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i ANEW
S Y S T
MODERN GEOGRAPHY:^
ox, A
^Geographical^ Hlftorical, and Commercial Grammar ;
AND
PRESEN^T STATE
4>r TRR SEVERAL
KINGDOMS OF THE WORLD.
CONTAINING
I. The Figure*, Motlont, tni Ulftances of the
Pkncti, according to the Newtonian Syftem
and the latcft Obuirvaliont.
II. A genenl View of the Earth confidered is a
Hanct I with levcfal «reful Geogmpbical Dcfi-
nitiona and Pimblcin*.
in. The grand Divifioni of the Globe into Land
and Water, Contlneaii and Iflandi.
IV. The Situation and Extent of Empirei, King-
doaUi States, Provlnqci. and Coloniei.
V. Their Climate*, Air, Soil, Vegetable Produc-
tion*, Metali,Mincnl*, Natural Curiofitiei, Seas,
Riven, Bav*, Capet, Promontoriet, and Lalie*.
\L ThcBlrdiandBeaiftipecuUartoeachCountry.
VII. ObTenratlon* on the Change* that have been
any where obferved upon the Face of Nature
fince the moft early Period* of Hiftory.
VIII. The Hiftory «i>d Origin of Nation*; their
Form* of Government, Religion, Law*, Reve-
nues, Taxes, Naval and Military Strength.
.IX. The Oeniu*, flianner*, Cuftom*, and Habits
of the People.
X. Their Language. Learning, Arts, Sciences,
ManuhAurcs, and Commerce.
XI. The chief Cities, Stniftures, Ruins, and
artificial Curiofiiies.
XII. The Longitude, Latitude, Bearings, and
Diftances of principal Places from London.
*■
■■%
m
TO WUICH ARE ADDED,
I. A GsoanAPHicAL Index, with the Names of Places alphabetically arranged.
II. A Table of the Coins of all Nations, and their Value in English Money.
HI. A Chronological Table of remarkable Events from the Creation to tlu>
prefcnt Time.
*
By WILLIAM G © T H R I K, Efq.
The Astronomical Part by Iames Ferguson, F. U.S.
To whidi have bccil added.
The late Discoveries of Dr. Herschell, and other eminent Astronomers.
The sixth edition. Corrected, and greatly Enlarged.
LONDON,
rtiMTEO rbm ip. dilly, in the poultry; and g. c. and j. robinsok,
pater-noster row. mdccxcv.
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128149
T N B
PREFACE.
TO a man finccrely interefted in the wel&re of fociety and of his country,
it tnuft be particularly agreeable to rcfleA on the rapid progreft and ge> '
neral diffution of learning and civility, which, within the prefent age, have
taken place in Great Britain. Whatever may be the cafe in fome other king-
doms of Europe, we, in this ifland, may boaft of our fuperiority to thofe il-
liberal prejudices, which not only cramp the genius, but four the temper of
man, and difturb all the agreeable intercourfe of fociety. Among us, learn-
ing is no longer confined within the fchools of the philofophers, or the courts
of the great t but, like all the greateft advantages which Heaven has beAowed
on mankind, it is become as univerfal as it is ufeful.
This general difTufion of knowledge is one effedl of tliat happy conAitution
of government, which, towards the clofc of the laA century, was confirmed
to us, and which conAitutes the peculiar glory of this nation. In other coun*
tries, the great body of the people poffefs little wealth, have little power, and
confequently meet with little refpedt ; in Great Britain, the people are opulent,
have great influence, and claim, of courfe, a proper Aiare of attention. To
their irriprovement, therefore, men of letters have lately dircdled their ftudics j
as the great body of the people, no Icfs than the dignified, the learned, or the
wealthy few, have an acknowledged title to be amufed and inftrudcd. Books
liavc been diverted of the terms of the fchools, reduced from that fize which
fuitcd only the purfes of the rich and the avocations of the Audious ; and
adapted to perfons of more ordinary fortunes, whole attachment to other pur-
fuits admitted of little leifure for thofe of knowledge. It is to books of this
kind, more than to the works of our Bacons, our Lockes, and our Xcwtons,
that the generality of our countrymen owe that fuj-verior improvement, wliich
a diAia-
P R F r A C E.
diftingui(lie« them frotn the lower mnki of men in all other countriei. Tu
promote and advance this impruvctnetit, is the principal defign of our prefent
undertaking. No lubjcdt appears nturc intcrc(ling than that which wc have
chofen, and none I'ccins capable ot' being treated in a manner that may render
it more generally utctUl.
The knowledge of the worKI, and of its inhabitants, though not the fub-
litncll purluit of mimkitiil, in tliac which mod nearly interciVs them, and to
which their abilitiw's arc bclk avlaptcd. And books of Geography, which dc-
Icribc the fituatiun, c.vtcnt, foil, and productions of kingdoms i the genius,
manner!!, religion, govcnuncnt, commerce, fciences, and arts of all the in-
habitants upon the earth, promile the bcfl aOiiUnce for attaining tJiis know-
ledge,
^ - . . f
The Compendium of Geography, now offered to the public, differs in many
p;\rticulars from other books on that fubjeCt. Bcddes exhibiting an eafy, di-
' ilinifl, and fyilematic accoiuU of the theory and practice of what may be called
Natural Geography, the Author has attempted to render the following per-
formance an inflruftive, though compendious, detail of the general hi(h>ry
of the world. The charaftcr of nations depends on a combination of many
circumftancc's, which reciprocally affedt each other. There is a nearer connec-
tion between the learning, the commerce, tlie government, &c. of a ftate,
than moll people fecm to apprehend. In a work of this kind, which pretends
to include moral or political, as well as natural get)graphy, no one of thofe
ob)e(fts fliould pals unnoticed. The omiflion of any one of them would, in
reality, deprive us of a branch of knowledge, not only intcrcfting in itfcif, but
ablblutcly necdTary for enabling us to form an adequate and comprehenfive
notion of the fubjcdt in gaieral. We have thought it neccHary, therefore, to
add a new article to this work, which comprehends tlie hillory and prefent
ftatc of learning in the feveral countries we defcribc, with the charoiJlcrs of fuch
perfons as have been molt cmii)eiit in the various departments of letters and
philofophy. 1 his fubjed will, on a little reflection, appear altogetljer requifitc,
when wc confider the powerfid influence of learning upon the manners, govern-
ment, and general tijaraifter of nations. Thcfe objefts, indeed, till of late, fel-
dom found a place in geographical performances j and, even when occafion-
ally introduced, are by no means handled in an entertaining or inllrudive man-
ner.
PREFACE. .'
Her. Neither ii thit to be altogether imputed to the fuitt of gcographicil
writcn. The greater part of tr;ivcllcrs, artiiig folely uml< r the inrtkicnce of
avarice, the paflion which firll induceil them to quit thcii native land, wero
<^ little paini, and were indeed ill qualified to collect fuch materials as are pro-
per for gratifying curiofay, or affording inOrudion. Thr geographer, then,
who could only employ the materials put into his hands, was not enabled to
give us any important information. In the courfc of llic prefcnt century,
however, men have begun to travel from different motives. A thirll for
knowledge, as well as tor gold, has led many into diflant lands. Thefc they
have explored with a philofophic attention ; and by laying open the internal
fprings of adlion, by whi*.'' th>- ^iihabitants of different regions are aifluated,
exhibit to us a natur.il and (Iriking pictiii'c*v-r hnman manners, under the va-
rious llages of barbarity and refiu'-ment. Without mai.ifcll in propriety, we
could not but avail ourfelves of their labours, by meant of which, we have
been enabled to give a more copious, and a more pcrfcil detail of wlut is
called Political Geography, than has hitherto appeared. i
In confidcring the prefent rtatc of nations, few circumftanccs arc of more
importance than their mutual intcrcourfc. This is chicriy brought abo'.it by
convmerce, the prime mover in the tuconotny of modern dates, and of which,
therefore, wc have never loll light in the prefent undertaking.
We are fenfiblc, that a reader couUl not examine the prefent ft.ite of nations
with much entertainment or inllrudtiun, unlcfs he was al!'.) made acquainted
with their ancient fituation, and with the various revolr .ms and events, by
the operation of which they have allumcd their prefent for: ' and appearance.
This conlKtutes the Hirtuiicol part of our Work; .\ department whicli we
have endeavoured to execute in a manner entirely new. Inlicad of fui^iiing
the readier with a dry detail of news-paper occurrences — occurrences no way
conneiled with one another, or with the general plan cf the whole, we
have mentioned only fuch fadts as arc intcrLiling, either in ihcmlllves or from
their relation to objcds of importance. Inlicad of a meagre index of incoherent
incidents, wc have drawn up a regular and conneCKd epitome of tiie hiilcry
of each country — Uich An cj'itome as may be read, we hope, with pleaui:e
and advantage, and which may be couhdcred ;x& a proper introdu^lion to more
ctipious accounts.
a 2 ll.-.ving,
P R E f A C R.
Il.iving, through the whole of the work, inrMtioncI the ancient n^meg of
coiintrid, and, in treating of ihcir particuLir liiltory, luinctinic* tuned our
refcircheN l)eyor)il the hniiti of modern tintcN, we have ttwxight it nccclliry,
for the f.iti«f.u!lion of fiuh rradem m arc unacquainted with ckincal learning,
to hcgin our I lillorical IturiKluCtion with the remote ages of antiquity, liy
infcrting An account of the ancient world in u hnok of geography, wc afford
an opportunity to the reader, of comparing together not only the manners,
government, and arts of dirt'crcnt nations, as they now appear, biit a« they
fuhlilled in ancient iU'.es ) which, exhibiting a general map, ai it were, of the
hidory of mankind, render;! uur work more complete tlun atty geographical
treatifc extant.
In the execution of our dellgn, wc have all along endeavoured to obA;rve
order and perlpicuity. Klegancc wc have I'acrificed to brevity i happy to
catch the leading feature, which dillinguilh the characters of mitlons, and by a
few (trukcH to hit off, though not completely to tinilh, the pitikure of man-
kind in ancient and modern times.
What hns enabled us to comprile Co many fubjcfts within the narrow
bounds of this work, is the omilHon of many immatcrLU circumflances, which
are recorded in other performances of the fame kind, and of all thofe fabulous
accounts or dclcriptiwiis, which, to the dilgrace of the hunun undcrflanding,
fwcll the works of gcoi^raphcrs ; though the falfity cf them, both from their
own nature and the concurring telliniony of the mod enlightened and beft-
informed travellers and hillorians, be long fincc detedtcd.
As to particular parts of the work, wc have treated them more or Icfs dif-
fufcly, in proportion to their importance to us as n\cn, and as fubjedls of
Great Britain. Our own country, in both rcfpe(fts, dcferved the greated (hare
of our attention. Credit Britain, thougli flic cannot boaft of a more luxuriant
foil or happier climate tlun many other countries, has advantages of another
and fuperior kind, which have made her the delight and envy of the world ;
thefe arc the equity of her laws, the frccflom of her political conflitution, and
the moderation of her religious fyfteni. With regard to the Britiih empire,
we have therefore been fuigularly toplcub.
3 Next
PREFACE.
ifeKt to ClrtM Tliltain, wc have cv:imlncil %)it cxtenflvrty tfic other ftatci
of F.iironci atul .iU>'.iyH In proportion nt they prclVn' iis with the largeft field
for ufJiil rcricdJDM. ily ci)in;>.iriuj togpthcr our anoimt* of the liuropciin
fiAtionn, an important fyilcni of pr.K'tical knt^lcilgc is inculciteil i and a lhou«-
fand urgunient* will .tppcir in tuvuur of a free guvcrnmcnt, religiuiit toleration,
»nd an extended, iinrdlraiucd toinincrcc.
Europ^ having occupied fo large a part of our volume, Afia next claima
our attention j which, though in fomc rcfpcets the mod famous quarter of
the world, offers, when compared to F.uropc, extremely little for our enter-
tainment or inOrudtion. In Alia, a llroitg atta«hincnt to ancient cullomsi,
and the weight of tyrannical power, hear ilown the adlivc genius of the in-
habitants, and prevent that variety in manners and character, which di(tin-
guillies the European nationii.
In Africa, the human mind fcems degraded below its natural llatc. To
dwell long upon the manners of this country, a country immcrfed in rude-
nefit and barbarity, iK-lides that it could afford little inltrudion, would be dil.
gulling to every lover of ina.ikiiid. Add to this, that the inhabitants of
Africa, deprived of all arts and fcicnccs, without which the human mind re-
mains torpid and inai^tivc, difcover no great variety in manners or character.
A gloomy famcncfs alinoll everywhere prevails i and the triHing dillindions
which are difcovcrcd amonj^; them, fcein rather to arifc from an cxccfs of bru-
tality on the one hand, than from any perceptible approaches towards refine-
ment on the other. Hut though thcfe ijuarters of the globe arc treated Icfs
cxtcnfively than luiropc, there is no dulridl of them, however barren or la-
vage, entirely omitted. . .
America, whether confuiercd as an immcnfe continent inhabited by an
endlefs variety of different people, or as a country intimately conncdlcd with
Europe by the tics of commerce and government, defervcs very particular
attention. The bt)!il dilcovcry and barbarous conqueft of this New World,
and the manners and prejudices of the original inhabitants, arc objcdb, which,
together with the defcription of tlic country, dcfervcdiy occupy no fmall rtiarc
of this performance.
la
PREFACE.
In treating i'lu h a variety of lubjc^lt, fume lei* ubviuui particular*, no doubt,
mull cl'capc our notice. Uut if uur general plan Iw ({ood, atui tho nutUnes
and chief figurci iketched witK trtitli and judgincDi, the candour of the learn,
cd, we hapt, will cxcui'c iinpcrfedioni which are unavoidable in a work of
thU cxlcnlivc kind.
We cannot, without exceeding the lv)und* of a Preface, Infift upon the
other parti uf our plan. The llicnce of natural geography, for want of pro<-
pcr ci)i.oura{>cnicMt from thole who arc alone capable of giving it, tlitl remaini
in an itnpirlUt llatc ( and the c\.{<.\ divilioni and extent of countries, for
w.int of geometrical furvey*, are far from Inring well afcertaincd. Thi« con-
ftdcration lu^t induced uk to adopt the mod unexceptionable of Templcman'i
Tablcn whiih, if they give not An account flritfUy accurate, afford at leall a
gcner.il ilea of thin fubjetlt > wliich ii all indeed that w: can attain, until the
gcogra])htc.d fcience arrives at greater perfection.
CON.
ADVERTISEMENT,
CON-
>.
H E nature and dclign uf ihu work it cxplAincd in the original prciitcc,
which immediately fulluwi thi* advertifrment : but it ii proper that our
readcri (hould be apprilcd ul' the numeruui impruvemciiti made in thia
cnLirgcd edition.
The lit'th edition, which immediately preceded thii, wa« much enriched
by int'orinatiuii l)orrowcd from the new works of Robertron, RenncI, Coxr,
Morfe, and other writing* of acknowledged authenticity. But amidrt the
rapid advance*! of geographical fcicncc, and the adventiiroui fpirit of Drilidt
navigator* and travellers fo m.uty new publications arc continually coming
from the prds, that, within the (hort fjwcc 'csi only two years, a great mufa
of grographicjl m.itctiaU has been created, of which wc have cndavourcJ
fully to avail ourlclvcs in the ptclcnt volume.
By a cominiritbn of thia edition with the lall, it uill be found that there
i» no country in Europe, the dcfcription of which ii not much improved i
^ and fcarcely a finglc page, in which there i* not I'omc confidcrablc
melioration. Anv)ng the numerous trnvcllen who have enriched our work,
Smirnhove, C'oiifctt, Townfcnd, Uourgoannc, Watkini, and Gray, have
afforded valuable communications concerning RuHia, bwcdcn» Lapland,
Finland, Dcnm.-irk, Spain, Switzerland, and Italy.
Crcnt .idditions have been inaile to the dcicnption of India: iti geography,
reli[;ioii, laws, literature, arul commerce, have been examined with parti-
cular care: and m.iny new articles have been added cotKCrning the man*
ncrs of the inhabitants, their languages, allegories, writing materialt, pagodav,
funcr.ils, maufolcuins, jcc. drawn chiefly from lieutenant Moor's accurate
Narrative, and tlut highly ornamented work, Mr. Hodges' Travels. Major
Dirom's account of the campaign, which terminated the \VTir with Tippco
flultan in 1792, with other publications equally .luthcntic, have enabled us to
bring downthc hiltory of India to the prclcnt time. The Abbti Gro(ier''«
llitloryof China, and Mr. Franklin's Travels in Perlia, have affordcA
their guidance in travcrfing thofc vjill regions of AlU.
As the ftock of our ylfrlcan geography is fmall, great attention ha>
been p.iid to the new works on that lubjcilt ; from wliich valuable inl'or-
nuiiou lus been derived,
T»
hi
jl
To Mr. Morfe vre owe an tnlergtd edition of the geography of Ame-
rica. His information is the more to be depended on, as he maintained an
extenfive correlpondcnce with men of letters, and viflted in perfun the
feveral dates in the Union. From him, we have learned many importaht
particulars j among others, the late/l divifion of the feveral flates into di-
/Iru^s, counties, towns, tec. together with the a£^ual condition of the new-
formed ftates of Vermont, the country N. W. of the Ohio, Kentucky, and
the country of the Ohio, or the TenneHce government.
It remains to name one gentleman, to whom this edition Is under
peculiar obligations,— Bryan Edwards, efq. of the idand of Jamaica, from
whofe Hiftory of the Britifh Colonies in the Weft Indies, a new defcription
of thefe iflands in general, and a circumftantial account of the Britifh
poHeinons, particularly Jamaica, have been extradled ; containing articles
of information too various to be diilindtly fpecificd in this fhort addrcfs.
In treating this important part of our fubjed, we have borrowed the ac-
curate and elegant language of Mr. Edwards, who has furveyed and depidted
with an animated eye and an energetic pencil the fublime fcenes dif-
played in thoiie tropical regions.
' . . - • ^
The prefent publication comprehending hiftory as well as geography,
the variety and magnitude of fume recent tranfadions have rendered nume-
rous alterations or additions rcquifite in the hiftorical part of our undertaking.
The hiftory of cacli country is brought down to the pr«^nt time j that of
Oreat Britain is confidcrably enlarged ; and the calamitous evenft in a neigh-
houring nation arc related with fuch circumftances as cannot fail to make
every honeft Briton cherifh tlie well-poifed conftitution of government in
his own happy Hland ; a conftitution formed and improved by the accumu-
lated wifdom of J^cs.
To make room for thcfc important infertions, great pains have been
employed in abridging diftufivenefs, and lopping oft* redundancy; yet
the new materials lately brought to light have unavoidably fwclled this
edition far beyond the laft, and much more beyond all preceding editions.
OSIober^ ^795-
THE
\
*
I
1^
i!
f
CONTENTS.
been
'i yet
|:d thi£
lions.
THE
%
f
INTRODUCTION.
PAR T I.
' 0/ /jhonomkal Gtography.
SOI.AR Syftcm - • I'ape
'I'u'jie of the DiamettTs, Periods, &c. of
the leveral Planets in tlit bolar Syftein
Comets - -
Fixed Stars - • 4» ?•
Confteliatintis - - 6,
C'opernicaii and other Syftcms
Uoiilriiie o( the Spliere
- Glol)e
I'roblemi ntrformed by the Globe
Mc;Sod of finding the' Latitudes and Longi-
tudes of I'laces from CeleiJial Obftrvations
Geographical Obfervations
Natural Divifions of the Earth
i
4
6
. 7
ibid.
Winds and Tides
Map: and Cardinal Points
Length of Miles in different Countries
PART H.
3'.
34.
ibid.
0/ '/(■ Oririn cf Nations, Laws, dvcinmcnl.,
and Commc'Cf, 36
PART III.
Of the Origin and Picgnp »f Re!i?ttn, (>o
Of the Natural and Political Parts of EU-
ROPE . - 63
Public Revenue of the principal States in Eu-
rope - - • 64
Land and Naval Forces of the Europenn States 6^
Urand Divilions of Eumpf, its Situ.ition and
Boundaries • - - 66
Denmark - • ■ ''7
E.nft and Weft Greenland • 6S
licl.uid - - - "o
Norway - - - 74
Denmark Projur - - Eo
Lapland - - . . 96
Sweden • - - 102
MuCcovj, or tht RiilTian Empire 121
Scotland, and the Hebrides, CJr'<nfys, &c. 151
EMj;l.Tnd - - - iiji
Wales - - • 3S5
Kle of Man - - 31; 1
me of Wight
Jerfey, (juernfey, &c.
Ireland - .
France
United Netherlands, or Holland
Auftrian and French Netherlands
Cierinany ...
I'ruHia
Bnhemia
Hung.iry
'I'ranfylvania, Sclavonia, Croatia, and Hun-
garian Dalmatia
Poland and Lithuania
Switzerland ■ .
S|>ain ...
Portugal
Italy ...
Turkey in Europe, the ancient Greece
Turkihi iriands in the Levant, being part of
ancient Greece
»,» Other European Iflands are ilefcribed with
the Countries to which they refpeiftively be«
long.
S9»
419
465
476
4H))
51*
'$ati
53«
535
537
56a
578
609
619
6S6
66}
ASIA.
Its Situation, Boundaries, grand Diviflons,
and Hiftory
Of Turkey in Afia
Tartary in Afia
China ...
India in general
Indis beyond the Ganges
India within the C!aiig> s, or the Empire of
tlie Great Mogul
'-' .e Peninfula within the Ganges
Perlia
Arabia - . -
Indian and Oriental Ifles belonging to Afia
AFRICA.
Its Sit\iation, Boundarie-, grand Divifion%
and Hidoiy ...
Of Egypt
'file Stales of Barbary
Abyliiiiia . -
}'ez7.an, Bornou, and (";illina
Sierra Leone and liiil.ini
Country of the Ilo'.ttntuls
C'atfraria
Afiiia from t!ie Trnpi
Caj c ot (iDod llupc
A!riv;u) llLiuli
667
670
6(ji
699
7'4
7»8
733
7?8
782
794
Hoi
809
K14
«2 +
838
''45
849
i Cancer to the
8,6
AMERIC.V.
^^'
o
N
T
!•:
N
T
S.
A M K R I C A.
Its Uifcnvery and Iliftory . 86}
Original Iiiluthitants - • 8?)
Situation, Douiidarics, niul srand Dividons 88z
New Britain and other (Jountries towards
tlir North Pole • • 889
Canada • • - 89)
Nova Scotia - - 901
^New LriinUick • • ibid.
United States of Anur'ci • 90)
New t^ngland • • 906
New York • ■ 91;
New Jcrfcy • - 919
Pennlylvania )
Delaware J " * "
Maryland - • 926
I < Virginia - • 928
» North and South Carolina, with Georgia 93 j
New States formed in North Annerica 943
Vermont ... jbij.
Territory North Weft of the Ohio . 946
Kentucky - » - 947
Territory South of the Ohio 949
General Defcription of the Weft Indies 9^
Jamaica and otner iflands in the Weft Indies
966, it (rq.
Spanift) America ■ • -987
E
<
o
\. Amer.
>S. Amer.
'Eaft and Weft Florida
LouiGania
New Mexico, including
California
Old Mexico, or New
: Spain
' Terra Firms
Peru
Chili
Paraguay, or I.a Plata _, ^
Cuba and HifpanioU, and other Iflands
ill America
Portiieuefe America, Brafil
French America, Cayenne
Martinico, Guadaloupe, and other French
Klands in the Weft Indies
Dutch America, Surinam
St. EulUti.1, and other Dutch Illandt in the
Weft Indict
St. Thomas, and other Danilli Iflands in
Ditto
New Difcovcries
Terra Incognita - - •04J»
A New Geographical Table, alphabetically
arranged • -
A TMe of the Coins of all Nations, and
their Value in Enelilli Money
A Chronological Table of remarkable
Events, &c.
987
V»,,
991
992
')')^
lOOJ
1004
1007
101 1
1017
1018
1019
loaz
1030
1034
1044
1046
io6»
1077
Direnions for placing the Maps,
Page
The World
The Sphere
Europe ....
Sweden, Denmark, Not way, and Finland
Kuflia ....
Scothnd - - -
Kngland
Irflaiid
Frame, divided into Military Govrrnnirnts
, as ilividcd into Circles .ind Dcjtattments
430
.Seven United Provinces - - 466
Auftrian and French Netherlands - 476
Gtrinaiiy andawitzrrland • 4b8
I
8
63
131
■5'
iy»
39?
419
Poland . . • •
537
Spain and Portugal
578
Italy
619
Turkey in E\iropc, and Hungary
6 {6
Alia
667
Cliina . . ..
699
Hindoftan
7«4
Africa
809
Britifli Amcric.i
889
United American States
90J
Weft Indies
9i'
987
South .'Vmerica
C'.nrt of tlic World, containing New
Difcovcries, &(.
IZ04
INTRO.
9«7
,^,
99'
902
')-)■>
1004
luls
1007
1017
icli
1018
1019
the
loai
In
1010
ioa4
>4J. '044
tlly
1046
tnd
io6»
Die
1077
5^2
578
619
6;6
667
699
7'4
809
8B9
90 J
987
1234
R O-
INTRODUCTION.
PARTI.
, " ■ Of AstronomicalGeography. '
%'
vo
•- M (
-■1;
I
SECT. I
; i :r.:t'*^'r V90?< « »■<» ■<
•f TW
{J'« i
Of the Planets, the Comets, the Fixed Stars, and the different
" • . Systems of the Universe. ; ^
Til E fcicnce of Geography cannot be underftood without confidering the
earth as a planet, or as a body moving round anotlter at a conliderabic di-
ftance from it. The fcicnce wliich treats of the planets, and other heavenly
bodies, is called Astronomy : hence the nccellity of beginning this work witn
an account of the heavenly bodies. Of thefe, the moft confpicuous is the fun,
the fountain of light and heat to the planets that move round it; and which, to-
gether with the fun, conipofe what is called the Solar Syftem. The path in which
Uie planets move round the fun, is called their Orbit ; and it is now proved by
aftronomers, that there are fcven planets which move round the fun, each in its
own orbit. The names of thefe, according to the nearncfs to the centre, or mid-
dle point of the fun, are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and
the Georgium Sidus. The two firft, bccaufe they move within the orbit of the
earth (being nearer the fun) are called inferior planets, or, perhaps more properly,
interior or inner planets ; the four lad, moving without the orbit of the earth, are
called /w^mor, or, perhaps more properly, exterior or outer planets. If we can form
n notion of the manner m which any one of thefe planets, fuppofe the earth, moves
round the fun, wc can eafdy conceive the manner in which all the reft perform
that revolution. We fliall only therefore particularly confider the motion of the
earth, leaving that of the others to be collected from a table, which we lliall de-
liver, with fuch explanations as may render it intelligible to the meaneft capacity.
'Hie earth was long confidered as one extenfive plane, of no remarkahif ililck-
nofs, and the regions below it were fuppofcd to be the habitations of fpiriis. '1 lu"
hoavons, in which tlie fun, moon, and liars appeared to move daily from Liift to
woll, were conceived to be at no great diiiame fnmi it, and to be only ddij^iu-d
for the ule or oniainL'iit of our e.'Mth : foveral rvainns, ll()\^(•\or, occurroil, which
rendered this opinion improbable; and we have now a fiitlicient ])ro(if oftho
figure of the earth, from the voyages ot many navigators w!io have failed roiu.d it,
partieularlv from that of Magelhm'M ihip, vvhieh was tlio firtl that furroimded the
globe, lailiiig eall from a port in luirop-- in 151 9. and retiirnin;; to the fame, at'ter
a vovage (if iii.vdays, \\itlio\it apparently alteiini; liis direction, anymore tlian
a liy Wiiuld appear to do in mt^vin;^ round a i)all ol v.:i\.
'i'he nimichiers of the oailh beinj,; ellablilhed, a \va\ was naturally opened tor
the dilloveiy of its motion ; for while it was eonlideredas a plane, mankiml had
:tn obfcmv notinji ul its lieinj; fni)])"rted, like a fcnll'njdini;, on pillars, thou;^!i they
»-onld not coneeive what fujiported thi le. Hut the Hi^iire ol a globe is much bet-
ter ad.ipied lo uioti'jn. 'llii^i is cuiilirnu'd by conlidering, that, if tlie earth did
1) ' not
#•
3 INTRODUCTION.
not move round the fun, not only the fun, but all the ftars and planets, muft move
r<>iind the earth. Now, as pliilnfophiirs, by reckonings founded on the furcft ob*
ilrvations, have been able to judge pretty nearly of the diftanccs of the heavenly
bodies from the earth, and from each other, jull as every one tliat knows the firll
elements of mathematics can meafure the heiglit of a ftccple or any objetl placed
on it i it appeared that if We conceived the heavenly bodies to move round the
earth, we mud fuppofe them endowed with a motion or velocity fo immenfc at
to exceed all conception ; whereas all the appearances in nature may be as well
explained by innagining tho «arth to mov« round the fun in the fpace of a year,
ancf to turn on its own axis once in the twenty-four hours.
To form a conception of thefe^ two motions of the earth, we may imagine a ball
moving on a bowlmg-green : the ball proceeds forwards upon the green, not by
Aiding along like a plane upon wood, or a flate upon ice, out by turning round
its own axis, which is an imaginary line drawn through the centre of the ball, and
ending on its furfacc in two points called its poles. Conceiving the matter tben
in this way ; and that the earth, in the fpace of 24 hours, moves from well to ea(i,
the inhabitants on the furface, like men on the deck of a Ihip, who are infenlible
of their own motion, and think that tlte banks ntovu from them in a contrary di>
rcd^ion, will conceive that the fun and liars move from eal) tu wed in the fame
time, in which they, with the earth, move from weft to eall. This diurnal motion
of the earth being once clearly conceived, will aid us in forming a notion of its
anviual motion round the fun ; for as that luminary fecms to have a daily motion
round our earth, which is really occalioned by the daily motion of the earth round
it>; axis, fo, in the courfo of a year, he fecms to have an annual motion in the
heavens, and to rife and fit in ditferent points of them, which is really occalioned
by the annual tipotiou of the earth iu its orbit or path round the fun, which it com-
pletes in a year. Now as tu the lirll of thefe nu)tions we owe the diflference of day
and night, fo to the ft.'C4>nd we are indebted for the diti'erence in the length of the
days and nights, :i,nd in the fcafons of the year.
TuK PLANETS.} I'lius iiuK'h being preinifed with regard to the motion of the
earth, which the fmalkll rctk^tion may lead, us to apply to the other pjuuets, we
luuit obferve, before exhibiting our t»ble, that, belide the fev<.-n ])lanets already
luentiuned, which move round the fun, iLwre are fourteen other bodies whicn
move round four of thel'e, in the fanv-* manner as they do rouivd the fun ; and of
thefe our earth has one, called tlie moon; Jupiter has four, Saturn has feven*
(two of thefe having been lately diifcovered by Dr. Ilerfcl>el), and is alfo encom-
jtalled with a broad ringf. Ihe Georgium Sidus has two moons, as that excellent
• See the lxx.Yth vol. of the PhilofophicalTranC.
f The fpace between the ring and the globe of
Saturn is fuppofcil to be ratlicr more than the
breadth of the riii^, ar\;l the gre:itc(l diameter of
tlie ring to be in (iroporlioii to ihat ot the globe as
7 to 3. It piiti on dilfirciit a;ii)(iir,inti.'> to i,>.,
ibmctinies bcini> fecn quite oi)rn, at others only
as a line upon the equator. It is jiroliablc that it
will at times call a fliadow over valt regi'ji\i of Sa-
turn's liody. 'I'licre is a paper liy Dr. llcr'chcl in
the fhilofophical Tranf.iflions tor i7i>o, (vol.
Ixxx.) on the fubjeft of S,ituri, its ring ami litrl-
lites, iii'which he hints his fufpit ion that the ring
of that planet is compofed of taa ri/tj^s, nearly, if
not perfeiftly in the fame plane, and contentrlt to
one another, and feparatcd bv a very narrow fpace,
whiili appeared to him like a l>laek /.one, or lill,
on tlie furface of the riiig. He fufpciideil, how.
ever, his opinion, till the planet in its orbit fliould
give us a fight of the other edge of the ring, on
whiih if the fame appearance Ihould be fctn, it
would amount to a pretty clear demonftration
that what he <aw was a feparation of the ring.—*
Since the publication of that papir, the foutherii
fide of .S.iturn's ring has become vihble to us;
and the doffor tells us he has had feveral excellent
opportunities of viewing that fide of the ring to
the greatcll advantage, and l«s always fecn the
fame black lill, at the fajiie dili.iiKc from the edge
of the ring, and of the fame breadth, as nearly as
he can judge, that it ap|)eart<l to be on the nor-
thern fide. He therefore thinks himrelf now an.
thorifed to fay, liiat the pl.inet !>.i'urn ha. two con.
centric rings, of unequal diiiieJifion> and breadth^
fitualed in one plane, and at a confiderable dif.
tance from each other. Pnil, Tranfaiffioiis for
1 792, part I.
allro'
INTROnUCTION. %
afh-onomer has flicwn. lliefc are called mooni, from their Mreeing with our
moon, which wai tirll attended to : and fomctimes they are called fecondan pla-
nets, bccaufe they feem to be attendants of the l'.arth, Jupiter, .Saturn, and lim
Gcorgium Sidun, alx)ut which they move, and which arc called primnrv
'Hiere are but two obfervations more, necefl'ury for underilandin;; tlie followin/j
table. We have already faid that the annual motion of the earth (Kcalioiu-d tlic
diverlity of feafons. But this would not happen, were the axis of the earth i'X>
a6)ly parallel to the axis of its orbit ; becauic then the fame |>arts of the- earth
would be turned towards the fun in every diurnal revolution ; wliicli would de-
prive maniiind of the grateful vicilhtudes of the feafons. The axis of the earth,"
therefore, is inclined to the plane of the earth's orbit, which we may contfivc hy
fuppoling a fpindle |>ut through a ball, with one end of it touching tlic groiuni ; if
we move the ball directly forwards, while one end of the fnindlc contiiun. s to loiiih
the ground, and the other points towards fome auartor of tne heavens, we may form
n notion of the inclination of the earth's axis to its orbit, from the inclination of the
fpindle to the ground, llu' fame obfervation applies to fome of the other planets,
as may be feen from the table. It now remains, to conlider what is nieant by the
mean di/iaruti of the planets from the fim. In order to undirfland this, we muil
learn that the path which a planet defcribes, were it to be marked out, would not
be quite round or circular, but in the ihane of a tigure called an eliiplis, which,
though refcmbling a circle, is hniger than l>road. 1 lence the fame planet is not
always at the fami; diltance from tlie fun, and the mean diltance of it is that which
is exa^Uy betwixt its grcatell and leaft dilhince. Here follows the table.
A TABLE of the Diameters, Periods, &c. of the feveral Planets in
the Solar Svllem.
of the
we
headv
fhicK
and of
fcvcn*
Micom-
Lcellcnt
fetn, it
nflration
ring.—
foutliera
to lis i
excellent
ring to
fecn tlic
the tilgc
nearly as
tlie iinr-
now ail-
two con-
breailtli,
able tiif-
ioiis for
Namci
If
Mean iliftances
from the fun
as determined
Annual
peripdi
Diurnal
rotation
Houri
in it
2.?
Si
S5
of the
si
from obferva-
round (he
on its
- =
planets.
tions of the
fun.
axis.
11
si
cr p
rs-
tranfit of Venus
in 1761.
tion
tor.
d. h. m.
Sun
890,000
y. d. h.
35 6
3.818
8° 0' 0"
Mercury
3,000
36,841,468
87 a3
unknown.
109,699
unknown.
unknown.
Venus
9.3JO
68,891,486
334 17
34 8
80,395
43
75« 0' 0"
Earth
7.979
9?, 1 73,000
1
1
68,343
1,04a
33° 29' '
Moon
a, 1 80
ditto
1
39 la 44
33,390
9t
3° 10' 0"
Mars
5,400
145,014,148
1 3ai
.1 314 18
34 40
5?.»87
556
0° 0' 0"
Jupiter
94,000
494,990,976
9 56
39,083
35,920
0° 0' 0'
Saturn
78,000
907,956,130
89 167 6
unknown.
33,101
unknown.
unknown.
OeorgUim
.Sidus
34.»>7
i,8i5,9iJ,a6oJ83 lai
unknown.
unknown.
unknown.
0' 43' 35"
aftro-
The Georgian planet (or Georgium Sidus) having greatly excited the attention
of the learned world, it would be unpardonable, in a work of tliis nature, to omit
giving the readtr a brief account of it. It was difcovered by Dr. Hcrfchel, with
his telefcope of great fize and power, forty feet in length and four and a half in
diameter, in tlie year 1781. For this dilcovery he obtained from tin- Royal Society
the honorary rccompence of fir Godfrey Copley's medal. In fo recent a difcovery
of a planet fodiltant, many particulars cannot be cxpet^ed. We have introduced
fome account of it into the above table from the firit authority.
Though the Georgium Sidus was not known as a planet till the time of Dr.
Hcrfchel, yet there are many reafons for fuppofmg it had been fcen before, but had '
B 2 then
4 INTRODUCTION.
then been eonfidcretl nt n fixed Ihr i but, from ihe flcadinefH of its liglit, from Iti
«liameter being increafcd by lugli mngnifving powers, iiiul front the change which
he had obfervcd In it8 lUiiation, he concluded that it was n comet ; but m a little
time, he, witlj others, determinu tl that it was a plan, t, from its vicinity to the eclip-
tic, the direction of its motion, being Ihitionary in the time, and in fuch circum-
llunce
is abfi
he direction ot its motion, Iteing Itationary in the time, and in Inch circu
L's as correfpond with (imilnr appearances in other |)lnnets. When the nu
fent it may be feen by the naked eye i and the difcovery of two fatellites
When the moon
on
tlie I Mb January, 1787, nitending it, leems to confer upon it a dignit\, and to raifc-
it into a more confpieuous lituation among the great bodies ot our folar fyllem.
As the dillanees of the planets, wlien mnrked in miles, are a burden t«) the memory^
alironomers ot'tcn exprefs their mean dillanees in a Ihorter way, l)y fu|)poling the
didancc from the cartn to the fun t«i be divided into ten pans. Mercury may then
be ehimated at four of fucli parts from the fun, Venus at feven, the l'',arth at ten.
Mars at fifteen, Jupiter at fifty-two fuch parts, Saturn at nincty-Hve, and the Geor-
gium Sidus at one hundred and ninety parts.
The comkts.] The reader having acquired this information refpcfling the
planets, mull next turn his attention to the Comets, which, as they revolve round our
Sun, make part of the folar fyftem. Thcfe, defeending from tlie far diftant parts
of the fyllem with great rapidity, furjuile us with the lingular appearance of a
train, or tail, which accompanies them ; become vilii)le to iis in the lower parts ot"
their orbits, and, after a ihort liay, go olV again to vail dillanees, an<l dilappear.
Tiiough fome of the ancients had more jutl notions of them, yit as the erroneous
opinion prevailed, that they were only tranlient meteors in llie air, nocare wai
taken to record their ph;enomena accurately, till of late. The general dotlrine
now is, lliat they are folid, compatl bodies, like otiier planets, and regulated by
the fame laws of gravity, defcribing e(|ual areas in proportional times by radii
drawn to the common centre. 'Iluy move about tlie fun in very eccentric ellip-
ft's, and are of a much greater denlity than the earth ; for fome ol'tliem are heated
ill every period to fuch a <legree as would vitrify any fubllance known to us. Sir
Haac Newton coin|)iited the luat of the comet that ajipeared in the year i6fio,
VNlien neareli the fun, to be 2000 times hotter than red-hot iion, and tliat, being
thus heated, it mull ritaiii its heat till it conies round again, although its period
lliould be mure than 20,000 years ; and it is compulicl to be only 375. it is be-
lievi.d that there are at lead 21 comets belonging to our fvllem, iiio.ing in all di-
rections ; and all tliofe which have been obfervi d have moved through the ethereal
regions and the orbits ot the jilanets, without fullering any fenlible relillaiue in their
motions, which proves that the planets do not move in folid orbs. Of all the
■ tonuls, the periods of three only are known with any degree of certainty, being
found to return at intervals of 73, 129. and 575yiars; that which aiipeared in i()8o
i.s the nioll remarkable ; its greatell dillance is about i: thoufaiul 200 millions of
niile^ iVom the fun, while its Iiafl dillance frcmi the centre of the fun is about 490
thoufand miles ; within lefs than one third part of the fun's femidiameler from his
furfiice. In thai part of iis oihit, which is luarell to the fun, it Hies with tlu' amaz-
ing velocity ot 880,000 miles in an hour ; and the fun, as feen from it, appears too
degrees in breadth, conle(|uciiily 40,000 times as large as be ajipears to us. 'Ihe
albmilhing dillance that this comet runs out into empty fpace, naturally fuggelis to
our imagination, the vail diltaiite between our fun, and the neareli of the lixed
liars, of whofe attrattions all tlu' comets mull keep clear, to return periodically and
move round the fun. \h. llalUy, to whom every part of allronomy, but this in a
particular manner, is highly indebted, has joined his labours to thole of lir Ifaae
Newton on this fubjeet. Our earth was out of the w.iy, when this comet lall pall-
ed near her orbit ; but it retpiires a innre perfect knowledge of the motion of the
tumel, to be able to determine whether it will always pal's by us with fo liitlt
died ;
INTRODUCTIO?r |
efToi'l I for it may h^ ohforved, tliat the comot, in om- part of its orbit, npprnachct
vi-ry near to tl>c orbit of our cartli : fo that, in fonu- nvolutions, it mny appioHcIi
iKiir enough to havo vorv nmlidcrahlc, if not fatal cffi-tt^ upon it. Sco Niwton,
llallry, (iri'gory, Kvill, M'ljiurin, Dcrham, Kcr^iifon, and Wliillon.
'I'mk fixko star* I Having ihuit brii-Hy liirvcyod tlio folar fyftom, which,
though great in itfelf, is finull in comparifon with tlio ininu-nlit^' ol liio uniscrli',
\vi' next procci'd to iho ninii-inplalion of thofc other vail hiuiics culled thv JixeJ
St/in \ winch being of intiiiiif ufe in the prattice of geogrnpliy, claim a particular
notice in thin work. 'I'hcfe fixed thirs ure dillin;^uilhed by liie naked eye from the
planets, by being left* bright and luminous, and by continually exhibiting that ap«
juaranee wl>icl» we cull the twinkling of the rtars. This urifes from their being
fo fmall, that the interpolition of the halt body, of which there are many conftantly
floating in the air, depriven us of the light of then) i when the inlerpoled body
changes its place, we again fee the ftar, and this fuccellion being perpetual, octa-
lions the twinkling. But a more remarkable property of the fixed liars, and that
fr<m> which they have obtained theii name, is their never changing tluir lituatioii,
with regard to each other, as the planets, from what we have already laid, mull
evidently be always changing their's. The liars which are neareft to us feein largell,
and are therefore called of the lirll magnitude, Thofe of the fecond mugniuidv
appear lefs, being at n grratcr dilhmce ; and fu proceeding on to the lixth inugni-
tude, which includes nil the fixed liars that are vifible without a telelcope. As to
their number, though in a clear winter's ni<;ht, without muonihine, they fcem to be
innumerable, which is owing to their llrong fparkling, andthecoiifctpient foiifiilion
in our light ; yet when the whole firmament is divided, as was dtme by the ancients,
into ligns and conllellations, the number that can at any time be fcen bv the bare
c\e, exceeds not a thoufand. Since t'.ie inventiuiiof teleltupes, indeed, the number
of the fixed liars may be deemed indetinite ; betaufe the greater i)crfeClion we arrive
nt in »)ur glalVes, the more liars always appear to us. Mr Klanillead, late. royaJ
alironomer at (Greenwich, has given us a catalogue of about 3000 liars. 'Ihefc
sire called telefco|)ic liars, from their being invilihie without the allillance of that in-
ftrmncnt. 1>. I lerl'ehel, to whole ingenuity and allidiiity the allronomical world is
lo much indebteil, has evinced what great difcoveries may be made by improvements
in the inllriiments of obfervalion. in fpeaking here ol his difcoveries, I Ihall ufe
the words of \I. de la l/ande. " In palling rapidly over the heavens with his new
telelVope, the univerfe increafed uixler his e)e ; 44.000 flars, I'een in the fpace of a
f-w decrees, feem to indicate that there were feventv-live millions in the heavens."
Hut what are all ihefe, when compared to tlioi'e that fill the t>oiiiullel's tields of
;ether? Who can fay how far the univerfe exteiuls, or p<Mnt out thole limits, whenf
the Creator llaved " his rapid wheels," or where he " fixed tiie golden cotii-
palfes!"
'I'lie immenfe diftance of the fixed flars from our earth, and from each other, \%
of all confiderations the moll proper for expanding; mii ideas of the works ot' (iod.
J'or notwilhttanding the great extent of the earth's orbit or path (which is at lc:ill
190 millions of miles in diameter) round tlie Uin, the dillanee of a fixed liar is not
I ■iilil)lv alVecled by it ; fo that the liar does not ;ii)pear to be any nearer us when the
earth is in that part of its orbit luarell ihe li. . than it feemed to be when liie earth
was at the ntoli dillant part of its orbit, or i()0 millions ot miles t'artlicr removed
from the fame liar. The liar nearell us, aiul conllanti) the largelt in appearance,
is the dog-liar, or Siriiis. .Modern difcoveries make it probable that each of thel'v
li.\ed liars is a fun, having planets and cnmets revolving round it. as our bin has t lie
«'arth and other planets revolving roniul iiim. Now the dog-liar appears 37,000
times let's than the tun ; and as the diliaiue of the liars mull be greater in propor-
tion as they feem lets, mathematicians have c(>mputed lite dillanee of Siriiisfium \\%-
4 INTRODUCTION.
1(» !)«♦ two billioni and two iuiiKlrotI thntifund niilliotm uf nilc*. Tlic mnlinn of
liulit, llii-rcrorc, uliici) ihoueli Co quick bh (ft Ik- coniMionly lliouf;li( iiidiintnncout,
taki'H up luori' lime in <iiivr[lin|{ troin the flarii lo ur, liiaii ^^l' di* in tiialitiK n VVi-lU
liuli.i \())a){0. A fotiiid would not arrive lo u* troin llu-uic in 50,000 ycnrit
wliii'l), next to l\f^)n, is confidcrt-d nn tlic quii kill hody «vt ur^.' a<'<)uaintvd with.
And a irinnon hall, Hying at the rate ot' 480 miles nn hour, would nut reach u» in
700,000 yearn.
Ilic Hart, In-ing at fuih immenfe dillanccs from the fun, cannot |M)flibly receive
from him fo Hron^ a light as thev feetn tu have; nor nnv brightnefii fullicient lu
make them vilihle to us ; tor the mn'i rays mull lir fo mucli weakened before they
reach Inch remote objei'tH, that they can never be tranl'ndtted back to our eyes, fo ai
to render thefe objc^ls vilible i)y relli*^ti(>n. 'I he liars therefore Ihine with their
own native and unborroweil hilire, as the fun doeji; and lince each liar, as well
iiii the fun, is confined to a particular portion of fpat% it is plain that the liars arc
of the fame nature with the fun.
It is not credible that the Almighty, who nlwoys a^ls with inHnitc wifdom,
fliould create fo many glorious funs nt fuch immenfe dillantcs from each other,
without placing proper objetls near enough to be bcnerited by their inHuenccs.
Whoever imagines tliat they were ntade only to give u faint glimmering light to
the inhabitants of litis globe, mull have a very fuperficial knowledge of allrunomy *,
and a mean opinion ot the Divine W ifdom; lince, by an inHnitefy lefs exertion of
creating power, the Deity could have given our earth much more light by one
lingle adtliliimal moon.
Inllead then of one fun and one world only in the univcrfe, as the unlkilful in
ndronomy imagine, liat fcience diftovers to us fuch an inconceivable number ot'
funs, fyllcms, and worlds, difperfed through boundlefs fpace, that if our fun, with
all the planets, moons, and comets belonging to it, were annihilated, they would
be no more milled, by an eye that could take in the whole creation, than a grain
of fand from the fea-lhore ; the fpacc they poflcfs being com}>aratively fo (mull,
that it would fcarcely be a fenlible blank in the univcrfe, although the Georgiuin
^iduR, the outermod of our |)lanets, revolves about the fun in an orbit of 10,830
millionR of miles in circumference, and fome of our comets make excurlions man^r
thoufand millions of miles beyond the orbit of the Georgium Sidus ; and yet, at
that amazing diflancc, they are incomparably nearer to ihe fun than to any of the
liars ; as is evident from their keeping clear of the attratlive power ot all the
liars, and returning perimlically by virtue of the fun's attraction.
From what we know of our own fyllem, it may be reafonably concluded, that
all the rell are with eciual wifdom provided with accommodations for ratiimal in»
habitants ; for althougli there is almoll an infinite variety in the parts of the crea-
tion which we have opportunities of examining, yet there is a general analogy
connecting all the parts into one fehcmo, one delign, one whole !
