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NOTES
ON
English Grammar,
-f-
BY
H. M. BRADFORD, M.A
Head Master of St. Andrew's ScUool, Annapolis, N. S.
Late Foundation Scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge,
2tst \A/rangler, 1886.
A. & ^A^. NIACKINIvAY,
Halifax. N. S.
i
Peijii
Entered according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in
the year 1899, by A. & W. Mackinlav n. tu. m
Agriculture. AJackinlay, at the Department of
PREKACK.
ida, in
ent of
THESE Notes were originally designed for senior pupils pre-
paring for University and other entrance examinations, most
of whom have come to me equipped with a medley of imperfect
definitions and with recollections of some complicated mechanism
for analysis, but without any intelligent grasp of the principles of
Grammar. Something more is necessary before they can write
good English or begin to translate correctly into a foreiirn
language ; and there is seldom time to master an exhaustive
treatise. To such pupils my .lotes in MS. have proved of service.
In their present shape fi'e Notes are slightly modified so as to
form, in the hands of an intelligent teacher, the basis oi a series
of lessons for junior classes. At the sane time they cover the
points most generally found difficult.
I have sometimes made use of terms whose meai s are
merely indicated by the context, and defined in the seq - : this
may offend some who will not depart from the severely .ogical
methods of Euclid and old Grammarians, but I believe it to illus-
trate the process by which we actually gain most of our knowledge.
In the same spirit I have made no attempt to avoid a difficulty
because it occurs before the text has provided for it.
A pupil who is to be examined on a specified book must take
the precaution to master his author's fads, such as distinctions
between Verbal Noun and Gerund, F"actitive Objects, the parsing
of " what," " but," etc.
It is hoped that the shortness of these Notes will help pupils to
realize how very little knowledge is required for ordinary parsing
and analysis.
With what is contained in the following thirty-two pages, the
average student should be able to give, even on knotty questions of
English Grammar, an opinion worthy of consideration.
The Exercises may suffice for senior pupils, and can easily be
supplemented to meet the requirements of junior classes.
I am publishing this little book to facilitate my own work ; but
shall be very glad if it prove of wider usefulness.
My thanks are due to Professor MacMechan, of Dalhousie Col-
lege, for his kindness in reading over the first proofs.
THE AUTHOR.
Annapolis, N. S., August, iSgg.
19.
23. I
I
CONTENTS.
Sec.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sentence mid Clause ***""
Statement
Vkhb '"[
Phkdicatr [ y^
Incomplete Predication.
Slhjkct.
Subject to every Predicate
Transitive ami Intransitive.
Object
Analysis -.-Simple Sentences '................, *
Complex Sentences
Compound Sentences
Parts of Speech.
Vkrb.
" Voice
Mood.
" Tense
Noi'N 13
Pronoun '^
Note on what
Note on Definition
(i) Relative and Demonstrat'ce.
(ii) Reflexive and Emphatic.
(iii) But.
Gender am' Nutnber
NO.MINATIVK Case
(i) Subject.
(ii) in Appositioii.
(iii) of Address (Vocative)
„,, ^ <^v) in Nominative A bsolute.
22. Accusative :—
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
(i
8
10
11
20.
21.
J5
17
18
19
19
20
23.
(i) Object.
(ii) in Apposition.
(iii) in Accusative and Infinitive.
Factitive Object
(i\) after Suppressed Preposition.
(v) Retained Object.
(vi) Cognate
Note .-—Each other.
I>ATIVE :—
Indirect Object.
nie.sceins, niothinfeis.
21
22
^' CONTKNTS.
Hec. ,
'■ii. PO88KHHIVE :— I'AOE
Vn,. .11, ''*'''^f'/''''<' "'"' iihicctive Genitive .„,
^ote : A book of .lolin'x. "
2i». AiUKcriVKH .
2«. Parfirijilvs. 21
27. AiUrctivcs and Particif,les ....
'2H. IhvnvH of Coviparimn. 25
'-'!». Advekkh
3(). i'kki'ositions ' \ 26
('ON.n'NCTioNa ! ' ^ ' ! ! ! '^
C'oiyuncfinn ami Relative. ^
(^'oiKJunrtire Atlrcrh.
31. Intkiukctions
;«. iNKiNi'iK Parts OK THE VkuiV... ...!.'.' . " 'f
(i» Hiniplv Ttilinitivr f*
(ii> ^erbnl Noun or Ihruml. ^
(iii) Present I'nrticif)!,:
• (iv) Past Partieiph:
(V) Adject i ml Infinitive.
OQ , . ^^''* ''*''"'''''"■"/ <"* (hrnndiul Infinitive.
6i. (a) Componnd nonnN
<b) Nouniiin inynot Oerundn. ^^
(c) Prolafivr Infinitive.
(dj AccnNdfive and Infinitive.
(e) Adjectives with Infinitives
32
I'AOIC
■ 23
21
. 2/5
■ 2tt
27
. 28
29
29
;w
31
32
Sentence and Clause,
1. A SENTr;xcK is 11 j,'r.)U|) (.f words expressinj,' a complete
tlioiigl.t. It consists of ..M., nmiu stutcinont, coinman.l, question,
or exclamation, with any number of subordinate ones (called
Clauses) in some way exi.l.ining or completing its sense, or the
sense of some part of it.
Statement.
2. A Statement is generally to the eflect that some person
or thing is the performer of some action, or is in some state ;
for instance :
The ass ate the thistles, (action.)
The rain fell and the wind blew, (action.)
The hearts of the people are merry, (state.)
Verb.
3. The word expressing the fact of the sentence, whether
that hei be the performance of an action or the being in a con-
diti( ,1 or state, is called a verb : it is really the '^tellinq" word
of the sentence,— the vital part, without which there can be no
sentence. Thus in paragraph 2 the words
ate, fell, blew, are
are verbs,
Ex. I.— The words italicized in the following extract are
verbs :
And they that loere foolish took their lamps and toolc no oil
with them : but the wise took oil in their lamps Avith their
vessels. While the bridegroom tarried thev all slnmhered and
slept, and at midnight a cry was made, - Behold the bridegroom
Cometh : go ye out to meet him."
ORAMMAH.
Predicof^,
•». r„ ,o,„„ cn«.s ll,„ v,.r „„o ,lo„s „„t e„„v.v „„v
as»c,.t,o„, l,„„„,.r 1,,,,..., i, onllM tl,„ J.,,,,.,,,/, ti „ „
rt«„., , ,,,,,,, ,ve, ,,.,,li._.„,„,. „.,„„,.., I,,,. ,„.o ,,,,
"l.m OK 1X0,.»,.,,F.TE I>«Kn,CAT,ON : tl„. V,.,l, .' ,„ I,,." ,1,^
™n,„,„,,,.t v,.,.|, i„ ,„„ ,„„„„„«,, i. a ,.,.,.), „f i„..„;„,,,,
:i e'Lr' '' "■'""■" "'^' """ '» "'^'' '" "» «'-iu';:;.,:e
Kx. a- Pick out IVodicatos in the fnllowii,.-—
i'.x. II (A).— Pick out tlio rpTiiainirif! Proilicitcs in Kx. I.
