IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

1.0

I.I

1.25

I^|2j8 |25
^ 1^ 92.2

£ |j£ 1 2£

^ wmtM

^>v 'r

Kiotograidiic

Sciences

Corporation

33 WIST MAIN STRUT

WIBSTM.N.y. USM

(716)«n-4503

'^,V^

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadidn Institute for Hi8to>'<cal Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques

■

Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la mithode normale de fiimage
sont indiqute ci-dessous.

□ Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

□ Covers damaged/
Couverture endommag^a

□ Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul6e

□ Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque

□ Coloured maps/
Cartes g6rgraphiques en couleur

□ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

D
D
D

Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou iilustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
Reli6 avec d'autres documents

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/

La re iiure serrde paut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge int6rieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas it« filmies.

□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

□ Pages damaged/
Pages endommag6es

□ Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es

E Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages dicolor^es, tachetdes ou piqu6es

□ Pages detached/
Pages ddtach^es

•J

Showthrough/
Transparence

I I Quality of print varijs/

Quality in6gale ds I'impression

Includes supplementary material/
Comprend du matdriel suppKmentaire

□ Only edition available/
Seule Mition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6t6 film^es A nouveai^ de fapon h
obtenir la meitieure image posuibie.

Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppl6mentaires.-

This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked beiow/

Ce document est film^ au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous.

10X 14X 18X 22X

I I I I I I I r I I I I I I

26X

30X

12X

16X

20X

24X

28X

32X

The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks
tu the generosity of:

Library of the Public
Archives of Canada

L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grAce k la
ginArosit* de:

La bibiiothique des Archives
pubiiques du Canada

The images appearing here are the best quality
possible con^! J'ing the condition and legibility
of the original ^jpy and in Iceeping with the
filming contract specifications.

Las images suivantes ont At* reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at
de la nattet* de rexemplaire film*, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est ImprimAe sont fiimte en commenpant
par le premier plat et en tsrminant soit par la
dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'iliustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont fiimAs en commengant par la
premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'iliustration et en terminant par
la derniAre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol — »> (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la
dsrniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
CBs: le symbols — ►signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbols V signifie "FIN".

Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right end top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams Illustrate the
method:

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre
filmfo A des taux de reduction diff^rents.
Lorsque !e document est trop grand pour Atre
reproduit en un seul clichA, il est film* i partir
de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droito,
et de haut en bes, en prenant le nombre
d'images nAcessslre. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mAthode.

. %

-,.?

\
I'f

^4l

V-CI^

''^

!r*

ii2

EMIGRATION.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

"^ IP

BRIEF BUT FAITHFUL ACCOUNT OF THIS

FINE COLONY;

SHEWING SOME OF ITS ADVANTAGES AS A PLACE OP

SETTLEMENT;

■ m

li..*AESSED
TO THOSE BRITISH FARMERS, AND OTHERS, WHO ARE DETERMINED

TO ' .

EMIGRATE,

AND TRY THEIR FORTUNE IN A NEW COUNTRY:

WITH DIRECTIONS HOW TO PROCEED, WHAT TO PRPVIDE, AND WHAT STEPS
TO TAKE, ON ARRIVINO IN THE

COLONY.

fr*-:.

By J. L. LEWELLIN.

LONDON:

RKPBINTED AND KEPUBLI8HBD FOR THE EDITOB} .
BY W. M. KNIGHT AND CO., BISHOP'S-COURT, OLJ> BAILFf.

1838.

:''»?'-"

^■:

"rm'

i-T

DEDICATION.

To His Excellency Lieutenant Colonel Aretas William
Young, Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief
in and over His Majesty's Island, Prince Edward, and its
Dependencies, Chancellor, Vice-Admiral, and Ordinary of
the same, &c. &c. &c.

May it please your Excellency,

Your condescension in permitting the following humble
attempt to benefit this rising and fertile Colony, to be dedicated
to your Excellency, manifests that you feel not only a desire to
discharge faithfully the duties attached io your high station,
as the Representative of our patriotic King, but demonstrates
also your earnest wish to advance the interests of the people
committed to your Government, by making the capabilities of
the Island more generally known ; and thereby inducing to
come amon^ us, farmers who would be likely to advance our
prosperity by their practical knowledge, industry, and capital.
This has been the single object of the writer ; and he feels gra-
tified, that the gentlemen who have perused the manuscript
have pronounced it to be a faithful delineation; and, so far
from exaggerating, some have considered it as not doing ample
justice to the real advantages of Prince Edward Island.

When the rapid advt\nces of the Colony, during the admi-
nistration of your Excellency's predecessor, are duly estimated,
it may not partake of enthusiasm to anticipate, that, under the
auspices of your government, a still more rapid progression
may be realized ; for, although your Excellency may not be a

^Wi

wjB^fmmmsT

4 DEDICATION.

practical Agriculturist, yet the decision, sound judgment^ and
general knowledge, which mark the comnrencement of your
administration, justify the hope that you will discriminate the
true interests and re^l advantages of the people of your charge ;
and that your parental care, in connection with the energy of
your conduct, will lead to a degree of prosperity which will
cause every Colonist to deplore the arrival of the painful period
when you. shall be removed from amongst us.

That your Expediency may be made a blessii^ to the inhab-
itants of this Colony, and that yourself and family may i^rti-
cipate every temporal, and eternal felicity^ are the ardeat wishes
of.

Your Excellency's

Most obliged and faithful servant,

J. L. LEWELLIN.

PREFACE,

i 1

In December, 1826, the writer of the following hints embarked from
Prince Edward Island for England on business. Having no fellow
passenger, and with a view to beguile the stormy hours of a winter
passage across the Atlantic, as well as chiefly to redeem a beautiful
Island from the most unaccountable neglect, he employed himself in
sketching a familiar account of the Colony, which he expected, when
he left England the following spring, might have been published. A
recent advertbement by the Committee of the Central Agricultural
Society induced him to attempt a revision of the rough manuscript ;
but so great and happy alterations and improvements have generally
obtained in this Colony, that it would have been easier, perhaps, to
drop the old account, than endeavour to adapt it to the rapid progress
the country has made during the short period of six years! This
remark will explain why some passages in this little sketch may
appear wanting in justice to the present actual state of the Island.
In the year 1824, when the writer first arrived in the Colony, scarcely
a stack of grain was to be seen throughout the country ; now, almost
every farmer has a well filled stack-yard. The number of coasting
vessels, and the export of agricultural produce, have made a con js-
ponding advance. Then, not a travelling waggon (the general carriage
of North America) was to be seen ; now, they are quite common on
the roads, as are gigs and other vehicles.

