TT^SB^HHHm m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^/ % V 1.0 1.1 ■tt l)ii 12.2 S lio 12.0 ■IIBU HA \M lU 11.6 Fhotogmpfaic f :^: :i,:¥^f,' ■i CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Inatituta for Hiaiorical Microraprcductiona / inatitut Canadian da microraproductiona h>atoriquaa ^^^^^••^''•'T^)''i'" I' -J.. Technical and Bibliogrnphic Nctaa/Notaa tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographicaily uniqua, which may aKar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignitlcantly changa tha uauai mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. Q D D D D Colourad covara/ Couvartura da coulaur I I Covara damagad/ Couveitura andommagte Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raataurAa at/ou pailiculto |~~1 Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua Colourad mapa/ Cartaa gAographiquea an coulaur □ Colourad inic (i.a. othar than blua or blacic)/ Encra do coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) r~| Colourad plataa and/or illuatratlona/ D Planchaa at/ou illuatratlona an coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ Rail* avac d'autraa documanta Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortion along intarior margin/ Larciiura aarrAa paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la diatortion la long da la marga intMaura Blank laavaa addad during rastoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibia, thaaa hava baan omittad from filming/ 11 aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajoutiaa Sora d'una rmtauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta. mala, loraqua calc Atait poaaibia, caa pagaa n'ont paa 4ti film«aa. Additional eommanta:/ Commantairaa aupplAmantairaa: to L'Inatltut a microfilm* la maillaur axamplafra qu'il lui a it* poaaibia da aa procurar. Laa dAtaiia da oat axamplaira qui tont paut-ttra uniquaa du poSnt da vua bibliographiqua, qui pauvant modiflar una imaga raproduita, ou qui pauvant axigar una modlficatloR dana la mithoda normala da filmaga aont indiqute ci-daaaoua. r~n Colourad pagaa/ D Pagaa da coulaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagiaa Pagaa raatorad and/oi Pagaa raatauriaa at/ou pailiculiaa Pagaa diacolourad, atainad or foxai Pagaa dicoioriaa, tschatiaa ou piquiaa Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa dAtachi^ Showthrouglv Tranaparanca Quality of prir Qualit* inigala da I'lmpraaaion Includaa aupplamantary matarii Comprand du matirial auppMmentaIra Only adition availabia/ Saula MMon dlaponlMa □ Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa I — I Pagaa raatorad and/or laminatad/ Pagaa diacolourad, atainad or foxad/ Pagaa □ Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa r~^ Showthrough/ I I Quality of print variaa/ I I Includaa aupplamantary matarial/ I — I Only adition availabia/ Tl pc of fil Oi b« th all ot fil ai or Tl a^ Tl w M di jr b« rif ra Pagaa wholly or partially obacurad by arrata alipa, tiaauaa, ate., hava baan rafilmad to anaura tha baat poaaibia Imaga/ Laa pagaa totalamant ou partiallamant obacurdaa par un faulllat d'arrata, una palura, ate., ont itA filmiaa i nouvaau da fa^on A obtanir la maillaura imaga poaalMa. Thia itam ia fllmad at tha raductlon ratio chackad ImIow/ Ca document aat film* au taux da riductlon indlqu* ci-daaaoua. 10X 14X 18X 22X aBx aox 1 3 12X 1«X aox aix nx tails du »difl«r una nag* Tha copy fllmad hara has baan raproducad thanks to tha ganaroslty of: National Library of Canada Tha Imagae appaarlng hara ara tha bast qiuallty poaalbia conaldaring tha condition and laglblllty of tha original copy and In kaaping with tha filming contract specifications. Original copies In printad papar covers ara fllmad beginning with tha front cover and ending on the last page with a printad or Illustrated Impres- sion, or the beck cover when appropriate. All other origlnel copies ere filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or Illustrated imprea- sion, and ending on the last paga v^ith a printed or illustreted impression. L'exemplaira film* f ut reprodult grice A la gAnAroaitA da: BIbllothAqua natlonale du Cenada Lea images suivantes ort 4tA reproduites avac la plus grend soin, compte tenu de le condition et de le netteti de I'exemplelre filmA. et en conformity avac las conditions du contrat de flimage. Lea exempieires originaux dont la couvarture 9n pepier est Imprimto sent f llmte' en commen^ant par la premier plat at en termlnant soit par la darnlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'iilustration, soit par la second plot, seion le cas. Tous las autras exempieires orlgineux sent filmto en commenpant par ia pramlAre paga qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'iilustration et en termlnant par le dernlAre pege qui comporte une telle empreinte. The lest recorded frame on each microfiche shell contain tha symbol — i»> (meening "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END '), whichever eppiies. Un dee symboles sulvants apparaltra sur la darnlAre imege de cheque mlcroficlie, seton le ces: le symboie — ► signlfle "A SUIVRE", le symbols ▼ signlfle "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. mey be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too lerge to be entirely Included in one exposure ara filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to right end top to bottom, as many frames aa required. Tha following diagrams illustrate the method: Les csrtes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atra fiimAa \\vc.v.l and collateral--Succcs.s of New Crown Liind lU';,'ulations Tlio Landed Gentry of Gnat Jiritain (;oloni/ati..n I'arlios— Encoina,!,'eMH'nt -Iv.n U, PAGE . . 1 . . 10 .. 11 .. il .. 11 . . 1 '^ . . 1 :'. .. ):; . . M .. U I'ostal arraiiiiemoiits , C;urd-s Patnpldet answ-ied by A. JIultnn, Ks,,.. Senvlary '"'■;';•'';';_ ^'^ ^.^ ALrrieulturo Pcr^oi.a OKservations durin- a Tour in IHin,.!., i.. the n.nntU ol August, lS;,V^ frin "E.litorial Correspondence of tl.e Lcad-r, eonnnanicated l.y ^^^ C. LiXDSKV, Ksij, SINGLE COPIES, FIVH CENTS. jj^gr Twentv-iivc Copies will bo sent, free of eust, to any ad.lress m Canada on receipt of One Dollar, a.^ Grand Trnnk Railway c soc OF CA]N[ADA CONSISTING of 1000 mUes of Line— the longest Railway in the World- being now OPEN throughout from PORTLAND and QUEBEC, forms a Direct and Continuous Route TO ALL PARTS IN THE CANA- DAS, and to the leading Cities in the UNITED STATES. Tlie sevoml Companies forming the Route to the Far West nm their regular Trains in connection with those of the Grand Tmnk, and will, whenever there is a sufficient number of Passengers, put on Special Trains. PASSENGERS can be BOOKED THROUGH, by ONE PAYMENT, INCLUDING THE OCEAN PASSAGE, from all the Principal Emigra- tion Ports, (it the lowest cnrrent Bates of Fare, and those holding Through Tickets will invariably proceed on their journey immediately after landing, and will have their I/iiygage cleared at tlie Customs and removed from the Ship to the Raihoay Station Free of Charge.^ AH Passengers, but Emigrants in particular, should purchase their Rail- way Tickets when they pay for their Ocean Passage, by which many heavy incidental charges will be saved ; such as Carti^o and Porterage of Lug- gage, exchange of English money, and other dmilar and imexpected ex- penses : but the greatest advanttige and gain secured to Passengers by pro- curing these "Tlu'ough Tickets." will be found to be that of avoiding the impositions and frau£ so often practised upon Emigrants and others at Soa Ports by persons representing themselves as agents for various routes, &c. , but who are frequently impostors or else irresponsible men. Each Adult Emigrant Passenger, haAang a Through Ticket, will be allowed the same quantity of luggage free by the Grand Trunk Railway as by Ship, about 150 lbs. or 10 cubic feet. Children between three and twelve years are carried by Railway at lialf the adult fare, and have an allowance of half the quantity of luggage. Children under three years of age travel free by Railway. By msans of the Check System, the Inigyoije of Passengers can now he Registered Thronyh hy the Otand Trunk Agents at Quebec and Portlandf to ail Staiions in Canada and as far west as Chicago. For the transport of Goods this Railway offers the greatest facilities, the completion of the great Victoria Bridge rendering no transhipment neces- sary between the two Sea Ports — Quebec and Portland, — and Montreal, Kingston, Toronto, London, Goderich, Sarnia, Colhngwood, and other important Stations in Canada — goods can be booked through from Liver- Eool by the Canadian Steamers, and the Customs busuiess is attended to y the Agents of the Company. Fares and Rates can be obtained of Messrs. Allan Brothers, Weaver Buildings, Liverpool, and at the Offices of the Grand Trunk Railway Com- pany, 21, Old Broad St., London. V CAIRD'S SLANDERS ON CANADA, ANSWERED AND REFUTED! LETTERS FROM CANADA.— No. VIII. \ Toronto, Canada West, Sept. 19, 1859. My Dear Wyndham, — I am not surprised that Mr. Caird's |)aniphlet should have caused you and your noble neighbours " much anxiety about the welfare " of your old friends and parishioners, " consigned " by you and them to me for settlement in Canada, and of whom several reside on the Free Grants, which, without seeing them, Mr. Caird pronounces " to be too poor, even when cleared, to be profitable." A reference to Mr. Hutton's able and conclusive answer to Mr. Caird's book, at page 15, will show you official details, proving that on the very road named by Caird, 800 acres of land returned to the settlers on them, during their first year, products representing a market value of a(55000. This pamphlet of Caird's, printed in New York, and distributed by tens of thousands by parties interested in American railroads and vessels, throughout Great Britain and Canada, contains so much that is ungenerous and untrue about this fine country that I felt it my duty, having been engaged for many years at home and here in sencf- ing and inviting emigrants hither, to answer them in June last through the columns of the Hamilton Spectator, and cause these answers to be widely distributed in newspaper form in Great Britain.* Mr. Caird has written to Canada to complain of the tone of "acerbity" with which I have written, and to deny the charge that he was a share or bondholder in the Illinois Central, and was thus directly and person- ally interested in settling those wretched lauds, — tree-less, water-less, as they are, and the very nursery of ague and fever. Canada presents a woniierful contrast to this arid wilderness. In almost every section of the country there are broad and rapid rivers, which, if not naviga- ble at all pomts, afford abundant facilities for saw and flour mills. Nearly every Township has lakes full of fine fish, and vrild fowl. The * I strongly recommend to you, and all parties Interested in Canada, " Lovbll's Cakada. Disxctost," (1544 pages. Royal 8to.), which may now be had at a reduced price, at AiiOAs ft Stbbbt'b, proprietors of the Canadian, New*, II, Clement's-lane, Lombard, street, London; S. N. Oldhak, Grafton^street, Dublin; and JoHir Mulbb. Stationer, 129, Ingram, comer of Hanover-street, Glasgow. This work, bcaides being a Local and Personal IMractory to Canada, contains a vast amount of raliiable infbrmatioo as to Routes, Agricultural and Bduoattonal Statistics, fcc. Ac. forest affords a variety of game, peltry, hops, grapes, wild fruits, and flowers in beautiful variety. The maple-tree produces sugar, molassse, and vinegar. There are materials at hand for making Airuiture, pot- ash, building houses, fences, and for firewood, a feature of no small in.portance when the discovery of coal is said to be a geological impos- sibility. We have trees of great and increasing value, such as the birds-eye and curly maple, wbite oak, black walnut. The hickory, rock elm and oak supply axe-handles and ])lough-tackle, the pine and cedar shingles for roofing, the hemlock and oak materials for tanning leather. I say nothing now of timber for export or lumber — neither can I dwell upon our wonderful mineral riches, for the development of which we must wait for British enterprise and capital. The Upper Province affords copper and iron, the Lower Province gold, silver, platina, &c. &c. ; and slate for roofing, &c. &c. Mr. Caird think* it " possible that he may have under-rated the advantages of Cana- da, his rapid transit through which, and limited opportunities for examination, did not allow him to arrive at any satisfactory conclu- sion, and he therefore in a subsequent pamphlet withdrew all reference to Canada, favorable or otherwise." His condemnation of Canada is frequent and decisive ; therefore, it is not enough that he has " withdrawn his reference." His statements, if true, should be maintained ; if false, should have been contradicted. Failing the adoption of this manly course on the part of Mr. Caird,* I feel justified in writing a defence of my adopted country, and I will * The Scottish American Journal, published in New York, thus alludes to Mr. Caird's denial that he is a shareholder in the Illinois Central: — "Some time ago, in noticing Mr. Caird's little book on prairie farming in Illinois, we took occasion to object to the writei-'s disparaging remarks with reference to Canada. Mr. Caird hurried through the Province by way of the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railruads, and fovraing his judgment from what he saw from the carriage windows, he proDuuuccd on opinion ugaiust Canada, as compared with Illinois, with all the air of a British agriculturist, and one who is recognized, not without justice, as an authority in such matters. We hove no doubt that James Caird is a " prodigious clever little fellow," as one of his neighbours described him to a brother editor in Scotland. None but a fellow of prodigious cleverness, and assurance to match, could form an opinion, and publish it, on the agricultural resources, the advantages of a Province, hundreds of miles in extent, which he traversed in the space of two or three days. But the truth is, that this flying view of Canada was merely intro- duced as a foil to his more careful and much more favorable account of a district of country in which he happened to be interested. Mr. Caird, in a letter to a Canadian paper, published the other day, has denied the statement that he holds shares in the Illinois Central Railroad. This is a mere quibble that is unworthy of the writer. Mr. Caird does not deny that he was sent out from England on a mission by the shareholders of that Company, aud perhaps he will not dispute that he is now employed in London as agent for the sale of that land, the value of which his late puolication has done so much to promote. We see a statement to this effect, at least, copied from an Irish paper, which gives it apparently without any unfavorable motive towards Mr. Caird, or any reference to his partiality as a witness on the value of American lands. Another circumstance mentioned in the !sc of amity towards our .American brethren. There is no desire on either side for territorial aggrandisement at the expense of the other, or for any closer political connt'otion than that which now exists. Each nation has before it a noble mission over an ample field, and (or the due cultivation of this vast space, socially, morally, and religiously, we shall assuredly have to give account. .