8 A, it i, i,„,,,,.SMl,l„ to' „,„l<e a rt»t..,„e„t tlu.t i, „„t
iiOK „,„st 1,0, oxpres«.,l ,„■ i,„|.li<.,l, „ „.„,,1 ,Ie„„ti„.. tho
per.o„ o,. tlung a.,„„t ,vl,icl, tl„. ^tat.,,,,,,. i, ,„a,le, Tl./wo,
.x calloci the bf,«., T of the verh, a,„l it ,.„„ always ho fo,,,,! b
&i:jr""" '■"'■'"^' '* '""""■" ""■''»" "'• "«■'""»
Ex, III.-Tlius i„ Ex. II, to liri.l the suhjoct we ask •_
'vho chscoursci ? Ans.; rt.y, suhjoct of discoursed."
"w ono™','T"'"' ' ^"'■'- """■ ""^'^'^' °f " ''-• -".mitted."
«/,.(, v,-,s Peace ! Ans, : name, subject of " was "
I an III '" "'" "'""' ""'"^ "" '"''■'""' °'' "" °"'" "'■''= "'
I
; convoy any
any dcfitiito
L'ys no nioan-
tcllint,' word,
to form an
Tims most
y niv callpd
'fo 1)0," the
f iM('()m|il(>to
lie b('^'iniiinj(
bsolutc sense
ml aftiM- tlu'v
. tliey lu'took
>per rliamher
name of the
ay, and then
in Kx. I,
that is not
a sentence
Mioting the
The Word
JO found hy
ask : —
LU'sed."
3mmitted."
•ened."
!r verbs in
(lltAM.MAU. g
Kx. I v.- Find the suhjeetH of all the verbs in the fol-
lowing : —
An ass w.-is lo.idocl with i^ood provisions of sever.tl sorts, which
m time o. harvest he was . rryin^ into the Held (or his n.aster and
the reap,,, t„ ,,.„, ..,,3„_ ,3,, ,,,^. ^^..^^. ,^^, _^^^^^ a line lar^e this,!.,
and honj; hm ,,ry he^an to mmnble it : whieh, while he was doine,
h. en 0. , .,.,0 thi. relleetion : •• How many .^reedy .pi.ires would
^^ thn k themselves happy amidst such a variety of delieate viands
^^as I now e.-u-ry. h„l ,0 me this bitter priekly thi.tle is more
savoury and relishinK than .he most exquisite and sumptuous
Danquet.
Enhjccf to ev>'i'ii Pr.'ilicati'.
^ 6. TlfKllE CANNOT MK PltKOIGATK WITHOUT .SUUJKCI or sub-
ject wtthout pre.licat,. : tlio„.|, i„ „.nny exclamations and
every day expressions either stil.ject or predicate is understood
and not spoken :
<•. .^'., Thank you
Bless you
Please
Nonsense
= (/) thank you.
= (May r,W) bless you.
= (""'/') please (you).
= (That is) nonsense.
/.
There are two classes of verby,
Tranxlfivv and Infransifive :
(1) Those denoting state of the subject, as
I ■zi'cis wearj- ;
or actions performed by the Subject without reference to any-
thing else, as
The children (/h-c/. They slept.
(2) Those denoting actions directly performed on some
person or thing, as
The hunter killed a moose. I have built a house.
Verbs are called Intransitive or Transitive as they
belong to the first or second of these classes. To find whether
a verb 13 Transitive or Intransitive ask the question formed by
placing «' whom " or - what" after the verb. If any reasonable
/
II
ORAM MAR.
.-3 forthc„,„i„„ the verb U IntrlLe """"'"' '""'"
Ex. V._To apply t|,i, method to the extract in Ex. 11 „sk
lata whom? Ans. Pilrrrlm nh- . m
Find Objects of the other verbs in Ex. I a„d ri.
Ohjeet.
"'^'"Jt'^t^Jt"^^;^^^^ forced b, plaein,
verb only. Tlii, ivoidf « ,. ' ""'' """ ''^^' "'«
PredicatiLftl) r„ ^^^ "'"' "'"'' "' I"™"!'''*"
objeet to " was " Lt if '''■ . ^°" '"'s'" '"'"' " "eary " as
P<e.ePreaie„::\.e,' :r::;^:V':;^
ask the question 1,. ! ^ complete its sense; and
»..d " wr "t • .tZs^:" """"' ' '"' *" ">-^ '^ - »--.
In They made ready the chamber,
They appointed him ruler over them.
They called him John,
You may take
made ready, appointed ruler, called John,
tTr^s ;. !;::'" t* '"i ',? -' ■-»' '^ *= •■-h better to
.hecha„ber(.o b.) .eady, hi™ (,„ be) ruler. [See S..(„i„,
the M„I|;^,!i"' "^ ""J'"'^'""' ""J-'' of a" the verbs in
tear. The second time he took co„n,ge aad
fb is Transitive,
isonable answer
:t in Ex. II ask
3 verb " laid."
'. to Transitive
II.
aed by i)lacing
not after the
of Inconii)Jeto
ry," if you ask
e " weary " as
is an Incom^
ts sense ; and
is no answer,
ich better to
'verning tlie
§22(iii)J.
he verbs in
his feet and
courage and
GRAMMAR. g
ened him ^kn h / .7' """^''"^ '^''^ °^^"'^'-' •''^ ^v""Icl have fright-
P ese. ktwhin" H "^"f '"^"' ^'^"""'^ ''^ '°"^' ^^^^ ^^'^^^ out,
Now while Peter doubted i„ l,im,elf what this vision which • he
had seen should „ea„, behold the men which were sent fro °
fir.ter: td" het''^;;;;,:tt"T' ",''^' -'- '"™™'''
Spirit said nnto^hi., ■• B^hoidVllrre^reVs^'X: " '"' ''"""• "'
So,m verbs are not predimte, mid have no suhjeets
<,nJI^'~^7"'''°f '"'"'"' "'"^"'" "-k" " g"n.malioal
queshot, a„.l the verb " finding" |,a, „„ ,„,,jeet, tl,o,„.h it
h .an object. This „„e„ ,.ot cla»l, with tlte Lt;„,e„t t^
™172 '--'■"'« h-^ a subject, but sitnply c,,„w. that
some pat, a verb catinot be use.l as pretlicatcs ; e. «.,
flndths ' could „ct pcsibly be the ,„ai„ verb in a .e, ten/e
«ther ■„ statentent, question, co,„,„a„,:l, or exolan.atio,,.
Pronouns n» StJiject and Object.
*iVote-H»re the object of "ha,l seen" is "which" ™1
-' "vision," This is a little confusing: you ,k t
,„„';„/""■"■" " " ^''^^ "'"' "'-" '•» «<''>.i=.^t to " should
inean, and a word cannot be subject atid object at the sa.ne
!; i
III
n I,
I;
6
GRAMMAR.
time. "Which" is i„p,, .,
«^--J« in its place, and is ^0^- T'''"^ " ^'■^"°"'" «-^
''vision" vvouM be if til v, ^ I'^u '"^ *'"' ^^^'' ^^^ -
the ..Wo.." You will unders Kl tr X "'' " "^ ^^«^' -««
talk of Pronouns. ""^"'^^'-^'"^ th,« better when we conie to
^'^'^^o/Coinmrnuf.
I ^ote.—ThQ subject of " behoM " ;. r ,
Analysis.
