS::r" ""' ^ '^^ ^- ''^' ^- 3 8 9 4 lo 7 4 4 - Degree! S. S. - S. - S. E. E. - S. K. N. N. E. » arJs go>,cn„„.„,, and /peak the ^.g™! langua^! ' ''''i^'^'' "^ tl,e world, rpreads wd ■ ,r | f e'fi.re 1,1 ,„ ' ',1 '' " ""'""^■'^ <^''>* '" »nda large fi.'ct may a„,hc>r f„ i„d rl ' "'""'?"'••• '"■<" ™l f»f''. th- «-attr. a„d „bibi , a l«f, ', 1 . '■" ■';"", l''"wi eaflward from New;. Tt contain, ahont Vo. ' r '"'!*' '" ''^"gt'^andJercl. two for Crn,.nT.r-uion'l ?rnn ' f ^T'-V'^'"':'.^'^'- ^''^^^ for the Baptilh. for Moravians ^.d T^ ':;.! f^"r', f .^"P^'!-^' ""c for Quakers', on^ ar. aState-hnife, and an Edfike fL rh/ '{ /'!?"^her public building, form and aK-hite<'ture of The l\,te u .1 '^ ' '•^'^u''">'- '^he fitoation. public buHdings in An,c,i«. t^:!k£Zl}'^ P^^-"- ^^ -it K i.ibr.rv confi-ls of one large room, thirtv-fix feef lon^. twenty-lix feet broad and nineteen f-et hic'i;' "V'"' "u" V-? kept, wath two n„ali offices adjoinin.' Tl ' "g^ • "' ^"^" ^^^. ^""k s arc principal or welt front is « pediment «^« RHODE-ISLAND. loj pediment and portico of four columns, of theDorkk order; the whole entablature of which, runs quite round the building. The two (.fllccs are placed as wings, one on each fide the portico, and connected v.ifh the bo)^ rick pediment, fupportrd by a rullic arcade of three arches, in the reccfTes of which, art* placed three Venetian windows pftcr the Dorick order. The outfidc of the whole building is ruftick work, and (lands on a b;ife five feet fro.-> the ground, and the entrance is by a flight of lltps the whole width of the portico. In the year 1747, Abraham Redwood, Efq; gave 1 204 volum-s, valued 3f ;{^'50<^ *^'"''^'''g» •'»s tiie foundation of a library in Isiewport. Several other valuable donations were afterwards given. Thefe books wercdepo- (ifed in the above-defcribcd edifice, whicli was eredcd for the purpvifc of receiving them. A number of gentlemen were incorporated in(o a body politic by the name of the • Company of the Redw— i Library,' with power to choofe aniUially eight dircdors, a trcafurer, (Ccretary and libra- rian. This elegant building is now much out of repair, and one third of the books in the library were cither carried off or deilroyed by the HritKh during the war. Providence is fituatcd on Providence river, about tliirtv miles northwcfl of Newport, in Utitude 41" 51' north. It is at prefcnt bv far the moll flourifhing town- in the State. It contains 700 houfcs, and upwards 430a inhabitants. Its public buildings are a college, an elegant church for Baptills, two for Congregationafifls, bcfidcs others for other denominati- ons. This town carries on a hirge foreign trade, and an extenfivc and gainful tr. fHc with the furrounding country. The town is fituate^ on botk fides of the river, and is connected by a C(uTimodious bridge. The inhabitants of Providence, the la(l year, nvinuf.iVtured loo.coo yards of cloth more than in any year fince the peace. I'his cloth, at a moderate valuation, will amount to 20,000 Dollars. This town, and Newport, and a few others, have, from the frft, firmly oppofed the late iniquitous meafures of their infatuated legiflature.' Briftol is apleafant little town, about fixteen miles north (^i Newpo't, on the Main. It has an excellent foil, and is almoft as remarkable for the produftion of onions, as Wetliersfield in Connecticut. Tlfies.'] In the rivers and bays arc plenty of fheeps-head, hlack-fiHi, herring, fhad, lobftcrs, oyftcrs and clams ; and around the Ihores of Rhode ifland, befidcs thofe already mentioned, are cod, halibut, mackerel, bafs haddock, &-c. &c. to the amount of more than fcventy different kinds, fo that in the frnfons of rilh, the markets are alive with them. '1 -avtllers are agreed that Newport furnilhes the belt filh market in rh*^ world. Religion.'] The conOitution of the ftate admits of no religious eftablilTi- m^nts, any further than depends upon the voluntary choice'of individuals. ^-aII men profcmngone Supreme Being, are cquajlv protected by the laws, and no particular feft can claim pre-eminence. ''l his unlimited liberty in religion is one principal caufl^ why there is fuch a variety of religicu's fefts in Rliode Illand. The baptills are the molt numerous'of any deno- iinnation in .the ftate. In J784 they had thirty congregations. 'Thefe, as >206 RHODE- ISLAND* ! i!' > iC I 1 «<; well a"; thr, other haptulsin New Knglanrl, arc chiefly upon the CaivIn- iflic plan as to doctrines, and independents in regard to church govern- xnent. There are, however, fome who profefs the Arminian tenets, and are cidled Arniinian hapti '. Otiiers obfcrve the Jewifh or Saturday Sabbath, from a perfuafion that it was one of the ten rommandmcnts, Tvhioh they plead are all in their nature mopal, and M'ere never abrogat- ed in the-New Tcftament, and mart at leaft be deemed of equal validity far public worfhip as any day particularly fet apart by Jefus Chrift and his apo'lles. Thefe are called fabbatarian, or feventh-day baptifts. There are others who are called feparate baptilts. The baptifts in general rc- i\i(*i to communicate with other denominations ; for they hold that im- merfion is necellary to baptifm, and that baptifm is neceffary to communi- on. Therefore they fiippofo it inconfiftent for them to admit unbap- tifed perfons (as others are in th",ir view) to join with them in this ordi- nance. T'hc baptifls ar-; increaling in Nevi' England ; but their increafe > js much more raj;^ in Kentucky and the fonthern ftates. The number of their congregations in New England in 1784, was 155. Of thefc ff venty-oue were in Maflachufetts ; twenty-five m New HampHiire ; tfnrty in Rhode Ifland, and twenty-nine in Connefticut.* 1 he other religious denominations in Rhode Ifland are congregation- alifts, friends or quakcrs, epifcopalians, moravians and j^ws. There is nifo a fmall number of the imiverfal friends, the difciples of Jemima VVilkinfon. Befides thefc there is a confidcrable number of the people who can Ix? rednced to no particular denomination, and are, as to reli- gion, ilriv'lly Xo/hif/gcriafrr. In fome parts of this ftate, public worfaip is attended with punt^uality and proprietv, in ot!\er,'; they /ike the fabbath a day of vifiting and k{- tivitv ; and in others they cfteem every day alike, having no place of meeting for the purnofe of religious worlhip. They pay no taxes for the fiipport of ecclcfiailic.'- <" iy denomination ; and a peculiarity which ciiltinguiihrs this (late from every other protcftant country in the known vorlJ is tiiat no contra^'l formed by the minifter with his people, for i-.is f;davy, is valid in law ; So that minifters are dependent wholly on t 'If Jnteijritv of the people for their fiipport, fincc their falaries are not roco vfrahlf- !;y la\v. It ought in jufticc. however, to be obferved, that the clcrijrv in v'ner;il are liber:' Hi- maintained, and none who merit it have leafon to conipIaH 'l>r want of fupport. Li\y.7fr*-/'.'\ The Ilterntur? of this (late Is confined principally to tlie t">wns of Newport and Pro\idence. There are men of learning nnd abili- ties flattered through other town-, but they .Tre rare. The hulk of the inhp!)itnnr? in ctiier parts of the Hate, arr' invrdved in greater ignonnce perhaps th.'n in nnv other part of New Englnrid. An impartial hiflorv fvf tl',(-ir tranfatlir-s fincc the peace, would evince the truth of the above obror'.ation-^. At Proviicnce, is Rliode Ifland collcp-". The charter for fonndin"; tlvis Seminarv nf Learning was granted bv tnc general affombly of the (late, An. 1764, in confequence of the petition of a large ii amber of the mod '* SiT r.t::l:;s't Church Ihf. nflitiv Etigland. N D» efly upon the Caivln- rd'to church gnvern- \rminian tenets, and Jewifh or Saturday ten rommandmcnts, were never abrogat- ed of equal vahdity by Jefus Chrift and 1-day baptiftf,. There aptifts in general rc- )r thev hold that im- eceffary tocommuui- m to admit unbap- h them in this ordi- 1 ; but their increafe* ftates. The number ivas 155. Of thefc 1 New tlampHiirc ; cut.* nd are congregation- iind j^ws. There is difciples of Jemima umber of the people , and are, as to reli- ded with puntH^uality y of V id ting and {t{- having no place of ey pay no taxes for d a peculiarity which 3untry in the known with his people, for kpendent wholly on heir falaries are not to be obferved, that ane who merit it have icd principally to the of learning nnd abili- :. The hulk of the in greater ignonnce An impartial hiflory le truth of the above charter for foundiiiff ij ?.\\\\ afTomblv of the a large 11 lUTibcr of the mofl R H O D E . I S L A N D. 207 -I mod refpetftable characters in the ftate. By the charter, the corporation of the college confill?. of two fcpariitc branches by the name of the Truf- iccs and Fellows of Rhode llland college, * witn diitind, lepar<;ts ani rcl'pedivc powers. The number of trultces is thirty lix, of whoin tAen- tV'tvvo are of the denomination called baptills, five of the denoininatiait. of friends, five epifcopalians, and four congregationaliHb. 7 he iaiiiepr;i- porrion of the diifl-rent dcnominarJons to continue in perp.-uu.n:. 'j'h^ iiuinber of the fellows (ineluiive of the prcfident, who is a leliow t^e/^V.v) is twelve, of whom eigiit aie baptiiis, the others chofen indifcnn ijuircl/ from any denomin'itioa of protcitants. 'I hs concurrence of both br;ui- chcs, by a majority of each, is neccd'arv for the validity of any ■di.i, e.\; c;. 'C adjudging and conferring degrees, which cxclufively belongs to the i't-l- lowlhip as a learned faculty. 'Ihe prefideiit muil be a baptili-, proidi'qrsi, and other oiucers of inrtriiftion are not limited to any panicular d(.:jo- miiiation. There is annually a general n.ecting of the corpoiaiion, oa the firlt V/cdacfJay in September, at which time the public cominenccVivrnt is held. This inftitution wasfirft founded at Warren, in the countv of Brillol, and the firft commenc<;ment held therein 1769, at which time feven per- fons, alumni of ih.i college, received, the degrees of Bacheh.r cf Arts. la the year 1770, the cplloge was removed to Providence, where a, kirge, elegant building was ereded for its accommodation, bv tiie gener- ous donations of individuals, moiily from the town of Providence. It is. fiiuated on a hill to the eail of the town ; and while its elevated fituatuu renders it delightful, by commanding auextenfive, variegated profpeCt, ic furniihes it with a pure, falubrious air. The edifice is of brick, fi)ur ib;- rics high, 150 feet long, and 46 wide, with a projedion of ten fatJ each fide. It has an entry lengthwife with rooms on each fide. Thcjo are forty eight rooms for the accommodation of ihidents, and tight lur'cf ones for public ufci. 'I'he roof is covered with flatc, t'Voui December 1770, to June 1782, the college edifice was ufed by the French and A-nerican troops for an hofpital and •b,u\av-'Ks, fo that* the courfe of education was interrupted during that period^ No dc'grci.-s were conferred from 177610 1786. From 1786 the college again be- came regular, and is now very fiouriHiiug, c|ktaiiung upwards ox' lixty lludents. ^ This indltution is under the inHrudlon of a preruicnt, a profcfTcr of natural and experimental philofophj', a profclVor of mathcuiaiics and tjC- tronomy, a [>rofeflbr of natural liiitory, and three tutors. The fcvcr;il chides are inl'ruded in the learned languages, and the various arts and' fcicnccii. The ftudie% of the frclhman year, are t!ie Latin and Greek iHnguages, Ens^lilh grammar and rhctoiic. Of il-e fophiiuore, Cjuthrie'4 gfv not. It feems, /or holding theic opinions, but for feditious condu(^t. ^j4 dif- pules which occahom-d this diiU.rbance. were about the fame points as the* ZS^ 1^'^^^:^''^^' '>"«'^, ''•-» ^^^^- Cotton, wf ich are thut .....n ... I -|.^w:ci , r,cy were -aDoof die order or things in ou^ union to our Lord Jefirs Chnll ; about the inHucnce of our failh -'n th^ application of his righ uvh. fncls ; about the ufe of our fanaiiication in evi- dencing our juihhcation; and about the confidcration of «ur ].ord |cfu. Lbnlt by men yet under a covenant of wprks j briefly, they were about the •L) .a puiute axo R H O D E -.1 S L A N D. m points whcrco^j depend the grounds of our affiance of bleffednefs in a better world.'* 'fhc whole colony of Maffaduifetts, at this time, was in a violent fer- ment. Theeledlion of civil officers was carried bv a party fpirit, excited by religious diflenflon. Thofe who were banifhed by the court, joined by a n^imber of their friends, went in qucil of a new fcitlement, and came to Providence, where they were kindly entertained by Mr. R.Williams; who, by the affiitance Sir Henry Vane, jun. procured for them, from the Indians, Aquidnick, now Rhode-Ifland. Here, in 1638, the people, rightpcn in number, formed themfelves into a body politic, andchofeMr. Coddington, their leader, to be their judge or :hief magiftratc. Thiji fame year the fathems figned the deed or grant of the ifland. For which Indian gift, it is faid, they paid very dearly by being obliged to make re. pcated purchafes of the fame lands from feveral claimants. The other parts of the State were purchafed of the natives at feveral I fucceffive periods. In the year 1643, the people being dcftitutc of a patent or any legal! authority, Mr. Williams went to England as agent, and by the aiuibnte of Sir Henry Vane, jun. obtained of the Karl of Warwick (then governor and admiral of all the plantatioas) and his ccxincil, * a free and abfolutc | charter of civil incorporation, by die name of the incorporation of Provi. dcn:e Plantations in Narraganfett Bay.' This laflcd until the charter! granted by Charles II, in 1663, by which the incorporation waslliled,! • The Englifh colony of Rhode-lfla.^d and Providence Plantations ii New Engliind.' This charter, without any eflential alteration, has re- niair.ed the foundation of their government ever fmce. As the original inhabitants of this State were perfecutcd, at Icaftintheirl own opinion, for the fake of confcicnoe, a mofl liberal and free tolerationl wa", ertablilhcd by them. So little has the civil authority to do uitlij religion here, that, as has been already hinted, no contrad betwcenal miniiler and a fociety (unlefs incorporated for that purpofe) is of any! force. It is probably for thefe reafons that fo many different fefishavcl ever been found here; and that the Sal)bath and all religious inftitutionsJ have been more neglciftt.'d in this, than in any other of the New Eng-[ land States. Mr. Wijliamb is faid to have become a Baptift in a few yearsl after his fettling at Providence, and to have formed a church of thatper-f fuafion ; which, in 1653, difagrecd about the rite of laying on of hands! fomc holding it neceflary to church communion, and others judging itj indifferent ; upon which tlie church was divided in'o two parts. Atj Kewport Mr. John Clark and fomc others formed a church, in 1644J on the priciplcs of the Baptitls \ whicii church was afterwards dividedj like that at Providence. In 1 720, there was a Congregational church gathered at Newport, an! the Reverend Nathaniel Clapwas ordained as pallor. Out of this churcl| unother was formed in !7 2S» 'I he worihio of God ncrordin'^ to tlie n!fl of the church of England was iniiitnted herein 1706, by the fociety f.iii propagating the golpel in foreign parts. And in i738,'thcre were feva worfhipping ^ Mag. B. 7. P. 17. N D. nee of bkffednefs in d ■e, was in a violent fer- V a party fpirit, excited by the court, joined by citlement, and came to by Mr. R. Williams; red for them, from the in 1638, the people, y politic, andchofc Mr. hief magiftratc. Thi» i the ifland. For which | ing obliged to make re. linuints. i the natives at feveral | * a patent or any legal nt, and by the aifiibnte Warwick (then governor' •il, * a free and abfolutB incorporation of Provi. laftcd until the charter! iicorporation waslUled, tvidence Plantations ill ential alteration, has re- in ce. xfecutcd, at Icaft in their oeral and free toleration il authority to do '.vitb no contraifl betweenal that purpofe) is orjnyj nany different feftshavel all religious inllitutionsJ other of the New Eng- e a Baptift in a few years! ed a church of that per-f ;of laying on of hands;! 3n, and others judging it! ed in'o two parts. Atl med a church, in 164*,! was afterwards divideJl athered at Newport, and! llor. Out of thischiircli| od iiccciVi^^V'^ to tlic! nt^ 1706, by the focietyf^'^ n 1738, there vycreieva worfhipping R.H ODE-ISLAND. tit- k'ordiipping affemblles in this town, and a large focicly of Quakers at iPorthiiouth at the other end of the illand. In 1730, the colony was fdled with inhabitants ; and chiefly by the na- jfjral increafc of thefirft fettlers. The number of Ibuls in the btate at thii [time was 17,935; of which no more than 985 were Indians, and 1648 Inegroes. In 1738, there were above one hundred fail of veOTcIs belonging to [Newport. The colony of Rhode-Ifland, from its local fituation, has ever lieenlo'* Icxpofed to the incurfions of the neighbouring Indians, and frcm the iFiench from Canada, than their neighbours in Mafrachufetts and Con- |ne(Sicut. Many of the colony havt*, from its firlt eftabliOiment, profeffed [the principles of the Q^iakers, which forbad them to fight. For thefe jreafons, the colony has been very little concerned in the old wars with [the French and Indians. In the expedition againft Port R.oyal in 1710, land in the abortive attempt againft Canada in 1 7 1 1 , they had fome forces. j'jownrds the intended expedition againft Canada in 1746, they rai fed [300 men, and equipped, a floop of war with loofeamen; but in their jToyage to Nova-Scotia, they met with misfortunes and returned. Soon lafter, the defign was dropped. Through the whole of the late unnatural war with Great-Britain, the linhabirants of this v*^tate have manifeftcd a })atriotic fpifit; their troops Jhave behaved gallantly, and they are honoured in having produced th« jfecond general in the field. The lage for paper money in Rhode Ifland is not peculiar to the pre- lenttime. From 17 lo to 1750, Dr. Douglafs obferves that the moft be- nciicial bulinefs of the colony was, • Banking or negociating a bq/e/rau- iuunt taper r/ioKiy currency ,'w\\\q\\ was fo contrived thatamongft themielves it came out at about two and an half per cent, intcrell", and they lent it to the neighbouring colonies at ten per cent, a moft bare-faced cheat, fi he intereft of thefe public iniquitous frauds went, one quarter to the feve- paltownihips to defray their charges; tiie other three quarters were lodged in the treafury to defray the government charges of the colony.'* In 1744, there was anemifiion of j(\ 160,000 O.T. in paper bills of crc- Idit, under pretence of the Spaniftl and impeniling French war. But it was jdiftributed among the people by way of loan at four per cent, intereft for Ithe firftten years, after which the principal was to be paid off by degrees, in ten years more without intereft. This foon depreciated. In 1750, the current bills amounted to yC-52.v33? ^- T. which in its depreciated ftate, was then fuppofed by the wife, and honfft, fufficicnt for all the purpofes of the colony ; yet it was then incditattd to emit .200.000 O. T. more, i;pon loan. This Dr. Douglafs (uppofes could lot have i)cen defigned as ' a further medium of trade, but a k/iaiij/j dc~ •-■ice of frandult'Tit debtors of the loan of money, to pay off their loans at a very |(icpreciated value. '+ He ag;iin obferves,}] ' '^I'heir defign is by quantity \m dcpieciate the value of ilicir bills ; and lands mortgaged for public biUs win * Douglafs Sum. V. II. p. qg, + Ibid. P„ P. 87. 107. •til CONNECTICUT.. will be redeemed in thefe tn inorate J hilhf at a very inconfiderable real va. Jue.' Were this writer living, would he not now fpeak the fame language j:efpe6ling the prefentttate ot Rhtxle-liland ? But enough has already been faid* upon the paper-money injulliceand political contuftoa which pervade this unhappy btate. I wiU only obfcrve that thefe meafures have deprived the Itate ot great numbers* ot its worthy and mott refpedable inhabitants ; they have had a nioft perniciou • influ- ence upon the morals of the people, by legally depriving the widow and the orphan of their juft dues, and otherwife eftablifhing iniquity by law, and have occafioned a ruinous llagnation of trade. It is hoped the time is not far diftant, when a wife and efficient government wiji abolilh thefo iniquitous l^ws, and rellore tranc^uility to th? ^tHte» <^yi'-«>%«-dK'-tf-»^»-.'-<»>'.<»- . '.^^>,^«.tf^.v,»T »- . '.»-i'.»-i'-^>-»'-^'-<^i».)^'-^-)>^«.»^^% '-*^«-*iV<^.'..^>V(^i.^,v4^. CONNECTICUT. 8 1 T U A T I O ff and « X T E N T. miles. Length 82 ^g^ ^ f 41'' and 42' 2' North Latitude. Breadth 57 J \_ 1° jq' andj" zq^ Eaft Lvngitude. J] tindaries 1 "ROUNDED north, by Maflachufetts ; eaft, by Rhode- 4jq ' -J j3 Ifland ; fouih.bythe found, which divides it from I Long Ifland ; well, by the Hate of New York. I '] hedivifional line between Connedicnt and Maflachufetts, as fettlcdj jn 1713, was found to be about fcveniy-two miles in length. 'I'helincl dividing Connedicut froni Hhode-Ifland, was fettled in 1728, and foiindl to be about forty-five miles. The fea coaft, from the mouth of Pauka-j tuk river, which forms a part of the ealtern boundary of Connedicut, iiil a direft fouthweftwardly line to the mouth of Fyrani river, is reckoned all about ninety miles. '1 he line between Connedficut and New York,! runs from latitude 41'' to latitude 42° 2'; 72 miles. |: Connedicutcoii-I tains about 4,674 fquarc miles j equal to about 2,960,000 acres. Ri'vcrs.'] The principal rivers in this ftate are Connecticut, defcribeilj ynder New Kngland, Houfatonik, the Thames, and their branche!.! One branch of the Hoi)fatonik+ rifes in Lanefl->orough, the other iiij Windfor, both in Berkfliiie county in Maflachufctti, It pafles thrt)ugli| ♦ See Hift. of United States^ P. 120, &c. j Douglafs. t An Indian name, fignifying O'ver the Motmtaw* North Latitude. CONNNECTICUT. 215 amimberof pleafant towns, and empties into the found between Stratford. and Milford. It k navigable twelve miles, to Derby. A bar of flidib, at its mouth, obltrutb its navigation for large veficls. In this nvrr, bc- uvem Salilbury and Canaan, is a cataraft, where the water of the whole river, which is 150 yards wide, falls about fixty feet perpcndiculariy, la a |)erieftly white Iheet. A copious milt arifes, in which floating rain- bow's are fen in various places at the fame lime, exhibiting a iccne ex- ceedingly grand and beautiful. Naugatuk is a fmall river, which rifes in Torrington, and empties in- to the Houfatonik at J^erby. Farmington river riics in Bctket, in iViaf- (achufetts, and after a very crooked courfe, part of which is through the line meadows of Farmington, it empties into Connecticut river in W ind- for. 'I'he Thames empties into Long Ifland found at New London. It is navigable fourteen miles, to Norwich Landing. Here it lofes its name, and branches into Shetucket, on the eaft, and Norwich or Little river, oil the welt. The city of Norwich ftands on the tongue of land between thefe rivers. Little river, about a mile from its mouth, has a remarkable and very romantic cataraft. A rock len or twelve feet in perpendicular height, extends quite acrofs the channel of the river. Over this the whole rivet pitches, in one entire iTieet upon a bed of rocks below. Here the river iscomprefft-d into a very narrow channel between two civiggy cliffs, one of which towers to a coniiderable height. The channel de- fcendsgradually, is very crooked and covered with pointed rocks. Upon thefe the water fwiftly tumbles, foaming with the moft violent agitation, fifceenortwenty rods, intoa broad balon which fpreads before it. At the bottom of the perpendicular falls, the rocks are curioufly excavated by the conftant pouring of the water. Some of the cavaties, which are all of a circular form, are five or fix feet deep, 'i he fmoothnefs of the water above its defcent— the regularity and beauty of the perpendicular fall— the tremendous roughnefs of the other, and the craggy, towering clitf which impends the whole, prcfent to the view of the fpedtator a fcene indefcribably dehghtful and majeltic. On this river are fome of thefineit mill feats in New Fngland, and thofe imiviediately below the falls, occu- pied by Lathrop's mills, are perhaps not exceeded by any in the world. Acrofs the mouth of this river is a broad, commodious bridge in the form of a wharf, built at a great expence. Shetucket river, the other branch of the Thames, four miles from its mouth, receives Quinnabog, which has its fource in Brimfield in Maf.a- chufetts ; thence pafiing through Sturbridge and Dudley in Maffachufetis, it croflTcs into Conue(5ticut, and divides Pomfret from Killingly, Canterbury, from Plainfield and Lilbon, from Prefton, and then min- gles with the Shetucket. In pafiing through this hilly country, it tumblcsovermany falls, and allords a vaft number of mill feats. The fource of the Shetucket is not far from that of the Quinnabog. It has thenameof Wiliamantik while pafiing through Staiibrd. and between 'i'olland and Wiliington, Coventry and Mansticld. Below Windham it takes the name of Shetucket, and empties as above. 'Ihefe rivers are fed hy numberlefs brooks from every part of the' adjacent country. At the wouth of Shetucket, is a bridge of timber 1 24 feet in length, fypported at " IP- 1;:; 1 ? ■ 114 CONNECTICUT. at each end by pillnrs, and held up in the middle by braces on the top, in the nature ofun arch. Kail, or North Haven river rifer, in Southington, not far from a bend in Farmington river, aiul pailing through Walli.igford and North Haven, • falls into New Havin harbour. It has been meditated to conned the fource of this river wit!; Farcnington river. Mill river and Weit river are mcunfiderable ftrcams, bounding the city of New Haven on tiie eait ar.d weit. VVdlof the Houiatonik, area number of fmall rivers which fall into the found. Among thefe isllyrani river, noticeable as forming a part of the boundary between New York and Connedticut. But neither this, not any of the others, are coniiderable enough to merit particular defcriptions, ILirbonrs,'] The two principal harbours arc at New London and New Haven. I'he former opens to the fouth. From the Light houfe, which itands at the mouth of the harbour, to the town, is about three miles; the breadth is three quarters of a mile, and in fome places more. The harbour has fioin live to fl^c fathom water — a Jear bottom — tough Ooze and as far as one mile above the town is entirely fccure, and commodioui for large 111 ips. New Haven harbour is greatly inferior to that of New London. It is a bay which letji up nortntrly from rhe found, ab>ut f ur miles. Its entrance is about hali" a mile wide. It has \cry good anchora^i', and two and an half fathom at low water, and three fathom and fjur tcot at com- mon tides. 'J'he whole of the foa coalt is indented with harbours, miny of wb'ch an'; fufo and commodious, but are not i'afliciently uled to merit a ce- fcription. Climate, foil and prodiiSHous.'] Connefticut, though fubjtft to the ex- tremes of heat and cold in their feafons, and to frequent fudden changes, is very heahhful. As many as one in forty-fix of the inhabitants of Con- nedlicut, who wore living in 1774, were upwards of feventy years old. From accurate calculation it is found that about one in eight live to the age of fi'venty years and upwards, one in thirteen, to the age of eighty years, and one in about thirty to the age of ninety.* In the maritinie towns the weather is variable, according as the wind blows frf>m the fea or land. As you advance into the country, the fea breezes have Icfs efFc(f^ upon the air, and confequently the weather is lefs variable. The fnorteft e. wheat in many parts of the ihte, oats and barley, which are heavy and good, and of late buck-wheat— flax in larec qnantities-fjme he - p,_ puratoes of fevend . kinds, pumpkins, tun.im. pcis, beans, Sec. kc. Iruits of all kinds, which arc cnnnion to tlie cli- mate. I he foil 4s very well calculated for palhire and mowing which enables the fjirmers to feed large numbers of neat cattle and horfbs. Ac- tual calculation has evinced, that any given quantity of the beft mowino- land in ConneJiicut, produces abojt twice as much clear profir as the fame quantity of the belt -vheat land in the ilate of New York ' Manv^ farmers, in the eaftern partofthe ftate, have lardy found their advanta/e m raifing mules, which are carried from the ports of Norwich and New London, to the Weft India Iflands, and yield a handfome pro'it The bi'ef, pork, butter and cheefe of Connecticut, are equal to any in the world. * ^ rn^T"^"*^ Jlie trade of Conneaicut Is principally with the Weft India Iflr.nds, and is earned on in vcfllds from fixty to one hundred and forty tons. The exports confift of horfes, mules, 6xen. oak ftaves, hoops, pine - rds, oakpb.-.c. beans, Indian corn, f.fli, beef, pork, &e. Horfes. live cattle an'i iumber. are permitted in the Dutch, Danifh and French ports. Beef and fifli are liable to fuch heavy duties in the French iflands, as that htnc nro..t arifes to the merchant who fends them to their ports. Pork i .n S .^^^^T foreigners, the price ofmolaf- f sand other articles, has been greatly enhanced by the EngliHi purchnf- e Fr^nH^W^^I ^^^''th^'V^' ^° '^'' '^' '^'^^^ '^ ConliediJut witli he Wench Well India Iflands is not profitable. Cotton, cocoa, indigo and fugars, are not permitted to be brought aw^ay by Americans 'I h- ZTlr^lt :'''' uf ^"''''r°^^ '^''^ ^^^ adLnilW i:S:as tha^ tneie articles cannot be fmuggied. tT..^''"!i^'^'*""r ^'^ ^""S^ ""''^^^'^ of coaning vefH^Is employed in rarrving nd C"Sr^'';.'-^'fK '' ''^'' ftates-Tollhode-Ifla^ndf Mair.chufettf ndS^uHiS^i; ^'^r>''"y-P"[^^ wheat, corn and rye.-To North and bouhCarobnas and Georgia, butter, cneefe, falted beef, cyder, an- ^utasNew York IS nearer, and the (late of the markets ab.vays well trri' """•'/.'''' P^'^'^"^^ "^ Connedticut. efpccially of the welter parts. IS carried there; particularly pot and p.ari \,aies.^ flax- iced. beef. neS;-nf';:?"' ""r ''"'['"■' '" large quantities. " Moft o. the produce ofCon- Int aA n Vr ^''1-'^ MalT.chufetts, New Hamplbire and Ver- ma£t rnn?H m'""'*^'""'' which are adjacent, goes to the fame rnaike . Confiderable quantities of the produce of the caitern parts of tile ftate. are marketted at Bolton and Providence. T ic ai6 CONNECTICUT. The value of the vtholc exported produce and commodities from t!i5» ftiite, before the year 177+, was then elUmated at about _^,200,coo law - iiil money, annually. Since this time no accurate eltimate has been maiie, fo that it is impoilible to tell whether the amount has (ince been increafej or diminilhed. In 177.J., the number of fiupping in Conncft>ciit, was 180 ; their tonnage, 10,317; feafaring men 1162; bclides upwards of twenty iail ofcoalUng velicl?;, which employed about ninety fcMnen. This State has not yet fullv recovered the confufion in which it was involved by the l:jte war ; fo that the number of (hipping, &c. has not, at any [>eriod fnitc 1774, been afccrtained with accuracy. It isprobabJe, however, confider- in-r the loiles fullained by the war, the decay - • the fliip building bu- iincfs, and the number of unibrtunate Ihip wrecks, and Ic.U'es by hurricanej in the VVclt-lndics, that the (hipping and feamen are not now fo nuine- rous as in 1774. The number of fliipprng from the port of New London, employed lad yearin the Kuropean and Weft India trade was, four fhips, one fnoW, tiftyfour briganti.ies, thirty-two fthooners, and forty-tive (loops. The number of horfes and cattle exported from the diftrift round New I'M- don, from the loth of January 1787, to the loth of January 17^8, was 6917; befides jack-afles imported and exported, not included* From i7S6to 1787, the number was 6671, fo tha. the laft year exceeded the other 246. From March 1787 to January 1788, I4ortod to tin* neighbouring Hates, and at a better rare ti)aii they can be had from Europe. Ironmongery, hats of the lieft kind, candles, leather, (hoes and bouts, are mauufailtured in this Itate. We mull not omit to mention wooden dilhes, and otiier wooden ware, which are made in vaft quaiuities in Sullicld, and fome few other places, and fuM ill almod every part of the caltcrn ftatcs. Oil mills, of a new and very ingenious conllruf;ion, have been ereded in feveral parts of the I It-iie. It appears from experiments made formerly in this Hate, that a bufliel of fun-flower feed yields a /gallon of oil, and that an acre of ground planted with the feed at three feet apart, will yield between forty and fiftv nulliels of the feed. This oil is as mild as fweet oil, and is cquallv agreea- ble with fallads, and as a medicine. It may moreover bo ufed with ad- vantage in paints, varniflies and ointments. From its being nianufa(ftur- edia our own country, it may always be procured and ulcd in a frelli ftate. The oil is prefied from the feed in the fame manner that culd drawn linfecd oil is obtained from flax-feed, and with as little troubie. Sweet olive oil fells for fix fhiilings a quart. Should the oil of the fun- flower fell for only two thirds u^ that price, the produce of an acre of ground, fuppofing it to yield only forty bulhels of the feed, will be thirtv t>i'o pounds, a fuin far beyond the produft of an acre of ground in any- kind of grain. The feed is raifed with very little trouble, and grows in land of moderate fertility. It may be gathered and fliciicd, fit for the extrartionof tlic oil, by women and children. _ Civil dlvifiont and population. 1 Connefticut is divided into eight ccun- |ties, vi^.. Hartford, New Haven, New London, Fairfield, Windham, Mtchlield, Middlefex and 'I'olland. The counties are fubdivided into Upwards of eighty townfiiips, each of which is a corporation, invelted with power to hold lands, eisoofe their own town officers, to make pru- dential laws, the penalty of tranfgredion not to exceed twenty Ihillings, ind to choofe their own rcprefentatives to the geni.ral alTernbly. "\ he jtownQiips are generally divided into two or more pariflies, in each of hvhich is one or more places far public w.orlliip. The following table exhibits a view of the population, &r. of this bte in 1782. Since this time the counties of Middlefex and Tolland have f-^een conftituted, and a number of new townihips, made upofdiviUi- K)Jis of the old ones, have impoliticly* been ixicorporatcd. E c TABLE. Tha mulii plication of tonmjhipf ittcrea/ts the ntmher ofrcprefiHtothfS, ivbich is alnndy too great for :he 7ncj} democrattcal. ^oucrnmcuty aj:d unnecef' ^'^ny tnhajues the (xptme of matntaming civil go'utmment itk ibefialc. iii \'. J fp .It !:^i' CONNECTICUT. TABLE. Counties. Towns where the Courts are held. lis H en 1320 885 1920 Number of Females in the ftatc 1 03,735. Population for every fquaremile about 45. Hartford, Hartford Middlcfcx mdTolland+ 21 1 10,815 55.647 New Haven. New Haven. 9 4.776 25,092 New London. New London and Norwich, S 5,884 3M3' Fairfield. Fairfield and Danbury. lO 5^755 29,722 1134 Windham, j Windham. 12 5.361 28,185 48 5 529 6273 Litchlield. Litchfield. ^9 7<^ 6,797 33.127 Total. 39,388 '202. 877 Conne<5ticut is the moft populous, in proportion to itsextent.of anyof th* thirteen ftates. It is laid out in fmsll farms from fifty to three or four hundred acres each, which arc held by the farmers in fee fimple ; and are generally cultivated as well as the nature of the foil will admit. Tlit ftatc is chequered with innumerable roads or high ways, croffmg ich other in every dircilion. A traveller, in any of tliefe roads, even in the molt unfettled parts of the ftate, will fcldom pafs more than two or three iniles without finding a Iioufe or cottage, and a farm under fuch improv- inents as to afford the neceffaries for the fupporc of a family. The whole ftate reiembles a W''!) cultivated garden, which, vvith that degree of induf- trv that is neceiTary to happinefs, produces the necefTaries and convenicn' cies of life in great plenty. In 1756 the numbei' of inhabitants in Connedicut was 130,611. Ii 1774, there were 197,856 fouls. In 18 years the increafc was 67,24,'. Frorn^ 1774. to 1782, the irjcreafe was but 11,294 perfons. Thiscoro-I paratively Irnall increafe of inhabitants may be fatisfadorily accounted fnji from the deftruftion of the war, and the numerous emigration* to Ver-f niont, the wdleru parts of New Hanpfliire, and other ftates. The + Miidletd^ and Toll avel,firf miv thi' f^jirg tmvfrt if MiJJkftX andTlx land co"?:ties. Courts are aljo hddat lladdam, njuhkh is the haij' Ihire WA (X cou, 'lij. ,*%r n^v., U T. •v€ CONNECTICUT. 119 "^■^ •• ' . -14 «r bfl n 3/^ 13 >« • 1^.. «^ 'r 3 •^ 647 1320 ^ 092 8S5 t 3 B ij< .« C; 13' 1920 e s 722 113+ fi '5^ 6^ 185 48 5 a Oh 127 529 .877 627;? I to its extent, of any of from fifty to three or ncrs in fee fimple ; and foil will admit. Tlw !;h ways, croffmg ich iefe roads, even in the more than two or three | rm under fuch improv- f a family. The whole | th that degree of induf-1 effitries and convenien« I icut was 130,61 1. Ill ^ incrcafc was 67,24,1 4 perfons. Thiscoro-j sfadorily accounted fo! I us emigration* to Ver-j other ftates. The >/t (tf MiJJIefcX andTil\ ch is the ha'^' Ihire trA The Inhahittnts are almoft entirely of Englifh defcent. There are no DutcJi, trench, vr Germans, and very few Scotch or Irifli people in any part of New hngiaud. CL-ara.^er, Manners, Wr.] In addition to what ha* been already faid on thale particulars, under New England, it may be obferrcd, tJ.at the pco- ! pie ot Lonnedicut arc remarkably fond of having all their difputes, even thofe of the moll trivial kind, fettled aaord,K-g to h,v. The prcvaieucc of tlm litigious fpirit, affords employment and iupport for a numerous body of lawyers. I he number of aftionscntered annually upon the feveral do'ck- etsin the State, julbfios the al)ove obfervations. 'J hat party fpirit, iiowc- jer, which is the banc of poll ncal happinefs, has not raged with facl^ vio- lence in this State as in Maffachufetts and Khode-Illand. Public pio- cccdings have been condud-d, generally, and efpecially of late, with muck I calmncfs and candor. The people ar- well informoil in rc-ard to their rights, and judicious in the methods thcv adopt to fecurc rlicm. Ihc btatewas never in - iter political tranquility than at prefent. 1 he clergy, wjio a.e numerous, and, as a body, very refpeaablc, have hitherto preferved a kind ofariltocratical balance in the verv democratic i| I government of the State ; which has happily operated as a check upon tha i ovcroearing fpint of republicanifm. It has been lamentid that the un- happy religious difputes which have too much prevailed among fomc of tliccergy ; and the too great attention that others have paid to liieir tem- poral concerns, to the n..glca of their flocks; jnd an inattention to the quahhcations of thofe who have been admitted :o the fa^ .ed office, have, heretofore, confiderably diminiftied their influence, it is a plcafine cir- cumftance that the rage for Theological difputation \, abating • and great- crftrirtnefs 1. obfcrved in the admilfion of candidates to the miniftrv. , i heir mfiuence is on the increafe ; and it is no doubt to be attributed, in part, to their increafing influence, that an evident reformation in the manners of the people of this State, has taken place fince the peace. In regard to learning and abilities, the clergy at the prefent day, arc equal |to their predecefTufi at any former period: /> 4 * Rcligm.-\ The beflin the world, perhaps, for a republican govcrnmenf. A$ to the mode of exercifi ng church government and difcipline, it might not improperly be called a republican religion. Each church is a feparate jurUdietion, and claims autiiority to choole theirown minitter,to excrcifo government, and enjoy gof-iel ordinantes within itfclf. The churches, nowever, are not independent of each other; they are afTociated for mutual ceneht and convenience. The afrociatu)n9 have power to licence candi- dates tor the miniftry, to con fuk for the general welfare, ?nd to recommend incalurcs to be a.^opted by th. churches, but have no authority to enforce tncm. V\ hen difputes arife in churches, councils arc called, by the par- ties, to lettip them ; but their power is only advifory. There areas many aiiociation* m the State as there arc counties ; and thcv meet twice in a year. I In llr,'t-\ ^°^^"*"'^^ ^" ^,?,f general aflbciation, who meet annually. . --.. r.f.tgions tiiat are conijircnt with tlie peace of fociety, are tolerated in tonncdicut; and a fpirit of liberality and Catholicifm is increafinir. niere are very icw religious fe^s in this State. The bulk of the people pre congregatxonahtts. iiefides thcle Uicre are Epifcopalians an4 Baptiltsj ■ aad MO CONNECTICUT. ■ .■ *i and formerly there was a focicty of vSandimanians at New Harm; hut they are now reduced to a very fmall number. '1 ho Epifcopalian churches are rcfpedable, and arc under the fuperintendcncc of a Bifliop. Th^^rc were tvveqty-ninecongregationsof the Baptifts in 1784. Thefc congregations, with thofe in the neighbouring ftates, meet in alibciations, by delegation, annually. Thcfe affociations confilt of meflcngers chofca and Tent by the churches. So'me of their principles are' 'I'he imputation of Adam's fin to \ his pollerity — the inability of man to recover mmfelf—efTed^ual calling i by fo^ereign grace — ^julHfication by imputed righteoufnefs — immerfionfor I Baptifm, and rliat on profeHion of faith and repentence— congregational churches, and their independency — reception into th>em upon evidence of found converfion.* The Baptills, during the late war, were warm and afti/e Iriends to their country ; and by their early approbation of the new futm of government,* have manifefted the continuance of their patriotic] fenti incurs. Damagis fHftained in the late w^r.] After the eftablifiiment of the peace so *7,^3> ^ number of gentlemen were appointed by the general affembly to dtimate the damage done by the Britifli troops, in the feveral towns wbiqh they ravaged. The following is the refuh of their enquiries. ! Amount of Loffes, i New London, (burnt by Bcncdift Arnold, Septcmberv6, 1781,) . ^ „ j^. 145,788 ij 6 Groton, do. do. 23.217 6 Scattering towns, do. , ' do. % • 9,806 9 i \ Norwalk, (burnt by the Prltilh, T779) • confifcated projicrty and oiiier lofSji Greenwich, LoiTes of men not on dathj Fairfield, (burnt in 1779) • .> » Ncw-IIaven, ravaged by governor Tryon July 1779 Jvaft -Haven, do. do. ' •Well-Haven, do. do. Other lofics not before-computed. , Amount of the lofTcs In the whole State, in money) valued as in 1774, - - - - ) £. 178,812 10 8 ^.34,867 92 2,077 :0 3^»944- 9 A /. 6,365 11 8 i^'9 '7 7 i^- 6,735 9 3 £. 40,807 2 10 £' 24.893 7 n 4,882 164 474 03 586 1 /. 30,836 4!J X- 294.235 1^1 Chitf In their aflbciation at New- York Odlober 1787. CONNECTICUT. 3a r ^. 178,812 10 8 ^. 40,807 2 10 Chief Totvm.'l Tlierc are a great number of very pleafant towns, both maritime and inland, in Connecticut. It contains fiv 'ncorporated town* orcities.^Two of thefe, Hartford and New Haven, arc the capitals of the State. ^ 'ihe general aUenibly is holden at the former in May, and irt the latter in October, annually. Hartford (city) is fitu?.ted at the head of navigation on the weft fide ofConncaicut river, about fifty miles from its entrance into the found. Its buildings are a State Houfe— two churches for con^Te:;ationaiifts--a diftillery, befidcs upwards of 300 dwelling houfes,a numbe'r of which are handfomeiy built with brick. The town is divided by a fmall river, with high romanticbanks. Over this river is a bridge connefting the two divifions o» the town. Hartford is advantageoufly lituated for trade, has a very fine back country, enters largely into the manufaauring bufinefs, and is a rich flourifliing commer- cial town. New Havln (city) lies round the head of a bay, which makes up about four miles north from tke found. It covers part of a large plain, which is circumfcribed on three fides by high hills or mountains. Two fmall rivers bound the city feaft and weft. The town was originally laid out in fquares of fixty rods. Many of thefe fquares have bet n divided by crofs ftrcets. Four ftreets run northweft and foutheaft, thefe are eroded by others at right angles— Near the centre of the city is the public fquare ; on and around which are the public buildings, which are a State Houfe, College and Chapel, three churches for Congregarionalifts and one for Epifcopalians. Thefe are all handfome and commodious buildings. The college, chapel, ftate houfe, and one of the churches are of brick. The public fquare is encircled with rows of trees, which render it both convenient and delightful. Its beauty, however, is greatlv diminifh- cd by the burial ground, and feveral of the public buildings, which occupy a confidcrable part of it. Many of the ftreets are ornamented with two rows of trees, one on each fide, which g've the city a rural appearance. The profped^ from the ftceples is greatly variegated, and extremely beautiful. There are about 500 dwelling houfes in the city, principally of wood, and well built, and fome of them elegant. The ftreets are fandy, but neat and cleanly. Within the limits of the city, are between 3 and 4000 fouls. About one in feventy die annually; this proves the healthfulnefs of its climate. Indeed as topleafantnefsof fituation andfalubrity ofair, New- Haven is not exceeded by any city in America. It carries'on a confid-r- able trade with New York and the Weft-India Illands, and is flourilli- mg.* ^ New London (city) ftands on the weft fide of the river Thames, near Its entrance mto the found, inlatitn.le 41" 25'. It has two places for public worfhip, one for Epifcopalians and one for Co.ngregationalifts, and aboiu 3CO dwelling hoiif«. ^ Its harbour is the belt in Conne«icut, and 35 good as any in the Unttcu States; and is defended by fort Trumbuii and * The following account of the number of Inhabitants In the city of New itz if Ml If CONNECTICUT. and fort Grifwold, the one in New London, the other in Grotoa. it confiderable part of the town was burnt by the infamous Benedid Arnold, in 1781. It has fince been rebuilt. Norwich (city) (lands at the head of Thames river, 12 or 14 miles north from New London. It is a commercial city, has a rich and cxten- Cve back country, and avails itfelf of its natural advantages at the head of navigation. Its fituation upon ariver which affords a great number of convenient feats for mills and water machines of all kinds, render it very eligible in a manufadural view. The inhabitants are not negleftful of the advantages which nature ha* fo liberally giv«n them. They manufadurc paper of all kinds, (lockings, clockb. Kcw Haven, and their different ages, together with the number of build- ings of different kinds, is the refult of an accurate enumeration, September ioth 1 787. As it may furnilh fufficient date from which, at any future enumeration', feveral ? alu?ble and inftruftive calculations may be madej, St is thought proper to preferve it. Age No. Age i 173 23 « n3 24 3 joo ' ^i 4 M9 26 5 107 27 100 28 7 87 29 8 96 30 9 '*^9 31 10 8j 32 11 70 33 U 80 34 13 86 3S 14 9? 36 ij: V 37 16 10} 38 17 62 39 18 84 40 19 62 4» to 74 42 ?i 77 43 Z2 57 , 44 Total nnmber of fouls Seventeen years and under Upwards of feventecu dumber of lludents Males Females No. ' Age No. Age No. 58 45 28 67 3 55 46 22 6S 5: 66 47 34 69 3 51 48 9 70 6 55: 49 12 71 t 50 50 35 72 £ 40 51 17 73 £ 66 52 H 74 e 45 S3 16 '7^ 3 42 54 J 2 76 I 38 SS »7 77 ^ 33 56 18 78 s 49 57 10 79 S 50 58 IT 80 4 3» 59 7 8i 31 60 28 82 36 61 11 83 f 52 62 8 84 I 29 63 9 85 33 64 10 86 I 29 6S 13 87 I 18 66 8 90 I 3339 Number of Fan lilies 614 1636 Dw< filing ho iifcs 466 1703 Stor es IC3 176 Ban is and Shops 324 1645 Total buildings of til kinds 893 1694 tn 1724 there were 1^3 buildings of nil kinds, from which wrmay «f)(iclude, the number of fouls and building*, ha« doabM, fince th^t time, in ^)eriods of aboi^: twenty yan* U T. )ther in Grotoa. M, ous Benedid Arnold, river, 12 or 14 miles has a rich and exten> i^antages at the head ds a great number of cinds, render it very ges which nature ha* f all kinds, (lockings, clockb, the number of build- imeration, September which, at any future lations may be madq. Age No. 67 3 6S 5 69 3 73 6 71 I 7^ £ 73 £ 74 e 7? 3 76 I 77 ^ 78 s 79 3 80 4 81 82 83 f 84 I 8? 86 I 87 I 90 I amilies 6H welling ho ufcs 466 ores IC3 arns and Shops -^24 g» ot til kinds S93 from which wrmay iblc4j fince th^t time, CONNECTICUT, ^j tfocki and watchc., chaifes. buttons, ftone and earthern ware, wire oil chocolare, bell, anchors and all kind, of forge work. Thi city con! tains about 450 dwelling houfes. a ^ourt houfe. and two chur.hes for congregationalifts,andoncforepifcopalians. The city i. in three de- tached compaadiv.fion. i viz.Chelfea, at the landing, the towT ^J ]]ean.h.ll ; ,n the latter divifion is a flourilhing acadfmy ; and ii The to^.•n IS a fchool fupported by a donation from Dr. Daniel La thro p de! don and Norwich!""'' '°""* '^ ^""^ "' ^'^'^ *^^""^^^^^ '' ^^^ i^°"- M. DDL ETON (city) is plcafanlly fituated on the weffern bank of Con. " M "Arr""' ^^'''" "I''" [°"'^ °^ "^'•'^«^^- ^' ''' ^J^e principal tow a in Middlefex county-has about 300 houfes-a court hou l?-one church for congregationaIifts~one for epifcopalians~a naval officc-and carric* en a large and increafing trade. Four miles fouth of Hartford is Wethersf ield, a very pleafant townol between two and three hundred houfes fituated on a fine foil with an elegant brick church for congregationalifts. A Fair is held here twice a year. This town is noted for raifing onions. Windfor, Farmington Litchfield, Milford. Stratford, Fairfield »nA Guilford, are all confiderable and very pleafant towns. Cr/r/3^.;,W.] Two miles weft of New Havfcn is a mountain, on the to. •f which IS a cave, remarkable for having been the refidence of general They arrived at Bofton, July 27th i6fio, und came to New Haven the hMr^A W r"^' ^'^ ;"^ 1661, they retired and concealed themfelves behind ^\eft mountain, three miles from New Haven j and the loth of tr^'n^^u'^"''':^ '° ^'^^"'''' ''^''^ '^'y ^'^^'l <^°"cealcd until the ipth of Oftober, 1664; when they returned to New Haven, and imme. d.atelyproceededto_Hadlev,-.vherethey remained concealed for about 'rT'i."''n-''^'M'"i^r^^'^''^>'^'^^- GofFefoon after abdicated. In J& ii A }' ^^^'/"^^'^^ «f the kings judges, vifitect them whil, at Hadley, and afterwards proceeded to New Haven, where he lived many years, and was known by the name of John Davis. Here he died, fl 7nl^7 '"■ u 'f"^^^'^ ^"'^'"S pJace, where his grave ftone is ftand! ng o this day. with this, nfcription, * J. D. Efq. deceafcd March iStll in the Szd. year of his age, 1688.' Inthetownof Pomfretisa cave rendered remarkable by the humorous adventure of General Putnam. This cave is defcrihed and the ftory elc- gant ly told by Colonel Humphreys in his life of that hero. TheYo^ and the defcnption I (hall inferl in his own words. ^ Soon after Mr. Putnam removed toConneaicut. the wolves, tiienrerr jumerous broke into his Iheep fold and killed feventy fine fhcep a3 goats, bchdes wounding many lambs and kids. * This havoc was com- mitccdby a (he-wolf, which, with her annual whel-.^haTfor^^-S years intelted the vicinity, the young were commonly" dcftrm-ed^bT the vigilance of the hunters, but the old one was too fagacious to come 7vZTf "^^r*"^"' •' ."^'"" ^'"^ '^^^'^y P"'^"^'^ ^^ -«"I<1 gener- ic of wheTpr"' * .'""" '^* ""' "^"^'^ ^"^ ^^°^^,^ This ,1; ^i ■■■; i 224 C O N N N E C T I C U T. ■ Thi«wo!f, at length, became fuch an intolerable nulfance, that M/, Putnam entered into a combination with five of his neighbours to hunt alternately until they could deftroy her. Two, by rotation, were to be conllantly in purfuit. It was known, that, having lolt the toes from one foot, by a ftcel trap, Ihe made one track (hotter than the other. By thii vertige, the pujrfuers recognized, in a light fnow^ the route of this per- nicious animal. Having loilowed her to Coiinet'ticut river and found Ak had turned back in a dired courfe towards Pomfi:et, thc-y immediately returned, and by ten the next morning the blood-iiounds had driven her into a den, about three miles diilant from the houfe of Mr. Putnam; the people foon colleiiled with dogs, guns, Itraw, fire and fulphur to attack the common enemy. With this apparatus foveral unfiicccfsful efforts were made to farce her from the den. The hounds came back badly wounded and refufed to return. The fmoke of bla/.ing ftraw had no cf- feft. Nor dfd the fumes of burnt brimltone, with which tiie carern was filled, compel her to quit the retirement. Wearied with fuch fruitlefs at- tempts (which had brought the time to ten o'clock at night) Mr. Put- nam tried once more to make his dog enter, but in vain ; he propofed to his negro man to go down into the cavern and flioot the wolf : the negro .ies, mid SchoJs.] In no part of the world is the educa- II ^!iot all ra:iks of people more attcnied to than in Conaecikuf. A!^ ino.t eyerr town in the ftate is divided into dilhicb, and each dilUia h,, IJ P'iolic fchool kept in it a greater or lefs part of every Acar. Scn,cwha£ m.wtlvin one third ofthe monies arifing from a rax on the poll, and ratable olKut;:! of <•!-!» SmI-iU'- " "... - r '"■ """■» in thefcveral to iC i\ \- vvns, for the edueatirm of chil ppnuiriarco ic> tnc liipi^Hnt vi lch')f)iv ire^s that a grammar fchool Ihall be k Ircn and V(^uth. The 1 \w out the (htte ept in every county town throueli' There a grammar fchool at Hartfml, and another at New Un 1 nere :s a grammar fcho fupportcd by a donatiun of ■vcn , governor Hopkins. TLi;, venerable and b 1?' f K* n^vuiwnk ",»' 226 CONNECTICUT. ; :: f i i ; • ' I 1 *ii iii' liiilM 1 nevolent gentlcmnn, in liis M wUl, dated 1657, left, in thehanJ»of Thcophilus Eaton Kfq. and three others, a legacy of j(;. 13 24 * as an en- couragcmcnt, in thefe foreign plantations, of breeding up hopeful youth»i both at the grammar fchool and college.' in 1664, tl^is legacy was equal, ly divided between New Haven and Hartford ; and ^/rammar fchooli i were ereded, which have been fupported ever fince. J At Greehtldld there is a refpeaable acadcmv.under the care and inftruc-i tionof the Rev. Dr. Dwight. At Plainfield is another, under the care of the Rev. Mr. Beiiedid. This academy has flouriihed for feveral years, 1 andfurniihed a numberof Itudents, for Yale and Dartmouth colleges! At Norwich and Windham, likewife, are academies furnitlied with able jnftrudors ;^ each of thefe academies have fixty or feventy feholars. Yale Collkgk was founded in 1700, and remained at Killingworth until 1707— then at Saybrook, until 1716, when it was removed and fix- ed at New Haven. Among its principal benefaftors was governor Yalt, inhonorof whom, in 1718, it was named Yale Collegk. Its firft building was eredt-d in 17 17, being 170 feet in length, and 22 inbreadth! built of wood. '1 his was taken down in 1782. The prefcnt college edifice, which is of brick, was built in 1750, under the diredion of the Kev. Prefident Clap, and is 100 feet long, and 40 feet wide, three fto- ties high, and contains thirty-two chamljers, and fixty-four ftudies, con- venient for thg reception of a hundred ftudents. 'i'he college chapel, which is alfo of brick, was built in 1761, being fifty feet by forty, with a lleeple 125 feet high. In this building is the" public library, confiftinij of about 2500 volumes ; and the philofophical apparatus, which is at pre""- fent incomplete. It contains, however, the principal machines neceiTary for exhibiting mofl of theexperiments in the whole courfc of experimental philofophy and aftronomy. The Turn of/;.3oo,colleck»dby fubfcriptions, is now in readinefs to be expended in the purchafe of fuch other inllrii. ments and machines, as will render the philofophical apparatus complete, 'rhc college mufeum, to which additions are conftantly making, con- tains fome great natural curiofities. 'Ihis literary inliitution was incorporated by the general alTembly of Connecticut. The firft charter of incorporation was granted to eleven minifters, under the denomination of truftees, 1701. '1 he powers of the I truftees were enlarged by the additional charter, 1723. And by that of 174J, the truflees were incorporated by the name of * The Prelident and Fellows of Yale college. New Haven.' The corporation are empowered t(. ' old eftates, contiaiic their fuccefiion, make academic laws, elecl and confiituteall ofiicers of iniku^f^ion and government, ufual in univeriities, and confer all learned degrees. The ordinary executive government ii jnihe hands of the prefident and tutors. The prefent officers of the college »i^e, a prefident, who is alfo profefibr of ccclefiairical hiftorv, a profeffur of divinity, and three tutors. The anmber of ftudents for ffveral years paft has been from i 50 to 2 50, divided into four claCes. The pre- — '" * ••^ '■■;■'-■■ -''^'^ !umes of books, and an eftate in Rhode-Kland, that rents yearly for loo ounces of filver — wliich is divided into three parrs, and annually ap- propriated to the three beft fcholars in the latin and greek claffics. This kts proved agrcat incentive among the ftudcnts to excel inclaffical learn- ing. The Hrrt donation to the college in land, confiiting of about 600 acre's was made by major James Fitch, ini 701. The general affembly, in 1752, gave 1500 acres within the (late. Dr. Daniel Lathrop, ol Nor- wich, added a donation of ^{^.500 to the college funds in 1781. The courfe of education, in this uuiverfity, comprehends the whole circle of literature. The three learned languages are taught, together with fo niiicli of the fciences as can be communicated in four years. Great at- tention is paid to oratory and the belles lettres. In May and September, annually, the feveral clafTes are critically cx- ammed in all their claffical lludies. As incentives to improvement in compofition and oratory, quarterly exercifes are appointed bv the orefident and tutors to be exhibited by the refpeftive clalTes in rotation. A public I commencement is held annually, on the fecond Wednefdav in Septem- I ber, which calls together a more numerous and brilliant affembly, than are convened by any other anniverfary in the Hate. T%o thoufand and eighty have received the honours of this univei fity } «f whom 6s 3 have been ordained to the work of the gofpel miniftry. Acceflbs. A. D. 1701 'V9 1726 >739 1777 Prefidents. Abraham Pierfon, Timothy Cutler, S. T. D. Elilha Williams, ' Thomas Clap, Ezra Stiles, S. T. D. L. L. D. Exitus. A. D. 1707 172* »739 1766 Wnci.vimcmh and foJfiU.'\ On the bank of Connefticut river, ivm ■iiles from Middleton, is a lead mine, which was wrought during the war, at the expcnce of the ftate, and was produftive. It is too expenUve to work in time of peace. Copper mines have been difcovered and opened in feveral parts of the ftate, but have proved unprofitable, and are much rieglc<5ted. Iron mines are numerous and productive. Steel ore has been jfound^ in the mountains between Woodbury and New Milford. Talks of various kinds, white, brown and diocolate coloured crvltals, zink or fpeltcr, a femi- metal, and feveral other foflils and metals have been founJ I m Connecticut. yiodc of levying taxes. "^ All free-holders in the ftate are required by law to give in lifts of their polls antS rateable cftate,* to perfons appointed 111 the rcfpettive towns to receive them, on or before the 20th of Auo^uit I annually. Thefeare valued according to law. arranged in proper order, and fent to the general aflembly annually in May, The h Covnefl2cut,horfes, homed cattle , impiOfved and unimproved land', \ f^' J^^PP"'g^ all forts of riding carriages, clocks and 'watches, ftlver plate \53S>^^r-'^^-ri On this fum taxes are levied, fo much on the pound, according to ih fum propofcdtobe raiicd. A tax of two pence on the pound, would j-aifc /.1 2,782:4/. 'J'hc ordi.iarv annual r xpences of government before the war, amount, ed to near ^^-4000 ftcriing, exclufivc of that which was appropriated to the fupport of fchools. '1 he expences have fuuc incrcafcd. Mineral fpringi.] At Stafford is a medicinal fpring, wlsich i*! faid \^ be a fovereign remedy for feorbutic, cutaneous and other difordcrs. At Guilford is a fpring, whufe water, it is faid, when feparated from t'.ic fountain, will evaporate even when put into a bottle and tightly torkd. Coi:JlUnhon and Courts afjtifiicc.'] It is difficult to fay what is the con- ftitution of tliis ftate. Contented 'with the tbrm of government wliidi originated from the charter of Charles 1I» granted in 1662, the people have not been difpofed to run the hazard of framing a new conftitutiiin lince the declaration of independence. They have tacitly adopted their old charter as the ground of civil government, fo far as it is applicable to «n independent people. Agreeably to this charter, the fuprcmc legiflative authority of the flate is veftcdin a governor, deputy governor, twelve afliitants orcoun- lellors, and the rcprefentatives of the people, itylcd the G antral A£embl;}, The governor, deputy governor and aflillants, are annually chofen by the freemen in the month of May. The reprcfentatives (their number not to exceed two from each town) arc chofen by the freemen twice a year, to attend the two annual feflions, on tlic fccond Thurfdays of May and Odober. This afTembly has power to ereft judicatories, for the trial of caufc"! civil and criminal, and to ordain and cltablifli laws for fcttlinr the forms and ceremoniesof government. By thcfe laws the general ai- lembly is divided into two branches, called the upper and lower houfa The upper houfe is compofcd of the governor, deputy governor ami flifinants. The lower houfc, of the reprcfentatives of the people. No law can pafs without the concurrence of both houfcs. The judges ot , the fuperior court hold their oilices during the pleaiure (,f the general af. * fcmbly. The judges of the county courts, and juilices, are annually ap- pointcil. Sheriffs are appointed by the governor and council, without limitation of time, Tlie governor is captain general of the militia, the] tk'puty governor, lieutenant general. All other military otticcrs aie nppointcd by the aOenjbly and'eommiffioned by the governor. .The mode of clec'ting the governor, deputy governor, afliftants, treafurer and fcrretarv, is as follows: The freemen in the feveral townj TOcet on tlie Monday next alter the firft Tuefday in April, annually, and i £iVC i CONNECTICUT. IZf ^.i,53j,^67:i8:j:| r iv c in their vote-, for the pcrfons they choofe for the faid offices rcfpcfti ve- Jv, with their names written on a piece of paper, whicii are received and fralcd up by n conftablc in open meeting, the votes for each office by thcm- filves wi^h the name of the town and office written on the outfide. Thofc votes, rlius fealed, are fent to the general aflcmbly in May. and there ciHintcd by a committee from both houfes. All Freemen arc"eligible to any office In governn»ent. In choofing affiftants, twenty perfons are no- minated, by the vote of each freeman, at the freeman's meeting for choof- ing rcprefcntiitives in September annually. Thefe votes are fealed up, and fent to the general aflfembly in Odober, and are there counted by a, committee of both houfes.and the twenty perfon* who have the moll vote» It.iiid in nomination ; out of which number the twelve who have the grcat- clt number of votes, given by the freemen at their meeting in April, are, in May, declared alfiltants in the manner above mentioned. The quali- jications of freemen are, maturity in years — quiet and peaceable behaviour —a civil converfation, and freehold eftate to the value of forty fliiilings per annum, or forty pounds perfonal ellate in thelill, certified by the ^- led men of the town ; it is necelTary, alfo, that they take the oath of fi- d-'litv to the ftatc. Their names are enrolled in the town clerk's office, and tliey continue freemen for life, unlefs disfranchifed by fentent e of tlic fuperior court, on convidion of mifdemeanor. The courts are as follows : The juftices^of the peace, of whom a num- ber are annually appointed in each town by the general aflcmbly, have authority to hear and determine civil anions, where the demand docs not exceed four pounds. If the demand exceeds forty fhillings, an appeal to the county is allowed. They have cognizance of fmall offences, and may puniffi by fine, not exceedwg forty fhillings, or whipping not exceeding ten llripcs, or fitting in the (locks. There are eight county courts in the Uatc, held in the feveral counties by one judge and four juitices of the quorum, who have jurifdiftion of all criminal cafes, arifing within their refpedVivc counties, where the punifliment docs not extend to life, limb, or banifh- ment. They have original jurifdidlion of all civil anions which exceed thejurifdiclion of a jullice. Either party may appeal to the fuperior court, if the demand exceeds twenty pounds, except on bonds or notes vouched by two witnefl'es. 1 here are feveral courts of probate, in each county, confiding of one j'jdge. The peculiar province of this court, is the probate of wills, grant- ing adminidration on inteftateeftatcs, ordering didribution of them, and appointing guardians for minors, &c. An appeal lies from any decree of this court to the fuperior court. The fuperior court confifts of fire judges. It has authority in all criminal cafes extending to life, limb or banifhment, and otlier WgK crimes and mifdemeanors, to grant divorces, and to hear and determine all civil aftions brought by appeal from the county courts, or v'hecourt of probate, and to correft the errors of all inferior courts. This is a circuit court, and has two ilatcd fcfuons in each county annually. Thn . fuperior and county courts try matters of fad by a jury, or without if the p irties will agree. 'There is a fupreme court of errors, confiding of the deputy governof and the twelve affiftauts. Their fole bufmefs is to determine writs of error iii^ «3» CONNECTICUTf 'rror, broiiglit' rmen fs (if the fa !rt, \?hcre the jperjor court, \?ncre tnc error pl;u;icd of appears on tnc record. They have two llated fefllons annually, ri'z. on tlu: 'I'ucfdaysof the weeks preceding the ftated feffiom of thcge! reraltillenribly. Tho courity court is a court of chancery, empowered to hear and de. tcrniiue cafes in equity, where the matter in demand docs not exceed one hundred pounds. The fuperior court has cognizance of all cafes where the demand exceeds that Aim. Error may be brought from the county, t'> the fuperior court, and from the fuperior court to the fupreme court of •rrors, on judgment in cafes of equity as well as of law. The general aflernbly, only, have power to grant pardons and reprieve! — to grant commiffions of bankruptcy — orprote*^ theperfons and eftates «f unfortunate debtors. The common law of England, fo far as it is applicable to this country, is confidercd as the common law of this ftate. The reports of adjudica^ tion in the courts of king's bench, common pleas and chancery, are read in the courts of this State as authorities ; yet the judges do not confider them as conclufively binding, unlcfs founded on folid reafons which will apply jnthisState.orfandioned by concurrent adjudications of their own courts.* 'Ihc feudal fyftem of defcents was never adopted in this btate. All tlic real eflate of inteftates is divided equally among the children, maieg «nd females, except that the cldeft {on has a double portion. And all rftafes given in tail, mull be given to fome perfon then m being or to their i(nmediate iflue, and fhall become fee fimple eftates to the iflue of the firft donee in tail. '^Ihe widow of an inteftate is entitled to a third part of the perfonal eftate forever, and to her dower, or third part of the houfes and lands belonging to the inteftate at the time of his death, during her life. Prnfiice of lamj.'] The praftlce of law in this State has more fimplicity, but lofs precifion, than in England. AiTiftants and j;idges are impowered to ilfue writs through the ftate, and juftices, through their rcfpeftive coun- ties. In thefe writs, the fubftance of the complaints or the declarationi- muft be contained, and if neither of the parties Ihew good reafon for de- lay, the caufes are heard and determined the fame term to which the writi are returnalilc. Few of the fiftions of law, fo common in the Englilh praftice, are known in this Slate. The plaintiff always has his eleflion to attach or fumnion the defendant. Attornies are admitted and qualified by the county courts. Previous to their admiifion to the bar, they muft ihidy two years with a praftifing attorney in the State, if they have had a roilrge education, and three years if they have not; their morals muft be jp;ood, and their characters unblemifhed, and they muft fuftain an examina- tion by the attornies of the court of the county where they are admitted, and ht hv them recommended to the court. When admitted to the county court, t!>ey can pradHce, without other qualifications, in any court in the State. There arc upon an average, about thirteen attornies to each county, one hundred and four in the State ; a very great proportion for the real exigencies of the people. Yet from the litigious fpirit of the citizens, the moft * A rolcme of reports of adjudications of the fuperior court, it is ex- y^pc^ed will foon be publifhed by a gentlemen of abilities, in the profeftioii ♦f law, under the iufpeAkxi of the court. X:OKNECTlCUT. «5» moft of them find employment ami fupport. There it no attorney general, but there is one attorney to the State in each county. Nftv InvevtwKt.] Karly in the war, David Bufhnel, A.M. of Say- brook, invented a machine for fubmarine navigation, altogether different from any thing hitherto devifed by the art of man. This machine was ft^ conftruitcd as that it could be rowed horizontally, at any given depth, under water, and could be raifcd or deprcffcd at pleafure. To this ma-I chine, called the American Turtle, was attached a magazine of powder, which wasmtended to be faftened under the bottom of a niipwith a driv- ing fcrew, m fucha way as that the fame ftroke which difeng.iged it from the machme (hould put the internal clock work in motion. This liein^ doncthe ordinary operationof a gun-lock, at thediftance of half an houi^ or any determmatc time, would caufe the powder to explode and leave the cffl'dts to the common laws of nature. The fimplicity, yet combination difcovered in the machanifni of this wonderful machine, have been ac- knowledged by thofc {killed in pliyfics, and particularly Hydraulics, to 1)6 not lefs mgemous than novel. Mr. Buflmel invented feveral other cu - nous machinesfor the annoyance of the Britilb Ihipping.but from accidents not militating againft the philofophical principles, on which thevr fuccef* depended, they but partially fuccceded. He dcfl.oyed a vcffel in the charge of commodore Symmonds. One of his kegs alfo dcmolillied a veflel near the Long Ifland ihore. About Chriilmas j 777, be committed to the Delavvare river a number of kegs, deflined to fall among the Bri- ti(h fleet at Philauelphia; but his fquadron of kegs, having l^eii feparat- edand retarded by the ice. demoliOied but a fingle boat. Thiscataftrophe however, produced an alarm, unprecedented in its nature and desfec • Ahich has been fo happily defcribed by the Hon. Francis Hopkinfon, in a fong. ftilcd ' The Battle of the Kegs.'* that the event it celebrates wilJ not be forgotten, fb long as mankind fhall continue to be deliijhted with works of humour and tafte. ^ Mr. Hanks,_ of Litchfield, has invented a method of winding up clock* by means of Air or Wind only, which is new and ingenious. Mr. Culver, of Norwich, has conftruaed fwhether he was the inventor 1 know not) a Dock- Drudge, which is a boat for clearing docks and re- moving bars in rivers ; a very ingenious and ufeful machine. Its aooJ t f- tcas have already been experienced in the navigation of the river Thames, thechannel of which has been confiderably deepened. This machine will ?hVuniled'sm^^^^ great advantages to navigation throughout A machine for drawing wire was invented fometlme fince at Norwich, by the Hon. N. Niles, now in Vermont. "fwun. TheRev. jofeph Badger, while amember of Yale College ini7Sr. con- Itrueted an ingenious planetarium, (without ever havingleen one of th« Kind) which is depofited in the library of that univenit)-. arfe- JhJp' ^r'nl"'"' '"""'X "[Conneflicut, at the time of the firit and mln f. ?''^; was pofTefTed by the Fequot, theMohcgan, Podui^. aud many other fmaller tribes of I nd' lans. The See Col. Humphrey's life of General Pg tnam, P. 12 V •31 CONNECTICUT. iili :i ' 1 m The Pcqiiotg m H long 11 d warlike. Tliei'r country were mimeroMs _ \c kA toalt from Paukaruk, to ConiR-ttinit riven About t' , ypar 1630, thu jwweifol tribe extcmlcd thdr coi4t]iidtsovcr a confitlfrabj.. pan ot Connedicut, over all Long llUnd «iid part of iXarraganf-it. S^bjA. cys, who was the Grand Monarch of the whole couiitry, was king of j this nation. The feat «ji" his dominion was at New London ; the ancient Indian name of which was IVqiiot. The M()hcgans were a numerous tribe, and their territory extcnfivr. Their ancient claim, which was furveyed and fettkd by couvniirioncrj' | from QMcen Ann, in 1705, comprehended all New London < ounty, cx-l ccpt a narrow ftrip of about eight miles wide, on the fea coaft, almoll tlie whole of the county of Windham, nnd a part of the counties of 'loUaiiJ and Hartford. Uncus, diilinguilhcd tor his friendihip 10 the EngHfii, was the Sachem of this tribe. The Podunks inhabited Eaft Hartford, and the circumjacent country. The firft Sachem of this tribe, of whom the KngHfli had anv knowledg't:, 1 was Tatatiimoo. He was able to bring into tiie iicld more than 200 fighting men. Thefirll grant ofConncflicut was made, by the Plymouth cnancil, to the Karl of Warwick, in 1630, and confirmed by his majeftvincoumiltlic fame year. This grant comprehended * all that part of ' New hngfanJ which lies weft from Narraganfett river, 120 miles on the fea coaH,'fr<.in ihence, in latitude and breadth aforclaid, to the fouth fea.' 'J'heyear toiiuwing. the Earl affigned this grant to Lord Say and Seal, Lord ikook and nine others. No Eiiglifli fettlemcnts were attempted inConneclicut until the year 1 6jj, wlien a number of Indian traders, having purchafcd of Zcquiiilbn .nid Natavvanute, two principal Sachems, a traiit of land at the mouth of Lit- tie river in VVindlor, built a houfe and fortiiielIed-.m.nywefe wounded ^nd taken, and the rciieflapah sli «' and his wariors at Peqnot, i^fuck with terror dt thericwsoffh^s dd,.t^ nidifhed their principal fort, burn, theit wi^w.ms, arrd fled to the w; vard C.pt.Whton with ,60 men frorff Maffachufett*, had by thj. time arri^M t b.ybrook. He with h s -.ces joined Captain Mafoi and pS the ndians and overtook .nd fnrrounded them in a gre.t fwamp^ncar Fa r iii. ittl '':d^^^r^^'-"'"';^^<'«>«'L^"d children erne out an.1 de- 354 CONNECTICUT. which is the firft account of theirhaving nfed them. Saffacns fled to the Mo- hawks, by whom it is reported he was murdered ; but it is more probable that he and his company incorporated with them. Many of the Indian captives were u/fji/ji/fiihlji fent to Bermudas and fold for flaves. The Pequoi tribe was wholly cxtinguiihed. This fuccefsful expedition llruck the In- dians that remained with fuch terror, as rciirained them from open hoftili- ties for near forty years after. The Englilh thus obtained the country eaft of the Dutch fettlcmcnts, by right ot conqueih The purfuit of the Indians led to an acquaintance •with the lands on the fea coaft, from Saybroijk to Fairfield. It was report- ed to be a very fine country. This favourable report induced Meffrs, Eaton and Hopkins, two very refpedable London merchants, and Mr. Davenport, a man of diltinguifhed piety and abilities, with their company, who arrived this year (1637) from London, to think of this part or the country as the pkice of their fettlement. Ti^eir friends in Maifachufetts forry to part with fo valuable a companv, dilTuaded them from their pv pofe. Influenced, however, by the promifing profpects which the con; try afforded, and flattering themfelvcs that they fnould be out of theju- rifdiftion of a general governor, with which the country was from time to time threatened, they determined to proceed. Accordingly, in March 163S, with the confent of their friends on Connefticut river, they fettled at New Haven, 'tmd laid the foimdation of a flouriihing colony, of which Quinnipiak, now New Haven, was the chief town, '^llie firft public wor- Ihip, in this new plantation, was attended on Lord's day, April i8th, 1638, under a large fpre; Mng oak. The Rev. Mr. Davenport, preached from Matt. iii. i. on the temptations of tlie wildernefs. Both colonies, by voluntary compad, formed thcmfclves into diitinft commonwealth,<, and remained fo until their union in 1665. In »639, the three towns on Connecticut river, already mentioned, find- ing themfelves without the limits of any jurifdiftion, formed themfelves j into a body politic, and agreed upon articles of civil government. Thefe articles were the foundation of Connecticut charter, which wal granted in 1 662. The fubftance of the articles, ^o far as they refpeft the holding of aflemblics, the time and manner of electing magillrates and other civil officers, (except that in the old confederation no perion was to bechofen governor more than once in two years) and the extent of iegifla- tive powers, was transferred into, and eftablilhed in faid charter. The firft church was gathered in New Haven this year, and confiftedl of {cvt:i\ members. Thefe were chofen by the fettlers after Mr.* Daven- port had preached from the words of Solomon, ' Wifdom hath buildeJ I her ho'.ifc, fhe hath hewed out her fevcn pillars.' Thefe men were indeed the pillars of the church, to whom the rflt were added as they becanW qualified. 7'hey were, alfo, the court to t.*. all civil artions. The firft fettlers in New Haven had all things common ; all purchafej and the! were made in the name and for the ufe of the whole plantation, jiwr.is Wric ;ippOrtluneu uUi tu cucniamdy oriiiinai ftock. At their firft eleaion, in Gftober 1639, Mr. Theophilus Eaton w«| cholcn governor for the firft year. Their eieftions, by agreement, wertj to he annunl ; and the Word of God their only ruie in conducing tli* affair* ofgovwnment in the plantation. i* u r. affaciisfledto the Mo- ut it is more probable Many of the Indian *or flaves. The Pequot )edition {truck, the In- lem from open hoftili- he Dutch fettlcmcnts, ed to an acc^uaintance rfield. It was report- eport induced Meflfrs, ^ merchants, and Mr. ;, with their company, nk of this part or the ends in Malfachufctts I them from their pv fpects which the coa; )Uid be out of the ju- 011 n try was from time ccordingly, in March :icut river, they fettled hing colony, of which The firft public wor- ird's day, April i8th, . Davenport, preached rnefs. Both colonies, itinft commonwealth,«, Iready mentioned, find- ion, formed themfelvej of civil government, nt charter, which wal • far as they refpeft the efting magillrates and ^tion no perfoii was to nd theextentofiegifla-l 1 faid charter. his year, and confifted tiers after Mr.'Daven- ♦ Wifdom hath biiildeJ rhefe njen were indeed | added as they becanW | vil adions. ommon ; all purchafej lie plantation, and the Theophilns Eaton w« ns, by agreement, wfrt ruie in conducing till C O N N E e T i C U T. 235 In .643, the articles of confederation between the four New England colonies, mentioned p. 158, were unaiii.noufly adopted by the colonies of New Haven and Connedticut. The Engliih fettlement on Delaware, which was under the juriHiiaiMi of New Haven, was furprized by the iJ-.vedcs, and the jHioplc put in irons under a falfe pretence that they were enf^ring into a confpiiacy with th« Indians to extirpate the Swedes. I^ie general court of New Haven, this year, eftabiifiied it as a funda- mental article not to be difputed. That none l>e adniittedas fice Burgefles but church memberi,, and that none but fuch fliould vole ar elet'tions. They alfo ordained. That each tovyn choofe from among themfclves judges (church members) to be a court, to have cognizance of all civil aftions notcxcecdiiig twenty pounds ; and of criminal caufes, where the pu- nifhment was, fitting in the ftocks, whipping and fining not exceeding five pounds. There was liberty of appeal froui this to the court of ma- ^ giftrates. The court ofmagiitratesconfiltedof all the magi (hates through- J cut the colony, who were to meet twice a year, at New Havea, for tha trial of all capital caufes. Six made a quorum. The f neral court was to confut of the governor, deputy-governor, magillrates and two reprefentativcs from each town. The annual elec- tion of officers of government was at thh, time eftablifhcd, and has ever fince continued. The unfettled flate of the colony, had hitherto prevented their eftablifh- ing a code of laws. To fiipply this defeft, the general court ordered, ' That the judicial laws of God as they were delivered to Mofes, and as tliey are a fence to the moral, being neither typical nor Ceremonial, nor having any reference to Canaan, {liall be accounted of moral equity and gjenerally bind all offenders, and be a rule to all the courts in this jurifciic- tionintiieir proceedings agaiali ofFcnders, until they be branched out into particulars hereafter,' About this time a war broke out between theMohegan and Narragaq. fctt Indians. A perfonal quarrel between Myantonomo, fachemofthw Nar^:;.ganretts, and Uncas fachem of the Mohegans, was ihc foundation of the war, Myantonomo raifed an army of 900 w.+triors and marched towards tlie Mohegan country, Uncas by his fpies received timely notice of their approach. His feat of refidcncc was m fome part of Norwich. He quickly colIe<5ted 600 of hi« braveft ivarriorc, and told them, ♦ The Narraganfeas mult not come into our town, we -.lufl meet them.' They accordingly marched about three mile* to a large plain, where the two ar- mies met, and halted within bov/ flioi of each other* A parley was pro- pofcd by Uncas, and agreed to by Myantonomo, The fachems met, and Uncas addrelfed his enemy as follow's, .' You have a great many brave men— fo have. I — You and I have quarrclL-d, but theie warriors, what: have they done ? Shall they die to avenge a private q;i;iirel between us > No. Come like a brave man, as you pretend to lx>, and lef us fight. It* you kill me, my men flialj be yoi»ri: if Ikil! vou-. vour men ihal! bt» nvne.' Myantonomo replied, *My 'men came to iight,' and rr.cy (hall (i"-ht.' Uncas, like an experienced warrior, aware of tiie rcfult of the conference from the fu period force of his enemy, had pn'vi«'iil"ly hgnified to his men^ , that if iMyantonomo refufed to fight him in {mgk combat, he would immediately i III 1^ >36 C O N N N E C T I C U T, immediately fall, wliich was to be tliefignal for thciii to brgin ite attack, As foon thertlore as Mviiiuonomo had finifhtd his laconic fpeech, Uncas tiroppt-d — his men inilantly obeyed the fignal, and poiacd iu a il^ower ot" allows upon the unfufpeding Narraganfctta, and ruOiing on with their horrid yells mui favage ficrcenefs, put them to flight. .Many were killed on the fpot — the reft were cloiely purfued, andfome were precipiiately driven down craggy precipices, and daihed in pieces. At a place called, from this event, Saghcm's Plain, Uncas overtook aodfeizcd Myantonomo by theihoulder. ""Ihcv fat down touether ; and Uncas wi;h a hoop, call- pd in his men, and the battle ceafcd. Doubtful what to do widi the Koyal prifoner, Uncas and his warriors, in council, determined to carry bim to the governor and council at Hartford, and be advifed by them. 'I'hithcr he was accordingly conducted. 'I he governor having advifed with his council, told Uncas, Thatthe Englilh were not then at war with the Narraganfetts, and of courfe that it was not proper for them to in- termeddle in the matter. Uncas was left to do with him as he plcaied, Myantonomo was conducted back to the plain where he was taken, and put to death by Uncas himfclf. 'I he tragic fcetje did not endwith his death. Uncas, after the manner of the Indians, with his tomahawk, cut oiFa large piece of fielh from the Ihoulder of Ws flaughtered enemy, broiled and ate it, faying, with an air of favage triumph, * It is thefweetell meat I ever ate^It makes me have a Itout heart.' His body was afterr waais buried^ and a pillar ercttcd over it^ the remains of which are vifibk to this day. Some hiftorians h^vc infinuatcd that the governor and council fccretly advifed Uncas to put Myantonpmo to death — and others, more bold, have declared that they * ordered him (Myantonomo) to be carried out of their ■ jurifdiv'tion and to be flain ;' but that they * kindly added that he ihould rot be tortured ; and fent fome perfons to fee execution done, who had the fatisfaftion to fee the captive king murdered in cool blood.'** Wxm of no foundation f)r this unfavourable reprefentation of die affair. Myantonomo u as one of the moll potent Indian Princes in New Eng !and. Seven years before this he iiad affilled the Englifli in their wars with the Pequots. niic Narraganferts were greatly enragrd at the death of their prince, i»nd refolvcd to take vengeance on the Mohcgans. 'I he unitvd colonies jnrerpofed to prevent a war between thcni,but in vain. The Narrragan- iotts rcf.>lutely declared, they would continue the war until they had Uh. Ciis' head. But as Uncas had eyer been a friend to the Englifh, they join. ed hiin againft his enemies, and were viflorious. Such, however, was the enmity of the Narraganfetts to the Englilh, that they atti'.rwardsfcn( fome of their men to Uncas, with large prefents, to induce him to join with themjn ^ war if*'nii the colonies. Uncas replied,.^ Go tell vow king tl atl will go to Norwich, and advtfe with Major John Mafon ami Mr. FJTch ; if they tell me to join him and fight againll the Eng' vl, #^ ti7^r 1if}\»l wiU join him, the Knglilh, and ;he Nairaganfctts |3 id able. vvere iMcd , itnd never _ . — .. _ --(,... were foi In after Hirt. of Providence, ^c, publiilxc^ i^i the Providence GazetleJ 1765, No. JaB. C U T, {II to hrgin tte attack, laconic I'peech, Uncas poiiicii iu a ihower ot ruOiing on with their t. .iVlany ware killed 3me were precipi lately e>s. At a place called, idfeizcd Myantonomo ncaswi;h a hoop, call- I what to do with the 11, determined to carry d be advifed by them, jvexiior having advifed e not then at war with proper for them to in- ith him as he pleafed, ere he was taken, and e did not endwith his ith his tomahawk, cut 'is flaughtered enemy, mph, V( t is the fweetell His body was afterr ins oi which are vifibk or and council fecretiy others, more bold, have i ;o be carried out of tli^ir I Iv added that he ihould xiition done, who had cool blood.'** Iknowi on of die affair. Princes in New Eng- i Englifli in their wars I death of their prince, The unitvd colonies ' vain. The Narrragan- war until they had Uh. > the Englifh, they join. . Such, however, was I hatthey atti'.rwardsfcnt to induce him to joinl •epHed,. ^ Go tcli youfj Major John Mafon ami; fight againll the Eng'i ..-••• -• * --^ r ^ -^ • f r.-. !t 3 ?*tjf*"- j md never after were for"! In ic Providence Gazette, CONNECTICUT. 237 !n confideration of the fuccefs and increafe of the New England colo- nies, and that they had becnof?io charge to the nation, and in profpett of their being in future very fcrviceahle to it, the Englifli parliament, March icth, 1643, granted them an exemption from all cuftoms, fubfidies and oiher duties, until further order. 1 o write a conneded, progreffive hiftbry of any of the dates, is not within thelin)its of my defign. This, as I have before obferved, is left to the profefled hiftorian.* Some of the moft remarkable and interefting events, related in a detached and faramary manner, is all. that muft be ex})cded. in 1644, the Conncfticut adventurers purchafed of Mr. Fenwick, agent for lord Say and Seal, and lord Brook, their right to the colony of Connedicut, for jT 1600. 1 he hirtory of Conneiflicut is marked with traces of the fame fpirif, which has been mentioned as charaacriftic of the Maflachufetts, in differ- ent itagcs of their hillory. Indeed, as Maffachufcrts was the ftock whence Connefiicut proceeded, this is to beexpcded. The colony of Connefticuw xpreffed their difapprobation of the ufc of tobacco, in an ad of their general aflembly at Hartford, in 1647, where- in it was ordered * 'I'hat no perfon under the age of twenty years, nor any other that hath already accuftomed himfelf to the ufe thereof, (hall take any tobacco, until he Ihall have brought a certificate, from under the hand of fome who are approved for knowledge and (kill in phyfic, that it is ufeful for him ; and alfo that he hath received a licence from the c^urt for the fame. All others who had addirted themfelves to the ufe of to- bacco were, by the fame court, prohibited taking it in any company, or attheirlabours, or on their travels, unlefs they were ten miles at Icaft fromavjihaufe,\ {I fuppofe) or more than once a day, though not in company, on pain of a fine q{ fix-pence for each time ; to be proved by- one fubltantial evidence. The conlfahle in each town to make prcfent- ir.ent of fuch, tranfgreffions to the particular court, and upon convic- tion, the fine to be paid without gainfaying. Nor wore the (?onncaicut fetrlers behind their brethren in MrffTachu- fctts in regard to iheirfe verity againll the Qnakers ; and they have the fame apology.^ The general court of New Haven, 1 658, paffed a fevere law agamlt the Quakers. They introduced their law with this preamble. ♦ Whereas there is a curfed k(X of hereticks lately fprung up in the world, commonly called Quakers, who take upon them that they are immedi- ately fent from God, and infallibly aflifted by the fpirit, who yet fpcak and write blafphemous opinions, defpife government, and the order of God m church and commonwealth, fpeaking evil of dignities, &c. * Ordered ' The Rev, Mr, Benjamin Trumbull of North Haven, has f$r federal' -s, nuith indefatigable indnjiry, been making coUciliens for a hi/lory of rif^iitu:, £iii avm.HS as a •ufriicr, ami his accurary as a btjiorian the pubiiQ- fiiready knmu. It is hoped the public luilljhortiy be favoured tvith his hijlon,. Through his indulgence in pertniuing me to/eleci from kit manufcripts. J am enabled to publijh moft of the above fads, ^ There is a defied in the copy, t SieHift,Mafachufietts,P.\%Z, • ^ »3* CONNECTICUT. 'S'u.;ii i: • Ordered — That whofbever fhall bring, or caufc to be brought, any- known Qnaker or Quakers, or other blalphemous hereticks, Ihall forfeit tlie fum of j^50.' Alfo, If a Quaker come into this jurifdiftion on civil bufmefs, the time of his ftay fhall be limited by the civil authority, and he fliall not ufe any means to corrupt or feduce others. On his lirlt arrival, he fhall appear be- fore the magidrate, and from him have licence to pafs on his bulinefs. And (for the better prevention of hurt to the people) have one or more to attend upon them at their charge, &c. The penalties in cafe of difo» bedience were whipping, imprifonment, labour, and a deprivation of alj converfe with any perfon. For the fecond offence, the perfon was to be branded in the hand with the letter H — to fuffer imprifonment— and be put to labour. For the third, to be branded in the other hand* imprifoned, &c. as before. For the fourth, the offender was to have his tongue bored through with a red hot iron — xmprifoned — ^^nd kept to labour, until fent away at their own charge. Any perfon who fhouid attempt to defend the lentiments of the Qua. kers, was, for the third offence, to be fentenced to banilhment. Had the pious framcrsof thefe laws paid a due attention to the excel- lent advice of that fagacious dodtor of the law, Gamaliel, they would, perhaps, have been prevented from the adoption of fuch fevere and un« juftifiable meafures. This wife man, when his countrymen were about to be outrageous in perfecuting the apoftles, addrcffed them in the fol- lowing words.which merit to be engraved in letters of gold ;• Refrain FROM THESK MEN, AND LET THEM A^ONE : FOR IF TfJIS COUNSEI, OR THIS WORK BEOFMEN, ITWILL COME TO NOUGHT : BUT IF IT BE OF God, ye cannot overthrow it; tpsT HAPt.v ye be rouND EVEN TO FIGHT AGAINST GoD.'* This divinc maxim wai "but little attended to in times of perfeculion. Our anceilors feem to have lett it to pofterity to make the important difcovery, that perfecution k the direft method to multiply its ohjeds. But thefe people, who have been fo much cenfured and ridiculed, had, perhaps, as many virtues as their poflerity ; and had they an advocate to defend their caufe, he no doubt might ^nd as broad a field for ridicule, and as jull a foundation for ccnfure, in the furvey of modern manners, jishas been afforded in anv period fmce the fettlement of America. It would be wife, then, in the moderns, who ftand elevated upon the Ihoul- ^ers of their anceilors, with the Iwok of t/jeir experience fpread before "them, to improve their virtues and veil their faults. The colonies of Connc(fTiicut and New Haven, from their firft fettlement, increafed rapidly } traif^s of lartd were purchafed of the Indians, and new towns fettled from Stamford to btonington, and far back into the coun- try, when, in 1661 , Majv » John Mafon, as agent for the colony, bought or the natives all lands which had not before been purchafed by particular vi the £>cneral aflembly. Having dune thefotliiugs, the colonillspetitioned Iting Charles JJ, for i dwrter* vid tkdt petition wa^ granted. His nia. jellj * At^« ». Chajv, CONNECTICUT. 43, }^i{y on the 23d of April 1662, ififucd h'ls letters prttent under the great (-•al, ordaining that the colony of Connc afTumed the right of giving away lands which the God of nature had long before given to the Indians, that their pa- tents extended they knew not where, many of them were of doubtful C(>nltrudion and very often covered each other in part, and have produc- ed innumerable difputes and mifchiefs In the colonies, fome of which arc not fettled to this day. It is not my bufinefs to touch upon thefe dif- putes. I have only to obferve. that Connedlcut conUrued her charter literally, and pafTmg over New York, which was then in poCeflion^of tlw? fubjedsofa chritbaa Prince, claimed, in latitude and breadth mentioned therein, to the f jth fea. Accordingly purchafes were made of th*- In- dians, on the Delaware river, weft of the weftcriv bounds of Ne\r V- k^ and withm the fnppofcd limits ofConnedic»t charter, and fettieniencs were made diereon by people from, aixi under t!ie jurifJiciion of. Con- nedicut. Ihe charter of Pennfvlvania, granted to William Penn, ia 1681, covered thefe fettlementv lliis laid the foundation for a difi^ute. which, tor a long time, was maintained with warmth on both fides. '1 H matter was at laft fub-nitted to gentlemen chofen for the purpofe. who. decided the difputcm favor of Pennfvlvania. Many however ftill aflbrtl the jurtice of the Conn . dicut claim. The ftate of Connedicut, has lately ceded to Congrefs all their land* wc.l of 1 cnnfvlvama, except a referve of tw.my milVs fijuare. This ce{. lion, Longrcfs have accepted, and thereby indubitably eftaWiQicd the rieht of Loiinedicut to the referve. * IJut to reti^rn. Thccolony of New Haven, though unconneded witi* the colony of Connedicut, was comprehended within the limits of theit charter, and, as they concluded, within their jurifdidion. But New- Haven remouftrated againft their claim, and refufcd to unite with them, until they fhould hear from England. It was not until the year 166? when It was believed that the king's commiffioners had a Mxgn upon th« ^ew England charters, that thefe two colonies formed a union which ' nas ever hnce amicably fubfifted between them. ' In I671I, thelawsofthecolonv were rcvifed. and the wniral cc^^^r^ *rdnrc1 them to be printed ; and alfo, that ♦ every family fhould buy "" ot the law books— fuch as pay in filver, to have a book for twel one fuch as pay in wheat, to pay a peck and a half a hook ; and fuch \'c pence, pay in pea.e. to pay tw(» HiiHings a book, the peafe at three fluUinas the Pulhel. Pcrhapi itu owiu^r to tlii» early and univerfal fpread of hw books rm ! liifi;! j:;fA 24.0 CONNECTICUT. this day, fo fond of books, that the people of Connetf^lcut are, law. lo 1750, the laws of Conne h^s the moll merit, not he who has tlic rnoit money, is generally choff; ''nto public office. As inltances of this, it is to be obfervcd, drat man\ 'vthe citizens of Conncdtcnt, from the humble walks of life, have ariG fi : the fiift offices in thcftaie, and iiilcd them with dignity aivJ re- putation. U T, day, fo fond of th6 v'iCcdi and publiOied ifs obferves, that tlicy iJe of Jaws, for plan- :, in which they were the wars with Philip hich the colony was ■oads of the enraged ath fire and devatta* 'lymoutl werp Eileen 3 been ilTued againft tiared the farr>c fate, ho, having very art- ; deliverer' up, buried d until all danger was mlation* There have F the other States, aiui eafe, under the divine e bulk of the inhabit- • farms furnirti them d but few of the luxu- i^^rate, and, if tlicr confident with happi- and does not depen-i zr profdrions. 'I here finefs, nor of a large Tiers, who deal muili :1a fs of people. The ed, induces the hv(~ arm makes him ihong r — eats the fruit ot lus tly thanks his bounte- 1 his fleep is fwec?. d to the amazing in- ^ and ha\'e rto fear of ;h and ambitious lanii- the elertion oi civil muft continue to be fo, fon is prohibited from fit OI nispov'cnj. i^' : money, is generally s to be obfervcd, t!;Ie walks of lift", have t with dignity anJ re- putation' CONNECTICUT; 241 tion. That bafe bufinefs of electioneering, which is fo directly calculated to nnroduce witked and defigning men into offiLc, is yet but little known in Coaneaicut; A man who wilhes to be chofen into office, z€i% wifely, lor thaf end, when he keeps his dcfires to himfelf . A thirrt fbr learning p.evails among all ranks bf people in the State; Mo of tiie vrtUng men in Connsdicut, ih proportion to their numbers, receive a public education, than in arty of the ftates. Dr. Franklin and other literary charaders, have honoured this ftate by faying, that it is th© J/he/is of AmeVirti. Some have believed, and with reafon, that the fondnefs for academic and collegiate education is too great— that it induces too many to leave the plough. If men of liberal education would return to the 'farm, and^ ufe then knowledge in improving agriculture, and encouraging rnanu- faftures, there could not be too many hieh of letlrnlng in the Itaie; but this is toofcldom the cafe. Connc*fticuthad but lew citizeris \*/h6 did not join irt oppofing the op- prcdive meafures of Great.nritaiu, and was aclive dnd influential, both m' the field atlJ in the cabinet, in bringing about the revolution. Her fol- liiers were applauded by the commahder irt chiefs for their bravery and iiiiclity. • ^ What has been faidin favour of Coritiefticut, thougli trufc When gene- rally applied, needs to be qualified with fome exceptions. Dr. Douglai:p')inted to preach the eUakv frmom, -ixovld fnrrnjh a ,'Utci (f thf h'Jhiy of the ftate fhr the cumiit ^mr ,toL- pnhhfhf.d. itt t/Jr ckf cf i . ar i rmois f Su'.h II n ,i,i'ii i 1 i 1 J4X C O N N f. C T 1 C U T. are collcfkd from every partoftheftatc ; and while they add dignity and folemnity to the important and joyful tranfaaions of the day, f«rve to ex- terminate party fpirit and to harmonize the civil and religious intercfts of theflatc. /• /r r . Connefticut has heen highly diftinguilhed in having a facccffion of go. vernors, eminent both for their religious and political accompliihrnents. With the follo' ing lill of their venerable names, 1 Ihall conclude my ac- count of Connedicut. Colony of Connefticut. AccFjfns. Names. Exilus. 1/539 John Haynes, 16+0 Edward Hopkins, 1641 JoImi Haynes, 164.0 1641 1642 Colony of New Haven. Acajfus. Narfiei, ^ Exitut. 639 Thcop. Eaton, 'i tr.iSjSdied* 6 CO Fra. Newman, \ ►o'i66i died. 1659 Fra. Newman 1662 William Leet • J. y' 1669. 1645 John Havnes 1646 Edward Hopkins, J 642 George VVyllis, (^ 1643 This year (166?) the colonies of i/j43 lohn Haynes, ^\ 1644 New Haven and Connecticut united, 1644 Edward Hopkins, « 1645 and governor Winthrop was govern- " "^ 1646 orof both, and governor LcetdcpU' 1547 ty-govcrnor, 1647 John Haynes, _ 1^48 Edward Hopkins, J649 Joim Haynes, i6';o Edward Hopkins, 1651 John Haynes, k 1651 Edward Hopkins, ^ 1653 John Haynes, ^ 1654 Edviard Hopkins, 1655 Thomas Wells, 1656 John Wtbfler, 1657 John I64J? 1 649 169© I65I 1652 »653 16^5 1656 1657 died* Such a jlrlch, l\». isupon his tomb fione. '' EA tON /> nieek,fofanCd,fd -^vlfe.fojjifl^ * The Phcenix ef cur n.vor/d, here hides his dtift. * nis name forget, Ne-xo England never mujl. + * T' attend you i Sir, under ihcfc fya-ici^QniS, * Are ctine your honour d^^w,% and daughter \ovs.^, * Oh each hand to repoj'e their iveary ho7ies.* 4 Theff lines feem. to have Ih en added afterwards, \ The Governor's Son-ln-lww. NEW YORK. Hi 1657 |ohn Winthrop, 1658 thorpas Well?, 1659 John Winthrop, J 676 William Lect, 1680 Rol)€rt Treat, 1696 John Winthrop, 1707 Gurdon SaltonftaU, 172+ John Talcott, ^ 1741 Jonath;io Law, 1751 Roger Woolcof , 1754 Thomas Fitch, 1766 William Bitkin, 1770 Jonathan Trumbull, 1784 Matthew Grifwold, 1785 Samuel HuntingtoQ. J i5?8 I )^G 1680 169$ M '7^7 k' '74-' 2 1751 '7J4- 176b , 1770 1784 1785 !