.SiiiCe the fixed (Jars are prodigious fpheres of lire, like our fun, and at incon-
rcivahle dilLince-i fmni each other, as well as from us, it is reafonabic to conclude
tlicy are made for the tame pmpdfes that the fun is; to bellow light, heat, and
vegetation on inhabited planets, moving around them in their lefpedive orbits.
v\ hat an aiigiill, what an amazing conception, if human imagination can con-
ceive it, dues tills give of the works of the Creator! Thoufands of thoulands of
funs, multiplie<l without end, and ranged all around us, at immenfe dillances from
each other, attended by ten tlioufand times ten thoufand worlds, ail in rapid mo-
tion, yet calm, regular, and harmonious, invariably keeping the paths prefcribed
• Kfiiecialiy finer there .ire maiiv ftars wiiith are not vifible witlioiit the nlTinaiice of a good tclcfiopc;
ami, tlierefure, iiilleud oi gw'uig liglit to thi:> world, tlicy can only bi I'ccu by a few aflronunicrt.
tlicni ;
• moliiin of
laiitnnt-imti
iiiK « VVfU-
ooo yi'iiri I
intid vvillj.
reach u% in
ibiy ri'ceivt
fumiii-nt tu
before ihiy
r i'yc», fu «•
• with their
lUr, ai well
the llnm urc
itc wifdoin,
each otlier,
r intlueiiccs.
ini; light to
allronomy •,
D exertion of
light by one
un(kilful in
Ic number of
)ur fun, with
, they would
than a grain
ely fo Imullt
\e Georgiuin
it of 10,830
urfions manf
and yet, at
any of the
Icr ot all the
:ludcd, that
rational in*
|of the crea-
>ral analogy
|id at incon-
1 to conclude
t, heat, and
ivc orbits,
■on can ct)n-
llioufands of
jlianccs from
In rapid niu-
Is jMcfcribcd
tood tcleftopt;
■unicn.
thcni ;
INTRODUCTION. 7
Ihcm I and ihefe world* peopled with myriadi of inlelligunt bringi, formed for
cndlefs proKretlion in pcrte^liun and felicity.
If fo much power, wifdoni, goudnciit, and mMgnl/icencc is difplaycd in the mn-
tcrial ereati«Hi, which \% the teull conliderubic part of the univerle, huw great, how
wife, how gcvMl mull I IK be, who made and govern* the whole !
4 Tme conivkll a I ions.) The ^r/i peoftit wlui attentively tibferved \\\c fixe<l
Aari, were \\\t Jktftkenli in the beautiful platn!i of K)(ypt and Dubyiun; who, partly
from amufement, and partly with a view to direct them in their travelling during
the night, obferved the fituation of thrfe cclcliial bodies. Kiulowed with a lively
fanry, they divided the llarn into ditfeicnt conipuniei or cuiitUlbitioni, ench of
which they fuppofed to reprefenl the imaj;c of loine animal, or oilier terreOruil ob-
ject. The pealantt iu our own country do the fame ; for they dillin^uilh that ){re.it
northern conlfellution, which philofuphers call the L'rfa Major, by the name of the
I'lough, the figure of which it certainly may reprefent, with a very little help fioin
the fancy. Hut the conAcllations in general have preferved the natnes which were
Svenlhem by the ancieiit.s ; and they arc rcclioned i\ mrt/mn, and li foHlliern: hut
v moderiu have increafed the number of the northern to 36, and of the fouthern
to 32. Befide thefe, there are the twelve Ji^m or conttellationst in the Zodiac,
as ii is cmlled, from a Greek word lignifying an tinimnl, bccnufe eat h of thefe ix
reprefents fonu* animal. This is a great circle dividing the heavensi into two e(|ual
parts, of which we Ihall fpeak, hereafter. .Meanwhile, we Ihall conclude tliia
ivetiun with an account of the rife, prugrefs, and revohitionii in allronomy.
DirrKRK ST SYSTEMS OP Till univilrsk.J Mankind mull have long rellei.%d
en the motioivs of the heavenly bodies, before they could to far difengnge inenifelves
from the prejudices of popular opinion, as to believe that the earth upon which we
live was not immoveaule. We Hud accordingly, that Ihales, the iMilelian, who,
about ^80 years before Chrill, tirll taught allronomy in Kurope, had calculated
fclipfes, orinterpolilionsof the moon between the earth and the fun, or of the eartlx
between the fun and the moon (the nature of which ma\ be ealily underlh)od, from
what we have already obferved.) I'ythaj^oras, of Sanios, llourillied about jo years
after 'Ihales, and conliiUring eclipfes with more attention, cimceived an idea, which
there is no reafon to believe had ever been thought of before, nantely, that the
earth itfelf was in motion, and that the fun was ut rell. lie found that it was im->
pollible, in any other way, to give a conlillent account of the heavenly motions.
This fyllem, called the Pytuaoorean Svstl.m, was not widely diffufed, till many
ages after, ihe phiiol'ophers of antiquity, delp.iiring of being able to overcome
ignorance by reafon, endeavoureil to adapt the one t-. the other, and to form a recon-
ciliation between them. This was the cafe wilii I'tolemy, an Kgyptian philofopher,
who Hourilhed 1 3.S years after Clirill ; and the li\pothe(is which he invented is
called from him the 1'roi.KMAie System, lie lupi)ofed, with the vulgar, that
the earth was fixed innni)veal)ly in llie ceiiire of the univerfe, and that the feven
planets, conlldering the nuH)n as one of tlu- primaries, were placed near to it ; above
them was the (iiinainent of fixed liars, tlu a the cr\lialline orbs, tlien the primuin
niobile, and, lalHy, the cceluin einjiyrium.or hea\en of heavens. All thefe orbs he
(upiioli ti to move rouiul tlie earth once in 24 hours ; and to I'xplain the particular
motions ot' the planets, fuiipolVil a iiumlier of circles, calleil excentries and
epiev( I'S, interfectin;; each oilier. 'Ihi.s fvllem was univerfally maintained by the
IVripaleiie philofoplu rs, who t'ornu'd the ir.oll eonliiKrable fed in I'.urope tVum the
time of I'tolemy to the revival of le.irning in the lixteenlh century.
At length, Copernicus, a iialive of Poland, adopted the Pythagorean, or true
fyfiein of the univeil'e, and publillied it lo the world in the year i ^30. This doc-
trine had been fo long in obfeurity, that llic rellurer of il was conlidered as the in-
3 veutor i
I INTRODUCTION
vciitor I mill the f) ftoin ohtiiinrd the tumc of iho Ci>|)cmiian pliilpfijphjr, though
ttiily r>'vi\i'ii l)y thnt ^n-nt iimii.
l''.iir<)|K- vva* lUII ininicrfi-d in iffniirann> ; and Copornii tii had manv oit^Mincnti.
'I'vcho Hrulic, ill piirliiular, a mmli- Danr, iVnlihli- of the di'lcCtsnt' tnc rhih*inaic
)\lK*ni, hut unwilhtig lo luk!!o^vh■(l^l■ the niKtioM ol thf i-urth, t luK-uvotin-d, uhoiit
1586, III iHablilh n lu'w lylU>ni, lallid ihi- TYtiioNic S^iivm, whUh wa» (till
ni'iro pcrplfxfd and i-mbarrairi-d than thnt i>( I'toU-tny. It allows a monthly iniH
tion to the iniHin round thi- cnrtli, an thr t i-ntro ot' it^ orhii , and it niukc» thr tun to
lio thi- centre of thf orbits ot" Men nrv, Vi-nux, Mari», Jupiti-r, andSnturn. I he fun,
howL'vor, with uil tlu- planitM, w fiip|tofi-d to be whirled round llu- earth in a vrar,
Miul even oiu'c in the twenty -four hnuri. lliiH fytbn), nolwithliandin^ itH anfur-
diiy. met with itn adsoeatei. Lon^oniontanu*. and otl)er», fo far refined u|M)n it,
HH to admit the diurnal motion of the earth, though they inlilWd that it had no
annual motion.
About iliis time, after n darknof* of many agei, tlie dawn of learning and tallo
appeared in Knrope. Learned nww in dilKrent eoimtrieH began tu cultivate aiiru-
noniy. (ialileo, a Florentine, aixmt the year 1610, intriHluied the ufc of tetbfcopeii,
uliieh afforded new arguments in fupport of the motion of the earth, and cunrtrnied
the old onen. The fury and bigotry of the clorgv had almoll checked thi* Kourilh-
ini; bud: (ialilco watt obliged to renounce the (^>pernican tyllem, a% a damnable
lierefy. The Keformntion, however, placed a great part of Knrope In-yond the
reach of the papal thunder. It taught mankind that tlie fcriptures were not given
for explaining fylK-mii of natural philoAiphy, but for a nobler purpofc, to infpire
))ic'ts and charity : that inftead of oppoting the word of (lod, which, in fiicaking of
natural things, fuits itfelf to the prejudiccii of weak mortals, we employed our
faculties in a manner acceptable to our Maker, in tracing the nature ot his works,
which, the iDore they are conlidered, atford us the greater reafon to admire Ids
attributes of power, wifdoni, and goodncfs. From this time, therefore, the Copkr-
N-iCAN System prevailed againli all oppolition, and has been received by the
greatell muthematicians and philofopher.s that have fince lived, as Kkplrr,Gali-
1,1:0, l)i:sc.\R TKs, (jasskndl's, and fir Isaac Nf.vvion ; the lall of whom has
tllablilhed this fyliein on luch an everlaliing foundation of mathematical and phy-
lical demoiirtration, as can never be ihaken, and none wiio underlfand him can
lu'lltiite about it. From this time the moll noble difcoveries were made in nil the
braiulus of allronomy. liie inoiiuns of the heavenly bodies were not only clearly
t\plaincd, but the general law of natinv, according to which they moved, was dif-
tovcredand illulhated by the immortal Nkwton. This law is called (/Vdi/zv, or
.hfnift/'oH, and is the fame principle by w hich heavy bodies fall to the ground, when
difengaged tron) what fiipported iluin. It has been demonllrated, that this fame
law wliiih keeps the fea m its channel, and the various bodies which cover the
furtace of this lurih frnin Hying nil" into the air, operates tliroughout the univerfe,
tontines the j)lanels in tluir oibiis, and inainluins, uiiin»])aired, the harmony of
I'.aiiire.
SECT.
II.
Of the Doctrine of ll'.e Simiirj..
T T.\\'ING, in the forei^ninf^ Se»:tion, irejited of the L'n ivkrsk in tjeneral, in which
■*•♦ the earth hns been eonddeivd iis a planet, we now proceed lo ilie Doctrine of
the Sphkkk, which outdit always to be preniiled before that of the CJIobe or earth,
i.N we (hall fee in the lu \t Section. In difeullins; this l"ui)iect, we ihall conlider ihe
*.arth as at veil, and llie heaveiilv bodies, as pcifuniii'.ijj their revolutions round it.
This
y, though
'lolctnaic
red. nbout
I waft (till
tnthly mt>-
llu* fun to
I he lull,
I in R vt-ar,
( ill iibfur*
ctl upon it,
it had no
Iff nnd tnflo
tivate utlru-
f tcHtfcopci,
d coiiftrnii'd
thi» Hourilh-
n danuiabie
iH-yund the
rrc not given
fc, to infpire
I r|K-aking nf
miloyed our
i)f hi» works,
o admire hi*
, the Co p Ka-
le ived by the
LF.R.CjALI-
;»t' whom hai
cal and phy-
linil him ran
,de in ail the
only ticnrly
Ived, was dil-
d (iravity, or
round, when
liat this fame
h cover the
Ithe univerfe,
liarnuiny ot'
I N r R o n u c T I o N. f
nii< method innnut |ri\il llie rnnler into error, (It\»e \v.« hav>' pr.-vitnirty e\
plumed the true Ijlliin nMlie imiM-rl'c, inid lli«\vii llml il \^ ilu »,<(/ nuiliuii jit" llu-
eiirth which ikcuIhidh the appiirtm motiim of the lieiivenlv hmliei. |( it helido* nl-
Il luted with the ndvantnge iit comlponding with the nit'ormntioM of our f> iiAm.
The ii)ii)uin:iiiiMi, llu n tore, it not put mi llie ilreti li ; the idea ik e.il\ iind t.iiiiijiar,
luul, in delivenug the elcmentH of fcieiue, thi« object cannut be too much iii
tiiuled to •.
Hie aiu'ient<i obferved, tlinl nil the Han apparently turned round the earth,
front rail to *'ell, in twenty-four hoiir% ; iluit the lirclei, whiili tiny tliMi ribe in
thofe revolution*, were parallel to eai li otlu r, bill not of the fame nii'^'iiitiulf ; il)of,«
palling over the middle of the enrtli, beiiiif (lie largell, while llu' nil diiiiinillird in
proportion to their diliiinee front ii. 'Iliey iilfo obferved, tli.il tlnre were two
j»oint« in the heavens, which nlwavH preferved llie fame lituation. Thele poiiiti
they fernuMlcelertinl polei, liecaufe the heavens feeined lo turn round iliein. In older
to imitate ihefe motioiiH, thi-y iiivenled what ii tailed the /titi/iiiii/ S{^lit.,\ lluiiui(li
the centre <»f whieh they drew u wire or imn rod. called an .fv/<, whofc exiremiiies
were fixed to the imntoveiible ixiinM called I'oU^. They father obferved, that on
the loth of March, and nd of .September, the circle delcribed by the fun wai at an
c(|ual dillnnce from both the polcit, 'llii* circle, therefore, divided the earth into
two etiual parts, and on this account was called the Efiiitot or K'/iiii/Zt-r. It was
alio called the Kquinotlial Liitf, becaufc the fun, when moving in it, makes tlie days
nnd nights i>f c<pinl length all over the world. Having alio obferved, that from the
2 ill otJunr to the tad «)f December, the fun ndvanceu every day towards a certairi
point, and having arrived there, returned towards that front whence hi let mit, iVmn
the 2zd of DeceinlKT to the till ttf June : they fixed ihfff po'iHls, whieh the) called
So/Jiiffs, l)craufe the diretl motion of the fun was Hopped at them, and repivfi nied
the bounds of the fun's motion, by two circles, which they named 'i)o/>ii.f, heiaule
the fun no ftxmcr arrived there than he turned back. Allronomers obferving tlii*
motion of the fun, found its ipiantity, at a mean rate, to be nearly a dej;ree (or iIu*
^ftotlt part) of a great circle in the heavens, every 24 hours. 'Ibis great circle i»
called the Elliptic, and it palTes through certain conrtellations, dillinguilhed by the
names of animals, in a zone called the ZoJiac It touches the tropic of Cancer on
one fide, and that of Capricorn on the other, and cuts the equator oblitpiely at
im angle of 23 degrees 29 minutes, the fun's grcatert declination. To exprefs this
motion, they funpofed two points in the heavens, ecpiallv diftaitt from, and parallel
to, this circle, which they call the /Vcf of the Zodiac, which, Utnting with tne hea-
vens, by means of llieir axis, defcribe the t^vo ptiar circlts. In the artificial fplieie,
the e(piinn(tial, ihe two tropics, and two polar circles, ore cut at rij^lit anqles, by
two other circles calle<l Cnlurtu whieh ferve to mark the points of the folllices,
e<piiiio\es, and pules of the zodiac. The ancients aifo obferved, that when the fun
was in any point of his eourl'e, the people inhabiting dircHly north and foiith, as far
as the |)oli s, liiiw noon al ihe I'aine time. Tills gave oeealion to imagine a circle
palliii;; lliiouj;li the poles of the world, called a Mciidian, and immoveable in the
iirtiticial fplu re. The hori/on is another immoveable circle reprefenting the bounds
IuIvvIm ilie two In inifpheies, or half fplieres, viz. tiiat which is above it, and that
"which is below il.
|ral, in which
Doctrine of
ilie or earth,
Icoulider the
|)iib round it.
'ihis
• N. H. Ill ririirr more I K'srlv to coniprcliimf «lui fullowi, the reader any nccifioiully turn hi,
^ye to tht (i,;iiii' ul till' ariiluul Yplirre.
.s K c r
IC
INTRODUCTION.
S
S IC C T. III.
'rttc- DtKlriiu* of ilu> (iLDNK nnturnlty follow* ihai ol ihc .SrnRKt
BY ilu- l>i»flriiii' iif'il'c Cttttur. i» nu-niU ilu" rcnnfuimiiiin of'ilu'ilijfiTi'iU pli
,in<l loiiiiitiv n til ilu t tirth, ii|iiin mi ariiht iul kIhIk' '\)h tnuinti-r in wltiilij
rupliiT* ltii>i' ri'|tri roiUi'il titr liiiiaitDii ol >hic |i|tiii' wUh n-Kunl i>i iiimilicr, or !>•
li- curlli itt ((oniriil, liitt luvn liy trtiii^t'iTriii)f tin' tirik^ n| ilu' Iplurf to tlu' iirlifi-
ciiil ^lolvt iiiitl llii« it ihi; only iiti'lltott tlicy loitltl riiiiiltiy, ii% will uppvur tVniii un
• Miiiipk'. Atti.r iliiit I'irt'U* in tlu- lu-uoni, wliidi ii mlliil ilir ki|tiiil(>r, \\.\%
known to (itlriMiDiiKrt, then* wui nothing nion- lary lluin in lraii>Kr it t<> tlif t uiiti,
!•> wliiih iIk' litiiuiion nt' plncf* wih (Icitrniiiuil, nivoriliiij; ii^ they lay on om- liiU*
ol llii' t<|ualt>r or aiiotlift, IIk' I'anu' may Ik oltLiM-il ot tlu' oilur liriioi ol'tli^*
I'l'lttti'. TIk' riiiiUr luivinij; olitaiiud un nUa ot' iIk' itrincipU- upon uliitli tlie
|)octrini* oi' till' (»lol>i' it tomulttl, tnny priMcfil to conliiUr ilii« (UKMriiu' iti'olf i
i'r, it oilur \V''iil», til • (Ul'irlpiion of'unr nirtli, as fv pn-l'i nu il l» tlu- tutifiii.tl jf/uli,;
Fitit'RK of nil', r Ait I II. I 'Ihoii^lt in Tpiakini^ ot' i!u> i-artlt. aioii^ will) \\\<i
otlur pLnu'tit. it uiit ruirKii'iil to ionluUr it iw ii Iplurital or globular ImxIv i >i|
ir liii
lit i>i'on liiuoviTt kl, thai tliis ii not it t trno li^iiiri*, ami thai tlu- caiili, tlioiiffli
III arl\ n tpln w or ImII, i-> not ptilttll) Co. 'Hiti on.iliontd great dilpntf liotwfiii
tlu' pliiloroplu'tAot'itu- lall a^k', innoiig whom lir llaat' Niwion, ami Calliiii, a hrom h
allronoimr, wiTo tlu- hiinU ot two parliio. Sir It'aar tli'moiiliraiid, trom maihi*
niatiiiil prin< ip!i.'t, tliat ttu'i-arili \\\\* an vl'liitc /f/i,)i\ or that it wa% llatti-d at thif
poki), niul iiiiit'<l out tov\ai(l> tlu* i'ipiiit<ir; Id that a lini*, drawn tliroiiifli
thv ctntr«- ol' ilu' laiil), nml |>.ii)in>; lllotl^ll llu' poli s wliit h it lalKd a dia-
nul.r, uotiM mt Ik (<* l"ti^ ai a line drawn llnmi^l) llif I'lmo ti'niri-. niui
|>nlliii;,' ihroiii,li ilio t all ami will point*. Tlu" I'm nth pliiloloplKr aliirh-d thu
I'ltiiraiy. iUit I'lc dil'puU' wa> tiiininaicd by tho Inndi Lin^. m >/.)'>• ^^ho finl
out a company of p' ilojoplurt towardt ihf north polr, und likiwiK' towartit ihi*
rqiiatnr, in ordir to im nt'nro a dif^u'i', or lli/ lliit-c hundn d and li\liiih part ol' :i
Lit at ( in U' in llut'o dilli nnt p.irit , iind from llu ir nnon, ihr diiinion o| hr llatic
N» wt«»n \vn> (onlirimd luvond tlitpuii . SincL' ih.il linti-, thi-ntorf, the oarih has
iilwavs lui II toiilidi red a» niori' Hat towards llu' potrs llian the ttpinior. The rea-
fun ot" this figure nia\ he ealilv nnderllood, it" the leader lompreheiids what we nh-
frrvid, wiih u^^artl to tli<' earth's notion ; lor it' we (i\ a hall of i lav on a fpindir,
and wliirl it r>i,iiul, Wi- lliall liml ili.a it will projeii towards the middle, aud H.itteii
toward* the poU*. This is esactK the »al'e with regard to our earth, only that iti
A\is. repnluUid hy the fpindle, is imaginary, lint though the earth he not per«
fecfiy fplurital. the jlilRreiKe trom that figure is fo fmall, that it may he tepre-
fented hv a jrlohe. without am fenhhie error.
CiRt rVKKiu Nt 1. \M) niAMi.iKft OF 1 II !•; 1. \ R I M . 1 III iho table wliiih
we
l.avc eshihited, the diaiiuter of iho globe is given attording to the Im (I olilerva-
lions; fo that its tiiiutnfereiue is 2;,o;8 Knglilli miles. '| |\i, » in umti tiik e is
I iiiu ivcd, for the con\eniene\ of nu'a("urini;, to be divided into thru- huiuhed and
li\ty part', or «li\;^iees, eai h (U i;ri\' eoMtainiiiL; lisiy '^eograpliieal mili's, or ii\t\-
iiiiu i'.iu'.li'Ii miles ami an hall. 'I'hek degrees aie in the lame i'.\amu'r eonnivid
to bv divid'deiuli into li\ty minutes.
Axis AND foi.v.% or tiIk kmmii.] The .\\Is of \h>' Marih is that imaginary
I. lie paliin,!.,' tliKiigh its tent re, on whieh it is ("iippofed to turn romul oiiee in t«eiit\-
tirnr ho.irs. 1 1;.' < \lreine points of ihis line are lalled the I'oli , of ilu' I'.arlli ; one
i.i the nonh, and tip ollwr in the lonth, whieh ate cNavlly under tin- two points of
the lK'avcii;i tailed the north and ft)Uth poles. The knowledge of thefe poles is of
fjaat life to llu j;eoj;raj)lR'r in ileterniining the dillant'.' and litualiiui of phu vs . for
ll
lU
INTRODUrTION.
t»
luillicr, «>r i>»
1,1 ihi' i»rlifi'
|)l.U It'MII uo
t<) till- mi I 111
\y tm i)i»i' li»'^*
HI whult ii>y
iiK^Jriiu" illoUi
lur IxhIv i \»»
i-artl), i1i"iik'i
pUti* Ili-lWliM
illiiii.a I'u'iuli
, tVoin lUiithc-
(laili-a lU l>m
i.i\M» tliroimh
. talliil a ilia-
10 i«\iin', Hiut
ii " ;(), wli'i tVnt
ilk' t<>\N arils thi'
tiilli part i>f :i
,1) III hr tluuc
llic oartli lias
nr. 'llii' r«'a-
U ivlrat wo iib-
nn a l'l>in<ll>'.
li.iihil tl.iMi'n
h, only tliiit in
ih Ih' ni»» jtir-
may W- i^yrv
il)U- \ihiih \M*
!• 1)1 U til)lVr\a-
■i iiiult ri'ui i- in
Iniiulii'.l ami
uili's, t'r lists -
iiuT coiuvisiil
lliat iinai;in:iiy
Intc ill twiiily-
Ihc Ivarlli ; i>iu'_
two points ut^
jii'li' poll"" i;* "^
i)t' pkuvs . li'f
llic
ll)^ lHiU'« irtAil llii' cntU of ihc tWfl^ Wkkh i«<lH(it^ in (he tiiiiUllr' hy |)u> I'liiMlnr »
fi» Ihal iho iimrcr ihu> .?pp«»«chr» !♦♦ iVt nole», lh«? larilirr hr r'umiv.* fniui llu'
i'i|Uiili>r t iin<i. in rrinoving tVom ihr polci* W approaclir* llic t'(|iini')r
('iRrl.i.t or iHK iir.omi.
flMf.
miunnj^ f)ivi<lcci inio ihi' frultr mul
ItjJ*! . A j^rinl i'iriU i* ihai whnft p , >ii. »iliMti^)i the t < t^m)! ilic cNrlli, idmI
•livi<lt'» il Mil'i two t'i|iirtl purl« or litmiiphfrci A lilli-r « irtU' it that whii'h, \w'»\^
piirAlli'l t<» n ^rfiiifr, laitiint ymU ihrmiKh llu< Knirv ol the i-urtli, imr itivulc il iitiii
I Mil tfi|ut«l ptiri*. Mi«' urinii'f » in l«'« «ri'/.» in iiiimfuT, fbc Mr«T ftur.
KtU'Aion ) 'Iliv \\m ttt.it tirttt il ill'- /Tf /'.»">». or A\^i»7«'<,V/.(/, » ulU'«! by fiiitttrh
till' /<//>•'. 'Ili>' p>i|t'« ol' ini<i lircli' nr>- tin- luiiu' \miIi ilu.lt' ol' ilio worlil. It pnl'-
I'l'^ tllrllll^ll ilio I'iill antl \sv\\ p<»Jnl<t ol lln- woild, uiul liivuli t it into ilu' iiortlu'rii
«iul t'oiiilurii lu'inilpliori'i. Itlill' i» tliuUiti into llirn' Itttiidri-il uiid i\\\\f degree*,
llu' iiU- ot' uliuli will I'lHiii nppoiir
lloNi/oN { Ihii ^K.ii uiilt i% n pn fintctlliy :» liroml « irmlar plcto of wrwid,
i-iu >inipiillini{ ilio ^ImIk-, ami diviilinif iI into ttu' up|H'r and lower lieinirpliere?*.
(ieouraplurt pi'operl) ilitlingiiilli tlu' hori/on into the Jinhbie iiitil iMiuiitl, Ww
Hrll i<« that wlinli iHttiiuN tin- nitnoll prol'ptet ol our tigliti when we view- llie heit*
wrni iiroiiiiil iit ,tpp,ittmls tout Iiiiik llie earth or leu,
riiii eirili lUtertniiu'i tlie riling or letting ol the run ami llitrit, in an) partiiiil.ir
plaei' I lor wlun lIu y In i;in to app'-ar alio\e the eallirii »Oi;i', we iiy thiy rili',
unit wlun lluy |;o iKiuaili lIu' \m llern, we lay tliey let. it apprai% then that
I'liih plar>' liat itt own /r<.A/'V liori/on. Hie otlur hori4oi), ealleil tli^' fiKnui.il, en-
i:oiiipalK''« tlu' ^lolie exacllv in the iiiidille. lit polet that it two pointt in iu
a\i», eueli iiiiiftv ilei^rit s tliilani Iroin iit plane, at iliol'e ot all i inlet are) are called
llie '/.mill and Shin \ the tiill evactly ulxiw our lieudH, and the other directly iin-
•ler iiiir leel. 'Ihe hrnail wimkUh cirile, whii li rrprelent'. ii oi\ ihe glolu-, liat
feural eirtirt drawn upon it : ot ilui'e ilii' innerinoll it that eshiliilin); tiie luiinlier
ol decreet ol iluiweKe liKiit oi' the /.odiae, \i/. ihirly to caeh lii;n. .Next fi»
lliit yuii have ih>' names ol" tlu le ligns, witli the dayt ol the inontli, aeioriling |it
the old and new llyl '. itelides lliele, there \% a eirele repnUntin^ the thirly-iwti
rlniniht, or pointt ot ihe niariiur't compar>
Mkkioian I 'ihn uriA' ts reprelented l>y the h,i/i r
Dij, on whien
ihi- gli
)!)»•
h:m)(t ami tiiriit. It it divided into three hundred and lixly degrees, and eiitt the
eijualor at right anglet t I'o ihat eoiinting liotn llu- i (piator eai li way to tiir polk*
ol the world, it eoiUaint lour tiimt niiul* degree-., and diiiilct tlie t arlh into th,
laliirn and welUrii hemilplieieN. This einle it « ailed tlie i}unili,i>i, luiaiile wiieii
eil
tlie Inn t onut to tlu^ lonth part ol ii, it it tlun mid-day, and the Inn has itt great*
ell iillitude lor thai day, which it theri tore ealled itt meridian altiluiL- Now ut
the Inn it nevi r in itt meridian nltitiide at two plaiet eail or well o|' oiw another
Tl
u le ar«
at tiie lanh' tinu-, e.uh ol' ilul'e plaees mull have itt own meridian.
lommonly markeil on the globe twenty-lour ineriiliaiis, one through every lilleer^
tlegrei't ol llie t nnator
/om ^e.| I m- /tidiae it a hoitii tirclt, whieli cult the etjuator ob!i(jU(;ly ; in»
liiili tlu- iweiie lignt ahoie ineniioited ari' r^ pref'inti il. In the middle oV ihit
w
einle it ruppoli'd tiie A.////-.. iVoiii wlilih tin- I'un lu \» r »U\i:ii
ourli
et \\\ liu annual
anil III
lignt are,
I. Aries
wluih he advaiitet thirty degrees iveiy month. llie twelve
2.
3
4-
0.
V — — Manh
'I'aurns >j — . — April
(Jeinini H — — May
Canter e» — — Jmitf
I.,M» il — — July
N irgo 'X — — Aujjull
V
lo.
1 1.
\l.
c
Libra ^ — — ^^•ptenlb^•r
.Seorplo »U — — O.tohei
Sagiitarint t -— — .\.i\cni!ur
Capricorn b* — — Ueeemlnr
A(|iiarius ~ — — Jannaiy
I'ilc* H — — l'ibru;iry.
Cotunr^
IS
INTRODUCTrONT.
Co lures] It* you imagine nuo peat circles palling l)()tli through the poles of
tlie world, aiul one of tlicni through iho cipiinottial points Ariis ami Libra, and
the otlivT through tiic folUitial points Canirr and Capiicnrii, thd'o an* lalli'd the
Coliircs, tlio om- thi: Ki|iiinodial, the other tin- Solllitial C'oliirc. IIk'v dividi- tlic
ecliptic into four cipial parts or ciiiartrrs. donontinatcd according to the points
through which the Coluvcs pafs, viz. the lirll points of Aries, Libra, Cancer, and
Capricorn, called the cardinal points: and thefe are all the _fr<,v;/ ciirlcs.
Tuoi'ics.] If you fuppotV two circles drawn parallel to the ecpiinoctial. at
twentx-three degrees thirty niinntes dillame from it, ineiifured on tlie brazen me-
ridian, and one towards the iioriii, liie other towards the fouth, thefe are called
Tropics, bv'canfe the fun appears, when in them, to turn backwards from his for-
mer courfe. Ihe one is c;illed tlie tropic of Cancer, the otlier Cajjriiorn, becaufi"
the\ pafs lliroiigii ihefe poiiHs.
I'oi.AK ciRci.i.sl If two other circles are fuppofed \o be drawn at the like
dilianee of Iwenty-tiiree degrees thirty minutes, reckoned on the meridian *rom
tlie j)oles, tiiefe are called tlie I'olar Circles. 'Ihe twttheni is called the Arctic, be-
eauli' the north pole is near the conllellation of the Ikar ; tlie y'Jrt/Z/t'/v/ the Antdrciic,
beeiiule oppofite to the former. And thefe are thc*/o«;- lejjcr circles. Helides thefe
ten circles now defcribed, which are always drawn on the globe, then- are fe-
veial others, wiiich are only fuppofed to be drawn on it. Thclewill be explained
as tlic\ become necelfary, left the reader Ihould be difgufted with t(>o many deli-
'■.Ilioiis at the fame time, without feeing the purjiofe for which they fervc. The
main delign of all thefe circles being to exhibit tiie rcfpetHvc fituation of places on
the eartli, ve Ihall pnceed to conlider ir.oie particularly how they elfett this pur-
pofe. It was fo.ind eafier to dillinguilli places by the (piarters of tlic earth in which
ihev lav, than by tin ir dilianee from any one point. 'Ihus, after it was difcovcred,
that the e(piator divided the earth into two parts, called the Northern and Southern
hemilpheres, it wa^ eafy to fee that all places on the globe might be dillinguilhcd,
according as tluy la; on the north or fouth lide of the eipiator.
Zonks. j After liie tour lelfer circles wo have mentioned came to be known,
it was found that tlie i .\rth by means of then), might be divided into live portions,
aiul eonfeiiiieiitly thai the iiiaces on its furface might be dillinguillied accor<iing
■IS tliev lay in one or other ot theie portions, which are call -d /ones, from
the Greek word faifl, which lignifies a girdle; being broad tpaces, like fwathes,
eiicompalling the (.arth.
I'lie tcrriii zone is that portion of tlie earth between the tropics, and called by the
luuients torrid \ beeaufe they believed, that, being continually expofed to the per-
pendicular or direct rays of the fun, it was rendered through heat barren and un-
inhabitable. Tliis notion, however, lias long lince been refuted, it is found that
the long nights, great dews, regular rains and breezes, which generally prevail in
tile loll ill zone, render it not only habitable, but highly fruitful. All fortsof fpices
uiul drugs are almoft I'olily pioduci-d there ; and it furnilhes the molt perfett me-
i;ii^, precious Itones, aiul pearU. '1 his Zone com])rehends the Kail and Weft In-
'.iie^-, l*hili|ipine Ilhmds, ihofe ot Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Madagafear, great part
I'f.Suulh America and Alriea, and almoft all eapl. Cook's difcoveries, incliKliiig
U;e nortiieni parts of New Holland.
Ihe///';/./ zi'HCS are thofe regions round tlie pole, where the fun does not rite
i'or i'orue clays in tlie winter, nor let tor tome days in the fumnier. 'Ihe two
[I'li.s are the eeniii'^ of thete zones, which extend from thi-fe points to tweiiu-
ihiee dt gives and a half marlv ; that is, they are bounded by the northern ami
'/outhirn parallels tit latitude ot li\iy-(i\ degrees and a half I he jiart that lies in
till northern lu niifpliere is called the north frigid zone, and is bounded b\- a parallrl,
\,.uled the arctic or polar circle; and that in the foulhern iiemitphere, the louth
I'ligiJ
the poles of
I Libra, iind
re lalli'd the
.•V diviiK' the
I lie poinls
Cancer, ami
liiinoclial, iit
• brazen iiu -
■ie are liilUil
troni bis tur-
i orn, beeimlV"'
n at the like
leriilian ♦Vom
1 lie /IrClic, be-
the Antavi^ii-,
Iklidos thefe
there are fe-
be explained
iiH) many deti-
y fervc. The
11 o\ places on
.•treit this pur-
L-arth in wliich
ras difcovcred,
1 and Southern
diilinguilhcd,
t(i be known,
) live portions,
Ihed according
Zones, from
like fwathes,
called by the
■d to the per-
larren and uii-
is found that
[ally prevail in
forts of fpices
111 perfett me-
aiul Welt lu-
Lav, great p;\rt
|ii.>, mcliKliiii^
does not rite
■r. 'Ihc two
lis to twenl\-
liiorthern and
lirt that lies in
bv a paralKI,
^le, the loiitli
frigid
INTRODUCTION. ij
frigid zone, and the parallel of latitude which bounds it, is called the antarctic,
or polar circle.
ihe northern /nj/</ zone comprehends Nova Zenibia, I.apland, part of Norway,
Uaflin's Bay, part of Greenland, and part of Siberia. The fouthern frigid zone has
no land known to us ; and from the olifcrvations of captain Cook, who tn the years
1772, 1773, 1774. and 1775, difproved the notion of a foulhcrn continent, ■ havn
reafou to think that there is no land belonging to the fouthern frigid zone. That
great navigator having traverfed the fouthern ncmifpht-rc between the latitudes of
40" and 70°, in fiich a manner as not to leave a pollibility of the exiftcnce of any
continent within the reach of navigation.
'ihe two temperate zones are the fppccs contained within tlie tropics and polar
circles.
The northern temperate zone contains almoft all Kuropc, the greater part of Afia,
part of Africa, the United States of America, and the Britifli Colonies.
The JhutUcin temperate /one comprehends the fouth part of New Holland (in-
cluding Botany Bay) Cape of Good llope, and Cape Horn.
Clim.\ies.] The divilion of the earth into hemifpheres and zones, though it
ferves to let us know in what quarter of the world any place lies, is not t'ufiiciently
minute. The firll Hep taken for determining more accurately the relative litiia-
tion of places, was to dnide the earth into wTiat are called Climates. It was ob-
Icrved, that the day waj always twelve hours long on the eijuator, and that the
longed day increafed in proportion as we advanced north or fouth on either fide of
it. By the length of the day at diflerent places, the ancients afcertained their
diftance from the ecjuator, or what is called their Latitude; and conceiving a
number of circles parallel to the equator, and bounding the length of the day at
ditlerent dillances from it, they called the fpa< es contained between tliefe circles
Climates, becaufe they declined from the eipiator towards the polj. Ihis new
divlfion of the earth, more minute than that of zones, ftill continues in life ;
though, as we lliall lliew, the tlefign which fult introduced it, may be better an-
fwered in another way. 'I here are 30 climates Ix.'tween the etjuator and either pole.
In the (irlf twenty-four the days inereafe by half hours ; but in the remaining fix,
between the polar circle and the poles, the days inereafe by months. Ihis the
reader will be convinced of, when he becomes actpiainted with the ufe of the
globe; in the mean time we Ihall infert a table, which will ferve to Ihew in what
climate any country lies, fuppofmg the length of the day, and the diflanee ot the
place from the equator, to be known.
^
1
Latitude.
D. M.
-8 -.5-
Breadth. J
D. M. 1
8 .5
3
16 3j
8
3
sj 50
7 25-
4
30 85
6 30
5
36 28
6 8
30
Long. Day. Names ot Countries and ri'markablc I'lace; lituatcd in every Climate, I
H. M. ■ north o( the b'qiiator. j
I. Within the firJTC'fimaiL lii- the Gold and Silver C'oalK in Atrica;!
I IMaiai'ia in the Eall-lndic;. ; Cayenne and binin.ini in Tern lirni.», I
I S. Aniirica.
II. Here he .'\l)yllinia in Alrica: Siani, Madras, .".nd I'ondithcrry, I
in the F.,ilt lndie>; Str;'.it^ ol D.iricn, Ixtwitii N. and .*>. .Vint rica ; i
'I'ob.igo, the (iranades, St. \ inniit and H.irliailocs in the VV. Illdic^. '
111 Contains Meria in Arabia; U(»inliv>, iMitnt Honj-al in the luiltl-
Indiei; Cantim in China ; .Alexito, Bay t>t (!aiii|vaLh\ . in NorthI
Anurita ; Jamaica, lliliianiolj, ,St. Clirilhipjier's, Autijjna, Mar-!
tinico, and CiiiadaUipe, in the Well indies.
IV. l'-,i;ypti and the Canai V lllands, in Africa; Delhi, capital of tlie
Moj;iil Jinipire in Alia ; linlf of Mrvico, and hall 1 lorula, in
\orth .\inerita ; the Havanna, in the Well Indies.
V. Gibraltar, in Spain ; part ot tlie Meilitfrrancan fea ; t!ie Darbarv ^
toart, in Africa ; Jcriifaleni ; Hp;ilun, capital of Terlii ; Nankin,,
in China; Calitornia, Nciv McsIlo, \\'eX f'loriJa, (j.or^i.i, anci !
the Caroluus, in .North .•\iiurii.a. 1
'3
'3
'4
14
J4
A 41 31
7 4i »9
»j 4'J «
9 SI 00
10 54 a;
18
4 .;4
II, ?6
.: ?8
'31 J'J
141 61
I (' (^1
'7 fn
,8 6+
u; f.;
,20 I'l;
12 1 66
';i 66
|2jl 66 la
;;: 66 31 '
;;' 67 21 ;
26| 6y 4H I
a?' 73 37
,::8 7" 30
:<» «4 5
S7
39 '7
10
?»
2()
30
=;
> 7
23
"
6
44
4')
^'
31
3*
47
31
6
■9
20
■4 '
18
8
17
18
18
>9
19
20
20
II
2 I
31
31
»3
33
_=J
I
3
3
4
?
6
JO
30
Jf
30
30
30
3"
INTRODUCTION.
VI. Liftinn in l'ortii;;al ; Nfadriil in Sp.iiii; Mliiorci, S.trdlnii, and
p.irt of Cncif, ill flic Mediterranean! Afi.i Minor; part of tlie
Cal'iiian Sea i Samarcand, in (ireat Tartary ■, I'ekin in China;
Corca and japan; \Viiliamlhur){li, in Virginia; Maryland, and
l'hiladel|>liia, in N'ortli America.
VII. Noiilicrn provinces of Spain; Sniitliern ditto of France t
Turin, (i'cni).i, mid Koine, in Italy ; L'aiiltantinople, nml the
Hl.uk Sea, in Turkey; tlic Cafpian Si-i, and part of Tart.iry ;
New Vork, Horton in New Kiij^land, North America.
jVIII. Palis, Vienna capital of Cifrniany ; New-Scotland, Newfound-
I lanil, and Canada, in North America.
.IX. l.onilon, Flanders, l'ra(;nc, iJrefdcn ; Cracow in Poland;
I fonthcni provinces of Kullia ; part of Tartary ; North part of
I Newfutinilljnd,
X. I)iil>liii, York, Holhnd, Hanover, and Tartary; Warfaw, in
j Poland; I.abrador, and New South-Wales, in North America,
|Xl. Kiliiibiirj;!), C()|iciiliaj;'.n ; Mofiow capital of RuHia.
XII. South part of Sweden ; Toboliki, capit.il of Siberia.
XIII. Orkney Illcs, Stockholm, capit.il of Sweden.
.XIV, Hcri;en in Norway ; Peterlhiirgli in Kullia.
\V, Hudlon's Straits, North America.
XVI. Siluria, and the foiith part of VVcft GreenbnJ,
XVII. Drmithcini, in Norway.
XVIJI, PmtofHiiland, in Kullia.
XIX. .\rrluiii>>cl on tlic \\'hite Sea, Ruflia.
XX. Heclain'iccland.
XXI. Northern parts of Ruiria and Siberia.
XXII. New North Wales, in North .".nicriia,
XXIII. Davis's Straits, ill North America,
XXIV. Sunoieda.
Month XX\'. South partof I.aplaiul,
Months XX\'I. Wcll.(;reenland.
Months|XXVII. Zemhla Aullralis.
M.uilhsXXVIII. Zeinbia liorcali..
Months! XX IX, Spitzberp,cn or Kail Greenland.
MonthsiXXX. Unknown.
Katiti'dk.] Tlio (lilhtnco of jilncis fnnii the ('(|iiat()r, or wliat is tailed tht'ir
l.tifituile, is I'iilily nu-afiirod on tlu" jjlobo In means ol tin* ineiiilian above defcribed.
As latitude is reckoned from the eiiiialor towards tlie poles, a plate on the nortli-
t rn fide of the ccjuator is faid to be in north latitude, and a place on the foiithern
(ule ill foiitii latitude. The nearer tlie poles tlie j^reiiter tlie latitude; and no place
< an lia\e more than (;o degrees of latitude, becaufe the poles refpcctively are at
that diftaiice from the etpiator.
Parali-ki.s of I. .\ tit I'D k.] 'Ilirough every degree of latitude, or more
properly through every jiarticular jilaee on tlie eanli, geographers fuppofe a circle
to be drawn, wliich tliey call a ])arallel of latitude. The iiiterfection of this
(irtie, with flv meridian of any i)lace. thews the true lituation of that place.
I.osciii DK.J 'I'he /o;(f//«c/c of a place is its lituation with regard to its firll
meridian, and confe(|ueiitly reckoned towards the tall or weft : in reckoning the
longitude there is no particular fpot naturally preferable to another; but for the
fake of a general rule, tile meridian of Terro, the moll welUrly of the Canary
Illands, was conlideied as the lirlt meridian in molt globes and maps, and the lon-
gitude of places was reckoned to lie fo many degrees call or well of the meridian
of Kerro. The modern globes fix the firll meritiian, from which the degrees of
longitude are reckoned, in the capital city of the different kingdoms where they
are made, \\/.. the luiglifli giolies date the firll meridian trom London or (jreeii-
wich, the Krencli globes from Paris, &c. The degrees of longitude arr marked on
the etjiiator. No place can liave more than 180 ilegrees of longitude, becaufe, the
circumrcrencc of llie globe being j6o degrees, no place can be remote from another
above
their
ihfd.
iiortli-
itlicrn
pIlKO
arc at
more
circlu
if this
firll
IK ^^^'
or the
anary
|e lon-
ricliati
t-'Vi of
tlicy
ircen-
L'd on
•, thu
Uher
LboNC
INTRODUCTION. i.<
above half that diftance ; but many foreign geogranltcrs improperly reckon tlic
longitude tpiite round the globe. The degrees of longitude are not etiual like
thofe of latitude, but diniiiiilh in proportion as the meridians incline, or their dif-
tance contrails in approaching the pole. Hence in 60 degrees of latitude, a de-
gree of longitude is but half the quantity of a degree on the equator, and fo of
the rell. 'I he number of miles contained in a degree of longitude, in each pa-
rallel of latitude, are exhibited in the following table ;
A TABLE Ihewing tlie Number of Miles contained in a Degree of Longitude,
in each Parallel of Latitude from the Kquator.
1:4iHi
i
t: C
lUH
^1
Parts
Mile. 1
-, 7 IP •
8 a ii 5!
li'^k
1 «1 =^
li
\ • 59 9'>
i6 J7
Oo
3' ;5> 43
46 '^i\ 68
47 4' 09
61 39 04
7f> 1'4, 5'
1 4 i5'; 94
'7 57
30
31 50; 88
61 28| r7
77 1'3, 50
3 ;Sy 9»
18 57
0+ 1
33 l50| 32
48 W 1;
6j 27 24
78 ,.»' 48
4
V, H6
19 56
73 ,
34 !49 74
49
39 3"
64 26 30
79 ;" 45
a
>9' 77
20 56
381
3 5 ;4') "5
50
38 57
6; 25 36
80 |io 4a
6
J9l <'7
31 'iif>
00 ,
36 48, 54
5'
37, 73
66 ,i4| 41
8. ,09' 38
I
59 56
3» I55
63
37 47, r-
5»
37i 00
(>7 23 45
81 08 35
59 40
23 lii
a3
38 47! 28
53 V>: '8
68 22; 48
83 07 32
9
i9 20
2 4 54
81
3.; 46 6i
54 35 26
69 31' ji
K4 06 28
10
?9 08
a?
;4
38
40 46 00
55 34; 4'
70 20 52
85 ,05; 23
■ 1
;8 8.)
a6
54
00
4. ;4S|28
s'' 33 55
7' i'9 54
86 04! 18
12
,8 68
27
?j
44
4» 44' 95
57 ;3'; 67
7^ i'8 55
87 03 ,4
'3
<;:< 46
28
{i 00
43 43 88
58 13. 7.)
73 '7 54
88 02^ 09
'4
5« "
2<)
V- 48
44 43 '6
' 59 '30. <;o
1 74 ,■" 5?
t
89 |oi| 05
M
581 00 30 /i;r i/i !
4i 42- 43
1 60 30 00
7? '5 >r..
90 00 00
LoKoircni; and i.atitl'pt-: ov tuv. ARrrriciAL oLoni', found.] To find
the l.on^ituile and Latitude nt any jil;ice, we need (Miiy bring that place to the
ina/cn meridian, and we lliall find the (K-^rce of longitude marked on the equator,
and the degree of latitude on the meridian. So that, to rind the dilVercnce between
the latitude or longitude -of tivo place-;, we liave only to compare the degrees of
I itlier, thus found, with each other, and the reduction cf thefe degrees into miles,
accordinjj to tlic table above j;iven, and, lemembcring that every tiegiee of loTigi-
tilde at the equator, aiul every degree of latitude all over the globe, is iqual to Oo
geographic miles, or 6.) ; iMigliili, we ihall be able to «letermiiao the diilance be-
tween any places on the gl'iln-.
DisiANci. OK F I. Aci-.s MK Asi'Ri-n.] 'I'lic dllhinccs of places which lie in an
obli((iie diretlion, i. e. neitlier directly foiuli, north, ealK nor well, from each other
jiiay be lueafiired in a readier way, by eMeniiin;^ tliec(im|)atVe-i from the one to the
other, and then applyitig them to the equator. For inlhmce, extend the compalfes
frouj (juinea in .\hiea, 10 I5ra/,il in Ameiica, and then apply them to the etpuiK r.
and you will find the ililianc.' to be 25 degrees, which at 60 miles to u degvi.!. ,
makes the dilhuice 1300 miles.
Qu AOKAN r OK AL 1 1 I I DK.] lu orJ. T fo lupply the place (>f the conTpafl'es in
tliii operation, ilure is conmiunlv a pliant narrow plate o{ brafs, ferewctl on the
bra/en ineriilian, which contains ijo ileiMces, or ()r,e quarter of the circumfueiKc
of the i;lwhe, by nutans of which the tlilhi;:cis and bearings cf places are meatured
without the trouble ot" tirtl extending the eonipalVes bet\\ eon llicm, and then appK-
ing the liiino tu the equator. This plate i;: cai!ed llie (Quadrant of .Mtiiude.
Ho in
Ill
1 N r R o I) u c r I o n.
HiHR riRc-i.!..] 'Iliis is u finall bra fs circle rtxiul on llu* I)ra/oii meridian, di-
vidi'd into J4 lioiirH, and haviii){ an index inovcahlc round tliu axis uf the globe.
rROBLI'.MS PKRFORMFD BY TlIK GLOliE.
p ST"^^ ^' '/"'""''''' '^f "" ^rtificiiil ^lobe ieiiiji giv,:si, lo find its fur fact in
* '1 fquare, ami its foliJily in cuhtc, meafuri'.