-' r-ut :: tr o^j^rs' :r ^^r "'^' "'-' «"<• ■■'» -■«ect
object). , J""-' (■' *« ""b >.. tl,o predicate ha, „„
structure of tl,e sentence.' , " .7 " "°''' P'"^'" '" "«
8<'i«l> or qualify either ,uhl T'" ™^ ''<'>'"»'c, distin.
«N..noeM.„ /. ,„: ™Lt , „: :'^"'' ^"''^» •' « »"«' »«
«™se be attached to the prXle , "' °' " ""^ ''^ ''^
"% .(-, the action is p' ™ ' "" "■»'"•»:''-.'*,, „.;,.„,
Subject, Predicate or e"c L "'"' ''"'"'^ ™""-'«' -itil
guide. ■'"•'• *"" '»'"mon sense is an infallible
-t'': ir;:t:„:r'i;i;:,r'"""", '-» «- ^-y^^s of »
lively : "S" " '" "'™« ''oLnnns containing respec
• 3 Tt^^;n:;''"-f'-«..ae.uensi„„s.
^oject uith Its enlargements.
ig "vision," and
'le verb, just as
itl '• He had seen
wlien we come to
nd always a verb
1/ou].
find its subject
redicate lias an
Then take the
a' groups, and
P plays in the
escribe, distin-
it is called an
it may by its
, when, tv/iere,
ed an Exten-
ind reasoning
nnected with
an infallibJe
nalysis of a
ning respec-
ns.
GRAMMAR. »
Examples : •
r«; The Pilg:rim thev laid in a hr..«
wndow opened towards the sun r"sin J ""'" ""'"' "'°'^
Subject.
They
Predicate.
Object.
laid
fil^rim.
Extension : \ i.- /
«n a lar^^e upper chamber- ^"^"r'fen^enL-
rising-. ' ^'
Here " the " defines " Pilgrim " wl.ilo fi, T "
upper chamber, etc.," show X' t^^J^Z ^ T. ' ''7''
fo.m an extension of the Predicate ' '"'^ '^''''^"''
cry^n^ r^'r^ '"''' ''^' ^^-^ ^'^ --' without, trembling and
Subject.
Mercy
£n/. :
( 1 ) poor.
(2) trembling- and
^Tying- for fear.
Prcdicutc.
Object.
did stand.
(0 all this while.
(2) without.
Subject.
Predicate.
will give
unto thee
Object.
keys.
En/..-
(i) the.
(2) of the kingdom
of heaven.
!! I
I
O GRAMMAR.
(d) Oiir knowledge of any man is always inadequate.
Subject.
knowledge
Enl. :
(i) our.
(2) of any man.
Predicate.
is inadequate.
Ext. :
always,
Object.
Kote.—T\\(t words there and it are often used as Intro-
DUCTOUY WORDS, and do not come into the sclieme of Analysis :
as in
There is no money in my purse (" money " is subj. to " is.")
It is a fine day (" day" is subj. to " is.")
Ex. VII.— Analyze :—
(e) In the House of Commons itself every question is decided by
voting. ^
(f) Education does not consist merely in studying languages
and learning a number of facts.
(g) Close by grew a large bush covered with beautiful nuts.
(h) As a boy I wanted to know about the clouds.
(i) I have elsewhere given the views of one high authority.
Ex. VIII._ Analyze :—
(i) To work for others consecrates even the humblest labor.
(2) Do nothing in a hurry.
(3) He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it.
(4) Friends will protect you from many dangers.
(5) Give them no cause of complaint, however slight.
(6) To do something, however small, to make' others happier
and better is the highest ambition.
(7) He prayeth best who loveth best
All things both great and small.
(3) England has produced some of the greatest poets and
philosophers.
Complex Sentences.
10. Complex Sentexces. Very often the extensions and
enlargements are quite long exi)ressions involving verbs, and
forming in themselves Subordinate Sentences or Clauses.
Pn
cal
ne(
tre
eai
am
all
wa
doi
GRAMMAR.
ite.
)bjeet.
id as Intro-
)f Analysis :
to "is.")
is decided by
g languages
iful nuts,
uthority.
St labor.
ers happier
poets and
nsions and
I'erbs, and
.AUSES.
[Notice that a Phrase is a group of words not including a
Predicate.]
The main sentence with its subordinate^? forms what is
called a Complex Sentence, and for a com|tIete undysis it is
necessary to dissect the subordinates separately in detail.
This involves no new principle.
Ex.: Always remember that men are more easily led than driven.
Subject.
(Thou)
Predicate.
remember
Ext.:
always.
Object.
chat men . . .
.... driven.
Object Clause ; —
(That) men
are led
Ext. : more easily
than s P
they
are
driven.
Ex. IX. — Complex Sentences. Analyze : —
(a) Some learned men think that the worship of serpents and
trees was the earliest faith of mankind.
(b) It * had at first seemed to him as if in heaven above and
earth beneath naught but confusion reigned.
( c) You will one day learn from the beautiful story, which rocks
and rivers are ever telling, what vast changes have happened over
all the earth.
(d) Before the Crimean War was ended, the Aberdeen ministry
was driven from oftice, because it wiis thought that they had not
done enough to save the lives of the soldiers in the hard vvinter.
( e) No mercy was shown to any Englishman who was taken.
;ii i
\V
I'l!
!lif
f
10
GRAMMAR.
country. reputation of a witch all over the
'MfLllTj:"" '^'" """'■' •""" »- "-. able .„ „a,i.e how
.He H'ojitrt''::':'^: '"'" '"'- "-^"""^ '^<'""' -=-- » -il^ ^n
iWe.-_* See note § 9 (d).
Compound Seyitence
joining w'ztij:::;::" """■; ""'™"' »" ™"'"^'' ••>■ --
Ex. X. — Analyze : —
(Here but simply jo„,s the . wo sentences )
wi" ::.' deTa^ZTt."" "^-^ ^° '"''""' «•" -" -hen he is old He
^'«r^s of Speech.
cJhe claliJl "°'' r ' '""■^^^'^" '° understand that all words
cuss in detail. ' ^^' '''*" P'"^^^^'^ ^o 'iis-
have seen th.i ,•/ % ^'"'^ ''^ ^^'' Predicate, and we
.:
g-ht told me that
tch all over the
e to realize how
ixcite a smile in
GKAMMAR.
Voice.
11
ipled by sonio
to (he rest, in
Sentence.
a home,
es.)
n he is old he
intry, and for
the principles
at all words
in speaking,
)ceed to dis-
)een distin-
te, and we
Jrding as it
14. Again, a Timisit k-eYerh can always be used in two ways
for while the subject is usually spoken of as performing the
action on the object, the object can also be spoken of as liaving
the action performed upon it by the subject ; e. ;/., you can say
The man ki'I/ed a bear.
or, A bear 7fas killed by the man.
The object in the first sentence has become in the second a
Passive {i. e., suffering or undergoing the action) Subject : for
if you ask the Suhjerf. Quest urn '^IVho teas killed ?" the answer
is " bear " (subject to " was killed.")
These two manners of using a Transitive verb are called
the Active and Passive Voices. Onl>i Tnmsitive verhs can h«
used Passivehj, and every Tramitive verb can he so used.
When in doubt, then, whether a verb is Transitive or not, you
can make sure by trying to turn it into the Passive.