•.■ •<*■.>-^lS?->>-^^'1i^^^■^^^-tf^-.>•«>^*^ < ''<*>'-<<>» Ijc frIloTXiiftg infcril>liai NEW YORK. SITUATION ^nd E s: T E ^' T, miles. Length 3 5 Breadth 300 .0 J ietwcen f 40^ 40' and ^50 North Latitude. L j'^W. and 1^30^ Eaft Longitude;. BmttdaHcs 1 f^^UNDEI? foutheaftwardly.by the Atjaqtic ocean; eaft •J XJ b)- Connecticut, Maflachufetts and Vermont j north, by the45tb degree of latitude, which divides it from Canada ; northweft^ uardly, by the river Iroquois, or St, Lawrence, and the La.ke? Ontar:9 and Erie ; fouthweft and fouth, by Pennfylvania and New Jerfcy. The whale -ftatc contains about 44,000 fquaio rji^iles, ecjual to? 8, 160,009 acres. Riveis.l Hudfon's river is one of the largeft a od fined rivers in the United States. It rifes in -ilw mountainous cojintry beiween the Lakes Ontario and Champlain. Its length i.i about 2 jo miles. In its courfe fouthward, it approaches M'ithin a few ml;les of the Mohawks river, at Saucondauga. Thence it runs north and northeaft towards Lakc.George. and is but fix or eight miles from it. The courfe of the river tbence tQ New York, where it empties into Yor]c bay, u very iinif.^rmlv fouth, 12 or 1 5' weft. From Albatiy to Lake George, is fixty-five miles. This diftanct*. the river is navigable only for battt^aux. and has two portap-cs. occafioned by falls, of half a mile each. It was one of thefc falls that General Putnam fo miraculou (]y defcended, ill .the je^r 175^^, to the afto- ifliment ot the Indians who beheld Iiim.l^ The See Col. Humphrey's life of Gen. Putnam, ?, 60. ' 'foj »44 W E W YORK. The banks of Hudfon's river, c^: ..iallyon the u'jftern HJe, ar«» cMef, ly rocky clifFs. The paflfage through the Highlands, tvh;ch is fixtccn miles, affords a wild, romantic fccne. In thia nnrrow pafs, on each fide of which the mountains tower toagre^t height, the wind, ifiherebeany, isrolleftcdand compreflcd, and hlow3 continu;ilIy as through a bellovn. Vtfrds, in pairing through it, are oftrri obliged to lower their fails. The bed of this river, which is deep and ftncoth to an allonilhing diftancc, through a hilly, rocky country, andeven through ridges of fome of the higheft moiintains in the United States, mull undoubtedly have l)eei^ produced by fome mighty convulfion in nature. 1 he tide flows a few miles above Albany, which is i6o miles from New York. It is navi- gable for floops of 80 tons to Albany, and for fhips, to Hudfon, About 6o miles above New York the water liecomcs frefh. The river is rtored with a variety of fifli, which renders a fummer palTage to Albany, delight- ful and amuling to thofewho are fond of angling. The advantages of this river fox carrying on the fiir trade with Canada, by means of the lakes, have already beei mentioned. Its convenience for internal commerce are Angularly great. Ihe [iroduce of the renrotcft farms is eafily and fpeedily conveyed to a certain and profitable market, and at tlie loweft expence, }n this refpe^^t, New York has greatly the adv.m. tage of Philadelphia. A great proportion of the produce of Pennfylvani;! is carried to market in waggons, over a great extent of country, fome of M'hich is rough ; hence it is th:\t Philadelphia is crouded with waggon?, carts, horfes and their drivers, to do the fams buftncfs that is donf? in Now York, where all the produce of the country U brought to market by water, withmuch lefs Ihew and parade. But Peny ylvania has other advantages, which will be mentioned in their proper place, to compen- sate for this natural defeft. The increafing population of the fertile lands Vpon the northern branches of the Hudfon, mult annually incrcafe the amazing wealth that is conveyed by its waters to New York, The river St. Lawrence divides this date from Canada. It rifes in Lake Ontario, runs northeaftward — embofoms Montreal, which ftand^ upon an iflaud — pafTes by Quebec, and empties, by a broad mouth, into the bay of St. Lawrence. Among a variety of fi{h in this river are. fal- mon. They are found as for up as the falls of Niagara, wliich they can- not pafs. Onondago river rifes in the lake of the f^me name, runs weftwardi/ into Lake Ontario at Ofwego. It is boatable from its mouth, to the head of the lake, (except a fall ^hich occaficns a portage of twenty yards) thence batteaux go up Wood-creek almofl 10 tort Stanwix; whence there is a portage of a mile to Mohawks river. Toward the head waters of this river falmon are caught in great quantities. Mohawks river rifes totlie northward of Fort Stanwix, and runs fputh- wardly to the f rt, then caftward i iq miks, into the Hudfon. The produce that is conveyed down this river is lauded at Skene«5^ady, and is thence carried by land fixtccn miles, over a barren, fhrub plxin, to Air bony. Except a portage of about a mile, occafioned by the \iuie h\k, fiKtv miles above Skeneftady, the river is paiTable for boats, from Skc- nciJtady, nearly or quite to its fourco. The Cohoez, in this river, are a great curiolity. 1 hey are about two miles from its entrance info the Hudfon. N W YORK. «45 Hudfbn. The river is about looyarvis widc--thc rock over which it pours as over a mill-dam, extend* alnioft in a line from one ficJc of the river to the otiicr, and i« about thirty feet perpendicular height. Includ- ing the defcent above, the fall is as much as fixty or fevcnty firt. Th© rocks below, in f«; ne places, arc worn many feet deep by the conftant friction of the water. The view of this tremendous cataraft is dimini'lh ed by the height of the banks on each fide of the river. About a mile below the falls, the river branches and forms a large ifland ; but the two mouths may be feen at the fame time from the qipofite bank of the Hud, fun. The branches are fordable at low water, but are dangerous. Delaware river rifes in Lake Utftayantho, and takes its cour/^iVouth, weft, until It crofles into Pennfylvnnia in latitude 42". Thence fouth uardly, dividing New York from Pennfylvania, until itftrikes thcnorthi weft corner of New Jcrfey, in latitude 4.0 24' ; and tlien palFes off to iia, through I>Iawarebay, having N^w Jcrfey on the call fide, and Penn- fylvania and Delaware on the weit. Sufquehannah rirer has its fource in lake Otfego, from w|iich it takes a fouth weft courfe. It croflcs the line, which divides New York ancJ Pennfylvania, three times, the laft time near Tyoga point, whew it re^ ceivc«Tyoga river. Batteaux pafs to its fource— thence to Mohawks nvcr IS but twenty miles. I'yoga river rifes in the Allegany mountains, in abont latitude 42*^ runsealtwardly, and empties in the Sufquehannah at Tyoga point in lati* |tude 41' 57'. It is beatable about fifty milts, Seneca river rifcs in the Seneca country, and runs eaftwardly, and in its paffage receives the waters of the Seneca and Cavoga lakes, (which lie Inorthand fouth, tenor twelve miles apart, each is' Ix^tween thirty and for- jty miles in length, and about a mile in breadth) and empties into the On* londago river, a little above tlic falls. It is boatable from the lakes down- 1 wards. CheneiTee river rifes near the fource of the Tyoga, and runs northward- jly by the CheneiTee caftle and flats, and empties into Lake Ontario eiehtv Inules eait of Niagara fort. * ^ I The northeaft branch of the Allegany river, heads in the Allegany Iniountams, near the fource of the Tyoga, a>ui runs diredly weft unrl it ■A branch of the Sufquehannah. Their jirnftion is on the line between lennfylvania and New York. From this jundion, the river purfu'-s a northweft courfe, leaving a fegment of the river of about fifty miles in length, in the ftate of New York, thence it proceeds in a circuitous louthwcft drreaion, until it crofles into Pennfylvania. From thence tn Its entrance into the Mi/fiffippi, it has already been defcribed, (Pa?e 4;.) I Jfiere are kw iifli in the rivers, but in the brooks are plenty cftront - >nd in the Lakes, yellow perch, fuufiib, falmon trout, cattilii, and a vaj-e- IV ot other:-;. Irom this accou-nt of the rivers, itiseafy to conceive of the exccllcr-t Icv^antages for conveying produce to mark - from every pan of the. 'I he fettlements alreaoy made in this ftate, are chiefly upon two nar- |()w oblongs, extending from the city of New York, caii and north. The p- . i : . yw i !r. ' t 1 M t 1 .46 NEW The one eaft, is Lcnelfland, which R K. ilcs long, and narrow, and furrounded by thefea. The one extending north is about ioity milo in breadth, and bifetkod by the Hiidfon. Andfuch is the interfedion of the whole ibtc, by the branches of the Hudfon, the ]3eliiwiire, '.V»: 'r onehannah, afid other riveis which have been mentioned, tha* iictt «r few phcej, throughout its whole extcnf, that arc more tb*i fifceC. or twenty miles from fome l)oatable or navigable ftreain. B/rys bnd Lain.'] York bay, which is nine miles long an<* lum ■ ,d, fpreads to the Axithward before the city of New York. It \n forr-nd by the confluence of the Faftand Hiidfon's rivers, and cniboforas frv* «. uhdH iflands, of which Governor's illand is the principal. It co ' :.u.Mcatcs with the ocean throwgh the Namwt, betweer. Maten and Long rflands. which are fcarccly two roileswidc. The paflage «j> to New York, from Satidy Hook, the point of hind that extends fartliefl into the fea, is fafc, and not abovervvent\' miles in length. The conamon navigation is Ik- twecn the cart and well banks, ia about twenty-two feet water. The« is a light hoat twenty-five miles. ie, is nipe miles, and CHinty, is a very va!u.i- lilt 40 or 50,000 acr?<. hills, being but flowlr ; valt meadows every ley cxpofe the inliab> t^nts NEW YORK, m tnnt. In the vicinity to intermlttcnts. The W.iliklll river, which piflis through this extcrifive fl»T//^/(i/o«/ trad, and empties iRto Hudfoi>'s river, j<, in the fpring, (lorcJ with very large ceU in great pietvty. Tlk: bottom of this river is a broken rock ; and it is fuppofed, that f(;r £. 2C0O, the channel might lie dv'epened fo as to let off uli the waters Iron) the meadows,' and thereby redeem from the floods a large tr»d of rich land, for grafs, hemp, and Indian corn. iFaceof the count rj. Soil ami Pr»dufIhBs.'\ The ftate, to fpeak generally* is interfered by lidges of mountains running in a nurthealt and Iburhwelt _ dire^lon. Beyond the Allegany moontains, however, the country is a i!cad level, of a fine, rich foil, covered in its nitmral ftate, with maple, beach, birch, cherry, black walnut, locuft, hickory, and fomc mulberry trees. On the banks of Luke Krie, are a few chefnut and oak ridges. Hemlock fwamps are interfpcrfcd thinly through the country. AH the creeks that empty into Lake Eric, have falls, which afford many excellent i,i"^ll feats. Eaft of the Allegany mountains, the country is broken into hilL with rich intervening vallies. The hills are clothed thick with timber, and when cleared aftord fine pafture— the vallies, when cuhivalcd, producsr, wheat, licmp, ftix, peas, grafs, oats, indian corn. Befidcs the trees already mentioned, there arc, in various parts of the itate, the feveral kinds of oak, fuch as white, red, yellow^ black and chef- nut oak ; white, yellow, fpruce and pitch pines ; cedar, balfam,or fir tree, butternut, af[)in, commonly called poplar, white wood, which in Pctmf) 1- vania is called poplar, and in Europe the tulip tree, fugar and rook maple, the linden tree, which, with the whitewood, grows on the low rich ground, thebuttonwood orfycamore, (hrubcranberry, tiw fruit of which hangs in clufters like grapes as large as chernos ; this (hrub too grows 011 low ground. Btfides thefe is thcfumach which bears clufters of red ber- ries ; the Indians chew the leaves inftead of tobacco; the berries are ufod in dyes. Of the commodities produced from culture, wheat is thv! ftaple, of which immenfe quantities are raifed, and exported. Indian corn and peas are likewife raifed for exportation ; and rye, oats, barley, &c. for home confuiniTlion. In fome parts of the ftate large dairies are kept which furnif, for the market butter and cheefe. The beft lands in this ftate, which lie along the Mohawks river, and weft of the Allegany mountains, arc yet in a /tate of nature, or are juft beginning to be fettled. Civ'I Dh-ijions , Popululiofi, Chara^er, ^c."] This ftatr, agreealily to an aft of their legiflatu re, paflTed in March 17SS, is divided into fixteen counties; which, by another a6t paflTed at the fame time, were divided in- to to wnftiips, as in the following table. TABL^ ■mA (.'in, i ' \ -1^ 248 NEW YORK. T A B L E. C0UNTIR8. Chief Towns. Total No, I "^ ilnhabit'ts, NEW YORK. Alba nv, Suffolk, Queens, Kinhkeeprie, Hud Ton, Kinderhook, Salem, Plattfburgh, Johnftown, ! 3,61 4 72, 36( ^3'193 13,084 3.9^6 3.152 '20,5: <,-4 14,062 22,143 32,636 2103 4690 106ft 2183 Appoicioi.' ment of a tax of 000 Number townlhipr ' £. 6>ioo ^95.0 2000 2000 13 > 7 ^'93 900 I2 5'0 ■ 858 450 T)00 1200 2662 1700 zr 6 13 •i645( 25-50 1250 4'4S6 400 15,0571 405] Soo I 12 9 4 238,897 I 16,^39 I /,. 24,000 I uo * Th^/e tOK'O coutriirs 'V.'ftr not ccrftituted in\'/^6, vhi'// the absve cnumcri' Hon ixji/s made, and luere tKcli-dtd in Jmc of the other coiaitus. ^ + Thrfc*Couvti: s are ciaimid b^ NtnM York, tut toe 'jvithin thi limits ""• UfL^er thr jtirldicfhv /" ermont. I A'f// ini-HliO»',d Irt the ad. ^" i a \\ \ c b ii h tl tc ai tc in th be tr; th W! de till hi ^r< pli '3 aiK \u\ exf h-A^ it.i has fro, Ma live But I he thr( Ne\ Iati( lati( Coi: fen I tot! uetti N E W YORK. 249 1^^ Appoiiioj.- nicnt of a tax of JT. 24,000 Number of townlliips. £. 6i\oo ■ 1 2 9 JO '5 2000 8 2000 6 900 ■ 6 450 4 1700 zr 1200 6 1700 13 2 5'5C 12 I 2(^0 7 400 9 4 Soo 9 «• - /.. 24,000 I ut> '^<7/ t/?e (ibo-je cnumcru' coia:ti:s , , ... I in In the. above mentioned afts the Ilmitsofthe counties and townfhipsare dc- fiiKd. r-iefetownfhipsarecofporaions invelted witii certain privilege;. 'I'Iir ad s wifl be 'i icii<)ol ,n which all tht; free citizens of the itate may learn how to tranla^t public buHncfs with prdp-iety, and in which thev miy qualify thcmfelres for the higher olHces of the ftate.-The number of pub)icc>iRce« will be increafcd, without increafuig the expences of the Ihite ; and as chs defireot promotion IS innate in human nature, and as amh'ition to poiTeis tlie requthte. quaidications commonly accompanies this defirc. the \nii\h. hilitv IS, that the number of pcrlons qualified iof public office will be in- trea ed, and of courfe the number of good citizens proportionabk multi- pli«j, and the fubordinatc civil affairs of the ftate rnorc faithluUv auJ more re«ulariy tranfaOted. 7'hc number of Inhabitants i.i this ftate, 1111786, was2>8.8o7- of which IS 889 werencvroes. In 1756, there were 83,.253 whites, and 13,942 bacics, 06,775 mthe whole. In 1771, there were 148, 124 whites, and 19,883 b.atks, total 16.^,007. The blacks, fince thisenu.ncration, ii;n'e decrea/ed looo^ which is a happy circumltance.- Fromthe humane exe, tuK.s tnat are making, in this (late, for their emancipation, it is pro- t^<')lf tnat they will continue to dccreafe. ' Lrom the a!)ove enumerations It .■;(;>IKMrs, that the aver^.ec inrt^eafe of inhabitants, from 175610 17S6, has been 4554. A conilderable part of thefe, however, have immi/rated nnn Europe and chc New Kr;^-i,.nd frates. Thefe immigration? have ken very numerous particularly from Rhode IHand, Connec^ticutand IViriif.tchufetts, fmce the peace uf 1183. 1 !.<; population ior every fqui-rtf m'iie, including rhe whole ftate. is only lHf,.!o that this (late is but a ninth part as populoiw as Coimeaicut. «-.;: IS to bec.>n/idcn!*i tfr.u C(,nne6H:ut has no walh^ lands, and ncAhalf liir.ute..; New York is fettled, 'lb- ftate of Connefticut. however, tnn.ugnout j.^ at leaft three time^ as thicklv populated as the (etiled pan. of iN-;\v VorK. l^ u.eir preHnt number; or, thirdly, I hat the people inConnecncut arc ueiter tarmerj, «nd ccc«;nomifts.orurc \d% affiueni and livc^ooicr rh;.n the - i p;;ople Ill I"; 2fO NEW Y O R K. I. i'^ people cf New York. 'J he reader i^ left to adopt which of thcfc coiiclu. liot)'^ he pliMlcs. Prevjous to the year 1756, Mr. Smith, the hiftorian of New York, net \K'\iU inaijy difcouragen ei ts in regard to its' M\ oDlerves, that tnc colony met ykiin inau) fertleincnt. ' The French and Indian irruptions' fi«»d he, * to which we have always bt'.'n cxpoled, haveihiven marty families ijito New Jerfey. At home, the Britilh ads for ihe tran<'t>ortatii)n of felons, have brought all the American colonies into diforcdit with t!ie induftrious and honelt poor, both in the kingdoms oi' Great Jirirain and Ireland.' — * The bi. gotry and tyranny of fome of our governors, together with the great ex- tent of their grants, mayalfobe confidered among the difcouragements againft the full fettlemcnt of this province. Molt of tliefe gentlemen, coming over with no other view thm to raife their own iortunes, ifTucd extravagant patents, charged with fmall quit-rents, to fuch as were able to /erve them in the affembly ; and thefe patentees, being generally men of cllates, have rated their lands fo exorbitantly high, that very few poor perfons eould either purchafe or leafe them. Acid to all thefe, that the i^ew England planters have always been difafFeded to the Dutch ; no; was there, after the furrender, any foreign accdfion from the Nether- lands.'* Such were the difcouragements which this ftate had to encoun- ter, in regard to its fettlemcnt, fo long as it remained a Britilh province. Bdt the revolution has removed molt of thefe obftruftions, and produced eflential alterations in favor of this ftate. The few Indians who remain are, in genera!, friendly. C;'rgoes of thieves, burglars, pick-pockets, t:ut-purfes and other villains and flagitious banditti , from Great Britain, who had forfeited their lives to fociety, are not now forced upon this or anv of the other ihfes, as they were before the revohitibn. They have no roval governors, independent of the peopii, to tyranize over, and opprefs their fubjefts ; and to enrich themfclves and their particular friends at the cxpence of the elTential intercfts of theftate. The overgrown eftates, " which have heretofore proved an efFe(ftual bar 10 p<>pulation, and arc op-, pofcd to every principle of democracy, are diminilhing, or are put upon fuch a footing as in fome meafure to prevent thefe incojiveniencies. The unhappy fpirit ofdifafTcdionand jealonfy, which formerly fubfiilcd, in a high degree between the province of New York, and the New Engbnd colonics, has, Cwkc the revolution, in a great mcafuie fubfided, and would perhaps have now been extinrt, had it not been unfortunately revived, of late, by fome political and commercial diftcrences. F. » the growing libendityof both parties, and a wife and harmonizing govcriuit-.^t, will, it is hoped, foon rife fuperiorto all local prejudices, cnmpofe all difTer- enccs, whrrher ♦hcv are of a political, comnicrcial or national kind, aud form the whole into one band of affectionate Broi'.. . r%. ■ The effeds of the revwhinon have been as gria ; . ond as happily Wt by this, as by any of the United States. The accclfion of inhabitants with- in a few years, has been great, and fo long as New York is the feat of | the general government, will continue to increafc. The new fettlements that are formingin the northern and wcftern parts of theftate, j.reprinci- pally by people from New England. It ih remarkable that the Dutch enierprizt * Smith's Hift. New York, P. 207. 210. NEW YORK. aji [lich of thvTc coijclu. ian of New York, .et ts in regard to ks' faid be, * to which lies ijito New Jerfey. Ions, have brought iduftrious and honelt Ireland.' — ♦ The bi- er with the great cx- ihe diftourageiiients >f tliefe gentlemen, iwn fortunes, ifTucd fuch as were able to ng generally men of thai very few poor ) all thefe, that the to the Dutch ; no; 1 from the Nether- ftate had to encoun- \ a Britilh province, tions, and produced ndians who remain glars, pick-pockets, from Great Britain, forced upon this or revohitibn. They o tyranize over, and eir particular friends le overgrown eftates, julation, and arc op-, ng, or are put upon conveniencies. The rtnerly fubfiUed, in a >d the New Engbnd ru[)fided, and would fortunately revived, s. ¥•■* the growing g govcrtwit-.^t, will, cnmpofe all differ- r national kind, aud fe.AS. , <.nd as happily Wt » of inhabitants with- York is the feat of The new fettlements fthefiate, j.reprinci- ible that the Diitcli enierprizt enterprize few or no fettlements. Among all the new townfhjps that havebcerifettledfince the peace, (and they have been aftonifhingly nu- merous) it is not known that one has been fettled by the Dutch. Al- though they areas * intent upon gain' as other people, they had rathe- reft fecurc of what they poffefs, than hazard all or even a part, in nrt- certain attempts to increafc it. The Englifh language is generally fpoken throughout the ftate, but h not a little corrupr.'d by the J)utch dialcii, which is ftill fpoken in fome counties. But as Dutch fchools are almolt, if not wholly difcontinued, that language, in a few generations, will probably ceafe to be ufed at all! And the increafe of Engliih fchools has already had a perceptible cfFeft in tie improvement of the Englifh language. Themanncrsof the people differ as well as their language. The an- ceftors of the irihabitants in the fouthern and middle paixsofLong Lland, were either natives of England, or the immediate deicendents of the firft fettlers of New England, atnl their manners and cuftoms arc fimilar to thofe of their ancestors. The counties inhabited by f!:e Dutch, have adopted the Englilh manners in a great degree, but ftill retain many modes, particularly in theirreligion, which are peculiar to the Hollanders. They are induftrious, neat and oeconomical in the mana nnent of xiieir farms and their families. Whatever bufinefs they purfue,'they generally follow the old track of their forefathers, and feldom invent any new improve- ments in agriculture, manufa^ures or mechanics. They were the firft ffttlers of this ftate, and were particularly friendly to the Englifh colony that fettled at Plymouth in New England, in 1620 : and continued to be amicably difpofed towards the Englilh colonics eaft of them, until the onhappy difpute arofe concerning the lands on Conne(^icut river. A celebrated traveller* through this ftate, fome years fince, has givea the following account of the Dutch ; ' They are every where well known for their avarice and felfilhnefs. They are unhofpif.LIe, and never dif- pofed to oblige beyond a profpe^ of iiuereft.' A commentator on this pafTage remarks • Such inward feelings (if it 'jc trite that ihev exift) we may wel! fuppofe would produce difagreeable confequenccs, when united with the natural efFefts of their fitufition in y conquered country j for the prejudice arifmg from this circumftance ftill remains, though the event k)ng fince took place. As the New Englan.* j^ople were operative in prod-cing this event, their firft and 2;reateft malice is againff them ; while the difference in their natural difpofitions, « 1 the peculiarities "n th» manners and cuftoms of noth parties, n ;/'. r them obnoxious each to the other, and afford an infinite fund to ^ iius for the miuevoleiit bux- lefm;e. The delign of the Dutch in coming to this country was not to :mprc^tfe their minds, nor to eredf public fcnii>^^. [■\, of fciervce, hi'c to increafe their fortunes. Thus did rheir darliii^ palfion. and the unhappy circum- ft«nceof their fituatJon, debar them from emir ence, 01 even progrefs ia. the field of fcience. A want of frhojls and femt.iHiif,- furniOied witrt able inlfruftorsof their own narion. --thftr un<«.-qiininte(inefs with the Eng- lilh language, and '.heir national ^nde, \\&vq all coufpir#J to keep thenv in Kanmjir l^Z NEW YORK. in tVe'r native ignorance of every me.ital improvement. This will acr count for njany uiitavpurable peculiarities in tiieir manners and cuf- Tonr.s. It thi that the ot to be doubted,' continues brightgenti;fes among tliGin, who, through the diificulties of obtaining an (Education, hava remained unpolifhed and unimproved. 1 here are many,inr de^d, who, by their afliduous application, fiin.-ount every obftacle, burft ♦ hrough the cloud dial overihadov/s rhem, and (bine \yith di(Hngui(he4 lijftrein the firll olTiccs of church and Uate ; and their lulJre is brighten, ed by being contraOed with thetot^l darknefs iq whicb others are invoh'- ed ; for to be fure, from the caqlbij already alIigned,no people are fq ignorant as the lower clafs. Another oaufe of their anfociability and apparent refervc inencourage- ing and ajfociatinjj with ftrangers, is their want of enterprize. 'i'heij rrigbboms, more cntcrpri/Jng, immigrate and reap the fruitof thofead^ vantages which their local fituation puts in their own power. This cjj- cites jealonfy and riyalfhip. The balance of this nvpdfhip they fee is agflinlt them. The prefer vation of their intcrell and of their dignity, tails them to unite in oppofing their rivals. But it is evident that theij union and friendlTiip, in this regard, have too often their prime fource in interclt, are continued through intcreit, and have intereft for their i»ltin)ate objed^. '' he intended efied of this union, is in a great mca- fiire lo{\, through the natural jealoufies and daihir.g intfn.:{fs of heads of i:;mihcr, and their parties ; for although they art-; iiji combined by the ^ifeneral bond of narional prejudice and national cultoms, and national rc- 'i;;ion, tht^y are fplit into numerous and vvaim parties. And among ihein, he who has the greateft interett and the ftrongefl: party, nut he who has the moH merit, is the greateft man, the molt honourable man, and the Kif nii.-iifted for public office. In their meetings, they are ever Jed to think and fay t!ie wont of their opponents, and recal all the little circnmftanccs of burlefqiie, malice, or miflake in them, which perfons of more !i!)cral fentiments would vvifh charitably to veil and bury in ohlivion. Thus it is that the pradice of flandering and injuring cacli otliers characters, becomes common, and furniilics a great part of their dailv converfation ; while that fweet and friendly intercourfe, which nsnds the heart, and that dignified and fenlible converfation which im- proves the niind, are almoft who]'- iiegledkd.' Thus this commen- ntor. Hn-.^-f ver true thefo obfervations may have been in regard to that part <')f tht 'p''»ple with which this writer was more immediately acquainted,- f;tnd it is prcfumed he never meant to have them gener.^lh- applied^ they v^'ill admit only of a partial application to the Dutch inhabitants through- '~iit the ftate ; and even in this cafe it onght in juf^ice to be obferved, that the revolution and its confcquetices, have had a very perceptible in- f^ue"('P in diil'nfing a fpirit of liberality among them, and in difpelling the rioiids of ignorance and national prejudice. Schools, academics and f ollege*-- areeflnblifhcd and ctlablifhing for the education of their children, m the h'pgliOi and learned languages, and in the arts and fcjcnces, and a "iitcrarv and fcientific fpirit is evidently increafine. If fuch are the bud- d";gs of improvement in the dawn of our empire, what a rich harvef^ may we exppd. in its meridian. The NEW YORK. «5S The cifvof New York is inhabited principally by merchants, mcr Thames. aio|_i-keepersand iradefmcn, compofed of al.iioft all nations and religions I hey •.> re generally refpcftable in their feveral profelfions ' and (iift:un the reputation oMioneft, punftual, fair dealers. I he m-inneis and chararter of the inhabitants of every colony or ftate. wiii takctneircoloiinng. in a greater or lefs degree, from the petuliar rr.anners oi the fint fettlers. It is much more natural for immi'rrants to a icttlement to adopt the cuftoms of the original inhabitants, than the contrary, even though the immigrants fhould, in a length of time, become the molj mimerous, Hence it k that the ncatnefs, parfimony and induf. ny of the Dutch were early immitated by the firtt Englilh fcttlers in the province, and, until the revolution, formed a diftinguilhine trait in t^hc.r provincial charader. It is dill difcernible, though in a much lefs degree, and will probably continue vifible many years to come Befides the Dutch and Englilh already mentioned, there are in thig Jaterriany ni^migrants from iJcctland, Ireland, Germany, and fome few froin h ranee. The principal part of thcfe are fettled in the city of Ne«f Yor c ; and retain the manners, the religion, and ioroe of them, the Ian, ^iiage of their refpcdive countries. a^ir/Th^vm.} There are three incorporated cities in this ilate: New / ork, Albany and Hudfon. New Yorjc is the capital of tln^ ftate. and fo long as It continues to he the feat of the general government, muft b^ coiif.dcred as tne capital of the United States. rf i'ht'H '5^^'''"^^ °T? a I f°"^^«'^<^, P«'"^ ot 2" 'fl«"t^. at the confluence of the Hudfon and Eaft River The principal part of the city lies on the rait ,ulc of the ifland, although the buildings extend from one river to the I' a, l^T^ ?-i'^'^ ^''y °" ^"^ ^^^^^ '' «*>""^ t^o 'niles j but falls jnuch ihort of that d.ftance on the banks of the Hudfon. Its breadth on j.r. average ,s nearly three-fourths of a mile: and its circumference may tie tour miles. The plan of the city i, not pcrfedly regular, but is laid eutwHh reference to the firuation of the ground. The principal ftreets rnn ncar.y parallel with the rivers. Thefe are imcrfcfted. though not at Jglu angles, by ihe.^ts running from river to river. In the width of the ft.ects there is a great diverfity. Water-ftreet :md Queen-Ureet. which occupy the banks of Eaft River, arc very conveniently fituated for bufinef. but they are lovv and too narrow ; not admitting, in fome places, of walks 0^, the/ides for footpailengers. Broad-ftreet, extending fVom the Eichanuo f ,ll? u '' ^f'^'^'^'^y «'i^^; T^his ^'^s originally built on each fide ot the creek, which penetrated almoff to the Ciry-hall. ^ his ftrcet is hw, hut pleafant ; and that part which did not fuOer by the fire durino. t'Y". «s generally well buiit ; the other is recovering from its ruins * iiut the molt convenier.t and agreeable part of the city is Broadway I i IS ftreet runs upon the height of land between the two rivers, beginnin? fl^r*?'',!^' ^°"'^ ^"'^ "^'^'^ '''y ^"^ «=^t.>nding to the Hofpital, in front of which it opens into an extenfive plain or common. This ftreet ind'the h" dfon'^'^'^ ^° ^' '° command a delightful pror|x:a of tlie town, tea, and tiie buildings elpgant, Wnli-fl rP'f^t «r r)ft.-%< Ilan icra! jy Wiur aiiu CiC\ over-fquarc and Dock-ftrcct are conveaienUy fituated for bufi ntis. and «r4 NEW YORK. ■nd the houfirs well built. Willirttn-ftrirf t is alfii elevated and convenient, and is the principal market for retailing of dry goods. Many of the oilwr Itrccts arc pleafant, but moll of them are irregular and narrow. ^ The houfes are generally huilt of brick , and the roofs tiled. There are remaining a few houfes built after the old Dutch manner; but the Eng. lifh tafte has prevailed, almoft a cenMry. L'pon the fouthweft point of the land ftands the fort, which is a fquare witli four bartions ; within the w»lK of which tlic governors ufed forojfr- ly to refide. Below the fort, near the water, there is a line of fortifica. tionsof confidcrable extent, defignrd to command the tntrynce into both rivers. Buti< is qneftionable, wliether any numbt-r of cannon would pre. vent fliips from pafling with a favourable wtnd and tide; «nd indeed whe- ther New York is cap;ible of defence fy land againU a powerful mann* force. The battery however, in the fununer fraf»)n, fucnilhes the citixfnt with an agreeable walk, which is o|)en to refrcfbing breezes from the bay. The Ci»y-hall is a brick building, more ftrong than elegant. It is three ftoriesin height, with wings at each end, and fronts Broad-ttrcet, wiijch atfnrd* an extonfive profjicct. The firll fl«)(»r is an open walk, except two fmall apartments for the door-krrpcr and city watch. In the fecond ftoiy ofthceaftcrn wing, is th»» affemhly cham^jer. now occupied by Congtefs, and adorned w\th the follpwing paintings : The portrait ot the great Co- lumbus.heloogitigto the affemhly of this ftate ; a painting valuable only for it! antiquity and the charafter of thrt man— The likeneSei of the Kirg and Quatn of Fiance, as large as the life, executed in a mafterly manner, and prcfented tf» Congrefs by his Mod Chrillian Majetty ; equally valaa. We for the richnefs of the paintings, the dignity of the perfonages whom they reprefent, and as pledges of royal friend (h ip—-The likeneis of Gen^ erai Waftiington, prefcnred by a gentleman in England ; a likcnersdesr to every American, and dellined to grace the walls of every council chamber ineheNewWoria. 'n« wctterR wing contains a room for the council or fcnatc, now occb- fied by the fecretary of Congrefs, and another for the Mayor's court. In the body of the houfe is a fpacious hall for the fupreme judicial coart, Large additioas are now making to this building for the accommodation ♦f Congreft, under the dircftion of the ingenious Mon. L« Enfant. There s#e three houfes of public woHbip belonging to the reformed Pj^ieftuit Dutch Church, one is called the Old Dutch Church which was twik in the year 1693, and rebuilt in the year 1766 ; another is called the North Chu^fh, which was founded in the vear 1 767, and dedicated to the fcrvice of God in the year 1 769. This lafl church being ruined by i» Brtttfh during the late war, was repaired in the year x'^%\, and 1>»» fiivechem ufed with the old church for the performance of divine fervicc. The middle church, generally called the New Dutch Church, was built ^ the yts,x 1749; it is rtjttnoftfpacioos of the three, but was alfo ruined 19 the war, and is not yet fully repawad. The people of this (ienominatii»n were the firft fettlers of this ftate, ind ■nke a refpeftaWe part of the citizens. The church in the city is confi. dered as one church or congregation, rtiough worfliipping in di (ft rent .>M> ««*» of Incnrdoration: wds ?ran»ld bv Wiliiini the '11 NEW YORK. ated and convenirnt, Many of the oilier A narrow. )tstileti. There are dniier ; but the Eng. )rt, which is a fquare vernnrs ufed forajfr- s a line of fortiftca. le fntr^nce into both f cannon would pre. de; «nd indeed whe- If a powerful marin* fucnilhes the citiwni rceies from the bay. n elegant. It is three i Broad-ttrcet, which >en walk, except two In the fecond Hory Tupicd by Congrefs, ;rait ot the great Co- linting valuable only ikencttei oi the Kirg » a maileriy manner, lefty ; equally vakia< be per fon ages whom 'he likeneis of Gen- id ; a likenefsdc»rt(» eiy council chamber orfcnatc,m>wocc«. Mayor's court. In ireme judicial court. the accommodation [on. Lc Enfant, ing to the reformed h Church which was 6 ; another is called 67, aad dedicated to rch being ruined by (rear 1784, and hw ice of divine fcf vice. 1 Church, was built iKit wat airo ruined lers of this ftate, ind 1 in the city is confi' hipping ifl diflrrent vr»n»A by William " , ' the »55 theTlnrd, in the ye^r 1696, when Benjamin Fletcher, Efqj was governor of tnc province. J he minifters, ciders and deacons, are the body corpo- nte, and hold confulerable property. Many years before the war, they' found u ncccffary, by reafun of the decline of the Dutch languaee ti havcrcrvice performed in Englifli. and had then two Dutch and two j-n- gliih miniiters. bmce the war ii haj, been i>criormcd chiefly in iLnijIifli aud they have at prcfent only two miuiders. ' There are four Prefbyterian chuahts in the city of New York. The firit was crefted in the year 1719, built of Uone. and reboih and enlarged in the year 1748— it is eighty feet long and lixty wide, with a cupola aod bell; and (lands in the upper end of Wall ttreet. the north fide of rhc flreet. near the Broadway. The fccond w.is erc«cd in the year 1767 ii, a genteel bnck building, eighty- three feet long, and fixty-five feet wi'dc with a fteeple not fiiufhcd ; it ftands on the ealt fide of the irrcen at the head of Beckrnan and Naffau-ftreets. ' The congregations worflupping in thefe churches are conneacd with each other, under the care ol :he fame minifters, who preach alternately in them, and having the fame elders and deacons; their temporalities alfo arc managed by i.,c fame truftees, incorporated under the law of the ftate paired in April 1784, capacitating religious focieties of every denomina- tion to incorporate themfclvcs, for thepur|)ofcs therein mentioned. The third Prefbyterian Church was crcaed in the year 1768, is a ern- reel IJone buildmg, fixty-five and an half feet long, and fifty -five and an halt feet wide, and Hands in Little-Queen-ftrect, not far from the Broad- way. Thisdmrch is alfo incorporated agreeably to the fame law. Thcfe three churches were occupied by the Britilh troops during the late war, as hofpitals and barracks, and were left by them in a moff ruinous fituation—and have been repaired with great neatnefs, and at a very ijreat expence, by their refpediivc congregations, fince the peace. ' The fourth Prefbyterian Church wasereiJied in the year 178", is a neat frame building, fifty feet long and twenty-l\>ur wide, and ftands in Naf- fau-ftreet. The clergy of the Prefbyterian Churches in this city are maintained bv the revenues arifing from the rents of their pews. There are three Kpifcopal Churches in New York, under one charter. which was granted the 6th of May, 1697. Trinity church was built in the year 1606, and at feveral times afterwards improved and enlarged It was fituatecf on the weft fide of Broadway, in view of the HudVon with a ("pacious cemetary on each fide; including the tower and chancel* It was about 148 feet in length and 72 in breadth-and the fteeple 172 cet in height. T his was f.ippofed to be the moft ftatcly building of the kind in America, but was deftroyed in the fire which happened juft after ^le Bntilb troops entered the city in 1776. It is now rebuilding ; and leveralthoufand pounds have already been fubfcrii)ed for thatpurpofe J)t. George's Chapel, in Beekman-ftreet, was finiftied in 1750. Thisi. ir neat building, formed with hewn ftone, and the roof tiled. bt. Paul's Chapel, in Broadway, was completed in 1766. This huild- g, which 1.S in itfeif elegant, is emhelliihcd with a fupcrb monument, ^eted, by order of Congrefs and at the expenee of the Uniicd States, to the 256 NEW YORK. the memory of the brave General Montgomery, who fell in the atta.k ot" .Quebec, December 31, 1775. .' Fo the foregoing may be added the following churches: .German, Lutheran and Calvinitts, 2 ( Moravians, i Roman Catholic, 1 j Methcdiils, i Friends Meeting, 1 j Jews b) nagogtre, ( Baptills, 2 I French ProteltaiitChnrch, (out of repair) il The government of the city {which was ineorporatcd in 1656) is now in thtj hands of a Mayor, y\ldernien and Common Council. | :Thecity is thvided into feven wards, in each of which there is chofcn an- jiuHlly by tiie |)eople an Alderman and an adiltant,- who, together with the I Mayor and Recorder, form the Conrmon Council. The Mayor and Re- conler are appointed annuiUy by the council ot appointment. The Mayor's court, which is held from time to time by adjournment,! is in high reputation, as a court of law. A court of feffions is likewife held for the trial of criminal caufes. The lituation of the city is both heahhy and pleafant. Surrounded or I all fides by water, it is refrelhed with cool breezes infulnmer, and the air ill winter is more temperate than in other places under the fame parallck York ifland isfrfteen miles in length, and hardly one in breadth. It is| joined to the main by a bridge called A^/>?;^'j ^r/V^^. The channels be- tween Long and Staten Illands, and between Long and York KUmds ar;! fo narrow as tooecaftonan unufual rapidity of the tides, which is incrcaf- ed by theconflueiKC of the waters of the Hudfon and Jiall: River, liiij rapidity in general prevents the obftrudion of the channel by ice — fo thai the navigation is clear, except for a few days in feafons when the weatl'trl is uncommonly fcvere. There is no bafon or bay for the receprioiufj Ihips; but the road where they lie in Eaft river, is defen.ied from the vio- lence of the fca by the illands which interlock with each other ; fo thatex- cept that of Rhode Irtand, the harbour of New York, which admits Oiipij fjf any burthen, is the belt in thi L^nited States. This city is eileemed the moll eligible fituation for commerce in thai United Stares. It almoft neceflarily commands the trade of one half Ne.if| Jerfey, mort of that of Cjnnedicut, and part of that of Maffachurettsj beGdes the whole fertile interior country, which is penetratid by onecf| the largell rivers in* America. This city imports moU of the goods con- fumed between a line of thirty miles eafl: of Connedicut river, and| twenty raiic? well of the Hudfon, which is 130 miles, and between dm ocean and the confmes of Canada, about 250 miles ; a confiderablc por-. tion of whi* h is tlie beft peopled of any part of the United States, and thj vviiole territory contains at leaft half a million people, or one hxtii oft'e inhabitants of the union. Befules, fume of the other ftates are paniA supplied with good* from New York. But in the llaple commodity flour, Fennfylvania and Maryland have rivalled it — thefuucrfine flour of thu'j ftates commanding a higher price than that of New York. In the nianiifadure likewife of iron, paper, cabinet woiks, S:c. Vcw/i fylvania ex(peds not only New York, but all her iiOer flates. In tiid qi peace, however, Ncvv York will command more commercial 1.'^-= nefs than any town in the United States. In time of war it will infccufc, New V o k K. in 3 fell in the atta.k: of inff cure Wltiiout a marine force i but a fmall numl)er oF (hips will be abJt- t(, dc fcr.d 1 1 irom the moi\ formidable attacks by fea f Awantofgoodvvaterisagreatinconvenicncetothecitizeasjtherebein<»' feyvelhm thec.ty. Moftof the people are fapplied every diy wiThfrc| water, conveyed to their doors in cafks, from a pump near ti head of Qucen-ftreet winch receives it from a pond. almolU mile from thee tv' Several propofals have been made by individuals to fupply the dtLns l; pipes ; but none have yet been accepted. ^ '-iu^cns n/ Ne^ Yorkis thegayelt placein America. The ladies, in the richnefs and bnJhancy of their drcls. are not equalled in any city in the United SatTJi noteven >" CharJelton. (S.G.) which has heretofore U callolTe ent^of the Be.uMc.^e Th. ladie*, however,-are not My employed in, „ tions to drcfs. There are many who dre Itudious to add to iheir br 11 ant f>: crnal Rc^comphlhments the more brilliant and lafting accompliCent the mind. Nor have they been unfuccefsful ; for New York caaboa I of great numbers of _ refined tafte. whofe minds are highly improved an whole c^nverfation is as inviting as their perfonal cliL. ^ Sure I:, po.nt of fociability and hofpitality. New York is hardly exceeded bv any town in the Unued States. If. however, in regard to tLfe W- n c charaaenihcs. the preference mult be given to anv one place, u de^^. ilf rf v" ^l^^rleiion. Some travellers have, in thefe refpe^s. guea \M\on and Newport the preference to New- York. Several caufes have opemed to dnmnift the fociability of the citizens of New-Lrkl. ti! cuJarly the change of inhabitants, by immigrations from Europc-^the lofs property dutmg the ravages of the war-^and the unravourahle ftate of ! ' fr r*'' '^^'^' ^^"^^ ^'"^^^ '^^ P^«^^- '^^^efe caufes have ope rated equally unfavourably in fon.e other parts of the union. ^ 1^'! ''r"\- M ^''" ^^f^^d,^^''^^ to acquaint himlelf with the true ftate of ■ S^eSi^ rf^r York the,r manners, and government, woald natural^ ^^.t,e tizensfor their fooieties for the encoura^^ement offciences, arts .nufadures.^c? tor their public libraries ? F^r the patrons, .oni^^l: h^^^ng voung lad.eMngeographv. hilfory, beil.s lettres, &c. ? Such en-' fc^:?;^:^;:;''^ -^'^ ^-^-^^^ ^- --^^ -. a^prefent,^::;.. l.^l''^?"'",^ ''''" "^"^^'^'^^t.^^ as* <''^rcrlbed thirty years ago, and in its • Ncnt aate.- the con.pnion is flattering to the prefenl a^ef uarnclarVy - unprovements in tafte elegance oflnanner^and thar elfy un^if^a ^ ' t.. uv _.n:{ po htenefs ..!i.ch form the happw,. fsof focial interoonrlc. fc'r .FiZ!; -"' ' "'^V'"'"-''"^'""' ^" "'''''' '^^''^^ ^'''^'^^^'". that the num.. p^-r or inpaoitants in tr " - .. . ''as as follows: Whites. f . f citv , taken by order of the King in th« year i6qi. Negroes, J i Kk iV'lt'i ^ Women. Young men and boys, Young women and i.'i:Is, Men, VVorn<*n, Boys and girls, Total, Nurn- *;« NEW YORK* Numlwi of inhabitants in the city and county of Now York, in 17J6, rh\i city ot AfUmy ii lituatt-d upun the weft fide of Hudfsn's river, Joo i.iilcri. north ol the city oi" New York, in latitude 42 ,36', and jj by diarrer^" ojic mile upon nearly at right angles. Tliey an^ huili ir> the Old ITutch Gothic llilft, mth the gable ei>d to the iircet, which cuftoin the Urik fcttlcrs brought with ih.en from flolland. The gal)k end ii coiwmordy of brick , with the I. .\vy moulded ornao\ent of fianting W'ith notches, like Dairs, and an iron horie, for a weather cock, •)r. the n>f\ There i* one Uttk: ajj^xindage to their houfcs, which the peo" j^iju, blind to thu intunveuicntes of it, Itill coniinue, and that is the w«ic( gutsors Of fpotfts which proje^ from every houfc.rendcrip;, it alritvok darv jrcroub to walk the ilrci^.tis in a rainy day* Their houfcs aic feldom more tiwvti one Itory and a« half high, ai)d have bii t little convenience, and lefs t-kgancc ) but they are kept very neat, being ruhl:(ed with a mop al" moil cverv day, and ftonrcd every week. The fame neatftel"'*, however, is not obierved i:i the Hrcets, which ^re very muddy moft of the year, except thijfc which are paVfe^ j and thefc arc feldom fwtpt aiid very rough. ' The cifv of Albany contains about 4000 inhabitants, coHet^ed from idmofl ail parte of tJie nortlicrn world.. As great a variety of languages arc fpOkcn in Albany, m in any tovvn in the United State*. Adventur- ers, in piirfult of wealth, are led here by the advantaj^es for trade which tlii.s place alFords. JSi mated on one of the fineit rivcis in the worW, ai the head of Hoop navigation, furroundcd with a rich and cxtcnfive hack country, and the Ihrre-houfe of the tiade to and from Canada, and the }^ikc% it nnift fioiirilh, and the inhabitanfy cantiot but grow rich, iimlfon, howe>er, is their rival. Other ritals n)av fpri'ig up- Alhanv is fiiid to be an unfociable place* 'i'his is naturally to bccx* }V(ikd. A hettTOgenecus ct^lledion of people, invcftcd with all tlieir Tiational prejudioc:^, Cagcr in the purriiit cf gain, and jealous of a rival- ihip, cannot expeit to enjoy the pleafurts of focial interconrle or the fwcets Oi an intimate and rcfmed friendlhip. A gentleman of obfcrvation and difcernmcnt, who reflded fome time in Albany, has rru^de the following oHoivations, which, though of general appHcntion, 1 beg kave to introduce onder this part.Milar head, ' ']>) form a jr.tHdea of the manners and cuOonls of the inhabitants, we miift confine, onrfelves to the ])iirch, who being much the moil numerous, jjive tiie (o;/e to ihe mai'mors of the place. Two things unite more pai- ticularlv to render thefe difa^reeable to foreigners ; firif,a natural preju- dice which we ail pofTefs in favor of our own, and againO the manners of tn other pi ice or nation : fccondly, their clofc union, like the jews of old, to prevent the innovation of foreigners, and to keep the balance of intei'^lt alwd) s in their own hands. It * T%is occr* and manners of an old one ; bat this was \n a grtat meafurc th- cafc with the firft frttlersnf Afhanv.mift of whom were immediatHj' from Amfterdam. Their diverfions are walking anvi fining in mrjui-hnufes. And in mixed companies rhcy dance. They know nothing of the little p!;iy intoxication. itriK"f<: in company, or on public occafions, when it is thought to be no di|),'race. They feldorp admit many fpeftators to their marria^t^s ; hot rhe oay after, the ^room prepares a coldrol'ation, with pii.nch, wine, «rc. topa% take of which, hecxpcds all his friends will come, at i r o'clock, u-tth- oiit any invitation, A dictator, with a^)folure power, is |hen appoiinted to prefide at ejch table, or in each room, and it rc|(U,m hapncns riist any arc f»jffered to leave the hoafe, until the whole ciTcle exhilwts a iliock- ing fpccimen of human depravirj'. Their funeral ccremonier, are equally (in??n1ar. None attend ttiem wrth- out a previous invitation. At theappoinfe^J^honr, thev meet at the neioh- houring honfes or lloop«, ntitil the corps is bToofcht out. Ten ox twelve perfons are appornrt-d to take the bier all together, and are not re^ heved. The clerk then defires the gentlemen (for ladie-, never walk to the grave, nor even attend the funeral, un'Iefs of a nesr relation) to fsM into the proce/non. They go to the grave, and return to the houfe of mourjiing in the fame order, Here the tab|es are handfoniefy fet ancl furmn-ied with cold and fpiceil wine, tobacco an^' pipes, and randies, pa- per, &c. to light them. The converfatton tnrns opnn proiinifruous Aih- jefts, however improper, and unfuitahletothe folemnitv of thefeas„ refembling, except in fize, thofc wbioh we freqneiulv i«e in ttagsatcd ratn water. The public buildings are a Low Dutch church, one for Preibvt.-rcIjtRs, onefor Germans Of Hi^ Dutch, one for cpifcopalians-^a bciiMtal and |theCity-Kall, '" The city of Hudfiv phc- in Ame- rica if we except Raltimore, in Mflryland, It is fituafed on the enft jlde of huaP>ns river, in latitude 42° 23' and U no miles north of Nw I lork ; tliirty ri'Jcs foMth, of Alhiiiiv, ;ind lour mile? woft frotp old Ch-y^- |r»ok town. It is ftirroimded bv 'an extenfive and fertile back country, laiid in proportion to its fire ami population, carries on a lar^e (rude. No -;->», I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 E ^ IS fr IIS Ill 1.8 14 11.6 V] ^r^l C^l > 'i^:> ^;; c/^ Photographic Sciences Corporation fV ^ ^\^ ^6 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) C72-4503 4fi ■r f. 1 i t . . , t 1 , II 960 »K E W R K. No longer ago than the autumn of 1783, Meffrs. Scth and Thomai Jenkins, from Providence, in the ftate of Rhode.lfland, having firft re. f onnoitred all the way up the river, fixed on the unfeitled fpot where Hud, fon now ftiinds, for a town. To this fpot they found the river was navi. gable for veffels of any fize. They purchafed & tra^^ of about a mile fquare, bordering on the river, with a large bay to the foqthward, and divided it Into thirty parcels or fharcs. Other adventurers were admitted to j>ropor, ions, and the town was laid out in fquarej, formed by fpacious ftrects^ crofrsng each other at right angles. Each fquare contains thirty lots, two ^ecp, divided by a twenty feet alley ; each lot is fifty feet in front and 1 20 feet in depth. . }n the fpring of 1 784, feveral hoqfes and ftores were ereded. The in, t^rcafe of the town from this period to thefpringof 1786, two yc:ti." only, \vas.aftoni(hingly rapid, and reflefls great honour upon the enterpriilng and perfevering ip'nit of the original founders. In the fpace of time jult ^nentioned, no Icfs than 150 dwelling houfcs, befides (hops, barns, and other buildings, four ware houfes, feveral wharves, fpermaceti works, a cov^ed rope-walk, and one of the bed diftilleries in America, weic ?re(ftcif, and 1 500 • f6j»is ^collefted on a fpot, which, three years !>efore, was improved as a farm,,and but two years before, began to be built. Its increafe fince h^s been equally rapid ; a Printing-office has been ertabiilh- cd,and feveral public buildings have been ered^ed, befides dwellir.g-houfes, ijores, &c, The inhabitants are plentifully and conveniently fupplied with water brought to their cellars in wooden pipes, fronii a fpring two miles from the town, . , : It (lands on an eminence from which are extenfive fl>id delightful views, to the northwert, north, and round that way to the foutheaft, confifting of hills and vallies, variegated with woods and orchards, cornfields an^ meadows, with the river which is in moft places a mile over, and may b^ feen a confiderable diftance to the northward, forming a number of bay? and creeps, From the foutheaft to the fouthwcft, the city is fcreeued with hills at dificrent diftances, and weft, afar off over the river and a large vali ky, the profpeft is bounded by a chain of ftupendous mountains, called the Katts-kill, running to the weft-.north-weft, which add magnificence jnd fublimity to the whole fcene. ' Upwards of twelve hundred fleighs entered the city dailv, for fevml days together, in Frebruary, 1786, loaded with grain of ^ arious kinds, boards, fhingles, ftavcs, hoops, iron ware, ftone for building, firewood, and fundry articles of provifion for the market, from which fome idei itiay be formed of the advantage of its fituation, with refpeefore, >egan to be built. Its ice has been eilabiifli-. fides dw ellir.g-houfo, tniently fupplied with H a fpring two miles a>id delightful views, : foutheaft, confifting hards, cornfield s an^ niie over, and may bd irg a number of bayj e city is fcreened with river and a large vali 3US mountains, called! ich add magnificence I ^ifv dailvj for fevml ain of ^ arious kinds, r building, firewood, rom which fome ideil h refpe?. Km or creek, that empties into the Hu ifol, bat i':;^; iwu it S from the river. 1 he town has been rebuilt - Skeneaady i« fixteen miles northweil of Albany, in Albany rc.P^.- fituared on. the banks of the Mohawks rii-cK The town is como^a L\ ' ' gu ar. bu. t ptmcipally of brick.on a rich fl.t of low l.n^^X^St^r hi Js. The winaings of the ri' :- tbrrui^h the town ard th/fl fl " r. often overflowed in the (j.i.^, afiV^d . beautiful Ib^^^^^^ vei t,n.e. As ,t is at the foot of .navigation on a^ on^ri;t 'w"h .h paifes through a very fertile country, and i.s the meliu'n 0^ M we lern trade through ,^,e lakes, that co/nes down the 1 £l^^^^^ ;ich m proporuon as the country wefi of it populate... ^^"^ \.Alf"''""li^''""-^''f''"^ ^'"' ^"'•k ''* at lead half a centur- bchmd her neighbours in New England, New, ferfev and p'n?.f^ "' inpomtofimprovementinagricultSre and m nufS; ' ^""''^''""^^ reafons f;.,rthis deficiency. th?t of want of emerp^^^^^^ fnT^f"'""' not theleaft. _ Indeed their local advantages 1 a^e be n fuch t rt th " Ue grown nch without enterprize. Beldes. lands ht^l'r;;; ,^'1 cheap, and farms of courfe large, and i^ recuires mnrh W • raife ,000 bufl^^els of whe.t upon 6oac e^2" land h 1 ' "^'""'' '' quantity upon 30 ac.s. So iL t^rd"; Jt'^^^^f^'^^^^ can have 60 acres of land, to ra.fe ,oco bufheJs of wlJaT h" wiU .IZ, trouble h...mfelf to hnd out^how he can raife thefam. cn^tit; u on h^f the land, it ,s population alone that ftamps a va'ue uln^anl CJ a oundatton for high improvements In^agn-cu turi^ w£' a m^''.! obhgedto mamta.n a f},mily upon a fmall f;frm. his ir^vent cTn i. eTe "i^ edto find out every improvement that mav-rerider it more JoS^^^ Th.s appears to be the great reafon wh v the Jands on DeTaTar^ n fw ! neaicut rivers, produce to the farmer twice as much ch.^inrr 1 ,' .nequal quantity and of the iamequa^itv pon the H„d b. ^ iZ '* ceeding obfervations be juft, improvements win 1..^ , ^ ^''''^' tion and the increafing vilue'ef C Ar J t.ut S^^;:' ^"^"'^ ^re operated in preventing agricultural imp^ov^ncnts Tn rh.^.r'T' been their government, w&ch'. in the mann r it wasldu^ un 1 tV: nd "Ind ' T Tr^'y ""^— hie to improvement ctLoPy' Kind, and particularly m apriciilmrf Th^ . ^ "^ rti^uui.cvf^n' hprnlive inu,nw. Jr ;;,J„?' .,"1'^:^:^'^'^^';^' '"'■^.'.'^'« ^^ m..ke,hofe e to has iwould ~'0t iiiiaieciiatfiv produi'ti prove very pfoiuai>Ie in fome future period. 1 he ve. tenant, depen- dent I J i iL m «^ NEW Y O R K» dent on his landlord for his annaal fupport, confines his vk^vs and jin, proTcmencen efta^bliihed in dificjait parts o5the country, but they never have been very prod«c- tive, owing folely to the -want of workmen, and the high price of Is- botir, its ncceiTary ccnfequence; for the internal refources and advantages for thefe manufadories, luch as ore, wood, water, hcarth-frnae, proper fituations for bloomcries, forges and all kinds of water works, are im- menfe. There ?re (evcral paper mills in the ftate, which are worked to ^vantage, Tf*Je.] The iUuation of New York, with refpeft to foreign markets, das decidedly the preference to any of the ftates. It has at all feafons of the year, a Ihort and eafy accefs to the ocean. We have already mention- ed that it commands the trade of a great proportion of the bed fettlwj, and beft cultivated parts of the United States. It has been fnppofed, hjf gentlemen well informed, that more wealth is conveyed down ConncG- »icut river, and through the Sound to New Yoric.thafl down the Hudfoa. This is not improbable, as the banks of Connefticat are more ftrtilc, ^nd t'luch thicker, and more cxlenfi vdy fettled than the kinks of the Hudfon. New York h»& »ot been unmindful of her fuperior local ad- vantages, hut has availed herfelf of them to their full extent. Some of her commcrciai reguiaiiom hare ban viewed as oppreiiive »i«i i^riou», ■ to NEW Y O. R K. z6$ his vkws and iin, t fiTrho!dlf?r, frcure views into fntority, nt. Bat thdc ob. ; revolution. The lerj' county, tr^iich other land-jobbers, i to the ft ate, and fitb aftonifhing .p. re account for the , whncn I have (b much Uwngto tljc sandthe vaU tratti 'nterexl vpon fcarce- ifibiy neceflary for i ever fmcc, in the e^fled (anlefs they rcnius for that bufi- rovements in muna. ements in agricoU the country. Tht wh9 are emplo}^ lany other irticies rriages of all kindj, inet work, catlcf)', inds of ni.4themati- necefl&ry for their ive l>ce« eftH-bliihei been very prodtic- e high price of 1»- rces and ad vantages carth-ffoae, proper cr works, arc itn- hich are worked to to foreign markets, 18S at all feafum of ye already mcntwn- ^f the beft fettlwj, been foppofed, bjf ycd down Connec- I down the Hudfoa. t are more ftrtilc, the h.inkis of the r fuperior local ad- extent. So IPC of uiiv€ mid ii^riou». to to the intCTefts of her ncighh(w», ami been poduftive of many hear/ complaints and unhappy jcaloulies. which have proved unfriendly to^thii JO uical un,oo wh>ch ever ought to fubfitt between confcderaied f,fter lia^:.. Ut as it u rxpeclcd :h.r the new governniem will reawdy th"L tviis, a bare njention oi tkem u futttrient. ^ Tlicre appears to be a fecr^cy in the commercial policy of this ftate An accurate accoum of their annu;*! exports and i.^^jrts/if kitown at all' . known 10 few AH therefore that can W exp Jc.d urlr^r tad .. aodmon to what has already bee. obfcrvcd, is f.mply an enun er^fon of the feveral articles exported and imported, witbouf pretendingto fix their amount. M, Sm.th* obferves, Mn our trafic mth other^lace th. balance « aJmoft conftantly in our favour/ Tbi. I beHeve has W^ lly been the cafe. Their exports to the Weft Indies arAifcuh S ttrr7/'^P^V°"'?^'''r^^' ^'''"' ^«^f«' ft>eep, butter/ cSe' pickled oyilers, beef and pork. But 'wheat is the ftaple comm;dir^f iuc ftate of winch nolels than 677.700 bt>(heh v^creTxported in thfyear :7s-. bclides ..555 ions of bread, and 2.8z8 ton, of Lur. InVSw f ffour are appointed to prevent impofitions, and to fee that none TZ pn,d but that which isdeemctl l,y them merchantable. Weft India goods are received in ret,im for thefe articles. Refi'des the alwve mem"o»^ ed article., ^re e.porjed flax-feed, cotton-wool, farHiparilla coiSe S go. rux- p.g iron, bar iron, pot afli. ^learl alh, furs, deer flTns Jr^ .vood. fuft,-: mahogany, bees wax, oil, Madeira wine.rum^tar, p ch't '! Fn nne. v. ^.ale nns. fAh, fugars. molalfcs. fait. Cobacc^-lard &;.C rn'; • ot rh.fe articles are imported for re-exportation. In the yeir . 774 there :rnSr:;:8i^^^ '-'^ ^^ ^'""^'^^ ^^^^ veireu/whor^^tt:!:- %n :r4t"^''^ The moft noted fprings in thia ftate are thofe ot Wa .ga rhev are eight or nine in number, fituated in the m^rjrin of a n T. formed by a brand, of KayadarolTora Cr^ek. about twdfe mi It f^ from the confluence of Fin,-Cre.k and Hudf.n's River TiVv I rrounded oy a rock of a peculiarkind and nature, formed by th^Zr? fon of the water. One of them. lio«.ever, more naVti uluh «r^ ^ .^.e .rtention ; it rifes above the furface of the c^t ;ft^ve or /, f^' ^th! r,: ,t ^-'"i'" '• 7^'^r'-^<^ '" ^'- ^OP. which difcm.T/th \ at r aC ' L?'^'"^^'"'^'' f^''^'I •""= inches'diameter. In this hc'v ie, bout .welve mchrs below the top. except at the time of it. annual df %^. w ich iscommonly in the heginni!.^ of fummer. A a It^i; S cold '"xh ^7'' ''^'^'"°" " '^ ^'''"« '" ' p"^' ^'^hou.h iT; ^ u^^ 'rl,?r V ^''""' .nn^^-annces obtain in the other Springs, ex- i-lift. New York. By p. 113. ^p f.l !■ . i II 264 N • E W V R Is:. By obfervation and experiment, the principal impregnation of the wate^ is found tobs a foffile acid, which is predominant m the tafte. It is alftj ftronjly iinpregiialed with a faiine fubftance, which is very difcernible in thv talte of t!\e water, arid in the tafte and fmell of the petrified matter Rbout it. From the corrofivc and diffolving nature of the acid, the water acquires- z chalybeate jtroperty, and receives into its compofition a por- tion of cakareoiis eai A, which, when feparatcd, refembles an impure mag- nefia. As the different fpritiys have no effentiai variance in the iiaiure of their waters, but the proportions of the chyhbeate impregnation, it is rendered probable that they are derived from one common fource, but flow in feparate channels, when; they have conneftion with metalic ho- llies, in greater orlefs proportions. The prodigious quamity of air contained in this water, makes another diiliuguilhing property of it. Tliis air, ftriving for enlargement, pro- duceb tiie fermentation and violent adion of tho water before defcribed. After the water has flood a fmall time in an open vefTel (no tight one will contain it) the air cfcapes, Ixjcomes vapid, and loofes all that life and pungency which ililtinguifli it wl.en iirft taken from the pool. The par- ticles of diifolvcd eaith are dvpoilttd as the water flows off, which, with fhe combiDation of the falts and fut air, concrete and form the rocks libtnir the fprings. Theedl'L'ts it' produces upon the human body are various; the natural •operation of it, wh»-fi tak'-n, is cathartick, in fome inlknces an emetick. As it IS drank, it produces an agreeable fcnfation in paffing over the ox- jiHtis of tafte, hut, as foqn as it is fwallowed, there fucceeds an unpleafant tJifte and the eruftitions which take place afterwards, caufe a pungency very (imiiar to that produced by a draught of cider or beer, in a ftate of ttrmentation. The followino curious experiments made on thefe waters, were extrac- ted from Dr. iHitcheli's Journal, ' A young turkey held a few inches above the water in the crater of the lower fpring, was thrown into convulfions in lefs than half a minute, and giiCping fiic* d Tigns of approaching death } but on removal from tbt pi:ic- and ex^ . 'ure to the freili air, revived, and became lively. On im- 'nieriion again fur a minute in the gas, the bird was taken out languid aad.nionoiilefs. A fmall d )ii pur into the fame cavity ,and. made to breathe the contained air. was, in I 'fs than on" minute, thrown. into oonvulfive motions— made to pant for bu-uth, and laiUv to lofe entirely the power to cry ormoi'cj vhcn taken out, he was too vvt>ak to iland, but foon, in the common >ir, acoiiifcd nrcngrh enough to rile audftagger away. A trout recitritiy caught, andbriiklyfwimmin^ in a pail of brook watef) was carefully put into a velVel jult filled from the fpring; the fifh was in- ttanlly agitated with violent convulfions, gradually loit the capacity to I move and poife itfclf, grew flupid and infenfible, and in a' few minutej was dead. A candio repe:U.-dly I'ghted and let down near the furfaceof the water, was ff.iiif'uly e\tingui(lied,|andnot a vcitigc of light or iire remaiiied oilj tiie vvick. 1 i neie 5nati.n1 of the wmt the tafte. It is alftj is very difcernible ?■ the petrified matter f the acid, the water > compofition a por- ibles an impure mag- iriance in the iiaiure impregnation, it is :ommon fource, but tn with metalic bo- 'ater, makes another )r enlargement, pro- ter before defcribed. fel (no tight one will lofes all that life and the pool. The par- ws off, which, with : and form the rocks various ; the natural nftances an emetick, 1 paffing over the or- :ceeds an unpleafant s, caufe a pungency or beer, in a Itate of waters, were c^trac- :r in the crater of the an half a minute, and I removal from tbt me lively. On im- i taken out languid breathe the contained ilfive motions— made wer to cry or moi'cj , in the common lir, I pail of brook water^ | :ing; the fidi was in- loil the capacity to I nd in a' few minutejj furfaceofthe water,] t or iire remaii'ied otfj Thcfe N E VV 1 1 ■*■ Y O K K. Thefe experiments nearly conY^rpond with thofe ufually made in Italy, at the famous Grotto f>FX Cam, for the entertainment of travclkxs as mentioned by Keyfler. Addifon and others. ' A bottle filled with the water and haken. emits fuddenly a large quantC fy of snal matter that either forces out the cork, or makes a way btfid*. or through it, or burfts the veffeJ. A quantity of wheaten flour, moiftened with this water and knesu^ed into dough when made »nto cakes and put into a haking-pan, rofe. dur- m? the apphcation of hiat, into light and fpungy bread, without the aid Of yeaft or leaven. From which it appeals, that the air extricateci from the witer is pre- Cildy hmilar to that produced by ordinary fermentation. Some lime-water, made of abalaailes brought from the fubterranean cave at Khmebec, became immediately turbid on mixture with thefprin^ water but when the water had been lately drawn, the precipitate wai quickly re-diflblved. "^ \ Someofthe rock furroundinor the fprlng, oh being put intd tHe firtj^ caictned to quick-hme, and flacled very well. When the xual master has evaporated, the water lofes its tranfparcncv and lets fall a calcanous fcdiment. Whence it is true, tliat the gas is srial acid, that the rock is lime-ftone, and that by means of th.e former, the water becomes capable of diffolv- ing andconveyirtg the latter.' ^Minerals and faffih.'] This ftate embofoms vaft quantities of iron ore* iNaturahfts have obferved that ore in fwamps and {rondy ground, vege- tates and mcrcafes. There is a filver mine at Phillipfburg, which pro- duces vjrgm filver. Spar, zink or fpelter, a femi metal, magnez, ufed in glazings, peritus, of a golden hue, various kinds of copper ore, and lead and coal mines are found in this ftate. Alfo petrified wood, plafter of Pa/is, iling.glafs in (heets, talks and chryftals of various kinds and colors, afteltos, and feveral other foffils. A fmali black ftone lias alfo been found, which vitrifies with a fmall heat, and makes excellent glafs. literary and Humane Sodefief.] There ate very few focieties for impro\'«- ment m knowledge or humanitv in this ftate ; and thcfe few are m the eity cf NewYork. The firft is ' The fociety for promoting; ufeful know- ledge. This fociety is upon an eftablilhmcnt fimilar to other philo- fophical focieties in Europe and Artierica, but is not incorporated. The members meet once a month. Secondly, * The fociet^' for the manir- miflion of Haves and protecting fuch of them as have been cr may be liberated.' This fociety meets once a quaver; Both thc*fe focieties con- fiit of gentlemen of the-firftcharaacr in the city, and of fome^n ^thcr' Iparts of the ftate. Befides thefe, there is the ' Philological fc ;ty ' Imftituted in 1 788. This growing fociety hasfor its principal obictt the |improveme»t of the Englifh language. Literature, Colleges, Academiet, C*?r.] Until the feafi 7^4,- there Wasjio college m the province of Ne v York. T he ftatb of literature, at that ltimt> *" ■*-*"*-» S' * " **" -— *— ■ 7T">-r3^5 VI law*. LI War - icuctuii arc in the '*"'''' '^fophy. Jtion, were obh'ged ticularly exempted " their morals, &c. ifo enclofes a large id at the front gate, ixmcr^ and at 9 in e in were delivered ut rjo yards from Qmn>anding a moA gaged the a'ttention palled conftituting ;utenant governor, •porare and politic, fity of iii", ftate of NEW YORK. 267 in the ftate, and have power to grant charters of incorporation ^or ere^. nig colleges and academies throughout the ftate~are tovifit thefe inltituw tic.ns as often as they (hall think projMir, and report their ftate to the Itgiflatura once a year. -All degrees above that of mafter of arts are to be conferred by the regents. Kings college, whicli we have already defcribed, is now called'CoL u m- Bi A CoLLEG E. T his collegc, by an aft of the legiflature paffed in the fpnngof 1787, wasput under the care of twenty-four gentlemen, who are a body corporate, by the name and ftyle of ' The trultees of Colum- bia college, in the city of New York.' This body poflciTes all the powers verted in the governors of Kings college, before the revolution, or in th« regents of the umverrity,lince the revolution, fo far as their power re- fpcckd this maitution, except the conferring of the higher degrees. No regent can be a truftee of any particular colicge or academy in the ftate. riie college edifice has received no additions fince the peace. The funds produce, annually. alx)ut ^1000. The library and rnufeum were dcftroyed during the war. The philofophical apparatus coft about aoo gumeas. Untif the revolution the college did not flourifh. . The plaa' upon which It was originally founded, was contrafted. and its fituation unhvourablc. The former objection is removed, but the latter muft re- mam. It has between thirty and forty ftudcjnts, in four clafles. The number for feveral years has been increafmg. The officers of inftruftion and immediate government are, a prefident, profeifor of languages, pro- teflor of mathen^atics, profeifor of logic and rhetoric, profbffor of natural Doilofophy, profeifor of geography, and a profeifor of moral philofophy. J here are many other profeflbrs belonging to the univerfity, but theif proteflorlhips are merely honorary. There are feveral academies in the ftate. One is at Flatbulh in Kings county, on Long Ifland, four miles from Brook lyn-ferrv' Jt IS fituated in a pleafant, healthy village. The building is large, hand' fome and co. enient, and is called Era/mus Hall. The academy is flourifl^- ing under the care of a principal and other fubordinate inftruftor^. The trultees of this mftitution have been incorporated by the regents ofthe There is a very flourilhing academy at Eaft Hampton, on the eaft end ot Long Ifland j to which alfo the regent*^ have given a chirter of incor- poration by the name of Clinton Acadbmv. There are other academies, or more properly grammar fchools, in dif- ferent parts of the ftate. There are ffveral in the city of New Yorl- furnilhed with able inftruaors ; one at Kingfton, in Ulfter county ; on,; In^^'^'r" 1 ' county of Orange; two at Albany; one at SkenJftady; one at Lanfingburgh, and another at Weft Chefter. None of thefe have jet applied for charters. Befides thefe, in many parts of the ftate, there then, "f'"i' 7^'^?^ maintained by the voluntary contributions J?.%««.] The conftitution of this ftate provides for ' the free exerclfe and enjoyment of religious profeftion and worfhin. w.'fhr.nf ^.r,.,:.„;.„.: -ii or preference, witlun the ftate, for all mankind. Provided" that* the" liberty !fc rr- T^Ti-.^^ff'f" 1^ NEW Y Q R K. i 1 i i ' i ' k i. ; liberty of coofricnce hereby granted, (hall not be fo conftnied aitoex- cufcafts of Uccntioufnefs, or juftify praftifes inconfiftent with tl;c peace unci fafcty of the ftate,' The various religious denominations in this ft^te, with the nunaber of their rcfpeiflive congregations arc as follows. X)enotliination$.' No. Congreg'ns. Eng. ?reft)yterian, - - 87 Dutch Rcfonned, - - - 66 Denominations. No, Coogrcg'ns. German Lutheran, - - u Moravians, MeihodiUs, Roman Catholic, Jews, - - - Shakers, unknown. (Including fix of the German language.) Baptilts, - - 30 Kpifcopalians, - 26 Friends, or Quakers. - 20 | . The prelbytcrian churches are governed by congregational, prelby tcrial and fynodical afTemblies. Thefe aflTjmblies pofleTs no civil jurifdidion. Their power is wholly moral or fpiritual, and that only minifterial and declarative. They poflefs the right of ^muiring obedience to the laws of Chrilt, and of excluding the difobedieut from the privileges of the church ; and the powers reauifite for obtaining evidence and iniliding <;enfurc ; but the higheft punilhijr.ent, to which their authority extend;., is to exclude the dontumacious and impenitent from the congregation 0^ believers. The church fejjion t which is the congregational afTembly, confifts of th^ minifter or minillers and elders of a particular congregation. This body is in vetted with the fpiritual government of the congregation. h prejlytcry confifts of all the miniltcrs, and one ruling elder from ea^h cpiigregatioo, within a certain diltri(Si. 1 hrec ininifter., and three elders, conlTitutionally convened,' are competent to do bufmefs. This body have cognizance of all things that regard the welfare of the particuiw churches within their bounds, uhich are not cognizable by the feflioo, Alfo, they have a power of receiving and iffuing appeals from the felfioo^ -7-of examining and licenfing candidates for the miniftry — of ordaining fettling, renn)ving, or judging minifters — of refolving queliions of doC: tfine or difcipHne, and whatever ftlfe j«rtains to the fpiritual concerns of the churches under their care. A 1^7/o/is a convention of feveral prefbyterics. The fynod havepow«, rr to admit and judge of appeals, regularly brought up from the prefliy- teries— to give their judgncnt on all references made to them, of an ect id connexion in their Jifcourfes, and arc fond of inuo* Iducing pathetic ftories, which are calculated to affed the tender pafHons IwSoT"-^"-"- ^">^/«^emn, and their preaching is frequently attended fcl H V^'f '."'"S^ ^f^ "P°» t^«^ audiences. Tlieir churches arc fup- *«• A^^* Tiw f "«P»W""*« 170 NEW YORK. I The Shaken are a {t(k who fprung up in Europe. A part of them came over from EMgland to New York in 1774, and l)cin2 joined by others, they fettled at Nifqueaunia, above Albanv, whence they fpread their doc- trines and increafed to a confiderable number; but their interclt is now fait dcclinii^g. The late Jyfta Ltefe, whom they lUlcd the Elc{i Lady, was the head of this feft. Her followers sffcrted, that flic was the woman fpokcn of Jn the twe'fth chapter of the Revelation, and that flic fpoke fcvcntv-two tongue!) ; — And although thefe tongues were unintelligible to the living, Ihe converfed with the dead who unn their heels with of God. Allthcfe boifteroas manner ; at of a perfon in a properly. Shakers. I April 1784, the Ic- us denominations to who (hall be a body oralities of their re- rein mentioned, are fxipported by the J by fubfcrijption, or s in New York, Ai- t the two laft, latge 1 alfr in New York ititution of the ft?»? ofe, April 20, 1777. led in two branches, : elet^ed by the free- le value of j^.ioo, the ftaie is divided lin number, viz. NEW YORK. { Albany, Mont- \^ Kjioucrjter ton,) . nd, I Three. til Wcftern 1 »- ' ' „• Dillrlft 1 M°"^- \ ^»- tgomtry, J 1 he fcnator. are divided by lot into four claff«. fii in-'cach clafs. and numbered, firft. f.cond, third, and fourth. The feats of the firft cl f a e vacated at the expiration of one year-the fccond, at the expira on of t\L next &c and their places filled by new eJeaion:.; ThusaralS ^ng '^ m*de in the jcnate every vear j but three fourths of the mcmbei-s ren.ainlnz prelerve a knowkdge of^the bufmefs of a fcrmer fertion. A majority o? d.e fenate is ncceflary to do bufinefs, and each branch of the legiaSi^ a negative u^)on the other. irj^iuaiure ua^ The Wiflature can at any time alter this divifion of the ftate fo- ther choice of renatorc; and an increafeofeleeorsin any diftrift. to theam'ount of one.twentv -fourth of the eledoTS in the whole ftate. enti les the dS LZd ' "' '^^ """^* °^ ^^"^^°" "« "«=^" e::ceed "^ The aflcmbly of the ftate is compofed of reprefentatives from the fcve- rai counties, chofen annually in May . in the following proportion : tor thecity and county r*-New York? nine. bor the city and county of Albany, fcven. For Dutchefs, 7 Weft Chcfter, 6 Ulfter, Suffolk, Queens, Orange, Kings, 5 4 4 2 )utchefs,l Jlfter, Jrange, Six. Weftcm For Richmond, a Montgomery, 6 WaOjmgton,) and Clinton,) + Columbia, 3 Cumberlandt 3 Gloucijier^ 2 By rile ronflitution, however, it is ordered, that at the end offt^v^n years after the termination of the late war a ccnfu, /.f rlJ»!.A 1- alue of twenty pounds, in the county wheri he is to give hi vot- -or as rented a tenement therein of the yearly value of ff rv ^m^l) \Z ues m ailembly. I he fre-dom of the cities of New York and Albans kewife entitles a perfon to the priviJ-^e of voting for members of affem n'llot U f:h°rr "^-^-^'^«^'- ^he .l.thXfvotmg ' tt "y )aiiot, but fuhjedt to alteration bv the lecriflarnr*. Tk^ i, /• r r own ipfaker, and is a judge of its own privileges. theSeak r tk„ rtlt' 'i'"u^' » .completed, the committee rif.s- ^^T^T^Tch^^^ the chairman reports to the hou^e the pro- umgs ot the committee. How far this imitation of the Britilh houfr com^nons is fupported by good reafons. it may not be eafy o det"r ^!!^\S''l''^ '\ l^'^h^^ !" ?therlegillatures,the proceedin'r^JJ:!;;: ••! •.viiuutic^a wiirtuui tius iormality, * ~ t""/ T?ie ';■'•», m i / i ! L^ 1 47* NEW Y O R Kf.' The number of rcprefentatives is limited to three handrcd. The prdent number is fixty-fivt. ^ , „ . « . • The fupremc executive power of the Rate is vclted m a governor, (m ivhoic abfence a deputy governor is appointed to fcrve) chofcnoncein three years by the fVeemcn of the ftate. 'Fhe lieutenant governor is, by his ofljce, prcfident of the fenate ; and, upon an e-jual divifion of voices, has a calling vote ; but has no voice on other occafions. The governor has not a feat in the legiflature ; but as a member of th« council of revifion and council of appointment, he has a vaft influence in the ftate. The council of revifion is compofed of the chancellor, the judges of the faprcine court or any of them, and the governor. This council is empow^ etedto revife all bills which have paffed the two houfes of the legiUature, aad if it ftiall appear to the council that fuch bills ought not to pafs into laws they ftiall be returned to the houfe in which they origmated. with theobjcaions of the council. ^The houfe Ihall theti proceed to reconiuler the bilk, with the objeaions, and if, notwithftanding, two-thirds of thtf houfe (hall agree to the bills, they (hall be fent to the other houfe, where they (hall be reconfidered and tlie a(rent of 'twa-thirds of the membera^ pafs them into laws. But if a bill is not returned in ten days, it becomes alawofcourfe. ^ . , . i •/ ^ .. . . The fubordinate officers of the ftate are appointed by the counctlofappomu merit, which is compofed of one fenator from each diftna, to be chofen annually by the legiftature, with the governor or in his abfence, the lieu- tenant governor or the prefident of the fenate, who has a caftmg vote °"a11 military officers hold their commiflions during pleafure. The chan- cellor, the judges of the fupremc court and the firft judge of each county court hold their offices during good behaviour. The officers can hold no other office at the lame ti me, except that of delegate to congrefs. Shfififfs and coroners arc appointed annually, and can Icrve but tour years fucceffively. • , . „ . , r i r .u r A court of crrt>rs and impeachment is mftituted, compofed of the prefi- dent of the fenate, the fenate, chancellor and judges of the fupreme court, or the majov part of them, under the regulation of the legiftature. The power of impeachment is veiled in the houfe of rcprefentatives, and the members on trial murt be fworn. y^ • c a. n , t Befides the court of errors and impeachment, there is firft, 9. Lourt of Chancery, conSfting of a chancellor, appointed by the council of appoint- xnent, who holds fis office during good behaviour, or until he arrive a the acre of fixty.years. Secondly, a Supreme Court, the judges of which are appointed in the fame manner and for the fame time as the chancellor. This IS a circuit court.-Third!y, County Court,, held mcach county, dfe. judges of which are appointed in the manner aoove mentioned, and the firftjttdge hokU his office during good l^ehaviour. Jkfides thefe there a e.| the ^uftSes' courts, court of probates, court of admiralty, court of cxchc- quec, a court of oyer and termnier and general gaoi uciivciy, auGCv*;« ** Ihe praaicrin the fupreme court, to which an appeal lies from th^ counts below, is in irni^^ypn of the courts of common pleas and king i| >-n$h in England. ^ ^ All New red. The prefenj I All free YORK. 73 a governor, (in ;) chofcn once in It governor is, by liviilonof voiccj. The governor ouncil (rfrcvifion ftate. the judges of the ouncil is cmpow- af the Icgiflature, : not to pafs into* ' originated, with :eed to reconiuier two-thirds of the rhcr houfe, where } of the members' , days, it kwcomes le council ef appoint' nt\, to be chofen abfence, the iieu- Las a cafting vote afure. The chan- ge of each county ficers can hold no congrefs. :an fcrvc but four 3ofed of the prefi- he fupreme court, legiflature. The entatives, and the is firft, a Court of auncil of appoint- until he arrive at e judges of which as the chancellor. neach county, tlfe. entioned, and the ies thcfe there are y, court ofcxchc- ''. . J •• ipeal lies from thtJ » pleas and kingVl All ., -governments aboo^jd with lawyers. ^Vhere meti har/. fh* „.; anddifputesof the people, lawyirs will multiply. &thefe Americafu mines a plennfu erowth anH N«.«, Vr>rU i,„ •; n. America tur- ittothetreafureroftheihte ^"« ^^""f/ treafurer, who tranfmits children. ^"^ °^ ^°""^ 4oo men, women and The 7«>romT migrated from North-Carolina and the frontier, of V.V p; :?lxcs,^. fhr;tro'S," '^^^^ bccaufc there i, a fimilaritv in their iangJTses!^^^ '^' ^""° """"'• «. Buffaloe cXauaX to heBr iift "SirfL,:,!'!"'''''" 'Z" ESS he;if '^— o^" o' c^fiis^^^^^^ I he A/tf^wW-j were acknowledged bv the Of Vrfr.'Koo f^ r .t. ■ eWu.i?.'^!^?^'^^.^^^^^^^ ^'^^.-""^ or Sir WUliam Johnfon. tllT I;. " .' ~"""'*^'^''*'^" "-'^' j^""» H'Rnion, about fhf t'f^ar r-»-,< tu ' |i;88. I i3L father ot thi. .amily was drowned in the winter of wi(h'lhi'R v'i^'^^T'!'''^"' except the Oneidas and Tufcaroras fided '^■th the Bntifh in the late war, and fought againH the A.nericanr M m The J M . I 'f^ ^74 NEW O R K. 'X'\\R Omndagat live near the Salt or Onondaga Lake, about twenty- five miles from the Oneida Lake. In the fpringof 1779, a regiment of men were fent from Albany, by general J. Cliftton, againft the Ononda- gas. This regiment furprized their town— took thirt) -three prifoneri— killed twelve or fourteen, and returned without the lofs of a man. A party of the Iifjdians were at this time, ravaging the American frontiers. There are very few of the D^/aw«rr tribe in this State. The Fi-ve confederated Nations were fettled along the banks of the Sufque- hannah, and in the adjacent country, until the year 1779, when general Sul. livan, with an army of 4000 men, drove them from their country to Nia- gara, where, being obliged to live on falted provifions to which they were unaccuftomed, great numbers of them died. Two hut\dred of them, it is faid, were buried in one grave, where they had encamped. General Sullivan burnt feveral of their towns — deftroyed their provifions, and-de- feated them in an engagement at Newton. Since this irruption into their country, their former habitations have been moiUy deferted, and many of them have gone to Canada, ^ On the 13th of November, 1787, John Livingfton, Efq; and four others obtained of the Six Nations of Indians a leafe for 999 years, on a yearly rcntrcfervedcfzoco dollars, of all the country included in the fol- lowing limits, viz. Beginning at a place commonly known by the name of Canada Creek, about feven miles well of Fort Stanwix, xkq^ Fort Shuyler, thence northeaftwardly to the lineof the province of Quebec ; thenre along the faid line to the Pennfy Ivania line, ihencc call on the faid line or Pennfyl- vaoialine.tothc liqe of property, fo called by the ftateof New York, thence along the faid line of property tq Ca.niida Creek aforefaid. And on the 8th Jan. 1 788, the fame perfmis o'htaint;^ a leafe, of the Oneida Indiai, , for 999 years, on a rent referved for the firlt year, of 1 200 dollars, and encreafing it at the rate of ico dollars a year until it amount to 1500 dollars, of all thetrart of land commonly called tlieOneida country, except a refervation of feveral trads fpecified in the leafe. But thefe leafes having been ob- tained without the confent of the'4egiflature of the ftate, the fenate and affembly, in their feffion, March 1788, refolved, " That the faid leafes are purchafes of lands, and therefore that by the conftitution of this ftate the iaid leafes are not binding on the faid Indians, and are not valid."— This very important and interefting difpute remains to be fettled. We ihall conclude this account of the Indians, with an Indian fpcech to Sir William Johfon, fuperintendant of Indian affairs, at a treaty held with the Six Nations and others at Fort Stjnwix. in Oftober 1768, for the fettleraent of a boundary line between the Colonies and the Indians. * We rememl^er that on our firft meeting you, when you came with your (hips, wc kindly received you — entertained you— entered into an alliance with you, though we were then great and numerous, and your nrople inconfiderable and weak. And we know that we entered into a covenant chain of bark with you, and faOencdyour (hip therewith, bet being apprehenfive the bark would break and your (hip be loft, we made one of iron and held it fail that it fhoiild not flip from us — but feeing the. former chain was liable to ruft, we made a fiiver one to guard agj: |' IJlaniu] NEW YORK. *75 te, about twenry- fo, a regiment of iinft the Onoiida- three prifoners— . >fs of a man. A jrican frontiers. ^» iksof theSufque- ivhtrn general Sul- ■ country to Nia- US to which they hiihdred of them, amped. General rovifions, and-de- ruption into their •ted, and many of n, Efq; and four r 999 years, ona eluded in the fol- vn by the name of ov^ Fort Shu yler, ec ; thenre along d line or Pennfyl- »Jew York, thence [. And on the 8th aindiai. , for 999 's, and encreafing -00 dollars, of all cept a refervation having been ob- e, the fenate and at the faid leafes ution of this ftate ire not valid."— e fettled. an Indian fpcech s, at a treaty held )ftober 1768, for ind the Indians. 1 you came with -entered into an [lerous, and your ve entered into a [> therewith, bet > be loft, we made ,s — but feeing the, to guard agi' r/!a?tds.] Thtrc are three iflands of note belonging to this ftate : viz. \ ork Ifland, which has already been defcribed. Long Ifland and Staten Long Ifland extends from the city of New York eaft, 140 miles, and terminates with Montauk point. It is not more than ten miles in breadth, on a medium, and is feparated from Connefticut by Long llland found. Jheif.and is divided into three counties ; Kings, Queens and Suffolk. Khigs County lies at the wefl end of Long Iflard, oppofite New York and IS not above ten miles long, and eight .rOad. The inhabitants are' rrmcipaliy Dutch, and live welh Jt contains a number Of pleafant vil- lages, of which Flatbulh, Brooklyn, or Brcucklin and Bedford, are the pniicipal. ^ee^iCmnty lies next to Kings as you proceed eaflward. It is about f,nrty miles long and twelve broad. Jamaica, 'Newtown, Hampftead. in which is a handfome court houfe, and Oyltcrbay are the principal vil- lages in this county. Suffolk County is about loo miles long and ten broad, and comprehends all the eatkrn^part of the ifland, and feveral little iflands adjoining - VIZ. ^Shelter Ifland, I-ifliers Ifland, Plumb llland and the iflo of Wight. Its principal towns are Huntington, Southampton. Smithtown. Brook Haven, Laft Hampton, in whicli is the academy, Southhold and Bridge Hampton. . •" . " The fouth fide of the ifland is flat land, of 'a light fandy foil, bordered on the fea coaft with large tra^s of fait meadow, extending from the weft point of the ifland to Southampton. This foil, however, is well talcu- ated for raifing gram, efpecially Indian corn. Th4 north fideof theif- land is hilly .and of a ftrong foil-adapted to th#culture of grain, hay and truit. A ndge of hiUs extends from Jamaica to Southhold. Large herds ot cattle feed upon Hampftead plain, and on the fait marfties upon the fouth fide of the Ifland. • ^ ^ 'Hampftead plain, in Queens county, is a curiofity. It is fixtcen miles m length, eaft and weft, and feven br.pight miles wide. The foil is black and to appearance rich, arid yet it was never known to have any natural growth, but a kind ot wild grafs. and a h^n flirubs. It is frequented hy vatt numbers of plover— Rye grows tolerably well on fome pnrts of the plain. Themoft of it lies common for cattle, horfes and ftieep As there is nothing to impede the profped in the whole length of this plain. It has a curious but tirefome efl^ea upon the eye, not unlike that of the ocean. Eaft of this plain, on the middle of the ifland, is a barren heath over^ grown with flirub oaks and pines, in which, it is fuppofed, there are fe- veral thoufand deer. It is frequented alfo by a great number of erowfe or heath hens, a very delicious bird. Laws have been pafl"ed for the nre- fervation of thefe birds and the dee, ^ ^ It is remarkable that on Montauk RO'nt ?♦ »^.j'.— 4 s-!J.-^''^^. :i j there are no flies. Between this point and Eaft Hampton is a beach thre^ quarters ot a mile wide, in the centre of which was found, about fiftir yearsago, undera fand hill which was blown op by the wind, the emir* ikdctoxi Ota large whale, nearij-h*lf a mile from the water. Ihere ~ m ff^m 1 il I ^ ^ 1 s '■- j i • ■ i 1.1 »76 NEW YORK. There are very few rivers upon the Ifland. The largcft is Peakonok, which fifes about ten miles weft of a place called River-head, where the court houfc ftands, and runs eafterly into a large bay dividing Southhold from Southampton, In this bay are Robin and Shelter Illandb. . The fouth fide of the ifland is indented with numerous ftreairs of vari- ous fizes which fall into a large bay, two or three miles over, formed by a beach, about eighty rods wide, which appears like a border to the ifland, extending from the weft end of it to Southampton. Through this beach, in various places, are inlets of fuch depth as to admit of veifcls of flxty or feventy tons. This bay was formerly frefli water. As evidences of this, the ftumps of trees arc to be feen in great numbers on the fait marfti, near the up- land, Oyfters, clams, and fifli of various kinds, are caught with eafc, and in great plenty in this bay, with fcines, during the winter fealbn. it is not uncommon to fee forty or fifty veflTels nere loading with oyfters at the fame time. And what is almoft incredible, though I was told of it hy two gentlemen of truth, and who were well informed as to the matter, thirty waggon loads of bafs have been caught in ihis bay at one draught. Roiikonkama pond, lies about the centre of the ifland, between Smith- town and I flip, and is about a mile in circumference. This pond has been found by obfervation, to rife g adually for feveral years, until it had arrived to a Certain height, and then to fall more rapidly to its loweft bed ; and thus it i* continually ebbing and flowing. The caufe of this curious phc^nomenon has never been inveftigatpd. Two miles to the Southward of tlvis pond is a confiderable ftream, called Conne s to the fword. led home by king ng at New Yo'lc, in the village en- nts of the abfolute he attack. They gates, which were at the fame time, ihabitants were in broke open. Ne- 3re they wererifen gan the perpetra- exprefs the cruel- [lantly in a blaze. to the flames, or hed in the malTa- reft fled naked to- night in a terrible ght, through the "reached Albany, itants of that city, the NEW YORK. »79 ihc enemy being reported to be one thoufand four hundred ftronjr. A party of horfe was immediately difpatched toSiceiieaady.and a fewMo- " hawks then in town, fearful of being intercepted, were with difficulty feat to apprifc their own caftles. liie Mohawks were unacquainted with this bloody fcence, until two days attcr it happened, our meffengers hdng fcarcely abla to travel through the great depth of the fnow. The enemy, in the mean time, pillaged die town of Skcnediady until noon the next day ; and then went off with their plunder, and about forty of their bed horfes. The reft, with all the cattle riiey could find, lay flaughtered in the ftreets. Upon the arrival of a governor at New York, commiflioned by the king. Leiller imprudently refufed tofurrender the garrifon, for which he and his fon were condemned to death, as guilty of high treafon. The whole province of New York was originally fettled by non-epif- copahans, chiefly by pre%terians, except a few epifcopal families in the city of New York. In 1 693 , Col. Fletcher, then governor of the pro- vince, projeftcd the fcheme of a general tax for building churches and fnp- porting epifcopal minifters, and artfully effefted his defign in nart. This overture laid the foundation for a difpute between the prefbyierians and epifcopalians, which, until the revolution, was maintained on both fides with great warmth and animofity. Several of the governors, particularly the infamous* Lord Cornbury, fliewed great partiality to the epifcopalians and perfecuted the prelbyterians. To prevent the Roman Catholic raiflionaries from Canada from influencing the Indian aiiies of the province to renounce their allegiance to the Bntiih crown, under the pretext of religion, the legiflature of the province, in July, 1700, paffcd a law, prohibiting Jefuits and Popifli prielts * The foUvwlngextratl from the hiftory of Nfw Tori, 'wiU fully mfiify this epithet. Speaking of Lord Cor»hury, the Hijlorian fays, ' His Lordjhtp's ftnfe of honor and jujiice ivas as nveak and indelicate, as his higotry was ran- fmt and uncontroulable : and hence ru,e find him guilty of an ail complicated of a number of 'vices, nvhich no man could have perpetrated vfine his p'iom r^^e "to the peopfe of Jamaica*. tiedetefied a/l nuho nvere of the fame denomination ; nay, aveyfe to every fed ' mepthi,own, he infifted that neither the minifiers nor fchoalmaHers of the ihtch, the moft numerous perfuafion in theprwince, had a right to preach or in- Um viahout his gubernatorial licence ; and fome of them tamely fubmiUed ta ii!s unauthoritative rule.' fr < # t$0 NEW YORK. priefts from f xcrrifing thdr office in the proviricc, on pain of \perpetual imprifonment. If any onelhould efcape from prifon and be aftcrward9 taken, he was to be put to death. This law, however vindicable in a po, litical Wew, is certainly to be condemned on the principle of religion, as kfavoured as highly of perfecution as any law ever paffed in New Eiig. land. The truth is, the legiilators m l>oth inftances intended tp prevent political evils, but their laws fo^ this end were highly exceptionable. The offenders againil the public peace ought to have been treated in acivil, ror in a religious capacity. Civil and ecclefiaftical power are entirely dif- tinft, and never ought to be blendtfd. The religious perfecutions, which have proved the dcitruftion of thoufands of pious people, may, in a great meafure, be afcribed to the undue interference of civil with ecclefiaftical authority. This law againft the Roman Catholics, remained unrepealed (though it was never enforced) until the revolution. •In 1709, a vigorous expedition was meditated againft Canada,in making preparation for which, this province expended above j^.20,000; but the expe(5ied affilHnce from Britain failing, it was never profecuted. Soon after, Col. Schuyler, who had been very influential with the Indians, went to England with five Sachems, who were introduced into the pre- fence of Qneen Anne. The objeft of this vifit was to ftimulate the miniftry to the re'uuiftion of Canada. In 1 7 1 ., a conflderable fleet was fent over for that purpofe, but eight tranfports being caft away on the coaft, the reft of the fleet and troops re- turned vk'ithotit making any attempt to reduce Canada. In 1710, Governor Hunter brought over with him about 3000 Pala- tines, who, the year before, had fled to England from the rage of perfecu- tion in Germany. Many of thefe people fettled in thecity of New York; others fettled on a traft of fevcral ihourand acres in the manor of Living- lion, and fome went to Pcnnfylvania, and were inftrumental in inducing thoufands of their countrymen to immigrate to that province. The prohibition of the fale of Indian goods to the French, in 1720, ex- cited the clamour of the meichants at New York, whofe intereft was affefted by it. The meafure was undoubtedly a politic one; and the reafonsfor it were thefe ; The French by this trade were fupplied with ar- ticles which were wanted by the Indians. This prevented the Indians from coming to Albany, and drew them to Montreal ; and they being employed by the French, as carriers, beca^me attached to them from intereft. About the fame time, a trading houfe was erefted by the Englifh at Ofve- go, on Lake Ontario ; and another by the French at Niagara. In 1 7 29, the a(a proliitjiting the trade between Albany and Montreal was imprudently repealed by the king. This naturally tended to under- mine the trade at Ofwc^o, and to advance the French commerce of Nia- gara; and at the fame tune to alienate the affeftions of the Indians from Britain. Not lon^ aim this, the French were fofFered to ereft a fortrefs at Lake Champlam. " To prevent the ill confequences of this, a fcheme was projected to fettle the lands near Lake George, with loyal proteftaat High- landers from Scotland. A traft of thirty thoufand acres was accordingly promifcd to captain Campbell, who, at his own cxpencc, tranfported " - eighty- NEW YORK, 29j sain of tperpetual nd be aftcrward9 ndicable in a po. e of religion, as d in New Eng- ;ndcd tp prevent y exceptionable, treated in a civil, " are entirely dif- ■fecutions, which , may, in a great vith eccleflaUical repealed (though anada,in making ;o,ooo; but the ofecuted. Soon ith the Indians, :d into the pre- to ftimulate the irpofe, but eight •X and troups re- bout 3000 Pala- rage of perfecu- y of New York; lanor of Living- ntal in inducing nee. ch, in 1720, ex- lofe intereft was ic one ; and the fuppliedwithar- ited the Indians and they being cm from intereft. inglifh at Ofve- gara. r and Montreal snded to under- mmerce of Nia- he Indians from ) ereft a fortrefs lis.afcheme was iroteftaat High- was accordingly [ICC, tranfported cjghty- righry-th#ce Proteftant famih'es to Ivcw York, fiut tlirough llie fordid views of foinc |M:rfons in power, who aimed at a flurc in the intended grant, the fcttlement was never made. V/c have already mentioried, in the hiftory of rlie United States, fomo of die moil important events that have takcii plfice in this ilate firtce lijo revolution, 'lo be more particular is inconiillenc with my defign. I Ihail conclude this hillory, witha liH of :hog;jvcrnars of New York" after having mentioned that. In 1787, the legifliture of this ftate, ceded to thd Com.monwcalth of F^flachufetts, all thel:md$, within their jurifdiftion, welliof a meridian that Ihall h,-. drawn fiom a point in the nortii boundary line of Pennfyl- vaiiia, eighty-iwo miles weft from tha Dd jware; (sMocptfng one mile along the caft fide of Niagara river) and uffo tax townfliips between tJie Chcnengo and Owcgy rivers^ referving the jurifdid^ion to tlic ftate df New York. This fe/Tion was made lo fatisfy a claim of Mafra^hufeay, founded upon their original charter. ' *■ J lift cf Governors from the year 16^4 h the ptpftni time, Na;;icsofG3-j'i, Btr^an to gwverrt^ NumaofGo^js, Bezcut to iro^erri^ NiojIIs Love'lace Androfs J^rockhuH Dongan Slaughter In^oJdfby Fletcher Belloniont Nanfan Ecllemonl Depcyftef Smith Nanfan Cornbury Lovelace Schuyler Ingoldfby Beekroan HuQier 1664 J 674 i68z 1685 1690 1691 1692 J69S 1699 1700 1700 J 700 1701 J 702 J 708 1709 1709 J 710 1710 Nn Burnet Niontgomcric Vandarti Cofi>y Clarke Clinton Ofborii De "^.ancey ■ Sir Charles Ilafdy De Lancey Golden (Vrefidcnf) Moncktoji Colden NIonckton Cojden Sir Henry Moore Colden Dunmore i r) on Cliuioa J 7 20 J7'*» »75'» 17K »7+5 J/ 53 .17 ;7 i7races Staten Uland. There is a long bay, formed by a beach, four or five miles from the fhore, extending alon'^r the coalt northeaft and fouthwefl. from Manafquand river, in Mor^moufh eouniv nimoft to Cape May. Through this beach are a number of inlets, by which the bay communicates with the ocean. On the top of a mountain, in Morris county, is a lake or pond, three miks in length, and from a mile to a mile and an half in breadth, from -Which proceeds a continual llream. It is in fomc places deep. The wa- teriscf a fea.green colour; but when taken np in a tumbler, is like the'waterof the ocean, clear and of a cryftnline colour. ^ The rivers in this ftate, though not large are numerous. A traveller •. ih- 'pairing the common road from New York to Philadelphia crofles V three confiderable rivers, viz. the Hakkenl^ik and Pofaik iTetwccn Eereen ' aild Newark, and the Raritan by Brunfwick. The Hnkkenfak rifes in Bergen county, runs a fouthwardly courfe, and empties into Newark ^ay.--At the ferry, near its mouth, it is 460 yards wide, and is navieab'e fifteen miles. ° Pofaik is a very crooked river. It rifes in a large fwamp in Morris county. Its geiieral courfe is from W. N. W. to E. S. E. until it niin- gles with the Hakkmfak at the head of Newark bay. It is navi-rabl- about )en miles, and is 230 yards wide dttheferry. thecataraa int'nn river, is one of the greatcik natural curiofities in the ftate. The river Is about forty yards wide, and moves in a How o-entlernrr^n* »««i «...;„. within a ihort diltance of a deep cleft in a rock, which croHes ihc cS nel, )t defcends and falls above feventy feet perpendicularly, in one entid fheet. Oneendof the cleft, which was evidently made by fome violen' convulfion in nature, is clofed j at the other, the water rulhes out wi incredibk NEW J E R s E r. iS} mtrMh fwiftncA, forming an acoiite angle with its former dirc(ftlon» and w received into a Inrge bafon, ^v hence it takes a winding courfe tlinnigh the rocks, and forcads into a broad, fmooth ftream. '1 hr cleft IS from four to twelve feet broad, '/he falling of the water occafions a rldud of vapon to arifc, which, by floating amidlJ the fun beams, prc- fcius to the view rainbowj, that add be :uty to the tremendous fceoL. J he weftern bank of this river, between Newark and the falls, afford* one of the i^cafantcK roads for a partv' of pleafure in New Jerfey. 1 ho' banK iKinc high, gives the traveller an elevated and cxfenfive view of thd oppofitc fhote, which IS low and fertile, forming a landfcane nicturefque and beautiful. Many handfomc country- feats adorn the fides of this river; and there are elegant fityations for more. Gentlemen of fortune ^ might here difplay their tallc to advantage. The fifh of various kinds with wim:h this river abounds, while they would furnifh the tabic with an agreeable repaft, would afford the fportfman an innocent and manly annilement. ' Raritan river is formed by two confiderable (breams called the north and louth branches; one of which has its fourcc in Morris, tl>e other iii Hunterdon county. It pafTes by Brunfwick and Amboy. and mingles with the waiters ot the Arthur Kull Sound, and helps to form thctinlc fixteen miles. Thefe with many other f mailer ftreams empty into the Delaware, and carry down theptd- fluce wluch their fertile banks and the neiphbourjncr conntrv a(n>rd. nil That part ofthcftate which boruers on "the ft a, is indented with a great ml.er of fmall rivers and creeks, fuchas Great E.^gharbour, and Little Eeirl ggharbour rivers, Navefink, Shark, Mati ticiinp;, and forked w.-ich as the country is Hat, arc navigable for f;nall craft tkir fources. vers aim oft to Ctuft'i •84 NEW JERSEY. ^ CivnDtv.'fion,, Pupm'atijn, l^c] New fqrfcv is (lividcd into i $ coua. tics, wh.ch arc fubJiviticd into 9+ townfiups or precmdU, as iollowi. ' TABLE. I 1 : t ! I \ I 5 M o 70 Counties. rije whole of the iniiab!tant« in ti'e ftate " 'J hepopulaliou i'or every fvjuarc mi/c iscii^htccn is as one to feventy-fix. Jn dcd info I ^ coaa- s, as ioliowi. rllitf ants. Do. Black. n 138 30 100 ;oQ 520 '30 1333 r 16 1491 )2? 491 ruer of toe le^ilii- ^or were black?,' roportion of Haves j ne to fevcnty-fix, In NEW J E R S E T. tBs Tn 173^, t!ic number of inhabitants in New Jerfn' \»aj 4*:.3<59! of wliich 3,981 were llavcs. .'-i 1745, there were fii.^oj «nhabu.ints in the colonv, of which 4C06 were flaves. The average .-.nnual in- cn-nfe of inhabitants, in Newjcrfcy fincc the year 1738, has been 2219, excJufive of eoiigraiioni. c V 15 .. Acres of improved Land. 36,160 Do. uniiT!- provcd. 41 46 53 263 84.5H2 M9.297 i5r»,979 194,600 267,192 t^,ot$ 74.543 36,502 U4.049 5v425 5cF ^731 o ^ 2417 5'95 1:922 320.' 465: S2 16,1 i6j ^613 40,055' 29,028 ^^60 ,628! 317 185 210 264 3^S ^959 i30,?48j H.39« 4221 66,S7 7736 9820 10952 904^ •> I c 45^ I cot 3C0C 3000 S3 4 1 1 ro 0400 ^og,6ij\ 5,4,8 3985 & )8o ^^^'H9 ,o,79z! 403^ 197,065 42.868 8308 4505I 1 1 63 4;' ^00 6 2^ ^.763 4707 ' 7C64' h_ 156,809' 30,429 4817; 8374 5 9 l:°-3.2.'5a7_4S4.954._5MlL_i£2 .^ 2 1 94! 301 TT na W) . .S Jr -J