\ talent of inestimable value is committed to our joint keeping, which we cannot, without guilt, allow to remain unirn* proved,— n jewel lent to us which we are bound to keep untarnished, remeniboi'iug that we .anadiau farmers, allows the Yankee farmer to beat them in their own markets ! Wheat, G00,000 Hops, 5,500 ! l^gg3. 4,600 1 ! Wool. 10,000 Cattle, 120,000 * Seven first class prizes tor cattle were taken by Oanadians at the great United States Fair held la?t w»'ek at Cliicngo ! • HAPPY FAllMERS OF ILLINOIS 'SS'iMt tii hoiKt norhil I " NVlmt a terrestrial puradiso wliero tlio new Hottlor can only reckon upon " hog and hoininv " for Iuh first year's luxurioN, get 2} per lb. for beef when ready lor butcher, and fonr-llfthH of th<* wheat grown in which is genernlly sold to distillerH to make whiskuy, and tho ba- lance conv(!rted into worthless tlour, known in tho trade as " Stump- tail ! " Compare this, friend of mine, with tho first year's crops upon tho free grants. Wheat is selling in Toronto and other markets at 120 cents per bushel, beef at six pence, and pork at tivo pence per lb. respectively. Tho agents of tho Illinois Central aro prepared to flood the Pro- vincial Show at Kingston with their books anu pamphlets. It shall not be my fault if distant and ill-informed* perscmsarc not warned in duo time to save them from disease, disappointment and ruin. Fa- milies aro returning bv scores from Illinois to settle in Canada, and thus s^vo tho wreck oi their fortunes. A few weeks since, a farmer and several fine young men, seduced by the glowing picture drawn by Caird of prairio fanning, went thither, and returned dispirited anu disgusted with all they saw and heard, '^'he young men have wisely hired themselves out to learn the ways of the country, tho farmer has purchased a farm of 100 acres in the Eastern Townships for five pounds currency per acre, with GO acres cleared, a good nouse and ofilces, and has gono back to Ireland to bring out his family. Here then is an authentic evidence of the mischief done by this one-sided " Land Agent." The North of Ireland farmer has an undoubted title to his farm from the Crown ; the titles to lands in the Illinois Cen- tral, I suspect, neither belong to the Railway Company nor the United States, but to certain bond-holders in England. I abstain from further exposure of Mr. Caird's manifold inconsis- tencies, exaggerations, and falselioods, and will devote the remainder of my letter to answering the questions vou have submitted to me, about outfit, route, wages, the capital neecled, the first year's occupa- tion, the implements wanted, the new Crown Land Eegulatious, tho encouragements given to colonization parties, «fec., &c. Tho admi- rable pamphlet on Canada, showing its climate, resources, &c., &c., published under tho authority of the Cu *dian Government, is to be had at Stanford's, 6 Charing Cross, or i the Canada Land Agency Office, 37 King William Street, Citjr. I again warn you most emphatically against certain trumpery works published by parties utterly unacquainted with Canada, and who have never spent a single hour in the country they pretend to describe. The Keport of the Imperial Commissioners on Emigration * You will be glad to hear that a British North American Club is in course of formation. In a few hours 150 good names, in this City alone, were handed in. Its probable " whereabouts" is Trafalgar Square. We " Colonists " are giadually removing the crass ignorance you Britishers labor under about your nearest and most valuable possesj'ion. 8 f is well worth your attention, and you will find there recorded the in- formation wanted as to the classes wanted and not ivanted in Canada, which they have copied from the circulars issued by the Government here. The persons warned not to come at present are skilled mecha- nics, clerks, office-see kers, literary men without capital. The parties who may come here with fair pj^spects are, farmers with capital, small or large, agricultural labourers, servant girls, and boys. It is, however, late in the season for any classes to comv>. I have little doubt that a demand for labour will arise next spring, and of this due notice will be given. The sons of the country gentlemen of England, of their tenant-farmers, and the agricultural labourers should remember this, that Canada, the nearest and most important of British Colonies, offers to them all prospects of independence, (if not for themselves in all cases, moat certainly for their families) which have been realized by tens of thousands of persons already here, and iu store for others, if sobee, patient, industrious, without which qualifications they must neither espect, nor do they deserve, to succeed. "YOU GENTLEMEN OF ENGLAND" Must bear in mind that, in Upper Canada alone, we have more than 100,000 landowners ; that a tenant-farmer is a very " rare bird ; that the taxes to which these landowners are liable, rarely exceed five cents (3d.) in the £ upon the assessments made by themselves, and that even this small sum is applied to local purposes and im- provements — road repairs, schools, &c. &c. They have no rent, no tithes, poor-rates, Church-rates, stamp-duties : tea and sugar are cheaper than at home ; and nothing is dearer except wearing-apparel and bedding, and beer and porter. The last two years have been to Canadians a period of anxious solicitude. The nsual results of a wild spirit of speculation in town and village lots and wild lands, pervaded almost every class among us. Two successive crops of our great staple — wheat — deficient in quantity as well as quality, reduced us to a state of depression un- known before in our Drief.and prosperous national history^; and the merchant at his ledger, the farmer in his clearing, and the back- woodsman in the deepest recesses of our forest solitudes, waited and watched for, with trembling :»nxiety and intense interest, the rssult of this year's cereal productions. But God, in his goodness, has blessed the work of our hands, and given us more than we could reasonably have asked, and tar more than we deserve. In grateful and solemn acknowledgment of which "blessings of Peace and Plenty," His Excellency in Council has appointed the third day of November next as a General Holiday and Day of Thanksgiving throughout the Province. During the crisis of the last two years, the Banking Institutions of Canada have withstood the pressure which, in such a state of things, was to be expected and inevitable ; but not one single es- tablishment in Canada suspended specie payments or failed ; while ' 9 scores of theui ia the neighbouring Republic bent to the storm and — broke, I regret to read in the American papers, that in many parts of the United States, the results of the crops of wheat and cobn are lar less favorable than with us. From Mr. Caird's pet districts the re- ports are very gloomy, and I copy from an American paper the fol- lowing letters, which have all the appeflrance of authenticity :^- "Geaytillb, White County, Illinois, Aug, 81. •' Editobh Pre»» and Tribune : " TTie wheat crop here, when brought to the teat of the threshing machine, has sadly disappointed tne farmers, and cannot be set down at more than fuxlf a trap. Oats aud grass light. The lu.te rains have revived late potatoes, and pro- mieeit a fair orop ; early ones, owing to the hot dry weather in June and July, are psor. Oorn, especially in the Wat^ali Bottoms, is excellent. " Yours respectfully, "Sydney Spring." "Steblino, Whites'de County, Illinois, Sept. 5. " Editobs Press and Ivibune : " As no one has reported the condition of the crops from this vicinity, "nt would eall your attention to the fact that the prospect for anything but hard times, is gloomy indeed. The frost last week has damaged the corn so that not half the average yield will be realized. Sweet potatoes and sugar-cane have ' gone by l^e board.' Farmers in this section did not estimate their wheat and oats as high ae many did in other places, and yet, when they came to thresh, they were sadly disappointed at the result : the yield will not bring one-half their estimate. " Mr. Jacob Powell, near here, farms about four hundred acres, aud had one hundred and thirty acres of wheat, and thought it a low estimate at twenty bushels to the acre ; but when he came to thresh, (he yield wan only eleven bushels to the acre. " It is so all through this section, aud the farmei-s are in very low spirits, and look for another hard year. " Yours truly, " Terrell & Harper." '' Carlisle, Illinois, Sept. 5. " My Dear Brother, — I have not written to you now for a long time — sorrow and sickuess, and misery and disappointment, must plead my excuse ; and as they must have formed the only bubject of my letters, you may the less regret my si- lence. Indeed, I could n.)t find in my heart to mar, with a detail of my own sufferings, so mush comfort and happiness as seem to have fallen to your envied lot : my continued silence should still have saved you from the painful commisera- tion I know you will feel for me, had not the thought i^truck me that you might possibly be able to find some one in your neighbourhood wuo would exchange farms, Ac., with me here, if the lage for coming to this Jine country has reached you, of which I make little doubt, as it seems to have reached everywhere. •'If I cannot dispone of my property in some such way (selling it Is out of the question), I am doomed, I was going to say, to live in this country, but rather to die; I have had more than a hint of thii« during the summer : I have suffered dreadfully — you would hardly know me — I am literally and really an old man ; bat this is not all, my farm has been totolly neglected, as I could do nothing, and fairing being impracticable. '• C. W." I could multiply these painful records an hundredfold, but I do not desire to do more than prove my case, which I can easily do from the sources named, and from Caird's own book. For example: In page 88, New Toik Edition, I find him writing, mmmm i I 10 — " I have already said that the wheat m Illinois has proved, during the last two years, a very precariom crop.^' Again, at page 82, I read, — " Though these soils are so rich in nitrogen, they seem to be too looBe for wheat, which is undoubtedly a very precarious crop. The open prairie country is so wind-swept in winter, that snow seldom lies long to any depth, and the young fdant is left unprotected to the frost. Should it escape that, it is iable to be thrown out by the rapid changes of weather in the spring!!!" At page 87, we find Mr. Caird recommending " Nf)rthern agricul- tural labourers to hire land and keep stock, the prices of beef and pork in Chicago market being 2^(1. and 2d. per lb. respectively ; and that three year old oxen, large, and in what is considered fair condition for stall feeding, are valued at not more than £4." Fine encouragement for grazing this, for northern agricultural labourers ! OUTFIT. I recommend parties to encumber themselves as little as possible with baggage. A good stock of apparel from head to foot is most de- sirable, and also a good supply of bedding — all of which are cheaper at home. They should bring their money in the shape of a letter of credit to some Bank here. Money orders for cmaller sums are issued by the Grand Trunk Railway Company, Old Broad Street, London. MODE OF COmrBTANOE. * Avoid the New York Eoute ! — Independently of all the manifold frauds practised there upon immigrants, the settler who has decided upon Canada as a home, will find himself 600 miles from British soil, with a tedious and expensive journey before him. He should avoid a sailing vessel, whose average time on the voyage is 42 days, while by the Canadian Line of Steamers the average length has been under 12 days, and probably next year will not exceed 10 days, and on board of which not a single death occurred in 1858. An extension of the Grand Trunk Eailway of Canada to Eiviere du Loup, 120 miles below Quebec, will take place in the early part of October, and from thence the settler will be carried on moderate terms at the rate of from 20 to 30 miles per hour from one end of Canada to another. If he should prefer going to Quebec, he may choose his mode of travelling between first class steam vessels and the Eailrcad. The cost of a voyage by steam very little exceeds that of a sailing vessel, and is a saving of 30 days, representing 80 days wages at five shillings currency, (four shillings stg.) a day. WAGES. Wages are generally lower than they were in 1856-7, but the price of flour is 50 per cent, and meat and many other necessaries oi life • The proposed subsidy to the Qftlway Line of Steamers to the United Statet , at 8ueh an enormous cost to Great Britain, has oaused universal dissatisfaction throughout Canada, and our Government has earnestly and promptly protested against it Why should the attention of British capitalists and emigrants be diverted from this country to please a few adventurers 1 I i^ 11 is now 25 per cent., lower than at that time. It is now late in the season for agricultural labourers and mechanics to emigrate. When they do come, earnestly advise them not to refuse offers of good wages, though they should be lower than those they were led to ex- pect. Mr. Buchanan, the Emigration Agent at Quebec, has known many instances of persons who in their own country (Ireland) were glad to work at lOd. to Is. per day refusing employment here at three shillings per day. They do not consider that in their first sea- son their services are worth little more tlian one-half than they will earn after becoming acquainted with the country. Emigrants of all classes should apply to the " Government Emi- gation Agents" at Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto or amilton. From these gentlemen, jtersons of integrity and exiierience, they can depend upon disinterested advice ! PEOTECTION TO EMIGEANTS, &C. A recent ,Act of the Canadian Legislature imposes a penalty on masters or seamen of vessels for non-observance towards emigrants, of laws of their country, or the conditions of contract for their passage. No person is allowed to act as steamboat or railway agent, or booking emigrant passengers without a license. Keepers of taverns receiving emigrants are required, under a penalty, to post therein lists of rates of charges, or printed cards ; no tavern keeper is allowed to have a lien on the effects of any emigrant for any sum exceeding five dollars. AMOUKT OF CAPITAL BEQUIBED. Hundreds of persons now holding high positions in the Province reached it without a shilling in their possession. Of course, persons with capital, and the discretion to use it wisely, have great advantages. Mr. French, the Government Agent on the Opeongo Road has given the following estimate of the sum with which a family oi five may safely go into the bush, sufficiently provisioned for one year. 8 barrels of Flour at £'2. 