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UKRAINE ON THE ROAD TO FREEDOM SELECTION OF ARTICLES. REPRINTS. AND COMMUfJCATIOMi CONCERNING THE UKRAINIAN PEOPLE IN EUROPE NEW YORK CITY, 1919 Publi.hed by the Ukrainian National Commwhe or the U. 8. 79 Piffli ATMiBe, New York City TABLE OF CONTENTS From President Wilson's Memorial Address in France S Bthnogrmphic Ukraine 4 Ukrainian Memorial to the Pretidant of the United State* 7 Hemorial Drawn ap to Preaident Wileon by the Ukrainian National Council of Lviv 9 Historical Background of the Struggle of the Nationalities of Galicia 14 West Ukraine (Statistical Snrvay) 24 Kholm M The Problem of the Ukrainian Province of KIioIbi SO The Ukraine (From the Edinburgh Review) M The Ukraine, a New Nation. By Fbedekic Austin Ogo 4$ Tke Ukraine, Paat and Preeent By NcnN 0. WiNm ST The Economic Importance of the Ukraina 9S A Ukrainian Address in the Former Austrian Parliament M Beeolutions Drawn up to President Wilson by the Mass-Meeting at Cooper Union Hall on January 16, 1919 71 Ukraine and Russia 7t Polish Imperialittie Detigna Towards East Galicia 7S The Imperial Academy of Sciences in Petrotfrad and tin- Ukrainian Language 74 A Song without Words; a Story BeminiieeBt of the Tsarirt Bute in Ukraine 75 The Fli^t of Three Brothen from Aior; a Poem Translated from the Ukrainian 7« •^WA^TER UN»V£«SIT.r U8RM^ "You m •waw, •» i •« »w»«5, th«t the airs of an older day an beftonlnt I* illr •gOm, *at the BUndards of an did order •i« liying to a««rt HkmnWn again. There U here and there an attaaot to inaert iat* Iki uwMwl of sUteamen the old reefcontnR ^^J jlj^r-.. — ^ feuflyirfag aad national advantage which were the rooto of this war, and any mwi who eounaeU theae things ad- voeatea a renewal of the aaerillee whfc* the^ men have made; for If thla i» not the final hatUe for right, tlu re will be another Uiat will be final. Let theae gentlemen who suppose that H is pos- rible for them to accompHrt «Ma retam lo an order of whieh we •ra ashamed, and that we are ready to forget, realise they cannot aeeompliah It The peoplea of the worid are awake and the peo- ple*, of the wotM aw to Ifce aaiaa. Prhrate eounseU of statesmen cannot now and cannot hereafter determine the destimes of na- Uona. If we are not the aervanU of the opinion of mankind, we aw oMdl men the Htlfcat. the maat MMpMhle, the least gifted with vision. If we do not know courage, we eannot »«'«™P«»V'" P"". noae and thla age is an age which looks forward, not backwaM, whteh wieels the standaid of national selfishness that once gov- erned the^ounsels of nations and demands that they "haU «hre way to a new order of things in whfc* the only quertion. will be, Is h lightr is R jwir 'Is It to the Interest of mankind? "This is a ehaiie>0a thai t^tniaaB geneiaUon ever dared to give ear to." (FtoB FtMA WVmm% m mmUk^ Addi«a at The above it the eOwom^ie map of Ultraine, comprising a territory ol 880,000 tq. mi., nearly seven time* that of New York SUte. The population of ethnographic Ukraine is nearly 60 million : 38 million Ukrainians, who in a compact mass inhabit the territory extending from the Carpathians to the Caucasus and from the Pripet River to the Black Sea; the remainder, over 10 million, consists of national minorities-^Muscovites, Jews, Tatars, Pdes, Greeks, and others, all of whom either live in aauUI groups as the TatM* ia the Crimea and the Mnacovitea nmt tha 8m •< Azov, or elaa thay mn Mattared over the whole of Ukraine. The capiUl of UkraiiM ia Kiev, an old city with a population of «*«r 600,000. Odami is tha laigast saaport, Invinc bow a popntotiaB of vnr 800,000. The natural wealth of Ukraine is greater than that of any other country in Europe. Practically all of Ukraine lies in the so-called Black Eartk Belt, a soil that is unexcelled for the production of iHiaat. The Kattrl- noalav District in the Donats Basin is exceptionally lidi ia good coal aad iron ore. Noar the CaqMthiaas in Galicia than aw many axeriknt poAaU of oil. Thars m laiga f»», th» fkrmen, who are a mo«t utable batit for a modem dtmoentic 8Uti. Pw ■••rly 1000 years the Ukrainian people h»vt bm lucceMfully de- iHliiaC tMr ttluMcnpkic Urrltories from eaitem and weatern invader*, la worn af the torrM* wan the Ukrainian p- pie have fought in the •MfM 9t IMwy, tlwy ks^ not yiakM an inch on their wMtem frontier; ia th« BorthMit, Mwt, wmMmtH, ud Notb. tkn •otoalw^ »wr lands. The Ukrainian peopta an laawd in history at a really dMMCratk AltMdy by the time of Cromwan. Ukraine wai a republic wHh aa alMM ytaalihnt calM Httman and with othtr elected atate officeri. Whta Pwlaad coaqaered Ukraine, the introduced the Pollah fnidal ■ralMa 9i damr aad brought the Polish nobility \ .th its concomitant tmany mJ »in>nwlwi Tha UkraJaiaa pwple rebe'. d repeatedly arainst this opprwrion aad ateirary. Bwy Ukrainian war against Poland waa a war for the emancipation of the Ukrainian peopla from Poltah alavery. In ie64 the greater part of Ukraine united wHh Muacory. Soon aft«r, whoa Muscovy grew into the large Russian Empire, schemi"» for worM taaialon and basing her Imperialistic policies upon a ce ♦riii.tic. auto- entk reg««*. she gradually deprived the Ukrainians of all national rights aai awda tha Ukralaiaa B^oUie into a mere Russian province. The Ukra- Maa paopio atraggM e aa wto i al y agaiaat tUa aabjacuon. Not until the collapaa of tha Caatra! Kurapaaa aad Russian Empires Uat fall did there come an end to Pollah and Maaearyita tyranny The Polish and Muscovite imperialists, howarar, rofMa to •ekw^JW change. The Polish imperialisU desire to raatora tha J^J^ * 1772 by the force of arms; the Muscovite imperialists are aqaal^ •f restoring the HussU which existed before March 15, 1917, wh«i tJia Rut- ■iaa Ciar algned hia last decree. The Polish ImpariaUate bagaa thalr war for conquest against their east- ern neighbors, tha Ukralnlaaa. WhHa Rathaalaaa, and Lithuanians They occupied Ukrainian Kholm. in»adad Peliaaya (la tha nalghborhood of tha Pripet River) and Volhynla, and atartad a datamitaad war againat taa Mwly erganiaad Bapabllc of Galician Ukraine. Tha raiA war against tha Ukrainian Republic of East Gallcia (kno^ lately as Waat Ukralaa) was waged bitteriy for six months before tta Polish Junkers were suecaaafW la driving tha Ukrainian troops out of young Ukrainian Republic. Tha Pollah alda to the war Is taken by t^. corrupt nobility, and by men tralnad la tha aeboal 92 Pruaatan Kultur pro- pagated by such politicians as Roman DmowaW. other leaders of the Pan-Polish party, which emalataa ia da^ and methods of the defeated Prussian Junkers. In appoaittoB to CMM Polish Junkers and their designs are the four million Ukrainians of EM^ •m Galicia. who include an intelligent and progressive peasantry, a WMU Bvmber of industrial* laborers, and tens of thousands of intellectuals fom- iaa aa iataJKaaatsia that is really of the people, because it has grown from Z raaka of tha paople, works for the people, and Is the people s natural ^ ia thair at^la for Ubarty; it ia not lil-tha Po«»* rj^''^^^^ iSdi la aa aadaalta fiattaet tram faapla, aiid irtddi 1^ naratalifa. The Ukrainian people mut, of eooiM, dttaid against these designs of the PoUah ivpcriaUaU, m alw '^gn*^ tha gntd of the MuKovite imperfaUgte, nU tiMy hm «m jHtin mmi uUI Am zaign of brntal fore* hu fUka. In this struggle for democracy which the Ukrainian people have been carrying on for 400 years and in which they have never loat their hope and determination, they have a rig^it to count on the aiiisUnce of other demo- cratic nations and to expect the people of America and England in parti- cular not to abandon them. After thia lonir atmggle of 400 yeara' dov- ation, a time has come when ttaeaa two pawnftd demoendaa of Trwtim civilization can and ahonki land UkcaiM • *^t*^ Iwad. America and England Aoold ba w«0 awn* of the fact that the ra- ■toration of Ukrainian liberty woidd OMan tiw aatabliahment and insurance of peace in Eastern Europe, just as the continued enslavement of the Ukrainian people would be the best guarantee of ceaseless strife in Bait- em Europe. Without regard, however, to whether these two ml^ity dmnwrflfha aid Ukraine or not, the Ukrainian people w^l never ghra up thdr atrag^ fog liberty; they wiU never snlmiit to aiavny; tha* will didiate avanttiBc to the attainment of fnadon. Ukrainian immigrants in the United States. Canada, and Brazil are rising to the assistance of the Ukrainian people. These immigranto come mainly from Eastern Galicia;* hence they regard it as their first doty to defend that Ukrainian province from the invasion of Polish Junkers. In the United States, Canada, and Brazil, the Ukrainians have organized themselves for the defense of their brothers in Eastern Galida; thn hava firmly resolved to give their beat efforts to a noble caaaa: the liberatiaa of their native land. East Galida, from tha Poliah ytka, and tha oaioa «f Kait Galicia to the mothar Kiev Stata^ flw UkiaitfaB FaapM a^Mif TT ,t "P^I* 800,000 Ukrainian immigrante from East Ualicia in th* SSXSv^^'p^^^" in Canjd^^^ in BraSl? white fteS « P^'frJ/ Polt^^unnugranta fran that rwiiilij. baeaoa tha mSi^ in East Galicia an tha nobility and tta ftmmSit^^ UKRAINIAN MEMORIAL TO THE PRESIDENT OF JHE UNITED STATES To HiB Excellency WOODROW WILSON, President of the United States. ^'^ThrUkrainians of the United States, organized through mediumrf their national institutions and associations in this country. J^'^I^K a central political organization known as the Ukrammn National ImL of the United States, respectfully represent: That they are desiroo. Staving introduced and established in their motherland, Ukra-ne and tt« ^lacent RwaUn territory. American ideals of government and the Amer- Srr;tiTf «h.cation in order to perpetuate sound democratic prnunple. amonrtheir pwpto, and to avert future conflict among races Eastern Eu'J.which'wJT. formerly «,Ugoni.tic to one another, and to that end respectfully .. .uert that tha Preaident eiercise hi. great influence and kind offices in this behalf: 1. That the IJlOTtoiaB athiiogniphlc territory be wcognlied ai one wia indivisible. . 2 That the ethnographic contents of Ukraine include the larger part Of am former Austrian province of Galicia (61 or the eastern territory 2 f« S^rd « the River San) ; the northern half of the former Aus- "an province of Bukovina; Hungarian Ruthenia; and the province of Kholm which last-named province was voted by the Russian Imperial Duma as S'bTS as m2 to be ittachi to the Kiev General G<^*"t; f » was surrende^d to PoUnd by the A«.trl«, «h1 G.r««. "B^'y." dPSDite the so-called Brest-Iitow* tn*ty of peace. Theae di'tnc*^ *f S ? ^J^h ^Traine proper graphic Ukrainiwi Stat, and alMmld be aeeorded tha aovneign pow«« of statehood. 3 That the inhabiUnts of this ethnographic Ukraine. »^ ««*- lined be accorded their natural right and opportunity of national ••(/- toough thdr C««tlt»«* Aaa-nWy to be deet^l by p^nlar vote. u u 4 That if the eventoaUtlea of the Peace Conference, soon to be held at ^or^ll its right and opportunity, as «. free union with the people, of for»«r '^t^^*^^^'^^ to that which oMaiM to tl» VM Mitat «adar tto A««rfcMi Fed««l Compact — 8 — We an serioiuly apprehenaive that if the eastern part of the forme Anatrian province of Galicia extending westward to the River San, and i the proTine* of Kholm in former Russia be not included within the ethno (raphic lines of demarcation as indicated in para^aph 2 of this Memorial parpetual strife and turmoil will go on concerning this contests I territorj ■ad an Alsace-Lorraine situation will spring up in Eastern Europe. Eastern Galicia has been since 1848 the seat of modern Ukrainian cul tUPB, and from time immemorial has been clearly defined as Ukrainian land aa likewise has the Province of Kholm. . Hwice, w« solicit the constractive aid of your Excellency in establishint «nocntie order and stabUity in Ukraine, as well as in opening up com ■Midal and industrial relations between our productive motherland and tht United States. We feel that America at it;, earliest opportunity should avail itself oi the rich resources and productivity of Ukraine, and thus prevent its ex- floitation I interests adverse and inimical. We tender ourselves ready and eager to answer any and every call oi tbe American Government for any service on our part which may tend to- ^rd the attainment of these ends. We shall exert ourselves to the utmost to have the democratic sentiments and sound American views which are ■«W«ilied ami heU by the Ukrainians in America, reflected upon our com- piatriots te the territory comprising the ethnographic Ukraine, so that ttroo^ our helpful agency the inculcation of these same principles may be fHterad and propagated for the amelioration of their condition and the fnmding of a Ukrainian Eepnblic baaed on justice and right. New York City, November 29, 1918. UKRAINIAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED STATES, By its Executive Committee, (Very Rev.) Peter Poniatishin, Chairman, Da. Cyril D. Biluk, Vice-Chairman, VIAOIMIR B. IxmnrRKY, Secretary. MEMORIAL Drawn up to tk» Pr0*id»nt of tho United States of America by the Executive Committee of the Ukrainian National CouneU of Lviv. which acts as th, provisional govemm^t of the GaUcian-Vkruiman Stat, con,truct,d of tk, UfcniMm t0rritori»» of tk* formm- Austro-Hungarian Uomareku. Mr. Pwtldwit: „ ... The Drovisional Kovemment of the independent Galician ftete which ine P™; '"'y™' %u- Ukrainian territor es of the former Au8tro-H«Hi- ^^TlTmS^ National Council was established through the election of « ESStt^CommUtee of nine, which as the provisional government will attend to the affairs of the State. **"X"?S)5lSi'oned note contains a refusal to enter into negotiations a SuJ^rf w« with theVonarchy and others, because >* the-re ^et^^^^f^- dent motives for making such a discrimination in the ^"''X stice that act would be inconsistent with the principles advo«tedbjrtte President concerning the right of every civilized people to «it«trict«l ""xhe'^^urcon^Ls in this-how to form a ^^^^^J^^:^ would be founded upon the liberty of states and democratic ;;The UWrainUn pgple beUev^ of clearness in his note concerning the various peoples of the Monarchy, °t is due to the fact that these Pe?P»e^n«Kl«^^*«.i^"' ^ *^ quaint the political world with their existence and with their efforts. Let it be permitted us to sUte a few facts in the matter conceninc *^pJS?'thrntf to the middle of the thirteenth century the Ukrainian peoSr^Srmed """^ghty independent state the ancient Duchy of Kiev, which extended from the San to the Don. and in the south as far as the Black Sea. This state which was the foremost defender of civilization in Eastern Eurooe cVinTbled to ruin in the thirteenth century. The one and only cause ff thfs unCtunate collapse was the invasion of Asiatic hordes and nomadic Uibes which at different times overran and devastated Ukrainian lands. Poland and Muscovy (Great Russia), finding themselves in more favorable c^wumstonces, saw an opportunity to profit by the difficult position of the Mined Duchy they seized and appropriated various of its territorial pos- ^s^^s By the Treaty of Andrussovo (1667) the Duchy of Kiev (called from this tfme l/fcrame) was divided between two states. Poland and Kovy shamelessly exploited this rich country and mercilessly oppressed "s population: Polish nobles seized large stretches of land, and the Mus- covites forbade the use o£ the Ukrainian language. By the partition of Poland, the remainder of Ukraine was annexed to Bussfa. wit!!rthe exception of Eastern Galicia which went under the rule **' U^fs'trae that the Ukrainians struggled against national oppression for whole centuries. In the sixteenth century they organized on the Lower Dnie- per a Cossack Republic, which was founded upon broad democratic prin- ciples, with an elected Hetman or chief. uAder the leadership of Hetmans Chmelnicky and Doroshenko, this nolitical Cossack organization succeeded in unitin-, all the Ukrainian lands Ind in winning their complete freedom for some time But enemies sap- ned the strength of this organization, and Empress Catherine II dissolved it. Let it be permitted us to add here that the Ukrainian people was able with iU own resources to establish a political organize on which was de- mocratic and republican in fact, the only such politica. organization in all Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. I rom that time the Ukrainian people has always striven for a democratic and constitutional form of government. It could not realize its aspirations until the present political period amidst the awful war of peoples. . , , The World War has greatly changed the position of the Ukrainian people. One of the greatest miracles which thia war of nations has p«r- formed is the resurrection of this nation of 40 million souls. To-day this nation is celebrating its resurrection. The disintegration of Imperial Russia — that artificial conglomerate — was an impulse to the Ukrainian people to build for itself an independent, democratic, and republican State with the capital at Kiev, and in this way to restore the ancient Duchy of Kiev. It is possible, however, that the present form of its efforts to get liberty wiU not meet full sanction. AJ^ though the young State had to submit to a foreign guardianship, we expect the resurrected Ukrainian State to be able to maintain its existence and to take its place in the future League of Free Nations, in accordance with the principle of unrestricted self-determination advocated by the President. We can expect this all the more when we observe that it is to the interest of universal peace that the old Colossus of the East should not be rebuilt; it would again try to resume its imperialistic aspirations. The establishment of an independent Ukrainian State set free 40 mil- lion Ukrainians living in the country extending from the Zbruch and the Pripet to beyond the Don. Four and a half million Ukrainians were left outside the boundaries of the Ukrainian State; it is the aspiration of our people to unite all Ukrainian territories int. one political whtd*. That part of the Ukrainian people which is still struggling for its liberty de- serves our apaeial sympathy. Ita fate is still uncertain, and its national enemies, PolM and Magyars, oppress it mercilessly. The national territory which ia ^ e^aet of this great diaputa compriaea tha foltowing lands of — n — Hunsarv with the important town« of Marmarosh-ismot, ™"»'»^"';' USS^ All this terriiory is the inh"it«ce of the UkrwnuM. peopl^dU Mtaral and historical facts testify that tlMM tandi ilioold b* wtnmed to the sovereignty of the Ukrainian people. . . . „ *v At the time when the ancient Duchy Kiev flounBhed, «" the »b«^ mentioned territory was a constituent Pf ^ °f ^'J^^J- Jift' the towS Wise son of the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir the treat, Duiix YMosllv on the banks of the San as a defense against the neighboring Poles After the of the Duchy of Kiev, another Ukrainian state arose Kis t^'e'r^Lrv-tS Dachy of Halich-Vladimir the cWef towns of which were Kholm, Halich, Peremishl, and Lviv. In 1254, during t"* /eign oi Duke Danilo, this sUite was raised with the Pope's sanction to the rank of a Kingdom? with the capital at Halich (whence the name Galici* or ^^^^Near^the end of the thirteenth century the house of the Halich AvSbu died^ut. * ThrPoles and Magyars ^P^^ fertile country. After a few generations, this territory was eeMea oy ^"^The Polish domination made the Ukrainian Pe<>P)e the P'oletariat of its own c^try Polish starostas (feudal magnates with military and admin- f^ti^Shts) appropriated the richest estates and made feudal servants rf«^e nercfful Peasan^^ towns were filled with Polish officials, cfeJkl'^^rtTsansrand oth^^^^ •»«ment^ M which received special "''''^'^Jf^^t'il^^on of Poland (1772), the kingdom of Galicia and Volodimir (a corruption of Halich and Vladimir) was annexed to the Aus- trian Monarchy as a crown land. This territory would certainly have be- wmS an autonoZ^^^ Ukrainian province, if its fate had been dependent ^^on the ^sh of the majority of the PoPulatio|n. But dian^s development of the Austrian Empire which brOTght ab^tto lurrender oi the Ulsrainian people into the hands of the Polish minority. In 1793 Austria conquered a part of the Polirii Kingdom; she seized the Grand Duchy of Craco^^^^ its environ, and the Duchies of Oswencim and zit^, wh** permMWiUy wme»d to the Austrian Monarchy by the Trcatv of Shenbron in 1800. The ReoubUc of Cracow existed even in 1846. This territory was -^J« tli?