cdiment from rocks or ftones} you' come to fait marfii. The gentleman who gave this information adds, ' 1 have feen an oyfler fliell tjhatwcukiholda pint, which was dugout of the marfh, at fifty feet deep in digging a well/ ' About fsven years (ince,' continues my informer, * at Jvong Branch, in the county of Monmouth, in tlie banks of the At- , lantic, which were greatly torn by a^reat rife of tlie fea in a violent caft- apks of the rivers and creeks. The foil ftiff chv ; and while in a flate of on tlicfe banks, is ger.crallya nature, produces various ipecies ( if oak, hickory, poplar, chcfnut, afii, guui, ,ic. The l/arje»s produce littlo elfe but f}l!111» Iirre arc ORfeftlcd ch emigranu c«n' itC. The counties of 5untaiiK)iis. The 'y ravge, crcffci 11)3 iiicii amazing 'e called the Iron. btc north of the , arc projected in i and Chatham. Vcjiltown. 'J hs 1 hills and valJics. pretty unitbrmiy : and center Hiil, niles from the fea coaft near Sandy irft lands that arc '1 hey rife about ies, or one- fourth tn. The land on es, has evcrj tip- iht fand ; and by face, (which can om the fea, with- fait marfii. The en an oyfler fiiell at fifty feet deep ues my informer, banks of the At- in a violent caft- rnivorous animal, ity, as to AifFer it . This was about nan/ deep. The ne tiierc was one \.' — To account is left for the in- parc fads and ap- draw conclufions his country. to the belt kind, atcs, if we except pretr.aiUre State of niiicip.iily on ik ks, is ger.crallya usfpecies (^f oak, pro'ducc little elfe but NEW JERSEY. 187 but (hrub oaks and white and veHow nines f 1»,m» ,« i ^^ %. yr ^ fait mca^ovv along the Ddawarl. ;i;;"lS a »^ ,n fummer, and hay ir. winter; but the flies and mw^ctk^/^re^^^^^^^ meadows .n large fwarms. in the mor:ths of J.w Iulv^«d S » ^ prove very trouhlcfome both to man and hcdlncLZi!tSfr^'''^ berland count cs are feveral Ja -crp ttiH^ ^r K i a ^*^"*^*^««^»^ ^"d Cum- .i,. >,, PMW.,p„i. renTe JtlS,' My v ,'* wrto^; Z'f ""i thv inhabitants fubfirt Dfinr;n-.n.r !- ,h-Jv .' ^^ . "§ ^^^ «=2 coalt .nd by the lift of a i F^hes. plumbk ^;e be. quality, bt,tter, ^r^:^^^ ^T^Tl^ Befides, iH N E W • J E R S E Y. Bcfidcs, In thefe large cities, where are fo many able merc!iant«, and fo many wants to befupplicd, credits are more ealily obtained, anvfa l)ctief and quicker market is found for produce, than could be cxpedcd i» towns lefs populous and flouriihing. Thefe and other can I'cs of the Came kind, have, hitherto, rendered alrortivc the eficourao;en»entsheld oui by thelcEfifl'aturc. New ?ork and Pennfylvania, however, not contented with the privi- lege of being th^ factors and carriers for thisUate, charge it with the Lmz duties they do their own citizens. This heavy and unreafoixibxc tax up- on the people, together with the lofs they fu(tain in dealing with a lie- preciated paper ci;rrenry, oceafions the balarjce of trade to bo againlt the Itate in alnioil every refped. The articles exported, befides thofe alrc:Tdy mentioned, are, wheat', flour, horfes, live cattle, hams, which are celebrated asbeiiitj the licit iii the world, lumber, flax-fcedj, leather, iron, in great quantities, in pig^ and bars, and formerly copper ore was reclconcd amotv^ their moft valua- ble exports ; but the mines have not been worked lince the eommence- jnent of the late war. The imports confift chiefly of dry ar>d Weft India goods, and teas from the Eaft Indies. MaKiifaiiurci and Agriailiure.'\ The manufadtures of this Hate have hitherto been very inconfiderabl*^, not fulHcient to fupply its own con- fumption, if 'we except the articles of iron, nails and leatiier. A fpirit of induftryand improvement, particularly in n>ani|fa>5fures, has however greatly increafed in the two laft years. Moit of the families in the coua- try, and many in the populous towns, are clothed in ftrong, decent home- fpun; and it is a happy circumftance for our country, that this plain American drefs is every day growing more fafhionable, not only in this, but in all the cadern and middleflajbita. In Trenton and Nowa k, arc fevei^ very valuable fanyards, where leather, in large quantities and of an excellent qoaliiy, is ma;lc and exported to the neighbouring markets. Sr-el -was manufaduretl at Trenton in time of the war, but not confrderably fincc. In Gloucelter county is a glafshoufe. Paper mills, and nail manufaftorics arc created and worked to good advantage in manv parts of the Rate. Wheat alfois inanufadturedintoflourtogoodaccount,rnthewe!temcounties,.wherewheaf I \% tlveftaple commodity. But the iron manufadiure is, of all others, the grcatcft fource of wealth to the rtate. Iron works are erected \i\ Gloiicef- ter, Burlington, Morris and other counties. The mountains in the coun^ ty of Morris, give rife to a numlier of Itreams iteceflary and convcriit;nt lor | thefe works, anil at the fame time furnifh a copious fupply of wood and ore of a fuperior quality. In this county alone ittt no lefs than fcven rich irottn*ine8, from which might be taken ore fufRctent to fu]>ply the United Stares ; and to work it into iron are two furnaces, two roliin^ar.d flittin'f mills, and about tWrty forces, containinr from^ two to four iira cacn. i ncic wnrKs prouucc annuaiiy anciic \i'^o toiis ui uar iron, oi.-'j tons of pigs, bcftdes farge quantities of hallow ware, Ibcct iron, anJ nail rods. In the whole fta'tc, it is fuppofcd there is yearly made about izoi^ tonjof bar iron, izoodo. ofpigS; < NEW JERSEY. $9^ merciiantt.and fo lineil, aiivfa i^ntt lid be ex pencil i» chcr caul'cs of the :ao;en»cnt»hcld oul ted with the privi- ge it with the fame rcafoiKibie tax u{>- dealing with a de- le to bo againit the Joncd, are, wheaf, isbeiiitj the licit in L]U(Hitities, in pig^ J their moll valua- ce tiie eonimence- 3ds, and teas frain of this Itate have I ply its own con- leatlier. A fpiril iures, lias however milics in the coun- ang, decent home- ry, that this plain nable, not only in iluable fanyarcis, : cjoaliiy, is mails ivas manufarturetl :c. In Gloucelter iftorics arc created te. Wheat alio is [inties/vhercwheaf I, of all others, the ireited U\ Gloiicef- itains in the coun^ jnd conveiiient tur j pply of wood and io lefs than fcven eat to fm^ply the :s, two rolliivjar.dl a tvro to four lira j ui uar iron, oi-y icct iron, and nail made about n<^\ ;xcluiive olhallowf C8a?en:ade. Cof Ford iL ^^r a pow,^e, n^ll was ere^e^i In Morriftown hy Col tord. who »vas enabled, by the ample fuppk jf falrpetre furninied by the pamofe mhabltants, to make a ionfiderabJe quan^'rof ha va- luable and neceflary article, at a time when it was molt ntxded And jvhetj the enemy were at the door, it afforded a timely Cly ltl\ La - 'f'^'.''''^^ «^« Dyrcii. who. although they d in tnera neat and induftncus farmers, have verv Htile entem,L u„5 ^YfJ''* adopt any new improvements i'n lu-.^oandV b^^f^^T '.^^ want of education to expand and libera I ii'their mi^d". t ev S^ink thc^ od modes of till.ng the beft. Indeed this is the cafe with thc^reafS th. ft^ n '"-^^'L' '"'"'' ^''^ ^''"^ diicovered fn different parts of he ftate. One ,s ,« Bergen county, which when worked bv theSv- ers. (to whom jt belonged) were confiderably productive • L thev have for many years been ncglefted. ^ ""^'ivc, out rney have The following account ofa copper n^ine at New Brunfwick h<,\v^n ' ' 'rbouT ''''^''^''r' vve/llnformed upon tl a"' "^'"" fmm fiv. !.?/''"'■' ",+^' ?749. i7?o. feveral lumps of virgin copper •" pwd^;;7irrfi'"; n^T' ^•"'" ^^t,^i^^ ^p-rds of zo^ po^sis were piowea up in a field, bclonirnijj to i'h b French Ffn- xuitUir. i Of the city of Philadelphia, to take a leafe of Mr. French of this hnn or nmety-nme years, in order to fearch forcopper ;re a bodv of uhH.' V I - ■ -"o— — 'i'i'^' i*»^JiJ live i-i rnrrry Sm, perfovt perhaps tolU he fmpriz.ed at fv^ f.yhy ,K pounds '"/ 'tifocs ivfna grHHments,i^c.] In the townfliipof Shrewfbury, in Monmouth county, on the fide of a branch of Navefink river, is a remarkable cave, in which there arc three rooms. The cave is about thirty feet lon^.and fifteei' feet broad. Each of the rooms is arched. I'he center of thcarch js about five feet from the bottom of the cave ; the fides not more than two and an half The mouth of the cave is fmall; the bottom is a ioofe Jand ; and the arch is formed in a foft rock, through the pores of which, the moifture is flowly exudated, and falls in drops on the fand below. On bandy Hook, about a mile from the light houfe, is a monument, which was ere«ed to commemorate a very melancholy event that took place juft at the clofe of the late war. The following infcription, which JS upon a marble plate on one fide of the monument, will afford fuflScient inlormation of the matter. " Here lies the remains of the honourable Hamilton Douglafs Halli- burtoM. fon of Sholto Charles Earl of Morton, and heir of the ancient lamily of Halliburton of PItcurrin Scotland ; who perifhed on this coaft with twelve more young gentlemen, and one common failor, in the fpi, nteddifchargeof duty, the 30th oraifV of December. 1783 : Born Odfo- ber the 10th 1763 ; a youth who, in contempt of hardlhip and danger, though pofiefled of an ample fortune, ferved fevcn ycjars in the Bi 'iHa navy with a manly courage. He feemed to be deferving of a better fate. To his dear memory, and that of his unfortunate companions, this mo- Jt^ental ftone is ereded by his unhappy mother, Katharine, Countcfs i-'owiger of Morton. JAMES CHAMPION, Lieutenant of Marines. ' ALEXANDER JOHNSTON,^ OEORGE PADDY, ROBERT HEYWOOD, ?S^?t?.SRASCOIGNE,^ ^ ^ r^^ILLIAMTOMLINS0N. |S^ '" 3 o GEORGE ^I'OWERsTsaTlorl Cafta«'ayinpurfuitof4efcrters; all found dead j and buried in this grave, Of his Britanr^c Majefty 's fhip AfTiflance, Mr. HALLIBURTON, Firfl Lieutenant." Charafler, Mamcrs and CuJ!omsJ Many circumftances concur to render thefe various m different parts of tSe ftate. The inhabitants are a collec- tion of Low Dutch Germans, EngRih, Scotch, Irilh, and New England- crs or their oefcendants. National attachment, and mutual convenience liave generally induced thefe feveral khd& of neonlp tn ff.t»l^ tr.,v.»i,-. :-' a body-and in tliis way their peculiar national manners, cuftonisjand rharader. are ftill preferved, efpecially among the lower clafs of people who have ittleintercourfe with any but th.,fe of their own nation. Re I'gion, although Its tendency is to unite people in thofe tilings that are (' ■ ' cffent'al iSsa ANDREW HamILTOxN, WILLIAM SCOVT DAVID REDDIE, Midfhipmen. JOHNM'CHAIR, WILLIAM SPRAY, I ROBERT WOOD. II ±^ N E \^ J E R S E Y. ^flcritraf to happinefs, dccafions wide difFcrences as to iranncM, cuftoms, and evrn charadter. ^Tht Pfeftyterian, the Quaker, the Epifcopaliaii, the Baptiil, the German and Low J)utch Calvinift, the Methodift and the Moravian, have each their diftinguifhing charaftcrifiics, cither in their worfhip, their difciplirte, or their drefs. There is ftiJI another very perceptible chnraaefiOical difference, dilh'nifi from cither of t&e others, «phich ari{V?i from the int^rcoDr^e of the inhabitants with dificrcnt ftates. The people iii Weft Jerfey trade to Phiiadelphi-i, and of courfe imjtate their ftflitons, and imbibe their manritri!. 'I he inhabitants of Ea(l ferfcy trade to New Ycik, arid rc-gulate tlicir fafliioris and maniiers according to tftofe of New York. So that the difFerence in regard to fafliionsand mannfers between Ealt and Wert Jerfey, is nearly as great as between Nc\^> York and Philadelphia.— A^'^d to all thefe tin: diiFerences com- mon in all countries, arlfinjir froiii the various occupations of men, fuchasthe Civilian, the Divine, llie Lawyer, the Phyfician, the Me- chanic, the clovvniih, iJie decent, and the relcraable Farrrer,. dlof whotn h;ave difFereht pu'r'fuits, or purfiie tbe fame thing differentiy, and of couiTe niiift have a diiTercnt fet of ideas and maniiers;— • Wheri_ v<'e take intd vTeiv sll thefe differences, (and all thcle ciiffcren- ces exiil h\ New Jerfey, aiid many of them iii all the other ftateS) it ca - not be cxpertcd that many generrl obfervaticns will apply. Itmny, however, in trfath be faid, th.it the people of New Jerfey are generally indmli-icus, frugnl and hofpitablc. Thee arc, comparatively, but few inen of learning in the itate, nor can it be faid that the peopl<" ihgerie. ral liave a tafte for the feicncfs. The lower clafs, in which may b^ included three fifii:s of (he inl-.abitantj: of tTie whole date, arc ignorant* and nre criminally neglcdful in the education of iheir children. Th'^eare, however, a numhcr of gentlemen of the firll rank in abilities r./id learn- ing in the civil cfijces of the Hate, and in the feveral leamed profef- fior.s. kds not the bufinefs of a geographer to compliment the , ladies ; nor woold we be tliought to do it when we fay, that ther<; is leaft as great a number of inJufifious, difcreet, amiable, genteei and handforae wo- r/.en in New Jerfey, in prororfipn to tiic imlifr of inhabitants, as in any of the thirteen ft'ate*. Whether an adeq*Hii« degree of folid mental improvement, anfwerlrig to tlic perfonal and other ufeful qualities we }i;ive meniloned, ii to be found among' the fair of this (tate. is a more •weighty concern. Pciha^^s it may be favrl \yith juftice, that in general, thcugli tliere is net the faiiie nniverfal tr./te for knowledge, difcernabk among t!ie ladies here, as in fome ouicf of the ftates, owing in a grcnt .iv^afiire to tl;e fiaie of fociety, and fine means cf improven^cnt, there lire, however, many fgnS) inftancesof improved talents arapng them, j:^:>t furpafTtd by thofe oi their iiUcrs in any ol the other ttatcs. J\(li.ticT:.~\ There arc, jn this ftf te, about fifty PrcfT)vterian congrc^a- tirjrs. iiirr ■ ■ *•■ * ' -. - -- -.. ... ^ to the ;j i"sc'i New f New Prnufwick, and n.-indelphia. A part of the charge of Vcirk and i'liilsdeJphia Prefl^i teries lies in New Jerfey, nnd part iniheir "" ' ly ilu;fc congregations, there, are at pre* There Tc ' 'Up; f,\: n rerpeC"^ive tbtcs. fciit about twe.uy-live mir.illtrs. anncrs, cuftoms, le Kpifcopaliaii, c Methodift and ifiics, cither in UII another very er of the oiFiers, 1 difii-rent ftates. f courfe imjtate its of Ea(l fcrfcy niiers according d to fafiiions and ireat as (between liiFerences com- )ations of men, yfician, the Me- e Farrrer, sllof ling differently, u>d rnanriers; — ■ !1 thcfe ciidtren- er dates) it ca - apply. It mny, fej' are generally rativcly , but few : pebplf' ihgcrie. 1 which may b^ arc ignorant* and ■en. THifi-eare, ilities nrd learn- I lea/ned profef- the ; ladies ; nor I lea ft as great 1 handforae wo- nhali|t3-nts, as in of folid mental :ful qualities we (tate. is a more , tiiat in general, isc difcernable fuving in 3 great •roven^cnt, there r.ts araengthcm, Itatcs. ferian congress- cl'.arge of New nnd part in iheir there are at pre- N ii w J E' R $ I: ^9f Tliere are upwards of forty vcorigregatioiis of Ji'riends, commonly' called quakers J who are in general. ;Jober, plain, induftrious, good' citizens. For an account of their religions tenets fee I*ennfylvanla. Ihere are thirty affociated congregations of Baptills, in NeW Jerftf'// whofe religious tenets are flmilar to thofc already meiuioncd undef Cbn- ncdicut, (page 220.) The Epifoupalian intercft confjfts oftwenty-fivecongregatiofts. There arc, in this (late, two claffes belonging to the Dutch Reforitjftd' Synod of New York and New Jerfey. ^1 he claffis of Hakkenfak. to' winch belongs thirteen congregations; and the claflis of New Bruiif. wick, to which belong fifteen congregations. We hdvc fllrtady biveft an account of their church government, difcipl;nc, &c. (page 269.) The Moravians have a flourilhing fettlement at Hope, in Soflfx couri- ty, 'i his fettlcment was begun in 1771, and now confilts of upwdfdrf Ot J CO fouls. "^ The Metjiodiff intercft is fmall in this ftate. The Svt^edes fiaye i church in Gloucefter county : and there are three congregations of thd Stventh-Day KaptiHs. Alt tliefe rfeligibus deriOnHnatiohs livd togethef Iti peace and harmony j jjnd are allowed, by the conititution of mt ftW to «'orfhip Almighty God agirceahly to tlie dilates of thdr bWr^ ^on! fciences; and are not cothpellcd to attend orTppjibrf fTriy worflii'pe8i<. trary to their own faith and judgbieiit, AM Prdteftant inhabit;mts, o^ peaceable behaviour, arc eligible to the civil ij^cfeV of the ftate. ' '' "' ^ , r. •>'■ Co!Uga» Academies, a»4,Sc;:oa7sX There a^^^ f^cW ^^^ ky; one at Princeton, called Kaflau Hall, theotlier at Briinfwick, Caned Oteens College, The cjoirege at Princeton was firft founded by-cfiafte^ Irom John Hamilton. Efq; Prefidcntof thecoundl, abbutthe year ni^- and enlarged by governor, Belcher in ii^^. the cHai-ter 'tiefetes ^ power of granting to "the ifudents of faid cblfe, c, to mm^r% thought worthy of them, all fuch degrees as aregranteci in d'ther ed with the college, confifts of between thi. ty and forty ftudents, under the care of the iruftces. This college has lately increafed both in numbers and reputation. There are a number of flourilhihg academies in this ftatc. One at Tren- ton, in which arc about eighty lludents in the different branches. It has a fund of abou^ one hundred and fifty pounds pitr annum, arifing from the jntereft on public fecurities. Another in Hakkenfak, in the county of Bergen, of upwards of an hundred fcholars. Inftruftion and board are faid to be cheaper here than in any part of the ftate. There is another flourifhing academy at Orangedale, in the county of Eflfcx, confifting of nearly as many fcholars as either of the others, furniflied with able in- ftruftors and good accommodations. Another has lately been opened at 'ilizabethtown, and confifts of upwards of twenty ftudents in the lan- guages, and is increafing. There is alfo an academy in Burlington, in which young ladies and gentlemen are taught the Englilh language grammatically, geography, and the learned languages. Befides theie, there are grammar ^hools at Newark, Springfield, Morriftown, Bor- d'entown and Amboy. There are no regular eltabliihments for common fchools in the ftate. The ufual modeof edutation is for the inhabitants of a village or neighbourhood to join in affording a temporary fupport for a fchoolmafter, upon fuch terms as is mutually agreeable. But the encouragement which thefe occafional teachers meet with, is generally fuch, as that no perfon of abilities adequate to the bufinefs, will under- take it ; and of courfe, little advantage is derived from thefe fchools. The improvement in tliefe comthon fchools is generally in proportion tft the wages of the teacher. ^ Chief Jccffui, 1746, 1748, »75 8. J758. 1761. 1767. Trejider.:.. ' Exiivs, Rev. Jonathan Dickinfon, *747» jlev. Aaron Burr, '757* Rev. Jonathan Edwards, 17C8, Rev. Samuel Davies, 1760, Rev. Samuel Finley, D. D. 1766. Rev. John Witherfpoon, D. D. Y. ftudents, befides a '. Its (Ituation is iC college balcony of Prcfidents cmi- liber of Civilians It is remarkable, thcrfpoon, whoij ftcr their elcftion IS granted jutibc- m a body of the uions, amounted, s; but they wero e under the care of is conned>ed with i, under the care cf in numbers and ate. OncatTren- branches. It has n, arifing from the , in the county of tion and board are There is another !flcx, confiftingof (hed with able in- sly been opened at udents in the lan< \y in Burlington, Englilh language IS. Befides thele, Morriftown, Bor- Tients for common 'or the inhabitants temporary fupport reeable. But the with, is generally inefs, will under* fom thefe fchools, y in proportion ta Chirf ExiiVt, 17C8, 1760, 1766. NEW JERSEY. ^g) Chif To^ivn,.-] There are a number of towns in this (late, nearly of equal lize and importance, and none that has n:orc than two hundred oufes. compaaiy built. Tre nton is the largeft town in nL ["rfcy t .s fituated on the northeaft fide of the river Delaware" op^fltc th<; falls, nearly ,n the center of the ftate, from north to fouth, \n\^ T^ .5 . and about 20' eaft of the meridian of Philadelphia. Theri^e^ is not nangable above thefe falls, except for boats, wh ch will carrv from five to feyen hundred bufhcls of wheat. This town. wUh iTSrT w tch joins u on the fouth, contains two hundred hS , '^d abouJ fifteen hundred inhabitants. Here the lepiilature mt^K h^f court fits, and the public offices are allTp "^xc^? the trX^^^^^^^^ which IS at Burlington. On thefe accounts ir \^r.lr.A , '^"">^ "• Burlington [Cify) extends three miles along the Delaware nm! one mile back, at ng ;t anelcs. into the coimr., ^ t"e yejaware, ami twenty miles above Ihiladelph a by vvaL and^evl^^^ '"i,'" illand. which is the moft populous pa t of the citv^s " ^I ^'".'^* ^ ''" ter in length, and three quarters of a mUe in br^id h t\? / '^"''" trances over bridges andcaufeways. and a mSv nf tl "/"* adjoining. On the ifland are one hundred and fixtu t C^^ •'"''u °^ dred whftc and one hundred black inhab tan'" ZUlZ?:^ "'m ^""" are flaves. The main ftreets are conven ently fpacious l/ ^'^^^^egroes mcnted with trees in the fronts of thrS. I? k' ^ "'"^'y O'"*- ranged. The Delaware, oppofi^ the town s' aW /:m '"^'Y'^^ T under fhelter of Mittinnicunk and BuSton iZlu ^i J^^rV'"'^? convenient harbour. It is commodtuflffituated 1; tS' ? ^fi '°^ and f„re,g„er.. or' uZ^iZ^LTZ'^:^, " & TK'" ■fc of the ifland of BuriZon -"L ,?Jv Zfi -r ""J «"'•" ^'" *" -«".' » one hundred S eLhr±^^f li:l"£5^°^.'!; '."^^iV' cuucanou ot poor children. " ' * ' rr'^p'^itu iunue James Drumnior ot^erth; and Ambo, the Indian xvord land included between Rarif name fo •r point, and ftands on a neck of at on Y- r I r ■ . '^^'"^" "^^'^ 3"^ Arthur Kull found I ««a ,s high and healthy. It lies open to bandy Hook, and has tua- one of the ^^^B'i I 1 • 296 NEW JERSEY, K.jton alternately. JUvNswicK fCifyJ was incorporated in 1 784, and is fituatcd on the 4'outhwelt fide of Raritan river, twelve miles above Amboy. it con- tains about two hundred houfes, and fixtecn hundred inhabitants, one half of which are Duteh. Jtsutuation is low and unoleafant, being on the bank of the river, and under a high hill which rifes back of the town. The ice, at the breaking up of the river in winter, frequently lodges on the ftiallow fording- place, jull oppofite the town, and formj a temporary dam, which occafions the water to rife many feet above its ufual height, and fomctimes to overllow tlie lower floors of thofe houfes which arc not guarded againlt this inconvenience, by having their foun- dations elevated. Ti)e water in the fprings and wells is generally bad. The inhabitants are beginning to build on the hill above the town, which is very pleafant, and commands a pretty profpef!. The citizens have a confiderable inland trade, and feveral fmall veffels belonging to ^heport. PkiNCET^N, is a pleafant, healthy village, of about eighty houfes, iifty-two miles from New- York, and forty-three from Philadelphia. Its public bpfidings are a large college edifice of ftone, already defcrib- «d, and a pre(byterian church built of brick. Elizabethtown (City), is fifteen miles from New York. Its Situation is pleafant, and its foil is equal in fertility to any in the ftate. In thc^ compart part of the town, there are about one hundred and fifty J)0ufes. The public buildings are a very handfome prefbyterian brick church, lately built,* an epifcopal church, alfo of brick, and an acade- my. Governor Livlngflon's feat is about a mile weftward of the com- part part of the town. Its fine fituation — the elegance and convenience of the buildings — the arangement and variety of foreft-trees — the gardens —-the artificial filh-ponds, &c. difcovcr a refined and judicious tafie. Ornament and utility are happily united. It is, indeed, a feat worthy of a Republican Patriot, and of the author of the • Philofophical Soli- tude.'§ 'I his is one of the olddt tow .is in the flate. It was purchafed of the Ipdians as early as 1664, and was fettled foon after. Newark is nine miles from New- York. It is a handfome, flourifh- ingtown, about the fize of Elizabcthtown, and has two prcfhytcnan churches, one of which is offlone and unfinifhed, and is the largsftami xnoft elegant building in the flate. Befides thefe there is an epifcopal church, a court-houfe and goal. This town has the fame of making the bcft cyder in the world. Shrew bury • Their former churchy nvhich nuas njfty elegant, nvas hitrnt in l)'^'! hy a rffuoetf liho ct'^j a nati-iie, and an inhabitant of Elizabethi»i> ^ A celebrated Ode, turilten by Governor Living fion in early life. from > town ii iiig tow habitan friends, of worf tiers of of fu'ni Mil) fi)uthw( rtook I On the liuilt \jj Prad (jfting t t^vice a a licenc cicty, c It is ren: has eve except i Pma any cou cd, unl; Ml hi' four yea liemufl' three of judges c he becor like exa tice of I ever, as phliginE But 'thei let them oi Cape it is feld perfon's paymeril lingular ConJiL fution, ': The gov and IS Iti of New ordinar)^ ber from wordi or snay enter It in onr made, and legifla- radc, but without ty privileges, and y until the rcvolu- "ey ; and the Icgif. jton alternately, t is Htuatcd on the Amboy. It con- A inhabitants, one leafant, being on rifes hack of the winter, frequently town, ami forms lany feet above its ars of thofe houfes laving their foun- is generally bad. ve the town, wMch he citizens have a jnging to the port, lut eighty houfes, rem rhiladelphia. :, already defcrib- New York. Its > any in the (late. hundred and fifty preibyterian brick rick, and an acade- ivard of the com- e and convenience -trees — the gardens id judicious talfe. ed, a feat worthy Philofophical Soli s purchafed of the andfome, flourifh- 5 two prclhytcnanj i is the largsft ami ;re is an epifcopall ame of making thcj Shrew bury w hitrnt in I7?c,| / Elizabethivwtt, 1 tn ear, ■ly hfe. N. E^ W J E R S.. E. Y, ^ SuREnrsBURY is between thirty and forty miles fouthwcft by fouth from New York, on the fcaco.id, and is the largcftand moll pupulom town in the county of Monmouth. The foil in this and the neighbour- ing towns of KrecholJ and Middletown, arc remarkably fertile. The in- hihitants, 4321 in number, in the whole tovirnlliip, are a mixture of friends, epilcopalians, prcfbyterians and mcthodirts. Each has a houic ofwordiip. The friends are thc.moll numerous. Among the firft fet- tlcrsofthis town, which is" one ofiiie oldellin ih- ttate, were a number of families fjrom New Englitnd. iMiuDLETowN is fifty miles eall by north from Trenton, and thirty fijuthvyell: by fouth from New York, adjoining Shrewlbury. Sandy,- flook (fo called from its fhape and foil) is included in this townfliin. On the point of the Hook Hands the light houfc, one hundred feet high, liuilt b/ the citizens of New Vork. P malice of Phjjic] There is a * Medical vSociety' in this ftate, con- fjftingof about tliirty of their moft refiHiaable phyficians, who meet t vice a year. No perfon h admitted to the pradlice of phylic, without a licence from the fupreme court, founded on a certificate from ihis fo- cicty, Of at leaft two of its members, teflifying his (kill and abilities. Itis remarkable that in the county of Cape May, no regular phyfician has ever found fupport. M>:dicine has been adminiftered by women, except in fome extraordinary cafes. r • Piadice ofLa^M.] No perfon is permitted to prafilce as an attorney in any court without a licence from the governor. This cannot be obtain- ed, unlefs the candidate Ihall be above twenty-one years of .ige, and ftiall have ferved a regular clerkfhip with fome licenced attorney foe four years, and have taken a dcrgree in fome public college, ctherwifc |ic muflferve five years. He mull alfo fubmit to an exalftination by- three of the moil eminent counfellors in the Hate, in the prefence of the judges of the fupreme court. After three years pradlice as an attorney, he becomes a candidate for a counf.ilor's licence, which is granted on a like CKartiination. In confequence of thefe wife regulations, the prac- tice of law in this ftate is refpertable. Many of the people here, how- ever, as in other ftates, think (becaiife perhaps they are inftrumcnts in obliging them to pay their debts) that the ers knov too much. But 'their knowlege will not injure thofe who are ainocent.'and who will let them alone. Experience has verified this obfervation in the county of Cape May. No lawyer lives within fixty miles of that county, and it is feldom that any attend their cotrts. The confequence is, that nd perfon's landed ellate was ever fold in this codnty, by a ihcriff, for the paymerit oYa debt. If is wrfiied that this county may ever form thii lingular exception, perhaps, frbm all the counties in the United States. ' Conjiitutkn^^ The government of this ftate, agreeably to their coni^t- fution, is vcfted in a governor, legiflativedoancil. and general aflembly. The governor Ischofen annually, by the council and aflembly jointly, and is ftiled, " Governor and comman'der in chief in and over the ftate of New Jfriey, and the territories thereunto belonging, chancellor antl ordinary in the fame." The Icgiflarive council is compofed of one rtiemi* berfrom eac'h coiinty, chofen annually by the people. They muft- bd WorcJi one thoufand pounds in real andperfotiil ciibtc within thc'coanty; "■' "' "• •■ ' '■■■f-p- -'*'• c'— — • -' -and- 19^ NEW JERSEY. and have been frcchnWcrs and inhabit if the th! tants ibf on; year. The gciicml affembly is comivofed of thrtrc mcmben from each c junty. chofen as above ; ^ach of the:n mull be worth five hundred pounds, in real and pcrfjnal eftatc within the county, and have been Irt^choldcn and inhabir.ints as above. All thefe, on taking their featj in tijc legidaturc, mull Avcar •• that he will not aflbnt to any law vo»c or procecdmg, WHirH shall appi-ar to him injurious to the niblic welfare of the ftate, or that fhall annul.or repeal that part of the 1 ronftitution which cltabhlhcs annunl clcdions, nor that part refpeftinir trial by jury, nor that part which fccurcs liberty of confcience." 'IJc governor fits in, and prefidcs over the legiHativc council, and has a cafting vote in their debates. His privy or executive council, is com- pdfed ot any three members of the Icgiflativc council ; and the governor :md any fevcn niembcrs of the council are a court of appeals in the laft refort, as to points of law in civil cafes, and poHefs a power of pardon- ing criminals in all cafes whatfoever. M he council chiife one of their members to be vice nrefident, who, when the governor is abfcnt from the Hate, pofTcffes the fypreme executive power. The council may origi. iiate any bills, excepting preparing end altering any money bSl. which is the fole prerogative of the aflfembly. In every other refpeft tReir powers are equ:il. Every bill is read three times in each houfc. None of the j jdges of the fupreme court, or other courts, (heriffs, or any perfoa pofleffedofany poll of profit under the governor, except juftices of the ^)eace, is entitled to a feat in the aflcmbly. The eftate of a fuicidc is not forloited for his offence. Co.'Ms of Jujiice, /:«-Lu.-.eff.] The courts of juftice in this ftate are, Firft, Juftices courts. A competent number of perfons are appointed in each county by the council and afiembly, in joint meeting, who are cal!c4 juftices of the peace, and continue in officf caufes under twelve pounds. From this court, perfons ^iggrievcd, u,ay appeal to the quarter fefTions. Second- ly, Courts of quarter frjfious of the peace, are held quarterly in cvry county, by at icaft three c the juftices. This court takes cognizance of breaches of the peace, and is generally regulated by the rules of the Englilh law. Thirdly, Courts of contmou pleas, which are held quarterly, by judges appointed for that purpofe, in thqJame manner as the juftices of tiej peace,, and who are commonly of their number, and hold their com- inifllons five yesrs. This court may be held by a fingle judge, and ha* cognizance of demands to any amount, and is conftruited on, and go. vcrned by the principles of the EngUni laws. Fourthly, Supreme- courts, which are held four tinjcs a year, at TrenJ ton, by three judges appointed for that purpofe, who hold their officei Ihree years,' hat one judge only is neceffary to the holding this court. TTiis court has cognizance of all aftlons, both civil and criminal throneh- out the ftate, having the unitetl authority of the courts of kings ben'cb, comnrtort pleas and exchequer in England, Th<; courts of oyer and ter- piner ;ind nlfi prius, commonly held once a year in each county, fc die tfiai of caufcs arifing in the county, and brought to iflue in \\ fupreme ^ S W J E R S E Y. cs the)' rfprcfent :c members from jrth five hundred , and have been ikiiig their featj o an^ law, vote injurious to the that part of the t part rcfpefting ifcience." council, and has council, is com- ind the governor •peals in the laft ower of pardon- ife one of their is abfciit from the uncil may origU ny money bul, ry other refpeft > in each houfc, s, (heriffs, or any ', except jufticcs :ftate of a fuicidc is ftate are, Firft, pointed in each who are called i^ho, befides be- laws, arc autho* pounds. From feflions. Sccond- arterly in ev^ry akes cognizance Y the rules of the terly, by judges le j 11 ft ices of tie hold their com- : judge, and h«j ^tcd un, and go* a year, at Tren. hold their officejj Iding this court, criminal thron?h'| of kings bench, of oyer and ter« each county, fori U to iiTue in the| fuprcme 19 KiffhU n L > '^ ' : "icy cannot hold the court wthoat him hcMi' fcj^^itrf r:;u';,'of j,''"''''''"',''^- "'' "'' "i-^"^" .« . ' j"vi;,^.s ui iiic court or common nL-iic >.*. ^a:.-. _ i i .« nil cafe oflal,! '"J" " '■•0'"t.af.=l!l>c*U,i,, the l.lt«fo>^ All the Englilh laws which had been prafliferf-aooo i„ tk. (1 . , H.iich were not reniiffmn* »« .-. i . r'^'-'ijcu upon in the flate, an4 chcconlhtution, aS^very fewaSrrnr'"T'^ "^i:^ "'^^P'^^ ^ made, except in the defcJn of rel7.ft? ^T"u'^"'"**^ hav- '^nee l«eW. to the eldelt Ton. a.reeal ly m the owt' lYh '''^'^^ «-<^<^^cending no;v divided (whcr<:S is no wfinn'^'' ^^ "» ^«""«''y. ^rf ."ale a.id fcn/ale; excep ttha th^oir/^^ """"^ ''^^ cliiUren; both Percent much mor:3£:^:C^^^^^^^^^^^ gleftedfincc the war. '""""^^er, who have been too much xl fions of ehofe who vv«e^^S^S: ^-^^l*^;^ ^[f^ '><^^ Pe- and about /44.oooraifed annuaUy for X oi^^^^^^^ '^^ ^''■•• public debt of this ftate and tiJ/o./JL f^L^TP* °^'^^ '''^''^'^ftoathe Th.. revenue is raiS bV a tax onln?''-^^^ ^th^oH^,^ United States. breweries, ferries, fiLl/carria^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^^ ^'^^^ ij-a T T. • - -"'-ges, itages, taverns, borfes, cattle, &c. M-h, thft'the/ffairsofrhii'Xha;,'^^^^^^^^ '" Vfl fro^'New fSr: .^am^tTr'b:"^ ^ "r'^^ °^ I>itc{;%migrant, a«d Settled in thicornt'oTrJ^'^^Tx^aU^^^^^^ i"" ^^^°- overa colony ofSwedeiand FimK ,nTr ? i , ' '" '^^j?, cara'%' are defccndants . la 'j6o • N E AV J E R S E Y. m. II In Marcli, t6^, Charles II. granted all tltc territory, called W the Dutch New Netherlands, to his brother the duke of York : Ai\d in iuinc, i66.|., the duke grahtcd that nart iioxv called New JcriVy, to ord Berkley of Stratton, and Sir George Carteret j n'ntly ; who, in 1665, agreed upon certain ct iccfliorts with the people for the govcrn- ■lUent of the province, and appointed Philip Carteret, ETq. thftir go\'cr. Hcpurchafed confidcralSlc traiHis of land from the Indians, for 11 or. imallcnfi derations, and the feitlemcnts incrcafod. TJ« Dutch reduced the country in 1672 ; but it was redored by tlie peace fef Weftminrter, February gth, 1674. In confrquence of the conqiieft made by the Dutch, and to obvi^ite any abje6tibn5 that might he made 'on acc-oont of it ag;\inft the former grant, a new patent was iiTued, in 1674, to the duke of Yoik, for the iaaic country. In July nf this year, New Jcrfey was divided, and •Weft Jerfey was granted, by the duke of York, to the .ifligns of Lord Jierkley ; and Eait jerfey fo Sir G. Carteret. The divifion line was to rim from till- lontheart point of Little Egg Harbour, on Barnegnte Creek, boing about the middle between Cape May and Snndy ilook, tea creek, a little below Ancocus creek, on Delaware river, thence about thirty.five miles, ftrait courfe, along Delaware river up to 41" 40' north latitude.. This line has never been fettled, but has teve:r fmce continued to be -a fubjed of contention. In 1677, Weft Jerfey, which had been granted to Lord Berkley, w^s foldto John Fenwick. in fuft for Edward Byfinge. Fcnwick cams .over with -a colony, and fettled r?t Sdlem. Tliefe were the firft Ervglifli fettlers in Weft Jerfey. In 1676, the intercft of Bylir»ge in Weft jerfey iv as afjlgncd to V^'illlam Penn, Gavin Laurie, and Nicolffs Lucas, as truftecs, for the ufe of his creditors. Mutual quit claims were executed between Sir George Carteret and the truftces of Bylinge. This parti- tion was confinncd in 1719, by an aft of the general aflembly of the Jcrfeys. In 1678, the duke of Yoi, ... .de a new grant of Weft Jerfey to the pfligns of Lord Berkley. Agreeably to Sir George C^rttjrct's will, dated December 5, 167ft, jEafl jerA'y was fold,in i6>>2, to twelve proprietors, who'bv twelve fqw- raie deeds, conveyed one half of tlx;ir intcreft to twelve other perfons, rcpatutely, in fee fimple. This grant was confitmed to thefe twenty- four propiiitors iby the duke of York the fame year. ThtTe twenty- four fliares, Uv f:iles of fmall part'i.of them, and by tliefe f ma II parts bc- jogagaindividcil among the children offucoefliTe families, ^wame at Jaft fuli«iivi(ted in fuch a manner, as that fome of the proprietors h«l only, one 40th pnrt, of a 48tlrpart of « 24tli Oiare. Weft Jerfey was in the ifame condition. This created much confurton in the raannj^- nient of the. goxicral proprietors, piirticulari, in regard to appointing governors. Thefe inconvertiences, aided by oflier caufes of complaint, "" ,','~. >' , " ' ~ " " a dangerous crilis, difpoft^d the proprietors to Airrender tin; government to the crown ; which w»s accortiinglv done, and acccptaT try queen Ann, on the 1 7;rh of April,' 1702. 1 iU this time the government f^ Kew jcrfey was p-roprietory ; ii now be^aale royal, -and fo continued tillthe rhemorable fourtli of July, 1776. '1 his v', callcJ hy tfie York : Audin New Jcifey, to liotly ; who, in for the govc'rn- ifij. tliftir go\'cr. the Indians, for s rcrtored by tlie and to ohvintc tin ft the former of York, for the as divided, and •ifJigns of Lord nlinc was to rim .•trnegate Creek, idy ilook, to a rr, thence about up to 41" 40' t has tever fmce )rd Berkley, w^s Fcnwick cams : the firft Ervglifli e in Weft jerfey cu]:rs Lucas, as 15 were executed ge. "This parti- affembly of the eft Jerfey to the :H?mV)er '^j i6)ft, ) 'bv twelve fqw- I'c other perfons, to thefc twcrtty- ThtTe twenty- "e fmull parts be- >ilies, ^wflmc at proprietors h«l Weft Jerfey was in the raannj^- rd to appointing es of complaint, sft 3dvsnc!H* t" tlw government L'cptcd by queen r government f>i ftd fo continued 'Jills l^EW JERSEY. This ftatc was the feat of wir for ftveral years, dilfhtg flitf blooHy' contcrt between Great Ibitain and America. Her lofll-s both of mea and property, in proportion to (he noj^uiation and wealth of (he Hafe vvits greater than ot jrny other of the thirieettn ftates. Wheit Gencraf VVaniington was retreating through the Jcrfies, altnoft fotfalcCif tv alJ others, her militia were at ail times obedient to his orders ; and for a confulerablc length ,)f time, compofed the ftrength of his armv. 'Micre ij hardly a town In the /late that lay in the pro^refs of the Bri'tiOi army* that wax not rendered figual by foine cntcrprize or exploit. At Tren- ton theeneiriy received a check which may be faid with julUcc to-havc turned the ride of the war. At Princeton, the feat of the miifes, they received Anotlwr, wliicb, unitfd, oMigerf tiittn t(i rctfW with prttlipita- tion, and to lake refuge in difgraccTul winter quarters. liut whatever honour this ftate might derive from the relation, it is not our bnfinefs to give a particular dcfcription of battles or fieges ; we leave this to the pen of the hiftorian, and only obferve in fefteVaJ, that the many mi- litary atchicvments performed by the Jerfey foldicrs, give this rtatc one of the firft ranks among her lifters in a military view, and entitle her to a fhare of praifc that bca'sno proportion to her fue, in the acc»m- pliftinient of the late glorioui revolution. ,. Governors?/- New J^KSF.Y,/,vm /h,/»!nr„t/er(ifiJ!ie Go-ucrMmTtt hy the f Edward, vifoount Cornbury, 1702 to 1708; rtrtro^cd andfuci-cedejd by f John, lord Lovelace, 1708 to 1709, d^cd and the gt)VCthtticilt _ _ _^. , devolved to Lt. Gov. Richard Inghldlby, 1 7^9 to r 7 j o, when c«me In 1 IL"S' '^'^"d^"*^" Huittiir, 1 7 1 o to 1 7 20, who rcfigfted itt famir of I , . Jr """""et. 1 720 to 1 727, removed and faccwcfed hit I i*;r," '^on»g«"'«fy. X7»8 to i75r, dfed and was faiC^dtt^i hi t Wilham Crofty, 1731 to 1736, died and tlie govefniiient devolved to John Anderfon, Prf/ideftt «/theConMcii s-js^, by whofe death .ibouttwd ,.,,., „ weeks affef the- government devolved t6 John Hamilton, Prejideutf>f theCotvitil i-^^S to ij^g Thofe marked + were Governors in chief, and "down to this lim* , were Governors of New York and New Jerfey, bat from 1^%% ^ rward, Ne*r Jerfey has had a fcparate governor. T Lewis Morris, ...c ._ .1 r ,^ , 1 738 to 1 746, died and the govcmrtwnt devolved to 1 746 by whofc death it devolved td i746toi747. ■ -y ! 1747 to 1757, died and the gH^eJnmoft again devolved to ^ »7J7toi7j8. , tiicn v.TovcTnor ur iviaiidciiuictu, ncinflr Lieu- tenant Governor, arrived on the death of Governor Belcher, but continued in the province a few davs only, t Francis Bernard, J 758 to 1 760, removed to Bofton ani fuaccdcd by t Thomas John Hamilton, PrrfiJehi, John Reading. Prtftdevt, f Jonathan Belcher, John Reading, Prfjldvni, - - - • t ? « 7 X \J II 11 "fil 30* P K N N S V.4*. V A N I A. + Thomas Boone, + Jofiah Hardy, + William Franklin, + William Livingfton, J 760 to 1 761, removed to S. Carolina and fucceedcd by 1 761 to 1765, removed & fuccceded by 1763 to 1776, removed & fucceedcd by ,776 4^4. ^4,^4. ^^4,^^;J,^^^^^^^4.^^A^»^ 4, 4.4.4,^^^^^^^^^^ PENNSYLVANIA. I 1 ■ J 1 m SITUATION and extent. : Mile*. >» Lengtii 288 I Kieadth 156 | Between 39" ' 43' and 42" North Latitude. 20' Eatt, and 5** Weft Longitude. Boundaries l^OUNDED eaft, by Delaware river ; north, by the • XJ parallel of 42 «> north latitude, which divides it from the ftate of New York ; fouth, by the pallid of 39' 43^ ;8" north latitude, which divides it from the ftates of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia ; weft, by a meridian line, drawn from the termination of five lkill. Spfquel annah/ Vohoganey, Monongahela, and Allegany. Wc have already given an account of the rife and progrefs of Delaware river, until it croHei into Pennfylvania (page 245). irom the mouth of Delaware bay, at Cape Hcnlopcni to Philadelphia, is reckoned one hundred and eighteen railes. $0 far there ia a fuftcient dept^i of water for a feventy- four^un Ihip. From Fhiladelphia to Trenton Falls is thirty-five miles. 'I'his is the head "of floop navigation. 1 he river is navigable for boats that carry ei^ht or nine tons, forty miles farther, and for Indian canoes, exQEipj: (cv^ral fmall falls or portage^, one. hundred and fifty miles. At gallon, it receives the Lehigh from the weft, which is navigable thirty •miles.' The ti4e rm a large beautiful river, which, in paffing fome of the moft wcftern ridges of the mountains, precipitates itfelf over a level ledge of rock', lying nearly at ri^ht angles to the conrfe of the river. Thefe falls, call- ed the Ohiopyle falls, are about twenty feet in perpendicular height, and ■he river is perhaps eighty yards wide. For a confiderable diftance be- low the'falls, the water is very rapid, and boils and foams vehemently* occafioning a continual mift to rife from it, even at noon day, and in fair weather, "^rhe river at this place runs to the fouthweft, but prtfent- ly winds round. to the northweft, and continaing this courfe for thirty or forty miles, it lofesits name by uniting with the Monongaheb, which comes from the fouthward, and contains perhaps, twice as much ilj^ater. Thcfe united ftreams, fhortly after their junftion, mingle with the witer* of the Allegany at Pittftjurgh, and together form the grand river Oliio. The Monongahela has bscn particularly defcribed, and fome obferva- tions made on the navigation of the Allegany. (Page 4<|..) ^n addttiefi it may be obferved, that at the junftion pf French Creek (which comes from the northweft) with the Allegany, are the remains of a Britifh for- tification ; and about a mile above is a fort, buili in 1787, and then 111 ^. ^ . . >.... '1. guarcioa Dv a compauy oi about iixly Americar. ioidiers, under the com- mand of Capt. Hart, from Connecticut. The Fennfylvania north line, crofles French Creek about three miles above Le Bqeuf, where there was formerly a fort. From Lc Ba:uf to Prefque-illc, fourteen or fifteen miles. ■ i Pi- y i9^ V E.-N^N S Y L V;/A N , I A. .is an old wnggon road , cut by the French in the war of 1 7 j 5. TJve lw4i | on French Cceck are very fertile, and moflly cleared, which is pn cvidenw that its former Indian inh^hitiints were jwimerous. Fourteen aiiks froji (the mouth of this cretk is. a gentle rapid^ ijieiice to its mouth, it is flow, deep and fmooth. * .'. i liefore we leave this interefting hc^d concerning rivers, we cannot oinit iuferting the obfervations of Mr. Charles 'I'homfon, fecretary uf Congrefs. ' Befides the three channels mentioned (page 45} between the vveftern waters, and the Atlantic, there arc two others, to which the .Pcnnfylvanians are turning their attention ; one (rom Prefquc-.ifle, on| Lake krie.to LcBosuf, do.vn the Allegany to Kilkiminitas, then up -itlic KKkiminitas, and from thence, by a fmall portage, to Juniata, which I'alls into the Sufqiiehattna : The other from Lake Ontario to the calt branch of the Delaware, and down that to Philadelphia. Both thefe are fejd to be very pra^Jlicablc \ and, confidering the entcrprifing temper pf ;tbe Pennfylvanian.s, and particularly of the merchants of Phiia- delphia, whofe obJcm Prefque-.ifle, on llciininitas, then up je, to Juniata, which Ontario to the ealt :Iphia. Both thefe I enterprifing temper nerchants of Phiia- the commerce and th of thefe comma- jually a$ praflicabit hern branch of ilie atcrs of which, arc Indians fay they can ers of the Ohio, to And between tho I the iirlt time, and It is, that in all tl,« eh up in the mouo bundance. , tht Greai Stxamf, ujfaloR fixamp in ibc ■ the head waters of ips, onexamijiation id, thicklj covcreii As much 9fi nearly articularly thecoun- Franklin, Dauphin, pafs, under varicn! efttvely form what T RANGE OF Al« s ratige, in PennfyJ- pafs north of Nazi' [I courfe, acrofs tht )urg, thence on th« A |7j"aRk!i!i count!??:; ers, Tufcarora, and! h ; and on the welt,| Sharcnian'a Nb. I. PEN K\s Y L V A N Ta: #^ JJii eman s hills. Sideling hills, Ragged, Great Warrlon, Evits and Wills mountains; then the great Allegany ridge, which being the larLnift,^ gives Its name to the whole range j weft of this are the Laufcl and Chef- nut ridges. Between thejuniatta and the weft branch of the Sufquc- hanna 1 are Jacks, Tuffys, Nittiny and Bald Eagle mountains. '1 he vales betvyeen thefe mounrains are generally of a rich, black foil, fuited to the various kinds of grain and grafs. Some of the mountains will iJmit of cultivation almoft to their tops. ]'5l^5^ '*/ [='"=»'"'^^hle difference between the country on the eafl and wdt Ude ot the range of mountains we have jult been defcribinff Be- tween thefe mountains and the lower falls of the rivers which run into the Atlantic, not only in this but in all the fouthern flates. are ftvcral nnges of ftones fand, earths and minerals, which lie in the utmoft con- ufion. Beds of ftone of vaft extent, particularly of liraeftone, haN'e heir feveral layers broken inpieces„and the fragments thrown con fu fcd- ly m every d.reaion. Between thefe lower falls and the ocean, is a vcr/ menfive collection of fand,chy, mud and (hells, partly thrown up hy he waves of the fea, partly brought down by floods from the upper county, and partly produced by the decay of vegetable fubftances. le country weftward of the Allegany mountains, fn thefe refpeds totally diiiercnt. It is very irregular, broken and variegated, Li therd are no mountains ; and when viewed from the mod weftern .-id-.e of theA!legany,u appears to be a va^t extended plain. All the va**riou» olZl 1: 1 • ,^'^,^^.^>,^"ofcl^y./a«ciandcoal. are nearly horizontal. Scarcely a fingle inftance is to be found to the contrary. Detached rocks are indeed found here in all fituations. as well as ealU wardofthemountains; b«t thefe are only fuch .s lie hear the for£c^ anc^ be.ng undermined by the waters, have tumbled from their o^^S^^ &;n^r.7^^P^'T''K'T^^'''' *'"^^*° '^^^'^^'""^ the opinion, ^hat ken unonH. 'iV;^''Vt' ^""' ^i"^ ^^'''"^^' ^^' never been brol waVof thl« ^TH • ' °^'^' "^°T'^"^' ^' it evidently has beeneaft: wa.dofthein. The irregularity and unevennefs of the country weft: which nm h.r.A ;f • ^r * ^? 2"d narrow ridges. The prodigious rain» whKhpioducedthKsfurprizingefFea. probably filled up the intervals bween the mountains, and the prefTure of th/water in ime maThave b.cor,efo great as to have, at length, broken through hT ow4 and wkeft parts of them ; and in fuch places have carrifd away the rocki S/rtl; h "'r* ^'""" ^ - low «s the prefen: beds of th^ mers, part of the water running caft ward, and part weftward. fo thut k r^h^n'^nf '""^r^.^^'^^^-y^ only wa7left unbroken.^ Tl c fl I'mI.":/^'" ^^^-^ their beds, appear to have been lodged within » Pravpi">r"V"''''/"""r^'''"*'-^?r'*' f *"" ^^>' ^^'« '^"'^ them j and the ^::^^^::^:S^'^:'^.^!.'^^' and depofited > tl. lower country, in fucccffion, according to their refpedlvc gravities • Sec Col. Mdg. Vol. I. P. 4g. ^*4\ W: I I I' |o« PENNSYLVANIA, I In this connexion, in confirmation of what w^" have now been fajr. ing, nnd alfoof what was obferved, page 48, I bc^- leave to introduce the remarks of ihefccretary of Longrcls, whom we jull now quotd, which were fuggeftcd on his reading Mr. Jefierfon's defcription of the {>afiagc ot the t'atomak through the Blue ridge. • '1 he rcflcdUons 1 was ed into on viewing this palTagc of the Patomak through the BUxe ridge were, that this country mult have fulFcred feme violent convuhion, and that the face of it mult have b«:en changed from what it probably wai fomc centuries ago; that the broken and ragged faces of the moun- tain on each fide the river ; the tremendous rocks, which arc left with one end fixed in the precipice, and the other jutting out, and feemingly ready, to fall for want of fupport; the lied of the river for feveral milcj below obflrurttrd, and filled with the loofe ftones carried from this inound ; in fliort, every thing on which you caft your eye evidently de- monUrates a difrupture and breach in the mountain, and that, before this happened, what is now a fruitful vale, was formerly a great bke (r coiledion of water, which pr fiibly might have here formed a mighty fiWcade, or had its vent to the ocean by the Sufquehannah, where the Tiiic ridge fceirs to terminate. Befides this, there are other parts of this c-'"ur,try wliich bear evident traces of a like convulfion. From the btil accounts I have been able to obtain, the place where the Delaware now fiin\'s througti theKittatinny mountain, which is a continuation of what is called the North ridge, or mountain, was not its original courfe, but that it paffod through what is now called * the Wind-gap.' a place fever- nl miles to the weftward, and above an hundred feet higher than the })rcfcni bed of the river. '1 his wind-gap is about a mile broad, and the lones in it fuch as feem to have been waHied for ages by water running over them. Should this have been the cafe, there mufthave been a large Jake behind that mountain, and by fome uncommon fwell in the waters, or byfome convuUion of nature, the river muft have opened its way through a different part of the rncuntain, and meeting there with lefs, cbftrudion, carried away with it the oppoHng mounds of earth, and deluged the country below with the immenfe colle«!\i(>n of waters to which this new paffnge gave vent. T here are ftill remaining, and dai. ly difcovered, innumerable inllancesof fuch a deluge on both fides of tie river, after itpafled the hills above the falls of Trenton, and reached the champaign. On the New Jerfey fide, which Is flatter than the Pennfvj. vania fide, all the country below Crofwick hills feems to have hefn overflowed to the dillance of from ten to fifteen miles back from the river, and to have acquired a new foil by the earth and clay brought down and mixed with the native fand. T he fpot on -hich PJiiladelphia flands evidently appears to be made ground. The diiTerent ftrata through which they pafs in digging to water, the acorns, leaves, and foHietimes branches, which are found above twenty feet below the fur- face, all feem to demonllraie this. I am informed that at York town in Virginia, in the bank of York river, there are different itrata of fnells and earth, one above another, which feem to point out that tiie country there has undergone feveral changes ; that the fea has, for afuo cefllon of ages, occupied the place where dry laud now appears ^^'^ that' the ground has been fuddenly raiftd at various periods. Vlhut a change . d A. ave now been fay. leave to introduce jull now quoted, defcription of the he reflections 1 was j>h the jBluc ridge :nt con vul lion, and I it probably wai ices of the moun. k-hith arc left with lut, anil feemingly r for feveral mlK j carried froni this eye evidently dc- , and that, before :rly a great hke (r ' formed a mighty lannah, where the i other parts of this n. From the btil the Delaware now ntinuation of what riginal courfe, but gap,' a place fever- t higher than the lile broad, and the i by water running ft have been a large fwell in the waters, :e opened its way ig there with lefs, mds of earth, and eifiion of waters to cinaining. and dai- an both fides of tie n, and reached the r tlian the Pennfvl- cms to have hcfn es back from the 1 and clay brought -hich Piiiladeiphia he diiTerent ftrata icorns, leaves, and feet below the fur- lar at York town different ftrata of| ;H>int out that tiie 2 fea has, for a fuc- now appears ; ard periods. Vl'hiit a chauge . FENNSYJuVANIA. 309 «liange would it make in the country I)e]ow, (liould the nxiiintains at Niagara, by any accident, be cleft afundcr, and a pafTage fuddenly opened to drain off the waters of Erie and the Upper Lakes ! While tu- minating on thefe fubjefts, 1 have often been hurried away by fancy, and led to imagine, that what is now the bay of Mexico, was once a cham- paign country ; and that from the pi>int or cape of Florida, there was a continued range of mountains through Cuba, Hifpaniola, Porto rice, Martinique, Gaudalouj)e, Barbadoes, and Trinidad, till it reached the coalt of America, and formed the Ihores which bounded the ocean, and guarded the country behind : 'J hat, by fome convuifion or fliock of nature, the fea had broken through thefe mounds, and deluged that vaft Clain, till it reached the foot of the Andes ; that being there hcaiwl up y the trade-winds, always blowing from one quarter, it had found its way back, as it continues to do, through the gulph between Florida and Cuba, carrying with it the loom and fand it may have fcoopcd from tiic country it had occupied, part of which it may have depofited on the ftiores of North America, and with part formed the banks of Newfound- land. — But thefe are only the vifions of fancy.'* In addition to what we have already faid refpefting the face of the country in Pennf) Ivania,, it may he obferved, that, except the Allegany range of mountains, which crolTes the ftate in an oblique dire(ftton, and is from twenty to fifty miles wide, th^ ftate is generally level, or agreea- bly diverfified with gentle hills and vales. The foil is of the various kinds j in fome parts It Is barren ; a great proportion of the ttate Is good land ; and no inconfiderable part is very good. Perhaps the proportion of firft rate land is not greater in any of til hirteen ftates. The richeft part of the ftate that is fettled ia Lancafter county. _ The richeft that is unfettled, is between Allegany river and Lake Erie, in the northweft corner of the ftate. Of this fine tra(\, loc.coo acres, lying on, and near French Creek, are for fale by the ftate. The convenient communications through this creek into the Alleganv, and from the Allegany, through various creeks and rivers to the Sufquehannah and Patomak have already been mentioned. The north fide ot Pennfylvania is the richeft and the beft fettled land throughout, owing entirely to the circumftance of the weftern road having been run by the armies, prior to 1762, through the towns of Laiicader, Carlifleand Bedford, and thence to Pittft)urg. Forthepur- pofe of turning the tide of fettlcrs from this old channel into the unfet- tled and more fertile parts of the ftate, the government and landed in* tereft of Pennfylvania have been, and are ftill bufy in cutting conveni- ent roads. During the laft fummer (1788) they run a road north, from t!ic former roads beyond Bethlehem, to the k.orth portage between Delaware and Sufquehannah; and 'thence north 80 degrees weft to the mouth of the Tyoga, the firft feventy miles, and the laft above fixty. It is now in contemplation to cut a road from Sunbury, at the forks, of the eaft and weft branches of Sufquehannah : weft; 1 rn miles-, fn the mouth of Toby's creek, which empties into the Allegany river, from the eart. 'ihis road wil] be through a trad of rich land, now for fale by the • JefTerfon's Notes on VirginlaiT Appendix No. II. Jtd 1^ E N N S Y L \^ A N I A; i' M ' ^■l, ,^,. the ftatr. A road is alfo cutting from the mouth of ths Tyo?a, fouth. v^rd, to the month of Loyal, a brancli of the weft branch o? Sufquc Jramiah. Another road is cutting from Huntingdon town, on Franks town branch of the Juniatta, wcftward thirty miles, to a navigable branch of the Allegany. or " Thus the well judged policy of this (late, is paving the way for the fctttenjient of all their waltc lands. And to evidence their bene^rolence »nd their wifhcs to have tiic .id vantages of education increafed, and woije cxtcnfivcly enjoyed, they have allotted 60.000 acres of thefe wafte landtt for the ufe of public fchools ; and above 60,000 more have been granted for that purpofe, and to the focietics eflabliftied for the promo- con of knowledge, the arts, religion, Scq. In addition to the com;tir>n obfervation, that the natural {growth of tf«Mftatersfimilartothat.ofNewJerf.y,andNew York, which is in. deed the cafe in raoft refpefts, it may be h\d, that there are in Pennfyl- vama, great bodies of fugar maple, particularly in thecoiintie8 of North- aihpton. Luzerne, Northumberland and Wafhington, which yield a welt tafted and wholefome fugar, to profit. ^ Cumberland and Franklin valley is timliercd principally with locuft, black walnut, hickory and white oak. '|lie racuntainoiis parts are co-' tered with pines, chefiiuts, &c. The produce'from fculture, conoids of wheat, whici' is the ftaple com- modityofthc ftate, fome rye, Indian corn, buck whtat, oats, fpletz,* ©2f ley, which is now raifed in greater quantities than formerly, occafion- tA by the vaft confumption of it by the breweries in Phila.'Hihia, hemp, flax and vegetables of all the various kinds common t ,e climate, Pcnnfylvania is a good grazing country, and great numbers of cattle att fed, and large dairies are kept, but their beef, pork and checfe, are Hot reckoned fo good as thof.'of Conneaieut and the other parts of KW England ; but their butter has been fuppofed fuperior. Climate, dtfeafesjaffge-vity, ISC'] Nothing different from that of Con- fjcfticut ; except, that on the weft fide of the mountains, the weather i» much more regular. The inhabitants never feel thofe qiiick tranfition* from cold to heat, by a change of the wind from north to fouth, as thofe fo frequcntlv experience, who live eaft ward of the mountains, and near tlte fea. ^ The hot fouthwardly winds get chilled by paffing over thtf long chain of Allegany mountains. It has bscn obferved that Pennfvlvania is now more unhealthy th«n formerly \ that bilious and remitting fevers, which a i^ff years ago, ap- peared chiefly irt the neighbourhood of rivers, creeks and mill ponffs, how appear in parts remote from them all, and in the higheft fituations. This change has been traced to three caufes ; Firft, To the increafe of inill ponds. Till thefe were eftablifhed, intermittents, in feveral coun- ties in Pennfvlvania, were unknown. Secondly, 'I o the clearing of the countrv. It has been remarked that intermittents on the (horcs of the Sufquehannaii.^have kept an exaft pace with the paffages which r>AVz Dccn opened iur u\t propagation of marm etttivia, by cutting down -7 — -■•V. ^. ^|...g^»>.».. ^^. iiici 111 V iH'i V la, I the wood which formerly grew in its neighbourhood. See this I'md tf grain d'/criheJ, Page 55. A diftinftion, however, A; hz Tyoga, Touth. anch of Safquc- own, on Franki navigable branch the way for the icir benevolence, t incrcafcd, and "cs of thefc waftc tnore have beei> 1 for the promo- tural grovirth of k, which is in-^ are in Pennfyl- mnti'es of North- 'hich yield a well illy with locuft, 31IS parts are co- is the ftaple com- t, oats, fplctz,* rmerly, occafion- Iat'-*nhia, hemp, to le climate, jmbers of cattle : and checfe, are her parts ofNcw 3m that of Con- IS, the weather i» quick tranfition* to fouth, as thofe itains, and near paffing over the Hnhealthy th^n tv years ago, ap- md mill ponds, ligheft fituations, 5 the increafe of in feveral coun- the clearing of on the (horcs of paffages which by cutting down A diftinftioit, however. PENNSYLVANI ?'* however, .s to be made between clearing and cultivating a countrvr A^h. c clearing a country makes it fickiy in tl^ manner ttut has S men noned, cultivating a country, tha is. draining fwamps. ddtrS wccus, bummg brufh and exkding the unwhoJlbmc u^ (ZlZZl n.oU ure of the earth by means of frcxj.K^nt crops of grair^grXs 3 vegetables of an kuKls render it l^ahhy. Seviral t^rtsof^be LW IVfirftf^r^'^ ''^"."^t ^^'' fi^veralfiages that h^e been d2Xt Ihe firft fettlers recen-ed their country from the hand of nature. purS healthy Fevers foon fallowed their improvements, nor werrfhey fiLn? ban.(hed until the higher degrees of cultivation ti.k place! Nor cvca hen. where the faluury effects of cultivation were K^ndered aburleb? the neighbourhood of mill ponds. *wrs»vc pjr As a third caufe of this increafe of fevers, the unequal quantities of ram which have fallen of late jrears. has been aiEgned ^ While tklrekl and rivers were confined within fteady bounds, there was littk « ^It i/8o,i78i,and I782,by reducing the Fivers and. creeks for h*low theia- ancient marks ; wliile the wet fpring of x^S^ and .78c7by SS hem. beyond their natural heights, have, ihta thev havi fJle^i iS theformercafe left a large aiHlextenfivefurface o/moill ground ei^ £^':^^'::£^1^''^^'--^^ ^'^ generatioLodU. This ftaie having been fettled b,?t little more than a hundred year. i. not fufficiently old to detcrmioe from fa^, the ftate of longevity Am^^ the people caJied Quakers who arc the oldett fettlers, there are |Xf e. of longevity, occafioned bv their jiving in the old^ultfvat^ Si ties, and the temperancejmpofed pn them 5y their religion. Tkrea^ fewer long-hved people amon^ the Germans, than among oihe nTt^r occafioned by their excefs of labour and low diet. They've chS upon vegetab^s and watery food, th.t aifords xL little ni^arWta repair the wafte of their ttrength by hard labour. ^*°"»'^««^ *?> Nearly onehalfofthe children born in Philadelphia, die onder tw^ on for every. fquTre m'il/wiil be only iC; t^S^^^± Pcnnfylvama ,s only one fifth as populous as CpLeft cut '^'P''^^^^' But Conneatcut was fettled nearly half a centurv liefore T^.nn/i'i rania ; fo that in order to do juftice to PennfvSTn it cLpaX^ we muft.anacipate licr probable population iifty years hence '^^tS period. If weadmit that thenumbe'r of inhabitV/ts i doubTed tlJ * t«.enty-five years, by natural injcrpafe. without the aid of foreign i^J^ gratioBs. the population will be equal to thirty-fix foreverV fquaretnl' Add to this. 4.00 Qno f«^ .u- :„-?.. -r- .. ._•' ."'*^'^' ^-vcry square miie. dents. i Is! 3»» fENNSYLVANIA. dents, which is probably not too large a number, confiderino; the lengtS of time—the cxtenfive trads of rich and vacant lands— the (pirit ofem- migr.uion in the eattfern dates— the probable influx of inhabitant?, u|X)n 795 »779 r3/>8« \ 7,066 4.067 6,378 8.433 6,281 5,092 4.662 3.600 1,201 2,11 1 2,1 1 1 31.667 39,765 54.683 1786 4.876 4,p6 4.«37 6.268 ?.«39 6,154 3.939 4'732 3.967 2,63: 2,166 2.653 3. 90S «,04» 2.237 3.72 J 66,9: J *'' The number of of militia in Pennfylvania, are reckoned at 85,000, ^l^ctween eighteen and fifty-three years of age. _^ *'■ The inhabitants of Pennfylvania confift of migrants from England, Ireland, Germany and Scotland. The Friends, and Epifcopalians are chiefly of Englilh extraftion, and compofe about one third of the in- habitants. They live principally in the city of Philadelphia, and in the •T/fi-yjf!?;'.'! ' counties ' • So often have the counrm of thi% jlate ban divide J and fubdivtdcd^ani I ^'the boundaries altered, that a comparifon in this Jiatement can hardly be wait, ixerttbetiveen the feverol totals : as ^ for i::',!ance^ it 'would appear from m\ aitove tabic that t'iiilcideipijid cuuniy tJHd diitritijea m pvpuiaij^jTi s'-~^---~ •■■■■ ; years l-jw ""d i-j^^—ivhereas the contrary is the cnf—for Montgonit^j\ county 'wc:s Jinick sff from it. Th^ fame is abfervable if all the rtWtff' ■ fivheicin a decreaje appears. ' "fc Aa return. biy paper. [ A. fiderlno; the lengtS — tlK fpirit of'cin- ' inhabitant!!, upon government — and tiers to fix in this jrc to prcdift, that r, will contain two [^|uarc milcj equal ■vifnia, in the year PENNSYLVANIA. 779 1786 |/)8i 4.876 •,o66 4,516 .067 4. '37 5.378 6,i68 5.4.13 5.«39 5,z8i 6,Z54 ,092 3.939 \Mi 4-732 t,6oo 3.967 1,201 2,63; Z,II I J, 166 :,i 1 1 2.^^53 - 3.908 - «,04i m 2.237 - 3>V) - 2,88/ ' m + ..683 66,925 :koned at 85,000, [Its from EnglanfJ, Epifcopalians arc e third of the in- delphiaj and in the counties It J fiibdivUcd^-^ni j ' can hardly bemaiu\ iuld appear from At \ I . ' T . — . J.# ajc'—for MontgOttii^J I U sf all the ceufiliet its Counties of Chcftcr, Philadelphia, Rurks and Montgomery. The Irilh are inortiy Prcibytcrians. 'rhcir .inceftors came from the north of Ire- land, which was originally fettled from Scotland^, hence they have fomctimes been called Scotch-Irilh, to denote, their duubic defcem. Birt ihey arc commonly and mare pro|)crly called Irifli, or the defcendcnts of j)eople jrom the north of Ireland. 1 hey inhabit the weftern and froa- tier counties, and arc numerous. The Germans compofc one quarter at Icaft, if not a third of the in- habitants of Pennfylvania. They inhabit the north parts of the city of Philadelphia, and the c<.untie« of Philadelphia, Montgomery, Bucki, Dauphin, Lancalter, York and Northampton ; molMyinthc four lart. They confiil of Lutheran«, (who are the moft numerous feft) Calvlnilh, Moravians, Mennonifts, Tunkers (corruptlv called Dunkers) and Swing- klters, who arc a fpecies of Quakers. Thefe arc ail diftinguiihcd for their temperance, induftry and bcconoray. 1 he Germans have uf: 'v fifteen of fixty-nine members in the aflem- bly ; and fomo of then. <; ^ arifen to the firft honours in the Hate, and now fill a iuiml-«r of the higher offices. Yet the lower clafs are very ig- norant and fuf>erftitioui. It is not uncommon to fee fhem going to marn (o...i iflitances, through a fmall window made of greafed paper. A coarfer building adjoining this eabbin affords a Ihelter ta'a iOiv-, ami pitir oi" pot/r mmcs. i he labour ofereding thefe bailri;«««. :« ceeded by kilHnir the trees on a few a^rrc^ nf arn,%ni\ near . _ . kilhntj the trees on a few acres of ground birv ; this i.9done by cutting a circle ronnd the trees, two ^ „n^ icn, trom die ground. The ground around thefe trees is then pioughed aad or three feet h . f! R r Indian 3'4 P E N N S Y L V AN I A. I 1 1 Indian corn planted in it. The foafon for planting this grain if abobtthe iothof May— It grrtws generally on new ground with but little cultiva- tion, and yields in m i month of Oftober following, from 40 to jo buflieli per acre. After the firft of September it affords a good deal of nourilh- nient to his family, in its ^reen or unripe ftate, in the form of what is talltd't'oajh'^g ears. His family is fed during the fummer by a fmall quantity of grain which he tarries with him, and by fi{h and gamf. His cows and horfes feed upon wild grafs, or the fucculent twigs of the woods. For the firft year he endures a great deal of diftrefs from hunger k^cold — and a variety of accidental caufes, but he feldom complains or finks under them. As he lives in the neighbourhood of Indians, lie foon acquirts a llrong tiniflure of their manners. His exertions, while they continnc, are violent ; but they are fucceeded by long intervals of re(f. His pleafures confilt chiefly in filhing and hunting. He loves fpirituouj liquors, and he eats, drinks and fleeps in dirt and rags in his little cabbin. In his ihtercourfe with the world he manifefts all the art which charac. terize the Indians of our country. In this fituation he pafTes two cr three years. In proportion as population increafes arouna him, he be- icomei uneafy and diflatisfied. Fo^rnierly his cattle ranged at large, but now his neighbours call upon him to confine them vvithin fences, to pre- vent their trefpaffing upon their fields of grain. Formerly he fed hh family withjwild animals, but thefe, which fly from the face of man, now ceafe to affbrd 1/im hn eafy fubfiltence, and he is compelled to raifc domeftic animals for the fupport of his fanlily. Above all, he revolts 'Jgainrt the operation of laws. He cannot bear to furrender up a fingle **naniral right for all the benefit* of government; and therefore he aban- d .s his little fettlement, and feeks a retreat in the woods, where he again fubmits to all the toils which have been mentioned. There are inftances of many nien who have broketi ground un bare cri^ation, n( t Icfs than four diiTerent times in this way, in difFercnt and more advanced parts of the fl ate. It has been remarked, that the flight of this clafsof ■people is always increafed by the preaching of tl;e gofpel. This will not fiirprife us when we confider how oppofite its precepts are to thci'r "licentious manner of living. If our firft fettler was the owner of the fpot of land which he began to cultivate, he fells it at a confiderable profit tu ■ his fucceflfor; but iffas is oftener the cafe) he was a tena.-.t to foine rich landholder, he abandons it in debt; however, the fmall improvemenii he leaves behind him, generally make it an objc^\ of immediate demaini to a yJtoWfpecics of fettler. Thiii fpecies of fettler is generally a man of fome property ; he pjivj one third or one fourth part incafh for his plantation, which confiilsof three or four hundred acres, and the reft in gales or inflalments, as it is called here ; that is, a certain fum yearly, without intcreft, till" the w!wl« is paid. The firft objcd of this fettler is to build an addition to his cab- I bitt;; this is done with hewed logs : and as faw-mills generally follw ' fettlem>:'nts, his floors are made of boards ; his roof is made of what are ■' called clapboards, which are a kind ofcoarfe ftiingles, fplit outofftoii Cak logs, I'hishoufe is divided by two floors, on each of which iH two rooifi*! ; qnder the whole is a cellar walled with ftoive. The cabbin - ilrVeO as a kitchen to thiii houfe. Hit next objct^ is to clear a little mtt' '■■'■' .. dow I A. 1 grain w aboist the h but little cultiva- )ni 40 to JO buflieli od deal of nourilh- e form of what is mmer by a fmall by fi{h and game, culent twigs of the iftrefs from hunger Idem complains or of Indians, lie foon rtions, while they ig intervals of re(^. hie loves fpirituous in his little cabbin. art which charac. he pafTes two cr rounti him, hebe- inged at large, but :hin fences, to pre- •rraerly he fed hb the face of man, i compelled to raifc 3ve all, he revolts rrender up a fingle 1 therefore he aban- e woods, whetclie tioned. There arc bare creation, n( t and more advanced ght of this clafs of gofpeJ. This will precepts are to their le owner of the fpot )nrKlerable profit fu tena.-.t to foine rich mall improvemenn immediate demanJ property ; he p»v» 1, which coniiiisot" infialments, as it u tcYcft, till'thcwhok addition to his cab- s generally follw is made of what arc 8, fpHt out of ftiml each of which iH ftoive. The cabWn to clear t little mn- dow r E N N S Y L V A N I A, Vt hvf ground, and plant an orchard of two or three hundred apple tpeet. His liable is likewife enlarged ; and, in the courfe of a year ^c twp, he!- builds a large log barn> the roof of which is commonly thatched' with, rvc ftraw : he moreover encreafcs the quantity of his arable laqd| &i^<^, inftead of cultivating Indian corn alone, he raifes a quantity of "wheijt and rye: the latter is cultivated chiefly for thcpurpofe of being difti^ed^ into wilkey. This fpecies of fettler by no means cxtr;i<5ts all fro.ra fhc[ earth, which it is able and willing to give. His fields yield but a fc^ty" iiicrcafe, owing to the ground not being fufficiently ploughed. The hopes of the year are: often blafted by his cattle breaking through his half made fences^ and dedroying his ^rain. His horfcs perform but half the labour that might be expefted from them, if they were better fed? and his cattle often die in the fpring from the want of proviiion, and the delay of |^rafs. His houfe, as well as his farm, bear many marks of a weak tone of mind. His windows are unglazed.or, if they have had glafs in them, the ruins of it are fupplied witn old hats or pillows. This fpecies of fettler is feldom a good member of civil or religious fodety : with' a large portion of a hereditary mechanical kind of religion, hcnegle*J^s lo contribute fufficiently towards building a church, or maintaining a re- gular adminiftration of the ordinances of the gofpel : he is equally indif- pofcd to fupport civil government : with high ideas of liberty, he re- fufcs to bear his proportion of the debt contra^ed by its cftablilbment in our country : he delights chiefly in company — fometimes drinks fpi« rituous liquors to cxcefs'— will fpend a day or two in every week, in at- tending political meetings ; and, thus, he contrafts debts, which, (if he cannot difcharge in a depreciated paper currency) compel kirn to fell his plantation, generally in the courfe of a few years, to the thini and laft ipccies of fettler. This fpecies of fettler is cotTimonly a man of property and good cha- raffer; fometimes he is the fos of a wealthy farmer m one of the interior and ancient counties of the ftate. His firft objeft is to convert every fpot of ground, over which he is able to draw water, into meadow ; where this cannot be done, he feleds the mod fertile fpoti on the farm, and devotes it by manure to that pnrpofe. His next objed is to build a barn, which he prefers of flonc. This building is, in fome inftanccs, one hundred feet in front, and forty in depth : it is made very compa<5>, fo as to (hut out the cold in winter ; for our farmers find that their horfe* and cattle, when kept warm, do not require near as mochfood, as when they are expofed to the colxl. He ufes Of'conpmy, likewife, in the con- fijmption of his wood. Hence he keeps himfclf warm in winter, by means of ftoves, vvhichfa/ean immcnfe deal of labour to himfelf and bis horfes, in cutting aad bawling wood in cold and wet weather. Hi* from his own numl)er of the /belt, and •>:^.^\-t^^feJ^^biiB!4ik&^ II 31^ PENNSYLVANIA. likcwire adds to the number, and improves the quality of his fruit trees j his fons ^vork by his fide all the year, and his wife and daughters forfake the dairy and the fpinning wheel to Ihare with him in the toils of harvclt. The lafl objc(ft of his indullry is to build a dwelling-houfc. 'Ihisbufi- nefs is fomctimes cficfted in the courfe of his life, but is oftner bequeath- ed to his fon, or the inheritor of his plantation ; and hence we have a common faying among our beft farmers, " that a fon (hould always be- gin where his' father left off' ;" that is, he ftiould begin his improve- menis, by building a commodiou*! dwelling-houfe, fuited to the im- provements and value of the platitation. This dwelling-houfe is general. ]y built of ftone ; it is large, convenient, and filled with ufcful and fubftantial furniture ; it fomctimes adjoins thehouleof the fccond fcttier- but is frequently placed at a Utile dilbnce from it. 'I he horfes and cat- tle of this fpccies of fettle r, hear marks in their ftrength, fat, and fruit- julnefs — of their being plentifully fed and carefully kept. His table abounds with a variety of the beft provifions ; his very kitchen fiow$ with milk and honey ; l^er, cyder, and wine are the ufual drinks of his family : the greatett part of the cloathing of his family is manufatturtd by his wife and daughters. In proportion as he increafes in wealth, he values the proteflion of laws : hence he pundually pays his taxes towards the fupport of government. Schooh and churches likewife, as themeaus of promoting drder and happinefsiu fociety, derive a due fupport from Iiim : for benevolence and public fpirit, as to thefc objefts, are the na- tural ofFspring^f afduence and independence. Of this- clafs of fctilcrs are two thirds of the farmers of Pennfylvania : iliefe are the men to whom Pennfylvania owes her ancient! hmc and confequence. If they poflefs lefs refinement than their fouth^rn neighbours, who cultivate their lands with flavcs, they poflefs more republican virtue. It was from the farms cultivated by thefe men, that the American and French armies were fed chiefly with bread durine the late revolution : and it was fiora the produce of thefe farms, that tliofc millions of dollars were obtained from the Havanna fter the year 1780, which laid the foundation of the bank of North America, and which fed and cloathcd the American isrmy, till the glorious peace of Paris. This is a (hort account of the happinefs of a Pennfylvania farmer; to this happinefs our flate invites mencf every religion and country. We do not pretend to offer emigrants the pleafure of Arcadia ; it is enough ifafHuence, independence, and happinefs are enliirrd to patitncc, m- (duUury, and labour. 7 he moderate price of laud,* the credit which ' .rf, yn ■ '. f^ - arifcs * Thf ttftoccupied lattds are fold hy the jiate for eloMt fix guineas , inclvjivt ef all charges, per hundnd acrrs. But as mojl of the lands that are fittlti, ttre prucuird from perfotts ice of land to the firji fettler. The quatttiij i/ cleared land, and the nature of the iniprtrjements, added to ail the above circnm- Jlauas, i::flucKce the ^nce of farms ta tbffecond and third fittUrf» Hi nee lue pritt ' A. of Msfruit trres s (laughters forfake ie toils ofharvdt. oufe. '1 his bud- s oftncr bequeath- hence wc have a luukl always be- jin his improvc- fuited to the im* -houfe is general. with ufcful and :he fccond fettler- ^e horfes and cat> h, fat, and iruit- kept. His table ry kitchen flows ifual drinks of his ; is manufafturtd fcs in wealth, he his taxes towards vife, as the nieau» due fupport from yjed^s, are the na« »- clafs of fctilcrs are the men to iquence. If they kho cultivate their ]t was from the id French armies and it was ftoin rs were obtained e foundation of ed the American fylvania farmer; and country. We lia ; it is enough to patitncc, in- the credit v^hicb arifcs ■ guineas, inclvjivt i that are Jtitltd, fiate, thry areJoU he foil ; itt •vicini' 'Stir ' the d'Sspjt e, and the nature , The quantiij »f I the above citctm- ttiertt Hi net tie P E N N S Y I V AM 1 A. m arifcs from prudence, and the fefety from our courts of law. c^t everir fpeciesofproperty.rendcrthcbleffings which! have defcribcd, obieftt withm the reach of every man. ■ * 4 vi. From a review of the three different fpccies of fettlers, itappears. that there are certain regular ftages which mark the progrefs from the fav^ge to civihzed life J he farlt fetrler is nearly related to an Indian in his manners. In the fecond, the Indian manners are more diluted. It is in the thud fpecies of lettlers only, that we behold civilisation completed, it IS to the third fpecies of feeders only, that it is proper to appW the term oijarmerj, . *^ '^ " ' While we record the vices of the firft and fecond fettlers, it is but juft to mention their virtues likewife. Their mutual warns produce mutual dependence ; hence they are kind and friendly to each other—their foli- tary fituation makes vifiters agreeable to thein ; hence they are hofpita- ble to ftrangers : their want of money (for they raife but little more than is ncceflary to fupport their families) has rtaadc ir neceflary for them to aOociate for the purpofes of building houfes, cutting their grain, and the like. 'I hii they do in turns for each other, without any other pay than the pleafures which ufually attend a country frolic. Perhaps, what I have called virtues, arc rather qtiolUies arifing from neceffity, artd the jieculiar tlate of fociety in which thefe people live. Virtue fhould in all cafes, be the offspring of principle. » * I do not pretend to fay, that this mode of fettling farms in Pcnnfyl- vaniais univerfal. I have known fomc iniiances where the firft fettler has performed the improvements of the fecond, and yielded to the third. I have known a few inftances likewife, of men of enterprizing fpirits, who have fettled in the wildernefs, and who, in the courfe of a fingle life, have advanced through all ilie intermediate ftages of improvement that I have mentioned, and produced all thofe conveniences which have been afcribcd 10 the third fpecies of fettlers ; thereby refembling, in their exploits, not only the pioneers and light-iqfantry, but the main body of an army. There are inftances likewife, where the firft fettle- pent has been improved by the fame family, in hereditary fucceffion, till it has reached the third ftage of cultivation. There are many fpacious ftone houfes, atid highly cultivated farms in the neighbouring counties of the city of Philadelphia, which are jioffeffed by the grandfons and grcat- grandfons of men who accompanied William Penn acrofs the ocean, and who laid the foundation of the prefent improvements of their poiletity, in fuch cabbins as have been defcribed. This price of land to thejirft fettler Is from a quarter of a guinea to t'wa guineas per acre; and the /rice of farms is from one guinea to ten guineas per acre ^ to the Jccondand third fettlers. arcorditio as the land is 'vcvied hv the hrfnre-mentien- ed circumjiances. When the fi)p fettler is unable to piirchafe, he often takes atra8 of land forfe*vehj/cats on a leafe^ and contrails, injiead of baying a rent in cajh, to clear fifty acres of land, to build a log cahbit/, and a barn, and ti plant an orchard on it. This trad^ after the ex/iiaiioH of ibis liafe,fcJls or reals for a confidcrable profit. SIS f t « N S Y L -V -A N 1 A, fJ ;: I m This pafllon, firange and n«w $s it may appear to an Eurc^eaiv, it wifely calcHlatcdfor thc'cxtenrion of popularion in America ; and this it docs,notonly by promoting the increafe of the human f{)eciesin newfet- tlemeots, but in the old fettleitient likcwife. While the degrees of induftry and knowledge in agriculture, in our coaniry^are proportioned to farms «f from 75 to 300 acres, there will be a Jangour in population, as foon «s farmer? multiply beyond the num'per of farras of the above dimen- fione. To remove this langour, which is kept up alike by the increafc of the price, and the divifioa of farras, a migration of part of the eooj. ronnity becomes abfolutely neceffary. And as this part of the commu- nity often confifts of, the idle and extravagant, who eat without work- itig, their removal, by increafing the facility of fubfiftance to the fru- gal and induftrious who remain behind, naturally increafes the number t>f peopk, juft as the cutting off the fuckers of an apple tree increafti the fiz« of the tree, and the tjuantity of fruit. I have only to add upon this fubjed^, that the migrants from Pennfyl- vania alwsy* travel to the foulhward. The foil and climate of the weftern par^s ©f Virginia, North and South-Carolina, and Georgia, afford a jnpre.Mfy fupjjort to lazy farmers, than the ftubborn but durable foil f pI" yptmiyl^^nia. Here our ground requires deep and repeated plow- ring to render it fruitful ; there fcratching the ground once or twice affords ' tolerable crops. In P ohnfylvania, the length and coldnefs of the winter njakeu it neceffary for the farmers to beftow a large (hare of their labour in providing for, and feeding their cattle } but in the fouthern ftatcs, cattle find pafture daring the greateft part of the winter, in the fields or woods. For thefe reafons, the greateft part of the weftern counties of the dates, that have been mentioned, arc fettled by original inhabitants of Pennfylvanla. Dxinng the late war, the militia of Orange county, in North Carolina, wcreenroHed, arid their number amounted to 3500, rwrry man of whom had migrated from PennfyJvania. From this you willfee, (hat our ftate is the great outirort of the United States forEu- ropeans; and that, after performing the office of a ficvc, by detaining 3\\ thofe people who poffcfs the ftamina of induftry and virtue, it allows a paffageto the reft, to thofe ftates which are accommodated to their habitsof indolerree and vicer , I ftjall conclude this letter by remarking, that in the mode of extend- ing population and. agriculture, which I have defcribed, we behold j ne-w fpecies of war. The third fettler may l>e viewed as a conqueror. The weapons with which he atchievcs his conquefts, are the implements of hplhandry : and the virtues which direft ihem, are induftry and ecconomy. Idlenefs, extravagance, and ignorance fly before him. Hap- py would it be for minkind, if the kings of Europe would adopt this mode of extending their territories : it would foon put an end to the dreadful conne^lion, which has exifted in tvtty age, between war and Thefe obfcrvations are equally applicable to th«! progrefsof the fettle- jhcnts in all new countries. RelifJori,] • Sec Col, Mag. Vol. I. page 117. A. an Eurc^eatt, it America ; and this 1 f})ecies in new fet. degrees of induftry ►ortioned to farms opulatlon, as foon he above dimen- kc by the increafe f part of the eoiB- irt of the Gommu- \t without work- ftance io the fru. •eafes the nombcr e tree increafts the nts fropi Pennfyl. nate of the weftern Georgia, afforda 1 but durable foil id repeated plow- ice or twice afFordj Inefs of the winter ire of their labour e fouthern ftatcs, er, in the fields or eftern counties of riginal inhabitants f Orange county, mounted to 3J00, I. Froiij this you ted States forEu* eve, by detainiog i virtue, it allovi iRiodated to their e mode of extend- bed, we behold a 1 as a conqueror, ire the implemeiits , are induftry and before him. Hap- : would adopt thij mt an end to the between war and 'grefs of the fettle- lie/^h^,] We have already mentioned the prevailing religlotM fefts m- ttrwillL^er::;:;^r" ^^ ^-'-^ -' ''''^ P-Har^ca«o«s'a7. Of the great variety of, reUgioHS denominations in Pl'nnfylvamjr, th« Friends orQuAKERsarethcmoft numerous. Gcorw Fox is called the tather of th.3 re igiou. feft. becaufe he firftcolleded them into a fo- ciety in Englarid, about the middle of the ,7thcentarv. ' The true ap- pellation of thefe people is Friends ; that of Qy a ker*. wasearlyat^ unjaftly given them by way of contempt. They came over to America ' rNew IV^a^nd *"' "^""^ ''''' '"^"'^'''^ '^^^ ^'""^ '"'"'^^^ °^ ''^'^'^ ^^^S^^a They w^e the firft^ fettlers of Pennfylvanb in r682, onder WiKiart- Penn. and have ever fince flounfticd in the free enjoyment of their reli^ gion. They believe that God has given to all m^ fufficient h^ t*: work their falvat.on, unKfs^itbc reillted ; that this light is a* f«eft! five as the feed of fin. and faves thofe who have not thf outward mear«. of fa vation ; that this light h a divine principle in which dwelfe God. the father.. Son and Holy Gholt. They maintain that the ftripto^^ arenottheprincipal ground of all truth and knowledge; nor y?t the primary rule of faith and manners ; but beca^fe they gt; a tru^ ttitl mony of the firft foundatwn . they are and may be efteemed a fecoftdai-r rale, fubordinate to the fpint. from whom they derive all their ma.' diat a meafure of the fpinris given to ev«ry perfon. That arf by tiltf- hghtor gift of God, all fpuitual knowledge is receivH, thofe ^^hi have this gift, whether male or female, though without human com- m.fTion or learning, ought to preach ; and to preach freelr. as tiiey hiiVii freely received the gi^t. All true and acceptable wo rfhlo.>fGodiiHe^ maintam, is by the inward a.vd immediate moving of his Vpirit ; andtl^'t water baptifm and the Lord's fupper were commanded c V ft^r atrrne They neither give titles, nbr ufc compliments in thei. werfatib^; Cometh oj m . rhcy confeientioiiny avoid, as unlawful, kneelingf bS^J tng or un^-ovenngthe V.ad to any perfon. They difcard allferf!^?. echrlt?/r'"'T'P'^'' all games, fports; and't^bys. as ttnfafcJomrng theehriftian 'Swear not at all' is an article of their creed. IhirallV obfcrved mits utmolt extent. They believe it «nla^vf.l. to fight S cafe what^vef ; and think' that if their enemy /.//../..;,. tkfZ^^b^ t}nyousht.toturntohhn the othralfo.\ They are i^n'erally hon4 Si tual and even purtaHiou. in their dealings 7provii^.« fc/r thel^^eK ftna ,n their djfciplme ; caretul'in the obfervahce even of the run<5^fL* m drefs, fpeech and manhcrs. which their religion enjoins j flithHil ii + During thi the mxar, 'r faith, thought it their' duly to take up ftmt'&f' their numlit, ioklrary to this article 5/ Rdi^Jon.] I '7 l"^'^ (i^'^M»d<*t}o»ofa/cxeffioHfrom their h arms in defend of thfir tottfit-i fil>J}ting ^tak Ofid thy Ho^'fornt "*^ or 3i« Pennsylvania. f the education of their children ; induflnous in their feverat occunatronj, Infliort, whatever peculiarities and milhkes thofeof other denomination* have fuppofcd they hnve fallen into, in point of religiouv doftrincs, they have proved themfelvcs to be good citizens. Next to the Quakers, the Presbvterians are the moft nw T>erous ; concerning ^vhom we have nothing to add to what we have already faid under New York, (page 268.) The proteftant Episcopal Church of New York, NewJerfey.Pcnn- fylvania, D^ilaware, Maryland, Virginia and South-Carolina, met in Con- vention at Philadelphia, Odober J 78c, and revifed the book of com- mon prayer, and adminiltration or the facraraents and other rites and, ceremonies, and publifhcd and propofed the book, thus revifed, for the ufe of the church. This revifion was made in order to render the liturgy confiftent with the American revolution and the conftiiutions of the feveral dates. In this they have difcovered their liberality and their patriotifm. In Pennfylvania and the fouthern ftatcs this revifed Iwok is pretty generally ufed by the epifcopal churches. In New York and New Jerfey it has not been adopted. There are upwards of fixty miniftersof the Lutheran andCALVis-- 1ST religion, who are of German extradion, now in this ftate ; all of whom have one or more congregations une doftrinal fyftem of all the e'tablilhid Proteftant chnrches. They retain the difcipline of their ancient church, and nuke ufe of Epifcopal ordination, which has been handed down to them in a direct line of fucceifion for more tim ^hree hundred years.* As ♦ See David Crantx Hijt. of * Tht ancient and modern United Brethm'f church, tranjlattdfftm the Qirman ^ ly tht Rtv, Benjamin La 'TnAe. In' tioii, 1780, c:\k A. •era! occupations, er denomination* ligiouv do^rincs, moft na i>erous ; we have already SfewJerfey.Pcnn- >lina, metinCon- : book of coth- 1 other rites and revifed, for the sr to render the e conftiiutions of berahty and their is revifed Iwok is New York and AN andCALviK. this ftate ; all of e ; and many of yet the firft Lu- ty years ago, waj cond Calviniflical from the Eplfco- this religion there 500 and 600 in Jtiz, in Lancaftcr af the if*roteftant ife the firtt fettlers Moravia. Thefe rch of the ancient I, as early as the y left their native f confcience, and 'hey were received :re encouraged to )eople of other de- of Faith, which f the reforfloation iet of the empire ; doftrlnal fyfteni i the difcipline oF nation, whkhhas an for more thaB A» r UrtifeJ Breihrtn'f n La 'Trobf. Loit' ftUnsYtVA^iAi iti As to their d^flrlnal tenets, and the praifttcal inferences thence dedu- ced, they appear to be fJTsntially right, and fuch as will not be cxceptetf a;,'-iinll by any candid and liberal perfon who has made hi mfelf acquain- ted wiih tliem. 'rhof. who wilh to obt^n a thorough and impartial knowledge of their religioas fentiments and cuftonrs, may fee tl^em ex- ccliendy riunmcd up in a plain, but nervous ftyle, in ' Piv\ ej^pofition oP Clirillian DoiJ^rine, as tawght in the Protcftani church of the United Brethren, written in German by A. G. Spancenrero; and tranflat- cdand published 1n Engliih in 1784.' ^y this book nothing appears but th;it they are thorough in the doif^rines of grace, as they are obvioufly' exhibited in the Old AvA New 1 eftament. They profefs to live in ftri^t obedience to the ordinances of Chrill, fuch as the obfervatibn of the fab- bath, infant baptifm, and the Lord's Supper j arid in addition to thefl-, fhey practice ' 'I'he Foot-waniing, the Kifs of Love, and the ufe of rhc Lot;' for which their reafons, if not conclufire, arc yet plaufiblc* They were introduced into America by Gount Z^in'd/.endorf, and fet- tled at Bethlehem, which is their principal fettlement in Ameri <;a, ps early 85174.1. 'fhe fallowing authentic deferlptioris of their feveral fettle-* merits in thin fcate, which was obligingly fcnt me by one of their own liumber, will afford the reader a jult idea of the uncommon r-giriarity, indultry, ingenuity and oeccmomy which chara^krize thefe people. Bethlthem is fituated on the river Lehigh, a wedefn branch of die De- laware, fifty-three milci north of Philadelphia, in lat. 40" 57'. The town being built partly on a hfgh rifmg ground, and partl\' on the lower hanks of the Manakes, (a fine creek, which afljrds trout and other fiHij has a very pleafant and healthy ficuation, snd is frequently vifned in the fummer-feafon by genftry from difierent parts* . The profpeft rs not ex- fenfive, being lyounded very rfear by a chain of tlic Lehigh hills. To the northward Id a tra(fl (5ff land called the diy lands. In the year 1 787, the n-amber of the inhabitants amounted to between 500 and 600, and thehoufcs were about fixty irt liumbcr, nvoftly good ftroug biiildin'gs of limei'one. Befides the church or public meeting-half, there are three large fjiaci*^ Ous buildings, viz. 1 . The finglc brethren's cr yotfng men's hDirfe, facing the main ftreet or public road. Here the greatefi: part of the fingTe tradefmen, journey.^ men and apprentices of the town' are hoarded at a moderate rate, irnder the infpeftioiT of an elder and wafrden', and have, befides the public mrets- ings, tlieir houfe-deVotiohs, morning and evening prayers. Diffcrcnf trades are carried on in the houfe for the b'enefit of "the fame. 2. The fingle filter's, or yoimg women's hoirfe, where they live urtder the care of female infpedors. Such as are not employed in private fa- niilic!;, earn their bread mbftly by fpinning, fewing, fine needle work, fcnitting and- other female occupations c Though this houfe has its particuhr reMlafions to pTcfcr\»^e order artfl decorum, and may perhaps bear fonre refemhlance to' a nunnery, (being fometimes improperty fo called/ yet the plan is vefy difFerent. The 1;- dies are at liberty to go about their bufmefs in the town, or to take a walk for recreation j and fome are employed in private families, or live Sf with 3«* PENNSYLVANIA. with their parents ; neither are they bound to remain in the fingle ftate, for every year fome of them enter into the married ftaic. Asto their almoft uniform drefs, the women in general for the fake of avoiding extravagance, and the follies of falhion. have hitherto kept to a particular fniple drefs, introduced among them in Germany many years ago. ~ ' 3. The houfe for the widow women ; where fuchas have n6t a houfe ofiheirown, or means to have their own houfe furnifhed, live nearly in the fame way as do the fingle fillers. Such as are poor, infirm and fuperannuated, are alFifted or maintained by the congregation, as is the cafe witn other members of the fame, that arc not able to obtain fubfift. encc forthemfelves. There is, befides, an inftitution of a fociety of married men, begun fince ihej-ear 1770, for the fupport of their widows. A confiderable land or principal has been raifed by them, the intcreft of which, as well as the yearly contributions of tlie mcmliers, is regularly divided among the widows, whofc huibands have been members of the inaitution. In a houfe adjoining the church, is the fchool for girls ; and, fince the year^ 1 7S7, a boarding fchool for young ladies from different parts, wno: • i inftrufted in reading and writing, (both Englitti and German grammar, anthinetic, hiftory, geography, needle-work, mufic, &c. 