Ex. XL— Pick out the verbs in the following, and state
whether Transitive or Intransitive, Active or Passive ; also
change the Voices of the Transitive verbs :
A person once brought clothes to a pirate who had been cast
ashore and almost killed by the severity of the weather ; then
earned him to his house and furnished him with all necessaries.
Bemg reproached by someone for doing good to the evil, " I have
paid this regard," answered he, " not to the man, but to humanity.',
Men are disturbed not by things, but by the views which they
take of things. Thus death is nothing terrible, else it would have
appeared so to Socrates. But the terror consisS in our notion of
death, that it is terrible. When therefore we are hindered, or dis-
turbed or grieved, let us never impute it to others, but to ourselves ;
that is, to our own views.
Mood.
15. Whether in the Active or Passive Voice, a verb can be
used in several distinct manners or Moods, viz.:—
lili!
'il!|
I ''■'
i m
I !l
12
OIUMMAR.
f7i(lirafire.
They had been sivimmimr.
It 7t'/7/ rain to-d.iy.
The boat is be in^r broken up.
His leg: was hurt.
Siihjutirfivp.
clesi.. etc., calle., the 8..^;:^^;:;! TT '' '"''""'
n I «.... you. I should be happier.
1 hough I walk throutrh the v-ill^,- ,r .. , .
fear no evil. ' ''^ ""^ ■^'^^'''^'^^- ^^^ ^'eath, I will
I would I «... the pilot of the darkness and the drean..
GoiKlitiona}.
If I were you, I should be hap,,ier.
Imperative.
Moo'? Jj:: "'"""" °' '■""•"«■'"'■ -"«'• ti- iMP.«„v.
^/rt-^t- up 3^our mind.
Be assured that this is true.
InHnitive.
, . ^^ ' ^^'^^•' t''e Infinitive Mood • e o-
It .s a beautiful thing /. die for one', country.
Hehkes/od.;i.„/^^^. "^^ •
-1 i
GRAMMAR.
strnij^rhtforward
oubt, purpose,
r than snow.
'»■ death, r will
earn.
ei'tain condi-
Imperative
liout regard
Mood; e.g.:
r oliject to
ler part of
13
spe...ch : it can havo an object but it cannot have a subjoct.
Ihis, and tbe reniainitig parts of the verb, will be discussed
later on (^ 32).
Tcme.
16. Since an action is always spoken of as in the Pr>'sent
Pa.^'f, or Fufnre, so the verb must have a Time or Tense!
Again, in the Presetit time an action may be—
(i) still going on {Imperfect) ;
(ii) mentioned indefinitely {Shnple) ;
(iii) finished {Perfect),
and so in the Past and Future.
Taking the verb " to love " as an example, we have nim
tenses, as follows : —
The verb " to love." Indicatioe Mood.
Simple
Present.
Past.
Imperfect .
I love,
j'aime.
amo.
I loved,
jaimai.
amavi.
Future.
Perfect . . .
I am loving-.
j'aime.
amo.
I was loving-.
j'aimais.
amabam.
I have loved,
j'ai aim^.
amavi.
I had loved,
j'avais aim^.
amaveram.
I shall love.
j'aimerai.
amabo.
I shall be loving-,
j'aimerai.
amabo.
I shall have loved ,
j'aurai aime.
amavero.
As It ,s most instructive for those beginning Latin and
J^rench to compare these languages with English, and to have
the same methods and terms in parsing, the tenses of the
corresponding verbs » aimer » and " amare " are given in the
above scheme.
14
GRAMMAR
'•r:i
I
or I.ar„,„itIvo ; Voic . li^'^^T ^i^ T""'"" '^'™" '"'-
j'^et ; (vi) Object. ' ' ' '"'"' ' <'"> ''•■"'« i (') Sub.
yo- od,K,ui„„, , h„, „: t V ™ i' :r' *'" '° ■•' ''^"-- 1"--" for
">at you will have ,l,e same. Tam f ?'""'"" '"■ ''• ■'"'' ' l'"l>«
ated from me, b„. y„„ Z,.' "^ """ ^"" "'""•" be .,pL
-^ -VII (A).— Parse fully the verb, in fj, ^ n •
, One spring- when the trees had h ^''"^''"^^ —
the count was hunting in the': e r^n!. f^ ''^'"'"' ^'^'-^ ^'"^ "^'
-»■ d .t had disappeared among- the bush" f ''" ^'''^^'"^ ^ ^^^er,
ho"ovv tree. The kin^ sprai f^om . ^' ^^-ounded the old
-P-t, cutting a path with'h L:r J W, ""'^' ."^^ ^"'"^ '^''^ ''--
^way, he saw. sitting under Ttrt ^^^'" ^' '^^^ ^e had cleared
f-m head to foot in he^ own Void nL' "» '"' '"^"^^"' '-''^thed
-t her in astonishment. Then he s'.' "' ''"°' ■•^"'''"*' ^-'"^
and why are you sitting here !n this wM ' ''^'"^' " '^''^° ^''^ youf
-wer. ror .he couid L opr h^nirrr:: " Ik '"' "^' "^^^^ "^
Ex. XII (B).-Analyze the above extract.
N'oun.
In this definition the wnvA ti ■
po33iMe.„3,„e.,„,;:;x.rz:;:f '- "^ ^™^-
So John, London table t
carpenter, heaven, ^e^^.aphV.fndt'pcaran"''' '°''"' P"'"''"^'
- '^PPcarane.e, are all Nouns.
liowing, and parse
'hether Transitive
Tense ; (v) Sub-
e I not convinced
-> a better place for
o'" it. and I hope
should be separ-
should part for a
«very stop i„ the
tnd never do any-
lug" of sorrow for
have :~Ve,-h^
^hi' ''Opinion."
oUowin" •
rain, the king- of
chasing- a deer,
rounded the old
I tore the briars
he had cleared
maiden, clothed
d silent, g-azing-
Who are you ?
•Jt she made no
GRAMMAH,
Propor awl Common Nouuti.
15
r, is called a
its broadest
e, painting-,
Nouns.
A Proper Xoun is a name applied to anything to distin-
gmsh it from otiier things of the same cksa ; while a Common
iVouN is a name given to each of the things that can be included
in a certain definition : —
Thus, " man " is Co„n>wn ; "John," "Victoria," "Jones," etc., are
Pro/ier,
" house " is Common ; " Tudor Lodge," " Tlie Grange," etc.,
are Proper.
. "town" and "country" are Common; "London," " Eng-
land," "Canada," "Annapolis," are yw/ie/-.
Xote.—A Proper Noun should begin with a capital letter.
Ex. XIII.— Pick out and classify the Nouns in Ex. VI.
Pronoufi.
18. A word that sfaurls for a Noun is called a Pronoun +
e.<j:— ' +
Instead of saying
John saw Mary and Mary s£iw John,
we may say
John saw Mary and she saw him.
Instead of
John, is this book John's ?
We say
John, is this book yours ?
When a person tells you a piece of news, you say
I know that,
instead of repeating the story :
And instead of
I bought a horse : the horse is dead,
you say
The horse that I bought is dead.
::lu
I !^
'■■il
M
*" OUAMMAR.