For this prosperity, the Colonists are mainly indebted to the seven
years administration of the late Lieutenant Governor, Colonel Ready,
aided by a liberal and enlightened Legislature, whose measures and
suggestions for the good of the country ever met his ready support and
coni^urrence. During this period, the greater part of the Revenue
was applied in making extensive lines of roads and bridges, and other
local improvements. His Excellency well understood the wants of a
young country, and was zealously attached to farming ; a fortuitous
circumstance, but of great importance to a people whose pursuits are
and must be decidedly agricultural. Under his patronage several
Societies, for promoting good farming, the improvement of stuck, &c.

PREFACE.

have been formed ; and the Colony owes to him the introducti(m, at a
very considerable cost, of a thorough-bred entire horse, and also
a mare ; the former has greatly added to the value of this particular
stock, great prices having been obtained or offered for the descendants
of Roncesvalles. In addition to thete. Colonel Ready imported cattle
of the Alderney. Suffolk, and North Devon breeds ; and superior
Leicester and South-down sheep.

The author of this little work pledges himself to the reader, that the
statements he has given are the genuine convictions of his own mind,
and, as he believes, agreeable to truth-— that he has not been employed
to write it by any person whomsoever — neither does he expect to
derive any advantage beyond what may arise from the fulfilment of
his desire to see a number of good farmers, who may be cramped in
their circumstances at home, occupying land in a fertile Island, where
he anticipates that his days will come to an end in the rational and
useful pursuit of agriculture. Here are no direct taxes, but Statute
Labour on the Highways — no poor-rates, no tithes,- no yellow fever,
no ague, no hurricanes, and few cases of consumption. Happy would
the writer be should his labours prove the means of collecting around.,
him a number of British Farmers, who will persevere in their own
improved modes and management, and not be drawn aside by the bad
practices and make-shifts of any about them, until their conduct and
perseverance place them in such comfortable and independent circum-
stances as shall constrain others to tread in their steps ; and thus have
an influence in brmging about that ample prosperity which the Colony
is very capable of attaining to, and which needs only a little good
management on the part of the proprietors, and other gentlemen in
situations to lead the opinions and guide the actions of others.

BRIEF ACCOUNT

PRIiNCE EDWARD ISLAND.

When a man's circumstanees or his inclination
have induced him to make up his mind to quit the
land of his birth, and court the smiles of fortune
in a new country, it may be of consequence to
him to be truly informed of some place to which
he may direct his course with a prospect of mo-
derate success and certain independence, if he act
with common industry, prudence, and integrity.
It is with a view to convey such information that
the following remarks are penned by one, who is
himself an Emigrant, and has spent some years in
Prince Edward Island in such employment as
necessarily brought him to be minutely acquainted
with the soil, customs, manners, modes of busi<
ness, and methods of farming in the Colony ; his
judgment being assisted by sixteen years experi-
ence in the cultivation of a farm in England — and
who would deeply regret to put it into any man s
power to reproach him with having wantonly or
interestedly excited expectations which could not
be realized.

It may sometimes happen, that persons of a
fickle temper, or who may feel disaffected toward
the government under which they live, or not
over fond of work, dream that, by going to some
other country, they shall reap, in a miraculous

•I

manner, a golden harvest without that sweat of
the brow which is the portion of mankind in our
fallen and degenerate state : to such it may be
said — stay where you are, a new country has
nothing to offer, and will have no charms for
you.

But there are hundreds, nay thousands, of
Farmers in Britain, men of industry and sobriety,
who have either lost great part of their property
by the villany of others, or suffered in their cir-
cumstances by changes in the times ; or are feeling
great difficulty in meeting a heavy rent, and those
taxes (assessed, highway, tithes, church and poor),
which, in addition to wages, oblige the Farmer to
put his hand continually into his pocket. To
these, a new country may afford great relief,
more especially if they can muster up one, two,
or three hundred pounds to take with them.

To give up one's country, to forsake the scenes
of childhood, and the endeared associations of
maturer age, may be like giving up the ghost to
some sensible or sensitive minds; and where a
great aversion is felt to quit a person's native land,
it may seldom happen that the party is ever com-
pletely reconciled to the change, be the advan-
tages ever so great. Individuals, entertaining
such views and feelings, should remain where
they are, in case their circumstances will allow it.
They may be well assured, that no place in the
world can altogether equal their own dear native
land, take it for all in all-^its freedom, accommo-
dations, facilities of travelling, comforts, luxuries,
noble institutions, means of civil and religious
education, &c. are not to be met with elsewhere
in the same universal degree and extent. — Biit,
alas! is there no offset, no dark side to this glow-
ing picture? Have not the singular and asto-
nishing ev* nts of the last forty years brought it

to pass, that the rich and the poor are absorbing
the middle classes of society? And how many
are there, in these times of pecuniary distress —
farmers as well as others, who once had the
means to enjoy and relish the matured luxuries
and advantages of Britain — now feeling consider-
able difficulty, and much distress of mind, in pro-
viding for the various calls made on them for
payment, and for supplying the absolute wants
of a family -

If farmers, who are so situated, or have hard
landlords to deal with, who will not lower a rent
that is too high to be paid — who are daily seeing
their little property get less, and are fearing lest
themselves and families may come to the Parish,
should have courage to cross the sea, let them
gather up the fragments of their property, and
commence farming in the fertile Colony of Prince
Edward Island.

There is another class of persons to whom an
invitation may be given. In innumerable instances
there are in farmers' families young persons who
have been long looking out for a place to settle
in with the object of their affections, to whom
they would gladly be united could they get a
Farm with any prospect of paying the rent, and
bringing up a family ; butj no, they have waited
year after year in vain — there is no room for
them ; where there is so much elbowing and
jostling, and every corner and every post it occu-
pied ; where, as soon as a place becomes vacant,
twenty or thirty applicants offer for it ; the rent
is hereby kept up, and the too bold takers are
but too often ruined, and give opportunity for
another scramble.

These young farmers must have some property,
or they could not take a farm. With this, they
would do much better in a new country than in

England — as one hundred pounds here would
accomplish as much as three, if managed with
the same industry and prudence as in the old
country.

Industrious labourers too, who have no pros-
pect of becoming master-men in their native land,
may (as thousands, without a shilling, often have)
become Farmers and Landowners in the Colonies.

All those who are living upon a small fixed in-
come, and find it convenient to reside where the
necessaries cf life are cheap, may enjoy a retreat
much 10 their satisfaction in Charlotte-Town, the
capital of the Island ; where every convenience
and many luxuries are to be had on reas'onable
terms.