'I he miniftcrof the place has the fpccial care and infpeftion of this aj well as of the boys fchool, which is kept in a feparate houfe, fitted to that purpofe, and are taught reading and writing in both Iangu:iges, the rudim^ents ot the latin tongue, arithmetic. Sec. ■ Befides the different houles for private tradefmen, mechanics and others, there is a public tavern at the north end of the town, with pretty good accommodations ; alfo a ftore, with a general affortment of goods ; an apothecary's (hop ; a large farm-yard ; and on the lower part, on Man- akes creek, is a large tan-yard, a curriers and dyers fliop, a grilt-mill, fulling-mill, oil-mill and faw-mill j and on the banks of the Lehigh, a brewery. The town is fupplied with good water from a fpring, which being in the lower part of the town, is raifed up the hill by a machine of a very fimple conltruaion, to the height of upwards of loo feet, into a refer- %'oir, whence it is conduclcd by pipes into the feveral ftreets and public •buildings of the town. The ferry acrofs the river is of fuch particular contrivance, that a flat, large enough to carry a team of fix horfes, runs on a ftrong rope, iiKed and Ibetched acrofs ; and, by the mere force of the Itream, with. out any otlier affiltance, crolfes the river backwards and forwards ; the flat being always put in an oblique direftion, with its foremoft end verging towards the line defcribed by the rope. The greater part of the inhabitants, as well as the people in the neigh- bourhood, being of German extradion, this language is more in ufe than the Enjiliili. The latter, however, is cultivated in the fchools. and vli V lUC Naza}-^.th is ten crrornicvi in ootn ianguaoes. Bethlehem, and fixty-threc north from Philadelphia, It U a tra^ of good land, containing about 5000 acres, purchafcd originally by th(? Rev. Mr. George Whitfield, in 1740, and Np A. the fingle ftate, al for the fake of hitherto kept to Gernaany many have nbt a houfe hed, live nearly poor, infirm and ;ation, as is the to obtain fubfift. tied men, bfgim A confiderable f which, as well ' divided among ' the inflitution. girls; and, fince I different parts, (h and German) , mufic, &c. jeftion of this as ■ houfe, fitted to th languages, the hanics and others, 'ilh pretty good cnt of goods ; an ?r part, on Man- lop, a gri(t-mil!, :» of the Lehigh, , which being in machine of a very "eet, into a refer- ftrcets and public ntrivance, that ^ n a ftrong rnpe, he ftream, with, s and forwards ; I its foremoll end ople in the neigh- more in ufe than the fchouls, and fixty- three north ning about jooo i^hitfield, in 1 740, and P E N N S Y L V A l«r I A. .3»J and fold two years after to the brethren. The town was laid out al- nioft in the center of this traft, in 1772. 'I'wo Itreets crofs each other at right angles, and form a fquare, in the middle, of 340 by 200 feet. The largeil building is a ftone houfe, ereflcd in 1755, named' Nazarcth-hall, 98 feet by 46 long, and 5:4 in height. In the lowermofl Ibiry is a fpaci- ous mceting-hall,or church ; the upper part of the houfe is chiefly fittea fof a hoarding fchool, where youth, from different parts, are under the care and infjxidion of the minifter of the place and feveral tutors, and are inftrufted m the Engliih, German, Latin and French languages; in iuftor) , geography, book-keeping, mathematics, mtific, drawing and other fciences. The front of the houfe faces a large fquare open to the fcuth, adjoining a fine piece of meadow ground, and commands a mod beauti- ful and extenfive prof^^ft. Another elegant building on the eaft fide of Nazareth-hall js inhabited by fingle fitters, who have tlic fame recula- tions and way of living as thofe in Bethlehem. Befides their principal manufaftory for fpinning and twitting cotton, they have lately begun to draw wax tapers. At the Jouthweft corner of the aforefaid fquare. in the middle of the town, )i the fingle brethren's houfe, and on the eaft foutheaft corner a ftore. Dn the fouthermoft end of thettreet is a good tavern. The houfea are, a few excejpted, built of lime ftone, one or two ftories high, inha- bited by tradefmen and mechanics moftly of German extra«ion. The inhabitants are fupplied with water conveyed to them by pipes from a fine fprmg near the town. The place is noted for having an excecdinaly pleafant fituation, and enjoying a very pure and falubrious air. fha nuriiberof inhabitants in the town and farms belonging to it, (Schoeneck included) conftituting one congregation, and meeting for divine fervice on Sundays and holidays at Naz^reth-hall, was, in the year Z7S8, about 450. ^ ^ / / > Li/iz is in Lancafter county, and Warwick townlbip ; eieht mil? s irom Lancafter, and feventy miles weft from Philadelphia. This fcttle- ment was begun in the year 1757. There are now. bcfides an elegant church, and the houfes of the fingle brethren and fingle fiftors. which form a large fquare, a number of houfes for private families, with a ftore and tavern, all m one ftreet There is alfo a good farm and feveral mill works belonging to the place. The number of inhabitants, in- iltheithh ^'^J' '5'°"S to Litiz congregation, living on their farms m the neighbourhood, amounted, in 1787. to upwards of 300. " ^iuch is the Moravian intereft in Pennfylvania. Their other fettle- TtTJL •"''"'^v'!r''*^°P''.'\^''^^-f^''^^>'' already defcdbed, and at Wachovia, on Yadkin river, in North Carolina, which will be de- formed Vf T^'i P'"'"' ^*^^'f '' '^''^' ''^''^'' fettlements. which :.re ormedby fuch only as are members of the brethren's choreh. and live SvL'" ^"iSt "i"^", '".^ .'^^••r"^'' ''^^''^ ^^^' '" «^'«'<^«-^"t parts of N"!fe"*'o.^y^"^.^''? Newjerfey. and in the cities and tLvns of .k u *",'""'' •'^""'.vi'"'"3, i^ancaitci, iurktown, &c. consrre?ations of he brethren who have their own church and minifter. amf hold the me principles and doarlnal tenets, and ch^ rites and ceremlilr auhe former, though their local fituation does not admit of fuchZ ct lar regulations a& are peculiar to the regular fettlcmeuts. ^ In IH P' E N N S Y L V A N r A, In Pcnnfylvania there are fixtccn congrrgatjops cf Engllfh Baptiiti, The d(.arii)e8, clifcijilinc and worfliip of thefe, arc finular to thofe of the New Lnghnd ijapnlh. In 1770, the number of this denojiiination cf Baptilis was reckoned at 650 lamilies, making, as was I'uppofcd, 3,250 Iculs, wlio were divided into ten churches, who had eighteen nieitir.g-houfes, and 1 1 minillers. Befidcs thefe there are a few Sahbatari- an Baptilis, who keep the feventhday as holy time, and who art the re- mains of the Keiihian or Qnakcr Baptilis, and a number of Tunkers an4 Mennor.ills, bo;h of whon'; are prokfiionally Baptifts, and are ot Gcti- roan cxlraiticn. 'I he Tun KERs arc fc) calleu in derifion, from the word tnnkcn, tppm a morjil hi fnuce. The Knglilh word th3t conveys the proper meaning ofTuiikcrsis Sops ov Dtf,pcrs. They are alfo called Tumblers, from the manner in which they perform baptifm, which is by putting the per? fon, while kneeling, head firft under water, fo as to refcmble the motion •of thp body in the as^ion of tumbling. The Germans found the letters / and h like d and / ; hence the wtJrds Tunkers and Tumbkrs have been corruptly written Dunkers and Dumplers. ji;oi •. The firll appearing cf thefe people in America, was in inc fall of the •year 1719. vyhen about twenty families landed in Philadelphia, and ■^ifperled themfejves in various parts of Peniifvlvania. '1 hey arc what are called G-n*'-'ral JBajitifts, and hold to general redemption and general falvation, They ufe great plainnefs of drcfsand language, and willnei- ther fwear, nor light, nor go to lav.', nor take intereft for the money thejr lend. They I'omnu nly wear their beards— keep the firll day Sabbath, pxcept one c. ; ,. T .} The Mennonifts do not, like the Tunkers. hold tfie doftrineof wnefal falvation ; yet like them, they will neitlier fwear nor fight, nor bear any civil cfSce, nor go to law, nor take intepeil for the mon^y they lend, though many break thii laft rule. Some " of them wear •their beards ; wafli each others feet. ike. and all ufe plainnefs &{ fpeech and drcfs. Some have been expelled their focicty for wearinsr buckles jn rheir fliocs, and having pocket holes in their coats. Their church government is deniocratical. They call themfelVcs the Harmlefs chriltians. Revengelefs chriftians, and Wcaponlefs chrilHans, They are l;:ptiftsratherin name, than in fadj for they do not ufe immerfion. T heir common mode of baptifm is this ; The i^rfon to be baptized kneels; the mimfter holds his hamis over him, into which the Jeacoa pours water, which runs through upon the head of the pcrfon kneeline. Atter this, follow impofition of hands and prayer, li^^rary Humane, and other ufeful Societin.-] Thefe are more numerous and flouri(hing in Pennfylvania, than in any of the Thirteen States, The names of thefe improving inftitutions, the times when they were eftablifti- ed, and a fuinmary oi the benevolent defigns they were intended to ac- complifh, will be mentioned in thpir order. I. 'J'he American PhilosophicalSocietv, held atPhilaj DELPHIA, fOR PROMOTIKC USEFUL KNOWLEDGK, This focictV was formed January 2d, 1769, by the union of two other literary fo- cietics that had fubfilied for fometime in Philadelphia ; and were created one iwdy corporate and politic, with fuch powers, privileges, and im- munities as arc neceifary for anfwering the valuable purpofes which the fociety had originally in view, by a charter, granted by the common- _ ._...., „„_^,.„„,„, -^11 lisc i(,t;! ur iviarcn, iyb'o. I iiis iociety valuable volumes of their tranfaflions : one in 1771, the other 1786 I '1 177/, this focietyconfirted of nearly of 1 20 have fince been added : a 1 )o members argc proportion of which, are foreign- and upwards ers I 3*6 PENNSYLVANIA* ■ 1 M 1 ■ 1 '/ 1 1 ' m r °'";'^,^,'*.,^''«'"'^i!^" i" K"r^Pf . This » an evidence of the inerraf. log rcJpcrtahility and improvement of the focicty. Their charter allows them lo hold lands, gifis. Sec. to the amount of tlic clear yearly value often thoufand buihels of wheat. 1 he number of mcinlicrs is not limited. rn-' '^rrr^'^'"'*"^ ^""^ PRr.MOTINO POLITICAL ENouIMts • con- CQingoffiftytnembers,iii«i{utcd in February, 1787. 3. The CoLLRCEor Physicians, inihtuted in 1787, for the pro- motion ot medical, anatomical and chemical knowledge. 4. The Union Librar*- Ccmpamy of Philadelphia, which was begun in 17^1, incorporated by the proprietors of the province in jn 1742, and umtcd with other companies, upon afimilarcftablilhmcnt in 1769. Ihe number of members in 1773 was upwards of 400. Tbcy .poffefh (except the library of Harvard college) the moft valuable collec- tion of books in America. conf.lHng of upwards of 7000 volumes, which arc kept m Carpenters Hall. Under the fame roof they have a mi'^-uni containing a colle^ion of curious medals, manufcripts, ancient relicks! . tollils, &c. and a philofophical apparatus. ^•^I"'' ]!»^nnsylvama Hospital, a humane inftitution. which was firft meditated m 1750. and carried into efFeft by means of a liberal lubfcription of about ^3000, and by the affilUnce of the aflbmbly who in 1 7 5 1 . granted as much more for the purpofe. The prcfcnt buildin? was begun m 1754, and finilhed in 17^6. This hofpiial is under the dircdhonot twelve managers, chofen annually, and is viftted every year by a comuuttee of the affembly. The account* of the managers arc fubmitted to the mfpedion of the legiflature. Six phyficians attend gratu. and generally prcfcribe twice or three times in a week, in their turns, 'h'i'horpital is the general receptacle of lunatics and madmen, >nd of thofe afFcc^ed with other diforders» an^ arc unable to fupuort themfclves. Here they are humanely treated and well provided for. ■ ^* V?,^ Philadelphia TiimifSKKr, fir the mcdnal relief of tk poor. I his benevolent inftitution was eftabliOied on the 12th April, I7h6, and is Supported by annual fubfcriptions of thirty-five Ihillings each pcrfon. No lefs than 1800 patients were admitted, within iixtecn months after the firft opening of the difpenfary. It is under the direc- tion of twelve managers, and fix phyficianfs. all of whom atttend ^n»//>. rhi* mditution cxhiUts an application of fomething like the mechanical powers, to the purpofcs of humanity. The greatelt quantity of goodij .produced in this way with the leaft money. Five hundred pounds a year defrays all the cxpences of the inftitution. The poor are taken care of in their own houfbs. and proVide every thing for themfelves, ex- cept medicines, cordial drinks, &c. 7 The PtNNSYLVANiA i>oc 1 ETY ftrfiromoiiftg ibe Abolition or Vru^'7*-^'' '^''^^f-'-^V^/'FRSE Negroes mh-wfully helJ in kvda^e, J his fociety was begun m 1774, and enlarged on the 23d of April, 17^7. \ he officers of the fociety confifl of a prcfident, two vice-prefidents. two iccretanes, a trtajurer,foorcounreliors, an clewing committee of twelve, and an atJfing committee of fix members ; all of whom except the laft arc to DC cholen annually by ballot, en the £rft Monday in January, i be fociety meet quarterly, and each member contributes ten Ihillings annually, A. ce of the inercaf. to the amount of The number of NQUIMES;. COD- 787, for the pro- UELPHIA, wllich the province in ilar cftablifliment, rdsof 40G. They t valuable collcc- o volumes, which y have a mu'-uia^ i, ancient relicks, nftitution, \»hich Dcansofa liberal be afl'embly who, prcfcnt building ital is under the iftted every year he managers are phyficians attend a week, in their les and madmca, nable to fuppott provided for. cdtcal relief of the the 1 2 th April, irty-five Ihillings d, within iixtecn under the dircc- m a tttend ^rfl/w. :e the mechanical antity of goodij lundrcd pounds a 5 poor are taken >r themfelves, ex- Abolition OF ly held in bovdngt, d of April, 175^7. e-prefidents. two imittee of twelve, tn except the laft lay in January. tcs ten fhillingJ annually, PENNSYLVANIA. J17 a«nu^a!ly. in quarterly payments, toward, defraying its contingent ex- be deemed r„ch, till .hey (hall «,a|„ ,„ ,;,e age of uvMtv elllt v..™ 8. 'I'he Society op thf U-tT-rm »)d>t.... >• ,^...>/«.., ./. w.., in^iut;;d?n%'; tor ^^xx\ BctWhem. An aft incorporating this foe ety and inveK •.. i? wi h 1 necedary powers and pr vile^es for acrnmMlifl^jL % '"""^"'fe '^ ^^''" "» paded by [he legiHatL «f ^he ftl^ron t"^ T^h'^rF^^^^^^^^^ ihey^can hold lands, houfes, &c. to the annuallmcuntSoThoS^ ^^^tu^^l:%:^:^^^^ began a .iflloa other Indians, nea fi J^ar l^o ^id '' Shawanoe. ..antikok and than one thouVand fo h to heXilHrn IT \ t't^'l'' '° '^'^ '"«^« dred of thefe have died n he hr H.n f f.r .1 ^ ^^^^T- ^^" . '^""^ n,i(nonariesnear Lake Eric and tfr/r4etherXr ^''' T^' '^^ the wildernefs.* **^ "*"" '^^^'** ^i* apoftates in the United States i.l,i,h -, il .''iJf u "^"^'P""""' ""y"' z™"? fame. "Se foS'tv i SSd« ll. ^ «" ="«JS™'^"" «f « -"---"h" ot the Went,, and Smanalrs If ^r "I' ?"="''''"•• f<"" vice-pre- an,i the fame Cum anmullv Al\ Zr^S ! ,'"'" '"^ ^""''' f"'' d"-». they have a J,S»e AW Ide'l'" "/ kT"^"^'" '^"<'" lef> than te„ pound,. 4 the U'^d Tl^^'J'^l'^T:^:'^ ?i ??' The meetings of this fo- places for the cm,„ .._. ...^ .nauitn have all the prohts arifing from the bufmef, cicty are held quarterly. """""s. ftoring to life tri^'es ^fdrolXerforiri'n'?^ 'T^""^ ^"^ ''' the direaion of thirteen managers!^ """'^ '^""''^ '" '770, .mder Alfo, an Agrkultttral Society ; a Societv f,r C..^ • ,>r ' ^^^/^'/y. confuting of Captai.is of veilHs . V/ !r>''"''*'' ' ''. ^'^'''"^ P^rt of the ^ido.1 andfLirsTfP,%) ' '' ^^'r""^^' ^°"^ly fir the f up. S^- Patrick's a.JR. jL^^^! aI^'^'T'"' ^I'^rgymen ; a,uiSt. Gec/Js. *»d Accepted Mafom. *sie ^i>iH;iut i alio the Society of Fnr Collegei, f \ •J f this, but of tile iver Delaware on >na the ki'. The length t> E N N S Y L V A N I i5. j,^ twgth of the city eaft and weft, that is from the Delaware to the Schuyl- kill, upon the original plan of Mr. Penn, is 10,300 feet, and the breadth north and fouth, js 4837 feet. Not two fifths of the plot covered hv the city charter ts yet built^ The inhabitants, however, have not con- fined themfclves.wnhin the original limits of the citv, but have bailt north and fouth along the Delaware, two miles in length, 'i he lonuell ftreetisfecond ftreet, about 700 feet from Delaware rn-er, and paral- lel to It. The circumference of that part of the city which is built if we include Kenfington on the north, and Southwark on the iouth mar be about five miles. * •'' Market-ftreet is ioo fcfit wide, and runs the whole length of the city from river to river. Near the middle, it is interfcc'ted 'at nVht angles by Broad-ftrcet, 1 13 feet wide, fanning nea«y north znd foilth, ouiil^a- crofs the city. * ^ Between Delaware river and Broad-ftreet are 14 ftre-ts, nearlv eqiii* 'Jflant, runnmg parallel with Broad-ftreet, acrofs the city ; and litvveen o;ia-ftreetar>d the Schuylkill, there are nine ftreets, equidillant from t-ach other. Parallel toMarkef-ftrcet, are eight otiier ftreets, runnin? eaft and weH from fiver to river, and interfecl the crofs, ftreets at rieht angles ; all thefc ftreets are 50 feet wide, except Arch-ftreet which is 65 feet wide. All the ftreets which run north and fouth, e>xept Broad- fti'eet mentioned aibove, are 96 feet wide. There were four fcrtrares 0? eight acres each, one at each corner of the city, originally refcrved for public and common ufes. And in the center 'of the city, where Broad- ftreet and iMarket-ftreet mterfeft each other, is a fquare often acres re-i ferved in like mam>er, to be planted with rows of trees tot public walks. *^ The firft ftreet between Delaware rit^ef and the bank, is called Water- ftreet. The next, on the top of the bank, is called Front-ftreet • and weft of this the ftreets are numbered, /ecoKj, third, fourth, i^c. * On the river Delaware, there are 16 public landings, at the diftance of 4 of 500 feet from each other ; and private wharves Itifficient' for 200 fail of fea veffels to unload at a time; arid room to buiW any nccCf, fary number. There are 10 public landi^igs on the Schuylkill, which as the town does not yet extend fo far, are st prefent of no ufe^ ' * Philadelphia was founded in 1682, by the celebrated William Penn who, in October, 1701, granted a charter, incorporating the town with the privilege of choofing a mayor, recordar. eight aldermen, twelve com. mon council men, a IherifFand clerk. The city charter \erhaps not exceeded in the world. J he Philadelphians are not fo focial, nor perhaps fo hofpitable as the people in Bofton, Chariefton and New York. Various caufcs have con- iaLTiitCU th( 'eir One of thefe hoitfes is for thofe ^takeri nvho took up arms in dift Titce f coutjtiy, in the late rvHr, contrary to the rjiabhjhai trincipLs of I trtendi. Th^y call themfehes Yttt Qn',\kcT$, + This is the oldtfi church, in or near the city, and has lately been annexed iothe EpiJc«paUrdcr. - 'if i^ PENNSYLVANIA. tribute^ to this diiTcrence, among which the mod operative hiis heen the prevalence of party fpiris wliidi has been and is carried to greater JeiKrfhs m this CUV thr;n in any other in America : Yet no citv can boaft ol fo many ult fuj improvements in manufa^ures, in the mechanical arts, m die art of healing,^ .md particularly in the fcicnce cf hjjm^nity. The tradcuHon and manufadarers have become fo numerous, that they arc be- gimniig to alTotiatc for mutual improvement, and to promote regularity ind uniformity ia their feveral occupations: The carpenters, the cord- wamcrs, the tavlors, trhe watch-mak'-s, the joiticrs and hair-dreffers, have already aifopiated, and others are fonning into companies upon the tdmb plaF,, 'J'he Philadelphians have exertpd their endeavours, with happy and growing fuccefs, to prevent the intemperate ufe of fpirituous liquors. In accomphfhing this benevolent purpofe, on which fq much of the prof, pei-ity and glory of our empire depend, every good citizen in the union will cht'crtully lend his aid and influence. As One important (lep to- wards effecting their defign, they are difcountenancing diililleries, which 9te o| coijrfe decHiiing, and encouraging breweries which are fall in. creafing. 'I he increafe of the confumption of beer, in the courfe of a few years pall, in every part of America, and particularly in Pennfyl- yani4, hjisbeen aaoniOiing. It has become a faihionable drink, and It is not liiiprobiUil" but that in a few years, it will come into univerfsl vk among all clnflrs of people. In proportion as the ufe of be.-r increaf- f^;-'" -.'•.^^'^^ P'^oportion will the ufe of fpirituous liquors dccreafe, J hjs Will he a happy exchange. U^ fhort, vyhether v/e confidcr the coHvenient local fituation, the fize, U.e bcautv, the vaii<;fy and utiliiy of the improvements, in mechanics, in agruuiture and inanufaaures, or the induftry, the cnterprize. thehu- rn^ntty and the ahiiiries, of the inhabitants of the city of Philadel- phja, it mtrits to be viewed as the capital of the flouriihine Empire of ■"Unitkd Am; RICA. LATvcAsrrRis the largeft inland town in America. It is the feat of jullice m Lamaller county, and ftandion Conetlogo creek, 66 miles, a jitiletp the noiih of the weft from Philadelphia. Its trade is already J«--ge; and -mift nureafe in proportion as the furrounding country po- ptilarcs. It conr.iins about 900 houles, bcfidcs a ojoli elegant court, houfe, a nuinl^-r pi hanufoine churches and otl.er public buildings, and •^OiAil 4,^00 fouI«. Carlisle is il.,- featof juftice in Cumberland county, and is 120 miles weihvard of Philadelphia, It contains upwards of 1500 inhabi. gilts, who live in near .900 ilone houfes, and worlhip in three churches. The.v have alio acoutr houfe and a college. Thirty four years a<»oi i.ns fpot Wits a wildcrnefs, and inhabited by Indians and wild beails. ^A like in[_hncc of the rapid progrt.. of the arts of civilized life is fcarcelf to be found in hillory. _ Pi T'ist.uRGH, ,,n the wcftcrn iide of the Allegany mountains, is 320 miles weitward o( Philadelphia, is beautifully fituated on a point of land between the Alle^gany and Monongahela rivers, and ah... a mile above their confluence, in lat. 40' 26' north. I J 787, 140 houles, and 700 inhabitants, who are Prefi '>out a quarter or contni terian nrti in nd Epif- CO{ nalians. M. >cr3tlve Iiiis heeij jrried to greater no city can boaft • mechanical arts, hjj inanity. 7 he that they arcbc^ •omote regularity tenters, the cord- ind hair-drefiers, ni panics upon the with happy and cuous liquors. In uch of the prof, icn in the union iportgnt (lep to- dilHlleries, which hich are faft in- 1 the courfe of a arly in Pennfyl- lable drink, and 3 into univerfal "e of be.^r increaf- iiquors dccrealct tuation, the fize, i, in mechanics, iterprize, tlie hu- ity of Philadel- ing Empire o» It is the feat of eek, 66 mile;), a trade is alreruly Ung country po- >i\ elegant court- ic buildings, and nty, and is i2o of i|oo inhabi- n three churches. four years agcv, 1 wild heatts. A i life is fcarcely nountains, is^io in a point of land >out a quarter o^ It contained ih terians and Epif- copaiians. PENNSYLVANIA. 35, eopallans. The furrounding country is very hilly hut fertile, and well ' stored wtth excejlent coal. The rivers abound with iine fi{h, fuch as pike, perch, and cat fiih, which are all much larger than the fame fpe* cies on the caiiern fide of the mountains. This town is hid out on Penn'splan, and is a thoroughfflrt for the incraiihle number of travellers from the caflern and middle ttates, tothe letrlt-mcnts on the Ohio, and increafcs with allonifhing rapidity. Traded manufailurts and agriculture.'] On the fubje^ of exports nothing can be furnifhed more accurate and complete, than what is given in tirtj American iVliifeum for September, 17HCS, which follows. E}(ports from Phihdelpkia m the vi'ars i^es, i-j-jx, 1772, 1773,1784, 1787. Bufhels of wheat. Barrels of flour. Barrels of bread, M. Haves and heading, M. Ihingies, 1765 367.522 148,887 34.736 4,270 2,114 BuOiels of Indian corn, 6o,2c6 'Ions of iron, Boxes of foap, M. hoops, Hhris of tobacco, M. boards & fcantling, liarrcls of beer, jKegsof ftan:h, Bulhels of flaxfetfd. Packages of fur&flcins, Pounc^of do. Barrels of bees wax, Kogflieads of ditto. Pounds of ditto. Firkins of lard. Firkins of butter. Barrels of beef & pork. Barrels of hams. Parrels of naval ftores. Walnut logs. Tons of lignun)vita?. Feet of niaihogany. Tons of logwood, Chcfis of deer (kins. Tons of put alb. Tons of pearl afh, CvVt. bfO'AH fuo.'.p Pounds of loal'fugar,' CalloMs of melaflcs. Tons of wine. .771 51, 69 c 252.74; 38,32c 6,18^ 1.937 259,441 2.35' 2>93C- 1,724 1,230 349 1,695 1,644 97 16 7^3 238I 87,6- 1 110,412 64' '99; 1. 501 7.254 29,261 39v Gal! ons of oil, Gallons of rum, 5.079 778 6,050 63 24 108,441 169 93 .161 136 I , i b ^ 79,116 52,61 I ?.?<4 2(34,456 1772 92,012 284,872 50.5c>4^ 159,625 2,20J 3.231 97S 4>07? 1,793 1.0331 85,794 1,200 1773 ( 1784 i8i,39i| 24,4c,o 265,967201,365 48,183 28,525 5.141 5,254 179,217 1,564 3.743 1,245 3.309 ^394 700 68,6Si 40 50,140' 64,54^ 734 3.^49 782 q?X) ■ 2C4 42 142,962 42^ '64 66 '25 5,298 51,4^8 1 9,68 r lo.cSi. 73' g,58- 1,06? 7,66: 7'- 3^ 63,25 5 '9^ 57 13 57 2,578 S4.240 39.4^^3 6"^ . 4.T5^ H7.65S'277.%3( 4.083 73.527 1,144 ^»733 3^098 71,59* 46.5S5 507 2,354 1787 32.957 193,720 26,953 4.333 i93>943 1. 197 '.544 3'9 4,808 2,6z . 604 220 98,012 314 16i 170 1.347 2*53^ 4,160 I ,06 z »3.«7» 3 9.800 »,to» Rarrcli m PENNSYLVANIA. I Barrels ot fifh. Boxes fperma. candles, Boxes tallow caudles, Boxes of chocolate, Cwt. of coffee, , Bufhcls of fait. Pounds of cotton wool. Pounds of leather. Packages of ditto. Sides of ditto. Pounds of rice. I J -II' 5,128 • /o^ 683 1,004 5M I,202 873 1,07b 1,16.; x,288 479 3^9 306 50. 2y6 1.639 04,468 42,803 39.192 2,200 5,840 25,07c ^S'91o 40.725 31,696 7,080 258,376 ^34.97 -M998. IOC '787 70^ 629 377 , 970 2,010,8^5 In the year 1 787, befides the above articles, the following were exported ; Barrels of fhipftnfF, Ij443 Barrels of rye meal, 162 Calks of oat meal, 23 Kegs of bread, 25,152 Barrels of Indian meal, i 4,7 10 Buihels of rye, 1,140 Bufflcis of barley,. 306 Bufhels of oats, 7>42i Barrels of peas and beans, 919 Barrels of apples. Barrels of dried apples, Buihels of potatoes, Bufliels of turnips, Buihels of onions. Barrels of beets. Barrels of nuts. Barrels of cranberries. Boat boards, Windfor chairs. Shaken hogihcads. Sets of wheel timbers, PairsAjf wheels. Oars, Handfplkes, Mafts and fpars. Coaches, Chariots, Phaetons, Carriages of different kinds, Chaifes, Kittareens, Suikeys, Wag^gons, Wheelbarro Drays, PioughSj M55 24 8,656 195 4'373 12 185 35 740 5.731 4.775 1,056 84 1,490 396 355 8 4 9 36 40 10 7 40 vn. Pounds of cheefe. Barrels of herrings. Barrels of mackerels. Quintals dry fifh. Kegs of fturgeon. Barrels of falmon. Barrels of manhadden. Barrels of honey. Kegs of oyfters. Packages of cyder, •' Barrels of porter, Kogftieads of country rum. Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Hogs, Geefe, Tonsof ftcel. Tons of callings. Stoves, Anchors, Stills and worms. Bricks, Buihels of limt. Barrels of glue. 29,472 610 /»74 4ri8 3^i n 236 91 48 » 225 262 1,266 4 4 145 34 65 62 i6 66 37 48 423.4^ 468 Barrels of manufactured tobacco, 78 Calks of fjiufF, Calks genfeng. Bags of farfaparilla. Calks of indigo. Tierces of tallow. Calks of linfeed oil. Calks of fpirits of terpentine. Boxes of hair powder. S3S 1,168 8 173 24 62 119 118 4 Barrels of ditto 22 BuQiels of bran. 10,306 *> Harrow, P E N N S Y L V A N I A. Hnrrow, Turkeys, Boxes ofmnftard, Barrels oi fhip bread. Pumps, Boats, haxfeed fcrcens. Cutting boxes. Carts, Spinning wheels. Corn mills. Settees, Dutch fans, Cafks of fhip blocks. Tons of oak bark. Hog (heads of ditto. Sifters, Logs of hickorv, SaddJc trees, 'Jons of nail rods. I 48 42 4 '5 H ■ 14 26 30 4 38 55 9 45 48 286 247 '33 Packages of paper, Ke;ims of ditto, Jacka^^es of pafteboards, ■Box of parchment, Barrels of varnifli. Boxes of trees and plants. Packages of feeds and plants. Pounds of faffafras, Chefts and cafks of fnake root. Cafks of pink root. Boxes of elTence of fpruce. Bags of hops, Calks of clover feed. Bags, of do. Packages of harnefs. Calves fkins, Cafks of horn tips, Sheets of iron, Sh«re moulds. 33f 3S3 6* I '5 «o 47 2,000 3 250 30 zi 7 10 ;i 1,233 A quantity of cedar & earthen ware. The following remarks of a well informed citizen of Pk;i a 1 u- given as a proper illuftration of the foregoLg cc'unts ^""'"'^''P^''' «^« It is well known, that a confiderablp narT^f .k r , been in the habit of receivinrtheir f"nn^,r f /^-^ ^""''^"■" ^^^^' 'i«^e this city ; and that, of coZue^^/^ commodities thro' muft have formed a conffiTbr^ t nf I^^^^^^^ of thefe article* Many of ihefe articles migKe afcSa „el ''^?,^°'^'"^''^^ <>f this port, valu/and quantity of od.t^oddtXt The r X^ti- 1'' ^'/ under our prefent export laws But a. th/T k u ', • n^^""^^^^» articles of American^ produce or man ftau^^fll ^7 '^''^^ ''^''^' from the lift of exports for 1787 It w 11^^^^^^^^ are excluded fevvoftheforeign articles from *whih ^",/"^^'^»t jo enumerate a tions on this head are i ff^oundTd vl P ''^^'•'' '^'' '^'^ ^l^'"^^-^- articles, wines,brandy, g^^^^^^^^ we import, among other kind ; from the Weft jS /urn f^. ' .'"I'* '""^ ^'^' S^^j^^ °^>very from the Eaft Indies teas fnic^ .k;^ ' coiJee, cotton, and fait ; and which articles a ea;;^e;pted^oXr^? 7l,-^^>' ^°"^^ ' ^" ^^ Weft Indies, to a vefy conr^atir^^^^^^^^^^ -^ the forn;;er!:t"f::egoinZU^ ^ T^^ ^^^^^ «^ the of which a confiderable^v^u! s no;v xpoLT^we';^ M "^'"^ ^^^•^^'^^' «t all or to a very fmall amoun . in thofe vTars' whil^ ff "°^,^-T"<^ confiderably fhort of the quant ty tH Sed The Tf. ^'"u'?= fafts mav h.- ut,r;h..r^A.^ .1? { • *^" expoitcd. The firft of thefe ?griculturranimanufaau;^^fi;rS^r'':i^r7^ '"''•^ ^" ^^"* hands is^ PENNSYLVANIA* hands employed i manufacturing thofe articles of raw materials, wh?cjk Were formerly fliippcd to Europe, and returned to us in a manufadured ftate. Of thcfe may l)e mentioned iron, leather, iiarleyy tobacco, and furs, which we now manufadure into nails and fteel, fiioes, boots, and iaddlery, porter and betr, fnufF and hats, in quantities more than futii- cicnt for our own confumption : a conliderablc quantity of thefe and other articles, formerly unported, are now manufa(!'tured by our own citizenp, and form . refpedabie part of our exports : among thefe may be enumerated, as the moil important, beef, pork, butter, cheefe, muf- tard, loaf fugar, chocolate, houfehold furniture, carriages, foap, candles^ hair powder, Itarch, paper, and paftehoard. Upon an examination of the exports, many valuable articles will be found not enumerated : this ari- fes from the fame caufe, which prevents afcertaining the amount of dry goods : namely, the impoflibility of knowing either tl>e value or con- tents of packages, which pay no duty or infpcftion ; confequently are only entered m a general way, without any attention to their contents'. Of goods under the latl defcription, the exportation ($ very great ; being articles particularly demanded by the fouthern Itates, feveral of which re- ceive tlicir principal fupplies of thefe articles from this city ; among them^ the chief are, fhoes, Iwots, hats, gloves, printed l>ooks,and other itation- ary, faddlery^ copper, tin and brafs wares, and (hip chandlery. "hi umher of njeffcls entered at the cuftom-hmfe ^ Philadelphia y in the yeari 1786 and 1787. Ships, Brigs, Sloops, Schooners, Snows, Cutters, 1786. 596 450 i6j 10 Total, 9*0 81 21% 380 "I 870 From the foregoing lift of articles exported from" the ftate, it is eafy fo fee that her manuladures and agriculture have been already advanced to a degree of improvement fu-perior to any of her lifter ftates.- The peo" pie called Qiiakers and the Gerra-ans baire contributed their full proportions towards this improvement.- * Since the introdue value or con- ; confequentiy are to their contents. ; very great ; being feveral of which re- city J among themy s,and other itation- chandlery. Iphia^ in the years 81 22& 380 - ■ z 870 'le ftate, it is eafy (1 already advanced ;r flares.- The peo- leir iiill proportion » g, machines,* fays a made fo as to under* iWe charges of iin- :d with this article purchafes have berrt miay by the citizenj ftion. riends of Americait otton and worltei impartial examina- icrmantown, in th* town PENNSYLVANIA. m tt7rh.lr!^H ry-'"''^'';' ?"'S''^*^'"' *"^ Reading, and they fiad tha the thread ftoclc.nfl;s made in Pennfylvania, and fold gencrallvaV? dollar per pair, are of the fame finenef/ with imported ftofkinlLlJ- are fold at b/4 and ^/6. They alfo find that mixed ftockings of th ead andcotton» madem Pcnnfylvania, are fold lower in Dronorrinn pared wuhlhofe of Great-Britain/ Befides this dlkren^X^^^^^^ . well known f^a^^ that three pair of Pennfylvania maTftock^r; "l I wear longer than four pair of thofe rmportei There are now ^ ^Ts about 2^0 (locking looms in the different parts of the city and ftate Lrh Ti J^ . T^" "'^ ? '"5'^^"'"» «"^ P^" ^-^^ « h^^^ of ftockings ever; dav rhefe, deducing Sundays, will amount to 117,17c uair>erJn„^' which, at 7/6 a pair, is f aaAi r • i »-^ Tk^ • ' V ^ V '! annum, »K» , J,.xi'*' rVL " ■*''4+?^ 5' ' 2k0. The mcreale of wool and flav ^m a...o„ .h.ead: will ^f^^^ ^^X^ t" To todiiy i„c.afi„g .i.„ o^„. ^^ai ThclSr^r: ;;:s"'hr/ ery, under the general impoft of five ofir cent «,Hi k» ♦ ""HO">ng tioh- cent, exclufive^of any p^fit toleTmCe «; r«ailt^ Sh'-'n T ^' doption of the conftitution tempt any,^eith« Ame cl;, o f '^ -^^ "" to pu(h manufaaures here, this^ra^h promift g^^^^^^^^^^ no doubt be among the firfl that will engage the r ftTention • ^'" As many as two thirds of the P.nnfylvfnians fubfiftT'airricultar. The artic es they raife have been enumerated in the M of exnrfrtl A gentlemen in the vicinity of Philadelphia, in the iarTS^^^^ A oneacre of carrots, which yielded him thi«y ^Llalfo an cre'of on™ kins, which produced the fame ouantifv u^ r^ u- P"^" Ml pio.gh/a„dp>a„t,Ms;u4'i:r£..S'„ r'ft^^d'rron* * With thefe carrots and pumokins onW h^ Z,r\ c , ^^ i^^^- beft beeves that are driv'i^^^'K^^ to PmITi r?^ ''"'"''""'••">' "^^^^^'^^Sufquehannah river h carried to Philadelphia m wagons drawn by horfes excenr J..; • u t down the rivers in boa^ The produce^ o? th 'coS of YoTk r"^'^' berland and Franklin, which is principally whea" is .enera . c. "> k^^ofcaHleareriifcihet. «-itf very litdecxpenctr ^' ^' mer S a mile^and an tw^?"^ °'. °"1'' °^^ vety conHderab Ic to tilZr^ ,?-^^^^^ half or two. miles above this place, finks i^ *^ * In j. ii^ PENNSYLVANIA. In the northern parts of Pcnnfylvania tli.re is a creek called Oil creel! and it is cncompaffed with an cnttcnchmest. Ytova appcarant«s it * Amtr, PhihTrMj, Vol, IL P. '7?' A. called Oil cneii a fpring, on thtf badocs tar ; and ay. 'J he troops dlcfted fome of I great relief from 3. The waters, [)s or caves in this in the townlhip 1 Lancafter coun- ifcriptions. Th-s iles above its con- I, and defcends fo an the bottom of rock, perhaps 29 em very high and the roof, and h\h trify as they fall, IS fupports to the each fix inches in lace they enclofed rone ever exhibit- )lances of feveril fides of the cave, ifpended from the 3rojeftcdin anuA- hen ftruck, which dy, and others r6- 1 by the country e roof, fo muih ;livity, and is both )les in the bottom an abyfs belo-/, At the end of th« f'8'itfelf among the by a very narrow fs outwards with a lit, the fAioak of a sending, to be cen :e volatile parts t« ith the exterior air .* 1 Pcnnfylvaiia, y« \e form of it is cir. •"rom appewanees it it PENNSVLYA^IAr 33f J$ c»n]eflured that pits were funk in a number of places, and lightly rovercd over, fo as to decoy the alfailants in cafe of an attack, and defeat their atfrmpts in ftorming the works. The entrenchment only remain; ; hut it api ears to have been formerly llockaded. The Indians are entirely ignorant of the origin ofthcfe works, but fuppofe they were ercded by the Spanifh Indians The hjll is an excellent itation for a fort, and com- mands a delightful view of the country around it, which is low and fer- tile. 'I'here is a fortification, of a limilar kind, at Unadilla, in the flat lands. Cofi/iitutiott.'] By tl)e prefent eonftitujionof Pcnnfylvania, which w^s icllabiilhcd in September, 1776, all Icgillative powers are lodged in a jjnglc body of men, which is llilcd * The general afTembly of reprcfen- tatives of the freemen of Pcnnfylvania.' f he qualification required to render a perfon eligible to this affcmbly is, two years refidcnce in the city or county for which he is chofen ; no member of the boufe can hold any other oflioe, except in the militia. The qualifications of jhe eleftors, are, full age, and one years re'tdence Jnthellate, widi payment of* public taxes durmg that time, liut the funs of freeholders arc intitlcd to voce for reprekntatives, without any qualification, except full age. ^io man can be «le«ikd as a meipber of the affembjy more than /enr years inyi'-z'^'ar. The reprefentatives are chofen annually on the fecond Tuefday in Oc- tober, and they nacet on the fourth Monday of the fame month. A quorum of the houfe confiifs of two thi7ds of the whole number of mem- bers eleded ; and the members, bef >re they take their feats, are obliged to take an oath or afijrmation of fidelity to the ftate ; and alfo fubfcribe a declaration or tell, acknowleging their belief in one God and the in- fpiration of {hefcriptures of the Old and New Teftament. The houfe clmfe their own fpeaker, who, in the tranfa(ffion of bufinefs, never leaves the chair. A journal of the proceedings of the allcmbly is publiihed re- gularly, and any member may infert the reafons of his vote upon the iniiHites of the houfe. To prevent haity determinations on matters of importance, all bills of a public iiature are printed before the laft read- ing, and, except in c»ife8 of necefiiiy, are not pafled into laws before the r^ext fcliian. ihe power of impeachment is vetted in the general aifem- bly. The fupreme executive power is lodged in a prefident, and a council coniiiting of a member tVom each county. The prefident is cleftcd an- nually by the joint ballot of the afTembly and council, and from the members of council. A vice prefident is chofen at the fame time. The counfellors are chofen by the freemen, every third year, and hav- ing ferved three years, they are ineligible for the four fucceeding years. The appoiwtincnts of one third only of the members expire every year, by vvhioh rotation no more than one third can be new members.' Acoun- ftlior is, by his office, ajuftice of the peace for the whoie itate. 'ihe prefident and council form ^ court for the trial of impeachments. The council meet at the fame time and pi c with the general alTem- biy. The 34* PENNSYLVANIA. n i'j I 1 J L I 1 1 Thf prcfidrnt aad council apj>oint and comntiinion jijdgp' of courts, naval nfficcr*, judge of the admiralty.attorney general and other ofiia-rs, tht; appointmeiu ot whom is not exprefsjy vclted in the people or general alTembJy. But the freemen chufc the jufticcs of peace, the colonels of militia, and the inferior military officers, and make a return of the •^. fomelet^td/ to the preCdent and council, who are impowcred to m milfion them. The juliiccs of {x^ace hold their commillioiu for 1' m years, rciuuvwaM- however for mifcoHduft by the general aflcmbly, . judice, while in ofllcr, cannot be a reprefentative in adembly, nor takw any fees but iucli ;^s fhall be allowed by the legiflaturc. The juilges of the fupreinc court hold their office for fcvcn years i at the end or th.it term, may !)e re-appointed. They have a fixed fali^ry, and are nut permitted to take any fees or perquifues, or to hold any other ofKce, civil or military. Courts of common pleas, fcifions and orphans coutts arc held quarter-^ ly in each city and county. The fupreme court, and courts of common pleas have the powers of chancery courts, fo far as is ncceffary for the perpetuating of teftimony, oLtaining evidence from places out of the ftate, and the care of the p^r- funs and eitatcs of thoie who are no/t compotes mentis. Sheriffs and; coroners are chnfcu annually by the freemen; but they can ferve but three fiicceflive . cars, at the end of which they are ineli- gible during four years. A regillcr's office for the probate of wills, and granting letters ofad- minillration ; and an office .f r the recording of deeds are kept in each city and county : The officers are appoiitedby the general aflembly, removcable at their pleafure, and commiiHoncd by the prefidcnt and council. The conftitution of this ftate ordains, th t the legiflature fhall regulate entails in fuch a manner as to prevent perpetuities. Any foiei»jner of^a good chararter may purchafe and hold lands and other property, having firft taken the oaih of allegiance ; and a years t«- fidence entitles him to the privileges ( f y natural born fubjed^ ; except that of beinjj eligible to a feat in the bgiilature. -A Council of Ctiiforst compofed of two mcrohers from each county, chofcn by the freemen, on the fecond Tuef^ay of Oftobcr every feventh year, is inflituted for the purpofe of enqairii^g .^'iiether the conftitution has been prcfervtd inviolate — wh'^ther the different branches of govern- ment have performed their duty as guardians of the people-.— whether the public taxes have beenjuftly laid an ! coHeftfd, -^d in what manner the monies have beendifpofed of — andalfo whether the laws have bt en duly executed. For tliefe purpofes, they have power to fend for penons, pa- pers and records — to pafs public ccnfu res, order impenchmenrs, and to recommend to the legiflature the repeal of laws which they deem uncoii- ftitutional. T hey have power alfo to order a convention for the purpofe ofauKtnditi^ ihc COoOitUtioU; pubiifjiing the nrtleics propofed to be a- mended fix months before the eledion of the delegates. The fe powers continue in the coujicil of cenfors for one year. The people of Pcnnfylvania have different political fentiments accord- ing to their progrefs in induftry and civilized life. The tuit clals of fet- tiers .1 A. judges of court!, and other ofiiUTs, people or generai , the colonels or rturn of the f . jowcred to vom- iiiifioiis for f' Tn ral aflcmbly, '» Tembly, nor taly, ' feven years t ' avea fixed falitry, to hold any other arc held quarter* ave the powers of ing of telHmony, e care of tlic p making the firft advaa-' cc- in the un{ettled country, arc attached to the prefent fiir.plc and vifioa- ary franne of government. The fccond fcttlcrs are divided in theiir pinions refpeiting it. But 99001 of an hundred of the third fettlen, jr real farnaers. areoppofed to it, and wilh for a fafe, ftable, and com- pound form of government. As the firft fpecies of fettlers arc more idle and bold tlian tlie laft, who, though the moft numerous, arc quiet, ihcj have forced them to fubmit to it. Among other ufeful laws of this ftate, of a public nature, are, one that declares all rivers and creeks to be high-ways— a law for theemanci* paiion of negroes, already mentioned— a bankrupt Inw, nearly on the model of the bankrupt laws of England— a law commuting hard labour for a long term of years, for death, as a puniHiment for many critKSi which arc made capital by the laws of England. Murder, arfon, and one or two other crimes, arc yet punifhed with death-, -A bill wab beforo the'cgiflature laltyear. {i'jii{} the purport of which was to enable foreign- ers, (rcmaiuingiu their native allegiance) to hold lands in Pennfyl/ania, M Inch is not the cafe in Great Britain, nor in any other of the United btateii. New iMWMtiont.] Thefe have been numerous and ufeful. Among others are the following ; A new model of the planetary worlds, byM* R.ctcnhoiife, cornaionly, but improperly called an orerry— a quadrant, byMr. Godfr«>',CiUlcd by the plagiary name of Hadlcy's quadrant— a (Icam-boat, fo conftruaed, as that by th? afliitince of fteam, operat- ing on certain machinery within the boat, it moves with confiderable rapidity againlt the (Iream, without the aid of hands. Meif's. Ficch and Rumfay, contend with each otherT for the honour of this invention— a new printing-prefs, lately invented and conlhudied in Philadelphia, worked by oneperfon ?lonc, who performs three foiu ths as m-ich work in a day, as two perfons at a common prefs. Belides thele there havi bcRn inventcu many raanufaaurin^ machines, for carding, fninning, winnow- ing, &c. wiiich perform an inimonfe deal of work with very iittl? manu- al affiftapce. Hijiory.] Pennfylvania was granted by king Charles IT. to Mr. Wil- liam Penn/on ot the famous admiral Penn, in cdnfideration of his fath-r'a fervices to the crowa.* Mr. Penn's petition for the grant was prcfemed to the king in 16R0; and after conilderable delays, occafioned oy Lord Balumore's agent, who apprehended it might interfere with the Mary- land pat/Mit, thecharfer^^-Pennfyi'ania received the royal fignatureon the ,j.th of March i68r. To fecure his title againlt a!I claims ancf pr-- vent future altercation, Mr. Penn procured a quit-claim deed frcin the duke of York, of sH the lands, covered by his own patent, 10 which the duke couid have the leaft pretenfions. 7 his deed bears date, Auguft 2 1 , J682. On the 24th oC the fame month, he obtained from the duli, by deed of feoffment, NewcaiUe, with twelve raiks of the adjacent territory.. and • A !arge debt ^ivas due from the crtyvm to Mr. Penny a fart of nvhich he •fferedto remit, on condition he obtained his grant. This, nvhatever benevo. lent motiruft are held out to the 'world ^ muji have been a princtpal copfideriUi^ 'With the king in making the grant. t s*» fENNSYliVANIA. "t i ^ 1 ^i 1 and the lands fouth to the Moarklll^ In December following, Mr. Ve^% cffefted a union of the lower counties with the province of Pcnnfylvania.+ Thcfirlt frame of government for Pcnnfylvania, is dated in \68z. By this form, all Jegifjatiyc povycrs were veiled in the governor and freemen ot the province, in the form of a p.ovi'H-ial council, and a general Hii'em- bly. Tlie council w^stoconilil of feveiuy-two members, chofcii by the freemen ; of u'hich the gov.Cfiior pr his deputy war. to be perpetual presi- dent, with a treble vote. One third of this council went out of office fcvery year, and their feats were fupniied bv new elcdions. The general ailbmbly wasju lirit to coulilt of all the freemen— after- wards of two hundred, and never to exceed five hundred. In 16S5, Mr. i^enn oflcrcd another frau;c of ;;overnment, in which the number of rcprc/entatives was reduced, and the governor ve.lled with ? »<'^fl//i;<' upon all billv, palled in affcmbly. By fceral fpecious argu. inents, thei}cople were }>erfuaded to accept this frame of govcrnnieiit, Not long after, a difpute between Mr. Penn and Lord Baltimore re- quired the former to go to England, andjie committed the adminillra. non of government to five commiffioncrs, taken fron the council. In 1686, Mr. Penn required the comminion ers tc. diflolve the frame of go- vernment ; but not being able toeiied his purpofe, he, \i\ 1688, appoint- ed Capt. J(ihn Blackwell his deputy. From this period, the proprietor! lufually reiidtfd in England, and adminiucrcd the governmenc by deputies, who were devoted to their interert. Jealoufies arofe between the people and their govenpis, whJch never ceafed ti'l the late revolution. The primary caufeof thefe jealouiies, was an attempt of the proprietary to ex. tend his own power, and abridge that of the aflembly ; and the confe- quence w^is, mceflant difputes and dilfenfions in the legiflaturc. In 1689, governor Blackwell, finding himfelf oppofed in his views, hadreoourfe to artifice, a«d pre\ ailed on certain members of the council to withdraw themfelves from thchoufe; thus defeating the meafurei. of the kgillature.:}: The houfe voted this to be treachery, and addreM the governor on the occafion. In 1693, the king and queen aflumed the government into their owi? hands. Col. Fletcher was appointed governor of New York and Pcnn- iylvania by one and the fame commiilion, with equal powers in both provinces. By this rommiflion, the number of counfellors in Pennfyl- vrnia was reduced. Under the adminiftration of governor Markham ifi 1696, a new form of government was eftablilhed in Pennfylvania. The eledion pf the council and affemUly now became annual, and the legillaiure, with their powers and Kirms of proceeding, was new modelled. In 1609, the proprietary arrived from England and alTumed the reini of government. While he remained in Pennfylvania, the lafl chrjrt,'> of irrw?V??a or frame of government, which continued till the revolution, •'^ was + Sfe Franklin's hiffoncal rey, as it was then «;alled, or the lower counties.rcfufed to accept this charter, and thu» fcparated thena- felves from the province of Pcnnfylvanla. They afterwards* had theft owh affembly, in which the governor of Pcnnfylvania ufed to P re fide: In September 1700. the Sufquehannah Indians granted to Mr. Penn all their lands on both fides the river. The Sufquehanhah. Shavvanefc and Patoraak Indians, however, entered into articles of agreement with Mr. Penn, by which, on certain conditions of peaceable and friendly be- haviour, they were permitted to fettle about the head of Patomak, m th6 r; , a corf* firmation of the grants made by forncr Indians, of all the lat^ds from Duck creek, to the mountains, ao-'Hrom the Delaware to the Sufciuehan- nah In this deed, the Sachems declared that thy hadfeen and heard read. di-vers prisr deeds ^bich had been given to Mr. '^^«^. fj/f f • ' t'f' While Mr. Penn was in America, heereftcd Philadelphia inf/^. a cor- poration. The charter was dated Oaober 25, 1701 j by which tfte police cfthechy was veiled in a mayor, recorder, aldermen and common touncil, with power to enquire into treafons. murders and other felonies; and to enquire into and punifh fmaller crimes. The corporation had fllfo extcnfive civil jurifdiaion ; but it was difTolved at the late revolu- tion, and Philadelphia is governed like other counties in theltate. By the favourable terms which Mr. Penn offered tofettlers, and ftn tm- limited toleration of all religious denominations,the population of the pro- yince was extremely rapid. Kotwithftanding the attempts of the prophe- tary or his governors to extend his own power, and accumu ate property by procuring grants from tfce people, and exempting nis lands from taxa- tion, the government was generally mild, and the burdens of the people by no means opprefTive. The felfifh defigns of the F^r'^taries were vigorouflyandconftantly oppoled by the affembly, whofe firtnnefe pfc iervedth.: charter rights of the province. -. At the revolution, the government was ahohflied. The proprietariM were abfent. and the people by their reprefcntatives formed a new con- ftitution ori republican principles. 'I'he prounetariCs were excluded fromallfhareinthe government, and the legirttftutt bfFcred them on« hundred and thirty thoufand pounds in lieu of all quit rents, which was f.nally accepted. ' l^he proprietaries however ftiU pofTefs in icnniyl- vania many large trads of excellent land. ^ • ,- • »„.,^ Ir is to be regretted that among all the able writers ,n this important ftate, none has yet gratified the public with its intereflmg h:Itor^ As therefore hiftory ir, hot profeffedly the province of a geographer, a more particular detail of hirtorical f^ifts.thun has already been given, will not be expeftcd. We fhall therefore conclude the hiftory oi Pencfyivaaia with the following lifl of governors. ^ j^ .„ m f E N N.S.V L V A N 1 A. j^li illii A Lift of the federal Proprietors, Governors, Li eutenawt-Oo* TKRNORs, and Presidents of the Prnvinctt with the timci of thcif refpcftire Adminttrations. Proprietors. Tht IkntraUe WilJiam Penn* born 1 644, died 1718* John Fcnn, died 1746. ' Thomas Penn, Richard Penn, died 1771, John Pcnn, Governors, ^r. William Penn, Propruttr, from Oft. ifigj, to Aug. i^Si. r , '^ ' r i""" D? ^'"^1? ^ ^"?- ' ^^4. to Dec. ; 688. Lt. Gwermr.lolm Blackwell, Dec. 1688. to Feb. i68o.qo. Prrfideat and Council governed, Feb. 1 689-90 to April 26, 1 69 j, Gonjernar, Benjamin Fletchcf, 26 April 1 693, to 3 June 1 60^ Lt. Governor, William Markham 3 Jime 1693, to Dec. 1600. GwerHor, William Penn, Proprietor, 3 Dec. 1699 to 1 Nov. noi. dyverfOft Prtfident, Lt. CoverfAr. Andrew Hamilton^ ,Prefident and Council, governed Lt, Governtrsi John Evans> Charles Gookii1» ; Sir William Keith, Sari* Patrick Gordon* George Thomas, rreJ!JtkU Anthony Palmer, Xj.Gtvertnrt, James Hamilton, Robert Hunter Moirls William Denny, James Hamilton, John Penn, Trejident, James Hamilton, Lt, Governor i Richard Pcnn, Sn/rnurt, Thomas Wharton, Jofeph Reed, William Moore, John Dickinfon, Benjamin Frankliw, Thomai Mifflin, I Nov. 1701, to Feb, 1702-3. Feb. 1702-3 to Feb* 1703-4, Feb. 1703-4, to Feb. 1708-9. 1717. 1726. 1736. 1748. March 1708-9, to 1717 to June June J 7 26 to 1738 to 1747 to 1748 ■ to Oft. Oft. 175410 19 Aug. t756t 19 Aug. 1756 to 17 Nov. 1759, t^ Nov. 1759 to 31 Oft. 1763. 31 Oft. 1763, to 6 May 1771, 6 May 1771, to i60ft. 1771. 16 Oft. 1771. March 1777, to April 1778. Oft. 1 778, to Oft. 1781. Nov. 1781, to Nov. 1782. Nov. 1783, to Oft. 178 y. Oft. 1785, to Oft. 178S. Oft. i788» »£L/iWARB. EUTENAIfr-Co« the timet o5 thde ti, to Aug. t584, 14, to Dec. ;688. to Feb. 1689-90. 1 April 26, 1695, J, to 3 June i693» J3, to Dec* 1699, ) toi Nov. 17014 » to Feb, I70Z-3. 3toFebi 1703-4, , to Feb. i 708-9. I. to I7iy» to June 17264 to 1736. to to to Oa. o 19 Aug. 1756, to f] Nov. 1759, to 31 Oa. 176*. , to 6 May 1771, , toi60a»i77i. IV' 7, to April 1778. 8,toOa. i78r. I, to Nov* 1782, 3, to oa. 178 J, f, toOa. 178S. '88. t748. *754' aWARB, I* Ill 9 ti t L A W A k ti 4 i T V A 1 1 o N and s 3£ t e n t. Miles. a 38° 30' and 40'' North tititudci o"* and i«> 45' Weft Longitude. Boundarus.] "R <^.V ^ ^ ^ D north by the fwritorial line^; w^ichifi. ■*-' vidts It from rennfylvamaj «rlt, by Delaware river and Bay ; foutb, by a diie ealt and welt line, from Cape Henlopen» in lat. 38" 30' to the middle of the periinfula, which line divide* i\e itate from Worcefter county in Maryland; weft, by Maryland, f^om which It IS divided by a line drawrt fronf the wtltern t^fmihation or" the fouth- ern boundary line, northwards up the faid peninfula, till it toiich or form » tangent to the wcftern part of the periphery of the above mentiontd territorial circle : containing about 1400 fquare mile?. Climate,] In many parts unhealthy. The land is generally lov^ and fl^it. which occafions the waters to ftagriate, and the c6nfequencc ia the inhabitants are fubjeft to intcrmittents. Civil Di-vifms,] The Delaware ftate is divided ihto three counties. Coaniies. Chief Towns. Newcaftlc; Wilmington and Newcaftle, Kent, Dover; «.^ -. 'r.^\ ^. . Milford and Levviftown. Rn'ersq Choptank, Nafnticbk arid Pocomoke, all .lave their ibur- ees in this ffate, and are navigable fjr voTels of 50 or 60 tons, 20 or 30 miles into the country. They all run a weltw..raiy courfc into Chcfa- Dcek Bay. The eaftern fide of the ftate, along Delaware bay and river is Midented with a great number of fmall cretk , but none conliderabic enough to merit a defcription. Soil and Produ^hm,] The fouth part of the ^afe is a low flat coun- try, and a confiderablc porron of it liec in foreit. Whaf ii under culti-. vation IS chiefly barren, except in Indian corn, o which it produces f s- crops. In fome places ryr and flax may. aifed, but wheat is a fol feigner in thefe parts. Where nature h ;»»cient in one rcfource, (he is generally bountiful in another. Fhis i.^ '.erified in the tall, thick forcfts ot pines which are manufaftured into boards, and exported in larec quantities into every fea-port in the tbrer ,"..joinir»g ftates— Ai you pro- ceed north the foil is raoie fertile and produces wheat in large quantises which IS the ftaple commodity of the ..■' M\ money bills mufl originate in the houfe of alTembly, but they may be :ilrered, amended or rejected by the Jegillative council.* ■ A prefidcnt or chief magiftrate is chofen by th& joint ballot of both houfes and continues in ofHce three years; at the expiration of which p(«nod, he IS ineligible the three fucceedlng years. If his office becomes uic:;nt daring the recefs of the legi/lature, or he is unable to attend to bufinefs, the fpeakcr of the legiflative council is vicc-prefident for the time; and m /.,> abfcnce, the pQwers of the prefident devolve upon the fpenker oftbfc afiembly. '^ Aprivv counciJ. c'onfifting: of four members two from each houfe. chofen by ballot, isconftuuted to aflia tlic chief magiftrate in theadmi- nilfranon of the government. The three jurtices of the fupreme court, a judge of admiralty, and four rilhces of the common pleas and orphans courts are appointed bv the joint b;dlot of the prefident and general .lOcmbly, and commiffioned bir tho prefidcnt— to hold their offices during good behaviour. The pre- fidcnt and privy council appoint the fecretarv, the attorney general re-. jjifters for the probate of wills, regifters in chancery, clerks of the com- aaoni "^ The fir/} part of thh chnfe U found in fcjeral nf th? American cotijlittt- m'n,auJJcnmtohave beai/erviMy copuj fvm the pmaic, ofori^watw^ mwey bu,i ,n the Britij/j h„f, of common: In Gnat Britah, 'this is deemed apr,~-o,tcge, andy,'t it is difficult to df cover the privilege, nvhih ihe houfe of copmom have a negative upon all bills nuhnte^'ir. But in America, cohere tl^e property ofho'h koufes is taxed alike, and the mm nvho compofe them are <" d'lfercnt lej/ms, cha,^gedfrom one hvufe to the other, there feems to be net made of Henry river Delaware ; e which has fined refpe^ablc mcr- ; over, furnilhed t, and landed at quitted the coun- t a fort atLewif- the Swedes built n or Chrirtiana. wards demojifhed jher up the river, ttenburgh ; they P 5 ^ A W A R B. 1^ t\{o, aboot the fame time built forts at Chefter, Elfmburgh, and other places. John Printz ihtn governed the Swedes, who, in 1654, deputed his fon-in-law, John Papgoia, and retuined to Sweden. Papgoia foon followed his father in-law to |iis native country, and John Ryfmg fuc- ceeded to the government. ' In 1655, the Dutch, under thecomnoand of Peter Stuyvefant, arrived iu Delaware river, from New Amfterdam (now New York) in fevea vefll'ls, with 6 or 700 men. They difpoffeffed the Swedes of their forta on th« river, and carried the officers and prii^cipal inhabitants prifoncr* JO New Amfterdam, and from thence to-Holland. ' 7'he comrnon peo- ple fubmitted to the conquerors and.remained in the country. On the firft of Oftober, 1^6^, Sir Robert Carr obtained the fubmtf- fion^of the Swedes on Delaware river. Four years after. Col. Nidolls, governor of New York, with his council, on the 21 It of April, appoint- ed i/cout and five other perfons, to affiil Capt. Carr in the government of the country. In 1672, the town of Ncwcrflle was incorporated by the government of New York, to be governed by a bailiff and fix affiiUnts; after the ^rft year, ^hefouroldett were to leave their office and four others to be chofen. The bailiff was prefidcnt, with a double vote; the conftablc was cbofen by the bsnch. They had power to try caufes not exceeding /. 10, without appeal. The office of/cout was converted into that of nicriff, who had jurifdiftion in the corporation and along the river, and was annually chofen. They were to have a free trade, without being 0- bliged to make entry at t^ew York, as had formerly been the prac- tice. , ■ . , , , ^ r Wampum was, at this time, the principal currency of the country. Go- vernor Lovelace of New York, by proclamation, ordered that four white grains and three black ones, fiioulci pafs for the value of 1 ftiver or pen- ny. This proclamation was publifhcd at Albany, Efopus, Delaware^ Long Ifland, and the parts adjacent. In 1674, Charles it. by a fecond patent, dated June iQfh, granted to his brother, duke of yprk, all that country called by the Dutch Ntrw NiiherlanJt of which the three counties of Newcaftle, Kent and Suffer were apart. In 1683, the duke of York, by deed, dated Auguft 24th, fold to Wil- liam Penn the town of Newcaftle, with the diftri(5t of 12 miles rotmd the fame ; and by another deed, of the fame date, granted to him the re- mainder of the territory, which, till the revolution, was called the Three Lo'wer Counties, and has fince been called the Delsnvare State. Till 1776, thefe three counties were confidcred as a part of Tuunfylvania in matters of government. 'I he fame governor prefided over both, but the alfem- bly and courts of judicature werediiieit ut : difFeicut as to their contti- tuent members, but in form nearly tlic fame. MARYLAND. ea; i HI I I. MVWI "trvaaonmia ■y—^is^ M A R AND. SITUATION and e x t e w t. Miles. iLength 134 Breadth 1 10 ► Between < 370 56 and 3g" 44' North LatitiiJe. o'^ and 4" i^' Well J^ongitude. ^oufidariesA T^ ^ ^ ^^ D E D north, by Pennfylvania; caft, hv tic -' X-l JX'lawaro ^tatc ; foutheaft and f<)uth, hv the Ailantic Ocean, and a line drawn Ironj the ocean over the peninfuia (dividiiuMt from Accomac county in Virginia) to the mouth of Patomak rivq-; thence up the Patomak to its hrlt fountain ; tlicncfe by a due north line till It interfefts the louthcrn boundary of Pcnnlylvanii. in lat. ^o" 4^^ IS , lo that It has Virginia on the fouth, A.uihwclt, and vveU. It cou- tains about 14,000 Ajuare miles, of which about one-fixth is water. Civil Di-jijions.] Maryland is divided into i 8 counties, 10 of whith are on thcweltern, and 8 on the eaitern lliore of Chefapeck Bay. Tiiek. with iheir population in 1 782, ar*: as follows : 1 u 1 Ji ^ OnVO •«■< 0^ fl CS <^-< t4H nj N ON ■<<- ►h uo v)? •» w s Si ~ « • " . •^ £ .':i 1^ f^VC rrj ^» f/. SS w . J3 a N »-•«■■-« >-- ae Coanties. E S r^ 1 U <^ a --3 4*rf (4-1 »-. ■-• y. 4-M 52 St 4; 1! bo'-M St. Mary's, "73 8'4?9 + Somerfet, 15:98 7.7«7l '^2 ^- Calvert, 894 4,012; §-g ™ iJ Montgomery, 2160 10,01 1 ^^ «s ^ s H ^ Wafhington, 2579 1 1,483 Z^< 00 E J2 ^ c4<-g + Queen Ann's, 1742 l^l^l 2-= + Caroline, + Kent, '293 '394 6,230 6,165 Charles, 2115 9,804 t*J —J = i + Talbot, 1478 6,744 c ^ = + Dorchcfler, Baltimore, 1828 8,9^7 i7.«7« n 00 « .^ U '^ « Ann Arundel, 2229 9.37'^ ^^ age Males • Femal , Males /Fema] + Worceller, Harford, 733 1243 8,561 9.377 2; + Coetil, Frederick, 2000 37«5 7^749 20,495 bO-O n3 -a t;t3 ■ Prince George's. 2259 9.864 2 1 1 Total • 35,2681170.6881 1 N. B. Thofe counties marked ^ + ) are on the eaft, the reft are on the welt lide ot the Chefapeek Bay. Each WARYt^Na 5f« N D. >rth Latitude, ngitude. Ilia; caft, by t^c 1, by the Atlantic nfula (ilivitliiig it f Patomak riven / a due north line .1, in Jat. 39" ^j nd vvclh It coii- xth is water, ities, lo of uhith ^ck Bay. Thek, 0^^ -T^ 0^ ( ii ON T^ »h wo vj ) «^ p, OC M t •^ •*<%.* « ft f^vC '^ N f o ►•»•'-' ►•- a r^ 'l •» £ i> ? ' b<)'-4-i "> o iJ CO "*-•"*-• " ire ^ ^ "«*•-. ^ « «^ U ™ « jj „ »— to — . I»^i-Si X£S:Z o o o o n3-a "^TJ le reft are on the Each Kachpfthe counties fends four Reprcfcntatives to the Houfe ofDc- logutos, belides whid. the city of Ann..L)oli>,and town of lialiiinorc fend each two, making in the whcie 76 nieniberii. C/imau.] Generally mild and ai;rceal)le. fuited to agricultural pro- ductions and a great variety of fruit trees. In the intet ^.r hillv countrr the inhabitants are healthy ; but in the flat country, in the nciKhbour- Ijocd o the marlbcs and iK'ignant waters, they are. as in the other iouthcrrt itates, lubjca tointehnittcnts. Baysa,^dfi,ve,s.\ Ck'fapeek Bay, as we have already hinted, di- vides this Itate into the ealk-rn and wcllern divifions. 'Ih.is liay. whieU i.stl^;largclkm the United States, was particularly dcfcribed. pa^e 47. It affords feveralgood filhcries; and. in a tomrnercial view. Ts Sf im, incide advantage to the Hate. It receives a numbt^r of tire lai -ell rivcr» ».n the United Mates. From the e.ltern fhore in Marylaiui, amnnj; other Imaller ones, it receives Pokomokc, Choptnnk, l.;h.-lh.T and Kik rivers^ Jrom the north the ramd .Sufquchannah ; and from the wcH, h.taofco bevcrn, latuxent and Patomak. half of wlmh is in Maryland, a.ul (,;df in Virginia. Kxcept the Suf(|uehannah and Pato.nak, thefe are fniaJi ri - ycrs. 1 atapfco river is but about ,^0 or 40 yards wide at the feirv. iulfc ktoreit empties into the bafon upon which lialtimore ihincis. Its fourco ism York county, in Pcnnfylvania. Its ccuirle fouihwaidly, till it reaches Wkridge landing, about H miles wellwavd of Hahii.iorc': it il.ci turnseallward, in a broad bay-like (trcMm, by Baltimore, which it Jeavci on the north, and partes into the Chefapcek. . The entrance i„to Baltimore harbour, about a mile below VcU'y, Point. is h;m ly plltol-ihot acrofs, and of courfe imy be caf.ly defended aitaimt naval force. ' *> * Severn is a fiiort, inconfidera!)Ie river paffing bv Anmpolis wiiich it leaves to theiouth, emptying, by a broad mouth, into the Uiefapcck rati.xent is a larger river than the Patapfco. It rifts in Ann Arun- del county, and runs fouthealtwardly, and then eaft into the bay, 1 r or 20 mdes north of the mouth of Patomak. 'I'herc are fcveral fmall ri- vers, Inch as Wighcocomico, Eaflcrn Branch, Monocafy and Coneiro. ccague, which empty into Patomak river from the Maryland fide I'mr of the Country, Soil and Prodndwns. \ Kaft of the blue ridjre of mountains, which Itretches acrofs the wedern part of this flatr, the land like; that m all the fouthern ftates, is generally level and free of ftoncs- and appears to have been made much in the fame way ; ofc ourfc th' foil ninll he fimflar, and the natural growth not noticeably different 1 he foil of the good land in Marylaml. iHc^ffuch a nature and quality at to produce from i 2 to 1 6 bufhcls of wheat, or from 20 to 30 bufhcis of Indian corn per acre. Ten bufhels of wheat, and 1 5 bufhels of cora per acre, may be the annual average crops in the Ihite at large. Wheat and tobacco are the ftaple commodities of Maryland. Tohac- f"'^K^f "i'y coltivated by negroes, in frtts in rhc following manner - i he feed is Iciwed in beds of fine mould, and tranfplanted the beeinninr ot May 7 he plants are fct at the diltance of 3 or 4 feet from each * tlicr, and are hilled and kept continuallv free of weeds. When as marjy i^aves nave fnoi out as iiic ioii will nourift? to advantage, the top of th^ plant $Si kAkiiAtdbi. i III i ii" i i ^ ■ i tolant is broken of, which prevents its growing higher. It It careftll^ kept clear of worms, and the fuckers, which |)ut out between the leavcij are taken off at pro|)cr times, till the plant arrives at perfedion, which is In Auguft. When the leaves turn of a hrownilh colour, and begin to be ipotted, the plant is cut down and hanged op to dry, after having fweat- W in heaps one night. When it can be handled without crumbling, #hich is always irt moift ttreather; the leaves arc ftripped from the ftalk^ tnd tied in bundles, and packed for exportation in hogflieads contain- Jng 8 or 900 pounds: No fuckers rtor ground leaves are allowed :o be merchantable. An induftrious perfon may manage 6ooc> plants of to- bacco, (which yield a 1000 lb.) and four acres of Indian corn. In the interior country, on the uplands, confiderable quantities of hemp and flax are raifcd. As long ago as 1 75 1 , in the month of Odober, no lefs than 60 waggons, loaded with flax fecdi came down to Baltimdr* from the back country. Among other kinds of timber is the osrk of fefrerail kinds, which is of i ftrait grain and eafily rives into ftaves, for exportation. The black wal- ftut is in demand for cabinets, tables, and other furniture. The apples 6f this ftate are large, but mealy ; their peaches plenty and good. From thefe the inhabitants diltill cyder brandy and peach brandy. The forefts abound with nuts of varioun kinds which are colleftivcljr •ailed A/*/?. On this Maft vaft humbei^s of fwine are fed, which run wild in the vi^oodsJ Thefe fwine, when fatted, are caught; killed, bar- relled and exported in grcit quantities. Douglafs;fays, that ' in the year 1733, which was a good majiing ye*r, one gentleman, i planter and merchant, in Virginia, falted up 3ao» barrels of pork.' * Population and CharUdler.'] The population of this ftate is exhibitcel in the foregoing table. By that it appears that the number of inhabi- tants irt the (late, including the negroes, is 254,050; which is i8 ioi tvcry fquare mile. The inhabitants, except in the populous towns, live on their plantations, often feveral miles diftant from each other. To an inhabitant of the middle, and efpeciafly of the ealtern ftates, which ar^ thickly populated, they appear to live very retired and unfocial lives. The efFefts of this comparative foHtude are vilible in the cduntenanccs, IS well as in the mjiriners and drefs of the country people. Y06 obferv* very little of that chearfol fprightlinefs of look and aftion which is the invariable and genuine offspring of focial infercourfe. Nor do you find that attention paid to drefs, which is common, and which decency and prcC priety have rendered neceffary, among people who are liable t6 receive company almoft every day; Unaccuftomed, in a great' racafure, to thefe ireciuent and friendly vifits, they often fuffer a negligence in their drefi which borders on ftovenlinefs. There is apparently a difconfolate wiid- Ticfs in their countenance.:, and arr indolence and inactivity in their whok behaviour, which are evidently the effects offolitirde and flavcry. M the negroes perform all the manual labour, their mafters are left to faan- ter away life in ffoth,. and too oftert in igniorance. Thefe obfervations/ however, muft in juftice be limited to the pfeople in the country, ahd to thofe particularly, whofe poverty or parfimorry prevcrrts tlierr fpending a part of their time in populous towns, or otherwife mingling with the "WOIiQ* AuH tnriin iiiCiC iiu«iiauOua Uicjf Wiii C(j[uaiiy appiy lO aii ui« foutheri) to; '. It If careltili^ twecn the Icavci; rfc^lion, which ii ', and begin to be 'ter having fwcat- ihout crumbling, d from the ftalk; )g(heads contain- are allowed to be 100 plants of tO" in corn. [Uantitiesofhcmp :h of Oftober, no wn to Baltimore indn, which is of , The black wal- jrc. The apples and good. From idy. h are colleftivcljr e fed, which run ight; killed, bar- that • in the year n; A planter and ftate IS exhibited! mber of inhabi- ', which is 1 8 fot ulo«s towns, live :h other. To an ftates, which ar^ d unfocial lives, he cduntenanccs, e. Yo6 obferv* Hon which is the Nor do you find decency and prcC liable t6 receive nicafure, to thcfe nee ir> their drefi ifconfolate wild- ly in their whok nd flavcry. M are left to faun* efe obfervations/ country, ahd to 8 flicrr fpending ingling with the apply lO ail tug foutheri) M A R t X ji >^ IX ifi fcuthern ftates. The inhabitants of the populous towns, and thofe froni the country who have intercourfe with thrm, are in their manners atttt cuftoms like the people of the other itates in like fituations. That pride which grows on flavery and is habitual to thofe who, froita their infancy, are taught to believe and to feel their fnperiority, is a visi- ble charaaerilUc of the inhabitants of Marytand. But with this charai- teriftic we muft not fail toconneft that of hofpitality to ftrangers, which is equally univcrfal am! obvious, and is, perhaps, in part the ofFsprihg of if. * The inhabitants are made up of various nations of m'ahy different »** Iigiousfentimentsj few general obfcrvations, therefore, of a chara(^erif- tical kind will apply. Chief To^m^^ ANNAPoiii's (city) is th V rv ■^ «>■ r^ ^^ i< A it t t A N D. pitable to ftrangers, and maintain a friendly and improving intercourft with each other ; but the bulk of the inhabitants, recently colleacd from almoft all quarters of the world— bent on the purfuit of wealth— varying in their habits, their manners and their religions, if they have any, are unfocial, unimproved and inhofpitable. Market ftreet is the principal ftreet in the town, and runs nearly eaft and weft, a mile in length, parallel with the water. This is croffed by feveral other ftreets leading from the water, a number of which, parti- cuiarly, Calvert, South and Gay ftreets, are well built. North and eaft of the town the land rifes, and affords a fineprofpeft of the town and bay, Belvidera, the feat of Col. Howard, exhibits one of the fineft hndfcapci in nature. The town— the point— the fliipping both in the bafon and at Fell's piM.*«:— the bay as far as the eye can reach— rifmg ground on the right art* left of the harbour — a grove of trees on the declivity at the right— a ftream of water breaking over the rocks at the foot of the hill on the left, all confpire to complete the beauty and grandeur of the profped. Fredericktown isa fine flourlHiing inland town, of upwards of goo houfes, built principally of brick and ftone, and moftly on one Broad ftreet. It is fituated in a fertile country, aboiT. four miles fouth of Catokton mountain, and is a place of confiderable trade. It has four places for public worfliip, one for Prefljyterians, two for Dutch Luther^ zns and Calvinifts and onefyr Baptifts j befides a public goal and a brick market houfe. Hagarstown is but little inferior to Fredericktown, and is fituated in the beautiful and well cultivated valley of Conegocheague, andcajriei on a confiderable trade with the weftern country. HKADOFELKisfituatedneartheheadofChefapeekbay.onafmallriver ■which bears the name of the town. Itenjoys great advantages from the carrying trade between Baltimore and Philadelphia. 1 he tides ebb and flow to this town. Mi/res and Mamfaaures,'] Mines of iron ore, of a fuperior quality, are found in many parts of the ftate. Furnaces for running this ore in- to pigs and hallow ware, and forges to refine pig iron into bars, have been ereded in a number of places in the neighbourhood of the mines. This is the only manufacture of importance, carried on in the ftate, ex- cept it be that of wheat into flour. Trade.'] On this head I can only fay, that the trade of Maryland ii mincipally carried on from Baltimore, with the other ftates, with the Weft Indies, and with fome parts of Europe. To thefe places they fend annually, about 30,000 hoglheads of tobacco, befides large quantities of wheat, flour, pig iron, hmil^r and corn— beans, pork and flax-feed in fmaller quantities ; and receive in r J-urn, clothing for themfelves and negroesj and other dry goods, wines, fpirits, fugars and other Weft india commodities. The balance is generally in their favour. Rdigion.} The Roman Catholics, who were the firft fettlers iii Mary- land, are the moft numerous religious feft. Befides thefe there are Pro- teftant Epifcopalians, Engiift), Scotch and Irilli Preft)yterians, Gerraaa Calvinifts, German Lutheran*, Frienda, Baptifts, of whom there are ubuui roving intercoorft ntly colletS^ed from f wraith — varying they have any, are d runs nearly caft rhis is croffedby r of which, parti. North and eaft of the town and bay, e fineft hndfcapcj in the bafon and —rirmg ground on »n the declivity at at the foot of the id grandeur of the n, of upwards of d moftly on one i four miles fouth :rade. It has four for Dutch Luther- [ic goal and a brick 'n, and is fituatcd league, andcairiei •ay, on a fmall river vantages from the Ihe tides ebb and iperior quality, are ining this ore in- n into bars, have lood of the mines. I in the ilate, ex* de of Maryland ii r ftates, with the : places they fend s large quantities ork and flax-fred for themfelves and I other Weft India •ur. fettlers iii Mary- hefe there are Pro- lyterians, German f whom there are Muuui M A It Y 1 A N p. SS$ abeat twenty congregations, Methodifts, Mcnnonifts, NicoHtcs or Nc\r : Quakers. Seminaries of Learning, ^c."] Wafhington academy, in Somerfet county, was niftituted by law m 1779. It was founded and is fupported br roluntary fuofcriptions and private donations, and is nuthoriaed to re- ceive gifts and legacies, and to hold 2000 acres of land. A fupplement ta the law, paffcd in 1 784, increafed the number of truftees from elcvea to fifteen. In 1782, a college wasinftltutcdat Cheft«-town, in Kent county, and was honoured with the name ofWAshI^GTON college, after hit Excellency General Wafhington. It is under the management of %^ vifitorB or governors, with power to fupply-w:3ncies, and hold cftatc* whofe yearly value (hall not exceed ^.6000 current money. By a law enadled in 1787, a permanent fund was granted to this inftitu- tionofX. 1250a year, currency, out of the monies arifing from mar- riage licences, fines and forfeitures, on the Eaftern Shore. St. John's College was inftituted in 1784, to have alfo 24 truftees, with power to keep up the fucceffion by i applying vacancies, and to re- ceive an annual income of j^. 9000. A permanent fund is affigned this college, of X- 1 7 50 a year, out of the monies arifjng from marriage licen- ces ordinary licences, fines and forfeitures on the Weftern Shore. This college is to be at Annapolis, where a buildingis now preparing for it. Very liberal fubfcriptions were obtained towards founding and carrying on thefe feminaries. The two colleges cohftitute one ui'iv-'-rity by tl5 name of 'the Univeriity of Maryland,' whereof the Governor of the btate, for the time being, is Chancellor, and the Principal of one of them. Vice-chancellor, either by Seniority or by eleftion, as may hereafter be provided for by rule or by law. The Chancellor is empowered to call a meeting of tlie truftees, or a /eprcfentation of feven of each, and two of the members of the faculty of each, (the Principal being one) M-hich meeting is ftilcd * The Convocation of the Univerfity of Maryland,' who are to frame the laws> preferve uniformity of manners and literature ia the cx»lleges, conH-r the higher degrees, determine appeals, &c. The Roman Catholics have lately erefted a college at George-Town, on Patomak river, for the promotion of general literatu.e. In 1785, the Methodifts inftituted a college at Abingdon, in Harford county by the name of Cokeftjury College, after Thomas Coke. L. L. D. and Francis h^xxxy, biftiops of the Mcthodift Epifcopal Church. I hecolle^e edifice is of brick, nandfomely built, on a healthy fpot, en- joying a hue air and a very extenfive profpeft. The ttudents, who are to confift of the fons of travelling preachers, the fons of annual fubfcribers, the fons of the members of the Methodift ^ciety and orphans, are to be inftrufted in Englifti, Latin, Greek, Logic, Rhetoric, Hiftory, Geography, Natural Philofophy and Aftronomy; and when the finance? of the college will admit, they are to be taught the Hebrew, French and German languages. The college was erc^ed and is fupported wholly by fubfcription an«l voluntary donations. r^.'^'^.^/"^^?*r ^^^'^ regular hours for rifing, for prayers, for their meals, iOr i;Uiiy iijiii »of rcvrciiioa.- Tlipy urcall iw be iix bed.piecilciy at nuvi o'ciock 3S6 ^ A R Y JL N D. if II Mock. Their recreation., (for .they arc to l?e ' indulged in ndtftin^ which the world calls p/a/J are gardening, ^walking, ridinf and bathinf TS .«/ doors; and ^./^« doors, the carpervers? joinerl cabinet-n K^^^ turner s bufinefs. Suitable provifion is mac'e ior t/iefe feverui ocS ons. which are to be confidered, not as matters of drudge 'y Td C ftraint, but as pleafing and healthful recreations, both fofS bodv and Blind Another o their r,les. which though iew and Lguffio ^. ^ourable o the hrahh and vigour of the body and mind is fhat [he ft dents mall not ii.cp on feather beds, but on mattrelTes * d'eadi one b, ftutnt ^^"-"'^^^"'^"'^^"i'^Paia tothe morals and religbn of thl There are a few other literary inftitutions, of inferior note in diffe 4-ent parts of the ftate and provi/ion is made for free fchool ii moft of the counties ; though fome are entirely neglefted. and very few caied on with any fuccefs: fo that a great pro^tion of throweVclao? people are ignorant; and there are noi a few who cam.orwrite hd, names But the revolution, among other happy effeas, has To" fed the fpmt of education which is faft f?readin^ ili Lutar/ influcZs Q e, this, and the other fouthern ftates. ^ / v*"'=*»^«:» wcx Natural Curiq/itkf.] ^ There are feveral remarkable caves in the weft. Zn^r^l^;^'' ^^^^^-^--^ accurate defbri^tions t5 tl^ Expences of Ga^en,mentjt»d Taxes,] 1 he annual expences of ffovern- pcnt .re eftimated at about/. 20,000 currency. The revenue arife. CoKfiituthn,] Thelegiflature is corapofedoftwodiftina branches a Senate and Houji of Delegates, and lliled The General y^^^^^rj. . The fenators are eleded in tfie following manner. On the firft of September. every fifth year, the hcemen choofe two men in each coun^ tobeeleaorsof the renate, and one eleftor for the city of Annapolis and one for the town of Baltimore. Thefe eleftors mu^fthavlTheW hfications_ne.eflary for county delegates. 'Thefe elediors meet at a3 - tu e. on the third Monday ,n September, every fifth 'year, and eled by ballot fifteen fcnators oat of thei/ own bodv or from the people at w! ^^ IT tV. ™''T ''''? ^"'^"^y-fi^e years of age~-muft have ref.d- hfv.rS!ni' ""T t'" '^''■'' ^l^^"* "«^^ P^^^^ding theeleftion. and i. Jfnf^r / .1 ' rP'^P^"^' '^°'^ '^'^ ^^^"^ "f ^ thoufand pounds. In cafe of tl^ death, refignation or inability of a fenator, during the five years for which he is eleded. the vacancy' is filled by the fenafe. Th! fenate may originate any bills, except money bills, to whica they ca« only gi'-e their aflent or diflent. / * *^" ""^Z "'« The fenate choofe their prefident by ballot. .hSf ann^tf "^'^tP'fhT^P^^^^ ^^ ^^^'^ ™«"^" ^^T each county, !nH fin «?« l°" ' ^^;ft Monday m Oftober. The city of Annapolis and town of Baltimore fend, each two delegates. The Qualifications of -uwicgawc, are, van age, one years refidepce in the county where he is chofeii, M A R y A N a S^f •hofen, and real or perfonal property above the value of five hundred pounds. ^ Both houfcs choofe their own officers and judge of the eleflion of their members. A majority of each is a quorum. T he eled^ion of fenators and delegates is 'vh^a -vocr, and ftieriffs the re- turning officers except in Baltimore town, where the commiflioners fu, penntend the elefiions and make returns. The flated fcffion of the Ic- giilature IS on the firft Monday in November. 1 he qualifications of a freeman are full age, a freehold eftate of fiftr acres of land and aftual refidence in the coutuj ther civil officers, exccM conftables, aiTelfors and ovcrfeers of the road"!. ^ r,l'°"I- u ^P^r^l '*' eftabliflied for the final determination ofal! 7ch^;^;^|;'^'? '"^^^ -^^^fo'i^ht from the general court* of admiralty or nap^^^rit r;;f ^^^^^^^ by a convention of delegates, at A„- v.rf^''^'^ j^">:^^"^ was granted by king Charles I. to CecIIius Cal. ver . baron of Baltimore, in Ireland. June 20, 1632. The government V.X P'PT^*"'^^' ^^^» by charter, veiled in the proprietary ; bot it appears fo we findrh"-"" T^'^t ^^^ P°""^ ^^°"^' «^ butlfo'r a.lhort^tfme lor we had that lu 1637, the freemen rejcft^d a body of laws drawn up in Infla-^T'fr^'L"^''^, ^^" '^' %>'«^' " '''lied The General Couttt mjome of ihe/outhern, the General Court // the Supreme Judicial Court, ss^ M A R y L A N D. I in England, and traiifmittdd by his lordfhip. in ord«r to be pAOed for the government of the province. In the place of thcfe, they propofcd fortyl S?r *?^ enafted into laws, by the confcntofthe proprietary. 'T-u ^*^^ "^^'^ver never enafted ; at kai\ they are not on record. The hon. Leonard Calvert, efq; lord Baltimore's brotlier, was thefirft governor, ,or lieutenant general. In 1638, a law was parted, conftitutiajj the hrft regular Ilou/e o/Jfmh^r, whicl. was to confilt of fuch reprcfen* tatives, called Burgrfct, as Ihoultl be elcded puifuani to writs iffutd bf the governor, 'i^hcfe burgefles poffcfled all the pcnoers •fthe pe^^tus fUc Ungibctn; but any other treemen, who did not aflcnt to the eleftioru Jnight take their feats in perfon. Tivehe burgclfes or freemen, with the lieutenant general and fecretary, conftituted the allcmbly or legiflature. This aflembly f«t at St. Mary's, one of the fouthern counties, which was the firii fettled part of Maryland. In 1642, it was enaftcd that ten members of the affembly, of whom the governor and fix burgcffes were to be / w«, (hould be a houfe; and if ijckncfsfhould prevent that number from attending, the members prefcnt Ihould make a houfe. In 1 644, one Iwgle exerted a rebellion, forced the governor to fly to Virginia for aid andprotcifiion, and feized the records and the great fcal; the laft of wliich, with nr.oft of the records of the province, were loft or de- ^royed. Frt)m tliis period, to the year 1647, when order was reftored. the proceedings of the province arc involved in obfcur.ity. Iri July, 1642, the lioufe of alTcuibly, or more properly the burgeflej, xequefted they might be feparated into two branches— the burg^^s by themfelves, with a negative upon bills. This was not granted by the lieutenant general at that time J but in 16^0, an aft was paflfed dividing ^the ?flembly into two houfes. The governor, fecretary, and any one or more of the council formed tlie Upper Hm-fe i the delegate* from the fe- ,V€ral hundreds, who now reprcfcnt the freemen, formed the Lower Houfe, At this time there were in the province but two counties, St. Marj''» and the Ifle of Kent; but Ann Arundel was added, the fame feflion. Thiswas during the admin-- "ration of governor Stone. In 1654, during^Cromw ; 's ufuipation in England, an aft was paffcd, reftraining theexercifeofthe Roman Catholic religion. This muft have been procured by the mere terror of Cromwell's power, for the firft and principal inhabitants were Catholics. Indeed the power of Cromwell -was not cftablifhed in Maryland without force and bloodlhed. His fri^ndi _»nd fops came to an open rupture, an engagement enfucd, governor Stone was taken prifoner, and condemned to be Ihot. Thh fcntena however was not executed, but he was kept a long time in confinement. In March, 165:8, Jofiah Fendall, efq; was appointed lieutenant gene ral of Maryland by commifiion from Oliver CromwelK He dilTolved the upper houfe, and furrendered the powers of government into tlie hands of the delegates. • Upon the reftoration in 1660, the hon. Philip Calvert, efq; was ap ,|iOtnted governor ; the old form of governmept was revived ; FendalJ, apd one Gerrard, a counfellor, wereindifted, found.guilty and condemn. ed to banilhment, with the lofs of their eftates : but upon petition they h %»w «AWM»« II IX to be pAflfed for the they propofcd forty- ofthc proprietary, not on record. )rotlicr, was the firft ipafled.conftitiuiug It of fuch reprcfen- It to writs ilTutd by rs tifthe perjtjis fUc. :nt to the cJeftion, r freemen, with the nbly or legiflature. rr» counties, which •mbly, of whom the be a houfe; and if le members prefcnt : governor to fly to J and the great fcal; nee, were lofl: or de- order was reftored, r.ity. perly the burgeffej, — tiie burg^.'s by tjot granted by the vas paflfed dividing ry, and any one or cgato* from the fe- ed the Lower Houfe, uinries, St. lVIar)'!i , the fame feflion. i.an aft was paffcd, n. This muft have :r, for the firft and 3owcr of Cromwell odlhed. Hisfriendi tenfued, governor ot. niiis fcntenw le in confinement, d lieutenant gene* ^elK He diiTolved >vernment into tlie Ivert, efq; was ap 1 revived ; FendalJi uilty and condemn- upon petition they M A R Y L A Jl Di 3^ ' In 16R9 the government was taken out of the hands of lord BaltL more by the grand convention of England j and in 1602 Mr Co nk^ t,;v\'J^'. r ^T-'"I^'"^°^^''''*P'"^^»"« wasreftoitd to the proprie- ty, and continued m his hands till the late revolution, when S« abfentee his property in the lands was confifcated, and^ tre^vS/JJ xS Lthe.rr' rf '^'*''"^^""' "^'^ form;dthecoXdon„o^ he r ot^'ord il^ of the war. Henry Harford, efq, the natural fon and .ftl '"'■f Baltimore, petitioned the legiflature of Marylrnd for hS lit ?ents^X7r.r "°^ S""^^"^- ^'- «"^-^ c^i^Shtloft / 2CQ TsT-'r o 5 I '^'^"^3;r«" P^'-^hafe. and including arrears, at £Ms;?^3l^;^^^^ of hi,ma„^o„ .idW Hon. wX?C^^n Thomas Green, efq; William Stone, efq; «iffinn.f 7"'"'"!.'"^''"^^*" ^^^'^^"^^ of t^e parliamentcom. wffioners durmg the time ojrbliver Cromwell's ufurpation ed into Tl? ?'" \ ^'"*'" ""^^« of agreement th«n entcr- FtSl^^/etthfn-cTovt^^^^^^^^ "^'^ <>^J-^ ?r*, ^^.'J^P ^^'''^" n^ade Governor Charles Calvert, efq; Ch?rl,'f''^^«V'' of C«"I>"s, the government defcended to Charles, ^rd Baltimore, who came info the province ^^^'"asNotly, efq; Governor ' ^ mJ^i"!nT'"'"^ and queen Mary took upon them the govern- SisticlTnr'efq^^"^'^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ Nathaniel Blackifton, efq; Governor By the death of king William III. queen Ann took uoon hi-r H>hn Seymour, efq; Governor iHward Lloyd, ^/q; Prcfident John Hart, efq; Governor t-narles Calvert, -ifn; G"— ^^0= ' *• t* edift Leonard cilverti'cfq Governor i6j7 1647 1649 t65i 16^8 1C60 1662 1675: 167a 1684 1692 1694 16941 1699 170;-^ 1705 1704 1704 1716 172 The 727 J§6ugh that fountain tde sg'^ 43' 42.4" :h was marked bjr i a continuation of | bngitude from the le, and thence by a ► and Miffifippi, to , htittide tded betijoeen inveri* ', except m the injit»i j iV I K- G I N I A, 361 latitude ^6° 30 north ; and on the fouth, by the line of latitude laft-' mentioned. By ad meafurcments through nearly the whole of this laft ^ m"^/"^^ ^'"^/'"V"""?^"'^^ P"^^ ^'"'•«'" g««unbcrland, ^vhere the width is 100 yards, and up Mattapony to within two miles of Frazt-r's ftrry, where it becomes 2 1 fathom (ieep, and holds that about five miles. Pamunkey is then capable of navigation fnr loaded flats to Broikmnn'v brid^ce.'jo miles above Hanover town, and Mattapony to Downer's bridge, 'o miles above its mouth. ' ' Pinvhalafih, the little rivers making o-.t of Mohjack Bay and thofe of the Eajiarn jiore, receive only very fmall vclfels, and thcfe can but eiiicr them. * Raf>/>a/:a/;f!oknffor6$ 4 fathom water to I lubb's Hole, and two fathom from tl.cnce to Frcdcrickfljurg. VIRGINIA. 3^S Ic, and two fathom P^fomai ^ 7-1 m.l« w,de at the mouth ; 4I at Nomony Bay; , at A- "k;'^''''' '',"''"' V''°.™''"' ""'^ navigable for (hips of the grc tert burtnen .,earJy to that place. From then.c this river. olXtruaeJ by fe^ur conhdenible falls extends throdgh a valt tratt of inhabited coun- try towards us fource. I hefe fallsare, ik^ihc liu/e fa//s, three mile. jlKwe tide water, ,n which diUancc there is a fall of 36 feet: 2d. The (.r.*/ I'.l/s iixm,'.slngher where i, a f^dl of 76 feet in one mile and a quarter: 3d 1 he Wr^ ^W/5r, fix miles above the former, which fortn fhort u regular rap.ds, with a fall of about ,0 feet; and 4th, the 4' W .0,7/j i'uUs, 60 miles from the Seneca, where is a fall of about ^0 feet in I r ' ThVo£r'^.> '*'''''\^?'!.' /WC.^^..WU about ,30 miles dif- ant. 1 he ob(h-ud,ons. which are oppofed to the navigation above and ktweeji tMe falls, a-e of Jitde confequence. Early m the year , 785, the Ugijlaturu of nr^hki and Maryland paf- fed afts^to encourage opening the navigation of this river. Jt was cftt mated that the expence of tTie works would amount to/, ro.ooo ftcr- l.ng, and ten years were allo^ved for their completion. At prefent the prtfic ent and directors of the incorporated company fuppofe that Z. 4r 00^ will be adequate to the operation, and thati/ will be accompli«'in^ ftortcr penod than was ft.pulatcd. Their calculations are founded on the progrefs already made and the fummary mode lately eftabliOied for en- orcing thecoileaion of the dividends, as the money may become necef- According to the opinion of thcprefident and 4ireclors. hch xvill he fleceirary at no more than two places-the Great and the LittU F""^''«"«..and have formed an ocean which filled the ht L7 •' \ t' ^^"^'"T"« '° ''^^ "^'y ■''■'•^ '' '^"^^h broken over at ^^^l^:"^.:;!!.!^}^' but particularly on die ShenandoaMhe ' ■" '■"'■" ""'"i'lion arm avuiiioa iroiii their Iseds by the moft F'^werful G6 y R N I A;. i«M 1 1 lii«!^ i iif li powerful ag?nts of nature, corroborate the imprefTion. But the difiaaf jiniftiing which nptare has giv,en to l!ie pi<^iure is of a very different chi^ rafter. It is a truecontratt to the fore ground. It is as pJacid ai?d de- lightful, as that ifi wi!d and trenjendous. For the TOountain being cloven »(under. flie pref.tts to your eye, through the cleft, a fnaali catch of imootlji blae horizon, a* an infinite diilance in the plain country, inviting you, as it were. fro;n the riot and tu.nult roaring around, to pafs throu*'!^ fhe breach and participate of tho calm below. Here the eye uitiraately compoies itfelf ; and that way too the road happens aftualiy to lead, you crofs the Patomak above the jundion, pafs along its fidethroughth« Jjafe of the mountain for three miles, its terrible precipices hanginjr in fragments aver you, and withiji about 20 miles reach Frederick town anc^ the fine country round that. This fcene is worth a voyage acrofi. the At- lantic.. Yetherc, as io the neighbourhood of the natural bridge, are peo. r>le wha have pafled their lives within half a dozen miles, and have never peen tofurvcy thefe monuraents of a war between rivers and raountains, which mufthave fhaken the earth itfelf to its center. — The height of our mountains has not yet been eliimnted with any degree of exad^nefs. The Allegany being the groat ridge which divides the waters of the Atr lantic from thofe of t!^- MiJ5fi}^[>i, its fummit is doubtlefs more elevated a- bove the ocejn than that of any other mountain. But its relative height, compared with the bafe on which it (lands, is not fo great as that of fom; others, the country nfi ng behind the fucceflive ridircs like the fteps of ftairs. The mountains of the Blue Ridge, and of thele the Peaks of Ot- ter, arc thought to be of a greater height, meafured from their bafe, thai) anv others in our country, and perhaps in North America. From data, which may found a tolerable conjefture, we fuppofe the higheft peak to be about 4000 feet perpendicular, which is nat^ fifth part of the hei'^ht of the mountains of South America, nor one third of the height whicl) would be neceflary in our latitude to prcfi'rvc ice in the open air unmclted through the year. The ridge of mountains next beyond the Blue Ridge, called by us the North M luntain, is of the greateft extent; for which reafon they are named by the Indians the Endlefs Mountains. " A fubftance fuppofed to t)e Pumice, f mndfloatingon theMiffifippi, haj induced a conjecl-ire, that there is a volcano on Tome of its waters: and as thele are moftly known to their fi>urces, except the Miffouri, our ex- pe(J^ations of verifying the conjeftnre would of courfebeled to the moun- tains which divide the waters of the Mexican Gnlph from thofe of the South Sea ; but no volcano having ever yet been known atfuch a diilance from the fea, we mud ratlu-r fuppofe that this floating fubfiance has been crroneoufly deemed pumice. Cnfcad s and Caverns ] ' T he only remarkable cafoade in this country, is that of the Falling Spring, in Anguila. It is a water of James river, where it is called Jackfon's river, rifing in the warm fpring mountains a- bout 20 miles fouthwefl: ofthe warm fpring, and flowing into that vaHey, About three quarters of a mile from its fource, it falls over a rock 200 f-tl into the valley below. . The iheet of water is broken in its breadth bv the rock in two or three places, but not at all in its height. Between the iheet and rock, at the bottom, you may walk acrofs dry. This catars(ft will bear no comparifon with that of Niagar.i, as to the quantity of water compofing P," . But the difiaet /cry ditFercnt ch^ as pJacid ai?d de- itain being cloven , a (haall catch of coimiTv, inviting d, to pafs throiigiji the eve uitiraately i aftually to lead, its fid" through the cipices hanging in redcricic town an<^ age acrofi. the At- il ondge, are peo- les, and have never rs and raouiitairis, The height of our f exaftnefs. The waters of the Mr (s more elevated fl- its relative height, ;at as that of fomt :s like the fteps ot' the Peaks of Ot- m their bafe, thai) •ica. From data, le higheft peak to lart of the height F the height whicl) open air un melted d the Blue ilidge, ixtent; for which ains. itheMiffifippi.haj )f its waters: and Miffouri, our ex- » led to the moun. from thofe of the atfuch a dillance Aibftance has been de in this country, ;r of James river, ring mountains a- g into that vn\ky, era rock 200 f>.'cl its breadth bv the Between the iheet Fhis catars^t will [uantity of water compofing "^ i "^ G 1 :^ i ji^ i^ CCnnpormg it; the (hect being only 12 on c feet wide ahovi. »nA ^ ^ what tnore fpread-below , bSt it i half as Vfgh a'l^^the latter tt only ,56 feet, according to the menfuration made^by order of Mr vl drcaa. Governor of Canada, and .30 according tLmo^ recent at Mt of the Blue Uidgc, near tl,e imerM w,f .i; u ?^ , °" '^' "°"'' ^ufta li„e wi,h .l,e fo'u , M^ZtX:^^ o'^fthSoar' t inahillof about 200 feet nenw-n,1u«»i^, i..» 1. l ^^'^""O^"' It is onefide.isfo deep, .hat you'^rrp ", " S V ''""' -"^'°'' mer which w.ftr» i,. baV lTle'';l;:f;; rrre' -s'^riLre't' bout two thirds cf the way up. It exr^nrl* inf« »i . ' ! "^^' ^" branchinginto fubordinate^i^rns/frmeti n af^ 'yT v^°°^^'^^' generally defcending and at leng^ tlire r^^fj^^.^ff^i;' ^^ -°- hafcns of water ot unknown extern, and whi.h I n, 1 1 ■ j ^1 "' ^' ly on a le«l with tl,e water of "he Hver h, i""""' J'"'^' '?^ '""• are formed by refluent water from Z^ L r u' ' ''° ""' *'"'' '^^f JKcaufe thc/do ""• rife ^mT ct^VXcl ^^ "h"^^ "mel'' 'f ari fuppofed ,0 abiunt"Xhkh yS fuMi™:.™.?!"' f ■ "" ?""" whicn water 18 com nually oercolatinfy TK;- r- 5°/^" ^'S". J»rough ofthecave,hasincrufted hfrno erinV- V ' '"/V'"^ '^?^" '^^ ^'^'^ Frdtlto^^e'^Lt:/^"; ZaS^t """"""■■'' '" t ^"""'^ "^ .op of an e«enf„e ridg^r'^^^^d^'^d' 'o^'^firit,:^ from whence the cave then extend,,, nearlv h„rizotua '/4 f^" f,"! 't earth, prefervmg a breadth of from 2o to co feet an 1 'A^ ? r r '° ; .0 ,. .'■cet. Af,cre„teri„g this ca^ve 'a fc^u" !S [ d" , ,^f,' ' ^ ,.f™» ■ng 10 1 1 ot Keau nur s, and it contiiuK-d ai that to tl-e rcmotelt rart« „f ;ie,..h where „o''.„v„,i::^=»;:^:: i,;'!,/'}, 27.:, ;'oX's ffSr .™s heat, ha, been f„„„d to he to-- of R,,:„.,„l e..„al to 4»"Vl"" liri'n'ent' ' '""'"" '^"^'"•' '-''"^^ "o adije.cnce of it:. »„d'\','i",vr"*!:„«T'''l' "'V'-'S^"'^-'! -'!>!''« "'-^ water, of the Cc«, current ot a,r of fucli force, as to kocnd.c; ueeds i.roltntc tn th,^ ur w«hcr, andU \::^^:7^j t::zx^;:-;^;;i^yj't^ cx'Mi-atijn* 36% VIRGINIA. I mm 1 "V, 1 I expirations of air, by caverns and fiffures, have been probably enougfi accounted for, by fuppoling them combined with intermitting fountaiiiij as they muft of courfe inhale air while their rcfervoirs are emptying thein- fdves, and again emit it while they are filling. But a conftant iffue of air, only varying in its force as the weather is drier or damper, will re- quire a new hypothefis. There is another blowing cave in the Cumber- land mountain, about a mile from wiiere itcrofles the Carolina line. All we know of this is, that it is no^ conltant, and that a fountain of water iffucs from it. « The Natural Bridge, the moft fublime of nature's works, though not comprehended under the prefent bead, muft not be pretermitted. It is on the afcentof a hill, which fcems to have been cloven through its length by fome great convulfion. The fiffure, juit at the bridge, is, by fjine admeafurements, 270 feet deep, by others only 20 j. It is about 45 feet wide at the bottom, and 90 feet at the top ; this oi courfe determines the length of the bridge, and its height from the water. Its breadth in the middle is about 60 feet, but more at the ends, and the thicknefs of the mafs at thefummitof thearch, about 40 feet. A part of this thicknefs is conftiruted by a coat of earth, vJiich gives growth to many large trees. The rcfiduc, with the hill on both fides, is one folid ,rock of lime-ltonc. The arch approaches the femi-elliptical form ; but the larger axis of the ellipfis, which would be the cord of the arch, is many times longer than the tranfverfe. Hioiigh the fides of this bridge are provided in fome parts with a parapet of fixed rocks, yet f&w men have refolution to walk to them and look over into the abyfs. You involuntarily fall on your hands and feet, creep to the parapet and peep over it. Looking down from this height ibout a minute, gave me a violent head ach. If the view from the top be painful and intolerable, thatfrom below isdelightful in an equal extreme. It is impoflible for the emotions arifing from the ful^lime, to be felt bc- ^yondwhat they are here : fo beautiful an arch, fo elevated, fo light, and fpringfiag as it were up to Heaven, the rapture of the fpedator is really indefcribable ! The fiflure continuing narrrow, deep, and ftrelght for a c^nfiderable diftancc above and beiow the bridge, opens a ibort but very pleafing view of the North mountain on one fide, and Blue Ridge on the other, at the diilance each ofthem of about five miles. This bridge is in the county of Rockbridge, to which it has given name, and affords a public and commodious pafTage over a valley, which cannot be crolTed elfewhere for a confiderable dittance. The ftreara pafling under it is call- ed Ceiar creek. It is a water of James river, and fufficicnt in the drieft fenfons to turn a grift-mill, though its fountain is not more than two miles above.'