^ime of New Galicia and later Western Galicia. The Polish •^S^rocy enfoying s^iaf & from the Hap.burg Dynasty, pe ed ESJoeror Francis JoMph to unite Ukrainian GalicU to the PoUsli Gijnd Duchy'Sf CracoTand to the Polish Duchies of Oswencim ^11 «ll this land the Kingdom of Galicia and Volodimir (Ukra man Volo- dtmir^ on thfBug) w^tlTtto Grand Duchy of Cracow and the Duchies of &"cim"and ffi. In this way the Ukrainian territory v-^^^ to the Poles the worst enemies of our people. Thr Ukrainian people pro- tested in vinTfor in spite of all proteste an artificial Polish majority and a Polish hegemony were set up in this territory. Fiftv years of compulsory life with the Poles, under the Austrian yoke, conftiKe"period It con^nuous '•^JXTof^'thy «Xf gS^m^ and iU Polish oppressors, who, enjoying the favop of the g?";?™ mnt, Mised the administration of the country and pve to the institutions Re Wind even to the towns an artificial same time the class of Polish landowners, ""tifJ^TvISlntiSliJikSi.^^ possible means fov the social exploitation the UkMinian iiig the )«»nction of the central government for this oppraMWn. It is true that in spite of «1\ oppressionthjUtoi^^^ able to produce a numerous '"tjUySSi W^^S^T^uS^t^^^ this inte«v«^ fucceeW to^^sg^rul^ eventuaUy founded ir- portaat woaoBk oigraiMWM ft^ma vmt im — 12 — whole country. The master stroke of this fn'eat intelleetut! movement and a realization of the efforts to get liberty was the foundation in Lviv of an acaden.y of arts and sciences under the name of the Shevclienko Society. For this part of the Ukrainian people, the hour of freedom struck when the moldering political organization of the old Austro-Hungrarian Empir* begran to fall to pieces as a consequence of the Great War and equally as a consequence of the principle declared by the President. Our brothers in Russian Ukraine profited by the collapse of the Russian Empire and de- clared an independent Ukrainian State; in a similar manner the Ukrainians of Aastria-Hungary profltcd by the disintegration of the Dual Monarchy and convoked a Constituent Assembly in Lviv on the 18th of October. On the 19th of October this Assembly declared th» independence of all th^ Ukrainian territory in the old Dual Monarchy and founded a sovereign State with the capital at Lviv. The Executive Committee of the Ukrainian National Council, acting aa the provisional government of the State, begs to inform the President about the formation of this new State. The territory of this State comprises the following lands : 1. All of Eastern Galicia or the real Galicia (the old Duchy of Halich- Vladimir), whose western boundary is formed by the River San. Also Lemkivshchina, which, though it belongs to Western Galicia, has a solid Ukrainian majority. 2. The Ukrainian part of Bukovina; i. e., the districts of VizniUya, Zastavna, Kitsman, and Vashkivtsi, and also parts of th» districU of Sto- rozinets, Chemivtsi, and Sereth. 3. The Ukrainian territory of Northeastern Hungary, ci*ional government of tW (j«t»m»l- Vkratnian StaU eonstjucted of Ubieaiim* terrttom* formerly belonatng to tA« ow A«i«tro-HNN#aria» MoMrchy. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATIONALITIES OF GALiClA "Galicia is a battleground of two Slavic nati(Mialitie«. Where IS the source of this struggle?" Tiiis question was propounded by a prominent Polish author a decade ago. Tiiis is the question which is asked now by millions of people all over the world. The question occurs of itself to every thoughtful reader of newspaper columns, which are so often full of reports about the bloody strife raging between the Poles and the Ukrainians on the battlefield of Galicia— reports of captures and recaptures of cities, of prolonged sieges, and of sanguine street battles, terminating finally in the passage of all Eastern Galicia into the hands of the Ukrainian troops, with the exception of two cities which are held by the Poles.- -v» . the city of Lemberg and the city of PcreniishI (in Polish, Przemysl). However new may appear the struggle between the Ukrainians and the Poles in Galicia, there is really nothing new about it. It IS iwcessary to take only a casual glance at the history of Galicia. in order to convince oneself that this struggle was fought for many centuries. It was. in truth, sometimes subdued to a smoul- denng state, but it never ended. To give the cause of the struggle in a nutshell, one feels tempteJ to quote the words of a famous French writer: "They were enemies because they were neighbors." Since the verj' Hrst Slavonic settlement of this country, a settle- ment which dates back to pre-historic times, the country was di- vided racially. At the beginning of history, Galicia did not exist But the racial feud existed already. Along the banks of the River San and farther north along the River Vistula, ran the ethnographic frontier between two groups of Slavic tribes, the creation of many national states. About the end of the eleventh century., '«>™ »™««|^''!f of petty tribal states there can.e to PJ^"l'''^f%^%%Z^^) dynasty of Rostislaviehi (the d«'»<'«n'lant» P"™^ "^^^^^^ Kn the city of Halieh. on the Dniester, they began »« "g"**^^ »h« Wp*iem Ukrainian tribes nto one national unit, which iney MHSl"l;"" U,ln r..Uo^ Under .he 1^^^^^^^^^^ 3 lh°7c"»in of selt-Velp. The exlern.) JanS" *»?»J^ ' Sm Joilcy .gainst 'he "r'SvTieJe"? m'nSS iana A new oower ar s ng n the north. By clever "'^'''f ¥ » Sng* tK Shboring Ules. the ^-''f " P/'J- up a powerful state which comprised °" ^ .p*V"^Xnta) H;:„trheteZt:i::^;;L*;r^^^^^^^ of the Tartars against whom Daniel made a heroic «tand ie- Jastated the countrv and weakened it to the utmcU. The «- hits of the country increased the danger of invasion of those Sem ilSbow who, protected by r.alicia and other Ukrainian SSrsuffiSd Sm. p,i»rinva.ions in a ^""^'derably less degree. The trouble began soon after the death of Daniel. When in 1340 about seventy years after hU death, the dynasty of the <-aJ^cian nHn ls bSe extinct. Kasimir, the king of Pol"»f .invaded the fiu try S was driven out by the Ukrainians iSJrdns the Tartars. Kasimir had to satisfy himself with «n7ta« Lwav he insignia of the princes, but several ye*r» »*ter JJe jo- Sd the countrv again. This time Galicia was conquered reSned unil^ed With Poland for more than four centuries. The Polish rule of Gallcla was a ruthless oppression. To be sure, Uie Ukndntan charMter of the country received an official — 16 — n'.„}^mli<.n froni llic Polish p'Vi inrn. nt. Whm C.aliria was ma Ihr I kramiaii fcriilon n-maim-tl fni llic cnlirc duration of 1 Polisli iliiiiiinion. a nrparalc adiiiiiiislialivf unit known I I'alaliiial.- of Hiilhciiia. Biil the Polos tliil all in their powPr «.Mi(. i-al.- that Ukrainian charai-l. r of the pntvlnce. Immediati afl. i Its iiH-orporalioii with Polaml. merciless persecutions w< started affainst the iii.p. r classes with the object of their conndi dt'nalionalization ami Polonization. After Ihe (d)stinale ones h iM'en driven from the country or killed in the wars, and th« willuifflo deny fheir nationality had heen rewarded with social i cofrnitinn by the Polish nobility, the rest of the people were rediir to serfdom. A Ukrainian was not permitted to hold anv uuh onu r. or to study in the seliools. In the Citv of Lemlterj?. onee I eapilal of t'.alieia. the rkraiinans were allowed to build churoli and make pnieessions only in one single strwt two bloclis lor which up to the present day is called the Ukrainian Street. Whereas all the cultural life in those times was centred aroui Uie church, and the Galician Ukrainians were then of the Easte Chun'h. this church was subjected to most Irvinjr restrictions ai persecutions. Even after the Ukrainians of U.alicia had nccent the supremacv of the Pope of Rome in dogmatic matters, preservii al the same time their Kastern riles, the persecutions did not sto and the new ch>irch. known as the Uniale Church, was perseeai just as severely as was the Orthodox Church. The onprcssion stirred up a counteraction. The first strueii was fought by the Ukrainian aristocracy and nobility. After th( had been suppressed or had given up the struggle in exchange f petwnal comforts and social distinction, the cities through the guilds and brotherhoods continued the struggle for centurie owever heroic and stubborn was their stand, it was i losinir fich the rule of the Polish nobility ruined not only the Ukrainian tow n people, but the Polifli as well. Even an'abun it infusion ( (.erman immigration could not raise the cities fro..i eomplete ec( noirnc rnin. In this critical moment, the townspeople received support froi the most friorious movement in the histoiy of Ukrainrknow under the name of Cossackdom. From insignificant looting parti< whK-h plundered the Tartars and the Turks, ^rew an organizatic so vast that ' eventually became national in its character an l»egan to champion the emancipation of the Ukrainian serfs tli rights of religious freedom, and the national i.idependence < v,^* ^he time when Cromwell s revolution was imprintin Its indelible stamp on England soul, the whole Ukraine wa united in an upheaval against her social, religious, and nationf oppressor. The lesuil (.f the uprising was the liberation of the caster art (,f Ukraine from the Polish rule. The western part, ineludin .ahcia remain.-d unc-er Polish tyranny for more than a centnrj Long struggles exhausted the country, and the people, tired an weary with centuries of fruitless wars, sueeurabed in a torpor o exhaustion. Deprive! of their iBlelloHual l. a.lors. .l.'m.Ml an snrmod Anally to haw acqulencea lo th. ir faU-. • Bu. fro... .VM y opj.n-Mlon n«l onlythe opri;P»»e.l «T. '^.'y^^.^J m .v.' l llavi- a poncpipiwd a vast enipm'. I oiisn i ; M . ...I IhrouKh la/JnoH* an ! luxury. V^m^ ll,. nUg- aUolI-of Ih,. in.Hl....t..al lif- anu.np the -'Xr^Lr^^'.^'^^'A follow.'.! a slill w..rs.. ^Ia>.'i.ali..i. ai....i.K Hw '"""£, i,,,hl.M..an s .•x.Mi.nlion froi.i all r.-stri. tions .Mig.-nrtered Intoleranej ' .if, sn a c«ost.-..y.'.l all palriolis.u. P..lit cal f roo. lom^ £ ilobilily dcgeneraUMrh.!.. anarrhy. whiH. ...a.l.« any pr.>Krm of the country lmpo9»lbl<'. i , , f„r « S... h a Poland had to fall. The «''nP«'\['''X';i„!'.\,''r .ssack I0..K tin.." in spite of all disrupting forces. Thr Ukra ..... t..m»ack ".w. v.M'. Uvmifihi Poland Into conflict wili> Muh,;ov.I« s ,r vitl wl...... th.' Cossacks made a union, In order lo^xm ^ ,!lv T . .u i... cli.l not l...|p Ukraine but It »S »^ n ii. of Polai»l. The Wussian tsars did not slop wars and Intriguw ;;;,til the Polish Empire dl«.ppeared from ihe political map ""'"'Arthe f.r^t partition of P(.land. the Palatinal.- ..f Hiith.-nia; I. fe, anclen L ieia was ced.'d to Austria. With it w.M.t to that power ?hT Polish prrncSitles of Cracow. Zator. and Osw.. m n... P«P"- a .-.n." !: ?.nS;«»ass of Poles just as R"'"--!' iiooulated bv acompact mass of Ukr.. lans. One migt^l naw !x .rnid tl Austrian rulers to retain the old adm.n.stra ,ve dr- v isi m of the acquired provinces, a division basj-d «P«" •aeial differentiation of the population, «»d^„f ^'U^f.^fhrAuS^^^ the risht of free and unhampered development. But AUMmn (?;^e,L.ent had in view evVry object ful this. AusU.«n wen' adherents of the extreme centralist idea, and »^f^!^ with the .5esi.e lo (;en»anize all the nati..nal.t.es ""^ject to Agr dominion. Their vast e.npire. a conglomerate of ™fny "Jl un i they intended to hold together by e.yat.ng i ZS these units. Thus to make the paradoxical mo.iarchy ""^ jTrXiai, they crowned their work with a new af ";,;- of their scheming mind; namely, the union of all SrovinL Polteh Duchies of Craoow. Zator. and Oswienciin Ti' incorporated Into one administrative xmit wUh the Lkra.nuj Palatinate of Ruthenia, once the principality of Galicia. For Uiis aitiliS eieation the a.icl.nt name of ^f.^^''^^^ .1.,,.,' that lin.e for almost a century and a h*»f anei. nt Ukrainian state was used to designate an Austrian crown land , in which the population is approximately ^•^""y ^^^'f^ b..|w.'c.. the Polish and the Ukrainian nationalities. The veryfag that Calicia was the largest adminisl.al.ve ""1* '"..\»*;„^«^iJ? Furone both in regard to its area and in regard to Is populat OB, weKtif£ t^e artificiality and absurdity "VSPv^ roLeifr^ The Austrian policy towards this new aboitive Progpny was the contlnuaUon of the policy that promoted the prosperity of the AMlriaP (.ov.Tini...nl n;>,u Ih.- v.-n \n>n\uuiun. It w«« Ihr hi, OW H«psb,.rK Hi.y of iniri^n... nmlino... .Uslortion ofX f dlinK. annoyaiHVH. ami ,...,s.., „lionH. Tin' ( ont", m .Tthe pS^ landloni a>..i ll.o Polish i„i,..l lor iUv TkraiSn S.^nt .J?S ionali.y o„ ,1..- on. ha,.,/. ,..hI ,h.. h'uni oV ^ uffiln Sj^ towards I h.' Polish lanillonl. on the olher. WW "K iKH h^M In ^.."'i: k'*' T'''"'*^'' indon,^ncl..nl Polish S ,t I oi ine Foiisn and Ukrainian p«'as,intiv towards the noiiilliv Tt Slavic R,.v,val. to ..du. ale th.-ir p^opl.. i„ th.'ir ow „ la.tiuw S ine titK's of t.aln ia w.m.' onr.« nioiv hi th<' history of Iho <^nm^. noodH w.fh r...n„an and (-..nnaniz.-d oflIHa ;wJo^*XTS under the bureaup|e''.5>Jl,l'^^^^ "S^^SnS'^^ri awakened n .tTona I f I ..^LiX U.reh* I beralism and th( tionalities ,1... Uy^^ "«''er na- the rehellio.is n.itiohal ties and T.v ih^ hli ^ ^''^ '""l"'";'' '""""^ absolulisn, of Euroii L^^^^^^ Russia But i riflilnfj .„^i?!t another bbw w de^i^to Hl'V?"'^'.*; i'"-'^^ «her would be "ranted the rii^h, nf !i / ' nationalities till" HaiiH' of I lie fn«») fialif iiied- r the Polish lilt and Da- lian poasant iwJ into n*- hf ol creating an independent Polish state, cranting the Poles all the land east of Poland as far as the firing lines In a letter published simultaneously, the Emperor of Aus- tria gave the Poles to understand that he was willing to cede to future Poland the whole province of Galicia. The collapse of Russia due to the Bolshevist activities opened new possibilities for German conquest in the east. The Junker began to parade under the mask of the liberator of the oppressed nationalities of Russia. But to do this successfully, the na'-onal problems of Austria hau to be solved. Accordingly plans were laid for far-reaching changes in the Dual Monarchy, which was to be transformed into a i. deration of autonomous k)i>tionalities. The plan was received favorablv by all non-German nationalities of Austria, -ith the sole exception of the Poles. The Poles and the t'.eniians saw in the plan a threat against their privileged po- sition in the Monarchv. l or the first time in tl ■ history of the Austrian Pariiament, the Poles came out with an unyielding opposi- tion to the government's plan, this time also together with the Austrian Germans. Future historians will tell how much the defeat of the plan for the reconstruction of Austria had to do with the dissolution of the Kmpire. A few months after the heated discussion in the .Austrian Parliament on the question r.f the federal organization of the state, followed Austria's unconditional surrender to the Allies. The nationalities of the Dual Monnrchy took advantage of the complete disorganization of the armi<'s and the government, and each of them began to organize an independent government of its own. The Ukrainians, inhabiting in a compact, mass the unbroken territory of Eastern Galicia, Northern BukoviM, «nd Northeastern Hungary, proclaimed their independence. The independent Ukrainian r (>-jblic meant abolition of the centuries-long Polish dominion oi theiv country. Althou^ the Ukrainians have never intended to oppress the Polish minorities, dispersed all over the Ukrainian ethnographic territory like ethno- graphic islands in the ethnographic ocean of anoth r nice, yet the Ukrainians would certainly put an end to the rule of the Polish nobility and Austro-Polish bureaucracy. The Polisii aristocracy of Eastern Galicia and the public oflicers of the defunct stale saw their privileged position threatened by the new Ukrainian repuMic. Thus it happened that when the birth of this republic was hailed with joy both by the Ukrainian and the Jewish population of tl' villages, towns, and cities, as their deliverance from the naii'm . oppression of the Pok», the Poles declared war both upon the IHcrainians and upon Uie Jews of Galicia. This is not a national w-ar, since neither the Jews nor the Ukrainians are opposed to the creation of an independent Polish state on indisputably Polish territories. This is a war of two principles of international policy, the struggle of the old principle that the minority should rule the majority by foree, and the pnn- — 23 — ciDle of deinociacy.thal the majority should rul(>. and that the Se thenlLelves should have the right to choose tlie government under which they are to live. With the downfall of Germany following closely upon the un- conditional surrender of Anstri., fell the last obstacle to the union of all Polish lands. The Poles of Hussia, Austna, and Germany, senarafd fon-iblv for more than a century, could now f« most eamest desires fulfilled. What such a union meant for the Poles of Prussia and Russia, is needless to say ; they were passing from the status of oppressed into that of free citizens The case of U.e Austrian Pol's was altogether different By their union with the Poles of (lermany and Hussia they really gained nothing as far as civil liberties were c.ne. rned. As to other possible gains from the union of the whole nationality setting aside the un- doubtful giMMl effect upon the development of national eultiiie and pon the international prestige of the country, the Austrian Poles NNviv not gaining very much. Quite the contrary; should he nriiu iple of the self-determination of nationalities prevail at the n union of the three Polands. then Poland would be reconstructed (mlv out of tiiose lands which possess an undeniably Polish popu- lation In such a ease. Poland wmild lose that part of the Austrian province of Calicia. which lies east of the San River and which is r»opulated by a compact n, .ss of the Ukrainian nat'^nalj^y resolutely opposi'd to the Polish rule. In this way the Po es of Austria, witli reference to their reunion with the PoL-s ot Russ a and Gei-many into one Polish state, had to choose between he nrineiple of self-determination, which is nollnng else than tfie democratic principle of the rule of the majority internationally applied, and their privileged position among the Ukrainians and the Jews of Eastern Calicia. The Polish nobility and the Austrian bureaucracv ol the Polish nationality were called «pon to sacrifice on the altar of the reunion of Polish lands their right to oppress other nationalities. And this they refused to do. WEST UKRAINE (Statistical Survey) We shall begin our statistical view of the Ukrainian lands with so-called Huvgarian Ruthenia. Here the Ulcrainians inhabit a compact territory of over 14.000 square kilometers. The greatest part of it lies in the Carpa- thian Mountains