Pram^ns nre classitied ns follows :-—
(i) PER80XAL, standi..- directly for the names of persons
and things, to avoid repetition. Thoy are :
1st Peuhos (denoting the speaker and those associated him)
^'"S"' Plum/.
Nom I
Accu.uUvc and Dative., me us \.. ..I genders.
^"^^■"^"■^ "line ours J
2nd Person (denoting those spoken to;.
,, ^'"^' Plural.
AoM .
A,.^ , r. . • ' yo" and ye.
Ace. and Dative ,(,„„ ^
Pass '\^^ y^"-
tniiie yours.
3kd Person (denoting those s.)oken about).
^'"ff- Plural.
A/asc. Fern. A'cut.
^y" he she it they.
Ace: and Dative him her it them
^'"' his hers its tlieirs.
(11) Possessive, being the Possessive case of the Personal
Pronou.is, jas given above.
(iii) Emphatic Personal as
myself, yourself, himself.
[Xotice that the word ''self" is a noun ; as in «'love of self."]
(iv) Rklative or Con.il. vcrn-E, referrm to something
already mentioned, and at th. suvne .. ae Jominy on the clause
that lollows, as : —
who, which, whom, that, as, and what.
£x — On such a time as goes before the leaf.
Do with me as you will.
The sun 7v/iose beams most glorious are.
If 7vkat I was I be.
I do not understand what you say,
Nofe.~The word a Relative refers to is called its Anteced-
ent.
ji I
UiiincH of persons
)8e associated him)
|-/.< all genders.
Plural.
you and ye.
you.
yours.
Plural.
they,
them,
tlieirs.
of the Personal
n "love of self."]
<l to sonieLliing
'n<j on the clause
bat.
f.
re.
led its Anteced-
(iliAMMAIt.
17
(v) Okmonmtuativk, pointing' out, as
this, th.it, ihfsf, thosi-, and >uch.
^.v. — I will havi' nun*' o\ such.
(vi) DisTHinL'TivE, denoting that things are distributed or
taken separately, as
each, every, i-ithi-r, neither,
^•f. — How h:ippy could I bo with ^////<>r !
(vii) Indki-initi:, not denoting pre.is-ly the ohject for
which it stands, as
one, any, auj^lit, some, other, eertaii
Ex, — I have eaten none of your corn.
As certain also of your own poets have - lid.
Gallio cared (or nonf of these thinj^s.
it may be so lor aui(lit I care.
(viii) Rbflkxive, used as objects to verbs wficn sidijoct
and object denote the same person, as
myself, himself, etc.
Ex. — He hurt himself.
(ix) Interuogative, asking a (piestion, as
what ? which ? whose ?
Ex.— What does it matter ?
What is it thou hast seen ?
, What.
t Note.—'' What " is really the neuter form of " wh '" :
" I hear what you say."
= " I hear [that] what you say."
and the ])enionstrativo Pronoun [that] is antecedent to the
Kelative what.
Thus in
" Dora stored what little she could save,"
parse "what" as Kelative Pronoun, accusative case, governed
by "save^" antecedent "that" (Demonstrative Pronoun)
understood.
[How would you parse " little T]
I
Ml
ll
I- i
' ll
18
GRAMMAR.
t iTofe.-This Definition of Pronoun is old and useful, hut
not very accurate. The real distinction between Noun an
stances for every person in the w„rld, and ■■ it " for everv
«...g ... the world ■ while any particular noun can only pZ
to a certain set of things. ^^^
There is a certain likeness between Pronouns and Proper
^^^ouns. the things denoted by them being subject to no defii"
Relative and Demonstrative.
19. (i) Distinguish between the Relative and the Demon-
.El— This is the house M„/ Jack built.
ioiJn?"Thi! " ".'.'""r '''""°""' ^'"-'=''-' "house," and
6ov.T,..w;:,r "'^ ''°"^^" -• "J-k huilt":-Acc. case
That is the man.
"That" is a Demonstrative Pronoun, pointing to "man."
Rejiexive and Emphatic.
(ii) Distinguish between Reflexive and Emphatic Personals
which have precisely the same forms : ^eisonals,
^.v.— He said so ///w^^// (Personal.)
Uehuvi himself. (Reflexive.)
[The same distinction exists in Latin between «' se " and
ipse," and in French between " se " and " lui-meme "1
But.
V^L^r' ^'^ ""^"'"^^ '''- ''- ^^-^ ^' ^ I^elative
_ There i. no man but has some conscience.
-There .s no man who has not some conscience.
is old and useful, but
between Noun and
i application. The
der varying circum-
Hid " it " for every
loun can only apply
'onouns and Proper
subject to no defini-
Ive.
ve and the Denion-
has a conjimctive
; built.
dent " house," and
built":— Ace. case
fiting to "man."
niphatic Personals,
nal.)
cive.)
let ween " se " and
ai-meme."]
the Accusative or
lace of a Relative
ience.
Jnscience.
GRAMMAR.
19
This is, however, only a case of Ellipsis (dropping out), or
contraction, from
There is no man but he has some conscience,
and it is best to ])arse accordin<;ly.
Gender, Number.
20. Nouns and Pronouns have Gender and Number
according to their meanings ; that is to say :
(i) Names of male things are Masculine Gender.
Name of female things are Feminine.
Names of living things, sex indeHnite, are Common,
and Names of inanimate things are Neuter.
(li) Words are Singular or Plural according as they denote
one or more things :
e. g., «' woman " is Feminine Singular.
" chair " is Neuter Singular.
" John " is Masculine Singular.
•' birds " is Common Plural.
" houses " is Neuter Plural.
Case.
21. The Case of a Noun or Pronoun is decided by the
part it plays in its sentence.
We recognize four cases :-Nominative, Accusative, Dative
and Possessive.
Kominative,
A word is in the Nominative Case.
(i) When it is Subject to a Verb.
(ii) When it is in Apposition to another word in the
N^ominative case, e. g. :
Then out spake brave Horatius, the Capfam of the g-ate.
(" Captain " is Nom. in A pp. to *' Horatius.")
The imag-e which Nebuchadnezzar the /ting had set up.
He is a man after my own heart.
<" Man " is Nom. in App. to " he.")
!l I
i
li'"
Mil
' ill
i li
i I ill
'I!
! (■
li '
! ;.■)■
:l!l
: il
i
2n
" GRAMMAR.
Caesar then became consu/. '
^^ [Notice that words separated by any part of such verbs a*
to be, an<l "to become," must be in the same case, as
my father's word was /aw.]
(iii) AVlien used in address, as
O A't'nq; live for ever.
Hither, /)age, and come to me.
This is called the Xomixative of Address, and is the same
as tlie Latin ^"ocativb.
(iv) In the NoMiXATiVE Absolute construction, as
Jo/tn then being King- of England.
The dtd-e answering in the negative,
Charles ordered him to be put to death.
[This is rendered in Latin by the Ablative Absolute, botl>
nour and participle beinc. put iu the Ablative case, instead of
tile iNomuiutive, as in English.]
Accusative.
22. A word is in the AccusATrvE Case,
(i) When Direct OoTEcr to a verb or governed by a
Preposition. ''
(n) When in Apposition to another word in the Accusative
case, as
Then thus they spake to Reynard the Fox.