Multiply tbe diameter by the circumference, whicii is a groat r.n !e dividing flic
)»lobe into two equal parts, nnd the produtl will give the Hr(l : then multiply tin*
laid produd by one lixth of the dianjcter, and the product it ih.a will give llu-
I'ccond. After the fame manner we may find the furtace and fcjli !iiy of the natural
globe, as alfo the wliole body of the atmofphere furrounding ilir (i.ue, provided it
be always and every where at the fame height ; for having found tlu- perpendicular
height tliereof, by that common experiment of the afcent of Mnciiry at the foot
and top of a mountain, then double the faid height, and add the fame to the di«
ameter of the earth; then multiply the whole, as a new diameU r In- its proper
circumference, and from the prudua fubtracl the folidity of the ci-rtli, it will leave
that of the atmofphere.
Prob. 2. To reElify ihf globe.
The globe being fet upon a true plane, raifc the pole according to tlie given la-
titude, then fix the quadrant of altitude in the i^cnith, and if there be any mariners
compafs upon the pedel^al, let the globe be fo fituated, that the bra/en meridian
may (land due fouth and north, according to the two extremities of the needle,
allowing their variation.
I'rob. 3. To find the longitude and latitude of any place.
For this fee above.
I' R o B . 4. The longitude and latitude of any place being given, to find that place on the ^lobe.
Bring the degree of longitude to the brazen meridian ; reckon upon the fame
nu ridian the degree of latitude, whether fouth or north, and make a mark with
t lialk where the reckoning ends ; the point exa£Uy under the chalk is the place
ilelired.
Prob. 5. The latitude of any place being giwn, to find .ill thofe places that have the
fiime latitude.
p ^ The globe being rectified [a) according to the latitude of the given
place, and that place being brought to the brazen meridian, make a
mark exactly above the fame, and turning the globe round, all thofe places palling
under the faid mark have the fame latitude with the given pl.nce.
Prob. 6. To find the Swis place in the Ecliptic at anytime.
The month and day being given, look for the fame upon the wooden horizon,
and over-againll the day you will (iiul the |>articular lign and degree in which the
Sun is at that time, which lign and degree being noted in the ecliptic, the fame is
the fun's place, or marly, at the time delired.
PnoB. 7. The month and day being given, as a/fa the particular time of that dn\, ti
fi.id thofe places of the globe to idiich the Sun is in the meriditin at that particular time.
The pole being elevated according to the latitude of the place where you are,
bring the faid ])l;Ke to tlie braziii meridian, and fetting the inilex of the horary
( irile at the hour ot the day, in the given place, or where you are, turn the globe
till the index points at the upper figure \ll. which done, fix the globe at that litii-
aiioii, and obferve what places are exadly under the upper heniilpheiv of the br.i-
/cii meridian, tor thofe are the places delued.
^ Pkou.
IVo. B '"■'■''"» t' f^ T r o N.
''«0B. ,o ^v ,. ""f"^^'^"» hour at ll.at place
TLisione ^,f!''P':^''-^"in;r2 mark t ; •-"; 'V^^'^"-'' «l-^ecK..
fun's [)lacc7.r ."••'"■'''' 'f^*-' ^-quator aV ... • u""''"■'■"^"<^^'g'•ecs ^*^ »•"•• ««
ai-o tliofe in whi.h n°7'^'"no. and nil the nl-.,-, r """ ■"^'fkoninir ciwk
D ""' "'"g'.c the number «i
d
of
days
ll INTRODUCTION.
(lays tliaf tin* fim conllantly rtiincs above tlic horizon of tlu- given place ; and th«r
oiH»olitc iircli of lliat i irclc will nivc the niitnhor of days in which he \» totnllv
iioli lit, and ulfu will point out wnich days thul'c are. In the interval he will riUr
and fct.
I'liojJ. I ^. T/m month and das btin^ ghifii, It find ilmfc (iliica oh the globe, to whUi
the fun, tchen on the meridi m, fttitll be vertical on that day.
/■i) Pnoi i '""" '^''" *'' P'"*^'" '" '''^' ecliptic being (d) found, brine the fame to
the brazen meridian, in which make a liuall mark with chalk, exactly
nbovc the fun's place. Which done, turn ibe globe, and tliofe places which have
the fun verlical m the meridian will fucceliively pal's under the laid mark.
I'u on. 1 4. The nwnth and day being given, to find upon what point of the compafs the
fun then rifes and jets in any place.
Klevate the pole according to the latitude of the dedred place, anfl, finding the
fin's place in tlie ecliptic at the given time, bring the fame to the eallern (ide of
the hori/on, and you may there clearlv fee the point of the compafs upon which
lie then riles. Hy turning the globe till his i)lace coincide with the wellern lide of
the horizon, you may alfo fee upon that circle the exadt point of iiis fetting.
Proii. 1 ;;. Tu know by the globe the length of thelongejl and Jhortcfl dayi and ni^hlt
in any part of the world.
Klevate the pole according to the latitude of the jriven nl,ice, and bring the firft
degree of Cancer if in the northern, or Capricorn it in the fouthern hemifphere,
to the cart lide of the horizon ; and fetting the index of the horary circle at nuon,
turn the globe till the lide of Cancer touch the wellern fide of the horizon, and
then obferve upon the horary circle the number of hours between the index and
the upper figure of XII. reckoning them according to the motion of the index,
for that is the length of the longed day, the complement whereof is the extent
of the tliorlell night. The Ihortell lUiy and longed night are only the rcvcrfe of
the former.
I'ror. 16. The hour of the day being given in any place, to find thofe places of tht
earth where it is either noon or midnight, or any other particular hour at the fame lime.
Bring the given place to tin; brazen meridian, and fet the index of the hoary
circle at the Imur of the <lay in that place. Then turn the globe till the index
point at tlie upper figure of XIl. antl obf<:rve what places are exattly under tht;
upper feinicircio of the brazen meridian, for in them it is mid-day at the time
given. Which done, turn the globe till the index point at the lower figure of
XII. and what places are then in the lower femicircle of the meridian, in them it
Is midnight at the given time. After the fame manner we may find thofe places
tlial have any other particular hour at the time given, by moving the globe till
the index pnint at the hour defired, and obferving the places then under the
brazen meridian.
I'u o li. 17. The dav and hour bring gn<eti, to find by the globe that particular place of
the earth to ■K.hich the fun is veriiial at that time.
The fun's place in the ecliptic (a) being found and brought to the
'ill i-Li! ?6. brazen meridian, make a mark above ilie fame with chalk ; then (b)
(ind thofe places ot the caitli in whole meridian the fun is at t'^at in-
flant, and bring liiein to the brazen meridian ; wiiich done, obferve nafovvly .hat
individual pari <.>( tiie earth which fails exactly under the aforefaid mark m the
brazen meridian ; fur that is the particular place tu which the fun is vertical at
that time.
Pros.
INTRODUCTION.
»9
Proh. 1 8. The Jay itiiH kour at any place being grvtH, to fi>iJ a!l thofe places uhert
the fun is then rijini^, w (etting, or on lie meridian , lonjequtntiy, all ihoje placa which
are enlij^/iteneJ at thai time, and thnj'e which are in the dark.
'HiiH problftu cnnnot lu- tolvfd by nnv kIuIk* fitted up in the common wav, with
tl'f hour-circle fixed upon tlic hrnrN-meriuinn i inilcfs the (un boon or near tome ot'
the tropicH on the given day, But by n globe fitted ni) according to Mr. JolVph
Harris's invention, where the hour-cirrle lies on the uirt'ace »>!' tlie globe, below
the meridian, it may be folved lor any day in the year, according to hiii method ;
vvliieli is as lollnws :
Having tound tlie place to which the fun is vertical nt tl\e given hour, if the
place l)e in tlie nttrlliern hemifphere, elevate the north pole as many degrees abovi!
the hori/on, as are etiual to the latitude of that place -, it the place be in the
fouthern liemifphere, elevate the fouth pole accordingly ; and bring the place lo
the brazen meridian. Then all thofe places which are in the wellern femicirele
of the hori/<m Iiave the fun rifing to them at that time ; and thofe in the ealU rn
femicircle have it fetting: to thofe under the upper femicircle of tlie brafs nu'ri-
dian, it is noon ; and to thofe under tlie lower femicircle, it is midni;.jht. All thole
places wliich are above the hori/on, are enlightened by the fun, and have the fun
jull as many degrees above tliein, as tliey thenifelves are above the hori/on ; ami
this height may be known, by fixing the quadrant of altitude on the bra/en meri-
dian over the place to which the Um is vertical ; and then laying it over any otluT
place, obferve what number of degrees on the quadrant are intercepted between
the faid place and the hori/on. In all thofe places that are i8 degrees below the
weliern temicirctc of the horizon, the morning twilight is ')u\\ beginning ; in nil
thofe tliat are i8 degrees below the femicirle ot the horizon, the evening twilight
is ending; and all thofe that are lower than 18 degrees, have dark night.
if any place be brought to the upper femicircle of the bra/cn meridian, and the
Viour-imlex be fet to tlie upper XII or noon, and then tlie globe be turned eaft-
ward on its axis ; when the place comes to the wellern femicircle of the horizon,
the index will (hew the time of fun-riling at that place ; and when the fame place
comes to the callern femicircle of the horizon, the index will Ihew the time of
fun-fet.
To thofe places wliich do not go under the horizon, the fun fets not on that
day ; and to thofe which do not come above it the fun dois not rife.
Prob. I Q. The month and dav l>eing ^iven, with the place of the moon in the zodiac and
hfy true latitude, and to find thereby the exad hour when Jhe Jhall rife and fet together Xf.ith
her fouthin;f, or coming to the meiidian of the place.
'I he moon's place in the zodiac may be found readily at any time by an almanac ;
niid lur lalituiie, which is her dillance trom the ecliptic, by applying the femicir-
cle of potilion to her place in the zodiac. For the folution of the problem
(a.) elevate the pole according to the latitiule of the given place and (ji I[r"»- i-
the fun's nlace in the ecliptic at that time being (h) found and marked '^' '""""' '''
with chalk, and as all'o the moon's place at the fame, bring the fun's jihice to the
brazen iiu'iidian, and fet the index of horary cir'.'le at noon, then turn the globe
till the moon's ))laee fuccetiively meet with the eallern and wellern tide ol the
horizon, as alio the biazen meridian, and the index will point at thofe limes, the
particular hours tif her riling, fetting, and fouthing.
Proi;. 20. Two places being givc:i on the g/'^/'e, to fiml the true dij/auce between tliem.
Lav the graduated edge of the ([uadrant of altitude over both the places, and
tile number of ik ^rees inlerceiitetl bet\\ten them will be their true ililKiiiee tVoin
eaih other, reekniiiiig every dei;iee to be bi)\ luiijlilh tniUs: or take the dillaiKe
of tlie two places with a pair ut eompalies, and apply it to tiii. eiiuinoctiiil, which
will gi*'e the luimber ol degrees between them.
1) ■■ Prob
•• INTRODUCTION.
Froi. II. Th find uU tke/t atnutrks m vkuk am tthffi 9/ tht fun tr mo«H will h
vifikU.
1. Of I hi fun. Find lh«r \Mct to wliich the f\in in vcrticnl at the time of the
cclipfo, by problem 17th, and brinj^ it ti) the fcnith or top of the globe \ then to
nil tnofc placet above the horicon, it' the cclipre be large, will the tun appear (in
part) vilibly obfcured.
2. Of tht moon. Bring the antipcMlm, or rountry, oppolite to the place where the
fun it vertical at the time of the ecUpt'e, to the /cniih, or top of the globe, and
then the ecliplo will be fecn in all places above the hori/un at that time.
Pro a. n. yl place bfinf; given on I he j(Me, an J ill true diftance from a fecond piace,
to find thereby all other places of the earth of thej.ime difiance from the pven place.
Bring the given plnce to the hrn/on meridian, and elcvutc the |M>le according to
the latitude ot that place ; then tix the quadrant ot' altitude in tlie zenith, and
reckon upon that quadrant the given dilbiiice between the (irft and fecund
place, provided the fame be under 90 degrees, otherwife you nuill ufe the femi-
cir( !e of pofition, niul marking where the reckoning ends, and moving the (piadrant
round upon the furfacc of the glube, all pluccii pulling under that murk arc thofc
dclircd.
PnoBLEMs/o/tr</o« the Celestial Globe.
The cnualor, cdiiitic, tropics, polar circles, hori/on, and brazen meridians, arc
rxuHly alike on both globes. Doth nlfo are redified in the fume manner. N. B.
'llie fun'ii place for any day in the year llandk direttly over that day on the horizon
of the celeiHal globe, as it does on that day of the tcrrcArial.
The latitude and longitude of the Aars, or of all other celcllial phicnomcna, are rec-
koned in a very different manner from the latitude and longitude of placet on the earth ;
for all terrelirial latitudes arc reckoned from the equator ; and longitudet from the
meridian of foine remarkable place, as, of London by the Uritilh, and of Paris by
the French. But the alhonomcrs of all nations agree in reckoning the latitudes of
the moon, liars, planets, and comets, from the ecliptic i and their longitudes from
tlie ecjuinuttial colure, in that femicirclc of it which cuts the ecliptic at the begin-
ning of .\ries: ami llience ealhvnrd, (luite round the fame fcmicircle again. Ccn-
ft ([luntly thole liars wliith lie between the equinotlial and the northern half of the
1 elintic, havi- north declination and fouth latitude; thofe which lie between the
i.'(|uinoitial and the fouthern hnlf of the ecliptic, have fouth declination, and north
latitude ; and all thofe wliich lie between tlie tropics, and the poles, have their de-
i linations and latitude of the fume denomination.
Prob. I. Tofintl the rii^l.'t a/'ieii/ion mul dediiiatimi of the fun, or any fixed fiitr,
Hriui; the fun's place in the ecliptic to the brazen meridian ; then that degree-
ill the njiiinoctiiil whiih is cut by the meridian, isiliolun's ri^ht afienfion; and that
»legree ot ilie meridian which is over the fun's phue, is liis declination. I'ring any
ti\eii liar to the nuriilian, and its rii;ht afceiilion will be cut by the meridian in the
i<iuin<)tlial, anil the dogroe of the meridian that tlandsover it is iis declination. Sto
ihat the riglit aieenllon uiul declination on the celellial globe aro found in .le fame
ii.p.nuer as lonjjitude and lain .Je on the terrellrial.
I'ituii. 2. To find the hit tudi' and longitude uf lutf ftar.
It (lie t^iven ftar be on tin- north tide of the ecliptic, place the 90t]i tlegrecof the
4j,i.nliant of altitude on tlie north pole of the ecliptic, wliere the twelve I'emicircles
imei, wliich divide the ecliptic into twelve lii;iis ; but if the ihir be on the fouth
tide of tlie ecliptic, place the <jth di'i^rec ot the ijuadrant on the foutli pole of the
ecliptic. Keeping tlie i;lli decree ot the qiuidian! on tin- proper jiole, turn the
quadrant about, until its graduated edge cuts the liar; then the number of degrees
in
INTRODUCTION.
tf
in the quadrant, bttwern iha rc)ip((c and tfie Oar, ii hi laiirudp ; and th« degirM
of the ecliptic, cut by the (juadrMit, it the fttr's kingitudr, n-ikuned ateordini to
the lign in which th« qudrMit ilieii is.
Plioi. 3. To prt/tut the fact ^ tkt Jljrry firmamtnt, at ftcn/rtm any givtn jilac* </"
tki tank, »t any knr of tht night.
Rcflifv the cclcflial globe for the given Intitiulr, the zeiuth, and fun's plucc, in
evcrv r(T|K:£t. a* taught by the probleni fur the IcrrcUrial ; aiid turn it about till
the index nointit to the given hour ; then the up|Kr hcniifphere of the globe wiU
rcprefent the vilible half of the hcavrnN for that time \ all the dan upon the glubv
being then in fuch lituations, ns exadiv correfpond to thofe in the heaven!). And
if the globe be placed duly north nnd louth bv nunnii of a fniall fea-conipafs, every
ftar in the globe will point to the like (Inr in tne beavcni>, by which meuiisi the con-
flellations and remarkable Aars may be culily known. All thofe thirii which ar<*
in the eaftern lide of the hori/on, are then riling in the eiilU-rn liiU- of the lua-
venH ( all in the weflern, are fctting in the weilerii liUe ; uiul ail tlxifi uiulcr tin*
upper part of the frozen meridian, In iwicn the Inulli point «if the horizon and the
north pole, are at their grc«ite(l altitude, if the latitude of the place be ncrtli ;
but if the latitude be foutn, thofe thirs whiih lie undir the uptur part of the tne-
ridian, iKtween the north point of the hori^nii and the fouth ))ole, are at their
greateft altitude.
Prob. 4. The latiinJi' of the place, itnri day of I he mciiik teiiig given, to find uAen
anyjiar will rife, w ke upon I he meridian, nr fet.
Having reHificd the cIoIk", turn it alwut until the given ft»r comes to the caftem
fide of the horizon, and the index will Ihew the time of the flar's rifmg ; then turn
the gtobe weOwant, and when the ftar comes to the brazen meridian, the index
will fhcw tlie time of the flar's coming to the meridian of your place ; laftly, tnrti
un untH the ftar comes to the weftcrn (Kle of the horizon, and the index will ftiew
the time of flu liar's fetting. N. B. In northern latitudes, thofe ftars which are lefs
diitant from the north pole than the quantity of its elevation above the north point
of the Koriw)n, never fet ; and thofe which are lefs diflarrt from the fouth pole
than the number of degrees by which it is (lepreffcd bebw the horizon, never rife :
and vice vcrfu \\\ fouthern latitudes.
PaoB. 5. To find at what lime of the year a given flar xvill be upon the mtridiun, at
a given hour of the ni-'ht.
Bring the given ftar to the upper femicircle of the brazen meridian, and fet the
index to the {;iven hour -, then turn the globe, until the index points to XII. at
noon, and the upper femicircle of the meridian will then cut the fun's place, an-
fwering to tlie day of the year fought ; which day may he eafdy found againli the
like place of the tun among the figns on the wooden hori^con.
Methods for fading the Latitudes and Longitudks of Places from
Cklestial Observations.
It being a matter of vaft im|)ortance to navigators to know the fituation of any
place they may touch at, or in what part of the ocean they are, in other words, to
know their longitu<le and latitude ; tlie methods of finding them are here pointed out.
I. Ok FiNoiNo THK I. ATI lUHi | As the latitude of a place is an arch of the
meridian inteieeptcd Ix-twcen the /eniih and the equinoitiai, which is always
e(|ual to the hii^ht of the vilible pole alwve (he horizon, it follows that if the me-
ridional ahiliule, or its eompliiiKut, the /eiiiih dillancc of any celeliia! objeit,
whufe jilace in the heavens is known, can be found, the latiiiide is ealily difeovereii
'Ihus if the heavenly ol>jecl be in the e<iuinotlial, the zenith dillaiice will be eijoal
to
••
INTRODUCTION.
to the latlnifli', wliiih will he ci\)\cr north of f<»mh, nvioriiiit);; ni \\w nhCvrver It
(itiuiti'd liilur to llii! norihwnrd or t'uuihwaril ot ihf i>l>jrfl. Hut it" llii* fun or ilur
li.itl) citlicr north or fouth dochnntion, that in, if it* appuriMit itiurniil motion Iw
cither to the nuriluvnrd or fonthward of tho r«jiiiiuiflial, the dcthnution mull
ciilur 1)1" I'lilttiacli il iVoiii. or a(l(!i<l to tlir /itiitli dillaiin', aiiordinn as lliv /i-nilh
diilanio and doclination urv ui the funic or dilicriiil dciioniiiiatiun*, 'I he nuihoil
ii \\m :
I. Obfoni-' hy n (|uadrnnt till" iticridionni dillnnco of the fun from tin* zenith,
whiih is nlwnvs iho conipU-miiil of hi* meridian iiltitude i currett lor the nir of
the hori/on, and KKKKAiiioNi and add to this the fuii'it declination, when tlic
fim nnd the place are on tlie lame lidi- of the eipiator ; or fnhtrai^t the declinatinn,
wlien tliey are on dilKrent lide, ; the liim in tlu former cafe, and the dilKivnce in
the latter! will he the /</////(</.• reipiired. Hut when the declination of the fmt i«
greater than the latiludi' of the |)lace, which is known from the fun's being nearer
to the elevated |)oie, than the zenith of tlie place is, uk ii fre(|ucntly liappens in the
torrid xom , then the dill'erence lietwcen the fun'k declination, and hit ;eenilli dif-
tance, is tlie IdiitUilt of the place.
If the fim or thir liave no declin.ition, hut njove in the ecpiinotKal that day, then
the elevation of the e<|uator will he e(|n.il to his meridional altitude, and conf. •
(luently his meridional altitude is the comj)lemenl of the liiiiiiiiU' to qo. I his u>r
tliod is i)eil acconnnodaled to the ufes ol nasiKatioM, as lu in^ praUicnbIc u( feu i
hut for ohfervations at land, another metliod may he pointed out.
2. The altitude of the pole, it has been already Ihewn, is always equal to thi'
laliliiili ; for wliich reafon the lutitiiiU- iniglit be bell found by oblervinu the pole's
height ; but as tlie pole is only a mathematical point, and iu> wuys to l)e obierved
by our fenfes, its hei^ilt cannot be detennined in the fume manner as that of tho
fun and (lars, &c. for wliich reafon anoilur manner has been contrived.
In order to this, a meridian line is till) drawn. I'Jace a <|ua(!rani (m this line,
fo tli.it its plane may be in the plane of the meridian ; then take Time ftar near the
|iole, V. gr. the pole-lbir ^wliich iie\er lets), and obferve both its /'rcatell, and leatl
altitude; half of ihe ditVereiue dedutted from the ureaielt altitudv-, or added to
the lead, will i;i\e the altitude of the pole abu\e tne horizon, which is equal to
the latitude of the place.
II. (.)k nsniNO riiK lonoiiipkj To find exiftly the /owij/zw,/.- at fea, is a
problem that has exinniely perplexed the malhematiciiMis of ihefe two hill cen-
turies ; and tor the folulioii ol wliiih, i;real reward, ha\e ln-eii |)nblii ly oll'ered by
the |''.nj,'lilh, Kri'iuli, Dutch, and other nations, this bein)^ almoll the only thinj;
.•ndir nil
mtinm 111 reiuur navl^allon perteet.
In the year i i(>S, I'hilip the Third, kinj of Spain, ofl'ered a reward of jooo
crowns for the foluiion tif this problem ; this example was followi il by the States
(jeneral, who oli'eii'd 10,000 tlorins. In I'l^i, John Morriii, profellor of mathe-
malits at I'aris, propofed his dilVwvery of the loni-itudi' to Cardinal Uiihlieii , ilie
t immillionei-., who were apjioinied to examine ihis inelhod, ind^ed il infiillieient,
on account of the impeifectinii of the lunar tabli-^ ; but Cardinal Ma/arin, in 104;;,
prorwred for its author a penlion of 2000 livres. In 1714 an act was pallid b) the
Ihiiilh parliinnent, appointin^ and impowerin;^ certain coiinnillioneis to inakv out
a bill for a Cum not exteediiij^ 2000I. lowaids niakinj' necilluy expninienl', ; aiul
.tMo fjrantiin^ a nwaid of io,oool. to the peifon who llionid iK lermine the /vhj^iimJe
ill fea to 0111 degree of a jjreat circle, or 60 i;e(ij^rapliical miles ; 1 ^,oool. it the hm-
i.',itude be determined to two-thirds of thai dilhince ; and io.oool. if it be deter-
Diiiied to half that diiiaiu e.
It lliculd be obferNeil that llie dillerence of luii'^iliide between anv two places,
mijjdil be determined, by knowing the dilleieiice between the times thai anv re-
mark-
INTRODUCTION.
miulcnhtc nppcnrnncr in t\\v licavi'm wm (ccn in lliufo plnro*. For finer tlio fim
mill tixod ll.irn »|)|K'ar to iinivo romul ihf rurth, or, vvhiili i« ihr ftinu* thing, lh>i
cnrlh rcvolvi-it nlxtiii ii« nnii in Iwcnly-tinir Ixuiri i ii tollnMv, ihui in t very hour
ihi-ru pnlfrit over thr meridian one Iweiilv fourth ptirt ot' )'>o (le|{icf^, or ot tho
whole » ireinnterenre of the e(|uu(or, eipial to 15 tU-grccn i Hhd u pru)x)rtioiiul part
in 11 gientir or IclUr linie.
Iho heavenly lto»li<-, iiflord frequent opporttinitiri nrmnkin|{ nhfcrviitlontnrihU
eoiilill in till' ii|)puU''<i, ill. it ^^, the approiKlui of
kinti
•or ««
tlufe
e niiixuranct 1
the henvi-ntv linilic-, t
I'l
o tU«
h oil
\er, or iMiir jiallmK liy «">«
h oil
UT ,
am
I tht IV
utt-
|)ulfe« when thev happen, are fien at ihe (unu- inlhuit of ahrolule lime in nil pnrt
«)f the eivrth where llii-y are vilihlcj therefore l»y knowing the relnlive linie« of iho
duy when fuih appeiiranies nn- fi en in tuo tlill;ii\t piaeet, the (lineret\ee helweeit
ihofe times is known, ami c miliipuntly the ditU rencr of lonninnii' hetweeii thofe
two pl.ices I always ohfervin;; tliat for every hour of tinu* you mull allow 1 ; de^ree'i
of longitude either eall or well, act ordiu); as the time is either loomr or laler ihuu
the time marked out for fueh appearances to iiupptn at (JrceiiwiLh, fur iidluiicci
from whence the (iril meriilian mmnuMues.
Several ephemeridis or almanacs are annunlly nuhlilhecl, in which lh»' times when
the ecliples of ihe fun, moon, and Jut)iter's faiellites ; thi- riling, fellinu;, ami fouth*
IHft
tin)
till
,r
of the pinnels ; the appulUs of the moon to certain fixed Ihkrs ; and other i elei
tin) npj>earances, arc determined with regard to fome meridian, liy the help of oiX!
ofihele hooks, and a carctui oblcrvalion of thefc appearances t'*^ longitude may
be determined.
Kchples of the moon, wlien ihev happen, atford one nwlhod of rinding; llie dill'e-
rcnce ol longitude. Kor as thefe eiliples are occalioiu'd hy an inlerpoliiion of llii>.
earth hetween her and the fun, and confitpiently the is iuunerled it* llu- fun's iha-
dow, the moment any part of her hody is deprived of ihe folar rays, it i-. vilihie to
all lh«)fi' people who can fee her, at llu' fame inllant of alifolute time. Hence hy
ohferving the beginning, nnddle, or end ot the eclipfe ol ihe moon in any part of
th
e wor
Id
IK
)ling the apparent lime of thefe phenomena, and comparing it with
the calculations of the lame ecli^ife adapted to fome oiher meridian, the didercnct}
of lime, and coiifeiiuenlly llic dillcr»;nce of longitude between thofc two places,
will be known.
.Suppofe for inftance ihe beginning of an eclipf- of ihe moon happened at Lon-
don lixtcen mimiles aiier iwo in the morning, and al ihirly-four minules Ivxenly
feconds after nine in the ivining at Holhm in Ni \v iMigland ; llien will the ditfer-
cnce «)f time be four hours, forty-one niinulus, forty feconds, ecpud lo fe\cnt\ de-
f[rces, twenly-five minules, the ditreretue of longitude ; and beeaufe tlie lime in
ater at iiolhrn, than at Lomlon ; lot wluti it '\^ palt Iwo in the morning at t.oiuloti,
it is only a lillle after in the preeeihng evening at IJollon ; in other words, Holloii
i.s about four liours ami lluic quarters later in cotning to tl
t
lie nu
ridian lliun Lon-
dtm, the differetue of longitude will be wclf. Conreipienliv if the longitude be
reckoiie<l from the meridian of London, the lonj/iliide of liollon will be feveiity
degrees twenty-five minules will. — See Fergufon's .\lhonoiny, li.\th edit. p. iii.
Alio While's I'.phemeris for 1794, p. }
The longiliuli" of places may alfo l)e obtained from tlie obfervniions of folar
eclipfes. but lliefe being iiu iimbenil willi the conlideration of paialla\e>, are nunh
lefs adapted lo lli.Tf purpofe than thole of the moon.
Hut as the eclipfes of the fun and moon liap|H'n Imt feldom, anoiher expiilieiii
offers, viz. the eci.pfes of Jupiur's faiellites. Thai planet has four moons or fa-
tellitcs, moving round him at dilferenl dillances, and at dillercnt inlerv;il» of lime 5
one or more ot which is eclijifed alniotl every night : for they difappear eillivr in
^uing behind Jupiter, or in pullinj; before hiiu: aud the inllant of lucli immcrlions
ft
m.iy
■4
INTRODUCTION.
Ing OM of liiiu- iru'hct Kk-uI ItiiKili
nt« ptifiiR'' t4 ilw niDoii, or ik* i'ut>«-ii>)r pUitcl* ov«r iImt tnvridl.iit, al^irtU an-
Aihfr nivilttiil III ilil'covcnM|i iIk* l»it||iuikli' k Uui\*y Imviiik llif liiiu in an f|»lK'invrU,
\vl>«fri ilu* in<v>ii or itny ol ihtf |)l4iuM< |mI* the niciMtuii •>! Untw |>luii-, uml liiulHt|f
li\ Dhr-tvutiDii iliv iniu- wli'M) ihi' oliikkl itttiU-i ilu- tiicti<ti.iii nl amtilivr plitti-, llw
l>>nt(iiit«lf ^vill Ik; iltfii'rniiiu<«i i lor iIk- ilirtirciu >' nl Iihi«> toiivvrivd iiilu ili'ircct,
Ski will givt' the (lilK-rvnii- nl IniiKiiniK'
nu'tv It Ihll annllur inoi)i<Kl, rtiually i'fttH*tliiHHi« Hml Ci<rluiii. numt'ly llw tip«
niiircv nl ilu' iii'Mtn In iiiijim lufil iUto, uiitl ilitir iHt uliaiiniik Ity rvHlnn nl liir
li<Hly. i'lir llii' m>Hiti liniilinitf lut rvvninlinii In IWi'Mly-lfVcii tluyt, luvt'ii linuM,
lnriy>lhu-i* nitiHili'i, llxn* iirf i)UI I'vw i Ivm iii)(liU, wluii llio iiinon (lth'« iini |ittf«
iivrr, nr In nciir Innic livi'tl llur, iliul tlic litiii.' nl llif iikJiill .i(t|*rnai.h ui ihc vilittitt
(iiii)iiiKlitiii muy ho viilily nlil'irvi-tl. MarkiiiK oxatlly ilio npparvnl liiiu* nl ilicr«
nltriTvuiiDti^, initl M)tn|tiirint( lliat with iho linu; ul lliu pitut' lor wliivh nuridiiiii
llit-v uri- luUuUu'il, Mill givf yon iho ililliTviac t)l lnii)(i(U(U' ImIwucii ihu two
|>l;K'k'*
It will l>k' oltvi'MiM In t srry rrHi'Cliittf rmuK r, tlinl at tu;iii> nl tlii. ah--v« ttUhna-
liniit iiinik Ih: niiuU- by the telclt'n|ti-, iho vnttllutit nmlion nl i lliip iiiuU-r fnii, wi|
riiult'r it iinixillililf In n\»
kf Ih
irtit IK
iiiriiirly at liii. I'n rciMcily thai incuiuiv
nifnti' MrC'lniil><)ilifr Irviii invi-iUi'il what In- calU u iturinc tluir. 'I'hit chair
will trit'il liy Mr. Mulkrlyni-. iu hi» vn\agi.' In HurltiultHM, who (nund it totally iin>
|iriiCtiial>li' to(l> rivi aiiN ;ul\,iMiii^i' In mi it. And luluK^, lino' nil incthniLt, which
(it |K'iid npoi) iht- plMiinmiiiu nl thr hcavi'iti, liuvi* alio thi» ulhor ilclteol, ihul ihoy
I itnnot 1)1* iiMtrvrd tit .ill iiiiii"«, it U'l aiiu' a Kn-iit di'lideralutii ni iiavigatiuii tn ilil*
<<»i'r r<Miu' nihcr nu'thixl nl tiltirtniinng tlu- Imi^it idi- ut IVm.
It ii Will kiinwn ihiit il a liMU-'k«'i-|U'r tould In' luude in f(n witli iKrlVt) uiiu*
ru(\. I>y hiiviiiK fncli a clink nr uati h mi Iwiaid, llic longituilc iniKht bv lalily di*<
lirniiiU'd , Inr liv tiiidiiiK the liiiH' nl ihi* day ul uiiy nthi-r pliuc, and innipariiiK il
vith ihv linu- lluri ihrwn l>y Inch a iiiai him-, tlu' ditKniui' nl' IniiKitiuU* iM-lwi-rii
ihofe placcH will Ik- kitnwii. I hi' in)(iniiiu^ \lr. lijriil'nn a li-vv )t-ari liiui- c<>ni«
plrlfd fuih u tim''-k«rt-pcr, which wu-. luniid ii|M)n liial tn an(wi-r cvi-ii hryniiil tlio
III >li laii^uinc c.\pi i:tatiiin> -, and In ai c^rdlll^ly rci riVvd ti ti iliniiraiid pnuiuU trniii
}»oviriifr'Mit, a» u rrwaid Inr hiu tlifcnvcry ; hut for fi>nic ri-alnit:*, not generally
kr.own, the tii)io-krc|K>r hai been Inihcrtn kt-pl t'roiii the- public.
T^tt diffttftil M AWN I II by xukith fotut Na rioNn auJ FROfLE rtcken 'I'lMi.
T'r • I'abylonians, Pcrlians. and Syrian-., and ttw iiihabilantii of' (\i\\\<c pnrt of
(>|fi.iiaiiy, lH-j{in thiir d.iy ai run-riliiijj
Till' .iiicii'Ml) Jews, Aihiniank, and ltaliun«, rt'(ki>n I'rnm fun-fi-tting,
Till' |-',ff\ptiaiis, like thi- l.ii^^lilli. Kk bi uin at iniilnit;ht.
'[hi- altii iii>:iii'is aiul franun bigiii tin »l.i\ ,it dd «n. .-md n-ckni) 24 hours tn the
rtoxt d.'ty at nt.ori i and aunrdin;; m thi.» luuiif ol' m knnini; air all tJK' calcuia-
t cni* ul till.' fuiii iiinnii, and iduncts, mad. in the cnniinnii aliuaiiackt.
."/'; Accoi-vr '/ //v (»rii;()hian cr Nrw SrVi.F..
I'.ipc Gregnry Mil made a rrl'orniatioii ol the Culeiulur. The Julian Calendar,
or Old .Style, had, bftore that lime, Ik-«'ii in j^.'iieral uli' all over l-.urnpv'. 'Ilieyt-ar,
• ecordiiifj to tin- Julian Call iidar, cmildls ol' jO^ days and 6 hnurs ; whii h 6 hours
ben.;; niie t'mrtli pari i>t a day, tlir tuintiuiu yi'ur> vuiililtvd i>l jO.; iUys, and cverv
toiDili yi'.-ii- one d.iv was .id.l'd to tin' nioniii nl' IVIirnarv , which nijtlc lacli ut lluil'c
yt.ai.i 3(36 liu;^, wliich arc uluuby called Leap vcart.
7 ■ Thi.>
INTRODUCTION.
«l
|o liourk
Jul every
'Hus
Thii cam|^)«ito<iim, ihoiiKh lU'iir ihc iriilh, U mori' limn thf lolar jr^ar t»y «ttfV(>n
minulca, vvi!iii '' \i\ i |l yrur« nnioiint« to n wtioU' lUy In umiKiiimmuv uI i)ii«, iIh-
vcrtiiil i't|itirvi' WM until ipittcd irn (Uy* lri>tn ilw ^cnmil < •uitu li al Nk > , li. Iil itt
ihtf vt-ar ,{M < f ihi* Clirirtian .f.r», to ihr limo ol |h>|h< Grrgory . wtwi ili i>l.>rtf
caiiU'd ten ita\ « to Im- taken out nl ilie nutnlh ol OcioInT, i 5I11, to muki- lite r(|iii.
no\ tall on the jil) ot' Miinh, n« it itiil at th<* linie of thai coinuil. Aiul to \»e-
vrni the like variation in Inliire, he orilered that three ilav% llioalil lie allied in
every tour hnndred year», by redneing the lea|i year at the t lol'e of e.uh i entnry, lor
three fucietlive eenliirie«, to romitmn year*, ann retaining ihc leap year nt the dote
of each fourth eeninry only.
Al ihul rime thi« wa» eimliilerrd a* rxatilv cnnformahir to the true folar yenr^
lull l)r ILtlley niuke« the folnr year !■> he ^65 Anyn, ^ hoiiri, 4H minute*, ^4 f---
(eond*, 41 tliirdi, ij lourtlx, )6 fifth* i niionling to which, in 400 year*, lli>' Ju
linn year of \t)(^ day*, 6 h<inr», will e\«eed the folar l>v one hour iind ^\ minuter
(lirlide* the three liuvt already aeeimnted for; which i« nearly two lioui*, fo lliul
in {o (enturie* it will amount to a day.
1'hough the firemuian Calendar, or New Style, had lonjj Iwen ul'cd ihrniighoiii
llie greater part of Kurope, it did not take plaee in (ireat Hrilain and Ameri.it
till the irt of jnnimry 175*1 and in .Vplemher ftdlowioK, the eleven day* wen ,0'
lulled, liy calling the third day of that mouth the fourteenth, and conlimiiu^; tilii.
ret) in their order.
(; K o c; R A n 1 1 c A I, o ij s K r v a r i o \ s.
I. The latitude of any place ii ccpiul to tlic elevnlion of ilie pii!<' ahove li.e ho-
ri/on of that place, and the elevation of the etpialor ii» eiptal to llie lompknicnl
of the latitude, that i*. to what the latitude wanl^ of (>o degree*.
a. Thofe places which lie on the eipiator, have no latitude, it hiing there that
the latilude iu-gin* , aiul ihofe plaie\ which lie in the full meiidi.iii luise no lon-
^itude, it Iking there that the longitude hegin* Conre(|ueii(lv, ///.// pailitulnr
place «)f the <orth where the tirll meridian iiiterfeft-» the ci|ualoi, na-< luitlier loiigi-
tud
e nor
laliti
V All placis of the earlli equally enjoy the benellt of llie {{\\\, in refpec> of time,
ami ate e(|ually deprived of it.
4 All places upon the etpiator have tlu ir days nnd ni>;lus eipially long, that i\,
11 hours eaih, at all tiineii of the yeari for though the lun ilecliiiis allernalely,
from the eipialor lowariU tlu- norlli and towards tlu fouth, yet, :is the hori/ou of
the e(]uatoi cuts all tiie tiaralleU of latitude and declination in halves, the fun mull
ahv:i\s lontiinn' alHtve llie liori/on for one half a diurnal revolution aliout the earth,
iuhl tor tlu' oilur hall lielow it.
5. In all places of the earth between the eipintor und pole*, the days and iiighti
lire
. . r
lupially ion,;, \i/. 11 iu)ur!i each when the fun is in tlie eipiinoctial -, for, in all
the elevations of the pole, lliorl of (;o de;^rees, ^which i^ the gr»atelt', one liilf of
til.' e«pial<>r will tie above the hori/on, and tlie otiier hiilf below it.
(). Hie day-, and nijjiils are never ol an enual lengili at any place between the
equator and |)oliir circles, excepl when the fun enters tlie lij;ns r Aiiesaiul^ IJbra,
for, ill every other part of the et liptic, the circle o( the fun s daily inutioii In divid>'d
iiitii f.vo iiiie«|ual part-- by llie hori/on.
7. llie nearer any place is lo the ecpiator, the lefs i» the dilVeretu i' belwc'ii !lie
leiif^ili of the days and nights in tli.il place ; and the nuire rciuoie, t'le eniitraiy.;
tile liiclcs wliiili \\\y fun defi ribes in tlie lieaveii every -'4 lioui-i. lull'
en every .'4 lioui
1,1. Illy eiiiial m ilu l.>rnicr uile, and more unet|uul in tlu- lutt.'r.
i; cut moiv
S In
26
INTRODUCTION.
8. Fn all placcg lying upon any given parallel of latitude, however long or Hiort,
the day and night he nt any one ot' thefe places, at any time of the year, it is then
ot'the fame length at all tlie reft; for, in turning the globe round its axis (when
rctUticd :u cording to the fun'ii declination), all thefe places will keep equally long
above or below the horizon.
(). The fun is vertical twice a year to every place between the tropics; to thofo
under the tropics once a year, but never any where elfe. For, there can be no
j)lace between the tropics, but that there will be two points in the ecliptic, whofe
declination from the ecpiator is ecpial to the latitude of that place ; and but one point
of the ecliptic which has a declination ecjual to the latitude of places on the tropic
which that ])<)int of the ecliptic touches, and as thc' fun never goes without the tro-
pics, he can never be vertical t»> any place that lies without them.
10. In all places lying exadly under the polar circles, the fun, when he is in
the nearefl tropic, continues 24 hours above the horizon, without fetting i becaufe
no part of that tropic is below their horizon. And when the fun is in the farthell
tropic, he is for the fame length of time without riling; becaufe no part of that
tropic is above the hor'zon. At all otlier times of the year he rifes and fets there,
as in other places ; becaufe all the circles that can be drawn paralkl to the e(]ua-
tor, between the tro|)ics, are more or lefs cut by the horizon, as they are farther
from, or nearer to, tliat tropic which is all above the horizon : and when the fun
is not in either of the tropics, his diurnal courfe mult be in one or other of thefe
circles.
: I . To all places in the northern hemifphere, from the equator ^o the polar circle,
the longelt day and (horteft night is when the fun is in the northern tropic ; and
the Ihortcft day and 'ongeft night is when the fun is in the fouthern tropic ; bccaufo
no circle of the fun's daily motion is fo much above the horizon, and fo little below
it, as the northern tropic ; and none fo little above it, and fo much below it, as the
fouthern. In the fouthern hemifphere, the contrary.
12. In €ill places between the polar circles and poles, the fun appears for fomc
number of days (or rather diurnal revolutions) without fetting ; and at the oppofite
time of the year without riling ; becaufe fome part of the ecliptic never fets in the
former cafe, and as much of the oijpolite part never rifes in the latter. And thu
nearer unto, or the mure remote fmin the pole, thefe places are, the longer or Ihorter
is 1I J fun's continuing prefenee or abfcnce.
13. If a Ihij) fets out from any port, and fiiils round the earth caftward to the
fanie port again, let her perform her voyage in what time Ihe will, the T>eople in
that Ihip, in reckoning their time, will count one day more than thofe who rclide
at the fame port ; becaufe, by going contrary to the fun's diurnal motion, and be-
ing t'orwarder every evening than they were in the morning, the fun will defcend
fooner below their horix;/n than if tliey li;ul kept :it any particular place. And
thus, by ciitlini; olTa part proportionable to their own motion, froin the length of
every d;iy, tlivV will have reckoned a complete d:iy more at their return ; without
gaining mie nKiuunt of ahfolute time ; becaufe that com])lete day is onlv gained
by the diminution of each day in their ])alj;igi'. If they fail welhvard they will
reckon one day lefs than the people do who rellde at the faid port ; becaufe, by
gradually fulliiwing the apparent diurnal nuition of llie fun, they will keep him each
particular tlay fo nuich longer above their horizon as aiifwers to that day's courfe;
and thereby hey cut oil a whole day in reckoning, at llieir return, without loling
oae moment of abfolute time.
1 leiice, if two Ihips ihould fet out at the fame time from any port, and fail round
the globe, one ealhvard and the other welhvard, fo as to meet at the fame port on
f.ny (!:iv whatever, they will dill'er two da\s in reckoning tlieir time, at their
7 ' re-
INTRODUCTION
27
return. If they fail twice round the cat th, thty will dilTcr four days; if thrici-,
then lix, &c.
OF THE NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH.
THE conftitiiCMt part* of fhr Earth are two, tlie iand and water. Tlie partn
of the landamontincnts, illiinds, peninfulas, illhmufts, promontories, tapes,
coafts, mountains, &c. I his iand is divided into two great continents (Ix-lides the
ilhuids) viz. tlic enjlern and wcjlim continent. The ealKrn is fiihdivided into three
parts, viz, Europe, on tlie north well ; Alia, on the nortn-eall ; and Africa (whicjj
IS joined to Afia by the itlhmus of Suez, 60 miles o\ er\ on the foutli. The wcilern
continent confifts of North and South America, joined by the illhmus of Darien,
near 70 miles broad.
A coKlinent is a iargjc portion of land, containin;; feveral countries or kingdoms,
without any entire leparation of its parts by water, as Europe. An ijland is a
fmaller part of land furrounded by water, as Great-Britain. A peninjula is a trail
of land furrounded by water, except at one narrow neck, by which it joins the
neighbouring continent ; as the Morca in Greece : and that neck of land which fo
joins it, is called an ijlhmus : as the iilhnnus of Suez which joins Africa to Afia, and
the ifthmus of Darien which joins North and South America. A promontory is a
hill, or point of Innd, ftretchmg itfelf into the fea, the end of which is called a
cape : as the Cape of Good-hope. A coqft ovjhore is that part of a country which
borders on the fea-ddc. Mountains, vallics, womls, deferts, plains, &c. need
no defcription. The moll remarkable arc taken notice of in the bcxly of this
work.
The parts of the water are oceans, feas, lakes, flraits, gulphs, bays, or creeks,
rivers, &c. The waters are divided into three extenfive oceans (befides leiTer feas,
which are only branches of thefe), viz. the Atlantic, the Pacific, and the Indian
Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean divides the caftern and weftern continents, and is
3000 miles wide. The Pacific divides America from Afia, and is 10,000 miles
over. The Indian Ocean lies between the Eaft Indies and Africa, being 3000
miles wide.
The ocean is a vafl colUflion of water, without any entire feparation of its parts
by land ; as the Atlantic Ocean. The fea is a fmaller collcttion of water which
communicates with the n( oan, confined by the land ; as the Mediterranean and
the Red Sea. A /ake is a hirge coUcttion «if water, entirely furrounded by land ;
as the lake of f Jcneva, ami the lakes in Canada. A Jlrait is a narrow part of the
f< a, relirained or lyinj^ between two fliores, and opening a paffage out of one fea
into another ; as liie Itiisit of Gil)raltar, or that ot Magellan. This is fometimes
called a fuiind : as the llrait into the Baltic. A gulf is a part of the lea running
up into the land, and furrounded by it, exce|)t at tin- palTage wliereby it coniinu-
nieates with tlie fea or ocean. If a gulph be \ery large it is called an inland fea ;
as the Mediterranean ; it it do nut go lav into the land, '." is called a luiy, as the
liay »)f Bifcay : if it be very I'mall, a creek, hairn, jiatioii, or read tor Ihips, as Mil-
ford Haven. Ri\ers, c:iii:il.>, brooks, &:c. need no detiniticm ; tor thefe lefler di-
vilions of water, like tlioie of land, are evt ry where to be met with, and every
one has a clear idea of what is meant by tlieni. But in order to firengthcn the re-
nuinhrance of the great divifuins of land and water, it is pid|)er to obferve, that
there i^ a liroiig analog) or releniblance between them. The deli ription ot a con-
tinent retenibks tiiat oi an ocean. An illand enconipafl'ed with water refembies
a lake enconipalTed with land. A peniiilula of land is like a gult or inland
fea. .\ pionion'ory, or cape I'l land, i» like a bay tir creek ot lea. And an
K 1 illhmus,
t
a8
INTRODUCTION
irtbmus, whereby two lands arc joined, rcfi'mblcs a flrait which unites one fca to
aiidilur.
To iliis drfi-riiition of tho divifions of the earth, luther than add an enumeration
of the various parts of land and water, which correfpond to them, and which the
reader will find in the body of the work, wc Ihall fubjoin a table exhibiting the
fiiperticial contents f)f the whole globe in fouare miles, fixt^ to a degree, and alfo
of the feas and imknown parts, the habitable earth, the tour quarters or conti-
nents ; likewife of the great empires and principal illands, which Ihall be arranged
according to their magnitude.
Tiie'Clobe ...
Sias and unknown I'arts
Tlic Habitable World ♦ •
Knrope ....
Alia ....
Africa ....
America ....
IVrfian Kinpirc under Darius
Koiuan Kmpiri- ui its utmoft heigl
Kuinan ....
Cliinefi' ....
rJre.it iMog\il ...
Tnrkilh ....
Britilli, rxcliifiveof fttilemrnts in
Africa and (iibraltar
Prefent I'eriian -
f Borneo
Madagafcar
Sumatra
Japan
C7reaf Britain
Celebes
IManilla
Icelanil
Terra del Fiiego
Miiulinao -
Cuba
.Java -
Square" jl in i
RJile.. il ^"'""'•- _
i48,{io,6i7 HlTpanioIa -
1 1 ;,843,8i I Newfoundland
3o/)66,8o6 Ceylon
2, 74q, 349 Ireland
io,2;7,48; jFomioni -
8,506,108 'Anian
i/)50,ooo Sicily
1,610,000'iTimor
3,376,48;hSardinia -
1,749,0001 Cypnis
1,1 1 6,ooo[ Jamaica -
960,057 'Florea
809,996
Ceram
800,000
328,000
168,000
129,000
I iBiOoojCorfica
72,9:6 Zealand
Breton
Socatra
Candia
Horto Rico
68,400
58,500
46,000
4»i07>
39,200
38,400
Majorca •
St. Jago .