and includes the northern three-quarters of the County of Marmarosh, the northeastern half of the County of Ungh, the northern borderlands of the Counties of Semplen and Sharosh. and the northeastern borderlands of the County of Zips. The total number of Ukrainians in Hungary was 470,000 in 1910, a number which, because of the insufficient Honcarian statistics, may be confidently raised to a half a million, if we couider the fact that even the doctored Greek-Catholic figures of the •i^ties gave approximately the latter number. The percentages of the Ukrainians in different counties, according to ofllcial reckoning, are as fol- lows: In Marmarosh 46%, Udocha 39",,, Bereg 46':o, Ungh 36'!,,, Sharosh 20%, Semplen 11 "i, Zips 8%. In the east the Roumanians form small scattered language islands, in the west the Slovaks. Amid the Ukrainian population, scattered, but in considerable numbers, live Jews; in the cities, Magyars and Germans besides. The Ukrainians inhabit all the mountain- ous, sparsely settbd parts of the counties, hence the percentage of them is small, despite the extent of the country they inhabit. The Ukrainian people in Hungarian Ruthenia consist almost exclusively of peasants and petty bourgeois. The lack of national schools causes illiteracy to grow rampant. The upper strata of the people are tiiree-fourths denationalized; the com- mon people are stifled in ignoranct-. and in the consequent poor economic conditions. In Bukovina the Ukrai..,ans, over 300,000 in number (38"„ of the total population of the land), inhabit a region of 5,000 square kilometers, situated mostly in the mountainous parts of the country. The Ukrainians inhabit the following districts; Zasiavin (Sir'„|, Vashkivtsi (ti:V',l, Vizhnit.sa (78%), Kitsman (S7"„). and Chernivtsi (.5.5".,), half the District of Sereth (42%), a third of the District of Storozhinets (26"„). besides parts of the Districts of Kimpolung, Radauts and Suchava. Amid the Ukrainian popul- ation a great many Jews are settled, scattered, and in the cities many Ger- mans, Roumanians, Armenians and Poles besides. The degree of education and the economic state of the Bukovinian Ukrainians are incomparably better than those of the Ukrainians in Hungarian Ruthenia. From the rani population a nuueroua aducatad cUaa has sprungi which has takan the lead of the niMaes in the •eenomie and political straggte. In Qalieia (78,500 squara UUmieten, 8 million inhabitants) the Ukra- Mnm, 84110,000, that is 40% irf the total popnUtion (with S»% of Polea — 28 — and 1% of Germaiw), occupy a compact space of 56.000 square kilometers, in which they comprise 59''„ of the population. These figures are taken from the census of the year 1910, which, because of its partisan compilation, is perhaps unique among the civilized states of Europe. For not only are all the Jews (who speak a German jargon) listed as Poles, but also all the Ukrainians of Roman-Catholic faith, of whom there is more than half a million, and 170,000 pure Ukrainians of Greek-Catholic (united) faith. B sing our calculations, not on these sUtistics of the vernacular, but on the statistics of faith, which, too, are not unobjectionable, we obtain the fol- lowing reMilts: For the Greek-Catholic Ukrainians 3,380,000 ( 42%), for the Roman-Catholic Poles 3,730,000 (47"„), and for the Jews 870.000 (11" ) According to re.igious convictions, then, Ukrainian East Galicia would contain 62% of Ukrainians, over 25':,, (1,350,000) Poles, and over 12% (660,000) Jews. As a matter of fact, the number of Ukrainians in Galicia, according to the investigations of Dr. Vladimir Ohrimovich, should be raised to at least 3,500,000, and, adding the Roman-Catholic Ukrainians of East Galicia, the number is 4,000,000. We shall retain the figure 3 380,000. however, but for the following view of the district*, the percent- ages will' be taken from the much more justly compiled census of the year 1900. The greatet .percentage of the Ukrainian population, that i» 75—90%, is found i.i the Carpathian Districts of Turka, Stari Sambir, Kossiv, Pechenizhin; the sub-Carpathian Districts of Bohorodchani, Kalush, Zliidachiv the Pokutlan Districts of Sniatin and Hoiodenka, besides the District of Yavoriv in the Rostoche. The percentage of Ukrainians vacil- lates between 67 and 75",, in the Districts of Lisko, Dobromil, Striy, Dolina, Nadvima, Tovmach, Zalishchiki, Borshchiv. Rohatin, Bibrka, Zhovkva and Rava More than three-fifths of the population (60-66"„) is made up of Ukrainians in the Districts of Drohobich, Sambir, Rudki, Mostiska, Horo- dok Kolomiya. Sokal, Kaminka, Brodi. Zbarazh, Zdochiv, Peremishlani, Berezhani, Pidhaytsi. Chortkiv, and Husiatin; 50-60"„ Ukrainians are found in the Districts of Chesaniv, Peremishl, Sianik, Temopil, Skalat, Tcrebovia, Buchach and Stanislaviv. In only two of Ukrainians falls below 50",,: in the districts of Lemberg (49,„) ana Yaroslav (41"„). In the city of Lemberg the Ukrainians comprise only one-fi"nh of the population, and in other larger cities of East Galicia. too, their percentage is not great. Only in the most recent times is the per- centage of Ukrainians in the larger cities of East Galic.a becoming greater, as a result of the continued flocking in of the Ukrainian rural population. In the fifty smaUer cities of East Galicia. on the other hand, the Ukrainians comprise ab«)lute majorities, «. g., Yavoriv. Horodenka. Tismenitsa. In West Galicia only the District of Horlitsl (Gorlltse) has more than 25"; Ukrainians, the «m«teteg f«.r (Yario. New S««leta. Kro.no, Hnbtv) nnlv 10 20"' The Ukrainian population of Galkia cowista nine-tenths of peasants and petty bourgeois. From them a numerou. educated class has sprung Z Z Pa«t century, which has taken the poUtte.1 «A cultural l«^«h|p of the masses. For this reason, too. national coiweiottaiieM h« advanced most among the Ukrainians of Galicia. Dr. SUflmi SnAiitsfcir. KHOLM In the course of centuries, the country of Kholm has often changed its name and frontiers. The southern part was called in ancient times the Tou tia of Cherien, after Cherven the principal town. From the 12th century this district was known as the Duchy of Kholm, and in more recent times it forme(^ a part of the government of Lublin. The northern part was called the Country of Dorohytchyne, from the name of its capital; in modern times it was incorporated in the govern- ment of Sidlets. The Do "ebes, one of the Ukrainian tribes, lived in very ancient times on the banki of the River Bug. For some time this country was under the domination of the Avars, a nomadic race from Asia; but in the 10th century the power passed over to the Poles. At this time a powerful Ukrainian state already existed in Kiev on the Dnieper. On account of the pressure exerted by the barbarian tribes of Asia, Duke Volodimir the Great undertook in 981 a military expedition asainst Poland, and occupied Peremishl, Cherven, and other towns. The territories of Kholm became a part of the Grand Duchy of Kiev. Poland, however, would not give up the towns of Cherven. In 1018 after the death of Volodimir the Great, Duke Eoleslas recaptured them ; and it was not until 1031 that Yaroslav the Wise, the Duke of Kiev, again united them to the Duchy of Kiev. In the 12th century the power of Kiev declined, and the territory drained by the Bug was reunited to Volhynia and the Dnchy of Volodimir. The most illustrious princes of Volhynia were Volodimirko (1124 — 1153), his son Yaroslav (1153—1187), Roman (1188—1205), and his son Danylo (1205—1264). It was the last, the Duke Danylo, who made the town Kholm (hillock) the capital of his mighty kingdom, which extended from the River Sim (in Galicia) to the Dnieper, and from the Pripet to the Black Sea. But this capital did not flourish very long; a fire destroyed the town in 1255. Then the Tatars besieged it and plundered its solmrbs. After the death of Danvlo, Shvamo Ms son reigned (1264 — ^1268). For son'e time he was sovereign of Lithuania through his marriage with a Lithuanian princess. Prince Lev (Leo), (1269—1301), the third son of Danylo, was married to a Hnngaiian princess whose capital was Lviv or Lemberg. Lev wished to pursue the projects of Roman and Danylo, and as a consequence be be- came involved in a long war with the Lithuanians — a war that was ter- minated by a peace "for long years." Twice he besieged Lublin; he cap- tured the town in 1290 and placed a garrison there. Youri (Cieorge) the son of Lev (1301 — 1308) moved the capital to Vla- dimur in Vdh^uia. During his reign, in 1802, the Polish dukes took pos- seMlon of Lublin. In 1820, during the reign of Lev II, son of Youri, (1308 — 1323), Guedemin the Duke of Lithuania occupied the country of Dorohytchyne (northern section). The last duke of the Romain family. Youri II. Boleslas (1323—1340), tried with Tatar help to retake Lublin bat without success. About this time the princes of Lithuania began to annex to their es the diaanitad provineea vl Uknine. They introdoMd pneOc >"- to changes into the local life of Ukraine; on the contrary they **""n?e}^«» Li?huanil to ^vern them. But the?e were stHl two desired to obtain the right of succession to the Ukrainian lands; the»e were Pnl»nd and Hunrnmr. A terrlbte war began, which lasted, with internip- for fortv^aVfc Fortune passed from one country to another; first ffirt the nSkr^LitSa and his successor Youri Narymountov.tch (fssl^ 377) succ^d^ in getting the upper hand; then came the turn of Hungl^y, who dominated the country forten J^'j^J^^^y^ J^''^ occupied the land of Kholm. Tha country ti D»H*ytchyne alM> was re- united to Poland in 1569. • , t,,.» j,„4„- Such has been the political history of the country of Kholm. But durinj profession. half of the 15th century, therefore, the ddegi^sof the Ukrainian Church, headed by Isidore, the metropohtan Kiw^^ !rfrhSlSS Council of Florence, where the metropolitan signed tha Union rf CTiurchM (cal?ed "of Florence"). I«dore wa. * ceed in obtaining the consent of the grand duke of Moscow. \nother delegation composed of H. Potii, Bishop of Vladimir, and Ky- rvlo Terletskv ^shop of Tutsk, went to feome in 1595 to propose the Union of Scher Pope Clement VIII. received the delegates jnth jo^ ^n^d'had^ medal -^e 'o^^^^^^^^^^ '^^"h^^ti^^^l'^^C L«"hrUnionWe"uk^lffiand^^ Churches with ^'%''he"unil''ga"Sed" t"^^^^^^^^^ only the Cossacks stubbornly grof^d themselves around an Orthodox clergy. Religious po"em°cs stirred Sp bitter strife, which resulted in the ternble wars of the ^"Tkra'inian schools, ordinarily attached to churches and conv^^^^ «d.t^ for a long time in the country of Khcto. Alrwdy m 1550 the^ T?^t£ Krasnostiv a school connected with the Church of the Tnnity. In tilt to^ of Khotei to IMS, a Ukrainian school was located in a convent, ^n 16^ B?shop Methode Terletsky (1630-1649). who was educated m the sch^ of Rome, received permission from Pope Urban VIII. to found " ^Bu?'ttrRom?''"^iholic clergy opposed the institution of this academy. Thev Uuld wu > . i the esUblisfcment in Kholm of only « college of BasP^s- Th"s ^ ".owa that even at this early date the artmtiM of The Uniat. " did not have the approbation of the Polish clerw -here crated oh^^^^^^^^ "%t&r°Wj.*S^««S." isl^^^^ was divided a. fol- lows • 1 Tha diffiarf Kholm. Krasnostev. and rfrubeshiv formed the louniry c' Kho^^ wa. apart of the Depjurtoen^^^ 9 t%» Aimtrict at Grodno formed a part of the territory oi oea,9. »w districts of i^r^hyffiw and Melnik belonged to the territory of fMachi^ 4! Sistn^ of th^ B^. around Bereatya (B»«it), belonged to Lithuania " pSw ^^Jl^tt7count^^^ until 1772. In the first parti- p;ii2r!m2) thrwuther districts of the country of Kholm went ti A^^^tii tiirf p^ttr(17»6). th. Auatrian frontier was ex- tended as far as the River Bug. ao that all of the piwnt govwnmMit of Kholm was in the hands of Austria. The peace of Vienna (1809) transferred the country of Kholm to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which in turn was united to Russia in 1816. ine Russian government regarded the country of Kholm as Russian, and de- sired to reorRanize the United Church in order to reduce the Pol.sh in- fluence. , The Poles, on the other hand, considered Khglm as Polish territory and endeavored with all their power to Poloniie the Utoainian population. But the Russians were very powerful. From 1864 to 1875. numerous changea wei« introduced to Russify the Uniate Church; thu ecclesiastical seminary of Kholm was reorganired, the Basilian convents were closed, and the ■ehools were placed under governmental supervision. Finally the Umate diocese of Kholm, partly on account of the pressure exerciMb Of tne KWt- sian government, officially embraced Orthodoxy in 1875. It is a fact that since the remotest times back in the ages, the country of Kholm has been a land where resistance is not an idle word. There was a time when the people of thia country would not abandon the ancient religion" for any price; they lived without baptism for their children, with- out marriages consecrated by a priest, without confession, and without funeral services for their dead. The new Orthodox churches remained empty for many years. Government statistics showed that tnere were as many as 200,000 "obstinates" who refused to embrace Orthodoxy. It was at this time that through the medium of religion the Poles came in contact with these rebellious populations. The Latin clergy admin- istered to the "'-.nts of the abandoned renegades, secretly satisfying their religious requirements; and taking advantage of their influence, they fur- thered the process of Polonization. The success of the Polish clergy was greater than had been hoped for. In 1905 when liberty to change one re- ligion for another was granted to the people. 120,000 former renagadet at one time accepted the Roman Catholic rite, so dear to Poland. In 1912 the government of Kholm obtained the following frontiers de- fined by the Duma : on the east and north, the River Bug, which separates the government of Kholm from the governments of Volhynia and Grodno; on the west, the governments of Siediets and Lublin; on the south. Galicia. The government of Kholm embraced the following distrirts:' Bilhorai, Tomashiv, Zamostye, Hrubeshiv, Kholm, Volodava, Bila, and Aonstantiniv. The following is a division of the population according to religion: Orthodoxes 327,322 36.5';,, Roman Catholics 404,633 45.1 '!„ Jews 135,238 15.1 '!„ ProtesUnts and others 29,123 3.3% 896.316 The ofllcial statistics of the Russian government do not recognize the existence of the Greek-Catholics (Uniates). As a matter of fact, however, the majority of the population is still Greek-Catholic, as it was one hund- red and fifty years ago; it is only on account of force that these people have chosen between Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. From the viewpoint of nationality, the facts are no less convincing; the statistics show: Ulcrainians and Ruaaiana 463,902 61.7% Poles 268,063 29.9% Jews 136,238 16.1% Germans 29,123 S.8% 896,316 Roman CathoHc UkrainUuif wtth the Pelt*. SUtSk. mpiled bv the Ru-.ian parUamenUry conmu..^ m^m befM?Kholm was united RuB.mn L^krame (1912), i^m tM gt^ ^ifldme*: they show the following figures. UkrainUni ^'/f PolM J«w» Gennans 5„'? Rowians I„ the eastern d-tricts on the Buk the Ukraini^^^^^^^^^ majority: clerjcy, the Ukrainian element predominates. Under the influence of the new Ukrainian Z^T^rt^uI r^^'i^hTrntsl^^^^ heir ow newspaper, but authoritation f «r thto WM Teh»«l. At the Pre^nt moment w^^^ still smouldering. The. .Lntly fir^the hour when it can by German armies. '*»'t»J%Vf.p y its oast T City of Khdm, te.*£j^;^t *iMmp> the fiwt itep to 6wak the national con.cK i.ne8. of the UkrainlaM to ib^lish the mrainian Orthodox Church. An ingeniou. plan oftth Churcherwa. formed.; the Ukramian. wer. to the "jht to retain their Ea.tem ceremonie., but had to recogniio th« •"P'*'"*^'*;^ "ty of the Pope. It w«. hop«d that in the courw <>* t^tfe' ITi ^ m t to anotheV operation, upon their Church and m fcy • CatholiciMtion and Poloniwtion would be attained. tht Ukra"n"fn Orthodox Church. The religiou. •trugzle was con acted most\otly and 'r^''4S°S^"^W d^S^ ?t^riLr.f«a\irfoiX'^sr<^^^ POLAKJ OPPUSSn THB UMIATl CHtmCH. matic character, not ea.Uy detortable to ^^ "^""^"^^^^^^^^^^ the Sti**"** ''^i^SS^tL'Tu^not^ °' V^- different way. that the ^nm^ I'""ts «Tf t»»»»''~j*Si^'3Se«nces of Church language .8 not L"*'" ^" bod^! They were emphasized — 32 — the upponitioa of the Popes. The Polish Kovernmtnt then started to "c( vert" the Unteto Ukrainiam to Roman Catholiciiin and Polonism with th* powm at ita commaML AKTKB Poland's ikiw.m all. rulaiul paid ilciirly for disn-Kurdinjr the ri^rlits of the Ukrainians n:itu iiiil culture and freediini iif lonsfie. ce. 'I'lio |iiiie wan the forfeitl of political independence; it was the Cossack wars and the separation Ukraine, which were the immediate resulu of that rtligioiM and natioi oppression, and the most important cause of the downuU of the Poll Stnte. During' the tirst partition of Pidmid. the northern part of the "Khol skn Rus" reniaineil with I'oland, and the rest was taken by Austria. Di infc the third partition, n section of it went to Russia, the rest was seij by Austria. At the Congress of Vienna in l!s\T>, the whole province w incorporated .iito the Kingdom of Poland, which was united with Rosi and remained under that rale until the preaent war. WCTWrSN THE UPTEB ANP LOWEB MIIXST0NB8. A period of new tragedieB, unseen penecntions, unparalleled oppr sion was siprnaled by the unsuccessful Polish uprising of 1831. Since tl time, the Russian Government in ita policy towards Kholm had only < aim in view: to raise the importance of the Great Russian nationality I the Russian Orthodox ( liurch. For this purpose, the Governme.'t esti lished schools, mostly parish schools, which were under the cont'd of I Orthodox priests, and in which the Great Russian language was a subj< of special importance. Russian Orthodox churches were built, and Ri sian Orthodox parishes were founded. The rights of the Uniate Chni were restricted; many Uniate churches and monasteries were cloiad turned over to the Orthodox. The Poles of the province, who consist of landlords and clergy, wi certainly not satisfied with the new state of affairs. Once they had b< the masters of the country; now they found themselves in a subordini pMition. Once they had conducted their policy of Catholieixing and Pc niiing openly: now they had to conduct it secretly, through cunning a subterfuge. Hence came their irritation, wrath, and rage. ' Restricted their actions, the Polish nobility and clergy put in motion a whole ser of devices cleverly schemed. One of them was the transportation of 1 relics of St. Victor from Warsaw to Yanov, in 1854, on which occasion ma Uniates were converted to Catholicism. The oppressive policy of the R sian Government was again producing strange fruit, this time for Rust Penecuted for their creed, the Uniates were giving it up, but they refui to embrace vhe Russian Orthodox religion, and went into the nets prepai beforehand by ;h« Polish clergy lead by the Jesuits. NEW ATntMPTB AT THE C< VERSION OF KHOLM UNIATES TO THE ORTHODOX CHURCH. -Another Polish uprising (186.3) was again a signal for an enfon policy: the Kingdom of Poland was dividet" into provinces, and their g< ernors received extensive powers. "Kholniska Rus" was divided among 1 provinces of Lublin. Sidlets, Suvalki, and Lomzha. The Russian Chu: and the Russian Government once more joined their hands to accompl the final "voluntary reunion of the Uniates with the Orthodox Church." It was agreed that one of the chief reasons for the failure of Ruse; propagranda was the difference between the Great Russian language of 1 "apostles" and the Ukrainian language of the "infidels" who were to converted. Accordingly a large number of individuals were summoned fr ad.ioining Galicia; education was not required, not even any natural g nay, even the reputation of honesty was deemed unnecessary. All tl was essential was the apostolic zeal to conduct the work of the "convers of the infidels to the old creed of ancient ancestors." — 33 — the ••ISJiSlAr.tor of th. {J;**^blP.hTnTai.cr'^ aboutV'ft^^^ •« work •gtlnit hi. Cl.uroh P"f^"Vinf, * °f. ...bout th« c«l«br«tlon of Th; Unf«te rite from CathoUe mdditiont mn^ iT.ccord.nce with th« Vla.s in .ucrrdance Jk. kppointe,! the H«y when the purification wa« to b« c°";P,'«"f;. iitio yri it was made nothi'nK b«t 'JdiculinK .the pwple . ^hK^^^^^^^^ -^^^ d.ri.ion went the duty of the administrative and P°"" u-ej to interrupt th« io f« that the .» maintain .ecrtcy about the wnoie , f ^hole cam- police authoritie. with exile ^^^J,"/,',*^'^;,,!