10s. per barrel £20 2 do of Tork at ^'3 15s. do 7 10 80 bushels of Potatoes at 2s. per bushel 8 30 lbs of Tea at 2s. ()d. per lb 3 1.5 1 barrel of Herrings 2 \ do of Salt 7 6 Cost of Provisions £-H12 SEKD. 20 bushels of Potatoes at 2s. per bushel £ 2 3 do of Wheat at 7s. 6d. do 12 6 10 do of Oats at 2s. per bushel 1 CostofSeed £4 2 ^ 12 The price of the barrel of flour is and seed wheat five shillings, so that duced to ^35 7s. 6d. The other necessaries, all of which 1 Axe £0 8 9 1 Grindstone 1 Shovel 2 Hoes at Ss. Gd. each 3 Reaping-hooks at Is. 6d. each 1 Scythe 1 Inch Auger 1 Inch and a half Auger 1 Hand-Saw 2 Water Pails at Is. 6d. each 1 Window Sash, and Glazing 1 Bake-Oven 2 Pots at f)s. each .... 1 Kettle Total now twenty-five shillings per barrel^ the coct of these two items is re- 7 6 1 10 7 4 6 5 5 7 6 7 6 3 n 5 5 are to be purchased here, are : 1 Fryingpan 1 Teapot (i small Tin Vessels at 4d. each 3 large Tin Dishes at 2s. 6d. each 6 Spoons at 2d. each. . 6 Knives and Forks. . . 3 pairs of Blankets at £1 5s. per pair .... 2 Pwugs for Quilts at 2s. ()d. each 2 pairs of Sheets at 3s. per pair 1 Smoothing Iron .... IPig 3 o 2 4 1 5 6 2 15 6 6 3 15 6 a £10 7 1 Currency £45 14 7 Sterling, about 37 This sum would be further considerably reduced if the parties brought their own bedding. In the Tenth Edition of Mrs. Traill's Book, now in the Press, you will find a Diary of a years occupation, taken from an instance which occurred in the Eastern Townships, which will give the intending settler a very clear idea of what he has to do from the day he takes possession of his farm. This seems a fitting place to caution the emigrant against any hasty movement >n the way of purchase. In many cases, the more pru- dent way for a farmer is to rent a farm with the option of purchasing. Such farms with houses and suitable offices can often be rented at fifteen shillings sterling per annum, which sum includes rent and taxes. A farm labourer with small capital should hire himself out to some farmer to learn the ways of the country, and this advice might be safely followed by old country farmers beginning life in Canada. FEBE (JBA.NT8 — THEIE DIRECT AND COLLATERAL SUCCESS. The statements made that these lands are situated in worthless and in- accessible districts is false. As to the first point I refer you to Mr. Hntton's letter. As to the other, I know that many hundreds of miles of road are made to the very doors of th« occupiers of the Free Grants, and they are all of them within reach of Flour and Saw Mills and Stores. I have before me communications from the Government Agents on the Hastings, Addington, Opeongo and Bobcaygeon Roads, all of which give $ ! 13 highlr satisfactory reports of the large yield of all crops, except Hay, wnich has failed almost universally this year, and Indian Corn, ivhich has suffered from frosts, which are very unusual, thus early in the autumn. There are extraordinary yields upon the virein soil, of Fife spring wheat, peas, barley, buck-wheat, oats, potatoes and turnips. There are many collateral advantages of the Free Grant Roads. They are leading to the rapid sale and settlement of the Townships on either side of them, and the occupants of the Free Grants afford to the pur- chasers of these lands a supply of labour on reasonable terms. The Free Grants are of vast value to Canada, and I feel sure that within ten years each 100 acres of Free Grant will be worth £500. The price of lands in the Townships near the Free Grants is four shilling currency, cash — or, five shillings, to be paid in annual instalments durmg five years. NEW CROWN LAND BEOULATIONB. I invite your attention to the new Crown Land Regulations, by which you will see that upon certain conditions, the fulfilment of which will be strictly enforced, blocks of land varying in extent from 40,000 to 60,000 acres may be purchased at two shillings sterling per acre. A glance at the map of Upper Canada will show where this district is liituated, which is about mid-way between Lake Ontario on the south and the proposed Atlantic and Pacific Railwad on the north, which line will undoubtedly go from Ottawa, between Lakes Opeongo and Nipissing, and above the north shore of Lake Huron, close to the Bruce Mines and newly surveyed Townships at Sault Sle. Marie, and thence to the Rocky Mountains and Vancouver's Island. I cannot believe that any one ac- quainted with Canada would recommend the construction of anymore canals, which in the inhospitable district between Ottawa and British Columbia would be closed by ice six months in the year. To this scheme of our Commissioner of Crown Lands I earnestly invite the attention of THE LANDED QENTBY OF GBEAT BEITAIN. The regulations are as follows : 1. That the lands in Townships which have been already delineated or may hereafter be delineated on survey by the exterior lines only, may be offered for sale en bloc on the following terms, viz : 'I. That the price %\vJ\ be two shillings sterling per acre, payable at the time of sale. 3. That the purchaser shall cause the lands to be surveyed at his own expense into lots comprising either one hundred or two hundred acres in each lot ; and on the north of Lake Huron into sections of 160 acres each, except in spots where the configuration of the Township may render such exact quantities impracticable, and then as near to those allotments as possible. 4. That one-third of the quantity of land in the Township shall be set- tled upon within two years from the time of sale ; one-third more settled upon within the following five years, that is seven years from the time of sale ; and the residue within the further period of three years, t. 0., tea 14 years from the date of sale ; the settlement required being that there shall be at least one bond fide settler in authorised occupation for every two hundred acres of land ; all land not so settled at the expiration of ten years from the time of sale to become forfeited and revert to the Crown absolutely, except such portions thereof as shall be found unfit for settle- ment, or such portions as are of very inferior quality and by reason thereof have remained unoccupied, in respect to which the Governor in Council may, upon application, dispense with the forfeiture and cause the same to be conveyed to the original purchaser or assignee." 'J'his scheme appears to me admirably calculated to prevent those gigantic speculations in wild land which have so retarded the progress of this Province, and to offer to the people of Great Britain, Norway and Germany those facilities for the formation of COLONIZATION PABTIE8, which have been so long wanted.* The Canadian Government grants upon terms, which are all but equivalent to a gift, tracts of excellent land in those parts of the Province, now at their disposal. These Colo- nization parties should be formed at home. A NEW MAP for the guidance of Emigrants upon a novel plan suggested by the Hon. Mr. Vankoughnet, and ably carried out by Mr. Devine, has been for some lime in the engraver's hands, and is nearly ready for distribution. The marginal notes on this Map will convey an immense amount of valu- able information. {To be continued.) LETTER POSTAGE To AND FROM ENGLAND, Two oceap Steamers carrying Mails for Canada leave Liverpool in each week. A Canadian Packet sails direct for Quebec every Wednesday during the summer mouths, and every alternate Wednesday for Portland during the winter months, by which the Postage rate is Cd. sterling per ^ oz., and a British Cunard Packet on every Saturday, landing Mails alternately at Boston and New York, by which the Postage rate to Canada is 8d. sterling per ^ oz. The British Post Office forwards Letters to Canada by the first of these Packets sailing after the Letters are posted, — unless the Let- ters bear a special direction "By Cnnadian^^ or ^' By British Packet^^ — and in that case, the Letters are kept over for the Packet desig- nated. Therefore to pass for the 6d. sterling rate, a Letter for Ca- * Tiiere is a large settlement of Norwegians with considerable capital settled at Bury in the Eastern Townships. Ghiooutimi and the Bay of Ghaleurs in the Lower Pi ivince, and the neighbourhood of Lake Nipissing in the Ottawa country and Sault Ste. Marie in the north shore of Lake Superior appear to me to offer great advantages to Germans and Norwegians. These places afford facilities for farm- ing, lumbering and " deep-sea" fishing. 15 nada must be posted so as to arrive at Liverpool in time i'w Wcdncs- day's Canadian Steamer, carrying Letters at the Od. rate, or it must be directed " Bj/ Canadian Packet." When a Letter not specially directed "By Canadian Packet" reaches Liverpool between Wednesday and Saturday, it will be for- warded by the Saturday British Packet at the 8d. rate, and if only prepaid 6d., there will be 5 cents additional charged on the Letter, and payable on delivery in Canada. In like manner as regards Letters going from Canada to the Uni- ted Kingdom, — in order to pass at the 6d. rate, — they must be posted on the proper days for the Canadian Packet Mails, or bear the words "By Canadian Packet." All Letters to or from the United Kingdom should be prepaid. Letters posted unpaid will be forwarded, but they will be chargeable on delivery with a fine of Gd. sterling (12^ cents) each, in addition to the postage. NEWSPAPERS TO AND FROM CANADA. Publishers of Newspapers at home, as well as individuals, should re- member that in all cases a Newspaper for Canada must have a Penny Stamp affixed— but if sent "By Canadian Steamer" there is no fur- ther charge on the recipient here ; whereas when sent by the Cunard Line, each paper coats the recipient here one Penny, which goes into the United States Treasury ! All Newspapers sent from Canada to England must have a cent Stamp affixed, but if directed " By Canadian Steamer " they are de- livered free at home, whereas every Newspaper sent from hence by the Cunard Line costs the recipient in Great Britain one Penny ! N.B. The Proprietors of British Newspapers should memorialize Lord Elgin to allow Newspapers from the place of publication to "Exchange Papers" in Canada to go free, as they do in every part of British North America and the United States. This arrangement would be mutually advantageous and the courtesy would be cheer- fully reciprocated by Publishers of Canadian Papers. desig- HEMAEKS ON ME. CAIED'S PA.MPHLET. bktitljid " pbaikie fabmiko in ameeica, with notes by the wat, on canada and the "united states." Mb. Editob — Goethe has said, " It is not by attacks on the false, but by the calm exposition of the true, that good is to be done." Taking the above as an excellent nile of action, 1 have given Mr. Caird's Pamphlet, entitled "Prairie Farming in America," a very attentive perusal, and I think Mr. Caird deserves much credit for the candid way in which he has treated the subject of the British settlers' prospects in Illinois, in very many points of vital importance. The inferences, however, which may be fairly drawn from the facts and figures he has given 16 h 08, nre in mauy instances, calculated to produce widely different rcsxiltii from that which he appears to have anticipated, and no doubt expects his reader to arrive at. Without dwellmg upon the report that Mr Cainl is personally and largely interested in the Illinois Central Bailroad Company, and their lands, I proceed to examine the merits of his pamphlet. The prevalence of ague to which ]^Ir. Caird has alluded in paees 11, 12, 28, 29, 40, 50, 64, 75, 05 and 06, New York edition, especial- ly in pages 06 and 96, where he gives the experience of a leading phy- sican ot twenty years' practice, cannot fail to be very apalling to intending emigrants who carefully peruse his work, especially as this physician plainly states that in his opinion " old people ought not to come (to Illinois) at all, as tlie ague is very fatal to them," and adds by way of solace, that, ' Chicago (being an older settlement) was now almost iree from ague, that typhus had taken its place in a great- ly modified extent, and that pneumonia and rheumatism were the only other diseases that were severe." Candid and explicit as these warn- ings are, it may be fairly added, that the very great prevalence of ague, and the total prostration with which it is accompanied, often extending even to weeks and mouths together on these prairie lauds, is not sufficiently pourtrayed. It not unfrequently happens that whole families are so prostrated, that it is with difficulty any one member of it can be found able to alleviate the sufferings of the rest, and in remote situations it is often extremely difficult to procure aid from other families. The effects of this prostration are often very seriouly felt in the delay and even non -performance of the necessary farm- work, the neglect of cattle, and often the partial loss of a season's crops. For this reason, if farmers are determined to settle on prairie land they should make arrangement for three or four or more families to settle together, and, in charity, Mr. Caird should have suggested this; but it is my purpose to show that settlers in the bush of Canada have much better prospects in every way than in the prairies of Illinois, not only as regards the comparative freedom from ague, but for acquiring actiial prosperity and speedy independence. In endeavour- ing to show this I will take Mr. Caird' s own representations as the basis ; although very great errors have crept into his work, seriously affecting the general character of Canadian soils and Canadian farm- ing. The quotations of a few passages will serve to show how hurried must have been his ride through the country, how very erroneous the ideas which lie formed. At page 20 he says, " From Prescott to Kingston, and thence to Coburg, the country is but partially cleared ; very often the train shoots for many miles together through the primeval forest, a path having been cut in the woods for the railway track, and the felled trees and branches still lying where thrown, on both sides of the line." This latter assertion may be literally true, but Mr. Caird himself, as well as his readers, wiil be surprised to learn, that at least seven-eighths of this very route is through a remarkably fine agricultural country ; through lands held 17 different 10 doubt le report Illinois mine the in pa^ea espeoial- ing phy- alling to V as this ht not to and adda ent) was I a great- the only sse warn- deuoe of 3d, often ) lands, is lat whole ) member it, and in aid from seriouly iry farm- aeason'a in prairie e families atedthis; Lada have Illinois, but for ideavour- ns as the seriously ian farm' how how low very B, " From ry is but together ds for the ng where 1 may be ■8, will be r route is ands held by the very best and most successful farmers, having very large clear- ances, comfortable dwellings, and out-housea, and good orchards. The counties from Preacott to Cobourg, through which Mr. Caird's route lay, contain 240,000 inhabitants. For twenty years there have been fine herds of Ayrshire and Durham cattle, little inferior to the best cattle in England, and even 40 miles back of the frontier, may be seen farms of from 200 to 400 