* There is a natural bridge, fimilar to the one above de- fcribed, over Stock creek, a branch of Pciefon river, in VVafliington e.)unty. Mif/es * Don Ulloa mcntiotii a (freak, Jtmildr to this, in the province of Anga- raez, in Houiii America. Jc is frorn Id io zz Jrct ^viac, i i i «er<" a>/a oj \\ wiles cnntinmnce, Eiiglijh mcajMe. Its breadth at tof is mt fenjibly greaUr than at bottom. fliiy dati the lead peaks o whence land car river, al in two c hoiirhcK* or four i "liles coi fill of Ifl for iifi4u Kanhaw; ' A v; ffrlaiul, in the \vc (ifRocV In that cc Oppofite ( A mi Rf^rth fide fuuth fide ■W probably enough mitting fountain!, ; re smptying thein- a conitant ilTue of damper, will rc- e in the Cumber- 'arolina line. All fountain of water ivorks, though not ermitted. It is on through its length ridge, is, by foine It is about 45 feet irfe deternnnes the Its breadth in the he thicknefs of the t of this thicknefs many large trees, ock of Iime-ltone. larger axis of the times longer than provided in feme 'olution to walk to fall on your hands rtgdown from this ; view from the top 1 an equal extreme, le, to be felt he- ated, fo light, and pedator is really and ftrelght for a a lliort but very Hue Ridge on the This bridge is in ne, and affords a cannot be crolTed ig under it is call- cicnt in the dried : more than two the one above de- r, in VVaflungton Alines V I R G I N I A. 3^ prirvitice of A/t^O' I I ut.Cp 1*11(1 OJ i J mt fenjihly grcalix Mines and Minerttb 1 * T t /• ftatc. It was interfpeVfcd in S^ckf l^f T^^^"'^. ^"""^ '" »l^» four pounds weight which y.e iecrrevenr ^^ ' ^"'"^ of ore. of about, extraordinary dudUity. Th, ore j^^^ penny- weight of gold, of palunnock, about foJr mileriX:r/ar TJ'' "-^^ /cle oI" Rap,^ .nd,vat,on c>f^goJd in its neighbourhood "* ''"""^ "^ "">' ^"^^^^ about';; ^t fl^t^i;ir t" t "^"t °^^"P'^^-reek. and nicry. are mines ofle.d. The nwi "'^^ "^ '^^. ^^^'"'y "^ Montgo- 'oaunimes witi> roJk. which tuU thTibrc/T''^'"'^ ^}'^ ^''•^'''' '-'J' and :s acco.npanicd with a portion of TI ^^^""povvder to open it; -ion under 'any p.ocefs hitLorr^tt ' S^C ^T^ '^ '' "^^^'^ ^^»'^' I'd IS from 50 to i''' Tli« O.ttcnng; at others they dfT,^° u! ^ '''']' ^'^ f' ^"'^'etimesmolfe th. rule of the hill, nnd Ir^c^l^oi^;^^?^^ '""^ ^"^^^- They enter atpreft-ntby the public, the beHri f*- ' ^^" ^^ ^^^"^ are wrought ;ihofe would empfoy a io tro W^^^ under the hiU. however, mor^ than 30 general vTnTyr J'' ''S^' '^« have not. 'I ney l,ave produced 60 tt^o /e j in ,1 ' u''^ '^'''' "^^" <^«"'- ty i. from .0 to .5 tons. ^ he [ fe^n f ^'''' -'"' the general quanti, f»nk, and on the o >pc>fite fide of the Hver Z L" Ta ^''"' '^'' '^^« the river, a quarterof a mile rhenlLl .^^e ore, s firrt waggoned to acrofs the ri^er. which i t e're ahou ,1''" r^^."^ ''""" ^""^ <^^"ied en mto waggons and crZlr^ZC^'ru"' "^ '"" ^^^'^ ^^^- adopted. that they awVht avail t^m/t ^ \' i-"''''^ ^^' originally ^w^ S '^'^' '?'^'"S through the |vhonce it is carried b^WHrer Su; tl e^J^f^^ "" "^^S^^ river.^rctn land carriage mav be ^carJv C e, ed 1 ' H i'^'"'" to Weft ham. This river, above the Blue W/KwW' ^"''^^^.'"8 ^^^^ lead on Ja me. in two canoes. The Great Ka^h^.^ ' ^^^vveight has been brought I^onrho<,d of the mines. About (Ivefmi; ";'t^'"''\^''"^ ^" ^^^ ^4^^ or four feet perpendr./l.r e d' - .1 ' "i t.'"'' '^'■"' ^'"''' '^^'^^^e -les continlatia-. w ,Vh his tei "1 1? ^"^ " ' ''1' ' "P'^ °^^^^«^ WI of lames river Yet it?, ,hJ ^5"."P'«'<^f '" -ts .icfcent to the great forn/;4uln.vLnton f, « to i^lT''""' '^'V^.'y '"^>' ''^ '^'^^ open Kanhawav .nd^James river '' '""^ "'"^''^ '^' P^-rt.ge between the '^;wi:t;o:rtl:i:;:;:;^^t!i":r^ !rr '^^^'^' ^'^--^ - c- i ' =He we/fern counrrv . e o« the M ^r '' ^'''K ^J"'''"''' ^^^'^^ f KocV river , jo mi eVupwa^K nf^P'' '^'^'"^^'"'^^ f^^'™ ''^^ '"""th ' in rh.t rn... L:...^ yV^y"^ . • '''^^c ^'•'' "ot wrouoht. the 1p..,1 ..r,..j ^■rf'"/it;;jKaSir""' ""' "^"^^ "" theSpanilh fide of the MifSfippi; iowcvc. euiier frotn bad management or the poierry of th« ^** vein* I 370 VIRGINIA. veins, they were difcontinued. We arc told of a rich mliic of native cop- per on the Ouabache, below the upper Wiaw. • The mines of iron worked at prefent are Callaway's, Rofs', and Bal- lendine's, on the fouth fide of James river; Old's on the north fide, in Albemarle: Miller's in Augufta, and Zane's in Frederick. Thefe two lad are in the valley between the Blue Ridge and North Mountain. Callaway's, Rofs', Miller's, and Zane's make about i 50 tons of bariron each, in the year. Rofs' makes alfo about 1600 tons of pig iron an- nually; Ballendine's 1000; Callaway's, Miller's, and Zane's, about 600 each, Befides thefe, a forge of Mr. Hunter's, at Frederickfburgh, makes about 300 tons a year of bar iron, from pigs imported from Maryland ; and Taylor's forge on Neapfco of Patomak, works in the fame way, but to what extent 1 atn not informed. The indications of iron in other places are numerous, and difpcrfed through all the middle country. The toeghnefs of the cart iron of Rofs' and Zane's furnaces is very remarka- ble. Pots and other utenlils, cad thinner than ufual, of this iron, may befafely thrown into, or out of the waggons in which they are tranfport- ed. Salt-pans made of the fame, and no longer wanted for thatpurpofe, cannot be broken up, in order to be melted again, unlefs previoufly dril- led in many parts * In the ;f ellern country, we are told of iron mines between the Mulk- ingum and Ohio; of others on Kentucky, between the Cumberland and Barren rivers, between Cumberland and TennilTee, on Reedy creek, near the Long Ifland, and on Chefnut creek, a branch of the Great Kanhaway. near where it croffes tlic Carolina line. What ar'* called the Iron Banks, on the- MifTifippi, are believed, by a good judge, to have no iron in them. In general from what is hitherto known of that country, it feemsto want iron. * Confiderable quantities of black lead are taken occafionally for ufe from Winierham, in the county of Amelia. I am not able, however, to give a particular ftate of the mine. There is no work eftablifhedatit, thofe who want, going and procuring it for themfelvcs. ' The country on James river, from 15 to 20 miles above Richmond, and for feveral miles northward and fouthward, is replete with mineral coal of a very excellent quality. Being in the hands of many proprietors, pits have been opened, and, before the interruption of our commerce, were worked to an extent equal to the demand. * In the vvellern country coal is known to be in fo many places, ast8 ha"e induced an opinion, that the whole trad between the Laurel Moun- tain, MiiTifippi, and Ohio, yields coal. It is alfo known in many places on the north fide of the Ohio. The coal at Pittfburg is of a very fuperiot quality. A bod of it at that place has been a-fire fince the year 1765. Another coal- hill on the Pike Run of Monongahela has been a-fire tea years; yet it has burnt away about 20 yards only. « I have known one inftanceof an emerald found in this country. A- iucit:;.' ita it • v^ s* ^¥\ r r/i 1 „i n...! in Suva J numbers any of them as to be worth fceking. * There is very good marble, and in very great abundance, on Jamfs river, at the mouth pf Rocktifh. The faniples I have feen, were fomecf ihcm of a white as pure as one might exped io find on the furface w earth line of native cop- s, Rofs', and Bal- the north fide, in irick. Thefe two North Mountain. ;o tons of bariron IS of pig iron an- Zane's, about 600 rick (burgh, makes I from Maryland ; ;he fame way, but IS of iron in other die country. The is very remarka- , of this iron, may they are tranfport- d for that pur pofe, :fs previoufly dril- )etween the Muilc- Cumberland and Reedy creek, near : Great Kanhaway. ?d the Iron Banks, e no iron in them, intry, it feemstol xafionally for ufe able, however, to rk eftablifhedatit, above Richmond, :plete with mineral ■many proprietors, II r commerce, were many places, ast8 the Laurel Moun- wn in many places s of a very fuperior ace the year 1765. has been a-fire tea this country. A- . -._. __^ •- /-..Ai i yCl UVl Ml ««'■'•! indance, on Jamcsj feen, were fomeofj , the furface of ttiej earth VIRGINIA. 37* earth : but moft of them are variegated with red, blue, and purple. None of It has been ever worked. It forms a very large precipice, which hangs over a navigable part of the river. It is faid there is marble at Ken- tucky. • But one vein of lime-ftone is known below the Blue Ridge. Its firft ap()earance, in our country, is jn Prince William, two miles below the Pignut Ridge of mountains; thence it pafles on nearly parallel with that, andcroffes the Rivanna about five miles below it, where it i« called the Southweft Ridge. It then croffes Hardware, above the mouth of Hud- foii's creek. James river at the mouth of Rockfini, at the marble quarry before fpoken of, probably runs up that river to where it appears again at Rofs iron-works, and fo paffes off fouth weft wardly by Flat creek of Ot- ter river. It is never more than 100 yards wide. From the Blue Ridge weftwardly the whole country feems to be founded on a rock of lime- ftone, befidcs infinite quantities on the furface, both loofe and fixed. This IS cut into beds, which range, as the mountains and fea coaft do. from fouthweft tonortheaft, the lamina of each bed declining from tlie horizon towards a paralldifm with the axis of the earth. Being ftruck with this obfervat.on. I rnad.. w.th a quadrant, a great number of trials on the angles of their declination, and found them to vary from 22^ to 60° but averaging all my trials, the refult was within one-third of a degrteof the ek:vat.on, of the pole or latitude of the place, and much the greafeft part of them taken feparately were little different from that : by which it ai Dears that thefe lamina are, in the main, parallel with the axi/ of the eartr la fome mftances, mdaed, 1 found them perpendicular, and even reclining the other way : but thefe were extremely Tare, and Always attended wit? figns^ofconvulfion. orotherc.rcurnftancesoffingula.ity. which admitteda apoffibihty of removal from their original pofition. Thefe trial werr made between Madifon's cave and & Patomak We hear of iL^ ftoneon the Mifilfippi and Ohio, and in all the mtntaTn^us c untr "e-" ween the eaftern and wellern waters, not on the mountains themfelves^ but occupying the valleys between them, 'ciiucives, ; Near the weftern foot of the North Mountain are immenfe bodies of '^ TlTT'^'^^'j'T °^ "^^"^ '" « ^'^"^^y «f ^"^"^s- I have received >etr.hedil,ellsofvery different kinds from the firft fources of tiTe Ken- tuckv, which bear no refemblance toany lb«Arever feen on the t d-wa ters . IS faid that floells are found in the Andes, in South Amerka u ^0^ feetabovethe level of the ocean.' America, 15,000 ilWrr,W//n/,^/.] « There are feveral medicinal fprings. fome of which are indubitably efficacious, while others feem to owe th?i reputation as much to fancy and change of air and regimen, as to their re 1 v^L? to lafJes of the diforders which they relieve, it is in my power to give little more than an enumeration of them. ^ ^ :»c molt efficacious of thefe are two fprlngs in Aueuffa. near thi« rft fources of James river, where it is called Jackfon'fdvr.Thev fcnear the foot of the ridge of mountains, generally called the Warm ring mountain, but in the maps Jackfon's mountains: The one ^dif fngutHiedby thenameofthe Warm Spring, and the other of the Hot Sprini; V I R G I N I Spring. The Warm Spring ifTues with a very bold ft ream, fu/Hcicnf to work a griit-mill, and to keep ihe waters of its bafon, which ivS 30 feet indiameter. at the vital warmrh. viz. 96^' of Farenheit's thermometer! ^l he matter with which theft- waters is aJJicd js very volatile • its fmeil indicates it to be fu.'phureous, as alfo does the ciicumOance if turning lil^er b.acJi. I hey rdiev e rhtiniuitifins. Other conuilaints alfo of very diftcrent natures have been removed or Icfllncd by them. It rains here io«r or five days in every week. • The Hot^j>nKg is about fix miles from the Warm, Is mnch fmaller, and has been jo hot as to h.ive b6ilcd an egg. Some believe its drgree of heaiiobeJeffencd. Jtraifrs the nicicuiy in Farenhcit's thermometer to 1 1 1 degrees, whicli is h-ver heat. It fomotimes relieves where the Warm ^p^ng tails. ^ A {_oiint;.in of common water, iflliing within a few inches of us iiiargin, gives it a fingular appearance. Comparing the temperature ot thefe with that of the hot Ipnngs of Kam^chaika, of which iCrkhinin. mkow gives an account, the difference is very great, the latter raifine the mercuryto aoo^which is within ri"of boiling water. Thele fprines are very much reforted to in fpire of a total want of accommodation for the iick. Their waters are llrongdl in the hotteft months, which occafions their being vihtt-d in Jnly and Augui> principally. J.y "^ ^rn^"""" ''"^""j"^' ""'' '''■'}'' ^"""'>^ °^ i^c^etourt, at the eaftern foot of the Allegclny about 42 miles from the warm fprings. They areflill Icfs known Having been found to relieve cafes in which the others had been inefFeaually tried, It is probable their compofition is different. They are diftcrentalfoin their temperature, being as cold ..s common wMer: xvhichis not mentioned however, as a proof of a diitinft impregnation. J nis is .imong the firft fources of James river. * On Patoniak river, in Berkeley county, above the North Mountain, are medicinal fprings, much more frequented than thof-of Aueufta. Their powers, however are iefs, the waters weakly mineralized, and fcarcelv warm. T hey are more vifited. becaufe fituated in a fertile, plentiful, and populous country, l)etter provided with accommodations, always fafe from ifie Jndians and nearclt to the more populous ftates. * InLouifa county, on the head waters of the South Anna branch of York river, are fprings of fome rwdicinal ^ irft.e. 1 hey are not nuKli ufed however. There is a weak chalybeate at Richmond : and manv 0- thcrs m various parts of the country, which are of too little worth, or too little note to be cp.umeratcd afrer thofe before mentioned. • He are told of a Sulphur Spring on Howard's creek of Green Briar and anorher at Boonfbort^igh on Kentucky. rVJ" n .^ ^'^^ grounds of th;: Great Kanhawav, 7 miles above the mouth of Llk River, and 67 above that of the Kanhaway itfelf, is a hole in the earth of the capacity of 30 or 40 gallons, from which iiTues conftant- ly a bituminous vapour in fo ffnmg a current, as to give to the faiid about us orifice the motion which it has in a boiling fpring. On prefent- ing alighted candle or torch within 18 inches of rhe hole, it flame', ud in a column of ?8 inches diameter, and fcur or five feet in height, which lometimes burns out within 20 minutes, and at other times has been known to continue three days, and then has been leftflill burning. The flame is unfteady, of the denfity of that of burning fpirits, and fmellsj like. ream, fu/Hcicnf to . which is 30 feet eit's thermometer, volatile ; its finell nllnnce of turning plaints alfo of very -ni. It rains here 1, is in»ich fmaller, rlievc its drgree of t's thermometer to :s where the Warm thii) a few inches of g the temperature which Krschinin. e latter raifing the ■r. l^helc fprings immodauonforthe iS, which occafions at the eaftern foot gs. They areflili lich the others had is different. They 's common water: inft impregnation. North Mountain, 'of Augufta. Their lizcd, and fcarcely rtile, plentiful, and s, alvva)s fafe from ith Anna branch of They are not nuicli ond ; and m.'iny c- itrle worth, or too ed. ;ck of Green Briar VIRGINIA. like burning pit coal. Water fometiraes colkas in the bafon, which it' remarkably cold, and is kept in ebullition by the vapour iffuing through ,t. If the vapour be hred in that ftate, the water foon becomes fo warm niat the l«and cannot bear it. and evaporates wholly in a ftort time ?> ' "^'Jt, ?^ ^'rcumjacent lands, is the property of his Exccllencr General Walhmgton and of General Lewis. *^ 'There is a fimilar one on Sandy river, the flameof which is a column of about 1 2 inches diameter, and 3 feet high. General Clarke, who in- jormsme ofu, kmdled the vapour, (laid about an hour, and left it bunung. ; The mention of uncommon fprings leads me to that of Syphon foun- tarns. There is one of thefe near the interfedion of the J«rd Fairfax's boundary with the North mountain, not far from Brock's flap, on the ftream of which is a griit-miU, which grinds two bufhelsofgrain at everv nood of the fpnng,. Another near the Cow-pafture river! a niiJc andi ' half below Its confluence with the Bull-pafture river, and 16 or rf miles from the Hot Springs, which intermits once in every twfelve houL Oh« alfo near the mouth of the North Holfton. After thefe may be mentioned the Natural Well^ on the landsof a Mr Lewis m I redenck county. It is fomewhat larger than a common well ' I the water rifes m it as near the furface of the earth as in the neigHbour!!! ing artificial wells, and is of a depth as yet unknown. It is faid there is ' a current in it tending fenfibly downwards. If this be true, it prdbablic feeds^ome fountain, of which it is the natural rcfervojr, diftingbifhed from others, like that of Madifon's cave, by being acceffible. It U ufcd with a bucket and windlafs as an ordinary well.' fopulatitm.^ es above the mouth itfelf, is a hole in lich iflues conftant- o give to the fand iring. On pretent- hole^ it flames iiD ct in height, which 'ler times has been ft ill burning. The fpirits, and fmeilsl like 374 N I A. i E Populattoft.'] * The following table (hews the number of perfons im- ported for the eftablifhmeni of our colony in its infant Itfite, andthe ccn- fu» of inhabitants at different periods, extra^ed from our hiltorians and public records, as particularly as 1 have had opportunities and lei fu re to examinv"! them. Succelfive lines in the fame year (hew fucceffive periods of time m that year. I have dated the cenfus in two different columns, the v/holc inhabitants having been fometimeb nuinbered, and fometinies the ty»'ies only. This term, with us, includes the free males above ) 6 years of age, and flaves above that age of both fexes. TABLE. Vean 1607 bettlers . imported. Cenfus of Inhabitants. Year> 161H i6ig 1621 1622 1628 1632 1644 1645 1652 1654 170c 174,' 1772 1782 bottlers imported. Cenius of Inhabitants. Cenius of Tythcs. 100 600 40 1216 120 1300 i6o8 3800 70 2500 1609 490 3000 16 2,000 60 4.822 1610 1611 150 5,000 7,000 200 3(hiploads 7,209 300 22,00c l6l2 1617 1618 80 82,10c 400 105,000 200 153,00c 40 1 ij 567,614 •A further examination of our records would render this hiftoryof our population much more fatisfaftory and perfeft, by furnilhing a greater number V I >er of perfons im- tiite, and the ccn- 3ur hiftorians and ies and leifure to fuccefTive periods liftcreftt columns, md fometinies the ;s above j 6 years JS of tants. Ceniiis of Tythcs. 30 30 30 30 2,000 4.822 5,000 7,000 7,209 22,00c 82,10c 105,000 153,00c ^ is hiftoryof our Ihing a greater number G I N I A. *37« number of intermediate terms. Thcfe however #hich are here ft.ted Will enable us to ca culate, with a confiderable degree of precifion, the rate at which we have increafed. During the infancy of*^thc colony. while numbers were fmall, wars, importations, and other accidental dr- cumftances render the progreffion fluftuating and irregular. By the year .654. however, it becomes tolerably uniform, importations having inagreatmeafureceafedfrom the dilfolution of the c^ompany, and thi inhabitants become too numerous to be fenfibly affefted by Indian wars Beginning at that period, therefore, we find that from thence to the 5 e« 1772, our tytnes had increafed from 7209 to 1 55.000. The whole term being of 1 , 8 years, yields a duplication once fn every znkyZT ThS ii^ermediate enumerations taken in ,700, 1748. and 1759. furnifh proofs of the uniformity of this piogrefTion. Should this rate of increafe^on! tmue. we Ihall have between fix and feven millions of inhabitants withia 05 years. If we fuppofe our country to be bounded, at fome future day, by the meridian of the mouth of the Great Kanhaway, (within which it has been before conjeftured. are 64.491 fq u a re miles) there w"l I Then be ' Here I will beg leave to propofe a doubt. The prefent defire of A- merica is to produce rapid population by as great importation, of foreign- ers as poffible. But is this founded in good policy ? The advantage p^ro- pofed IS the multiplication of numbers.^ Now let us fuppofe (for e^aml <)nly) that, m this ft,te, we could double our numbers in one ' year by t^he rn^inTr ^rj'^"'"' '".^ '^'^ '^ « greater acceAion than the Lft fanguine advocate for emigration has a right to expedt. ' hen I fay, he- ginning with a double ftock. we (hall attain any given degree of po^ula- tiononly 27 years and 3 months fooner than if 4 proceed on ou^r Ce aJ //^*^P'"«P°^e 4.500.000 as a competent population for this ftale. we Ihould be 54! years attaining it, could we at once double ouniumirs foltwiig tabl'e! ' ^^ ^ "" "''"''^ propagation, as may be k,n by the TABLE. 178.1 i8o8| Proceeding on our prefent rtock. 567.614 Proceeding on a double itock. 1,135,228 1,135,228 '8354 I 2,270,456 2,2yO,4c6 V 1862 -- j 4,540,912 4. 540.9 '2 • Inthefirftcolumnareftated periods of 27iyears; in the fecond a«. •ur numbers, at each period, as thev will h. ,f\L .J J"/": f "" i^"^ ftock ; and in the third are what they would beV at" the wVriod? wereweto fet out from the double of our prefenc itock! Thav^ Ike,; rirT/^'^°°'^°^"^^^'^^"^^ for example's f.ke only. Yet I ar^, perfuadedit ,s a greater number than the country fpoken of confuierinJ fcow much inarableland it contains, can clotli. and Ldrwkhoat a t""? rial $7fi V 1 R G 1 N 1 A. wa change in the qi,#hty oF their diet. But are there no inconvetrienr«.i n^irti. IT *''l^^\*'-''i« *ii^'"*t the advantage expeded from a mulu. phcatwi of numbers by the unpurtaiion oi loic.gnels? It is tor the hi Jinefs o4 thofc united m fociety to harmonise as much as poffibJe in nuN Jfrs wh.ch they muft of neccfity tranlad together. C.vil governme. U W the fple object of forming focieties, its ainm.ltration lit be ?on! Juetedb^rcoaraon confenr. ^vcry fpecies of government has its fpccUic principles. Ours perhaps are more peculiar .ban thofe of any other in the «i.^ /erle, Jt is a coinpofition of the ireeit principJes of the EneliHi con. itutiop with others derived from natural right and natural reafon. To nrroh^r '^''? ^'r^'T oppofeJthan the maxims of abfoJute mo. Eran.s, They wUJ bring with them the principles of the governments % eave. .nbibed in their early youth ; or, if able to throM? them offX will be m exchange for an unbounded hcentioufnefs. paffing, as is ulual from one extreme to another. It would be a miracle were they to a<,i; prec&Jy at the point of temperate liberty. '1 hefe principles, with thei? language they will tranfmit to their children. In proportion to their numocrs they will (hare with us the legillation. They will infufc into U their lp;r". warp and bias its direiiion, and render it a heterogeneous, incoherent, diftradted mafs. ^ tion^Jfh «/P^*l^" '^^P<^"ence. during the prefent conteft. for a verifia. frt '^""J^'^"'-"- But, If they be not certain in event, arc they not poffible are they not probable ? Is it not fafer towait with patitnce 27 years and three months longer, for the attainment of any degree of popu. lacion defired. or rxpefted ? May not our government U more homoecne- ous. niore peaceable more durable ? Suppofe 20 millions of republican Americans thrown all of a fudden into France, what would be the con- dition of that kingdom ? If it would be more turbulent, lefs hanpv. IcG. ftrong, we may believe that the addition of half a million of foreWrs to our prefent numbers would produce a fimilar efFed here. Ifthey come of themfelves. they are entitled to all the rights of citizenlhip .• But I doubt theexpediC'icy of inviting them by extraordinary encouragemetus. I mean not that thefe doubts fhould be extended to the importation of ulehilartihcers. Fhe policy of that meafu re depends on very different conlu erations. Spare no cxpence in obtaining them. They will after a while goto the plough and the hoe; but, in the mean time, they will teach us fomething we do not know. It is not fo in agriculture. The ind.fFerent aate of that among us does not proceed from a want of know- ledge merely; it is from our having fuch quantities of land to walte as we plcafe. In Europe the objcft is to make the molk of tlicir land, la- bour beingabundant: hereitis to make the moft of onr labour, land b«, ing abundant, > ' It will be proper to explain how the numbers for the vears 1781 have been obtained; and it was not from a perfed cenfus of the inhabi- tants. It will at the fame time develope the orooortion betw« n th.^ fr.. inhabitants and iiaves. The following rcturA of taxable. articles for t"h7t year was given in. ^ Free. betvvi^en the free :ai: tides for that V t A O I N 1 A. Free malts above a r years of age SiHvea of all a^fes wnd fexes Not tUdinguilncd in the returns but, uld to be tithcable llavcik Harfcs - • * ^ Cattle * " • » WheeU of riding cafria^c* 'Itvejnf - * ^ nr 211,698 23,766 609,754 5>ia6 191 theWMrereno feturns from the Securities of Lincoln, Tefferfon, Fay- fttc, Monongalia Yohogania, Ohio. Northampton, and York. To find the numhcr oj il«vc» which (hoaid hav.: been returned inlicad of the 23,766 t»the;ibJes. we mi.ft mention that fome obfervations on a forracf vtnias had given reafou to believe that the numbers above and Ih:1ow 16 years of age were equal. The double of tliis number, therefore, to wit. 47,53^ muft he added to 1, ,,698, which will give us 259.230 flave. o£ all :.ges and fcxes. T o find the number of free inhabitants, w- rault re* -.eat the obfcrvation. that thofc above and below 16 are nearly equah jut as the number 53,289 omits the males lietwcen 16 and 31, we muft lupply them from conjecture. On a former cx}>erimeut it had api^ared that about one-third of our militi,i, that is, of the males between 16 and CO. were unmarried. Knowing how early marriage takes place here, wo fhal) not be far wrong in fuppofing that the unmaniedpartof our mifitia arc thofe bet weea 1 6 and 2 1 . U there be young men who do not marry nil after 21 , there arc as many who marry before that age. But as the men above ^o were not included in the militia, we will fuppofe the ;n- n.arrie(l, or thofe between 1 6 and 3 r , to be one^fourth of iIk whole num- ber above 1 6, then we have the following calculation ; g Free males above 1 1 years of age Free males bet wet n r6 and n Free males under 16 Free females of all agci Free inhabitants of all a^es Slavesof all ages Inhabitants, exclufive of the 8 counties from which were no returns In thefe 8 counties in the years 1779 and 1780 were 3,i6t militia. Say then. Free males above the age of j 6 Ditto under 16 - • Free females - - - . Free inhabitants in thefe 8 Counties To find the number of Haves, fay, as 284.208 to 259,23 53.289 7 1,^3 a 142,104 284,208 259,230 543.438 3,t6t 3»i6i 6,322 1644 11 O, to »6 12,6 [4 to It, 5 3 2. Adding the third of thcle number io the firlt, atd thefouah to the fecond, we have £bb Free $7* VIRGINIA. Free inhabitants Slaves 270,76* Inhabitants of every age, fcx, and condition 567,61 4. • But 296,852, the nuinl)cr of free i.jhnbitants, are to 270,762, the number of flaves, narly as 11 to 10. Under the mild treatment our Haves experience, and their wholefome, though coarfe, food, this blot in our country incrcafesas faft, orfafter, than the whites. During the re- gal government, we had at one time obtained a law, which impofed fuch a duty on the importation of flaves,as amounted nearly to a prohibition, when one inconftderate affembly, placed under a peculiarity of circum* ftance, repealed the law. This repeal met a joyful fan^ition from the then fovereigi., and no devices, no expedients, which couid ever after be at- tempted by fubfeauent affcmblics, and they feldom met without attempt- ing them, could fiicceed in getting the royal aTent to a renewal of the duty. In the very firft feflion held under the republican government, the affembly pafled a law for the perpetual prohibition of the importation of fla ves. This will in fome meafure Itop the increafc of this great political and moral evil, while the minds of our citizens may be ripening for a complete emancipation of human nature.' Climate.^ * In an extenfive country, it will beexpe^ed that the cli- jnate is not the fame in all its parts. It is remarkable that, proceeding on the fame parallel of latitude weftwardly, the climate becomes colder in Jike manne' as when you proceed northwardly. This continues to be the cafe till you attain the fummit of the Allegany, which is the higheft land between i! •^ ocean and the Mifllfippi. From thence, defcendmg in the fame latitude to the Miflifippi, the change reverfes; and, if we may be- lieve travellers, it becomes warmer there than it is in the fame latitude on the fea fide. Their teftimony is ftrcngthened by the vegetables and ani- mals which fubfift and multiply there naturally, and do not on our fea coaft. Thus catalpas grow fpontaneoufly on the Miflifippi, as far as the latitude of 37", and reeds as far as jS''. Perroquets even winter on the Sioto, in the 39th degree of latitude. In the fumroer of 1 779, when the thermometer was at9o'^, at Monticello, and 96*' at Williamfl)urg, if was no*' atKaflcafkia. Perhaps the mountain, which overhangs this village on the north fide, may, by its reflcftion, have contributed fomewhat to produce this heat,* I Miliii», VIRGINIA. m 567,614. to 270,762, the ild treatment our food, this blot in During the re- liich impofed fuch ' to a prohibition, liarity of circum. Uon from the then ever after be at- without attempt- ) a renewal of the 1 government, the he importation of this great political / be ripening for a )eAed that the cli. lat, proceeding on ecomes colder in lontinues to be the is the higheft land defcending in the nd, if we may bc- e fame latitude on egetables and ani- do not on our fea ifippi, as far as the :vcn winter on the of 1779, ^'icnthe Jliamlburg, if was rhangs this village utcd fomewhatto Jf//->w.] « The following is a ftate ofihe militia, taken from returr- of 1 780 and 1 781 . except in thofe counties marked with an aftcrilk, the re- turns from which are fomewhai older. TABLE. Situa- tion o c Counties. Militia. | Situation. ij -ii i^ 1^ W 1; * i^ f^ >o Lincoln Jeifirrfon Fayette Ohio iVIonongalia Wa filing ton Montgomery Green- briar u ^ 00 S re 00 ^ Hampfhire Herkhy Frederick Shenando Rockingham Augiil^a Kock bridge Botetourt Loudoun Fauquier Culpeper Spotfylvania ()range Lou i fa Goochland Fluvanna Allvrr.arle Am her ft Buckingham Bedford Henry Pitt/\'lvania Halifax Charlotte Prin.Edward Cumberland Powhatan Amelia Lunenhu Mecklcn Brunfw Counties. (ircenefville )inwiddie Chellerfield Prince George •urry Sul^ex ^outhamptm Ifle of Wight NJanfemond Norfolk Priucefs Anne rlcnrico Hanover New Kent ^, Charles City g /imesCity York ^ Warwick Klizaheth City Caroline King William King and Qiieen EiTex. ^ Mir'dlefex Gloucefter' Fairfax Prince ^^ ilHam Stafford King George Richmond Weftmoreland Northumberland T.ancafter \ccomac viorthpmpton tia of the State | 49 I Militia. yoo •750 655: 380 •700 I 874' •600 •644 •880 •59A 619 796 ♦4«8 a 86 129 *244 *IOO 182 805 436 500 468 *2ro 850 652 614 *50o 483 412 .54+ 630 302 ^1208 ,971 ■ \ Every fe .i S99 V I R C N I A. I ■ J * Every able-bodied freeman, between the ages of i6and 50, is enrol, kd in the militia, Thnfc of every county arc formed into companies, and tiiefe again into one or more l)a«alioas, according to the numbers in tlie county. They arc comuiamicd by colonels, and other fuboidinate ofjiccrs, as in the rogular krvicc. Jn every county is a county Jieutenant, who commands the whole miliua in his county, but ranks oujy as a colo- nel in the field. Wc have no general oHicers. always cxilting. 'I hcfe are appointed occafionally, when an invalion or infurreaion happens, and their commiiiion detcriuims with the occaiion. The iroveiMor is htad of the military, as well -is civil power. 'I he Jaw rcqujios every militia-maa to provide himlclf witli the arms ufual in the regular fervice. But this jnjundion was a]',va\s inuiiicrently complied with, and the arms they hiul have been fo fretjucntly cnllcd for to arm the regula .1, that in the lower parts of the country they arc entirely difarnied. In the middle country a fourth or fifth part of them may have fuch firelocks as they had provided to dellroy the noxious animals which inftli their farms; and on 'the wcf- ^crn fide ■ fthe Blue Ridge they are generally armed with rifles.' Chjil Di'vifma.] * Tiie counties have already been enumerated, 'i'hey are 74 m number, of very unequal fizc and population. Of thefe 3? are on the tide waters, or in that parallel; 23 are in the midlands, between the tide waters and Blue Ridge of mountains; 8 between the Biua Rulue fnd Allegany; and 8 weftward of the Allegany, * The Hate, by another divifion, is formed into parifties, many of which .-jre commenlurate with the counties : but fometimes a county com- prehends more than one parilh, and fometimes a parifh more than one county. This diviUon had relation to the religion of the Hate, a parfon ©J the Anglican church, with a fixed falary, having been heretofore eih- Winied in eaci: parilh. The care of the poor was another obieft of the parochial diyifion. * We have no townfliips. Our country Iwing much interfered with navigable waters, and trade brought generally to our doors, inllead of our Pcmg objged to go in queft of it, has probably been one of the caufes why we have no towns of any confequence. Willi.vnfburg, which, till the year 1780, was the feat of our government, never contained above I Soo inhabitants; and Norfolk, the molt populous town we ever had, contained but 6000. Our towns, but more properly our villages or hamlets, areas follows. c * 9" ^'""'T /'■"^'' ^"'^ its wafers, Norfolk, Porifmouth, Hampton, buffolk, Smithfield, Williamiburg, Peterfhurg, Richmond the feat of our government, Manchellcr, Charloitefvillc. New iondon, * On nrk Ri'verand its waters, York, Newcaftle, Hano\rr. « On Rapffihamiock, Urbaiina, Port Koval, Frederick OiuriN Falmouth. * On Putimak-iiMi its waters, Dumfries^ Colchelter, Ah.xandria, Win. chefter, Staunron. ^ ' 'I'here are other places at which, like fomi* of the fore'roln-r, the law have fsid therR fJi;*'! Ii^ r.-m/n'' • ^^•••• -••» !-• •- ^i' .(. n ^^,t j - — "'• I '•""• --'"'.-t.T n.!.i laivi tiicic ir.aii nor, inu tliey remain unworthy of enumeration, Norfolk will probably be the m^ ponum for all the trade of the Chcfapeek Bay and its waters;^ and a canal of 8 or 10 miles will bring it to all that of Albemarle found and its wa- ters. Secondary to this place, arc the towns at the head of die tide- waters A. land ^o, is enrol, i into companies, to the iiunibcri in Jthcr fuborciinate :oijntyJicurenant, ks oujy as a coit.- ilting. 'I he fe are iou happens, ami >veiMtir is htad of tvery miiitia-niaa ervicc. But this :he arms they hiul that in the lower middle country a hey had provided ; and on the wcf- th rifles.' numeratctl. They Of thcfe 3 5 are lidlands, between n the Blue Rulge parifhes, ntany of ncs a county com- [h more than one he Hate, a parfon 1 heretofore eila- ther ohjcil of the b interfered with ors, in Head of our one of the caufes burg, which, till contained above wn we ever had, ' our vilhigcsor outh, FJamptonj id the feat of our no\rr. (l)urs.j, Falmouth. iltxandria. Win. eo-oing, the/rtT(.' re ir.aii nor, inu ihjibly be thf oin- tcrs ; and a caiuil ouikI anti its wa- lead of tlie tide- waters V I R G I N I A. i«« waters to wit. Peterfturg on App.mattox. Richmond on Jame, River NcwcalUe on York River, Alexanatapfco. hunrx thefe the diftribution will be to fubordinarfuua nons o the country. Accidental circumdanccs however may controul the ,mi,cat,on. ot nature, and in no mltancesdo they do it more frequently than m the rife and fall ot towns.' "ci^icnny 'I o the fbrcgoing general account, we add the following more particu- lar defcripuons. ^ parucu- Ali XANDMA ftands on the foutn bank of Patomak river. Its {;♦»« tjon IS elevated anL /.the whole airemblage. of the green -houfc, fchool-houfl.! offices-^ml fcrvants bads, when fecn from the land fide, bears a refembhner to * rural village-efpec ally as the lands in that fide are la d out Wwha^ an the form of LngiKh gardens, in meadows and grafs ground" om. men ed with httkcopres. circular clumps and iingle trees.^ A fm^IlZk nh tluMnargtn of the river, where the Enp,li(h fallow-deer/and the Ameri^ can wUd.oeerare fcen through the thicket., alternately wih the S the whole fcenery. On the oppofite fide of a fmall cr -ek to thr north H'ard. an extenfive plain, exhibiting cornfields and ..m1. L!!!'!;' "^IT 111 iummcr a luxiirisnr i-.nHi^r..-v« .,.i-i .. i .1 .. r.' "'. 'i' "'•''''"" luxuriant landfcapetc) the eve : while the blendcdVml of wooillands and cultivated declt the profpert in a charm WtllC h the I in^ manner itieson theMarvland (h ure Such ore variegates ate Commandtr in Chief of the American A are the philofcphic fhades to from the tumukuous fccnesofa bufy world rniies has retired Fr EDERICKSCUKGIff 39z V. I It N A. II i i ^ Frbdericksburc is fituated on the fouth fide of Rappahannok river, I ID miles from its mouth ; and contains about 200 houfes, priaci- palJy on one ftreet, which runs nearly parallel with the river. Richmond, the prefent feat of government, ftands on the north fide of James river, juftat the foot of the falls, and contains about 300 houfes; part of which are built upon the margin of the river, convenient for hufmefs; the reft are u^ )n a hill which overlooks the lower part of the town, and commands an extenfive profpeft of the river and adjacent country. The new houfes are well built. A large and elegant ftatc- houfe or capitol, has lately been erefted on the hill. The lower part of the town is divided by a creek, over which is a bridge, liiat, for Virgj- nia, is elegant. A handfome and expenfive bridge, between 3 and 400 yards in length, conftru^ed on boats, has lately been thrown acrofs James river at the foot of the falls, by Col. John Mayo, a wealthy and refpec- table planter, whofe feat is about a mile from Richmond. ' This bridge connects Richmond with Mandiefter ; and as the paffengers pay toll, it produces a handfome revenue to Col. Mayo, who is the fole proprietor. The falls, above the bridge, are 7 miles in length. A canal is cutting on the north fide of the river, which is to terminate in a bafon of about two acres, in the town of Richmord. From this bafon to the wharves in the river, will be a land carriage of about 400 yards. Ihis canal is to be cut by a company, who have calculated the expence at 30,000 pounds, Virginia money. This they have divided into 500 (hares of 60 pounds each. The opening of this canal promifes the addition of much wealth to Richmond. Petersburg, 2^ miles fouthward of Richmond, ftands on the fouth fide of Appamatox river, and contains nearly 300 houfes, in two divi- fions ; one is upon a clay, cold foil and is very dirty — the other upon a plain of fand or loam. There is no regularity, and very little elegance in Peterfburg. It is merely a nlace of bufinefs. The Fret Mafons have a hall tolerably elegant ; and the feat of the Bowling family, is plea- fant and well built. It is very unhealthy. About 2200 hogfhfads of tobaco are infpeded here annually. Like Richmond, Wilharafburg, Alexandria and Norfolk, it is a corporation ; and what is fingular, Peterft)urg city comprehends a part of three counties. The celebrated Indian queen, Pocahonta.from whom defcended the Randolph and Bow- ling families, formerly refided at this place. Williamsburg is 60 miles eaft ward of Richmond, fituated Ijctwcen two creeks; one falling into James, the other into York river. The diitance of each landing place is about a mile from the town, which, with the difadvantage of not being able to bring up large veflels, and want of enterprize in the inhabitants, are the reafons why it never flouriih- ed. Itconfiftsof about 200 houfes, going faft to decay, and not more than 900 or 1000 fouls. It is regularly laid out in parallel ftreets, with a fquare in the center, through which runs the principal ftreet, E. and W. about a mile in length, and more than 100 feet wide. At the ends of tiiis ftreet are two public buildings, the college and capitol. Befides thefe there is an Epifcopal church, a prifon, a hofpital for lunatics, and tk' palace ; all of them extretnt-lv indifferent. In the capitol is a large warble ftatue, in the likenefs of Narbone Berkley, lord Botetourt, a man diftinguilhed A. of Rappahannok too houfes, priaci. le river. on the north fide iabout 300 houfes; ;r, convenient for lower part of the ■iver and adjacent and elegant ftatc- rhe lower part ot ;, that, for Virgi- tween 3 and 400 irownacrofs James ealthy and refpec- md. This bridge bngers pay toll, it he fole proprietor. A canal is cutting 1 a bafon of about n to the wharves is. This canal is Jtpence at 30,000 to 500 (hares of s the addition of ■ands on the fouth fes, in two divi. -the other upon a ry little elegance rhe Fre* Mafons ng family, isplea- 100 hogfliieads of d, Wilhanifturg, vhat is Angular, The celebraied ndolph and Bow- , iituated lictwcen ork river. The the town, which, arge veflels, ami i it never flouri(h« y, and not more allel ftreets, with ftreet, E. and W. At the ends of capitol. Befides for lunatics, and capitol is a large Botetourt, a maa diftinguilbed V I R I N I A. 383 diftingmlhcd for his love of piety, literature and good gomnm. ,t, and formerly governor of Virginia. It was crcfted at thi expence of the IhLeL^UrdSd" ''^ »««I^«^"dcnefs of negroe, and boys, a^d is Kvery thing in William (burg appears dull, forfaken and melancholy- no trade-no amufements, but the infamous one of gaming-no induftrv and very little appearance of religion. The unprofperous ilate of the college but pnncipally the removal of the feat of government, have con, tnbuted much to the decline of this city. YoRKTOWN 13 miles eaftward from Williamlburg. is a place of about 1 00 houfes, fituated on the fouth fide of York river. It was ren- dered famous by the capture of lord Cornwallis and his army, on the 19th of Oaober, 178,, by the united forces of France and America. 1 fef -"'"'^f-^ /The college of William and Mary is the •J^r.P^'^'S.ffniinary of learning in this (tate. It was founded in the time of king Wilham and queen Mary, who granted to it 20,000 acres of land, and a penny a pound duty on certain tobaccoes exported from ^'ir- gima and Maryland, which had been levied bv the ftatute of 2 c Car' 2 I he affcmbly alfo gave it. by temporary laws/ a duty on liquors importi ed, and (kins and furs exported. From thefe refources it received upwards ot X:- 3000 communibus amis. The buildings are of brick, fufficient for an indifferent accommodation of perhaps 100 ftudents. By its charier It was to be under the government of 20 vifuors, who were to be its le- ginators, and to have a prefident and fix profeiTors, who were incorporat- ed. It was allowed a re^refentative in the general aflembly. Under this charter a profe(rot(hip of the Greek and Latin languages, a profefTorlhity of mathematics, one of moral philofophy. and two of divinity, wereefta. blifhed. To thefe were annexed, for a (ixth profcflbrfhip, a conliderable donation by a Mr. Boyle of England, for the inftruftioi of the Indians and their converf.on to chriftianity. This was called the profe(ror(hip of Bra(lerton,fromaneftateof that name in England, purchafed with the monies given. Ihe admiifion of the learners of Latin and Greek filled the college with children. This rendering it difagrceable and deirradinff to young gnntlemen already prepared for entering on the fciences, they were difcouraged from reforting to it, and thus the fchools for mathema- tics and moral philofophy, which might have been of fome fervice be- came of very little. The revenues too were exhau(tcd in accommodating thole who came only to acquire the rudiments of fcience. After the ore fent revolution, the vifitors, having no power to change thefe circumftan- ces in the conftitution of the college which were fixed by the charter, and" being therefore confined in the number of profcfforfhips, undertook to d^.ange the objefts of the profefforlhips. Thly excluded the two fchool, for divinity and that for the Greek and Latin languages, and fubltituted ti-" i!'/^'' '' prefent;hey (f and^ thus :~A Profefror(hip for Law «^d "iv7"" r?.LM"r'^',""" ivicaiciue— rNaturai niijofophy and Mathematics -Moral Philofophy, the Law of Nature and Nations, the Fine Art 1 Modern Languages— For the Brafferton. . ' .i"^" r ';.'» PfOF><"^;'J' ^o ^"on as the legiHature (hall have leifure to take "P this fubjedf, todcfirc authority fronfthcm toincreafe the number of profefToflhipi, 3»4 R O I N I ^ I ■.tLrM:saMi Mtte better an- fweredby maintaining a perpetual inilEoa among the Indian tribes, the objed of which, befides initrutting them in tlie principles of chriftiaj>ity, as the founder requires, (hould be to collef^ their traditions, laws, cullomj, languages, and other circumftances wliich might lead to a difcovery of their relation with one another, or defcent from other nations. When thefe objects are accompiilhed with one tribe, the luiflionary niiglii pafu on to another.' The college edifice is a huge, misfliajien pile. * which, bot that it has a roof, would be taken for a brick-lciln.' In 1787, there wertf aboot 30 young gentlemen members of this college, a large proportion of tvhich were iaw-ftudents, > There are a number of flourifhing academies in Virginia— one in 'Prince Edward county— one at Alexandria-one at Norfolk— one at Hanover, and others in other places. Since the declaration of independence, the laws of Virginia have beert revifed by a cOinmittee appointed for the purpofe, who have reported their work to the affembly. One objed of this revifal was to diftafe knowledge more generally through the rnafs of the people. The bill for this purpofe ' propofes to lay off every county into fmali diftrifts of fire or fix miles fcjuarc, called liundreds, and in each of them to eftablilh 3 fchool for teachir reading, writing, and arithmetic. The tutor to bft fupportedbytliehi ired,and every perfon in it entitled to fend their child- ren 3 years gratis, a .d as much longer as they picafe, paying for it. Thefe fchools to be under a vifitor, who is annually to chufe the boy, of belt genius in the fchool, of thofe whofe parents are too poor to give them further education, and to fend him forward to one of the grammar fchools, of which twenty are propofed to be ereiled in different parts of the countrv, for teaching Greek, Latin, geography, and the highej branches of numerical arithmetic. Of the boys thus fent in any one year, trial is to be made at the grammar fchools one or two years, auJ the beft genius of the whole felcded, and continued fix years, and the reilduedifii.iffed. By this means twenty of the beft geniuffes will be raked from the rubbiih annwally, and be inliruded, at the public e»- peiice, fo far as the grammar fchools go. At the end of fix years in- ftruftion, one half are to be difcontinued (from among whom the gram- mar fchools will probably be fupplied with future matters) j and the other half, who are to be chofen for the fuf^eriority of their parts and difpofiti- on,are to be fent and continued t' ears in theftudy of fuch fcieme* as they (hall chufe, at William an) ^ary college, the plan of which is ■■sroDoied to be enlarfCG. j^s wi!! be hceal*er exolained afMlest''!id?d to ' ^U the ufcful fcienccs. The ultimate refult of th' whole feheme of edu- cation would be ihe teaching all the children of the ftate reading, writing, and common arithmetic : turning out ten anmnvlli of fuperior genius, well taught in Greek,, j^atin, geography, and the higher branches of a- Kithmetic ; A, jfe already indttQ* To the profeffojT- t would ieem pro- ; of the Nofth, oa laws, cuftoms, and ^ould i>e better an- iridia n tribes, the les ofchriftiai>ity, >ns, laws, cultomj, to a difcovery of r nations. When fionary nii^ii pafs ch, bat that it has there wer(^ about ■ge proportion of Virginia—one i« Norfolk— one at Virginia have beert ho have reported ifal was to diiFafe pie. The bill for alidiftrifts of fire aem to eftablilh a The tutor to bfi to fend their ehild- 'ing for it. Thefe the boy, of belt oor to give them of the grammar different parts of , and the higliej fent in any one •r two years, auJ ix years, and the geniufles will be at tile public e». of fix years in- whom the gram- 's) } and the other arts and difpofiti« y of fuch fcience» plan of which is Hfid £l£tP.!1ffcd to le feheme of ele convenient fchoolij, at which their cliildren may be educated, at their own expence.—The general objects of this law are to provi^Je an e- liucation adapted u- the years, to the capacity, and the condition of every oie, and direfted to their freedom and happinefs. Specific details were not proper for the kw. Tiiefe muft be the bufmefs of the vifitors entrufted with its execution. _ Thefirit iiage of thts education being the fchools of the hundreds, wherein the great mafs of the people will receive their in- ftrudion, the principal foundations of future order will be laid here. In- ftcad therefore of putting the Bible and Tcllamcnt into the hands of the children, at an age when their judgments are not fiilHciently matured for religious enquiries, their memories may here be Itored with the moft ufe- ful fads from Grecian, Roman, European and American hi%ry. The firll elements of morality too may bp inftilied into their mind^; fuch as, when further developed as their judgments advance in Itrength, may teach them how to workout their own greatelt happinefs, by Ihewing them tJiat it does not depend on the condition of life in which chance has placed them* but is always the refuit of a good confcience, good health, occupa- tion, and freedom in all juft purfuits.— Thofe whom cither sLo wealth of their parents or the adoption of the flate (liall deliine to higher degrees of learning, will go on to the grammar fchools, which conititute the next ftage, there to be^ inftruded in the Janguages. "1 he learning Greek and Latin, I am told, is going into difufe in Europe. I know not what their manners and occupations may call for; but it would be very ill-judged in us to follow their example in this inliance. There is a certain period of life, fay from eight to fifteen or fixteen years of age, when the mind, like the body, is not yet firm enough for laborious and clofe operations. If applied to fuch, it falls an early virtim to prerature exertion; exhibit- ing indeed at firft, in thefe young and tender fubjefts. the flattering ap- pearance of their being men wliile thev are vet children, but ending in re- ducing them to be children when they iTiouId be men. The memory is then moft lufceptible and t-nacious of impieflions; and the learning of lan- guages being chiefly a work of memory, it feems precifely fitted to the powers^ of this period, which is long enou^'h too for acquiring the moft uieful languages anticnt and modern. 1 do not pretend that lan- ■'juage is fcience. It is only an inflrument for the attainment of fcience. iutthat time is not loif which is employed in providing tools for future operation : more efpecially as in this cale tlie books put into the hands of the youth for this purpofe may be fuch as will at the f.me time imprefs their minds with ufeful fac^s and good prii;ciplcs. If this period be fuf- fered to pafs in idlenefs, tie mind becomes lethargic and impotent, as would the body u inhabits if unexercifed during the fame lime. I^he fym- pathy between body and mind dnrin? their rife, nroprefs and decjins'. 5? too ftrid and obvious to endrnjj;er our'being mifled while we reafon from * - one to the other.— As foon as they are offufiicient age, it isfuppofe. Several a^s of the Virginia aflembly of 1659, 1662, and 1693, had made it penal in parents to refufe to have their children baptized; had prohibited the un- lawful aflembling of Quakers; had made it penal for any mafter of avef- lel A* ag thecIaflesoftJie 1 nature has Town a« without ufe, if not is law none is more ring the people the ; liberty. For this receive their whole liftorical. Hiftory e of the future; it her nations; it will len; it will enable iflume; and know- rth is fome trace of leracy, which cun- ivate, and improve, ers of the people a- depofitories. And ■ed to a certain de- it be eflentially ne- come in aid of the ift be Ihared among ir mafs participates ; ; becaufe the cor- :es of wealth : and ople. In this cafe vernment of Great I has a right to vote ment therefore get at corruption is re- le wealthier ofthe nextenfion of tha IS of ' orruption.' (wledge, which the lin -> effeft. And ncesof the citizens one clafs — and the perable difficulties igrants frorfi Eng- len it was fluihed rfuafions. Poflef- ering, and execut- ountry with their thern govprnmenr. gland. The) call liHi religious frcc- feft. Several a!e. There arc two or three plans, OP one of whuh.a.cordin- to its fin', nioftof the houHsin the Hate are built. ^1 he po>)r;U pco^de buiid huts of logs, laid hori/,ontallv in pens ftoppmg the mterftices with im,d. 'Ihefe'ar- wanner in winter and cooler in fummcr, than tV more cxpenfivc conllrudionsof fcantline and plap.k.— '1 he^oiily pul.hr buildings worthy mention arc the Capitol, the Palace, the Co.lcgo, and the ih^ipital for 1. unities, all of them in Wi|. liamlburg. 'I here are no ot'.er public buildings but churches an ,„ .urt- houfes, in wh!ch no attempts are made at elegance. Indeed it wouid not be eafy to execute fuch an attempt, as a workman could fcarcely be found here papable of drawing an order. The genius of architedure feems to have Ihed its malediaions over this land. Buildings are often ercded, by indiyiduaU. of conhderqblc expence. To give thefe fymmetry and talle would not increafe their cod. Jt would onlv change the arrangement of the materials, the form and combination of the members. Ibis would often coft lefs than the burthen of barbarous ornaments with which thefe buildings are fometiraes charged. But the firft principles of the art are utiknown, and there cxifisfcarcely a model among us fufficiently chadeto give an idea of them. Architefturc being one of the fine arts, and as fuch within the department of a profcfTor of the ccdicge, according to the new arrangement, perhaps a fpark jr.a^- fall on fume 'young fubjeds of natur- al tafte, kindle up their genius, and produce a reformation in this degitnt and ufeful art. ** ^ Afenliblegcntlemnn* who travelled thir -h the middle fettlements m America, about 30 years ago, has given the Virginians the followintr charafter. * • The climate and external appearance of the country confpire to make them indolent, eafy and good-natured ; extremely fond of focie- ty, and mucli given to convivial pleafures. In confcquence of this, they feldom (how any fpirit of enterprii^e, or expofe themfelves willingly to fatigue. Their authority over their (laves renders them vain and im- perious, and intJre ftrangers to that elegance of fcntimc-.t, which is fo peculiarly charad^enflic of refined and poliflied nation?. Their ignorar ignorantc ni efpccially in regard to Indians and Negroes, whom they fcarccl'y confider of mankind and of Icaminc expofes them m manv prrnrc an,! ^^r.A,,^\u,>i as of the human fpecies ; fo that it is almoft impollible, in cafes of vie lence, The ReK>. A/idrexv Burtmiry^ f'icar of Crechiuicb, hnn when there \$ produce. Whether ermine, Itiscer- to yield to her in but that (he is far , mechanical, nan- A few lingular in- )rogrefs in the arts :r("on gives the tbl- ily conllruded of ; of fcjtntHug and things more ugly, arc two or thrt-e • ht)uf(sin thclhite riV.ontnlly in pens, icr in winter, and IS of fcantling and fi the Capitol, the II of them in WiU luirchesan',y »urt- decd it won id not I (carcfly be found •hitetSture fcems to c often ercded, by 'mmetry and talle ho arrangement of )ers. I his would s with which thcfe [pies of the art are ifFicientlychafteto e arts, and as fuch nrding to the new fubjo^th of natur- ion in this elegfint liddle fettlements lans the following mtry confpire to ly fond of focie- lence of this, they ;lves willingly to em vain and im- ;c-it, which is fo Their ignorance re anfl i^ri^'niAirpc ... a.... f .-j.J . ' ftarccly confider , in cafes of vio- lence, VIRGINIA. I>f Icncf. or cvfn murder, committed upon tho/e unhappy people by any of the p anters. to have the delinquents brought to juitL : For either^tS ITpZ '" '" •'"'•"' '^' I'c't.t jury bring in their verdldj • The difplay of a charaftcr thus conftitutcd. will naturally be in aAi of extravagance <.nentat.on. and a difregard <,f c«conomy^ it i. not xtraordinary. therefore, that the Virginians out-run their income. ; anj tha having involved thnnldves in dilliculties. they are frecjucntiy t<^mpt. ed to ra.fe money by bills of exchange, which they know will be return, ed protefted, with lo per cent, intcrelt. •^iciurn- • The public or political chara^er of the Virginians, correfpond* with their private one : They are haughty and jealous of their liffe Tm- patientof rellraint. and can fcarcely bear the thought of being con troukd by any fupenor power There are but few of them that have a turn V>r lufinefs, and even thofe arc by no means adroit at it. 1 have known them, upon a very urgent occafion. vote the relief of a garrifon wi^h out once conf^^dering whether the thing was prafticable. when it w'asmoft evidently and demonllrably otherwif^ hi matters of commerce ^hey are ignorant of the necclTary pr.nciples that muft prevail between zcl lony and the mother country ; they think it a hardlhip not to have an imhmited trade to every part of the world. They confider the dutfiS upcjn their ftaple as injurious only to themfelves ; and it is utterly hm poinble to perfuade them that they affed the confumer alfo. Upon the whole, however, to do them jullice, the fame fpirit of generoffty pre! V Is hrrr which does m their private charafter / they never refuse any necefTary fupplies for the fupport of government when called upon anS are a 8:enerous and loyal people. ' * ^ ' The women are. upon the whole, rather handfome. though not to be compared with our fair countrywomen in England. They have hut few advantages, r.d confe(,uently are feldom actomplifhed ; this make! them referved. an^ unequal to any intereJling or fefined converfation! n hey are immoderate y fond of dancing, and indeed it isalmoft the only amufement they partake of : But even in this they difcovcr great warj counry confiJh„sof a l,e„,M, and about fifty men. This u.fortulte p.,iybjwg bcjtegedby the Cherokee hd.ans, and reduced to the lajl eitremiv fnt off runjn to tt^r gover^^orr of Virginia and Carolina, impiovL imm^diaU tp.'ied; 'Were to redeZ'vo.s upon the frontiers 200 miles dillnnt from WilUamr burg ; ^ere afterward to^roceed t. the fort 200 m,les farther through a ^l derncfs, nvhere there ^zvas no road, no ma^azvm, no /o/is, either toi.l^T::. •C^'a^' '*T^ T'a' '" f^' '-( '"'^ "^^^'^ ' > '^''^' '^^' ^^^ fortunate garrifL mt,ce ofthrfe d.Jficnlttes to one of the members, he frankly replied, " FaZi " true : But yehar.e had an opportunity at lea ft offhoiiJour InyaltT" In I 390 VIRGINIA. of taftc and elegance, and fddom appear with that gracefulnefi and eafe which thefe movements are fo calculated to difplay. Towards the clofe of an evening, when the company are pretty well tired with country, dances, it is ufual todance jiggs ; a pra(itice originally borrowed, 1 am informed, from the Negroe;.. Thefe dances are without any method or regularity : A gentle.ucn and lady ftand up, and dance about the room, one of them retiring, the other purfuing, tiien perhaps meeting, in an irregular faiitaftical manner. After fome time, another lady gets up, and then the firft lady muft lit down, (he being, as they term it, cutout: 'fhefecond lady arts the fame part which rlie 6rlt did, till fonjcbody cuts her out. The gentlemen prform iu the fame manner. The Virginian ladies, excepting their ainuffments, and now and then a party of pleafurc into the woods to partake of a baroacue, chiefly fpend their time in few. ing and taking care of their families: They feldom read, or endeavour to improve their minds ; however, they are in general good houfewives ; and though they have not, 1 think, quite fo much tendernefs and fenfi.' bility as the En^jlifh ladies, yet they make as good wives, and as good mothers, as any in the world.' 'I'his charafter was drawn from perfonal obfervation, and, in general, ap(^)ears to be juft. • The Virginians,' fays another difcerning traveller, * who are rich, are in general feijfible, polite and hofpitable, and of an indef>endent fpirit, T he poor are ignorant and abjedt — and all are of an inquifitive turn, and in many other refpeiJts, very much refemble the people in the eaftern ftates. They differ from them, however, in th.eir nlorals ; the former being much addifted to gaming, drinking, fwearing, horfe- racing, cock- figliting, and mod kinds of diflipation. There is a much greater dif- parity between the rich and the poor, in Virginia, than in any of the northern ftates.' * The young men' another traveller obfcrves, generally fpeaking, ' are gamblers, cock -fighters, and horfe-jockies. To hear them converfc,you would imagine that the grand point of all fcience was properly to fix a gaff, and touch, with dexterity, the tail of a cock while in combat. He who won the laft match, the laft game or the laft horfe-race, afl'umes the airs of a hero or German Potentate. The ingenuity of a Locke, or the difcoveries of a Newton, are confidered as infinitely inferior to the ac complifliments of him, vvho knows when to (houlder a blind cock, or ftart a fleet horfe.' A fpirit for literary enquiries, if not altogether confined to a few. is, among the body of the people, evidently fuOordi- nate to a fpirit of gaming and barbarous fports. Atalmoft every tavern or ordinary, on the public road, there is a billiard-table, a backgam- mon table, cards and other implements for various games. To thefe public houfes, the gambling gentry in the neighbourhood refort to kill time, which hangs heavily upon them ; and at this bufinefs they are ex- tremely expert, having been accuftomed to it from their earlieft youth. Thepaflion for cock-fighting, a diverfion not only inhumanly barbarous, ..!!. iiinniteiy irenestn tnc (.lignity of a man 01 lenie, is fo preuorninsfit that they even advcrtifc their matches in the public news papers.* This diffipation A traveller through Virginia ob/erves, ' Three or four matches ivere ad- vertized in the public prints at W illiamjburg ; and I nxas luitnefs of five in ihe courfe of my trwvelsfrom that to Pert Rojah' I N I A. 39' dlfllpation cf manners is the fruit of indolence and luxury, which are the fruit of the African flavery. Conjliiution, Courts and Laivs.] * The executive powers are lodged in the hands of a governor, chofen annually, and incapable of aiJting more thnn three years in fevcn. He is aflitted by a council of eight members. The judiciary powers arc divided among feveral courts, as will be here- after explairied. Legiflation is exercifed by two houfes ( affembly, the one called the Houfe of Delegates, compofed of two members from each county, chofen annually by the citizens poflefling an eftate for life in loo acres of uninhabited land, or 2 j acres with a houfe on it, or in a houfe or lot in fome town : the other called the Senate, confifting of 24 members, chofen quadrennially by the fame eleflors, who for this purpofeare diftri- buted into 24 uiftrifts. The concurrence of both houfes ii nccellary to the paflage of a law. They have the appointment of the governor and council, the judges of the fu|>erior courts, audftors, attorney general, treafurer, regitfer of the land office, and delegates to Congrefs. As the difmemberment of the ftate had never had its confirmation, but, on the contrary, had always l)een the fubje(^ of proteftation and complaint, that it might never be in our own power to raife fcruples on that fubjeft, or todifturb the harmony of our new confevleracy, the grants to Maryland, Pennfylvania.and the two Carolinas, were ratiricd. • This conftitution was formed when we were new and unexperienced in the fcience of government. It was the firft too which was formed in the whole United States. No wonder then that time and trial have dif- covered very capital defers in it. 1. • The majority of the men in the ftate, who pay and fight for its fup- port, are unreprefented in the legiflature, the roll of freeholders intitlcd to vote, not including generally the half of thofe on the roll of the militia, or of the tax-gatherers. 2. ' Among thofe who (hare thereprefentation, the fliarfH are very une- qual. Thus the county of Warwick, with only 100 fighting men, has an equal reprefentation with the county of Loudon, whidihas 17+6. So that every man in Warwick has as much influence in &- government as 17 men in Loudon. But lelt it (hould be thought tha !ual inte»fper- lion of fmall among large counties, through the whole ftaiei may prevent aiiv danger of injury to particular parts of it, we will divide it into di- firir;^s, and fhew the proportions of land, of fighting men, and of n^orc- jrefentation in each. Between the fea cc.ifl and falls of t!. rivers Between the falls of the rivers and the \ Blue Rido-e -'■ '-'- ' ■} mniintain"; Between the Blue Ridge and the Alle gany Between Lie Allegany and Ohio J Total Square ' miles. Fighting men. Dele- gates 7' 11,205 19,012 l8,7Jt; 18,82; 46. 11,911 7.67.^ 16 79,650 I 21 . rz r 4.+i^ 16 I 1 r. ACi C\~, 1 o'> Sena- tors. 12 \ i % An f ■^- - --S 1 i i^^B ^^1 1 1 )9* V I * G 1 N 1 A. Kold the., feffion^ at Richmond at fta«d „™„f ,he cWcrv twiccTr , ! s for 'cri^r r" ■;i" '"' '"^^" ^i"' ^"^ "Sarra^v 1 X^elcraZrovcrfJ^arifo!"''"""'''^ "''""""^ "'^ ^' Williamft„,g .1,,' i']"*" "f T ^T'T "?"• ""=<• *= Court of Appeal,, compofed cf ximcsatKicnmond. llus court receiv:s appeals ui ail civil rafrc fm-r, g.«Sa^--i^^r£-^trt:in^^ thecouatry. Butif itftallhave been inltimted in acounty court he fo reigner r.ay remove, t into the general court, or courtTchance;v wt are to determine it attheir firft fc/lions, as they ,„uft alfo do if it Kd? natTves. ^ ^ ' J"'^'^ ^^' ''"^ ^*^^ foreigners, the other .1,1^" Pf ^'' '''°""^' f ^ ^'"''^^^ ^'^h ^ b°«'"J of auditors, confining of three members, appomied by the general afTcmbly, any two of w^m may '•- year ;" "carinco 'tli^'^'^'^l-"^^' ^'^ deter'minition of that board -y carry nis cale into the proper fuperior court.' 1 adl of the 1' rendered added a number of afts of affembly, nd a(5ts of m i66i the laws of England were exprefsly adopted by an: .flembly of V.rg.ma except fofar as • a .li^rcnce ofcondftio" ' them .napphcaWe. To thefe w.-re added a number of afts of • ?Si":;!:S '!'.^ ™"?- V- ^"J -dinances of co"v.uio„ an .bni-s^th: E;i,im r^;^':: :i:;r/orn''t'4 '"= '°"»"" .he;r'^h^rcS^:i;"SLS^^^^^^^^^ ■ Tnti tiicir iwing varia* iverv of '""'18 A. f commentaries (Jrt I, living below the If members only of more than fupplicd lent, andof courfc which their mem- lincteen thoufand, 3 upwards of thirty r officers executive and circumUances, lie from the courts il court, and court appeals from the theful)je«ftofcon. re it concerns the alty is original al. ■ three iuHges, the fe. 'J he two firll ncery twice in the riminal, and twice i at Williamfburg ^eals, compofed cf ce a year at ftatcd 11 civil cafes from ly. Butithasno nation in alliance their ftate, or, if ;e. If one of the ourts of julHce of inty court, the fo- of chancery, who do if it be origi* h, fuch foreigners igners, the other tors, confining of two of whom may on of that board, b;^ an ad of the ndition' rendered ads ofafTembly, tion, and afts of following varia* thful delivery of '•^nd their '^- '"mis V 1 R I N I A. m ?i)rcver dif. barged from reftraini for fuch previous dcht< : But any j.iuj crty they nidy afterward* acquire will be fubje^i to their crcditom. ' Tne poor, unable to fupport tht-nifclvcs. arc maintained by an al- fflTment on the titheable jH:rfons In tht'ir paiilh. • A forei^jner of any nation, not in open war with tis, becomes na- turalized by removing to the Hate to refide; and taking an oath of fideli- ty , and thereupon acquires every right of a n.ttivc citizen. • Slave* pafii by dtfccni and dovvcr as lands do. • SlavM, as well as, lands, were oiitrtilablc during the monarchy : But, hv an aif^of Uie flrit n-publican .'Tcrnbly, all doi»ets in tail, picfent and future, were vclh?d with the abioluti dominion of the entailed fi»bJL-a. • Gaming debts arc nude void, and monies a^ually paid to difcharge fiicli debts (if they exceeded -|b (hillings) may be recovered by the payer within three months, or bv^iny othttr ptrfon afterwaids* ' Tobacco, flour, beef, pork, tar, pitth an«i turpentine, mud be In- fpeaed by pt-rfons publicly appointed, bclbre they can be exported.' In J 7»^, the ."iflcmbly enaftcd that n,) man (hould be compelled to fup port any religious worfhin, place or minifter wliatfoever, nor be cnfotccd, reiliaincd, t»iole(ted or butdcned in his body or goods, nor othcrwifc fuffcr on account c( his religious opinions or belief ; but that all men Ihonld be free to profefs, a!)d by ar^nimciit, to maintain their opinions in iiiattcrs of religion ; a.-id that the fame (hould in no wi/e diminiih, enlarge 6r a(Fe6t their civil capacities. In Oaober 1 7S6, an art wds paiTed by the affcmbly prohibiting the importation of (laves into the commonwealth, upon penalty of the for- fiiture of the funi of ^i coo for every flave. And every (lave imported contrary to ilia true intent and meaning of this aft, becomes free. Manufaaures and (Ofnmene.] « We never had an interior trade of any importance; Our exterior commerce has fuiffcred very much from the lK-j,Mnning of the prtfetit conteit. Dt-ring this time wei.avc manufaaur- ed wuhm our families the mod ncceflary articles of clo^thing. Thofe of cotton will bear fome comparifori with the fanic kinds of manufaaure in Europe; but thofe of wool, fiax and hea1p are verv coarfc, unfightly f.nd unpleafant t And fuch is our attachment to agriculture, and fuch our preference for foreign manufddlures, thai be it wife or unwife, ouf people will certiiivly return as Toon as thev can, to the raifing raw ma- terial, and exchanging them for liner rnaniifaaures than thev are able to esecu .e themfelvest l>d d before pi 394 R N A. ■« ( * Before the prefent war we exported, commttttibus attnh^ according to the bcft information I can get, nearly as follows : TABLE. a in •a W u < o ^ o O 'O o ^o o o o >o o O vo O O NO o o ^ O NO O \0 NO O 00 VC «n fv «*> •-' ■-« ^ A Ji • • • mi i-S ■: SI li-Si I I ^Kl S. S. ■£ 5 S. 4-t «-• «rf «rf « ■ ra cQ f4 M ( d R> C4 o o o « "5 -« a o o o o o o u-\ O lA O 00 1 1 .o o o o I IS o o V3 C/l oo 11 III o- 1 I 5 NO ffi u i-l rt o o o llfsl 1 1 o o o o o o ro ^1 I :^:"i [ I r^ > n 4J "So c w 8 J3 C 1, 4J ' o in B -^ en I *->'■■ t o fc: S o <-• i 2 Aurf «^ !•« C'5 a. a « O s; eu « c;:; ;:« 2: tJ oo v. C «- 3 2 M c 9 o vo c o s « •-< a 'So o o o o 00 o «-> a In A. attaist according to !t5 ■> « 1-1 ^o 00 • ••4 a o c o B ii •a o o o o CO o «-> G ^ OS u» .^ XJ H CU O Ck, e o vt! '^^K 3"^^ ^ C b ca o ... VIRGIN A. 395 * In the year 1758, weexported feventy thoufand hogfiieads of tobac- co, which was the greatelt quantity ever produced in this country in one year. But its culture was taft declining at the commencement of this war and that of wheat taking its place : And it muft continue to declin« on the return of peace. I fufpeft that the change in the temperature of our climate has become fenfible to that pUnt, which, to be good, requires an extraordinanr degree of heat. But it requires ftill more indifj>enfably an uncommon fertility of foil : And the price which it commands at mar- ket will not enable the planter to produce this by manure. Was the fup- ply ftill to depend on Virginia and Maryland alone, as its culture be- comes more difficult, the price would rife, fo as to enable the planter to furmount thofe difficulties and to live. But the weftern country on the Miffifippi, and the midlands of Georgia, having frefh and fertile lands in abundance, and a hotter fun, will be able to underfell thefe two ftatcs, and will oblige them to abandon the raifing tobacco altogether. And a happy obligation for them it will be. It is a culture produftive of infi- nite wretchednefs. Thofe employed in it are in a continued ftate of ex- ertion beyond tlje powers of nature to fu pport. Little food of any kind israifed by them ; fo that the men and animals on thefe farms are badly fed, and the eartii is rapidly impoveriflied. The cultivation of wheat is the revcrfe in every circumftance. Befides cloathing the earth with her- biige, and preferving its fertility, it feeds the labourers plentifully, re- quires from them only a moderate toil, except in the feafon of harveft, laifes great numbers of animals for food and fervice, and diffufes plenty and happinefs among the whole. We find it eafier to make an hundred bufliels of wheat than a thoufand weight of tobacco, and they are worth more when made. The weavil indeed is a formidable obftacle to the cul- tivation of this grain with us. But principles are already known which miiftlead to a remedy. Thus a certain degree of heat, to wit, that of the common air in fummer, is neccflary to hatch the egg. If fubteran- ean granaries, or others, therefore, can be contrived below that tempera- ture, the evil will be cured by cold. A degree of heat beyond that which hatches the cg^, we know will kill it. But in aiming at this we eafi- ly run into that which produces putrefaaion. To produce putrefaer cent on this, compared withany thing we ever yet paid, would be deemed a very heavy tax. Yet 1 think that thofe who manage well, and ule reafonable occonomy, could pay one and a halt per cent, and maintain their houlhold comfortably in the mean time, without aliening any part of their principal, and that the people wou.dfubmit to tliis willingly for the purpofe of fupporting their ~^s niav i3v then, that wc could raife, and C'j<»ht to raife, n from one million to one million and a half of doll Hrs annually, and that is rom tnree hundred to four hundred and fifty thoufand pounds, Virginia nsoney Qf A. riesto underfell Hirrj rtill a defideraturn of agriculture over ig our patture, wiil lie profit. Experi- America where he heat of the fun oc- I'inters are too cold Iconftitutionofthat either change their fits in uhith they ift. A good found- (Tiog already great :aHc xnd preference ICC of heat without the more fouthern ggon. Northward- ind fortune, for the ifes, their ficetnefs e will be other va< II be difcontinued, ;mp and flax in the Tieecfliry, comfort, 'fore ihall be under hardier than the o- ; open air. oogar, and habit having thy part of our ci- hem to thofe coun- unt of thefe vary- i;d depreciation of hat they are. We an intervening be- lt will therelore ^ be when we fhalj [ fhall eltimate the iiion of dollars, or on this, compared :ry heavy tax. Yet le ODConomy, could aid comfortably in icipal, and that the :>f f^jpporting their and ought toraife, inually, and that is i pounds, Virginia • Qf V R I N I A. 19? f Of our eiqiences it is equally difficult to give an exaft ffate, and fot jhe fame reafon. They are mo'ftly dated in pajper money, which varying dually, the legillature endeavours at every feffion, by new correftion^ contiijui to adapt the nominal furas to the value it is wifhcd they (hould bear. 1 will Hate ihcm therefore in rcitl coin, at the point 4t which thev end vour lo keep them. t\^y en4car The annual e|tpences of the general afTembly ai^ gbouf The governor - - « , The council of ftate - » . ' Their clerks - " . „ Eleven judges - - . ' ., The clerk of the chancery \. The attorney general - _ ^ . Three auditors and a a folicitor their clerks The treafurcr r r - « His clerks ' - ' - ' The keeper of the public jail , . The public printer - - ». - Clerks of the inferior courts - . " _ Public levy : this is chiefly for the eVfjcnces of criminal juftice County levy, for bridges, court houfes, prifons, &c. Members of Congrefs - - _ . Quota of the Federal civil, lift, fuppofed ^ of aboyt 78,000 dollars - ' - ^ ' ' " ^ Expenccs of colledion, 6 per cent, on the above The clergy receive only voluntary contributions: fuppofe them on an average i of a dollar a tythe on 200,000 tythes - - _ _ Contingencies, to make round numbers not far from truth . Poplars, io,QQo $'333^ 10,666^ 1 1,000 666| 1,000 S'33 \ 2,009 2,OOQ 2, 000 1,000 l,666| 40,006 40,009 7,O0Q 13,000 12,310 2j;,OQO 7'523f r\ II • rr^, . ^. *CO,OOD Dollars, pr n-H' gwtczs. This eftiniate is exclufive of the military expence. That vanes with the force a^ually employed, and in time of peace will probably be littk or nothing. Ir is exclufive alfo of the public debts, which are growing while I am writing, and cannot therefore be now fixed. So it is of tue maintenance of the poor, which being merely a matter of charity, cannot be deemed expended in the adraijiittration of government. And it we ftrike out the 25,000 dollars for the fervice* of the clergy, which neither makes part of that adimniftxation. moretl^an what is paid to phyficians or lawyers, and being voluntary, 15 either m4ch or nothing as every one pleafes, it leaves 225,000 dollars, equal to 48,208 guineas, the real coft of the apnarattis nf governmerit uith ys. This, divided among the aftual iuhabitants of our ccnintry, comes to1»" bout two-fifths of a dollar, 2 id. flerling, or 42 fols, the price which each pays annually for the prote«ftion of the reftdue of his property, that of his perfon, and the other advantages of a free governnjent. The public je- venues of Gteat Britain divided in like mannej: o^ its inhabitants would be 39» VIRGIN A. h I be fixtecn times grca^r. DeduftinP even the double of the exncncf s of government as before eflimatcd, from the million and a half of UolJars which we before fupprfed might he annually paid without diltrcfs we may conclude that this flate can contribute one million of dollars annually towards fupportmg the federal army, paying the federal debt, building a tedera navy, or opemng roads, clearing rivers, forming fafe ports, and o- ther ufeful works. '^ Hiftorj.] We have already given a brief hirtorical account of the firft fettlemcntof Virgmia, till the arrival of lord ]>Iawue in 1610. His arrival with a frejh fupplv of fcttlers and provifions revived the droop, ing fpirits of the former company, and gave permanency and refpetftabi- lity to the fettlement. * . ^^ ^^D*^ ',^'^' ^'^' J"'^" ^"^^"' ^ '"^'■^'^y young gentleman, was mar. ried to Pocahontas the daughter of Po-vhatan , the tamous Indian chief. Ihisconnexion, which was very agreeable both totheEuglifli and In- dians, was the foundation of a fricndl) and advantageous commerce be- tween them. In i6i6, Mr. Rolfe. with his wife Pocahontas, vifited England, where Jhe was treated with that attomii.n and relpea which flie had merited by her important fcrvices to tho colnnv in Virginia. She died the year f 1- lowing at Gravefend, in the 2 2d year of lu-r' age, jufi as Ihe was about to jmbark foi America. She had embraced the Chrdtian religion ; and in her life and death evidenced the fmcerity of ht-r pro(ciTiGn. She left a lit- tle fon, who, having received his education in England, came over to Vir- ginia, where he lived and died in affluence and honor, leavimr behind him an only daughter. Her d-fcendcnts are among the moll refpcCVablc fa- mines in Virginia. * ^ Tomocomo, a fei.Iible Indian, brother-in-law to Pocahontas, accompa- medher to England ; and wasdirf^rtcd by Powhatan to bring him an x- z(\ account of the numbers and ftrength of the Knglifh. For this purpofc, when he arrived at Plymouth, he took a long (hck. intending to nit a notch m It for every perfon he fliould fee. This he foon found iinpracH- cable and threw away his «i.k. On his return, being afked by Powhatan how many people there were, he is Giid to have replied, « Count the liars in the iky. the leaves on the trees, and thefands on thefca (hore: forfuch is the number of the people in England.' * In purfuance of theauthc ritics given to the company by their feveral charters and more efpecially of that part in the charter of i6og. wliith authorifed them to eftabhfh a form of government, they, on the 24th of July, 1621, by charter under their common feal, declared, That from thence forward there (hould he two fupreme councils in Virginia, tiic one to be called the council of Ihte, to be placed and difplaced by the treafurer, council in England, and company, from time to time, whofc office was to be that of affifting and advifing the governor ; the other to be called the general alTembly, to be convened by the governor once veariy Or oiteuef, Vvhich was to comia of the council of Itate, and two burgcflfes out of every town, hundred, or plantation, to be refpeftivcly chofen by the inhabitants. In this all matters were to be decided by the greater part of the votes prefent ; referving to the governor a negative voice; and they were to have power to treat, confult and conclude all emergent ious commerce be- VIRGINIA. ,g^ emergent occafions concerning the public weal, and to make laws for the behoof and government of the colony, imitating and followinir the laws and policy ot England as nearly as might be : Providing thafthcfe laws llK)uld have no force till ratified .a a general quarter court of the com. pany in England, and returned under their common feal. and declaring that, after the government of the colony (liould be well framed and fet- tled, no orders ofthecounciHn England (hould bind the colcry unlefs ratihed m the faid general affembly. The king and company quarrelled and, by a mixture oflaw and force, the latter were outted oiall theij rights without retribution, after having expended i oo.oool. in cftabliOi, ing the colony, without the fmalleft aid from government. Kingjames fufpended their powers by proclamation of July ,. ,624, and Charles I. took the government into his own hands. Both fides had their parti- (r-.^ m the colony : But m truth the people of the colony in general thought themfelves little concerned in the difputc. There being three parties interefted in thefe feveral charters, what paffed between the firft and fecond it was thought could not afFcft the third. If tht king feized on the powers of the company, they only paffed into other hands, with- out mcreafe or diminution, while the lights of the people remained as they were. But they did not remain fc> long. The northern parts of their country were granted away to the Lords Baltimore and Fairfax the firft of thefe obtaining alfo the rights of feparatejurifdidtioh andgovern- ment. And in 1650 the parliament, confidering itfelf as ftanding in the piaceoftheirdepofed kmg, and as having fucceeded to all his powers without as well as within the realm, began to alTume a right over the colonies, paffing an aft for inhibiting their trade with foreign nations. This lucceffion to the exercife of the kingly authcrity gave the firft col- our for parliamentary interference with the colonics, and produced that fatal precedent which they continued to follow after they had retired in other refpefts, within their proper funftions. When this colony, there- iore, which ftill maintained its onpofition to Cromwell and the parlia- ment, waM'nduced in 169 1 to lay down their arms, they prcvioullv fe- cured their mofteffential rights, by a folemn convention. • This convention entered into with arms in their hands, they Aippofed had fecured the antient limits oftheir country— its free trade— its exemp tion from taxation, but by their own afTcmbly, and exclufion of military force from among them. Yet in every of thefe points was this conven- tion violated by lubfequent kings and parliaments, and other infraftions ot their conftitution, equally dangerous, committed. Their general af- fembly, which was compofed of the council of ftate and burgeffes fitting together and deciding by plurality of voices, was fplit into two houfes by wluch thecouncilobtained a feparate negative on their laws. Appeals {'. irn their fupreme court, which had been fixed by law in their general affem- bly, were arbitrarily revoked to England, to be there heard before the king and council. Inftcad of 400 miles on the fea coaft, they were re- ouccd, in the fpace of 30 years, to about 100 miles. Their trade with toreigners was totally fuppreiled.and, whtn carried to Great Britain, was there loaded with impofts. It is unneceffary .however, to glean up the ferer- alinftancesofinjiirv. as fcattered through Ainciican and Britilh hiftory' and the more efpccially as, by pafling on to the accedion of the prefcnt king.* we 4^ V I k G i N i Ai we feall find fpecimens of them all, aggravated. muhipHed and eroinVd within a fmali compaft of time, fo as to evince a fixed defign of confiderin* Jar r»§hu natural, conventional and chartered as mere nullities. Thl following IS an cpltomb of the firft fifteen years of his reign. 1 he colonie* were taxed internally and externally; their eflfential imtrefts facrificed to individuals m Great Britain J their legiflatures fufpended; charters an- nulled j tnals by juries taken away ; their perfons fubjefted to tranfporta. tionacrofi the Atlantic, and to trial before foreign judicatories j thcit fupphcaaons for redrefi thought beneath anfwerj themfelves bubliftied hs cowards in the councils of their mother country artd courts of Kurotxj' Armed troops ferit among them to enforce fubm'ifllon to thefe violences' end aftual hoftilir^es commenced againft them: No alternative was pre- fentcd but refiftance, or unconditional fubmiffiori. Between thefe could be no hefitatjon. They clofed in the appeal to arms. They dec! -.red themfelves independent ftates. Thev confederated together into one great Republic; thus fecuring to ever/ ilate the benefit of an union of tlicir Whole force*' ;rhe ftate of Virginia hai taken .1 leading, aftivcahd influential part in bringing about the late grand revolution in our Federal Government.^ This event, however, has unhappily divided the citizens into two parties of nearly equal ftrength. Though they were united in the opinion that an alteration in our government was necefTary, they have notagreedin the plan. While one party warmly efpoutbs the prefentfyftem of governmciit, the other a^ violently oppofcs its going into operation with Mit amendm Asi 1 har debates run high. What will be their if&c cannot be predi^ed. List e/^ Pit Es I IJ E N TS ffW Go V E R N o Rs ^/- Virginia, from Hi firft fitdemtni to the year 1634.+ Edward Maria Wingfield, from May, 1607, to Sept. r6o7. Jonn RatchfFe, Sept. 1607, to July. 1608. i^r..ScnvciiiiT,Fice Pre/idem, J^.ly, 1608, to Sept. i6o8, Inhn S»m'irh c..^ ^ n . r^ ' John Smith, George Percy, Govermr, Sir Thomas Gates, 1-ord Delaware, George Percy, Sir '1 nomas Dale, Sir Thomas Gatesj Sir Thomas Dale, George Yeardley, Samuel Argall, George Yeardley, Si-r Francis Wyat, Sept. i6o8, to Sept. 1609. Sept. 1609, to M.1y, i6io. May, 1610, to June, 1616. June, 1610, to March j6ii. March, 161 1, to May, 1611. May, 161 1, to Aug. Aogull, 161 1, to 1614, to 16 1 6, to ^617, td i6rf^, to Nov. Nov< i6ii, to /6r I. 1614 1 6 1 6c 1617^ 1619; l62l« 1624. INDIANA. * See I^iflaryo/the United Statet,pa^e T2S. i / ^'[^^^'''"S' '^''^« '*' ^000' of Vi>?iiuia ft, farther than this petind. A iijl B/theLo vernarsji/ice has mt Jfteit recciwtl. ciplied and croiiiVJ efign of confidering ere nullities. 1 he ign. 1 he coloniej utrefti facrificed to nded ; charters an- ed>ed to traftfporta- judicatories j thcit ifclves publiftied hs courts af Kurojic j to thefe violences; ilternative was pre- tetwcen ihefe could s. They dec] -red thef into one great an union of tlicir I influential part in ;ral Government/ ns into two partiei in the opinion that ve not agreed in the em of government, thiutamendmiltsi lot be pred lifted. m Hi jirji fitdtmtni ■ ^-ft "^ib, wya., »^«-,-»v,*v(, ■ Sept* July. Sept. Sept, Mav, June, March Mdy, Aug. Nov. 1607. 1608. i6g8^ 1609. i6io. 1616. 161 1. 161 1. i6r I. 1614 1617; 1619; l62l« 1624. D I A N A. htm ih'ti f triad. A I N i A N 4; IT^r^^^ '^^^' ?s ^irn<^of lan^ lying oh tfie (S^^^M X the Ihte of Virgima ceded to William Trent and twenty two others ' Indiantraders by the Shawv^anefe. DdaWare arid Huro/ tribes afa* coaipenfation for the lofles the former had fu^ained by the , depredations^ Of thcla^ter, m the year .753. This ceflion was made in a cobgrefs of flie reprefematives pf the Si>^ nations at Fort StanVfe by an indenture, ^gned the 3d of NovemWr, 1768. witt^eflingf, ' That 4 and in con- fidera K,n of ^85 9,6: ,0:8, JoxV currency, f^he fame being the a- moun oTthesoods frezeddnd taken'.by . faid Indians from fail Trent; ^i Z'^feS^''^IV"'.H^*^' tohis mVelt>; his heirs and £ac. ceiTo'S, fprtheor^y ffli^offaid William^ Trent. &l K\\ thi't traft of parcelofland^beginning at the foutherlj fide of t^e litfle KanWwar Jreek. where It cmpnesitfelfintp the n'ver Ohip ;' and funhinff thence fotuheaft to^t^ Lauref^^F^ill ; tKeh^^ aUg ^^ la^f Hill S ftrikes the n vpr Monorfga)iela ( th.nce down the ft'ream of thb fald river ..-, ^ -« V. ""^ « i'li rfs uic lamp inau extend; fheilCe bv ft^<^":>^S'^^^,^^he, river Ohio, and then down thd river Ohjo to the flace of beginning inclufively.' , tbs indenture was ffgntd b^ Hx In- dian chiefs, iji prefence of twelve witnefTes. *> / Since th^ Iifdian^ fiad a:n' undiluted tit^e to .the"^ove lirtited t^fn^^r ' titheriVpm pre-occuparicy or cqngudt ; and ,their right was expref^sly ac- Silt^f'^rlnf t$""\ ¥i^:^^^S9<^^'^^ it Is very ev/dent that Mr. rent, in.h|s own right, and as attomev for the trader* ha^h * good, lawful .nd fu-ffc«nt ticfe ,0 tSeUW ^rafteab^he WS' „7 conrevance. . ^ a»««tcuu* This matter wds'lald before cbnpVtfs iri'the vear r-^J?/ oi;^'//./^^ " ?'Zt' !i"^?'7:T''Si'!L°f''P"-," ■>«.?= RoVchafe of doloj (he crown this country'.- I^hc foil wjthin a mile or two pf Kentucl^y ^iver is generally of the thifd apd fourth rates j ' arid as v - advance towards the Ohio, the land is poor and hilly, ' " pick's riyec runs througji a greaf jjody of firft rate land, abouqdinjr witl> cane, and aftords rnany excellent mill feaUl Salt river has Vood lands on its head watery, except that they are low and unhealthy, but for 25 miles before it empties into the Ohio, the land gn each fide is level find poof, gnd aboyinds with ponds. ' ' ' ' ■•" '-«'•■ ■'•*■' ' '. * Cumlierland rlvec fq much of it as paffes tln;ough ^[entucky, tfavcrfes, fome fevy pa^ts excepted, a hilly poor country. " '"' ' ' GreeririvpFoverflovysitsbanksaconfiderable^^^ 3^ ^j ^^^^ ^hen the Ohio fwclls. vvhicli |s in AF-ril. '1 his fvvell in Green river. pccafionsfevera|ofits large branches t.q over^'^ow. and cover the low grounds with wa^er, leaves' and vegetable f^baances, whiph in fupimer become no:(iousapd u^heaUhy. ' ^fs banks are fine apd fertile. 'Iher^ ?s a gre^t body of good lai^d near the falls or rapids iii the Ohio, called Bare grafs ; but the c]imateis rendered unhealthy by' ponds of itaonant water, which may he eafily drained. • ■ ' ^ ■< •►^ *• « V o \ Thi^ country in gu.eulis well tin^b.ejed. Of tie, natural growth which ^s peculiar to this country, vye may reckon the fugar, the co:ffee. the pa- paw and the cucumber tree. The two. i«tt arc a foft wood, and bear a J^ruit of the fhape and fuc of q cucumbpr, T\\t co^ee tree refembles the black oak. and hears a pod. which encloft's good cpliee. fl^jftdes thefe tnere is tjir ^loniy ^ocuit, black mulberry, wild cherry, of a large lize, buckeye, aw exceedingly foft wood—the inngnolia, which bears a beauti- (uj blolTom of a rich and exquilite fragrance. Such ' i§ the variety and PB«!y *^> V>'^ flowering ihr^bs and |)Iaiits which grovy ipoytaneoully iu this V. "he layjds eaft of N»^- an inferior quality ] aatiops. h ipterloclc with the >Ie: country eaftwar^ rtikcn, (ponntajnous jvcp by hunters, jj to rnake ji paiTable lia.'on fhc eaft fidp per^ps tppre ihakj h fartmers, who con- locks of cattjq, ex. he fo^lthe^ft, watcM itryeali ant} fouth' j^iclcrnan*^ apd jeC river, may" be called ^he n^jural growth) p^k', hiv;|;ory, fu- jKe trees j and the ;. Oq'th'i? fertile •Fgalt river, : re thf ijn a rriile or tw(^ rates j arid as v - te lapd, abounding ilt river has good unlieal|hy, but for each fide is level entucky, ffav?rfes, HP. H the fearorj 1 iu Green river, nd cover the lo^^ whifh in fupimer (id fertile. 1 herre rare in Kentucky; and of coqrft tlie reptile? which thev produqe. fijch as fnakcs. frogs, &c. are not numerous. The honev-bee may be called^ domefticinfelt, as it is not fouri'd but'in civilized coun- tries. Th}s;s confirmed by a faying which is faid tpbe common amone the Indians, when they fee a fwarm 6f bees in the woods, ' Well brothers^ jtistjme for us to decamp, for the white people arc coming' * caS.?"''^'"?^'^'' "''?' - ^"—' '- '^ ^"^ ^' '"^' yh¥^ ««d ' C/imate.] Healtiiy apd delightful, fome few places in t|ie neighbour- hood of ponds and low grounds excepted. The inhabitants do not ex" pericnce the extremes of heat and cold. Snow feldom falls deep or lies long.- 1 he winter, which begins about Chriltmas, is never longer than three months, and is commonly but two. a«d is fo mild as that cattle can jubfilt without fodder. " ' " C/jie/Torwus.] Lex I >ic TON', which flands on the headwateisof Elk- horn river, is feclconed the capital of Kentucky. Here the courts are held and bufin^ls regularly conduced. In 1786, it contained about rod houfes, and fevera] ftores. with a good ailbrtmcnt of dry goods. It murf jiave greatly increafedfi nee. - -.....,/ ^ ^"». 11 rauic LEEsTo;yN is weft oj Lexington on the eaftern bank of Kentucky nV- fr. It IS regularly laid out andis flourifning. The banks of Kentucky river are remarkably high, in fome places 3 and 400 feet, compofed 2I nerally ot ftu|>endous perpendicular rock ; the confeqnence is, there are few croffing places. The bc|l is at Leeftown, which is a circamftance that miift cdntubute much to Its iiicreafe. Loui/n,'>& ^ands on the Kentucky fide of the Ohio, oppofite Clarkf- ville, at the faUs, m ^ L, iiie country, and promifes to be a place of ureHt sr de. Its ^nhcaltlnnefs. owing to flagpated waters back of the town has conrulerably retarded its growth, heiides thefe there is Bardftov^'n in Melfon county, and Harroaibiirg, in Mercer county, both on the hi-ad waters of Salt river ; Danville, Buonfborough and Granville are alio in. creafing towns. ^ v/ m Population and. Cha^paer.l Ji is impoffible to afccrtain, with any de greg of accuracy, the prefent number of inhabitants j owing to the nutne- foi^ H f ^^H |: H !' i 4d6 X £ N U C K T. f 1 1 i ^^K rousacaffions which are made almoft every month. In 1783, in thecoun. ty of Lincoln^ only there were, on the militia roils. 3/70 men. cMcfiJ emigrants from the lower part, of Virginia. In ,784! the number of i,f habitants were reckoned at upwards otScooo. Lm the a^cointso .°«; 'Vl. f f""*^ n*'".! fr'"'^ '°'°°° "^'g^*'.d herein the yea i7b7. I hefe people coJldSod from different Hates, of different manners cuftoms. rehgions. and political fentiments. have not been long 3 ogether to form a uniform and diftinguiihing charader. Amou! the f«- flers there are many gentlemen of abilities, and many genteel familie fron. feveral of the ilates. who give dignity and refpeafbUity to the f tlement. 1 hey are. m general, more orderly, perhaps, than any people who have fettled a new country. * ^ ^ ^ Rf/Jg„„.] The Baptifts are the moft numerous religious feft in Ken. tucky. In ,787 they had ,6 churches dlablilhed. besides feveral cot gregations where churches wer« not conftituted. '1 hefe were fupplied mil upwards of ^o mmifters or teachers. 'I here are fbveral large con' Sreg.tion. of Prclbyter.ans. and lome few of other denominations.^ Onjernm.^/.] The fame as Virginia. But they exped to be admitted into the union as an independent ftate. in a convenient time after the new government is put in oj^ration. The inconveniencics to which they arc necelfanly fubjeaed. from their connexion with Virginia, are great. Thefe mconveniencies the leg.flature of Virginia have coJfidered ; a.d, in toon^of thcd.ftna of Kemucky into an independent liare. In no part of 3tch" " isjulhce adminiltered with more propriety and dif. Liieratureandlr^piyrvements.] The legiflatureofVirginia have made p«N vif.on for a college in Kentucky, and have endowed it with very confi. rierable landed funds. J he Rev. John I odd has given a very handfome library for its ufe. Schools are eltablilhed ia the feveral tow\«. and, in general regularly and handfomely fuppoited. They have a printing of. ''•..,'"^"' * • /, """V ^'"^ ™''''' ^"^ ^ g-'^^t number of^valuable grift S;i !;c oT T ^^' "^""'^'^'^ '"^re than fufficient to fupply all the inha- bitants, at a low price. They make confiderable quantities of fugar from the fugar trees. Labourers, particularly tradefmen, areexceedingly want- I;nonrtpK-?yi .•"'"" ""'"^"'^ ^"'^ '"^^ *h^" fifty per centf advance upon the rhiladelf>hia pnce. Curiofuies,] The banks, or rather precipices, of Kentucky and Dick'» rivers, .re to be reckoned an, ong the natural curiofities of this country. Here theafton.med eye beholds 3 or 400 fbetof folid perpendicular rock, in fome parts of the hme-ftone kind, and in others of fihe white marble, curioufly checkered with ftrata of aftonlfliing regularity. Thefe rivers have the appearance of deep, artificial canals. Their banks are level and covered with red-cedar groves. Craves havf» K<»»»ii A\Cr-r\t,tx-oA l_ ^u:. -_ . /• ?• .. ... .,,^,^^ ,„ .^^^g couniry, 01 feverai miies in lengtii. under a fine lime-flone rock, f-ipportcd by curious arehes and pillars. Springs *» This county, it u to he remembered, hasftnce been divided. T. ™ 1785, in thecouB. 3570 men, chiefly 4, the number of in- oin the accounts of \y eftimatc them at ted Ijcre in the year af different manners, t been long enough :r. Amoug the fct- Y genteel families, ed^ability to the fet- ps, than any people ligious feft in Ken^ jciides fevcral con. hcfe were fupplied e feveraJ large con>. oininations. |)ed to be admitted time after the new :s to which they arc 'irginia, are great, confidercd; and, in • part, for the erec- ate. Jn no part of propriety and dif. inia have made pro- it with very confi- n a very handfomc :ral towns, and, in have a printing of- i a paper mill, aa :r of valuable grift jpply all the inha- ities of fugar from exceedingly want* percent, advance itucky and Dick's :s of this country, erpendicijlarrock, he white: marble., ty. Thefe rivers mks afe level and il miles in length, arches and pillars. Springs KENTUCKy. ^ Springs that emit fulphurcous m attcr have been found in feveral pxrti of the country. One is near a fait fpring. in the neighlwurhood of Boonf- borough. I here arc three fprings or pond, of bitumen near Green riv- er, which do not form a ftream, but empty themfelve. into a common re- fcrvo.r,and when ufed m lamps, anfwer all the purpofe, of the bcft oil. Copperas and allum arc among the minerals of Kentucky. Near Lex- ington are found curious fepukhres full of human flccletons. I have been told thata rnan, in or near Lexington, having dug 5 or 6 feet btrlow the furface of the ground, came to a large flat ftone, imder which was a weU of common depth, regularly and artificially ftoned. ffory,] '-rhe firft white man we have certain accounts of. who difcover- ed this province, was one James M'Bri.ie, who in company with fomec thers in the year 17^4. paffing down the Ohio in canoes, landed at the mouth of Kentucky river, and there marked a tree, with the firft letters ot his name, and the date, which rf n; ^ns to this day. Thefe men re" connoitrcd the country, and rctunr-Nj me with the pleafing news of t cir d;fcovery of the beft trad of land in North America, !nd prol^- bly in the world. From tlm per.otl it remained concealed till about the year .767. when one John Hnley and fome others, trading with the In- tn'h r?" ^'"^"r''^/'''^ t *"f ^"^ '^«'«"' "«^ <^«J'^d Kentucky. then but known to the Indians by the name of the Dark and Bloody Grounds, and fometm.es the Middle GroMnd. This country gr.atly en- gaged Mr. Finley s attenuon. Some time after difputes arifi.i betw^a the Indians and traders, he was obliged to decamp; and returned to his place ofrefidencc in North Carolma. where he communicated his difco- very to Col. Daniel Boon, and a few more, who conceived it to be an in- ercftingobjea, agreed in the year, 769 to undertake a journey in ordet toex|.lore,t Af^er a long fatiguing march, over amountainous wilder- nefs. ina weft ward direftion, they at length arrived upon its borders: and from the top of an emmencc, with joy and wonder, defcried the beauti- ful In^lfcape of Kentucky. Here they encamped, and fome went to hunt proviiions which were readi y procured, there being plenty of game. wh.lf Col Boon and John hnley made a tour through?hecountry,lhi£h they found far exceeding their expeaations, and returning to carip, in!. Jirmed their companions of their difc.veries : But in fpite ofthis promifino. begmnnig, this company meeting with nothing but hardfliips and advcr- ity. grew exceedmgly dilheartened, and was plundered, difperfed and kil- edbythe Indians except Col. Bocm, who continued an inhabitant of the wildernefs unul the year 1771, when he returned home. About this time Kentucky had drawn the attention «f feveral ffcir- ^emen.Doftor Walker of Virgir-i, with a number more, made a four Itn \ ^i^^^^'^tf • endeavouring to find the Ohio river ; and after- wa^lieand General Lewis, at Fort Stanwix, pur.hafed from the Five jNationsoflnd.ans the lands .,.ng on the north fide of Kentucky. Col. Donaldfon. of Virginia, being employed by the ftateto r..n « lin. fr^l. .u uuk-s above the Long Iiland, on Holftein. to the mouth of the Great Kanhaway, .j*J^^'fi"'^'"Sl^'P>y is moftly tnhnfrom Mr. John Filjon't account of tkc d;fcovep and Jcttlemm of Kentucky. To this gentleman I am indcbtii JO) much oj thf mfurmation coiiUiiiud in the fore goiug iefcrii 'm. s & i^t K E N T U C k Kanhaway, and finding thereby that an e^ftenfive tradt of excellent ccX Mn"".?