^^ of'the province of Sidlet.. paisn wer« Gromeka. at tije t'"!* t"^ Kover. . J. ^ that sion. When, however, a deleitation of a few un^aie received of the whole Uniate Chwrch with the Orthodox Churcn y by the T.ar and by the Holy Synod. And in the omc Churches wa. celebrated: '""^"•^^^"yt.l^DroiS meka received a huge estate; Mr. Makoff wa» promotedw a p ^ .„^,ibed and the Tsar was offered a medal, ''*^^'^'^}'J°^J^J^SlA%9lvn. .." with the Pharisaical leKend: "torn away by ^''J^'^r^^^^^^iUi^t And how much love ^^^^^'hrte^dil wumCwas to be in a short time after the featlyitiej. when f^^xed to con- carried inf. effect. The "tl-a. /^f^'^n 'i/cltinu^ i^ old faith, ver' unyoodi t- the new reliidon; the P«7j«f nS Church were futile, and all the efforts of the Government and the """f ' "i " Thi.e Thl "aposUes" had to resort to their chief argamen^ '^'XJ^S^ all com- was published a whole serie. of decree8^der.,j^ictSjOM^ Churches maiulinp the Uniates to join the Orthodox Church. Ti»e uniaw wtTi- ordered to be closed. i„„„iitip, the Uni- The indiKnaticn of the P-P V.".n''d^ried ?oTeveKe P^^^^^^^ ates gathered before their churches and tried to locliinK them. The Cossacks and "the"^ military ^^^^^ ^^^^ field of "conversions" as the most fffe'^'J* /iT;'^?: Vn'a bervo, in the many people were kiUe.l. In tj'''. J>"ages of Trat^^^^ ^ prov n'.. of Sidlets. the step, o^,^^^ |;hurches were "°^^*^nt to Si- ,ho r-ople "reunited by love." The T"^^*'"^ declaration lifV-toiuIl^ry^'r^n.ct" ^iKaWth^t^ouKtil'^y ..^eed to do a. "'"^^ording to the report of Mr. Mansfield lagers of a hamlet in the Pro^'"!"^ °f fSore were s^nt to the village, ation of "voluntary leunion. Troops, therefore, were se After all eatables had been destroyed^ ^uncfl rmmedi^ly passed a re- sa< ks anoeared on the scene. The viU«[e <»«nf'' ''""**"f^'?t. Tl-e peas- solution confirming the reunion, "^d ordered all men "'S^ The men ants refused. The Co«»ck« aeparated the men '^"""t^^^X women with — at — thodox Church was a voluntary act eaaaed by the amiableneu of the con- The results of such conversion were rather unexpected for both the Orthodox Church and the Russian Government. Orthodox churches became empty; the people lived unbaptited, entered into the family relations with- out the sanction of the Church, burned their dead without Christian cere- monies. If any ritual functions were performed, they were performed be- yond the frontier of the Empire, in Galicia. To cope with the new circumstances, the Russian Government elaborated 8 whole series of new measures. For the failure to baptize a baby with- in a week after birth, for unauthorized hurrying of the dead, for cohabita- tion without the sanction of the Church, high fines were imposed; in case of the failure to pay the fine, cattle, clothes, and household goods were to be seized and sold at au(^ion in the nearest town. Should the sum received by sale exceed the fine, the balance was not to be returned to the owner, but to be kept by the village authorities "to defray future fines." Even these new manifestations of apostolic zeal and love proved barren of results. The people preferred to be fined, to sec their estates ruii-.ed or sold out, than to perform the ceremonies in accordance with the prescrip- tions of the hateful Church. Thousands were exiled to Central Russia. The jails were overflowing with the Uniates accused of all imaginable crimes. The courts were overburdened with inquiries, examinations, and trials, and special authorities were formed to deiil with their problem. For a moment a sound thought seemed to dawn upon the minds of the Bussian bureaucracy. On April 23, 1871, a special committee on the Kholm affairs reported it was the deep conviction of its members that the Uniate population of the coun'i-y should be allowed to enjoy unrestricted religious freedom. Moreover, the opinion of the committee was affirmed by the Tsar. During the first years of the reign of the Tsar Alexander III, there was drafted a bill of law abolishing all the fines and punishments imposed for the failure to perform the Orthodox ceremonies. That all this was only a "lucid interval," the immediate future was to bear witness. The country was again plunged into a flood of lawsuits, arrests, fines, and exiles. When the Uniates continued in their stubborn- ness, refusing to frequent the Orthodox Churches, to baptize their children, and to perform other religious ceremonies according to the Orthodox rite, the migrating Catholic priests and monks appeared in the country offering their religious services to the people. The abnormal atmosphere of secrecy with which all this was done contributed to the development of another evil; the performance of those secret religious services passed into the hands of private "entrepreneurs," shrewd, and venturesome persons, Fom^times even Jews, and became a profitable trade. This, in its turn, became a fruitful soil for police authorities to show their administrative ardor; gossip, secret information, slander, inventions, poured in an infinite stream. The police authorities compiled a list of the so-called "Cracow weddings;" they were declared null and void, and the families based upon them were ordered to dissolve. The consequences of the persecutions were again unexpected. In 1895, the government counted in the diocese of Kholm 73,000 "obstinate" Uniates, while within two years their number increased to 83,000. Within one year, from 1H96 to 18!)7, the number of "obstinate" Uniates in the district of Kholm increa.sed by 6,000 persons, the number of "hesitating" by 1,500 persons, and the number of unlawful marriages by 770. The official report reads: "The condition of the obstinate ex-Uniates is pitiful to the utmost. Having forgotten the duties imposed upon them by the Christian faith, they have become thoroughly hardened in their souls. Their attitude towards the Orthodox Church is full of spite. They avoid meeting and talking with its clergj'. The Orthodox clergy are not admitted to the bed of the dying. When you persuade them to baptize the child, they answer, 'We will sooner drown them than baptize them in your church'. The propaganda of the Catholic priests was not discontinued among them; secret performances of their cerwmonies and confessions are going on." It was evident even for — 36 — tiie gardener hinwelf tlutt th« dwsycd tne gntfted by Mm wm prododnc rotten fruit. T , . . The Tsar's government was charMterhed as a government which never forgot anything and never learned anything. It knew how to miss eve^ lesMn of histofy. no matter how clear and persuasive. BnreaOcre v, ibo^ of the State and the Church, required opportunity for displR-.;y: tc.^. for earning titles and prwnotioni. Even if the most evide f^'^t^J"^^;; testifying that the govemment was defeating its own ends, v. n ^hen ti.e «!raSnt could nSt stop the force it had set in motion. ' ■ r ^" of nil Uw unfavorable results, the oppressive policy was continued. It was in 1905, that the people began to suspect that th o t -ntnv nt h«l changed its policy. On April 17. a manifesto was published wn.c^ proclaimed that "in the domain of creed no restrictions and no'""* should exist." Perhaps the people were still more glad when they read another announcement of the same manifesto in which the government explicit y dSd that the "creed i. bom Wtthuively of God's grace." They certain y had the right to think that what these words meant was that the creed is never bom of the oppressive measures of the police or police churches. It might seem that now the field was open for a free religious propa^nda. every denomination seemed to have the right to pro*ess its religion openly. Now everybody could pray to God as he thought best, withort interference from the police. Now every creed had power to propagate its faith, to win back the faithful it had lost, and to win new converts. Nor did the Un.ate Church seem to be excluded from these rigits and nrivileires: but not being excluded by law, she was excluded by the state Srrffi. The tolerati^ decree found no Uniate Church org.mzat.on in the Kholm province, for all the parishes had long been disbanded, and all the Uniate priests had been forced to change their reliRion, to give up p^acWngVo? to leave the country. The Uniate priests from Gal^tf were not allowed to pass the frontier. Thus among those who were ywmuMf ««r their persecuted religion, there were only Roman Catholic priesU and Or- thodox clergy, both hostile to eMh^oUier, and both united against the Uniate Chuwh. The return to the Uniate Church was thus cut off ; the people had to choose one of those two religions which had the opportunity to carry their propaganda in the country. , wi. If iriven a full free choice, they would have selected neither, smceboth were foreign to them, and both were associated in the minds of «»« P«^» with unplfasant reminiscences, one with the nobility's economic explor- ation, the other with political persecution by the KO^e^'JIf ^^V"'^^' j'X ever, the choice was not free, the people had to choose betwe^*^" Their CathoUe sentiment could not be reconciled with the idea of the schism in the Church which they considered their own; they disliked heartily cer- tain rites of the Orthodox Church; and finally, the persecutions carried by tte Orthodox Church, supported by all the brutality of the Jsanst wvern- ment, stood fresh in their memories. The popular sentiment was evidently iMtning toward the Catholic Church. .^vniw «.*f.ak of the present war; but they certainly were not to I favorable to the Ukrainian nationality. During this war they passed froi bad to worse. I do not mean the privations of the people because of tl state of war, nor their sufferings when their country waa occupied by or or the ottier belligerent. What I mean is the political and religious pe sactttions, which were iitaugurated as soon as the forces of the Centn Fcmm, in the so-called "Hindenburg Drive" of August and Septembe 1916, had occupied those parts of the Ukrainian territory known as Khob Volhynia, and PoliMy*. The invading araiiea abdJiriMd tin a^idBMrsth 37 — divisions introduced by Russia in 1912, and the wh< occupied region was put under the Austrian rule, which was Austrian o> y in name, and Polish in fact. Galicia, with its formal equality of ) ^hts for all nationalities and ito shameless actual oppression, became a model for the goYenunent of the newly occupied provinces of Russia. These were times when the Folea were courted by the Central Powers as never before, when the Polonophile movement in Attstri-. and Germany was at its height. Hundreds of thou- sands of Polish volunteers, organited into the so-called Polish T -ions, were co-operating with the invading Germans, who in their shrewdu. s sent the obsequious Poles to occupy the lands that once had been the po.'sessions ol the Polish Empire. The Legionists, in their chauvinistic ardor, treated the occupitd provinces as if they were an integral part of Poland, and treated th'- -jeople as if they were aboriginal Pole*. Their imperialistic sentiments we'i- rising high; the intolerance of independent Poland was awakened. As all this played into the hands of Germany and Austria, the Poles were given a free hand. What the Ukrainians have suffered from that Polish occupation of Russian provinces no pen can describe. Unprecedented as has been the Russian regime in Galicia after the Russian occupation in 1915, it seems to be fully equalled by the reign of those new adepts of the German way of governing. The Orthodox churches were changed into Roman Catholic churches against the will of the peopte; the Polish news- papers, among the heroic deeds of the Legions, narrated about the chop- oing" of the Orthodox crosses on the churches. Polish clergy, monks, and nans esUblished Polish schools throughout the occupied Ukrainian country, while the Ukrainian teachers and priests were not ever, allowed to en^er the provinces populated by their countrymen. Whoever dared to proc«»d against the united German and Polish interest, was dealt with summarily as traitor or spy. All the administrative artifices performed by the Ger- mans in Belgium, were repeated with ability by their capable pupils in ^''^he'friendship between the Germans and Poles reached its culminating point at the time when the Central Powers were in the greatest need of men for their armies. On November 5, 1916, the German and Austrian Emperors conjointly published a proclamation, which was to _cement that "leonina societas"; a national State of Poland was proclaimed as a here- ditary constitutioilal monarchy. Although the exac* frontiers were to be outlined at some future time, the wording of the prociamation s'^bjected to IWish rule aU the territory Uken from Russia by the Central Powers and extendi^to the east as far as the firing line. In this way, about two mil- ?Sf UkrliJ^ans came under the "lawful" Polish rule. " ""^less ^o^^^^ what it meant to them. In short, the horrors of an }«^^Vet^t with political, social, and religious oppression rose again from the <««««• The recent events in Rusata had a profound influence upon the further development of the problem. The Tsariat government tell. The Revolution Sfter ^.2^«1 interSiedUry stagey P*****? iSJSS.'' wSh uinaine was forcwl to mve up her aiiicerMt dmAtm to eoiwtitata wtth RoMia a fadtraliat republic. rOUBH OPPOMTIOH TO SELF-DETERMINATION OF THE PEOPLE OF KHOLM. The aUitude of the Poles toward the people of Kholm is rather unre- eoneiUble with their alleged democratic tendencies. Living continually among the jmvple of Kholm, they know from actual observation that the majority arTnot Polish in their nationality and not Roman Catholic m their religion. They know that the people wait for the moment when they may be free to embrace that religion for which they have suffered so much, and to adopt that national cultui* which was so long denied to them by ***To*gronr'the right of Belf-deteTmination even if its application may he detrimental to one's private interests requires an elevated state of mind, and the suppression of all egotism. Evidently these qualities are wdly Ucking in those men who dictate the policies of the Polish BaUemlmr. TMW the economic interesta are of great importance in the whoM affur canwK — 38 — be denied; the union of Kholm with Ukraine would mean for the Polii clergy the forfeit' of the position of the established Church, and for tl Polisk nobilit\ tsa of their estates to the peasants. Thus the kec egotistic interests command these two social ^oups to oppose the sepan tion of Kholm from Poland; therefore one cannot be surprised at the: attitude in the question. Since, however, the whole natior -lity and tl entire Government have taken the position of the nobility and clergy, •bom wers, who wanted to make them Catholic and Orthodox, Polish and Grei ttssian, but never asked the people themselves for their opinions and the: desires. It should be the achievement of oar age to aaJst the pet^Vs ytk heard for the first time in history. THE UKRAINE (From the Edinburgh RevUw, London-New York, January, 1919) ' It wUl be the end of Russia, not indeed by any mean* at a great Power but as a European danger, if the Ukraine ever secedes from the Empire.... it f^tttrie^ratively UttU to Russia, if she loses Poknd, and even Fm- tafT But wUhmit ti'S Ukraine Russia becomes an Asuitic Power.'— Bedwin Sands, 'The Ukraine.' London. 1914. When the collapse of the Tsar's Government in 1917 brought the Na- tional^»veinent of the subject peoples suddenly to the s^'^a^e the Ukra- inian, wre not, like the Poles or the Finns, inspired by the "ejection kn independence recently enjoyed. For more than two and l^^^^^ they had been ruled by the Tsar. Before that they had been under Polish yoke. Those measures of Russification which, imposed at the l»- girnine of the twentieth century, were so bitterly recanted in Finland, had feen introduced without protest in Ukraine at the end of the eighteenth century. And when under the influence of nineteenth century .n»t'°^j«™ a Ukrainian movement made its first appearance, it had Wn )«™8°}**«jy suppressed by the Russian Government. From 1876 to (thoiurh M* without mitigations from time to time in practice) and again from 191* W 1917 it was forbidden to publish a book, or to import a book or to Producs a play, or to deliver a lecture, or to preach a sermon, in the Ukrainian lan- KiMse. All education from the village school to the university was in Rus- sian. A large part, perhaps the majority, of the educated classes rarely spoke a word of Ukrainian except to servants or peasants. The higher strata of society, the functionaries, the mihtory, the nobility, the ■vpertor clergy, were almost entirely denationalized. So to a great extent were uw lower strate in the towM. And eren in the villages, where the Uknin^ language waa universal, the ao-ealled 'village aristocracy.' time-expired non-commissioned oAcers. village officials and former town-workers c<»M back to their Communes, constituted a more or less Russianiied element. The majority of peasants understood a Russian speaker— when they wisneu to — well enough : for though many never went to school, and more forgot what they learned in the two years of schooling which was all that mort peasanU got, yet mort towmed acnin irtwt th^ had fmiottm during their service in the array. Perhapa the moat strikinc evidence of the immaturity of the Ukrainian movement in Russia is thefact that in the year 1906. when all non-Riu- aian nations were in clamorous revolt, scarcely a voice was raised in the Ukraine in favor o£ aeparation. The chief news that reached the world from the Ukraine was of pogroms organized by ultra-Russian patriots in the Ukrainian towns of Kiev, Kishinev, and Odessa. Thm yn» m Utaw- inian Club of some forty members in the First and Second Dumas. But from the Third and Fourth Dumas under Stolypin's manipulation of the franchise they had all disappeared: and at the outbreak pf the war the Ukrainian Nattmulteta had not a siBgla npzMwaUtive either in the Dnraa — 40 — or in any one of the Ukrainian zemstvos. So effectually it seemed had tl pU"8tav influence, which dominated the Russian pohcy .n the decade befo the war succeeded in the crushing of the Ukrainian movement. Perhaps they would have succeeded altoKether— for the Victors in the favor, as has been indicated, were many— but for the iracment of tl Ulcrainian race, three millions only out of thirty millions, who live . Austrian soil. Here they are called Ruthenes: they inhabit the easte oarts of Galicia. of which province they constitute sliffhtly less than ha the population, and are under the yoke of the Polish majority, to who mercies Vienna handed them over when she made her peace with the Pol after the disasters of 1866. It may be said at once that there is no grou or fraction of a group, of Ruthenes, which docs not cherish for tlie Pol a hatred so fierce that by the side of it the bitterest protest of the Russii Ukrainians against Russian rule appears tame and insignificant. At word from Vienna the paasants would be any day ready to bring m cai loads of the heads of the Polish landlords, as they did in the Galician r. ing of 1846; and the intelligentiiui would organize pilgrimages to the houa of the murderers, as they did when Miroslav Siczynsky murdered the Poli governor of Galicia in 1908. But neither peasants nor intelliyentsia g the opportunity; for no one has ever charged the Poles with weakness their rule of subject races. Nevertheless, though held in bondage themselves in Galicia, the Rutl nes have provided a kind of 'intellectual Piedmont' for the Ukraini movement. The hooka, which were not allowed to be published in Russ were published in Lemberg and Czernowitz and smuggled across the borde exiles from Russian Ukraine found a home in Galicia; and the history the Ukrainian movement down to 1914 is to all intents and purposes t history of the Ruthenes. Yet the Ruthenes are cut off from the Russi Ukrainians, not only by the political barrier, but by one of those barric which in this part of Eastern Europe count for more than political bov daries, a difference of faith. The Russian Ukrainians are Orthodox, me bers of the Russian Church. The Ruthenes are Uniates, Catholics in co municn with Rome but retaining the Greek rite and the married clerj The Ruthene peasant is passionately attached to his rite, and very mu more afraid of Latinization on the part of the Poles than of proselytizi efforts on the part of Orthodox Russia. 