The present uncertain and depressed state of
West India property may induce persons resident
in those Colonies to wish to remove. Several
families have settled in Prince Edward Island,
from Bermuda and the Sugar Islands, without
appearing to feel any inconvenience from the
winter. Frequent opportunities occur of advan-
tageously investing considerable sums in the
purchase of real Estate.

The rage for emigration must have increased
rapidly in Britain. The number of Emigrants to
Canada has doubled, and during the past season
reached to the very astonishing amount of 50,000,
(the twentieth part of a million !) These have to
travel seven or e'ght hundred miles to the Upper
Province, after they land at Quebec ; but it is
highly probable that all would not pass by Prince
Edward Island, superior as it h allowed to be t(
the neighbouring Colonies, had they been ma^c
acquainted with the fertility of its soil, its local
advantages for fishing and commerce, and its
other privileges, of which it may be proper to
give some account.

This Colony, formerly called St. John's, is si-
tuated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; having Nova
Scotia to the South, Cape Breton to the East,
New Brunswick to the West, with the Magdalen
Islands and the Gulf on the North ; containing
more than l,300,00()acres ; and, by the census of
1827, about 24, 600nn habitants, now greatly in-
creased. The climate is very salubrious ; many
British Settlers declaring that they are without
ailment, although they never knew what conti-
nued health was in their native land : and I have
heard one gentleman say, he could kill, in the
way of exertion and fatigue, a hundred such
puny creatures as he was when he arrived in the
country.

The air is dry, which renders the severe cold of
winter more tolerable than the raw damp cold of
England, which occasions shivering and chatter-
ing of the teeth, very unusual here. The tempe-
rature is less severe than in most parts of Canada ;
and although the Winter is long, it much assists
the farmer, fertilizing the earth, probably equal
to half a dressing of manure, and enabling it to
produce tolerable crops under very indifferent
management.

The soil is a deep sound loamy sand ; the gene-
ral subsoil clay, as appears by its being met with
in almost every cellar, and also by the abundance
of fine water everywhere thrown up to the surface
in Springs and Brooks. It is wrought by two
horses, and is admirably adapted to the climate.
A more clayey surface would too long delay put-
ting in the crops at Spring. This inconvenience
is partially felt in some parts, where there is a
considerable portion of argil in the soil. It is
somewhat singular that while the Winter wheat of
Britain thrives best in a heavy soil, the Spring
wheat sown in the Colony deligljts in the lighter

''{

vtv' ^*^

It '

lands. Vegetation is far more rapid than in Bri-
tain ; here, as soon as the winter garment melts
and discovers the surface made brown and russet
by long continued frost, the animating rays of the
Sun, in latitude 46 deg. arouse the dormant but
refreshed powers of the earth, which soon assumes
a beautiful verdure, and continues to give evidence
of its fertility, until the commencement of Winter.
Grain sown in May L reaped in August.*
The general face of the country is only a little
uneven or undulated, but in some parts hills are
found of moderate height, and few countries have
a greater uniformity of soil; or, according to
their extent, so small a portion of land wholly
incapable of cultivation : none can be better wa-
tered — for it abounds in navigable rivers, fresh
water brooks, and springs of excellent quality.

Mode of Tenure, — Upon the conqi^est of the
Island from the French, about 70 years since, it
was granted by the British Government, in Town-
ships of 20,000 acres each.

The Proprietors have hitherto been too gene-
rally negligent of their property. Living com-
monly in Britain, and possessing other means,
they generally have given too little attention to
their Estates in Prince Edward Island ; neglect-
ed to make the Colony more known.

It has been remarked by a practical man, who
had travelled much in North America, that
the soil of Prince Edward Island is superior to

* Although Prince Edward Island jhares not the wild extravagancies and ro-
mantic scenery which characterize her neighbours, the Traveller will be de-
lighted with her milder and more feminine beauties and graces; nor will the
sentimentalist want subjects for his pen, when he contemplates the asure expanse
of ocean, the noble navigable river and its busy craft, the alternate forest, of va-
ried hue, and the well cultivated farm, displaying the solid supports and com-
forts of the rural life— but the sole object of the writer of these hints is to make
them useful to Emigrants, by detailing only such facts and circumstances as
may benefit and assist the Emigrant in the serious affair of beginning the
world in a young country.

■ ;

that of the maritime States of the Union, and ex-
ceeded only by the back lands about the Missis-
sippi, the State of Vermont, and parts of Upper
Canada — but what judicious farmer would prefer
a heavy clay to a fertile sand in a country having
a short season, unless his object were grazing only?

The present mode of obtaining land in Prince
Edward Island is, either by lease for a long term
of years at Is. to Is. 6d. per acre per annum — one or
more years free, then 3d. per acre, and increasing
yearly at that rate to full rent ; or by purchase at
from ten to twenty shillings and upward per acre.
Thisis to be understood of woodland that is wholly
unimproved. Some proprietors have had farms j||

fall into hand with more or less of cleared lana
on them ; these of course are let or sold at an ad-
vanced sum, but commonly for less than the cost
of clearing. Emigrants, who might not choose
to sit down on a wood farm, would have many op-
portunities of purchasing the leasehold, or free-
hold, and improvements of partly cleared farms ;
and it would be wise in those possessing the
means to do so.

When the people are determined to emigrate,
and several in a neighbourhood are so inclined,
they would find much f^omfort in keeping together,
and again forming a little society in their newly
adopted homes. Fifty-seven families might settle
in a square of three miles, and each have 100
acres, with 60 over, which the proprietor might l

give for a school and place of worship. Such a ■

Settlement could maintain a Minister of the Gos-
pel, and Schoolmaster, and employ a good trades- !
man in each calling, and a pleasant thing it would
be to have fifty- seven neighbour-settlers within a
mile and a half of the centre of the settlement!

The foregoing remarks are chiefly introductory,
and affect the question— Who ought to emigrate ?