(iii) In the Accusative axd Infinitive co>.struction, in
which a subordinate clause is e.vpressed by making its subject
Accusative and its verb Infinitive :— e. g., instead of
You know that such is the case
one may say
You know suc/i to be the case,
and parse "such" Accusative case, with verb "to be" in
Accusative and Infinitive construction, e. g.
GRAMMAR.
21
)art of such verbs as
! same case, as
me.
:Eds, and is the same
stniction, as
.nd.
ative,
to death.
itive Absolute, botii
tive case, instead of
or governed by a
fd in the Accusative
e Fox.
E construction, in
making its subject
stead of
verb "to be," i
in
He maketh his sun to rise on the just and on the unjust.
\'\\ vniCAd fhem man and 7vife.
Let not your heart be troubled.
Suffer little children to come unto me.
Thoug-ht it a dead thing.
]!^ote.~\i is possible to consider " niaketli to rise" as
Preth'cate and " sun " as object ;. but " maketh " is a Transitive
verb, and tlie object-question " maketh tvhat ? " brings a clear
answer— "his sun to shine." Therefore it seems more simple
and logical to consider tliat object-clause as in the Accusative
and Infinitive construction, so familiar in Latin.
Such sentences as
They made him consul.
He thinks me a fool.
may be taken as instances of the same construction, the
Infinitive '• to be " being understood The object-.iuestion
" made what] " brings " him [to be] consul," and analysis and
parsing on this basis are quite satisfactory.
However, " consul " and " fool " are often called Factitive
Objects, since they occur after a class of verbs, of which
*' 7na/ce " (facio) is a type.
(iv) After a Supphessed Prec-ositiox, especially Avhen
denoting duration of time or space, and after certain adjectives,
He lived [througfh] seventy years.
A ditch [by] six feet deep.
Like [to] a meteor in the sky.
Worth [by] twenty dollars.
(v) When Retained Ohject, fnund with the Passives of
verbs that take two subjects ; e. (/., innn
He gfave me a book,
we get
I was given a ho'.>k by him,
and " book" is Accusative of the Retained Object, after " was
given."
r"'
li ! I
i!ll
i! .
II i
iti
i.
! !;
•'l ii,
22
(vi) When
a w
GRAMMAR.
ord, hein.rr object to <a verb
tive, expresses tho V'"' "'"^^'-^ ^"^''^"^i-
, expresses the snme idea as the verb, it is called a
Cognate Accusative."— ^
^- g- Let me live my life.
To die the death.
I have fougrht a grood fght.
All these may, however, be included in^class (iv)
extf ::-[;k::cf:i;^^ ''''^'' - ''-' -- ^^^-^
^(ich Other.
JYote.~In the sentence
The women kissed each other.
''oTher''i^^'''''''l"'''''' "' ^^'l^^^-^'^on to '« women " and
other is Accusative, governed by " kissed "
Indirect Object.
usinllv '^'" "".?■' '' "" """' "' "'" ^""•"^^ 0'"'^«n which
^. g Give w^ the boolt (me = fo me).
Grant us pardon (us = /o us).
Bake me an apple (me = fo^ me).
He made /«>« a present.
The Dative is also found in the survivals me,.ems (~ if
seems to me) and methinks. ^~ '*
Possessive.
24. The PossE^.VE or Ges.tivb is the ^,i,>c«i,„« Case in
<'. .^. Smith's house.
The river's brink.
To !!.!r."" ^"?"''°° ^'"'"' ''^ '""'"»'"■« "-"''- house, .tc.
To denote actual ,,„„os,ion i, ., co„,„,„„ function of the
Po3ses.ve case, but hy no n.ean, the only one ; there is beside
U..^.
GRAMMAR.
-erb usually Intransi-
verb, it is called a
ight.
class (iv).
their nature, being
23
to " women " and
a"
?ECT Object, which
lacing " to whom "
le).
me).
Us meseems {=. it
djectival Case, in
pliiys the part of
ivhose house, etc.
function of the
; there is besides
a broad distinction between Subjective and Objective Geni-
tives : e. y. '« the King's menaces " might imply (i) that the
Kn)g menaced someone else or (ii) that someone else menaced
the king. In the 1st place, "king's" is Subjective Genitive,
since "king" is the subject of the action implied ; in the 2nd
])lace " king's " is Objective, because " king " is the object of
the action implied.
The Genitive Case abvmjs ends in—s. We can often convey
the sense of a Genitive by using " of " with an accusative ; e. y.
The house of the master = the ?naste?-'s house.
Either of these would be rendered in Latin by the Genitive,
but in English only the second is Genitive, the word
" master " in the first being Accusative, governed by " of."
A Book of John^s.
^Yo<e.— Such expressions as "A book of John's" are pro-
bably the results of a confusion, and should be either " John's
book " or " A book of John." An ingenious explanation is
that '« A book of John's " = " A (one) of John's (books,)" but
this does not seem to be backed by any authority.
Ex. XIV. —Parse fully the Noims and Pronouns in the
following : —
The man whor.e picture this is, is one of a thousand. Now he
bethoug-ht himself of setting: forward, and they were willing- he
should ; but first, said they, let us g-o into the armoury ; so they did ;
and M hen they came there, they harnessed him from head to foot
with what was of proof, lest perhaps he should meet with assaults in
the way .
How to perform that which is good I find not. For the good
that I would I do not ; but the evil which I would not, that I do.
Now if I do that I would not, it is no more I that do it, but sin that
dwelleth in me.
Owe no man anything, but to love one another, for he that
loveth another hath fulfilled the law.
i f!
'ii!'
1 1
111 I
i I
11
GRAMMAR.
^dJHCtivf.3.
inn or ,I;i/i: tT''-v''°'T "' "■""'' ""•" ''''"--^ ■'«'•'■*•
./ m qiMlijyiiuj subjects ami ol.jecta U-nr,],, .1,.,, ,■,•
nouns or pro,,,,., a« .ailed Ad.kct.vL .■ . , """'"^
A tall ma.n. t^,,, . ' , ,.
A „/ J twenty soldiers.
A stormy dav. t
A,i;„ «.• , ■ * '"If" •^"'^f'^-
-rt';r:r;i;:;r '"^ ^"-^ «^'"''"' ■""--■ -^ -- - the
P.x. XV._Pick out the Adiectire^ ;„ fi.^ f n •
gender, number and case of each!" ""' ^""'"^
(.) Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased.
Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow,
^^!*^"'^^^'^^-'«-^-"bles of the brain,
And w.th some sweet oblivious antidote
Cleanse thestuf^'d bosom of that perilous stuff
J^h.ch weighs upon the heart?
chnc/b^^:^;rc;:,b:t^:;;::f^.:;^"-^ '^ '--" - ^ --^
its crooked spine. "^"^ '' '^^""'^^ ^^at way straighten
degree of inferior'standinrfoTever.' ''^"'^" ^^ ^ ""''' ^ -^^-"
„ . Participles.
^0. Notice that several of the Adjectives in Fv vv
really ;.fl,.^. o/reW;. : «. ^. ^jectues in Ex. \V are
Rooted is from the verb to root.
Written " << . .
St ff'd ^^''''*'^'
a^i'ricii-r'ax'ifr't'--"'--
verb - to love " has '^ Adjectives : e. g. the
(J) Present Participle loving.
^") P^si Participle \o\ed.