^ ^^ T^^ '° '^' Indians, was folicited. by the inhabitants 0/ iJT . ? T' i- P"L'^'^^ '^^ ^'"'^'' ^y'^S on the north fide of Ken. K / T^ *T r^* ^^^ .^*"°"''- '''^^^ P^^^hafe he conipleatcd for five «S!1 f P°""'i!> Specie. It was then agreed, to ftc a boundary line, run. »ing from the Long Ifland on Holftein to the head of Kentucky river- ihence do^^n the fame to the niou th i thence u'p the Ohio. to. xtxc nfouth of Grea Kanhaway j but th,s valuable purchafe the ftate refufed to confirm. Col Henderfon. of North Carohh'a, . being informed of this country by Col. Boon, he, and fome other gentlemen, held a tr.^aty with the Che- rokee Indians at Wataga.in March 1775. ^nd then purchafed from them' the lands lying on the fouth fide of Kentucky riVer for goods, at valuable rates, to the amount of/. 6000 fpecie. , Soon after thisJjUrehafe, rhejhte of Virginia tqolffhtej^^^^^ to pay the money Gpl. Donaldfon had contratVed for, and then difputed Co. Henderforts right of purchafe, as a private gentlemaii of another ftate, m behalf of himfelf: However, for Ms eminent fervices to this coun- try. and fof having been mftrumental in making fd valuable an acquifi. tion to Virgini^.^iat fttftt was, pleafed to reward him with a traa of land, at the mouth x>fGreQn river, to the ambund of ioo,ooo acres ; and the ftate of North Carolina gave hini the like qfuantity in Powet's Valley. This region was formerly Claimed by various tribes of Indians;' whofc title, It they had any, originated irf fuch a manner. 3s to reride^ it doubt- Jul which ought to poflfefs It; HenOe fhls fertile fpot became an objeft c^ contention, a theatre of war/ /rom' fhich it ^ai properly denominated the. Bloody Grof Is. Thpir toncehtions not being likely to drcide the nght to any par :uhf tribe, as fu6n as Mr. Hencferfon and his friends propof^d to purchafe, the Indians agreed to fell; and notwithftandingtho valuable confideration they received; have continued everfmcc trouble- lome neighbours to the new fettlers.' . . . .. ^^^- Progrefs in improvements and' cuftii^atioh which have beeirniade in this country, almoft cxceleds belief.— Eleven --ears ago KenturkvJay 1^ for6ft, almoft umnhabited, but by wild beafts. '.Now. notwithftanJini' the united oppofition of all the weftern Indians, l^e exhibits an extenfiv* lettlemcnr divided intofeven large and populous counties, in which arc i number of flourifhing little towns-containing more inhabitants than are in Georgia Delaware or Rhode Ifiand ftates~.nd nearly 01 quite ai many as in New Hampfliire. An inftance of the like kmd, where a kl- tiement h,ke IS along rapid river, formed by two principal branches, Staun- ton river, which rifes in Virginia, and Dan river which rifes in North Larohna. This river is fubjeft to inundations, and is navigable but for Ihallops, nor for thefe, but about 60 or 70 miles, on account of falls, which m a great meafure obltrud the water communication with the back country. It empties, by feveral mouths, into the fouthwdftend of Albemarle found. 1 he planters on the banks of this river are fuppofed to be the wealthieft m North Carolina. One of them, it is faid. raifes a- bout 3000 barrels of corn, and 4000 bufhelsof peas annually. Cv/«/ is a fmall river, which empties into Albemarle found between Chowan and the Roanoke. Fam/ko or Tar river opens into Pamlico found. Its courfe is from aorilmell to foutheaft. It is navigable for veiTels drawing nine feet wa- ter to the town of Walhington, aBt hi r 40 miles from its mouth; and foe ^' ^ f fcows * n^ charter hmUi ofKorih Canliva are a Une heginnhg m theftafta'e, at a cedar ftake at or near the motith of a tiiile ri^er, ( being the fouthern ex^ inmity of Brunf^id comfy J itnd rutmug thctice a nor thijo, if courfe through the hmnlnryhofif. inlat. 33^^ 56' to lot, 35", a„d On that pamlleUvrHai far as ,s;^,e»tmed h, t,,e charter of kwjr Charles II. to the original prapricton of Lnrohna, viz. to the South S,a. Their northern line begins on the fen coaji in lat. 36'- 30/ , andrms due iMji to the termination of the fouihern line. This u„eJi^,Kr, the Mjfjippi i 5 nnlet btknjj the mOuth of the Ohio. Thefe limit, 'imreajcertained and confirmed asrreeably to a»p>-derof George II. in ccmci' vnhpear . Gr,at Britain, by the treaty of I763. ^a'Ve «p her claim io all territory to the ^,Jlward 6f tOe MiJJifippi, and the durt, of France and / ' "^^ """ • a"-'-' ■" ' •'■'- J-cc nu~-igatWH Of fi^ Mii/rpppi, liv the trray oj xi%^, Great Britain yielded her inlenji in that riwr to the United ^tutes. Biitjince Spain rmu claims the .xdafivc ri^ht of navigatkfg the Mif Jppi 'tvhrch ri^htjhe had given up by the treay ,f .-jG^ as abovmentioned, l\i>rtj Carohm refumes her cl.iim to the land, beyond the Mijfijippt, included, '^ilhin the Imits of her original charter. -"J ti- ^ 410 •NORTH CAROLINA. ■■r 3 II fcows or flats, carrying 30 or 40 hogfheads, 50 miles further, to the town of Tarbpfough. Beyoiid this place the river is inconfiderable and is not navigable. Nats river empties into Pamh'co found below Newbern. It is navi- gable for fea veflels about 1 2 miles above the town of Newbern ; for fcows ^6 miles, and for fmall boats 200 miles. Trent river, from the fouthweft, falls into the Neus at Newbern. It M navigable for fea veflels about 1 2 miles above the town, and for boats thirty. j There are feveral other rivers of lefs note, among which are the Pafque. tank, Perfiitimins, Little River, Alligator, &cz. which difcharge themfelves into Albemarle found. AH the rivers in North Carolina, and, it may be added, in South Carolina, Georgia, and the Floridas, which empty into the Atlantic Ocean, are navigable by any veffel that can pafsthe bar at their mouths. While the water courfes continue broad enough for veffels to turn round, there is generally a fufficient depth of water for them to proceed. Cape Fear river opens into the fea at Cape Fear, in about lat. 33*' 45', As you afcend it, you pafs Brunfwiclc on the left, and Wilmington on the right. The river then divides into northeaft and northweft branches, as they are called. It is navigable for large veffels to Wilmington, and for boats to Fayetteville, near 90 miles farther. This river affords the bcft navigation in North Carolina. Yadkin river rifes in this ftate, and run- nine fouiheattwardly, croffesinto South Carolina, where it takes the name of rcdee, and paffcs to fea at George-town. Felifof/, Holjieift, Noley Chuchy, and Frank rivers are all branches of the Broad Tennefee, filling into it from the nordieaff. This noble river crol- fcs the parallel of 3 9' north latitude into the ftate of Georgia, juft l>efore it paffes through Cumberland or Lauxl Mountains. The paffage of the river through theft mountains, occafions a remarkable nvhirl. The riv- er, which a few miles above is half a mile wide, is here compreffed to tlic width of about looyards. Jult as it enters the mountain, a large rock projefls from the nortliern fl\orc in an oblique dircdion, which renders the bed of the river Hill narrower, and caufes a fudden bend ; the waterof the river isofcourfe thrown with great rapidity againil the foutlicrn fhore, whence it rebounds around the point ofthc rock and produces the whirl, which is about 80 yards in citcumferencc. Canoes have often kei carried into this whirl, andcfcapcd without damage. — In lefs than a mile below the whirl, the river fprcads into its common width, and. except Mufcie Ihoals, flows beautiful and placid, till it mingles with the Ohio. Scrwi/s, Capes, Inlets, Snuamps, ^f,] Pamlico found is a kind of lake or inland fea, from 10 to 20 miles broad, and nearly 100 miles in length. It is fcparated from the fea, in its whole length, by a beach of land hanllv a mile wide, generally covered vvitii fmall trees or buflies. 'Ihiough tliis bank are feveral fmall inlets, by which boats may pafs. {Jut Oae- cok inkt is the only unc that will admit vends oi burden into tlie "if- trifts of Edenton and Na;vbern. This inlet is in lat, 3 j'^ 10', and opens into Pamlico found, between Ocrecok illand and Core bank ; the land on j the north is called Ocrecok; and on the fouth Porf/moulh. A bar of hard fand croffcs this inlef, on which, at low tide, there are 14 feet water. Six I uiilc: NORTH CAROLINA. 4»\ 3 j'^ lo', and opens miles within this bar, is a hard fand flioal, called the Swaflj, lying acrofs the channel. On each fide of the channel are dangerojis fhoals, fome- times dry. There is from 8 to 9 feet water at full tide, according to the winds, on thcSwalh. Common tides rife i% inches on the bar, and 10 on the Swafn. Between the bar and the Swafh is good anchoring ground, called the Upper and Lower Anchorages. Ships drawing 10 feet water do not come far her than the firlt anchorage, till lightened. Few mari- ners, though acquainted with the inlets, choofe to bring in their own vef- fcls, as the bar often Hiifts during their abfcnce on a voyage. North of Pamlico fouud, and communicating with it, is Albemarle found, 60 miles in length, and from S 10 12 in breadth. Core found lies fouth of Pamlico, and communicates with it. Thefe founds are fo large when compared with their ink is from the fea, that no tide can be perceived in any of the rivers which empty into them; nor \% the water fait even in the mouths of thefe rivers. Cape Hatteras is in lat. 35"° 15'. In old charts the (hoals of this cape are marked as having in fome places only 3, 4 and 5 feet water upon tkm. Experienced pilots and mariners, however, now fay that there is ill no place, after you get two miles from the land, lefs than nine feet wa- ter. Ihe beft channel for veflels is about a league and a half from the land at the cape, having in no place, at this diftance, lefs than two and a half fathoms of water. VcfTels from the northward, by difplaying a jack from the fore-top-maft, are ufually boarded by a pilot from the land. Some of the pilots carry branches, and fome good ones, carry none. This cape has k-en drea Jedby mariners failing fouthward when they have been ill large veflijJs ; for if they come within 20 miles of the land at the cape, it is in fome places too llioal for them ; if they ftand further off they art ia t1anr:;cr of falling into the (nilph Stream, which would fet them 3 or 4 miles an hour northward. It is ol>fcrveable that violent ftorms of rain and gntts of wii.d, are uncommonly frequent around this cape. Cipe Lookout is fouth of Cajie Hatteras, oppolitc Core found, and has already been mentioned as having had an excellent harbour entirely filled up with land fince the year 1777. Cape Funr is remarkable for a dangerous flioal called, from its form, the hvi}g'pa)i.^ This Oioal lies at the entrance of Cape Fear river. Dij/na! S-Tiamj) fprcads over the wr.olc trad of ccuntry which lies be- tween Pamlico and Albemarle founds, and needs no other defcription than is c :)nve\ed by its name- There is another lai ge fwamp north of Eden- ton, which lies partly in this ftate and partly in Virginia., This Ivvamp is owned by two companies; the Virginia company, of vhich General Wafliington is a member, hold j 00,000 acres.; and the North Carolina compaoy, who hold about 40,000 acres. It is in con- tcmplntion to cut a canal through this fwamp, from the head of Pafque- Mnl-;, to the head of Elizabeth river, in Virginia, 12 or 14 miles iu length. ^.iijii jjivifuns.'\ Thls.ilate is divided into 8 diitrids, which arc fub- (iividcd into ,"8 counties, as follows : Diftrias, f ' 4ra NORTH CAROLINA- I 1 ■ i 1 i Di/ifi^s, Eden ton, 9 counties Counties, "Chowan, Currituck, Cambdcn, Pafquetank, •^ Perquimins, Gates, Hertford, Bertie.. . Tyrrei. New Hanover, lirunfwick, . Cumberland, Wilmington, I Robinfon, 8 counties. "^ J^uplin, Beaden, Wayne, Moore. Beaufort, Carteret, Pitt. Dobbs. Hyde, Jones, ^Onflow, The above three diftrids are on the Dijlria:. Halifax, 7 counties. Hilifl)oroHgh, g'couatics. Newhern, S counties. < Salifbury, 8 counties. fea coaft, extending from the Vir-. » , gtnia line fouthweltward to South ^^^^'"S''^"» . Carolina. 7 "-^"nues. Ion. Cortntfc!, fHalifax, Northampton, Martin, -^ Kdgecornb, Warren, Fr » 'clin, Nalh. Orange, Chatan, Cranville, Johnfton, ^ Caiwel), Sampfon, Wake. Guilford, Randolph. Rowan, Mecklenburg, Rockingham, Surry, Montgomery, Anfon, Wilkes, Richmond, Burk, Green, Rutherford, ^ Wafhington, Sullivan, Lincoln, Mawkins. < Kavidfon, iDavidfoi ■z counties, j Sumner. Thefc five diftndis, beginning on the Virginia !!nr, cover the whole ftate weft of the three mantnne diitrias before mentioned ; and the i>reater part of them extend quite acrofs the Ibte from north to fuuth. PruiapaiTa^ms.] Newhern, Fdenfon, Wilmington, Halifnx, Hillf- borough and hayettcville, each in .heir turns have been eor.fidercd as the capital ot thertate. At prefent th-^ have no capit:,l. The convention which met to conflder thenewconftitution, fixed on a placein VS'akecoun- ty to be the feat of govern.nont, but the town is not vet built. Newbkkn is the largeit town in tlut /late. It itands on a flat. faP(h- point of land, formed by the confluence of the rivers Neus on the north, ri ^'"7^°^.*^* '^°"^''- ^^PP^^'t'* ^he town, the Nensis about a miieand a ;:3h, auu ;::e , irnt tiirrc quHftcrs of a miie wide. The town contains about 4C0 houfes, ^11 built of wood, excepting the palace, the church, the goal and two dwelling houfes, which are .)f brick. The palace is a \m\A- mg erected by the prt)vincc before the revolution, and was formerlv the xefidence of the governors. It is large and elegant, two Itories high, with two A- Cortnth!. Halifax, NoithHmpton, Martin, Kd;;jecofnl), Warren, Fr •» k!in, Naih. Orange, Cliatan, Cranvillc, Johnfton, CalWl), Sampfon, Wake. Guilford, Randolph. Rowan, Mecklenburg, Rockingham, Surry, Montgomery, Anfon, Wilkes, Richmond, Burk, Green, Rutherford, Wafhington, Sullivan, Lincoln, Mawkins. vcr the whole ftate ; and the greater outh. n, Halifnx. Hillf- \ coiifidered as the The convention ace in VS'akecoun- built. ;I.s on a flat, fandy feus on the north, about a mile and a he town contains ce, the church, the palace is a hui Id- was formerly the llories high, with two NORTHCAROLINA. 4,3 two wings for offices, a little advanced in front towards the town • thefe wings are connedted with the principal building by a circular arcade 1 his once handfome and well furnidied building is now much out of rel pair. One of the halls is ufed for a dancing, and another for a fchool room --vvhich are the on y prefent ufcs of this palace. The arm* of the kinjr d Great Britain ftill appear in a pediment in front of the building. The Kpifcopal church is a fmalJ brick l)uilding, with a bell. It is the only houfc far public worlhip in the place. A rum diliillery has been lately crefted in this town. It 18 the county town of Craven county, and has a court-* houfe and goal. 1 he court-houfe is ralfed on brick arches, fo as to ren- derthelower part a convenient market-place; bu?^he principal market- ing IS done with the people in their canoes and boats at the river fide Edentc.n is fituated on the north fide of Albemarle Sound : '»nd has about 150 milifterent wood houfes, and a few handfome buildings. It has a brick church for Epifcopalians, which for many years has been much negleded, and ferves only to fhew that the people once had a re- gard, at leafr, tor the cxtenmls of religion. Jts local fituation is advan- tageous tor trade, but not for health. It is the county town of Chowan county, and has a court houfe and gaol. In or near this town lived the proprietory, and the firft of the royal governors. Wilmington is a town of about 180 houfes, fitnated on the eaft jlde of the eaftern branch of Cape Fcr river. 3. miles from the fea. 1 he courfe of the river, as it paifes by the town, is from north to fouth. and IS about i 50 yards wide. In 1786. a fire broke out, fuppofed to have been kindled by neeroes and confumed about 25: or 30 houfes. 'Ihe town is rebuilding Howlv! A printing ojlice was elfablidied here in 1788. ^ Washington and Tarbokouch are two aourifhing, trading towns on far river. About 130 fmall vciTels enter annually at the cu' -n- houfe for this river. •' Hillsborough is an inland town, fituated in a high, healthy and fertik country. 1 80 miles north of the welt from Newbern. It is fettled by about 60 or 70 families, and h.s an academy of 60 or 80 ftudents. under the care of fuitable inaruftors. and patronized by the principa gentlemen in the ftate. who have been liberal in their donations. ^ wlfrl^TT' ? ^"(P;o'^"^'o"^'] North Carolina, in its whole width, for 60 miles from the fea, is a dead level. A great proDortion of this trac^ lies in fored. and is barren. On the banks! f fo^^of he rivers, particularlv of the Roanoke, the land is fertile and good n! tcrfpered through the other parts, are glades of rich fwamp.Ld nd.e« «f oak land of a black, fertile foil. In all this champagne country ma! rme produdions are found by digging 18 or zo feet below the fu ScTof the ground. I he fea coaft. the founds, inlet* and lower parts of the rU vers have uniformly a muddy, foft bottom. Sixty and 80 miles from the fea.thecounfrv rifeQinrn IWIIc op,l p,-,,,-.,:^. /. ^ r .,^ ."•"y=>"i;'" 1 t • ' ,, . ^ -■ ,. -' "'OUniains, as ucicnr>€a under tins head in South Carolina and Georgia. '^uuuucr mis That part of North Carolina which lies weft of the mountains a raft about 500 miles in length, eaft and weft, and upwardTof 100 in breadth (except the Cumberland barrens, and fome broken "andsTis a imc fertile country, watered by the broad Tenneilee, and abounds with oaks. ■'I f 4»f NORTH CAROLINA. II oaks, locuft tracs of feverd ki,v.^,. walnut, dm, linn and cherry trees Wheat, rye, barley, oatsa.ul fl.x grovvr well in the back hilly country. Inchan corn and puhe of all khids in .II p.rts. Ground ocas nn on thi tt^fn ' ''^' ''f • ""'^ ''' '''''''^ ^y '^^'"d ^^'^'^ « %'" mould ad r<^hrir ?//?'«'>^t Cotton ,s alfo confid.rably cultivated hero, and ifwi^hS^r"'"'^"'^"^'^"^^- It is planted yearly: The'flalk fiftwtfl f Sr^''P/2P^T'?."^'''^P'°'^"^^°^^'^'^^«'^'^ country, con. dnce o rh 1 I''^'"''-. ?^'^' ^^'"^Hern interior counties, carry their pro- dncetoCharleton; and the northern to Percrfburg in Virginia. The S llir"'l °""'^'' ^''"'^',"^' ^'^^^^' ^'"S''^^' f"^«' tobacco/pork lard, talbw bees-w-aK myrtle-uax. and a kw other articles. Thei tr aue .s chiefly wuh the Welt Jn die., and the northern ftates. From the i. -L ^' ''''r ^''''[' '^'''^'' ^-y^^^r. apples, potatoes, iron wares, cao net wares, hats and dry goods of all kinds imported from G^ea gni, and !X' ' ' ''''' '^''* *"''°'" '"'' ^^^^^ ^"^'"'' ^"'"^ ^"■ fanff If/i ''^TV^''^^ ^" ''-' ^'' ^°""^'">' ""'^ ^'^^ ^ea coaft. the inha!)i. Sh ,A "^ '' c'T^' f-'' ''"'"'""• '■"■^ ^"W'*'^t to intermitting fevers ^hich often prove fatal. as\)i!ions or nervous fymptoms prevail. Thefc fevers are feldom immediately dangerous to the natives who are temperate. fi>r anvT^^f f"" "" ^?f"'' ^'^''y' ^''''^''''' ^^ ^^^^^^d to continue thenlT Tu' ^"i^g ^■" other diforders, which greatly impair inZllr ^T' ""* '^^ n^^"^-/lo'^'lit.^'te the conltitution. and terminate ZnZi^' ^ countenances of the inhabitants during thefe feafons. have tZltll, ' ^i"^ -^"'''^'^ "^V "^■'^'''^""e^* hy the prevalence of bilious ZTtZ' T'"^ T^ '^'^ ^'"'^ "^ '^»^ ^l"^"' ^^"'^ f^*-'^"efs of the pco. pie in the northern ftates. ^ 1. ^!lt'j ^^^" ^^^""^'"^ ''''/ "'"'■^ ^^ t^'^ inhah;u.,ts, of tlie men efpecial- tl; Zr^'X ""u'^l^.^y P'^"""fi**=' ^^"^1 pen,'>aunonies. thai, during the warm months by bihous complaints. Thefe pleurifies are hrouaht on by intemperance, and by an imprudent expofnre to the weather. Were the inhabitants cautious and pnuient in thefe rofeprfts. it is ailedged by 2t. MY r''"a' J'^'V' Y.'^'s'^f in general, efcnpe the dan cjer of thefe nr'i ? ^^ ^' "^t of flannel next to the flcin is reckoned an excellent preventatn-e. during the winter, of the difafcc incident to this climate. Thewerternh.llypartsoltheftateareas healthy as any of the United 'ril • .^'^"^^ountry IS fertile, full offpringsand rivulets of pure water. J lie air there IS fcrene a great part of the year, nnd the inhabitants live tooldage. which cannot fogmerally be 4id of the inhabitants Qftheflat ^^li ' \ c T^ '"^' '}^y^ '" (^mvner are extremely hot, the nights are . „..,,,._,, ^,^y,yj„^ j^ ^,g|.^, pJeaiant, both in nyard to the temperature and ferenity of the weather, and therichn-fs and variety of the vegetable productions which the feafon aflR,rds. The winters are fo rnid mlomc years, that autumn maybe faid to continue till fpring. VV|)ear harvcftis the beginning of June, and that of Indian corn early in ^'P'^"^^^'- Natural I NORTH CAROLINA. 4is haturalhjiory.] ] he large natural growth of the plains lA the lo«»f country, is almoft univerfally pitch pine ; which is a tall, handfomfi tree, far fupenor to the pitch pine of ti o northern ftates. This ttte may be called the ftaple commodity of North Carolina. It affords ixiteh. tat tur- pentine and various kinds of lumber, which together co&tuteat'leail one half of the exports of ths Itate. This pine fs of two kinds, the com- mon and the long leaved. The atter has a leaf (haped like other pines, but IS nearly halt a yard in length, hanging in large clufters. No counl try produces finer white and red oak tSr ttaves. ^The fivamps abourt^ withcypreTs and bay trees. The latter i« an ever-green, ^nd Is food for cattle in the winter. ^1 he leaves are (haped like thofe of thd dei,ih tret but larger. I he mod common kinds of timber in the back country, arfe' '''u '7m""u'?'^ r"'-T ^M''''' °^ "^k grows in the moift. gravelly foil It IS worthy of remark, that the tree* in the low country, near the fta coaft are loaded wuh vaft quantities of a long, fpongy kind of mofs which, by abforbing the noxious vapour that fs eihaid from ftagnated nS'vL°.?h"r •'' "^r'^' 'ft ^"^'P^^^'^' *" '^"^ healthinfefs of the clfmate. 1 his hypothcfis 13 confirmed by experience, fince it is commonly obferv- ed that the country is much iefs healthy after having been cleared, thin while in a ftate of nature. ^ »^u, luan The Mifslstoe is common in the back country. This is a fhrub which differs in kind, perhaps, from all others. It never grows out of the earth but on the tops of trees The roots, (if they may I. fo called/run und« the bark of the tree and incorporate with the wood. It is an ever-creeh refembhng the garden box- wood. "^vcr green, ber^rks P""*''^^^ ^'^^ ^'"'^' ^'^ P'"'"'* grapes, ftrawberries ahd black- The country is generally covered with herbage of various Sands, and a fpecies of wild grafs. It abounds with medicinal plants and roots! Among others are the ginfbng. Virginia fnake root. Seneca fnake roo an herb of the emetic kind, like ^le epicacuana. Lyons hart, which is a fovcreign remedy for the bite of a ferpent. A fpecies of the fenfitive p iantis^al o found here; it is a fort of b^er, the fta^k of which dtwih the froft, but the root lives through the winter, and fhoots again in the fpnng The l.ghteft touch of a leaf caufes it to turn and cling clofe to he fta k. Although it fo enfily takes the alarm, and apparent"! (brings from danger m the fpace of two minutes after it is touehed. it^erS recovers Its former fituation. The mucipula veneris is alfo found here The rich bottomsare overgrown with canes. Their leaves are green aU rrr'.rl'u''^;'"''^'^'^"'''^^"^^^^'^^^^"^^- ''"hevai^ofaleetilh ufte.hke the ftalks of green corn, which they in many refpeds refem- «;.r^^f'3 7^^ '^^^"" P''*" ""^ ^^'^ ^^'^^ "^^"^^^ have been fettled withm tiie laft ^c years, are chieflv Jnhnblf..^ k., P...n, -...rjn A'lvania. the dependents of peopie'fV^''theisIor;h oflXrand'a^ ot Scotland. I hey are a regular induftrious people. Almoft all the in- abuants between the Catawba and Yadkin rivers, areof this denomina- t.on, and they are in general well fupplicd vvith a fenfible and^eTrd minillry. lisp 4t6 NORTH CAROLINA. I I I , i miniftry. There are interfpcrfed fome fettlemebts of Germans, both Lutherans and Calvinifts, but they have very few ininilters. The Moravians have feveral flourifhing fettlements in this (late. In 1751, they purchafed of Lord Granville one hundred thoufand acres of land, between Dan and Yadkin rivers, about 10 miles fouth of Pilot mountaiq, in Surry county, and called it Wachovia, after an eftate o( Count Zmzendorf, in Auftria. In lyjj.this tra«. by an adof aflem- bly, was made a feparate parifh by the name of Dobb's parifh. The firft fettlement, called Bethabara, was begun in 1753, by a number of tlit brethren from Pennfylvania, in a very wild, uninhabited country, which, from that time, began to to be rapidly fettled by farmers from the mid- die ftates. In X759, Bethany, a regular village, was laid out and fettled. In 1766, Salem, which is now the principal fettlement, and nearly in the center of Wachovia, was fettled by a collertion of tradefmen. The fame conftitution and regulations arc eltabli'hed here, as in other regular fet- tlements of the united brethren. Befides, there are in Wachovia thicc churches, one in Friedland, one in Friedberg and another at Hope, each of which has a minifter of the Brethren's church. Thefe people, by their induftry and attention to various branches of manufafture, are very ufeful to the country around them. The Friends or Quakers, have a fettlement in New Garden, in Guil- ford county, and feveral congregations at Perquimins and Pafquetank. The Methodifts and Baptifts are numerous and increafmg. Befides the de- nominations already mentioned, there is a very numerous body of people, in this, and in all the fouthern ftates, who cannot properly be clalTed with any led ofchriflians, having never made any profcffion of chriitianity, and are literally, as to religion, nothingarians. The inhabitants of Wihnington, Ncwbern, Edenton and Halifax dif- trias.makingaboHt three-fifths of the ftate,once profeffed themfelves of |he Epifcopal church. Theclergy, in thefe diftrids, were chiefly miffion- aries ; and in forming their political attachments, at the commencement of thelatewar, perfonalfafety,«r real intercft, orperhaps a thorough con- viction of the injuftice and impolicy of oppofing Great Britain from whence they received their falaries, induced them almoft univerfaliy to declare themfelves in favour of the Britifli government, and to emigrate. There may be one or two of the original clergy remaining, but at prefent they have no particular paltoral charge. Indeed the inhabitants in the dif- trirts abovementioned, feem now to be making the experiment, whether chriftianity can exiftlongina country where there is no vifible chriftian church. Thirteen years experience has proved that it probably cannot, lor there is very little tvr/<'rvfl/ appearance of religion among the i^oplein general. The Baptiftsand Methodids have fent a number of miffionary preachers into thefe dittrifts; and fome of them have pretty large congre- gations. It is not improbable that one or the other of the denominations, aTul perhaps both, may acquire confillency and eftablifli nermanent churches. ' ^ . . Colleges and Acndcmies.'\ There Is no univcrfity or college in the ftate. In the original conftitution it is declared that • There {hall be one or more feminaries of learning maintained at the public expence.' But the legif- Iatur9 I A, of Germans, both lirters. i in this (late. In J thoufand acres of lilcs fouth of Pilot i, after an eftate o( by an adof aflem- 'sparifh. Thelirft ' a number of tli« :e(l country, which, mers from the mid- Lit and fettled. In and nearly in the efmen. The fame 1 other regular fet- in Wachovia three iherat Hope, each 'Ihefe people, by nufafture, are very ■ Garden, in Guil- 18 and Pafquetank. g. Bcfides the de- lus body of people, :rly be claffed with on of chriftianity, I and Halifax dif- 'eflcd themfelves of re chiefly miffion- coinmencement of )s a thorough con- reat Britain from 5 oft univerfaliy to , and to emigrate, ng, but at prefent abitants in thedlf- periment, whether o vifible chriftian probably cannot , long the i^oplein ber of miflionary etty large congrc- !]e denominations, ablidi nerrnaneHl ollege in the ftate, all be one or more ;.' But the legif- Iatur« l^^aftTrf (^AtLOLtUA, 4tt tlife, hitherto, have not cohfidftrcd that claufe as binding-. Probably ^"^/iTM.r* '''^*^ ^^' Academies are eftablifhed at Ncwbern, Salifbury and Hillfborough. The latter has been already mentioned and d«fcwbed' Tlieonfe jt Sahftury had, in 1786, alwut fifty fcholars, under the tuition of a worthy clergymani It is fituated in a rich, healthy country, and is flourilhingt ^ Population, chnm&er, r^annen andcpPms.] The itihaWtants of this ftattJ are reckoned at 270,000, of which 6o,oog are negroes. '1 he North Ca rohniahs are moltly planters, and live from half a mile to 3 and 4 miles from each other, on their plantations. They have a plentiful country— no ready market tor their produce— little imercoiirfe with (frangers, and anatiiral fondneft for focicty. which induce them to behofpitable to tra- vellers. In the lower diltrias the inhabitants have very tew places for toblic and Weekly worfbip of any kind 3 and thefe few^ being deltitute of minijJfcrs, are fuffcred to ftand negledted. The fabbath of courfe, which, in moft eivili:red countries, is profefflonally and extertially. at leaft, regarded as holy time, «nd which^ confidered merely in a civil view; is an excellent eftabhfhment for the promotion of cleanlinefs friendlhip* harmony and all the focial virtues, is here generally dlfregardcd, or difl tingiiinied by the convivial vifitings of the white inhabitants, and thcnoi- {y diverfions ot the negroes. The women, except in fome of the popu- lous towns, have very little iritercourfe with each other, and are almoft tntirely deltitutfe of the bloOm and vivacity of the north : Yet they pofu fefs a great deal of kindnefs.dnd, except that they fufTcf their infant b:ibes to fuck the bfealtS of their black nurfes, are good mothers, arid abediepi Wives. ^ Thfc general topics of eonverfation among the nieri, when cards, thd bottle, and occurrences of the day do not intervene, are negroes, the prices 6f indigo, nee, tobacco, &c. They appear td have as little *T J•^^?^ ^^'^""^^^ «s for religion. Political enquiries, and philofophi- cardifquifitions are attended to but by a few itien of gcniiis andinduftry* and aftt too laborious for the indolent minds of the people at large; Le'fs attention and refpeft are paid to the women here, than in thofe parts of the United States where the inhabitants have made greater p^ogrefs iii thd arts of civihzed life. Indeed, it is a truth, confirmed by obfervation* that m proportion to the advancement of civilization, in the fame pro^ portion will refpea for the women be irtcreafcd 5 fo that the progreft of civi jzation in countties, in ftates, in towns and in families, may be ttiarked by the degree of attention which is paid by hufbandg td thei* wives, and by the young mefi to theyourig women. Temperance aricf induttry, are not tb be Reckoned amon^ tbe ViftUeS of the North Carolinians. The time which they wafte in drinking, idling and gambling, leaves therti yery little opportunity to impfove their plant titlons or their mindsi The improvement of the former is left to theii' overfcers and ne^jroes ; the improvement of th* latter is too often neelec- icu. were the tune, which is thus wafted, fpent in cultivating the "foil, and in treafunng up knowledge, they might be both wealthy and learn- «fl ; tor they have a produaive country, and are by no means dcftitute ef genius. 6 g|f tlitW 4i8 NORTH CAROLINA. 'I Time tlut is not employed in fludy or ufcful labour, in every cmmtry, is generally fpcnt in hurtful or innocent cxcrcifes, according to the cuf. lom of the place or the tiiHc of tl)c uartien. The citizens of North Ca- rolina, who are not better employed, fjiend their time in drinking, or gaming at cards or dive, in cock-fighting or horfe- racing. Many of the interludes arc filled iip with a boxing match ; and thefe matches frequent. \y become memorable by feats of^, all legiilitive authority is veftod in two diftinrt hra.i ches, both dependent on the pc(>ple, viz. A .SVw//f and Hon/,- of Commom, which, when convened for bufinefs, are liyled the C,intral AjJ'rwhly. 7he Senate is comoofed of rcprcfcntativcs, one for each county, chofen annually by ballot. The Houfe of Commons confifts of reprefentiitlves chofrn in the f«me way. two for each county, and one for eaih of the towns of Kdcnton, Newbern, Wilmington, Salifbury, Hillfborough and Halifax. The qualifications for a fenator, are one years rcfidence, immediately preceding his cledion, in the county in which he is Vhofcn, and 300 acres of land in fee. A * The delicate and entertaining diverfion, nvith frcprhfy <-^//r-/ gouging, h thus performed. When two boxers are xvorried noithji^^htini^ iwJ brtiifpi^ tach other y they come, as if is calfed, to cjofe quarters, uuJ each ttideaionn to tnjoifi his furefihjrers in the ear-locks of his a/ttaoatnfi. WImh ihifc an fafi (littchedtthe thumbs are extended eaih ivoy to the Kofi, and the eyes gently $urutdout of their fotkets. The miSlor for his expn-tMVlthoMgh this county was not clhiblilhfd by law before i\\e lijlt mentioned period, yet ? few families had fettled in the year i7i.io. priijcipalJy under the guidance and dire<5iion of James Rcbcrtfpn (at prtfent cploncl of that coqnty) on CdM.iif-iaiKl river, i^nd called the place Naaivillc, in jiOnor qf brigadier gmeral Francis Nafh. ^v^o fcl| at Geimantown in the year 1777 ; b-«^^o^ee. ;o the United States for the eltablifhuM^.t ^f tradii.e L^u At Nalhv.lle the u.fenor and fupcrior courts of the county arehddja v,\nd^ good order IS obferved. and julUce fp^Uily and fatisfiorily adm" *"[ h H- ; 7 '^ " "' ' "'/'^^'^ .^"' ^"*^' ^P^" '^' divine woxJhip. in »»'hich divine fcrvice w regularly performed on the fabUth ^ ^^ i'' **» •IheJegiflatureofNprih Caroiina. at their feffion in the year r v.o. paired a law for the eft^bhfhmcnt ol an academy in this town, wif u libc. fal cndovyineots. "«* wku muhj- itisto be obfervrd that this county, though it lies upwards of ado miles weft of what »» commonly called the &e of franklin nevrr dS parted from her allegiance to the ftate of North Carolina, but continued Ihfliale^^rt^a'nkhnr *'''^''""* '''""«' ''''' ^'' '""^^^ ^"^^ The following are the diltancCT on the ntw rojd ftuq, Nalh.illc i™ from Nafhville to Stony river Big Sprine Cedar Lick Little Spring Barton's creek Spring creek Martin's Spring Blair's Spring Buck Spring Fountaines Smith's creek Poney river Mine Lick Falling creek War Path Bear creek Camp creek King's Spring miles. 9 6 4 6 5 S 5 8 6 II 9 9 7 18 8 16 From Grovet's creek The tool of Cumberland Mountain Through the mountain to Emroeries river, ^ branch of the Pelifo|i To tiic Pappa Ford .jf tJiP Pelifon or Clinch river '] o Campbell's ftation near Holftein To the Great Ifland "Jo Abingdon in Wafli- ington county To Richmond in Virgi- .7 II 12 »P :qo 3S 28c Total 60^ By this new road a pleafant parage may be Jiad to the jveftern county «h carnages as there wijl be only the Cumberland mountain to ^Z and that is eafy of afcent-and beyond it. the road is generally level aLd firm; abounding with fjne fprings of water. ^ ' ^ of ^^^"-^i'^ Pehiftory of North Carolina is kfs known than that of any of the other ftates. trom the belt accounts that hiOory afford^ the firft prmanent fettlement in North Carolina was made about the veir r .,. u; u .iuinner or raiatines from Germanv, who had been r*.H.,;.^ .;.';:7 ciunftances of great indigence, by a calamitous war. The proprietor, tarohna. knowing that the value of their lands depended on the ftren reduced proprietors of 11 r sH NORTH CAROLINA. I ,;■ of their fettlewents, determined to give every poflible encouragement to "fuch enjigrants. Ships were accordingly provided for their transportation —and initruAions were given to governor Tynte to allow an hundred acres of land for every man, woman and child, free of quit-rents for the firft ten years; but at the expiration of that term, to pay one penny per acre, atinual rent forever, according to tlw ufages and culloms of the pro- vince. Upon their arrival, governor Tynte granted them a trad of land in North Carolina, fince called Albemarle and Bath precinds, where they fettled, and flattered themfelves with having found, in the hideous wilder- nefs, a happy retreat frpm thp dclolations of 9 war which then raged in Tlurope, In the year 1711,* dangerous confpi racy was formed by the Coree and Tufcorora tribes of Indians, to murder and expel this infant colony, The foundation for this confpiracy is not known. Probably they were of- fended at the encroachments upon their hunting ground. They managed their confpiracy with great cunning and profound fecrecy. They (ur- rounded their principal town with a breaft-work to fecure their families. Here the warriors convened to the number of 1 200. From this place of rendezvous they fent out fmall parties, by different roads, who entered the fettlemcnt under the mafk qf friendlhip. At the change of the full moon, all of them had agreed to begin their murderous operations vhe fame night. When the night came, they entered the houfes of the planters, de- manding provifions, and pretending to be offended, fell to murdering men, women and children without mercy or dittindion. One hundred and thirty-feven fettlers, among whom were aSwifs baron, and almoft all the poor Palatines that had lately come into the country, were flaughtcred the firft night. Such was the fecrecy and difpaich of the Indians in this ex^w- dition, that none knew what had befallen his neighbour, until the bar- barians had reached his own door. Some few, however, efcaped and gave the alarm. — The militia affemblcd in arms, and kept watch day and night, until the news of the fad difalter had reached the province of South Ca- rolina. Governor Craven loft no time in fending a force to their relief. — The affembly voted £, 4000 for the fervice of the war. A body of 600 militia, under the command of colonel Barnwell, and 366 Indians of different tribes, with different commanders, marched with great expedi- tion, through a hideous wildernefs, to their affiftance. In their firft en- counter with the Indians, they killed 300 and took 100 prifoners. After this defeat, the Tofcororas retreated to their fortiii'^d' town — which was (hortly after furrendered to colonel Harnwell. In this whole expedition it was computed that near a thoufand Tufcororas were killed, wounded and taken. The remainder of the trilie foon after abandoned their country, and joined the Five Nations, with whom they have ever fince remained. After this the infant colony remained in peace, and continued to flourifii under the general government of South Carolina, rill about the year 1 729, whenfevenof the proprietors, for a valuable conruleration,* veiled tiieir property and jurifdidion in the crown, and the colony was ereded into a Separate province, by the name of iSiorth Carolina, and its prefent limits eftablilhed * See Fage 31, ^ A. B encouragement to their tran^iortatioB allow an hundred >f quit-rents for the pay one penny per :ultoins of the pro- hem a trad of land ecinds, where they the hideous wilder- /hich then raged in jd by the Coree and infant colony,, The )ably they were of- d. They managed jcrecy. They (ur- cure their families. From this place ai' ids, who entered the je of the full moon, perations vhe fame of the planters, de- 1 to murdering men. One hundred and , and almoft all the ere flaughtered the idinns in this expc- nur, until the bar- r, efcaped and gave atch day and night, nncQ of South Ca- brcc to their relief. war. A body of and 366 Indians of rvith great expedi- In their firtt en- > prifoners. After town — which was A'hole expedition it lied, wounded and meH their country, /CT fince remained, itinued to flourifii out the year 1729. ition,* veiled their was ereded into a X its prefenr limits eftablilhed NORTHCAROLINA. 411 el^abliihed by an order of George II. From this period to the revolutron 111 1776, the hiftory of North Carolina is unpublilhed. and of courfe un- known, except to thofe who have had accefs to the records of the pro- vince. Some of the moft important events that have fince taken place, have been already mentioned in the general hiftory of the United States. ' In the year 178;, the inhabitants of the counties of Sullivan, Wafh- jngton and Green, which lie diredly weft of the mountains in this ftate, convened in committees-appointed ;.nd held a con vendon— framed a conftitution--e!e«ed their governor— and in ftiort erefted themfelves in- to a feparate, independent ftate, by the name of the Ne'w State tf Franklin. fhis premature ftate, was to comprehend all that trad of country which lies between the mountains and the Suck or Whirl, in the Tenneftee river. Thefc proceeclingsoccafioned great confufion and warm difputes in North Carohna, w^'ich continued to rage till the year 1788, wlunall prc- tenftons to pendency were rclinquiflied, and tranquillity was reftored to the ftate. ^ ^ The weftern and frontier fettlements, for forae tiiTie paft, have been, and rtiU are harraffe H c a "2 -is Lincoln, Granville, Shrewfljury. ^ £ Sc3 * f Charlefton, C U a c o ^ S5 « P U en 1) O y-. I c c I a o 4-1 Vw 15 u . . 55 C ^ y .= o< O H CM fx] U o ^ erf C O O w ;2;c Wafliington, Marion, Berkeley, Colleton, Bartholomew. ■ < VVinyah, WilHamfburg, Kingfton, Liberty. O U ■ *4 (9 a M oi O 2 < 7, n > ^ u S O £? >- .t; . • tA'n '" h a "^ tn if O O o S «- w S <^ - o<^ o J- 2^ O fc. ♦- ►- rt c Q o ^ • • H c »! o r; ^ >7 a,« -a < u A erf a > C J3 c . 1 Counties, Lewifljurg, Oranjijc, I^exington, Winton. "Clarendon, Richland, Fairfield, ^ Clcremont, Lancafter, York. Chefter. "Abbeville, Edgefield, Newbury, ^ Union, ' Laurens, Spartanburgh, ^Greenville. J > u ■ ) Marlborough, ^ H SottJ ^ Chefterfield, "* - 9:b. i Darlington. V OS flrf J llie 1 L. Counties, :wi(burg, jxington, 'inton. larendon, ichland> lirfield^ Icremont, mcafter, ork, heftcr. bbeville, dgcfield, icwbury, nion, aurcns, jartanburgh, reenvillc. > SOUTH CAROLINA. 427 TTie committee appointed by aft of aflembly to divide the diftriifb into counties, were directed to lay them as nearly 40 miles fquarcas was prafti- Arable, due regard being paid to fituations, natural bound iries,&c. As the lowercoyntry was originally fettled by people froai Europe un- der the proprietary government and influence, all the then counties were divided into pariflies. And even now, although the old counties are done away, the boundaries altered, and new ones eltabiilhed, thpdi\ifionofpa- ^iJhes fubfifte in the three lower diftri(5^s, the people choofe their fenators andreprefentativeg by parifhes, as formerly. But in the middle and up- rer diftrids, which were fettled by people of various nations from Europe, but principally by northern emigrants, parifhes are hardly known, except perhaps in Ura;igel?urgh diftrift. Inthefe diftrias the people votcinfmall divifions as convenience diftate^. Chief To--wnt.] Ct^^RLESTo^i is the only confiderable town in South Carolina. It is fitpated on the tongue of land w|?ich is formc4 by the confluence of Afliley and Cooper rivers, which are large and navigable. 'I'hefe riyerp mingle their waters immediately below the towtt, and form a fpacious and convenient harbour, which communicates with the ocean at Sullivan's ^fland, feven n^iles fouth eaft of the town. Id thefe rivers the tide fifes, in common, about jfivefeet. The continued agitation which this occafions \n the waters which alraoft furround Charlefton, and there- freftiiiig fe? breezeji which are regularly felt, render Charlefton mofe heal- thy than any part of the low countr'- in the fouthern ftates. On this ac- count it is the refort of great numbers of gentlemen, invalids from the Weft India iflands, and of the rich planters from die country, who come here tofpend ihtftcklj, months, as they are called, in queft of health and of the focial enjoyments which the city affords. And »" no part of America arethefocial bleffings enjoyed more rationally and liberally than in Char- lefton. Unaffefted hofpitality— affability— eafe in manners and addrefs-r- and a difpofition to make their guefts welcome, eafy and pleafed with themfelves, are charafteriftics of the refpefta^le people in Charlefton. The land on which the town isbuiltisflarnndlow.andthe water brack- ilhand unvvhplfome. The inhabitants are obliged to raife banks of earth as barriers to defend thrmfelves againft the higher fl«)Gds of the fea. The ftreets from eaft to weft extend from river to river, and running in a ftraight line, not only open beautiful profpefts each way, but affl)rd ex- cellent oppoitunities, by means ot fubterranean drains, for removing all nuifances and keeping the city clean and healthy. Thefe ftreets are iiiterfetlied by others, nearly at right angles, and throw the town into a number of fquares, with dwelling houfes in front, and office hoiifes an I little gardens l)ehind, iJotne of the ftreets are conveniently wide, but moit of them are much too narrow, efpecially for fo populous a city, in fo warm aclinate. Befules their being a nurfery for various difeafes from their confined fituaiion, they have been found extremely inconvenient in cafe of fires, thedeftruftive effects of which have been frequently felt i'l thi'i I'ltl'- I riPMniirpc it/hi/^K f-inim lt»(»ii Inrolii Ui>.lr o>-a !-.>!. .1. .>.:.l. .TI^J -.X.. . — . ^ ,...,, ,,,,, j^ i_-u!!v, r.ic ui!"_r., -.-!•: lit iijtii roofs. wSome of the buildings in Charlefton are elegant, and moft of them are nf^at, airy and well furnilhed. The public buildings are an exchange, Itate houfe, armoury, poor houfe, two large churches for Kpifcopalians, two for Congregationaliftb or Independents, one for Scotch Prcibyterians, two : 4t8 ^OUtH CAROLINA. I.' !** two fertile Enptift.<, one for the German Lufberans one fdf the Mcttiod- ifts.one for French Proteltants— bcfides a nu-ecint} houfe for Qtinkers.and two Jewifh fynagogues, one for the Portuguefe, the other fir tne Gorman lews. TheK are upwards of a thoufand Roman Catholics in Charlclton, but they have no public building lor worfnip. In i']ii-, thore were i6oo houils in this city, and ()6oo white inhabi- tants, and 54^-0 negrcK's; and what evinces the healthinef^ of the plate, upwards of too of the white in^.ibitants were ai>ove6o years of age. Charlcilon was incorporated in 1785, and divided into i^ wards, who choofeas many wardens, who. tiom ainono- thecnielvos, dvtt an inrendant pt the city. The inteiidanr mvi v\ard.>ns form thecitv council, who have |30wer to make and enf )rte. b' e hws fcr the regulation of the city. Beaufort, on I'ort Royal iU;uid,is the feat ofjulticc in Beaufort dif- trift. It is a plcafaht, thriving litde town, of about 90 or 60 houfes. and 200 inhabitants, who arc diltinguilhed for their hofpitality and polite- nefs. George-town', the feat of jufllcein George-town diftritl, ftands ona fpot oi land near the junj^io'n of a number of rivers, which, when united in one broad ftream, by the name of Pedec, fall into the ocean 1 2 miles below the town. Befides there, are Purv (burgh, Jaciorough, Orange- burg. WynnlboroMgh, Cambridge. Camdon and CoKimbia, the intendt-d capital of the tlatc, which arc ail inconfuierable villages of from 30 to 60 dwelling houfes. General face of the K'mitry.l The wiiolc fiatc, to the dlftance of 80 mdes fr»m the ica. is level, and almolt without a Hone. In this diftance, by a gradual afcent f.om the fea cuail, the land rifes about 190 feet. Here commences a curiouily uneven coiiiury. 'J'he traveller is conllant- Ivaftendingordefccndaig little find hills, which nature feems to have difunited in a frolic. If h pretty high fea were fuddtnly arrefted, and transformed into fand hills, in the very form tlie waves cxilied at the mo- inent of transformation, it would pre/cnt the tve with juit fuch a view as is here to be feen, _ Some litde herbage, and a few fmall pines groweven on this foil. The inhabitants are ftw, anu have but a fcanty fubfulenw on corn and fweet potatoes, which grow here loleraolv well. This curi- ous country continues for 60 miles, till you arrive at'a place called tk RL-'?e, 1 40 miles from Charlellon. 'j'his ridge is a remarkHl)Ie trad of high g-ound, as you approach it from die lea, but level a." vou advance northweft from its Aimmit. It is a fine high, healrhy belt of land, well watered and of a good foil, and extends from the Savannah to Broad river, in about 6^ 30' welt longitude from Philadelphia. Beyond thii ridge, comrrences a country exactly refembling the northern liates. Here hills and dales, with all their verdure and variegitcd be-« Hfere ccunmences a mountainous country, which continues rifing to the wcfterit terminating pom., of this liate. * c wcurm Soil and fyodu^tiom.] '1 he foil may b,; divided into four kinds, firft. the Ime.harun, which .s valuable only for its timber. Iiiterfptrfed amon^ the pine-barren, arfe tra^s of lar^d free of timber, and of every kind o7 growth but that of grafs. Thefc trads are called Sn..a».,s, conftitutJn^ a iecond kind of lo.l good for grazing. The third kind is that of thf Jraum^s and l^iv grotnnis on the rivers, which is a mixt.irt of black loam : d tat Clay prouucmg naturally canes in great plenty, cyprefs. bays cVc. An thefelwamps rice is cultivated, which conltittitcs the ftaplccoin- modirv of the Hate. Jhe >&#./rf;.^, commonly known by the nfme of oak and hiccory lands, conltitute the fourth kindoffoii. 'ihe natural - vvth IS oak, hiccory, walnut, pine and loculh On thefe lands, in the J.nv country are cultivated. Jndian corn, principally ; and in the back country, befides thefe tliey raife tobacco in large quantities, wheat, rye barley, oats, hemp, flax, cotten and iilk.* ^ ' At the diftance of about no miles from the fea, the river fwamps for the culture of nee, ttrmmate, and the high lands extend quite to the nvers, and form banks, in fome places, feveral hundred feet high from the furface of the water, and afford many extenfive and delightftd views. Ihefe high banks are interwoven with layers of leave, and different co. lored earth, and abound with quarrie. of free (tone, pebbles, flint, chrvf- talvironoremabundarice, f.lver, le.d, fulphur and coarfe diamond/ It IS curious to obferve the gndations from the Tea cOi.ft to the upner country, with refped Jo the produce-the mode of cultivation, andThe cultivators. On tjie .Hands upon t'le fea coa!f, and for 40 or ro miles back (and on the rivers ftiucli farther) the cultivators are all flavL. No w.ute man tofpeak^cncrally.ever thinks of fettlin.^a farmland improv- ing It for hnnfelf without negroes. Jf he has no negroes, he hires him- felt as ovcrieer, to fome rich plahter, u ho has mor? than he can or will attend to. till he can purchafe for hin.klf. The articles cultivated, are corn and potatoes, which are food for th. „e^r,k's ; rice and indi-o for exportation 1 he foil is cultivated alnr-il vvh ilv bv m^inual labor. 'I h*- plough, till hnce the peicc, w« fcaroelv iWod. and 'prejudices ftiH e-xil^ ag.intt ,t._Jn the middle fcttlement': nro ,-o( s are not f> numerous. Thv- matter attends pcrfnallv to his own buii.cfs, end is glad to ufe tht^ rhugh toamifhisncgroos. orhimfelf, wh.-n he has no ncproes. IV lodisnotnch enonoh for rice, h produ, s .:iod-^ratelv uood indif^o W'eed; no tobacco i^ raifoi fbr rxport.n ).. (Ir- firmer is ^ntrntedlo raile corn potatoes, uats, poultry and . litfle u h-.-at.~fn the ui,p,r coun- -r, mn,;v in-n.:;tvc ;; rew iifg;(,es, an^: h reu- iirnvo hmov ; bntj-Mierailv ipeaking. the farmers have none, and depend, idee th- inhabitant's of the northern * Sre th, ,;ntnye of the fail more particularly J-fcribed under thU head in we dijcnption uf (jtorgia. ¥i •% fill f ^ 430 SOUTH CAEOLIKA. northern ftates, upon the labor of themfelves and families for fubfiftance. The plough is ufed alnjoft wholly. Indian corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, |fc. arc raifed for loodt and large quantities of tqbacco and fomp ^'heat and indigo for exportation. MatmfaSlures.^ In the middle, and efpeoially in the upper country, the people arc obliged tonianufatturc their own cotton ancj vyoplen clothes, iand moft of thctr hufbandry tools ; hut in the lower country the inhabi- tants for thefe articles, depend mod eptircly, op their merchants. It is a fad to be lamented, that njanu failures ^nd agriculture, in this and the two adjoining ftates, are yet in the firft ft«ges of improvement. CotiJiitutionJ] |n 1776, a temporary form of government waj agreed tq by the freemen of South Carolina, aflembled in congrefs ; and on i\\f. 19th of March 1778, it was eftablilhed by an ad of the legillature. By ^his constitution, the legillative authority is vefte4 in a general aifembly, to confiil of two diftind bodies, a fcnate and hoqfe of reprefentatives, Thefe two bodies, jointly by ballot, at their eyery firft meeting, qhoofe a governor and lieutenant governor, both to continue for tvyq years, and a privy council, (to coi>fi(t qf the lieutenapj governor aqd eight other perfons) all of the protelUm religion. The governor and lieutenant governor muft have been refidpnts in the ftate, for 10 years, ai]d the members of the privy council 5 years, pre- cceding their elcdion, and polfefs a freehold in the Hate of the value of at leaft ten thoufand pounds currenc>', clear of debt. The governor \% eligible but two year* iri fijc years, ai^d j$ vpfted with the executive authority of the Uate. The fenate are chofen by ballot, biennially, ot^ the laft Monday in November— thirteen make a quorum, A fen^tor muft be of the protef- tant religion— mutt have attained the age ot 30 years— -muft have been a rcfident in the ftate at leaft 5 years ; and muft poffefs a freehold in the parifti or diftrid for which he i§ elcde^, of at le^ft /2000 c^rrency, clea^ lefdebt. The laft Monday in Nov.-.T.l-)er, biennially, two huiidred and two per- fons are to be chofen in different parts of the ftate, , equally proportioned) 10 reprefent the freemen of thcftaie in the general aHembly, who arc to meet with the fenate, annually, at the fe^t of government, on the firft Monday in January. Ali iree whitemen of zi vears of age, of one years refidenoe m the ftate, and polfefllng freeholds of 50 acres of land each, or what fhall l^e deemed equal thereto, arc qualilied to tXtds. reprefentatives. Every fourteen years the rcprv^fcntation of ih«? whMe ftate is to be pro- portioned in the nioft equal andjiift manner, a.donling to the particular and comparative ftrength and taxable property of the diflferent parts of the fame. . . . All money bills, for the fupport of government, muft origmate m the honfe of reprefentatives, and (hall not be altered or amended by the Minifters ot jgofpc ftate. The • This is in imitation of the Ihiti/j .onfiitutioH^ nvhile the reo/om for this j/nitatioH do not exiji. a A. lilies for fubfiftance, icat, rye, potatoes, CO and fomp i^'heat I upper country, the n4 vyoplen clothes, country the inhabi- ir merchants. It is ire, in this and the jvement. inient \va$ agreed tq igrefs I and on thit he legillature. By 1 general aifembly, of reprefentativcs, rft meeting, qhoofe for tvyo years, and lof aqd eight other »ecn refidpnts in the uncil 5 years, pre- te of the value of ai^d i$ vpfted with je laft Monday in ift be of the protef- — muft have been a fs a freehold in the ooo currency, cleaj: iidrcd and two per- il ally proportioned) ioihly, who arc to nment, on the firft s refidenoe in tiie , or what (hall be lives. 2 rtate IS to be pro- 5 to the particular different parts of ift originate in the r amended by the civil offices of the The fhe reafom far ihii ur* sou TH CAROLINA. 431 n he power of impeaching officers of the flatc is vcflcd in the houfe df reprefentativcs. The lieutenant governor, and a majority of the privy council, exercife the powers of a court of chancery. Juftices of the j^eace are nominated by the fenate and reprefentativei, jointly, and commiffioned by the governor during pleafure. All other judicial officers are chofen by the fenate and repwfentatives, jointly (and except the judges of the court of chancery) commiffioned by the governor during good behaviour. All religious focieties, who acknowledge that there is one God — a fu- ture ftate of rewards and punifliments, and that God is to be publickly worlhipped, are freely tolerated. "^I'he liberty of the prefs is to be preferved inviolate. No part of this conltitution is to be altered, without a notice of ninety days being previoufly ^iven, nor then, without the confent of a majority of the members of the fenate and houfe of reprefentativcs. Lanvi.] The laws of this ftate have nothing in them of a particular na- ture, excepting what arifes from thepermilfion of flavery. The evidence of a Have cannot be taken againft a white man, and the mafter who kills his (lave is notpunifhable, othcrwife than by a pecuniary mulft, and ii months imprifonment. In an aft of this ftate for regulating and fixing the falaries of feveral officers, paffed in March 1787, it was. ordered that the governor (hould receive a falary of £ 900 fterling. Four aiTociate judges, JCs^^ each. Attorney general, - - , Three delegates to congrefs, £600 each. Auditor of public accounts, Commiffioners of tlie treafury. Other falaries of public officers nientioned in faid aft to the amount of 1 ^ Total, ^7>95^-»5'- + Slate of Literature.l Gentlemen of fortune, before the late war, fant their fons to Europe for education. During the war and fince, they have generally fent them to the middle and northern ftates. 'I'hofe who have been at this expence in educating their fons, have been but comparatively few in number, fo that the literature of the ftate is at a low ebb. Since the j)eace, however, it has begun to flourifli. There are feveral flourifli- ing academies in Charlefton — one at Beaufort, on Port Royal ifland—. and feveral others in different parts of the ftate. Three colleges have late- ly been incorporated by law— one at Charlefton, which is merely nomi- .1 u — ojic ai TTiiiiiiSwiuugn, m luc uiurici ui v^amacu — inc oiiicr atv^aui^r bridge, in the dilfrift of ninety fix. The public and private donations for the fupport of thcfe three colleges, were originally intended to have ken appropriated jointly, for theereftingandfupportingofone refpetiible collfgr. _ Tlie di vifioti of thefe donations has fmftratcd this defign. The Mount Sion college, at Winnfborough, is fupported by a rcfpcftable io- cicty m 2000 200 m 1800 - 373-^^8 " 571:8:8 ► 2,114:0:0 i I" ^1 1 I*--- '1 It It A 1 1 » I fl t jf»a 43* SOUTH CAROLINA* i II cicty of gentlemen, wlio Iiavc lonor hecn in'oroontL"' TMc :. n-^ .- fl^arifhesand bids f.ir for .fcfulnl Th. cJeg^^at c/.,ti ll'. i 'n^ more than a graminar fcl.ool. That the literature of this If-.tc miil 1 1^ put upon a TcCpta-Mc footing, nothing is w,.ntuig but a f,,int ot enter' pri7£ among its wealthy inhabitants. j «• tnrei- /«*^a«/.] The CatAbavvs are the only nation of In.li.ms in this flatp Thpyiiavebutone tovvn called Cu-.baw, fuiuued on Catahaw river i,,' Jautude 3i.^ 49' pn the boundary line hvtmxn North anJ South Caruli. na.and contains about4joinhabitants. of vvhichabout I 5oare/i.htii)ii,ncn .u iT'} X l^ ^T''"* '^"'^V'"' '^y ■'''*-■ ^-""'ntution, are to^nin; the r|ght ot ekdhng tlicir own paltors or clergy ; and what h Lxxuliar to this ftat.Mbe mini ler. when chofrn, ,s required by the con-ltitution. to fub^nbe to the following declaration (vi/.) ' That he h determin,,!. ,by Gods grace, ont of iht: holy fcriptures. to inlhiirt the iH-oplc com mitcedto his charge anito teach notlung (as r.-quircd of lux-dlity toet.r- nalfaivation) but that^ which he fliall In: perfuaded may be conchuJcd and proved from the fcripture ; that he will ufe both publf - and privite admonitions, as well to the lick as to the whole, within his cure, as nml ftall require, and occahon lliall be given, and that he wil, De diliucnt in prayers, and m reading of the holy fcriptures. and in fudifludie. l h.b to the knowledge of tbcfa,nc-rhat he will b, diligo„t to frame his own felfand family according to the doctrine ofChrilt. and to make both him/elfand thern, as mudi as m hun licth, wholcfome e>:amples and pa- terns to the flock of ChrHt ; that he will maintain and fct forward as mlch ashec^n.quietnefs.peacr aiKl love among all people, and efpecially a- mong tjiofe that arc or ib ill !)e committed tohls charge.' Since the revolution, by which all denominations were put on an equal footing-there have been no dilputcs bctyvecn different religious fgcicics. They all agree to dilT^r. ^ The upper parts of this dare are f.ttled chien^ by Prefljyterians.Bnp. tills and Methodifts. ^rom the moft probablccaIculations.it is (uomM that the religious denouMnations ot this (fate, as to numbers, may be rank- ed as follows : Frefb ytonans. including the Co.igrcgnlional and Indcpend- ant churches— Kpifcopabans, Baptills. Metliodilts, 1i;c Pop,^!alw»and Charu^ter:] 'J he belt cilimate of the inhabitants in this Ilarewhichhasbeeu.nadf fixes their munbcr at So,ooo white people, and as many negrcx's-fome fay there is , 20,000 negroes in this flatc ; but no adualcenfushas lately b.en nude. On the fea coall there arp many more jlaves than freemen. I he bulk of the wliite population is in the weilern parts of the Hate. 1 here i:. no p.-cuHai itv in the manners of the inhabi- tants of this ftate, except what arifes from the mifchievous inffucncc of flavcry; and in this, indeed, they do not differ (loin the inhabitants of the other foothern dates ^>lav.ry,by exempting grcatnumbers from the ncccf- fiiies of labour, leads to luxury, dillipatlon and extravagance. The ab- solute authority whun iscxercifc . over their flaves. too much favors a J o--/ — J '•-■ ■-,f many made for one. The Carolinians looner arrive at maturuv, t.jth in their bodies an.l minds, than the natives of colder climates. Ihcy poabG a lutural quitbiefi and vivacity of genius SOUTH CAROLINA. 4jjt gf nun fui^rior to the inhabitant, of the north ; but too«nernIIv w.nl hat enterprise and |K.Mre vera nee, u hid, «re nec^niry tot tTe Hcft.t. tauiments in the nrts and fcicncM 'VU^^u... • 7 ]■ mgncii at- enterprise Inhabiting a .W^S^ntry^^lS^^^^ d Igtnce. e..le, and a difpofition forconvivial pleafures. thevltoo iroAer. : !;/:ffrorbft."T ; '""'^ ''"^^'^^ ^" '"«'> '^ ^-Zuhfco": mon att.iirs ot life. 1 here are Jiot a few in«at,cc.s however, in ihisflatc m which gen.us has b.en nnitc.i with apphcaticn. an.l the cfflVsTf thdr' J'ritei'Mlte;!" ''''''' '''''''"'''' ""' ""'^ ^y '''^^ «atrbut by thi Tlie wealth produced by the labor of the flavcs. furninics their propria tors w.th the nuan> of hofpwalitv ; and no people in the wo ?d uWcfe means wuh more hbcra bty Many of the Inhabitants fpar^no pa^^^^ expcnce m giving the higheft pdllh of educati<,n to thd ' chi rc^^ hv ^:z t::;;^;:;;!;,:::' '^ '''-' --- nnactainab,e'b;';t!:;^w!;$ 'I he Carolinians are generally affiblc and eafy in their manners anA pohte and attentive to Itran^jers. The ladies want he iZm of the in ti;r tr n M r '^'' '';'''^' '""' '^'i^'^' accornpliniments. H "it.ng the molt fafhionable amufement in thKs Itate. At this the country gentlemen arc extremely expert, and with furpri^inff dex cr tv i ^f L ,n^We n^^^^ - T'7 "^'" '^•"^^^ '' '""^^" ^'irco..ntenanced :? Si.:;:n:i!r^'r^:So:;r -' '- '-' ''-- ^^^^^^^^^^ 1 here is no maance. perhaps, in which the riciier clafs of people trcf, nfs n,ore on propriety than in the mode of conduding the rtner t Ihat a decent reA.ect be paid to the dead, is the natural dic'hiteoS^^ humanity; but tU ,s not done by fu.nptuous and expSe enfcrSn. ments.fplendid decoration., and lK,mpous ceremonies, wl ha Su d" h r trs ont^^^^^^^^ r' rendered neccffary. In CharleZand othcrpar s of tJie ftafe, no perlons attend a funeral any more than a wed- .i ng, unlefs they are particularly invited. Wine. pLdi aiu all kTnct H.^??-'^^V"^'Ar'''^?'/'"""8: ether f>ecu!iariti<:s in hu'ryinir thelK de d. have this : After the funeral dirge is fuilg. and jnft before h^eorni. Is depofired in the irrav^ fb^ '-"«,, :.,....„ .^! j •!. \. *•',"'*- »"^corpfe Un froni the grave. ,s carefully put under tlie head of the* d4afed . y kept fi,r this purpofe. is taken and put upon the eyes of the cornfe .V oken of their remembrance of the holy Janll, and of thdr expXon; n^ 'tturmng tJuther in God'« appointed time. S" , J' i •a i 4J4 SOUTH CAROLINA. Militaty Strettgih.'] There are about 20,000 fighting men in this (late. About 10 men are kept *o guard Fort Johnfon, on James Ifland, at tlic entrance cf Charlclton harbour, by which no veflei can pafs, unlefs the mafter or mate make oath thu there is no malignant f this is either not I depreciated. '1 he of 3 per cent, and )n the importation k of the revenue cf lands, for the piir- ?d into three grand tent of the flowing |of the rivers ; and makes the third, rrtaining the value The moft valuable ibic at one fhilling , is levied from all not annexed to the :n:en appointed for lamages which this le *:wo entire crops itifh-— The crop of — Many thoufands indancc. — TheviU to the citizens di- ll army — and indi- uion 'jf the paper l^criing, incurred ■ tht f)i"re of inde- of its citizens, up- fic throuphout t!ie ntains more regular city in the United on with the other and perfons of real ifc of moderate ta- SOUTH CAROLINA. 43^ Commerce.] The little attention that is paid to maniifaflurcs, occafions a vail coiifurnption of foreign imported articles ; but the quantities and value of their exports, generally leave a balance in favor of the Hate, excej)! when there are large importations of negroes. 'I'hc following lill of ^x|'ut, which was copied from theciillom-houfe books in Charlcf tor , vjII ;m'' .' an accurate and fatisfadtory idea of the vaiicty and quan- Ui] )t ari'clcs exported from the port of Lharlcllon. Ccftcru \ PORTS from Charlejion, South Carolina, from November, 17S6, to November 1787. Logs cedar. Plank, Feet cedar, Bufhels, corn • Mrkius Butter, barrels beef, 767 Barrels pork, 12 Boxes foap, I Boxes candles. I Calks bees wax, I Caflih ground nuts, 875 Hogfheads Pink root. 6i.7s;4 6,882 5.493 2. ,783 205 25:6 Ba-i'*l'. uVtf, Halt bis. ditto, 1 loglheads tobacco. Calks indigo, J-lhds. detrlkins. Bales ditto. Racoon ikins, Otter (kins, Hhd. Beaver iliins. Bale, do. ioy.do. i'ouiKl.'?, 3,689,600 iectltaves, - '1,023,700 «.7^ $'4 8,«oo i,i II 31S2 276 119 4» 1 33 3« 600 1.904 2,230 739 3.707 Ciilks fnake ditto. Boxes genieiig ditto, Bales farJ'x'.paiilja, Calks ditto. Bundle:, ditto, Hides leather. Sides di'to, ' - Calks bacon hams. Pounds ditto, . Calks oranges. Bricks, Reeds, Horns, 5^ 4 « 28 3 10 - 1; 57 3.308 4,2 1 z »J 3.455 21 97,000 1121,800 6,900 AMERICAN produce imported into ^ aud exported fivm CharkfioH. Barrels flour. Barrels bread. Kegs ditto. Barrels tifh, '^inials, do Puunds ditto. Barrels potatoes. 8,783 73? '% 900 360 Bufliels ditto, Bariels onionn. Bunches ditto, Builiels oats. Barrels apples. Barrels cyder, . 1,238 3(5 14.62.;. 360 7^ 5^i3 ditto, ^>^iy Tons. I N. ,i5'i Tohi, ?35: ditto, ,65* ditto, ,r6o dittOjj ,288 ditto. Tons. >«787 SPAIN. 437 t 3 39 S P Brigs, meafuring, Sloops ditto, Schoone|-8 ditto, A I N. tjS Tons, I yo ditto, 650 dittQ^ 44 Veffclj. , , , FRANCE. 1 Snow, meafuring • , 3 Brigs ditto, ^ 2 Mloops ditto, 2 Schooneirs ditto, I VeOels, l>073 Tom, 1 80 Tons, 23 J ditto, 138 ('itto, i6z uitto, 725 Tons, UNITED NETHERLANDS. I Ship, meafuring . 4 Brigs ditto, * . 290 509 Tons, ditto. a Veffels, 799 Tom, I I . I ^il E Ship meafiiring Brig ditto. LAND, ai8 lOl Tons, ditto. s Veffels, I I I I I 3'9 Tons, 280 ditto. '93 164 130 127 ditto, ditto, ditto, ditto. 62, n 8 Tonj. Ship, Altona, • . ^rig, Bremen, - , Brig, Denmark, - Brig, HaiTiburg, . Brig, Auitria, , Tot. 947 Veflels, meafuring - . ^ The amount of the above exports in fterh'ng money, has been eflimatcd i»'>C.J05.279:'9:c. In the molt fucccfsful tea fqns there h.vc S a, many as 1 40. opo barrels of rice, and 1.300.000 pounck of indigo e^. ported m one year The average price of rice fi,ue the peafe Ss been from ,3 to ^^(hxlUngs fterling the hundred; and of i.dijo, of Ac different forts. 3 fhdhngs and 9 pence. Since the pea.c "f 7K, in confequence of the depopulation of labourers, the bad ii.-. of th^ tields ?.u from a fucceffion of bad feafons. the planters have made veari; but Intle more d»«n half a common crop. ^ ' TItc following • abftraft' from a gentleman accurately informed on the [Shtd'°"'''"'"^"'^ "^'^"^ information, .ad demands a pTceTnieJ ENERAl ^^ 438 SOUTH CAROLINA. I General Abstract o//^f U^bt o/il^eSfa/c o/Sovth CarouxI*,/;' 1 J 500,000 l^S'll^ I 1,376,224 10 (,624,613 H *^ 3 S Q V ^ Sj «! «; -^i H •^ ••_ ^fc O ^ "^ 5 3 ;^ .«: 3 ft: " -v^ "O -^ ^l, § ^s tv, '■^ "^ ^ t-^ I 4.,246.6r^ q 280,000 700,000 390,000 280,000 r ,0^0,000 I? a "^ ? -i v.- -» 1- N 3'5f00o 787,500 438, 7?o •5j *» ^ te -. ^ 'u .t^ > e *, ;^ ''■; V 1 •* < 1003 ^■^ 5 4^.47^ ' 4434 178,911 j8 I'/Ui-: 1 1J.688 16 5i^ 21,466 4 1.856,250 87;- 352. C37 IQ ^ ^ s 25,000 ^,288 I *68,Hii 81,23c (mi 1 0438 1 6466 , 2I2,,r^0 I N. B. Vail quantities of goods iinpoitcd in the above vcars, wereoij account of foreigners, and fold at vendue and otherwife, greatly unJe their firft coft, in Europe, and many bad debts were contrafted, hot which ought to be deduced froni the above balance of /. i ,626,761 : 16 which dedufted u is computed, will reduce the balance to abou £. 1 ,400,ooo.--lt is computed that the goods now left in Uores, will a mount to at leall /. 500,000; but as there was likewife a cpnfiderabli value at the evacuation, as well as debts contraded during tj\e time ihi Bntifh held the city as a garrifon, no dedu-iiion can, with propriety, made on that account. Slatemeni of the fnppo/eJ future trade of the State fallovuhg aft attrtUal impMal ^^^^ pri'vate debts of the M 5^ t' 51-* 'j Vi CO a g .; K ^ ?^^ 1,250,000 [1,077,500 896,375 706,193 15 506,503 8 9 206,120 12 ^ ^3 b '^ S.7S7 K N. B, xdufivt rolina, ( purts fro icratc c; In the linnuallv loo ftrgrsi k •r' "" >s -§ ~Q ~S *; '^ "^ J" >^ 5^ ^ v-> (a o ^ S* •<)- -- ^-i;^ 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,00») 25,000 25,000 25,000 2 5 ,000 25,000 25.000 ■^ V .^ ft" <3 rooo 1000 (OOO I 000 ! 000 rooc 40,000 40x00 40,000 40,000 40,000 40.000 ^1 2. '■' 5,0001 265,0001 265,0001 265,0001 ^ A - m 265,0001 ^ t t ;- 1 •^ 5 S ^ S"^ ^ '■*.» "^ N. 00 _ ^ ,) il.S 15 0913 9 -) ,-i J i'.i K f /«"' S O U T IT CAROLINA. ./South CAR ouJ/„/7^^«^y, ,783. /. :Ji January, ,787. both indHfi-ve, 435 2.C37 iq 21 above years, were oi irwil'e, greatly umlel were contrafted, hotf o( £. 1,626,761 : i( :he balance to aboul V left in llores, willal ikewife a cpnriderabll I during ti\e time ihj aa, with propriety, I i.frr 18 [0438 16 6466 4 18,787 .9 •I" 880,471 ''749'475: '4 I.995.474 'o 2,042,310 12 6,667,731 13 I 17H3 to 1784 178410 i78<; 178? to 1786 1786 to 178- V 1 I -5i I Co ^ I oq 178,370 466,564 4''3.57^ 6,375 /, 206,193 15 1, 006, .703 a the Soutiiern Ciraiit, djftnbuting jultice in their progrefs. This was to be done twice in the t^ar. This mode of aduiiniftering jtillice continued till I7 H j, when, by the unanimous exertions of the two upper diltrifts, an aft was paded, elta. bhfhingcminty conrtsinali thecountiesof the four dillrifts of Canulenv ^niety Six.Ch-.^raws and Orangeburg; in the two hiR,h<)wever,the law has not taken cfFect. 'I he Coimtv Courts are empowered to fit four times in a rea,-. Before the ellablifhmcnt of countv courts, the lawyers all rcdiied at Charlefton, under the immediate eye of government ; and the Carolina bsjr was as pure and geiuecl as any in the United Sta? -s, Since this clla- bhniment,l;;wyers have Hocked in from all cjuartcrs, .id fettled in diffe- fent parts of fho couivtrv, and law-fuiis have been rrtultiphed beyond all for- mer knowledge. HiJio>j>:\ Tf e rf formation in France ocoafioned a civil war between the Protellant and Cath')lic p^irties in that kingdom. During thefe do- melhc troubles J.ifperde Coligni, a principal commander of the Prorrft- ant army, fitied out two Ihips, and fent them wiih a cnlnnv to America, tinder the eomujand of Jean' ls t.nK-. the proprietors, in virtue of their 'werse.i- g:..H the famous Mr. Locke to frame, for them, a con.lituti .„ ^nd boX oHaws, I h.s cmll.tnt.on. coniiding of , zo articles, was ariltoc at cal and^though ,ngen.ouwn theory, could never be fucccfsfully rXed'a l^-!^!^ Tr ^T ''"'^'''^^ ^^Pei''vttociinAJe ihh e^icn/i-^ territory; h ^11^ North Cnrohna n^jas ere^l,:d into a f-paratc pro-vi.r. In j,?, n7\ ^^'^'■;f^'^'''^'-^^'^''y"P;^'f-rei» mntionedfandto their fuc Jin aSarter .full that part of Carolina, lyi.g betn..e. the rHoJi n.rthlTtZ ,na.a,r.ah rrver ; alo..th.Jra co.J^ to the rn.Ji /out hern fhratn f aZ7 moha nvrr ,- nkicji^ard, fro?n the h,aJ, of ihfe rivfr, r, LJ I ' ■ y .^ 1^., . „.. wv™. ,,.4,^.. ™./i/ ]M^:::,y^':^'^::!;"i In i-ifil, the^rrvernorof South Car.lifm, roncehh^r that the l^ndi /./*, f^ iMatu.u,a ri.er, Joy.d to South Ca,./,„.r,..,„J,Zr^ tZ th'K/Npi:cJ,de,tcroach,mut,„ their tnn/o>y, hi, mnich iflu.da )^ .1 r J. a>,d^t. Mary's Ue boundary Hue fdi^,d,„s the t^o P^J^^ Ms; of^.uuh Carolina a,d Georgia, h..t lo.^^ bee^uheJuhje/JZ ^^ 'honnrr Jn.n,.s the land. Ij.n^ b.'.Oecn the North Carolia , aida V'l''y that thatJi,t.vas th. h,ud -y Sa.varn,.h rrver f the latter lo^Z^ ^:;l'f-M>'P^ffiNn^^^^^^^ contnnffio.er, ^ere appointed iH f'ln^l. >ytoe,,t,U„Jw^Jh.t,,-..r.iudn.vith fvll pt^jocy, to deter JZ Ifral "'f r-^T^ ^""'"^' ^r.//r../.. rftbe river Sa^vanmh, from (h^ \h or .outhopjuchjl.arn, tothejork .r .o.jiuettcv r,f the ,ivers jJjZL i!igUii7 and K/mviT, and IH river 'Juou nsnij callf4 .ivec anajrom tt^evce the m/i northern bramh orjhean, o/ll,, do i,n ,t v,terjeds the northern honndnry Une 0/ South cJlinU, if tkejaii b:u7icb of I ii^uk extendi j» fur north , ffjerving i. li iht ijU iUhUl til \k 449 SOUTH CAROLINA, II Three claffes of nobility were to beeftablifhed, (viz.) barons, caffiquei and landgraves. The firjt to poffefs twelve— the fecond twenty-four--- the third forty- eight thoufand acres of land, which was to be unaliena. ble. In 1669, William Sayle, being appointed firft governor of this coun. try, embarked with a colony, and fettled on the neck of land where Charlellon now ftanols. During the continuance of the proprietary government, a period of 50 years (reckoning from 1669 to 1719) the colony was involved in per. petual quarre;s. Oftentimes they were harraflcd by the Indians — fomc- times infertcd with pirates— frequently invaded by the French and Span- i(h fleets — conrtantly uneafy under their injudicious government — and quarrelling with their governors. — But their raott bitter diflcntions, were relpefting religion. The epifcopalians, being more numerous than the diflenters, attempted 10 exclude the latter from a feat in the legiflaturc, Thefc attempts were fo far fucceeded, as that the church of England, by a majority of votes, was cftabiilhed by law. This illiberal at\ threw the colony into the utmoft confufion, and was followed by a train of evil Confequences, which proved to be the principal caufe of the revolution. Notwithftanding the adt eftablilhing the church of England was repeal, ed, tranquility was not reftored to the colony. A change of govern- ment was generally defired by thecolonifts. They found that they were not fufficiently proteded by their proprietory conftitutlon, and effefted a revolution about the year 1719, and the government became regal. In 1728, the proprietors accepted j^ 2 2, 500 fterling from the crown, for the property and jurifdidion, except Lord Granville, who referved his 8th of the property, which has never yet been formally given up. At this time the conilitution was new modelled, and the territory, limited by the original charter, was divided into North and South Carolinas. From this period the colony began to flourilh. It was protected b/ ;* government, formed on the plan of the Englifa conftitution. Under i the foftering care of the mother country, its growth was aftoiiiOiingly rapid. Between the years 1763 and 1775'., the numl>er of inhabitants, | was more than doubled. No one indulged a wi(h for a change in their political conftitution, till the memorable ftamp aft, paffed in 1765". From this p«xiod till 177 rrs Stvvamiah atidTu^nlo to Georgia — hut if the /aid branch ir\ Jheam of lunula does ml ixtendto the north boundary line of Soiilh Caro/imi,l then anjocji line tothe Miffifippi to be dra-ivn from the head faring cr Jvmt\ cf the /aid branch cf Tngulo river, ivhich extends to the hii^hrji northnaX latitude yjhall fore'ver hereafter form the feparation limit and boundary keinucc*\ the Jiates of Smith Carolina and d r. r^la. ' It is fnppnfcd, in the map cfthisjiate, that the mofl northern branch of Tii-\ ^iilo river ^ irilerjrCts tDe iiutujern boundary of Cvr^ifj Caroluui, ^oj/jict), 'latitude fafl, brings thejiat front Vhiludilphiat '■ point . JS^ 3c' ijucjilongi' A. ) barons, caffiquei 3nd twenty-fbur— as to be unalien&« rnor of this coun. ;k of land where ment, a period of as involved in per* he Indians— feme- French and Span- government — and :r diflcntions, were lumerous than the in the legiflaturc» ■ch of England, by Uiberal aft threw I by a train of evil of the revolution, igland was repeal* hange of govern- Lind that they were ion, and effeded a ecame regal. ? from the crown, ille, who referved ally given up. At 1 territory, limited mth Carolinas. : was protedled b/ I nftitution. Under j was aftani(hingly l>er of inhabitants, I r a change in their ifled in 1765'. lade by Great Bri- 1 attempts were in- idelphia this year, f .unanimoufly i/je faid branch «r j of South Carolm,\ ad fprin,^ cr JouneX he hii^Lufi twrlhinX id boundary kdium^ hern hrntich of Tu-, ° 35 ' '^'^J^ lougiiui^ G E O R G I A. 445 coml'^nce'd! '''*^'''''*''* ^^"^ oppofition. and on the 19th of April, war Daring the vigorous conteft for independence, this ftate was a great n^^nT^L , r' 'r'*'^ y*^"' .'' ^"^ '^^ ^"^ of t'^e war. It feels and la- mrnts the lofs of many of its noble citizens. Sir.ce the peace, it has been .rncrgmg from that melanchoiyconfufion and poverty, in which itrv«, ftTnts t^f t''^ ,^^'*-' devaftations of a relentlefs enemy. The inha- b. ants are f aft n.ultiply.ng by immigrations from other ftatcs-the agrr- cultural interefts of the ftate are reviving-commerce is flounfhingJJ. conomy ,s becoming more fa{hionablc_and fcience begins to {bread fin 1!?. {■ I i'''"'''/"'^"^^ ^^^ citizcn5.~And ftiould th? political dif- h n /'Ttr^ ^''^- ["■" ^7""' y*^'*"^ P^^' unhappily divided the inha- tl i^ft ;/ fro \'' '' ^°Pf^' "P°" '^^ operation of the new government, tt l?l?.:. T^. f "".'"'^^ commercial and agricultural advantages, and ;i^ieftirtL°?„io^^^^^ ''^'^''^' - ^-- - °^^« ■*-<5^ GEO R A. Miles, length 600 Breadth 250 «I T.tJATtON and EXTENT. Between 3i=* and 35" North Latitude. 5<' and 16" W^ft -Longitude. Scuridaria.] R^™l^Ep,?aft, fey the Atlanric Ocean; foutb, bv Eaft J , n, ^"^ ^^^ Hondas; weft, by the river Miffifinm- north Counties^ Chatham, £ffinghana, Burke, Kichmond, Wilkes, Liberty, Glynn, Camden, Wafningtoiiy Greene,; Franklin, #. .J "^Uiij; 'principal T(rMns. Savannah, lat. 32® r'. Kbenezer. Wayneft)urgh and Louifvill*, Augusta. Waftiington. Sunbury. Brunf^ick. St. Patrick's. troJphinton. Green ft) Hfg, I it Bsfun 444 G E ^ G I A, J! Before the revolution, Georgia, lik .- all the f.nithern ^>ates, was divjd, ed into parifhes; but this mode of divifion is now i»!;olilhcd, and that of counties has fucceeded in its room. Chief Tcnvns.] Thepicfent ieat of government in this f.atc is Aitgu$. TA. it IS fituated on the fouthuxft bank ..f .Nnvannah river, aljout i u imlesfrom the fea, and 1 17 northwcft of Savannah. 1 he town, which poniains not far frojri 200 houfes. is on a hne hirj^e plajn ; and as itcnjujj the bed foil, and the advantage of a central lituatipji betwtcn the upper and Jower counties, is nfing fail into impoi tance. ^ Savannah, tlj^ lurmer capital of Georgia, ftands on a high fandv blufi.on the fouth fide of the river of the fame name, and 17 miles from Its mouth. T lie town is regularly built in the form of a parallellogn ai, »nd, including Its fuburbs, contains ,127 dwelling iunifvs, one Epiltopal church, a German Lutlieran church, a Pitfhxterian cliunh, a Synagogue and Court-houle. 1 he naniber of its inhabitants, cxclufivt of the biatkb, amount to about 830, fcvcnty of HJiom aie Jews. InSavannah. and witliin «' circumference of aliogt xo miles fro;n it, there wcre,in the fummer of 1787. about 2300 inhabitants. Ofthefo 192 were above 50 years of age, apdall in good health. 'J he ages of a lady and tier fix children, then living in the town, amounted to 385 years. 'This computatipn, which was actually made, feryes to Ihew that bavannah i< not really fo unhealthy as has been commonly reprefented. SuNBVRY is a fea port town, favored with a fafe and very convenient harbour. vSeveralfmall i/lands intervene, ^nd panly obflrudta dircft view of the ocean J and, interlocking with each other, render tlie palTage out to fea winding, but not difHcult. It is a very pleafant, health) town, and i? the refortof the planters from the adjacent places of Midway and New- port, during the fickly months. It was burnt by the BriiiHi in the late >var, but is now recovering its former populoufnefs and importance. Brunswick, in Glynn coui^ty.iat. 51" jo', is fituated at the mouti) pf Turtle river, at which place this river empties itfelfinto St. Simon's found. Brunfwick has a fafe harbour, and fufticientiv large to contain tlie whole of his Mofl ChrilHan Majefty's fleet; and the bar, at the en- trance into It, has water deep enough for the Jargeft veffel that fwims. The town is regularly laid out, but not yet built. From its advantage- pus fituation, and from the fertility of the back country, it promifes to be hereafter one of thefirft trading towns in Georgia. ' ' ' Frederic/^, on the ifland of St. Simon, is nearly in Lt. 31'' 15' north, it ftands on an eminence, if confidered with regard to the marfliei before it, upon a branch of Alatamaha river, which wafhes the wefl fide of this agreeable ifland. and after feveral windings, difemboguesitfelf into thefea at Jekyl found: It forms a kind of bay before the town, and ii navigable for vefTels of the largeft burthen, which may lie along the wharf m a fecure and fafb harbour. The town of Louisville, which is defigned as the future feat of go vernment in tins flate, has lately been laid out on the bank of Ogeechce river, about 70 miles from its mouth, but is not yet built. Ri-jcfs.^ •S'tf'z;.?;///^?^ river forms a nnrf of «Hf« rlJvJfi^r,,! l.'n- ,„WyA\(e. parates this (fate from South Carolina. Its courfc is nearly Kom'north, .welt XQ fouth calt. It u foraied piincipaily of two branches, by the namei of ^ates, wa« divid, Ihcd, and that of Hate is Aug us, rivtr, abc'Ut 134 1 he town, which I ; and hs it enjoys ten ijic U|>j'er and on a high fandy id 17 miles from > jiarHllellognni, vs, one Epiltupal rch, a Synagogue fivt ot the biatkb, xo miles fro^n it, nts. Oithelo 192 )ges of a lady and 385 years. This that bavannah i\ ■d. i very convenient lru(fta dircftview the paflage out to Ithj town, and i; I id way and Ncw- Briiifh in the late importance, ated at the mouth into St. Simon's large to contain le bar, at the en- veffcl that fwims. am its advantage- , i^ promifes to be y in Lt. ^i^ 15' ird to the marfliei les the wefl fide of bog ues itfelf into the town, and ii ie along the wharf J ' future feat of go- )ank. of Ogeechce It. lit 1in« trrnirn if^l learly from nonh-j :hcs, by the nameij of O E O R G I A, 44^ ef rugulo and Keowee, which fpring from the mountains. It is naviga- blc for large vejlcis up to Sitvannah, and ior boats, of 100 ftet keel as far ?s Auijulta, After rifing a fall juft above this place, it ispafl-able for boat. fo the mouth ot Tugulo river. '1 y bee bar, at its entrance in lat. ^ i " en' )ias 1 6 icet water at half tide. " * Oge,ch,e river, about 1 8 miles fouth of the Savannah, is a fmalJcr river. and nearly parallel with it in its courfe, Alatamaha,* about 60 miles fouth of Savannah river, is formed by tht liniftionofihe Okoneeand Okemulgee branches. It is a noble river. hut of difFicult entrance. Like Uic Nile it difcharecs itfelf by feveral mouths mto the fca. ' Befides theflMhere is nri/e ri^cr, Little Sitilla, Great Sitilla, CroShJ nwr.and Si^mp /,which forms a part of the fouthern boundary of the U, riited Mates. St, Mary s nver empties into Amelia found. Jat ?o'^44'.and ]s navigable for velfels of confiderable burden for 90 miles. Its banks af. ford immenfc quantmcs of fine timber, fuited to the Well India market. Along this nver, every fo«r Pr five miles, are bluffs convenient for veffcls to haul too and load. The rivers in the middle and weftern parts of this ftate are, Apalachico. Ja, which IS formed by the Chatahouchee and Flint risers. Mobile, Pafca, gou a and Pearl riycrs. All thefe running fouthwardly. empty into the Gulph of Mexico. Th'j fore mentioned rivers abound with a great va, neiy of fifh, among which are \\^t ^^^^M> whiting, cat, rock, trout, brim, white, (had and ftur^pon, » Clmatf, Difcajes ^r.] In fome parts of this flate, at particular fea. fonsof the year, the climate cannot be efteemed falubrious. In the low puntrynear the rice fwamps, bilious complaints and fevers of various kinds are pretty univerfal during the months of July, Auguft and Sep. 'Tru *■'//■ j^' ^°' *^" '■^^^""' '^^ ^^"^'J the fickly months, fhediforders peculiar to this climate, originate chiefly from the bad- nefs of the water, which is generally brackifh, and from the noxious pu- trid vapours which are exhaled from the ftagnant waters in the rice fwamps. ^elides, the long continuance of warm weather produces a general relaxa. ion of the nervous fyftem, and as they have no neceffary lahurtocall them to exercife.alarge fhare of indolence is the natural confequence: «ind indolence, efpecially amongft a luxurious people, is ever the parent of dileaie. The immenfc quantities of fpiritous liquors, which are ufed to correa the brackiflinefs of the water, form a fpecies of intemperance xvhich too often proves ruinous to the conftitution. Parents of infirm, ickly habits, often, in more fenfes than one. have children of their own If, /^°"fi^^^«H'« part of the difeafes of the prefent inhabitants nay therefore be viewed a* hereditary. I muft add as a general obferva- tion, that to the three laft mentioned caufes, may be afcribed no inconfider- P part of thofe diforders which prevail in fouthern climates, lietore the fickly feafon commences, many of the rich planters of this ate, remove with their families to the fea iflands, or fome elevated heal- t^liyjituation, whet;e they refide three or four months, for the benefit of *.wux«u. xii lac Winter and ipring. pieiiriiies, peripneumonies and other inflammatory ^ransttiiced Oltamawha'uu v Ik jT ■'"i\ 4^ Geo R G I )i 11 I li 'i Inflammatory diforders, occafioned by fiidden and violent colds, are con- fiiicrably tommon and frequently fatal. Confumptions, cpilej^fics, can- cers, palfies and apoplexies, arc not {o incident to the inhabitants of the fouthern as northern climates. The winters in Georgia are very mild and pleafant. Snow is feldom «r never fcen. Vegetation is not frequently prevented by fevere frolls. Cattle fubfiil tolerably well through the winter, without any other food than what they obtain in the woods and favannahs,* and are fatter in that feafon than in any other. In the hilly country, which begins about 80 or 100 miles from the fea, the air is pore and falubrious, and the water plen- ty and good. In the flat country there is liere and there a fpring only, which is clear and pretty good. Neither is th« air here fo pure as in the hilly country, being more confined and lefs fubjeft to agitations from th« winds, and withal impregnated with putrid vapour from the rice fwamps. In the foutheaft parts of this ftate, which lie within a few degrees of th? torrid zone, the atmofphere is ktpt in motion by impreflions from the trade winds. This fervcs to purify the air, and render it fit for refpira- tion ; fo that it Ts found to have a very advantageous ciFeft on perfous of eonfumptive habits* Faceo/iheCounttrj.] The eaftern part of the ftate, between the moun. tains and the ocean, arid the rivers Savannah and St. Mary's, a trad of country more than 1 20 miles from north to fonth, and 4.0 or 50 eaft and weft, is entirely level, without a hill or a ftone. At the diftance of about 40 or 50 miles from the fea board, or fait marfii, the lands begin to be Jtiore or lefs uneven* The ridges gr^jdually rife one above another into hills, and the hills fuccefHvely increanng in height, fill they finally termi*. nate in mountains^ That vaft chain of mountains which commences with Katts Kill, near Hudfon's river, in tlie ftate of New Yoik, know n by the names of the Allegany and Apalachian Mountains, terminate in thislbte, about 60 miles fouth of its northern boundary. — From the foot of this Jnountain, fpreads a wide extended plain, of the richeft foil, and in a lati- tude and climate favorably adapted to the cultivation of moll of the Eaft India produftionsi Soil and Produaiom.\ The foil and Its fertility are various, according to fituation and different improvement. The iflandson the iea board, in their natural ftate, are covered with a plentiful growth of pine, oak, and hiccory, liveoak and fome red cedar. The foil is a mixture of fand and black mould, making what is commonly called a grev foil. A confidcr- ablepart of it, particularly that whereon grow the oak, hiccorv and liv« oak, is very fertile, and yields on cultivation good crops of indigo, cot- ton, corn and potatoes, Thefe iflands are furrounded by navigable creeks, bctwees which and the main land is a large extent of fait marfli, fronting the whole ftate, not lefs, on an average, than 4. orj miles in breadth, interfered with creeks in various direftions, admitting, through the whole, an inland navigation, between the iflands and mainland, from the north- eaftward to the foutheaftward corners of the itate. 1 he foil of the main knd, adjoining the marlhes and creeks^ is nearly of the fame quality with that, * A favanrtah it atraB of grcnnd covered nvilh grafs, but njoithottt attytreet ^rjhrubs, They are often to befgufid in fine lands in thtJontleynJiatUt'- r A. nt colds, are Cdn- is, cpilejififs, can- inhabitants of the . Snow is feldom i by fevcre frolts. It any other food \ are fatter in that )cgins about 80 or nd the water plcn- ere a fpring only, fo pure as in the gitations from th« I the rice fwainps. ?cw degrees of the •reflions from the r it fit for refpira- iFeft on perfous of 2tween the moun. Mary's, a trad of 4.0 or 50 eaft and ! diftance of about lands begin to be ibove another into :hey finally tcrmif 1 commences with lie, known by the linate in thislbte, the foot of this foil, and in a lati- moll of the Eaft jrious, according I the fea board, in )f pine, oak, and xture of fand and ul. A confidcr- hiccory and live js of indigo, cot- ;d by navigable jnt of fait marfh, : miles in breadth, irough the whole, , from the north- foil of the main arae quality with that. ■/ ruuithout any tretl itheiujiatitt'- 447 Aat of the iflands ; except that which borders on thofe rivers and creek* which ftretch far back into the country. On thefe, immediately after you leave the falts, begin the valuable ricefwamps, which, on cultivation, af- ford the prefcnt prmcipal ftaple ofcommerce. The moft of the rice land* he on rivers, which, as far as the tide flows, are called Tide-lands, or oa creeks and particular branches of water, flowing in fome deeper or lowcf parts of the lands, which are called inland- fwamps, and extend back i* the country from 15 to 25 miles, beyond which very little rice is planted, though It will grow exceedingly well, as experiment has proved, 120 miles back from the fea. The intermediate lands, between thefe creek* and livers^ are of an inferior quality, being of a grey foil, covered chief- ly with pine, and a fort of wild grafs and fmall reeds, which afford a large range of feeding ground for Itock both fummer and winter. Here and there, are intcrfpe.fed oak and hiccory ridges, which are of a better foil, and produce good cjops of corn and indigo, but thefe are very little del vated above the circumjacent lands. The lands adjoining the rivers arc flcarly level, and, for an hundred miles in a direft line from the fea, cour tinue a breadth from 2 to 3 or 4 miles, and wherever, in that diitance, you find a piece of high land that extends to the bank of the river on one fide, you may exped to find the low or fwamp ground proporlionably wide on the oppofite fide of the river. This feems to bean invariable jule till you come to that part where the river cuts the mountains. The foil between the rivers, after you leave the fea board and the edge of thefwamps, at the diftance of 20 or 30 miles, changes from a grey to;^ red colour, on which grows plenty of oak and hiccory,with a confiderable intermixture .of pine. Jn fome places it is gravelly, but fertile, and fp continues for a number of miles, gradually deef^Miing the redilh colour of the earth, tillit changes into what is called tlve Mulattofoil, confiftingof a black mould and red earth. 'Fhe compofition is darker or lighter accord- ing as there is a larger or fmaller portion of the black or red earth in it. 'liie mulatto lands are generally ftrong, and yield large crops of wheat, tobacco, corn, &c. To this kind of land fucceeds bv turns a foil nearly black and very rich, on which grow large quantities of bla;k walnut, mu]- bfrry, &c. 'I'his fucceffion of different foils continues uniform aiid ro- giilar, though there are fome large veins of all the different foils intermix- .ed, and what is more remarkable, this fucceflion, in the order mentioned ftretchcs acrofs this ftate nearly parallel with the fea coalt, and extendi thrwugh^ the feveral flates, nearly >. the fame direction, to the banks of Hudfon's river. In this ftate arc produced bv culture, rice, indigo, cot- ton, filk, (though not in large quantities) Indian corn, potatoes, oranges, figs, pomegranates, See. Rice, at prefent, is the llapic commoditv ; and* as a fmall proportion only of the rice ground is under cultivation, the quantity raifed in future muft be much greater than at piefent. But the' rap- id increafe of the inhabitants, chiefly by imn^igraiions, whofe attention u turned to the raifing of tobacco,'and the vail cxwnt of hmd, with a rkhnefsof foilfuited to the culture of that plant, renders it probable, that lob.i( CO will fhortly become the ftaple of this Uatr-. 'I'he tobacct> lands are equally well aiiapted to wiicat. whloh msv hert- aitcr make an imporiaiit artidc oi cumaicrce. On, » (' i'. .s^. v^. ..s^n-. %. o^. \^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ^s ^^' «^.^ il.O I.I 1.25 |45 ■ 50 1118 1^ 1^ |M 2.2 - 6" 2.0 1.8 U lllll 1.6 7F <^ /^ (? ^;; a * /^ ''^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 v ^ \\ &^ 'a ^ •Sv I «pi m k\ 44t M % i (1 i A, I I Oil the ^ry plains, grow large crops of fweet patatocs, which art fodnd to afford a wholforae nourilhment j and from which is made, by diftilla^ tion, a kind of whiflty, tolerably good, but inferior to that made from rye. It is by properly macerating and walhing this root, tliat a fediment or ftarch is made, which has obtained the name of Sago, and infwers all Ihe purpofes of the India fago. Moll of the tropical fruits wdilld fJotirifh in this (late with propeir atteni tion* The rice plant has been, and the tea plant, of which fuch immenfc quantities areconfumed in the United States, may undoubtedly be, tranf- planted with equal adv^antage* The latitude, the foil, and the teniperaiuri of climate, all invite to make the experiment* From many confiderations, we may perhaps venture to predift, that the fouthweftern part of this ftate, and the parts of Eall and Weit Floridn, which lie adjoining, will, in a few years, become the vineyard of A* merica. Remarkable Sj>riftgs.] In the county of WilkeSj within a mile and art half of the town of Walhington, is a medicinal fpring, which rifes from a hallow tree, four or five feet in length* — Theinfide of the tree is covered with a coat of nitre, an inch thick, and the leaves around the fpring are in- crufted with a fubilance as white as fnow,— ^Itis faid to be a fovercign re- medy for the fcurvy, fcrofulous difordersj confumpiions, gouts, and eve-^ ty other difeafearifingfrom humoUrs in the blood. — A perfon, who had alevercrheumatirm in his right arm, having, in the fpace often minutes^ drank two quarts of the water, experienced a momentary x?hill, and wai then thrown into a perfpiration, which, in a few hours, hit him entirely free from pain, and in perfect health. This fpring, fituafed in a fine.hejlthy part of the ftate, in the neighs bourhood of Wafhington, where are excellent accommodations, will no doubt prove a pleafant and falutary place of refort for invalids from th«l maritime and unhealthy parts of this and the neighbouring dates* Curirz/itiis.] About 90 miles from the Tea, as you advance towards the m;)antains, is a very remarkable bank of oylter Ihells* of an uncominoit fi/e. They run in a diredion nearly parallc-l with the Tea coail, in three diltinc^ ridges near each other, whicli together occupy a fpa e of fevcn miles in breadth. The ridges commence at Savannah river, and have been traced to the northern branches of the Alatimahn. This remarka- ble phenomenon has already been accounted for (page 49.) But by whatever means thefefhells were p'v ed there, they are an incxhauitibk fource of wealth and convenience to the neighbouring inhabitants, as from them they make their lime for building, and for the making of in- digo, in which it is indifpenfibly neceirarv. Cavmerce^ mannfa^tires and agriculture i] The chief articlf^i of expoirt from this ftnte are rice, tobacco, imligo, ("^go, lunlber of various kinds naval (J.^res, leather, deer fkins, fnakc root, myrtle, bees wax, corn, live flock, &c. 'Ihe value of the exp'irts from this ihite in 1772, wasj^iii,677 fterling* The number of vefFcls employed this year, was 217^ whofc •onna^e was 1 1,24.6, as will be fccn in the fullovvingftatementi % cs, which art fodnd I made, by diftilla- to that made front ot, tliat a fediment lOt and anfwers all with propeir atten* hich fuch immenfc :)ubtedly be, tranf. ad the teraperatur* to predift, that the and Weit Floridn^ he vineyard of A- hin a mile and art which rifes from a the tree is covered d the fpring are in- be a fovercign re- is, gouts, and eve- ^ perfon, who had ice often minutes^, aryx^hill, and wai kft him entirely fe< in the reigh-i lodations, will no invalids from thu mring dates* Ivance towards thi of an uncoiniiioit Tea coail, in three a (pa e of fevcn I river, and have This remarka- age 49.) But by an incxhauitiblcf ig inhabitants, aj the makinar of in- irticlcN of expoirt of various kinds, ;s wax, corn, live 'i, wasj^i2i,677 was 217J whofc flatement^ G 1: O R G I A. £ic/9rti M$ ^ftjKrti of Georgia, e/jhe f>»//*^ 1755, Barrels of rice. Pounds of indigo. Lbs. deer flcins. Lbs. beaver flcins. Lbs. raw filk, Lbs. tanned leather, M. Feet ot timber. Lbs. of ti»i.'.cco, M. ftavw, M. fhingfes. Oars & handfpikes. Lbs. of hemp, BbJs. turpentine. Barrels of pitch. Barrels of tar, Barrels of pork. Barrels of betf. Hogs and (boats, Bufliels of corn. Lbs. of flour, Bufhcls rough rice, Bulhele of peas, l-bs. fago powder. Gals, orange juice. Lbs. of tallow. Lbs. of beets and "] myrtle wax, J Horfes, Mules, Steers and cows. »75J 2,399 4,505; 49'995 iZC 43 { 387 203 24.C 45 20 40 76 600 237 400 960 48 16 1760. 3>2«3 11,746 65^765 2,29!- ■5S8 34.725 283 80 581 1,112 42; 8 14 208 1760, 1765, 1770, tf»954 257 to 136 Falue, iHjferlittg mnty, of the exporft (fGnrgia.fur eighteen ^ears. n?5. '756, 1757. i758, i??9. 1760, » 5.744 16,776 15,649 8,613 12,694 «o,8,52 1761, 1762, 1763. 1764. '765* 1766, 15.870 27.021 47.55* 55.025 73.420 £1,228 »7<57. 1768. i769» 1770. «77N 1772, 67,09* 92,284 i)6.4«o 99.383 106,387 111,677 Statement tf the number (f vefels eleaiedrnto/G^rgia^from 1755 to 1772. Square tigged Sloops tons. Square rigged Slotjpa to»8, 1,899 ».799- '755. 9 ^756. 7 »757. n '08, 4 43 33 n ».559 665 »759. 1760, 1761, 1762, 13 7 9 Lll 35 35 1,981 '.457 1 ,604 2.7*4. I'^.KQt m ("r!?? Tr ,! , 4;o '765. 1764, '765. 1766, 1767. GEORGIA, 34 54 68 6z 58 79 94 as 9* 4.761 5,986 9'974 8.465 1769. 77 87 1770, i7.7'» 1772. 