It is hoped they will tend to guide and assist in
making up the minds, on the subject of emigra*
ting, of very many who are doubting and perplex-
ed, not knowing what to do for the best, though
they are suffering in their feelings and in their
circumstances, and would fain quit their present
situation were they not withheld by attachment
to dear relations and friends, habits and objects^
dread of the sea, and going to a new country
among strangers— being quite at a loss how and
where to proceed. There is something terrific in
all this to the minds of persons who have never
journied far from their own fireside ; but the
writer has experienced that the anticipation is
worse than the reality. Circumstances induced
him to wish to emigrate ; but then, the cold winter
of America, and a thousand difficulties presented
themselves. Well, he embarked with a large
family, had a long and boisterous passage, arrived,
and found the country so far beyond his expecta-
tion, that he can readily say, his attachment to it
is such, that he has not the shadow of a wish to
reside again in England, and nothing, except,
perhaps, a large income, would induce him to do
being fully satisfied, that, although a settler,

who has no (Capital, will have many difficulties to
encounter in the infancy of his undertaking, yet
there is a certain prospect of the necessaries of
life ; with, each succeeding year, an increase of
prosperity to every sober, industrious farmer, who
is acquainted with his business ; and an absence
of all anxiety about children, who are likely to do
much better than their parents. There is some-
thing, too, in the breast of a liberty-loving
Briton, which would stimulate him to encounter
a little present privation to secure his future in-
dependence, and relieve himself from the pain of
being asked for money which, owing to uncon-

trollable circumstances, he may not be able to
pay ; and there is a pleasure also in creating, as
it were, a farm out of the wilderness, which, with
every returning season, yields increased cause for
exultation.

The general mode of conducting a Farm is
slovenly, often wretched. Cattle, sheep, and
pigs, are turned into the woods, or on the shore,
to get their own living during summer ; and fre-
quently as much time is lost in seeking the
stock as would clear enough land to support them
in good pasture. Few farms have any subdivi-
sion fences. A patch is ploughed here for wheat,
another there for barley; the intervening spots
are mown for hay ; and yet, under all this want of
judicious arrangement, it is astonishing what
returns are obtained. A like management in
England would not give the Farmer bread and
cheese. But there are many meritorious excep-
tions to this cobbling sort of system. Many
farmers display in their management an accurate
and intimate knowledge of their difficult calling :
these are developing the powers of the Island
soil ; and their example, in connection with the
exertions of the Agricultural Society, are ope-
rating a great and satisfactory change.

The first operation of settlement upon a wood
&i*m is to cut down the timber, which is done
abaut a yard from the ground ; it is then junked
into nine-feet lengths, and burnt; the trunks
which remain are piled, and again burnt, until
the settler is enabled to put in his potato crop,
which is done by gathering with the hoe such
mould as the roots will admit of into hills» in
eax:h of which four or five sets are planted.
Wheat, «own broad-cast, and covered with the
hoe^ generally succeeds ; or oats, among which
timothy-seed is, or ought to be, sown for hay ;

L. I

IfJ

and the land suffered to remain under grass till
the stumps will come out— commonly in five or
six years, if the timber had been hard wood.
The Americans are said to manage this process
much better, by cutting all the trees, under six
inches diameter, level with the ground, which
enables them to use the harrow in sowing their
wheat crop immediately. With it, they sow
timothy and clover, which is mown two years,
and fed as long ; they then plough between the
stumps for a crop, and next season stump and
level. The great want of a new Settler is hay ;
therefore, in case he could take out goods or
money to pay for clearing ten acres in this
method, he would be enabled to keep a good
stock soon after his commencement ; and the
wheat crop ought to pay the expense, which
might be about £3 : 10s. per acre, or £35 cur-
rency for the ten acres. The wheat produce,
at fifteen bushels per acre, and 5s. per bushel,
would be £37 : 10s.

An opinion hp-s been expressed by a Lowland
Scotch Farmer, that if the Settlers wrought only
three days in the week, as they are obliged to do
in the old country every day, they would obtain
a sufficiency to supply their wants. And it may
be observed with truth, that it is probable no
country, in a parallel or similar climate, will, or
does, make a more grateful return for any labour
or expense bestowed on its soil.

If a piece of land be moderately dressed with
stable manure, and imperfectly tilled, it will pro-
duce 300 bushels of potatoes, heaped Winchester
measure, per acre, although cultivated only with
a plough. After potatoes, wheat is sown, some-
times without any ploughing — produce 20 bushels
and upwards. It is difficult to say what the ave-
rage return of barley and oats may be, the

management is so various; bnt on land in any
suitable condition, five quarters of oats, and four
quarters of barley, may be calculated on in ordi-
narily fruitful years. The writer has had at the
rate of 70 bushels per acre of oats in some small
experiments made on land recently brought into
cultivation, and preparing for a garden. Crop,
1830, his wheat averaged 30 bushels per acre —
inferior the past season. Last Spring, a ridg6 of
potatoes was put in with the spade, without ma-
nure ; a perch was dug to ascertain the acreabl^
produce, which amounted to 480 bushels, being
three bushels per perch. Some persons, indeed,
do not allow the soil to be so fertile as the writer
apprehends ; but may not this arise from injudi-
cious management rather than from any defici-
ency in the soil ? Some farmers sow timothy and
clover seed with the wheat (the practice has now
become pretty general), others trust to what the
soil may throw up of itself; and so kindly is the
land for producing herbage, particularly the white
clover *, that a ton of this fine food, mixed indeed
with couch grass and other weeds, is sometimes
Out per acre, without one grain of seed being
sown by the Settler. — Can this be bad lapdt

The timothy is a most valuable gi*ass, i« easily
kept distinct from other plants, its small weighty
seed is readily separated from the stalk, and very
large hay crops are produced by it in well ma-
naged land. Horned cattle are wintered on
straw, which, in connection with their being sum-
mered in the woods, occasions a small return of
dairy productions from the milch cows. Many

* Trefolium ripens, which becomes very troublesome in garden ground.
Earljr in the seuon, a bed was sown on new land with the early garden stone
turnip ; the worm attacked and spoiled the crop, consequently no hoeing was
given ; and by the fall of the year, the white clover became a cnmi^ete carpet,
every where matted together. The ground had previously been dressed with
kelp, but never had any stable or barton dung.

settlers, who keep from six to eight, consume all
the produce in their families ! but those who feed
them in good pasture get a profitable return.
Butter sells at 8d. to 12d. per lb. Cheese 6d. to
8d. Potatoes Is. Wheat 4s. 6d. to 5s, Oats
Is. to Is. 6d. Barley 3s. per Winchester bushel.
Beef 2id. to 5d. per lb. Mutton about the same.
Pork 2|d. to 4d. Hay £2 to £3 per ton, and
upwards.

Besides the grain and potatoes mentioned
above, most farmers grow patches of flax, which
may be said to thrive well, considering that the
seed is never changed. Hops make a capital
return, and are almost a certain crop. Hemp
also grows well ; and, indeed, every plant any-
wise suited to the climate.