acres, well cultivated, heavy crops, excellent horses, cattle and sheep. The Railway track was made through the rear part of their farms, purposely reaerved "in primeval forest," for firewood ; three-fourths probably more of their largo farms being under cultivation. The Railway Company purchased the land in rear because the farmers did not wish their farms to be inter- sected by railroads, and they sold the land in the rear cheaper than they would have sold any other part of their farms. The quotation above given, shows the great danger of judging a country merely by a railroad ride ; and the danger of puhtishing the impressions thus erroneously acquired, especially by so well known a man as Mr. Caird, is greater still. This may be further illustrated by extracts from pages 26, 27, 28, and 29 ; and it is certainly much to be regretted that Mr. Caird re- mained so short a time in Canada, and took such a very cursory glance of the colony. Many of his remards are truthful and valuable but no individual, travelling as Mr. Caird did, could form a correct opinion of the agricultural status and prospects of Canada. At page 26, &c., he says, " the country from Hamilton to Paris is undulating^ and seems an easier and more fertile soil ; very little of it is wholly cleared ; certainly more than half is still an unbroken forest, but the trees are immensely tall and show the rapid growth which only a fertile soil could produce. Though this district is quite within the limit profitable of the culture of Indian Com, a small proportion only of the land seems to be occupied by that crop. Its great value is everywhere admitted, but on this description of soil its cultivation demands too much labour. The last grain crop can hardly have been great, for in very few instances indeed are ricka to be aesn outside the bams, and they are not capacious enough to contain large crops," &c. Had Mr. Caird joumeved through this country in any other way than by railway, he would have formed a much more correct opinion of the extent under cultivation ; this he haa very much underrated. Fully three-fourths of this whole district of country is cleared and enclosed, and a large portion of it highly cultivated. If there was little Indian Corn in 1358, it was because other crops promised to pay better, and the spring of 1858 was peculiarly wet and cold ; but there is a very large extent of it this year, and although a little late it will prove an abundant crop. The absence of ricks outside the bam, as alluded to by Mr. Caird, is owing to the great abundance of timber, and the great facility with which Canadians construct large bams, quite sufficient to hold even very luxuriant crops. Every c I) 18 good Canadian farmer provides substantial covering for his whole crops, instead of having recourse to ricks vrith their temporary cover- ing of straw. The material, except nails, they have withia themselves, and moat of them can help to build them. The work of building a bam 60 feet by 80, and 18 feet post, can be done for £40 stg. ; and most good farmers have two if not three of these large bams, besides long sheds in which to store hay, &o. ; so that the absence of ricks is no criterion of deficiency, but on the contrary, their presence is rather a sign that the farmer is a new settler and as yet unable to put up the permanent covering for his produce, which old and suo- oessful farmers universally provide. As to Mr. Caird's assertion that on this " easier and more fertile soil " the cultivation of Indian com demands too much labor, it may be safely urged that labor is cheaper in Canada than in Illinois, and that the corn crop is nearly as productive in the district he alludes to as it is in Illinois, and being of much sui)erior ouality sells at a much higher price. The fact IS, that wheat in this aistrict has been hitherto so fine, and selling at such high prices, that the growth of Indian Corn has been neglect- ed too much for the welfare of the farmer. This very part of Canada which Mr. Caird describes in the above quotation is noted for produc- ing the very finest samples of wheat, weighing 62 lbs., and even 63 lbs., to the 'Winchester bushel, and has for years carried oif the Canada Company's prize of $100 ; and it was in this district that the ?riKe wheat exhibited at the Crystal Palace in England, was grown, 'here are often from 60 to 160 acres of wheat on one farm in this section. The great inducement to sow wheat, has hitherto caused many farmers to tresspass too much perhaps, upon the properties of the soil required for this crop ; but if Mr. Caird were this year to visit this part of the country, and view it (not from a rail-car win- dow) he would find more extensive fields of his favourite crop, and likely to pay a higher acreable profit than the Illinois prairie land, because the prices in Canada are almost double those of Central Illinois, where the com is of a coarser description. This persever- ance in the growth of wheat is an evil that time will remedy ; espec- ially as the growth of other grain and also sheep, and dairy farmings are more certainly remunerating. Another extract from page 28 gives a remarkable instance of misguided judgment and grievous misrepresentation, the first clause however, of the extract being per- fectly true. Mr. Caird says, " a light sandy loam of good quality, only half cleared, is still valued at from &7 to £8 an acre, (sterling no doubt, M all his pounds are sterling throughout the pamphlet). It is this comparatively high price of laud in addition to the cost of clearinff off the timber, that forces the emigrant westwards to a country where better soil with equal facilities of transport, can be bought for less than the mere cost of clearing this of its timber." Taking the word *' westwards " to mean Central Illinois, which aeems to be the summit of Mr. Caird's American predilections, it 3!% 19 ma^ be most safely asserted that the soil there is not htier, that the facilities of transport are not equal, and that even supposiug land ixx Illinois could be bought for less than the mere cost of clearing in Canada (say £3 10a sterling per acre), Mr. Caird has omitted to state the value of the timber cleared off. He will be surprised to be told that many pine trees on these very farms are and were worth from Gs. to 16b. each. It is not unusual for one tree to produce five saw logs of 12 feet long each, worth 4s. to 5a. stg. each log. The timber alone, of well grown cedar swamps in all the settled districts of Canada West, is worth £4t to £5 per acre on the spot ; and even if the hard wood is all burned to ashes, the ashes of 3 acres will with very little outlay of capital or labor, produce a barrel of potash worth £(i ster- ling. The value of the timber on our wild lands in good situations, where saw-mills. or rivers to float saw-logs, are accessible, is verr considerable. Our forests, instead of being a bugbear to the intelli- gent emigrant, are a very great source of wealth, and enable him to pa^ for his land and erect the required buildings, and supply fence rails and fuel, sugar, &c., which the settler on the prairie has to ])ur- chase, and sometimes at very high rates. That the soil ia not better in Illinois than in Canada West, can be easily proved. Which gives the largest crops of wheat per acre of the best quality P Decidedly Canada West. The probaole average of Illinois is stated by Mr. Caird at pages 55 and 89, as twenty bushels per acre, but at pages 64 he gives the probable yield at 18 to 20, and the real yield "noth- ing but shrivelled husk ; " and again at page 52, as nearly a total failure, and 600 acres killed by frost, and at pages 75 and 76, he gives the yield of 1857, as little more than 6 bushels per acre, and accord- ing to the United States census of 1850-51, Illinois did not yield ten bushels per acre, whereas the average of all Canada West that year was 16 14-60, and of the counties to which Mr. Caird alludes to in the above extract, the average was 21 bushels. Then as to quality of wheat, that of Central Illinois is notoriously inferior. Merchants in Toronto import large quantities of it at about half the price of Canada wheat for aistillery purposes, not being fit for making flour, 'except what is denominated by the Americans, " Stump-tail flour," being of a third or fourth rate quality, and this is the general character of the prairie wheat in Central Illinois. I'hen as to price, Mr. Caird quotes it in several places at 3s stg., (75 cents). At the very time Mr. Caird quotes this as being the price in the Illinois markets, Canada wheat was selling in Toronto and Hamilton and all our frontier markets, at exactly double that amount, 6s. stg., ($1.50) and at this date Upper Canada wheat is selling in our markets at double the price of Illinois wheat in Illinois markets. Let old country farmers remember this, that even supposing the yield of bushels per acre to be the same, the price in Canada is double and of course the value per acre double, and giving Mr. C's own averages, 20 bushels per acre, and his own prices, 3a. stg. per bushel, the Canadian farmer would pocket £3 stg. per acre more than the to prairio farmer in Illinois ; and this £3, be it'remembered, is ^ood interest for £50 on every acre of land sown in wheat, say one-sixth of the whole arable land, or £8 6s. 8d. per acre on all the whoat-prc ducins land on the farm. As far therefore, as the culture cf wheat is concerned, the settler in Canada West has a vast advantage over the settler in the Illinois prairio, the yield, the quality, and the nrico, being all superior in Canada West. The peninsula of Upper Canada consists of soil* similar to those of the Genesee volley, in the State of New York, distinguished for the finest quality of wheat, which the American miller eagerly buys to mix with the coarser wheats of the Western States. Canadian wheat makes the very finest flour, whilst Western wheat makes only second and third rate qualities. The area of the fine whoat-growing iands on this continent is very limited, and Upper Canada occupies a large portion of it. But, says Mr. Caird, *' Indian corn is a great staple in Illinois." Let us take him at his own shewing, and let us see the result. The average produce be gives iu two places is 50 bushels per acre, and at another 40. The price at page 61, is 8d. per bushel ; at page 74, lOd. ; and at another place, page .5 J, one farthing per pound, or Is. 8d. per bushel ; at pages 87 and 89, Is. 8d. per bushel. Taking the price at Is. 3d. sterling on the spot, and the produce per acre at 60 bushels (which is far too high an averge, 40 bemg much more like the truth) we have £3 2s. 6d. per acre the produce of a good average com crop in Illinois. The cost of twice ploughing, planting, horse- hoeing, &c., is at least £2 2s. 6d. per acre, and the prairie farmer has £i per acre at this shewing for himself for interest on bis purchase money, fencing, buildings, &c. Mr Caird has truly and admirably said (page 64): — " If a man buys 600 acres and has not the means of cultivating more than 60, the 540 acres are a dead loss to him. He has to pay either the price or the interest of the price of this large, unproductive extent of land. The produce of the 60 acres is called upon to bear not only its own burden, but that of the nine-tenths wuich are idle. — " The lean kine thus eat up the one fat one." Proba- bly four-fifths of the settlers buy what is called one quarter section (being 160 acres) and are not able for two or three yeara to cultivate more than the fourth of it ; thus, the 40 or 80 acres under cultiva- tion or whatever it may be, have to pay the whole interest on the purchase money of the 160 acres, and buildings erected. The rent or interest of course will vary, but taking the price at £3 stg , and the fencing at 163. per acre, and the buildings &c., at ^100, the rent of 40 acres cropped, with house built, would be about ^642 10s., — thus : First cost of land, at £3 per acre ^6480 Cost of fencing 160 acres, at 168. per acre, being 640 rods, at 4s. stg •. 128 Buildings, Well, Ac, &c 100 £708 iliil^ 21 is good )ne-sixth beat-pro- \c eettler 1) Illinois jerior in i of Boilt w York, \tnerican Western WeBtem ea of the ad Upper Illinois." lit. The per acre, ; at page pound, or Taking er acre at more like d average ig, horse- irmer has purchase idmirably means of lim. He his large, i is called ne-tenths Proba- ST section cultivate ' cultiva- it on the The rent r , and the he rent of I., — thus : Thi8;£708 at C percent would be about £42 lOs., or 2 is. 8d. storU ing per aero, leaving the farmer minus Is. Ud. per acre on the actual cost, giving him barely laborer's wages and no interest for his work- ing-cattle, impltMuonts, ike, &o. The fencing of lUO acres, requires 040 rods of fence, which, at a very low calculation, is worth 9L per rod, or 4s. sterling. Mr. G. makes the expense of fencing £00 pouuds per mile (see page 55), hut considering that price too high, I have taken £40 per mile. If a whole section is purchased fa mile square) the otuside fence on all aides would be four miles, ana the aureuble cost of enclosing wuuld be much less than where only u quarter section is purchased ; but every prairie farmer as well as every other farmer requires sub-divisions or his farm, and 10s. sterling per acre, is a very low estimate of the cost of fencing on any farm. 8o that Mr. Caird's representation, at pages 80 and 00, whore he says: " The third year begins by the prairie farmer finding himseli the un- encumbered owner of his land, all fenced and improved, with a stock of horses and implements, and the whole of his original capital in his Socket," is a monstrous delusion, calculated to do unmense injury to is readers, who may be thereby tempted to settle on the aguish, tree- less, shelterless, end arid prairies of Illinois. The idea, too, expresbcd tst page 90, that, *' he may continue to crop his farm with Indian corn from which he will reap very larga returns on his capital," is, to say the least of it, a much too glowing and sanguine view of the prairie farmer'^ prospects. At page 00 he gives the opinion of a Mr. Brown, an old farmer in the country, "that more money has been made, and may be made in this state by stock farming than by corn growing ;*' and adds, (page 01) " but he has not found short horned stock so suc- cessful on the natural prairie grass, of which, on his own lauds, he has no longer any." To give us an idea of stock farming, Mr. 0. tells us (page 71.) that " Oxeu of 3 years old, large, and in what we should reckon fair con- dition for stall feeding, are valued hero, i. e., Central Illinois, at not more than £4 !" And again, at page 09, he quotes the price of beef at 2d lb.; and at page 72, a Kentucky farmer admits tnat two acres of his best blue grass land in Illinois, were needed to fatten a 3 year old short horned ex. At these prices stock farming cannot be profitable at all, and if better than corn growing, what inference may we draw ? The story of the ox and two hogs eating a hundred bushels of Indian corn, (page 74) and then being sold at 2d per lb., is not calculated to give very favourable riews of prairie farming. It