64 84 109 10,406 94 9.276 i'3 io,sr4 IZI 9.5?3 »33 11,246 _ It IS impoflible to teJl, with accuracy, what has been the amount of exports in any one year fince the peace, owing to the confullon into which affairs of this kind were thrown by the late wur. In return for the numerated exports are imported. Wear iia goods, teas, wines, various articles of clothing and dry goods of all kinds—From the northern ftates, checfe, iifh, potal toes, apples, cyder and does. The imports and exports of this ftate are to and from Savannah, which has a fine harbour, and is a place where the principal commercial bufmefs of the ftate is tranfaded. Themanu. iafturesofthisftate have hitherto been very inconfiderable, if we except indigo, filkand fago. In 1766, .084 lbs. of raw filk were exported. bo large a quantity, however, has not been exported in any one year be- fore or fmce The culture of filk and the manufafture of fago,, are at pre- feni but httle attended to. The people in the lower part of this ftatema. nufafture noneof their own clothing for themfelves or their negroes. For almoft qvery article of their wearing apparel, as well as for their hufband- ry t >o.!s, they depend on their merchants, who import them frr.n Great Britair; and the northern ftates. In the upper part of the country, how- ever, the inhabitants manufaaure the chief part of their clothing froracot. ton and from flax. Military ftrerigth,'\ In Geofojia there are fuppofed to be about 8000 fighting men, between 16 and 50 years of age. Of thefe 2340 are in Wilkes county, 600 in Chatham, and 424 in Liberty county. Population, Charuder, Manners, i^c] No aftual ccnfus of the inhabj. tMTts of thisftate has been taken fince the war. Population, fince the peace 1 of 1783, has increafed with a furpriftng rapidity. It is conjeftured that emigrations from Europe, the northern ftates. but principally from the 1 back parts of Virginia, and North and South Carolinas, have more than tripled the number of inhabitants in the laft fix years. From the mod probable calculations there are. exclu five of Indians, up Awards of 40,000 inhabitants in Georgia, of whom onetliird part at leaft arc flaves. 1 !n the grand convention at Philadelphia, in 1787, the inhabitants of this ftate were rtckoned at qo,c3d, including three-fifths of 20,000 ne- groes. But from the number of the militia, which has been afcertained with a confidcrable degree of accuracy, there cannot be at moft, more than i half that number, ' No goneraj character will apply to the inhabitants at large. ColleaeJ . from different j5arts of the world, as intercft, neceflity cr inclination led them, their charafterand manners muft of courfe partake of all the varie- ties which diftinguifli the fcveral ftates and kingdoms from whence they came. There is fo little uniformity, that it is difficult to trace any go-' verning princij^les among them. An averfion to labour is too predominant, owing \u part to the relaxing heat of the climate, and partly to the want) «f ncceffity to excite iuduftry . An open and friendly hofpitality, particu- larly A, GEORGIA. 4JI 109 10,406 94 9.276 "3 10.514 IZI 9.5?3 »33 11,246 he amount of exports I into which affairs of le numerated exports articles of clothing, es.checfe, fifh, pota- exports of this ftate and is a place where ifaded. The manu- lerable, if we except (Ilk were exported, in any one year be- e of fago,, are at pre- part of this flatcma. )r their negroes. For as for their hufband. irt them frr,~i Great f the country, how- ir clothing from cot- id to be about 8000 3f thefe 2340 are in county, ccnfus of the inbabi* ition,fince the peace] t is conjeftured that principally from the nas, have more than | rs. From the mod up Awards of 40,000 aft arc flaves. I, the inhabitants of I lifths of 20,000 ne-| has been afcertained e at moft, more than | It large. ColIe^eJj ty cr inclination led) :ake of all the varie-j s from whence they j I I to trace any go- r is too predominant, J partly to the want! hofpitality, particu- larly larly to ftrangcrs, is an ornamental charaaciiftic of a great, part of this Their diverfions are various. With fome, dancing is a favorite amufe-^ ment. Others take a fancied pleaforeat th-e gaming table, which. how^~ ever, frequently tennmates in the ruin of their happinefs. fortunes, and conititutions. In the upper counties, horfe racing and cock fighting pre - vail, two cr«d diverhons imported from v^irginia, and the Carclinas. from whence thofe who praftice them principally emigrated. But the moft ranonal and univerfal amufement is hunting, and for this Georgia is par- ticularly well calculated, as the woods abound with plenty of deer, rac- I coons, rab.ts, w.ld turkies, and other game ; at the fame time the woods are fothm and free from obllruftions, that you may generally ride half I fpced in thechace, without danger. In this amufement pleafure and pro- tit are bJended. fheexercifc, more than any ether, contributes to health.^ I and fits for adi vity m bufinefs. and expertnefs in war ; the game aifo af- tords them a palatable food, and the Ikins a profitable article ofcom- I Hierce. * . M(S'f»''^ In regard to religion, politics and literature, this ftate Is yet m Its mfancy. In Savannah is an Epifcopal church, a Pfcfbyterian church, a Synagogue, where the Jews pay their weekly worfhip, and a German Lu- theran church, fupphed occafionally by a German minifter from Ebenezer. where there is a large convenient ftone church, and a fettlement of fober induftrious Germans of the Lutheran religion. In Augufta they have aa tpifcopal church. In Midway is a fociety of Chriftians, eftabiiflied on the congregational plan. Their meeting houfe was burnt by the Britifti, 1778 ; fince which they have ereded a temporarv one in its room. Their anceftors emigrated in a colony from Donhefter, near Bofton. about the '^a 'J??^' ^r*^ '"^"^^'^ ^^ ^ P'*^^ "^™^^ Dorchefter, about 20 miles fouth- weft of Charlefton, South Caroli/.a. In 1 752, for the fake of a better cli- mate, and more land, almoft the whole fociety removed and fettled at Mid- way. With few interruptions, occafionedby the deaths of their miniftcrs, and the late war, in which they greatly fuffered, they have had a preadicd gofpel conftantly among them. They, as a people, retain, fn a great mea- iure, that limplicity of manners, iliat unafieaed piety and brotherly love. which charaaerized their anceftors, the tirft fettlers of New England. The upper counties are fuppiitd, pretty generally, by Baptift and Me- thodift mmifters. But the greater part of the ftate. is not fupplied by mi- niiters of any denomination, ConJiituiioH.] The numerous defeCi: -n theprefent conftitution of this itate, induced the citizens, pretty univcnally, to petition for a revifion of It. It was according revifed, or rather a new one was formed, in the courfeofthelaftyear, nearly upon the plan of the conftitution of the united States— but has not yet been adopted by the ftate. Thejiatc of literature.] 'I'he literature of this ftate, which is vet in its infancy, is commencing on a plan which affords the jnoft flattering prof. peds. It feems to have l)een the defign of the legiftature of this Hate, as t-ir as poffible, to unite their literary concerns and provide for them in common, that the whole might feel the benefit, and no part be neglcacd or left a prey to party rage, private prejudices and contentions, and con- Jequent ignorance, their infeparahle attendant. For this puroofe. the iiioiaturc of this ftate, like its policy, appears to be conftdered as one oh- jea. I-: , (^ 1 if 4f» iW O R G I A. ■ ■•I I . ft |f^, and in the fame manner robjea to common and general wgafationi for the good of the whole. The charter containing their prefcnt fyrtetn of education, wa« paffcd in the year 1 78;. A college, with ample and Irberal endowmenrs, is inftituted in Louifville, a high and healthy parr of the coontrv , near the center of the ftate. There is alfo provifion made for the inftitution ol an academy, in each county in the ftate, to be fup- |Jorted from the fame funds, and confidered as narts and meihbers of the iame inftitution, under the general fuperintendence and dircftion of a prefi- dent and board of truftees, appointed, for their literary accomplilhments, from the different parts of the Itate, invefted with the cuftomary powers of corporation*. 1 he inftitution thus compofed, is denominated • 1 he Univerfity of Georgia.' That this body of literati, to whom is intruded the direftion of the genel-al literature of the ftate, may not be fo detached and independent, as not topoflfefsthe confidence of the ftate, and in order to fecure the at- ' tcntion and pa. j>ointing the prefident, fettling the property, and inftituting academics, ihusalfociated, they are denominated ' The Senate of the Umverfitv,' And are to hold a ftated, annual meeting, at which the governor of the ftate pre fides. , The frnate appoint a board of comroiffioners in each county, for \U particular management and diredion of the academy, and the other fchools in each county, \vho are to receive their inftrufljons from, and •re accountable to the fenate. The r'-itor of each academy is an oflicer of the univerfity, to be appointed by the prefident, with ihe advice of the truftees, and commiflSoned under the public {e^l, and is to attend with the other officers at the annual meeting of the fenate, to deliberate on the general interefts of I'terature, and to determine on tl>€ courfe of in, ftrudion for the year, throughout the univerfity. 1 lie prefident has M general charge and over/ight of the whole, and is from time to time to -vifit them, to examine into their order and performances. The funds for the fupport of their inftitution, are principally in lands, amounting in the whole to about fifty thoufand acres, a great part of ■which is of the beft quality, and at prefent very valuable. There are alfo nearly fix thoufand pounds fterling in b^ndfi, houfes »nd town lot» in tlie town of Auguftn, Other public property to the amount of /looo, 5n each county, has been fet apart for the purpofes of building and f«r. nifhmg their refpcftive academies. Tlie funds c iginally deiigncd for ^tbe fupport of the orphan Iwufe, are chiefly in rite plantations and nc« groes. As the countefs of Huntingdon has no t, fince the revolution, cjc- preffed her intention concerning them, they lie at prefcnt in a very un- produftivefituatiort, JfiandsJ] The whole coaft is bordered with illands, affording- withfe* 5nterruptions,an inland navigation from the river Savannah to St. Mirv's. 'The principal illands are Skidaway, Waffaw, Ofiabaw, St. Catharines, Sapelo, Frederica, Jekyl, Cuml^rland and Amelia. Jfrdiatts.] The MusKocE E or Cre E K Indians inhabit the middle parte ■ uf this ftate, and arc the moii nuaicrous tribe of Indiana of any within the a, ' limits I G E O R o I jencral wgafationi icir prefcnc (yi\tm :, with ample and and healthy part of Ifo provifion made be ftate, to be fup- u\ meihbers of the direftion of a prefi- • accomplilhments, cuftoinary powers IcQominated * 1 he ic dlreAion of the i and independent, r to fecure the at- nment, the gover- and the chief juf- s, in fome of the ikin^ the laws, a^v. ituting academies, of the Univerfity,' governor of the h county, for tli« ly, and the other i^jons from, and lemy is an officer h ihe advice of the i is to attend with to deliberate on tl)€ courfe of irtt E prefuient has di« I tinr^e to time to incipally in landi), , a great part of liable. There are tfes anH town lot» amount of j^ 1 000, building and f«r. ally deligncd for intations and ne< the revolution, ex/- nt in a very un> ffordlng- withre* nan to St. iVliry's. ♦', St. Catharines, it the middle parts of any within the limits A. 4tl limits oftheUmted States. Therr whole number is ,7,2go. of which 5.860. are hghting men Their principal towns He in latitude 32^^ and longitude tr" ,0' from Philadelphia. They are fettled in a LyZt not mountanou. country. The foil is fruitful in a high degree, and wel ZTrt^M^tl^^'"'""^^''''^ "'"'*=''' *"'"' whc-ncc they U calkd 'JheSFMiNoLAS, adivifionofthccreek nation, inhabit a level, flat couwtryon the Appalach.cola and Hint nvers. fertile and weU watered. .fl-^?.t'!''r'''^\''\ ^^' ^"^''' •"^'^'' * ""'"y ^'^« ^'^ «^e^ifive trad Alabama and llJi^fi'*' -''^ *"^ 'f "^ ^'^'''' '"^«^v^«ning. hei'-een ,1h: Alabama and Miffifippj rivers, m the weltern part of this ftate. This nation have 43 towns and villages, in three diviiions, containing ,2 ,z, fouls of which 4,041 are fighting men. S ' *.« ^ J „ -I: .""*_ ^ ^''"'' !"'<="' .^" tf'* northwcft corner of the ftate. TheiJ S^l nw ^" "'^^r"'^ «t 17*5. ofwhich ^75 arc fighting men. ///(^ j 1 h« fettlement of a colony between the rivers Savannah and Aiatdmaha. was meditated in England in 1732. for the accommodation of poor peopte ,n Great Britain and Ireland, and for the further fecuri^y ot Carolina P„vate comprfnon and public fpirit confpired topromoi tiie oeneyolcnt defign— Humane and opulent men fugeefted a plan of tranlporting a number of imligent families, to this part of America, free !nHX"-^^ For this purpofe they appli/d to the King, George the IL and Obtained from him letters patent, bearing date June oth, 1732, for iegaiiy carrying into execution what they had generoufly projeaed^ Jhcy called the new province Georgia, in honor of the King, who encouraged the plan. A corporation, confiftingof 21 perfons, wascon- Rituted b)' the name of the Truftees, for fettling and eftablifhing the co- tony ot Georgia; which was feparated from Carolina by the river Sa. vannan,-. 1 he Truftees having firft fet an example thcmfelves. by largely contributing to the fchcme, undertook alfo to folicit benefadions fnm hers, and to appiy the money towards clothing, arming, purchafmg menlils tor cultivation, and tranfporting fnch poor people as (houlicon- Jcrit to go over and begin a fettlement. Thev did not confine their cha. ritable view's to the fubjr^s of Britain a3on», but wifely opened a door, ; mdiP-enr anH r^r.,..^nuA — »„n _r ^.1 .: .__ ry^ prevent lorthe indigent and opprefTed proteflants of other nations. amifHpplicatioB of t!>' A , i 454 Q E O I A. II reconnoitring the country, marked the fpot on which Savannah now flands, as the litteft to begin their fcttkmcnt. Here they accordingly b«. gan and built a fmall fort; a number oifniall huts for their defence and accommodation. Such of thefettlers as were able to bear arras, were embodied, and well appointed with officers, arras and amunition A treaty of fncndfhip was concluded between the fetticrs and their neigh- bours and tlie Creek Indians, and every thing wore the afucd of peace and future profpority. In the" mean time the truftees for Georgia had been employed in fra- ming a plan of fettlement, and eibblifhing fuch public regulations at they judged inott projier for anfwering the great end of the corporation. In this general plan they confidercJ each inhabitant both as a planter and a foJdier, who muft be provided with arms and amunition for defence, as well as with tools and utcnfils for cultivation. As ihc ftrength of the proviiKe was their chief obje*^ in view, they agreed to eftablifh fuch te- nures for holding lands in it as they Judged nioft favorable for a military eltabhfhment. Each trad of land granted was confidered as a military fief, for which the pofTeffor was to appear in arms, and take the field, when called upon for the public defence. To pifcvcnt large trafts from falling in procefs of time into one hand, they agreed to grant their lands in tail male in preference to taij general. On the termination of the ef- tate in tail male, the lands were to revert iothe trull; and fuch lands thus, reverting were to be granted again to fuch perfons.as the common council of the truftfhould judge moft advantageous for the colony ; only the truf- tees inftich a cafe were topay fpecial regard to the daughters of fuch per- fonsas had made improvements on their lots, cfpecially when not already provided for by marriage. The wives of fuch perfon* as fhould furvive tlicni, were to be during their lives, entitled to the manfion-houfe, and one half of the lands improved by their hufbands. No man was to be permitted to depart the province without licence. If any of the landi granted by the truftees, (hall not be cultivated, cleared, and fenced n ud about with a worm fence, or pales, fix feet high, within eighteen years from the date of the grant, foch part was to revert to the truft, and the grant with re^eft to it to be void. All forfeitures for non-refidence, high-treafon, felonies, &c. were to the truftees for the ufe and benefit of the colony. The ufe of negroes was to be abfolutely prohibited, and alfo the importation of rum. None of the colonifts were to be permitted to trade with Indians, but fuch as fhould obtain a fpecial licence for that purpofe. Ihefewere fomeofthe fundamental regulation ef^ablifhed by thetruf- tees of Georgia, and perhaps the imagination of itianiWuld fcarcelyhavc franried a fy(tem of rules worfe adapted to the circ^nftances and fituatior. of the poorfettJers, and of more pernicious confequence to the profperity of the province. Yet, although the truftees were greatly ralftaken, with rerpeft to their plan of feitlemenr, it muft be acknowledged their views were generous. As the people fent out by them were the poor and un- iortuiiate, who were to be provided with necefTaries at their public ftore, they ret-eived their lands upon conditioj. of cultivation, and by their lierfonal refidence, of defence. Silk and wine being the chief articles in- tended to be raifed, tliey j^idged negroes were not requifite to tl>.efe pm- - •• pOtCot •GEORGIA. 4yy |.^fes| As tne colony was defigned to be « barrw to Sooth Carolina I Bga.nrt the Spanifh fcttlement at AuguHine. they imagined that neJ^i I wou d rather weaken than ftrengthen it, and that i Jch poor coS. I would run in debt, and rum themfekes by purchafing them. Rum w„ I judged pernicious to health, and ruinous to the infant lettlement A frtl I trade with Indians was coniidercd as a thing that might have a'tendencv I to involve the people m quarrels and troubles with the powerful favare? I and expofe them to danger and dellrudion. Such wSe probably S I rTfn T^'^J^""^"','^^ thofe humane and generous perfons u, iLofe I fuch foolMh and ridiculous rellrictions on their colony. For bvVrant I ingtheir fmallettatesin tail male, they drove the fettlers from Ge5 cia I who foonfonnd that aburdance of lands could be obtained in AmeS I upon a larger fcale. and on much better terms. By the prohibitTon of I negroes, tf^ey rendered it impradicable in fach a climate to make anv I impreffion on the thick forelts.Europeans being utterly unqualified for the I heavy talk. By their difcharging a trade w.t^ the w'eft Serthey "^^ I only deprivea the co lon.lh of an excellent and convenient market for I their lumber, of which they had abundance on their land?, b^t alfo of I rum which, when mixed with a fufficient quantity of water ha, been I found. n experience the cheapeft, the moft\cfre(hing. and 'nouriS I t^ t Z^i^""'^ •"/"'■*' " ^""Sgy and burning climfi. The triftees^ I !f 'nf r *^'^ •' l^g'flators who framed their regulations upon prS I plesoffpeculuion. were liable to many errors and mittakes and Tw ej.r good their defign, their rules were found imp«>per an? m'^a^c" I ble. The Carohmans plainly petx:eived that they would prove inf^r mountableobftaclestothc progrefs and profperitV of th^clVtni I herefore from motives of pity b- .an to invite the poor Georg ans to ome over Savannah river, and fettle in Carolina, being convS tha^ they could never fucceed under fuchimpoli:ic and oppreffive rSftions flefides the large fums of money which the truftees had ex,Sf«; he fettlement of Georgia, the parliament had alfo granted during thV two laft y.ars £. 36.000 towards carrying into execution the humanf ZSe of the corporation But after the reprefentation and memorialfS^ leg.flature of Carolina reached Britain, the nation confidered Geor^Ta to beof the utmoft importance to the Britilh fettlements in Americi aS bl fTr^' ftill more vigorous efforts for its fpeedy populS. The fi^' embarkations of poor people from England, being c^le^ed fi-om tow^ as" h'"h''.r' ^''f ^^"^"'^ '^'^ ^"'^ "^^'^^» -emirsXiety Throws they had been at home. An hardy and bold race of men. inu^fl to rul ral labour and fattgue. they were perfuaded would be much bette7adaD[ed bo h for cultivation and defence. I^o find men pofTelTed ofXfe nnfl fi cat,ons.thej turned theireyes to Germany and th^High lands of l£^^ m\ refolved to fend over a number of Scotch and German labourers to tnj; mfant province. When they pubHn,ed their terms at Inverness an ht red and thirty Highhnders imn,ediately accepted them, and w^^^^^^^^^ prted to Georgia. A townft.ip on tl« river Alatamaha which was con" fidered as the boundary between the Britifh and Spanifh territoS wL allotted for theHighlanders, on which dangerous fituation thevTt led Tnd built a town, which they called New In'vernefs. About the fa^et ma anhund/edand feventy Germans embarked with T.^« T.ll!?^''"'^ 9nd • pv. 4S^ O E O K G 1 A, i ■,*h and were fixed in anothef quarter; fo thaf, in the fuacc of tfirec ireaw. Georgia received above four hundred Britifli fubjeth. and about an huq! drcd and fe veiity forcigncri. Afterwards feveral ad venturers, both iVi.oi Scotland and Germany, followed their countrymen, and added further llrength to the province, and the truileeg flattered ibflinfclvc. with the liopAs «t foon feeing it la a proniifing condition. 1 heir h(.pf8, however, were vain. Their injudicious rcgiUati am and Kllriftions the wars in which they were involved with the Spaniard. and InJians— and thcfrec^uent infurrc^ions among themfelves, threw the colony into a Hate of coufufion and wretchedncfs too great for human ni. turelongto endure. Their opprefled fituation waa rcprefcntcd to the trullee* by repeated complaints; till at length, finding that the province Janguinied under t.icir care, and weary with the complaints of the i)coplf. Ihey.m the year 1 75a.f»rrendered their charter t the king.and it was made a roya governn^nt. In confequence of which.his inajelty appointed John llcynolds, an officer cf the navy, governor of the province, and a leuiflg, ttjre, fitnilar to that of the other royal governmenis in America, waaclU- blilhed in It. G'cat had lieen the expt^ncc which the mother country had already incurred, o-udes private bencfaftions, far fut>porting this colony; and fmall had been the returns yet made by it. The veHiges of cultiv*. tjon were fcarcely perceptible in tlie toreds, and in England all commerce with it was negleaed and defpifed. At this time the whole annual en- ports of Georgia did not amount to £. lo.ooo fterlin;^. Though the mo- pie were iiow favored with the fame liberties and privilcge6 enjoyed by iheir neighbours under the royal care, ycr fcveral years more dapfcd be. tore the value of the lands in Georgia was known, and that fpirit of induf- try broke out in u, which afterwards JifFufed its happy influeoce over the country. In the year 1740. the rev. George Whitefield founded an orphan hoofc academy m Georgia, about i % miles from Savannah.— For th« fupport of this, m hisitenerations,hecoI!e«ed large fums of money of all denomina- tions of chriftians. both in England and America. A part of this money wai expended in erefling proper buildings to accommodate the ttudents, and a part in fupporting them. In 1 768, it was propof^d that the orplian houfe Ihould be erefted into a college. Whereupon Mr. Whitefield applied to the crown for a charter, which would have b«en readily granted, on condition that the prefid^nt Ihould, in all fuccefllons, bean Epifcopalian, of the i-hurch ol England. Several letters paifcd between ^he archbifhop of Can- It -bury and Mr. Whitefield on the fubjea.in which the archbidiop infilled on this condition. But Mr. Whitefield, tho. jh himfelf an Epifcopalian. dorlmed it, alledgmg to his grace, that itwouljj be uniuft |p limit that office to anyparticularfca, wlien the donations for rhe founuatjon of the mftitution had been madeand intruded to him bythe various religious defio- TOinations. both in England and America. In confequence of this difpute, the affair of a charter was given up.and Mr. Whitefield made his aiTmnmciit of the orphan houfe in trtift to the countefs of Huntington. Mr. White- field died at Newbury Port, in New England, in Oftoher, 1770, in the 56th year of his age, and ua* buried uader the Prcfbvterian church in that placr. " \v. ♦iont peace r^pid. I)y tli( and v( formi( ofGei h.irraf fation provet Under tranqu T fippi tU fotJth, I till WEST fpicc of tJirec yean, 'H&, and abuut an hua- venturers, both i>i»ai 1, und added liirther I tUfimfcIvca with the icious rcgttJatiom and 'd with ilie Suaniiirds thenifdves, tnrewthef o great for human ni< aa reprefented to the I ing that the province plaintk of the })eop]f, kiiij^.anditwai made ajclty appointed John] ovince. and a lc^ii]g. in America, waadiaf TERRITORV. U^^!;[^ r '^'' "'"^J^ f9 «'<^f^r«i^eri'!ea all that part of t!ie l/nltod Stale, i brthrOhh- •'^'^■^^"^ ea/t. b,^ Pcnnrvlv.n,;; ^buttaaat "utn [,) th(i Qh„ nvcr. Contain.n*r, accordiruj to Mr. Hutchin* 4n.ooofqUHre miles, equal to a^.^.o^^ooa acre.lfrom wh.'h ;fl' 458 The western TERRITORY. dcdurt 45,040,000 acres fcr water, there will remain 220,000,006 of aires belonging to the federal govc-iiinent, to be fold for thedifchargc of the national debt ; except a narrow (trip of land, bordering on ;Hc fouth uf Lake Erie, and ftretching 120 miks weft of the wedcrn limit of Pennfylvania, which belongs to Conncdicut. Byta ftnall proportion of thefe land:) ^s yet purchafed of the natives, and to ue difpofed of by congrcfs. Beginning on the meridian line, which forms the weftcrn boundary of l*ennfylvania, feven raiges of townfliips h?v- been furvcyed and laid off by order of congrefs. Asa north and fonth line (It ikes the Ohio in an oblique dire^ion, the termi. nation of the 7 th range falls upon that river, 9 miles above the Mulkin turn, which is the firU large nvcr that falls into the Ohio. It forms this junftion 172 miles below Fort Pitt, including the windings of the Ohio, though in a diredl line it is but 90 miles. 1 he lands in which the Indian title is extinguifhed, and which are now purchafing under the United States, are bounded by Pennfylvania on theeaft, by the Great iVIiami on ihe weft, by the Ohio on the fouth, and extend nearly to the head waters of the Mniktngum and Sioto on the north. On thefe lands two fettlements are coHimencing, one at Ma- rietta,* at the mouth of Mulkingum, under tlie diredinn of the Ohio company, 'I his feitlem'-nt eonf.its at prefent, of about 220 fouls, and is ahirift daily increafing. The other between the Miami rivers, under tlic direftion of Colonel Symmes, which, though very fmall at prefent, is in profpcftof a rapid enlargement. There are feveral other trafts, de- lineated on the map, which have been granted by congrefs to particulat| companies, and other trads for particular ufes,, which remain without | any Englilh fettlements. Ri-vers.] The Mujhingum is a gentle river, confineo by banks fo high i as to prevent its overflowing. It is 250 yards wide at its confluence with | the Ohio, and navigable by large batteaux and barges to the Three Legs; and, by fmall ones, to the lake at itsheaci. From thence, by a portage! of about one mile, a communication is opened to Lake Eric, through the Cayahoga, which is a ftream of great utility, navigable the whole length, without any obftrudion from falh. From J ake Eric, the avenue | if well known to the Hudfon in the ftate of New York. Tl»e Unckhocking refembles the Mulkingum, though fomewhat inferior I in (ize. It i* navigable for large boats about 70 miles, and for fmall ones much farther. On the banks of this very ufeful ftream are fouBd| inexhauftible quarries of free-ftone, large beds of iron ore, and fome ricli mines of lead. Coal mines and faltfprings are freouent in the neighbour-, hood of this ftream, as they are in every part of the weftern verritory. The fait that may be obtained from thofe fprings will afford an inexhaufti- ble ftorc of that neceflfary article. Beds of white and blue clay, of an excellent i^iJality, arelikewife found here, fuirable for the manufadlurel of glafs. Crockery and other earthen wares. Red bole and many other | ufeful folTils have been obferved on the branches of this river The rk. b fomewhat Ii)ferior| iles, and for fmall 1} ftream are found | ore, and fome rich nt in the ncighljour- ic weftern verritory.j afford ail inexhaufti- id blue clay, of an for the manufaflurel le and many other j bis river eding, and opens a I irges for 200 mila.l with i in the ma}. The western TERRITORY. ^j, t^ir^^u^^f^X ^."'•''" M u^' S«"'J"flcy, a good navigable ftream thdt fa.ls ,nto the Lake Eric. 'I hrough the SandJiky and Sroto lies the moft common paf, from Canad. to the Ohio and Miflifippi ; one of the moll rxtenfive aiid ufefuKominunications that are to be found in anv country. . rodigious extcnfions of rerritoi/ are hcreconnea«l ; and- from the rapidity witTi which the weQern parts of Canada. Lake Erie and ,hr Kentucky countries are fetthng. we may anticipate an immenfe inter- courfc bctw'cen them. 7 he lands on the borde-s of .hcfc- middle ftreams. from this circumftance alone, afuie from their natural fertility, n.uft bi rendered vartly valuable. There is no doubt, but flour, corn. fl^x. hemp. Arc. railed for exportation in that great country between the Lakes Hu~ ron and Ontario, will find an eafier outlet through Lake Erie and thefe rivers, than m any other direftion. The Ohio mer'-hant can civc a hgher price than thofe of Quebec, far thefe commodities ; as they may be tranAjorted from the former to Florida and the Weft India iHands. with lefs expence, rifk and infurance. than from the latter ; while the expence from the place of growth to the Ohio will not be one fourth of what It would be to Quebec, and mnch iefs than even to the Oneyda la^c. Iheflre.. .»of bioto is gentle, no where broken by falls : At fome places, lu iur fpnng of the year, it overflows it* hanks, providinz for krge natural rice plantations. Salt fprings. co C unes, white and -Ju ]^^ */"*\i^''^°"*' *J'°""'* "' *h'= ^°»"": i.uj.aning this river, Ihe Lutle Miami IS too fmall for batteaux navigation. Its bank ?re good land, and fo high as to prevent, in<:oramon, the overflowing of Oic The Grfat Miami has a very ftoney channel, and a fwift ftream, bi^t J'^ tails. It IS formed of feveral large branches, which are paflable for u S,''i*!i^''^* diftance. One branch comes from the weft, and rifes in the Waba(h country : Another rifes near the head waters of Miami river which runs into Lake Erie ; and a fliort portage divrdes another branch! frooi the weft branch of Sandufky river. The Wabajh is a beautiful river, .viih high and fertile banks. It empties into the Ohio, by a mouth 270 yards wide, 1020 miles below l-ort ntt, in the fpnng, fummer and autumn, it is paffable with bat- teaux, drawing three feet water. 41 2 miles, to Ouitanon, a fmall Fronch kttlement, on the weft fide of the river; and for large canoes 107 mile$ further, to the Miami carrying plMcc, 9 miles from Mia...i village. This village ftands <,.i Miami river, which empties into the fouthweft part of Lake Erie. '1 he communication between Detmit.and the Illinois, and Ohio countries is, down Miami river to Miami village, thence, by land, g miles when the rivers are high-.and from 18 to 30 when they are low, tlirougha level country, to the Wabafh, and through tl.c various branches - of the Wabaft) to the places ofdeftination. A filver mine has been difcovered about 28 miles above Ouiatanon, on the northerri fide of the Wabaih. Salt fprings. Hmc, fo^c-ftone, bi-.-, yellow and white clay are found in plenty upon this river. 'Iherivsrsy^AV^and A'^/^>V7xempty into the Miflifippi from thr northcaft ; the former is navigable for boats 60. and the latter about 130 ' niiles. They both run through a riclj country, which has extcnfive mca- Between n * 4^0 The western TiiRRITORV, 1.1 Between the KsfkafKias and Il]i nois rivers, vhich are 8;j. milrs .-rparf. 16 an extcniive trad of Ipvcl, rich land, vvhidi tenoinates in a hioh rici ».bout, 5 „„ks before you reach the lilinois river. In this ddiflukl valearcanuinberofi.renchvilIjiges, which, together with thofe Sf S. Uenevievcand St. Louis, on th^ weitero iiae of 5;c Mi^ifvopi, contained in 177 r, 1,273 tencible jnen. • ,1,*^^/^^"'^ -"^ and fevcnty-fix miles above the Ohio, and j8 mihs shore tne [v.iilourj the Jlhnois empties into the Miliifippi fro(n the ,iorihtaft by a moath about 400 yard. wide. '1 his river is bordered with fuie mea- dovvs, which in fome places extend as far as the eye can reach : 'lliis ri- vcr f urnilnes a cqmmunication with Lake xMighigan, by the Chicago river. iJ^twcen which fXid the lUinois, are two portages, the longed of which dots rot exceed .}. miles. It repcive? a number of fivers which are faun 20 to .00 yard, wide ^nd n.ivigable for boatsfrom 1 5 to i go miles. 0-. the north- w'tlcern iidecif this river is a coal tniqe. which extends for half a mile along them.adleofthe banl; of the river. On th» eaftern fide, about half a nme troin tne nver, and aboqt the fame diUance ^elow the coal mine.a^etwo faft ponds, 1 00 yards in circumference, and feveral feet in depth. '1 he water is Itagna^u. and of ^ yellowilh colour ; but the French and native, make good fait from it, Ihe foil of the Illinois country is, in general, of a fuperior.quality-.its natural growth are oak, hiccory, cedar, mulbrrrr. ^c hops, dying drugs, medicinal plants of feveral kinds, and excclkht %vud grapes. In tl,e year 1 769, the French (ettlers made i to hogftieads otftrong wine from thefe grapes. ^ There are many other rivers of equni fize and importance with thofe ddlri 'tlorif " ^'-'^vnbifl-, which a;c not fufiicicntly known for aL•c^^a!^ Fo^u/auh;.] I; is impofTihle toteli the exad population of this country, Mr. Hutchins, the gcog.aphcrofthc United Stares, who is the belt ac. qmnnted with thecountry,ewy«//^/^^w?;a^.-.] To the remarks on thefeheadj. i.uer.pciled ju the delcn|Hion ot the rivers, we xvill add fo.ueobfervation. from an anonjmous pamphlet, lately pu1,hlhed. which we prefume are the moa authenuc. rerf>t-6tmc: that part of tl)c country which has ken ),^urcr..nrcdo* thelndians. of any that have been given. • The unufhnguiihcd terms of adnJration, that arc commonly ufed in fpcak.ngot the natural fertility of the country on the weitern Uersof t.ic Lnucd States, would render it di^icuh, without accurate attention in t.ie furvey-s. to alcrioe a preference to any particular part ; o, to give a julldefcriptmn cv tlie territory under confideration. without thehazardof Ixir.g fuipcftcd of exaggeration : But in //./; we have the united opinion of the geographer the h.rveyors. a,id every traveller that has been i.ui- mntclv acquamted wuh tlie country, and marked every natural objed y^'iux the moft fbriinulnus exaanefi^That no part of the federal tcrriiW mures fo many advantages, in point of health, fertility, variety of produc- tion, and forc.gn intercourfc, as that tract which Itretches from the Muf- ikingum to tae o.iotq and the Great Tviiami rivers « Colonel Gordon, in his journal, fpcakingof a much lar^rer rangeof country, ii< which th^s 13 ].. -i..^-. 1 j - r- "• .°. . ,J idcdj xnakci unqijeftipr^ably the fincll \ atij T'hs WESTERN TERRITORY. 4^, part has the following olWh-vatioh :-«• The coontry on the Ohio is eve. ry where picalant. wuh h,rge kvel f^^ots of rich land ; and remarkably oltlte globe c-omp,v'hendcdlx^t'.ecn the wellern flcirts of the Ailea^nJ mountains; thence runmng fmiihweitwardly 10 the diftance of coo ftiih-. to the Ohio falls; then crafling ihcm northerly to the heads of ^t^ricr^ that empty themlelves rnto the Ohio ; thence 4ft along the ridge that S prates the lakes and Ohto's ftrca^s. to Fiench creek-\hi. eointrv mav ^rom a proper knowledge be affirmed to be the moft heaitlry. the tnift I c.^anr. the mort cornmodi'>us and rnoft ferule fpot of carthjkno^n to the European people. ' *^ * k-uowu 10 rnrnTll'ov ' '^^'^''^ ^''' ''"°"'' ^''*''™^ abovemeDtionrd, which fall into the Ohio, are now more accurately known, and may ,e deferibed wuh confidence and precifion. They aJe interfpeffed wTth alhhe v rie !'^n f^r thT r. ir^"'" '' Vhfmncf. of fxtua^ion. and lays thefo^nda, .on for the wealth of an agricultural and manufafturing people. Large Si^r r/m Tt°r '';?^i'^'^ ^"^ variegatingthe country in the interior parts, fhefe afford as rich a foil as can be imagined, and may ^e reduced to proper cultivation with very little labour. It i faid that n many of thefe bottoms a man may clear an acr^ a day. fit for p^^^^^^^^^ W.th Indian corn; there being no under wood; and the trees. L win? very high and jarge, \nrt not thick together, need nothing but gifdiing. ^ or fJ^r ?Srf P'°^M ^"'"berandthemt^t ufeful trees are. J^h or ftrgar tree, fycamore, black and white mulberry . black and wh t€ wal- nut, b.'rternut. chefnut, white, black, Spanifh at^dchefnut oakrhi^on- cherry, bu.kwood, honey locult. elm; horfe chefnut, cucnmber tS Cn;'''/7 T'l' ''°" ^"'^^' '^'' ^^P'"> ^'^'^''^' ^^^'^ apple tSe.pau: paw or cuftardapple, a variety of plurhb trees, nine bark fpice. and lea- ^erwc>odbufhes. General Parfons meafured a black wdnu^trei nLr tTe Mtillcngirm. whofe circumference, at <; feet from the ground, vvaa 22 feet. A fycamore near the fame place, meafnres 44 feet in'drcun frrena at fome d-ftance from the ground. White and bfack oak, anTcSru^ wuh molt of the ^bovementioned timbers, grow large and plerty m)or; he high grounds. Roth the high and lowlands p?oduce I ft qVaSd' n,.l. fT '^''^'; of va„ous kinds, of which the fettlers univcrfal ly makea fufficiency for the.r own cohfumption of rich red win. It is aflerted in the old fettlement of St. Vinceufs. where they have had on portunity to try it, that age will render this wi'.e preferable moft of 7; ^r i^^^^^irfSr '' ''' '''''-' ^-^"^^^" ^' ^^- --^ ^^ ' 1 he hpr maple is a moft valuable tree foran inland country. Any n mber of inhabitants may be forever fupplied withafufriciencvof futr by preferving a kw trees for the ufe of each family. A tree w'^l vie'd a boat ten pounds of fu.?ar a year, and th.. l.hJr',. ,.... f.:i!lV'*^'i,': 2 "^^^^ '? '^' T'> "^ February and" Miirch. 'aid gnS;ed; by • Springs of exccllfnt water abound in every part of thij territorv . «J n»sU anO Ur^c torn,, fo, mills and oti JpJJpora, ari aS^L' tcrfperfed m 4^V Tm WESTERN TERRITORY. tcrfpcrfcd, as if by art, that there be no dcfiqency in any of the convent encifs o fHfe. * Very little waftc land is to be found in any part of this tra6^ of coun- try. There arc no fwamps; and thouj.i the hilU are frequent, tl»ey arc gentle and fweliing, no where high no'r incapable of tillage. 1 hey are of adt^ep, rich foil, covered with a he-ivy grovsth of timber, and well a- daptcd to the produdion of wheat, rye, indigo, tobacco, &c. * The communications between this country and thefea will be princi- pally in the four following direg the rivers, and the tranfitory remarks of travellers, will juftify an opinion, the lands farther down, and in other parts of the unappropriated country, are n^t equal, in point of foil and 0- ther local advantages, to the trac^' which is here defcribed. This, how- ever, cannot be accurately determined, as the prefeiK fuuation of thefc countries will not admit of that minute infpedion which has been beftow- tdon the one under confideration. * It is ahappvcircumftance, thzt the Oh ro Comfaio/ are about to com- mence the fettiemeut of this country in fo regular and judicious a man- ■ef*^ It will ferve as a wife model for the future fettlement of -all the fe- deral lands j at the rame iiine that, by beginning fo near the wcftern iiinii of Pennfvlvania, it will be a continuation of the old fettlements, leaving vacanmo lands expofed to be feized by fuchlawlefs banditti as ufually in- fc'A the frontiers of countries diftant from the feat of ^ ernment. • The The western TERRITORY. 4^ « The defign of Congrefs and of thefcttler8is,that the fettlements (hall ptoceed regularly down the Ohio ; and norchward to Lake Eric. Aad it IS probable that not many years will elapfe, before the whole country »- bove iMiami will be brought to that degree of cultivation, which will ex, hibit all Its latent beauties, and juftif/ thofe defcriptions of travellers which have fo often made it the garden of the world, the feat of wealth, and the centre of a great empire.' Animals, 'dc.'\ ' No country is better (locked with wild game of c- very kind : innumerable herds of deer, elk, buffalo, and bear, are (hclter- ed in the groves, and l.J in rfie extcntivc bottoms that every where a« bound; anunqueftionableproofofthegreatfertility of the foil : Turkies geefc, ducks, fwans, teal, pheafaots, patridges, &c. are. from obfervation! believed to be m greater plenty here, than the tame poultry are in any part of the old fettlements in Americ?. , * The rivers are well ftored with fifli of various kinds, and many of them of an excellent quality. They are generally large, though of diffe- rent fizes: The cat filh, which is the largeft, and of a delicious flavour, weighs from 30 to 80 pounds.' Antiquities and Curioftties,] The number of old forts found in theKen- tucky country are the admiration of the curious, and a matter of much fpe- culation. Theyaremoftlyofa circular form, fituated on ftrong. well cholen ground, and contiguous to water. When, by whom, and for what purpofe, thefe were thrown up, is uncertain. They are certainly very an- cient, as there is not the leaft vifible difference in the age or fiie of the timber growing on or within thefe forts, and that which grows without- and the oldeft natives have loft all tradition refpefting them. They mu(t fcave been the efforts of a people much more devoted to labour than our prefent race of Indians; and it is difficult to conceive how they could be conftruaed without the ufe of iron tools. At a convenieiw diftance from thele always ftands a fmaU mount of earth, thrown up in the form ofany- ramid. andfeems in fome meafjre proportioned to the fize of its adjacent fortification. On examination, they have been found to contain a chalky iubftance, fuppofed to be bones, and of the human kind. On an extenfive plain, or, as the French term \i parara* between Poll M. Vincent and Cufcufco river, is what is called the Btittlc Ground, where the Jsiack and Cufcnfco Indians fought a defperate battle, in which about 800 were killed on each fide. On this fpot, the ground for two miles is «ove-ed with fkulls and other human bones. ' Forts.] The ftatioas occupied by the troops of the United States on the trontiers, are the following. Fort Franklin— On French creek, near to thcpoft formerly called Venango, is a fi all ftrong fort with one cannon, was erefted in 1 787, and garnfoned • A parara, hichanfvint to nvhat in the fouthtm flutes is called a favan- nah, is an extcnjive, rich plain luithmt trees, and covered nvith Prafs. Some of thi'ff itarar/it h^t:jite»itP,.A fit V:.....:t ^ f.i- a>f./2:/?x..- _ __ _ f _■' • ^. md/et'eral hundred mil, s in length. In paffing them, as far as the eye cau reach thtrj it tttts/ree to befeen; but there is plenty of buffaloes, deer " ears, and nuol'ves, and innumerable flocks ofttsrkiiS; thr/e^ tvith the grafi ,form a rich and beautiful prof pe{i* , ells, ,^teeri M ill flm ia|g§. ^ Tat Wt^T^tn TERRiTORt. garrifoned wuh o»»e companv «t »hi» work reihj^^s honor who The excellent conftruftlon and rxecufJofi . f>n ^^^ abiHties and ind??ftry of Cauiain Hart garrifows il witli his compatvy, and who was hk own engineer. Th.s po4t was ertaWiOied for the purpofe of liefending the frontiers of •Peimtyl-artia, which are much expofed .h- the facility with which the In^ riians can crofs trom Lake Erie, either to French creek or tlje ]adai?t;hu« Lake ind the Conneawango branch, and thence defceua the rapid riv.r Allegany. Fort Pitt— Has only an officer, and a few men to receive the fup- plies and difpatohes forwarded to the troops by the vSecretary at War. For r M'LmTosh— Is ordered to be demolifned and a bjock^houfe to be erefted in Heti thereof, a few miles up the Big Be;iver creek to protea the commimication up the fance, and alfo to cover the country. Fort Harmar— -At the mouth of Mufeingum, is a weH conftrufted fort, with five baftions, antl three cannons mounted. It is at prefent garrifoned with four companies and In confidered as head qnirters, being conveniently fituated to reinforce any of the pofts either up or down the river Ohio. Fort St E u s en— At the rapids of the Ohio, on the wea fide is a w;!; coiiftrufted fmall fort, with one cannon, and is garrifoned with a major and two comparies. This port is ertablifiied to cover the country from the incurfions o: the Indians, and it alfo fervcs as a poft of communication to Poft Vincennes on the Wabafti. Post Vincennes— On the Wabafh, is a work ereaeddurino- th-y^r 4787, ^nd has four fmall brafs cannon. It is garrifoned by a iriajc.r ami two compan'e.''. It is eftahlifhea to curb the Incurfions of the Wabafh Indians Into Ken- tucky country, and to prevent the ufurpation of the federal lands, the fer- tility of which have been too ftrong a temptation to the lawlefs people of tf.e frontiers, who pofted themfelves there in force in the year 1 786'. Brig- adier-General Harmar, by orders of Congrefs, formed an expedition in Anguft, 1787, for the purpofe of dirpoffeffing them 5 but previous to his arrival, molt of the intruders had abaridon{*d their fettlement. Governmetn,^ ^c] By an ordinance of congrefs, paffed on the 15th of July 1787, this country, forthepurpofesof temporary government, was creaed into one diftria, ful)iea, however, to a divifi'on, when eircum-^ ftariccs (hall make ft espedicnt. ^ In the fame ordinance it is provided, that congrefs fliall apocint a go-* vernor, whofc commiflion fhall continue in force three years,' unlefsfooii- ex revoked. Thft governor mud refide in the diftria, snd h?jvf n freehold eftate therein, in 1000 acres of land, while in the exercife of his o^oe. Congrefs, from time to time, are to appoint a fecretarv, to continae In (>J(fice four yeaxs, unlefs fooncr removed, who muit re'fide in the dif- tria, and have an eftare of 500 acres of land, while in ofnce. 1 he bufinefs of the fecretarv is, to keep find prefen'c the afts and laws or lijc icgjnnturc, ami inz ^xiuiiz recorns oi tfic diirnct, and the procees- ings of the governor, in his executfve department; and to tranfmit au- thentic copies of fuch aas and proceedings, evsry fix months^ to the k' weCary of Congrefs, n freehold eUate The western TERRITORY. 4^; The ordinance provides (hat Cbngrefs fhall appoint three judges, nof. U 7n^^ ^°° acres ofland in the diftria in which th.y aVto ;nde. (lull form a court, who fhall have a common law jurifdiftion. 7 he ijo- vernor andjudges are authorized to adopt and pubiKh jn the diftrid, (uch avvs of the or.g,nal ftates, criminal and ci.il. Js u,ay be neccffa y an S fuued to the cucumftances of the diltrid, and repo^rt them to CongrefJ and If approved they fhal continue in force, till the organization o^f Jh* general aflbmblv of t!v. diftria, who (hall have author.^ to alter the,^ The governor is to command the militia, and appoint 'and commit t-!^:^^;'cs:^:r''' ^^^^"^ ^'^° -- ^^ '^ ^^^--^^ -^^ -- Previous to the organization of the aflembly, the governor is to an'- pomt fuch magiftrates and civil officers, as (hall be deemed neceffary for the prefervation of peace and order. "t<-cudry lox So foon as there fliall be jooofree male inhabitants of full a^e. in the Mna, they (Ijail receive authority to eleft reprefentatives, one ?o ev ry 500 free male mhabitants. to reprefent them in the general afTembly • the reprefentatujn toencreafe progreffively with the number of free mak-in! habitants, til! there be 25 reprefentatives; after which the number ami proportion of the reprefentatives fhall be regulated by the legi/lature. A reprefentattve muft poffef^in fee f.mple. 200 acresif land.^ nd be; re- fident in the Mna-andmuft have been a citizen of the United States, or a refident in the dif^nft. three years preceding his eloftion. An elec- tor mul^^have 50 acres of land in the diftria-muft have been a citizen of o-ieoftheftates-and mull be a refident in the diltrift-or muft poTf the fame freehold -and have been two years a refident in the dilt ift rhe reprefentatives, when duly eleded, are to continue in office t^o vears. The general afTembly. or legi/lature. (halj confift of the governor. Je- n^fl onfToTfi' '"^ ^r^' °^ reprefentatives. The legiflative council Ihall confilt of five members, to continue in office five years, uniels fooner removed by Congrefs. Three make a quorum.-The co^niil are to be thus appointed : The governor and reprefentatives, when met. OmII r^ortl- nate ten perfons refidents in the diftrict. and each pofTefTed of a fre^hafd in 500 acres of land, ,nd return their names to Congrefs, who (hall ap- point and commiffion five of them to ferve as aforefaid All bills pafTcd by a majority in thehoufe. and i.. the c'niincil, (hall be TveT^'f^Jl^K- f^r^'^^'^'u' ^'l'^'^'' ^"»"°^i" or legiflafjveaa what- ever, fh.ll he of force without his affent. The governor (hall have pow- in'ion^-Ml'^lf [."'"^'"'^'"^ '^'^^"^'^ '^'' general afTembly. when, in hi. ' opinion. It mail be expedient. ml^^'^'^J".''"'"^' ^^en organized, fhall have authority, by joint ballot. ; kI c ^1'^''" to Congrefs, who (hall have a feat in Congrefs, with a rigut of debating, but not of votimT. durino- rh;« fem«,»° . ^.,„.„ jnent. "' " •-."■^- -.,...^.,i- ' And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious ^hertv. which form the bafis whereon thefe republics, their laws and cor- Ituutions. are erected; to fix and cftabliOi thofe principles as the bads of aiuavvs, connitutions and governments, which forever hereafter (half be N « n fofnjed M i M /"i .466 The WESTE-RxN TERRITORY ''^ 1 1 •' ■ ^* n i ■ ii li. i i formed in the faid teiritpry ; to provide alfo for the eftabliHiinent of ft and atc!, i)ermanent government therein, and for their admifliun lo mare in tn« federal councils on an equal footing with the original ftates, at as early periods as may be confiftent with the general intcrelt : ,, ' }]}' ^"^by ordained and declared by the authority aforefaid. That .the fpllowing articles fhall be confidered as articles ofcompaft, between the origmahtates ana the people, and ftates in the faid territory, and for. ever remain unalterable, unlefs by common confent, to wit : * Article I ft. No pcrfon demeaning himfelf in a peaceable and order- ly manner Oiall ever be molefted on account of his mode of worlhip or re- Jigious fentiments in the faid territory. ' Article 2d. The inhabitants of the faid territory Hiall always be en- titled to the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury, pt a proportionate riprefentation of the people in the legiflature, andof judicial proceedings according to the courfe of tl,e common law : all per. .ions (hall be bailable unlefs for capital offences, where the proof (hall be fcvident.or th^prefumption great : all fines fhall be moderate, and no cruel or unufual punifhment ftall be infliaed; no man ihall be deprived of his liberty or property but by the judgment of his peers, or of the law ot the land j and fhould the public exigencies make it neccflary for the ,i^mmon prefervation to take any perfon's property, or to demand his par- ticular fervices, full compenfation fhall t>e made for the fame ; and in the jult prefervation of the rights and property it is underftood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in the faid territory, tiiat Ihall in any manner whatever interfere with, or affeft private con- trait^ or engagements *o»«/ - \s, or new (btes, as le United Sates, in ifts, or new Hates, oil, by the United Sutes, The western TERRITORY. 4^7 tax fhalfbe in^^Xl^t Si tl,^^^^^^^^^^^ No cafe dial non-refidenr DmnrfVforl ,^^'7 "V'?>^'^'"f^ ^fares; and in no ryinj; places beWM-n tL f=m. r her laLu. or fbrvL as aTre- Such h theprefentgq.pernment ofrhe Weftern TarnVnrv ,n^ r.,.U .!.. sr u::;;is si:;:^:' '" ''""^""" "^^ ^^'^ ^^^^^-^ aeiighisi p^,; it is ,ud^"ider[hi?'".7r5.P"T1^'' ^""^^^ Sovernmeniof thisterrltorv. s provided, that, after the faid territory acquires a certain degree bf • Frm the movymom pamphlet Irfore jmt,d, population J, 4^8 The western TERRITORY. \ opulation, it fhalj be uividcd into ftates. Tlie radern ftafe, tliat is thut provided to be made, is bounded on the Great Miami on the writ, and by the Pennf) Ivania line on ihe eaft. 7he centre of this Uate will fall k. tucenthe Sioto and ihe Hockhocking. At the mouth of one of thcfc rivers will probably be the ieat of government for tliis ftatc: And, if we tray indulge the fublime contemplation of beholding the whole territory of the United States fettled by ancnlightcntd people, and continued under one extemled government— on the river Ohio, and not far from thisfpot, Vill be the feat of empire for the whole dominion. This is central to the vhole ; it will beft accommodate every part j it is the moft plcafant. and probably the moft healtiiful.' In this connection we mull not omit to add, that a fettlement is com- iTiencing.wiih advantageous profpeiJh, on the wefternfideof the MifSfin. Pi, oppofite the mouth of the Ohio, 'fhc fpoton which the city is to be t)uilt, isc.dlcd New Madrid, after the capital of Spain. This fettle- intint, which is without the limits of the^Unucd States, in the Spani(h do- inmions, is conducing by Colonel Morgan, under the patronaije of the Spanifh king. x & 'Ihe fertlers are to form their own conditution, make their own laws, (provided tl ey do not ccunteraa the laws of ^pain) choofe their own ma' giflrates and civil officers, and are toenjoy free tolcraticn in religion. 'I hey are, hcwtver, to be fubjeas of the king of Spain. As an encouragement to fettlers, they are to be indulged with fome peculiar commercial privi- leges. '^ New Madrid, from Its local fitu.-ition and adventitious privileges, is ir\ rrofpeft of being the great emporium of the weflcrn country, unlefs the free navigation of the Miffifippi (houldbe opened to the United States. And even Ibould this dcfired evtnt take place, which probably will not uithout a rupture with Spain, this muft be a place of great trade. For Iiere will naturally center, the immenfe quantities of produce that will he borne down the IJIinoisthe Miffifippi,the Ohio, and their various branch- es ; and if the carriers c;m find as good a market for their cargoes here, as at New Orleans or the Wei'f Indies, and can procure the articles they de- fire, they will gladly fave them felves the difficulties and ddngcrs of navi- gating the long Miffifippi. It has been fuppofed by fome that alt fettlers who go beyond theMif- fifippi, will be forever lolf to the United States. 'I here is, I believe little danger of this, provided they are not provoked to withdraw their friend- ihip. The emigrants will be made up of citizens of the United States. They will carry along with them their manners and cuftoms, their habits of gavernment,religion and education; and as they are to be indulged witli religious freedom, md with the privilege of making their own laws, and ofconduaing education uj>on their own plans, thek Jtnnicaii habits will undoubtedly be ( herifhed. If fo, they will be Americans in fat}, though nominally the fubjc<^s of Spain. It is true Spain will draw a revenue from therr,, bat in return they will enjoy peculiar tommefcial advantages, the benefit of which will he experi- enced by the United Sfntes, and pcrh.jps bean ample compenfation fur the Tofs of fo many citizens as may migrate thither, 'in Ihort, this fettlement, ii'coaduc'itd with judgment and prudence, may be mutually ferviceable both OR Y. ruftate, tliat is thut on the writ, and by s Uate will fall k. ilh of one of thcfc s ftatc: And, if we the whole territory nd continued under t far from this fptjf, his is central to the moft plcafant, and fettlement is corn- fide of the MifSfip. ch the city is to be pain. This fettle- in the Spani(h do- e patronage of the :e their own laws, oofe their own ma- 1 in religion. "I hey an encouragement commercial privi- iis privileges, is in, ountry, unlefs the the United States. probably will not great trade. For odii#e that will he jir various branch- ir cargoes here.a? e articles they de- 1 dangers of navi- ) beyond the Mif- : is, I believe little Iraw their friend- the United States, foms, their habits be indulged with ;ir own laws, and ffricoH habits will IS in fai}, though 1 return they will ch will he experi- ipenfation fur the t, this fettlement, itually ferviceable both Vermont. 469 both ?pa,n and the United States. It miy prevent jeaJoufics-Ieflen na- nonalprejud.ces-promote religious toleration, prelervrharmon! 3 be a medium of trade reciprocally advantageous.^ '^ ""'* Belides, itis well known that empire has been travelling from eaft to weft. Probably her laft and broadeft kat will be Amerifa. Here the fnencesand the arts o c.vUi.ed life are to receive their higfk ZL^I men . 1 ere civ. and religious liberty are toflourilh. unchecked Kv the cruel hand of civil or ecclelialtical tyranny. Here Geni«, aided bv all the improvements of former ages, is to be' exerted in hmn niz Sman ,' rr 'Tf'"^ ''l^- '""^'""« '^*'''' ^''^^' «'"h n.lig"ous ndfhibfo' ph,cal knowledge, and in planning and executing a form ofyoVe^nmen^^^ which ihali involve all the excellencies of forme%governmenrwkh '3 wuh^enati.alrightsc.n:^^r;^?::^Zn;;^^ Elevated withthele profpe rights of Jand, of ■t of public fchoolsjf fettles in the town- governor of }> cv In thofe townftiips the fiipport of ihc r, a college right, <, are reft- ived, In >port of the gofpel, itiun. *in, is watered bj VVcft rivers, which ot the mountains, ge, 7 or 8 rods in )ty by one mouth in's. Otter Creeit are of an excellent of the water, oc. ntains. land fouth.dividrt and Lake Cham- 3 miles from the k Hire. The na, priicc, and other id on this account •» MGwitain, On '» and fometimej h generally hilly, \. of part u rage for t niany fine trafts /hich is common r the foil. Elm, lift low ground J i) white pine, itv. The inhabitants n acre, rye, bar- uently cut off by 'hat which |rows Flax is raiftd in Potatoes, puinp- 3t plenty. Large made from ths begins to fall, liy gone bv thfe :nerally enjoy a frozen ♦o a ay efore the fevere frofts VERMONT. ^7, froas begin. In the fpring the fno w, in common, is gradn^lly diff)! vcd by the warm .ailucnces ot thp fun. In this v,»y the r^rth f enriched jnd moirtcned, and forinir advanr^. «.lfK a. :_:__ • ■ .. ' ct^^cn^*? »nd moirtened. and fpring advances with furpriing quickwf,. M, ///<,./-/«/../«,;, W,|«.w^„, J There are upwards of ,7 "r.l, *^LTv'':it "^y^^ iUte. Ihefe confd of two d^ ,' mountain. In 000 mef Gons, onf thcflp tWQ on the well, the other on the call fide of the ,I,o^^^aln. u d.v.fn.ns are 7 brigades, which are made up oi a i cirimcnts From rh^ number of m.htu reckoning 5 for one. w^e may Sate the nSXr of 1!:^:^:^^ ^^iXik o^lhe-^^i'^^^- ' ^'^^^^^ fettlcmentot hcotch people, which are almoll tl^ obIv forjane^h, ol ftate. As to the chara^er. the manners, the cuftoms. the 3^00^ cy and the religion of the people in Vermont. itisS^n To fay ^ are New Lnelandmen. •"v^m lu ^*y mey Curhjitk,:] InthetownfhipofTinmouth. on the f^de of a fmall hill isaverycunouscave. Thechafm. at its entranc^ isl^ut fS^L, f ' circumference. Lntering th-s you defcend ,04 fee . and "lK:n opcT, a f|)acioi,s room 20 feet m breadth and .00 feet in lenirth T1?*.S % which the water is continua y percolatinir We- ftalart:»«. u- u u *^ from the roof ap,.ar like icicL^n the l^ of h^^fe trar^t'^u! jlly increafing m number and magnitude. The bo torn and Sre ally mcruftmg with fparand other mineral fubftancesrOn the UW thisfubterraneous hall, are tables, chairs, benches. &c. vSh appeal have been artificially carved. This richly ornamented room wheni l!! i.inated with the candles of the-guides. has an enclwnting effeft ^n tt eye ot the fpeitator. If we might be indulged in alfigning the general caufe of thefc adonilhmg nppea. mccs. we (hould concludeVot^fhe va- nouscrcumftances accompanying them, that thev arife from wat« L tratingflowly through the. ncambcntA«/«; and takiiigup inits Ssa^^ a variety of mineral fubftanccs, and becoming thus fniurafed with mf tallic particles gradually exfudingon the furLc of the cavernrand ^. fures. .n a quicfcent ilate, the aqueous particles evaporate, and leave the mineral fubltanccs to unite according to their affinities ^ At the end of this cave is a circular hole, 15 feet Actp, apparently . r of*/" ' T7^ A°'";' ^"J^^S'"^^S^''d"'«" ' as you defbend! in the form of a fugar loaf. At the bottom is a fpnng of freni water in con tmual mution,hketheboiliugof apot. it;deptl.Ius never bcxafo^nd- C.;/>«Av«.] The inhabitants of Vermont, bv their reprefcntatig^ m convention, at Windfor, on the 25th of December. 1777. declareJfhi^ the territory called Vermont, was^and of right ought^tV be a f^e ip. andependent ftate ; and for the purpofe of maintaining regular 'overn- nicnt in the fame, they made a falemn declaration of their nVhfs a.^1 ratified a cm (luiitJnn r.f ...ktoiTi,., r,.ii„...:. . r . , ,. .. "5'"='» aq^i heir declaration, which makes a part of their conlUtution. averts hat all men are born equally f ree-with equal rights, and ought to enjoy l.h.rtv of confcnKe-Vreedom of the prefs-trial by jury-power to Jorm vizw .iates in vacant countries, and to regulate their own internal police 4>4 VERMONT. police— (liat all dcflions ought to be free— fh-t all power is onVmaffy jn tlw fx;Mi>Ie— that govcrnnic nt ought to !)c inititutcd for the f ommon brncfit nf the commiinm — and that the community hur. a rioht to rr- ♦ornior aholifh government— ih;it every member of fociety hafh a right to protectioi. ot hfe, liberty and property— and in return is bound to tontrlbutt! his proportion of the cxpence of that protce^ron, and yield hij perfona! frrvice when nc.eflTary— that he Oiall not be obliged to give evi dence agaiIl(^ himfelf— that the pcopl- have a right to bear arnib— buti.o Handing armies ihall be m^ntained in time ofpeacc— that the people Jave a right to hold thcn>felv*8, their houfes, papers, and poffcflions free from fearch or fcizure— and therefore warrants without oaths firft made affording fufficient foundation for them, are contrary to that right and ought not to be gianted— that no perfon Oiall be liable to be tranfportt' cot of this ftatc for trial for any offence committed within this llatc &c. ' By the frame of government, the fuprcmc legillative power is veiled in a houfeofrcp.cfrntativesof thefrcemen of the Hare of Vermont, to be chofen annually by the freemen on the firll 'I'uefday in September, and to meet the fecond Thurfday of the fuccecding Oftober— this body is T^efted with all the powers neceflary for the legiHatnre of a free ftate— two thirds of the whole number of reprefentativcs eleaea, make a quo- rum. Each inhabited town throughout the (lato '^as a right to fend one ;c. prefrntative to the affcmbly. The fupreme executive power is veiled in a governor, lieutenant go. vernor, anti twelve counfellors to be chofen annually in the fame manner and veiled with the fa-ne powers as in Ccnne(flicut. Every perfon of the age of 21 years, who has rcfided in the ftate one whole year nfxt before the elcftion of rtprefentatives, and is of a qiiier peaceable behaviour, and will bind himfelf by his oath, to do what he ihall in confcience judge to be mofl conducive'to the bell good of the flate, (hall be entitled to all the privileges of a freeman of this ftate. Each member of the houfe of reprefentatives before he takes his fest. mull declare his belief in one God— in future rewards and punifhrnents' and in the divinity of the fcriptures of the Old and New Tefla:nent»an,i niuft profefs the proteftant religion. Courts of iuftice are to be eftabliihed in every county throughout the ■^ te. '•^ Th • r.jpreme court, and the feveral courts of common pleas of this Ita^befidesthe powers ufually exercifed bv fuch courts, have the powers '«^onrt of chancery, fofar as relates to perpetuating teftimonv, obtain- ing evidence from places not within the ftate, and the care of theperfons andeftatesofthofe who are »o# com: nei, mentis ^p. All profecutions are to be commenced in the name, and by the authoritv of the freemen of the ftate of Vermont. The legiflature arc to regulate entails fo as to present perpetuitie9u,Jarles. tiOt/NlDEb ndrth. by New Britain ; caft. by theBaJ ed States ..^l^^^^kLr^^^^^^^ Swallowed up by the r ver Sr F . ^""^l*- '^''^? "^^ '^^^P' ^"^ «r« all ;^T/^;t^"' V^--^^ ''' '"" '"°^""^' the Tea, and contained ininZ %?.,' ' 1, 7- '^'''^'°"*' ^zcrmiles from feventyn,ilesfro.n(^rebecalL;Snd\t\r^^^ One Ihundred and A PA L, on a beautifuTifland Jn th^ • , • " ^'''^rence, ft;»nds Mont. QyefecwasLe^nll'/irrofG^^^^^^^^^^ '^--ce of fd to 1.3.0,2 Englifl'and French exr.W^'TSV''^'^?..'^^^^ ^^' in t& upper P.^^;i^;l^-^:;^^K^:;,^ ^ time being, and tenTy otfrr'^fl''''^ ^^ '"^ Secretary for the French. They arrappoin ted hJTl "' "'''^>' .°"' '^^^^""^ ^^^om ar. isafalary. Ae r poT 'xil receive /, 00 a year government. exceptT eWL^ '? f "'i '^- "f '^'^>^ P^^P^''^^^^ fcbits. wlierebyG^rL BriSoL/hJ^r'-'''^'''^ ^'^^ ^V^ ^^^''« i"' theexpencescfthe civiUm cVthe ' - ^ to thecounfeJlors, and all per annum e.lufi.e of t^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ -^^..co ^^:^'^ist:r^^-^!^ ^T,f e prL-nce of Quebec i„ fame year was / 5 2 r , , 6 Vhi^.: ., ''Vn"'?""' ^^ '"'P'^^s in the cuit. flaxf.ed,i'mL;r ofvarils'^ffi^r^',!^ "J^ ^Y' -^T'' '''■ other medicinal roots, but prk," pa of V.m T • ' *"'' ^.!"^'"S anJ 6f ^285,977. The imports conSf" ^u"^ P^'^"*^'' '° '^^ amount garfwinelobacco fait choc , If "^'■"'^,' ^""^>'' "lolafTes. coffee, fu- ioods. • * chocolate, provifions for the troops and dry ,+97. and fcttleVbythe Knch i^""^ 't \"S'''^'i: ^"^'X '^» about 176.;. when, after a^long and btol war l^nr '^* "^f'^r f '' "" Britilh, to whom it ha/cvcr ftcetdon^W; '" '"'' "'" '""'^ °' ^'>^ NOVA BRITISH AMERICAN DOMINIONS. 47; NOVA SCOTIA, Miles, Length 350 Breadth 250 Between {' 43' 60' and 49^ North Latitude. and 67'' Wdt Longitude from Lnndon. Boundaries,'] "Q FUNDED weft, by the eaftcrn boundary of the U.iit ' -*--* States; north, '»y the river St. Lawrence; ealt a ited outh, by the Gulph of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic Ocean. It has a- bout 90 leagues of fea coaft, on the Atlantic Ocean. In 1 784, this pro- vince was divided into two governments. One of the governments is called Ne'w Brunfwick, and lies bordering on the United States. Rivers and Bays.] 'I'he rivers Rifeouche and Nipifiguit run from weft to cart, and fall into the Bay of St. Lawrence. St, John's, Paflamagnadi, and bt. Croix, run from north to fouth into the Bay of Fundy, or the fea. Nova Scotia is indented with numerous bays, which afford many commodious, bold harbours, The Bay of Fundy is the largeft of the bays, and extends 50 leagues into tlie'pppntry, |-lere the ebb and flow Of the tide is from 45 to 60 feet, Climate, Soil, Produaions and Trade.] During a great part of the year *J^ ^'J'o'phere is clouded with thick fog, which renders it unhealthy 6or theinha.itants; and four pr five months it is intenfely cold. A great partofthiscountryliesinforeft, and the foil, in moft parts, is thin and harren. On the banks of the rivers, and fome other parts the foil is good j many of the bays, and fait water rivers, and fome parts of the fea coaft, are bordered with trafts of fajt marlh. '4 "he inhabitants ^o not raife pro- vifion enough for home confumptiqn, They fubfift principally by the lumber trade, which is fupplied by their forelU; and by the fjfhery, which IS very profitable. The filhery oq the fea coaft of the ifland of Cape Bre- ton, in the year 1 743, while in poflcflion of the French, yielded 1 , ? 49.00Q quintals of dried filh, and 3.9oo,qoo quintals of mud fifti ; the value of both,including3ii6i toqs of train oil. waseftimated at /;. 926,577 : !o ftcrling. Five hundred and futy-four ihips< befides ftiallops, ?nd 27,000 feamen, were employed in this trade, Chief To^vns.] Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia, and (lands onChebudto Bay. It has a good iiarbour, fufHciently large and fafe to Ihclter a fquadron of fhips through the winter. The town has an en- trenchment, and is ftrengthened with forts of timber. It is commodiouf- Iv fituated for the fifliery. Annapolis ftands on the eaft fide of the B;iy ct tundy, and has one of the lineft harbours in.the world. St. Joh n's IS a mvi fettlem.-jit at the mouth of the river of the fame name. Since thcconclufionof the war, there have been large emigrations of the refu- gees from the United States to this province. Thev have built fever4 new towns, the largeft of which is Shelburne, which is faid to contain oor-o inhabitants. Hijiory and Government.] Notwithftanding the forbidding afpcrt of this tountry, it was here that A>me of the lirft European fettlements were made. The firft grant of land in it, was made by James I. to his fccr If I i 475 SPANISH DOMINIONS. tary William Alexander, who named it Nova Scotia, or New Scotland.^ bmcc that time a has frequently changed from one private proprietor to another, and repeatedly from the French to the Kpglilh. At the peace of Utrec-ht IS was confirmed to the Englilh, under whofe government it has ever fince continued, Spanifli dominions* length 600 Breadth 130 EAST AN» WEST FLORIDA. Mile^. r25«' and 31 North Latitude, Between < 5" and 1 7 '^ Weft Longitude from Plwladel. I J>hia, JiounMifi.l TiO^^NDED north, by Georgia; eaft, hy the Atfantic y.^-^r . . . Ocean; South by the Gulph of Mexico j weft by the ^liffifippi ; lyidg in the form of an I, Ryoers.] St, John's and Indian rivers, which empty into the Atlantic Ocean; Sfeguana, Apalachicola, Chatahatchi, Efcambia, Mobile, Pafca-, goula aiid Pearl rivers, all of which rife in Georgia, and run fouthcrly in>. ed. The banks of the rivers which water the Floridas, and the parts contiguous are of a fuperior quality, and well adapted to the culture of jice and corn, while the more interior country, which is high and pica, fant, abounds with wood of almoft every kind ; particularly white and red oak, pine, hiccory, cyprefs, red and white cedar. The intervals be, fween the hilly part of this country are extremely rich, and produce fpon- taneoufly the fruits and vegetables that are common to Georgia and the the Carolinas. But this country is rendered valuable in a peculiar maniier, by the extenfive ranges for cattle. ChkfTo,wni.] St. Auqustine, the capital of E, Florida, is fituated on the fea coaft— is of an oblong figu re,and interfered by four ft reets.which cut each other at ri^ht angles. The town is fortified with baftions. and en. clofed with a ditch. It is likewife defended by a caftle, called Fort St, John, which is well appointed as to ordnance. The north and fouth brcak- ^n, at the entrance of the harbour, form two channels, whofe bars have eight feet water. The principal town in Weft Florida is PeNsacola, It lies along the teach, and. like Sf. Aii(TiiiKn<> ic /^f «« aUi^»„ f-i--" ti ♦.,. ».< proach to the town, except for fmaH veflels, ir. obftruiSed by a low and Tandy (hore. The bay. however, on which the town ftands. forms a very CORiraodipus bi^itoer, and veffleJs may j-jdc bere fccurc from every wind, N S. NJew Scotland.— '»te proprietor to At the peace of jQvernment it has *f4'**f**4» ■"I [DA, k from Plwladel* , hy the Atfantic Aqo I weft by the into the Atlantic , Mobile, Pafca- run foutherly in^ great variety of julline, is far the n a year are pro-, as, and the parts to the culture of is high and plca- darly white and The intervals be- nd produce fpon- Georgia and thQ peculiar flianiier, ida, is fituated on ftreers, which cut Daftions, and en-> ;, called Fort St, and fouth brcak- whofe bars have It lies along the — TV" •.-.."ti'T -!*.- :d by a low and nds, forms a very toxa every wind, SPANISH D O M" I N I O N s; 477 BeuK'darres fli/fovj'.] The Floridas have experienced the viciflitudes of war. ani frequently changed maftcrs, belonging alternately to the Frecnh and Spa- niards, it was ceded by the ,atter to the tngliih at the peace of 1763. During the laft war it was again reduced by the armsof his Catlwlic Ma. jefty, and was guaranteed to the crown of Spain by the late deftnicivc treaty. Its firft difcovercr was Sebattian Cabot, in 1497. LOUISIANA. 1 Tl^^^P^^ ^y «'^e Mifliftppi eaft; by the Gulph of J JlJ Mexico fouth; by New Mexico welt j and runs iiide- finitely north. Rivert.] It is interfeaed by a numlxir of fine rivers, among which are the Natchitoches, which empties into the Miffifippi at Point Coupee, and the Adayes or Mexicano river, emptying into the GuJph of Mexico.' ^ Capital.] Ne w Or L E A Ns. It ftands on the eaft fide of the Miffiitp-* pi, r05 miles from its mouth, in latitude 30*^ 3 ' north. In tha beginning of the laft year it contained about 1 too houfes, feven-eights of which were confumed by fire, in the fpacc of five hours, on the 19th of March 1,7 88. It is now fsft rebuilding. Its advantages for trade are verv greats Situated on a noble river, in a fertile and healthy country, within two weeks fail of Mexico by fea, and ftill nearer to the Britilh, French and Spa* nifli Weft India iflands, with a moral certainty of its becoming the gene- ral receptacle for the produce of that extenfive and valuable countrv on the Miffifippi ipd Ohio, are fufiicient to enfure its future growth' and commercial importance. Religion-, l^€.] The greater part of the white inhabitant? ape Roman Catholics. They ^rc gover-ed by a viceroy from Spain, and their num- ber IS unknown. , Climate, Soil and PioJu^f.'] Louifiana is agreeablv fituated lietween the extremes^ of heat and cold. Its climate varies as' it extends towards the north. 'I'he fouthern parts, lying within the reach ot the refrefhin* breezes from the fea, are not fcorched like thofe under the fame latitudet in Africa ; aod its northern regions are colder than thofe of huropc under the fame parallels, with a wholcforae fcrene air. To judge of the pro- duce to be expeded from the foil of Louifiana. let us turn our evesta Egvpt, Arabia Felix, Perfia, India, China and Japan, all lying in corref- pondmg latitudes. Of thcfe China alone has a tolerahle government; and yet It muft be acknowledged ihev all are, or have been, famous for their riches and fertility. From the' favourablenefs of the climate, t.va annual crops oflndian corn, as well as rice, mav be produced; and the foil, with little cultivation, would furnifli grain of every kind in the greateft abundance. '1 heir timber is as fine as any in the world, and tho quantities of live oak, afh. mulberry, walnut, cherry, cvprefs ai-d cedar the richeft fruits in great variety ; the foil is particularly adapted far hemp, flan and tobacco; and indigo is at this time a ftaple coaimodi- ty, which commonly yields the planter three or fo :uttings a v\'urd t 47« I SPANISH Dominions, ^ word, whatever is rich and rare in the mof} defir^blecHmatrs in Europe. ^J'?!l'^° ?l the fpontaneous produ(fHon o*" this delightful country, 'rha Mflifipp, furmqie^ ,n great plenty feveral fort, of filh, particularly perch, pike, llturgeon and eels. ^ fv.vu, Hi/torj>ri The MilTilippi, on which the fine country of Loqifiana is fi- tuated. was fml difcovered by Ferdinand de Soto, in ; 541. Munfieur de Ja ^alle was the firft who traverfed it. He, in the year 1682, having paf- iftd down to the mouth of the Miffifippi. and furveyed the adjacent coun, try, returned to Canada, from whence he took paffage to France trorn the flattering accounts whiph he (javepf the country*, and the coi.fequential advantages that would accrue from fettling a colony in thofe parts, Loui, XIV, was induced to eftablifh a company for the pur- pofe. Accordingly a fquadron of four veflels, amply proy'ided with men and provifions. under the command of Monfieor de la Salle, embarked v;uh an intention to fettle near the mouth, of the iMifTifippi. But he un' intentionally failed 100 leagues to the weftward of it. where he attempted toeftabl.fti a colony; but through the unfavourablenefs of the climate, inolt of his men nnferably perifhed. and he himfelf was villainoufly mur- cered, not long after, by two of his own men. M >nfieur Ibherville fuc ceeded him m his laudable attempts. He. after two fuccefsful voyages died while preparing for a third. Crozat fucceeded him ; and in 1 71 2. the king gave him Louifiana. This grant continued but a (hort time af. ter the death of ^puis XIV. In , 763 Louifiana was ceded to the king of bpain, to whom it nqw belongs. NEW MEXICO AND CALIFORNIA. Miles. '^ Ungth 2000 I I 9^0 and 126'^ Weft Long, ^rom London. Breadth 1600 r "'*^^'" 1 ^j'' and 43 <^ North LaVude. Boundaries.] "ROUNDED north, by unknown lands; eaft. by Louifi- -J-LI ana; fouth by Old Mexico and the Facific Ocean; >vcit, by the fan^e ocean. Di'V'fwts, Subdivifmis. Northeaftdivifion New Mexico Proper, Snutheaft divifipn Apacheira, South divifion S'^iora, Chief Tfyvum, Santa Fe, W. Longitude 104". Nft' ^«^0"'-abJe has been found on^s coarts and mL' f ^^^^^^^ h^ valuable pearl fifher^ a very promifini? appearance In T,Tu' g"^\have been difcovercd of JgreaVquantit/ofKrwh'ch/feu^^^^^ '" ^'^^---S becomes hard like manna, having a th?? I 5°^^ 'ea^es. candies, ami out its whitenefs. There salSLfr^^^^^^^^^^ refined fugar. with- in the heart of the country there aTolin/^frf'''" ""'"'■'' P'-°du«ion. ascryftal. which. conSin^ th; vaftn ' •'* ^"r'^". ^'"^ «"^ '^^'^ coarts, might render it an "valuable arn^-";^ "^^^ ^"»"d on its ImJus and r>&«rX The m,^l? r^ induftrious nation, be known, do not t^t^l'UllT^y^ of inhabitants, as far as cart nians. areitupidfty andlnffnfiS;. 3'^Vrr^^'"'^'"'' "^" '^^ ^alifor- inconftancy. W^nZl Tlth^^^^ ^^^ refleftion } and abhorrence Va^^lVabouraS^^^^ ^«^h and amufementof eve V kind hn5 T'i- '" '^''"^'^ '°^^ «^ Pl«"^^"« and. in fin., a ^^^Z^C^ ^lir^'^:^^^^^ pufiHaLity ; real man. and renders him rational/invenVvtLS^^^ T^T^ '"^^ himlelf and fecit ty. '"cuuve, trjctab.e, and ufefui ta a long period i, continued to I fo iS frelemed Thlr""' • ""-""^ was unknown, and in moft tr,»n. ;. "fqu^nted, that even its lorm ngh. wasconr,t.ed h, .hepH„c.par^„^tSeft'Ve"J£.^'c:S^tr'^^^^ OLD MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN. Miles. Lewgth 2000 I « f * t Wdth .00 I Between { «3, -^^ ;- **« ■j;^;^ ^•*"- ^^W^r/Vy, n OUNDSt) north, by New V • JLI Guiph bf Mexico . fr. awxxco ; northeaft, by tho ;;'eft, by the Pacific Ocean ; divSed i . *'^K' ^^^ T?/^^ F'^"'^ ' ^"»»^- "'\ . -^^'^ »« three foiiowiniJ audiences. Audhettcfi, Galicia or Giiadalajarra, Mexico Proper, Guaiimala, Aitw SiK three foiiowing audicnccsj Chief ToTJitts, Gaudalajarra, r Mexico N. Lat. 190 54', < Acapiilco, [ Vera Cruz, Guatimala. Climate^ 43<5 .SPANISH DOMINIONS* Climate, foil and produaions.'] Mexico, lying principally in tlie torrrd 2onc, isexce([ively hot. I'his country is mountainous in the interior parts, but along the ealtern ihore, it is flat and marfhy, and is overflowed in the rainy feafons, whic h renders it very unhealthy. Tlie trees are cloath- cd with perpetual verdure, and bloffom and bear almoft the whole year round. 1 he cotton and cedar trees, and thofe which bear the cocoa, of which chocolate is made, alfwund here. Mexico, like all the tropical countries, is rather more abundant in fruits than ingrain. Pineapples, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, citrons, figs, &c. are here in great plenty and perfcdion. Mexico produces alfo a great quantity of fugar, ef« pecially towards the Gulf of Mexico, The chief mines of gold are in Veragua and New Grenada, border- ing upon Darien and ierra Firma. Thofe of filvcr, which are much more rich, as well as numerous, are found in feveral parlSj particularly in the province of Mexico. The mines of both kinds are always found in the moH: barren and mountainous parts of the country ; nature making amends in one refpci^ for defefts in another. Of the gold and filver wifich the mines of Mexico afford, great things -have been fdid. Thofe who have enquired molt into this fubjeft com- pute the revenues at twenty-four millions of money ; and this account is probably jult, fmce it is well known that this, with the other Spaniih provinces in South America, fupply the whole world with filver. The Spaniih commerce in the article of cocoa is immenfe. It grows! on a tree of a middling iize, which bears a pod about the fize of a cu- cumber, containing the Cik^coa. It is faid that a fmall garden of cocoas, pfoduces to the owner twenty thoufand crowns a year. Inhabitants f chaiailer and go-vernment.^ The prefent inhabitants of I Mexico, may be divided into whites, Indians and negroes. The whites! are born in Old Spain, or they are Creoles, that is, natives of Spanifh A* merica. The former are chiefly em^ .ayed in government and trade, and I have nearly the fame cnara^er with the Spaniards in Europe j only a larger (hare of pride ; 'or they confider themfelves as intitled to every high diftint^ion as natives of Europe, and look on the other inhabitants as many degrees beneath them. The Creoles have all tl^e bad qualitiesj of the Spaniards, from whom they are defcended, without thai courage, firmnefs and patience, which make the praifeworthy part of the Spanilbj charafter. Naturally weak and efFeminHte, they dedicate the greateftj ..part ©f their lives to loitering and inaftive pleafures. Luxurious with-l out variety or elegance, and expenfive with great parade, and little con-j venience, their charace. From idlenefs and conftitution, their whole bufinefs is amoui and intrigue ; their ladies, of confequence, are not diftiaguiihed for theitj chaftity or domettic virtues. remain in great numbers, are become, by continual oppreflion and in-^ dignity, a dejefted, timorous and miferable race of mortals. The blacks here, like thofe in other parts of the world, are (tubbornJ robuft and hardy, and as well adapted for the grofs and inhuman fla^ very they endure, as any human beings. Thi&may fervc for the general (iliiacai^cr. \jt liiv ill it jf -""*"-- Spanifh colonies .S P A N I S H D O.M 1 N I O N r not only of the M^^xicans. but for the in South America 4§r greater part of the employment is 1^^. tcatef t ^ ^ ^' ""^ '^^''^S "f. ^'^I'ain prefides. Hi, in the world Th^ '''''^^"'^!:""^'"^ entr.jfted to '.n-y fubjcft TN» T ''^ '"''''■">' t-onf.nues in ofike but three years anJ];:.;^:Sir::drrJ^":S-'" Mexico The^^^S. tnonl. here and in .the^S.^^.^^JllJ^r^^^^^ '-^^ <-/'/£/ /^o;;,/.] Mexico, the capital of this place isfifn-.f<.r1 ^n , r plain environed by mountains of fuch heidn tfrit h i -^^''P ™,l^v,c,,m™teaIifeofprof„fi„„J„extL^"nd;enc? * "''"""" eaft „?M^r "L H,ri' '?'■ "'■"'= S»"* Sea, aL,„ ^.omife, r„„,h. ^hife-^'^r- "' '"' "■= '•^^"'-' "f '^^ sp.„s™/°f„t £■!' ,-f'!^'°'-'J ■'■'"•' ^Pii^ o' Mexico was fubJued bv Cortes in ,h. v^„ repealed attaclvs (>ri,rk l,i,n in tl,= h,u'y,y.,tu w i, V ^nf 'n "" "' «0 mamtatncd a viso,ous,,p,«,f;,ioo ,.:.„,( the .iraXof 6;:^ r; B1 4t» SPANISH DOMlNtOl <^»«<>. «a>» «Oj <ut to the torture,' he bore whatever ith the invincible "avnurites, his fel-* gui(h, turned a de- e his permiffion to' i darted on hi.-n a s Weakoefs by afk- vcrawtd by the re- Gortes, afhamed of jnds (if his tortnr- ings. Cortes died e. Envied by hi» be fervedj he has his own defire he ""■^WS^i v)^ «<^ <^«^ SPANrSHDOMINIONS. m C A. fthmus 6f DAiktt, Behnging to Spain, *'pain, fc-pain, Dutch, Portugal, Spain,, Spain, The natives. ^EL ORO. Chmmejotland produfihm.] ThccliniatQ here, efwcially in the northr rrn parts, is extremely hoi and fultry during the whole year. From the month ot May to the end of November, the feafon called lyiptcr by the inhabaants. is almoft a continual fuccclfion of thunder, rain and tcmpefts ; the clouds precipitatmg the rains with fu<:i impetuofity. that the l0w lands exhibit the 9ppei,ranci; of an ocean. Great part of the country i» of conreHueuce almoft continually flooded; and this, together with the exceHive heat foimpregnntes the air with vapours, that in many pro, vinces partjcularlv about Popayan and Porto BclJo, ii: is extremely un- jvholefome. The foil of this country is very different, the inland part, being exceedingly rich and fertile, and the coatts fandy and barren. It it i[npo(Ul»le to view without admiration, the perpetual verdure of the woods, the luxuriancy of the plains, and the towering height of the mountains. J his country produces corn, fugar, tobacco and fruits of all kind, j the nioit remarkable is that of the manz^nillo tree. It bears a fruit refemblinjf an apple, but which, under this fj^ccJous appearance, contains the molt Aibtilepoifon. The bean of Carthagcna is the fruit of a fpeci'vs of wiL low about the b.gnefs of a bean, ancf i, an excellent and never failing remedy for the hit* of the moft venomous ferpeuts, which are ve;y frc- juent all over this country, Among the natural merchandize of Ter.a : lu F^':!^' ^T*^ '^", ^^^ '=''*'*' particularly in the bay of Panama, are not he leaft confiderable. An immenfe number of Negroc flavei arc employed m fiOving tor tlicfc, and have arrived at a wonderful dexteri- ty in this occupation. They are fomctimes, however, devoured by (harks. S ^"^ °'"* ""^ ''"' ''"**='^ ^«*''^'^ *^^ (helves of th« Chief ftnixm.;] P4^A^f A is the capital of Terra Firm^ Proper, and is fituated upon a capacious bay to which it ^ives its name. It is the great chandize from all parts of Peru pud Chili : he«^ they are lodged b ftore- honfes, till the proper feafon arrives to tr^nfport them to Europe. foRTo Bello is fituated c|ofc to the fea. on the declivity of i^ moun- o^thIi^^h;""""^^''^,^'^-°A^*^^^^^^^ ^''^« convenience and fafey of this harbour is fuch, that Columbus, who firft difcovcred it, gave it the name of Porto Bello. or the Fine HarU)ur. ^ . f^i^%-] This pan of South America was difcovcred by Columbfls. in his third voyage to this continent. Jt was fubdued and fettled by the Sf)an.ards about the year .5,4, ^fterdeftro.ying, with great inhumanity, fcveral m.Ihons of the n,-.v... This country was called Terra Firma. otl ?ccountof us being the firrt part of the continent which was difcove fd^ all the iHiidsdifvovefed previous tQthiij bqn^iqand?, ' itude^ North Latitude. :ean ; eaft, bv the Y Amaz'»nia. anV. ^^ k t ';«; I Spanish Domini o N t. R U. Mil es. length 1800 Bre*dtli 500 Between 6o<' and 81° Weft Lotigitiulf. I lie Efjiiaior and 15" &tju»h Latitude, Lo!/Kda,hs, T\ '^'NDED north, by 7erra Firma ; eaft, by the An- JLJ» d(.s ; iouth, by Chili ; \vc[\, by the Paciiic ocean. Kt>z.'ers.\ A prodtgious number of rivers rife in ihe Amu.s, and rim Wirougli this country, among which are the Granada or Cagdalena. Ori- noco and Amazon. The Jalt has its fource in Peru, and after runni.ijj catward upwards of three thmifand miles, falls intu the Ati otic ocean, itas river, like all othtr tropical rivers, annually overflows its banks. <^tw:ate,joil and produaiQns.'\ Though Peru lies within the torrid zone, yet, having rhe Pacific ocean on the weft, and the Andes on theeaft, the «ir IS not fo fuhry, as is uAial in tropical countries. The flcy is general- ly cloudy, fo that the inhabitants arc Oiiclded from the dircdt raysof the Jun ; but what is extremely fingular, it never rains in Peru. '1 his defed. However, is fufijcicntly fupplied by a foft and gentle dew, which tails cvcry_ni^^hton the ground, and fo refreflies thj plams and grafs, as to pro- -i 1^33. to whom u has ever fincc Uen fnhjcet. 'I l,c natives have tVe- .]ueni y atten.pted to regain tlu>ir liberty, but have hitherto been unfuc- ccbful .Some latc.nfurreaions have happened, but the cuulcqucnce. arc not yet particularly known. M"t"^c. H I I. •Miles. Length 1200 Lrcadih 5C0 Bet ween f 29° and 49° South Latitude. 65" and 85' VVdl Longitude. iW/«'«/7.7.] R^l^^^^O "orth. by Peru ; Eaft. by La Plata ; foutK. ^,. r,.^y Patagonia ; welt, bv the Pacific ocean. C W,>/ W/,-.i«.v/./;/. 1 The air ofChili, though in a hot climate. 1 remarkably temperate, occafioned by the refrelhinS breezes from thb fea and the cool winds from the top of the Andes, which are covered with eternal fnows. This > ' ' " •• • • /-"vcrea thunder is fi^quently he; liere about the middle c /■„,„.„ r XT «- ^- ---£,«.,., «wv» vv>.iiiuucs nil ivuvemoer. it ummer from November till February. Autumn continues till May; nd winter tiJl Auguft. ^t rarely fnows in the vallies. thoueh the rnoinl t.ins are always cover I his country is entirely free fr.:;n all kinds ot ravenous beafts, poifonous animals and vermin"; not even fo much ds a Hy ,s o befoiiRd here. The foil isextremely fertile, being watered with numberlers little rivulets from the mountains. It produce?, in the great- elt abundance, apples, pears, plums, peaches, quinces, apricots, al- monds, ohves. grapes, cccoa-nuts. figs, and Itraw berries as large as p.>ars, —wheat, oats, corn, garden floweryand fruitsofalmoft every kind. It abounds in gold, hlver and lead mines, and ^he rivers themftlvcs roll on go den fands. Bur their ftaple commodity is cattle ; they have theai in fuch abundance, as frequently to calt the fldli into the rivers, refcrv- mg the hides, tallow and tong;ues for exportation. , ^Ji^orj, inhabiianu, iff.-.] 'i'he Spaniards made feveral attpmnf.: tn r^. ilUCe this COUnf"" ^^■'•' •"■»'' "- ' '•- >" <• •<■ ' " ''" itry no great fuccefs till the year 1541, when tney built the capital St. Jugo, now the refidence of the Spanifn nor, and a biihop's fee ; and afterwards Coquimbo, C Baldi Ihe gover- onccption, and natives are remarkable for wir, fortitude and patience »nd the Spaniards to this day hav never been able to fubdac them j they continue 4M SPANISH DQMTNIONS, I eontinuf rillinaftcrscrp^rt of thp inland coqntry. There have lately fcecn fome formidable iniurreftions agai.ill the Spaniards by the native!*, which have greatly alarmed the Spanilh court, PARAGUA OR LA PLATA, Leneth Breadth Milei, 1500 1000 Between 12" and 37° South Latitude, 50' and 75° We!t Longitude, Swvdnric, 1 n ^™DED north, hv Amazonia ; eaft, by Brazil ; fouth, JXJ by Patagoqia ; weit by xVju and Chili. Rivers and Moufitaim.] This country, bcfides an inlinite number of fmall rivers, is watered by three principal ones, whicn united near the fca, form the famous Rio dc la Platr., or Plate river, and which annually over- flow tl^eir banks, and, on their recefs, leave them enriched with a fli(nc, that produce* great plenty of whatever is committed to it, '.'his river, where it unites with th^ ocean, is i 50 miles broad. At 100 miles from its Ijnouth, a flhip in the middle of the channel, cannot be feen from either Ihore; and at Buenos Ayres, 100 miles (iill Ujrther back, one cannot dif- <^i\nc A.'^po \n , -«- A/l-^ii «f J ^^/' ■ — ....,,, ,,y, / t y J ^ J ill t \ \ \ . i.ri'^'i\ \;i the country is ftiil inliabitcd by the native Americans. The Jcfuits ha-^^' been indefatigable in their endeavours to convert the Indians to the bel ot their religion, and to introduce among them the arts of civilized liir,] »nd have met with furprizing fuccefs. it is faid that above 340,000 ii( mihes There h^ve latefjr rd» by the nativeb« i»<|i FbRtUGUESE DOMINIONS. ^^ atd aa a^'^to^S"! J°' 7'' ^"^J^^ '° the Jefuits. living in obedience onft linT In f^6?rTr"''"' y'^'^^^'"^ without any violence or conitraint. in 1 767, the Jefiuts were fent out of America bv roval a..- ATA, ^tttude, >ngitude, ^ by Brazil; foutb, lili. infinite number of united near the fca, liich annually over- riched with a fli(pc, i to it, '.'his river, t 1 00 miles from its be feen from either ck, one cannot dif- mfequence here, ex- Vqierica, called the ated point in thefc :et higher than any of extenfive plains, I ted by high moun- ite, and one of the i tobacco produce^ ar to this country, ce, There are here a Plata, is the mott tuated on the fouth of it. The river is )wn a great part of n. The natives of wheels, which they BRAZIL, belonging tc Portugal. Miles. rpngth Breadth 700 Between I ^>' ^^'^ 6°" Weft Longitude. Ihe £q ..or and 35- ijouth Latitude. red this country in ' '" ' > j5' ^--•-■=- "■■■' The Jcfuits have Indians to the belief rts of civilized liff, above 340,000 fj\- inilies 5.«»^«r/W.] R^™!?^^ "°^^^ ^y '^^ '"outh of the river Amazon routh,by the mo^h X^^l^t ^frf t '^^ (^^--^ capiv.. ginger, ndi^o, amber, rofin. train oil cotton ttbk of ^ d'di;^';!^"^"^''"'''-"'"'^'*'^- ""^ alfoaremine ofgod,fiv.^ d diamt^nds. and a great quantity of excellent cryftal and jafc This untryalfo abounds in cattle, apes, p.rrots. and beaut ifuS. m -ers and Jakes are ftored with iifh, and there is a whale fifiery on tile hhabitanu. Religion, ^ffr.] The coaft of this large country is enJir rortLtV:tiT''"P""'^^^ -land parts, whfr:of TofTtowad^ tie north are ca.Ied Tapayers, and thofe in the fouth Tupinambovs Thefe natives feem to have httle religion, «nd notempleorpla^ceCpub ic wo (H.p; butyet are faid to believe a future ftate. and have foiTnotiorof rewards and punifhments after this life. Hfiory, iJc.-] The Portuguefedifcovered this country in the vear 1 coo ut did not plant It till the year 1549, when they took poffeffion o/aU .nts Bay, and built thecity of silalvador. which is noTthe r^fidence the viceroy and archbifhop. The Dutch invaded Brazil in , ^2 ,""5 fubdiiedthe northern provinces; but the Portnguefe agreed in .661 to ay the Dutcheighttonsofgold, torelinquifh tl?eir intfreftin h 'cmin? Sofof.l7p'''M?ffV"*^ ^Ty'""^' emained in peac abl p^- oftennVil h • ^^^^^ ^»^^ <^"mci^; called bc'sicra; but by the ucaty of peatv it wai reftored, GUIANA. . 1 J m <|.H'8 1 \ I FRENCH ami DUTCH DOMINIONS, &c. GUIANA, belonging to the French and Dutch, Is tllvidtu into_ Civenne, which l)elongs to the French, and into Suri- i:iai, which is a DutcU province. Cayenne cxtt-nds 240 miles along the con ft of Guiana, and near Joo within land. It is houiided norlh. bv Surinam; call, by the Atlantic- lourh, by Ama/.onia ; well by Guiana. All the coail is vQry low, but' within land there are fi.ie hills, vorv proper for fettlcrnents. The com- moc.itiw are fiinilar tothofeofthc U'cit Imlia Jfiauds. Surinam is one of the richell and moft valuable colonies bplon^ing to the Lhiited Province;^. The chief trade of Surinam confilh in fuiar cot- t;)n, cofiee ofan cvccllent kind, to'oaoco, fl:ix, {kin>, and foine valuable dying drugs. Thcv trade with the I Jnital States, of wlunn thev receive Iiorfcs, live cattle, and provifions, and give in exchange large quantities of molaflcs. The 'loiporiiK- eel is found in the rivers of Guian;i, which, when toucheu either by the hand, or by a rod of iron, gold, corner, or by a fJick offome parficii!;ir kinds of heavy wood, communlcatesa ihock per- t^vt.y like that of elei'.tricity. There is an immenfe number and variety onnakes in this country, and wluch form one of its principal inconve- iiiencjcs. > 4. .{. .}. -J. .}, .|. .{, ^ ^ ^ ,^, .J, ^., ^, ,j, ^' ;j^ .._j, ,j, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _^ ^ ^ ^j^ ^ _^ ^ ^.^ ^,_^^ ^^ ^ ^^ ,^ A M A Z O N I A. Lengtii 1:00 Breadth 960 miles. f'^'^ 1 "R^/^^^^'^-^-J^""i"tIi.l^y Terra Firma and Guiana; eaft, J 1, J by the Atlantic Ocean and Brazil ; fouth, by La Plata : weft, hv Peru. 9nd _ Ri-oers.} From the difeovericsof Orellana, and others made fince his *ime, It appear*, that the Amazon is one of the largeft rivers in the wo'Iil, 1 Jx runs a conrfe fr(.in well to eaft of about 5000 miles, and receives near | 200 other rivers, manv of which .lave a courfe of ^ or 600 IcHgues, and fomeof them not inferior to the Danube or the Nile. '1 u^. oreadth of this river at its month, where itdifcharges itfeif by feveral channels into the ocean.almoft under the equator, is i 50 miles ; and 1 500 miles from ^ts mouth it is 50 or 40 fathoms deep. Tn the rainy feafon it overflows itj banks, and waters and fertilizes the adjacent country. Cllmaie, Soil and Piorincc] "Vht fair feafon here is about the time of | the folitices and the uvt or rainv feafon, at tlic time of the equinoxes. "Jhe trees, fields and plants, arc verdant all the ye;ir round. The foil i$ extrensely rich, producing corn, grain, and fruitsof all kind?, cedar trees, braxil W'wd, oak, ebony, log^t-ood, iron wood, dving wood baceo, fugar- canet, oot'ton, caiTavi root, s, cocoa, to- potatoes, yams, farfapariliid gums, railins, balfams of various kinds, pine .ipples', guavas, &c, ■ The forefvs are Uured with vaiJ lion )onana!i, chiefly llliey ai brave, 1 ifiints. Hiftof Mdifc" the ftrai IJ19.. of the 111 I'he moft Upon [forts anc icold and m principal iiiconve- ,{,4.^,j.A^.-{.^.4,.i,.j, J* A T A G O N t A. I A. s. and Guiana; eaft, fouth, by La Plata; hers made fince his rivers in the world, , and receives near 3r 600 leagues, and '. '1 iit. nrcadth of :vcral channels into :i 1 5C0 miles from afon it overflows itj « about the time of | of the equinoxes. ound. nhe foil ii I kinds, cedar tret's. woods, cocoa, to- 4^ nuiS^t^^Th hXirZT' inhabUingtjr, wide co„„,ry ,„ very a« ifolatort and S.K ij: coronet, of beautiful feather.. Thy 0,^ifZ;lbo t ^h 'year' Tso'l.h?'''' ^""r "J' ""'' ""r F"«"-™ river Amazon to KtLlKan "TAu'" ^""- 1?"."' ,''"'"■" *« river, companies of worn™ ;„ , He obfervea on the banks of iho Amaioniaro" Se and of th' A ' """^T ^ence called the country to the rive^ which fni- I Vfu"""' • ""'' ?"= ">= ""'"'= of Amaroa made fevS «KmpSrotnt rf' '^" ""f ^"'«°"- ^he Spaniard' difHcuIties and Ser " [ "^JeltdTSi ^f /'""''J "'^' "'* f" """>' tu^uefehave fomefm/ll fct,l »" '"""'efigns abortive. The For. tixt CaiNorTh and he m„'^fr%°'L""' ^'\ °^'^ "'^* "''i^'' «" l*- ■ P A .T A G Q N J A. wifc'cot'r:f^r;Low^^^^ «nd fnow here are rerrible ?L fl I ' ^'"'' J^' ^''■'"'' «^ ^^"^' "i"! cultivated. • ^^'^ ^°'^ « ^e'-y barren and has never beei «.«i uu wu«xns, ....;:Sft i ^V.^ "f*'^^" ^»ve in thatched hots, and uitny on nm and game, ana*Vfiat the earth fpontancouflv oroducM irf *'?.^"^'°'^P^^^«°"' ^«^«Wack hailr, and are aWntic* Ifiints We know nothing of their government or religion. ^ llrft dfZ;l J7v "'"^ ^'S'"'"!' ' P"^^"g"^'^^ in the fervJce of Spain. eftrar.^lH^^^ atleafthewa« the firft that fiikd through r,l -J^i ^y ^'** "^."'^- ^ageUan paired thefe ftraks in the vear IJ19. T^e continent .8 often called Terra MageUanica- and the l!rJ^ r^^ "^;^hbouring ides, from a volcano in it^fs called Crad^l^F^^^^^ he mod foutherly point of which is called Caic Horn ^ * Upon the firft difcnvfPwQffk. «».„:»„ „r ivi!_'l-ii_ . « -_. - - . colonas thither ; but moft of the people perifhed ^ith ich time no fcttlemeuts lave b«eu att ^•ams, farfaparilLw— — ^-. , ,.^>^^. , guavas bc)nanasi,*l'*'"«by any fiuropeans, vild fowls and par lots. empted I 11 Q.^q 49^^ W S S T INDIA ISLANDS. I ; ' Weft India Illands. Thefe belong to Great Britain, Spain, France, Holland and Denmark. TO; Great Britain belong, Bermudas, the Bahama iflands, Ja- maica, Barbadoes,. Antigua, St. Chriltopher's, Grenada, and the Grenadines, Nevis, Montferrat, Barbuda, Dominica, St. Vincent, An- guiHa, — to which we may add their northern iflands, Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and St. John's. Jamaica, the largeft of the Weft India iflaiids, is tomputed to produce annually 70,000 tons of fugar, upwards of 4/300,000 gallons of rum, befidco coftee, cocoa, indigo and pepper. To SrAiN belong, theifland of Cuba, one half of St. Donvingo, Porto Rico, Trinidad, Margaretta, Tortuga, Virgin Iflands, to which we may add the iflandof JuanFernandes, which lies 300 miles weft of Chili, in tli€ Pacific Ocean, famous for having given rife to the celebrated romance of Robinfon Crufoci The ftory is this : One Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch- man, was left alhore. in this folitary place, where he lived a number of years, till he was taken up by Capt. Rogers 1709 ; he had almoft forgot- teo his native language, feeming to fpeak his words by halves. During hi« refidence on the ifland, he had killed 500 goats by running theiii down, and he had marked as many more on the ear which ne had le^go. Upon his return to Englawd he was advifed to. pmbiilh an account of hi* life and advemuresi' in his'itttie kinjgdom. For this purpose he gave his papers into the hands of one Defoe, to prepare them for publication. But the writer, by thq help of thefe papers, transformed Alexander Selkirk ix^t(^ Robinfon Crufbe. ' • " ' * To the French belong, the largeft part of the ifland of St. Domingo, the iflands of Martinique, Guadaloupe, St. Lucia, Maria Galante, To- bAgo, St. Bartholomew, and Defeada, and the North American iflands St. Rent and Miquelon.^— Thefe, with their African and Afiatic pofTeffions, and their fettlements at Guiana and Cayenne, contain, according to Mr, T nk^'^ti^^o r"^'^ inhabitants. r o MbtLAND bel8Kg luv. xaa..^. .^ o. r.,A„*;a, Saba and Curracoa. ♦To Denmark belong the iflands of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. In thefe iflands the Moravians have qfeful eftabliftimcnts. E U R O P E. Between < J- Miles? 'Length 3000 •{Breadth -2500 JISWfh\ X-J fouth, by the Mediterranean Sea, which' divides "it from Africa; weft, by the Atlantic Ocean, which feparatcs it from America. Cotttoifting 2^627,574 ftjuaremileSi ' 'iqO Weft and Ss"" Eaft Longitude frOm London. ' _3<5' and 72° North Latitude. --^^^-^^^ UUNdeD north, by the Frozen Ocean ; eaf>,by AfTa; D S. n, JFrancc, ama iflands, Ja- jrenada, and the >t. Vincent, An- , Newfoundland, /eft India iHands, ;ar, upwards of ind pepper. Donungo, Porto o which we may well of Chili, in lebrated romance elkirk, a Scotch- ved a number of ad almoft forgot- halves. During ning therti down, id le^go. Upon ccount of hi* life le gave his papers :ation. But the [)der Selkirk into of St. Domingo, ria Galante, To- lerican iflands St. ^fiatic pofTeflions, according to Mr. a and Curracoa, Thomas, and St. liiihments. E. Longitude from • tude. 1 ; eaft, by Afia; h dfvides it from ; from America. DpV'JtOtlSt U' d % m^ Tyititjiovs, "Population, ^r.] The fqllowin^ table,* exhibits the lat.-ft and molt accurate account of the grand divifions (vf Europe—of th-'if ex- tent, and real and comparative population, of any extant. Grand di-vijiouso' Europe, Area oftht/f ftateshi/qnure miles. Riiflia, (in Europe) Sweden, Denmark, 1,104,976 209,392 Populatiofi. 20,000,000 I 182,4.00 Poland & Lithuania Germany, The kingdom of 1 Pruffia alone, J 160,800 3,000,000 2,200,000 'l\umi>erd/w habitants in each ' luari Mile, 20 H 192,000 I France; Holland t Great Britain and" Ireland. 