Labour is still rather high, as it ever will be
where land is cheap, and the people compara-
tively few. Farming men-servants get 30s. to
40s. per month. Girls 12s. to 15s. Day la-
bourers 2s. to 3s. and food, or 4s. without. Pro-
visions are generally found to all workmen.
Cutting down and junking timber, per acre, 30s.
to 40s. ; if burnt, 50s. to 60s. Stumping and
levelling, forty shillings to three pounds. Black-
smith's work has been much lowered within two
years, but is still costly.

The manures to be obtained are kelp, other
seaweed or eelgrass, muscle-mud, marsh-mud
from banks in the rivers, and other mud found in
swampy places. Much fern grows in parts where
the fire has run ; but this capital source of amend-
ing the land is wholly neglected. It is the com-
mon practice to penn all the neat cattle on some
border of the cleared ground every night during
summer, and this, with the manure obtained from
the byres, or beast-houses, and the stables, is all
some farmers depend on. The general surface

1 '

of Prince Edward Island being sandy, in some
places light but deep, the clay, which is every
where met with beneath, will hereafter prove a
valuable treasure to the farmer, by enabling him
to grow crops to almost any extent, through the
argillacious principle so conveniently at hand.
The only stone common in the Colony is sand-
stone; but in the neighbouring provinces, both
limestone and coal abound ; and lime would be a
capital manure to bring in, sweeten, and fertilize
new land. But whether the materials could be
brought, and the lime burnt at an e pense to pay
the farmer where labour is dear, is doubtful;
neither can it be expected that it will be soon
tried, when manures almost at the door are
neglected.

Fences are made with poles, called longers,
fourteen to fifteen feet long, eight in number,
placed one above another in a diagonal form, and
secured at the angles, where the pannels meet
and the poles lock into each other, by stakes
driven into the ground either in an upright or
standing direction ; the topmost pole, or longer,
stouter than the others, rests in the crutch made
by these stakes, or pickets, when the stakes
angle ; when upright, they are secured or bound
together by withes. A few judicious persons
have commenced permanent fences, by planting
quicksets ; other plants, the spruce, fir, &c. have
been tried ; the latter afford shelter as well as
bounds. The hawthorn grows very kindly and
rapidly. Live fences might be made of beech,
or white maple; the latter is destroyed with
difficulty.

Dry goods, or British merchandise and manu-
factures, bore very high prices some few years
since. At the present time, they may be ob-
tained very reasonable in Charlotte-Town for

prompt cash payment. In many country places
great prices are still charged; but should a
fishery be established, trade extended, or the
land better cultivated, and its surplus produce
sent to a cash market, either of which would in-
troduce money into the Colony, goods will be
sold still lower ; and should all these branches of
national industry and national wealth prosper-—
and prosper they must — I had almost said, with
my Uncle Toby, prosper they shall ; then, some
of the superabundant capital of Britain will, no
doubt, find profitable employment here; and
what ardent and enthusiastic mind will then fix
the limits of the advancement of the Colony?
The Island, Prince Edward, has long since been
described as the Garden of Canada. It has lately
been designated the Sicily of North America. In
some, future period, it may become the emporium
of an extensive commerce. At present, there are
a great number of vessels, from 60 to 100 tons
and upwards, built in the Colony every season,
and sold in Newfoundland for the seal fishery.

There are no manufactures carried on in the
Colony, except domestic ones for the use of the
farmer's family. The settlers generally make of
their wool a very useful cloth, called homespun,
worth from 4s. 6d. to 5s. per yard, which serves
the men for jackets and trowsers, whilst a finer
sort supplies the females with gowns for winter
use. They also manufacture blankets, stockings
or socks, and mittins :. the wool is simply dyed
with indigo. Some families make the greater
part of their table, bed, and personal linen, from
flax, often using with it cotton warp of American
manufacture. Leather is tanned by most settlers
from their own hides ; and there is need of it,
shoes being very expensive to purchase. The
Coloniists make a great part of the soap and

m I

candles they use ; but the greater number bum
fish oil for light. People, generally, do not pro-
cure for themselves half the comforts they might
enjoy, with a little more exertion and persever-
ance. All that a farm will produce in England
for the farmer's table may be produced here, and
of excellent quality; but in the country parts
there are no butchers' or bakers' shops ; yet the
settlers sometimes sell part of what meat they
kill, and sometimes lend it. Indeed, there is
amongst them a great deal of that spirit of hospi-
tality which is' pleasing in every country, and
more particularly grateSil and needful in a young
one. Gardens and orchards are generally neg-
lected, although apples and other fruits thrive
well ; and no country can boast of finer vege-
tables, which are not so early as in England.

Many of the Settlers live very much on fish
(herring, mackerel, cod, lobsters, &c.) and pota-
toes, oatmeal porridge, and milk ; but people,
generally, are getting into more expensive habits,
in food, dress, dwellings, and furniture. Tea may
be purchased from Ss. 6d. to 5s. per pound.
Sugar 6d. Rum 3s. 9d. to 5s. per gallon.

Here we may pause, and exclaim — Verily this
is a good poor man's country ! Here, a settler
may begin farming without a shilling in his
pocket, and obtain employment at such wages as
will not only enable him to live, but also to pro-
ceed with his farm ; a country where the unfor-
tunate, but industrious, may find a refuge, with a
certainty of food and raiment; and save himself
from being brought to day-labour or forced to
seek parochial relief in the place which once wit-
nessed his prosperity. It might answer, also, for
persons with small means and large families, if
they could purchase partly cleared farms, and
were willing to labour a part of their time. Offi-

.■\

PI'

iij I'

\ ■

cers on half-pay might find it a retreat not to be
despised. It is a growing country — growing in
value, in importance, in power to yield the com-
forts of life, and in the respectability of its society,
to which e»^ery creditable emigrant would be a
valuable addition ; and it may be an inducement
to some minds, that a man of moderate attain-
ments shines like a little star in new and small
communities, who would be unregarded in any
well improved circle in Britain.

Emigrants may enjoy in the island advantages
in many respects preferable or superior to what
they would meet with in Upper Canada, where
British goods are dearer and produce cheaper.
Here would be no long journey to perform after
the voyage, requiring a considerable expenditure ;
but the settler can go upon a farm immediately
on his arrival ; and this is a great convenience to
those who bring their furniture, implements, a
few goods, &c. ; and all who can, should do so.
We have a greater choice of markets ; the Cana-
dian settler must sell to the merchant or store-
keeper; the Prince Edward Island farmer can
ship his productions to Halifax, Newfoundland,
Miramichi, &c. And a trade to the West Indies
has been commenced, which would absorb all our
surplus beef, pork, butter, hams, flour, oats, and
other articles, should it be found desirable to pro-
secute this commerce. But this should not be the
'S**, at least, as it regards oats *, which must be
^ped to Britain in as large quantities as pos-
le. England is a purchaser of foreign oats to

* By the Census of 1827, there were then about 3,500 fanners in the Colony :
each of these producing 100 bushels of oats for exportation, would give 43,750
quarters.