'Purifying the Greek rite' ( which is meant the elimination of organs, vernacular hymns, and the mc modem Catholic devotions, such as the Sacred Heart or even the Immai late Conception) has always been a good political cry in East Galic especially among the Russophile elements: and in the hands of agitat! from Russia has more than once been the prelude to whole villages goi over to Orthodoxy. One of vhe outstanding personalities of Eastern Europe is the Unii Metropolitan, Mgr. Count Sneptitsky. He is a Pole by birth, or rather is a member of one of those aristocratic families which bear Ruthene nam but which were all Polonized centuries ago. A Sheptitsky was Archbisl of Lemberg at the end of the eighteenth century; but the present Met politaii, Andrew Sheptitsky, is the first of his name, and indeed the first his caste, to acknowledge Ruthene nationality. He occupies a unique pc tion in the National movement, and his place, whei, he dies, will be diffic tl fill. Physically he is something of a Hercules, well over six feet hi| with a big, fair be«ird, and with a certain air of command, in which 1 Polish aristocrat and the Prince of the Church are curiously commingl He dominates almost without question an anything but docile intelliffentt There is a strong vein of anti-clericalism in the intelligentsia ; and agi and again the clergs- have chafed under anti-clerical diatribes of the i tionalist newspapers, and the diplomacy of the Archbishop has had to put in motion behind the tcenea. Bat by one means or another he 1 succeeded in shepherding into one fold the bulk of the clergy on the < hand and the principal groups of the inte'llgentsia, the so-called 'O solidation,' on the other. This union has po^torfully promoted the progr of the Nationalist movement. In the 'nineties the NationaUati manaMd exclude the BoMophitM attofttiMr bd' t -n ths Anrtriaa B^Actk i ,ro. the Galici.„ Di-t »:jj;S''^r?re ttsKtna^"^ L^cS^v^tf ^^^^^^^^^^ ^ --^ EwLiTeilicia. and does not play a prominent rote. R„th*.r». "^"TTre was a* time when the Hussophiles-^^^^^^^^ -were supported by the Austrian Governn^ent as a usei body, well adapted to form ""^'P^f^'^j *^uss.an agents ^ those ^'^.V^, X! the UkraS^licy ta g^^^^ (August 28. Sept. iO 19fB). One of the Lft- eral papew ?f1piSofnrfl«b^^^ next day the following malicious com- "*"wh"en''we*^M in occupation of Galicia, there was a swoop of Pan- Slavists "oTinrfor jobs in the good work of Russiflcation. "Here I am " satd Ivln "Hire 1 am!" shouted Paul. Now when it is a question of who was ret^nsible for the thousands of unfortunate '^'"Kees. enticed into RMsia by false promise, of land, they are all crying sadl; : "!t v( .a not I ^li ^ not I." Ivan says it was Paul. Paul says it was Ivan As for FulMiud he ia inclined to think he was not given a free enough hand. ^^S^irtdte in Russian Ukraine the Nationalist papers, which had ™J!;.^irtaK^v Kharkov, and elsewhere since 1905, had all been sup- pS oS the day'afte? thTo^tbreak of the war; and the reversion to tfc ^J!tTade their way to Vienna%ere withthe support of the Austrian General Staff they founded yny'dnM League Z the Liberation of t^e Ukraine and hrfpedto organize Ukrainian legions. But in the Ukraine itself from theoi^roU of the war to the outbreak of the revolution silence reigned. The C«dete at one time took up the UkrainUn NatiOMlists in connection withj*dr campaim against the Government; but even the very cautious. gm*na t*™. In which after their manner— there was no party in Russia which ^rsuSert MtionaHties^^ distrusted-they declared *or 'cultural autonomy' f?r the Ukraine, pr.Sluced a split in the Pa^y, and the weU- know" deputy Strove resigned from the Central Committee (1916). On this silence in Little Russia fell the crash of revolution. M the ou?set thi Nationalist vntelligentsm took <^'>'^^'f ■^.f^^^Z^^?M'^ 1917 they collected a Ukrainian National Congrreas at Kiev, which pro- n^c^ lor autoiwmy within the Russian Republic. Separatist tenaen- ?^^re not s"ong at this Congreaa. The 6ongress further elected a Coundl^r Rada. so named after tlie ancient Assembly of Ukrainian Cos- sacks • and Prof Hrushevsky was acclaimed iU president The |jid» mand4d from the Russian Provisional Government recognition of Xnn«inim autoi^my teimSiate locid control, and the formation of a separate Ukra- fnian amy! tS Cadet attitude in reply to these denianda was to refer the question to the Russian Constituent Assembly, m whic! (as both part- ies veS well knew) the Ukrainians would be completei, outnumbered, in studying the record of their brief spell of power in this year it is aston- shing to fbae^ve with what light-heartednwjtt* »^J^,^»>»J2!J to the very last treated the National movwmjite of the subject nattaM. Their attilmde constitutes the strongest proof «rf the roots which Pan- Ksm had struck in Russian political menUlity. *»°btain any Mtisfaction of their demands, the Rada set up an independent Government Thrconflict was still in progress, and the Rada was drifting towards a con plete ropture. when the golshevists precipitated matters by their coup " 'L°BolX"^t''ri^J^^^^^^^ stripped the outer riiell of inteUertual ^ Ua lenUTimi, and laid bare to the daylight the explosive forces which were stor«l wMrinthe frame-work of the new SUte The Rada was -Kerenskist in character: it was dominated by the Social Revolutionary party (Keren- sky's oartv) with • more or less complacent phalanx of bourgeoisie in the backgi^und. It had secured the •»PPlrt of the peasante ^ at least had met with no oppositi«m <*t»«f°' 'i^^twilrt.^ wwJh was conaulted— partly by appeals to the always latent ant^P-thy which exists between Little Russian and Great Russian, partly owing to a con- fused idea on the part of the masses that a new Govrrnment, our own Government' wo^ surely end the war. But as has been explained, the population in the towns, whether Ukrainian or Russian or Jewish had ahi bMn far more tuacaptiblc to Russian than to Ukrainian Nationalist (Inences: it read the Russian papers, and belonced to the Russian polit parties. When after the Bolshevist revolution Soviets be^an to be fori in the towns, some were Bolshevist and some were not; but none v Ukrainian Nationalist. Doubtless there were Nationalists amongst tl members; but at such a time the trumpet-call of the social revolution minated all other cries. The Soviets declared a general strike for days, and allowed no bourjteois papers to appear. The episode opened eyes of the intelligentsia to their own weakness. For the first time Sbcial Revolutionaries in the Rada were up against the realities of gov< ment. To do them justice they attcnipte<) to grapple with these reali accordinK to their lights. They saw that, if they were to fight the Sovi thev must base their government on the support of the peasantry, what other class could they appeal? The nobility, the bureaucra^, Church, the proletariat in the towns, all were more or less hostile. Ex< for themselves — and they were not under the delusion (which to the obsessed the RusEian Liberals) that governments can be based upon intelligentsia — only the peasantry were Nationalists, or could be made i Nationalists. To the peasantry, therefore, they proceeded to appeal. Every one knew what the peasants wanted. Every party had long eluded it as a plank in their programme; and the Social Revolutiona themselves had made it a special feature. The peasants wanted more li Accordingly on Nov. 20, 1917, the Rada government issued a Universalt decree — it was the old word used of the Hetman's decrees in the sixtee century — abolishing all private ownership in large estates. Crown Church lands, and the Imperial Appanages, without compensation. L Committees were to be set up to carry the decree Into effect. The Vnv sale further proclaimed various measures, such as State control of ] duction, an eight hours day in fac -s, and the abolition of the de penalty, with which it was hope^' to • the Soviets' water and do so thing for the prestige of the Rada .. che towns. The Land Commiti assembled and got to work. The history of the next six months is i known. The Rada made its separate peace. The Soviets with the aid Russian Bolshevists overturned the Rwla and took Kiev.' The troops of Central Powers re-took Kiev, and re-established the Rada in ignomini tutelage. They had hardly done so when 'a body of peasants', marched Kiev, dissolved the Rada, and invested a large landowner, an ex-Rust general, with dictatorial powers and th. title of Hetman. The Hetr immediately proc.aimed the restoration • the rights of private prope 'the foundation of culture and civilizati' • and treated as null and void decrees of the Rada Government. This be-.v 'dering political record is not intelligible without its so and economic backtrround. The IhiiverKale. which confiscated the la estates, did not transfer the land into the possession of the individual p« ants, but to district and communal committees. The theory of land-teni which the Social Revolutionaries responsible for the Universalt affeci was that every peasant should have as much land as he could cultivate yr. out hired labor, but in usufruct only and not in possession ; he was no( be able to sell or bequeath it: the land was to belong to the commun This was substantially the system on which the greater part of the peasi land in Great Russia, and some of the peasant-land in Little Russia, i held before the Revolution. It was the system stereotyped by the T Alexander II, when he abolished serfage in 1861. With the cmiflscatiwn the large estates it would be possible to apply the system on an inllnil more generous scale. In the Black Earth Zone, in which most of the a| cultural Ukraine lies, the peasants at the abolition of serfage received lotments ranging from 8% to .3^4 acres. It is calculated that in this reg 16^4 acres is the minimum on which a peasant family can support iti without seeking outside work. It might seem therefore that all that ^ needed was to mereaae the peasant's allotment to 16% meM i^iaee out the new confiscated land of the large proprieton. So tiie Social Revi tionaries thoc^t: and op to this pout the pensanta eoidially agreed n them. tees were formeil. and the rti»tr Duv^n u. .Polished serfage in MOW. The legislation l^^'^VS communal cultivation of Siiume.! (with certain n«f«'»*';^»u^!!IX.ne A Russian commune is » k nd eveSrl^ar ^definite .mount of « '^rt^P cultWator to do what h^,P'«»";j'LVbH«hJd rotation, and the like. This proportion to pasture, observe 'X'^f prev.iU alike under private E^bm'raf-r/r/hrt c^^^^^^^^ ^he ratrero^r^i ffls^ wiis^ "SomS^^ffl rnr^iWchiii of redistribution has ^^^^T^ Sotmmnw it. if at the end of ten it to Ivan Ivan'itch to keep ^i* "H* ''^'^ to hand it over, and to or fifteen years he "ay be f ^?*^,J'iyNikolayevitch. who is • d^n^Vt.*,^ tnko in exchange the land of iNiKoiai „._,m„nes on the other nana, f^l Z:iV^ tfke the trouble to plough^ i.^'^.o «ffibu?ron. At the time where the land is privately ^^^'^'^l^^A^ ownmhw was adopted for the of the Abolition the system of ^'"^^""S'^.^r^S sy***'" E"^'^^ great majority of <:°l"'"""«Ai" ^SlaiH? of^^^^ i" Little feusaU. ownership was adopted lor th«»wat«wjwn^^ principle of communal When the Vm'>*:^^^!^t^M^\^Sb^ of the Ukrainian ownership was by traditton Mmt » «u « "'"provision had been made in the Abolition Uw o^mi to en^^^^^^^ serfs to pTchase their allotments by P»3^"K "i^',^ increajed ?o Uke t^em out the c««mun^ J h««e 'a^^^ by the foundation of the State »fSS„*Vrrhe abolition, not merely of cemi- l4islation has been di'*^**^ svsTem of c^mm cultivation.. The munal ownership, but of the 5^908 declared the legal abolition of far-waching Stolypin reforms nnvate ownership, that .s to comnmnal cultivation in all -ommunes '^^^^^"Tjlrtmme. Thi« meant that ~y, in the majority of the co""""""^" °J Z lewroJroer of hi. allotme^ theAceforward the ^^^''J^'V^Zyi or G^rmk ^ the owner in almost the sam. tfnte thf* " werrentniited with the work of of hi! Iwid. Specially appointed bodies were ei breaking up the v 1- constHuttJTg «»^«t».ir^'HaftionalC^ t^^ "^^'"'u '''^'^r lage system. To provide additional land w ci^ j^ ^^^^ B ^ ae- Crown lands were made over to the State uana after the quired in addition a number <>fvr^y^*^JI^^-^ l'^^^tt\ed in self-contained pas.infr of the Stolypin I.aw8 ^3«.980 peasants w^^^ ^^^^ farms and 585,571 Pe"«nt8 were settled m group^^ ^^^ ^ munes according to a PreP»red «^bem« ^Pf5^7culti4tion. The Bank in sition stage between communal individMi^c ^ as in the same six years t';?"^^'^ ^'U^SS "^Utence, from its foundation in the previous twenty-three y5!^,%Kad dealt oAly with 22,000,000 acres, 1883 down to the Stolypm retoriMj^lt h^^^ 38 „f tran- it will be clear that the ^f^'';^J^^l!^^n^mn thi fringe of the sition to private ownership, ewn «»«i|P> no nw™ problem had been touched. „~,,„rshin the Stolypin Laws made it In communes with communal owiership tM^ majority the Ukruiiitea tw««»MM«t 1h» eoamow »»P^ " belief, which l« injrTairied in the Great Russian, in th« imjMty o£ the whok and the iniiigniflcance of the unit. Many of those who know Ruuia feel that that belief is amongst the noblest manifestations of the Russian char- J****. Howtver that may be, it forms no part of the Ukrainian character. The llrit thottght of the Great Russian peasant is for the general well- being. The flnt thovgltt of the Ukrainian peasant is for hi* own. He is profoundly individaslist. He admires success, as the EngHah or Americans admire it; he may envy and abuse it, hut the sight of It excites his emul- ation. It is not so with the Great Russian peasant. There have always of course been individual peasants in the Great Russian communes who have grown nelMr than their neighbors, and acquired their own land in private possession. Bnt their example has rarely been infectious; they have been more disliked than admired by their fellow-peasants, and thoir success has been attributed rather to the will of God than to the efforts of the success- ful individual. This psychological difference between the two peoples hus undoubtedly tended to retard in the case of Great Russia, and to promote in the case of Ukraine, the formation of a class of land-owning peasants. But there was another factor, an historical factor, tending to diffsrmitlat* the economic development of the two peoples. Three and four centuries ago, when the Ukraine formed part of tha dominions of the Polish Crown, large numbers of peasants, to escape the cruelties of Polish rule, fled to the steppe and organized themselves in com- munities of brigands or Cossacks. There were several of these comm-ni- ties, but the largest was that of the Zaporogian or Zaporovian Cossai.ts, whose country was the region (now cultivated but then virgin prairie) to the north of the Black Sea, xn porohi 'beyond the rapids' of the Lower Unieper. After the Ukraine passed from Polish into Russian hands, these Cossack communities were gradually dissolved. A section of the Zaporo- vians, unwrillmg to settle to a purely agricultural life, migrated to the Kuban region north of the Caucasus, and form to-duy the Kuban voisko of the Cossacks. They still speak Ukrainian. All the rest were given grants 01 land, and settled as free peasants in what are now the governments of Poltava, Tchernihov, and Kharkov. Their descendants, though they have no military organization and have nothing to do with the true Cossacks of the Uon the Caucasus, and Siberia, are commonly called 'Cossacks' to this day. Ihese Cossacks, or free peasants, who have never known serfage and nave owned their own land for four or five generations, have formed in Ukraine a nucleus, round which all those more enterprising elements among the peasantry who through the Land Bank or otherwise have acquired -heir own land, tend politically to group. For years past the Ukrainian j)easant has had the standing object-lesson of a whole class of successful land-owning cultivators existing on the same soil and under the sanM natural conditions side by side with a whole class of unsuccessful com- -iiP^l » *u i*"""?- object-lesson has not been without its effect; and now that the land, as by miracle, has become available with which to make experiments, it has suddenly acquired acute practical significance. It has already been shown that the land allotments at the Abolition were too small, bince the Abolition the population in spite of a very large emigration has increased by 43 per cent., whereas it is estimated that the additional land made available for the peasants, whether by purchase or leasehold, KprMents an increase of only 20 per cent. This shortage of land nas naa the effect of bringing the peasant once more into economic de- pendence on the landlord, and has gone far to undo all the work of tha Abolition Laws. The process has been as follows: The communal land proving insufficient to provide the pasture, which is indispensable for com- munal cultivation, the peasants have been forced tc -iply to the neiirhbor- mg large estates for the lease of pasture-land. T' rge estates let is as not ir, rrtnrn for m«»ey payments but i iabui. ihe peasant undertakes to harvest so much of the proprietor's arable, and in return is '""''^ °' proprietor's pasture on which to graze his cattle. Frequently a commune makes an agreement of this sort for common pasture village. Where the land-shortage is especially acute the peasants may even be forced to rent arable from the proprietors. Under «»is system it is clear that the direct compulsion to work, which existed in — 47 the time of nerUge. ha. merely b*''" '■«'»'^"»4J?'J?f 'l^* J^S^^ and the worst economic feature of serfnjte th« fact that tiM pMMIltl in- terest is to do as little as he can. is retained. i_„„i„„ u.. tmrVAm Tb. peasant-land under this system la atejdily »>*«°"''"K Before the Abolition the system of tiUaRe wa. to keep a field ""fer «u1Mtj •t*on year in year out. till the soil wm viaibly irett.np; impoverished, and "hro fe«v« «t under pk.ture for twice the 11""*'^ v."' /f^Ln v.