, Negro pont
Teneritt' -
(lothland
t Madeira •
St. Michael
Sqtiare
Miles^
36,000!
17.730'
a7.457,
1 7.000!
1 '.900|
10,400
9400'
7800'
6600;
6300
6000
6000
Illands
Stye T
Lewii
Funen
Yvica
Minorca •
Rhodes
Cephalonia
Amboyna
Orkney Pomona
Scio -
Martinico
Lenuioi •
Corfu
5400J
4000:
36001
3220'
3200,
Providenc
Man -
Borrjhom
Wight
MaFta
2520'lBarbadoes
i935,|/-ant
1 400J Antigua
1400 St. CTiriltopher
1 300' St. Helena
i»72| Guernfejr
loooijerfey
950; Bermudas
920! Rhodes
{Square
iMilcs.
900
880
768
625
{10
480
420
400
3»4
I 300
160
220
'94
168
160
160
150
150
140
120
100
80
80
SO
43
40
36
To fhcfe iflands may be added the following, which have Kitely been diftovered, or more fully
explored. The exart dimenfinns of them ar» not afcertained ; but they may he arranged in the fol-
lowing order, according to their magnitude. In-ginning at the iargeft, which is iuppofed to be nearly
equal in fize to the whole continent of Kurope.
New Holland, Otaheite, or King George's Ifland,
New Guinea, Friendly Iflands,
New Zealand, Marquefas,
New Caledonia, Barter, or Davis's Ifland.
New Hebridci,
* The number of inhabitants computed at
preffiit to be in the known world at a medium
tak'ii from tlie bell calculalioiu, arc about
953 niillioiis.
t -J f £1
J I A
Europe contains
Afia —
Africa .^
merica —
— 153 Millions.
— 500
— i^o
— 150
Total 95 J
General
INTRODUCTION.
«9
one
fea to
umc ration
which the
ibiting the
;, and alfo
or conti-
i: arranged
Square
Miles.
,
900
8S0
.
-
7O8
•
625
.
jao
■
480
-
410
-
400
lona 314
300
.
a 60
•
310
•
•94
168
.
160
-
160
-
HO
-
150
•
140
-
120
•
ler 5
100
80
-
80
-
SO
43
-
40
•I 36
more fully
1 in the fol-
to b
e nearly
53 Millions.
00
>°
50
I F. N F. R A I.
General Oiskrvations concemng Heat a»J Cold".
That the prefenec of the fun is tJie principal fource of heat, as well as of light,
and its al)fence of cold, is too obvious ever to have been doubted.
'Jlie next fource of heat is tlie condenfation of vapour. It is well known, that
vapour contains a quantity of the matter of heat, which produces no other effect
hut that of making it allume an aerial expanded Hate, until the vapour is cnn-
dcnfed into a liciuiu ; but during this condenfation a quantity of funllble heat is let
loofc, wliich warms the furrounding atmofphere. This condenfation is frequently
caufed by the attraction of an electrical cloud, and hence the fultrincfs we fre-
quently experience before rain.
As the earth is the chief fource of heat, in the atmofphere that furrounds it, dif-
tance from the earth is the fource of cold ; or, in other words, the greateft cold
mull prevail in the highell regions of the atmofphere, and fo much the greater, as
clear unclouded air feems to receive no heat wliatfocvcr from the rays of the fun,
whether direbl or rcflctled. Thus if the focus of the moft jiowerful burning glafs
be directed on mere air, it does not produce the fmalled degree of heat.
Hence the higheft mountains, even under the equator, are, during the whole
year, covered, with fnow. Mr. Bouguer found the cold of Pinchinca, one of the
Cordeliers, immediately under the line, to extend from fevcn to nine degrees under
the freezing point, every morning before fun-rife ; Jind hence at a certain height
which varies in almoft every latitude, it conitantly tVcezcs at night, in every feak)n,
though in the warm climates it thaws to fome degree the next day : tliis heiglit lu:
calls the /ozter Urm of con^^elation : between the tropics he places it at the height of
15,577 f<-'ct.
At ftili greater heights it never freezes, not becaufe the cold decreafes, but be-
caufe vap<jurs do not afcend fo high ; this height Mr. liuuguer call the iipj\-r term
0/ congelation, and under the equator he tinds it at the height of 28,000 feet, at moll.
C'nder the equ.itor there being very little variety in the weather, the height of both
terms is nearly conllant -. under other latitudes the lu.-ight is variable, both in lum-
nur and winter, according to the degree of licat which prevails on the furface of
the earth.
'I'he next general fource of heat is evaporalion ; for the attradion of the particles
of liquids decreafes as their points of contact diminiih, and thereby their capacity
for receiving the matter of heat ^which is the fame as that of light) increafes ; by
tJiis increafcd capacity, the matter of heat or fire contained in the neighbouring
bodies, which, like all other Huids, Hows where it finds leaft rclirtiincc, is determin-
ed to How towards the vapour ; and confequently thofe bodies are cooled, though
the vapour is not heated ; becaufe the re-aCtion of its particles is barely equal to
that which it had litfore its capacity was increafcd f .
From what has been already faid, it follows, that fome fituations are better fitted
to receive or communicate heat than other lituations; thus, high and mountainous
lituations being nearer to the fource of cold, rauft be colder than lower lituations ;
and countries covered with woods, as they prevent the accefs of the fun's rays to
the earth, or to the heaps of fnow which they may conceal, and pielent more nu-
merous evaporating furtaces, mull be colder than open countries, though iituateil
* ExtraiJted from Kumtan's ingenious work, entitled, " An Eftiinate of the Temperature of diffe-
rent Latitudes," lately publilhed.
f Heat \i ubkrvcd tu duuiuifli in afcendliig into the atmofphere^ nearly in an aritluiietical progref-
Coa.
3»
INTRODUCTION.
in the fume lathiKU* ; and (inco all trails of land prcfont infinite varieties of fituation,
uniform rotulls cannot hero he cxpcdi-il.
With rcl'port to the annual temperature, wc may remark, • •
ill. That within lo di-grcfs of the poles, the temperatures differ very little ; nei-
ther do they differ much within lo degrees of the equator.
id. The temperatures of different year* differ very little near the equator, but
they differ more and more, as the latitudes approach the poles.
3d. It fcarcc ever freezes in latitudes und^r 35', unlefs in very elevated fituatioiis,
and it fcarce ever hails in latitudes higher than 60".
4th. Between latitudes jc' and 60", in places adjacent to the fea, it generally
thaws when the fun's altitude is 40*, and feidom begins to freeze, until the fun's
meridian altitude is below 40".— Hence we may obferve,
That the month of January is the coldell in every kititude:— That July is the
warmell month in all latitudes above 48* ; but in lower latitudes, Augufl: is gene-
rally the warmelt : — That I>ecember and January, and alfo June and July differ
hut little. In latitudes above 30*, the months of Augult, ikrptember, Odtobcr, and
November, differ more from each other, than thofe of February, March, April, and
May. In latitudes under 30°, the difference rs not fo great. The temperature of
April approaches more, every where to the annual temperature, than that of any
otner month ; whence we may infer, that the effetts of natural caufes, that operate
gradually over a large extent, do not arrive at their maxmnm, until the activity of
the caufes begins to diminifli ; this appears alfo in the operation of the moon on was,
which produces tides ; but after thcfc effcfls have arrived at their maxinmm, the de-
crements are more rapid than the increments originally were during their prelgrefs
to that maximum. — That the differences between the hotteft and eoldcft months,
within 20° of the equator, are inconfiderable, except in fome pecul'iar lituations ;
but that they incrcafc in proportion as we recede from the equator.— .-ThM in the
higheft latitudes we often meet with a heat of 70 or 80 degrees ; and particularly
in latitudes 59 and 60, the heiit of July is frequently greater, than in latitude
51*. — Tliat every habitable latitude enjoys a heat of |6o degrees at leaft for two
months, which heat fiems neioffary, tor the growth and maturity of corn. The
uicknefs of vegetation in the highe- latitudes proceeds from the long duration of
the fun over tlie horizon. Rain is little wanted, as the earth is fufficiently moillen-
ed by the liquefattion of the fnow, that covers it during the winter ; in all this we can-
not fufticicntly admire the wife difpofition of Providence.— It is owing to the fame
provident hand, that the globe of the earth is hiterfettcd with feas and mountains,
m a manner, that on its hrft appearance fcems altogether irregular and fortuitous ;
prefcnting to the eye of ignorance, the view of an immenfe ruin ; hut when the
«fte6ts of thcfc feeming irregularities, on the face of the globe, are carefully infpett-
ctl, they are found molt beneficial and even neceffary to the welfare of its inhabit-
ants ; tor, to fay nothing of the advantages of trade and commerce, which could
n<<; exift without thi-fe leas ; it is by their vicinity, that the cold of the fiigher
latitudes is moderated, and the heat of the l<Aver. it is for want of feas that the
interior parts of Aha, as Sibiria and Great Tiirtary, as well as thofe of Africa, an;
rendered almoll uninhabitable -, a circumllance which furnillies a ftrong |)rejudice
againft thofe who think thcfe countries were the original habitations ot num. In
the fame manner mountains are neceffary, not only as the rcferNoirs of rivers,
Init as a defence againft the violence of heat, in the warm latitudes : v^ ithout
the Alps, Pyrenees, Appennine, the mountains of Dauphine and Auvcrgfie, &c.
Italy, Spain, and France would be deprived of the mild temperature they at prcfent
er)joy. Without the Balgate Hills, or Indian Appennine, India would have been a
di. fcrt. Hence Jamaica, .St. Domingo, Sumatra, and molt other intertropical illands,
arc furiiillicd with mountains, from wliicb the breezes proceed that refrelh them.
j1 View
S
INTRODUCTION.
H
A View tf tit Amnoal Tempibaturb »/ difftrtnt PUtts, atctrding to the
Ordtr of thtir Latitvoei.
N.Lat. Loniitudcj
Mean Aii>
De|.M.
Deg. M^
nual Heat.
W*d7o, inUplaml ' " .
7« $
j6»oo
Abo
a a
60 *1
as 18B.
40 00
Peterlbun
59 J6
30 a4H.
,8 8
Upfal
59 S'
16 ooE.
41 88
Stockholm
59 *o
4* 99
Sol^ncartifti
59
54 ooE.
}6 a
Edinburgh
55 5;
3 ooW.
47 7
Franc kor
$J
5 4»R.
Sa 6
Berlin
51 j»
13 31E.
49
48 3
Lyndon, in Rutland
5» io
00 jW.
L«yden
\* 10
4 J»E.
5* *5
London
5' }>
00 00
5< 9
Dunkirk
5' *
a 7E.
54 9
Manheim
49 '7
9 iK.
51 5
Rouen
40 16
48 56
I oW.
$1 00
Raiilbon
i» lE.
49 35
Pari*
48 5"
a s;fi.
ja 00
Troyei, in Champaigne •
48 18
4 loE.
53 '7
Vienna
48 la
16 aaE.
5» 8
Dijon
47 «9
4 57E.
Nantes
47 'J
1 *8£.
55 S3
I'oitien
46 39
30E.
S3 8
Laufanne
46 31
6 $oE.
4887
Padua
45 >3
I a ooE.
ja a
Rhodez, In Guienne
>
45 »'
a 39E.
51 9
Bordeaux
•
44 50
36W.
57 6
Montpelier
4J J*
3 73E-
60 87
61 8
Marfeillej
43 '9
5 »7E.
Mont Louli, in Roufillon
4a 00
a 40E.
44 5
Cambridge, in N. England
Phlladelpliia •
4» »5
71 ooW.
SO 3
J9 5*
5 9W.
5» 5
Pekin
■
39 54
116 39E.
55 5
Algiers
Grand Cairo
36 49
a 17E.
7» 00
.
30 00
31 13E.
73 00
Canton
>
13 00
13 ooE.
75 H
Tivoli, in St. Domingo
19 00
18 ij
74 00
Spaniih I'own, in Jamaica
Manilla
76 38W.
81 00
*
■
14 36
130 58H.
8';
Fort St. George
.
13 00
87 ooE.
Pondicherry
-
la 00
67 ooE.
8800
S. Lat.
Falkland Idands ....
J I 00
66 ooW
47 4
Quito . . . . •
13
77 SoVV.] 6a 00
Wc cannot finifh the dodtrinc of the earth, without confulcring Winds and Tides,
from which the changes that happen on its furface princi\)aUy arife.
Winds.] The earth is every where furrounded by a fine invilible fluid, which
extends to fevcral miles above its furface, and is called Air. It is found by experi-
ments, that a f|pall quantity of air is capable of being expanded, fo as to till a vi ry
large fpace, or to be compreffed into a much fmaller compafs than it occupied be-
fore. The general caufe of the expanlion of air is heat, the general caufe of its com-
prtfiion is cold. Hence if any part of the air or atmofphcre receive a greater degree
of cold or heat than it had before, its parts will be put in motion, and expanded or
comprcfied.
|« INTRODUCTION,
comprclTod. But wl\cu air is put in innlion, we call it tvhiJ in grncriil ; nw\ a
l)ri'czc, Kiilc, or ftorni, according to the (jiiickni'f!! «)r vcioiity ot tliat motion.
Winds, tliercfore, which arc commonly conlidcrcd as things oxtrcmil^ varinl)U' mul
uncertain, depend on a general caufe, and \xk\ with more or iefs unitortnity in pro*
portion as the atlion of tnis caiife is more or Iefs conllant. It is found hy oblervations
made at fea, that from thirty degrees north latitude to thirty degrees fouth, there ''
u conftant call wind throughout the )ear, blowing on the iVtIantic and I'acihc
oceans, and called the Trade ll'ind. This is occalioned by the action of the fun,
which, in moving from eaft to well, heals, and confeipicnily expands the nir innne-
diately under him ; by which means a ftreani or tide of nir, always accompanies
him in his courfe, and occnlions a perpetual eat) wind within thefe limits. 'I hii
general caufe is modified by a number of particulars, the explication »>f which
would be too tedious and complicated for our prefent plan ; which is to mention
faf ts rather than theories.
it is I ilu.' wife found, that in fome parts of the Indian ocean, which are not more
th.m two hu,'<'lrcd leagues from land, there arc periodical winds, called Motifoons,
which blow h.i'f the year one way, and half the year another way. At the change
of lliefe mimfoons, which always happens at the e(|uinoxes, there aie terrible
fiorms oi thunder, lightening, wind, and rain. It is difcovered aifo, that in thu
fame latitudes, there is another kind of periodical winds, which blow from thu
land in the night and goo ' part of the morning, and from the fea about noon, till
midnight i thefe, however, do not extend above two or ihrve leagues fiom Ihore.
Near tnc coaft of (Juinea in Africa, the wind blows always from the well, foulh-
well, or fouth. On the coalt of Peru in South America, the winds blow conflantly
from the fouth-well. Be\ond the latitude of thirty noitb and fouih, the winds, as
we daily perceive in Great-Biitain, are more variable, though they blow oflner
from the weft than any other point. Between the fourth and tenth degrees of
north latitude, and between the longitude of Cape Verd and the callernmolt of the
Cape de Verd illands, there is a tratt of fea condemned io perpetual calms, at-
tended with terrible thunder and lightning, and fuch tains, that this lea has ac<
quired the name oi the Rains.
It may be alfo ufeful to ftudents in navigation and geography, to obfer\'c farther,
that the courfe of latitude our Ihips generally keep in their paftage from England
to America, and the Weft Indies, is.
To Bofton in New England, and Halifax in Nova Scotia, from 42 to 43 degrees.
To New York by the A/ores or \\ eftern lllai\ds, 39 degrees.
To Carolina and Virginia by Madeira, which is called the upper courfe, 32
degrees, but the ufual courfe, to take advantage of the trade winds, is from 16
to 23 degrees; and in this couife they fre<iuenlly toucli at Antigua; it is this
< ourie onr Welt India lliips fall in.
Tile Spanilh galleons, and thetiota from Spain, keep from 1 j to 18 degrees; and
in their return to Sj)ain about 37 degrees.
I'lDES.] By the titter are meant the regular motion of the fea, according to
wliich it ebbs and Hows twice in twenty-tour hours. The dodtrine of the Tides
reinained in ohiVurity till lir Ifaac Newton explained it hy his great principle of
gravity or attraction ; for having demonftrated that there is a principle in all bodies
within the folnr fvftem, by which they mutually draw or attract each other, in
proportion to tbeir diftance ; it follows, that thofe parts of the fea which are im-
mediatily below the moon, nuill W- drawn tow.irds if, and conrc(iucnily wlicre\cr
the nuion i,> nearly vertical, the (ca will be railed, which occiilions the flowing of
the tide there. ,\ limilar rc.nfon occalioiis the flowing (»f the tide in thole i)laccs
wiiere the moon is in the nadir, and mult be dianielrically oi)|)i)lite to the former;
I'M, in the heniilplRie tarthell from the muon, the j)arts in tlie nadir being lei's at
ii traded
nn<\ a
notion.
)lo mul
in ^)ro-
viitions
there ■'
I'aiific
ihc fun.
r inimc-
upanii'S
;. 'Ihi*
t' wliicli
mcntiun
lot more
MoilfoOHS,
.• cliangc
; terrible
tt in thti
from tlic
n>on, till
)m lliore.
n, fouth-
.onftantly
winds, as
ow oflner
legrees of
)t)lt of the
alms, at-
a has ac-
Ic farther,
England
degrees.
[)iirfe, 32
I frmn 1 6
it is this
leos ; and
Irding to
hu- Tid'-'s
licipic <it
III hodii -i,
lither, in
are ini-
Ivherexcr
Iwini; of
Ve jitaccs
I former ;
I: lets at
traded
INTRODUCTION. jj
traf^ed l)y her than tlie otiier parts whicli are iioarer to lier, ({rnvitale Icfs t' "ard»
till' eartli's <eiilir, and eoiifi'iiiienlly nuilt he hin^.tr than liu: r^li. Thofe f
tlie eariii, on tlie iDhlrary, vvliere the iiiooii a|i|tiMis riii ihi^ h^iri/on, or niiui; .. •
^rees diliant from llie /.enilh and nadir, uill have low water i for as tlie waters in
the zenith and nadir rife at the fame time, the waters in Ihv nel^lihourhood will
prefs towards tholV places, to maintain the eijinlihrinm i to fupply the places of
llufe, ((tilers will mo\i' llu' fame way, and lo oa to the places ninety di'^iees ih-
llanl iVom the zenith and nadir, where the water will he loweli. Uytomhininj^ thi*
doctrine with the dunnal motion of the eailh, we Ihidl he leiiiihie of tlie reafon
why the tides ehh and How twice iu the length of n lunar day, or ahont twtnfy-
fiin.- h'inr>, hfiv ininiileN.
Ilenn- wc fee the nuion why the time of hi^h-waler is ahout fifty minnleslater
every &,iy \ tiiat i-,, if it he hi!;h-water at eleven to day, it will not be hi^h-water
till near tiliy minutes alter eleven tomorrow,
Ihe tide.i aie liii«her than ordinary, twice everv month, that is, ahoiil the tintcs
of new anil lull moon, and are called .S^/vv; 'llh-i ; i'or at ihefe limes the uclioiii
ol hoth the fun and moon are united, and draw in ilie fatne ltraii;ht line, and ton*
lei|uenlly the lea nntll he more elevated. At the conjnnction, or when ll\e fun and
ino(<n are on the lame tide of tlie earth, they both confpire to raile tlie waters iti
the /inilh, and con(e(|iicntly in the nadir ; and at the oppolilion, or wlien the earth
is between the lun and moon, while one oceiilion-, hi;^h-water in the /enilh and
nadir, the i)tlier iloe>, liie f.inie. 'Ihe tides are let's then ordinary twici; every
inoiith, ahoul the tiilt iind lall tpiarters of the moon, anil are called M'',i TUrs :
for in the (juarlers the fun raites the waters wl.ere the moon deprelVes them, ;nul
deprelfes where the moon raites them ; l"o that the tides are only oceationed by llu*
ditlerenee by which the action of the moon, v.hich i:, nearell us, |)reviiils over lint
ol the tun. Ihi.fe tliiii<is would happen miiforndy, wi'ie the whole I'uitaee of the
earth covered with water; hut linee there are a muliitnde of illands, and conti-
nents, whicli interrupt the natural coiirfe of the water, a variety of appearaiuos
are to be met with in ditl'erent places, which cannot he explained, without taking
into the account, the liiuation of ihorcs, llraits, and other objects, which Iv.ivi a
lliare in produiiiig them.
Currents.] Ihere are freipiently llreams or currents in the Ocean, w! eli fet
niii>s a great way beyond their intended courfe. There is a current betwien Flo-
rida and the Bahama Illands, which always runs from nortli to louth.
'I'his is called the Ciulplt-Jlictm, which is |)rol)ahly generated by the great acen-
niulation of water on the ealleni coatl of America between the tropics, by the
trade winds which conllantly blow there. This vati ipiantity of water runs down
in a llrong current through the Well Iiidia Illands into the bay of Mexico, and
from thence iliuing through the gulph of l'"loiida, proceeds alopg the eoalis to the
banks of Newt'oundland, where it turns otV towards, ami rims down thront;h the
welK-rn illands. From the thermonu fer it appears tliat it is always warmer tlian
the fea on each tide of it. Nor is it to be wondered at, that fo vail a body of deep
warm water, feveral leagues wide, coming from between the troi)ics, and ilfuing
thenee into the northern feas, Ihould retain its warmth longer than the twuity or
thirty days fpent in palhng the banks of New loundland. The ([uantity of deep
water is two great to be fuildcnlv cooled by |)alfmg uiuler a cooler air. The air
immediately over it, however, may receive to much warmth trom it as to be rare-
fied and rife, being rendered lighter than the air on each tide ol the itrejiin ; hence
thofe airs mud How in to fupply th.^ place of the riling warm air, and thus i n-
conntering each other, t'orm thofe tornadoes and waier-fpouts tieqiU'ntK met wiili,
and 'iKW-w near and over the Ihvam ; and as the va|K)ar from a cup of tea or iln-
breath of an aminal is I'carcely \ilihle \\\ avv;irin room, but U'cnies iiiimediately
\ilible in the n'kl iiir, to the v.ioour from the c^ulj'h-llreain. in swinu laiiuides.
F i>
S4
INTRODUCTION.
is finrrely prrcrptible, hut whrn it coimi info the cool nir from Ncwfoiiinllnnd, it
i« ioiuUiiI'imI into the togs tor whicli llinfo parts arc To rrninrkHliU-.
'Ilio power tit wind to riiil'i- wntcr iihovr its toiiimon livol in the foil, is known
In America, by tho hi^h tiil«s ixcnlioni'd in nil their fca-pt)rl», when u Unmg
north-enlter blows iif(«in1t the piilph-Ureiiin.
The concIurKii tVon\ ili>fi remarks is, ihnt by coiifiiltinij the ihvrmonu'tcr, a
Vfllel inny avtii«l (temininx a curn iit that is a),{ainlt her to the vaUie ot' three inilenan
hour, nnu thus Ihorten her pall'age iVoni Kiirope to North Ameriea ; and in her return
to liuropc. ihc may take advantage of the fame current to aicelernfe hercourfe*.
A current runs conllunlly frmn the Atlantic, through the Itraits of (Jibrnltar,
into the Mediterranean. A current fets out of tlie Baltic fea, through the S«)uii(l
or Strait between Swe<len and Denmark, into the Hritilh chnnnri i lo that there
arc no tides in the Haltic. About fmall illands niid head-innds, in the middle of
the ocean, the tides rife very little ; but in fume bays, and about tiic mouths of
rivers, they rife from ii to 50 feet.
Mafs.J a map is llie reprefentation of the earth, or n part of it, on a plane
furface. Maps diner fmrn the j;lube in the fame ni.umer as a piibture does from u
(lafue. The globe truly reprefents the eiirih, but a map no more than a plane fur-
face can reprefent one that is fpherical. Hut although the earth am never be ex-
hibited exattly by one map, yet, by means of feveral, each containing about tenor
twenty degrees of latitude, the reprifentatimi will not fail much ihoit of the globe
for e.xat'lnefs ; becaufe fuch maps, if joined together, would form a fplicricai con-
vex marly as round as tlie globe.
Sba-cii.\r rs.) In fome books of geography, pniticularly thofe where liu*
tors are defcribed, the fea-coatis, illands, &c. are laid tlown I
)V
vosages ot navii^a
a method very diirerent from coimnon maps, both the meridians, and parallels of
latitude being rii^lit lines. 'Ilufe are called Mercator's charts, froni (ierard Mi r-
cator, who, au'uit tlic }ear 1550, publillietl a very incorrei.^1 chart of this kind,
but without the leall nieiilioii of the principles on wliich it was conllructed. 'I hin
was refirved for Mr Kduard \N right, wl
10, m
th
e year 1599, i
)ul)lilhed a l)n(<k
t iititleil " I'.rrurs of Navigalinn deteCfi'd and corrected," in which he llu'wed llu-
iiiitlioil of lonftiikMin;; a tiiir fia-tluiit, anil e\])laiiK(l the priiuiples on which it
11 fumitleil. It is iiiciliary, in tiie |)rattice of navigation, tliat the rhumbs (hoiild
be (trait lines, and tlii> cH'enlial property cannot in- obtained unlefs the meridians
.ire parallel to one nnotlter, aii'l llie parallels of latitude crcfs them at right-angles,
lint as the meridians on the L^lobe meet in the pole, and conleiiurntly the degreis
of longiluile become Ufs ami k fs, in advancing from the eipiator to the poles, a
vhart delineated in the above manner mull be i-xtri luely inaccurate, unlefs fomc
nietlrod can be fovind to balanee the errors flowing from the verv nature of the eon-
Itruction. I Ills is i)eiforme(l by iiu realiiiL; the degrns -if latitude as they approaeii
the j'oks in the tame propiution. as the degrees of longitude between any two
meridians deereafe on the terreliiial glol)(.'.
llie priiuipal dilliculty in cmilirutiing a true fea-ch:trt feems to have confiiKd
in difcovering a proper method of applying the furface of a globe to a plane, which
lb aicompiilhicl by the lollowiii!; ingenious conception.
Suppoli a tictangiilai- j)lane was rolkd ai)out a globe till the edges of the plane
met, and tormed a kind of concave <yliiuler inclolmg ihe globe, and touching its
eijuator. Conceive tliu fiirtaee of iliis glolu- to fwell likr a bladder wiiileit is blow-
iiii^' up; from the e(|iiati)r towards tlie poles, proporlional!\ in latitude as it diKs in
lulUil
till!
until
ivi-ry part ol it-, lurlace me
•t that of I
la Concave t\
lind
er, and ini
pre!.-, thereon the lines that were drawn on the globular lurfaee. 'Iheii the cyliiuler,
» Till- render may ftr more upon this fiilijcft (fxtrfim-ly inttrtlUnt; to niiirincri.) ii»Dr. Iranklin'i I'lii-
li fopliital fj|>trs, wlicre he will limi u cluut ot tliK llrcim.
viz.
INTRODUCTION.
"ovuuUand, It
0, ifl known
iiM> u Urong
■rmonu'tcr, a
hroi' \\uW» an
I in luT return
hi-rn)uriV*.
of (iilirnllar.
D-h tlif Soiiiul
To tlmt there
[he luitUUe of
he mouth* ol"
it, on a pliiiic
re tloes frtiin u
111 :i plane I'ur-
II never be e\-
ig iilunit tenor
It of the globe
fj)lKrical eon-
lolV where tl\e
c laid tlown by
»nil parallels of
ni (ierartl Mer-
ri of ibis kind,
illructed. 'Ihi;i
l)lilheil a l)o<>k
, he lluwed the
)Ks on wliiili it
rhumbs ihoiild
s the nuridians
ill righl-ansles.
laly the degrees
to the poles, a
Iti-, unlets foine
Iturc of the emi-
|s tlu y api)roai ii
twten any two
have tonfnU<l
t) a plane, which
iris of the plane
r,,,! touehini; its
IxNliileit isbU.w-
ldi as it d<KS ill
Minder, and ini-
Ln the cylinder,
tUr. 1 rankliii'^ t'l>'-
viz.
35
\ i/. the rc£^nngular plane, beins unrolled, will rcprcfcnt a fea-chart, whofc pnrls bcnr
the fame proportion to one anollier, as the correfponding purtn do «»n the globe.
I 'or in tins formal ion of ilie nautical chart, every parallel of latitude on the
globe will be iiu reafed till it is eipial to the eipiator ; und fo the diHutice of the
meridians in thofc parallels will become eiiual to their dillanoe at the cipiatur i
(onfeipit'iitl) the meridians on the chart will lie expielfed by right linen. Alfo be
i aufi' the nuridiaiH are lenglheiiid as the parallels iiureafe, therefore ihedirtances
In tween the parallels of latitude become wider und wider as they ap|)roaeh the
poliK: but thefe parallels are alfo right lines, and us the rhumb lines on tlu- globe
Mit the meridians at e(|ual angles, they will alfo on the cliart cut the meridi;ms nt
Kpial angles, .\\n\ conf. (pieiitly be i Aprclleil by right lines, becaufe none but right
Imes can i iit f \ual parallel right lines, at etpial angles.
I his (hirl is principally adaptid to tlu' iiractii e ot navi"|ation, and in that par
ticular may be jullly •lifioverod as one of the moll ufeful difcoverieii that have been
made (iiue the ri.\ivali>f harning in l'.mop>- ; bocanfe the conclulions refulting
from it are aci urate, and, ut tlu- fame lime, the reclilinearity of the rhumb linos i«
pnfrM d. I he laarings and dillances of places are found on this ch.irt, with the
griatcll cafe and espedilion, but the ililfireiit purls of the globe are by no means
reprcfeiitiil in their iriii; magnilmUs. An illand in the latitude of fixty digrees, for
inllance, will be n prefenled in this ))roii.ctinii, twice as large as it ri>ally is, and for
this reafoii, we rarely inci t willi any of llnfe maps in books of ){''ograpliy. 'I'he
reader is relVrred, for an ilhiltration of llufe remarks, to Mercalor's chart, at the
end of the fit of maps giivn with this fylbni of (Mograpliy.
('ARniNAi, I'oiNis.J 'I'lie north is conlidered as the upper part of the map;
the foulh is at the bottom, oppoliu- to the north; ihe ealt is on the right haiul, tli^;
f.ue being turned to the north ; and the mil on tlie left liaiid, oppolite to theeail.
rom tlie top to the
bolt
on>
are drav.n nuritliau-!, ox liita of Imuiludi ; and from
lide to lide, [^iu,i!lcls of /,iii/iiiU\ The oiittrmon of the meriilians ;ind parallels ai>'
markeil with degrees t)f latitude or longitude, by means of which, and the fcale of
miles commonlv j)laced in the corner of the map, the lituation, dillaiieo, &c. of
places may be lound, as on the artificial globe. Thus, to find the dillance of two
places, fuppofe London and I'aris, by the maji, we have only to meafure the fpaee
l)el\veen them with the compafl'es, or a bit ot thread, and to apply this dillance to
the fcale «)f miles, which Ihows that London is 210 miles diltant from I'aris. If
the places lie directly north or fouth, call or wel^, from one another, we have only
to obferve the degrees on the meridian and parallels, and by turning thefe into
miles, we obtain tlu- dillance without meafuring. Rivers aredefcribed 111 maps by
black lines, and are widir towards the month than towards the head or fpring.
Mountains are flsv tched on maps as on a jjicture. Forells and woods are repre-
fented by a kind of ihrub ; bogs and moralVes, by iliades ; funds and Ihallows arc
«lefcrilH'd by finall dots; and roads ufually b.y double lines. Near harbours, ilio
tlepth of tin w;it(. r is esprelTed In figures repri'fenting fathoms.
Li-Ndrii OK Mir.is i.n I'I 1 1 i.hi n i cocn irii.s.J There is fcareely a groiter
variety in any thing than in tlii • fort of uh afiuv ; not only thofe of leparato coun-
fries (lilliT, as
the \
riiu
li from the l".ii-Iilli, but ihofe of the fai
ne eouutrs' var'
till ditlerent [)r(>\iniis. fimn melt otlu r, aiul all fVoin tlie re<'eivvd llaiulard. I'
nis
the common I'.ni'liili mile «litli rs troin the tiainte mili.
am
! the I'Vi'iuh have tln\
forts of 1( agues. We lliall luMV give the niiUs of fevera! countries compared witli
the Knglilh by Dr. llalKy
The iMiglilh Itatute miK' conlills .)f ^183 tVet, 176.^ yards
The Rullian vorll i:. little invne than ' h'-n-'lilli.
or
S furl
MIL
Ihe Turkiih, Italiiui. and olil Roman lell^r mile is nearly 1 En^li
J Ih' Arabian, aiuuiil ;md ui vlern. is ab >ut i^ Kngliih.
, 111"
je I N r u () I) u c r i o n.
Till' Scotch himI Irilh niiU* in hIwmii i ; Knulllli.
'llu' lixli.iii i» alinntl tlirn- Kiinlilti.
'Ilu l)iit(l), Spnnilli, mill l'<iliili, iit nliout )| Kilgl'ult.
'Ih<' (iiTiniiii i< timrt' iliaii 4 I'.iiKlil'i-
Till Swcililli, Diiiiiili, -iiul I luii'^'iri III it I'loin 5 tn (1 LCtigllili.
'Ilk' I'ri'iuh (Diiitmui li .ip;ur in inuk \ l'>i){lill), and
'Vhv. UiiKliih murine k'liguc i* j iMif^lilh iiiilot.
I'
ir.
0/ tit Orii^lii 0/ 'Sxrmst, Lawi, Govf.rnmkv t, <i«</ CoMMr.ncr.
HAN'INd, ill tlic t'lillnuin;; wnrk, iiu-nlliim'd tin- nmii-nl niimo» of K>iintrii'!i,
ntid even rDiiutiitK-s, in Iprakiti^ ot tlu-fc lountricH, (iiiiii'cl our liitloriiiil
reft an lu's hovoiid nio«li,'rn tiiiUN; it wns tlioii;»lit luicHiiry, iiinrdir to pn pari tin
ri-ac
Ur t
i>r I'liiiriiiu tiixit) tlif parliii
liar I
llllo
ry
of liuli foimtrv wi- did rilii'. In
plan iiilnri- lii^ lyi' a m-iivral \u'\v ot l!ic lillliir\ nt' mankimi, troni tin lirli aj^i-*
«>t till' world, to till' rvtoriualioii in rilij;inn duriiif; ilir iMli niitiiry. U\ a liillory
ot' till' world, wo do ni)t nK-an a mere lilJ ot' datis, uliii h, wlun taki-n by it-
I'lif', is a lliiiij; oxtronulv inlij^iiiliiant ; but an anount o|' tin- moll iutiivlliiifj
and inip'M'tant cmiiIi wliiili liavi' liappi'iu'd amoiii; matikiiid i with tlio ( aufi %
wliiili liasf jtroduii-d, aiul llic ilRils uliiili liaM.' rujlowrd tVom tluin. 'I'liis wi-
Judm' to Ih' a niallir ot' liij^li iinportaiKi' in ill'iH', and iiKlilpiiililily rnpiiiiti-
ly tiu- undirliandiiig ot' tlif prtCiiit (late of" cominiTrc, Kovirium-nt, nrt», and
niamiiMS, in any particular muntis ; wliiili may l)i' i.iiU'd ronuiuitial and poiiti-
ral K''"K> ■'!*''>> '"'d wliiili, niuiouLiicll) , i.unllitiiti-< tin. inoli ul'tt'iil braiu'li ol tliut
1» illlH'.
R- >;rrat cvint ot' iho (iialiiin ot" tin- woild, Iicfon- wliiih llun was ncitl-.ir
■11
ma I
ili'r nor t'onn of any iliiii},', is placed, according to the lull i'hronolo;;ics, in I'li
viar lut'.iri- Clirill 4004; and in llu' iiolli year ot" wlial is lalUd the Julian period,
wliii'ii halh lu\n adnptnl h\ I'lme ( hronojnmrs juul liilhuians, Init is ot" little real
tvrviee. '! lie i'aiT»<i rnovdi lia\e liillv deleriniiuil the (pietiiou that the world was
not eUrnal, and alto al'eertained tin- time of its ciealioii wiih Liiat pre(ilion*.
it appeals ingemral, trmn the lirl\ chapters in (jemlisi, that liu world, bet'ore the
liond, was ' \treinel) |inpuloiis, thai mankind had made lonliderahle improvement
'ii\ the arts, a;iil had hecome iMKineU sieimis in tl .ir morals. 'I heir \\iikednef->
ga\e ueialion to a ni'.nioraMe lataliiophe, liy ^^llilll the whole luiuian race, ex-
UUi rr t'lirift
ei pt Noah iiiid his family, were dellrtiyed. 'I he di hij^e happened
in
, y ' liie i()-,6lh yi'.ir of the wurhi, and proilueed a \ery great ihanuet)n the
f lil and atmot'pliere of this giohe, gi\ ing tlu'iii a form k f ;> friendly to tlie
frame and liMme o|" the lnimaii l.ody. Heme 'he .ihridgment of the life of man,
and that li)raiiila!)le train of diteafes which hath ever lince made Inch hasoek in
till, world. A curious part of Iiilior\ lollows that of the deluge, the repeoplin;' of
tlic world, and the riling of a new generation from the ruins of the toriner. 'I he
niemnry til ihe liiiee tons of N'o.ih, the (irft founders of nations, was long prcferved
among their li.siral dcl'eeiidants. Japhet eontinu •(! famous among the wellem
nation.'i, under the celebrated name ot Japetus ; the Hebrews paid an eipiul veiu'-
ration to Miem, who was the tomuler of their raie; ami among the I'.gyptian-.,
iiam wa^ long re\cred as a di\iiut\, under the name of Jupitei-1 iammon. It ap-
• Tlif ."•.-iiiinritan (.o|'y (if the Bililf inakts tht copy ftretches it to ai6i yr.Tri, wtiiili U dnb >iari
ante ihui.iii I niiiil only l?o;^t•.lr^, 34i;(lioitof i-xicciliiij; it ; but tlif Hci'riiv (hroiiolii>;y i^ );tni.-
IJ c Iltbiew bible coiiipiiiatigii ; uiul tin bffmii^iiii fiiily atKiiowlciljjcil to I'v ol iiijivnor .lucliority.
iii'Mr •.
leats
I N r R o n u c T I o s.
JT
RRCr.
)f Ktuntrii'i,
iir hitloriiiil
I |)r>|)i<r»,' iliv
(lilirilK-, «<»
till' tirlt anisk
|U ii hilloiy
liiC.-n l>y it-
\\ iutiriHiii;;
li the I iiiil'i -i
m. 'lliis wo
ilily iiiiuilito
lU,' nr^^. and
;il !\tul pnliti-
jianch <'t tliat
li wns nritl'.rr
ii;;ios, ill 0)«-
iliiin prridd,
lit' lillli- if-il
II \voil<l \\ as
n ( ilioii*.
(l,l)(.t()ri'thi'
imiiroviimiit
witkt.'ilmf'"
III race, cx-
\iH)pv'iKd in
laiij;*.' I'll
tlio
riiiully to ti'.f
lite 111 IIKIII,
ill luivi'ik ill
riiicopliiiir ct
llir
■l"
iiiiiK-r.
11^ jirclVrvml
llii' wi-lU-ni
\ miiul vl'iu'-
c Kgypiiaii-;,
nou.' li ai>-
li'uh is ^o6 vein
liiiDlony is ^i'"--
01 auttiority.
^aat»
0. V
•»47
|Kari lliNt liuntiiiu wn^ llit* prinripHt iK'timnrinn fitiiip i-i<iitiirtc« *(U'r the (Ului;t<.
ilic wnrlil ii A'liud with Willi Ik'mIU ; iiixt llu- urvul hiroilin dI' thofc linio* i(mlif)>'<l
tit iklhiiyiM){ ih< III. IK nil' Niinpxl iii'i|uirril iitinioriiil niiown , itncl luiiig grwutlv
ntliuiri'il lor hi'> ^lulla^>.- ami iKMiiiiy, wui cnaliloil in IhuikI at Hulivlni
till' lull iiiiiii.iu lis wlioic Diiifiii u |uirii( iiltuly nx'utiuiu'd ill liillorv, Sot
ioji^ iilli't, tliv liiuiulation ol NiiU'M'li w.u luiil li> Alliiri un<i iti K;{)|il
till- lour Kt>Vi-ri)nu'nt» ol' 'I'liobiN, 'Ihiri, Miniiihit. and 'lani*. lu);tiii to ulUiino
foiiu' iippi iirniui* III' till III and ni'iitariiv. 'Ihat ihif't ivcnli thould Iiu\l- liaiipt ncd
I'o loot) iilicr till (K lii^i , \\liati-\> r linitrilk' it may liavi* oiv.:tii<)iiv.d to llii' u.iir.<.tl
lonu' I I'litiirii > ;ii»o, iiicd not i \i iti- ilu' womltr oi ilu- iircUiit nm*. \N o haw I'li-n,
ti'oiii iiiaiiv iiillaiK'cH, till' |io\vi.'itiil Llll'tU ot ilu' prim ipli'it o|' pupulalioii, und how
rpt'i'dil^ iiiaiikimt iiuri'iilc \^lll'll the gcnorHtivv liuulty lie* under no rillraini.
I lit- Winj^doiiu ot MixiiD and IVni wire iiicomptirahly nion- iNtinlivc tlian tin;
tiill l'lllpll^^ot hal'vioii, \iiu'v> li, .iiid !'•;;) pi i atid yi't tlu I'e iNiiif^doiiii are iioi
I'tippolid to liiiM' I Allied lour lentiities lulnu ilie dilitiVi ry ot A eritu hv C'oliiiii.
\<i inaiikiiid eontiniieil to iniilliplv on the laith, and m |'v).arate Iroiu eucii
H. V.
I9ila
hiiK
other, the tradition eoiu'eriiinn the true (»od wns ohiileruted or ohl'tund
This oeealioiu'd the lallil|^ ot Aliruhani to he the tatlnr ol .t chofrn people.
l''roin thi^ period the liilloi\ ot' aiK ieiit luitioiu lie^iii>, to dawn ; and we Uatii
K'ViTal pailii uhu-i ol' iiiiport;itiie.
Mankind had not loii.^ hivn uiiitid into I'oeietieH before they difcoveied an iiicli*
nation to npprd'^ and dellroy eaeh ollie>. I'haderlaoim r kiii(( ol the LIuiniteH, «.r
IVrlians, loon heeanie a robber and a eoii«|iieror. Ilislorie, howevir, mult not
liavi- been \eiy ^ual, lime in oiu- orilu'le ixpeditioii'^, Aliraliaiii, aililKd only by
his liouleliold, lit upon him in his retreat, and alter a tierei- eiij;a^;eiiu iit, recovered
ail ilie Ipoil that iiad Ik en takiii. .\bi';ihaiii was loon iiltrr obbj^ed, by a taiiiiiie,
to leave Canaan, the louiilry where Ciod had eommanded him to leltle, ami lo jjii
into |'',i;\ |it. Ihls iourne'' )ri\iv>. oil alioii to Mot'i's lo iiKiitioii lome partieulai^i
with regard to tlu l',i;\i laiis, \sliiili plaiiil) dileovirihe i haraeUrs ol an improved
iiml piiwertul nation. I he court ol' the l''.L;\piian moiianli is dilerilu'd in brilliant
colours. He is hirioumtet'. ,vitli a iroud ol courtiers, I'oiely oceupieil in Kf'"'')'"/?
his pallioiis. 'I he partiiular j^overmnent.< into wliii h tliiseoiiiitry was divided, ai\«
II41W united iiiiihT OIK.' powerliil piime; ami Mam, wlioKd tlie eolonv into l.t^xjit,
is beeoine the loiindcr o|' a threat iiiipire \\ e are not, howe\er, to ima^inr tluit
;iil the laws which pie\ailid in l'.:;\pt. and which have been I'o jullly admired lor
lluir wirdom, were the work ot lliis lariy ai;i . Diodorus.Sieiilus, a (iriek writer,
nieiitions many lucr-ellive princes, w iio lal "Hired I'or their elhiblilhiiunt and piT-
iectioii. hut, in the time ot' Jacob, two imtiiries alter, the liili priiieipK'o ot liul
order and ret;iil.ir j^o\iriimeiit leeiii to lia\i- been tolerably iinderlKiiul amoiii; ilic
l'.f,'vptians. Ihe country was divided into I'eparale dcpartmeiils ; councils, eom-
poled of experienced ami lelect perl'otis, were ellablilhed tor the mauai^^nient ot*
public alVairs; i;raiiaries lor preCervini; c( rn were erected; and, in line, the Ki;yp-
tiaiis alreaily i.n|oyi d a eoiniiu ne lar Iiomi inconliiKrable. 'Iliele laels, tiiouijli ut'
yo ancient ilate, dilerxe parlieular alteiit
ion.
It
IS llOIII
the I'
^\ [>tiaii.i that iiiaiiy
ot the arts, both of elei^ance and utility, have been handed down, in an uniniei-
lupteil chain, to the modern nations of I'.uropc. 'The I'.;;) pti.iiis coiunuuiicatiil
tiieir arts to tlu- (ireeks; the (Jreeks taui^hl the Romans all their ri linemeiils ; and
to the Romans l!ie pn lent inhabitants ot I'.urope are chielly indi bted tor their ;;i-
lili/atioii. 'I he kingdoms of Hai)\ Ion and Nineveh remained lep;uale fir leveiid
centuries ; but we know not e\en the nanus of the kin;;s who noverned tlieiu, un-
• The Miorr our kiiott Iciluc lin|irovf«, tlu- more the Mofaic xcriiint, of the ilifptrrum of iiuiikitui,
Urtiii^ly is the l\ri|iliiri' liilK'i\ cuitiriMttl. Ot ll.r atul |iruplin^', ot the cnrth, ln'iii ili- laii);ii,i^rs aiiil
ut liitvc u rtiii.irk.il)lf itodI in tlu t jiitiuua'.iua ol liillcrj (it (lit c.Ut. Jirettic Alia'ii Rcl'carthtj, v, ili.
Uf»
jl I N T R O I) U C T I O M.
Iff* il Ih' Nlnui, the fiic«c(Ti»f of AfTur, who, klrcil wiih Un* fniril oi'mnniKft, e%
I>mH« iIic iHi^iiult ol' h\% ktiiKclnm. ndd* ll«l>vli>n In tii* tlominiotu, iitxl Uyi ihki
ftniiiilnii<m ol' ihni miiimrt hy, wliiih Aitiiiit«-«l lt« r|)lt-n(loiir iituli-r Sfiiiiriitnit, un<l,
dllliH(;uilhoil \>y flu* num.' nf ilu- AllvrMit t'liipiri', niU'"! Aliu for rnnnv ajrr^
"f,
?„
Ja^uri, foil i>( Ittpltct, ami ((riuil Ion iit' Noiih, i<i llu' lloi k Irom wlioni ilu' |ifo
|tl>- known by lilt' ti;iii\i- i>l (iriiku nrc iltfciiKlid j.ivuti < ll.ililitluil liiin(> Il in llu-
iilniuU oil ihc Wi'lKrn i mill ol Aliu Minor, Iron) wlutu v fninll « i>loini"« pulU'il ovrr
inlD r.nrotif. '\'\u kinifiloin of Sicyoii ntnr Corinilt, luuiuU it l>v ilio IVIafKi, |>
tfrncrnlK inppoful i.» hiivo (ommriut >l in llu* y»'«r lulori' C'liiill lOifo To i|i«'fi'
lirll inli!il»ilitiif'« Iuic'i'iiIkI a tolony iVoni l''.^>|>t. wlm, ul)oiit ^ooo vinr^ Ix-for. ilu-
Clirillinti urn, |>i'nt'triii> il inio (irci-n', uml iimUr llu- nnmf of liitum, i ikK .i.tiif'
cct In clliililiih nionnnlty in llml counlry, uml to intriHliu-c into ii ilu- |hw« and ti«il
ixility 111' llu' K;{V|>liani, lint llir t-inpin' of' llu 'lilan* fmin piriilud, und llic hi
< iLMIt
(iii-rki, wlio Ifi'tn at lliii liim- lo luivj* Ik-oh iu indf iitul li.iiliHr
iu<« lit any
opli in llu- worM, agiiin Till l);u k into ilu-ir hiwlil'i and iaviim nianiit-r o|' |il
i\v coloniv^, li'iwi'vir, loon ulti-r (.iili-d Iroin Alia mtoCiriin-, and, by r«iniiiniit^
in that lonntrv, proiluiod a ttuirc cunlidi-rabli- nlt>.'ration in tlio niitnncr* ot' iu in
K
B. C.
Iial>itani% ilu* inotl iini'icnl t-llablilliint.'niii ui-n* niaiK- by Innihtii nnd
<)j;\cn; «tl* «li<in tlic lornu-r iVilU-d in ,VrnoH. niul ilu- lalli-r in Aliim.