is well Mr. Caird has so frankly represented these facts to enable British farmers to judge for themselves. It may be well to state here that cattle, sheep, beef, mutton, pork and grain of all kinds in Canada, are fully .double the prices quoted by Mr. Caird as being the prices in central Illinois ; and intelligent British farmers will no doubt govern themselves accordingly, especially as all other crops, except Indian corn, are more productive in Canada West and labour quite as cheap. These high prices may bo supposed to militate jMWgBi/ Jiaai wMh^ J Hwmi against mechanics and manufacturers, but where agricultural pro lucts are high, mechanics find more employment and better wages than when they are low. The farmers being more prospero'^s are better able to carry on improrements of all kinds. Mr. C. at page 60 quotes the wages of a journeyman carpenter at 4s. per day with his board ; these wages are rather lower than in Canada, but the colony has suffered BO severely by the late exceptional reverses, that there is little employ- ment for tradesmen at present at high wages. If we have a good harvest and an average crop, times will improve rapidly, but it may be safely stated that it is not probable thai either Illinois or Canada will ever again reach that state of inflated prosperity, caused by the late expenditure of millions of dollars in the purchase and formation of railway routes. The benefit to the Colony will be permanent and •substantial, but the first pioneers of the benefit will probably be severe sufferers. Mr C. has well ijaid, and it appears true with regard to Canada also, that, " the development of railway accomodation has been too rapid and has for the present outrun the immediate require- ments of Illinois." I have alluded to the fact that wheat and all other grain, except Indian com, are more productive in Canada West than in central Illinois. The circumstances of climate are perhaps the chief cause of the superiority of Canada West. The great wheat producing countries of Europe lie between the 50th and 59th degrees of north latitu> • where the summer temperature is from 55 to 65 degrees, but in central Illinois, where the latitiide h about 38°, the summer heat is 78° and often as high in the shade as from 90° to 100° in June, July and August. This climate is too hot for the profitable culture of European grains or grasses ; they grow there, it is true, but are generally of a very inferior description. The wheat this year (1859) is fortunately a very tolerable sample, and the yield a lair average ; much of it was harvested the first week of July ; one very large field, I was told by a farming friend who witnessed the operation, was cut with a '' heading machine," i. e., the heads of the wheat were cut off immediately below the ear, and dropped into a box which was emptied into waggons accompanying the machine. The straw, being of little value, was left standing. As far as regards the wheat crop, this year is an improvement upon several of the past years ; but as to other crops, barley, oats, rye and peas, there does not appear to be much change for the better. With the exception of Indian com they are not by any means exten- sively or successfully cultivated. By the last census of Canada, taken in 1851 52, her populatior was about l-18th of that of the Union, her occupied acres about 1- 17th ; yet her growth of wheat was very nearly one sixth of that of the whole Union, of barley it was more than one fourth, and of oata one seventh. Of all grain, exclusive of Indian com, Canada produc- ed one-sixth "tf thai o/ the whole Unions territories included. These are importimt facta for the consideration of firitish emi- 23 grants, who instead of settling on the bleak prairies of the United States, may wish to enjoy a chmate not very different from their own, and decidedly healthful ; and who may wish to cultivate the same species and description of grain that they have been used to, or to continue their dairies, or to indulge in their beef and mutton pro- ducing tendencies, with a fair hope of remuneration. The prospect of having but little fruit in Cent'*al Illinois, is another very important consideration. The land where trees do not naturally grow, can scarcely be expected to be very congenial to fruit trees. It ia only too true, that in many parts of Illinois, fruit trees will not thrive. Another extract from Mr. Caird (page 29) is worthy of comment, as it portrays a great want of knowledge of facts with regard to the relative increase of population in Canada and Illinois, and is calculat- ed to mislead his readers. Mr. C, says, " Canada West is richer than Canada East, and is more populous, but there is a richer Ter- ritory still farther west, where labour is yet more productive, and, thqugh in the present state of the country the risk of health is ereater, it is ten times more populous, for men push on to the land in which they can most quickly and easily earn an independence.*' What will Mr. Caird himself say when he is told that Canada West has increased in population in a much greater ratio than his favorite State of Illinois. By the United States census of 1850, it appears that the three states of Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois, contained in 18301,126,851, and in 1 850, 3 ,505,000 ; a little over 320 per cent, in 20 years . Canada West contained in 1830, 210.437 ; in 1850, 791,000, which is over 376 per cent, for the same period of 20 years, so that the increase in these choice states was 55 per cent, less than that of Canada West during the same time. Some of our Counties in Canada West, viz. : Huron, Perth, and Bruce, have increased 571 percent, in ten years. Comparing the last decade of Canada West with that of the United States, we find that the increase during the 10 years from 1840 to 1850, was 35.27 per cent., whilst that of Upper Canada was 104.58 per cent. We have had no census in Canada since 185 1-52, but there is evtty reason to believe that the ratio of increase, not including immigratioUi has continued very much the same, and there is a certainty that Mr. Caird' s representation as to comparative increase of population in Illinois is entirely erroneous. Immigration to the United States has fallen off quite as much in proportion as that into Canada. The state- ment that an independence can be more quickly and easily earned in Illinois than in Canada West, is simply a delusion, and has been fte- quently proved by the return of settlers, who, like Mr. Caird, were attracted by the more inviting appearance of prairies to old country eyes. But as Mr. Caird has given a Dr. and Cr. for Illinois, at page 89, 1 will give a similar one fpr Canada. Let old country capi- talists who can command the required sum, (say £750 stg.) diligently compare the two and keep in mind the permanent difference in the 24 quality and prices of produce, and the healtbfulness of Canada, and the choice between the two will be no difficult matter to decide, even in the matter of dollars and cents, without alluding to our British Constitution, oiur British feeling, British tone of morality, our British social atmosphere, &C', which Britons always appreciate more highly after a short residence in the United States. Mr. Caird thus gives the probable Dr. and Or. of 100 acres of land for two years in Central Illinois. Db. Cash price of 100 acres, sterling £200 Contract price of fencing, breaking, sowing with wheat, reaping and threshing, and building a laborer's cot- tage and stable and shed 250 Capital invested in tne purchace of four horses, imple- ments, and harness 110 £560 2nd year, wages of 2 men, horse- keep, taxes & accounts 200 0, Cb. £760 Ist crop wheat, 2000 bus. at 3s. 6d., £350 ; 2nd crop Indian com,5000bus. at Is. 8d., £416... £766 Surplus after 2nd crop, besides the value of land & stock £6 ; In Canada West tho Dr. and Cr. are on the same basis. Taking 100 acres brought into cultivation, would stand thus : Capitalists can bring 100 acres into cultivation in Canada, as well as iu the United States, although such is seldom or never done that I am aware of. Db. Cash price of 100 acres of laud, at Ss. Sd £16 5 Contract price of clearing, fencing, and seeding, at £3 lOs. per acre 350 Contract price of building a small house or shed 50 Capital invested in oxen, (two yoke) chains, &o 34 Capital invested in Potash Kettle.... 10 Capital invested in labour making potash and barrels.... 40 Second year, board and wages of 3 men and 5 in harvest, ox keep, &c 180 Cb. £680 5 Potash 20 barrels, at £6 £120 Pine timber, say 100 trees, at 6s 30 (Where tbe timber is Kood for making potasli there ia for this reason I have set down a imall sum.) First crop of wheat 2000 bushels at 5s 500 Second crop, barley, rye,, oats, peas, and potatoes, at £3 per aero, average 800 960 Surplus after the second crop, besides land, &o... £269 15 28 S This comparison, which is justly and fairly given, shows that the Canadian capitalist has the advantage over the prairie capitalists of £269 15s. stg., in two years ; and to show that these representations are by no means overdrawn, I give below the official published returns by our Government Agent, on the Ottawa, of the total producQ of 800 acres of newly cleared land, for the year 1858, with the prices which he has attached, and which are not as may be deemed excep- tional. Mr, French says : — "TJpon these 800 acres there were raised : — . .5726 bushels of Wheat at $1 per bushel $5726 00 2916 " Oats at 40 cents per bushel 1166 40 149 " Barley at 50 cents per bushe^ ... 74 50 168 •' Indian Corn at $1 per bushel.,. 168 00 16799 " Potatoes at 40 cents per bushel? ft718 80 6350 " Turnips at 10 cents pei bushel.. 635 00, 87 tons of Hay at $5 per ton 435 00 260 tons of Straw at $4 per ton 1040 OO 4012 lbs. of Sugar at 10 cents per lb. 401 20 108 barrels of Potash at $24 per barrel 2592 00 9159 bushels of Ashes at 8 cents per bush 739 92 Making a total of. $19695 82 and showing the average value of each acre to be something over $24 60c. or £5 sterling for one year," an amount far above Mr.Caird'a representation of the Illinois Prairies. For three of the above articles viz., potatoes, hay, and straw, a market could not be found on a prairie farm ; and three other articles, potash, ashes, and 9ugar, could not be produced. Mr. French has omitted to give credit for the timber used in their houses and sheds, or sold to timber merchants. Let old country farmers carefully compare these • two statements, and remember also that they are likely to have good health in Canada, good water, and plenty of it, and no necessity of Artesian wells 127 feet deep ; good apples and pears and small fruit, and vegefables of every kind in abundauce, good markets for every thing the^- grow, good; timber for their houses andfencee and fires, and a good Govern- ment that provides handsomely for the education of their .families —even much better than in the United States — and if they will be guided by the honest opinion of a man of 25 years experience in Canada as an agriculturalist, they will pause before they prefer the prairies of Central Illinois to the woods of Canada. The woods modify the heat of summer and cold of winter, whilst the Prairies of Illinois are subject to terrific winds and storms and snow in winter, and often most dreadful and devastating fires — and the ever falling leaves of our woods are ever depositing a rich compost, far superior to that of the long thin prairie grass. There is still another very important consideration regarding these level prairie lands, that is, that many of them cannot be settled on till drained uf the sour and unwholesome surface water, and, from the nature of the couninr, draining is a yeiy expensive operation and not unfrequently entirely impracticable. Deep permanent spnngs are often very difficult to find, and there is much suffering both by man and beast for want of really Rood pure water. To corroborate what I have said, with re|;ard to the deficiency of the yield of wheat, and other crops in the United States, I give below a quotation from a very late and very clever publication by John Jay, being "A statistical view of American Agriculture, its home resources and foreign markets, &c., in an address delivered at New York before the American Geographical and Statistical Society, on the organiza- tion of the Agricultural Section," New York, 1859. " The average number of bushels of wheat to the acre in Alabama and Oeorgia is five ; in North Carolina, Virginia and Tennessee, seven, ranging up- wards in the other States until it reaches twelve in New York, Ohio, and Indiana; thirteen in Maryland, and Vermont; fourteen in Iowa and Wisconsin ; fifteen in Tloridn, Fennsylvauia and Texas ; and six- (the highest average) in Massachusetts. Oats range from ten bushels to the acre through various intermediate gradations, to thirty-five and thirty-six bushels, which is the highest." The journal of the Highland Society of Scotland thus observes. "If the above statement, as given by Mr. Jay, be correct, the state of farming in many parts of America must be indeed in a wretched condition — the American maximum corresponds to our minimum," adding however the follow- ing, which appears to be only too true with regard to late years, but reports of this year's crop indicate that the evil is not progressing. "We believe," says the Journal, "that the wheat crop has recent^ suffered much from the increased ravages of insects, and from various diseases to which it seems to be becoming more and more subject." Since the above was written, the prospects of the wheat crop in the United States this year appear to be more promising than usual, and iq Canada there is every prospect of a very handsome return. From all quarters of Canada West, reports have been sent to this office of expected large crops of wheat, say from 30 to 40 bushels per acre, and of spring grain most abundant; supplies, including that of Indian Corn ; and corroborative of what I have stated, with regard to the yield of this grain in Illinois not exceeding 40 bushels per acre, I again quote Mr. Jay's statement, as given by the same journal : — " Commencing, he says, at eleven bushels per acre, the returns of produce of Indian Corn range through various gradations in the diff- erent States, up to 32 in Vermont and Iowa ; 33 in Missouri : 36 in Ohio, and 40 in Connecticut." This last is the highest return given. I am, Sir, Yours, with respect, WILLIAM HUTTON, Secretary Bureau of Agriculture. Toronto, July 22, 1859. 