-« oriSnBl steppe cultivation was five years arab e followed ^yf^^^^J^^l* pniture. It was reckoned that ilunnK this ^'1'"" P"'?!'*'**!.'* iJ^Tfcl at its best from the fourth to th. eighth year, an.l that by the end (tf tht fifteenth year the land waa vinrin .teppe once more. But t^* "y***" '"J" plied that only one-flfth of the land wa. kept umler cultivation That ia So lon«ir Doasible even on the larire estates. On the exipious peasant illoSti iUs whoUy impracticable. The result has been that the pasture- UnTha" b;ln%Teadiry rminishod, and the dependence of thf peasa" the lanre estates proportionate! v increased. The peasants will noVP|°«K5 • field for .ix years'on end. and then leave it to 'ft'jrf yf,"^ only. Many communes have no communal patture at all; and the soil la continuously ploughed with some anch roUtion aa rye. "P^^K.^heat. r>e tarW. •«> (when the soil has been quite exhausted) buckwheat, W th tiS."lminu«in of pasture goes the weakening of the cattle^ Jt/neJi^ peasant frfves up the plouRh. which, primitive as it is. at any w«P«"f- trates three inches into the earth. But it requires a Kood y^H* « '«^J» draw it. In place of it the peaaant uses the sokka, which -eiuireB oifly «W» atronit ox or a weak yoka, but on the other hand penetr^. - only o.i« and i h."f inches. If hi. cattli weaken still more, the peasant .cives up plouRh- inK. sows his winter com on the stubble of the spring com. and moments himself with scratching over the soil with a kind of large rake, mmif of wood with three to six Iron teeth at intervala of about five inches. The end is emigration. In the last year before the war. for vi^hich statistics are available, of all the peasants from European Russia eniigrating to Central Asia. 62 par cent, came from the Ukrainian provinces, that i. to say. from the Black Earth Zona, the granary of Eaatern Europe! The contrast between a peasant village with communal cultivation and a village of Cossacks owning their ovm land leaps to the eye. The appear- ance of the fields is quite different. In the summer when the corn is fuU grown, it is seen to be free from tares on the Cossack land. wh«rj«. on »e peasant land it is usual to find it more or less overgrown. In r*"*** ttM Cossack Held, are covered with heap, of fertilizer; the peasant fields have none. The villages of the two are not very different to l^^'k at, but the houses of the Cossacks generally have a garden attached, whuh with the peasants is hardly ever the case. In their gardens the Cossack* grow vegetables for the market on an extensive scale. Though it cannot ho said that the Cossack's agriculture is sciantiftc— for ackmtific agriculture pre- supposes educational attainments to which the Cossack is a complete strangar— he is keen to make it profitable, whereas the majority of the peasant, ^o not aspire to be more than self-supportintr. RociaUy the Cos- sacks have a peculiar status, midway between the peasa ry and the peMe iwblesfe. The peasants sometimes call the richer on.> p^lupanki (hall- lords), though their standard of living is in no way different fron; hat ol the peasants. And since on the one hand they have never had thi '>urden of the redemption dues, and on the other hand they have never fe t the need either of French novel' or of English governesses for ,eir children, they have been steadily gTovfi"., richer, whereas both the j- hte n«hlesse and the peasants have beei. .sl( . dy growing poorer. A large number of these Cossacks, having holdings large enough to be self-supporting, nave lived on them. Uking no employment from anyone else.* Richer CowacKS rent land extensively from the large and medjam estates, payusg for » almost always in cash and not in labor. In addition to renting land, tney • As stated above, 16V4 acres is estimated to be the minimum on which a family can be self-supporting; 40 acres is reckoned the maximum which a single family can work, or with the use of labor-saving machinary any- thing up to 80 acres. frequently purchase land, sometimes even dispensing with the aid of the Land Bank. In many districts, where they are settled, they are slowly breakine up the large estates. Some own many hundreds of acres. The German economist. Prof. Schulze-Gaevernitz, in his studies of the Black Earth Zone {Volkawirtschaftliche Studien aus RussUmd, Leipzig, 1899) deaeribes • visit to om of thew Cossacks in Kobolyaki, who owned nearly 3,000 acrei. Thia man had ju»t purchased an citete, with the chateau of the fonn«r owner thrown in; and Schulze-Gaevernitz found he had con- verted the parquet of the drawing-room into a threshing-floor! There is no doubt that the Cossacks have led the opposition to the in- troduction or restoration of communal ownership, which culminated in the esuTj d'etat of May, 1918. That the bulk of the peasanto relish their lead is however far from probable; for the CosMcln have not • reputation as philanthropists. 'We know you Cossacks,' the poorer peasants say; 'you are all fist. You 'grow richer, while your neighbors grow poorer. Why did all the souls of 'Petrovka village, save three, emigrate last year to Siberia? Because^e 'Cossacks had bought up their allotments. We grow bread for «mr childMa 'to eat; but the Cossacks sell corn to the Jews in Odessa ' And so on. Such things were no doubt said a hundred times over on the Land Committees formed under the short-lived Universale. But this time the Cossacks could reply: 'There is land enough for all now, brother: why not take it, and do 'the same? ' This argumtntum ad hominem seems to have been effective; though doabtleas its snecess wooM not have been so dramatic or immediate, but for the German desire to materialize some of the fruits of the famous Bread Peace. But, with or without the German occupation, and whether the latifundia are appropriated en bloc or broken up gradually, it seems cer- tain that the Cossack party, that is to say the Cossacks themselves and all the richer peasants, hold the economic future in Ukraine. They represent the process of transition from primitive to modem agriculture. The pro- cess began long ago, and was inevitable with the growth of the population and the passing of the steppe. It was immensely accelerated by the Sto- lypin reforms. Even a strong Government, such as the Rada was not, could do little to arrest or deflect it. Great Russia is perhaps capable of sacrificing economic progress to a social ideal ; for the Great Russians are of those peoples who have faith, and with them all things are possible. Bat the Ukraine is not Great Russia ; and no speculations as to the fUtnre can be of value which do not take this fundamental consideration into account O . M L. THE UKRAINE, A NEW NATION IF IT MAINTAINS ITS INDEPENDENT EXISTENCE, IT WILL TAKE RANK AS ONE OF THE LARGEST AND MOST IMPOBTANT STATES OF EUROPE. By Fbedebic Austin Ogo JVs/mmt •/ Polities Seirac* In tht l/irivmOv o/ IFiMOMfa. (From Mun»ty'» Magazine, October, 1918) The largest and richest of the half-doien vassal sUtes which GerniM diplomacy has lately carved out of storm-rackad RnwUi; « too witIMm -which any future Russian nation would be but a shadow of iti lormcr MX, and for which Um Kaiser could afford to give up several Alsace-LorrainM; the home, iadoed, of the sixth moat numerous race in Europe— that ia Ukraine, a country of which probably not one American in fifty had so much as heard up to a year and a half ago. It is said that a lady of much intelligence, on early mention of the place, took it to be the locale of a Viennese comic opera. . . For a certain indefiniteness of ideas on the subject there has been excuse. Until 1917, one would havo aaarelMd the political mapa in vt^te the name. UntU then the Ukraine was iiMload "a vwry vaat, wy ftrtOa, and very beautiful country that did not exist." ■ . ■„■ There was no Ukraine; but there were more than thirty-three million Ukrainians — one of the great submerged nationalities of Europe, equally with the Poles, the Czechs, and the Jews. They had a distinct ethnic char- acter, an illustrious history, a brilliant literature, and an ineradicable long- ing for political unity and autonomy. But their countrj^ vrtlOM ■w ^ wum — meaning "border-land" — was ominous, had long been dividod up Mtwwn two great and unsympathetic empires. They were themselves called by a dozen different terms — Ukrainians, South Russians, Little Russians, Ruthenians, Galicians, and what not. Until the Russian revolution of 1917 cut the cords that bound the sub- jugated peoples of the old Muscovite Empire, their hope of realizing their age-long dreams was slender. Of the thirty-three million Ukrainians in Europe in 1914, twenty-eight milliona dwelt in Russia, and were conuncmly Icnown as Maloroasi, or Little Russians. About five millions lived in Austria-Hungary — three and one- half millions in Galicia, one million in Hungarian districts west of the Carpathians, and a half-million in Bukovina. In Serbia there were two millions, in the United States four hundred thousand, in Canada half as many, in South America one hundred thousand, and elsewhere throughout the world enough to make up a grand total of thirty-six millions, equal to ooa-tbtrd of tiio wlurfe population of the United SutM. Leavinf out of account large diatricta in which Ukrainiana are nom- •row, but not preponderant, the region occupied by thii mighty people ex- tends unbroken from Central Galicia to beyond the Sea of Azov, and from the latituda of the River Pripet to the Black Sea. It haa an ana of thno 50 — ■it S^^r^^'^ ^^^^ " - Uti of it Ite. in the famou, ^^'^^^'-.'^K'^^i''' ^^''f^uX^r'^ to the m.in grain-producing "gion. ofthe ^4 U « to '"^T— dVt?r;hor« of th. Black Sea.from tt« d.|U to the mouth of the »iban. poUa and emporium, the magnifteent port of Odessa. KIIT, THB MOm* OF RUSSIAN CITIES. . Soeh a region could not fail to catch the eye of the early ^•^^H^-^^]^^^!^; S:iS^rd"5f and^e^oTher t:rri&rie8 besides-a ''t«t«,''^=^o»5^SK ti«.tkM^with the proud Byzantine government on equal terms. ^?5^irThe Great who came to the throne about 980. the people accepted Su'nity in\\'^G"rSeVcMh^« «««tU"i,:?le''f^ veWe ^eaf ce^t^. well as commercUl prosperity, «f«''«l^}*J^ it was frr\. Ki^ and northern Rataian lands lay wholly undeve.oped. " y'^' 2SeS2?rfRuSri«i cities," that Christianity spread eastward and north- tiSSi Ktevlind^ still the "holy city," tow**,^? tk^'Im'Si^' ' lands made pUgrimage every year from ''^J'^Vfl^ottheEm^r^^ In the thirteenth century Ukraine c^'n^leS.'*',^ Genghis Khan's Tatar hordes from „A^t„*!»J^.'**%h^^^ Uid waste: Kiev and other cities were reduMd to Mhn. .i™™5*™Vr^ men ^n were carried into tion; the surviving population pushed BOTthwud «M BoreBwwswmiu, '^^'^Sln^A^L^fc^.^^oi Ukrainian histor, w'uch have continSLi wUh hardly a'^lieving touch to the „^Xm« TaUr wave receded, the fugitives reposseswd the™«»^««TwLSui «iL htd But the opportunity to buUd a peat and «d«'>'\« U^^S^'S Si passed; for in the mean ttm. OtlW ataTte rtrteii^^ which coveted the southern landa and were powwfal meagb to vtmf "^TlieS'ktate to extend its sway over the weakened Ukrainians »H Lithuania, which had suffered little from the Tatar incursion. F?' WO hundred years the Lithuanian kings bore sway with 1569, when Lithuania was joined with Poland, bringing Ul^7'"^J™^ subjection to that turtaitont UBgdom. the rata of the foreigner bwame extr^mely^PprMsive^^ the Ukrainian Cossacks carried on almost constant war for the liberation of their country, and in the middle of the seventeenth century, Tinder their great hetman, Boftdan Chmielnitzky. their efforts were cnwned with success. The Polish yoke was completely thrown off ; al- though the incubus of Polish landlordism hangs heavy upon many Ukra- inian territories to this day. . . ,__ , , .. Doubtful of the country's ability to stand alone, the Ukrainian National Conaeil. or Rada. decided to seek an alliance with another rising Slavic pow*r. This was the Cwrdom of Muscovy, the state of the Great Rus- sians, centering at Moscow, and then ruled over by the Czar Alexis, father of Peter the Great. A treaty of 1654 consummated the arrangement, hxing iV.f fat? ,-.f th.- m.iss of ITkrainian people for two hundred and fifty years. At Kiev the understanding was that the Ukraine should be autonomous, with full right to retain and develop its essentially democratic, political, and social organixation. Moscow had a ^Ifftjwt Wea. Despising and fearing the Ukrainian democracy, tiw Ciam «wthw«l made it plain that they ta- tanded to be the imI robn in tte saw tenia, md to maka them like tlw rest of the imperial dominions. — w — BOMANOrr BUUB IN TBS UUAINK. WlMn too lata, U» UkrataUn. Wttjrjy ^V*^^;^^^^^^^* mai they spent ri>e next fifty years *|2»J^. J^^^^ JriS I I fornd iCor themselves. Their most notabte effcjrt is J*!" tt» kltaiMi Mawppa, who in WW Joined forceswith Charles 5t rftw!*«5;5nud Kin» ffthe North, mni ■ti*«\«^S*?»'«,«' £» mndatSnpt to win th? independence of his p«>P^^^ •"i^LS^^ Slf^ptete defeat at PolUva; and there «»>:|:§;j«- ^J^SS^ to the »rave, from which in these present days a new nation U saoung ** r!^ Prtor ttM Great onward, the systematically to ateap oirt •fwy U^^"^*?, "^J^'^^SL^ThS StralitinTSork of Mer was eompMed by Catherine 11. ^ f *^ last hetman in 1774, crushed the Ust Cossack strongholds in 1776, intro- M^ian administration in 1780 and in 1783 replacjd the old p^nt liberties by serfdom in its cmelest forms. Tl^'J^^ ^ jwted to the Patriarch of Moscow, and popular ednc^on, which had gone SrUier in the Ukraine than in any other part of Baetora EuropOjWae poetically reguUted out of wdsjijek «^ "SIS' H^StJ^LT^ jtafaTor; to make it appear that Vm ^nnaOrm brwch ««• ""J" A« MOBla. tha Ukrainians were always referred to offleially— ami, much MttSn^nat wwa compelled to refer to thwnselves— as Uttle Russians. MeedTmn as early as l«90k unremitting effort was made to destroy tka Ukrainian language, even though philologists assigned it an honored riaee as an independent tongue, and no*withstandii«ttefi^^ H Into diaoaa MHt dry 19 tfce tfuag^ •« •■• •« '''""^Tukcaiaiui tmnac^" ttanlmi Oe Ministry of the Interior in tm. "new has Kditod, does Mk arist, mai maat not «dst." OOcially, it was but a dialect; eren as such, its cultivation was viewed M a treasonable st^ toward separatism. A ukase of 1876, which remained in effect until 1906, forbade puUication within the limits of the Empire of anthing in the UkrainUn speech except books of an antkjuanan natura. Addresses and sermons in the language of the people ware equally lot^ bidden, and the use of Ukrainiui in the few schools that survived was meoaditkmally prohibited. . . „ , ,„ , x j • „i:j^». As • result, there is no part of the Russian Ukraine to-day in which t of illiteracy falls below flfly par cent The people have Wn cut ram vammuam ov As a result of ttw snecassiva »«tttk«jo< Wwd to tha tajsu^ century, a considerable portion of tiia Ukntee, inetading diially Galieia and the province of Bukovina, fell to Austria-Hungary. For a time the Hapsburg rule was mild, and to this day the legal status of the Rnthenians, as the Ukrainians of Austria-Hungary aw called, is much aaperior to that of their brethren across the Russian border. The impOTWt eonstitution guarantees them substantial rights, and their language is one of the eight officially recognized tongoaa of fka polyglot Empire. It is used in the courts, the schools, the government servfea, the universities of Lem- barg and Czemovitz; and, with Polish, it is one of the forms of speech aOeially used in the Galician Diet ^ . j The RuthenUns were thus favored in earlier days because of ttio desire at Vienna to use them as a makeweight against the Poles. The failure « the Polish iniorrection against RussU in 1868, however, allayed *PP'*- hsnsion in thU direction, and in the next few dacadas the lot of the Kulhe- alans changed rapidly for the worse. As in Kussia. they were a peasant f«^. poaseaaing little wealUi. The Ind was held by the Poluh aristocracy, tande was In the hands of the Jews. Hm Bwttwiyp' wata hanUy taarata, Vat nthar fantt-baads, earning lit of Russia proper; legislation to promote the wider distribution of Ind; mad a aoparato ayatom A adminiattatioa, under Ukrainian contwL -88 ThM» ma no nnwtetim vi aatieml indtpradoMi *■» the Ukraine, ^ 7^.JS!Pil M «mM into u ntoBanom M»Mi diyiskm, rmted with Gwrt fcmto OB mud tmaM. AH tUa. tST Ulniniana artned, «««nt only a laatantiaa of ftdly comattad by the treaty ef onion of 1664. In Auitria-Hunntry the nwTOBMnt aseomed a more purely separatiit character. For a long time ita laadert were divided among themielvea. The so-called Old Rutheniana, or Moeealophilei, leaned toward Russia ; the Toong Rutheniani favored union with their fellows of the Russian lands in a totally independent kingdom. Since 1908 the second element has been fully in control. Meanwhile the more immediate demand of all factions was for a divi- sion of the autonomous crownland of Galicia into two separate and self- .Toveming provinces— western (Polish) and eastern (Rathenian)— with two dkte. irt Cracow and Lamfaozg, faurtaad of one at Lemberg. To this phrn the Poles, who domfaiatad tiio whda country, wore bitterly oppoaed. The Russian Revolution of 1905-1M6 btOH^ the Ukrainians ftash hope. Scarcely had it broken upon the aatoniahad anteeraey beton the whole southland was aflame with denoeratic and nationalistic agitation. A flourishing Ukrainian press sprang up at Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, and Poltava; in 1906 alone thirty-four newspapers were founded; popular pamphlets and other literature were spres" t?at 'Swie the problem of «Kfo«PinL*^v'™li MJtSSSsly S2 c««idered after the war, it could not be taken up ^ttig {^Smitflmf The petitioners were disappointjd rad iaem»md, and a ncW l^ogp declared forthwith for complete independonee. THE UKBAINE A88EBT8 INDEPBNDENCB. nmlmskv and other leaden counseled moderation, but the Rada could «„t hl^tSSJd from pa«Si« a resolution declaring that the provuiow^ S^o^^pnt had "acted the interesta of the Ukrainian P«k^ TfXfn later it p^ f of?™ strongly ptatwdprocUmation ann«»ei« ihat wUhout separating from Rusd«. Ita Uk"^". ^^I'^^JT^J^ iet lin a met, or National assembly, on the baais of "universal, equal, dirod; L?»S HrffMM." and to endow this body with power to "issue lawa wh1cra« to^tSSish i^rmanent order in tU Ukraine" The docun«nt doi^ ^ M «5™»ion 0* purpose "henceforth to regulate our own life." If not a d«clat«tion of independence, this proeUmation was at least an indication of a very independent attHude. That it was not WOl^ was evidenced by the immediate organitttion. by the Rada. ofa general seciwUriat, or council of ministers, to take charge of finance, agn- culture, food-supply, and ofter iatnMta. It waa i^^BeaiU thrt aMHV the ministers was a "secreUry for intaniatimiu affain. The Petrograd govamment now took alarm and «f«f«*^. hSStSl — 88 — (r thnfi the rMponsibility of a flnal decision upon the future all-RoHian eoeoUmak awwnUy. in which th« GrMt RiiMi«u tmdd wOy «nititamta«r tiw l^r.