.-^S* . . . ■
W I' kiiou Svry lillli- ol O^vm-', or lii^ bit t»llor«. llmK- o| |n.tt Iiim i-n
d>'iivoiir>.il to unii^' tlio dilju-rlod and \vMndtlin^ (iri-ckn t und tluir i'udca>our» lor
tlu% )>nri»of»' Wk-ro iu>| nllof^i-thcr iinl'iim l\tnl
lint llu- billoiv it" (Jod'<i (bolcn pt-tniK-, llu- Ifraclitr*, U the only nno of wlik-h
^vi- liasi.- I'li-iir and i ircnnilliinual uii.oiniti. I Iu- train ot « iirioni t-viiit-,, \\ lilt li ot'-
rnlioiK'tl ibi' (inlinj; of' Jacob nnti bin laniily in that part ot l-^i;ypi ot'wbiili la
III*
B. C.
1OII9.
^^
It llu- lupit.il, art- univi-rlaiiy known, llial imtriartb dii-d, aitonlin^ tj
till- Soptnagiiit vi-rliiMi, 1794 vt-ari boloro (brill i but UKurtliiift to tin lie-
bri'W cbionolojry, nnly KiJJvytarH, ami in tin- yi-ar ol" llu- Uoiltl i]l^.
'lid* rt-nwirkal)li- a-ra ti-rminaft's tb.il poriixl ot liiiu' wliiili tbi-Cin-vks iiavo ){ivutly
di^ti^n^(d l>\ tlu-ir taluilons nariationt. IaI iis tmilidrr tlu 11 wliat wo tan K-arii
Iroin tlu- taircd writings, witli n-lpfil to llu- artt, inuniurs, and iawit ot" aii-
I iint nation*.
It is a common orror nmon^ writrr* on ibis fiibit-tl, to roqard nil llu* natlonii of
iinii(piitv a^ bfin;; tlu'ii on llu' (aim- tootinf^. 'Iluy liiid loim- nalioiiH i-xtri'inclv
ruik' aiul barbniniis, and luvui tlu'v toiulndi-, llial ail wiri' I'tpialK I'o. 'I licy tlif-
covc-r otiu-rii actpiaintid with intiny arti, and luiut- tlu-y inttr llu' wiltloni ol ilu;
firft Bgo«. 'lluTf appears, howi-vcr, to have luon luarly at mm ii tlitHrt-iuo in
point of art an<l nliiKimnt, in tliofo n^i's ;is at prifiiit. Noah was iindoiiblidly
iK<pi;iintt (I witii all till' It'itnti' ot tlu' aiitidiliuian world : this Iu- woiilit tonnnu-
1114 Ilk- to his ihildrt'ti, and llu y a^ain \\oiild hand it down to tlu ir polKrity. Iluil'c
nations, ihi-n-fori', who I'vilU'd ncarcfl llu' ori^nial fi'at of mankind, and who had
ihf lull opporlnnilii-s to avail ihiinfi ivrs of llu- kiuiwk'ilf;^ wbiih ihi-ir f^rvM an-
nftur poll(-lli-(l, larK f^mu'd tluink'lv<s into rigiilar I'oi ii tics, and luadi- improvo-
:ii iilliiri- appears
mvntN in
th
arts w
'l\ii il
•AW Diod fubfi rN!i-nt to human lit'i
to haw lu'i'i- known in tin- liili agis ot the woild. Noah tiilti\ati'tl tlu' \iiu ; ii
till' tinu of Jacol), lli ■ (if; ii> > and llu.' almond wire well known in the land of
Cnnnnn ; and ihf iiiflrmiunls of bulbandry, lonj; before the diltovery of Uuni in
(Jneie, arc often im nlioned in tlu f;icii'd wriiiiii,'s. Il is bardU to Iu- fuppofetl,
that the amieiit tiiii-s. both in Alia and l-^)pi, wlioCe fomulaJum, a;< we have al-
ready mentioned, reaches tlu- remotcli antiipiity. eouid lia\e been built, imlef^ ihc
tiiltnre of the j^rouiul hail been practiUd at tint time. Nations who \\\c b\ hnnt-
injr tir pafhirajje only, lead a wandering; life, and feidom fix tlu-ir reddenci- in cities.
(■|;iiimcrcc natuially follows agriciiltuis- ; ami tlion^Ii we cannot trace* the lleps bv
' wliiili
INTRODUCTIOK.
If
n;iti(>iiH <it
i\trcitulv
riioy dii-
III (if llu'
rciin' ill
Diiliiiilly
loniimi-
y. Ihui;-
who tiad
gniit nn-
iiiipinxo-
■ :i|)pi'ur!i
\iiu ; ill
>r land nt
l' ihcin ill
liipiuilcd,
'iiM' al-
iiiili'U ll«'
li\ liimt-
iii litii'S.
lli]is liy
wliii It
whicli ii wan ininMlocml mnnnf( iIk Mulfitt nationi, wf mav. fmm it. inttud |>iif<
|ii4>'« ill liM rt'il wrtli •f«;trUiii lIu- |>r»grriY wluili luul iMtii tiuul>' m n diiriii); ihc
IMUwri kial ItnH'*, Wt- kiuiw, tmiii iIk InUory ol iivil IikuI^, ilmi ilu- imniiivi-
iiHl iii'trctMjifc bi'twetii iiK'ii imiU Ik' iirvtly «.oiilidiial>U', iKhtrc ilir nivlnli lunu*
lu tx' c<iiiiitt«r«<l M iIm' m*'«liitiii )>l iraiMi mul yvl llii* w.t« itu* cafi' cviii in ilm
ilnN4 lit Aliniham, It uptK'ar*, lumcvur, from the n-luiioim tltiii klltttilllli ihi» Uit,
thiti lh<' III' <<l niDtny h>i<l itnt lM>c'n of in uiu ik-iil diMc i tl h.id no nurk to afivr*
tain \\\ vvci^hl or titiviicUt iitid in u Kinlru I Inr n li(ir\ii^|il.ui'. in t-ki hiiiigc for
wliuh .\br»h«in kiivc hivcr, thv: iiu'al i« vvvi^hkd in lli^ prilLiicc ol' ull ih«. |mo*
pic. A* i'lHiinu'rci' iin|>ro\cd, uiid biirKuiiu ot* ihi» fort iMiiiiito nitir* coiiiiuoii,
lhi<i prnMid' wn* hid ulido, and the t)tiuiiiiiy of lilvvr wa« af«. crtuiiud hy u purli*
iular murk, vvhiilt t'livvd the troubUr ul >vi'i)(hin|f it. Hut thi<i doet imt it|iiii4r to
havk' ha|>|itiuti till llu- time ut' Jacob, tlie lemnd from Abraham. llu' (.//Ai^, of
tUiiih Ht' rcud III hi« lime, mh* u piece ul money, (luiii|Kd wilh thr tiuure of 4
liiinb, und of a prccife and Ualed vuliie. It u|i|H-ar>, from the hillorv ot Jofeiili,
tiiat the (oniinerce between ditlereiii iiaiioii} wa» by thi« time rei^ularlv currud
on. 'Ih.- Ithiiiat liU-< iin i Midiuniiei, who boiiglit liim "f bin brvllireii, weru
travilliii^ nil rihatiti, v iio lurrird l|Mii"«, |)i'riiniK'<t, undoihir riih eiimiiio<lttieii,
Ipmii thkir oNvn louiitry nitu l'-Ky|>t. I he laiiie olifervuli<in% inuy be tiiiuU' ftooi the
bonk of Job, who, aieordiiig to tlie bi tl writer*, wu» a native oj Arabia Kelix, Hiul
ulfii It ( onteni)iniarv with Jacob ) le f|ieak« of the road* of 'llieina and Subu, i. e.
of llie (iiravuns wliuh f> I out froin tlmte liiiei of Arabia. If we relle^l, that tho
toinmodiiiiii ot thin loiiiitry w.rerulhir llie Inxiiri' » than ilie iieielhiries of life,
we (h.nll haw reufon 10 mutlude. thut the eouiilrie* into whiih tiny were fv lit for
fide, und |nirli(-iilarly Ki^pt, luid .ilreody mude coniideruble udvuncei in ti\iliia-
tion.
In f|ieakinK <>f < oninieree, wr ought to dillin^tiilh bctwetvi the f^ivtiei of It
wliidi 1). cariud on by land, or iiilunu commerce, and that which in carried on by
li-.n : wliiih tail kind of tratiie is both i.'^vr 1:. ita oii^it'. and (lower in its proKrcfs.
Mud the di fetiiddiilH of Nouh been left to tiieir own ingenuity, and received no
liiikture of the aiilediltuian knowledge from their wife uncittoo, it i» not likely
that llu y lliould have viiitiired on iiavij^ntin^ the o|H>n fea:! (0 foon a-, we find they
did. I hut brinuh of hi^ |iolKrilv, who ftiiud on the coall of I'alcliine, were the
firli people of the world umonu vviiom navigation wait made fubf^rvieiit to coiu-
imrce : they were dillinf;iiilhed by a word, wliitli, in th.: I Ubrevv tongue, (ignl-
/ien merckrtuis, and are llu fame nation afterwardt known to the (Greeks l») the name
of Phu-nieiiii.s Inhaliitin;; a banen and un^rutefiil foil, I hey fit themfilveH to im-
prove their litviation by ciillivatiiij; the arts. Commerce wa.t lluii principal pur-
iiiit, and, wiili all the writcri of pauan antitpiity, they \y,\(s for the inventors of
wluiti ver ferved lo improve it. At the time of Abniliam they were re;{arded nt »
powerful nation ; iheir maritime commerce is meniKined by Jaci b in liis lull wonl.-i
to his ihildriii : and, lUKirding to Hirodoliis, the Phiniiti.in- IkuI by thi» time na-
vijjated tin- n'alU of (ircece, and carried nil' the daiij;hter of ln.uliii«..
The arts of «j;rii iilture, commerce, and navigation, fiippofc the knowledge of
feveral otlui>; allronomv, for inllance, or a knowledge ot the lituation and revo-
lutions ol the hi aveiily bodies, i.i iicccllary both to agiiviiif.ire and iiavij;ation j
thai of vvoiking iiuiaK 10 coiniiierie ; and lo of other arts. In fiict, wi.' liiul ih.u,
before the lUalh of Jacob, levual nations were fo well aciiuaiiitcd witli the leVo-
lutions of the moon, as lo nuafure by them the diiraiinn of tluir sc;ir. It had
been an univerfal ciillom among all the nations of unti»iuiiy, as welf as the Jew*,
to divide time into the portion of a week, or fevendavs: this undoubtedb arofi-
fiom the liadilinii wilh le^; oil to die (>rif;in of the world. It was natural foV thole
uatjonh who led u palloiul life, or who lived uiulei a lercnc Iky, lo ebfeive that the
varieui
40
I N T U O D U C T I O N.
\ari(iiis nppcnrancrs ot* tho moon wore lomploti-il nearly in tour weeks: hence the
divilion ot a month. 'I hole people wlio liveil by iM^rii ultiire, and wlio were ae-
([iiainted wiih the divilion of the month, wonid uiiturally ninavk, tliat twelve ot'
ihefe hrouglit haek the fame lemi>eratiire of llu- iiir, or tlie lanie feal'ons : lienee
the i)ri};in of wliat is ealled the Itinni- \c,n\ whieli prevailed every where in llie in-
tuney of feience. 'This, toj^ether willi the ohfervatinn of \W- fixed tlars, whieli, as
we learn from the hook of Job, mull have been very ancient, naturally |)aved the
■way for the difrovery of the folur v.'V/>, which at that linie would he tliou^ht an
airiazing improvement in allronomv. IJul wilh reijard to ihofe bramhes of kunw-
Iedj;e which we have nu-ntioned, W i-; to he remeiiihered, that thev were peeuliiu'
to the l'",i;vptians, and a tew nations of Alia, lunope otTcrs a frfghtful fpetUule
(hiring tliis period. \\'hii could bi-lieve that the (5reeks, wh(>, in later ages, be-
came the palterns of politenels and everv e!e!;a;it art, were defceiuled from a
fa\age race of men, ti averting the woods and \\ilds, inhabiting the mcks and
taverns, a wretelied pre)
to wild anini;
am
I t.
)nuMmu's to I'ac
h oth
er :
'11
IIS,
however, is no more than what was to be expecied. Thole tlefcendants of Noah,
who had removed to a great dithiiicc from the idains of Shinar, loll all eonneiMiou
with the civilifed part of mankind. Their polteritv became Hill more igii(<rant ;
and the human mind at len'Mli funk into an ab\ Is i)f wretchednefs.
We might naturally e\peet tliat, fro.n tlie tieath of Jacob, and, as we adva
nee
forward in time, the hilh)ry of the great empires of ligypt and All'yria would gradu
ally brighten. lUit this is tar from being the cafe ; we only get a glimpfe of them
B. C".
nd they totally difapi)ear lor ages. .Vfier the reign of Ninias, who fui-
ceeded Semiramis aiul Niiuis in tlie AHVrian throne, we rind an alionilhing
blank in the hilhiry of this empire, for no lefs than eight hundred years
The lilence of ancient hiilory, on this fuhject, is commonly afcribed to tlie foftnefs
and I'tfeminacy of the luccellors of Ninus, whole lives ath)rded no events worthy
of record, \^'ars and commotions are the great themes of the hillorian, while the
gentle and happy reigns ot wife princes pals unregarded. Sefollris, a prince of
wonderful abilities, is fui)pi)ted to havi' mounted the throne of Kgypt alter .Vme-
i.ophis, who was fwallowed up in ihe Red .Sea about the )i'ar before (Mirill 1492 ;
by his alhduity and attention, the civil and military cilablilliments of the Kgvp-
tians receiveil great improveiin nts. l'-g)pt, in the time of Sefoliris and his imme-
diate fucctllbrs, was in all probability ilie moll iiowerful kingdom upon earth,
and, according to the belt i ale ulation, is fujipofed to have contained twentv-fe\-en
millions of inhabitants. Hut ancient hilhuy often excites without gratifviiig our
curiolity : for from the reign of .Sefollris to that of Hocihoris, in the \ear before
Chritl 781, we have little knowledge of even the names of the int^ medijtte princes.
It we judge, however, from collateral circumthuues. the country mull lliil havi,
continued in a very llourilhing comliiioii; for Isgypt continued to pour forth her
colonies into dilhint nat'
ions.
li. f.
1556.
■\thins, that fiat of learning and I'olitenel's, that
fehool for all who afpire after wifdom, owes its fo'indalion to Ceirops, \vh
•d ill CJveece with an I'lirvptian col
rouuli m.'miiers o
fth
Inin-,
e ongmal mliahilants.
aiu:
1 end
eaxoureil to eirjli/c the
F
roni the 1:1
tiitut
ions wliuii
(
<T<^ps eliahlil
I. TI
;r.ri\a
lird among the Athenians, it is ealy to infer their conditidii hel'i.w I
ivliieli lew naiions are fo barbarous a, to be al-
lls
le laws ot inrniuu
.•ther
uiKiecitiam
ted
ilh.
were no
t k
nnwii in I J recce
Mankind, like ih
Inalts ot tile tiekl. Were ])ro))agaled by aecidental conncifions, neither kr,owi
H. C.
I ;o6.
no;- earnig who
in .he kinudoni of .\tli
ii''
^\e;l• tn.ir jirog riiiuis. C'raiiaus, who fucceedt d C'ecrops
find ill,' fame faluf:ir_\ path, and endeavoured.
by wife i;iliilutior:s, to In idle the kei n paliioiis of a rude people
\\ liilll tliele prince.s ufed their endeavour.^ for civililing this c
or:u
the oiiar kiniidoiii,-,, into which tl
Us CtjUl
,I;v. In tlie natLiial I
It Heuud
r "\ (]
•.f
r' ■('<•<
roiks
iiiu',nita;n.-<,
I N T U O D U C T I O N.
4»
Aim--
1492;
imim--
carth,
-llvcii
!1^ our
hctori;
iriiu'i's.
ill liavt
)nh Ikt
I,-,, that
izc lliu
li (V-
Imu- his
, lu- al-
iki' llu-
•,(i\vin^
'ccidiis
ir •cci ,
rotkh,
mountain!!, and rivers, is divided, and which had been already peopled by colonies
from l^gyp' ''"d the Eall, began to alTiime fome appearance ot regular policy.
'I'his engaged Amphidtyon, one ot" thofe inventive minds who ap|>ear in the ," ^'
world for the benefit of the age in which they live, and the admiration of
pofterity, to think of fome expedient by which he might unite in one confederacy
tlie fevcral independent kingdoms of Greece, and therel)y deliver them from thoU*
intetiine divilions, which rendered them a prey to each other, and cxpofed them
defencelefs to tlie firft enemy who might cnoofe to invade tliem. 'I hefe reHetlion*
he communicated to the kings, or leaders of the different territories ; and by hi«
eloc^uence and addrcfs engaged twelve cities to unite together for their eonnnon
prelervati(m. I'wo deputies from each of thefe cities allombled twice a year at
Ihermopyiie, and formed whnt, after the name of its founder, was called the Am-
phidyonic CJouncil. in this ailembly, wliatever related to the general interi-ft of
the confederacy was difculfed, and finally determined. Amphictyon hkewile,
fenfible that thofe political connettions are the moft lulling which are llrengthened
by religion, committed to the Amphitlyons the care of the temple at Del|)hi, and
of the rich dediratitms which began to be fent from thofe who confulted the
oracle. This allV-mbly, contlituted on fuch folid foundaticms, remained one great
fpring of attion in (irecce, while that country preferved its independence -, and,
by the uimm which it infpired, encouraged the Greeks to defend their liberties
againll all the force of the Perlian empire.
Conlidering the circumftanccs of the age in which it was inftituted, the Am-
pliictyniiie council is perhaps the moll remarkable political eftablilhnient whith
ever took place among mankind. In the year before Chrill 132Z, the liHimiaii
ganu s were celebrated at (Corinth, and in 1303, the famous Olympic games by IV-
I'ljjs ; which games, together witli the Pytliian and Neniean, have beeii rendered
immortal by the genius of I'indar.
'I he (Jreek Hates, formerly unconne6ted, except by mutual inroads and hoftili-
lies, foon began to ad with concert, and to undertake dillant expeditions tor tiie
general interell of the cont'ederacy. The firft of thefe was the celebrated ex-
pedition of tlie Argonauts, in which all Greece appears to have been con- |,'g,*
cerned. The objett ol the Argonauts was to open the conmierce of the
I'.uxine fea, and to eliablilh colonies in the adjacent country of Colchis. The fliip
Argo, whicli was the admiral galley, is the only one particularly named ; tlunigli
\w learn Umn ancient writers, that feveral others were employed. The Heit of
tile .Argonauts was, iVom the ignorance of thofe who conducted it, long toll''d
ijuong ditiermt coali-,. The rocks, at fome dillance from the mouth of the
luivine fea, nci ationed much dilHcnity to the Argonauts: they fent forward a
li_L;ht velVcl. w'lieli iiiuiVd through, but returned with the lofs of her rudder. Tl.is
!•> expreiled in the t'ahiilous laiiijnaj^e vC anticiuity, by their femling out a iiird
wliieli returneii witli the lofs of its fail, and may give us an idea of tiie alleg'Tieal
obfeurit.' in wiiich tile other events of this expedition are involved. The Heel at
!iiii;ili arrivi'd at .i'.on, the capital of Colchis, after performing a voyage, which,
Minliderin^- llie eoii-liiion of the n:;wil art during liiat age, was not lef» important
than ilie eireaiiina\ii;ati<Mi of the world by mir modern dil'covercrs. Kroiu this
lAjieuiiion to that againll Trov, which was uiulertaken to recover the l.iir
Helen. I, a (|ueeii of ."iparia, who had been ca.ried otV by I'ari.s, Ion of the
Tro'ian king, tlie Cireeks iiiuli ii.ive ii'.ule a wondertul progrefs in arts, in
pnAcr, and opulciiee : no lets than twcKe hundred velTels we
icvagj, each of which, at a meiiimn, contained upwards of a hundred nun. j'.ai
tlufe veiiMs w.-re but half decked ; and it does not appear that iron entered at all
into their euiiiUiK'tion. If we add to thefe ciicumllances, that ilie Greeks i;:i(i
G nui
eniplovetl in lhi>
4a
INTRODUCTION.
not tho uf« of thv faw, an inllrumcnt fo iicccfTary to the carpenter, a modern muit
form but a mean notion of the lirenglh or elegance of this neet.
llavinc thus conlidurcd the Grecian confederacy, let us cKunine the circum*
ftnncis ot its feveral members. This is of great importance to our prefrnt under-
taking, becaufe in this country only we can trace the origin and progrefs of go>
vernment, arts, .ind manners. In their internal policy, the Grecian kingdom*
nearly rcfemblid each other. Tliey were governed each by a king, or rather by
a chieftain, who was their leader in time of war, their judge in time of peace,
and who prefldcd in the adminiftration of their religious ceremonies. This prince,
however, was far from being abfoiutc. In each fociety there were a number of
other leaders, whofe influence over their particular clans or tribes was not lcf»
conliderable than that of the king over his immediate followers. Thefe captain*
were often at war with each other, and fomctimcs with their fovereign ; and each
particular Aate was in n.iniaturc what the whole country had been before the
time of Amphitryon. They required the hand of another delicate painter to fliadc
the oppofite colours, and to enable them to produce one powertul ciTcd. The
hiftory of Athens affords us an example of the manner in which thefe Hates, that,
for want of union, were weak and inligniHcant, became, by being cemented to-
gether, important and powerful, 'ilieleus, king of Attica, about the year B. C.
1234, had acquired great reputation by his generofitv and valour. He faw the
inconveniences to which his country, from bcuig divided into twelve diiirids, was
rxpofcd ; and conceived, that by means of the influence which his perfonal cha-
racter, united to the royal authority with which he was veiled, had univcrfally
procured him, he might be enabled to remove them. For this purpofe lie endea-
voured to maintain, and even to increafe his popularity among the peafants and
artifans : he detached, as much as pofliblc, the different tribes from the leaders
who coinmaiuled tlieni : he abolilhcd the courts which had been cflablithcd in dif-
ferent parts of Attica, and appointed one council-hall common to all the Athe-
nians. Thefeus, lu)wever, did not trxifl folely to the force of political regulations,
lie called to his aid all the power of fuporflition ; by eilablilhnig commcm rites to
he performi'd in Athens, and by aflbrding protection to all llrangers who fettled
thtri-, ho raifcil this city from an inconliderable village to a powerful metropolis.
The fplciulor of Athens and of Thefeus now totally eclipfed that of the other vil-
lages and their particular leaders. All the power of the ftate was united in one
city, and under one fovereign. The turbulent chiefs thus divefled of influence
and conlideration, became humble and fubmillive ; and Attica remained under
the peaceful government of a monarch.
This is a rude Iketch of the origin of the firft monarchy of which we hai<f a di-
ftintl account, and may, without much variation, be applied to the other ftates of
Greece. This countiy, however, was not deflined to continue long under the g«>-
vernineiit of kings. A iicw influence arofe, which in a fhort time proved too
powerful botli for the king and the nobles. Thefeus had divided the Athenians
into three diflintt tlafl'es ; the nobles, the artifans, and the huibandmen. In order
to abridge the exorbitant ^xjwer uf the nobles, he had beflowed many privileges
on the interior ranks. This policy was imitated by his fuccefTors ; and the lower
ranks of the Athenians, partly from the countenance of their fovereign, and part-
ly from the jjfogrcfs of arts and manufadtures, which gave them an opportunity
(if accjiiiring property, beciune conliderable and independent. Thefe circumflan-
ccs were attended with a remarkable efl'eCt. Upon the death of Codrus, a prince
of great merit, in the year B. C. 1070, the Athenians, become weary of the regal
authority, under pretence of finding no one worthy of filling the throne of that mo-
narch who had devoted himfelf to death for the fafety of his people, aboliflied the
regal power, and proclaimed that none but Jupiter lliould be king of Athens.
3 This
INTRODUCTION.
43
B.C.
«84.
This rifvolution in favour of liberty WM fo mudi dw more remarkablo, as it hap-
pened foon after that the Jews become unwilling to remain under the go-
vornment of the true God, and defired a mortal fovcrdgn, that they might , " ^'
be like unto other nations.
ITic government of Thcbcn, another of the Grecian dates, much about the fame
time aflumcd the republican form. Near a century licforc the Trojan war, Cad-
mus, with a colony from Phoenicia, had founded this city, which from that time had
been governed by kinps. But the lall fovercign being overcome in fingle combat,
by a neighbouring prince, the lliebans aboliihed royalty. Till the days, how-
ever, of Pclopidas and Epaminondas, a period of feven hundred years, the Thc-
bans performed nothing wortliy of the republican fuirit. Other cities of Greece,
after the examj)k* of '1 ncbes and Athens, erected tnemfelves into republics. But
the revolutions of Athens and Sparta, two rival Hates, which, by means of the fu-
periority they acquired, gave the tone to the manners, genius, and politics of the
Greeks, dcferve our principal attention. We have fcen a tender ftioot of liberty
fl)ring up in the city of Athens, ujjon the deceafe of Codrus, its laft fovereign.
This (hoot gradually improved into a vigorous plant. 1 he Atljenians, by aboliih-
ing the name of king, did not at once al)olilh the regal authority : they elta-
blilhed a perpetual magiltrate, who, under the name of Archon, was in- ,^^*
verted with many royal prerogatives. At length they fancied the archontic
ofHce to be too lively nn image of royalty for a free Itatc. After it had continued,
therefore, three hundred and thirty-one years in the family of Codrus, they endea-
voured to leflen its dignity, not by abridging its power, but by ll\ortening its du-
. ^ion. The tiril period alligned for the continuance of the aix-honihip in the fame
h Is, was ten y<:ars. But the delirc of the Athenians for a more perfect
■I. of freedom, ftill continued to increafe. Thoy again demanded a re-
'" l.^nof the power of their archons ; and it was at length determined,
that nine annual magirtrates ihould be aj)pointcd. Ihefc magirtrates were not
only chofen by the people, but accountable to thorn for their behaviour in office.
Thefe alterations were too violent not to be attended with fomc dangerous confe-
quenccs. The Athenians, intoxicated with their freedom, broke out into the
moft unruly licentioufncfs. No written laws had been as yet enacted in Athens ;
and it was hardly poiTible that the niKient cutloms of the realm, which were na-
turally fuppofed to be in part aboliihed by the fuccertivc chajiges in the govern-
ment, ihould fufliciently reitrain the tumultuary fpirits of the Athenians, iu the
iirft flutter of their independence. This engaged the wifer part of the rtate, who
began to prefer any fyftcm of government to tneir prefent anarchy, to call .their
eyes on Draco, a man of an aulbere but virtuous dilpofition, as the fittcft perfon
fur compofmg a fyltem of law, to bridle tlic furious pallions of the multJtu<lo.
Draco undertook the office, about the year 628, but executed it with fo much ri-
gour, that, in the words of an ancient hiftorian, " his laws were written with
blood, and not with ink." Death was the indifcriminate punillmient of every
offence ; and the laws of Draco were found to be a remedy worfe than the (lii-
eafc. Affairs again fell into coufufion, which continue<l till the tinx; of Solon,
594 B. C Solon's wifdom, virtue, and accommodating manners, recommended
iiiin to the mort important of all offices, the giving laws to a free people, nil.-,
employment was alligned him by the unanimous voice of hi.s country, but he loiij;
•deliberated whether he lliould undertake it. At length, the motives of public
utility overcame all coniklerations of private cafe, fafety, and reputation, and de-
termined him to enter an ocean pregnant with a thoufand dangers. 'I he fiirt {"top
<jf his Ic^illation was to abolilh all the laws of Drncn, except thofe relati\i' 10
juurder. The puniihment of this crime could not Ix- too great •, but to cuiilkier
«ther oflciKLs as equally criujinal, was to cout'ound all notions vl humajiiiy and
G 2 jiili'ce.
INTRODUC TION.
julh'oc. S''l<»ii next protcedcd to new-model ihc political law; nnd hit eftablilTi-
liiciits on this licad remained among the Athenians, while they prel'ervcd their li-
Inrtiis. lie llvins to have let out with this prineiplc, that a peit'ett republic, in
wnii li laeh citi/in ihould have an equal political importance, was a lydeni of j;<w
•virit neiu, iHautilul indeed in llieorv, but not reducible to pratlice. He divided
tlu- citizens into tour dalles, acc«)rJinp[ to the wealth which they poU'elled, and
the juunelt elals he rendered iticapable ot" niai;iltiaey. 'I'hey had a voice, luiw-
ever, in the ^'elu^al council ot' the iiatioti, in wiiidi all matters of princijial con-
cern were deternuneil in the hill refort. lint lelt this alieinbly, which was ccm-
polVd of all the < Iti/ens, Ihould, in the words of Plutarih, like a thip with tdo
many I'.iils, be expofed to the ^'uil of folly, tumult, nnd diforder, he provided lor
its (alety l>v the two am liors of the Senate and Aieopaj^'us. The Inll «if thefc
courts O'lililled of four hundred perlons, a hundred out of each tribe of the
.\llieniitiis, who prepaied all important bulinefs that came before the uilendjly
of the jieople ; the fecond, tlunij,di but a court of juliice, gained a prouiuious ai-
cend.uuv in tlie republle, by thi' wil(l • and gravity of its members, who were
not cliofen, but after the (Irictell fcruliny.
Siieh was the f, tieni of government elhdilillied by Solon, wliich, the more we
txiiaiine it, will W the more approved. L pon the fame plan molt of the otlur
niu ient rei)ul)lie'i were eliablilhetl. To inlilt on all of them, therefore, would lui-
tlitr be eiitertainuifi; nor inllructive. liut the government of Sparta, or Lacedav
• mon, had fomcthini; in it lo peculiar, that the great lines of it at lead ought not
to be omitted. Sparta, like the other Hates of Greece, was originally divided in-
to a number of ])etty ()rincipalities, of which each was under the jurifditlion of
its own immediate chieftain. Lelex is named as the firft king, about the year
B. C. 1516. At leni,'th, the two brothers, liurifthencs and I'rocles, getting
I lo-"* P"^*-''"^'" <•' LacediiMion, became conjund in the royalty ; and, what is cm-
tremeiy lingular, their potlerily, in the dirett line, continued to rule con-
junctly for nine hundred yi;ars ending with Cleomenes, anno 220 before tlie
Chriliian aia. I he Spartan govenmient, however, did not take that fingu-
■ gg ■ lar tVrni which rei»ders it fo remarkable, until the time of Lycurgus, the
celebrated legiilator. The plan of policv devifeil by Lycurgus agreeil with
that already deferibed, in comprehending a lenate and afl'embly of the people,
nnd in general in all thofe eftablillnneiits whitli are deemed molt reciuilite for the
• fecurity of political independence. It ililfereii from that of Athens, and indeed
from ail oUier governments, in having two kings, whofe ollice was hereditary,
though their power was circumfcribed b) proper checks and reftraints. But tlie
great charatterillic of the Spartan conllitution arofe from its high military fpirit.
'I'o promote this, all forts of luxury, all arts of elegance or entertainment, every
thing which had the fmaliell tendency to foflen the minds of the Spartans, was
ubfoliitely proleribed. '1 hey were forbidden the ufe of money ; they lived at pul)-
lic tables on the coarfefl fare ; the younger were taught to pay the utnuift reve-
rence to the more advanced in years, and all ranks, capable of bearing arms, were
daiiv accullomed to the moll painful exeicifes. 'I o the Spartans alom; war was a
relaxation rather than a hardlliip, and of their prowefs in the held hardly anv but
a Spartan couM even form a conception.
In order u> fee the ellett of thefe })rinciples, and to connett under one point r»f
view the hiftory of the dilVerent quarters of the globe, we mull now call our eves
*n\ Alia, and obfcrve the events which happened in thofe great empires, of whicli
we have lo long loll light. We have already mentioned in what obfcurity
Jgil the hillory of Kgypt is involved, until the reign of Bocchoris. From this
period, to the dillblution of their government bv Cai^ibyfes of Perlia, in the
)- ar li. C. 524, the Egyj)tians are thielly celebrated for the wifdom of their law.s
& and
vho were
INTRODUCTION. ||
afid politicul inflitutions. Scvcrnl of thefe feoTii to hine been diitnted by the tnie
(pirit of civil wifdum, und were admirably calculated tor maiiitainiii}; good go
vermnent in a'l extenlive kingdom. 'Ihe great empire ot" AUVria likewile, wliiih
bad to long disappeared, becomes again an objett of attention, and atl'ords llio
tirll inlianee we meet witli in liillory, of a kingdom which fell afimder by its own
weight, and the etfeminnte weaknefs of its fovereigns. Sardnnapalus, the \uil
emperor of Allyria, neglected the adminillration of aftairs, and Ihiitling himfelt
Mp in his palace with his women and einuichs, fell into eontenipi with his fubietls.
'Ihc I ivernors of his provinces, t<i whom, like a weak and indt)lent prince, be
had eniirely conunitteil the connnand of his armies, did not fail to lay hold of this
opportnniiy of railing their own fortnne on the ruins of their math-r's power. Ar-
baces, governor of Xledia, and Ht'lelis, governor of Uabylon, cfnifpireil againll
their fovercign, fet fire to his capital, in which .Sardanapalus jjerillicd, JJ. C. 820,
and divided between them his extenlive dominions. 'I lu fe two kingdoms, fonu--
times united muU r one prince, and fometimes governed each bv a purticular love
reign, long maintained the cliiif fway in Alia. I'hul revived the kingdom of Al
fyrui B. C'. 777, and Shalnianeler, one of his fuccdVors, put an end to the king
(iom of Ifrael, and ( arried the ten tribes cajjtive into AlVyria and Medin, li. C
721. Nel)uchadnez/ar king of Uabylon, alio IJ. C 587, overturned the kingd(iMl
of Judah, which had continued in the family of David from the year io;5, and
maflered all the countries around him. Hut in the year 538, ('yrus ihe (Jreat
took Habylon, and reduced Mia under the IVrlian yoke. The manners of i-
this peoiilc as biave, hardy, and independent, as well as the government of
Cyrus, in all its branches, are elegantly defcribed by Xenojdion, a Grecian philc
fojjher and hiltorian. It is not necelVary that we Ihould enter into the fame detail
upon this futijiot, as with ngard to the allairs of the (Greeks. W'c have, in mv>'
dern tinns, fulhcient examples of monarchical governments; but how few are oitr
republics r Hut the a'ra of Cyrus is in one relneCt extremely remarkai)le, belidu*
•lelivering the Jews from their captivity, becauie it terminates the hiltory of th-j
ancient em])ircs, which have hitherto engaged our attention. Let us eonlider
then the genius of the AlVyrians, Habylonians, and Kgyjitians, in arts and fciences;
and, if pollible, difeover what progrefs they had made in thofe ac(piiremeuls
which are moll fubfcrvient to the intereUs of ^)ciety.
The talle for the great and magnificent, feems to have been the prevailing cha-
racter of thofe nations; and they principally difplayed it in their works ot aichi-
tetture. There are no veftiges, however, now remaining, which confirm the tef-
timony of ancient writers, with regard to the great works which ailorned Babylon
and Nineveh ; neither is it clearly determined in what year they were begun or
finilhed. There are three pyramids, lhii)endou.-, fabrics, iVill reuiaining in Kgvpr-,
at fome leagues dillance from Cairo, and about ni'.ie miles from the iSile, which
are fuppofed to have been the burying places of the ancient I'.gvp'ian kings. The
largell is five humtred feet in height, and each fide of llic bale lix hundied and
ninety-three tVet in length. The apex is thiiteeit feet I'quare. 'llie fetcnd fUuu'.s
on as nnidi t^KHind as the firll, but is forty feet lewer. It was a l'u])erllitiun
among this people, derived from 'he earlieft limes, that even atlei -.ieath the fnul
contiiuied in tile body as long as it remained uncorrupted. IK ikv proceeded tlio
euftom of enilnnlming, or of tlirowing into llie dead boily I'ucli vegetables as 1 \-
perience had dif' overed to be the greatefl prefervativos againll putrefaction. 'I lie
pyramids were eretted with the fame view, in them the bodies of the Kgvptiaii
kings were concealed. This expedient, together with embalming, as thefe lupe?-
llitious monarchs conceived, would inevitably fecure a f;ife and comfortable re-
treat for their fouls after deatli. From what we read of the walls of Babylon, the
temple of hcUis, and other works of the tall, and from wluit travellers have re-
corded
INTRODUCTION.
«rtrd«;d of the pyramidii it •n|>cani thnt tlicv were rcully fu|H'rh and magnificent
itru^lurcM, but totally vwd of elegance. Tnc orders of untliiicitiirc were not yet
known, nor oven the conOriiHing of vnolts. 'I'hc artit, in which iliofc nation*,
next to arc-hitc6)ure, principally excelled, were fculpture and embroidery. A«
to the fciencei, they had all along continued to bellow their principal attention on
iillronomy -, but it does not appear that thcv made great progrefit in explnininv
thk! raufes of the phenomena of the univcrle, or in any f|)ecici of rational and
found philofophy. Ti) deinonflrate thin to an intelligent reader, it is AitHcieiit to
ohferve, that, according to the telliniony o( facred and profane writers, the ubfurd
reverie* of magic and altrology, which alwayii decrcafe in proportion to the ad-
vancement of true fcicnce, were in high cileem among them, during the Inlcll |m.'-
riods of their government. Tlic countries which they occupied were extremely
fruitful, and alYorded without much labour all the neceiraries and even luxurieii of
Jife. riiey had long inhabited great cities, rhefe circinuDHiueii had tainted their
manner* with eHTcminacy, and rendered tiiem nn eafy prey to the Perlian!i, a nation
jiift emerging from barbarifm, and of confeuuenco brave and warlike. Such revo-
lutions wea* natural in the infancy of the military art : when Drength arid courage
were the only circumflanccs which gave the advantage to one nation over another;
when, properly fpeaking, there were no fortified places, which in modern time*
have been found lb ufeful in (lopping the progrefs ot a vittorioui enemy ; and when
the event of a battle commonly decided tne tatc of an empire, iiut we muU now
turn our attention to other objeds.
The hiftory of Perlia, after the reign of Cyrus, wh<» died in the year B. C. 529,
offers little, confidered in itfelf, that merits our rcgiird : but when combined with
that of Greece, it becomes particularly interelling. The monarclis wlio fucceeded
C'yrus gave an opportunity to the Greeks to exercife thofe virtues which the free-
dom of their government had created and confirmed. Sparta remained under the
influence of Lvcurgus'< inllitutions : Athens had iutl recovered front the tyranny
of the I'ilillratidc, a family who had tram])led on the laws of Solon, and ufurped
the fupremc power. Such was their fituation, when the lull of univcrfal
empire, which feldom fails to torment the breafl of tyrants, led Darius t«
fend forth his numcmus armies into Greece. But the i'erlians were no
longer thofe invincible foldiers who, under Cyrus, had conquered Alia. 'ITicir
manners has been corrupted by their rich conqueHs, and were debafed by flavcry.
Athens, on the contrary, teemed with great men, wliofe minds were animated by
the late recovery of their freedom. Miltiades, on the plains of Miuathon,
■ ■ witii ten thouiand Athenians, overcame the Pcrlian army of n hundred
thoufand foot, and ten thoufand cavalry. His countrymen, ThemiliocIeK
And Ariftides, the firft celebrated for his abilities, the fecond tor his virtue, gained
the next honours to the general. It does not fall within our plan to mention the
events of this war, which will be for ever read and fludied as the noblcil monu-
ments of virtue over force, of courage over inmibers, of liberty over fervitude.
Xerxes, the fun of Darius, came in perfon into Greece, with an army,
which, according to Herodotus, amounted to two millions and one.hun
dred thoufand men. This account is perhaps fonu-whHt exaggerated.
The exact truth cannot now i)e afccrlained : but that the army oi Xerxes
■was extremely numerous, is the niore probable from the great extent of
his em[)irc, and from the abfunl prattice of the eaftern nations, ot encumber-
ing their camp with a fiiperlluous multitude. Whatever the numbers of his
army were, he was every where defeated, by fea and land, and efcaped to
Afia in a filhing-boat. Such was the fpirit of the Greeks, and fo well did they
know that " wanting virtue, life is pain and woe ; that wanting liberty even virtur
** mourns, and looks sunuiid fur happinefs in vaiu." But though the Perlian war
concluded
B.C
5«4
B.C,
460,
INTRODUCTION.
47
ignificcnt
L- not yet
• nations.
Icry. A»
tent ion on
•xplnininK
ional nnu
rtkiont t<»
ihc ul)fiir«1
to ihc ad-
i: Intcrt {K-
extrcniclf
luxuries of
lintcd their
IS, u natioa
Svich rcvo-
nd coiira){':
or another ;
:>dcrn timofc
; and when
e mull now
II. C. 5i9.
nbined with
o fiicccedcd
ich the froo-
•d under the
the tyranny
and ufurped
of univcrfal
d Darius t»
ins were no
Afia. I'hcir
1(1 by (lavcry.
animated by
If Marathon,
If a hundred
IrhemillocleK
irtue, gained
mention the
iblort monu-
Ivitude.
lith an army,
id one .bun
xa(;gcrated.
c>t Xerxes
It extent of
cncumber-
ibers of his
eftaped to
rell did they
even virtuf
Perlian war
njneludeJ
roncluded glorioufly for the Ureckt, it is. in a great nieifurv, to thiii wnr that the
fubfei^uent nn»fortune> of that nation arc to be attributed. It wat not the battlet
in which they fuHcred ihu \o(» of fu many brave men, but thofe in whit h they ue<
t|uired the fpoila of Perda ; it wat not their enduring i'o many hiirdlhip't iit thr
lourfe of the war, but their connection with the I'erliunk alter tlie coDclulion of it,
which fubverted the Ctrccian elUbliihmcnls, and ruined the nioti virtuout c<MifciJc-
rucy that ever uxilted upon earth. The (irccki became haushty aftirr their vi^io-
rieii : delivered from the conunon ciuniy, thvy began to quarrel nmon){ thcmfelve* ;
their quarrelii were fomented by Fcrrmn gold, of which they had acquired enougli
to make them delirous of more. Meni e proceeded the famoni Pflo|>onnc- ,
lian war, in which the Atlieniant aiul Laceda-'inonians aeted as principals, ' *
and drew after them the other Oatet of (Jreccc. 'i hey continued to weaken
thenifelves by thefe intelline divifions, till I'hilip king of Macedon (a country
till this time little known, but which, by the active and crafty genius of this prince,
became important and powerful) rendered himfclf the abfolute mader of Greece,
by the battle of Cherona:a. But this conciueil is one of the firft we meet
with in liiliory which did not depend on the event of a battle. Philip had ^'^'
laid his fchemes fu deeply, and by briU-ry, promifes, and intrigues, gained
fuch a number of conliderable pcrfonn in the Uates of (ireece to his mtereil, lliat
unollier day would have put in his poflc'liion what Cheronarn had denied him.
The Greeks had loii that virtue which was the balia of their confederacy. Their
popular governments ferved only to give a fan^lion to their licentioufnefs and cor-
ruption. Tlie principal oi...uri in moll of their llatrs, were bribed into the fervice
of Philip ; and all the rli>quence of a Demollhenes, alViAed by truth and virtue, was
iine(|u«l to the mean, but more fcdudive arts of his opponents, who, by Hattcring
the people, ufed the furcll method of gaining their aHc^tions.
Philip had pro|M)fed to extend the boundaries of his empire beyond the narrow
limits of (ireccc: but he did not long furvive the battle ut Chcronxa. Upon his
dcceafe, his fcm Akrxander was clH>fen general againll the Perfiaiis, by all the (Jre-
cian dales, except the Athenians, Laceda.>moniaiiK and llicbans. Thefe made a
feeble cflbrt tor expiring lil)crty : but tliey were obliged to yield to fuperior
force. Secure on the lidc of Greece, Alexander fet out on his Perlian expe- " _
dition, at the head of thirty thoufand foot, and five thoufand horfe. 'Ihc
fuccefs of this Mrmy, in conquering the whole force of Darius, in three pitched
battles, in overrunning and fubdmng not only the countries then known to the
Greeks, but many part* of t'ppcr Afia, the very names of which had never reached
an Kuropean ear, has been defcrilK*d by many authors both ancient and modern,
and c<mltitutes a lingular part of the hiAory of the world. Soon after this
rapid career of victory and fuccefs, Alexander died at Babylon. His cap-
tiiins after facriiicing all his family to their ambition, divided his dominions
among them. This gives rife to a number of a.-ras and events t(M> complicated tor
our prefent pur|>ofe. After conlidering, therefore, the Itale of arts and li ieiues
in (iieece, we Ihall pal's to the Roman ati'airs, where the hiltorical deduction is
mote liniple and mure itn)M>rtant.
I he bare names of illullrious men, who Hourillicd in Greece frotn the time nt"
Cyrus to that of Ak'xander, would (ill a large volume. During this period, all the
arts were carried t«i the higheli pitch of perfection ; and the improvements ue h.ive
hillK-rto mentioned were but thedawnings of this glorious day. Thougli the calU
crii nations had railed magnilicent and liupenduiis linictuivs, the Greeks were the
lirll people in the world, who, in their works of aiclntecture, added Ixauty to niay;-
tiiticence, and elegance t*> grandeur. 'Ihe temples i>f Jupiter Olympus, and tlic
Kphelian Diana, are the tirtl monuments of good talto. '1 hey were erected l>y the
Greiiau colonics, who fettled in Alia Minor, before the reign of Cyrus. Phidias,
the
B.C.
I N r R O I) U C T I O N.
tlic Athi'iiiiin, ^vh() ilicti in tlu- voar H. C. 4^1, is tin- firrt (Viilpfor uliofo workt
nu-ritcd iniinortiility. /ciixii, l'anli:iliui, und 'iiinaiitlu-us, during the luiiu- age,
f\ri\ <ltr|ilayt-(l the nowcr of the pencil, und alt the mugic of piiinling. (.'ompoli-
lion, in all itst variout brunches, reached 11 decree of perleckion in tlie fireck lan-
guage, of which a miKlern reader cnn hardly form nn idea. After I leliod and I lo-
nier, who Homilhod 1000 year* before the C'hrillian lera, llie tragic piiei-, .lifihy-
liis, Sophocle:!, and Kuripide.-, were the full jjnat improvers of poetry. Ileindo.
tiis cave perfpicuity and elegance to profaic writing. Ifoerates gave it tadenci'
and iuirmony ; hut it wus lett to Tlmcydides and Demollhenei tu difcovcr tho full
force of the (Jreek tongue. It was not, however, in iuii.- writing only, tliat the
(Ireeks excelled. Kvery fi)ecie> of pliiloiopiiy wan cultivated an\ong them with the
iilinoll fuccefs. Not to mention the divine Socrates, the virtue ot whofo life, and
the excelUiK'e of whofe pliiinfuiihy, julHy entitled him to a very high degree of
vi neration ; lii* three difciples, I'lato, Arifiotle *, and Xenophon, may, for lben;»th
of reafoning, julhiefi of fentimeni, and propriety of ex|)rellion, bo put on a foiMing
with the writers of any age or i ountry. I'-xperiencc indeed, in a long lourte oi
viars, has taught us many leerets i\\ nature, with whidi tiicfe philofo|)lier>i were
unacquainted, and which no llringlh oi' genius could rcaih. But whatever tome
('nu)vrics in learning may pretend, the moll learned aiul ing 'iiious men, ir) all
civilifed coui\trie>i ot Kuroire, Itave acknowledged tlio fuueiiority of the(rreek phi-
lol'opliers, and liave reckoned themlelves hap|iy in catching their turn of thinkmg,
{iiid manner of exprellion.
'Ihe (ireek-, were not liTs dillinguilbed for their atlive than for their fpecnlativ<;
.talents. It would be endlefs to recount the names of tluir famous llatifmen and
warriors, and it is impollible to mention a few witliout d )ing injultice to a gresiter
niimlter. War was fiill reduced into a fcience by the (ireeks. Their foldiers
fniij^lit fr«)m an aireftion to liuir country, antl an ardor for glory, and not from a
• 111 ad of tlieir fuperiors. V\ e iinvi- feeii the elleit of this military virtue in tln'ir
wars a;^ain(l the I'erlians : the caut'e of it was the wife laws which .Amphiftyon,
Solon, and !,\curgus, had ellablillicd in (jriece. Hut we mull now leave this na-
tion, whofe hilioiy, both civil and philofophical, is as important as their territory
was incoiilidtrMble, and turn our alleniion to the Roman allairs, which are more in-
terefting, from the relation in whicii they Ibmd to thole of modern JMirope
DC.