27 PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS IN ILLINOIS. [From Editorial Corregpondence of ** The Leader," communicated by Mr. C, Lindsey, during the month of August last] BELATIVE TALUE OF UUMAIT LIFE IS ILLIITOIS ABD TPFEB CANADA. The official statistics of Canada and the United States show the v>>lue of life to be nearly seventy per cent, less in Illinois than in Canada. The annual mortality per thousand of the population stands thus :^ Illinois 13.6* Upper Canada S.Of This difference in the chances of life in Illinois and Canada are mainly accounted for by the great number of diseases which malaria produces. * * * A medical man, who has given me his name with liberty to use it, assures me that the number of deaths in the State of Illi- nois, where he lived a long while, from malaria, is astonbhing. He says that nearly all the diseases there are the effects of malaria. The prairie ague debilitates the system and renders it an easy prey for the conquest of other diseases. The typhoid which prevails results from malaria ; and an ague subject not unfrequently dies of pneumo- nia (lung fever) in the Spring. Congestive chill is as sure to prove fatal on the third attack, as apoplexy. The congestion commences in the capitulary vessels, and extending to the veins, causes the patient to present a blue appearance ; the blood fails to return to the heart, and death ensues. In some parts of Illinois, he says — and on this point his testimony is corroborated by that of another gentle- man who was present at the conversation of which I am giving the result — the ague returns with as much regularity every year as the sun does every day. Farmers prepare to meet it ; they do what they must before it comes ; and prepare to bear the annual shake as best they mav. The ague is not diminishing, the medical man in question thinks, in Illinois, where his experience has been long and serious ; for he has undergone the ordeal himself ; and it is frequently of such intensity as to prove fatal through the medium of congestive chiJ], pneumonia, typhoid, or some other disease induced by the debility which it generates. Since my other letter (August 10th) was written, I have had an opportunity of conversing with another physician, on the subject of the prairie ague and its fatal effects. He fully confirms what the other physician told me regarding the congestive chill. He goes further, or rather adds something additional, by way of explanation. He says he has known strong men, ofter only two or three days of prairie ague, to be seized with congestive chills ; and those are just as likely to succumb under the paroxysm as the most emaciated. He confirms the statement that the third chill is always considered fatal ; * De Bow's compendium of the Seventeenth Censas of the United States, p. 106. f Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, June, 1869. i«i 'irniii I ■«— — aia timm 28 though he mentioned two cases in which he had been able to break the disease after the occurrence of two chills ; one of a strong man suddenly attacked, the other of a lady ih fk delicate situation. Ague, says this physician, is more general at present than last year, in con* seouence of 'the lowness of the Mi88i8sip{>i. The same subjcict is continued under date of Mendota, Illinois, August 11, 1859 : " ' I left Burlington this morning by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad — first ferrying across the Mississippi— and arrived there between two and three o'clock this afternoon. The distance i^ some 120 miles. The road, for some distance from the starting point, runs along the side of a swamp, on the margin of the river, some four or five miles wide. The prairie, nearly all of which in the vicinity of the road is under cultivation, — and a large proportion of it is or has been under crop this year, — is little else than one continuous flat. Scarcely any rolling land occurs; and. in the entire distance of 120 miles we did not cross Trtore than one stream of ant/ kind. The farmers depend for water upon two sources ;' what are called sloughs, which, with very few exceptions, dry up at certain seasons, and wells. The water in the sloughs, however well it, "may serve the purposes of cattle, cannot be wholesome for man. The drinking of it is one of the causes of ague. I heard, the oth^r day, of a farmer who sold out an Illinois farm on account of the difficulty of obtaining good water. In this neighbourhood it is readily procured by sinking wells. • • • The sloughs, before mentioned, produce malaria, in the process of drying up. Every body I find here is only too familiar with the reputation of the congestive chill, and its certain fatality in the third paroxyism. . A clergyman who is lecturing here to-night on " War and Prophesy *' tells me that he has known numerous instances of this disease. It is liable to occur at any Reason of the year ; and the strongest are frequently cut off in a few days. A friend of his, who lived farther morth than this point, in Illinois, was attacked with it last November, one night after supper. He hurried to bed; but it was to the bed of death ; he expired at the end of eight days. One gentleman who evidently wished to make light of this terrible disease, told roe that the doctors were in the habit of putting down to congestive chill nearly all sudden deaths that occur ; and for his part he was not prapared to admit any difference between it and fatal disease of the heart ; with which, in point of fact, it has no sort of connection or similarity. But if doctors are in the habit of frequent- ly reporting sudden deaths from congestive chill, the fact is, to say the least of it, -an unpleasant one for the dwellers on these prairies. Again under date, Sandoval, August 13 : The bottom land of the Grand Prairie may boast a soil of undoubt- ed fertility ; but it is wanting in two most important elements of civ- ilization — wood and water. Not a tree is to be seen ; not a stream occurs for hundreds of miles ; not a drop of water is to be had but what the sloughs present ; and this is necessarily of the worst qual- 29 ar, m con- ity. Besides, this Rource fails every year, leaving malaria behind it; with the whole train of diseases of which malaria is the father : fever and ague, bilious fever— which occurs in the fall — the terrible congestive chill, and what is called " winter fever," being, according to some doctors, a compound of lung fever, bilious affection and ery- sipelas. I met here a man from the east who had had terrible expe- rience of these classes of diseases. Twelve years ago, being some- what feeble in health, he was travelling in the hope of obtaining relief by fresh air, in new scenes. It was in the fall of the year when he arrived in this neighborhood ; and he was attacked with bilious fever, by which he was confined for an entire year, at the end of which time — he is not a large man — he was reduced to 06 lbs. weight, including the chair and pillows on which he sat. That, he said, accounted for his being here. The sickly season, he says, regularly recurs every fall, on the drying up of the waters, about the latter end of August or the beginning of September. Ague was formerly universal ; it was the current opinion that no stranger could escape it. And whenever a large quantity of prairie is broken up, this disease assumes its former intensity. On the lowering or the drying up of the few rivers that occur — my informant named only two — the diseases which diffused malaria produces never fail to make their un- welcome appearance. One of the signs of the coming sickly season presented itself in the thick fog which I mentioned in my last. There was a repetition of it, in a modified form, last night ; and it is regard- ed as the sure precursor of disease. When fogs occur every night in succession, or every alternate night, for some time, the poisonous effects of the malaria soon begin to develop themselves. And in a letter dated Kankakee, August 18th: Mr. Allen Bakestaw, who has lived here twenty-seven years, says he must have known as many as 200 fatal cases of congestive chill. He puts his faith in a sort of "No. 6 " of his own concoction, which, from the compounds he mentioned, must be particularly hot, as a preventive of all kinds of diseases arising from malaria. WOODLAND AND PRAIRIE FARMING. The want of timber on these extensive prairies is severely felt by all who have been accustomed to have at their command an abundant supply for all purposes. I have only met one man, who, with an ex- perience of hard-wood land and prairie, declared his preference for the latter ; while I have met numerous instances to the contrary. Yesterday [Aug. 11], for instance, I had a conversation with a farmer, who was born on timbered land in Indiana, and who, coming into this State, settled dk prairie land near Dixon. He says that if a prairie farm be properly fenced — say, in addition to a ring-fence, it be divided into 20-acre fields — it will cost about as much as it would to bring a wood-farm into cultivation : and I am satisfied that his statement can be shown to be correct, from data furnished by the advocates of prairie over hard-wood farming. But, as a matter of fact, the prairie farms, he assured me, are not generally fenced so that they can be m:i:m,.„ti>rJUi!Jim. 'ummmm 30 urorked to advantage. It frequently happens that the owners of a section of land — a mile square — combine to make a ring-fence around the section : thus the four farms are held in common. Now, every- one who knows anything of farming in England prior to the passing of the Oeneral Enclosure Act, is aware of the disadvantages of com- mon fields, even under the old four-fold system. But those disadvan- tages were as nothing compared to those which result from fencing farms in common in this State. Under the four-fold system, a field of — say 2000 acres — would only be cropped with grain every alternate year. Wheat would follow a dead fallow ; as peas or beans would follow clover or rye-grass. Valuators determined the quantity of stock which each farmer was entitled to put into the field in the year in which grain was not grown ; and there were no crops to be injured by cattle or sheep. But look at farming in common here. Four farms occupy a square mile. One farmer does not get his corn into the ground in time to permit of its ripening early, or he is not able from sickness or other cause — and the time for gathering it is identi- cal with the sickly season — to reap as soon as his neighbour. In that case one of two serious inconveniences must follow : either his neigh- bours* cattle — supposing them to be turned into the common field- will destroy his corn ; or the fall grazing will b" lost, by the frost blasting vegetation before the corn is reaped. If the farmer has a ring-fence round his own quarter section, without a division of his farm into suitable fields, the same difficulties will occur, in a modified form. And if he fences as he ought to fence, the old Indiana farmer is right in saying the cost, with other expenses incidental to prairie farming, will equal that of clearing wood-land.* Upon the whole, and after a trial of both, he said he would prefer woodland. A prairie farm is more convenient to work than a wood farm, for some years, owing to the absence of stumps ; and other things being equal, It would for the same reason produce more grain — an acre of prairie land presenting a larger surface capable of bearing grain than an acre of woodland covered with stumps. But where only spring wheat can be grown, the productive capacity of a country is not comparable to that of Upper Canada, where both descriptions of wheat — winter and spring — can be grown; and thus the advantage of climate * In a work, entitleii '- Illinois as it is," by Mr. Fred. Gerhard, published at Ohicflgo, in 1857, we find, among the most extravagant eulogiums of IlUni>i8, th« following statement : " In building board fenoes, iron posts and pine boards ar« made use of, and constructed in such a manner that two posts and. three boards constitute a panel. The cost would be, for boards and hauling, $1.16 per rod ; and the boards for 820 rods of fencing, the amount for 40 acres, would cost $368. About 700 posts, at 11 cents each, would cost $77. For putting up the fence, the cost would be — for digging post-holes and setting posts, $28 ; for nails, $19 ; for nailing, $14 ; making the whole cost of fencing 40 acres, $506." This is over $18 an acre — equal to the cost of clearing and fencing a wood-farm — and the lot has only a ring-fence round it. Divide it into fields of 10 acres, as a 40-aore farin ought to be, and add the cost of erecting buildings in a country where lumber costs $16 to $18 per 1000 feet, and an accurate idea of the facilities of prairii farming will Uiao be obtaioed. 31 possessed by the latter, must be added to that of timber. Then the question of water is an important matter, and must be taken into account. Where all the water that exists upon a farm occurs in sloughs — which dry up in summer and leave malaria behind them ; where there is no unfailing resource but wells, which have to be sunk from twenty to thirty feet, the disadvantage is so marked, that a country so situated cannot be compared to one like Canada, which abounds everywhere with living streams of pure water, from which, as a rule, malaria is not generated. CONDITION OP THE CANADIANS WHO HAVE EMIGRATED TO ILLINOIS. Kankakee, August. There are no less than five French Canadian settlements in this neighbourhood — Kfinuakee, Bourbonnais, St. Anne, St. Mary's (si- tuated beyond St. Anne, on Beaver River), and Iroquois. A portion of these lettlers planted themselves in the woods that fringe the bor- der of the Kankakee, but the majority of them are upon prairie land. Their farms vary ia size from a few acres to some of the larg- est to be found in the country ; and while some are doing well, others are in a miserable condition. A large number of them have 40-acre lots. Some of them cannot get a bit of wood for fuel short of nine miles ; and in the cold weather of last winter, they burned corn-cobs as a substitute for more substantial fuel. Some who live at St. Anne, eke out an existence by cutting wood in an unoccupied swamp, four or five miles from that place, and selling it at Kankakee. A man will cut a load one day, and draw it home «vith a span of horses or a yoke of cattle ; and next day bring it to Kankakee, where it fetches about $1 50 — all the remuneration he gets for two days' labour and the use of his team. In the hay line, I observed a similar state of remu- neration. A Frenchman, from France — for there are a few of those intermingled with the French Canadians — brought in a load of hay, for which he asked $1 60. The gathering of the hay and bringing it to market, must have consumed two days. He protested that he could raise more from two arpents in France than from forty arpents here ; and declared that nothing prevented his going back but^he want of means. Of the crops he gave a very bad account : the small grains, he insisted, were utterly worthless; and although this may have been his own case, I was told by others that wheat would average about five bushels in this neighbourhood. One man, who lives twelve miles from here, and who got the bilious fever in July — he still has a most emaciated appearance — told me that he had reaped eighty acres of wheat, but said he should have been richer if he had allowed it to remain in the field, as what he gathered did not pay the cost of cut- ting. In the presence of some residents of Kankakee, the farmer alleged that about every other person had the ague ; but this was a manifest exaggeration, and tlje statement was denied on the spot. One person told how many years he had been here — I forget the