«tttiua«. Thraudwut th« Mmaining days «f the prayitfonal fpntm- mmi the weariMow e<»mv«ny eantinMd. In September, a eoavteM of th* aatioiialitiea of the Ruasian RepuUie hronsht togeth«r at Kkr wp i w wutal Ww «f„i» troilbU tith the Tatar and Turkish relem. At Um«a thw even <*PtuMd PWtt* Stiantl and sold them as slaves to the TaUra. who In turn paaacd thwn on to Peniana. CHMIELNICKI'S TERKIBLE REBELLION. The most serious conflict waged by Poland with her "55>»°i'« ^^j"*: iniana was during an insurrection under Chnnelnlcki, >n 1649. The mas- sac^ and cruelties perpetrated by the haU-dirtMaed hordw from tte UkrS^e wer^ M barbirois a. tho« of the Ameriom Indiana d«rinf th« onward march of the whites. The conditions existing here are vividly set forth by Uie famous Polish novelist. Henryk Sienklewicz (who wrote S^y oi^er^pTendT books besides "Quo Vadls." for which ^e la best kuown SoM Americans), in his novels covering different Periods In Polish h«»tory. UponX failure of his rebellion Chmlelnlckl ottered Oie little Russia to Moscow. This offer was accepted In IMS, when It came under "tie suzerainty of that growing \,Alw«y» »triv^n8 omnplete taidw«BdMce, the Ukraine was never quite able to achieve It Two wars with Poland reaulted from that action. . , . ^. .. It^n more than a century after iU incorporation before the entire province was brought into complete subjection by the devflop ng Russian Empire. The "hetman" wa. roainUined for wme time; but thia^ce wa. abofishcd by the vigorous Catherine the Great, and under her tt hwsame an *°^TO2'Tn^e's*^e*xp^rimcM with war and disaster would long ago have broken the spirit of a race gifted with lea. elastic temperament There are elements in his temperament that enable Mm to rtand "jwj OPP"?!^ without revolt. This characteristic may h^ tt* O e rm i n In to make the Ukraine a subject nation. . . ^ ^ m v.— The Mttle Rusrtan. hare worked hai4 aaA twAi iMWd. and they have emerged a falriy united and sUU vlgoron. people, the poptitation IncjeaaM more ateadily than that of Great Russia, as the people are greaUy attached. tetaMud do not care to wander far from their native village.. Thay an gnirt Mvcn of the wtl and cling to tt with a paaalonate tenacity. EXTENT or nU OTBUIWB. The Ukraine Includes loutheMteni K«m1». with the eiiceptloii of VM nrovlnre known M BeiMfrtto. which parUke. of the character of the n»^w.n Statr^^nd Ja B«»-^. . , Thriarwat rito ol the rwil Ukraine la Kler. around which national life prol^bly SiJVau.. of the deep rellglou. "irlS:r.rJ: i^^^cTZ" with the shrlnea and many holy pUMM. ^^^l.^! of all Ruaala. Kharkov U the leading MnaMKtal tow« te H, imlMa OMM. on the Black Sea, la considered. . ey '••"h ou^ until Bky and horizon meet In a barely perceptible line. Parts of It re- mind one wry much of our own western prairies. In spring and summer « Is an oeean of verdure, with the varied shades of itreen of the Erowins vepeUtlon Interspersed with flowers of many hues; later. In "je autumn, after the crops aro harvested. It becomes a brown waste of stubble and bumed-up pastures: In winter It la a white, glistening "TTlnw The unending forest land of the north haa dlsappeared-not «««Wenly. but by degrees. Moat of It Is treelewi. howerer. and a feeling of •*«»«•• and almost depression Involuntarily cr^«ps upon one as he travels over the stem>ea for the first time. _ . . „■ j ^re are not many old towns In the Ukraine. Except in Kiev and Kharkov, one will hardly find a building more than a hundr^ !T2LS!Ii No old medieval cKr i s built up by the •t'Sf^'*"*^ hands, no OM «*»teaux cf the noMllty. no pidMMa i1* to Retu rn, will ho encountered. The great majortty of the towne are atttl Mg. oworgiowa ^^"l^^towns are separated from each other by enormous distances, with imperfect communication. The peaaanU plant their vUlages In the lee of pome swell In the surface or by the edge of a atreoa ta wMdi they eaa water their flocks during the drought wWch may come. mNDMILLS IVBIYWHBRB. The villages stretch down little \alleys seemingly for mllM iutead of being compact, as In most countries. The only consplcuoua taotare will be a church or two and the many windmills on the horizon. Windmills are exceedingly eoraou ud dot the tendoeopo oa every Mil- aide. Some will be still, while oatta. with thehr hf oad. ft tf-reoohtog anas, forloualy heat the air that blows over the steppea. HtvHy BHW they Moea* from age, as all are built of wood, and they are u ou iWy of them seem ready to tall to plecea from age. DIFFBINCB BlTWnN TBI momtUM AMD nB gUAT HinK.- warm and brUht color* of their costumes are nomewhat r. n »t .n Ofl*"',^"?^ areVeat lover* of beads, of which they wil many stri^^f national costume ot the women includes a wi,-.. h ..r il,.wpr« worn oa *'*^ vein of romance and portry runs throiigl. the i nue liussiM*. It iw not be very deep, but It is wide-spread. It Is ili • home o> Ru ,slaa Mk-\or^ Lyrical t.allad and improvised liallad still sprint: ain >.st ...nta ..on. >> from the lips of the peasants. Their nature is rather po.t.ca oud Ui v are very musical. The love song, of Little Ruaala ■« S*!? great tenderness. They have aonga for all oceasloart, aaered aa« vraCUW. Tk^ sra alM irwt lov«n of flswara. BaiLLIANT COLOBS MAKE NATIVE COSTUMES A DEUGHT TO TKS 1 he lover of peasant costumes will be in his glory hero »■ «fce Nowhere in iMssia is there ao much color iB coatMMOjy Here. J «« W general effect is extremely pleasing. The mannt n KWv or K.n»ainr la a study in color. Red Is the prevailing color among tli- women, but Uitic ^re many other brlKht hits. The < ostum. Is also extremely artistic. The reO tiarbana of the women have eml)roid..r. d borders and their skirU also hav.- borter which r. aches almost to the knee. The women generally wear their rftlrU rather short, scarcely reaching to th« Mik tei a atj^ baeaning more and more popular the world over today. The WoM«f aro made out of patterns, with unique and cislnal designs worked tato tiM ■atefial. the heavy coats, which they wear for warmth, iHtve ttrfr OWB WRgn. «» all will follow practically the same pattern. Kven the men have their little vanity, havinf their shlrta e»b«rtdere« in red and blue designs, and the young men have quite a dandified look. GO ..lEFOOT TO aAVE THEIR BOOTS. Both sexes wear coarse boots, many of them beins made of pian' leather If they are able to purchase them. In summer many will come to the city baref "o'ef;. for in that way they save their booU; and leather booU, even In peace amea, coat many rubles. In war times they are beyoud the reach of the ord^iary poasaBt. On feK'ive occasions many of the yonng women are wond rful to behold They don highly colored dresses and have long bright pink, Nue, and n ■J ribbons tied in their hair, which str< am behind them as they walk. Often I times they wear garlands of real or artificial flow ers. Seveiy l atrUigs of i large and small coral or glass beads complete tMa fMltoMlM; ■^J' ' of the maWens, with their gy?ay-!ike compIeslfflM. wm wry mmrmmm whcB atttrad ia tkia iMUUier. Theae petite havo a great love for vivid colors In everything and eve - ■5. decorate their rooms with striped or checked red and white towels. Tt - icon (holy Image) shelf is sure to be decorated with these fancy tow 4 aad paper flowers. A guest ot honor would be given a seat under ti mua donaatte dutea. — «l — pall I umiioy Ih. on th« Tli« KHABKW, TUB 11001(0 tTY Kharkov la the aocmd rlty of I! krn.nc. a,m l« almo.-' "h''^* «^ aize of Kiev. Ita Jonn. ..road, an-i v i rher rr.iighh ^""Jj^* flanked by h.maeii of nondescript ar auscture. Th-y are URoalh two itoriaa high and .n - „,r- red. yell v, Vtm. «>H*»^ pr^ ««ntnate Huge signboarda prevail evan'Wiiara In the boi 4and» .>f vlaltora «n aawral o h mods during t. year. It ia a f»Mt dittori^utrn? .«tar for agrteultural supplies and alf fli Ukrainian rtppuMlc llilo thp n. A eat cities In Kuroi>«- WhU* Moae<' of history, Odessa is only a little ovfr a growth will compare with the '•Iflp of 17'M and It owea Its existi '-p to ' p-i .■pii .1 provin' Kl' 'V of ha a n ^ - can b«a» of . »b •mdr-d yea! new y before that this territory had was to establish a strong magnificent statue of the < Turkish flag scornfully bene- Odeaaa l« not a typical I thing truly Kuaaian ahout It of the .^rivers. One m eht ad.. an atlr tlve cH in n. ways a fast ci It has bppn . rent ye ThP buslnpss of the ity Is lai eoavriaa a ttiird of tha p^ilati<." toward 9mm by the 0»A«t a a t in IMS. It b*a alw«v bc« mm ra^t tl« tbe imperial a a w e rnwuir mo'A tri ie in t^ ■.rea.-., m ■ har feel 'Ian ef- the in- las a vfi he C sla t insta aing • \> .ipfi ■>»• 1 in. •ly ID the •'•^y. lift j>i! e as poaaibla. A mpltng tka ■ 1- 'e. aid 111 the OBly ^hkls and the drew w rliiirchea. Il Is ■n of being a very rtai. poat. ^nda of th« Jewa, who t baas tha baat of feeling -rMa maaaaere occurred ' eastar aarf baa caoaad KIEV HE AOLY CITY C holy y of tie Ukraln each ear. The Batar- •orial pftert hf thp pl«« ott -AlMF undre. >f tbonaanda of np is heiKhtened at all i*- iM of pilgrims, staves WW ma tie .==mk ciMAariag up the hilla, of a Of" or r«v«- twwtw tta lMa4 at tha ^> re' My rei^ d by Rtiaaiaa ebroBlelan. A eahc a v> V holy monk, named Anthoay, fB< aiself in the hill. The devout life of ■loty r- 1 round him. and all at first made •merxed .ieni8elve(< days' Itvtaig on n ^ <: -od remttaed i%a ylaee wa> said ,1 many of the early monks nev. •■ ftpr ire entered the caves. Sotn, id r< -'Mmmured the rest of their ptfc B««r ttet » aiUatly aplrlt had ■t'iattt M, ^ ^ aMa mMtaed the mo^'a tcr aa wdi as b^n« Ut tfaaetu OB. UB*^ OMBTLY CATA(X>MBS. TV atacombs a e Indead riMwtly to visit, for there are rowa upon row* vl M then. Aceaaa ia had by sarraw atapa, and than through laby- rinshte« aab' rraoi-m paaaagea oaa daacaada de^r and deeper Into the Ow earth «tn«ag h^er aad tttttar aiaag a pattway. Tinidly — 82 — there begins a .erie. of nlch«i. tai wWeh r«P0M the be«M oC th« "■•^ThrpllgrimB pass each holy tomb, reverently "ssin* the shrijrtedjjj^ Uid out by the monk! for that purpo*. They do not nK« « tte holy and the hoUw, bvttv* tribuU to each one Impartially in order *** lf^"tilit^ murt be apread by this inaaniUry method of homage. No d^tSww jSSSuo". aid possibly even a great pestilence, could be te«S totUa spot, where the indiscriminate osculaUon of church relic* ia tAmtami. ICON BECEITE8 100.000 KI8BE8 A YEAR. The Cave Monastery, or Pecherska Lavra. is a large the hill at a little dlsUnce from the city, and surrounded by a stone wan. It is entered through a holy gate, «^ Apartment with a little garden attached. Sereral hundred ^onin liye^ Sir moHMterv and a nmnber of lay brethren ate also allowed to dwell there. *^^^^Sclpll chSto preserved » «''«><^-^°'"»« r" the Death of Our Lady. It was brought from ConsUntlnople and has re- celYedno fewer than a hundred thousand kisses a year. It is P«i»nt^2 ^;,?.,"w^."now black with age. Every toe of the V^^S^rtjMwM by precious stones and each head has a halo tt wmmm , while an enormow diamond glitters above the head of Christ. The wlalih of the Larra at Kiev la enormous. Each successive Czar has visited it not Infrequently and always gave a large donation. VV^at the attmTde of the new leaders of the Ukraine toward this m<^ naster? will be remains to be seen. The revolutionary movement a* a whole hJbeen anti-clerical and shows a revolt against the former Influence ¥he mo^ do^'nruve the ascetic live, of thlr ^c-tor. -a^ough the food stUI M*iwi plain. Ooarae bread is always served, flsh Ireo^efMy' i?^t ud irtoTa^Tnot unaeldom. One monk always reads f'"™ "^e llv^ ot saints while the others eat The monks seat themse ves on l>encheB and they eat off pewter platters. There is an inn at which many "to*^ Sn pay. but the fare is too plain for moet people. Then there Is alMa free lodging quarter, where the poorer onee e«»^> without ewge. momr black bread and boiled buckwheat groata are aboat tlie only food pmmm for this elaaa of pilgrims. PILGRIMS SHARE THEIR FLEAS WITH ALL. Manv peasants will travel on foot for days and spend a'^ost ^•JfJ^ koneck for the sake of viaitlng this sacred monastery in the holy city Of K°ev J«enkiewic. makes one of his principal etajracters say wh«J,«J««* w th danger- "I shall die and all my fleaa wltt me." These Ptlgrima M^Utory Wng theirs with them to Kiev and share them freely with any one with whom they come in contact. It would be difficult to And a larger or more varied collection of pro- fessional or casual mendlcanto anywhere than c«°S>"egate here at Kiev dnr'iK the pilgrimage period. Dressed In rags and wretchedness theat mendicants ex^se revolting sore* '^*^^i•J!^^''''\,tZr''^oc^ excite sympathy: Some appear to enjoy verted rights in particular loca- S^. Many might be classed as pious beggars and havo '"'ft >I>°»t°"f. aWHtrance. with their long beards and quiet bearing. All of th"" i^aj K wwthy objects of charity, but the Russian beggtrs are most importunate. RUSSIAN PEASANTS BZRBlilLT OHAMCABU. The Russians themaelves are very j^lttiri* ••J"^. '^S^'SlSl class. Poor peaganis. themselTCT clothed la PRgB. wlH share their m«e Wlih those poorer than themselves. j , j „» A forelgiier, knowing the poverty of the people and the inadequacy of public relief cannot hut feel kindly ^^VM^iJ^riQiMew^jxe^ beiplr.-.». Here, as elsewhtre. however, It !• dtSctttt t» dlstittglMatt Decween the unworthy and the deserving. THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE UKRAINA The Ukraina, whoM political "tatus and boundaries are rtM tob^^ tattely faced, corresponds roughly to t^. ^fc^lf *Si^]L%;SS2j?5 nf Rnuia known as "Little Rosaia," the "Southweatem Tetmojy, K?4.w"B«.U"7e«l«siv. rf ^Jr&.tL'KJ^^'KS^^' divided into the following govemmenta:* Chernigov, P°***J*i,J?^KI' WwrPodSttfc Volhynia. therson, Taurida, Katennosiav, and Bwsarabia. tt t^ptaitiM imthwe.tern comer of European Russia, and « bound^ \» aSv on tlwioutli, the Territory of the I>>n Cossack, on the east, and C««. ralRussia and L thuania on the north. Ito area ? 330,400 sMare milja U sfmewhat less than 15 per cent, of th. l«. SL oHm St eluding Finland, and its population, estimate at the "iif'* abwt SOJWOJWO, is slightly more than 20 per cent, of that «>£_£ . ^°f^" ffi^ toSaKg Finland. No recent figures are •vaUabte ^^\^«4j^* flaMflUtSrofthe population according to nationalities, but ontiieWto rfSe Srt^nsus, wfcicli was Uken in 1197, the Litt ^Rrssmns consti^ Swt Sree-fourtks, the remaining popuUtion consistini; ™«n»y »' Rwwians, Poles. Jews. Roumanians, Germana, and J"**^-J^^^J'Tt^ nUnrSmed about 50 per cent of the population of Bessarabia the Jews abm^ 18 net emit of the population in the govemmenta of Kiev, Podolia. VolWn. wMle the TirSST p«do«inat«i in the '^^^^^.^^^^ Crimea, which belongs to the Kovemment o'Taunda. Among l^topnnrtpia cities iliay be mentioned Odessa estimated population, 820,^ (MM^); Kharkov (248,000), KaterinoaUv (218,000), Kishinev (125,00«), ■ad NflMiiiiF'W (108,000). Agricultural Conditions. A considerable part of the Ukraina belongs to the /T)lack.swl''»gton of Russia, which yields large quantitiee of grain, Pf^wnl*'!/ J^haat. «« exnort Agriculture is the chief occupation, wheat being the pnncipM S?n rais«§^^ In Bessawbi. e«m ia an ImporUnt crop, while ^rge ouan- Sties of sugar beets are raised in the governments oJ Kiev and PwJ .lia. OlJSg to t& higher fertility of the soil and the presence of extensive m- SSSfcs utilisini agricultural products, like the beet-sugar mdustry and Sedevelopment of the export trade in grain, the.agricuW msthodam ihe Ukraiia are on the wEole of a more progressiva prevailing in the northern part of Russia. While moat of t»M,l»"« 'Vh S".nto numerous peasant iMMinga. thw. are many «»t*tM»"'^^'«^ agriculture ii canwdro according to moat intensive methods., especially in Se sugap-beet region of the governments of Kiev, Podolia, ai.d Volhynia SSs» nuuiy of *e estates are owned and managed by P<>le»- I" J;;"'" Russia enomous quantities of hay are raised, the area under grass being ~*~A govamment is an adminiatratiT* unit corresponding to WttaA — 64 — Mtimated at over 3,600,000 acres, and some of the hay being exported •broad. The Ukraina is responsible to a considerable extent for the large Russian exporU of idwat, on* of the principal export prodncU of that conntry, and alao emtritatM the larttr ahan ot tiM rafuwbMk aan»f ob which tiM «rt«udT» Rtt^an sngar indoatry ia taaad. INDVJBTRIAL CONDITIONS. hin the boundaries of the Ukraina are found the principal available ■lef. -.s of iron ore in Russia. The development of the iron-ore deposits f tne Krivoi Rog district has been mainly responsible for the rapid growth f the Russian iron and steel industry, which now depends to an extent of «bout 70 per cent, on the iron ore in the southern part of the country. In 1913 the total output of iron ore in the two districts of Krivoi Rog and Kerch amounted to more than 7,000,000 tons, of which the latter contributed about 600,000 tons. The chief iron-ore deposits of the Ukraina are found in the western part of tha covemment of Katerinoslav and the eastam part of Kherson, in what is known as the Krivoi Rog district, sUtiated at a distance of from 200 to 260 mOaa from the rich caal deposits of the T)onets Basin, where good coking coal and anthracite are mined in large ( uanti- ties. As a resnlt of this comparative proximity of the Donetz coal fields, the southern iron and steel industry has far out-distanced the oldtr iron industry in the Ural region, where a lack of coal and an abundance of forests make charcoal the ontar availalda fnaL In additilm to tlM Krivoi Roc da- posits, a good grade of iron of« ia atoo minad in Kerch district, in the Crimea, which, on account of the favorable location of the mines in regard to tranaportation by water, is exported to a considerable extent, wliile the Krivoi Rog ore is consumed almost entirely by the local furnaces. Mention should also be made of the deposits at Korsak-Moghila, near Berdiansk, in the government of Taurida, which are situated more advantageously in nlation to the coal supply. The iron-ore deposits in the Donets Basin are also utilised to soma •Xtnit ia eombination with the richer Krivoi Rog ore. The iron and steel mini are located in proximitv to the principal iron-ore deposits, but there are also some in the Donetz Basin in the Don Territory, so that either iron ore or fuel haa to be transported for a considerable distance. The first sucecasful mill estal>Iished by Hughes in 1872 was located in the Donets Baain, but the indnstxy haa derrioped largriy in the Krivoi Bof district, and the extensive works of the New Roaaian Co. ate located at Ynao^ (named for Hughes), in the eastern part of tiie government of Kateri- noslav, adjoining the Don Territory. In 191S there were in operation in the whole southern territory of Russia 14 iron and steel mills, employing about 68,000 men, with an output of about 3,600,000 tons of pig iron, or two-thirds of the total production of Russia. The iron and steel industry ot Southern Roaaia dependa to a predominating extent en foreign capital, mostly Belgian and French, and is daciMly a large-scale indnst y, wi^h an output that had been mnntng for aome years prior to the outbreak r l the war beyond the consuming capacity of the country. The chief products of the southern mills are aunimanufaetaioa, raila, structural iron, sheeta and plates, and wire, which M« marlwtid lugaly ttiea^ tiM eaatenl selllwg syndicate "Prodameta." In addition to its iron-ore deposits, the Ukraina contains deposits ti other valuable minerals, like manganese and graphite. The manganese de- posits are found in the Katerinoslav district, where about 280,000 tons of manganese ore were mined in 1913, of which about 37 per cent, was export- ad. Graphite was obUined in the vicinity of Mariupol, in the southern part of the government of Katerinoslav, to an extent of 2,000 tons of ore. The beet-sugar industry is another important Russian industry in which the Ukraina occupies the first place. In 1013-14, out of a toUl Russian production of about 1,600,0000 tone of sugar the Ukraina contri buted abeat 60 per cent. The sugar refineries are tocated mostly in the goverameHM of Kiev, Podolia, and Kharirav, and the dty ^ liav ia Uie MBter •( Oa SwaiM ngur tnda, m watt w of Uh te iM l tee Ut O* MWit — 65 — daitry. The transactions on th* K^i •HS^ J!