22.144 163,200 8,500,000 26,000,000 12 53 ttitilic Re'Vt nue in fitr- liiig mont^ /5i,8oo,opc /, 300,000 I iCOOjOOO '35 1,500,000 24,800,000 itain andH 10,000 100,928 2,360,000 67 15a 236 11,000,000 Switzerland, Galllzia and Lo-' domiria. md Lo-'l »' J Italy, Portugal, 15.296 20,480 90,000 27*376 1,500,000 2,800,000 16,000,000 ro9 117 3.600,000 1 8,000,000 4,000,000 14,500,000 136 180 Hungary &Tran-l fylvania, J 9*. 2,000,000 112 >pa»n, Turkey, "TTT — r i uial 148,448 5,170,000 65 1,800,000 56 to, 00,000 68 5,ooo,ooo|: l^lll^ 7^ 000.000 ' 38 I 5,000, 000 712,114 } 144,130.000 140 I Mili itary From Zimmetmann's * Political Surviy and Pre/eat State ofEuwpe'fiui-, netmann J 1 § Exclujive of Ireltiili, li/B^d in 'J.ondon J Of Old Spain alone t m V K p I-" i. M'J'^^ry eind Marine Str^gth.] The land forces of the European Hate., in the year 1 783, were as follows : ^ France - • Auftria Rufiia; (4^0,000 in alJJ in Europe Pruffii Turkey, (210,000 in all) in Europe, only Spain (including militia) Denmark Great Britain (including militia) Sweden Sardinia 300,000 Holland 282,000 Naples and Sicily Eledorate of Saxony 290,000 Portugal 224,000 Eiedorate of Bavaria and the Palatinate 170,000 HefleCaffel ' - 60,00c Hanover 72,000 Poland Venice 58,000 V/urtemburg 50,000 The Eccfefiaftical ftate 40,000 Tufcany • - - 37.000 30,000 26,000 20,000 24,000 15,000 20,000 15,000 8,000 6,000 5,000 3,000 Including the parts of Europe omitted in this calculation, the armies of all the countries of Europe, amount to two millions of men ; fo thatT fop. pofingone hundred and forty millions of inhabitants in Europe, no more tftan y yg ot thc whole population are foldiers. England France Spain Holland Sweden X)enmark Turkey Number of Shi J>s of the Line, Frigates, Cutters, Sloop, ^c. 465 Ruffia 266 Sardinia 130 Venice 9S Sicily U Portugal 50 Total 63 30 H ^32^ i?.%fl«.] The renigions of Europe are the Chriftian, the Tewifh and the Mahometan. The two ii-ft are fpread all over Europe ; the firft and . V^J r ""^^y «ftabli(hcd ones, the Jewifti being merely tolerated. The chief divifions of the Chriftian, are the Greek, the Roman Catholic, and the Proteftant. The Greek religion is cftablilhed only in Rufiia, and to- Je.ated in lo me parts of the Auftriart-dominions, in Poland, and chiefly in J uikeyj fubdmfions of the Greek church, are the Armenian and Neflo- mnchuich. Of the Roman Catholic church, Janfenifm is afubdivifion. 1 he proteftant religion is fubdivided into the Lutheran and Calvinift^ or icformed religion : Of the former the Epifcopal church of England and Jielaiid IS a branch : Of the latter the Prefbyterian church of Scotland. I here. are. befides, many fcfts adapted to the different degrees of thcoic gical knowledge, or to the dittcrent warmth of imagination of thofe that adhere to them : The principal of thefefeas are Arminians, Mennoniftj. oociujaui.u^fliiarians, Moravian Brethern, fakers and JVIethodifts. The K'^\'?Vi ^"^ ^"^"^ of the countries, in which the Proteftant religion is cttabliftied, to thofe in which the Roman Catholic religion prevails, is nearly as 3 to 4 : The number of Roman CathoJics, according to thc bcft le European Ifatei, sny aria and flate 37.000 30,000 26,000 20,000 24,000 15,000 20,000 ijf,ooo 8,000 6,000 5,000 3,000 ion, the armies of fo that fop- nen Europe, no more *oofs, ^c. Total 63 32 30 H '32; n, the Jewifh and ope ; the firft and y tolerated. The lan Catholic, snd in Ruflla, and to. [id, and chiefly in lenian and Nefto- u is afubdivifion, n and Calviniftj, h of England and arch of Scotland. Icgrces of thcolo- tion of thofe that ans, Mennonifts, Methodifts. The cftant religion is ligion prevails, is iccQfding to the beft P O R T U G A L. ;4ll^ bcft calculations, is about 90,000.000; the number of Proteftants 6nlr 24,000,000, which 18 a proportion of nearly 4 to t ^ fn nnrr°h"f 'il''"'^ ""^t *=^"^'.^P""^rie.s of Europe.' proceeding from iouth to north, follows. My authorities are Zimmermann and Guthrie. P OR T U G A L. Miles. Length 300 Breadth 100 ' Between i ^V*' and 42° North Latitude. ^'' and io« Weft Longitude. Boundaries.] tl FUNDED north and caft, by Spain; fouthandwcft.br -L# the Atlantic Ocean. Containing 19 towns, C27 vil- •>ges, 3343 panlhes. ^ ^ * ^7 ^" Ri'ver..] Every brook in Portugal is called a river. Its rivers rife in Spain and run weft through Portugal, into the Atlantic. The moft noted IS the 1 agus. ' Capital] Lisbon, at the mouth of the Tagus, containlne about 150.000 inhabitants. Ini 7 55. it was laid level with the ground byatrc- mendous earthquake, which was fucceeded by a generaltonflagration, in which cataftrophe upwards of 10,000 people loft their lives. U,mate,Produaions andCommerce.] Portugal, fituated in a genial climate abounds m excellent natural produdions, and is well watered. It poflefleJ very rich provinces in, and upon the coaft of, Afia, Africa and Ameri-a. It is, however, not proportionably powerful ; its inhabitants areindigcnt. and the balance of trade is againft it. It is even obliged to import the neceflaries of fjfe, chiefly corn, from other countries. Portugal produce, wme, wool, oil, fi k, honey, anifeed, fumac, a variety of fine fruits, fome corn flax and cork. In 1785, the goods imported from Gre- Britain and Ireland into Portugal, confifting of woolens, corn, fifh, wood and hard ware, amounted to^upwards of 960,000 fterling. The Englifti took inreturn,oftheproduceofPortu^alandBrafil.totheamountof/72g.ooo fterling. Only 1 5 millions of Jivres are fuppofed to circulate ma coun- try which draws annually upwards of^t,5oo.ooo fterling. or ^6 millions of h vres. from the mifics of Peru. Since the difcoverv of thefe mines that 18, within 60 yeaKs, Portugal ha: brought from Brafil about 2400 miJlions of livres. or £ 1 00,000.000 fterling. \ , Government and religion.] Since theroa«a7of the three eftates, via, the clergy, the nobility, and the cities, the members of which are nominated Dv the kino'. wa h^ , tribes ot wandering people, till it became fuhjed to the Carthaginians anif"!;: Phoenicians,who weredifpoflblfedby the Romans 250 years before Chriftjr In the fifth century it fell under the yoke of the Suevi and Vandals, wh J ^^" were driven out by the Goths of Spain, in the year 589 ; but when thlP"* Moors of Atnca made themfelves matters of the greateft part of Spain! ^"^^* in the beginning of the eighth century, they penetrated into Lufitanialr"* ^ there they eftablin^ed governors, who made themfelves kings. AfteJ ^^^^ many fruitlefs attempts made by the kings of Leon on this part of Spain Wr *'^' Alonzo V. king of Caftile and Leon, carried here his viftorious armsl^^r ^^ and toinfure his conqueft, hegave it, in the year ro88, with the title ol'^°r'"^" count, or earl, to Henry, grandfonof Robert king of France, who had! ^ mafned Therefa, Alonzo's natural daughter. Henry was fucceeded inlf^'^'^^' his earldom by hisfon Alonzo, who, encouraged by his conquefts over thel v^"* Moon, in the year i r 39 affumed the title of king of Portugal. His fuccef J f/'^* fors continued till 1 580, when, upon the death of Henry, furnamed th Cardinal, it was feized upon by Philip IL king of Spain, after a war of two or three years ; but in 1 640, the people rebelled, fhook off the Spanilhyokc, and elefted for their king the duke of Braganza,who took the name 0' John IV. in whofe family it has ever fince remained independent of Spain. Her prefent Majefty's'name is Mary Frances Ifabella, who acceded to the! throne in the year 1777. ♦♦■***4»4»*J'<'^4'^*J'^'?»^«|»4'^'|'4'4'*^4»4'4'4-f«t'^4'4">4'4»^^f4.| A N. Miles. Length 700 Breadth 500 Between 36" and 4.j.° North Latitude. 3 ^ and 10^ Ealt Longitude. Boundaries. vV/.l T^^^NI^ED weft, by Portugal and the Atlantic ; nortlij y ±J by the Bay of Bifcay and the Pyrenean mountainsJ which divide it from France ; eaft and fouth, by the Mediterranean fea,| and the Straits of Gibraltar. I Spain is divided into 14 diftrifls, in which are 139 towns, and] — I J .-- — -^_.. _ ^..,., Rivers.] The Deuro, the Tagus, the Guadiana, the GuadalguiverJ <»ll'which fall into the Atlantic ocean, and the Ebro, the ancient IberusJ which falls into the Mediterranean. [ .^Capital] Maor'id, fituated on a branch of the river Tagus, con-l taining 140,000, inhabitants, Cadiz, lituated on the Atlantic, a littlcj to till afte Relig IS the re the raof nomina ties of I Spain in the civi 20O,OO( vents. ITiere a rica fix bifhop 2 two inl pope. Hip^ Gaul ; em part civilizei After tl dcpartu till the on Coni invaded time wt thcSpai to the p death oj « N; 49i >pain. ThePflrt«ll''*''*"''"''?'^"^.''^*^'^^*'^*^'°^^^^"^*"> » t^^^ great emporium of -d to the ch h ! ^^^"''' ^"^ ^o"*^*"« So.ooo inhabitants. , I I? bifliops" 'fh ^'"'l'^'''"^'';?^''''-] The advantages of Spain, as to climate, foil. The vents IS 74J i I to II. I, and inhabited by fSc; ; but when th teft part of Spain^ ted into Lufnania: lives kings. Afte vh,ch. and fome fa "' ""^ Fodudtions, rivers, navigation and foreign poflelfions. which uic lay are immenfely rich, ought to raife this monarchy high above all other powers of Europe. Yet the reverfe is the cafe : bpaiu is but thinly pea- pled— has but little commerce—few manufadures— and what commerce leCarthaginiansani! '!;-"^^"'°?^""''^'>'r.*^' hands of ftrangers. notwithltanding the . years beShrWW '" '^'"" ^^y ^y, '^^ government. ^ •i and Vandals, wh J ^"^T ^l^*^"'" 'a' i-"' ''""^"' ^'T^"'' ''"^""^^^' ^'^'' g^«l*»> P""'^- "'^•^"o^granatc*, dates, piitach.os, capers. chefnuts,-tobacco, fodl; falFion honey, fait, faltpetrc, wmes, of a rich and delicious flavour; cotton, rice* corn, oil,, wool, filk, hemp, flax, &c. which, with proper indultry, might be exported to an amazmg amount. And yet all the exports of Spam n this par?of Sp«in.ir ^'""^'^ a^ T-^"'^ "c° °'^7 *^°""*''>' '^" ^"PP^>'' "^ eltimated at onl^ lis viftorious kxm^^^P^^^^ ^^*"''!"S^- fP""? '^°" "°^ P'"^^"'^^ ^"'"'^ eno"§f^ *^"r "s owa S8, with the title J<^°';?"^P^'«"» and is under the neceffity of importing large quantities. f France who had! ^"""Z^r"^'^ . ^^'" ^* ^" abfolute monarchy. Ihe provinces of Na- is conquefts over t J [^"- ^^' ^'^^ edifts^mutt be regiflered in the court of Carlifle. before >rtugal. Hisfuccefl^^''^"/''*i.'^'^^°;'^'^(''^'- P^ crown is hereditary both in the male ^nrv furnamed thl'1? *r^^K ^"'^* ,% » ^aw made m 1715, female hdrs canpot fucceed ; Iff'.r o , 1 1"^' ^^^" *h« ^h«'e '«a^e line is extinft ), alter a war or tvvoB o /• • t ►t'l n i^ i f 1. • >fftheSpanilh yokel- T'^T^ T^J]5 ^«"»an Catholic re hgicon, to theexclufion of all others. dependent o^S^ai 1 ''^^ ?°ft.b'g°"e^. %erftitious and tyrannical charafter. All other de- who acceded trtil"'"''"/''T°^-^^"lif"'' *" ^'" ""' J"^«' """^ ^'^t^^^^ ^^^ «" the fevere- • acceded to tnel , 3 ^f perfecution. The power of the court of Inquifition. eftablifhed in Spain in 1 578, has been dimmifhed, in fome refpefts, by the interference of ' the civil power. It is fuppofed that the clergy of this kingdom amount to ^4.4,.|,4,4.^^4.4.| 200,000, half of ^^o"^ arc monks and nuns, dillributed i.i 3000 con- vents. The revenue of the archbifliop of I'oledo is 300,000 ducats. iTiere are m the kingdom of Spain 8 archbifhops.- 46 bilhops ; in Ame- rica fix archbilhops and 28 bifl^ops ; in the PhiUippine ifles, one arch- bilhop and 3 bifliops. All thefe dignities are in the gift of the king. Fifty two inferior ccclefiaftical dignities and offices are in the gift of the pope. ^ ^ Hijiory.] The firft inhabitants of Spain were the Celt*, a people of ' Oaul ; after them the Phoenicians poll^-ired themfelves of the moft fouth- ern parts of the country, and nay well be fuppofed to have been the firll civilizers of this kingdom, and the founders of the moft ancient cities. After thefe followed the Grecians; then the Carthaginians, on whofe departure, fixtccn years before Chrift, it became fub-'e^ to the Romans till the vear4oo, when the Goths, Vandals, Suevi, Alans and Sillingi! on Lonttantme's withdrawing his forces from that kingdom to the eaft, invaded it, and divldeil it amontHl themf^Jve- : hut »hc G"-f'-= -•'- - v^a^h^ time were fole matters of it under their king Alar) c'K"LwhVfo**unded' the bpanifli monarchy. After a regular fucceflion of monarchs, we come ■ !,° ^",^ Prf f nt king Charles 111. who afcended the throne upon the' ■iver Tagus, con-l "*^^"» of hi.-^ half brotiier Ferdinand VI. in tlje year 1759. : Atlantic, a littlc| . . FRANC £• to titude, ude. e Atlantic ; nortli.j enean mountains, Mediterranean fea, 139 towns, andj he Guadalguiver, le ancient Iberusi m '^iSm\ •^"^""I'mmmmmmmi^ 49^ F A i? £4 RANG E. II Miles. Length 600 „ 45''-''nJ5'' North Latitude. J" and 8" Kaft Longitude. Boufidarus.] R^P^^P "o""*'"' ^Y the Englifti channel and the Ne- fnnth u .y\^ [norlands ; eaft, by Germany. Switzerland and Italy • ^)uth. by the Mediterranean and Spain; weft; by the Bay of Blfcav clim!te''''lf,'fJr''''T'''''''-^'-^ ^"""^^ "^>*"^*''^ '"« very mild chmatt. Its fo. m molt parts is very fertile ; it is bo.nded by hiah o^fhe^lT"^""' '^''^"^^ i'""^*^^' "^"hich crofsthegreat'erZt Rhone^hte *^'Se rivers.^fuch as^the ivnone, the Loire the Garonne, the Seine, Sec. to the amount of^oa att;:::^' V- l"' 'V-^^'S--^ »° two ocean,. Thcfl Sni ed advantaged rcnck:r this kingdom one of the richeft countries of Eurooe boh v^ill,refpea to natural produftions and commerce. Wne J he ^ ei^ l«?i r 1 J''"^ °"' '" ''"'=>'"'"^' ' ^"^ the net profit from each wine to thr.l'' f'"? ^ '° ?,r ""'^' ?"""g- France annually export, I c?ll '5 ^^°""^ o* 24 miliions of livres. The fruits and oiher pro- lT2r ^.••«"^«' '^^ "o^ "'"^h differ from thofe of S. ^n. but i?e ofher orlr'^?^'r .^^'"^*^^^» veryimportantfiine i«S both on ner own, and on the American coaft. Sr^nrfr^^^'r^^"^"'"^,^*'^' 20.0O0 for filk ftockings, and the different filk manufa,aares employed 2,000.000 of people. Hc^UaSr'Th?r"TK^""u'' "'^y ^ ranked next to England and 110 land. 1 he t rench have the greatcft fhare of the Levant trade-thev SLur/ " u'^''^"''?'') privileges in Turkay-but their Wert r i/f?°"''l''^'\^'"' admirably cultivated and governed, are the of fI;.? '"' 't^''' ^'"'"^■^" ^^^'^''^ balanceof commerce in f7vo dfrniniSr'' "* '* 70.000,000 livres, and has not fince been in Eronr'^Th A''"'"-'' '' f '/'"f ""'" ^^ '^*= "'^'^ ^^^^^"t'^ monarchies ILH! A •" v^ " exdufively poflefled of the fuprerae power of the Hate, and according to the doftrinc of the French law. he ,W be utrTt^ "t^^^^ ^-- -^°- -^<^»e he derive?'^ provS; ft.r.. k'I"'''^ '" ^","«= '^"^'<^ parliaments or aflemblicsof whh ?;^! f ' T*"''^, '^^ r^'P'^'^y ^"P'''^'"^ <^o"'t» of jfiftice and appeal. tTr kfrfh7 P^htical nghts-one is to rcmonftrate aiwnft thced^of ttie King that apoear uninfK ^ tholk^tnJ .;'hf '^^'^'^ '^"8?°"^^t^" '^•"»^«'" » the Roman Ca. peafcV ^readv to t >'^?'^;6»^/? ^^ch the edid of Nantes was re- pealed, greatly to the prejudice of titc kingdom, no otlier chrittian fe^tijs legally E. ititude* ;itude. anncl and the Ne- zerland and Italy j lie Bay of Bifcay. pari (lies, 100,000 ted in a very mild bounded by high >fs the greater part rivers, fuch as the he amount of ?oo ns. Thefe united intries of Europe, rce. Wine hr the hundred thoofand t profit from each ce annually exports uitsand other pro- of Sp-!n, but are tant fiinericB, both 000 loij:r*ple. to England and cvant trade — they — but their Wed governed, are the mnierce in favour IS not fince been folute monarchies fuprerae power of law, he IS ttf be nc he derives his tsor aflemblicsof aftice and appeal, ;»inft theediasof is the Roman Ca« f Nantes was re- ef chiiftian Ceti jjs legally Y. 497 Jl^nS^h^^S^^:;^?^ the.penal law. fct'rrcly fdt by the httt-r ".llh / ^ F'^'furc that continues to be where they enjov the free ry..r, :/L 7 ° l • ./** '* *^'^ "^''Z province ^aidtocoLit^'.oooioo^fS:!,'*/^"' ''^'^'''' ''''» P^^vince i. I. sX^tZZ^il^l:^:;:' V"'^''^'' .6A.oooclergymen, learu/^..] The Scih. '^A ^'"^""' ^'"'"^*--^ '« mon. flic life, aom. and^tli natiorcrboaror^" '" ' '*^^^ «"'^' ^''^B^' '» ^^is king. i..aImo/t every brTnch of fclmifi J"^ Produced greJt mafter piecf. There are 20 univrfitie, °n Franci tk'"''"^?'^ «"'^ 'H^^' literiturfl the French language, and of inS.'nn i''^' « ^^f^'^'^'c. of fclences.of celebrate.!, ^ S^*^''*^ot infcriptjons and antiquities at Paris, are jultlf Goths, \^andal8. Ala„, and S " vi /^^^'r '' >'^^^' ''^^^^^ thrift. Tht cd it amongft them fro n A H ! * "^ ^^fcrwards the Burgundi, divid- Maine, completed t^fou^Iln of ff'"'^ r"^f" '^^ '^^''^^ «"^ *he It was c(,riquered. except ^'^ ^'f t".^ '^'"8^"'" ""^" Clovls: '54. and rj JO. InT/zoan'nr;^ .^""'^V"' "^ ^'^"gl«"^. between whowasap'pjLed"egSe durnl he^H^^^ \^-^^y V- heir trt »»,« ■T' 4^^,' """5 '"c "»e of Charles VT. !irtn«u,i-/i/«^ r^aenV ^ • L \""H"elt vvas made by Henry V. w>/».„ loft alf!(. „„«■!?■ StP'"" '" him according y, H.„ry ^I. bct>,«„ ,43lrd'^,4^o""' '" *""" ■'"""g "■» «igSi^ k«dcd^o,u^i,r"",i„''irdtToTV"''^^^ f'^ ■«' ■^'^« Milcfl. Length 600 Breadth 400 I T A L y. Between 3^ and 47^ North Lat!tud<*. 7 andiy*-' Eaft Longitude. ^^^^'^-orl^^^^^^^ ? »>"«^ «na fpur ; .„d is bound- eaft by Che gjf o/ VeScc or AJ^i r '' •''"'" ?""^'«"^ Switzerland 5 Mediterranean fea. ' "^"^"^'"^ ^*^« i ^""^h and weft, by thi |din!a,%T^clfv?dVd''L foSowf^^ comprehending Corfica and Sar. fPiedmont, To the kingdom Jf^y* irine. of Sardinfa^Ui'.J ^^"t^erfat, longj ^1 Aleflandri fTufcany, rp ,. . ^ IMaffa, To their rcfpeaiycj Parma, Princes. "S Modena, LSardlda ifland, Piombino, II i H li J ^Monaco. 49? To the kingdom of Naples, To the Emperor, Popes domlniona. y. Naples, ^ ^ r Lucca, ^Scicily ifland. Republics, < St. MaHflO, Milan, [Genoa. Mantua, To France, Corfica Ifland, Mirandola, f Venice, To the republic J Iftria, ^ of Venice. Dalmatia, UflesofDalmatla Iflands in the Venetian dominions. Air,foil and proJuShftt.l Italy is the rnoft celebrated country in Europe, having been formerly the feat of the Roman empire, and is at prefent of the Pope. The country is fo fine and fruitful, that it is commonly call- ed the garden of Europe. The air is temperate and wholefome, except* ing the territory of the church, where it is very indifferent. The foil is fertile and produces wheat, rice, wine, oil, oranges and all forts of fruits, flowers, honey, filk ; and in the kingdom of Naples are cotton and fugar. THt foretts are full of all kinds of game. On the mountains are fine pafturt's, which feed great numbers of cattle, Inhnbitanfs and charaiier.'] Italy contains between 1 2 and 13 millions of inhabitants. The Italians excel in complaifant, obliging behaviour toeachjOther, and affability to foreigners ; obfervingj a medium between the levity of the French, and \he ftarch'd gravity ot the Spaniards, and are by far the fobereft people that are to be found in the chriftian world, though they abound in the choiceft of wines. Nothing of luxury is to be feon at the tables of the great. 7 • are generally men of wit.and have a genius for the arts and fciences , .lor do they want application. Mufic, poetry, painting, fculpture and architefture are their favourite ftudies, and there are no people on the face of the earth who have brought them to greater perfeftion. But they are amorous and addifted to criminal indulgences, revengeful, and mafters of the art of diffimulation. The women fay they only defire good features, they can make their complex- ion what they , pleafe. Religion.'] The Italians are zealous profeflbrs of the dcilrine of the church of Rome. The Jews are here tolerated in the public exercife of | their religion. The natives, either in reverence to the Pope, or by be- ing induftrioufly kept in ignorance of the proteftant dodlrines, entertain inonftrous notions of all the diffenters from the church of Rome, The inquifition here is little more than a found. In Naples there are to arch- bilhops, 107 bilhops ^ in Sicily 3 archbifliops, and 8 biftiops. In the year 1782 there wBre in Naples alone, ^5,52 5 priefls, 24,694 monks, 20,793 nuns. -In 1783, g'vvcrnment refolved to diffolve 466 convents of nuns. Chief city. \ Rome, once the capital of the world, is now the chief city fn Italy. It contained, in the year 1 7 1 4, 143,000 inhabitants, and ii ittu a ted upon the river Tyber. It was founded by Romulus 750 years before Chrift, and was formerly three times as large as at prefent j and j is now one of the largeft and handfomeft cities in Europe, MomtaiMs.] Mount Vefuvius, in the kingdom of Naples, and iEtna, in Sicily, are remarkable for their fiery eru^Jtions, which frequently bury | whole cities in ruins, ■ ' ^ €overftmeftt.] {Lucca, St. MariflO, Genoa. Corfica lAand, " Venice, Iftria, Dalmatia, JflesofDalmatIa iCtian dominions. ountry in Europe, nd is at prefent of is commonly call- holefome, except- rent. The foil is all forts of fruits, : cotton and fugar. lountains are fine '. and 13 millions bilging behaviour I medium between he Spaniards, and ^e chriftian world, g of luxury is to en of wit.andhave pplication. Mufic, favourite ftudies, lave brought them lifted to criminal (Timulation. I'he ike their complex- c dcilrine of the public exercife of e Pope, or by be- odlrines, entertain I of Rome. The :here are 20 arch- (hops. In the year ^4 monks, 20,793 )nvents of nuns, now the chief citjr ihabitants, and ii )mulus 750 years ! at prelent ; and Japles, and JEtm, ch frequently bury Government.^ S W I T Z E R L AND. 499 €^er»me»f.] The government of Venice is ariftocratlcal. under a thief mag.ltratccalicd a Doge, who i» faid to be a king as to robes, a man7/ut'of It'"''"''" *"' "^ ^"'"''"*'' "^"^'^ '^"^ '■"^' ^"^ * ^'''"'^'' r^nSr "^ """"^ f '^"'"' fovcreignties in Italy. It is divided into little repub ics. pnncipaluics, and dukedoms, which, in fpiritual matters, ar. lubjcif^ to the Pope, who, like the ghoft of the deceafcd Ko,L er^' pire, fits crowned upon its grave. IJ^oryj Theaeraof the foundation of Rome begins Aoril 20 ir* years Ijc.ore ,hcbir*of Chrift. Aulhor, generally fffignlK" honour' ^ fori"^ ! '","«• '"^° ""' '"""■8ht«» r«r» old. He was a J°, couraeeous and pohtic prince. * St.l'eter is placed at the head of the popes or bifhops of Rome, in the l'ebrC;f;. ;77T'"'" ""' ^^' P"^^"* popc is%ius VI. deaci SWITZERLAND. Miles, Length 260 Breadth 100 \ Between i ^l "and !!• Eaft Longitude, and 48" Noxth Latitude. BouudarietA "R O^NDED north, by Germany ; eaft, by Tiro). Trent France. *" Conftancc ; fouth, by laly ; wcfl, by Swutl'lL^^p ' *"" *^ 'i'^^f ^^'' " *^« "'^^ Gonfiderable city in Switzerland. Basil, on the banks of the Rhine, contains 220 ftreets and by fomeis reckoned the capital of all Switzerland. * riff inThe aTps! ^""""^'^ "''""*' '^ ^^^"' **^ ^^"^'^ ^'^ «^ ^^^^^ tJJnf{f''"i^C'^"^r';^ ^^'^ country is full of mountains; on the tops of fomcof them the fnow remains the year round ; the air of confe tTefo'i/ti'nH "• f::\'^' ^"^^. ^^^"^- ^'^ '^' fummer'the in quality o"f flif.u ^"' *^- ^^'"e P^^vince very unequal in its feafons.^ On one th;r/.K ' ™T*'-"'' ''l'^ the Alps, the inhabitants are oft n ^apinr while they are fowing on the other. The vallies however, are warm S* fal andAvell cultivated. The water of Switzerland is excellenTTefS ing from the mountains m beautiful catarads. which have a moft S ing and de .ghtful efieft. Its produftions a e. (heep cattle wine^iTx wheat, barley, apples, peaches, cherries, chefnutsand pTumsl ' ' Europe. ™"--j ^yi luc numuer 01 mhauuants, ice table of llde^tv anl^'hdr Jl,V''' Y'^^' indultrious people, remarkable for their Meiity and the r zealous attachment to the liberties of their count*rv A general iimphcny of manners, an open, unafFefted fraS to^kf. tthk % lA •> 500 SWITZERLAND. I with in mvinciblefp.nt of freedom, arc the moft Oininguiniinff chara^r- iitic8ot tne inh.il)uants of S^vicAcrlaml. Un the fiiil entrance into thi| country, traveller* cannot but obfcrvc the air of content -nil fatibfai.iun. v-nicn appears in the countenances of the inhabitant*. A taftc for litera- tureis prevalent aniongthcm, troni the hiijhcU to the lowelt rank. 'Ihefc arc the hapny confaiucncesof a iniiii republican government. ^ hf/ij^m.] The eltablilhcilfcli^ionii arc calvinilm and popery ; though, jn lonie dotlnnal points, ti.cy tliHl-r much ironi Calvin. Their li niU nients on reljjj;ums toleration arc much Jcfs liberal, than upon civil uo- verniiient. ' • C<^i'n/tmtK/.] SwifMrland ccmprehemlji thirteen cantons, that is, fo many dUjerent republics, all united in one confederacy, tor their mutual prclcrvatioii. Tbt g.u'ernmt nt i.s partly ariilocratical, and partly demo, cratical. livery c:mton is abfolutc in its nwu jurifdiaion. But whether tlie governmrnt be aiinucratical. democratical or mi^teil, n gaieral fpjrit ot liberty pervadci, and actuates the feveral conaitutions. 'Ilic real inter- eltsot the people appear to be attended to. and they enjoy a degree of ^KT'"' ""^^ ^" ^ expcei-a in defpotic governments. H'Jio>j)] I he old inhabitants of this country were called Helvctii j they wcic defeated by Julius C:i>r4r, 57 years bcfufe Chrift, and the terri- tory reruaingdful.jeol to the Riimans, till it was conquered by the Ale- mans, German emigrants, A. D. :?05: ; who were expelled by Clovig, King of Prance, in 496. Jt underwent another revolution in 888, l)cing made part of the kingdom of Burgundy. h\ lop, it was given, by the Jait Kingof Burgundy, to Conrad II. emperor of Germany ; from which tunc It was held as part of the empire, till the year 1 307, when a very Tin. gular revolt delivered the JSwifs cantons from the German yoke. Giiller, ^ijy""'^"^*^^*^^ provinces for the emperor Albeit, having ordered one VViUiara TeJl, an illuftriousSwifs patriot, uni';-r pain of death, to (hoot at an apple, placed on the head of one of his children, he had the dex- terity, though the diflance was very confiderabJe. to ^^"ike it off without hitting the child. The tyrant perceiving that he han another arrow un- der his cloak, afked him for what purpofe ? to which he boldly replied, • 1 have (hot you to the heart, if I'd had the misfortune to kill my fon.' The enraged governor ordered him to be hanged, but hia fellow citizcni. animated by his fortitude, and patriotifm. ffevtr to arms, attacked and vanquiniedGriflcr, who was Oiotdcad by Tell, and the indencndency of the feveral ttotcs of this country, now called the 'I'lurteen Cantons, un- der a repql)lican form of government, took place immediately ; which was made perpetual by a league among themfelves, in the year 1315; *"9V**»'; t U R K E y. D. luiHiing chira^r- entruiut* tiiio thii It «ik1 iutihtiit.ion, A tiiftc fur litrru* >weU rank. 'Ijiefc mciu. popery j though, k'in. I heir liniu Mil upun civil gu- Dtous, titnt is. fo . tor their mutual mu\ partly ileino. on. But whether !(), a uenrral fpirit i. 'I no real inter- enjoy a degree of called llelvctii ; irift, and the terri- lered by the Alc- pelled ijy Clovig, :ion in 888, l)eing was given, by the lany ; from which I, when a very fui- an yoke. Giiller, aving ordered oue )f death, to (hoot l\c had the dex- "ike it off without another arrow un- he boldly replied, ne to kill my fon.' Ilia fellow citi;£eni!, ms, attacked ami le indencndcncy of teen Cantons, un- mediately ; which » the year 1315; t)(>e 1649. Seven ltd. T IJ E Y. I»i T Miiea. length 1000 jit cad ch (jgo U R K E Y, in Europe. Between =" {;^" ^ and 40" KaO I.Mngitgdc. and 4y'- Noiih iaiUudc. U R K E y. Iiou»JI^n north, by Ruffia, Poland and ScUvonia ; J J. J call, byi:iroallia, the bhuk St-a, the hopontii, Helle- fpont and Archipelago; fouth by the Mediterranean Scaj welt, by the fume fea, and the Venetian and Aulhian territories. Hoi/, air auJ pmiufihut,] Nature has been laviih of her bleflingu upon the mhabitants of 'I'urkey in thefe particulars. '1 he foil, though unhn- prr . cd, through the indolence of the Turk-i, n buurianr beyond delciip- " J'; The air in falubrious and friendly to the imagination, unlcli cor- ruutcd by the neighbouring countries, or through theuncleaniinefs of iit inhabitants. The feafons here are regular and pleurant, and have iHrei'i celebrated from the remctcll times of auiiquitv. The Turks arc invited to frequent bathings, bv the purity and wholromenefs of the water, in c- very part of their doj^uuions. Haw filk, cotton, oil, leather, tobatcp, cake-foip, honey, wax, nianni, and various fruits and drugs urc here pro- duced in plenty. Ckif/Citkt,] CoNsTANTiNoJ'i.F., the capital of this empire, ftaiida on the welt fide of the Hofphorus, in the province of Romimia. was re- built by the emperor Conllauiine in the fourth century, who trnnsferrcd hither the feat of the Roman government; upon his death it obtained the name of Conftantinoplc, It is of a triangular ihape, wnfhed by tlie fea on two fidci, and fifing gradually from ihe Oiore, in the form of an amphitheatre. The view <*' it from the harbour is confcHi^dly ilie finelt in the world, exhil)itjng a multitude of magnificent mofcjues, or temples, with ilieir domes and mi- narets, and theferaglio intermixed wi«h gardens and groves of evergreens. The expc^ations excited by this i)rofpc(j't, however, are difappointed orl entering the city, where we find the Itreers narrow, thehoufes of thccom- nion people low and built of boards, and the palaces of the great men concealed by high walls before them. The city is furroundcd by a whU about twelve miles in circumference, and thefuburbsi are very cxtcnfivib. It contains 1,000,000 fouls, of which 200,000 arc Greelcn. 40,000 Ar- menians, and 60.000 Jews. Mountains,] In Thcflaly, befides mount Olvmpus, which the ancirnti cfleemedone of the hlghelt mountains in the w(-rld, are thofe of Priion and Ofla, mentioned fo often by the poets ; between tliefe :j.ountfflin8,fic the celebrated plains of '^I'empe, reprefentcd by the ancients as equal to the Elyfian KiehJH. Rrllghtt,'] 'ihe cuahiiuiui religion in this empire is the Mahomcfaa, of the fcdt the Sunnitcs. All other religions are tolerated on paying a certain capitation. Among the Chrlllians refiding in Turkey, thofe of the orthodox Greeks are the moll: numerous, and they enjoy, among otly-T privUcges, that of being advanced to dignities and polls of truft and pit»- fit. •'• fi i j:o» HUNG A R Y. fit. TheTurkifh clergy are numerous, being compofed of all theleim- ed in the eaij»ire, atxl arc the only teachers of the law, and mult be con- fulted in ail important call's. C\/vt;r»mrfK.] The Turkifh emperor, who is ufiially called the Grand Sfignior, ha« an unlimited power over the lives and fortunes of his fub^ jeCts. ■ Bui this he exercifcs chiefly tow;«rds his miniftcrs and officers of Uate. I heir laws in gcneial are equitable, if duly executed, but iullico is frequently bought and fold. Cl?am(t?er.] A i urk.or Perfian, contemplates his emperor with fear and reverence, as a fu|jerior being to whofe picafure it is his duty to fub- niit, as much us utito the laws of nature and the will i.f Providence. Iti/iofj.] 71ie 0//oma/t empire, or fovereignty of the Turlcifh empire, was founded at ConUai.iinople by C.thman I. upon the total dettrudtion of thecmpue nf thoeaitern Greeks in the year 1300, who was fucceeded by a race of the moft warlike princes that are recorded in hiltory. '1 he Turkilh throne is heieditar;- in the family of Ofman. The pref.-nt Otto- man, or Turkini emperor, IS Abdelhamet or Ackmct III. who had hten in continement forty-four years. He fucceeded hi* brother Mutta- ipha III. January 21, 1774. / HUNGARY, belonging to the houfe of Auftria. Miles. Length Breadth 300 200 Between 17" and 23* Eaft Longitude. 45'' and 49« North Latitude. Sq. M. 36,060. J?, ^ouHJarifs.] JV^^r^^^'^ north, by Poland;eaft,byTranfvlvania^ina J X^ V\alachia; {our.h, by Sclavcnia ; weft, by Auftria and Moravia. Divided into U/,/,er flufr^ary, north of the Danube ; and Loto- er Hutigafy, fouth of the Danube. Pcpu/atton.] See table of Europe. Air, foil a»d produce,] lit air in the fouthem parts of Hungary is very unhealthy, owin^'> to ftagnated waters in lakes and marfties. The air in the northern parts is more fcren&and healthy. 'J he foil in fome parts is very fertile. and-))roduces almoft every kind of fruits. 'I'hey have a iine breed of moufc coloured horfes, much eftecmed by military officers. Re/tgion.] '1 he eftabliflied religion in Hungarv is the Roman Catho- lie, though ihe greater part of the inhabitants are Proteltants or Greeks: and they now enjoy the full exercife of their religious liberties. Go-vfr»me»/.] By the conftitution of Hungary, the crown is ftill held to be eleftlVt*. Thic ndinfic nnt r]it'ry„t^A A 11 .1 . . . ^^ . A 1 1 . V. ~ .. : . : _ r: A - J _ - • .1 . xiij iisai IT, iiitiucu (.m IS, tnac the heir of the hoofe 'of Auftria fhall be eleded as often appens. as a vacancy The regalia of Hungary, confiding of the crown and fceptre of St. Stephen, the kti\ king, are depofited in Preftjurg. Thefe are carefully fecurcd 1. bd of all the learn- atui mult be con^ y called the Grand trtuncs of his fuh- kcrs and officers of ;ecutcd, but juiiico emperor with fear s his duty to fub- Provider.ce. e Turlcifh empire, e total dettrudtion cho was fucceedcd 1 in hiltory. 'Ihc The prcffnt Otto- It- T III. who had i» brother Muila- e of Auftria. Sq. M. B iide« udc. 36,060. 'Tranfvlvania^md eft, by Auftria and )anube; and£(7at/< rts of Hungary Is marfties. The air foil in fome parts its. 'I'hey have a military officers. ;he Roman Catho- sUants or Greeks; berties. crown is ftill held iritiucd On is, that >ften as a vacancy and fceptre of St. hefe are carefully fecured M N y. ^•3 flrcured by feven locks, the keys of which are kept by th« fame number of Hungarian noblemen. No prince is Ik •\ by the populace as legally their fovcrcign, till he be crowned with the diadem of king Stephen ; and :hcr have a notion that the fate of their nation depends upon this crown's re- maining in their ijoffcilion ; it has therefore been always removed in iiniM of danger, to places of the greatttll fafoty. Chief To'wut.] Prefburg, in Upper P^ungary, is the capital of tht whole kirigdom. it is well built on the Danube, and, like Vienna, has fuburbs mure magnificent than itfelf. In this city the ftatcs of Huniary hold their affenibiics, and in the cathedral church the fovereign ii ciOwn- ed. Hijiory,] This kingdom is the ancient Pannonia. Julius Caifar was the firft Roman that attacked Hungary, and Tibciius fubducd it. The Goths afterwards took it; and in the year 376, it became a prey to the Huns and Lombards. It was annexed to the empire of Germany under Char- lemange, but became an independent kingdom in 910. It was the feat of bloody wars between the Turks and Germans, from 154010 1730, when by the treaty of Belgrade, it was ceded to the latter, and is now annexed, to the German empire. Formerly it was an alTemblage of different flates, and Stephen was thcfirft who aflumed the title of king, in the year 007. He wasdiftinguiflied with the appellation of Saint, becaufe he firftin- troduced chrillianity into this country. The prcfent fovereign is, Maria, Theresa, who fuccecded her father Charles VI. February it, J736. She married Francis Stephen grand duke of Lorain, chofen emperor Sepl tember, 17+5; ; who died in, Auguft, 1765, by whom (he had the prefcofe emperor Jofeph II. GERMANY. Length Breadth Miles. 600 £20 } Between 45" 4' and 54" 40' North Latitude.^ 5* and 19" Jtalt Longitude. J?.W«r/«.] ROUj^^P^? "°'^''» by the German. Ocear,, Dcamark, ■^ JLJ and the Baltic; eaft, by Poland and. Hungary ; fouth by Switzerland and the Alps, which divide \t from Italy; weft, by the dominions of France and the Low Countries, from which it is fcparated b? the Rhine, Mofelle, an I the Meafe. ' Di-vifion$.} The German empire is divided into ten circlies, viz. (Pirelli. Population. Circlet, Populatipt^ Upper Saxony 3,700,000 Burgundy i.SSo.ooa i'Ower Saxony Weftphalia l^pper Rhine Lovrer Rhine 2 , 1 00,000 i* ranconisi 2,300,000 Swabia 1,000,000 Bavaria ijioojooo Aultcii^ 1 ,000,000 i,8oo,o()«r i,6oo,ap<|^ 4,i82.o(;)# ^efides ,|i 1 1 I: I -1 1 .^^., 104 E R M N Y. 2,266,000 1,137,000 400,00b 1,800,000 Befidcs thcfc ten circles there belong alfo to the Germin empire, " The kingdom of Bohemia, divided into r6 circle* °^'' '*''*"'* The Marquifate of Moravia, in 5 circles. The Marquifate of Lufatia, (belonging to thd eleftor of Saxony) Silefia, (belonging to the Roman empire) Traduaiom and Commerce.-] From the advantageous fituation and the great extent of Germany, from the various appearance of the foil, the number of Its mountams, forelh and large rivers, we (hould be led to ex- ged. what we attually find, a great variety and plenty &f ufefulproduc nons. Ihe northern and chiefly the northeaftern parts, furnilli many forti ot peltry, as fkins of foxes, bears, wolves, fquirrels, lynxes/ wild-cats, boars, &c.--The fouthern parts produce excellent wines and fruits; and the middle provinces great plenty of corn, cattle and minerals. Salt is found in Germany in greater abundance and purity than in molt othc^ countries. ^ ^ If the Germans are inferior to the Englifh in the manufactures of cloth, hardware and in the articles of luxury, it mult be accountedfor from the political fituation of their country : 11,e great number of princes, the va- riety oBthe torms of government, the dlfTerent interefts and mutual jea. loud.s of the petty ftates, operate as checks on the commerce and profperi- ty of the whole ; and the difficulty of obtaining their concurrence in mea- fiires of general utility, ,s frequently the caufe. why there are fo few ca, naJs and good roads, to facilitate travelling and inland tf ade i.o-vervmertL\ 'i he German empire, which till the year 843, was con. nefted wuh France, now forms a ftate by itfelf, or may be considered as , combinationof upwards of 300 fovereigniies, independent of each other, but .ompofing one political body under an derive head, called the Em! peror of Germany, or the Roman Emperor. All other fovereigns allow hnn the firf^ rankamong the European monarcfis. Eight princes of the em- ptre, called Kleit«rs. have the right of elefting the emperor. The elec tors are divided into ecclefiaftical and temporal. The Archbilliop of Mentz, "] The Archbilhop of Treves, I =7 The Archbilhop of Cologne. J 5 o o The King or Flexor of Bohemi;!, The Elector of the Palatine of Ba- varia, The Eledlor of Saxony, The Eleftor of Brandenburg, The Eleaoj; of Brunfwick, (Hano^ verj Temporal. Theemperor, upon his eleaion. engages to prote,^ the Roman Catho- lie religion and the Holy fee. He is lord Paramount of the Roman em. pire, of whom the princes are fuDDofed tn hold fh-:..-4.^.«j«:..--.-- c-_ He has power to allemble the DietVover which he prelides'inp^erfon or'b/ his commilTary, and of ratifying their refolutions by his confirmation-He wfupreme judge-has power to confer titles of nobility-to eftablifh poit Offices throaghout the emp,re-to giv? charter* to the uni verfities, and t« confer V. lin empire, Fop-ulithn, 2,266,000 1,137,000 400,006 1,800,000 5 fituatiob and the :e of the foil, the lould be led to cx- y &f ufefuiproduc- furnilli many forts ytixes/ wild-cats, s ancf fruits; and minerals. Salt is han in molt otlicif lufad^u res of cloth, intcd for from the Df princes, the va- \% and mutual jea* lerce and profperi- ncurrciice in mea- lere are fo few ca- fade. :ar 845, was con- be considered as \ jnt of each other, d, called the Em. r fovereigns allow princes of the em- peror. The elec- ^or of Bohemiit, e Palatine of Ba- xony, "andenburg, •unf\vick, (Hano- le Roman Catho- the Roman era* _ -•.. r_- 1UH3 Hi iCC- tortfer icddemical degrees. The Dfi^f „,i,- u • ..r and of the immediate ftates of th!. ' \ ^^'^P^^^d of the empe- giv. Idws, make war, a«dSudeiL.?'^''r ^^^^P««'er to levy tax«, empire is bourid. The I ates of t^^^^^^^^ «[. peace, by which the whole cd and governed, confi'S t thdrTn/ ^^'""^ '''■ "^^'''^'^r ^°"«««^ " Po^er i. thei. ref^.., dommion:; iitenir^r^S;; aS tS ?^^^;1:^^^ eh. Lutheran, and ^ bhlhed religions of German^: The/,^'^'"''^-.^.^'«rV^^V= beentheefta- the Lutheran in the north, and thX^'fa'^i^T'"' u'f°"'^ of Germarfy, Ca/,ita/.] ViennI on tL n. ?"?'''^""''^'^«'^hine. ' the whole German empire and FnZVl '^' ^T"^ ^^ ^uftria. and of /»/>ro^'emt»fs.] Thfe German V uH^'''^'' "^ '^^ Emperor, difcoverie. and L^S^^^^^ ^oaf ofa greater nu'mberof ufeful ' nation. They have the honow o?Ltl?»r'" Tr""'^'^' ^"^"P^^^ the year 1^50. *^' inventing the art of printing, about '^'''foZ^^^.S'^'::::::v^;LVsZ^'^ fn ^i-'h^' "-« -» peror, was born March m, 17L .mH . J°%h "• the Datch and Auftrians, huxemurgt Auftrian and French, Jiartmr, middle parts belonging to Aoftria,- Hainault, Auftrian and Frtnth, Cambrejfs, fubjed to France, Artois, fubjeft to France, _. , "I belonging to the Dutch, AuftriaiB and French Chief Tvi^nrt Li m burg. Luxemburg^ Namur. Mons. Cambrajr, 'Arras. fGhent, ^Oftend. Jnhahitentf and religion.'] The Netherlands are ialiabited by about 1,500,000 fouls. The ^oman Catholic is- the eii;abli(hed religion, but i*roteftants and Jews rfnt not molefted. MaHufa8urei.'\ Their principal maaa£a^ures are, fine iawt>Sj cambrics, bee and tapeftry, with which they carry on a very advantageous traftc, efpecially with En^and>from whence, it is computed, they receive a ba- lance of half a million annually in time of peace. Chief towns. ] B» uss e l» is the chief town of Brabant and the capital of Flanders. Here the bed camblets are made, aod oroft of the fine lace^y which are worn in every part of the world, , Ajitwerp,.once the emporium of the European eontinent, is nowred»c- ed to be ^ tapeftry and thread-lace fhop. One of the firft exploits of the Dutcii,foon after they (hook ofFthe Spanilh yoke, was to ruin at once the commerce of Antwerp, by fhiking veffets loaded with (tone in the mouth of the river Scheldt ^ thus Ikutting up the entrance of that river jo ftiips of burden. This was the more cruel, as the people of Antwerp ha3 been their friemls and fellow fufierers in the ca«fe of liberty. Hifiory.^ Flanders, originally the country of the ancient Belgai, wa* conquered by Julius Csefar lorty-^ven years before Chrift; pafled into the hands of France A. D. 412; and was governed by its«arls, fubjeft to that crown, from 86410 1369. By marriage it then came into the houfe ofAuftria; but Mjas yielded to Spain in 1556. Sliook off the Spanifli yoke I ^; 7 2, and in the year 17 ^jj. by the treaty of Vienna^ was ani.jxed t& the German empire. .iw HOLLAND, OR th^ UNITED PROVINCES. Mlles» Sq. Mil. Length 190I R^,„^„ /ci" 20' amd ^j' 30' N. L-.t. | Breadth 145 j ^^^"^ | 2'' and ^ E^^ Longitude. "j^ ''*' » j /^ T3 0UNDEDeaft, by Germany;, iouih, by tlic Aufiriiu Bmptdarfes.} J-^ ^^^ Yttnch Netherlands ; weft and north by the Ger- man Occam, Containing K13 towns» 1400 villages»^ ' Divided QES. • Chief Twsntt Li in burg. Luxemburg^ Nainur. Mons. Cambrajr> Arras. Ghent, Oftend. bited by about 1 religion, but awt>8j cambrics, ntagtous trafiicy ey receive a ba- ld the capital of f the fine lace^y It, i§ now redtK- exploits of the to ruin at once jth (tone in the ; of that river jo of Antwerp ha3 icnt Belgat, wafr ; pafled into the :arls, fubjeft to le into the houfe : off the Spanifli \2iy was ani .jxed WINCES. Sq. Mil. 009- ■- t\ % , {- by tilc rtUirriSii rth by the Ger- Dtvided HdttAN!!), OR T«ii tmiTED PROVINCES* Divided into fcven provinces. 507 Provinalf. Gelder, ' Holland, Utrecht, Zeeland, Chief Tvxjons, Nimweguen, Amfterdam, Utrecht, Middleburg, ^ ItthaK PrevittcH. Chief Ttrvns* 1 2,000. Fnefland, l^uwarden. 212,000. Overyffel, Deventer. 30,000. Groenigcn, Groeiugetu 24,000, Country of Drenthe, under the proteaion of the United Provinces, * ' Lands of the Generality, commonly called Dutch Brabant. IVealth a»d cemmerce.] The feven United Provinces afford a ftrikinjt proof, that urtwcancd and pcrfevering induftrv is capable ofconqucrine every difadvantage of climate and fiiuation. 'The air and water are badt fi^r^f "''*>' P'"'^"^" ^^*rce^y *ny thing but turf; and the poffeflion ot this foil,poor as It IS, is difputed by the ocean, which, rifine confiderably a»)ove the level of the land, can only be prevented by ftrong^andexpeofive dykes,from overflowing a fpot hich fecms to beftolen from its natural do- mains. Notwithftahding thefe difficulties, which might feera infurmount. able to a left induftrious people, the pcrfevering labours of the patient IJutchmen have rendered thisfmall, and fecmingly infignificant territory, one of the richett fpots in Europe, both with refpeftto population and pro- ^t^. In other countries, which are poffeffed of a variety of natural pro- apions, we are not furprized to find manufaftures employed in multi. f^mg the riches which the bounty of the foil beftows. But to fee, in p country like Holland, large woofer manufaftures, where there are fcarce- ly any^ocks ; nuraberlefs artifts employed in metals, where tH«;ie is no mine; thoufands of faw-mills, where thcrq isfcareely anyforcft; aniro- menfe quantity of corn exported from a country jvhcre there is not agricul- ture enough tofupport one half of its inhabitants, muft ftrike every obfer-, ver with admiration. Among th« tioft valuable produftions of this coun- try may be reckoned their excel. cattle. They export large quantities of madder, a vegetable much ufed in dying. Their fifheries yield a clear profit of many millions of florins. 1 he trade of Holland extends to al- .floft every part of the world, to the exclufion, in fome branches, ofali their European competitors. Capital.] Amsterdam, which is built on piles of wood, and is one o* the moft commercial cities in the world, It has more than one half the trade of Holland; and, in this celebrated pentre of an immcnfc com^ merce, a bank is cftablifhed of that fpecies, called a Giro Bank, of very great wealth and greater credit. Government.] Since the great confederation of Utrecht, made in th« year i579,the Seven United Provinces muft be looked upon as one politi- cal body, umted for the prefervatio.n of the whole, o'f which each finglc province IS governed by its own laws, and exercifes moft of the rights of a fovereign ftate.»ln cpnfequenceof the union, the beven Provinces gua- rantee each othT'o rii»>>«-i. rKo.F n-.«,U^ ... I _- .1 1 ^?_. . &c. in their joint capacity ; but as to internal governmenl, each province js independent of the other provinces, and of the fupreme power of the republic. The provinces rank in the order they are mentioned. They lend deputies, chofen out of the provincial ftate*, to the general affembly, «:alled frill m i ' 5?' POLAND AND I^ITHUANIA ^^vtnftif^T"^* "^^'t ^,«»"Vpftcd With the fupremc legiflativ. Cr^nl^flJ k f -'i/ '"°f • ^^*'^ P'«^^"^« "'»y ^«"d «« '"^ny "Members . At theCi nV:^ regulations, that aflembly is pompofed of 58 d^i^uti^ GLlmnr*!^ ^«f »^^'can governmfni is the Prince Stadtholder er ^fZTJtJ '''''" ^'^""^^^^^^ pfthc,?xecutiYP power iJ^!t^L!^Sr ''''^"^' ^^'^^°" " ^'^^"^^^ *" ™^ rhi^rrjl'f Calvinifts can hold any employment of trqft pr profit. The ^^1 ^^^^^n*^^ .''y Preftyteriea and*^fynods. Of thelatter there are t^r!.I/ '^"K'? Fo^^n'^es, and one national fy nod, fubjcft, however, tp hZeTnf i.t- ^'^''' ^?"^^*'- '^^^ French and wlllo^n Calvin ft? ?, T ni^f '^r''^ ?oof the Walloon church, 800 Roman Catholic there are 46 and in the Weft Jn^fies 9 minifters of the eftablifned church, fi'jy- J I hefc pr^^vinces were originally an affembJage of fcvcral lord- JX'ttS'" ."^- ' '^^^'''•^' ^^''^P^'" f^"'" whofe yoke they with- t Z t^'i'%'^-''"''^}^^ '^'g" of Philip II. in the year I C79. under tj» conduft of the Prmce of Oran|e, and formed the republic now palled ihj Seven United provinces, or Holland, that being the moft remarkableOr^ r vmce. The office of ftadtholder. or captain-gfneral of the United ^ *, ■ . . ■; ' . ■ ' rjwo;;^ POIhAND and j,ithu4I^m, Miles, licngth 700 J^readth 680 ■ •- r; f S'W Between | * J' ^'^^ 34" Eaft Longitude, I 46» and 57° North Lautnde. foiwdarks.] T\ Y^?-^ the extraordinary prtition of pn'.] Poland was anciently the country of the Vandali, who emi, grated from it to invade the Roman empire. It was ercfted into a duchy, of which Lechus was the firft duke, A. D. 694. In his time the ufe of gold and filver was unknown to his fubjefts, their commerce being carri, cd on only by exchange of goods. It became a kingdom in the yeaT 1 000 j Utho III. emperor ofGermany. conferring the title of king on Boleflaus A ut-rJ^,"^ ''^'^^^ *® *^" kingdom by Boleflaus II. who marri- ed the h«irefs of that country, A. D. 1059. Difmembered by the em* peror of Germany, the emprefsof Ruffia. and the king of Pruffia, who by a panmon treaty, feized the moft valuable territoriS, 1772. P I^ u A. I HE countries belonging to this monarchy, are fcattered, and with* A dut any natural conneaion. The kingdom of Pruffia is bounded north, bj^part of Samogitia J fouth. by Poland Proiier and Mafovia j I f^, hy p^« pf Lithuania -, weft, hy Polifti Pruflia and the Baltic r:i 6<> 0Ul«4 «''i!) ill; 5»« It U A. wiles in length, jind , ,z in breadth. -It, capital h Koi91ng.bpr« Population. Capital. Totvnt, The countries which are indepen- ^nt of the German Empire. The coumrics yvhich, are dependent. 6,000,000 6,400,000 BERLrN'. i45.'36 inhabitants. 570 '"^ct^tZZ:"^ The different provinces of the Pnrflian monar. cl.y arc b.y no tneans equal to one another, with refped to fertiJitv and *he articles of their produce. The kingdom S Pruflia £ The nioft northern part of the monarchy, is rich fn corn, imbc" manna^^^^^^^ flax and peltry of all forts, and exports thefe articles. Amber is ex^bot: noS t t^rorT "VT '' ^^^ °,^^"-- . ^-^^^ ^ants fait "aTha, nomecalibutiron. The profits of its fifncries are confiderable. Other ous ftone.. T hefum acoumg to the king from the- mines, amounts to 800.000 dollars and the pro/its of private proprietors, to coo oTdolars! Five thoufand hands are employed in the filk manufaftures. Pruffia a tac.utes ot iron, cloth lilk, Imen, leather, cotton, porcdaine, hard ware f 6c oo^S^n/"^ ?T "^"I ^""">^' manufaaures, employ' np;tr" of ifcrotr/d^irar^'"^^ °^^^^"^ induHryiseftimUat^pward, Qo^^t and religion.] The Pri'.ffian monarchy refembles a verr comoiicated machme, which, by its ingenious and admirable conftrufiio? produces the grcateft effcfts with the gfeateft eafe, but in v^hich tt y Id! 2^1 "^^^tZ^^^rTr^'y'""^^ "'"^^'P^*^« motion ifihe Tf accuracy La if^ fl^"""^ flounfhmg ^nances, of prudent oeconomy, ot accuracy and difpatch in every brancE of adminiftration, and of a foi midable military ftrength. have given fuch confequence ti the P.uflian of altu'roof «f GerL';" bu t, Th. Idn3' depend in a great meafure on the politics of its cab netj ^.y"5^-ef. the reign of the late king, Frederick the great, all profeflions Ro,^.n ^/^T ?• /? P"""" *° ^f^P'"^^^ ^hofe of a different perfuafion ?r niov h J moft n ^r4 T 7'y """J^^""^ '" '^'' ^'-«5- dominions lS7l ^> 7r P""*'*^ •'■''*^"*" ^" '''^ ^^^^•<"« °f 'heir religion. people. he barbar y and ravages they were continually making upon the thiricenth century, lo call to his affiftance the knights of the Teuto hinii and of til by a Prufl clare matt< oi^Fr duch affem upon by. all and V »7H til, J - / ' '" -"■• vv/ Ilia tfuiuantc in( nic order, who were mft retiirn/»d fr^^ fK» k^.. .__. ...... . - . t, Tmw/.l. ■fl-'^ years reduced them to obedience, and obliged them A,l.i^ chnfti^n.ty They maintained their conqueft till ■ r*c when Albert, Margrave of BJa.daiburg. .heir M grand ^^aaei^'hlJfn'iS himfelf lier T and or Di^ are coi Eur Afia Tlie prbvini Poland B by n* This and tlie berbf 1 Ruflia, 8 river exteufi-* ofnatu? great d( gstcd b of the g lands. A. is KoPllNGSBR»«, 55" north lantude. V S M. fVt^ Capita!. BERLrN'. i45..'36 ihabicants. Totjofit, S19 the Priiifian monar-, t^i to fertility and ■ Pruflia, being the :imber, manna grafs, . Amber is export- wants fait, and has onfiderable. Other minerals and preci- :• mines, amounts to , to 500,000 dollars, iftuies. Pruffia an- Uars. Their manu- Tcdaine, hardware, employ upwards of ilimated at upwardi huilfclf mafter of a! Pruflia. ceded the weftern part to thr kinir of Poland nfVUt ' ■^."°^''^-«t^ ^"'^^ of the eaftern part. batToKeW 2^1 fief of that kingdom. 'Iheekaor, Frederick- William, fiirrwmed the G^^^^^ PruffiaThim^- d V t" '^>^' ^^'--d- conl^'rnarn'oftl^ p^a'of rruHia to him and hisheirs. free from vaflalage, and in 1661 lie W2idl Sr/^! • Jru °"''7'' ^^""y <^o"tin»^^ till ,70,, when Frederick foS fuc%S^\''' «r ^' ^"'^ grandfathi of the late king. L fed he t^lloft^^^^^^ January .8.. 701,^ i?'a folema oDon hi^ hJS V "l-^'^^^riP^'-^' P'^ccd the crown with h sown hand, bfa inE. ott; F '^'"; ^^''^ K^'' acknowledged as kingof Prufiia .nd 1 f ■ 4^a'uP'^?.^^'''^' Fredericklll. died Aueuft 17. tn^S and was fuccceded by hu nephew, Fn:derick-William, ^ho 17^ Lm ^ refemblcs a veiy lirable conftrudtion, in which tlie yield- p the motion of the prudent oeconomy, ation. and of a for* nee to the Pi uflian ' of Germany, but litics of its cabinet, fimplified. and exe reat, all profeFionsI led religion, which) iifferent perfuafion.) Prulfian dominionsjf their religion, dolatrous and crwlj ually making iiporij ibou^ the middle of| fhts of the Teuto- u. . i i;cic Kin^Piui jccefs, and after aj , aird obliged theral t& till 1525, when! after^ having made] himfelf ■im Miles. u t A. Length Breadth '■■{■ %r Mir. Between /44' 4o' and 72' North Lat. r „^ |23« and 62"F^ftLoi»gitHde. } +»8^^'^<^ X^^ ^' *^/ ^'■^^^.^"'^''if ^'^ *^* world. extendi«g from the BaWc ' aLnte'n^J;?hT ^oJ^^L^^^l:^ '^ ^T ^T^ are comprehended again under ,« general governm<^ts ' ™ ' **?'.; provinces ot Af a js fttiking. 1 be provinces acqiiired by the divHion of B by no means comparable in value. ^ «r«"iicp aJriie irSI^nfT^''' ^°"^^. titi^pladoaaod fon^efemi-. metal* Il» IS A. petals excepted. Rufli* abounds with znLiU of *f,^ a!f 4- vt-l^-a IloTeV/g 8% ft n "'?•^ '" ^^ai. there «.erc exported from Petfrlburg aione. 428,877 (kjiM of hare.. 36,904 of grey fouirrds, f.^A of bean Sc e?Dort1.donnf .ft^ ^" beautiful an.mal of the ratlcind) exchifive oi^ the exportauonof the fatwc arucles Irom Archangel. Ki«a and the Caf- plan fea. In one year there wm,exported from l^hanill X toomd of S;:;: ^i???8;?"^' p^ ^^a!^*^ *^''^^ ^^^ ^^ candid rd'Cf^d ot Duttcr. In 1 781 from Pcterfburg, 148,000 pud of red leather in ««i. pud of leather /or foies. 5^0.646 pL Vc^X, oZo^^ro"^^^^^ a7.4.6 pud of ox bonea,^9o calve fk\m. The ffftieHw MonJinrfo north hHtu!l.Tt."°'«'*^'' toa ufeful f«e beyond the 6«fh degree o(' north latitude. They export timber, pitch, tar and potaih to a vaft a- Son,TfSrTh^n'T^t' «'■'""' ^'- are among the pro- ifa to^rfllllln' f ^ '^u' ■'''P°"» °('^"'«» amounted irt. lum or I z millions. 1 Me .mporta confift chiefly of wine foices. fruits 5"e^°l'at "o^LT'''''''i commoditi Jand a^kkl^'oriuxu^: ^l.hcre are at prtfent no more than 484 manufafturersin the whjrfc era* G*tv«f«(w»/.] The empefor or aatocfator of Rii/lia /thfe on^nt ftn prefsftyles herfelfautocrVtrix.j is abfolute. nTmuft bt o^f^e Gredc" church by the ancient cufton pf the empire. The only wrhten funS mental law exirting is that 6f Petef the L, by which the rTJ"t of S fton to the throne depends entirely on the choice of the rlX monarch who has unhmited authority over the Uvea and pro^r^ Tfn hisLt mUe. of ehis fup^irurt wS r diwdid tnchirrrv': Th^l^nM-'^^V^"^'^ eftnblifhed in the Ruffian empire h the Greek, that X? iT"[ P^L"' " r^'^^ '^'" P'^^'^fl^o" of faiVh differs from fromtb^Fl'rnn^ '^' Holy Ghoftp^eed. m^i.^ Is^hL Rom^„Vl^7 ^^^^'P" ^. "'"^^'^ °^^^'°«<^«n- , wlS^S'*^- ?' ""**"'* authenticaectoumwe have of Rdffials^i* D n6i ve^ofrWnlT grand duke of Novogorod in thifcountt in t^ year 98,, Wolidimcr ww the firft ckiftiin king, tht PoIesl^ijAqueVeJ ' it «(! a!! t^i irari6ii» It has thcgfratdl I from Peterfburg . ',5^4 of beara. bcfides ihofe at cind) exciiifive o^ <-igH and the Caf- 'g*'' 785,600 pud Ic8, and 102 pud d leather, lo.ifSy JO pud of foap^ lea belonging to Tienfdy valuable, le 6of h degree of* caih to a vaft z-* sed-oJl, ftat^feedj* among the pro- flia amounted iri* much exceed the le, fpices^ fruits^ icies of luxury^ n the whole em« the prefent em- be of the Greek ^written fttitd*- < e right of fuccef- igning monarchy of all hisfub-' fcveral depart-* Btion of internal ider the prcfiden- n nominates tke chambers^ 4 at y governors ap- , re i$ the Greek* ] ith differs from Ghoft proceedt laded vi'ith eere- ition, and paint- ' churches. Th« \t by a national the archbiihop* ite airtf 470 con- . clergy. laisA. D. «6i. ountry. In the Poles conquered it • w « |^ 0, s Hk l>J iit^I^f* ^"8^!:;S^/--/-? '^7 Jeep. it. Andrey I. be. zi the Mui^gi/f^Tr:! ct ,t at"^;;3 hl1;l7* > ^'r --* 1^540* when J..hn Baiilow,t» rXei it 1 ;i^ 't fubjcc^ to the;n till micidle of the iixteenth century the tLl '"^'^'^"^^"^y- . About the Sibci. It becap,« an e, np e%,. ttnVel r"r?^ "I^ .'"'"'"^"^^ mipcrorofaIItheRuffiii/wf,/K ! **'"^" *^«^'<=V.* ^ff""^^** the title of ^Vhe reign of EU^rcl'Tn thf 3^ of ^hf ' T "'"^' "*' ^^.'^^'^-^• *ble. oa account of her abol^iin^^h. r J ^''■'''" *^' "'"''>'• » '■«'«-?i<- ful,je«. for twenty yearst^httlfli^^^^^^ '^"l «°^'^^'''"« '«»» The pwfcnt emrrefe i Ja. 1^ '^ ^'^P'^*^ punini:neT,h fchm^oft"r:L^^^ ^Z Norwav '1^ u 1' . r ^ ^^enn^rk and the Baltic 1 wft b* 1 Sweden Proper 2 Gothland, 3 Nordland, 4 l^apland, 5 Finland, 6 Stvcdirh Pomerariii, Squar jr., Square milett 64,000 95»474 PojiulatioHk I JO.OO ' C^?^. Tcrujns, rStockhplm. LSo.ooo inhabitants^ Lund* 48,780 1,440 624,000 100,5^0 Abo. Bergen* tincultivated* Yet the induftrv nf Vk! ; i ?• '°'^° ^^"^""^ '"'^''es He ka. r.ifed i, ,„ .he ^^ottt'; E "r„';^rp^^^^^^^^^ -a»g«u,..,re, ?(-in QrtQ ♦«.,- -.r ._j '««"/ Jiumpcan powcr. dwecen imr»f.r«.- dia irnnH. -Tk * V ^' P^P*''* ^«ather and Eaft and Weft iT "^ goods. The export of bweden confift rhieflv nf „,Lv • t "" ft^. furs, copper, Ii^n, fome imwLT^l. 7 l ^°°'^' P'^^^* ^^** importfi. ri" ^ K N M A K K. imports, in the fame year amounted to little more than I'o millio/u of dollars. The Swedes trade to all parts of Europe, to the Lcvanie, tlus Ealt and Weft Indies, to Africa and China. ^GowrnmtMt.] bincethc memorable revolution in 1772, Sweden may be called a monarchy. The fenate ftill claim fome fliarc in the adminiftra- tioR, but \t6 members are chofcn by the king. The king has the abfolute dlifpofa! of the army, and has the power of calling and of dilTolving th« aflembly of the ftates ; but he cannot impofe any new tax," without con- fulting the diet. The fenate is the higheft court or council in the king- dom, and iscompofed of 17 fenators, or fupreme counfellors. The pro- vinces are under governors, called provincial captains. ReligioM.] The religion eftablilhed in Sweden is the Lutheran, which the fovereign muft profefs, and is engaged to maintain in the kingdom. Calviniib, Roman Catholics and Jews arc tolerated. The fupcrior clergf of Sweden have preferred the dignities of the Roman Catholic church ; it is compofed ot the archbifhop ofUpfal, of 14 bifbops, and of 19* prefi^ents. The jurifdidtion in ecclefiaftical matters is in the hands of J 9 confiftories. The number of the inferior clergy, comprehending the minifters of parifhes, &c. amounts only to 1387. Htjioty.] We have no account of this country till the reign of Bornio III. A. D. 7114. Margaret, queen of Denmark and Norway, was called to the throne of Sweden, on the forced refignation of Albert, their king, A. D. 1387. It remained united to the Danifti crown till 1523, when the famous Guftavus Vafa expeljed the Danes, and ever fince it has re- mained independent ; but was made an abfolute monarchy by the prefeat king in 1772. PofTeflions of DENMARK in Europe. ALL the Danilh provinces contain 182,400 fquare miles, and, in- cluding the colonies 2,500,000 inhabitants. Divifions. Square milts. Population, Chief Toiuns I Denmark Proper,! ^ COPENHAGEM, Glukttadt. Bergen, Inbab, 87,oot «483 iS,coi '■■^ V t\ 1,- }• ijjooo 1,125,000 on the Baluc fea. J •" ' ^ a Dutchy of Hol-l g^^ ^ ftem m Germany. J ^ 3 Norway, which j , has the Atlantic y 1 12, coo 723,141 weft. J ,4 Faroe iflands, ^ y.ooo C Iceland, 46,400 46,201 Skalholt. The whole ot Denmark contains 68 towns, 22 boroughs, 1 5 caridoaii,, 16 baronies, 932 eftates of the inferior nobility, 7000 villages. Norway, coatains only 18 lowus, two earldoms, and 27 eftates oft «tbM nobiUty, ' Thf f o mUIfO|U of tc Levanie, tlw , Sweden may be i the adminiftra- has the abfolute f dilTolving th« X,'' without con- cil in the king* lloM. I'hc pro- Lutheran, which n the kingdom, e fupcrior cicrgf latholic church ; >p8, and of 191 in the hands of oprehending the ignc^BornioIII. if, was called to biert, their king, till 1523. when r fince it has re- hy by the prefeat 4,^4,4,4,4»^^.* Europe. :e miles> and> ia< AGEN, It. Inhab, 87,oot 2483 1 8,001 t. ighs, 1 5 cariuoui»»j~ villages. J >7 eftates of ti GREAT BRITAIN AKB IRILANO. »^ The Danes have fettlcmcnt. at Coromandcl in Afia. On the coaft of Guinea and other places in Africa, and in Greenland, in America. Green- land u divided into kaft and Welt Greenland, a very extenfivc country, but thm ly inhabucd. Cra^tx reckons only 957 ftated, and 7000 wander- ij mha ,.taot.,n VVjft Greenland. The DanJ, ar* the only nation who have fettlcmcnrs in Weft Greenland ; where, under their protcft.on, the M^avun brethren have miflionari:... and very ufcful eltabliftunents. J^'^it^ a^ commerce.] If the oM and barren kingdom of Norway did not requ„« large fupplie, of corn from Denmark, the latter could rxnor? v.rrth" *'^""^"'^ "^"•, SJefwic. Jutland. Seeland and Lcl.od,'are very rich corn countries, and abound in ' ' "k cattle. The chief produce of No7r^ " '^"°'*' r*^'' "^^ * ^'' - ^"'«y of P^Jt'-y- TJ!« mine. .l!ihT ^ *? '"■? r'^"*^'^ ** ^*=" *' "^ ^^"i"' <^nl^ «ne four, .f n3 '\ '' ^'' f^' ««"^"Jr • The balance of trade is in favour IS^TJut '^""^ '^'^'"ark. rhe-vhole of the exports of DcoJ norr,rnf "a 1f'"''Tu"'''^''" ''768..0 1,382.681 rix dollars ; the imT ports to 1,976.800. The exports of Norway, to 1.711.360. and the '""Tr '" \'Vt\^'^ dollars Manufaftures do not ^nS^^X Rehgton.] 1 he fame as in ^weden. #- m .v abfofTZT'^ -Denmark is an hereditary kingdom, and governed ii,':^ the on V r"i7 ' ^ •' '''" ^f *^ '^'"«'^ ^^^'*^g^^ fovereignt; and perhap, lod .Ji ^ rT'Pu '";•:" ^°'''^' ^°^ '^^ fenators. nobility, dergj^. and commons diverted themfelves of their rieht. a. well as power in the Frederlk 'ill ' '""*" ^^ '^"' ^'^"""' '° '^* ^*^«» '^^"S //j/?*.^.] Denmark, the ancient kingdom of the Goths, was little known foverSi^hl'^lr^^'S ^r^T ^'^ ^'"«* ^'^"^***'^ ^"- »" ^h*^ P^^'^e^t of r3; m I?- ''^ ^^f'""^ 'I '. 7^^- "'» q"^«"' ^he youngelt fitter of George III. king of Great Britain, was fuddeolyfeized. confined in a caftleas aflate prifSner. and afterwards baniihed the kingdor Th^ counts htruenfee and Brandt (the firft prime minifter, and^he que!.^ ' fame yea"r. ^^'^ '' '^' ^'""^ time, January ,773, and ' •'^ Jef the Bartholinus. celebrated for hi. knowledge of anatomy anu .ico-BiJ. •he, the famous attrorforaer, were natives of this country. ; GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND. Lie between 49O and ^S^ 50' North Latitude, and 2<= Eaft and d' 20' Weft Longitude. E Scotland, Ireland, iJi'vijItms, NGLAND Sq.MiU roJ>ulatiw, C^titai. Tnhd, and Wales, ^4,112 7,000,000 Lo N DON, Soo.ocai 25,600 1,300,000 Edinburg, 8q,ooo 21,216 2,161,514 Dublin, 160,600 Cauntiei, Jit fekEAt BRITAIN- Awi) IRELAi^^D. pi fi'ii tt JEngland m divided into W»Je» Comties, Coutttiei. 40 Scotland 31 and 2 ftewardfhJp* i> Ireland 32 in 4 provinces. t T5*^ EngHfti poflTers the fortrefe of Gibraltar/and valuable fettlement* Jn Ana, Africa and Ameriva. Weaith and commerce.] The two divifions of Great Britai.i, England, »nd bcotJand, differ widely with refped to their natural fertility, and to the wealth of their inhabitants. South Britain, or England, abounds witli «11 the ufeful prodi-aions of thofe countries of Europe, 'vhich -utt in pa- rallel latitudes, wine,filk, and fome wild animals excepted. Agriculture, vafdemng, the cultivation of all thofe plants which ave moh uftful for Jecding cattle, and breeding 4icifes and flieep, are carri^-d on in England to an. ailomnung height. Of about 42,000,000 at res, which England icontain^, only 8,500,000 'produce corn; the rell is ei^'^er covered with wood, or laid out in meadows, gardens, parks, Arc. ' a fonfiderabie part i« iliU wafle land. Yet out of the crops olitained i. .n the fifth part t)f the lands there have been exported, during the f|jace of five j-ears, from 174.5 to 1- JO, quantities of corn to the value of/. 7.600,000 (tening, The net produce of the Englilh corn-land is efti mated « ^.9.000,000 fterlmg, l he rents ofpafture ground, meadows, &c. at /. 7,000,000. The number of people engaged in, and maintained by farming, is ftip- fiQiut to be 2, Rococo. England abounds in excellent cattle and (beep, nthe beginning of the prets, fugar, ^c. iREtAND is in moft of its provinces, not inferior in fertility to Eng- land, but very far behind it in point of civilization and induftry, This Inferiority mqft be partly attributed to the idlenefs, ignorance and trp. -prraujKCTits inhahicants J and partly to ^he commercial jealou fy of the Bfitiib Icgiflation, from nhith Ireland has at length been emancipated. fTlierhi^ articles of its produce are cattle, ftieep, hogs and flax; large f-^uantities vf cxQ«Ucat («h?tl Pork, beef «ttd bttftcr, arc annually n- The A^'D. nd 2 ftewardfhipm in 4 provinces. iluable fettkmentft Britain, England, al fertility, and to and, abounds witfi :, which are in pa- )ted. Agriculture, ive moh uftful for 4*d on in Englantl s, which England ■ i^'^er covered with a t-onfiderabie . 41 the fifth part of five j^ears, from ,600,000 (tejiing, i at jT. 9,000,000 . at £, J;O0O,QOO. V farming, is ftip- it cattle and iheep, fuppofcd to be iz ifing. In theyeafs ted fromrEngland, ofjC* 13,500,000 hce in Great Bri- f pig-iron, and zo coal mines, which oal is conveyed by iom. The mines 00,000 chaldrons carrying ihcma. r to thofe of Eng- luces chiefly, flax, this country con- r begun to manu- 1 fertility to Fng- I induftry, This gnorance and up' ai jeaioufy of the :)een emancipated, fs and flax ; large | arc annually ck- G R RA T ^R IT ATN and ^ ^t AKW |vj tjlTof H*:w°h!^.S^ The principal, manufaaure of Ireland n With the increafe of liC; aSultrv rf ^"^^ ^^^'"• ;l.^c^.ercialco..,uen.-:i-^-^ J'7%raVaf;.:I^^^^^ ^?^r^r,.in, in r,,, iivour of Ireland. ^ ^'' ^'^oo.OOo. The balance is greatly in nearly equally indebted to natio™! chaSer to ,h. fi, f-P^^Jty they art try. and to their excellent conStion ' """""" °^'*"" ""- •r rtiu!:ilVotrd;Xv^!j:°;;dll;irail^r t Th t'^ ""■- •b^Kl which COu'ldt P^t^S^'d tt'Zr "°" "' '"" '"•"" ^""" *- tteV^lfnT^futti^SVbothSl':^^^^^^ 3S00 miles. «i«e,T.hefta ci^of^W h^blf /o:''"'f ''l^^^^ ""''^ he com- ceeded.the.numb^r';f ;o;Vof7h^"C,';J^""^ '°. ^^o.ooo tons?e^^- upwards of 4.00 000 tonf Th. ^ "^^^yr d^trf , 760,(24 years before^} amounted to upCd^of/i'c 000 InnVv^" cargoes exported in .784 Tor them into tl cX^^rl:.^^^^^^^^^^^^ /"^ ^'^^ net cuft.ms'paid even this fum was exceeded 7h? fST- ^* ^'^°^'°°° ^"^'"S: a»d ^. 1.000,000 fterW^lTheba^^^^^^^ ^•'^'^r '^'^'^'i^ "^^"'^^'«^ iimated a./..3>ooofooa Th Iw /^^^^^^^^^ - 1' ftcrling.— i hefilTieriesofGrr-ar RmV w! *' ;^. 4z.ooo,ock> The pf i„i,eged tra^lnTco^^^^e^TXh^TlJe^M llij ^ "^'''• «i:;r:s . ittf ^7rbl^r; l:t -'Vrr - "•- Jar povernmpnf TK b" u' *^^'"™"^'^ " »' a monarchinl and n my, *nom,„«.o„, of chtiRian,, «l|ea Ditoti^, «>d Jcw/.re'toWd?" |i8 ISLANDS, SEAS. MOUNTAINS. ^^, Four-fifths of the people of Ireland are Roman Catholics, and are conf*- quently excluded from all places of truft and profit. Their clergy are nu- njerous.~-The Scotch are Prelbyterians, and arc ftriftly Calvinilts in doc- trine and form of ecclefiaftical government. The other mod confidera- ble religious fec'^s in England are Unitarians, Baptilh, Quakers (60,000), Methodilts. Roman Catholics (60,000), 1 2,00^5 families of Jews—and French and German Lutherans and Calvinifts. ^ip>y.] Britain wac firft inhabited by a tribe of Gauls. Fifty-two years l^forc the birth of Chrift, Julius Caefar fubjeaed them to the Ro- ZTiZT. ?n>piw* Thp Romano rt»t\\o\n»A miAo.« *%f RrUoin r-ryr^ <>'">•■<> t'll they were called home in defence of their native country againft the inva- fionsofthe Goths and Vandals. The Pifts, Scots and Saxons then took poffeffion of the ifland. In 1066, William duke of Normandy, obtained a complete viftory over Harold king of England, which is called the Norman Conquett. Marf«« C/jar/« was figned by John 1 2 1 6. This i$ called the bulwark of Englifh liberty. In 1485, the houfes of York and Lancafter were united in Henry VIL after a long and bloody conteft, The ufurpation of Cromwell took place in 1647. The revolution (fo called on account of James the fecond's abdicating the throne, to whom William and Mary fucceeded) happened 1688. Queen Anne fncceeded William) and Mary in 1702, in whom ended J, a Proteftant line of Charles I. and George the I. of the houfc of Hanover, afcended the throne in I7J4, and the fucceflion has fince been regular in this line. George th« III. who is reported to be in a ftateof infanity, is the prefent king. 4»^4»4»4,f.^4;{.4,4..j,^^^^^^^;j.^.^^^^^^^^^^^;j,^^^^ I 1 iwil ISLANDS.SEAS. MOUNTAINS. &c. OF EUROPE. THE principal iflands of Europe, are. Great Britain and Ireland in the north. In the Mediterranean fca, are. Yvica. Majorca, and Minorca, fcbjeft to Spain. ^Corfica, fubjedto the French. Sardinia is fubjeft to its own king ; and Sicily is governed by a viceroy under the king of Naples, to whom the ifland belor^s. The illands of the Baltic, the Adriatic and Ionian feas are not worfl^ of notice. The principal feas, gulphs, and bays in Europe, are the Adriatic Sea, between Italy and Turkey ; the Baltic Sea, between Denmark, Poland and Sweden ; the Bay of Bifcay, between France and Spain ; the Englilh Channel, between England and France; the Euxine or Black Sea, l)c. tween Europe and Afia; the Gcrtrian Ocean, between Germany and Bri- tain j ana tne iVicditerraneari Sea, i>etwcen Europe and Africa. The chief Mountains in Europe, are the Alps, between France and I- taly ; the Apennine Hills in Italy ; the Pyrenean Hills, that divide France from Spain; the Carpathian Mountains, in the fouth of Poland; th« rcak in Derbylhire; the Piirtlimmon in Wales : bcfides the terrible Vol- canos. i, and are confi- 5ir clergy are nu- Calvinilb indoc- " tiioft confidera- uakers (60,000), is of Jews — and auls. them Fifty- tw« to the Re- in ^00 years, till againft the inva- axons then took mandy, obtained ch is called the 1 2 1 6. This 14 ifes of York and bloody conteftf ic revolution (fo fronc, to whom Anne fncceeded )t line of Charles ed the throne in le. George th« fent king. I N S, Sec. nd Ireland in the ;a, and Minorca, I is fubjeft to its king of Naples, the Adriatic and the Adriatic Sea, Denmark, Poland no ; the Englilh r Black Sea, \)c- ermany and Bri- frica. en France and I- lat divide France of Poland; th« the terrible Vol- canos. S A. f}P wnos, or Burning Mountains, of Vefuvius and Stromboli, ia Naples: iitna. in Sicily, and Ecla, in the cold illand of Iceland. A I A. THIS immenfe traft of country, ftretches into all climat«s, from th» irozen wilds of Siberia, where tlie hardy inhabitants, clothed in fur» are drawn in fledges over the fnow; to the fultry regions of India and Sjiam, where, feated on the huge elephants, the people Ihsltcr themfelve* from the fcorchmg fun by the fpreading umbrella. This is the principal quarter of the globe; for in Afia the All Wife Creator planted the garden of Eden, in which Adam and Eve were form- ed, from whom the whole human race have derived their exiftence. Afi» became agar the nurfery of the world after the deluge, whence the de^ fcendents of ISoah difperfed their various colonics into all the other parts of the globe. It was here our Saviour was born, and accorapliflied the great and mercitul work of our redemption, and it was hence that the light of bis glorious gofpel was carried, with amazing rapidity, into all the furroundmg nations by his difciples and followers. This was, in Ihort the theatre of almoft every aftion recorded in the Holy Scriptures. * ^t'i* j^^ «^^^ ®* •^"'^ ^^^' *" the earlieft ages, governed by the AflVri- •ns, Medcs, Perfians and Greeks. Upon the extinv^ion of thefc empires the Romans carried their arms even beyond the Ganges, till at length the Mahometans, or as they are ufually called Saracens, fpread their devafta. tions over this continent, deftroying all its ancient fplendor, and renderinz the moft populous and fertile fpots of Afia, wild and uncultivated def--rts Among the higheft mountains of Afia are Arrarat, near the Cafpiai Sea, on which the ark of Noak refted. when the waters of the deluK fub- Uded ; and Horeb and Sinai in Arabia. Afia is bounded north, by the Frozen Ocean; weft, by Europe and the Mediterranean and Red Seas; fouth, by the Indian Ocean; caft, by the Pacific Ocean ; and is reckoned to be 480a miles in length,, and 4300 ia breadth; comprehending, belidcs iflinds, r* Chief Tmrntt The Empire of China, Pekin, The feveral nation? of Tartary. f J?,^°'^^> « ^ ^ L^ibet, Perfia, - . Jfpahan, India, or the Mogul Empire, Delhi, Turkey, in ATu. - Jcrufalcm,") Sq. Milet, -1,105,000. 4,479,000. 800,000. i»867,500fc i,ii2,;o«. TARTARY. :| 0m -41 TARTARY an» C HI N A. T A R T A R ¥. Bwndarhs.'. "Rl^^UNiyEDjnoPth* by the Frown oeean ; eaff, by.th» ^- r Vu ..""II^* * ^""^^' ^y ^'^'"^' ^"'^»=»» ^'^rfia and the Caf* pian fea ; we(h by liuffia ; 3000 miles lojig. 2250 broad. J'r,/

    ad« stlfively cold and « The coumrjr IS and fandy de* fables-, crminei ionarnon. iss or chriftiang j iprei* of Ruflia > i>f Tartary havd fo t-4!■.«f*'^•f•^'f4* ^j eaftv hy thcf we . . ^d tci totter rathe^" - -Ai^./oit and pro'dtiaions.y TheaJr <^f r*^I,V«i>' "^" h' ^ • v fe. «ho»sh'ibn,e.imes^ver7L in ,h^ro„ heCf™ ^ ""'""i' """^ cold in ..iie northern. Itisontof tVvi^ft < °?r , " H'?y'°«?.,ane. japan:d;*o;k.. gold, mv." & ie """"'r ffng",- ca«.- prevent the incurfions ofthc TartlrV iH r * % '^™'" ^>"aO'. ^'y CMna ^nd the ChinefrSeal fouth, by the Indian Ocean ; weft, by the fame ocean and Pcrfia Ien£tb 4000 milci, breadth 2 500. > * .^/r.>// W/rtf^«7«»x ] In the northern parts of LuOa the ai. is tern- Perate ; bat very hot m the fouthern. The heats, however! are n^eratTd by refrclhing brc^j.es from the fta, and from the rains tha fall cominual- ^from the end of June to the end of Oaol^cr. Some part of Ind i c- Really the northern provinces of the Mogul's empire, are fandy/mo'un: famous and harrrn; but in general the foif J fertile producing pen y of corn and the fineft fro.ts. It is well wate«:d wuK riversftVe Xief ire he Ganges and the Indus. Their com modities are filks Gotmni calhcoes, muif.ns. fattms. taffeties, carpets, gold, idver. diamund;!pearl Ki^Ll i:T^r^''' "''^'' ^^^'^'' ^"'"^^^^" «"^ « 8^' va'rSSy of _ GWr««,.»/f] The Great Mogul is an abfolute monarch ; but there are £m?" ThV"i" *^r '"'^"V '^"'^^ ^-J^^' ^^° tnaintanuheir indepeJ! fo«7nf Zm T^" ^''"^V"'^ ^T""' "^ ^"*^'^ «« "»^«^'^« abfolute, but fotM of them tributary, the weaker to the more powerful. r Af//rw».l Ihe Moors or Moguls, who arc a mixture of Tartars. Per- arrbyftThemtS' ''' Mahometans; but the natives of I nJ!:, who *;1. ftlnL numerous, are chiefly Pj^ans. vuorfhipping idols of vrf- houslhapesj many chnftians are fettled ontliecoaft. C/«m^fr.] In general the Indians are ingenious in arts, civil to ilrana- ers and p«.tty jolt in th^ir dealings; fomctre of a fwarthy compS others aa- black as jet, '1 hey marry very young, the males bXeT!' females at ro or , ,. A manis in the declU of fife at 30. and the be J- 6W°aj^ ''°'"'" '" *"" '^' ^''*^ at , 8 ; at 25 they have all the Jnirks of JX7'^ V"^ ^'^ concjueror of the whole of this country was Jen- his Khan, a Fartarian pr,nce, who died A. D. 1226. In 1390, Timor f \ ^'''T^^' became Great Mogul. The Dynafty contiuued in hi family till thcconquell of Tamerlane in the 1 cth century whole defcend fents have pom^ Jed the three from that time butS^ffn th^t mous Sophi of Perfia confiderablv diminiihed the power of tL Mo' Is hfrVT'*"f^ful^''["'^'^'°^ Delhi; and Lee that even S bf Uie Rajahs and Nabobs, have made themfelves independent. ^ g. \t:.>uM >/i;4''i/!? P £ k s I A. Perfian Gulf ftnd Indian Ocean j weft, by ACatic Turkey. lt» ^k^jt^Hjonuksjiu breadth 1250, / "u-uv iurKcj. m theChinefrSeaj iccan and PcHia $ impife, are Agra iia the att Is Mm- :r, arc moderated lat fail continual- part of India, c- ire fandy, tnoun- diicing plenty of rivers, the chief ire filks, cottoni, lianiond;, pearls, I great variety of :h ; but there are lin their indepen- n(c a'oftilute, but J. ■ ■■ •■ ., .^J'* of Tartars, Vti^ s of India, whd 'ping idols of va(. «> civil to ftrang- -thy complexion, males before 14, 10, and the beau- all the fnarks of ountry was Jen- In '399* Timor contiuued in hi| f, whole defcend- Ir Khan» the fa* r of the Moguls^ that event many dent. A; ia; fouth.bytfii ic^urkcy. lt» A » SH th»{por thefou^liapdwdrawTcrlferdlr tJ. '^'''/^fy/^i^^^f'^ tremclyh.ti,fLm^r.aX^^^^^^^^^^ a^^ Slar&:^Xr. "' '^^^ '''"'- l^hep-dXWffi C/MraiJcr of the hihalfitatittS The Perfian« aro a Km^.. ««!•*. J-* tlirowr. bv KhJ^JtCc^Z,^' J' S'""'"")-'' «" " ""is over- "j'jjtwiiipiartiiian, w»s formed l»v the Pitrfi^n. .,m;i.. a \ yvf*t«i» befcire Chrift : but in 4 n ■ , .™ a " ' "'"'" Arbacei, 2 jo rats title; and i" Sc^ ^e t«;/"' ^"«f^" reflore,} i, ,o it/aniietvt W".«4ffi"»tel! in,, ;,!"'* "'''"™'^ " "> > pwrf«l kin^utp. ^ A R A B I A. puJr .'„teh :. ^i?;'d" wMon°'U'"''';jr »",;«'"■«' "i»? * fota, is orerfpraul wi hL~n I^i . ■ ^'''^ ,""''"=■ «"«< Arabia go- «nd unwhclfortie. i, blcBid with ,„,'.., ^P'''. ''*""«'' ""^ "« » !«>' ■.ard aod other vali.aW; SwXt:™ nl.' °"' '^''°'"°«'''^- 'P''''- - 1 he Arabian,, like JZofXAZT^',^"^'' "-f??"' """o"'' '^ and of a f^arthy^omrrLn i;f,^^""r'.!r!°'^?r''?«"« ftV»«. dun much addiftedto thievinr. "'in ■7,7»';'h''/""r """""''".• ''"^y "» lacked a caravan of merchan,, ,^ ) '? '■ '''^ °? 5°'°°° Arabians, at- ...<.ghiearerot-p^-:^Aerh^— ^^^^ the 0f ^ -^U RKE Y TN ASl4 ,«= "'ceffarie. of life, and beautifS ' iw tennn,„ 1'^ » however fuhjeft to earthquakes, thunder and lieht- MinWo i7a Mah^Set,."" '^ '''^"* S'"'""'""- The Suton of inand?nlL*°° ">!,'" '?°«,'- ""'^ 700 troad, is thought to be the lareeft' hena^lrvtfti^io" ™n""= "i"';™' '■>^'' '"?«'-" ^^ ^^^ ^doJaters. Tliis ifland is noted for t^e cinnamon tree. • ^ ?^ jyib,l.jll': A F II I C A. ih r* AFRICA IS fituated fouth of Europe, and rurroundedon all fides b^ 'u ,,,,'^*^^^*'f^epta narrow neck of land about ^o JleTover ?^S the Ifthmus of Suez, which joins it to Afia at the no^th^nd of he R^ Sea. Africa is about 4^00 miles in lenarh a"^ -^ :"ll^. l^ ies ehiefiy in tlie torrid zone, the equato^^unniig^Q^gh Sr^Jle ^ Jt. Here once dwelt the queen of Sheba, who, on payiL a vi^ to the rfrcr!''"lfere^°"r/°"'"T^^' '' '^'^ wiK^andte glory tk:r^::;^oit^^^^^ arace of people .uitc^ack, fuppofedfoll - Afric* " • i# fiii ^*1 ,?• Q Y P T AND B A R B A R Y. Africa will be confiderT-! ander the 7 ftllowine divifions ; ' ^g-Vp*. c Guinea. 2 Barharr, 3 Zaarabr the Dcfcrt, 4 Negroland, 5; Guinea, 6 Et^opfa, ^, /, 7 The African Iflands, E G Y p T. I, XT u- , .. ^^ .* ">' ^^""^^ » "°"^' ^y «J'« Mediterranean ; fouth , r^r.i^llt'''??^^^^''^"'*' 600 miles ip length, and 350 in breadth, in- cluding the Deferts. ./J » C«/»W.j Grand Cairo, one of the moft populous cities in the world, and a place of ^reat trgde and riches. ^iryM'andpreduaions:] The air of Eg3'pt is for the moll part very Mt and unvyhol.fome ; but .he foil is exceedingly fruitful, occaio^ned by «K ?Sh." r °v"flow»ng of -'.e Nile, which leaves a fattening (lime behind V\\. ^**5 P^"s "o* overflowed by the Nile are uncultivated, fandv and ConRantiqople, beiqg a province of the Turkilh empire. The Tui;k9 s«d Arabs are Ms^hometans. Mahometanifm is the eftablifhed religion of Jigypt ; but there ?ire many Chriftians called Copts, and the iSws ar veffjr numerous. j . Egypt yfampus for Its pyramids, thofe ftupendou,s ^orks of folly. I he Egyptians were the only people who were acquainted with the art of rrnbalmmg of prcferving de^d bodies from putfefaaion. Ifere is the river ;NUc celebrated for its fertilizing inundations, and for the fubtle, vorjcious crocodiles which inhabit its ftiores. This was the theatre of thofe remarkable tranfaaions, which make up the beautiful and affeain^ hiftory of Jofcph. Here Pharaoh exhibited fcenes of cruelly, tyrarin?- and oppreffion towards the Ifraelites in the courfe of their 400 years bon- 5.^?t*°n^M Egvptians. Here too Mofes was born, and was preferved ^\ u ! .*]?^' ^^^^^ ^^^ ^*Ss' on the banks of the >Jikv ftenf, through the mftruraentality of this great man,, the Egyptians were afflic- ted with many cnsvous pWues, which induced |hem at iaft to let Ifrael ^°' A "f « j^^o*^»'.*'th his rod, divided the Red fea, and Ifrael paffcd it on dry land ; which the Egyptians attempting to do, were overwhelmed l?y Oi? rejiwmqg of the waters To this fcene, fuccecded the Ifraelites ipW»MWe 4^ years march ihrqugh thedeferts of Arabi*. before ||iey Inched !the land pf Canaan. ' 5<^ t^ «^t<:>» v^ vi>, v:^ »^5>, t^ ti^ t^ tg;^, i^ ,^^ ,^j^ ^^ ,^jj^ ^^^^ e<9> b9-t t/s-t w9< B A R B A R Y. AfZrOtJ - 1' f ■ ARIA^Y feljidjngBUdulgerid) is bounded fouih, by Zaaraj » eaft, by Egypt J norOi, by the Mediterranean j weft,: by the At« Jant|c pecan j length 2300 miles, breadth 700. Air^ Dl! lilands. ^•^+•^•^»^ff ^anean ; fomh , in breadth, in- csin the world, moll part very , occaucvied by ig flimc behind ted, fandy and hi fal ammonio bw e<9> b9-t t./9.> <.o« 1* by Zaara ; , by the At- ZAARA o. T„. DESERT a»o JifefcftbiAN'b jV, run lvi,h wood, Ills ™oS„. "''^ ""'' ^""'- """f '»^" « 0'«- dwSfrfl;i'5S:i^r aS°.:r;:rd ^i"^' '""""•'"" "^«"s«^. treacherous peop k The Arabs 'h„. ^v " "'^'O"'. inhor,.i«bIe! 't,;^ttrVT"'^'°"-^^5-^^^^^^^^^^^ They improve .he bea„",7„f ,",rel't, I'L"'' r™. f** '"J- "i'"""- ?re, fuppofed to be the Le piEShar T^i,"^' '''^!''' P^^' "f '««•- u. 50.) .0 paim her face ; the Sl„ ,h- " • V^' "*"= °^ '"• *''»«» ^rf X, tCro71^iJff''°'"-"'f-. ■•" ■»-'» ^''™. P-'!!. " trary prince. Algiers is g" mfed bT^ T^'"' "l ¥'"«™ « »" "«- by the army. tL fovereT™ „f % ?"■";• called the Dey, elefled «ot fo indeinden, as °he7o™er ThTrt "'' J'-P"''' ■'"«=>•.. a« on as republics of foldiers lindi ,h. a-'° *«« "ay He iooiied ufc. Alriers belong, ,0 the s"Lia"d7 tdl'^^T f -'^ ^""^ ^eignioV ftood thefamous city of CaXoi Ivi '" fP'""'- On thilcoaft Among ,he great Ln Africa ha". Z^^ "?' ''''''5''"='' ''>'*= R™*" Julius Afriianus, Arnobi^ ?,A, ?""'''«<'■ "<= Tertullian. Cyprian, church. The ^'.no^of'^ol^t:'^:''}^ «'• A"IKn, all bilho^s'^Pf thj An.ong the poets, are Terence and a"S!'' '^'^ ^ Af^b^; I ZAARA OR THE D E S E^ T. fin^ this c^ntry/tVand^fVom fc"'. ^^""'"^ '^^ the.Car^v^nsc^f: extremities. The inhabitantTof ^f °^'"^' "'" ^^''" ^^^uced to gf ^j ^ Jhey have a iiurnber of 7erttDX,c« TT T ^^'^ ^"^ %"<>?a«^ \k^s of ^ny governmearaTr Tf, ^^' t' ^^' '""^ P^«' ^^^« ^f^^' th^oi^lrhout die count^ ^^'^ Mahometan reli^Idh i* profefled T \r E* /^ T-fc ^ _ " -^ »-• ^v u i, A N D. 7hVa?rT,'i;e";hS?tt^^^^^^ 7e» broai. and f ^8 ETHIOPIA AND AFRICAN ISLANDS. and overflows at a certain time pf the year like the Nile. The commn- ditiea of this country arc gold, flaves, elephants- teeth, bees- Wax and fpmt drogt. There is a well here, whofe water in as fwect as ordinary Aigar^. The Negroes are an unrtvilizcd, ignorant, crafty, robuft people. Tneir Colour is deep blacki tlicirhafir (hort, like wool, fl** .thick lips, sind white, even tctth. The Nrgroes are govern J oy v number of aL- ibluieprin^^Sd. 1h jUtern. . Cui NBA Ifcs fouth of NegToland, 1800 mile 'ong, ;Soo broad. Thi fbil is preferable to thatof Negrolahd. The inh ..i'laiiis are more courte- ous and Icnfible ; in other rcfped^s the difference ; nmaterial. Th^ greater part' of the pdor Negroes in the Weft Indies v. »he fouihcrn Hates,' Were brouglu from thefe two countries.' ■♦<•- E T H I O I A. I II IM-'i' UNDER the general name of Ethiopii is included all the remaioing parte*" Africa ; cont^iinisig an extent of 3600 miles from nortn tb fouth, and 2000 from eaft to weft. The ail- of this country is gener- ally exdeff-vcly hot, and the foil bai-ren, though on the banjcs of the rivers it is iertile, and produces rice, citrons, lemons, Tugai canes, &c. The Ethiopians are an ignorant, uncivilized, fnperftitious people. Their governhient isabfolute, lodged in the hands of a great numl^r of princes, thefmaJl es are tributary to the greater. The Mahometan and Pagaii' religions prevail in Ethiopia. - AFRICAN ISLANDS. AT the mouth of rhe Red Sea, is the ifland that Tailors now call So- catra.famous for it'; aloes, wWch are elteemtd the beft in the world^. * Sailing down, foutliward, we come to the ifland Madagafcar, or Law- ifcnce, abounding in C'.>..e -'tA loxn, and moft of the neceffaries of life; hut no fufficieni merchandize to induce Europeans to ftttle colonies ; it has fevferal j^etty ftvage kings of its own, both Arabs and Negroes, -who making war on each other, feJl their prifoners for flaves to the ihipping which call here, tak.ng cloaths, utenfils and other neceffaries in' itturn. Near it are the four Comorra ifles, whofe petty kings are tributary to the Portuguefe; ahd n^r thefe lies the French ifTand Bourbon; and'a little higher Maurice, fo railed by the Diifch, who firft touched here ill' l'5^g8. It isriowiri pofleffion'of the French. | "Quitting iheefitern world and the Indies, and patting round the Wapc ~ xrt Good Hope, into the wide Atlantic ocean, the firft iuand is the fraaN, 'but pleafant St. Helena, at which place all the Englilh Kaft Indir ihips" flop to jfft water and frclh piovifiwxs in th^ir way. home. Near this aw -ANDS^. c. The commo-" scs-wax and foiv.t a ordinary fuMfl I people. Tneir . thick lips, n number of ab- •jlaterA. '«)o broad. Thh ire morecourtc- nrnaterial. T\k ^le fouthcrn dates, - A. 11 the remaiuine; niles from north country is gener- hc banjcs of the fugai canes, &c. 13 people. Their umlierof prilices, fncfaa and Pagan' ^r «rc furnin»cd from fro«"'XriTci?'atv^^^^^^^^^^ Yrt' '^ '^' ^^p--^-. called Canary Birds Th^t?^ "?/ f",*^ ^'^ beautiful fingin^ hirda piaced there the El^fi.n'^LrTl^^^^^^^ '^' Fortunate^/e,?a„a chief are Tenerifief Gom^ra vVlJ .a 'n "' '""r.'^'' '" ""'"''". t^c ifland, of Madeira ieflThieher north "^ -^i'" S*"*'^- '^^^* ««^*ii<^ - ftomachicwinc. They bclo!;ft3^rL:;u'ef^^ GENERAL REMARKS. 'T^ed'^r^i^^raSst the polar regions, and comorehlnd, rht ? 1 ^^^^ '^'^ " ^'^""** '"'der dians, the Samoeid Tartar7the inhVh^ ^'P^'"1«"' l^e Kfquimanx In- randians, the GreenlandeT a^ tU ' '1 "'7,^ ^7t ZcmSla. the Bo- of men. in thefe countrT^^^i ^^J^fc^^^ The vifag. the eyes of a yellowilh brn Jn j?!t- • W , "^'^ ^'*^ and (hurt ; extre^ly highTre IXw ^ Z^^ > ^^«^J»^«k bonea' the voiceShi! and fqueatng ^and ^^^^^^^^ ^the menta, chat^eHOi^^ ^^k^^^l^^ > '* JVo. lendernes they know, nor aurtt oflife ' fcyodd the k„d,cd bea« tiut ftafi w°.ho«. Jhd wrinkled, ev4 in yon ih™ 3,r^fts fl,.?^ """«"\"«' »'* bro^i funk in the focket.. and ^„™! S >. r ?' ""^ "*"' i » The fbft regards-; tHe fen2Strnefs of life, The hcart-fhed tear, th' ineffable delight' Of fwect humanity : thefe court the beairi' Of milder climes ; in felfifli fierce defire^ And the wild fury of voluptuous fenfb, ■ There Iqft, The very brute creation there This rage partakes, and burns with horrid hcv The negroes of Africa conftitute tHe foStth llriking variety in thehtf- tftanfpecies : But they differ widely front each other ; thofe of Guinea, for inftance, are extremely ugly, and have an infupportably offenfive fcent; while thofe of Mofambique are reckoned beautiful, and are un- tainted with any difagreeahle fmell. The negroes are, in general, of a black colour ; and the downy foftnefs of hair, which grows upon the flcin, givesa fmoothnefs to it, refembling that of velvet. The hair of their headi is woolly, fhort and black ; but their beards often turn gfev, and fometimcs white. Their nofes are flat arid (bort, thdr lips thifckand tamld, artd- their teetK of aft- ivory whitenefs. The- iiftelleftual and'mor^l powers of thefe wretched people are un- Cbltivated ; and they are ftibjeft to the moft barbarous dcfpotifm. The favage tyrants,* who rule/)ver them, make war upon each other for /ju. mmtflunderl and the wjttfehedviftints, bartered for fpirituous liquors, are torn from their' families, their friends, and their native land, and* c6nfigncd''foflli\:totnifery, toil and bondage^ But how am I (hocked to inform you, that this infernal commerce is Tarried on by the humane, the polifhed, the-chriftian inhabitants of Europr; nay even by Englilh- men, whofe anceftors have bled in thecaafe of liberty, and whofe breafts ftill glow with the fame generous flame ! I cannoJ'givt yt^ amoi-e ftrik- ingproofofthe ideas of horror, which the cjJptive negfoes entertain of the ftate of fervituJe they are to undergo, than 'by relating the following in- cident from Dr. Goldfmith, • A Guinea cajjtain was,.bydi(lrefs of* weathferrdfiveri into a certain- harbour, with a lading of fickly llavcs, who toolc every .opportunity to throw themfelves over-board, when brought ujion deck for the benefit of ftcih air. The captain perceiving, among others, a female flave attempt- ing to drown hcrfelf, pitched upon her as a proper example for the rei% Afe he fuppofed that they did nbt know the terrors attending death, he or- dered the woman to be tied with a rope under the arm-pits, and let down- into the water. ^ When the poor creature was thus plunged in, and abou«' ""-way; dewn, ut« wii Iisiim i« jiv» a icrribic ihriek, which at hrft wa5h' »(Gribefi?> e lone ^mgi^ « flothful,lukv *f Tiety in thehif- »fe of Guinea, rtably offenfive il,and are un- n general, of a rows upon the The hair of rften turn g»ev, r lipj thifckand people are un- jfpotifm. The 1 other for /ju- ituous liquors, itive land, and; am I fliocked )y the humane, ^en by EngHlh- d whofe breads ^a moi-eftrik- sntertaih of the e following in- iinto a<2crtain- opportunity to r the benefit of : flave attcn^pt- >le for the rei% g death, heor- s, and let duwnf d in, and abou^' bich at hrit wa>* C E N E R A L R E M A R K S. 531 «fcrfbed to her fears of drowning; but foon after, the water appeared red naUu rfu ^^ "^f iT^ "P.' and it was foundthat a (hark/ which had followed the (hip, had bitten her off flrora the middle.' The native inhabitants of America make a fifth race of men. Thev rh!.t K^^'^PP^^i^r"'?.''^^''^'**^'''*^'^''^' ftraighthair. flat nofes, high ^heek bones, and fmall eyes. They paintahe body and face ef varitSs colours and eradicate the hair of their beards and other part., as a dcfor- Xli Ji- l"^^' "e n?«/o large ^nd robuft, as thofeohhe Europeans. . hey enduK hunger, thirft,9nd pain with aaoniftiing firmnefs and pati- ence^ and.t^gfeg:udtotlMyreucrnies,theyarc ItiJd .«wiiuil .to each n3^*''^'°^-^* r^ t T^'^"**^ ""'^^ ^«ft variety of the humaa ionf*' ^J%^'^J°y/?g»l«.*^^^"?8^''^'°«^ ** f^""«f« <^f their complex, jons. The face of the African Black, wr of the olive-coloured AfiatK. k inToJaK:?"'-'".^ '^' r^'^^^ prtfervpstbefam^ettledihid^ r»eaith. rhe Enghfh are faid to be of the faireft of the Europeans; and we may therefore prefuqje, that theij' countcnaaces beft expre£ the Caria- ^icnlcharaaerifticsofthedifferent nations, which compofe this quarter ,ot the globe, are of more importance to be known. Thefc, however l2. APPEK:P|'Xt 'Ij- ■"i*-'** A P P E N D I X. /'«' • N O T E I. T to fh/ftl'r'?^ "°*' ""'" "^"""^ ^^"* ^^^ ^^>^' P««« 87* ''n refpea * A^ A- i ^ ^^ "" *■ ^'^n^mercc with France. ^ ,.R>r ThS^'?." """^^ ^ .'"m^^ ^"'^"*^" *^^ «"^^ °^ ^78j and that of i 'L^*- J ■^•* • ^'r "*' privileges in certain cafes to all aeutrals. the fe- vanfa^e wt;''^'T^lt ^"^"^^"^- ^"^ both i for thdral on wlvfi.' Zr / '^'^ ^.'^^ '"J°>' " permanent and folid government, -that theS^^ rehance „,ay be given." then it ma/beexpefted ma eftv h,.^ ft ?"r u'" S've efFert to the difpofition which his majefty has conftantly harboured towards the United States. But no re- gu ation can be folid which is not founded .n reciprocal advantage. To t United "r."^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^"^^ ^^'^ ^- -^ b-" ^he faJi. wUh ■•n,Le .^?i VhV ''^ France. They have not ever been able to •-Ffance^?!,^ j'?'^ of commerce on which their firft connexion with ^u.£r?rtf "^''^^- , ^'"•>' S"e^«"^« exift againft the United States. tZtthrJrf 'T^'''''l ^'''' ^^^" ^^^^^^ ^° "^^"y inconvenient 1 Jf^fS m„ff ^^^,^^\5^,^"d/'"Pcrfe«ion of the laws of individual ftates. Jaltice mu(t be the hrlt bafis on which induftry may repofe. France will UnhedS '""T;^'" '^^r>: "^^'^^' ^"^ h^^ '"^J^«^ muft find Inti of^a wife nH?' ''^''';^ '"^ ^"^'^ ^^^^- ^^^^ ^^" '-'"tainly be the efFcd Jr^nfZ ^'"'?' government. It may then be pronounced that the ?nd Ifal 7 ^°"«'i"^'^" -'» aJfo be the a^ra of a renewal of a Jafiing and uieful connexion between two nations, who have no motive for rival- w£fcntimttma7h41v No. II. ThefolWing E/iraft from the Journals of Mr. Elkanah Watsok a gentleman who has travelled extenfivdv both in Europe and America' hn^ nfl ^'^ V '^"^"^'/his kind, and would have been inferted in the body of the work, had the journals been timely received. ^..r^iS tV^'-T ""^ ^:^^''''^ '* confidered, boldly fronting the old ^w^ t t^wfT r"^'^'T'^'""'^P^^'^ ""^'"^'y Pro^iuaioniabound. Tnl 1 I r-""'"'- "^' "^ ^T'V '."^^'y ^^^<^«"d^n^^ ^' i^ .glifl^men-inberit: ng all the.r ancient enthuf.afm for liberty, and ente. prizing almoll to a iault-what may be expeded from fuch a people in fuch a country ? i he partial hand of nature has laid ofrA.>^erica upon a much larger fcale than any other part of the world. Hill« • . -.merica are mountains in Eu- ^TnTf .K ^;S '""'• ^"^.r'^^^* ^"-e dwelled into lakes, in (hort the map of the world cannot exhibit a country uniting fo many natural ad- vantages, fo plcafingly diverfified. and that offers fuch abundant and eafy relources to agriculture and commerce. ^ In contemplatingy;^«r,. vf.^,,/,«, the mind is loft h the din of cities— m harbours and rivers cloutfcd with fails-and in the immeufity of her pupiiwuofl. auiii4uujg iier preient population to be three millions, and cukulacin^ X. 5 S-j, in refpeft 85 and that of |eutrals, the fe- re for their ad- d government, lay be expected on which his ■&. But no re- 1 vantage. To :n the cafe with r been able to •nneftion with United Stat«^, y inconvenien- dividual ftatcs. . France will iiuft nnd in the \y be the cfFta unced that the 'al of a Jafiing Dtive for rival- ineded befidea AH Watsok, and America, inferted in the anting the old [ion — abound- idy overfpread men — inherit- ig almolt to a country ? h larger fcale intains in £u- in (hort the ny natural ad- iant and eafy 3in of cities — nenfity of her millions, and cukulacin^ E N I X. 51$ will be n,nety-liK millions of foJis „ Untf A^ thirds a, many as there are at prefent n aU F ^^Jcrica ; which is two- fidertheprobableaoquintionoKonl h f "'^'P^.- ^"^ when we con- the interior artd unfcttled parts of W .^>^^°'-"g» immigrations, and that J?r this number, the Smntln^?!"" provide differ materially from the evSft ^''"«' '^" *^' *^«i™*tion will nit . *''^rope is already aware of the rJfinn, ; gins to look forward with anxietvt^f'^fv'^l^^ ^^^'""^'ca. and be- the natural legacy of this con S '""^'-.^f^ f"^'» Wands, ihich are when Ameri c4all have S^ at an "J ."^t^^ ^' ^^^'™^^ '' ^ tain her right. '"'^'^ ^' ^'^ ^g« "'^^ch will enable her to main, tants of the north are ha^rdy, induftiouf f"''"? ""^ ^'^' ^^^ i^habi! formed; thofe of the fout^;re^r o/e efa^^^^^^^ ^'^''^ ^^"i^" Thc fifheries and commerce are the W^ r'u"'^^^'"' »»^ imperio«s. Jindindigo,ofthefouth. TheTrLTft^l'^ '^' "°"''' tobacco, rice for trade and manrfaaures; 11"^"^: "^^"''/"^ commodioufly fituated ™aten.ls; and theprobabiliVis/Z theVo^rlr^a P^^'^^n^ and ra«r fupphed with^iorthern manuSirl nSL^ r ?" ^'^^^ ^^" «»« % ^ «inutance^i„ provifion. and raw ma tells/ ^ "^'^^ ^^ wcSrS!r ^:S^-^^ probable revenue thae n^unicated by . gentlemarwLLi^^ JI"P?^ «"d excife. were com! *rom the attention he has paid to th.T " ^.'"^''^" ^'^ P"Wic life, country, and from the pains ^Scha^at^;''''',riP"'^''^ ^^^^""^ in thS foliowmgeftimate is founLTiscapab^or'^"-'^ '^' ^'^' ""^Wch the «?te reg.i3t.ons.it ifn^;:^^/^^^^^^^^^^^ of the revenue whirb may be ^c Ld mi S^^ the amount form 0. govcrnment.-.I am ZT.. r ^^^^ ^''"tces. under the new teturn. I have feen of ^ "rTmn'^ "^T^^ '' ^ri'nion. from feveral opal importing fta: . atTfre T f ^^^'^^ ^"^'«' in fome prTnl have h..d th..r?omp!rte opera on ^l ''S^l^'^'^ns adopted by Con/refs encouraging contrafand/ofoXV^^^^^^^^^^ of the?e dutiL, l^tl at 2,000.000 dollars,- „is f^^ 7"f; °" the revenue, may beeftimated w at ,. ,, ^^ ^^^^^ the e^pncsJihe '? ^"'^"^ ^^" ^^'^^"^ thkharge the Uitereft of the forpi^n a ? ? the civil government, and to of ^ natio«al bank properly SS^^Tlt tml" 't^-«"^ ^^ '^^^^^ to borrow in amuWionfnXr'^^ l>e eafy and perfeftlvfafr ^^"^^^ Purpofe., rieS the fbovrr?' "''^ ^ deficient,7„„ua fy for -f-picUyw^ht^^pltl^rr^.^ '" fWort of public credit aa^iruZrCt ;i?:'".-?l™^'nce,. more if , c/pccialjy mmm "efp^cially , as the Capti'aJ ol the domeftic debt will \)C couljantly dc^crcafiiig *bya judicious difpolal of lands in the' Weftern TiTri,tory, and. means may be devifcd gf inducing the dqijieftiQ c;:cditors to agreje to a xeducfjion o^ the prcfent rate of intcreft. ' vath fcfpea to direft taxes, I am of ojMraon, ;h?kt io times of peace, 'litfie, if any, recourfe need f)e U4 X^ them:— It is, however, <>brolutely ncceflary that the generargo^emment Ihould be inverted with the power of levying them, bccaufe in tinaes of war, or the calamitie*, to which all ' nations are fubjcfted, the fourcea of import and e^cifc rnay be fo diaur "til (bed as not to be adcqua.te to the means of national defence— and eveiv governmeat ought undoubtedly to have the means pf jpreiervine itlclf. I know it has been faid, that on fudh great occafions, requimioos majr be relied on; but p aft experience proves t^e jfallacv.ofthis obfervation j for if during a war, whofe obje^ was tp refci^tbe wh^ My pf t|^e V^' pie, from the moft "ignominious flavery^ th^e earneft an4 repciitc^ recoqi- Snendations of Congrefs, could not draw forth froip the %es any corir tributionsofmQaey in the leaft degree propprnonaje to the pjjfe^ic exi- gencies, what £oiild be expefted on future occafions i I^Jothing elfg th^n • fubi&J^ing the citizens of the ftatcj rnoft contiguous tb the fcepe pf a^ipQ to a ruinous depredation of property; whilft thofe in the diftant ftates • would not only be perfeftly free of any burthen, but .difpute, when the ^danger was over, the juftice of rcimbuifentnt.—to luch a(ls of violation -pf private rights it is well known that the citizens of New York, Jer^Jf* "^and Pennfylvania, were peculiarly fubjefted, during the late war ; and if they are wife, they will never again expofc themfelvcs to the (aifte ft*; ^4' ' -^ f. y I Sf v [aritly dc^crcafiii^ and, means may 3 a xedufjion qJL times of peace, fCvcr, <>brolu)iely with tiie powpr :ies, to which all may be fo dimir ence— and eveiv ierving itfclf. requiniions may this obfervation j bocjy of t|ie pep- \ rcpcaW.d recoip- \e ftji|;es any co^ir the pjifeji^ ^h Nothing elfie tb^ft e icepc ftif ai^ifiQ thcdiftant ftates iifpute, when the 1 a^s of violation ew York, Jerfejr» late war ; and if s to the (anje^" - U>o^..:iZ:St^:^,;^ received a.er it Page 3, two lines from thfc bottom, for qoc read '»<«. H^ 3^. I'ne 2s, for ,654. read i.cj^^ '"* ^^^ life V^T '^ ?' "I'^r^ read Naham. ' ^f'sXC" ''^■""'' ^" ""^ ^o'hof Augud.ftad.om- Page 253 line 16, dele few. Page 283, Ime 33, for beeras, read beam; Page ^96, Ime ,3 f,ot„ bottom, for>;-jtf, „adyX ^1 L DIRECTIONS roR fH, BIN6ER. V ■Ml CORRECTIONS RESPECTING FRANCE. CINCE the Abridgement of Zimmermiit.n'5 Political Surrey was made fcj and printed, a better acquaintance with beb has given room for the A foiemn law, which does much honor to Louis XVI. the orefent king of F-ance who has been ftyled by the United Statt! Mhe frotec! tor of the Rights of Mankind/ has granted to his .on-Rman Ca2L Koni^nfecff^^^^^^^ ^iviUdvantages and privileges of Abfolute Monarch. In the ceremony of his coronation, he takes the oath of never infringing the rights and privileges of the nation/ or al! majelty, te-^les himfelf Ki»g by the Grace of God: but it is no more underftoodm France than in Ingland that the king is dL ticegerero^ God, and holds his power by divine right. vicegerent oc There are 13 parliaments in France. They are fupreme courts of juftice and appeal-they have the right of remonftrating againft the legif! Th^'rnfh • '""* ""^ ''«"*'""/ '"^^ ^'^^^^^ '^^y ^re deeded binding la w . Theirother powers are an ufurpation upon the States General of thf kins! dom, who have not been convened during the M ico years? Thevafe «ot «prefentative. of the people, and art very diffeJenrb " es- from ?hc L^rx VI '''''' J^'^' ^r^ ^/^" re.eftabliihed in all th. prov nc" bw Th^ li r"P*'"/^*' "°^ P^'/"^ ^y«^™ °^ reprefentation yet known. ced hlTnten^foTof T.?^'' ^"- !^Y '^S?* ^"^ the king hL annoln- ced his intention of eftabhfhmg with them, thcconftitution of the natiom «.pon the enlightened principles of the eighteenth century. The AinerU ?rfun'Z:Si §reat pleafure, that the f^me fovereign, who hasgenerouC^ y fupported their independence, is no lefs liberal iiTreftoring to his fub. io^ed inT iT^'* but long nedeaed rights. He is, Lwever, op- Sfrid'^lMV ^^ undertaking by tTie parliaments, the clergy, and p4 «tfthcaobUity,whc wa»»thcioi«a$y OieaxnwofGieatliiaifl,^^ ■■i -1