number— without ever having the ague. A resident doctor said there 32 was just sickness enough " to keep him comfortably busy," but no- thing unusual. About one'half the populations^ Kankakee is said to be French Canadian ; and I should judge, from what I see, that the estimate is not far from the truth. Father Chiniquy, who has done much to foster this colony, it will be remembered, nrst set out as an Apostle of Temperance. It is to be feared that, at Kankakee, hie labours in that direction have not produced any very permament results. Drink- ing saloons are conspicuously plentiful : and a French Canadian in- forms me that his countrymen here drink far more than it is cus- tomary for them to drink m Lower Canada. Father Chiniquy resides at St. Anne, or Beaver Creek, some twelve miles from this place. That there is much suffering among the French Canadians at St. Anne, I was informed by a Protestant minis- ter ; and the statement was only too conclusively corroborated after- wards. This is the third year that the crops have failed at that set- tlement. Such as can get away are returning to Canada, or seeking a new home in another part of the State ; and one of them assured me that nothing but the want of means prevented them from returning " in thousands." This may possibly be an exaggeration : but from all I heard on this point I cannot doubt the desire of large numbers to return who have not the means of carrying out their wishes. Even in this city employment is very scarce. A French Canadian assured me that labourers are expectea to work for 50 cents a-day ; and there ?Te many who cannot get employment at all. An old settler, an American, detailed some cases of individual distress among the French Canadians here. Two days before my visit, he said, a French Cana- dian went to him, and said he was willing to work for three York shillings (Is. lO^d.) a-day, but that he was unable to find employ- ment. Next day he returned, and said he had not been able to ob- tain employment, even at the rate in question, and that his children were starving for want of bread. My informant gave him three York shillings and some food ; though as a general rule, he said, it was useless for a Frenchman to tell an American that be has nothing to eat, and no means of procuring anything. A French Canadian, a working-man, told me he had to give one of his countrymen a dollar yesterday, to buy some corn, to keep him from starvation. I also visited Bourbonnais, a distance of two and a half miles from Kankakee. The village is placed in the shelter of the border of wood that lines the Kankakee river, and its population is exclusively French Cana- dian. The houses are frame, painted white, and have ' generally an appearance of neatness. The settlers here are better off than those at St. Anne. In passing through the village I called at 8 tavern, on the platform of which, in front of the bar-room, were six or seven French Canadians, in conversation. It happened, singularly enough, that they were relating to one another their ague experience ; how they had shaken with chills and burnt with fever. On my question- ing them about the health of the place, they said the ague was less 33 frequent than formerly ; that there wiis no iniirsh, or anything else ahout the river, to prodiiee it. One of them sftirl he had taken the ague on the open prnirie. This settli'inent lie deMerihcd m heing, uuon the whole, in a ])roNperoii8 condition. It is therefore iniproha- bie that it will snifer the Name diminution as that at St. Anne h heing subjected to. Father Chiniqiiy is endeavouring to direct these outgoers to another part of the State, whitlier several have already gone; and it remains to be seen what will be the success of their new venture. The failure of the wheat crop is attributable to several causes ; winter killing — a good deal was plou}ihed u|) in the; spring — the ex- cessive wet spring and dry summer, and the chinch bug. Ik'fot ; the day on which I write, when it rained a little, rain has fallen but onco in two months. The chinch bug has the smell of a similarly-named creature which sometimes makes nnweleorne intrusion into human habi- tations. It appears in such mimbers as sometinuvs entirely to cover the corn-stalks. The extreme variableness of the climate is complained of. I met here a young man who had lived among the French Canadians, on the Detroit river, three years ; and he says that, as a rule, they pre far better off than their countrymen here. Their rule here is to be satisfied with little, though there are some who dis- play as much enterprise as any part of the population. I met some who said they preferred this country to Canada ; and at least an equal number who declared their prefereiu;e for Canada over this country, a'-id Uieir desire to return. No fruit can be grown in the neighboring prairies. It is necessary to go 200 miles south of this point before any considerable quantity of fruit can be raised. At the Kankakee station I examined the field book of the Illinois Central Railway Company's lands. The prices which they demand for lands in this neighborhood, range from $S to $22 an acre. At Tolono, an ex-engineer of the Company, assured me that for a culti- vated farm , one mile from that place, he got a cash rent of $3 §4 an acre. This is an enormous figure for lands that can be bought at say an average of $12 an acre; and it tells an instructive tale about the cost of fencing. The high price of land is maintained all the way to the Kansas frontier. Large numbers of Northerners have recently settled upon the graduated lauds in Missouri ; and there is a disposition in the slaveholders to go further South. Some of the graduated lands in that State — lands of which the price has been reduced on account of the length of time they have been in the market without being sold — are purchaseable at 12-^ cents an acre ; but they must be in undesirable situations, for the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railtvay Company holds tlie 600,000 acres tvhich it possesses at from $5 to $15 an acre. The graduated lands have remained unsold, principally because Missouri is a slave state ; and it is the certain prospect of her becoming free that now causes them to be taken up. The Hannibal and St. Joseph rail- road company put it forward as one of the inducements to purchase their lands that Missouri is sure soon to become a free State. These lands extend all the way to the Kansas frontier : and the rates at which they are held is one of the proofs of how far it is necessary to D ^v»SCC» 34 go West t(» get ftny nccessible lands at any thing like a moderate price. Such a fact hs thiti flhould give iis a clear idea of the value of lands in Upper Canada. It w true tlieae railroad lands are sold on credit ; and it is open to the purehaser, who pays only 2^ per cent, interest, to choose the terms of credit. SHREP KARMINfi IN ILLINOIS — RUT, rOOT-ROT AND OTHKR DIBEA8KS. Profitable sheep fanning is a ticklish thing. It existed in the infancy of the Stati, when, the land being nearly all common, an un- limited amount of grrzing was to be had for nothing. I was told of a farmer, north of Mendota, who made large sums by sheep farming. He recently sold out his flock of 2,000 ; and it is not thought that his successor will be equally successful, seeing that the advantages of unlimited free common ot' prairie is no longer obtainable in that neighbourhood. Sheep farmmg, my informant says — and he is him- self a large farmer— depends very much for success upon the skill with which it is conducted. The rot, which was so fatal in the marshy parts of England before the introduction of draining, often makes terrible havoc among sheep in this State. The address of a farmer who lost 100 sheep from this cause, last winter, has been given me. The rot is a disease against which there is no effectual remedy but drainage ; and the drainage of flat prairies, through which there are no streams for outfalls for scores of miles together, must be next to an impossibility. But other causes than wet tend to produce t^e rot in sheep ; and of these the most prominent is exposure. Sheep farm- ers, who have been successful, have provided for their flocks shelter from the cutting winds which sweep unbroken over the prairies for hundreds of miles together. These consist of large sheds, on as ele- vated a situation as the farm affords — whenever there is any difference of level — covered with grass ; a material which has to be renewed every two years. Besides rot and foot-rot, there are other diseases to which sheep on these prairies are subject. They thus require an amount of care which is likely to cause the raising of cattle to be generally pre- ferred in Illinois to that of sheep. PBAIBIB LAM) KOT ALWAYS OBOPPES THB TXAB THAT IT IS PIBST BBOKBIT UP. We passe ) some prairie, ploughed for the first time this summer, and not under crop. It is, I nnd, a mistake to suppose that prairie land is always cropped the first year it is broken. It is impossible that it should be ; lor the persons on whom tho farmer depends for the breaking up of his land — who keep cattle and ploughs for that pur- pose — cannot be in two places at once ; and the quantity of land which they could break up between the opening of spring and the time for sowing is necessarily limited. Some are therefore obliged to wait till it is too late for sowing to have their land broken up ; and thus it results that about half the prairie land brought uncler cultivation bears no crop the first year. Nor is the " sod crop, as the crop is called which is put in the same year that the land is broken, generally equal to a crop put in the second year. When the land is cropped the same year that it is broken up the yield is gene- 85 IT IB VIBST rally light, and the obancea of tho next year's ornp nro considerably injured. When not cronpod tho first yoar, the iim kilU the roots of grass much bettor nnd tfio sod rots much more efToctually ; thus pre- paring it to raJMe n better crop next your. It is doubtful whether any tiling is gained by tho " Hod " crop ; that is the crop grown th« first your after tbo land is broken up. II.MNOIH AS A WHEAT f ROWIN(J STATE. At leost two-thirds of uU the wluat grown in the northern section of the StatP, is Snring wheat. WintT wheat \n grown in ('nnadn with success as ♦hr north-east as Belleville, and i'vcn Kingston ; and it is a curious question how it comes to pass that ttte northern part of this State, so mueh farther south-west, is not better tt(lai)ted for the produetioj^of winter wheat than the neighbourhood of lielh^ville, in Canada. The reason generally given, and I have no doubt it is the correct one, is that the frequent thaws cause the yrain to be exposed, and it suffers accordinyhj, " oni the absence of shelter. A farmer, who lives fifteen miles east of the Mississippi, on the line of railroad on which I came to day, estimated tho yield in that neighbourhood at 1.0 bushels an acre — some spring wheat descending as low as 10, and some fall rising as high as 2.'). A farmer, who lives fifteen miles west of Hock Island, told me, in the railroad cars to-day, that from 10 acres of Spring wheat he had obtained 110 bushels, and that all he had been offered for it was 50 cents a bushel. Another farmer, who lives in the neighbourhood of La Salle, and with whom I con- versed a few days before, estimated the entire yield of wheat through- ont the State of Illinois, at 10 bushels an acre. This low average he set down to the ravages of the chinch bug. I have since learned that this insect frequently covers the stalks of both wheat and corn — pay- ing its respects to the wheat first, and afterwards going over to the corn for a dessert. Oats are rusted in some places, and it is thought that 25 bushels per acre will be a high average. At Springfield I found a large number of farmers in the city, their waggons being ranged on every street that forms the boundary of the square in which the State-house is situated. They did not appear to have brought much into the city. Some few of them bod about a half-cord of bad wood each — oak — for which they uniformly asked ?l 50. Some of them had brought it seven miles. Hardly any of them — I could not find one — had brought in wheat. I conversed freely witll numbers of them on the subject of the harvest, and they had all pretty nearly one story to tell : there is a light wheat crop. I met two farmers whose wheat had not been worth reaping ; and one who, during the last three years, had lost from $1,000 to $1,.')00 in the attempt to grow wheat In 1857- he put 3 1 00 worth of seed wheat into 80 acres, and reaped nothing. Last year his crop failed aga^n ; and this year it is so bad that, after reaping a few acres, he found it would not pay for the labour, and abandoned the crop in the field. Winter wheat is sown almost exclusively in this part of the State , but year after year it has suffered from winter killing. This year it has, accord in ' ' " ^ " -v ...j^.i whom I spoke on the subject 1^ to the evidence of all the practical persons with the subject, suffered from three causes : winter 36 killing, excessive wet in the spring, and the chinch bug. Thtse are the principal causes ; but there remain two more to be added, — the wheat-fly, about which I heard but little, and the drought which fol- lowed the excessive wet of the spring. In answer to my inquiries how it was, if winter-wheat is so precarious a crop, that it is uot rJ)andoned for spring-wheat, I was told that the wet springs prevent the grain being got into the ground in good season, and the hot weather that follows bakes the surface hard. This crop is, therefore, considered even more precarious than winter-wheat. The farmers are generally united in the opinion that wheat will not average over ten bushels an acre. The few who had tested the productiveness by threshing, were inclined to put the average still lower. One, who had threshed 400 bushels, said the average yield did not exceed eight bushels an acre. Regarding thr prospects of the corn drop, great diflFerence of opinion exists ; but it would be very difficult to arrive at any accurate conclusion as to the probable yield, as much of it is not sufficientlv far advanced to make it secure against early autumn frosts. Potatoes tave been considerably damaged by the drought. They sell here at present at 60 cents a bushel. PAPER CITIES — THE SQUATTER HAS NO RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES IF HE HAS NO MONEY. The Americans, to do them justice, have an astonishing facility of making cities — especially upon paper. I observe, for instance, that there iS' a joint-stock city-making company in Minnesota, called the "Dacotph Land Company." No sooner does the Indian sur- rendev a tract of land, than this company sends parties to explore for the sites of future cities, and to take such steps as they can for se- curing tl\e locations they may pitch upon. This, however, is a ticklish business ; for in the United States, even the honest squatter, who in- tends to purchase and improve the lot he has set himself down upon, is not assured of any sort of protection whatever, unless he has money. For instance, the Government is about to bring a large quantity of lands into the market, in Minnesota. All these lands, whether squatted on or not, must be offered for sale by public auc- tion, and as many of the squatters are notoriously without the means of purchasing, they will have to submit to the loss of their improve' ments. If the lands on which they had squatted had not been brought into the market for some years later, as they do(|btles8 ex- pected would be the case, they might have been able to purchase. JNobody will give them anything for their improvements, for the sim- ple reason that they have no rights, which the law recognizes, to trans- fer ; and there will be sure to be plenty of purchasers of their lots, because they have been improved. Squatting, it must be borne in mind, is something very different from taking steps to secure a pre- emption claim. The former relates to lands not yet in the market, which will be offered at auction, and sold to the highest bidder, without the slightest regard to what the squatter may have done. A pre-emption claim can caly be established in respect to lands already in the market. The public sales of lands to take place in Minnesota this fall, will play tremendous havoc with the squatters. 