These /arficiples are nnrsed n« vn.i
W come into very conLr ! ^ ■'^■\ ^xoq.t some that
tiioir verbal force ; as '' "'^''^^^'^^ ^'^"'^ ^^^^'^ ^"^t
Cunning, noted, startling, etc.
URAMMAR.
25
•-^ ami phnsps dexcrib.
Words that qualify
• 9-
soldiers.
d.
ber, and case as the
lie followint?, giving
sased,
ovv,
rain,
te
ous stuff
by laws, as a weak
t that wa3-straig-h ten
e is enoug-h, in the
to a man a certain
!s in Ex. XV
are
5d to qualify and
ectives : e. g. the
xcej.t some that
'■■? and have lost
e. g. To make him pleasing in her vmcie's eye.
[Pleasing- simply means pleasant. ]
Adjectives and Pronouns.
27. There are Adjectives corresponding to most classes of
Pronouns, viz: Demonstrative, Distributive, Interrogative.
Indefinite and Possessive. This should not present any dith-
culty : when the noun is expressed, the word ijuidifyinci it is
an Adjective ; when the noun is understood, the word standiny
for it is a Pronoun.
Examples of Adjectives.
Give me that book.
This is my book.
Which house? These people.
Either part}'.
Have you any apples ?
Examples of Pronouns.
That is my book.
This is mine.
Which la yours?
These are my people.
Either will do.
I have not any. «
Be;/rees of Comparison.
28. All other Adjectives may be grouped as Qualitative
or Quantitative, and are used in three Degrees, viz :—
(i) Positive, when the thing spoken of is not compared
with any others,
(ii) Comparative, when there is a comparison of two things,
(iii) Superlative, when there is a comparison of more
than two things.
The Comparative and Superlative are usually formed l)y
placing » more " and " most " before the Positive, or by adding
• — er and — est to it, e. g. : —
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
great g-reater greatest
"gly uglier ugliest.
,11
i I
■ !
1 i! I
"i ; i
j i '■!
'ill i
1!
II f!
I
I!
26
ORAMMAR.
There are irregularities, as,—
g:ood better
"^^ worse
best
worst.
0«/y a stransrer would think so.
A/l the world know this.
So/u/la harvest.
By w«/y, a sweep of meadow smooth.
r «; n^/i./ grood should follow m., if ./», vvere done ?
H here falls not rain or hail or any snow.
^7f °"- '"iS^ht show .V at a jou;t of arms.
CbJ ll/tat are men better than sheep or ^oats
rhat nourish a W/«rflife within the brain,
^f. knowing: God, tkey lift not hands of prayer.
Both for themselves, and M«.. «,,, ^all //..,„ fHend >
f ^y* By wwe jt.cre-/' shrine I ride.
To nie is g-iven
• Such hope I know not fear.
(d) On which he sent ///«.»/ » Cf^,.i. /
amon.^ ./..... than he be^an layin" hold of M "!, '""'■" "'■'"'^"'*
fast as he could. ^ ^ "'^ ''^^'" *"^ ^^t'^g '^'^'« as
have recovered /»-.^;:, ""'"• ^"' '^^ --'^-n' ^./.^/...^ to
in ^ T^:^::^. °" ^^^ ^^'^-^-^ ^^-- -^ Clauses
Adverbs.
a.nlit !'"' '' '^"'"S^"™" »f Subjects a„,I Objects, which
A jeefval clause, an.l phrases), so extensions f he Pedi
«:;::: ;;: stri^; -^ r":" r^-' ^-^ "*-^
etc., a„ actio,, il ;::t„„e!;. ' ''""'" '""'' '*'-^' -''^' ""-".
GRAMMAR.
27
St
>rst.
Under the title of Adverb, ton, are included worch that
qualify Adjectives or other Adverbs.
e. g,, (i) In
he walks sloivlvt
I'arated from their 1 "slowly " tell how he walks, and is therefore an Adverb quali-
imooth.
alicised Adjectives
ere done ?
'W.
rms.
ts
in,
■ prayer,
them friend ?
no sooner arrived
and eating- them as
very axe which the
Jman, delighted to
rases and Clauses
1 Objects, which
Adjectives (and
s of the Predi-
? (and Adverbial
■ere, ivhy, when,
f.vin<
w
alks
But
we may pay
H
he walks very slowly,
He walks much /oo slowly.
ere " very " is an Adverb, qualifying " slowly.
" "too" •« " "slowly.
" " much " " "
too.
(ii) In " she is pretty,"
" pretty " is an Adjective qualifying the pronoun "she."
Ill " she is very pretty,"
" she is not pretty,"
" very" and " not" are adverbs qualifying the Adjective " pretty."
Ex. XVII. Pick out the Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases
and Clauses in the following, stating what words they qualify
and in what way : —
Now their way lay just upon the bank of a River : here therefore
Christian and his companion walked with g-reat delight : they drank
also of the water of the River, which was pleasant and enlivening to
their weary spirits : besides, on the banks of this River on either
side were green trees, that bore all manner of fruit : with the Fruit of
these trees they were also much delighted.
In this meadow they lay down and slept, for here they might lie
down safely. *
Now I beheld in my dream, that they had not journeyed far, but the
river and the way for a time parted, at which they were not a little
sorry, yet they durst not go out of the way. Now the way from the
River was rough, and their feet tender by reason of their travels :
so the soul of the Pilgrims was much discouraged because of the way.
E.K. XVII (a). Parse fully all the italicized words in
the above e.Ktracts.
Prepositions.
30. There are still two 1 irge classes of words to consider ;
— the first inchules many very common little words, such as to^
i! H
i
i f
I'm
Ml! II
28
GRAMMAR.
-Ile.IP„.Po,„,,,,,/2 ':;„':''• "%. T''"- "-'« "re
pronoun, wln-c i, ^eUu^T'T'""'"' ''^ » """" or
ihe second class contains all wor.h th.f • , •
or sentences, without aflecting the s t 'f "/-'""" """'^^
Cox.u.CT,oxs: the connnonj;t It^ ,ut ' ' ir "'^ ^'^'^^^
Relative p;onoun. ^ilL ::;;;7 ^'!^ ^^'-ni-^tion u-ith the
«nd a Personal Pronoun J J' Li," "'"^^ ? '^ ^'°"^■""'•^■•-
- He prayeth best «W/,Hoveth best.
_x he house ///«/ Jack built.
^vno IS jSonnnative and "thit";. t
-seof ..he "an,! •' it ■' respectively. """"' '"""'^ "'^
lell me ivheyehe is '•'•[/•
I asked hin, ../.,, he was comin,-.
TheuM„dblowethr././//...itlisteth.
junctions and KclativrpI'!"'' "'' 'V'''^'' Prepositions, Cn-
^'-^/..c.eo...i,,;„i to h. h 7;:'""' •^^""•'^' -'''^t the
The Earl of Essex 1 . ^'^^^'''^''^ ^"^«'''') -•-
«^^inst ^^^,ob:::-^ ;^'^,^;^7^Hetb.tu„ate expedition
■-ent towards hi,„, ,,,, l^^"^"' '' ^^e Queen's fond attach-
fu r pe.son, and exposed
GIUMMAR.
29
'tive, takiiiL^ th
him to all those ill offi,-es, which his enemies, more assiduous in their
attendance, could employ a^-ainst him.