Every farmer might very easily feed pork for two barrels, no soil or climate
being more congenial to the production of potatoes.

These two articles of export might soon become equivalent to Sixty Thousand
Pounds per annum.

a great extent; and P. E. Island grows a very
considerable surplus, and of superior quality.
"Why, then, not send them directly to the home
market? — especially as the old country pays cash.
The Colonies chiefly offer truck or barter. ** The
spirit of improvement and inquiry is abroad :"
should it lead to the establishment of a grain
trade direct to Britain, and of fisheries, these
would encourage an improved husbandry and ex-
tended commerce. And, then, such are the
natural advantages of the Island, that a consider-
.ble share of prosperity must follow — nay, few
Colonies are likely to thrive more. Another ad-
vantage attends settling here : if, by any means,
the party does not like the country, he will have
abundant opportunities to quit it again.

Having said as much as may be necessary, to
convey to the mind of a farmer an idea of the
cost of land and labour in Prince Edward Island,
with the returns of each crop ; by which, he will
be enabled to judge, from his capital and the
strength of his family, how far he would be likely
to succeed in the Coluny ; the writer will now en-
deavour to offer a few hints as to what he should
provide, and how he should act, when he has
made up his mind on the prudence and propriety
of quitting a country which no longer offers him
any reasonable prospect of obtaining the comforts
or the necessaries which a family require.

Furniture,"^ A. family, intending to emigrate
and settle in North America, should take with
them what furniture they will need, in case they
already have it. Some persons have had to la-
ment selling their goods by auction for, perhaps,
a third part of the value, under the idea that,
where timber may be had for little more than the
trouble of getting, such things must be cheap; jl

but the difference in the amount of a tradesman's I

If;

pi' '

or mechanic's wages makes them dearer; and
they are not everywhere to be procured, as there
are but few professed cabinet-makers in the Co-
lony. Bedding is very essential, particularly
blankets, which are generally dear, in the country
parts at lea^ % and sometimes scarce.

Clothing, '■^Wsna clothing is required in winter.
The men generally wear stout flannel or serge
drawers, and a pair of socks over their stockings
in very cold weather ; but it is more convenient
to dispense with stockings altogether, and use
long drawers with socks only. Two pair of
mittins are sometimes required in travelling.
Trowsers are generally worn, and short or round
jackets commonly. Blue serge, or stout stuff*,
makes very suitable winter gowns for women
and girls, who use strong printed cottons, ging-
hams, or Scotch homespun, in the summer. Ca^
lico and striped shirting cotton garments are the
most common. Fustian is good summer clothing
for men and boys, the heat being greater than in
England during the season. Of shoes, a good
stock should be provided, being both dear and
scarce, or difficult to be obtained — at least in
country places. It would be a great benefit, if
every emigrant could take two or three years'
clothing with him, that he might have little occa*
sion to spend money for such articles until his
farm should make him a return ; money so laid
out would pay a good interest.

Food for tlie Passage, — Where females or
children are in a family, it may be proper and
necessary to have sugar and tea or coffee ; but,
in general, it may be well to avoid cooking as
much as possible. Persons unused to the sea,
find it very awkward to attend at the cookhouse,
especially in bail weather, even if not prevented
by sea-sickness ; and the fire is much occupied,

where there are passengers in addition to the
ship's company : therefore, biscuit, butter, cheese,
bacon, ham, eggs, onions, &c., which require httle
or no preparation, would be the preferable articles
for sea-stock ; with one or two large plain cakes,
apples, and spice. A little brandy, also, may be
useful — nay, required medicinally; and salts,
castor-oil, rhubarb, magnesia, hartshorn, lauda-
num, &c., with oatmeal * for gruel. The passagr
to Prince Edward Island may occupy thirty days,
but provisions should be laid in for seven weeks.

The Irish Emigrants, who find themselves,
usually live on oatmeal-porridge, sometimes sweet-
ened with molasses — a wholesome diet, b^it not
common among Englishmen; and, for dinner,
herrings and potatoes : nor do they always take
enough of this economical food.

It is said, that if milk be drawn from the cow
into glass bottles that have been scalded and well
dried, then corked tight, put into a boiler in cold
water, and boiled sometime, it will keep sweet
during a long voyage in any climate. To pre-
serve eggs from taint, immerge them about half
a minute in boiling water, to destroy the living
principle.

Passage.'--As freights are noxv low, and many
vessels cannot obtain charters to pay expenses
and interest of capital, it is probable that, in case
a number of farmers, and otiiers desirous to emi-
grate, were to apply to a proprietor, or some
commercial friend, arrangements would be made
to accommodate them on the best terms with a
vessel from the nearest place of embarkation.

The passage-money, for persons going in the
steerage from Liverpool to North America, does

• Oitmeal, for porridge, should form a chief article of the Emigrant's sea-
stock ; not only on account of the facility of preparing it, but becatiso of its
being a most wholesome food, calculated to retain the body in a state of health.

, 1

, 1.;

not exceed three pounds each, finding themselves.
Hull is a convenient place to embark, for persons
on the East coast ; and timber vessels sail thence
to Miramichi, distant from the North Cape of
Prince Edward Island about thirty miles only.
Bristol would suit persons in the '^ est of Eng-
land (but the charges from hence have been very
high) ; and Plymouth, those on the South. Vessels
also sail from Bideford for the Colony, and occa-
sionally one from London.

Goods. — Should persons emigrating have money
to take with them, they should purchase dollars
when to be obtained at four shillings. In the Co-
lony, they are worth 5s. 6d. eacL, currency, and
may become worth six shillings. Sovereigns,
also, answer well, yielding twenty-six to twenty -
seven shillings currency. Or the Emigrant might
leave part of his means in safe hands, and draw
Bills of Exchange, which would give him an ad-
vantage — the difference of currency being 10 per
cent., and the premium on Bills not likely to be
less ; indeed, it has been as high as 22 and 22^
per cent. To bring sterling into currency, add
one-ninth ; for instance — £100 sterling, gives
£111 : 2s. 2Fd currency. To reduce currency to
sterling, deduct one-ttiith.

