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Seotiok II., 1S98.

[103]

Thaxh. R. S. C.

VW.—Thc Cabots.

Notes addrossi'd to llie Hoy.il Society of ('(iiiiulii in I'ccl ilicatiou of some statements

ill papers coiitrihutL'd by Mr. S. !•;. Dawson (o llio TruiiHuclioiis

.if 18iM, ISil.-) and IHil?.

By Hknry IfAnRissK.

(Presented by Sir .lolin llonrinot and reaii May 25th, 1S08.)

" Mr. ffarrisse, who, in his 'Jo/in and l^rbasfhin f^nliot,' hint lorittm
in favour of Cape lircton, has, in his fat est luxih, ' The Discorerij of North
America,' ffonc bade to Laln-ailnr. He [Jiad previoush/li decided for Cape
Percy:' (Di-. Duwson's moiiograi)li of 18!I4. j). 5-1; of 1896, p. 10; of
1808, )). 141.)

If during many \'oars Dr. Daw.son liolieved the landfall of John
Cabot to have been in Newfoundland, and afterwards believed that it was
at Cape Breton, I do not .see wiiy 1 could not believe as well in 18!)6
Cabot's landfall to have been in Labrailor. !su])]X).sing that in 18f<2 I be-
lieved it was at Cape Breton. But, as luck will have it, I happen never
to have written "in favour of Cape Breton," and .still less to b.ave " de-
cided for Ca])e Percy."

What I have said is, that tlie map of 7.1^4 l'>eatcd the Landfall in Cajie
Breton, or at Cape Percy, And at the same time, I expressed my lack
of confidence either in that cartographical averment or in the map itself.
Here are the very words written by me on the subject in 1882, in the
"John and Sebastian Cabot : " ''La localiti' indiqut'e sui- la niappemonde
do 1544 comme atterrisseraent de Jean et de Sebastien Cabot en 14!t7, ne
peut etro, d'apres ee document, que le pays correspondant sur nos cartes h
I'ile du Cap Breton."' (Jean ct S^bastien Cabot. Paris, 1882, p. (]4.)

'• C'est done au Cap Percd, et nulle part ailleurs que, selon la carte de
1344, Jean et S^bastien Cabot ont atterri ; c'est \k que, les premiers entre
les navigateurs du XV'' siecle, ils aurai.cnt [sic, and not '■ ils onf] foul^ le
sol du continent americain." {Op. cit., p. 66.)

" Cette analyse repose sur la prisomption que les proHls de la mappc-
monde do Cabot proviennent de documents cartographiques contempo-
rains de la decouverte. Peut-on cependant aftirmer ce fait et voir dans
ces delineations une lid61e copie des epurcs de .loan Cabot on de sop
fils ? " {Loc. cit.)

" II importe de rdsoudre cette question, car si la carte de 1544 a ^t^
dressee entierement tie m^moire, ou d'apres des releves faits par des carto-

104

KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

ffniphos IVuiiyais (Hi |i()rtu<;;ais, trciilo on (nuirantt- iins api'oM la (Idcoiiwrto,
toutcs k'S analyses tie oc (locnmont pechont par la liaso, ot v'vM jicine
iierdiie do s't'vertiier pDUV en resoudrc Ics points douttux." {()/>. I'it., \k

61.)

1 then jiroei'i'dcd to show that the Canadian portion of Cabot's phvni-

sphoro has been pla.t^iarized from a Dio])pe map, addinir the following

remark •

" Si notro tht'orio est oxactc, le loctcur so rendra ooini)te du pen do
marantic qu'otVro un point d'attorr.ssoment dtabli dans cos conditions, et
combien peuvont etre contcstables les contours qui servent do base a unc
approximation aussi tardive." (Op. eif., p. S4.)

'• II est done possible que, malgre les assertions, Cabot ait atterri on
1497 71071 a I'lle da Cap lireto/u mais siir la cote du Labrador. II Hait
meme dans Ui 7iature des dioses que, partis do Bristol les Cabots vinssent
7j abordcr, plutotqu'a Vcnti'ie du yolfe St-Laurenf. {0/>. rit., p. 9(J.)

II.

" 7ft his latter boohs Mr. Ilarrisse transferred the landfall to the abs"-
Jutely Impossible Cape Chidley. In dwelling upon the amazinij quant It ;i of
codfish as a crucial indication of the true landfall, Mr. Ilarrisse has con-
clusivelij disproved his main thesis, for the codfish do not arrive at Cape
Chidley unti.1 August 15th, fire days after John Cabot is known to hare been
in Lo7idon." (Dr. Dawson's monograph of 189G, p. 10.)

This ar'nunent of Dr. Dawson has found great favour with Canadian
critics, who have not failed to herald it, and in very disobliging terms, as
a complete refutation of whatever opinions I may have held regarding
Cabot's landfall.

Unlbrtunately, Dr. Dawson to-day frankly confesses that he " has
fallen into error" when he stated that I had '• transferred the landfall to
Cape Chidley," and in his further statement that 1 had " dwelled upon
the amazing quantity of codfish as a crucial indication of the landfall."
(Dr. Dawson's monograph of 1898, pp. 154-').)

So far, so good.

111.

" If John Cabot could have got there [i.e., Labradoi-] ' two or three
weeks before Ju7ie .^^th,' which is Mr. Ilarrisse's last theory, or even on Jane
24. or July -A there would have been no fish, for the fish does not strike at
that latitude U7itil about July iJ." (Monograph of 1898, p. 155.)