She ',vas ,.ioved with this tender jealousy : and maluuK- him the
present of a rin^, desired him to keep that pledge of her affection,
and assured him that into ^vhatcver disgrace he should fall, whatever
prejudices she mi^ht be induced to ascertain against him, yet if he
sent her that rin«- she would immediately upon si^ht of it recall her
former tenderness, and would afford him a patient hearinjf. and
would lend a favorable ear to his apolo^^y. Essex, notwithstanding
«//his misfortunes, reserved this precious j,Mft to the last extremity :
but after his trial and condemnation, he resolved to try the experi-
ment, and he committed the rinjf to the Countess of Nottin^diam
'vhom he desired to deliver it to the Queen. The Countess was pre!
vailed on by her husband, the mortal enemy of Essex, not to execute
the commission : and Elizabeth, who still expected that her favorite
would make this last appeal to her tenderness, and who ascribed the
neglect of it to his invincible obstinacy, was. after much delay and
many mternal combats, pushed by resentment and policy to sign the
warrant for his execution.
PlK. XVIII— (rt) Parse fully the italicized words in the
above extract.
Interjection.
31. The last part of speech is the IxTEftJKCTioN, which
embraces all exclamations not otherwise classified :
e. g., Alas ! Ah ! Thanks !
These are often contractions or remnants of whole sentences.
Infinitive, Participle, Gemnd.
32. The iNFixiTE TAUTs OF A Verb, /. e., those that
have no subjects, may be grouped as follows :—
(i) The Simi)le Infinitive.
(ii) The Verbal Noun or Gerund.
(iii) The Present Participle.
(iv) The Past Participle.
(v) The Adjectival Infinitive.
(vi) The Adverbial or Gerundial Infinitive.
Note.— The term Infinitive is, for distinctness, only appliec^
to the form with the preposition "^o."
Noun
Adjective
Advei'b .•
30
(iltAMMAU.
'^. ^. . Teach a boy fo pl„y fairly.
(\\\ Tl ir ' ''**'' ^'^ w/./ poetry.
both xo^:l^;;^, t7 ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ -^^'^^ ^« ^^ ^^^^ ....,0^
ohjcct .- ' ""^ '"" "'^"' "''«" Tian.itivo, govern au
<•• i'. , The hunfin^ of the Snark.
^kitttufr ,s fine exercise.
I hki> reading novels.
6-,-;\ Tl TD "'^ ''''''''"'■"'" '■«'''V lampreys.
<"• ^M Gm a body meet a body
t «w/;/^ thro' the r^•e.
The sparklinsr sea."
i-.v/V the multitudes.
(iv) Tlie pAsr I'ai.tciple in-™ „ w ,
e.eg. A littley;,«',.,/ flower (Active) '
^///•///almonds (Passive),
l^ora lived //«;;/«mVr/ till her death
'■ ^. T,,i,, i, „ eirc„„,«a„ce ,. t ""' '" '^"''"'■^ I"flmtive,
He ,» a man „ t, feared ( = fSdlwe'r '^''^""'""'"•
'■voad}' /o die.
The .hen divide, ,W„,d ,„,,„,„ ,h, f„i, „,,,,„^
URAMMAR.
31
1 can be subject
m, when Transi-
in like nianncr
tivp, govern an
jective and can
1 an object ;
in -% ; there
3 is an Atljec-
ui(i
hound
t'E, which is
e Infinitive,
able).
with " to,"
r Adverbial
thin.
33 (a). In compound words the form in— in;, is usually a
Cerund, e. (j : —
plavitiRf-fiolil ( =. Hold for playinjf ),
writinj,'--pape'r,
walking-stick,
workinyf-capital ( = capital for working),
tuning-fork,
working-order,
but " huniming-binl "= " bird that huim," and therefore ♦' hum-
ming " is a Particijde.
(h). Some nnniis ending in— /«v are not Gerunds, but ore
actually Particii)le.s that have come into such common use that
the words tiiey qualify have been dropped, e. //.
a human beinfr- a. human (thing) existing,
so that we may parse " being " as a Noun, but not as a Gerund.
But in we live and move and have our beinsr,
*' being "=" the act of existing" and is therefore a Gerund.
Prolative Inlinitive.
(c.) The verbs be, have, can, shall, will, must, etc., which
help to form various parts of other verbs, are r.p.lled Auxiliary
(Helping) Verbs ; most of these are followed by InHnitive.s,
though to is not expressed : —
e, g. He must \fo] come.
We can [io\ help it,
and such Infinitives, carnjimi on as they do the meaning of the
verbs, are called Prolative, and are treated as Completions of
Predicates.
All these verbs may be considered as Transitive, (faver7iinr,
the Infinitives that follow, which would then be included in
class (i) § 32 : but some of the Auxiliaries are so familiar as to
be tueated only as signs of various moods and tenses : their
transitive force is no longer obvious, and the convention
explained above is very useful.
Accusative and Infinitive,
id). The Infinitive in the Accusative and Infinitive con-
struction, explained above [^ 22, (iii)] will also be included in
group (i) of § 32.
32
GRAMMAR.
Adjectives with Infinitives.
(e). Some Adjectives are followed by Adverbial Infinitives,
e.^., He was ahouf fo grasp the treasure.
Ready to die.
But " willing to die" is an example of Prolative Infinitive.
Ex. XIX. — Parse the italicized words in : —
{a) I am glad to hear it.
[" To hear "= " from hearing," and denotes reason why.]
{b) I was bid go this way.
[" Go " may be taken as Retained Object. How else may it
be parsed ?]
(r) Christian was left to tumble in the Slough of Despond alone.
(d) The wrath to come,
{e) A man that appeared to me to be a very honourable /crjo;/.
(/) It is necessary to express disapproval.
{g) And forth three chiefs came spurrinsr,
And flew to ivin the narrow pass.
(h) The Tuscans raised a joyful cry
To see the red blood Jhiv,
(i) Friends and foes in dumb surprise,
With parted lips and straining eyes,
Stood gazing ivhere he sank.
ij) And now with shouts and clapping
And noise of weeping loud
He enters through the river-gate
Borne by the joyous crowd.
{k) Games are important in ^/t'w/o/)/«^ the body. (/) Xature
always seems trying to talk to us. (/«) No one can expect to talk well
without practice. (;/) The man to kill, (o) Men will do anything
for their religion, but live up to it. (p) What doth the Lord require
of thee, but to ^^/o justly? (q) How hard it is for them that trust in
riches to enter into the Kingdom of Heaven ! {r) You will get to
love your work, (s) We need not fear man. {t) She is well to look
to, (u) He could not ever rue his tnarrying me. {v) I have been
to blame, (w) Give me leave logo, (.r) She braved a riotous heart
in asking for it.
Ex. XX. — Parse fully every word in the following : —
In olden times, when wishing was having, a king's son was be-
witched and made to sit in an iron chest in the forest. He remained
here many years, and no one was able to break the spell.
But one time a young princess became lost in the woods, and
wandered about for nine days, till finally she came to the iron chest.
As she stood looking at it, she heard a voice say: " Where have
you come from, and whither are you going ?"
litives,
re.
U-]
may it
alone.
ctson.
■Jature
Jk well
kthing-
equire
list in
get to
^o look
t been
heart
as be-
lained
s, and
chest.
; have