«'»«««t.4'222f^ .''K 1912-13 amounted to more Hkm 90,00(MWO niUw. «t 94S,0003M at i»» normal rate of exchange. Among other industries of the Ukraina may be amitieMd diitillilig, flour milling, tobacco manufacturing, and tanning. Commerce and Transpobtation. As a large producer of wheat, one of the most important export pro- ducts of Russia, the Ukraina enjoys a large foreign trade, while its do- minating position in the iron and steel and sugar industries makes it u imporUnt factor in the domestic trade. The wheat for export purposes w handted landy tbrooi^ loutlMm ports, like Odessa and Nikolayev, or is sent by raff to the Baltic Provinces or to Koenigaberg, in Prussia. It should be pomied out in connection with the Russian grain trade that the. elevator facilities are very limited, and that, with the exception of those ia Petrograd, Odessa, Nikolayev, and Riga, the elevators are generally of small capacity. It is also worth noting that the Russian elevators do Bflt, as a rule, perform the functions in connection with grading of grain ^* are astftfiafd wiUi the elevator system in the grain trade of the UnitM States. The beet sugar and the iron and steel products originating in UM Ukraina are intended almost entirely for domestic consumption, and cities like Kiev and Kharkov are important centers in the trade in the above pro- ducts, as well as in supplies for the manufacturing and agricultural in- dustries of the Ukraina. The foreign trade of Odem i» l»Jl naoairted to more than 176,000,000, and that of Khenon and NOntoyfr 165.000,000, almoat .ntir.lg»J*. g^ej«^ portant port on the Black I ment for handling cargoes. ^ , «... The railway lines of the Ukraina had a length of about 8,200 miles in 1913, or about 23 per cent, nf the total mileage of European Russia, exclu- sive of Finland. As the Ukraina occupies less than 15 per cent, of the area of European Russia, iu railway mileage is comparatively high, a fact Oaft WKf ba attrilwted mainly to the favorahia eoaditioaa for the dair rtow wi * ottb* Iron and sted induatry and tU« deauuds of the export trade in ' (Fmi tiw O i murM Btptrf, Wad^i«toB, D. C.) A UKRAINIAN ADDRESS IN THE FORMER AUSTRIAN PARLIAMENT DELIVERED BY REPRESENTATIVE VITTIK DURING THE DEBATE IN THE HOUSE Ox' REPRESENTATIVES IN VIENNA ON THE 7th OF MARCH, 1918 What hnrti M Ukrainians most is the fact that we have been reproached 1) with helping to obstruct the Re. olution, 2) with contributing to a victory of German militarism, and 3) with making use of secret diplomacy. As a son of the Ukrainian people I am constrained to enter into a most minute inquiry of these reproaches. I ask: Did the Ukrainions have sufficient power to fight against militarism? This reproach, therefore, has no found- ation. No DMua in the east, no people in Austria, not even the massMi of Germany were able to prevent a victory of military might. Why, then, attach blame to the Ukrainians and reproach them on this ground? And now I recall several interesting facts. It is generally known that it was a large fr- ce of Ukrainian troops that helped to dethrone the Ciar. A Ukrainian Re-'ublic arose. It gave its aopport to all tiie efforts ot we Revolution. Everyone must admit that from a national and social point of view the Ukrainian Central Rada managed the Ukrainian Republic very well Indeed. Every people was given full rights — Poles, Jews, Muscovites, and even Bohemian colonists enjoyed full equality of rights in accordance with the principle of personal autonomy. The Poles, Jews, and Muscovites had their own representations and their own commlasarles or ministers. Ukraine even renounced her claims to th* toaaaian parts of Bessarabia, because she does not desire any territory that doea not belong to her. (Cries of assenM. Aa the first revolutionary government, Ukraine was — and all have adi fiitted this fact— beyond reproach. At first Ukraine supported the Bolsheviki. It might interest you to know— and this has been hanging over our people like a nightmare for centuries — it was the Polish landowners who caused the first dispute between the Rada and the Bolsheviki. The Bolsheviki accused the Rada of cxtrena iMiiMKy is tfaa process uf exprop- riating the targe estate owners, who were mostly Poles. Hence they en- deavored to get the Ukrainian government into their own hands. Thus from one quarter the Polish press was pelting the Ukrainian Rada with rebukes and reproaching it with banditism; while from another side the Bolsheviki were arraying all their forces against the Rada. Then came the peace conference at Brest- Litovsk. Trotxky Invited all the people to take part in the peace negotiations. Unfortaaately he ent*rprt irt:^ cnn- ference with official diplomacy and German militariam. The Ukrainians also appeared at these negotiations. Since, as was obrtoas, the RuMian militery machine was collapsing, the Muscovite and Ukn^tto dekgaAM could not offer any opposition to the Central Powers. As for secret diplomacy! Why here in the Parliament and in the aM»> gations, the representotlves of the Slavs, among them the UknuaiaB n- pt«Mntetives, vainly urged that all pa^ttoa slwaki take part In the paaM — 67 — neeotiationa. The majority silenced this exhortation with their votes, and foremost in this majority were the Poles, (Hear! Hear!) Bah! even wbm Count Czemin returned from Brest-Litoivik for th« flnt Vam, am aPfUy declared that he would conclude peace with Ukraine, and that ha wmdd *» this with ttM of secret diplomacy. The Poles assented to the Count's dadarattoB. and Dr. Dashinski, a delegate, addressed Cwmin with such words: "Set out on this thorny road, Your Excellency, and without look- inir either to the right or to the left, fetch us peace and bread; then Your Excellency will be acclaimed an equal of the foremost politicians." But only a week later we heard a different tun* ker*. (One week later Dr. Dashinski told a very different story.) That seerst ApUmofy was com- mendable to the PoUs juet at long tu U had ■•ffrtm* to **• Mimre oj Ukrainian tmritoriea and to the tuhjeettm of tfce VtrtMmt fwepw « Galieia, Kholm, Volhynia, and Polittye. The Polish pilgrims then went to Berlin and Vienna. Here in the Min- istry of Foreign Affairs were assembled all the representatives of tht *»ol- ish and other presses, and the Polish Kingdom was proclaimed ofBcially ^ nd unofficially. Secret diplomacy was employed: all the Poles conducted ttieir polities aniaat the UlawiaiMi poeplo sewetly. not even tiMTS^htest attention. And now wImo the Poflsh fm eem^Bia— R is only the outcome of their own diplomacy. (Hear!) He is mistaken, however, who thinks that the strings of this secret diplomacy have already been cut. On the contrary they are being spun further. Count Goluchowski, the first notorious secret diplomat, is spin- ning them. When at this point I am asked in what way Count (Soluchowsld profited bv secret diplomacy, I recall the customs war with Serbia. He brought about the passage of custom laws injurious to the welfare of 8*^ bia, and thereby precipitated that war, which he conducted together wiw Hungarian barons and landowners. It was Count Goluchowski, Count Pi- ninski, Duke Radziwill, and even Count Tamowski and other gentlemen from Berlin who took a trip into Hungary to visit the Hungarian land- owners. Count Andrassy, Count Vekerle, and others with the sole purpose of getting strength to retain their hegemony, which they see they am toe- ing. For them everything is not yet lost As we notice in to-day's tmm- papers, they cherish hopes of saving the Polish estates in Ukraine. Bat I must take the liberty of carloads of wheat, 18,000 carloads of sugar, 2,000 carloads of meat, and 1,000 carloads of dried fMt To« giBWiiiiii dw^ eonridst Iww gnat a b«ntei baais down upon Uk»iB«, .nd yet this Republic is threatened that P/«^« ment v^l be iKnored.if the obligation. d'«=ha^ P^we?. LlteK states withdrew their d plomats from Kiev, the CeBttml rowers, naving en& thereTIhould take care not to conduct themwhre. with the people M thSy did ii G«lici«, bec«u«e Ukraine is loaded wtth heavy burdens and 5bl&1J? Lrt the Central Powers rtand by XulatS thPt Ukraine was to deliver the above foodstufTs itwif ; then Ukraine will not be reproached with 'i«J'««'t«t>nK a re^<«^ nlTtiS Iv advise airainst requisition ng in Ukraine. Gentlemen, we are not ine authOTL of ??rtain startling tefegrmmi whkh iW-wdj" newspapers w" bout ?he endor«,ment of, the Ufa«toj«y_.qtrSM^^ be reproach«l with defying Gemy n «i»^ ri«g ttewgfc ^Tlldl^rSS^ regard Ukraine aa a neutral and saXkn» shall ba sofrentd to datarmina tlM fertnnes of tmupin mm wbOB thcv have no right to mla, except the riglit of fone; and, BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that a copy of these resolutions, duly authenticated, be forwarded to our illustrious President and to ib» Ameri* CM CMBaMaaN*. nr. Cyvil n. BffiUc ClMkwMn «/ tkt MaM-M»ttii^, UKRAINE AND RUSSIA BY THE DBLBOATION OF THE UKRAINIAN REPt BLIC AT PAMS. TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE PEACE CONFERENCE ■ The Delegation of fl.e Tkralnlan Hepuhllu, havlnK full power from Us Government, asks you kindly to transmit t., tli*- Peace Conference at Paris toW following note, which is a development of the one already presented to you, on the subject of th. recognltUm of Ckwine M an Jnd«p«nd«it and ''^rS'^Btwt enemy of the independence of the Ukrainian Republic is Russia with her r'eaent Bolshevik Government, following the same Im- nerial policy whic i was pursued by the government of the Tsar and the provisional government of Russia— thus she wishes to pass over the body of Ukraine. In order to be able to put one hand on the Dardanelles and the Suez t anal. and the other on the Persian Ottlt , ^. , , » This is why the Ukrainian Government has waged a bitter war aralnst llie Bolshevik Government of Russia for more than a year with llttie inter- nipUon This struggle will continue until the Bolshevik Government of Ruiia completely renounces its imperialistic designs. In this war Ukrame only defends her country and does not encroach upon the ethnographical frontiers of Russia, because she feels that she has no right ic Interfere in the internal affairs of a neitd>boring BUta. . ^ , . ^ , , It is true that the Bolshevik Government Of Ruwla. In the desire of eoBceaUng lU ImperlalUtlc Intentions, alwaya acetiaad the Ukrainian Gov- nanwnt. Myinff that the latter energcticaUy t^oMd the pacifist pro- ■annda of the Bolshevik Ideaa on the frontier of Ukraine and prevented Sedevelopment of these same id««i In Waettra Ban«a hy th« latwmadiary of Rumania and Hungary. . _ . u .. ^ In this war against the ImperialisUc Intmtlcma of the Bolshevik Oov- •mment of Russia, the Ukrainian Republic did not remain Isolated; the other Independent states. noUbly Finland. Esthonia. Latvia. UthtUU^ White Ruthenia, and Georgia, with whom the Ukrainian Republic la MBt o( Am tftttenltles between «ka Pnlaa mi« gjwaiatona. hirt on tta «t«lnar iBtaaM to panim tiM alnii^ «f ll» paialn* tha sU aggli «< Itm CTtraiatams tmt tliwrtf llpUitf the l am s at i nl the PaUa. J TiJ Jjpi AUtii It Mil Bifrtllii it TTiil Vknim, — 74- The Imperial Academy of Sciences of Petrograd, and the Ukrainian Language When a revolution broki- i^ut in Russia in 1904, and when unilor the blows of this revohit! n and of many military defeats the \ ry foundation* of the Rusiian Stuiu witc trembling, the Russian Govvrnnivnt made up its mind to change its savaire poli> ics and to ameliorate the existiiiir condi- tiona. The Ukrainian people also was a little affected by this change in RsMiMi ptdieiM. A Rmsian committee of ministers, while considering the mtrktiona placed upon puUication in the Ukrainian lanfoage, advised the ministers of education and the ninisten «f the interior to investigate thoM restrictions and, after obtaining the vietn on this nibjeet of the Governor of Kiev, of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and of the Universities of Kiev and Kharlcov, to submit their opinions and COBclnaiona to the com- mittee of ministers. All the institutions whose opinion was souKht m this matter recommended the immediate rerm vhI of the restrictions on the Ukrainian language. In particular, the ."Vcadrmy of Sciences of Petrograd prepared a lengthy memorial on this question. The memorial, beariiv the seal of the Academy of Sciences, was presented to the ministers. The Academy of Scteacea choee a apacial einauniaaion et the moat emin- ent professors and speeialiata of Ruaaia to prepare this memoriaL The members of the commisaiw.— Korah, Famintatoi, Zatenaky, F"^natoy, SStaidunatov, Danilevsky, and Uldenlmrg— were aD Mnscevitf*, wit. :he ex- ception of Zaiensky. Shakhamatov, who was famous throughout Europe aa a specialist in philology and old-Russian literature, was commissioned to prepare the most important and detailed report on the subject. The salient lent'ire of the report of the Academy of Sciences of Petro- grad is the declaratUin that the Ukrainian people is a distinct natirn which has its ouvi language and literature and its own hintorical traditions, and is tntitled to an unrestricted national development. The memorial does not contain even a trace of the opinion that the Ukrainian language ia a dialect of the Rtaaian langjage. It clearly regarda the Baaaian people and tha Ukrainian people anc' the Russian language and the Ukndnian language aa equally distinct national entitiaa, and deee not wMntion tm^ aU-RuMian people or language. The memorial shows conclusively that the all-Russian language does not and never did exist, and that the so-called alt-Russian literary language is the language only of the Moaeovites or Ruaiiana and ia compktely for- eign to the Ukrainian people. Thia memorial of the Academy of Sciencea of Petrograd waa priidad ia 190S; BBd of the ytxy few copies extant, one ia p onesseJ by PuUic Library of New York City. In 1905, chiefly on account of this nmnorial the Ruaaian Goremment repealed the law of 1876 wUdi prahibited all pvib- lication in the Ukrainian language. mm* — To — A SONG WITHOUT WORDS A Story je*Mhiiid the willowa, within a verdant grove, couUl b»> seen a little old achooliiutMa, near which newly-clad children, bea inif cuIohmI Kr.ster e(fK» in thtir huads, were rompingr about, malcintr a queer indistinKuishable nome. "Iio not plm k thoso shouti'd an oMi r toy to one hla yoUBgar (■(iiii .lUiioHH; "they will i;i open wiadOW and announced that it waa time to King. The children rnshed into tbe WMtherwnrn little bsUdiaC 1»ith gnat tBthuaiaMli, pushing and jostling one anutl.^r in their •seltment; wUle tke eiders followci in a more disnined way. Sooa the etitirp grove resounded ut'h th " singing of a most dellp;htfiil inelody. Tbe music passed throu»:h variou. . bases, now sw olline into an ocean of passion, now flowing gracefully like a lazy summer rivulet, and at time* dying down until it was barely audible. Captivated by ita exqniaita beauty, I approached the window that I might hear It more distinctly. The whole assemblage was hummln. the song '"O!, Hal, Mahtl." With his hair disheveled and his arms swinging like lli" wings of an eagle In full flitlit. the schoolmaster conducted the I'limming vith surprising vivacitj. V ticn all of the song h.id been thus strangely rendered, the nearly exhaus'cd t To destroy aeh good raiment! When God allows us To greet father and mother and kinsmen Wlwt wiU thou divsa in? In what, danee with 'white youthT • Baink— vkllcjr in th* st^tpw ^Mw riw dopw, Mwad witti then aii4«ild! — 78 — So speaking, they flee from thence, not one day, nor two, Till they reach Savoor-Mohila : On its top resting, resting three days. Meanwhile Ae youngest, barefooted walking. Reaches thickets, bairaki: The thorn-tops grasping, to his heart pressing, Bedewing with tears: "Here, too. my brothers, the riders, have passed! They cut the branches and tops of the thoiB-bluh, To a barefooted walker left for a sign To guide him in flight From hard slavery To the Christian land. To sec father and mother and kin." So saying, he ran on farther. He passed through the land of thorns — Of bnirnki and nieieusi there was no more; A vast plain only stretched before him. Now lie ran along the highway. Saw black knots of a red zhupan, To his youthful Cossack's heart pressed, and bedewed with tears. "Here were my two brothers fletiiig, Doubtless Horde of Azov chased them. Cut, and crushed them into pieces. But the Tartars passed me by there, While I rested in bairaki. If I could but And my brothers, Bury them in open steppe. Prey no more for boast and bird." Weary with the drought, starvation, A wind felled him to the earth. But he reached the Vavoor grave-hill, He climbed up the; Savoor grave-hill. On the ninth day resting safely. Waiting raindrops from the heavens. Brief his rest — frray wolves came to him, Black-winged eafiles flultcnul round him. At his head they sat them down. (ilooiiiv. living; funeral waiting. Kyes to tear (Torn out his sockets. With' these words he spoke unto them. "0 gray wolves and black-winged eaglet, My dear guests! Wait ye, wait ye for a season When the Cossack's soul and body Sever, disunite: Ti'.iryou out my kari* eyes then. Pick white flesh from yellow bones, l(t\er bank canes then will hide them." * Coal-UadE. — 79 — llien ito lay there retteg. Now his Angers all are nerrrtess. Now his feel refuse to bear him. Now his bright eyes seeic the heavens And see nothing. He sighs deeply: "Oi. head of the youthful Cossack. Thou hast been in Turkish eowftriM, In the faith of Infidels! Now perish — drought and famine — Now the ninth day hath no bread passed Thnagli these Hps. I die of tUmiiiir While he spoke thlH. Not a black cloud In the heavens. Not a breath of windy tempest. And the Cossaek's soul, so youthful, Ha4 departed fnin tiie hiSf. Then the gray wolves came yet closer, And the black-winged eagles nearer, At his head they sat them down: Tore the black eyes from the sockets, Piefced while flesh from yellow bones, Covered them with river canes. When the elder brothers meanl m ; Came to banks of the Samarka, When the dark night did embrace them, In this manner spaice the eldest, To his second brother saying: "Little brother, let iis stay here. Graze our horses on wide grave-hills: The herbage is good, the waters are cold, Let us stop here and wait. Maybe be, our barefoot brother, Ma^ he will re«ch us riiertly. Then, because my heart yearns for hta, I would cast away my treasure And between our liorses grasp hira. Bring him to the Christian land." "Ah. brother! Why bore you not hisi ere Ms? Now the ninth day all but passes When he might eat bread and salt. Drinking with it water. Doubtless long en* tins he's perished. " Horses loose a-grazing, Saddles for their pillows. For the dawn-star wailing. Sleep descended on tluMii. When God's sun was rising. — so- Saddled they the horses. Crossed Samarka River. To Christian lands a-fieeing. Then the elder brother spaii* thus to the second: "Little brother, on arriving. What's the tale we shall be teUing? If the truth we're spealcing. Curses from our father. Curses from our u)oth<'r! If we lie unto them. God will punish surely. Seen by us, or seen not. "Let us say we dwelt not With the same hard masters. We fled ill the night-time From sliiverv and toiling. But we ran and woke him: 'Wake and flee. O brother! With us. Cossack-eaptives'. But anon lie answered, i will yet remain here. Stay to niake my fortune'. So with this tale ready, When die father, mother. We'll divide the cattle. We will share the fields. No third one interfering." In this fashion spake they... 'Twas not blue eagles shrieking. But Turk Janisarfes Stole from round a grave-hill. Smote and shot them down. Booty and the horses lakiiii; back to Turfeqr. So the heads of the two brothers Fell by the Samarka River. The tliird head on Savoor grave-hiU. But their fame will never die: It will live for ever. FLORENCE RANDAL LIVESAY. (Astltmr of "Soac* of CInatwi").