37 HE UNITED RUSSELL'S HOTEL, PALACE STREET, QUEBEC. ,' U This Hotel, which is acknowledged to he the hest managed and most popular in Quebec, is one of the most comfortable Houses of l^lntertainment on the Continent of America. FIFTY NEW ROOMS Have been recently added to it, and it has been thoroughly renovated, painted, newly carpeted, &c. &c., this year. European visitors will find in this house all the comforts they have been used to at home. ' ,r W. RUSSELL & SON. Conveyances always ready to take visUors to the many points of interest and beauty in the neighbowhood. QUEBEC: ~ AS IT WAS, AND AS IT IS, OB, ; _ _^ % ^rfef pistDrB of % MM Cits in CanaJra, FROM ITS FOUNDATION TO THE PRESENT TIME, WITH , A GUIDE FOR STRANGERS TO THE DtFFEEENT PLACES OF INTEREST WITHIN THE CITY AND ADJACENT THEEETO. Z>Zl.XOXI, OSTXI S^XXjX«Z3XrO> )> By WILLIS BUSSELL. (BVSBBU^'B HOTBIk) TO BE HAD OF ALL BOOKSELLER^ XN CANADA, AND OF STANFORD, COLONIAL BOOKSELLER, 6 CHARINQ CROSS, LONDON. Pi^ *^^^^^S BSS S SW I^^B 38 THE CANADIAN ALMANAC AND REPOSITORY OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, FOR THE YEAR 1860. CONTAINS FULL AND AUTHENTIC COMMERCIAL, Statistical, Astronomical, Departmental, Ecclesiastical, Educational, Financial and General Information regarding the Province of Can&da. This publication is now in its thirteenth year of issue, and comprises about 100 octavo pages of closely printed matter. For Sale at E. STANFORD'S,' ■ ' 6, Charing Cross, London. Price One Shilling. ' ST. LAWRENCE HALL, Great St. James' Street, HOTBEi IBfPROyEBlllNTB. We had the pleasure of visiting the new buildings lately erected by the proprietors of the St. LAWRENCE HALL, in connection with that establishment. This addition is as LABG-E AS ANY HOTEL IN MONTREAL, aud, we must say, we were much pleased with the rooms: they are large, light, airy, well vent Li ted, aqd well furnished, with perfectly new and elegant furniture.,c «ft its bedding, «&c'., throughout. The corridors aire wide, anc u m d through the whole building with, what is muoh wanted in Canadiai Hotels, A PEIVATB ENTRANCE FOR LADIES, and u connected with the St. Lawrence Hall, which is only three stories high, by an irom. bridge. About 70 of the rooms look on the mountain, with a very fine vie^v; of the city. We need not pass any eulogium on the character of the St. Lawrence Hall as being a first class hotel. The large amount of patronage the Hall has received from the travelling community and the elite of Canada, is the best recommendation it can have. The new addition makes this hotel double as large ai any in Montreal, and surpasses any 7ti Canada. The close proximity of it to the Cathedral of NOTRI. DAME, Post Office, N\itoerie8, 6po., makes it a desirable residoiice for travellers. The proprietors have a military band playing in the orchestra of their handsome drawing-room, so that their guests may 6^oy a " hop '' wheuever it is agreeably to tl^eta to do so, — Montreal em eriM, -) 39 A. K. BOOMER, Ain> GENERAL AGENT. OFFICE, 53 YONOE STREET, (part of the bank or BRITIHH north AMERICA BUILDINaS.) REFEBBNOES T. 6. RiDODT. Esq., Cashier, Bank of U. C. T. WooDStDE, Bucj., Mang., City B. of Moht. J. G. Chkwbti, Esq., Pres't, B. ot Toronto. A. CAifBsoir,Eiq.« Cashier, Bank of Toronto Hon. w. U. MiftBiTT. St. Catherines. T. D. Habbib. Esq.. Toronto. Agent for " Fairbanks' " celebrated Sealee, and " Herring'* " toelUknown Sqfet, ELLAH'S HOTGL AMD PRIVATE BOARDI]\G HOU^E, Cdrnir of Bay and Front Streets, TOEONTO, 0. W., Within five minutea walk of all the Railway Stations. ANDREW HENBERSOlvr, ^ttmwm mA AUCTIONEER, &o., No 67, Vonge Street, Toronto, Canada West. RFFERENCES : THOMAS CLARKSOX, Esq., President of the Board of Trade. Messrs. MOFF ATT, MURRAY & Co. I Mbssbs. ROSS. MITCHELL ft Co, BRYCB, jfcMURRIOH & Co. SHAW, TURNBULL & Co. J. MITCHELL t Co. I. C. OILMOR & Co. FULLER & JOI^ES, ARCfllTBCTS AND ENGINGERS, JORDAN STREET, TOKONTO . I SPARKS STREET, ^ OTTAWA. 40 NEAELY READY: THE CANADIAN SBTTLIR'S GUIDE, AND THE §imAm Mamhtftt By Mbs. C. p. TRAILL. Published by authority. PHICB: TWO SHIZtXJNaS STERLINa BACH. On Sale by all Oanadian Booksellers, and bv STANFORD, 6, Ohariog Grogs' LONDON. FOR SAXiEi - . r VBAT WB£-KNOWtr rBOnilTT OALLXD ^^The Fortune Farm," QlT^lfATE 'within THREE MILES OF PORT HOPE, j^ and containiag 250 Acres, of which 2<^^ are under cultivation, and free from stumps, and remainder in fine growth of timber. There are three Houses (each with barns attached) on the premises, and from the situation of the buildings, &c., the property if desired might be converted into THREE DISTINCT FARMS, with a House and Bam, and the accommodation of a fine Running Stream on each. Th9 Property might also be advantageously laid out and disposed of in or FB02£ TWO TO TEN ACEEB EACH. The Port Hope, Lindsay, and Beaverton Railway intersects the Farm, and ^ Railway Station will in all probability shortly be made on the property. From its proximity to a good Produce Market, the excellent charac- ter of soil, buildings, &c., and picturcsqueness of situation, this property is in every respect worthy of the attention of Agriculturists, Capitalists, and others. TERMS OF SALE may be known on application, personally, or by letter (post-paid) to N. KIRCHOFFER, Esq., or) „ , „ ELIAS P. SMITH, Esq., j^ortHope; ^ J^ r; or to A. C. HOPE, Esq., , » ■ f ' 37, King William Street, City. London. Port Hope, 22nd Sept., 1859. . 'J ' , • ToaoHTO : Pnldrno bt Lovxu. ahd Gibson, Yomqk Stbxkt. MONTREAL OCEAN STEAMSHIP COMPANY. THIS COMFAinr'S I.XHB 18 COHFOBBD OV THK FOLIiOWINO FIBBT CLASS FOWESFVI. SOBBVr 8TBA^IBB8, VIZ: BOHEMIAN, (New) j. HXTNaABIAN, (N«w) NORTH BRITON, ANGLO SAXON, NOVA SOOTIAN, NORTH AMERIOAN, INDIAN, '-ewwwBBBIMBBBBBB^^ CANADIAN, (New.) Under Contract toith tJie Government of Canada, for the Transport of the Mailt. THESE STEAMBBS 8AIL FROM LIVERPOOL TO QUEBEC EVERY WEDNESDAY, AND VBOH QUEBEC TO LIVERPOOL EVERT SATURDAY, DURING THE SEASON OP OPEN NAVIGATION, In connection with the Grand Tmnk Railway of Canada. ?ne Running BATES OF SEA PASSAGE. FROM LITBBPOOI. TO QUEBEC. CABIN, from £15 15». to £18 IBs. Stg. accord iiiK to accommodation. (Children under 12 years of age 30s. per year in After Cabin, and 2fia. per year in Forward Berths.) THIRD CIA88, £7 7 StR. Children in Third Clast, 7 years and under 12 4 10 " 1 " " 7, 3 10 " Under 1 year , Free. BBOU QUEBEC TO LIVEBPOOL. CABIN, fh>m $66 to |80 according to accoln- modation. Children in Cabin. Under 12 years of age, 16.00 per year, in After Cabin, and $5.00 per year in Forward Berths. Under 1 year, Free. THIRD CLASS, 930.00. Children in Third Close. Over 1 year and under 12, J2.60 per year. Under i year, Free. A duly qualified Surgeon accompanies each ▼esse!. FroTiaions, but not Wines or Liquors, The foregoing Fares include For the cueotnmodation of Pasaengern, the undersigned will grant Drafts at Sight, on the Liverpool Agents, for any Sum which they mag wish to take with them. THROUGH TICKETS Arc irranted by the Agents of the Company to and from all parts of Canada, and the United States, Iw whom all particulars of the Rates of Freight, Steerage Bills of Fare, the various inland stations of the Grand Trunk, and other Canadian and American Lines, &c., will be given on application personally, or by letter post-paid to the following AGENTS : Ourtee.— OEOROE B. 8YMES li Co^ DndcviUt.—Btiaih It American ExprCH Company, Ufifitan. — do. do. Ba w m anatU e.- do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. I>)raM(o.-JOHN GLASS, ifam<«on.— FREELAND fc FOLINOSBT, OMnara »'(».— OBOROB HEUBACH, BoKvn.— BOCKUS, MALLORY a Co., Mm IMk-OILLESPlE. NUN * Co.. OlairMi>.-MMKS a ALEXANDER ALLAN, l4'mr]X)0(.— ALLAN, BROS, k Co. lomlm.— HONTOOHERIB fc GREENHORNB. All Goods in Through Bills of Lading, via St. Lawrence to bo Consigned to the Grand Trunk Railway Oompanr, at Montr«al, and the Custom House business there will be transacted by them, Aree of charge. BDMONSTONE, ALLAN & Co., Comer of TouviUe and Common Streets, Montreal, %»• Return Tickets at Reduced Rates wUl be granted, if application be made and Tickets paid for when the original FUaage is taken. THORLEYS FOOD FOR CATTLE| . I -^ I'y'l ni Ihi Mtf, -bill's Stiiiiirs, tt mi iils" mi His liiiiinl 1 1 njli i,i ^.•i llir I'rniii' I 'iiiisnri's Fniln, U i mlsni . CANADIAN TESTIMONIAL S. ri(iiil llir IliHi. ,'>ii1iii \ Siiillh, I'listiiiii.-liT ( ii'ipr;il. 'I'.Mi.iil .. .M"V -iH, IK-)S. Sir I li.ivc ii^i il •' 'I'hni ley's I'ckkI Ini Ciitl.' " |",.r m -Imrl lliii.-. The Iimj ~i> i.-.! !i|iMii it |i:ivr iilri iidy iliipiipvril vri v iiiiiili iii I'liiiillMoii mid ii|i]ir:ii;ill< i'. (Si-ii..!,) sii)m;n smith. I'loiu .lliliii's H.'iiclirll, Km|. 'I'.ir.p.iln, Srpl l!». IS')!). Diiir Sir, I l''i I ijrral |ili':isiiii' in l>'.iilyiiii; to llir \vciii.!i'iliil rlli'il>n|' " 'riicn'liy'- I'uinl fur lIoriL's.'' Till' ic'siill- 111' my rX|ii'iiim'm.-> willi iliis l-'i'iil i> mr hi'vcuiil my rxpt'ciiiiiniis; iis I'lt'oi'i ii|)iiii till' " S\ -inii di' ilii; lli.iv il, imd ri'mtiiiiiciMl il in iiiv li m.mi(I>. Sriiil iii'' i\\ m I'.'iiicN iiiMU . Tn Mr. .). \V. 'I'lhMlcv. .IWIK.s 1;K,\(;IIKI,I,. .Ml'i.M Iloirl, .M;irKrl Si|iriir. Sir,- I li;ivc iiscil " Tlliirlry's l'"o(ul for ("Hlllr " ill my ^t:il)li-s l.T mmiic tiiiiu, mull l.elirvf 11 u, \tf ;i lir>ii'iii' mticji-, miil fully im|ii:i1 in wliiil il i* n'|iri-fii-iia(l In It. I crni I'niiliiliiiilv MriilllllU-lHl il In ;ill |i:i|lii'- lllliTi <\l A Ml '.Ij' Ki-i';h;1^' nl llni-r,., >tc, Tnl-'illn. S,|,|. ■.•!,, jVill. <.r.(l|{l,i; j'l.X'I'T. (,'ny U"pn.-iliii'y, Slliulrs Ijnlrl, Kliu.^ Si. Wr'^l. I'nii.iitn. Si I,- l|•|^■|ll^ IiiimI Tllnlli.y'n I'nnil Knr ( '.ill if " U|i(i|l ll Illilrr I. Mimic, I mil mlly »Jli-llC'(l Willi llic i('siill^,//yr//(/,Y" iix/iuii.iliiii!/. ;inil llu'ii Inri' cniiliiliMiily n-cniiiuiriul il Inimy pci-.-^nii iiilr reeled IK lllM>l'>. I llMVr IriPl iu Ihc li:l|.|l nl' kcrpi.iu linivrs (nr :i llllUllji'l n! Ai'm'", 1111(1 lu'VlT \VMllc> >i ll Ml !;n 111 mi iiiiprnvi'iiiiMil iii mi .-lini'l :i liiiu: :i> in llic iilun r iinlmii-c. Si-,.l.S, l-.-.ii. .IdSl.l'jl I.I! SM). Iiiiriiiiitiii.iiil llni! 1, AIihImI S.|ii!iif. Sir. -1 iilN .' t;il'lil |'l'ii..|nr 111 11 ."llh M;; III ill. eniiil i-|icfl> nl " 'I'lml li>\ •> I'nnd Inl Cllllli'." I iiivc iriiil ll nil :i rnw, mid Iniiiiil ;i lun-ii drciiii'd iiiipi nviUnnl 111 Ik r Mm c ii~iiil; ,1, miil w ..iild d'l'ididlv rri-cliimi'ud il In mi\ p ■r>nii Im'i>|iiu'; .-Im'k nl' wliulm i i niiiil. Tnr.'illln, Snpt..'^. IsriO. -I \ M IN 11 1,.\( ' K. I'lnlll Ml. .~1IU1UC| 'I'll'm. \PU millacl, Oikji'-. I'll I 111, ;\1 :i \ ;ll, IN'l.S. Sii,-- I iiiivi' nil-ill p!i:i-urf iii li--iil\ iiii,i in ilir ■..■ | , ili'i s ul Timrirv '« I-'ihmI I'nr Cm lie. 1 II lid il (111 luy linr~i-, (Ml 11 si''k row iii'ii'i Calvin^, mul ii luill i itll". In caidi itim' I tmuid u iIitkI.iI iinpiini-ini ul mii r it> ii-c. Il> rcsimaiiM' (pialilu'-' aic ciiiaiiilv nl a liii.;li nrdcr. mid I can cnu iidciilh n ciiiiiuii ,iil ll tn im lirnllivi l:iriiars. (S;i:nc(l.) SAMI llf, TRllXT. llaiiillnn, .liiiic ■\ psfiS. Sir,- I a 11 inucli pjin-cd wrli 'rimrlcy's I'ninl lor llnr>c-. a> il i« v I'ly hciiclicial. mid lias \\n'. ilc..irc(l cIliM I. ii> jcprc-nil(;(l. in makiiiy liu' liiirsi.'-; caijeih cniiiiiiiK' liay ami >lrau' cut inin tliall' and upon w.iii'li lodd limy nipldly Jinprnvc, In yniir iicxl inipurialinn I .-Imll cnnii.iuc in ii<(;il. ^■nm■s truly, dWr.N Mi\\|,,\N. ll.iMiillnn. .Iiiiu ,'), 1H5S. Sn,- f .III yii at i>|.-a-iirc in lu.-ariii^'- leslininny m []„■ licinlicia! cllccts of 'I'linrlcy'.s I'nnd Inr (.'.ml.-, wiiich 1 aiii nnw ii-nc,' ilirniujh \(uir rcciniiiupndaiinii. 1 mn well .tiiii^iicd a< in itsliii;lily licncli(Miil I iiaiiictci. I'nr feeding, iinprnviiitr tlic licallli, and iM-aiililyinq llic -km, I .-li.iiild rccnin- iiii'iid ,\i,n-i<'ulliii i-ls jiii.l Call!.' k-uc|)i i:< niall kind- In nivc it a laii 'irial.an.l 1 litdu've iln y uamtd never all. rwanis !".■ wiiii.iiil il. I am v.Mirs iridy, .KKI-.I'I! .lAUlU .Mv DIRECTIONS rOR USING THORLEYS FOOD FOR CATTLE, For Horses, Cowu, &c. -SprinkI le perk olClmppcd liav, sirau-, nrriiidl. Willi wilier, mid mix 11 uell li.eeilicr \Mtli a measure lull oCtlie |-',„id. |i may be yivi ii two ni three limes a ilay Willi ijiial lieiiclit, anil llie Animal wiil i al i| '.Mili'in ii!ii\- ; niixei; wiih grains Inr cnw.-^ It is invaliialile. For Shcop,- DiK' mca-mcl'ul tn i:vcry Inur, as iiicuiiniieil r,,r Mnrses, .\.e. fin sali-ly Imir. For Calves, 'lin- iiie.isiireriil. scalded in water am! iiiLsed uiia iinlk, \v ill lie Imind viiilieieiit For Pig."*, -Take a iiiea.Hifcrnl ol'tlus l-'nc.d. and seal. I ii m liall'a i,'ail..u (f waier, add it in iln-ir Usual sln|) or c.iaix; meiit ..nee or Iw.ee i,i a da\, and in a leu we( ks ilie resiill will asloiii-li llic ovv n. r. Ti' I'.K Ki;i'l' |i!i\ l.\ \ t iioj, I'l.Ai i;. J w. THORLEY, .V. ni KiiM I'oin. 1 oiS'.ili and Fronl Sis., roroii'in, ('. \V. Sold !!i limrejs f I.il.iiiis 11-^ I'eeds, al .>! l, ami in llail-lim reU. cnnlainiiiLi -Ji I l-'ced- i .^il. -> -i '-• -i jf « '; 'RWW^ I [11 . PHI.IPW^p^w^P^IW^fP ■IPPWI^"^PW" ■PIVHpMRVIIippip^ TLE, /l/,(iSiS ! upMii It li:ivr N SMITH. I!). IS-)!). hcpl'l. y'- l'."iil )c'ClilliciMs; IIS ,■ I't-r,! I h:\vr Srnil ||l>' l\\ II i< IIKI.I,. ■I SiiU'iic. mill I i'l'lirvf 111 niilliili'iilly I'l.XI'T. I'lMMllI... >.in-tiril Willi -nil ilUil e-lri| Vl'l UlllH'^Mll Mi \M), •I S.|iK„V. Ill loi C:!!!!.'." .1, ;rii(l W'ulil IlLACK. . :ii, |N-"i.s. I'lir CmiiIc. 1 lllnl 11 ilrnilril Mill I i.'iii I'lm ri!i:\T. II' ■', I''':"!."'. il. .'iiiil lijs lli(> ■ fill iilln fliair, iiH' 1(1 ii?i; il, i\\ LAN. ,. .-), iMfjS. lf\ 's I'ond (nr i~ III its lli'^lily -iiiiiild ri.'cniM- \(* till y uiiiidl UMilNlv TLE. vjiut. Mini mix j lliri'i' liini-s ;i ■ Mil uifiiiis iiir ill Mili-ly ii.iii. mill! viilTiciciil mid II til llii'ii- llic rivsiilt will ■ololUii, ('. \V. l-'flMl- 1 .-il.