Prof. II. Y. Hind's table, quoted by Dr. Dawson, gives as the mean
date of arrival of cod in southern Labrador, at Chateau Bay, 20th June.
jxTow John Cabot does not say when and ivhere ho tirst observed the amaz-

[iiahuihsk]

THK CAI'.OTS

lOB

inp qiiiintity ot'cod. He iiuiy Imvcnoticod it only on his ret urn frmn Oiijie
Clu'dlcij. And if, iu-conlin^r to my liyiiotlu'sis, Iio cllfcti'd liis jioiiicwiird-
hoiuid voyajrc IV )in liiilji-iidoi' to Bristol in alioiit thiitytourdiiys, tlific is
iiotliinj,' to prevent liis liiivin^' soon the plionoincnoii of the lislios in Soiitli-
oni Labfiidoi- .luno 20tli, luid afterwai'ds, since he reached I'lniriaml early
in A\i.ii;nst. l-l'.tT.

IV.

"J//-, l/drn'ssc imtiirallji ronclwli's Fiujundi'.-i irmt ///' tin dull' •,( St.
.Lau-rciifc for fresh water. To <: ('(inadinn the nhsuriliti/ of re.'^sel." coiniiKj
u]i from the Maritinw jinwiiiees to Quebec for fre^li water i.< /Kil/nihle."
(Monoi;'i'a|di of ls!)4, p. •)-.)

Alihoui-h 1 was not to the manor iiorn, I know enon^^h of I ho tujio-
gvaphy of Canada never to have said that Fagundcs' vgsmIs ••came up
from the Maritime )irovinces to (Quebec for fresh water." liiter|>retiTi<j
the letters patent "granted to him as showing that he made the periplusof
the (lulf of St. Lawrence (see the map, Diseov., plate i.\., p. ISC). 1 in-
ferred that in the course of this ex])loration Fagurules entered the River
St. Lawrence, where tijiding fresh water he may have tilled hi.s casks.
Where is the absurdity? Is it that there is no fresh water in the St.
Lawrence river .'

" Mr. JLirn'sse builds n theory that Grajales made the nxi/i of Sebas-
tian Cabot." (Dr. Dawson's monograph of T^04, ]). 107.).

1 have neither built a theory nor said that < rrajales • made the mai)."
I have oidy Htated that (jrajales wrote the legends, which is a very differ-
ent thing. My language was as i'oUows :

'• Grajales wrote the lon<i seriea of legends which were printed with
the famous planisjihere of Sebastian Cabot." (Diseovenf of JV. America.
p. 72(>j ; and nowhere in any of my works did I ever even as much as in-
timated that Grajales had anything to do with the cartographical part of
the nnip.

The title of the manuscript containing the Sjianish text of the said
legends proves the truth of my statement. It is verbatim as follows:
" Tiene un tratado de la carta navagar hecho jior el Doclur (rrajales en el
Puerto de Sancta Maria, i el uso de dos Tablas. para saber el ortodel Sol,
i los ocasos desde el altura de. 8s. grados hasta la de. 4f-!. por el viismu."

In Knglish it is literally as follows : •' It contains a treatise concern-
ing the sailing chart, 7nade [i.e., the Treatise, not the chart] by Dr. (Jra-
jales at Puerto de Sancta Maria, together with the use of two tables to
ascertain the rising of the sun, and the setting tiiereof, from the altitude
of 38° to 48°, made by the .same."

106

KOYAL SOCIKTY OF CANADA

S.. Ihat ( i nijiik's did not iiirrcly "copy ilir li-goiids for Ids own inl'or-
malioii." nnrdid' lie • cortiiinly [oral all] c-opy out Columl.iis' account ol
Ids lldnl voya-c." as Dr. Dawson says. [Mono,!j;raiili ol' iSils. \,. 200).]
On ilio conlian-, (Jcajalos was the ,nitl,or of ll.i> lcf,'cndH. and also the
aiiih"!- ol tlic two tal)lcs of latitudes inserted in the liody ol the ina|.. and
cn<,Maved with it, as Dr. J)awsoii can see Ironi hisown |.hoto^n"i|ihic iv|.ro-
duction of Cahot's [.lanispheic. The collectiii!,' and copying- of the various
tracts in the MS. of the king's lihrary at .Mailrid, was the work of some
one else.

VI.

" Mr, J/itrrhsc is nnahle to rrcn/jnizc the. si/uitrr islitiu/ iit the month
of the (/ulf (!■■< '''I]"' lireton." (Mono,i,'ra|di of !8!i4. p. 77).

Here is what 1 wrote two years heforc Dr. Dawson made the above
remark, and in a work frequently cited hy him :

'• Our opinion is that we have lnu'e the earliest inuigery of Cajx' Bre-
ton island, transtnitteil through Portuguese maps now lost." {Discocenj
of N. America, p. 239).

VII.

Referring to my description of the voyage of Fagundes, Dr. Davv,son
says (Monograph of 1894, p. 9) : 'It does not seem reasonable to invoke
the aid of a map dated IBCi to prore a discovery affirmed to have been made
in 1521 " Do not my learned opponent and tho.so who follow in his wake
invoke the Cahotian mai) of 15 U to prove a discovery made in 1497 ?

yiii.

I have never said that (kbot's crew hmitcd on shore and rei)lenished
their stock of provisions '' alm<i to Cape Chidley and back" (Monograph
of 1898. p. 154) ; nor that " the Jhirgundian on board John Cabot's ship
was Johannes Ruysch''' (Op. cit., p. 158).

I might easily cite other instances of regrettable inadvertence on the
part of the zealous cham])ion of Sebastian Cabot's virtue and su])erlative
meriis. The.se will doubtless sutHce.