Ihe iluuacter of Romulus, the fountler of tlu- Hoinaii liate, when w»' vi
ew
liiin as the leiuler of a few lawlel's and wandering baiuliiti, ir. an object of ex-
treme inlii^nificance ; but when we conlider him as tiie founder of nn empire
asextenlive as tin- world, and whofe proi;rii"s and decline have occalioned the two
gri nteft revolutions tliat ever Iia|)pened in I'.urope, we lannol he!]) hriiii; iuti-
Tilied in his cfiiulucl. His ilifpoiiiinn was exliemely martial ; and the pohtieal liate
nf Italy, divided into a number of linall but independent diliricts, ullinded a noble
("nld for the difpiay of military talents. Romulus was Kiniinually embroiled with
h
Is ncmliL'oiirs ; ar.tl \var was the only einploynieni l)y wiiu n lie an<l his coinpa-
ricns expected not only to aggiaiuli/e theinleiNes, but even to fubliii. In tl
crn(hn:t ot Ills w.us with llu- iiei;ilil)i)Uiiii
g people, we may obKrve
the \.
le
line 'iiax-
t'TKs by wjiich the Romans afterwards became mailers of the world. Inliead of d
Or"\ing the nations he had fubdued, he united them to the Roman Ihite, wheiebv
Ivome aeqiiiied a new accellioii of ltrenj;lh tVom every war Ihe iiiuiertook, and he-
(aine powerful and populous from that eireumtlanee wlweli ruins and depopnlaieN
other kii!gdo;;is. It the eneniKs, with which In. lonteiided, had, by means of
the art or arms they employed, any ;ul\anlapc, Roimiku; immediately aJNtpted iliai
piaiMice, or the life of that weapon, and iiiijipAed the iniliiaiv fyliem of the Ro-
• Oiympioiioriis .in-l A iiiiiotiiiT fay tl,.if Ailfloilc wa. iIk dif>;iplc vi Soi;ratt> ; l>u!, irom hiiicbiiif, it
aj'i lars liut hu bigi'i I. •, Ttjilit:, iiuJer I'.Mo.
IlKins
.J!/-
' N T R o D U C T r
O N.
4f
•wirh that v.n'n J^ ^""'a. wh,.<.„n,^
""<l ...famous tyranny 7i:''"'r^'^.7^'''"'-/'''>'i.Mu..l to fu pi •7.""''! ''^ "'^- '•^■''-
"mhorily, il,,, „, .1, ""f"'/!" Iliiv,. f„„„. „»,.?•">""""»"?• <'i|t»it.d »■'•■
l"iw. rut rn ' ;■","'':"' ""■'" •" Ih. vl ,,„ '""'"'''I "ilh luprem? S°»-
^ ■""'atl.'. in ,!,,' , ; ""'' ''":*'' «'-^af'"-rs. ""^" '""''•^•'- "-oumrv, they
ii ■ ^ ""' "'il'" ii.'M'.n th-,i,rj.
I.urrd
264.
50
INTRODUCTION.
Ulli'tl twenty llirce year, and uiiifhl tlv; Kmnatu (h>: art u( Ajfhling on ttt« h»,
with wliii li liii-y had Ihiii liillu-rn* uiioc(|uaiii(ui. A CturihuKiiiiim vcilcl wM
wnxkcd (Ml tlu .t ioalt ; thry ufcd it lot a iiukIrI, in three monlht fitted out •
^'^^1 tli'vi, mill ihi- otnCul Diiiliun, uho louuht thrir fttd nitvhi battU-, woa vitht-
rimii*. The IH-Iiaviour (»t' ki*i(tiiki«, tho Koinaii gctirrul, may g'tve u« an idea
of the Ipirit wliii h then uiuinnlvd ihiii |hh)|>Ic. \i\-\u^ (nkin^ priloncr in Africa, he
- I* fint hack i>n hit paruU-, to lu■^ociatc n chaiigo ut pril'oni'rs. He inaintaiita
•<•! '" ''"' '^'"'"''' •'^*' pf'prii'ty «if that law, wliich cut olf froni thofo why fitf*
fered thcmfclw -. to be taken, all ho|)ci of beioK f>^v>:ii, and returni to a cer-
lain de (ih.
Nt'iiluT wa« Cnrthngc, though corrupted, (U-ficienI in great num. Of alt tha
enrmiest the Kornano had to contend with, llunnihal wat the moll inflaxiblr and
dan|ierou8. liiM father Kaniikar had indiilnrd un extivnic hatred to the Roniani,
and having fettled the intetUnc truid)leN >>( hi« country, he embraced an early o\y.
Iiortunity tu iiiAiire his fon, though but luiun year* old, with )ii» own feiitiment<.
•'or thu purpoU- he ordered a foleinn facrificc tu bo olfercd tu Jupiter, and leading
hiii fun to the ultur, niked him whether lie W4» willing to attend him in Ium cxpc-
dition ngninf) the Romani -, the cuurageoui boy n«it onfv cunfcnted tu go, but con<
jured hia father by the gods iirefent, to form him to vittory, and teach ttim the art
of curu|uering. 'Utat I will joyfully do, replied Humilear, and with all the care
of a father who loves you, if you will fwear upon the altar tu be an eternal enenif
(o the Romani. 1 lannibal readily complied ; and thv folemnit^ of the ceremony,
and the facrednefs of the oath, made fuch an iinprclliun upon hii mind, as nothing
^ afterwards could elface. Being appointed general, at twenty-five yean c>f
»i8. *8''' ''^' t''^*'^** *''*•• Kbro, the Pyreneei, iind the Alpu, and unexpetkdiy fnlli
down upon Italy. The lof« of four battles threaten* the fall of Rome. Sicil/
lidos with the conuucror. Hieronymus, king of Syracufe, declares againll the
RoniuuN, and almolt all Italy abandonsi thum. In this extremity Rome owed its
prefervation to three great men. Fubius Maximus, defpifmg popular clamour,
and the military ardour of his c«)untrymen, declines coming to an erigaf^ement.
The llrength ot Rome has time to recover. Man cllus raifes the liege vt Nola,
taken Syracufe, and revives the drooping foirits of his troops. The Romans ad-
mired the charader of thefe great men, out faw fomething dill fupcriur in the
young Scipio. The fuccefs of this young hero cunftrmed the popular upinion, that
he was of divine origin, and held cunverfc with the gmU. At the age of
four-and-twenty, he Hies into Spain, where both his father and uncle hud
lull their lives, attacks New Carthage, and carries it at the firll allanlt.
Lpon his arrival in Africa, kings fubmit to him, Carthage trembles in her turn,
and fees her armies defeated. Hannibal, li\teen years vitlorious, is in vnin
called home to defend his country. Carthage is rendered tributary, gives
hullnges, and engages never to make war, but with the confcnt uf the Uo
mans.
After the conmiell of Carthage, Ronu* had iiiconliderabic w.nrs but great viclo-
riebi before this time its wars were great, and its viduries incunlidcrable. At tliis
tifne the world was divided, as it were, into two parts -, in the one fought the Ro-
mans and Carthaginians ; the other was agitated by thole quarrels which had latUd
finee the death ot Alexander the Great. Their fcene of action was (irecce, Kgypt,
and the Eall. 'I he Hates of (ireece had once more difengagid tluinlclves from a
iortign yoke. '1 hey were divided into three confederacies, the Ktoliaiis, Achean.,,
and Beotians; each of thefe was an atlociation of free cities, vvliieh had aliunbiie^
and magillrates in contnion. The kings of Macedon maintained tl at fuperiority,
which, in ancient times, when the balance of power was little attended to, a great
prince i.atiiralN pi:lelKd over hi» neighbours. I'hilip, the reigning monarch, had
/ rer.dcied
U.C.
3 1 9,
B.C.
aoi.
INTRODUCTION
II
tfnAttfA himfclf oAktut tA the Cit^kt, hy dim* unpoptitur nwd tyrannical ArMi
il)f Ktollan* wrrt nwtrt irriiiitttt > »nA hciirinc ihr fnme of thci Knmiiti arnn, callinl
Ow-m Into (;rr*f*, unA nvrname Philip l»y ihcir mMUntrr. Th* tiflory, hnwfvri^
chiefly rrdoutxWd to lh<> advantagr nt iKt Komant, The Mucrdoniaii ^utt\(ttm
were obliged to evacuat« (irettf -, th« citka wrrr all declared fret » but Philip
became a tributary to the RonwH)*, and the ftaten of Urr^'r^ became their de|N!n«i>
«nt«. The Ktoliant, difrovi^rinc ihfir firO vtpit, cmlmvoiircd to remedy it \rf
aiHithor Hill mt>re dnntrroiiH to Inemfolvet, an<i morr advantiigcoiK lo thr Koiunna,
An they had tnllrd tH«' Komnn<i into (>recte to defend thi<nt ngainl^ king Philip^
Iht y now hiviicd Antiochun, king of Syria, to defend them ugainl) the Roman*.
The famotii llnnnihal too had rrmrfe to the fame |>ritH-(<, who wii< at thit titntf
flu* iniHl powrrfol monnrrh in the Knt Hut AtitioilMis difl not follow bit advicn
Ai miH h ai that of the Kinliana \ for, inrtead of renewing ilx war in Italy, whrra
Hnnnibal, from ex)vrrirni e, judged the Knmani to be nioit vulnerable, \n land^tl iti
f jreeee with a fmnll body of troo|M, and being overeome without dlHiculty, Hod
over into Alk. In this war the KoiTMnt made u7e of Philip for ooitqueriiig Antii><
cbu», a<i they had before r^one of the Kloliona for con(|m'ring Philip. 'I hey now
purfuf Antiochu«, the Inft obieU of their rcfentmcnt, into Alia, and. having
vnm|uilh(><l him by foa and land, compel him to lubmit to n dil>{r,«< eftn ' '
iruaty.
In regulating the conquered countric*, thu Komnni allowed the ancient inhabi-
tant! to retain tneir poflellion* ; they did not even change the form of govertunont ;
the comiuered natinni beu»me the allien of the Roman people, whicn <len<in>iiui-
tion, under a fi>eciou» nnme, concealed a condition very fervile, and inferred thaf
they (liould fubniit t<i whatever was rei^uired of them. When wc rcHecl on thc'fe
cafy conquefli, we have reaf<m to be nltunilhe<l at tlw reliftanco which the Ronmna
met with from Milhridatei king of Pontun, for the fpaoc of twenty'nx year*. But this
monarch had great rcfourccs. I lid kingdom, bordering on the inaccetTdile nioun-
laiiis of CaucaiuH, abounded in a race ot men, v/hofe muuU were not cr
jilottftire, and whofe bodies were firm and vigorous
wl
L-nervated by
The difTerenf ftntei of Greece and Alia, wlm now begin to feel the weight of
ilu-ir yoke, but had not a fpirit to Ihnke it otf, wore traniported at rinding a prince,
u bo dnrrd to Ihew hinifelf an rnemy to the Romans, and cheerfully fubmitcd to
bis paitodion Milhridates, however, nt lall was compelled to yield to thtf
fiipc rior fortitnr of Rome. Vaiupiilhed fucceirively by Sylla ami l.uculluR, ho
vlii-i lit len<»th fiibdued by l*om|»ey, and dripped of his duminions and of his life, in
the year B. (-. ^v '" Africa, the Roinntt arms met with equal fucccfi. Marius,
ill conquering Jugurtha, made all I'ecure in that quarter. Kven the barbarous
nations beydiul the Alps began to teel tlic weight of the Roman arnw. ,q(,|
(iailin Narhoiionlis hnd been reduced into a provmce. 'Ihe Cimbri, 'IVu-
I'uics, and other northern nations of Kurope, br(»kc into this pjirt of the empire.
Tbe fame Muriii;, uhofc nnmi' was fo terril>le in Al'ric.i, then carried terror ■
into (iaul. The Harbaiians, lel\ furmiilable than the KiMOiin le^^ion-*, retired '^^'
to their wiids and deferfs. Bui wliile Rome coiKmeml ibc world, there fub-
lidcd an eternal war within her walls. 'This warivnl liihlilled from the firll perimls
of the government. Ilie deftvmlants of the feii.Ttors, who were dillinguillied by
the name of Patricians, were inverted with I'o inniiy odious pri\ ilej>es, that the pen-
|<le felt their dependence, and became determined to ihakc it oft. A thouraiid dif-
putcs on this fubjetl iirofe betwixt them and the Patricians, which always termi-
nated in favour of liberty.
Thefe difputes, while the Romnns nreferved their virtue, were not marked with
bloo«l. The Patricians, who loved iieir country, clieei hilly parted with fome of
their privile»<'» to fatisfy the people
and the pct>ple, on the other hand, tli ui^lt
J I i ihcy
f.
|i INTROnUCTIOM.
Ihry otilnined taw*, hy ^^)^\^h ih« y mlnhi Uv mtMiiili'tl to «'iijt>y lh<* firrt .ifTiioi of
the lliiti-, iind ilmuKd llu-y htul llw powrcr iit iiiHitiiiulHHi, nIvvu)* iiniiUil I'^itii iiiiu.
Htir \>tuii ilii K'liiiaiu, hv tdv* i^<nii|iiclk nl torriKii Mnliun*. ttvAUiiitf Hii|tuiiiilr(l
Willi thrir liixiiri-"» mill ri'fiii»iiu'iit» » wIumiiIv Ik. ifm iaiiilr<l wiili tlic < lliriiU
nut y niiil ii>rrti|iii<it) oi llic I'ulii rti tourt*, iiiul Ijhiii, d v\ nli i\.iy iliing |ul) uiiil
liiitHMirabU-, ill iinUr lo obluin ihciii, ihi lluli', lorii hy tli< iiiii.nu ttilWii*) iu
mcinliiT^, nnd wiitiDiil virtue <iti ciilur liilc, iHiHtiu* it |>rc\ i" tti own iliililrcn.
Il«'iui- ilu' Ulfiiiily li'tliiton* of \Uv (>rtKilii, nliiih iiuvcil iltr wiiy (or an iiu-xlin*
[[iii|IkiI>U' liiitri'tl iKiwfcti ilii- iKiUli^ iiiiti iniiiiituii*, unti iiiitUt' it uafy lor uiiy lur-
itilci I (U'iMii((>i^iic, or prouil iidtriviuii, lo iiiHtntu' llntii l>t (>uirn|{i.'. 'Iliv love of
lilt ir I iiiiDlry vv.ii imw mi iinirc lliuii u Iptt iou» iiiimc i ilu' liitiir f'lrl wiTo loo
wcullhy niul illcminnU' to I'tiliinil lo the ri^ourt ol (lil'ci|>liiic, nn<l ilif loUUr*, loin-
{tol'i'd of' ihc drrg* o( tin n-ptililic, wi-r« no longer ciiiicni. I luy hud liitlf rciiivct
iir any )>ui thiir cuiniiiaiuU r i tuiUirhiH haiiiu r ihcy t'oiighl, i oii(|iu'ri'il, and pliiii-
diTi-d. Hi' tiii^hl Kitiiiiiaiid lluni to cimIiuic iIm ir li;iiiiU in the IiIihmI o| iIu ir
i'liiintr). 'I'lu's wliK kiU'W no lountrv Imi tin- < .iin|>, .iiid no inillinnty luit tlmi ul'
tUvir gi-nctiil. wtfi; t-Nir rtail) !•• olic) liitn jln- nuilti|ilii ity o| ilu- Koiimii loii-
qikIN, however, vvhuh rr(|tiired ihrir keriiiiiK on to4>l leveral ariiiie* at the fanie
ttnii', returtU'tl the iultveriion ut' tlie re|iut)lK. Thele urinii t were Co iniiii) ilivckn
U|M«tl| t'a« h ntli. r. liiul il nut lu-en tor the liildietv ul >}lla, Konie would li.i\e liir
rendered it-, lilurty lo the iirniv ut' Maiiii>.
Julius ('afar at length apixart, Hy tiiluluin^ the (laiiU, he gained hi» country
I. C.
Ill I
ovirtlu- world; in l.^vpl, in Alia, in Maniiianiu, in Nptiii, in (iiiiil
and in Mritaiii : ioiupieror mi all llti>^, he is ;ii kiw \vUil^< kl inaliir.it Koine, und
B. C.
44-
ig
the tiiull iit'i till ioni|iiell il ever iiinde. Pompey, hin only tival, i» overtonio
the plain> o| IMunt'alia. C\efar iippearv vicloriouv, alnioll ut the fame t
in
ime,
in thr whole vni|iir(. Itrutus and C'atliiis attempt lo give Uonie her lilitri\.
hy l)al>llin^ him in the reiiate-houl'e. lUil lliuu^h they deliver tkie KoiiiiiiiH
oni. It
from the t)r;mny of Jnliiii, the repuhlii dot^ not olii;iin itii fieedi
falU into the luuuN of Mare Anihoiiy ) (.'afar Dclaviaiui^, lu phew to JiiliiiN ('a
- far, wnlh it frtmi him Itv ilu- fealiuhl al Ai'iium, iiiid there is no llrutiis
l.f
iu>r ('ulliu-> to put ill) end to his life. I hofe tikiidt <>( lilieiiy hud killed
themfelves in lU fp.iir -, and CXtavin>, under the tuime of An^llUll)i, and title
eint
-mr, remained the iitulillnthed inallrr of the einpir
\)
nrini'
th< I
e t
, .. ivil
tiiinmotionx, the Romans lUll maintaiiud the k'*»> I'f 'l>^ >' arns unwii.i> diiiani na-
lioih
nd, while it was unknown wlio llmuld he malii r at Uonu
,1,
K
omaiis
weri , wiihoiit difptite, the malKrs ct the world. I heir miliiaiv tliliipliiu and v
lonr iiboliihi (I all the remains of llie l'arlha|;inlan, the I'erlian, the (Jiveian, tl
AH'yrian, and Macedoniiiii >;lory ; ihey were now oiiK a name. No I'ooner. lliere-
fore. was Octavius eDalililhod on the thione, than uinii.illadois, tioni all ipiarurs of
llie known world, crmid to make tluir I'liliioillions. /I.lhiopia Ini s iur peai e , liur
I'ailhians, who had heeii a formidable eiu'iii), eonri his fiiendlhip, |i dia lei ks liin
alliiiiue ; I'annonin ai know ledges him i (ierman) dreads him ; and tlu' U eler rc-
_ ceivis his laws. \ iaunoits hy lea and land, he ihuls the temple ol Janiis.
'J he wliole jarth lives in pi aee under his power ; and JefusChuU comes into
tl
le world, four \ears In lure ll
)>' i.ommon xra.
liaviii;; tluis trand ilu projrufs of the Koinaii >;overnmen», while it remained a
repuhlie, our plan obliges u» to f.iv a few words with ref;ard to the arts, feienies,
and manners of that pmple. In the infamy of the repuhlii, and even loii>{ after
the innfular j^oyeiinm nt was i liahlilhed, learnint; and ilie arts madi- litile pioj;iels
af lioiiie. Aj;ritnitme, anl the lultr.aiion of arms, priiuipaily i imaged ii , aiten-
linii. A iiiemoraMe proof of this is the edia of Mummius, who, liaMiif; dellroyed
tile city of Corijith, ordered the pictures painted by the moll einineul urtills ot'
b Greeie,
S niT\Vtt of
I'alrit iitit*.
Htl|tlillllli'«l
till' 1 ill mi-
H |iill uiul
II t liililreii.
ill) IIK'Xlilt*
lor uiiy litr-
I lie Utvc of
ri were I»m»
ilk r», t Dili*
lull- rdiivCt
, aiul |iliin-
ltd ol (III ir
liiit thiit of
(iiiimit Kill-
It till' r.iniL*
iiiny t lKck\
III li.i\e I'ur
)u* ctnintry
Ik iivcrtiiiui;
lame lime,
), ill (iaiil,
U'liiii', unil
luT hlnriy,
lie KomaiiN
t'lllolU It
i Julius I'a--
, till Uriitun
ud kiileit
. and titlf
111 le eivil
ilhmt na-
Uoiiians
( and va-
k iaii, llu-
u r, lliere-
iiatliri. Ill'
I'.iie , tlio
iVi kt« his
W i ler re-
lit Jaiiii'i.
uiiu'> ititu
■luaiiu'd a
, U ii'iieeH,
1(111^ atur
.• jiii>j;iel;>
[[■> alien-
Idellroyed
lurlills lit'
Giccie,
rNTROnUCTION.
jl
Clrteff, to Xtc rnrrii-d in Home, witli iliin remnrkalile (auiinn, iliat If any vrerc lolt,
llie llii|>-ituilli'r» ihmild nuke kimmI tlie damage N'ur tvne tlie liieiuet in txuttf
m|iM II at Koine. Nnme ol ihe uldell |)liiliiri)|»her« ol (ireeie (oniiiin ihrre in lli«
lime III Clio lite Kldii, ht- ordend litem to depuil tlie iiiy, Ullt lite tnimU of llio
Viiiilli lliiiiilil Ih- (orrttpted liv |iliilo|'i)|>)i)r. I hey IimI liir tt ImiK feriei ol \viir* iiu
\Milirti lu\v^ al K<iiti<' : till lie III Solon, ItroiiKhl tVotn (ireete, gave liirin to lli«
Ihm» ol' llie ivvehe lul>le« There eonlliluled llie livil law ol' ilic Komaii«, Tiny
were uherwiinU i-nlnrKed li) v4iiou<i (lixree* ut' thd t'eiiule, urdern '>l° the |K«u|»le,.
und edifN ol the ptalort.
Alter the dt llrutlimi of C«rthu|{e, and ihe lluie* of (*retfec, when the Komani
had no iival to tear, llu y applied tli>'mfelve<i to (iilli\ule the attt ol' peitee. tho
I iiriotis n III
iiimt rif (iniian in.igmliieme whit h w*-re I'enI to H
oitie in
fpired
them with a deliri ol' imitiMing loih |K-rleM iiiodeU. >\ halt ver wa<irle|fnn' wliat<
ever wa» ( tirii)vi», whatever win lieaiitil'id, miuhl lie ' )nfnl''-d without t. iihic or
e)v|K-iK'e. Hill the Konuni, iIuhiuIi imiloiililedly gre.. i uriilli, never omialled llio
timllieit iiiikIi U III' thi ir mall>'i« V.liMpirnt » hnd heer lonu liiidied in Konie, hut
it did Milt riiuh iis j;reatrll height till (ieero ippvand I ii« rutio . are interior
only to thole nl l>eiuollhene%. Ciieri) gave iti ilmpitnte all the grt' i'»of whieh \t
I* tiilteitlilile, wiihont klleiiitig it* digtiiiy and gruviiy. i ie uuve t .dence n\i uar*
iiioiiy to ihe Koinan language, and eiiriehed it with luaiitiet itelore unknown lit).
|HH-try I'l Virgil m eipial to aii\ thing luit the workit ol° lluiiier, whitli lit .. r d ti>
rival, iliit il \ irgti led lliort ol llunur, lloraii- extelled all that went Ik I ire him
in hi« fatires tind ip, tiles liii odek have not indeed the mujell) . ' Uililimity (if
Finditr ; Imi they alxiinid in heaiities -, a delitaty nl' lentinienl, ( (iiio> t|| luirnioni*
oils lluw 111' verle, and (he nxil) lively images, loiueveil in the eurr ruit .itnguuge.— «
In liilloriaiis, Kome alio ahoiindeil , and till l.ivy apinared, ^aliull w.is phuvtl at
their head. Hi* great wmk has iKiillud, htit m the pit tes happily prelcrved,
hii (It leriptions, his ihatactem, his huiaiigiKs, arc (i|ually heuul Uil ( he I'lii-
iH\'tU alike in alh nothing tan he atlded to tluir lorte, Ipirit, una elmpience.
(.ivy \% one of thole lew writers wliti have rendered their namcH imiiiorlal,
'Ihroiighniii his whole hilloiy tlurc reigns iiti eliiipuiite perlect in eviiy kind.
Hi:. Ilvie, though varied to iiitiuity, is every wlure eipial i limple without nu.in-
iiels i elegant \^ilhoul alie^latiuii i uniting fweetnet's wiih llreiiglh. Tacitus ilitl
not Itiiuritli till attirihe reiipi ol' Angiillu:ii nor ha^ hi* llvie tlie purity ot° the
wriuri in that ag. ut literary tom|K'titii>n. 'The part id' his hillorv wliith tmi-
taiiiH Ihe rei^ii ol' I ilnrius, has alvvavs luxn tonlidered as his nialler-piece.
Iherewas no tieielliiy lor the ahililies o( a great wrili r to p.iint llir \iti» of
Caligula, tile llupiditv ut Claudius, or the erucltit ut Nero ; hut to write tlu?
'ilt
it I ih
leriiis ret|Uired the getiuiH ol liuitUH, wl
lid
unravel
ill tl
le 111-
tiigiies of the eahiiiet, alligii the real taul'es of events, iiid withdraw the veil ol'
pt
ion. w
hieh eniui aliil Imin tliee\»s ot' the piihlie the rtal motives of iit
tjon. I'll!' KuMiaiis never applied themleUes greativ to philolnph} l.utielius
who dt livete<l in Ipiriud verlitieation the opiiiu,: i ot I'.pieuius, is \\\k nnlv phili
fopi
UT, exee
pt C
i(t r(
>, whul'e writir.f;s are v. .tliy of Itudv. In tragedv, thi.
Uoiiums never produced anything that 'at. l)ear the leall eomparil'i'ii witli tin
immortal writers of {Jreete, .I'.liliyhis, h'.uripides, and .SophutUM \i ilie lie.ul
it tl
Kir eoiiiie writers.
I'laut
us aiit
Terenee are juillv plaeeil ; hut lu itlur were
pollelled of the r/.( /o«/(,/, or livii) vein ul luuiuiur, wliieh is eH'iiitial to imneiK,
mid whiih dillinguilhes the wriliiigs of tlie eoiiuc poets of Greece, and of our
.Shakl
W
leare.
e now rt
turn to our hilhiry, and are arriveil at .nn lera, whicli pfi feiiLs lis wiili
a fit (if iiiiiilK rs, utuler the name of emperors, whole tranf.uii >ns dilijiaie luim.iii
iiattre. They did nut indeed abolilli llic forim ot the Koiiian lepuiilK, though
thev
5*
I N T R u u c r I O N.
rficy ^x>fftd|iiitlK»(l it* Hbfrfies ; nml While thdy cnflaved aiid opnreffed their fubjefli,
lliey (lu'iilu'Ivci were the* flrtvtfu at their foldiers. Rome, from tnc time of Aiigudut,
bciiiine the mod dcfpotic cniph"e that ever fublifted in Europe ; and its aflTairs were
generally direft«^d ^ith cnpticc and cruelty. But the lift of the firft Caefart ii
adorned by the nnrtle o( n Titus : and a fucceirion of wife and good princes bright-
ens the fecond century of t!ie Chriftian iCra.
VMu'ii it is faid that the Roman republic conquered the World, It is only meant
of the civilized part of it, chieHy in Greece, Carthage, and Alia. A more dithcult
talk nil! reinuinod for the cmpcrori, to fubdue the barbarous nations of Europe:
the (Jcrnians, the (Jauli*, the Hritons, ahd cTen the remote inhabitants of Scotland.
I'hi'le natrons, thougl> rude and igrtorant, were brave and Independent. It Was
rnlhcf from the fupcriority of their difcipiine than of their courdgO, that the Romans
gained any advantage over them. '1 he Roman wars with tnc Germans are de-
Icribed by Tacitus, and from his accounts, though a Roman, it is eafy to difcovcr
with what bfavcry they fought, and with what reluctance they fubmitted to a fo-
reign yoke. From the obftinate t-eliUance of the Germans, we may judge of the
difficulties thtf Romans nut with in fiibduing the other nations of Europe. The
lontcfts wcic oh both Ude.'i bloody ; the countries of Europe were fucceflivcly laid
%Vafte, the inhabitants perilhcd in the field, many were carried into flavery, and but
a feel)Ic remnant fubmitted to the Roman nower. This (ituation of affairs was cx-
fromelv luifavourable to the hapjiinefs < lukind. The barbarous nations, indeed,
from tficir intercourfe with the Romans, .-iquired fome taile for the arts, fciences,
language, and manners of their new matters. Thefe, however, were but mifcrable
coniolations for the lofs of liberty, for being deprived of the ufe of their arms, for
being o\'er,nwed by mercenary foldiers kept in pay to reftrain them, and for being
ilelivercd over to rapacious governors, who plundered them without mercy.
'I'he Roman emj)irc, now Itretched out to fuch an extent, had loft its fpring and
force. It contained within itfelf the feeds of diflblution ; and the violent irruption
of the Coths, Vandals, 1 luns, and other barbarians, haftened its deftruftion. 'I'hefe
fierce tribes, who came to take vengeance on the empire, either inhabited the parts
of Germany which had never been fubducd by the Romans, or were fcattered over
the vaft countries of the north of Europe, and north-weft of Alia, which are now in-
habited l)V the Danes, the Swedes, the Poles, the fubjetts of the Rutfian empire,
Hfu! the 'lartars. 'I'hey were drawn Ironi their native country by that reftlcfl'ncfs
which aituates the minds of Barbarians, and makes them rove from home in qucfl
of plunder, or new fettlements. The tirft invaders met with a powerful reliftance
from the fiipciior difcipiine of the Roman legions; but this, inftead of daunting
men of a ftrong and impetuous temper, only roufed them to vengeance. 'I'hey re-
turned to their companions, ai(|uaint thom with the unknown convenicncies and
luxuries that abounded in countries better cultivated, or blcfled with a milder cli-
mate than their own ; they accpiaint lliem with the battles they had fought, or
tlie friends they had loft, anil warm them with refentnunt agninti their opponents.
(Jreat bodies of armed men, with their wivis and children, and flaves and Hocks,
iifucd forth like reijuiar colonii s, in qiiclt of new fettlements. New adventurers fol-
lowed tliem. The lands which they delerled Were o( tui>ied by more remote tribes
of Barbarians. 'I'hefe in tluir turn pulhed forward into more fertile countries, and
like a torrent continually increafln;;, rolled on, and (wept every thing before them.
V\ liercver the Barbarians marched, their route was marked with blood. They ra-
vaged or dcftvoyed nil around tlietu. 'Ihcy made no <liftinction between what was
facred, and what was jinjlauc. They rcfpcded n<> age, or fex, or rank. If a man
Wi\s (ailed to (ix upon the period in the hiftory of the world, diirin!; which the icn-
dition of the lunnaii raei; w.ns u\v{\ calamitous and afflicted, he Wdiild, withoiu he-
fitation, name that which elajtfed from the death of 1 heodolius the (ireat, A. D.
395-
INTRODUCTION.
55
39 j, to the cAabliflimcnt of the Lombarda iq Italy, A. D. nji. Tivc contcmfoxary
authors, who beheld that fcenc of dcfolation, labour, and are at alofs for oxprcflioos
todefcribe the liorror of it. Tktfcourge of God, tkt d^raytr ofuatious, are the dread-
ful epithets by which they diilinguilh the moll noted ot the barbarous leaders.
Conftanlinc, wlu) was emperor in the beginning of the fourth century, and who
had embraced Cluilliaiuty, changed the feat of umpire from Rome to Coa-
ilttntinople. In tonftrquence of this event, the weftern and caftern provinces '^'
were feparated fruni each other, and governed by diOcrent fovereigni, as in-
dependent empires. The withdrawing the Roman legions from the Rhine and the
Danube to the Eail, threw down the wcdern barriers of the empire, aud laid it
open to the invaders.
Rome, weakened by this divifion, becomes a prey to the barbarous nations. lx%
ancient glory, vainly deemed immortal, is cfiaced, and Odoaccr, a Barbarian chief-
tain, is U*ated on the throne of the Ca:fars. But the immenfe fabric of the
Roman empire was the work of many ages, and feveral centuries were em- ?.',?'
ploved in dcmolilhing it. The military difcipline of the ancient Romans,
which was not yet totally forgotten or ncgle£tcd, might have rendered them fupci ior
to their enemie;., had it not been for the vices of their emperors, and tlic univerfal
corruption of manners among the people.
Towards the clofe uf the lixth century, the Saxons, a German nation, were maf-
tersof the fouthcrn, and more fertile provinces of Britain ; the Franks, another tribe
of Germans, of Gaul; the Goths, of Spain; the Goths and Lombards, of Italy.
Scarcely any veftige of the Roman policy, jurifpnulence, arts, or literature remained.
New forms of government, new laws, new manners, new drefles, new languages,
and new names of men and countries, were every w}u:re introduced.
From this period, till the 1 5th century, Europe exhibited a pi£ture of mod me-
lancholy Gothic barbarity. Literature, fcicnce, tafte, were words fcarcely in ule
during thefe ages. Perfons of the highefl rank, and in the motl eminent ilations,
could not read or write. Many of the clergy did not underAand the brevity which
they were obliged daily to recite : fome of them could Icarccly read it. The hu-
man mind neglected, uncultivated and dcprelTed, funk into the molt profound ig-
norance. The fuperior judgment of Charlemagne, who, in the beginning of the
9th century, governed trance and Germany, with part of Italy; and Alfred the
Great in lijigland, during the latter part of the fame century, endeavoured to dif-
pel this darkncfs, and gave their fubjetts a ftiort giimpfe of light. But the igno-
rance of the age was too powerful for their efforts and inftitutions. The djirknefs
returned, and even increated ; fo that a ftiti greater degree of ignorance aud bar-
barifm prevailed throughout Europe.
A new divilion of property gradually introduced a new fpecies of government
formerly unknown; which lingular ialtitution is now diilinguilhed by the name ot
the Ftudai Syjlem. The king, or general, wlio led the Barbarians to coniiuelt, par-
celled out the lands ci the vaiuiuilhed among his chief othters, binding thofe on
whom they were beS'towed to bear arms in his fervice. The chief ofliccr* imitated
the example of the fovereign, and in dillributing portions of their lands among
tluir dependents, annexed tlie fame condition to the grant; u fyftem admirablv cal-
culated for defence againil the foreign enemy, but which degenerated into a lyllem
of domertic opprellion.
'Ihe ufurpation of the nobles became unbounded and intolerable. They reduced
the great body of the people inio a rtatc of attual fervitude. All who were. not fol-
tliers, were ^leaCants, fixed to the foil which they cultivated, and together with it were
tiansferred troni one proprietor to another, by i'ale or by conveyance. Every offend-
ed baron, or chieftain. Inickled tm liis armour, and fought redrefs at the head of
his vulliilb. His udverfuricb met him in like hufiilc urtuy. The kiadivd ;uh1 de-
pvndenis
56
INTRODUCTION.
A. D.
J301.
pendents of the aggri'lTor, ns well as of the defender, were involved in the quarrrf.
rhey had not even the liberty of remaining neuter.
The monurchs of Europe perceived tli'.- encroachments of their nobles with impa-
tience. In order to create fomc power that miglit counterbalance thofe poti-i»t
Auifals, who, while the^ cnflaved the peoplr, controlled or gave law to the crown,
A plan was adopted ot conferring new pi iviUges on towns. 'Ihefe privileges abo-
Jillied all marks of fervitude ; and the inhabitants of towns were formed into cor-
porations or bodies politic, to be governed by a council and magiftrales of their
own nomination.
The acquilition of liberty foon produced a happy change in the condition of m.nn-
kiiul, and a fpirit of indultry revived; commerce became an objett of attention, and
began to flourifli.
Various caufes contributed to revive this fpirit of commerce, and to renew iIk*
intercourfe between ditferont nations. Conilantinople, the capital of the eaflern or
Greek empire, had efcaped the ravages of tlie (ioths and Vandals, who overthrow
that of the Weft. It was llill a learned and a commercial city ; and the crufades,
which were begun by the Chrillian powers of Europe with a view to drive
1006 *''^ Saracens from Jerufalem, having opened a communication between liu-
rope and the Ealt, Conilantinople became the general place of rendezvous
for the Clirirtian armies, in their way to Paleftine, or on their return from thence.
Though the objetl of tlKfe expeditions were conqueft, and not commerce, and
though the ilTue of them proved unfortunate, their commercial eft'ccts were both
benehcial and permanent.
Soon at'ter the clofe of the holy war, the mariners compafs was invented,
which facilitated the communication between renwte nations, and brought
them nearer to each other. The Italian Hates, particularly thofe of Venice
tind Genoa, Ix'gan to eflablilh a regular commerce witli Egypt, and to draw from
tlience the rich produttions of India. 'Ihefe commodities they difpofed of to great
julvantage among the other nations of Europe, who began to acquire fome taue of
elegance, unknown to their predecclfors, ordefpifed by them. During the 12th and
13111 centuries, the commerce of Europe was almod entirely in the hands of the
Italians, more commonly known in thele ages by the name of Lombards. Com-
1)anies, or focielies of Lombard merchants lettled in every different kingdom ; they
)ecame the carriers, the manufadurers, and the bankers of Europe. One of theu'
companies fettled in London ; and from hence the name of Lombard-ftrcet wiis
■derived.
While the Italians in the fouth of Europe cultivated trade with fuch induftry
and fuceefs, the fame purfuit began in the North towards the middle of the thir-
teenth century. As the Danes, Swedes, and other nations around the Baltic, were
;it that time extremely barbarous, and infclted that fea with rheir piracies, this ol)-
liged the cities of Lubec and Hamburgli, foon alter they had begun to open foiue
trade with the Italians, to enter into a league of mutual defence, 'lluy derived
fuch advantages ftk)n» this union, that other towns acceded to their contederacv ;
and, in a (hort time, eighty of the molt conliderable cities, fc;;ttered through tliofo
large countries of Gerniaiix iid Flanders, which llretch from tlie bottom of tiie
Baltic, to Cologne on the Kbine, joined in an alliance, called the Umfeatic Lea^uf ;
wl)ich bccanie fo formidable, that its alliance was eourtetl, and its enmity w;is
.tlieaded by the grcatelt monarchs. TIh: members of thi.s powerful allociation
formed the firll r\iiein;itic plan of commerce known in t'ie 'niddle ages, and con-
<ltitted it by common laws enacted in their gefieral aflemblies. Iluv tiipplied the
rell of Europe with nav;U (lores ; and pitched on iliderent towns, the nidlt tinimiU
<if which was |}ru};es, in Flanders, where fluy ellablilhed ftaples, in wiiieh their
y carried on, '1 hither tiie Lombards brouglit the i»roduc-
tiuns
(.oumierce was regular
INTRODUCTION.
57
ihc quarrd.
with impa-
lofe potoMt
the iTown,
viU'gi's aho-
L>d into cor-
itos ot" their
tion of man-
tent ion, and
1 renew tin:
10 eallern or
o overthrew
he cruCades,
iew to drive
jctween liu-
" rendezvous
Voni thence,
mierce, and
Is were both
as invented,
and lirought
i'e of Venice
) draw from
d of to great
foine talte of
he 1 2th and
ands of the
nds. Coni-
ijdom ; thiMT
-)ne of thefc
-ftrcet waa
\c]\ indiiftry
lot the lliir-
haitic, were
|es, this ol)-
ojien lonie
ru V derived
|)iite(leracy ;
roii^h tiiole
Itoni of tiic
[til- League ;
I'Minity was
I allociation
I, ami con-
mplied the
|lt einiiKiit
liich their
lie produc-
tions
tions of India, together with th. manufa^lurei of Italy, and exchanged thcni for the
more bulky, but not Icfs ufc iii commodities of the Noith.
As Bruges became the ceniic of communication between the Ixtmbards and
Hanfcatic merchants, the Flemings traded with both in that city to fuch extent as
well as advantage, as difTufcd among them a general habit of indudry, which long
rendered Flanders and the adjacent provinces the moft opulent, the moft populoui,
and bed cultivated in Europe.
Struck with the Hourifliing ftate of thefe provinces, of which he difcovered the
true caufe, Edward III. of England endeavoured to excite a fpirit of in-
duftry among his own fubje^ls, who, blind to the advantages of their rttua- •
tion, and ignorant of the iource from which opulence w.i8 dellined to flow '^****
into their country, totally negletlcd commerce, and did not even attempt thofe
manufactures, the materials of which they furniflied to foreigners, by alluring
FIcmith artifans to fettle in his dominions, as well as by many wife laws for the
encouragement and regulation of trade, he gave a beginning to the woollen maiiu-
fattures of England j and firft turned the active and entcrpriling genius of his peo-
ple towards thofe arts which have raifed the Engliih to tlie firft rank among com-
mercial nations.
The Chriftian princes, alarmed at the progrefs of their inveterate enemies the
Turks, endeavoured to gain the friendlhip and atliftance of the khans of Tartary.
The Chriftian embaflies were managed chieHy by monks, who, impelled by zeal
and undaunted by difticulties and danger, found their way to the remote courts of
thefe infidels. 'I he Englith philoibpher, Roger Bacon, was fo iiiduftrious as to col-
lect from their re':;tions, or traditions, many particulars of the Tartars, wliicii a;e
to be found in Purchas's Pilgrim. The firft regular traveller, of the monkith kind,
who committed his difcoveries to writing, was John du Plant Carpin, who, with
fome of his brethren, about the year 124O, carried a letter from pope Innocent to
tile great khan of Tartary, in favour of the Chrillian fubjetts in that prmce's exteniiw
dommions. Soon after this, a Ipirit of travelling into Tartary and India became
general ; and it would be no difficult matter to prove that many Europeans, about
the end of the fourteenth century, ferved in the armies of Tamerlane, one of the great-
eft princes of Tartary, whofe conqucfts reached to the moft remote corners of In-
dia J and that they introduced into Europe the ufe of gunpowder a'nd artillery ; the
difeovery made by a German chemift being only partial and accidental.
After the death of Tamerlane, who, jealous ot the riling power of the Turks, had
checked their progrefs, the Chriftian adventurers, upon their return, magni-
fying the vaft riches of the Eaft Indies, infpired their countrymen with a dc- ^' ^'
lire of failing thither. The Portuguefe had long been diftinguilhed b^ their ''*°^'
application to maritime aftairs; and to their dilcovery of the Cape ot Good Hope,
Great Britain is to this day indebted for her Indian commerce.
The firft adventurers contented tliemfelves with fliort voyages, creeping along
tlie coart of AtVica, dilcovering cape at'ter cape ; but by making a gradual progreft
loulhward, \'af([uez de (iama, in the year 1497, firft doubled the extreme cape,
which opened a pallhge by lea to the caftern ocean, and all thofe countries known
by the name of India, China, and Japan.
While the I'ortuguefe were intent upon a paflage to India by the caft, Columbus,
a native of Genoa, conceived a project of failing thither by thv- weft. His prt)pofaI
being condemned bv his countrymen as chimerical and abfurd, lie laid his fchemes
fuccetnvely before tlie courts of France, England, and Portugal, whore he had no
better fiicci. fs. Such repeated difappointments would have broken the fpirit of
any man but Columbus. The expedition required expeiue, and he had nothing
to defray it. Spain was now his only refource, and there, alter eight years attend-
;i;ice, he at lenjjlli I'uctcedcd through the inteiell of queen Ifabella. This princef*
I was
y
gi INTRODUCTION.
was prcvaifcd on to natronifc him, by the reptcfbntations of juan Viitt, guardinn
of the monalKTy of Kabida. He was a man of conliiU;rnble lenriling, and bf fflm«
credit with queen Ifabella ; and bfing warmly attached to C6limibii<), from his per-
fonal acquaintance with him, and knowledge of his merit, he had entered into an
accurate examination of that great man's proictt, in conjunction with a phyfici&n,
fettled in his neighbourhood, who was eminent for his Ikill in nuithematick*.
'ibis inveftigalion completely fatisfied them of the folidity of the principle's
im which Columbus founded his opinion. Perez, therefore, fo ftrongiy recom-
mended it to queen Ifabella, that (he entered into the fchcme, and even gcneruully
offered, to the honour of her fox, to pledge her own jewels, in order to raife as
much money as might bo required in making preparations for the voyage. But
Santangel, another Iriend and patron of Columbus, immediately engaged to advance
the requilitc fum, that the queen might not be reduced to the nccelfity of having
recourle to that expedient.
Columbus now iet fail the 3d of Auguft, anno 1492, with three (hips, upon one
of the mort adventurous attempts ever undertaken by man, and in tile fate of which
the Inhabitants of two worlds were intcreftcd. In this voyage he had many dilficul-
ties to contend with ; and his failors, who were often difcontcnted, at length began
to infift upon h's return, threatening, in cafe of refufal, to throw him overboard :
but the firmnefs of the commander, and the flifoovery of land, after a palTage of
33 days, put an end to the commotion. From the appearance of the natives, he
joundi to his furprife, that this could • '•' be the Indies he was in queft of, but
that he had fortunately difcovercd a nevv world, of which the reader may fee a
circumdantial account in that part of the following work which treats of America.
Europe now began to emerge out of that darknefj into which fhe had been funk
Imce the fubverlion of trie Roman empire. Learning awoke from her flum-
j' • bcr of near twelve centuries, and the Inhabitants of Europe became another
people. The art of printing, which fnreads with fuch rapidity from country
to country the wifdom and follies of mankind, was invented : artillery and engi-
neering made a rapid progrefs, and totally changed the operations of war. Every
maritime nation fitted out Hccts for making difcoveries, and the whole world be-
came conne£ted by commerce. The reformation in religion reftored liberty to
genius ; the human mind was rcleafed from the (hackles of fuperftttion, which had
long lilenced rcafon. 'ITic arts and fcicnccs began to be cultivated, literature was
ellcemcd ; commerce was every day improved, and riches from many diftant fources
flowed into Europe. But the powers of the human mind arc unfolded only by (low
degrees. Many prejudices wore to be removed, many abufes corrected, and many
difhcliies furmounted, belorc the fciences could appear in their genuine lulfre.
Truth and beauty feem indeed to furround mankind ; but they are clifregardcd till
j)roperly difplayed. The veil murt be withdrawn from the face of nature, before
her genuine graces can be difccnu-d. A fuccellion of great geniufes is neced'ary
to explore the hidden paths of true philofophy.
The firft ftudies that engaged mankind at the revival of learning, were languages
and hiftory. Memory was the firft faculty cultivated ; becaufe the molt ealily fa-
tistied, and the knowledge it procures the moll calily attained. Hence proceeded
that fwarm of fcholars, fo deeply (killed in the learned languages, as to neglect
their own ; and who lludicd every thing in the ancients but their graces. An in-
ventive genius is always diffatisfied with its own province ; becaule it fees much
farther than it reaches; and the molt penetrating minds often find in themlVlves a
fecret rigorous judijo ; which the approbation of others may (iiencc for a while,
but can never totally corrupt. W'c need not therefore be fiirprifed that thefe fcho-
l:iis Ihoiild boaft fo highly of their (lender attainments in a llyle often ridiculous,
and fometiTnes barbarous. ,
7 ' • But
1 of fnme
n his per-
A into an
>hylician.
ematlck*.
principles
ly rccoiTj-
reneroully
[o raifc m
age. But
o advance
of Imving
, upon one
e of wliich
ny difficul-
igth began
overboard :
paflTage of
nativis, he
ueft of, but
: may fee u
f America,
d been funk
m her flum-
smc another
rom country
y and cngi-
var. Every
Ic world be-
ll liberty to
\, which had
[craturc was
(ant fourccs
mly by flow
,, and many
luine luUrc.
egardcd till
iturc, before
is nccclVary
|c languages
lill cafily fa-
procecded
Is to neglect
Ics. An in-
It fees much
IhcniiVlvcs a
for a while,
thefe fcho-
ridiculoiis.
But
INTRODUCTION jf
- But tht« fgndnefa for \\\e ancient, and ncglc£l of the modern languages, did' not
long continue, llic learned were ftutn convinced that beautiful thoughts lo(l no-
thing by being cluathod in a living language ; and hence the]r endeavoured to ox-
|)reU in their own tongues, what the ancients had delivered ip tltcirs, 'llius thfi
mtagination of the moderns was gradually kindled up by that of the ancients ; and
f>roduced all the noble performances in tnc lall and prcfent centuries in eloquence,
liAory, and poetry.
The arts of elegance «rc fo clofely connef^od with polite learning, that a gcniu/i
ic)r cultivating the one, leads to the improvement of the other. The various works
of the ancients were no fooner careUilly examined, than judicious artills were
liruck with thofe incllimablu models, which had efcaped the fury of Gothic bar-
barity. The forms of Grecian fculpture might be imitated, but could not be fur-
|>alled. Hence Raphael and Michael Angelo brought the arts of deli^^n to a de-
gree of perfection, which has not linve b<en exceeded.
'i'he progrefs of philofophy was much (lower than that of the polite arts. Tlip
face of nature is the primary book of philofophers i and from the lofs of many an-
icieiit works, and the obfc)Uitity of thole which remained, tlic ipoderns were obliged
to (ludy it. Mut ignorance, pr«j,udicc, ^d fuperlUtious bigotry, declared open
war with fcicnce, whofe intereils were upheld by a few extraordinary men, tlnnly
fcattered over Europe, who tranfmitted to poftenty a light too ftrong for the teeble
eves of their contemporaries. In this noble undertaking the Englilh had a j)riii-
cij)al Ihare : at once the champions of liberty and learning. In the profound parts
vt fcience they were never furpad'ed : they demolilhed tlu; fyftems which iinagina-
tion had built on the foundations of fophidry, followed nature through her intri-
cate mazes, and eilablilhed philofophy on the fulid balis of calculation and ex-
periment.
It was in tlie 15th and i6th centuries that the powers of luiropo were formed
into one great political fyftem, in which each took a (lation, wherein it has fince
remained, with lefs variation than could have been expetlcd, after the (hocks oc-
calioned by fo many internal revolutions, and fo many foreign wars, of which wc
have given fomc accoimt in the hillory of each particiiUir (late in the following
work. The great events which happened then, have iv't hitherto fpent their force.