If the Emigrant take part money and part
goods, coarse articles would answer best ; as blue
and white serge, stout calicos— particularly 36-
inch bowed calico — red and other flannels, slops,
Scotch caps, stripe cotton shirting, muslins, stuffs,
ginghams, second blue cloth, shoes, crockery and
tin ware, and the like. Those who may venture
to take out goods, should remember, that there
are in every country persons who are quite ready
to purchase on credit, and perfectly careless
about making payment ; and they hud better cry
over their goods, than after them — as many have

If. f

done. They will have call enough for them in
exchange for labour and necessaries. The high
value of money, and the decreased price of goods,
render it more safe for the agricultural emigrant^
not to step out of his own proper calling to be-
come a trader. The storekeepers now sell very
reasonable for cash ; and almost double the labour
may be hired for money than any other mode of
payment would command.

Rum drinking is the crying sin of North Ame-
rica; and many an otherwise fine fellow does it
lead to idleness, to debt, to uselessness. Guard
against it ; abhor the intemperate use of ardent
spirits as your deadliest and subtlest foe, that is
ready to destroy your faculties, your health, your
judgment — your soul ! and to beggar your family.

Do not forget to put up your Bible, with any
other good books ; and school-books for your
children, if you nave a family. Education is now
estimated at something like its value. The Le-
gislature have shown a laudable desire to promote
it. May they never cease their efforts on this
interesting subject, until the holy wish of our late
pious Monarch, George III., shall be accomplished,
as it regards this Colony — his philanthropic and
christian wish, that " every child in his domi-
nions should be able to read the Bible."

Emigrants,, having it in their power, would do
well to bring out some good stock. An Entire
Horse, of the Suffolk Punch breed, with lively
action, would prove a great acquisition, and pay
the importer well. The Island horses are very
hardy, and good of their size ; but now that we
have good carriage roads, they would be better
with a little heavier bone. As the Prince Ed-
ward Islanders may find it profitable to breed for
exportation, and as mules sell at considerable
prices in the West Indies, any person importing

:•;;

i 1 i

q I
i i

'u 1

W !

i '

one or more Spanish or Italian male asses, not
less than fourteen hands high, would render the
Colony a great benefit.

Devonshire and other cattle have been intro-
duced, much to the improvement of the Island
stock, which had dwindled in size. Until neat
stock, particularly milch cows, shall be kept in
pasture, little amendment can be expected ; for,
as the country becomes settled, and the number
of cattle increases, the means of their support in
the woods and swamps diminishes. A small
animal, in such case, must be more profitable
than a large one. The polled Galloways would
be a most desirable breed, giving milk and meat
on moderate keep; or the hardy Carmarthen,
with its thick skin and aptitude to fatten.

The sheep and pigs are greatly improved ; but
there could be no objection to the importation of
a few tups, of the breeds of New Leicester, Dart*
moor, West Country Natts, or Cotswold ; or to
the introduction of swine of quick growth, light
offal, and disposition to early maturity.

There are good ploughs in the Colony, and all
implements, harness, houses, &c., are rapidly
improving ; but there is still a miserable defici-
ency of winnowing^machines, chaff-cutters *, and
other labour-saving implements. A good machine
for washing clothes, is a desideratum.

Young people, who have no children of size
to do them much service, would find it conve-
nient to have the help of a hand-boy or two, in
case they could afford to take such with them as
apprentices.

When a body of Emigrants go out together,

* Chaff-cutters, by enabling the farmer to mix upland hay, marsh hay, and
straw, in any advisable or required quantities, and compel the atock to eat what*
ever may be set before them, give a great advantage, making the fodder serve
nearly double the numlior of entile; a vast improvement, where the winter
SL'uson is severe and Ions.

they will be society for each other wherever they
may settle ; but, if only one or two families, they
should be careful to inquire after persons of their
own country, habits, and views, and pitch their
tent near them. Much comfort has been missed
by neglecting this precaution. The society and
kind offices of those, who have in common the
same feelings, manners, usages, and sentiments,
moral and religious, will stide many a sigh in
present difficulties, and hush many a regret when
the happy past becomes the subject of contem-
plation or conversation.

Arrived in the Colony, the Emigrant should
be careful in selecting his land ; regarding the
convenience of markets, roads, neighbours, means
of religious worship and education, and also the
future prospects of the situation he may choose ;
and whether it has a sufficiency of fire-wood and
water. If he intend to purchase a farm, either
partly cleared or wholly wood land, let him look
well to the title ; for very many are liable to be
disputed. Should he have no friends in the Co-
lony, he may inquire for such persons * of inte-
grity, particularly in his own business, as could
and would give him sound and disinterested ad-
vice and direction in the object of his pursuit^
and preserve him from imposition. It would be
well to hear many opinions, to look at various
situations, and be prudently cautious and slow in
determining on so important a matter as choosing
a situation — perhaps for life ; the right or wrong
management whereof, may prove a great blessing
or a serious evil. But it would be wrong, to

• It is to be regretted that there is no Emigrant Society in the Colony. The
Secretary of the Central Agricultural Society is a gentleman of probity, well ac-
quainted with the country, and, undoubtedly, would give valuable advice and
direction to new comers applying to him, and prevent their being imposed on.
In case the Central Society do not become an Emigrant Socioty also, it would be
desirable that their Secretary be ipiiointed Agent for £mi(j;r&nts.

•wr

h ■-

I! 1 '

delay so long as to occasion serious expense, and
lessen the Emigrant's means.

Avoid getting into debt, as you value your pros-
perity, your peace, usefulness, and happiness.

So ends this familiar Address to brother Far-
mers, who, like the writer, may frel, that, how-
ever much thej may love Old England above
every other country, and how greatly soever they
may desire to remain among her children, the
voice of prudence and the mandate of necessity,
as well as the future welfare of their families,
imperiously command them to seek a refuge in
some distant land. Those who may direct their
course to Prince Edward Island, will find a fertile
soil waiting to repay their labours with plenty
and independence. .