The pt)lilical princijiles and maxims then eilablilhed, ftill continue to operate ; and
the ideas concerning the Iwlance of poyver then introduced, or rpndered general,
ftill inHuencc, in fome degree, the councils of European nations.
f n the north, this balance has been Oiaken of late years by the fucccfsful ambi-
tion of RuHia. But it is j)robable the competition ot fo many rival powers, will
always prevent any one of them from gaining the empire over E\<rope. Their con-
•piefts will be partial and tranfient ; tor the more any kingdom is extended, it be-
comes proportionally the weaker ; and great projefts have not been fo often ex-
ecuted by 1K)W reiterated efforts, as in the courfe of a few years, and fonu'timeshy
;i lingte expedition. A prince may form a deliberate plan of dellroying the liber-
ties of his fubjctts ; he moy proceetl by (low degrees in the execution of it ; and
if he die before it is completed, his fucceilor may purfue limilar fteps, and accom-
})lilh the fatal delign : but external conquefts cannot be concealed. Hence the
alarms they excite, the confederacies they give occaiion to, by wliich the prince
who, by misfortune has been a conqueror, is commonly reduced to the lall extre-
mities. This dottrine, however contrary to the prejudices of a powerful and vic-
torious nation, is one of the befl eilablilhed in llie fcience of politics. It is con-
firmed by examples both ancient and modern. The dates of Greece, in particular,
delivered from the terror of the Perfian iuvalions, exhibit the f;u»e truth in a great
variety of lights. Several of thofe warlike communities imbibed the frenzy of con-
cjuell, and each in its turn was reduced by this frenzy to the utmoft fljifcry and dif-
1 2 trefs.
N
•> -.
V.
I ."^
:.??;
•>>.
6o
INTRODUCTION.
trcfj*. The modern example* arc fo well known, that it is almoft unneceffary to
mention them. Who does not know that the houfc of Aulhia f excited the terror
of all Europe, before it excited the pity of CJreat Britain! }Ind that family never
been the objeft of fear, the empref»-<iueen would never have bcci)nic the onjcil of
companion. France affordi an example not lefs ftriking. 'I'he nerves of th.it
kingdom was drained fo far beyond their llrength, by an ambitious monarch, that
it feemcd unlikely they (ImuM ac«iuire their natural tone in the courfe of thi'* cen-
tury. 'ITie debility of their elTorts in the war of 1 756 proved the greatncfs of the
evil, and the inefficacy of any remedy which was not (low and gradual. It is to be
hoped, for the inlereils of civil focicty, that democratic will prove as unfortunate
as monarchic ambition.
Of all the kingdoms of Europe, Great Britain enjoys the greated profperity
and glory. She ought, therefore, to be the more careful to preforve fo brilliant
an cxiftencc. A groat empire is beft maintained by extreme political cau-
tion, and by moderation even in vi6lory. Some of the wifell men have thought
that the coiujuell of Canada paved the way tor the revolution in America, and the
evils which followed that memorable event ; and which have rebounded with fuch
jud violence on the ambitious country that unwarrantably lent its aid towards the
tliiJQCinbcrmcnt of the Britilh empire.
PART III.
OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF RELIGION.
DEITY is Jin awful objoft, and has ever roufed the attention of mankind, who
being incapable of elevating their ideas to the fublimity of his perfedtion>.,
have too often brought down his perfcdtions to the level of tliei"- own ideas. This
is more particularly true with regard to thofe nations whofc religion had no other
foundation but the natural feelings, and more often the irregular iiatlions, of the
human heart, and who had received no light from heaven relpecling this import-
ant ohjcit. In deducing the hiftory of religion, therefore, we mufi make the fame
dilliiKtion which we have hitherto obfcrved, in tracing the progrefs of arts,
fciences, and of civilization among mankind. We muft feparate what is human
from what is divine, what had its origin from particular revelations, from what is
the efTctt of general laws, and of the unatlilled operations of the human mind.
Agreeably to this dilUn6fion, we find, that in the firft ages of the world, the re-
ligion of the cadern nations was pure and luminous. It rofe from a divine fource,
ami was not then disfigured by human fi£tioi)s. In time, however, the ray of tra-
dition was obfcured, and among thofe tribes which feparated at the greatell dif-
tance, and in the fnialleft numbers, from the mure improved focicties of men, it
was altogeiher oblitti.ited.
♦ The reader who wo\ilil fee this fiibjert ftilljr
illuftrated, may look at Il'ocratcs' Oration on the
Peace ; one of the mnll f)niflie<l modcU of ancient
eloquence ; and which contains a rich fund of po-
iilii.il knowledge.
f Germany, Holland, and all the Low Conn-
trts, feveral llates in Italy, the kingdnn. of Spain,
with the vafl empires ot Mexico and Peru, in
South America, were, at the time of the Refor-
mation, governed by Charles V. of the houfe of
Auliria : tetritoricii rivalling in richer and extent
the moft powerful empires of antiquity, but which
did not gratify the .imbition of that monarch ;
and hit wliole reign was a fcene of hoftility againii
his neighbours. One of his fucctlTors, the laie
emprcfs-quecn, and the reprcfentative of that fa-
mily, was, however, upon the death uf licr fa-
ther, not only (lrip|ied of htr dominions, but re-
duced fo low as to be in want of nrceiraries ; and
contributions were a^ually raifcd for her in Urc-at
Britain, whofe king, George II. engaged in her
caufe, aad reiuftated her iu the imperial throne.
lo
INTRODUCTION.
%
neceflTnry to
d the terror
nmily never
ho onjcit "t"
rvcs <it that
Diiiirih, that
of thi« cen-
atnefs ot* the
It is to he
1 unfortunate
ft prof|)crity
; f(i brilliant
lolitical caur
have thought
tica, and the
ctl with fiich
I towards the
HON.
mankind, who
is pcrfcdlions,
\ idvas. This
had no other
allions, of tlie
ig this imuort-
nake the fame
)}rrefs of arts,
vhat is human
from what is
lan mind,
■orld, the rc-
ivinc fourte,
the ray of tra-
ic grcatell dif-
ties of men, it
.iquity.biit which
)f I hat monarch ;
of hoftility agaiiiit
icctffors. the laic
itaiive of that fa-
dcith of her ta-
iiiiiiiions, but re-
iiccelTarifS ; and
:d for her in Urcat
1. ciigaj;ed in her
npcrtal throne.
^ In
In tliii fituatlon a particular iicoplc was fek^ted by Cod himfcir, to be the
depolitarics of his law and worlnip ) but the reil of mankind wrre left to form
hvpothefcs upon thcfc fubictts, which were more or Icfs |)crfvtt according to an
inhnity of cin umftances, which cannot properly be reduced under any generulneads.
'Vhc moft common religion of anli(piity, that which prevailed the longeft, and
extended the wideli, was Polytheism, or the doctrine of a plurality of (Jods.
The rage of fyftem, the ambition of reducing all the phenomena of the moral world
to a few general principles, has occalioncd many impcrfed accounts, both of the
origin una nature of this fpecies of worlhip. For, without entering into a minute
detail, it is impollible to give an adequate idea of the fubjctt ; and what is faid up-
on it in general, muft always be liable to many executions.
One thing, however, ma^ be obferved, that the pulytheirm of the ancients feeins
fcldoin to have been the fruit of philofophical fpeculation8,or of disfigured traditions,
concerning the nature of the divinity. It appears to have arifen during the rudeft
ages of fociety, while the rational powers were feeble, and while mankind werir
under the tyranny of imagination and paflion. It was built chictly upon fentiment :
as each tribe of nun had their heroes, fo likcwife they had their gods. Thofe he-
roes who led thei,, forth to the combat, who nrefided in their councils, whofe
image was engraven on their fancy, whofe exploits were imprinted on their me-
mory, even after death enjoyed an exillence in the imagination of their followers.
'Ihc force of blood, of triendlliip, of affedion, among rude nations, is what we
cannot calily conceive ; but the power of imagination over the fenfes is wliat all
men have in fome degree experienced. Combine thefe two caufes, and it will mu
appear ftrange that the images of departed heroes Hiould have been feen by their
cimipanions, animating the battle, taking vengeance on their enemies, and per-
forming, in a word, the fame funttions which they performed when alive. An
appearance fo unnatural would not excite terror among men unacquainted with evil
fpirits, and who had not learnt to fear any thing but their enemies. On the con-
trary, it c<mfirined their courage, Hattered their vanity, and the teftimony of thofo
who liad ft en it, fupported by the extreme credulity and romantic call of thofe
who had not, gained an univerfal allent anumg all the members of their fociety.
A fmall degree of perfettion would be fulHcient to convince them, that, as their
own heroes exilled after death, the fame thinjj might happen to thofe of their ene-
mies. Two orders of gods, therefore, would be eltabliihed, the propitious and the
hoftile ; the gods who were to be loved, and thofe who were to be feared. But
time whicli wears off the imprcllions of tradition, the frequent invnlions by which
the nations of antiquity were ravaged, defolated, or tranfplanted, made them lofe
the names, and confound the characK rs of thofe two orders of divinities, and form
various fyftems of religion, which, though -.varped by a thoufand ])articular cir-
rumrtances, gave no fmall indications ot their firll texture and original materials.
In general the gods of the ancients gave abundant proof of human infirmitj' : they
were fuhje^t to all the pallions of men ; they partook even of their partial alledions.
They did not eat ami drink the fame fubftances with men ; but tliey lived on nec-
tar :!nd amlirolia; thev had a particular picafure in finclling the (loam of the fa-
ciifices, and they niatle love with an ardour unknown in northern climates. The
rites by which they were worlhiped, naturally rcfulted from their character. The
moft enlightened among the Greeks entertained nearly the fame notion of gods and
religion, with thofe that arc to be met with in the poems ot lleliod and Homer ;
and Anaxagoras, who llourilhed B. C. 430 years, was the firft Grecian that publicly
announced the exiftence of one Creator and governor of the univerle.
It muft be obferved, however, that the religion of the ancients was not much
connetled, cither with their private behaviour, or with their political arrangements.
The greateft part of mankind were then extremely tolerant in their principles.
They had their own gods who watched over them; their neighbours, they inia-
8 gined.
it .INTRODUCTION.
Rtn*»!, nifo hm! thtfii'n i «nd ih^rc wns room enough in the univcrfe for bolh to live
toa;i*tl»<«r in trinidlhip, without dilhirbiii}; c»rh other.
1 he ititrodii^Hon of ChriDinnity, by inctiKating thr unitv of God, \yy unnouncinn
tht* purify of his rhnradcr, nnd by rxplaining the iVrvicc lie rvquired of mt-n, pr»>-
dticrd n totnl nitorntion in their rrii^ioim fcntiinent nnd Iwlicf, But thii i» nut the
place for hondling this fublime fiibjctt : it is fiirtkicnt to obfcrvc here, that Chrif-
tinnitv tnndi* its wny nmong the civili/cd pnrt of munkind, by the fublitnily of iti
dotlrine!! and preccptn ; it rotpiired not the nid of hunuin power; it fuftained itfelf
bv the truth and wifdom by whiih it wui charaCU-rifed. Hut in time it betame
(orruptcd by the introdu^ion of worldly maximi, of maximR very inconlillunt wild
the preiepl* of its divine author, and by the ambhiun of the clergy.
T'lic mnnajjempnt «if what related to the churih being naturaJIv conferred on
thofe who had ellnblilhetl it, Hrii (H-eofioned the elevation, nnd then tlic domination,
of the elcrgy.andrhe exorbitant claim t)f the biihop of Konie.ovcrnll the meiubers
of the Chnilian world. It is impothbl.- to defcribc, within our narrow limits, all
the concomitant caufcs, ft)mc of whicli were extremely delicate, by which thii fpc-
rics of nniverfal monarchy was cllnblilhed. The bilhops of Konie, by being re-
moved from the contYX)ul oi' tin* Roman emjwrors, then relidinf; in Conunuliuopie ;
by borrowing, with little variation, the religio»s ceremonies and rites cllablilhcd
amonp the heatlwii world, nnd otherwife worWiiii; on (lie credulous minds of liar-
bariaiis, by whom that empire began to Ix- dirmenil>ered ; nnd by availing them-
felves of every circumftance which Fortune threw 'n their way, (lowly erettcd the
fabric of their antichrirtian power, at rtrft an oliK^Ct o /mcration, nnd afterwards a
terror to all leinporni princes. 'Ihccaufesof i'*; hnpjiy dUloluiion are nu>re pal-
pable, and operated with greater attivity. 'Ihe nK)(l ethcncious were the invention
of printing, the rapid iniprovement of arts, government, and comnierie, which af-
ter many ages of barbarity, made their way into Kuro^w. Ihe fcandaluui lives of
thofe who called themfelves the minijlns oj'jcfui Ch\iji\ their ignorance and tyranny;
the defire natural to fovereigns of delivering themielves from a foreign yoke; the
opportunity of nnplving to national ohjecis, the incrvdible wealth which had been
diverted to the lirvice of the church in every kingdom of Kiiropc, conl'pired with
thr ardour of the ftrll reformers, and hafteiieil the progrefs of the refurniaticm. 'i'hc
sihAirdity of the claims of the church tif Konic was demonlirated ; many of her
doctrines were proved to be eciually unfcriptural and irrational ; and many of her
nbfurd mummeries and fuperlhtioiis wi-re expofed both by argument and ridicule.
The fervices of the reformers in this refpect cannot be too highly extolled ; but in-
volved, as they hnd themfelves Inen, in the darknefs of luperllitiun, it was not to be
expelled that they Ihould be able wholly to free themfelves from errors. With all
their dcfefts, they are entitled to admiration and gratitude; and the Reformation
begun by Luther in Germany in the year 1^17, and which took place in Luiglund
7\. D. 15U. was an event highly favourable to the civil, us well as to the religious
liberties of mankind.
We ihull now proceed to the main jnirt of our work, beginning with MuBorA.
L U R O 1» li.
I) to live
t 63 J
Kiuncmf
u-n, pro-
I not the
at Chrif*
iiy of its
iKtl itfclf
I bcinme
lent with
fcrrcd on
minatlon,
meiubt-ra
limits, all
II thi» Ipc-
being re-
iiuiuopk i
.•(tablilhcd
id« i>t' Bar-
ling tliem-
•retted the
ierwards a
iiu»r« pal-
e invention
, which af-
uui lives of
id t yrunnv ;
I yoke; the
h had been
Ipired with
ilion. 'llic
imny of her
|)«ny of her
|id ridicule,
•d ; but in-
is not to be
Witif all
eformalion
it) bjyglund
lie religioiw
I •
I •
Ik o V 1:.
V
R
O
E.
EHROlM'', rhoogh the Icaft cxtenitTc quarter of the ^\(^u:, enntiih ing according
' to >iiinuicrmann * only about a,627,574 fqunre niilcit, wlurcas the habitublu
partH of the world in the other quartcrii, are elUmated at ;)6,()66,Mo(), is in tiuiny
rcfpcits that which mod defervt-!. our attention, 'there the human mind has nuide
the greatcll improvements ; and there the nrt«, whether of utility or orniimint, tlM
fiiencos, both military and civil, have reached the hixhell perfecHun, If wc except
the carlicMl nges of the world, it is in Kiirope that we tinu the grealvll variety uf
character, government, and manners and from whence we draw the gruutcit
nunvbcr of tutts and memorials for our entertainment or inHruttion.
(jeograpKy difcovcrs to tis two circumllances with regard to l^iirope, whirl) per-
haps htivc had a conliderable tendency in giving to it this dilHnguilhed fuiieriurilv.
Firll, the happy temprrnture of its climate, no |xirt of it lying within the torrtd
zone J and fecondly, the great variety of its fiirface. The cflect of a modetulo
climate, both on plants and animals, is well known from exjiirience. 'I lie j^reat
number of mountains, rivers, feas, &c. wliiih divide the diflerent conntries of
Kurope from each other, is likewife extremely commodious for its inhabitants.
Thefe natural boundaries check the progrefs of concpieft or defpotifni, which has
always been fo rapid in the extentive plains of Africa and the Eall : the Teas and
rivers facilitate the intercourfe and conmterce between ditlerent nations ; and even
the barren rocks and mountains are better calculated to lluupen human indullry
and invention, than the natural unfolicitcd luxuriancy of more fertile foils. 'I'herc
U no part of Kurope fo diverfiHcd in its furface, fo interrupted by natural bounda-
ries or divilions, as Greece ; and we have feen that it was there mankind reaped
their hi;;hell honours in arts and arms. \\ hat Greece therefore was with regard
to Europe, Europe is with regard to the red of the globe. The analogy may even
be carried farther, and it is necelfary to attend to it. As ancient Greece (for wc
do not fpeak of Greece as it is at prefent, under the dominion of Barbarians) was
diftinguiflied above the rell of Europe for the equity of its laws, and the freedom
of its governments ; fo has Eurojie in general been remarkable lor fmaller devia-
tions, at leaO, from political jullice, than have been admitted in other uuartcrs of
the world. Though moil of the European governments arc monarchical, we may
difcover, on due examination, that there aie innumerable fprings, wliicii check the
ft)rce, and foften the rigour of monnrehie power. , In proportion to the ftrength of
thefe checks, Rullla, Spain. Deiunark, I'rullia, and other monarchies, vary in llieir
political fabric, till the feries ends in (treat Britain, the happiell conliitution that
the hillory of the world has ever exhibited. Belidc.-, mottartkia, in which one man
bears the chief fway, there art- ii\ luirope, (injivii.icies or gt>\ernments of the nobles,
and (icihonacies or governmenis of the people. V enicc is an example of il.e for-
mer ; I lolland, and fonie llato ot" Italy and Switzerland, incline to the latter
'I he Chritlian religi(m is ellablitheil lluoughout every part of Europe, except
Turkey; but, iVom the various lapaeitie. of the human mind, and the tiitVerent
lights in wliiili fpecuiative oj»inions are apt to ap()ear, when viewed by peifons of
• See Zimm«iiiaiin'< Politital Survey of Europe. I'ufiliinj;, Kitihin, Templenian, Bergman, Cronie,
j>. 5, « I irc the rt'.idiT uill liinl .<i> acKumt nl tlie ami StiililK IJcbtfrlith; of their UitUient accoiintj
eeii);r:ipljic;il I'liiiiirt' iiiilfs coiit.iiiud in l'i.r»|i.-, ns tlic avcruj^c n cxadly the number Itatiii above.
Huti-J I'y li^ ol tlieablcll niuderii gcograjilur*, viz.
did'ereiU
«4 EUROPE.
tlifTercnt fducni'iDni and palTiom, ihot ri-ligion ii cliviilcd inio n number of (liflTurfnt
icctt, hilt uliiili may be crtniprihrnctk-il under three general detiomination* i ilK
'{"he CJr«-ok i hunh ; id, I'hjmtv i niul v'. IVoieftantifm : whii h luU it again divided
into l.mliernnilin and Calviniln), (<> tailed from Luther and Calvin, the two dif*
linguillicd rotornur!! iil iho i^tli n'nturv,
Tho lunguascH n( Ku<"pe arc derived from the Greek, Latin, Teutonic or old
German, the ( fUic, SJclmvonic, and (»i>thii'.
The grentell nnrt of Kurope heiii)^ fituatrd above the 4<th degree of northern
IntJ'ide, and i . ' itn mod fouilurn provinien being fur dilUnt from the torrid
XMic, the fpecies organized lio«iiei are rnvu h lefn numerous in Kurope th.iii iti
the other piut« ol ihe globe. Thuii, for iiilhmcc, u[ion nti e<|ual number of ftpuire
mile*, the number of lperie<i of tpiadrupcdt in Kurope i<* to the number of them
in Afui nit i to a^. to that in Atrieriea as i to a|, and to that in Africa at i to lo:
and the numU-r of the vegetable fpccicn in the other three diviliont of the globe,
in greatly fiiperior to that m Kurope. Of the precious folliU, diunioiuU and pl:itina
lire wanting i g'»id and llUer are not ahuiidant ; but the commercial and warlike
fpirit of Kuroix enrii hes it with the productions of ail parts of the earth.
It will dountlffs be agreeable to the impiititive mind to have at one* view in
round numbi is i omparative eOimate of the diflerent (bite* of Kurope, both ttti t'l
the article of n .cnuc, and that of their land diid naval furce«.
I'rBLic Revbnuf fif ih Princif al Statki in Fi'ROpk.
/•. Sin/
t. Grfti Britain i4,joo,ooo
a. Aiillria — i»,4OO,0u5 (i il million florim)
1. Kmnce —
4. Spnin —
^. KulTia —
(1. Turkey —
r. l'niiri« —
U. r<>rtiig«l —
y. .Sicily —
10. Molland —
18,000,000 J ^^,^^,,,j 1
$,000,000 Of old :>juin alone
{,800,00a
;, 000,000
3,600,000
1,800,000
1,400,000 meilUint
4,000,000
II. SweiUn —
I a. Vcniie —
I J. I)(nm.irk —
14. kle^oriiie ot j
Sa«oity —
I (. klr<t»ralc of
Hanover j
16. foint KJc^.of
I lie I'alac and
Hiivarii |
17. Sardinia —
I,)QO,0OO
■ ,000,000
1 ,0OO,00<3
1,100,009
900,000
1,100,000
1,000,000
'ITie power of ftaii ^ in not to be cftimnted merely l»y their finances, becaufc, in
fonie countries, the value of immey i much higher than in others ; thus, tir indance,
tlic whole Kullian army coHb the flale lels than two niillionsut rubles.
«
Land Forcks 0/ //if Eikopkan .Statki i/i the Ycm i;.'?].
Irancf — — ^00,000
yVuOria — — 38j,ooo
Kulli.i (4(0,000 in all) in 1
u I aoo.ooo
I'rufTia — —
Turkey (aio.ooo in M) in
Kurupe only —
^J)ain — —
Denmark — —
Great BriLiJi ^
Swrdrii — —
Sardinu — —
224,000
I ;o,ooo
60,000 J
72, COS
j8,ooo \
W.ooo
40,000
Holl.in<l — —
1 7,000
Napirs ,111(1 S':i ily —
io.ooo
Klfft<irar<r ol S.uony —
a 6,000
Portujvil — —
hleflur.itc of Bavjri.» and
ll)e I'llatiante _
JO.OOO
[ J4.too
llrir." C;..ii 1 — —
1 mOCO
including
militia
ILinovir — —
I'.ilanU — —
lOgObJ
1 5.C0O
Vriiiir — —
H.OOO
in< liiilint;
Wiprteniliiir); — .—
ft.OOO
inililia
Till k. vlrli.iltii.il Sl.ifc
,.oco
Tiifiany — —
i.ooo
If
u
o
K.
tionn il^.
lii) tlividi'il
»c two clif-
jnic or
old
nf nort^venx
I the i'>rri'l
ir o» ftnuirv
UiV o\ tlwm
u* I to to :
>f tbo u'.oIk".
, anil pliiliiiii
and wuvliW*.*
one view III
le h<ilU UH !•»
PK.
:s,
boCBufo. ill
tor inftancc.
;3V
7,000
0,000
(),000
0,000
+,000
;,0CO
^0,00»
l?.ooo
k.ooo
Tfi.OOO
L.oco
lj,0OO
li:
If we calculate the nrniu . of nil thr countric* in Kiirop<' nt two million* of mm,
•nd ftipoDfiL' 1^0 million* of iiihal>iunii, no innrr llinn ,', nf ilu- wh«»lc populBiioa
ar^' foidicr*. I1tf prcfrnt iniiilurjf tOulilithou'til of cvory kinttdoin. in u rinu (»»
/Micrnl |M*«n", ditl'iT* fonic\»l»iU Irttm ilu iil' ao lltUinu-nt. AiiUrid ittui t^ruflia
lavc l>y fur ihc iixtl) fDrmidnlilc arniiv*: ii» to Knlliu, tlio ininu'iUc cvumk of iit
provim OS (411 never allow an rtrtn^ of ni«»re than lio.ooo, or t }o,ooo i,i»i-. !o aot
a)(ninl) an oniMny •• and a* to tlu'ltirkilli forccn, ihoy arc nt prtfc nt mvuh iutenorto
any oiIut woII dil* iplincd aiiny, l lie difTi-rrnt pro|^N>rlionH, in 'lirtcri'iu counlrii*,
hft\\k\ II llic popiihition, and tlic nunilur of roldiirs, i<t not nnworllu of olifirvation
'I'lure are in (iennnny nearly 500,000 loUlier*, omfifjuentiy ,', of ihe \vlii>l»' n »-
pulnlioii; in li'ily, i>ii the contrary, even fup|>olinf{ the itamlin^ arnii>'» of tit 41
I oiintry to nmount to 1 10,000 mm, thi* niirnher maWe* only . ! , ot the whole popu-
liilion, vviiich antountit to 16 millioiiii. How then can Fruiuo esped tu inuiiitaiii
,'« of it» people in urai* and idlenel\ ?
• Naval Porch.
I. F.iiKtaivl
>, frtu\.t
$. Si>«ir»
4. Holla\»d
y Swrtirn
0. Drii'ntrii
Turk*/
Nt/MiiK of SHiri of tlw LiNi, FaioATii, Cuttiii, Sioori, kc
166
7
— »}«
— 95
— »>•
— bo
- so]
rommonly
rCkkuiicd bo
I. Kulta
1^, Sarilinia
10. Vtnlce
ii. SUIIy
11. FurtDcAl
61
1»
■i
»♦
Tot»l ijjj
'YhU table, taken from the liftst of 178^, will convey foinc idea of the refpccli^e
naval tlren^th of i\u- different power* of Kiirope. Denmark, .S\v< ikn, Sicily, I'or-
tiif^iil, hasin); bnilt but a fin;ill luiinber of (hips, of late ycark, are i.ipablc of' maiu-
tJiiiiio}; a much larger navy than they now have.
The proportion of the liirface of the countries lO whicn the Pioteflant religion
iNfllablilhid, to thole in whiih ihe Roman Catholic reli)»inii prevail*, is nearly .i«
^ to 4 : the number of Roman Catholics h:i» been calculated at 90,000,000 ; the
inimhcr of Protcllants only i4,o 30,000, which is a proportion of u. arly 4 to 1 ,
luiropc i* not ilel'ormed by tbofo iinin«nfe deferts which cover great piirt of Altn,
AfricH, and America, deferts of mnnv thonfand f<piarr mile*, and which are parllv
owin;; to natural and inlufieralle tliUdvnninges ot lituntion, partly to want of in-
tlultry. Kurope excel* in all tlu' arts, and has eliubliilu <l innumerable inftitutioii*
for nreferving and pro|)agaiing iifeful knowledge. It h;w» at pref»;nt about "jouiii-
\irlilies, and n great vaiii ly ot literary ficieties, orai :idemiesof fcienees, arts, and
l.iiiguages, In iiiiifii[uenee of our fu|ierioriiy in knowled;;c and enterprit'e, we en-
joy all the conveniences of lite in a much higher dej,'r>\' than the inhabitants of
regions, «vn whieh nature h;i-, liellowed greater riihes. And lueh is our protii iency
in iitlronomy an<l navigation, th;it, having conquered, in a gre.it meafure, thcdangiTi
(if the ocian, the conuncree ot the Kutnpiaiis leems to be bounded only bv tin
limits of the globe itfelt'.
The dates of Kurope, conlidered with lefincl to their intrintic power and intin
ence abroad, may be divided into three clalViS} France, (Jreat-Uritain, Aullri.i,
I'rullia, and Ruliia, lulong to tlie tirii clafs. S«coii.lary powiTs are thole of
Turkey, Spain, Holland, Denmark. Sweden, and S.irdina : the iliird clafs coinpiv-
heiiiii roriugal, Na|)les and Sicily, I'olaiui, the joint l'.\ ctorate of the Palalinuu
and Bavaria, tin KlcCtoiale of Sa.\oiiv, Switzerland, and Venice.
If
k
GRAN D
U R U R o r E.
I
GRAND DIVISIONS or EUROPE.
' pi I IS jjrmul clivlfion of the carlli i^ filimlM bi'twrcn iho loth ilff^ttc wed,
*■ iinil the 6tlh (li';;i>-^' < nit loii^iliulo Imni l.tiiiiloii ; uitil lulwriii liu- jMli niict
7id lU'grii- lit imrih laiitiulo It !•> Ixntiiiti'd on tin imriM l»y iho Fnt/iii (}ifitn>
lilt iho inlt by Alia ^ on tlu' foiilli by tin* Mi'ditfrram .in S< :i, whiih (livid(.'> it frniii
/MVUn t unit on thf tvt'l) l)y lh>> Ailuntii Ocean. \\}wU icpnrntii it t'rom Aiiikrlmt
lifinc tlirn- tlioufiiiul n\ili'« lom^tVum ('»|u'Si. Vinnnl in thi* w«'f'., lo tin- mutiili of
llu- riM't' Olty in lIu* n<iitt)-vnll t nnd iyto Uroail tVotit nnrili lo Cmtli, tViMii ilir
nortli Vn\H' in Norwiiy m ('u|ii- Cuva or Mcinpar ni ttti' Munu, tlu' nxill fuutltcrti
pnnnoniory in Kiirii|)i:. It cuntaini llu* t'ollowin^ kin^<l<)ml« and lluU'lt
Rfll|lan«.
C«lvinill>,I<iiih.JVi.
(.Vilvlntrts tt^
l'»lvlnlrt> aitti Pit)
l.iiiliciJiia
l.iithrrtin*
I iilhrniiH
(Jrrrli Cluii; \\
\i l,iiifi .iiiiU .il% .
I. till), unit i\i|v.
I'.ip.l iilli.aiidC'alv.
rr:imr
Orrn, Cutrcj
o ')
o i; alt. Il'<fiilt»
Z it tit. ,l '«piff»
~all l>«f. |C'il«ria, ■ntl fiplAii.
( r *\Vi lrinlm()iit.Moiitrcrrn,,Nfll«ii,l'»rm»,M'"'">* Mantua, Vfiiitr,f'«'"»'».'riifinn¥.fcc
1 lni«ll ftjtn i • 1 . • 7.
^■J C'hirl (ilir^ Turin. C fal, Milan. i'4mu,!Vliiil(na,M4nliii,Vciiii.r(!rnn,t.KUirrncr.
>2 J I'oprilom ~ »40 | no Konit *ao S, ft. lo ?*~bf?. |t'«pi(l« "~~
vINajilrfi aVo uo X^plci 87J S. T. 1 1 o hef. I'npith
IHniiKarv ]0u SOO Hi
^ ( l).iiiillniiii ) . ,^^ i
|-)lWimts| *«» <" I
S \ l.it.Tjirtarj* •■- ••'-' '''"
"** ' (irffic
]0U
600
401
410
340
140
lllU
iiiiaJ
CuiilUii
lliin|ilc
fret op
AihriK
7»j .s. I-..
i}*3 8. B.
i(oo E.
H^o 8. E.
1 7jif I
58 tier.
14 >«'•
J7b*f.
I'ip. iiiiil'rolrllknli
M.ili(ini(i»ni, «nil
(jrcrli Churih.
* This induiies the Crini T.iri&ryt now itJcd to Kulliai for the paniculan of whicti, fee Rviii/i.
Exdiifivc
• j6lli nnii
.n Ocoun t
jv.» It from
Aim rim »
(• m'lulh nl'
), trotn l>>»
il fouliti-ni
i«,l.iiihAi.
U »Mlt Pip
' n K V M A R K
Eirluflvt of ihr Hrililh ittr*, hrfitn* mrnlionH. Europe conlain* lh«
lotUming principal ilUndi .
tn ih« Nnnk*m
B«lii( Im.
MfdUfrr*nMn
AdrUlIc, or
UuK of VrnUf.
ntl Lev
Mm,
1
C
1
lifUnil ■■ ^
/««Un<l. FuA«n, AlfVn. f»\(ktt, l^n|
Uml, LiUtinil, frnwrrn, M«nt, Hum
holm, — -m
(<oilil<nii, AUikI, Rii|«n,
Olrl, l)«*li<>, — —
irfrdnm, Wnlhn, ~
Ivim, . mm
M<t|orc«, — -•
Miitnrti, — •—
I'lirlic*, ^ ^
(Ur>linU, •- «~
SUlly, — _
l.ullfiit, Corfu, CfphalonU, /(ni,
l.tUl.llll«, — ^
tndU, Kh<i<U«, N'rgmponi, l.#mn<M,
T«nciloi, Styrm, Mjfirlcnf, Sclo,
S«iiia«, I'aimoi, rtrn*, C'rriio, 8«n-
tiiHn, Ji( . lifing |Mirt ol Anc wni tnd
!
ChUf TawiM,
itktiholl,
Mt)ort •,
Port M*hon,
Haftlt.
C«|ili«fl,
l'«l«rino,
D«ni«wirh.
D»nm«k.
RuNt.
PrvAt.
•^iwlit.
Unto.
l)l«to»,
Kiii| nl A«riiliili
Kln|o(Two»lclilm.
Vfnkc.
Turktjr.
D K N M
K K.
^iiriTh^
liiiiuH'olv.
M.I k llv.
L Ice RwMU.
Exclulivc
ISIiall, according to my plan. 1)0^111 thii account of liii Danilh Mnjrfly't domi*
nioiis witli the mill) northerly litiiiitioni, und divitic them into lour partH : i(\,
I'.all and Wcl) (irctidund, Icclnnd, and ili<- illunds in the Atlantic Ocean t ad,
Norway ; 3d, Drninurk Proper i and 4lh, his German tcrritorici.
'Ilic dimunliuns uf thcfe countries may be fccn in the following table: ^
Dtnmnrli.
Square
Mllct.
I
Chief Citi««.
D.nin.rk ^ i^""*' ^".•"*!•
9,rtoo
'$$
Wjfburg.
I
l*roper,
< souih lutlinil,
( ur Slefwkk,
1,11$
70
6J
Skfwlck.
|i
Zrslind,
).<)](
60
63
CoriNHAOIN,
N. I.ai
K. Lon|.
Funen,
768
J8
J»
(Wenfre.
FalDrr .in<l
1.4iiglaiitl,
1 aao
»7
It
Nikii|>iii|i>.
Natkaw.'
2I
('rnicrtii.
50
•3
8
lorgf.
AKVn,
?4
•$
ft
!>oiidcrt>orKf.
!Mnna,
}'»
'4
?
Stegf.
RoHiomhy,
linriibiiliii.
160
lo
la
(n (lie North Sen, KiIjihI Illand,
4ft.ooo
4J>
i»?
SkamoU,
1
Nit* .IV,
7 '.400
7<>J
170
Ucr|(rn.
Datiini l.ii|>taiiil.
iH,40o
*B,
■ 71
Wir«lhuvi.
\Vf(«pluli.i, Ol.l. iihiirc,
1:60
6»
)»
Olilriilniti{,
Glut kllull.
l.uMrr b'votiv, Sfnr.iiar,
1000
(S
J»
1 Uiiilllllollliin
iftj.o+i ,
• Miiiona was uknt fr.itn Sj
St>nh 'I'l', 17 M, nnd < oiirtrmrd Ik .,.,,,,,,., v ■■>
li) the irt4t\ III L'irct.lit, 171J, but wai belir^iil (jcikc, li)'i.cJ at I'jrK, bipicuibcr j, 178).
k. i The
ill by peiirral and taken by the SpaniirvU, Krbriiary i(, 1781
nnd (Oiirtrmrd Ik (irMt Hritliii and i i>nfinnril to thciii i.v tlir ilclimiive Ircily ii(
6«
WEST GREENLAND.
Tlic reader may perceive, that in the preceding tabic no calculation is nnadc of
the dimcnfions of Ka(l and Weft Greenland ; bccaufu they arc very impcrfeftly
known : wc (hall proceed to give the latcd accounts of them, from the bed au-
thorities.
EAST AND WEST GREENLAND, ICELAND, and the ISLANDS
IN THE Atlantic Ocean.
EAST GREENLAND,
TIIK moft northerly part of his Danilh majcfly's dominions ; or, as others call it.
New Greenland, and the loimtry of SpitzlK-rfjen, lies between 1 1 and 21; dog.
E. long, and 76 and 80 dcg. N. lat. actordi'ig to Lord Miilgravc's Obfi-rvations in
his voyage towards the North Pole, in 1773- Ihougli it is now claimed by Den-
mark, it certainly was difcovercd by fir Hugh VVilloughby in 1553 ; and is fuppofed
to be a continuation of Old Greenland, it obtained the name of Si)itzlK"rgen from
the height and niggedni. Is of it.s rocks. I-Vw animals or vegetables iirc to be found
here, and the lilli and fo ,1 are faid to forfake the coall in winter. 'I'he Ruflians of
Archangel have formed, within the laft thirty years, fcttlements tor hunting in feveral
places of the illand of Spitzbergen. The Aurora boreal is, or northern lights, rt-
Hetled from the Ihinv, enable them to purfue the chace during the long winter's
night that reigns in thofe gloomy regions, and they take a great number of fea-
iions, which ferve then, f n food. There is a whalc-filhery, chiefly profecuted by
the Dutch and Ikitilh velTels, on its coall. It likewife contains two harbours j
one called South Haven, and the other Maurice Bay ; the inland parts are uninha-
bited.
WEST G R 1: E N L A N D
LIES between the meridian of London, and 50 deg. W. long, and between 60
and 76 deg. N. lat.
Inhaditan IS.] \iy tlie latell acccmnts from the milFionaries employed for the
(onverlion of the (jrecnlanders, their wholi- number does not exceed 957 (tatetl iv,-
habilants : Mr. Cranlz, however, thinks that the roving fouthlanders of Greenland
may amount to about 7000. I'here is a great refemblance between the afpett,
manners, and drefs of tliufe natives, and the Kfciuimaux Americans, from whom
they differ but little, afier all the |)ains which the Danifli and German millionaries
li;i\e taken to con\eit and i:i\ilix>' them. 'I"hey are lew in llaturc, few exteeding
ti\e teet in heli^'it, and tiie generality not fo tall. The hair of their heads is Ion;;,
(irait, and of a l)l;ak tolour ; but tliey have feldom any beards, betaufe it is their
roiifiant prattiee to nxit them out. Tliey have high brealls and broad tlionlder.s,
«t()ecially tlie wimeri, wiio are ohlii^ed to larrv griat burdens from their )(iiingir
\ears. TIkv are ver\ li;4ht and nimble of foot, •.uid can iife their haiuls with Ikill
ami de\terit\. Tli' v are not very lively in their tempers, but are good lumunired,
friiiuli)', and uiicoiKerned iilxiut tuturity. Their moll agreeable food is the llelii
of icin-deer ; but that is n .\v fcaixe an'ong them, and tlieir bed provilions are fill;,
fe:ils, and fea-fowl. Tluir drink is clear water, which Hands in the hoiife in a
great cojipi r vitlel, or in a wooden t'lb, wliieli is very luatlv niadi.' l>y them, oina-
uieiitetl with lilh bones and
and
iniN I'.ct
i with a |)ewter hulie or dipping-
diih. The men make their huntiii;; und lilliing im[)leiiienls, and prci)arc the
wood-work of llitir boats; and the \\o;nr:i eowr tlu m with lkiii->. The men hunt
ai;d filli, but wlieu lliev ha. e I'jwed their IjuoI) to land, they trouble themfelus no
faidicr
WEST GREENLAND.
69
i between 60
farther about it ; accounting it beneath their dignity even to draw the feal upon
the Ihorc. Tlic women arc the butchers and cooks, and alfo the curriers to drcfs
the pelts, and make clothes, Ihoes, and boots, out of them ; fo that they are like-
wife liuth (hoemakers and tuylors. They alfo a6l as mafuns in building and re-
pairing the huufes and tents, the men doing only the carpenters work. Ihey live in
nuts ouring their winter, which is incredibly fevere ; but Mr. Crantz, who has
given us the latcA and bed accounts of this country, fays, that in their longell fum-
mer days it is fo hot, from the long continuance ut the fun's rnys, that the inhabit-
ants are obliged to throw off their fummer garments. They have no trade, though
they have a mod improveable filhery upon their conft ; but they employ all the
year cither in filhing or hunting, in which they are very dexterous, particularly in
catching and killing feals.
Curiosities.] 'I'he taking of whales in the feas of Greenland, among the
fields of ice that nave been increafing for ages, is one of the boldcll entcrprifes of
man. Thcfe pieces of ice are frecjuently more than a mile in length, and upwards
of 100 feet in thicknefs ; and when they are put in motion by a (form, nothmgcau
be more terrible ; the Dutch had 13 Uiips crulhed to pieces by them in one fcafon.
There are feveral kinds of whales in Greenland ; fome white, and others black.
The black fort, tlic grant'i bay whale, is in mod cfteem, on account of his bulk,
and the great uuantiiy of i*;it or blublier he all'ords. His tongue is about 18 feet
long, inclofed in long pieces of what we call whalebone, which are covered with
a kind of hair like horfe-liair ; and on each iide of his tongue are 250 pieces of
this wliak'bone. The bones of iiis body are as liard as an ox's bones, and of no
ufe. There are no teeth in his mouth ; and he is ufually between 60 and 80 feet
long ; very thick about the head, but grows lefs from thence to the tail.
When the feamen fee a whale fpout, the word is immediately given, fa//, fall,
when every one haftens from the fliip to his boat; (ix or eight men being appointed
to a boat, and tour or five boats ufually belong to one fliip.
When they come near the whale, the harpooner llnkcs him with his harpoon (a
barbed dart), and the moiifter, finding himl'elf wounded, runs fwiftly down into
the deep, and would carry the boat along with him if they did not give him line
furt enough; and to prevent the wood of the boat taking fire by the violent rubbing
of the id|)e on the li<le of it, one wets it conllantly with a mop. After the whale
has run (ome lunvlred latlioms deep, he is forced to come up for air, when he
iiiakes a noife with his fpouting, whieh fome have compared to the firing of cannon.
As loon as he appears on the lurface of the water, fome of the harpooiicrs fix an-
other harpoon in him, whereupon he plunges ap;ain into the deep , and wlu-n he
conies up a feeond time, they pierce liin\ witli fpears m the vital parts till lu- Ipouts
out lireanis of blood 'nfiead of water, beating the waves with his tail and fins till
the lea is all in a foam, the boats continuing to follow him fome leagues, till he
has loll his (Irengtli ; and when he is dyint; he turns himfelf upon his back, and is
drawn on ihore, or to the Ihip, if they i)e at a dilhince from the land. Ihere thev
cut liitii in pieces, and l>y boiling tlie blubber, txtratt the oil, it tliev luive eonve-
nier.eies on ihore ; otheiwife the) barri 1 up the pieies, and briii^ iher.v home : but
iiolhirg can fineil llroiiger than theft- ihips do. Kvery hlh is eonipuied to >iild
between 60 and 100 barrels of '^il, of the \aUie of ^1. or 4I. a biurel. 'I lumgli the
DiiUes ilaiiij the country of !•„ : aiid Well Cjru-nland, where thefe wbiiK-. ;ire
l.ik.en, the Dutch ha\e in a i:i;iniier ni(.inoj;uli/ed llin filher) . Ot k.te llie tngliih
liave alfo been verv lucei-blui in it.
1 C }• I. A \ D
[ 70 ]
I
L
N D
THIS idand, wliiih receives its name from llif great malTw* of ice that arc fecn
near it. lies between 63 and 67 deg. N. Int. and between 11 an<l 7 dcg. W.
h)ng. It extends tour hundred miles in length, and an hundred .md (ixty in
breadth, containing about 46,000 f«|uare miles. In April, 17S3, the inhabitants
of Iceland obferM'd foinethinjj riilnj; and Haming in the fea, to the foutli of Grin-
bourg, at eight miles dillant from the rocks (U-s Oifeaux, which afterwards was
tound to be a new illand. The fituation and dimenlions of this illand arc not
well afeertained The information brought by the lall (hii) from thince, was,
that the ifland was Hill increafing, and that great quantities of fire ilVucd from
two of its eminences.
I'oprLATioN, iNHABiT.'\NTs, MANNERS, ANO ci'STOMS.] It appears that a
Norwegian colony, among which there were many Swedes, lettletl in Iceland in
the ninth century. They fo-jnd there inhabitants who were Cliritlians, and wlionj
they called Popiis. Ir is laid, that the Norwegians alfo found among them Irilli
books, bells, and troliers : and it is conjictured, that the pe(>ple who were there,
when the Norwegians arrived in the illand, originally came '."..., 1. l^ngland ancl
Ireli.nd. The inhabitants lonj| retained their freedom ; liut they were at lail
obliged to fubmit to tlie kings ot Norway, and afterwards became fubjeit, togellier
with Norway, to the kings of Denmark. They were at firii govi-rned bv an ad-
miral, who was fent there every year to make the neceliary regulations, but that
mode has now been chanf^ed for inany years, and a governor appointed, who is
ftyled Sliftfamtmann, and who conllantly relides in the countr\'.
The number of the inhabitants of li eland is computed at about 60,000. It was
nmeli more populous in former tinus, when ('reat numlu-rs were dellroyed bv con-
tai^iuus difeafcs. The ])lague carried otf many thoufands, from 1402 to 1404.
Many parts of Iceland have alio been depopulated by famines, chieHy occalioiifd
by the Greenland floating ice; which, when it comes in great <|uantities, prevents
the grais from growing, and puts an entire Hop to their lilhing. The fmall-pox
has likewife been very fatal here; for, in the years 1707 and 1708, that difeafe de-
ftroyefl 16,000 perfons.
'ilie Icelanders in general are middle-lized, and well-made, though not very
flrong. They are an honeil, well-intentioned people, moderatelv indultrious, and
very faithful and 'obliging. Theft is feldom heard of among them. They are
nuich inclined to hofpitality, and cxercife it as far as their ])overty will ptTmir.
I'heir chiif employments are lilliing, and the care of their cattle. \)n the coalis
the men employ their time in filhing both winter and fummer ; and the women
l)repare the filh, and few ami fjiin. The men alfo prepare leatlier, work :if feve-
ral methanic trades, and ft)me tew work in gold and diver, 'liny likewitc manu-
lacture a eoa:fe kind of cloth, which flu v call \'\';Kliii:d. Thev have an uncom-
monly liiong attaeliT'-'Mit to their native countrx, and think themtelves no where
elfe fo h;ipi)y. An Icelander, there, feldom Cttles in Copenhagen, though the
mofi advantageous conditions (hould be ofllred him. 'I heir difpoliiions are I'eri-
ous, and they are nuich inclined to religion. They never p.ifs ;i ri\er, or any
other dangerous phice, without previoully taking oiV their hats, an'l iin[)lori!ig the
(lixine jirotihioii ; and they are always thankful for iheir prefervatlon, when they
have efcaped the diuigcr. U hen they meet together, their chief palHme conlilis iii
reading their hitlory. The mafterof the hoiife Ingin.s, and the relt contin-e in iheir
turns, wh'-n he is tired. 'I l;ey ;ire fainous for p!;i) mg at i hefs ; iind 1 ne of iluir paf-
t lines conlilis in re( iting veifes. Svunelir.ies a man and W(.man take one another bv
I'.e hand, and In turns ling llanzas, whiili are a kind of d;alogue, and in vvhicli
8 the
I
I.
N
7»
t arc fecn
7 dcg. W.
il iixty in
iihabitants
1 of Grin-
wards was
.d arc not
■ncc, was,
iVuecl from
cars tliat a
Iceland in
and whom
thcni Irilh
vcrc tlu-ri",
■gland and
ore at lall
it, together
by an ad-
s, but that
ted, who lit
30. It was
yod by ton-
i2 to 1404.
' ocealioned
ts, prevents
I'm all-pox
tlil'eafc de-
not very
rioiis, and
'l"liey arj
permit,
the coalls
le women
)rk at feve-
.il'e manii-
m uncom-
no where
loiigh the
11-, ;u\' leri-
.■r, cr any
)!ori:ii!; the
rtheii they
tiitilills ill
•e ill llieir
iheir paf-
luotliir by
ill whiili
I he
the company occafionally join in chorus. The dn.'fs of the Icelanders is not clo-
f>ant or ornamental, but it is neat, cleanly, and fuited to the climate. On their
tingers the women wear fevtral gold, lilver, or brafs rings. The poorer women
drefs in the coarfe cloth called VVadmal, and always wear black : thofe who are
in better circumrtanees wear liroad cloth, with (iiver ornaments gilt. In fome
places their houfes »rr built of drill wood, and in others they are raifed of lava,
with inofs lliitred between the lava. Their roofs are covered with fods laid over
rafters or fometimes over ribs of whales, whicli are both more durable and more
oxpcnfive than wood. They have not even a chimney in their kitchens, but only •
lay tlu'ir fuel on the earth, between three Aones ; and the fmoke ill'iies from a fquare
hole in the root. Their tood conlilis of dried filh, four butter, which they c(m(ider
as a dainty, milk mixed with water and whey, and a little meat. IJread is fo
fcarce among them, that there is hardly au) peafant who cats it above three or
lour months in the year.
RtiMv.ioN.J Hie only religion tolerated in Iceland is tlie Lutheran. The
churches on the cart, foutli, ancl wert tpiartci . ot the illand, are under the jurifditlioii
of tliK* bilhoj) of Skalholl (the capital of the illand), and thofe of the north quarter
are fubjett to the bilhop of H(K)lum. The illand is divided into 189 parilhes, of
which 127 belong to the fee of Skalholt, and 62 to that of Hoolum. All the mi-
nillers are natives of Iceland, and receive a yearly falary of four or five hundred rix-
dollars from the king, exclulive of what tlu y have tVom their congregations.