With great local superiority as an agricultural
country, this Colony is deplorably behind its
better managed neighbour. Nova Scotia; one
great cause of which has been, that no persons
appeared to interest themselves to make the
Island generally known. Happily the case is
now altered, as appears by the number of very
respectable gentlemen of the Colony who have
subscribed for twenty copies each of this little
sketch, written with that view. Should it, how-
iever, fail to accomplish any good for a country
only emerging from an undeserved obscurity and
dependence, justly to assume that respectable
and independent station to which any people
may aspire, who occupy a soil that can be made
to produce greatly above the supply of their own
wants, it has, at least, passed away a few hours
at sea, which otherwise might have been some-
what dreary ; and it manifests an ardent desire

to promote the welfare of his adopted country,
and see it occupied by a set of farmers knowing
how to improve its advantages, and having the
means of giving to their ofispring such education
as shall make them scientific as well as practical
men. Is this visionary? Is it irrational? No.
It is reasonable ; it is desirable ; it may be ac-
complished. And if so little is attained, it is
because so little has been attempted. Who, in
the year 1793, would have credited that such
grand results would have followed the labours of
a few choice agricultural spirits — as the Duke of
Bedford, Sir John Sinclair, Arthur Young, Mr.
Coke, and a few others, who gave such stimulus
to agricultural inquiry, improvement, exertion,
and production — as doubled and trebled the pro-
duce of the soil of Britain ; and so preserved her
favoured people from want, during a war which
closed nearly all the ports of the continent
against her ?

ti;

^'>f

r
V

APPENDIX.

. I, ■

i.i !|'

I r

■ !'■ '

',*. it

'li

CoNTBMPLATiNO the many advantages of Prince Edward Island as a
fishing station, a feeling of surprise is created that no persons of capital
have established themselves in Georgetown, which has an excellent,
commodious, and safe harbour, easy of access and departure at all
times ; and very convenient to capital fishing grounds, now used al-
most exclusively by vessels from the United States, which never a uit
their anchorage, if they can any way avoid it, until they get their fare
or load, which is accomplished in a few days after the fish have been
collected together by being baited or fed. Many fine schooners anchor
in Hiree Rivers on their wav to the fishery ; and it is said that the
Master of one of them remarked, that " the United States would cover
Georgetown with dollars if that would suffice for the purchase of it."

The Colony produces timber for vessel building. Here are abund-
ance of shipwrights, food for fishermen, hemp, &c., with indefinable
quaiitities m fish at hand, and yet it has no fishery ! The Agricultural
Society, which gets an annual public ^ant, and has accumulated
other funds, might do the Island a service by offering a premium for
*' The best Essay on establishing Fisheries in Prince Edward Island ;
detailing the Modes of carrying on each Branch ; the Adaptation of
the Colony for the Pursuit of this Source of National Wealth ; the

Erobable Benefits that would result from it ; and what Markets would
e open to take the Produce to with most Profit or Advantage. — With
a Sketch of the present State of the North American, British, and
United States' Fisheries ; including the Number of British and Foreign
Vessels that Fish in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and any other useful
Information connected with the Subject."

The Ammcan home market is probably the great vent for the pro-
duce of their fisheries. The rapid increase of Canadian population
warrants the expectation]that, at nogre at distance of time, the Canadas
will become an extensive mart for the future fisheries of this Colony.

Another pvemium might be given for ** The best Essay on the Na-
tural and Local Advantages and Resources of Prince Edward Island ;
what has retarded its Improvement and Advancement ; present State
of its Agriculture, including Arable-Farming, Grazing, and Dairy ;
Breeding ; Stock in general ; Implements, Labour, Expenses, Profits ;
and Means wherebylmprovement may be effected in any Branch of
Rural Economy. — What ought to be the main Objects of the Settler's
Attention.*— Can any Articles be produced from the Soil for Exporta-
tion, to meet the Costs for Imports ?" &c. &c.

One great proof of the rapid advancement of Prince Edward Island
is, that, in the year 1820, the Agricultural Exports were worth £8000
only, whilst, during 1831, they reached to about £30,000.

* !|

STOCK IMPORTED.

1826.
Colonel Ready, late Lieut. Governor.
Thorough-bred Horse Roncesvalles,

do. do. Mare Roulette.

Alderney Bull and Cow.
Northallerton Polled Cow.
A Southdown Ram.
Six Southdown Ewes.

One Ram, Southdown and Leicester crossed.
A Leicester Ram.

A Berkshire Sow. "

A Suffolk Bull Calf and two Berkshire Pigs died on the passage.

In 1830.

A Suffolk Bull, polled (purchased by the Agricultural Society. )
A Southdown Ram, bred by Elmanof Glynd, in Sussex.

Mr. Braddock— 1826.
Ram and Ewe, Leicester crossed with long Scotch.

Messrs. L and A. Cambridge.

A Glamorgan Bull and Heifer.

A Devonshire Bull and Cow.

A Suffolk Cow, (now at Mr. Duck's farm. Winter River).

Mr. Chanter.

The Devonshire Bull " Tommy Chanter," now the property of the

Agricultural Society.

A Devonshire Bull, now in the possession of Mr. Haviland.

A Devonshire Cow, in the possession of Mi. Worrell.

Leicester Rams.

Leicester Ewes.

Mr. Lewellin.

Half-bred Suffolk Punch Entire, do. Mare.

A long-horned Northern Cow, famous for milk and meat, and breed-
ing fine stock.

A Sow descended from a Chinese Sow and Monmouthshire Boar, and
afterwards repeatedly crossed with good Berkshire Boars.

Two Rams and three Ewes, from the Cotswold Hills, Gloucestershire,
a present from Mr. Sulivan.

STOCK IMPORTED — CONTINUED.

lip

Hon. G. Wright
One Southdown and one Leicester Ram, 1829.

Mr. Billing.
A Devonshire Heifer.

Mr. Stonb.

The half-bred Horse " Wanton," since exported, has left a few Foals
behind him.

Mr T. B. Trbmain.
A Boar and two Sows, of the pure Chinese breed.

Mr, Bbnbow.
A Ram and some Ewes of the long wooled Lincoln breed, also some
Pigs, the breed I forget.

Mr. Worthy.

A Ram, Leicester and Southdown crossed, and a Leicester Ewe.

Charles Stewart, Esq. of Princetown Royalty, also imported
some years ago, a Ram firom England, which has greatly im-
proved the breed of sheep in his neighbourhood.

Bii..:1;

If (

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Honourable Robert Hodgson

Honourable George Wright

Honourable T. H. Haviland

J. L. Hurdis, Esq.

G. R. Goodman, Esq.

J. P. Collins, Esq.

Theophilus Stewart, Esq.

Mr. Joseph Ball

Mr. H. D. Morpeth

Mr. Morrow, Halifax

Mr. P. Macgowan

Mr. Forgan

Mr. J. Peake

Friend - - -

Samuel Westacott

William Cullen -

Rev. L. Ct Jenkins

John Stone, Esq.

Mr. Brenan

Rev. Donald M' Donald -

Mr. Monckton -

Mrs. Fanning

20 Copies

do.

"I*

a,;

tjj t

W. M. KNIOHT AND CO., PRINTERS,
bishop's court, old BAILET.