Lanoi AoK.] The laiiguJigc in Iceland is the fame forinerly fpoken in Sweden,
Denmark, and Norway, and lias been preferved lo pure, that many Icelanders
underiiand their molt ancient traditional hillories,
Learmnc. ANn LEARNED i.iicN.] It is liiiil that poctrv formerly Houriflied very
much in Iceland; and we are informed that Isgil Skallagrimfon, Korniak Ognumd-
fon, G'.um Geirfon, and Thorlief Jarlaa, were celebrated as great poei-^. Sut tiie
art of writing was not much in ufe till after the )ear 1000; tlniugh the Runic
charatters were known in that country before that period, and inoft probably
brought thither from Norway, .'\fter the reception of the Chriltian religion, tlie
Latin charatters were immediately adopted, as the Runic alphabet, which only
conlilis of lixteen letters, was found infutlieient. The firft Icelandic bilhop, Kleif',
founded a fchool at Skalholt ; and foon at'ier four otiier Ichools were founded, in
which the youth were inflrutted in the Latin tongue, divinity, and fome parts of
theoretic pliilofopliy. And from the introduttion of the ("hriltian religion here,
till the vear 12(14, when Iceland became fubject to Norway, it was onr of the
f»-w countries in Europe, and the only one in the North, wherein the fcicnces
were cultivateil and held in cUeem.
Hut this period of time fcems to have produced more learned men in Iceland
than any other period lince. It appears from tlieir ancient chronicles, that they
had conliderable knowledge in n.oralitv, philofnpliy, natural liilliH}, and allri).
nomv. Molt of their works were written in the iitli, 1 illi, 1 ;,th, aiul 14th, cen-
turies; and fome of them have been j>rinted. Sir Jofeph lianks preknted one
hundred and (i\ty-two Icelandic mainikrips to the Hritilh Mufeuni. 'ITiat gentle-
man viliied Iceland in 1 jyi, acconip.mied bv Dr. Soinuler, Dr. \ an 'I'roil, a.ul Dr.
Linil. Dr. \ :ui Troil, wlio publillied an aciu.intol their voyage, obk r\ vs that
he found more knowledge among the lower clatV in Iceland tlnui is to be met with
in moll other places ; that 'nany of them eoukl repeat the works ot fome of their
poets by heart ; and that a peafant was feldom to be found, who, belides being
well iftruCted in the principles of religion, was not alio aequaiiUed with the hillorv
uf his own country ; which proceeds trom the frequent ri.mlingol their traditional
liiUories, that beiiiii; one of their principal amufenunts.
John .\refon, bill'.op cf lloolum, enip!u)cd Jolu' Nhittliien'un, a native of Sweden,
m
n
I
E
N 1)
in eftablilliing a printing-prpfs in Iceland, about the yc«r >530; and tlie firfl book
printed by linn ttiere was the Breviariiim Nitlarofienfc. He alfo printed an ercle-
(iaflieal Manual, Luther's Catetliirm, and other books of that kind. 'Hie ieelandic
iDtle of laws appeared in 1.178, and the Icelandic Bible in 1584. A new privi-
leged printing-otlite has lately been eliabliflied at llrappfcy in this illand, where
feveral valuable books have been printed.
MouNrAiNs, V01.CANOF.S, ANT) NATURAL ci'RiosiTt Rs.] Though this ifland
is lituatcd To far to the north, earthcpiakcs and volcanoes are more known than in
many countries is much warmer climates. The former have feveral times laid the
country almoO defolate, particularly in the years 17.34, '75^. ""d 1755, when
fiery eruptions broke out of the earth, and i)roduccd very fatal efFedts. Many of
the fnowy mountains have alio gradually become volcanoes. Of thcfe burning
mountains Heckia is the bell known to toreigners. This mountain is situated iu
till.' foutluTii part of the illand, about tour miles from tlu fea-coaft, and is divided
into three points at the top, the higiiert of which is that in ilie middle ; and which
is computed to be above 5000 teet higher than the fea. It has frequently fen,
forth flames and a torrent of burning matter. Its eruptions were particularly
dreadful in 1693, when they occalioned terrible devallations. the afhes being
thrown all round the illand to the dillance of 180 Kngliib miles. The laft erup-
tion of mount lleckia happened in i](-)(->. It began on the 5th of April, and con-
tinued to the 7th of September following. Flames proceeded aim from it in
December 1771, and in Sejitember 1772 ; but no eruptions of lava.
Amonglt the cmiolities in Iceland, nothing is more worthy of attention than the
hot fpouting water fprings with wlii( li this illand abouiids. The hot fprings at
A.Ix-la-(;hapelle, Carllbad, Hath, and Switzerland, and feveral others found in Italy,
are conlidered as very remarkable : but except in the lalf mentioned country, the
water no where becomes boiling hot ; nor is it any where known to be thrown fo
high as the hot fpouting water-fprings in Iceland. All thofe water-works that
have been contrived with fo much art, and at fo an enormous an expence, can-
not bv any means be compared with thefe. The water-works at St. Cloud, which
are thought the greatefl amongll all the French water-works, call up a thin
column eighty feet into the air: while fome fprings in Iceland fpout cidumns of
water, of feveral feet in thicknefs, to the height, as many artirm, of feveral
luiiulred feet. Thefe fprings are of unequal degrees of heat. From lonie, the
water flows gently as from other fp'^in^s, and it is then called a bath : from others,
it fpouts boiling water with a great noife, and it is then called a kettle. Though
the degree of heal is une()ual, yet Dr. Van Troil does not remember ever to have
obferved it under 188 ol Fahrenheit's thfnnometer. At Geyfer, R<rvnum, and
I.augarvatn, he found it at 212 ; and in the lafl |)Iace, in the ground, at a little
hot current of watir, 21 ; det;rees. It is common fur fome of the fpout ing-fprings
to ceafe, and others to rite up in thi'ir tlead. Frecjuent earth(]uakes, and fubter-
ranean noifes heard at the time, caule great tirror to the people who live in the
iieighliourhood. In feveral of thefe hot fprings, the inhabitants who live near
tin in boil their victuals, onlv by hanging a pot into which the tlelh is put in cold
water, in the water of the fpring. They alio bathe in tlu' rivulets that run troin
them, which, by degreis, become lukewarm, or are cooled bv admixtuie with
rivulets of cold water. The eows that drink of thefe fprings are faid to yield
an extraordinary quantity of milk ; and it is elfeemed very wholefome when drank
by the luiman Ij, t ies.
The largeft of all the fpouting-fprings in Iceland is called Gcvfer. It is about
tuo days journey from lleckia, and not far from Skalholt. Iii approaching to-
war<is it, a noife is heard, like the nulling of a torrent, preci|>itatiug iilc If tVoin
liiijjendous rocks. The water here fpouts feveral times a da), but alwavs by
7 ' itarts,
I C F. I,
D.
7.?
darts, nncl after certain intervals. Some travellers have aflirmcJ tliat ii I'pouts tn
the height ot" lixty t'athoins. 'I he water is tiirown up niueh higher at fonie times
tlian at otlu-rs : when Dr. Van Troll was there, the utmoll height to wliitli i'
inouiiteil was tnnipuletl to he 92 teet.
Ikit'altine pillars are lilcewife very common in Iceland, which are fiijipofed t«i
hav<- been produced hy fni)terraneous lircs. Ihe lower fort of |)eople imagine
tiiefe pillars In havi- Wcw piled upon one another by giants, who made ufe of fiiper-
natural force to ctVoft it. Ihey have jjenerally from three to feven fides, and aro
from tour to lix feet in tliicknefs, and from twelve to (ixtcen yards in length, with-
out any horizontal divilions. In fonie places, they are only feen here and there
among liie lava in the mountains ; but, ni fonie other places, they extend two or
three miles in length without inli iruption.
Kver\ year great damaije is done to this country by immenfe maffes of ice
which arrive commonly wnh a N W. or N. N. W. wind from Greenland. 'Ihe
field ice is of two or three fathoms thickiiefs, is fcparated by the winds, and Ids
dreadi.ll than the rock or niountaini ice, which is often feen more than fifty feet
alx)ve water, and is at leall nine times the fame depth below watc'. 'Ihefe pro-
digious mailes of ico are frequently lett in Ihoai water, fixed, as it were, to the
ground, and in that Hate remain many years undilfolved, chilling all the ambient
part of the atmofphere for many miles round. When many fucn lofly and bulky
nialies of ice are Hoaiing together, the wood that is often drifted along bi-twcen
them is fo nuicii chafed, and prelled with fuch violence togetlier, that it takes lire;
which circinntlaiice has occalioncd fabulous accounts of the ice being in Hames.
'liie ice caufed fo violent a cold in i;?5^and 17 54, that many horfes artd Iheep
were killed by it, and through want of I'ood : horfes were obferved to feed upon
dead cattle, and the (heei> to eat of each other's wool. A number of bears arrive
yearly with the ice, which commit great ravages, particularly among the (liccp.
Ihe Icelanders attempt to deltroy thcfe intruders as ioon as they get fight of them;
and fometimes they alfemble together, and drive them back to the ice, with which
tliey often tioat oil again. For want ot fire amis, they are obliged to make ufe of
fpears on tlkfe occalions. Tlie government enc(mrages the natives to deftroy thefe
animals, by paving a premium ol ten dollars for evi-ry bear that is kilicfl. Their
(kins are alio purchafed lor the king, and are not allowed to be fold to any other
j)erfon.
It is extraordinarv that trees do not tluivo i)i Iceland ; nay, there are vcrv few
to be found on the whule iOand, tliougii iheti" are cfitnin prools that wood for-
merly gvi w there in great abuiuianie. N'or can corn be cultivated here to am-
advanliiL^i ; tlioi:gh cabbages, parlley, turnijis. and |)eas, may be met \\'n\\ in fise
or li.\ gaideiis, wlii< h are laid to be'all that are in the iiland.
TBAni: J 'ihe c">maiei\e ot this iiland is monopoli/.ed by a naiiilli companv
'I'lie fiiil upon the fea-toalts is toler.ii>ly goml tor palhire ; and though there is not
any conliderable town in the whole iiland, the Icelanders have feveral freijuenled
ports. '1 heir «-\j)(irts conlill of diied filh, lallcd mutton and lamb, bet-f, butter,
tallow, train-oil, coarfe wtuillen-clutli, llo< kin<;i, gloves, raw wool, llieep-lkin-.,
l.imbfkins, fox-furs of various colours, eider-<l,'Wti, and feathers. Their miports
lonlirt of limlier, filiiing-lines and hnol- ■>, tob.ueo, bread, hoife-lhoes, branth,
\vine, I'alt, linen, and a little lilk ; exiiul:^e()t fomc necelfaries and fuj)erHuities
for the more wealthy.
Strencth and Ii ev!:m'k.] As Irclan'l aiTords no bait for avarice or atnbition.
liie inhabitants reft iecurelv upon bib Danilli majelly's protection : the revenue he
draws from the eounti) amounts to about jOjOOO crowns a ji'ar.
TIIF
74
N
W
Y.
Til K FARO OR FERRO ISLANDS:
SO called from their lying in a cUiftcr, and the inhabitants ferrying from one
idand to another. 'Iney are about twenty-four in number, and lie between 6i
and 63 deg. N. L. and 6 deg. 10 min. VV. long, from London. The f|)ace of this
tlufler extends about 60 miles in length, and 40 in breadth, ■;o3 miles to the
wtfftward of Norwny ; having Shetlantl and the Orkneys on tlie foutb-i-aft, and
(Jreenland and Iteliuid upon the north and north-wilL The trade and income of
the inhabitants, >vh<j may be about 4000, add little to the revenues of Denmark.
NORWAY.
Contninlng 158,400 Scu'are Milks, with kfs than four Inliabilants to each.
ISame, BOUNDARIES, 7 ''"pHE natural fignification of Norway i'*, the Nor-
ANi) RXTLNT. J thcrii-iviiy. It is bouudcil on the fouth by the en-
ti.incc ' "> the Baltie, called the hlcaggernr, or Catcjjate ; on tlu' well mid north,
by the northern ocean ; and on the call it is divided trom Sweden by a long ridj^e
of r lOiintaiiis, called at diirerviit parts by dilVerent names; as rilU'tii-'id, Dotretiekl,
Rvi JdieUl, and Dourlield. The reader may confult the talile ci" dimcnlioni. in Uen-
.iVitrk for its cxtetit, which is not, however, well afcertained.
C' :.. \iK.] The climate of Norway varies according to its latitude, and its
j)( iiiion towarils the fea. At IJcrgeu tlu- winter is modirate, and ilie fea is prac-
vicabiu. 'Hu' calicrn parts of Norway are conmionly covered w lib fnow ; and tlu-
cold generally prevails from the middle of Ottobcr, with intenfe feverity, to the
niiddle of April ; the waters being all the time frozen to a cdiilideraliie tnicknef!}.
In 1 7 19, 7000 Swedes, who were on tlieir march to attack Dronlheim, perilhed
in the fnow, on tin- mountains which feparatc Swcilen trom Norway; ;md their
bodies we-c foumi in different polhires. But even frolt and fnow luive their con-
veniences, as tbey taiilitatc the lonvcwmce of goods by land. As lo the more nor-
therly parts ol this country called Kinmark, the cold is fo intenfe that they are but
little known. At llergen, the longell da\ conlills of about 19 hours, and the Ihort-
cft of about five. In fummer, the inlial>itanis can read and write at midnight by
the light of the flcy ; and in t'lo moll northfriy parts, about niidfunuucr, the fun is
continually in view. In tholV p;tris, iiowt vir, in the middle ot wintiT, there is only
a faint glir.micrii'g of light at noon tor about an hour and a half; owing 10 the re-
lieclion of tlu- fun's r.iys on the mountains. Natur, , uotwitbllanding, lias been fo
kind to the Norweiriaiis tiiat in tin inidll of thtir darknels the lk\ is fo fcrene,
and the moon and tlie aurot.i liort aii-. fo bright, that they >.an carry on their filhery,
and work at their levcral trades in open air.
'Ihe air is fo pure in fome ( f »ht' iil.'ud parts, that it has been fud tlic inhabi-
tants grow liivd of their long iv,s, and i aufe tin inlVlves lo be tranlported to ;i li fs
t:ilui>riou\ air. Suddi u thaw--, . nd fnow-falls iiase, however, fonielinus dreadful
eiretts, and deflroy whole viila^i,' .
iVtoi N TAINS j Norway coniams a chain of uni'(jual mountains running from
fouth to north : to pafs that of | Uiidar^er, a man nuill travel about fevenly Lngiillj
miles; and to pafs others, up., aids 01 lit'ty. PofrLtieiJ is counted the hit,dKd moun-
tain in liurope. 'Ihe'iivers at;d ( ;»t;iracts wluch int<rl'ect thofe dreaduil pn-tipices,
ami thai aw paliabli- only In llijjht toirc;i:ig woo(k:i bridges, render tr.ivelliiig \n
this country vciy t>.'rriblc anu dan^jaiousj ihuai;h tln-govi-rument is at thj e.xpeace
7 of
NORWAY.
75
of providing, at different nascs, houfn accommodated wid> fire, light, and kitchen
t'lirniturc. Dctnchcd from win vnll chain, otlicr imnunio mountains prcliiit ihcin-
(VIvi'H nil over Norway ; fome of them with rc^ervoir^ of water on the fop, and the
wliole forming a molt fiirprifing Inndfcnpo. The attivity of tlic niitivis, in rero-
verlng their (iHop and goats, when penned up, through a falfe Ih-p, in one of thofe
rocks, in wonderful. 'Ihe owner diretts himfelf to he lowered down froni tlic top
of the mountnin, (itting on a crofs IVick, tied to the end of a long rope ; and when
he arrives nt th<r place where the creature AandN, he fallens it to tiie fame cord,
and it is drawn up with himfelf. The caverns that are to he met with in thefc
mountains, are more won<lerfultlian tiiofe, perhaps, in any other part of the world.
One of tlicm, called Doldeen, was, in 1750, vilited l)y two clerf;ynu-n, who rc-
porteil, that they proceedi-d in it till they hesird the fea dalhing over their heads i
that the palTage was as wide and high as an ordinary church, the lides nerpendi-
i uldr, and the roof vaulted : that they defi ended a thght of natural dairs ; but when
they arrivfd at another, tliey durit not venture to proceed, but returned; and that
they confumed two candK's going and returning.
FoRKSi j.| 'Hie chief wealth of Norway lits in its forefts, which furnilh foreign-
ers witii mails, l)eams, planks, and hoards; and ferve belide for all domeftic ufes ;
particularly the condruclir>n of houfes, bridges, (hips, and f<rr charcoal to the foun-
derics. 'Ihe timber growing here are fir and pme, elm, alh, yew, benrerd, birch,
l)eech, oak, eel or alder, jumper, the afpin-tree, the comnl or doe-tree, hafel elder,
ebony (under the mountains of Kolen), lime or linden tree, and willows. 'ITie
funis which Norway receives for tmiber are very conliderable -, the indultry of Ihe
ii\habilants is greatly allllled by the courfe of their rivers, and the lituation of their
hikes; which allord them not only the conveniency of Hoating down their timber,
but of erct-ting faw-mills, for dividing their large beams into planks and deals \
tenth of all fawcd timber belongs to his Danilh majefty, and forms no iiiconlider-
able part <»f his revenue.
Stomi,!, MBTAr.s, 7 Norway Contains qunrrics of excellent marble as Well as
AND MiNRRAi-s. J many other kinds of linnci ; and the magnet is found in the
iron mines. The amianthus, or aft)eftos, is likewife touiid lu-re ; ns are cryllals,
granites, amelhvlis, ugatr, thunder-tloncs, and ragle-ftone. (lold found in Norway
has been coined into ducats. Mis Danilh niiijiiiy is now working, to ;];reat advan-
tage, a tilver mine at Koninglberg ; otlur tilv<T mines have been found in dift'erent
parts of the country ; and one of the many liKi r maliis that liavi- been difruvered,
wi'igliing ^(io pouiwls, is to be fccn at thi- royal mufeum at Co[)eidias^en. Lead,
cnppiT, ami iron mines, are common in this (ountry: otu" of tiie copper-minrs at
Roraas is thought to In- tlie rirhert in l''.uro])i'. Norway proiiiiccs (]URklilver, l"ul-
pluir, I'alt, coal, viiru'l, alum, and various kinds of loam ; the manufactures nf which
bring in a large reveiuie to the ert)wn.
Ri\ tRs AND LAKKs.J Tile rivers and lakes in this country are well llocked
with till), and navigable for veliels of ciHiliilerabie burden. llie moll extr.iordi-
nary circumltance attending tlie lakes is, that fome of tliem contain Hoating iliaiids
formed by tin- cohelittii <tt roots of trees and llirubs ; and, though torn from the
main land, bear herbage and trees, hi the vtar 1702, the noble tamils-kat of
Horge, near Kredericliadt. Imidenl) tunk, with all its fowers and battleinent>. inti>
an ab) Is a hundred fathom in depth ; and its lite was inllantly filled with w.iter, and
formed a lake 300 ells in length, and about half ns broad. Tliis melaneholy acci-
d«'nf, by which 14 j)eople and 200 bead o\ laltir perilhed, was occalioned by the
louiulation being undirmiued by the waters of a ri\er.
Uncommon »iyAi)KC tkos, / .VII the animals that are natives of DcniTiark are
FOWLS, .\Ni) FisHKs. $ to be fouiul ill Norway, with an addition of many
more. The wild bealts peculiar to Norway, are the elk, the rein-deer, the hare,
Li the
N O K \V
V.
tin- rabhit, iho bcnr, tlir wolf, tlio fox. tlir lynx, the uliitton, tl>o lomiiiR, the martin,
uihI iIu' boavcr. 'i lu- elk \% n mil, alhailourod UHiinul, il» ^h,^\K^ |)artitL.iMjr n( onco
of the hiiifi- imd thi- {hkf^\ it i. h.irinlefs, nml in « inter, fmial ; and ilic tielh of it
tallcs like vciiifoti. I'lic htircs are fmull ; ami are faicl ti) iise upiii mice in ilu-
winter time, anti to • han;,'e tlkir tuloiir tmni brnwn to N\hiti;. I he Norwej{i.n»
biar* arr llronj; ami la^jaoimis; ilnv an- n-murkable for imt luirtiiiq liiiiiiien i l)ul
their othir (|iialitieii are in loininon wiih the nil nl llu'ir Ipcu -^ in noilhern conn-
tries; nor ia\> we much ereilit the wtraordinatv fpeeimi-n!* uf tluir fajjaeily, re-
lorditl bv till' natives. The Norwci^ian wolvi-s, inoii^h furee, ure ihv evon ol a icnv
«ir goat, null Is iinpelliil by liim;,'fr ; ilu' naiivi* ari' tUxtiroiis in ^ll^^in^ trap!, for
ili'MM. in whiili ilu'v are taken or killiil. 'Ihe Imin, byfonu" ealU'd tlic fjoiipcs,
is t'lnallir than a \Milf, but as ilanijorons ; the\ an' ot ilu' eat kind, and liavc daws
likf ix^ers; iIk\ dij; undor ^ronntl, and ollen undeinnne llue|)-fi)ld.s, where tlu-v
make tbendlid haMie. 'i hi' ikin of the lynx is iKautifid and valuable, ns is that
of the bhi' k lo\. While and H'd I'om's arc likewifc foimd in Norway, and partaki-
I't till* iialmi' of that uiU animal in iitlicr eonntrir-, ; they haw a particular wae
«•! drawim» crabs alhori", b) ilippinj; their tails in the ualcr, whiih the irah la\i
hold of. Ihe ;;lnlton, otherwile called the erven, or viellras, refendiles a turnfpit
doR ; with n loni; body, tliick le>{s, Iharp claws niid teetit : his fnr, which is va-
rii>{atetl, is fo precious, that he is ihot with blunt arrows, to preferve the Ikin mi-
hiirt : he is bold, and to raven nis, that it is laid he \\ill devour a caicafe larger
than hindelf, and unbnrlhens lii?> domach by lipiee/ini; liinifelt between two clofe-
liamlim» tree.^ : when taken, h" has been even known to eat Hone and mortar. The
ermine is a little creature, remarkable for it.s Ihynef* ai\d ch aniinefs ; and itsi tur
forms a prim ipal part even of roval mai^niliceme. 'I here is little dillerence be-
tween the martin and a lar^e brown forelt cat, only its liead and f.iont are (harper ;
it is very tierce, and iti bite dan^eious. We Ihall mention the beavers in treating
i)t North .America.
No fountry produces a jjrcntpr variety of birds than Norway. The alks builil
upon rocks ; tlieir nnmbers »)fien darkiii the air, and the noife of their wings re-
lientble a liorm ; their hze is that of a lar^^ednck, and their Helh is much elteemed.
Many kinds of thrnlhes relide in Norway ; witli various kinds of pigeons, and fe-
\eral forts of beautiful wild ducks. The Norwegian cock-of-the-wood is of a black
or dark grey colour ; his eye refcmbUs tliat of a pheatant ; and he is faid to be the
larj^ell ot all eatable birds. Norwav |)roduces two kinds of ea|^les, the land and
the fea ; the lormcr is fo Ifrong, tlial it has been known to carry oil" a child of tw<»
years oUl: the fia, or hdi eagle, is larger tlian tlie other ; he nblills on afjuatic
tood ; and fomctimes darts on large Hlhes with fuch force, tliat, being unable to
tree his talons from their luxlies, he is dragged into the water and drowned.
.Nature feems to base ad.ipied thefe aerial iidvahitants for the coalt of Norway ;
ami indullry has produced a fpecles of mankind pnuliarly tilled for making them
lerviceable t') the human raii- : thete are the bird-men, or climbers, who areaina-
zi'igiy dexterous in mounting the lieepell rocks, ami ^ringing away the birds and
liien eggs; tlie latter are nutritive b>od, and are lometimes parboiled in vincar;
the tielli is eaten by the peafants, who generally relilli it ; while the feathers ami
down form a piot;table commodiiv. h.ven the tlogs of the farmers, in the northern
dill rids, are iiaiiied up to be allillants to ilufe birdmen in fei/ing tlieir pri-y.
ihe .Vandina\ lan lakes and (cas arc altonilhingly tVnittuI in molt kinds of fillies
ihaf are found on the fca-coalK of luirope. .Stoek-tiih innumerable, which are
diicd iip.'n the rmks without falling. Ihe liaacmoren is a fpecies of liiark, ten
talhoms in Ivntjih, and its liver vields three calks of train oil. 'Ihe luella-tlvPiler
is an e\c.iii\ely lart;.- turbot, whidi has been known to cover a man who bad
t.'ilUn over-board, lo keep him from rllm;.;. The feal'on for herring-fuhini; is an-
noui.ccd
N O R W
77
nuiincPil to (lilurmrn by llip fpoiitinj; of wnlcr from tlic wlinlc* (of «hiih /••vcn
ililii rent r|u-LH'!k iin* iiu-ntioiu-il) in Inllowing llu- licrriiiK I^K'n''*- I li«' liir^f whalu
ii I'linMci a coil, with (°nulU'\0!«, « dirk niaibUd llwiii, and wliili- lullv : tlicv f|)oiit
oiil the wator, wiiidi ilicy takt- in liy iiil'iiiraliin, tlnoii^li t\\() IwiUs cr tl|)nlin^«
Ml till' hiad. I )i> \ i'opiilatt.' Liiiil Hiiiin.ils, llaiulin^ tl|>ll^llt in tlu- I'va. A vninitf
lalo. \\\h\\ lit It proiliiik il, i<>
lltulll
niiK- or til)
lilt li
mil iIk- t'i'inalc I
liliii- n
naki-s
oini- i>l
riis, or
r.
oini'-
iiniliiT
I niiill
fth
IMU
rallicr
tiiiii-x l)rings loith two at a liirtli. I lif wliali- ilivmirH fiuli an iiurii
of fiiiall liili, that his lu-liv in oltin uady to hurl) ; in wjiii.h lafo hi-
ironii'iiiloiis Doilo froiii pain. llu- fniulirr Hlh have tlii-ir rcviD^i- ; I
hiilrii on hi> baik, ami inctiranllv luat him ; otiurs, with Iharp lio
hoiK's, on tlu'ir licak, fwim niuliT his hi-ily, aiul rmiu-timeH rip it up ; fonu' an* pii
viikii with loii^ iliavp liiih, and trar his llolh. I'.vi'ii tiu' aipialit. hirds of pny tU'>
tlarc war a){ainll liini wIkii Iio comrs ntur the lurhiic of tin- water ; and lu' han
l>ci*n known to hi' fn torttin-d, that he has lu-at liiinfvlf to dcalli on tlic roc-kN.
'1 hi' toalt of Norway may he laid to he the native loiintry of lurrinjis. Iim
UlllC
rahie are the llioals thai eoiiie froi
n uiK
kr ll
le lie a
t ti
Ih
le north noK
iiid aliout thu
latitude of leeland divide ihemlelvis into tiirre lioilies ; one of ihefe fti|iply |hi>
V\ elh-rii llles and eoalK of .Votlaiid, another diii\ts in eourfe round tlie eiilleni
pait of (ireat ikitaiii ilown tlio Clianiul, and the third enters ihe llaltie tiirou^di
the Sound. I hiy Inrm j^uat part of tlie food of tlie loinmon iicople ; the eod, liiur,
kaiieiiati, and lorlk-fnhes follow tiiem, and U'^d upon tluu Ipawii ; and aie taki it
in piodi^ious numhers in ^o or f)U latlioni!> water: thi le, ilpeiially their roes, ami
the oil e\iia(ted Iroiii their livers, are cxportnl and fold to •{rial advantaue ; and
ahuve 150,000 ijcople are maintained by the herring and other filliing on the coall
of Norway Tlie i'ea-devil is uhoiil fix feet in length, and i* fo called from it*
d voraiity. The fca fcorpion is likewife of a hideo
us.
monllrous appearance an
form, its head hein^ larger ilian its whole budy, whicii is about four feet ill length ^
and its bite is laid 10 lie i)i>ifoiious.
1 he mod feetnin>{!y fai)ulous account ii( the am ients, concerning fea-monders
art* rendered credible by the |»rotliictionso| the .Norwej^ian leas ; and the fea-fnake,
or ferpent of the ocean, is no Innijer counted ailiiiiiira. In 17.V>, one of theiu
was lliot by a malier of a ihip ; ii> dead refeinbli d that ol a liorfe ; the mouth was
iar^e and black, as were the eves, a while mane hanjjing trom its neik; il tioated
«>n the furface of the water, and held its head at leal! two feet out of the fea : be-
tween the head and neck were (v\i:i\ or i ijjht folds, which weie very tliick ; ami
the length ol this fnake was moie than a hundred \ards, fome fay fathoms. They
liave a remarkable averlioii to the fniell ol callor ; lor which rcafon, ihip, biuil,antl
bark-maders provide theinlelves with iiuaiiliues ol that druj; to puvent beinjj
overfet, the fer[)eiil s olfactory nerves lieiiif; cxipiititely fenlible. Ihe peculiari-
ties related of this animal are alterted upon oaih. l-.geile a very lepiiiable au-
thor) lavs, tli.i! o'l the oih dav of July, 1714, a larj;e and lrii;htlul lea-moiider
railed iifeif fo hi^h out of the waur, tliat lis head leailied al>ove tlie main-top-
mali of the lliip , that it had a loi.^ iliai p Inout, broa-.l paws, and fponttd wa-
ter like a whale; that the liody feemed to lie lovueil with fcales : the Ikin was
uneven ami wrinkled, and the lower part was formed like a fnake. Ihe body
of this moiider is f.iid to be as thiek as a hoj^lheail , the Ik in is variej^ated like
a torloife-lliell ; and his cxcreuient, which tloals upon the furlace ot the water,
is corrolive.
'Ihecxidence of the kraken, or korven, is ftrongly alVertcd. Its bulk is faitl
to be a mile and a half in i ircumference ; and wlien part of it appears above the
water, refembles a number of hiiall illands and l.n.d-hanks, on which fahes (port,
and lia-vveeds f;row : v.yon a farther einerniui;, a nuniher ot pellucid atiteiui;e,
each about the height, form, and li/e of a incilcratc nudi, appear ; and by tliir
aciiua
NOR \V
Y
■Hior niul roafiion he gailx-m lii* t'<><Ml. coiiiilliiig ot riiull Mw*. \Mi.-n lie finkt,
uhi( ti III' <|iM'( f^riulunlly. a tljn|ii roiis t'wi'H ol <lic fi'ii (w ccd*. and • kiikd tit whirl-
pool is toriiu-il III tlif wnicr. In lOHo, a you^^ kr.ikcii |KTillu'(i nnionj^ tlic riKkii
mid V lills lit llic parilJi o|' AKIiiliont; , uiid In* dcuili ot culioiird Im ' • :i> luli, tiut
tlic iliaiiiu'l \vii> iiii|iMiral)lkv It it iIum^Iii lliui tills tilli n«.iuuntii i</r il > pha'n>»-
nu'11.1 (it tlt'.iiiiiir illuiidi, und uihcr luiiilitory uppctitiuicc* in llio Iva, inat l.jd tur*
ini-rlv Ik'vii hold tal>ul<>ii«.
'Ini' nur-iiu-n und nu t women hold their rcfidonck' in tho Norwcgion feni The
ini-r-niiiii i* silioiit fi^lii t|)Mii>t lon^ . und, ux dilirilifd, litiirt m-Hrly an iinuli rrfi-m-
hlaiui- as an upc dor^, to llu- hunMn Ipotit'n ; a high torihoad, little cycit, a tiat
noil-, and Inrui- nioiiili, without ilim or earsi, cliurutU'rilc its licitd i it« nrnii are
tliort, hut wittiout joitilH or I lliows, and they l<-rminate in meniluTi rclVnihIing ii
huniaii hand, Init ol' the paw kind, und llu- hngi n (uiiiuclod l>; a inenibrAiie :
main in tlio water, urinin.ii. like thot'c ot filhct. 'I'hc t'cinulci nave brealt'., tl
the partH of geiierafion iniiieate tluir (exen ; lhou^ll their under part*, whir'i re»
main in the water, Urinin.ii.' like I
wliiih they fnckle their yuunx ones.
CeRiosiriKH J Ihot'eot Norway are only natural. On the conll, latiliide 67,
in that dreadful vortex, or whirlpool, called Ir, iiuviKUtor* the navel ut the iVa, ,und
by I'oine Malelirotn, or Molkoelliom. 'Die ill nid Molkoe, from whenn ihiit
Hreani derives its name, lies lulweeii the mountain Hellemjen in l.<>f'oden, and lli«
illaiid \'er, wliieh are alxnit one league dilhint ; und iietween the illand ami eoall
on one hde, the llreain makes its way. Between Molki and l.otodeii, it m near
400 talhoms deep : hut between Molkoe and \ er il it lo Ihallow ns not to allorJ
ftalFa^e tor a rmall diip. \\ hen il is Mood, the Iheain runs up the eounlry with a
loiiterous rapidity; and when il is ibl», riii ms to the lea with a violence and
noife unei|ualled by the londell cataracts. It is heard nl the diltance ot' many
leagues, and forinii a whirlpool ot ^'reat depth and extent ; To violent that it a Ihip,
tonus near, it is immediately vlrawn irreHlliblv into the whirl, and there difa|>pears,
being carried dow n to the bottom in a inonient, where it is dallied lo pieces auainll
the rocks ; and juli at tlie turn ol ebb and tliMHt, when the water becomes llill tor
ulxiiii a (piarter <>t an luur, it rift s a^ain in I'cattereti tia^inents. Wlien 'i.e tor
rent is agita cd by a Ihirm, it has reached v« lUU at the diltance of more than a
Norway mile, where the crews have thought ihemfelves in perfett I'ecurity. Per-
haps it is hardly in t\h' power of j.iiu v ti> conciive a hiuatiun of more horror than
that of heinj' vioientiv driven ft)rward to an omiav helming vtirtex, ot which the
iioile and turbulence llill increa ing as it is apprtiacheil are an earnel^ >f ipiick ami
inevitable deHruttiim Kven wliales are fretniently carried aw.iy ; ami the iim-
nient they feel the force of the v\ater, are faiil to llrugi;le againlt it, howling and
belldwing in a frii;lilfiil manner. The like li.ipp.ns treipienlly to tiears, wiio ,ii-
tempt to fwim to the iliaml to piey n|)on il>' lluep.
It was the ojiinion tif Kircher, tiiat ihe MaW Itroin is a fea vortex, which attracln
the Hood under ihe ihtire of Norway, and difcharges it again in the gulph ol IJuih-
nia : hut this opiiion is now known lo lie erronetms, by the return ot the lliat-
tered tragmenis of whalever happens to be (hiked down by it. 'Ihe large lltnin
ot hrs and pines rife again fo llii.ered ai'-l rplinli --eil, that the pieces look as it'
covered with briltles. Ihe whole pluenonu iia are tlie etfects {>{ tlie violence ol"
the daily ebb and How, occalioncd by the contraction t)f the* llrcam in its tourfe
bclwccn tlie rocks.
Peoi'le, i.ANGi'AOE, RELir.ioN, ? 'I"he Norweirians exhibit an intermediate
AND ci'sro.vis OF Norway. J charai-ler, between the liinplicily tif the
Creenlanders aiul Icelanders, and tlie more polilhed manners tif the Danes. I heir
religion is Lutheran; and they have biihops, as thofe of Uennuuk, wiihuut tem-
poral
N O R W
n
but comiivmlv g(».
poral jiirifdi/>ii)n. Thp viceroy, lik« \m mi»ilU.r, i* abfuliit
Vtrn* withoit 'i|)|>rrlli<>ii.
Thp Norwpgiiin* in gcnrml «w ftron^, rolttift, «n<l hrivt. Th« womfn are hnml-
fornc iiixl coiirifotii ^ nnd tliv Norwrgmn lorin* of litr mutl) rcfoml>tr the prlmi-
ti\' iiiHimcrs ojoiir <iv< i\ Sa\(in nnt«'lli)r» \^ ii "thii riul coun'Mi-* there in in
Nurvi.iy little dirrriinirintiMii of trndc*, i'Ui.>i t.iiinU liipplyiiig lor moll purt n .
itM own want < 'llic punrfll tlttfn oli«'u mix with om meal the kvarW of fir, rn«' •
intoakiml of Hour t nn<l thry arc ritliiittt to txtfiiv,ulinary rtiif|» for fupplvit '
th« placo t" hrrnil, or fitrinact mi« f^wxl. 'H>o nvidilling Norwrgiana Imd that kiitd
of lifo wli ^1 wi- may fay h furnilhid wiili pirrtty i out they ure neither fond of
luxury, Hi/ ' ihty «1r«-.id p' oury : and tliii nticldlc llutc prolongs their lives fur-
prifingly. i lough their drefa ii in m«nv rifpefh u ronuniMlatcd to ihcinliniatc,
yet, by villi Ml, inlUad of );unrdiii|( atainll the incUmemy of the weather, thr y
outbrave ii ■, for they rxpofe thonifJlvi'* to told without any cover over their
breads or tvckit, A Norw> i;ii«n of n hundred years nf ngi' it not lonnird pnii hi«
hlhnur niul in I7ji. f'>iir loupleu \m,:tk mnrrittl, and dnnoMl lieforehii Dnniili ma-
jcllv at Fridi-ricliiiill, wltufi- unes, when joiiud, cxi coded Koo vfon old.
I'hc tuneral cirentonioH o( flie Nofvveg!•^n^ cot.tain wftit^eit of their former pa>
giioifin ; ihiv play on the violin nl the hoad of the coHin, nnd while the (orpii it
Carried to the chiiril\, which \^ 'Hert done in n bi>at. In foine place* the moiirrt-
er« tilk the dead pcrfon why he (' <\ wheihrr lli^ wife and lu•i^nh(lllr« were kind
to him, loul olhiT fmli (putHfus ir'<iuc(itly kneeling down and aflcing lurgive>
ncf.. if evi r lliev ha<l otUndeil llu deceafed.
CoMMK RCF.,j We have little lo ndtl to thisi head, dilFerent from what will he
oliferved in our aeeonnt of I), Tlie ^U\\ k'h on iti'ir exportH, moll of wliich
huv«' been iilri.a<ly rennmtcd, ;i n ,i lo alxnit 100,000 rixdollars 11 Vfiir.
Sirn-NOTit ANi» ar.viiNi'K j H\ me lull caieulatinns, N'orwav lan furnifli out
14,000 excellent fcanien, and above 30,000 brave foldiers, lui the ufe of their
kin*. The royal anniinl r»\rniie from Norway amounts to near loo.oool and
till his prcfent rnajelfy\ iKeiiliun, the nrmN . inltead »u being expenlive, added ton-
fKlernliiy to Iiii income, by the iol)lidics it ilrcw trom foreijjn princet.
II IS I on V, I \\ c mull rctcr in l)eiiiii:il fur thi^ IumcI. The an<ieiit N'orwe-
tans certainly were ;l p<i«cifii! people, and the liardiell Icamen in tlie world.
f we are to believe th>-ir hillorics. they were no ftrangers to Anurica long before
it was difcovcrcd l>v C'lilombuH Many Norv.egiiiii cMlloms are yet difccriMble in
Jrelaiid and tin" north ' Seotland, w liere ilu- Nov iiai\s made trecpieni 'Ul'ceiiln,
■lid l>>me fetlli-metit^, which ari* f^encally cunfouiukd with ihnle of the Danes,
Trom their being the mutl turl)uleiif, tln\' are becoii\o now ib<- tiioll loyal fubjccl*
in I'.uiope ; w)iich may In- partly accotinted for, fVont the barbarity and tyraiuiy
of llieir aiuii iit kin;^s. Since the \miiin of Calmar, wliich iiniti-il Norway to
l)inmark, ihcir hiltory, .ib well as ialeielU, arc the fame wilh ihuft; of Ueiimaik.
fi
D E N M A U K
IMAGE EVALUATION
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0
(7!6) •73-4503
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D E N M .L K K.
DENMARK*Pkoper, or JUTLAND, cxclufive of the Islanp*
' . , \,„ in tiic Baltic.
Miles.
Extent and Situation.
Degrees.
V. .. Length 240!? b„,,,,„.,,, 5 54 and 5.? North latitude. ? ' •;
Breadth 114 J Dctwctn | g and 1 1 Eaftlongitude. S
' ■ ■'
Containing 15,744 SoyARE Miles, with 139 Inhabitants to each. <-,
UouNDARiEs AND ) TT is divided on the north tVom Norway by the Scaggcrac
DIVISIONS. 3 ■*■ fca, and tVoni Sweden on the call by the Sound; on the
.fouth by Cjermany and the Baltic ; and the Cierman fea divides it from Great
Britain on the wcu.
Denmark proper is divided into two parts : the peninfula of Jutland, anciently
called Cimbrica CherJonefuSy and the illands at the entrance of the Baltic, mentioned
in the table. It is remarkable, that though all thefe together conditute the king-
dom of Denmark, yet not any one of them is feparately called by that name. Co-
penhagen, the metropolis, is in the illand ot Zealand.
Air, CLIMATE, SOIL, STATE OP AGRICULTURE, &c.] One of the laTgcft and
moflrt'ertile of all the provinces of this kingdom is Jutland, which produces abun-
<lance of all forts of grain and pafturage, ferving as the granary of Norway. A
great number of fmali cattle are bred in this province, and afterwards tranfported
into iioldein, to be fed for the ufe of Hamburgh, Lubec, and Amilcrdam. Jut-
land is every where interfpcrfcd with hills, and on the eaft fide has fine woods of
oak, fir, beech, birch, and other trees ; but the weft lide being lefs woody, the in-
habitants arc obliged to ufe turf and heath for fuel. Zealand is for the moft part
a fandy foil, but rather fertile in grain and pafturage, and agreeably variegated
with woods and lakes. The climate is more temperate here on account of the
vapours from the furrounding fea, than It is in many more foutherly parts of liu-
Tope. Spring and autumn are feafons fcarcely known in Denmark, on account
of the fudden tranlitions from cold to heat, and from heat to cold, which dillin-
guilh the climate of this kingdom. In all tiie northern provinces of Denmark,
the winters are very feverc, fo that the inhabitants often pafs arms of the fea in
Hedges upon the ice ; and during the winter all their harbours are frozen up.
'Ihe greateft part of the lands in Denmark and Holltein are fiefs, and the Jin-
cicnt nobility, by grants which they extorted at dilferent times from the crown,
gained fuch a j)ower over the farmers, and thofe who relided upon their eltates,
that at length they reduced them to a iiate of extreme llavery ; fo that they were
bought and fild with the lands, and were elKenud the property of their lords.
Many of the noble landholders in Mefwick. and liollliin have the power of life and
death. 'Ihe lituation of the farmers has been moll eUcntially improved by fomo
late edicts, of which we ihall take particular notice. Till very lately, if a farmer
jn Denmark, or in liolllein, haj)pened to be an induftrious man, and was lituated
ui)()n a poor f.trm, which l.\v ^reat diligence he laboured to cultivate advantage-
oullv, as I'ojM as he performed the loilfome talk, and exi)ettcd to reap the profits
• See Mallet's Denmark, p. i to i8. vol. v. inadc in nioft countries, .is the rwdcr will pcrciiiC
f Mcajiing wliere ionj^cft ami tjroailelk, a mc- by looking on the in.ii)S. Jutland, for iiifljiice,
thoil which is t!ie jiraftice of othtr writi-rs on is 114 miles where bro.iddl, thoiigli iu fundry
the fiilijeift. Oreat allowancu uiuft therclore be olhcr j arts it is not 50.
I of
D G N M A
ft
of w)iat he had Town, his lord, under pretence of taking it into his own hand,
removed him from that farm to another of his poor farms, and expected that he
fhould porfurm the fame laborious talk there, without any other emolument than
what he Ihall think proper to give him. This had been fo long the pradice in thii
country, tlwt it nccelTkrily threw the greateft damp upon the enorts of induftry, and
prevented thofc improvements in agriculture which would otherwife have been
introduced : the confequence of which was, that nine parts in ten of the inhabit
tants were in a Aate of great poverty. But the farmers now having fome fecuritv
tor their property, the lands of Denmark will be cultivated to much greater aa-
vantage tnan they have been btcly, and a much greater number of people fup-
porteu by the produce of agriculture.
Animals.] l>enmark produces an excellent breed of horfes, both for the
fuddle and carriage, about 5000 are fold annually out of the country, and of thi'ir
horned cattle 30,000. 'Iliey have alfo iheep, hogs, and game ; and the fea-coa(ts
are generally well fupplied with lilh.
Poj'ULATiON, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS.] By a numeration made, In 1739, of
his Daiiilh majeft)r's fubjeds in his dominions of Denmark, Norway, iiulllein, the
illands in the Baltic, and the counties of Oldenburgh and Delmenhorft, in Well-
phalia, they were faid to amount to 2 ,444,000 fouls, excluiive of the Icelanders
anil <jrcunlanders. The moll accurate account of the population, is that made
under the direction of the famous Struenfee, by which
Jutland numbered
Denmark Iceland
Funen
Norway
lilands o( Ferro
283,466
143,988
723. "41
4.754
Iceland 46,201
Duchy of SIcfwick 343,605
Duchy of I lolilein 134,665
Oldenburgh 62,854
Dclmcnhurll > 16,217-
i\ ' i ■
o-.
Sum Total, .b*,© 17,027
Several of the fmallor idands, included in the diftrift of Fionia arc omitted in
thi.s computation, which may contain a few thoufands.
However difproportioned this number may fcem to the extent of his Danilh ma*
jcfty's domin'.ons ; yet, every thing conlidercd, it is greater than could have been
Vxjietled from the uncultivated Itate of his poflellions. But the trade of Denmark
liath been fo thackicd, and her merchants fo terrified by the dcfpotifm of lier go-
vernment, that this kingdnni is at prefent one of the moll indigent ftatr> in ]<m.
rope. The craprefs of Riill'ia, in 1773, ceded to the king of Deniinrk thni por-
tion of Holllein which dcfcended to the line of llolllcin Gottorp, in exch;inqc lor
Oldenburgh and Delmenhorll, which the gave to the prince of Lubcck. This ex-
change i.s favourable to Denmark, both as to trade and population.
'ITie ancient inhabitants of Denmark polfclVcd a degree of courage which ap-
proached even to ferocity ; but by a continued feries of tyranny and npprollioii,
their national charaeter is much changed, and from a bravo, enterpriliiig, and war
like j)eople,they are become indolent and timid. They value themrelvco extremely
upon thofe titles and privileges which they derive from the crown, aiid an- ex-
ceedingly fond of pomp and fliew. They endeavour to imitate the Frencli in their
manners, drcfs, and even in their gallantry ; though they are naturally the very
<:ontralt of that nation. The Danes, like other northern nation.s, arc given to in-
temperance in drinking, and convivial entertainments ; but their nobility, wl)o nou
begin to vilit the other courts of Europe, are refining from their provint iai h.iiiits
juui vices.
Rkligion.] The religion is Lutheran ; and the kingdom is divided into fix
diocelcs; one in Zealand, one in Funcn, and four in Jutland ; bclidos four 111 No>.-
M wav
•ft
D IT N M
R
wav, and two in Icelnnd. Thrfo dioceffs nrc govrmcd by biili''ipi, whofii} dut^
it 18 to fupcrintend t)ie other clergy } nor have thty any othrr murk of prc-cmi<
neni'y than a diUin6tU>n of thuir eccletiultical drcfn, tor th<:v linve neither cuthc-
drnl nor eccldiaOical courtti, nor the fmalleft concern wit!) civil afl'airs. 'I'hey
ari; paid by thu tlatc, the church lands having been appropriated to the govern-
nieilt at tho Ret'ormation.
LAkflUAoK AKO LEARNING. j Tlic language of Denmark !'< a dialetl of the
Tcutohic ; but t-ligh Dutch and French aro fpoken at court ; and tho nobility have
lately made great udvanceH in the Kngiilh, wliich in now publicly t.tught at
Cx>penhagen. A compnny of Englilh comntcdians ocoalionhllly viiit that ca-
pital, where they lind tolerable encouragement. Denmark ha* two univerlitics,
that of Copenhagen, and that of Kiel ; two ncadcinical colle^jes at Soroe and
Odenfee, and thirty-two other |j;rcut fchools in the principal towns. Hierc it
at Copenhagen a royal focietv ot fcicnccs, an hiftorical fociety for theiludy of nor-
thern hiftory, another of Icelandic hirtory and literature, an academy for painting
and architecture, a college of phydcians and furgeons, and another Society of fci-
cnccs at Dronthcim *.
'J'hc univcrfity of Copenhagen has funds for the gratuitous fupport of 3x8 An-
dents; thefe funds are faid to amount to 300,000 rix-dollara: but the L)ancs in
general make no great figure in literature; though allrononiy and medicine arc
hijghly indebted to their lycho Brahe, Borichius, and the Barthoiines; the fcicnce-
ot botany owes much to the celebrated Chrillian Ocder, to whom, through the
liberality of his monarch, we are indebted for the Flora Danica. In fpenkmg of
the publications on natural hiftory, it would be unpardonable to omit mentioning
the mod fplcndid work of the kind ever produced 111 any nation ; it is a collection
of rare llielis, in two volumes folio, engraved and coloured by Francis Michael Re-
(jenfufs, at the royal expence. " The firft volume, which is the only one I have
leen, cuntaiiift a Ihort account of the colledtions of natural hiltory, and particularly
of (hells in Denmark ; a preliminary difcourfe on conchology, with a detail of the
I'everal authors who have written on the fubjett, and their different fyllenis, and
78 complete and delicately coloured figures, in 11 plates, accompanied with fei-
entific defcriptions in the Latin, French, and German languagesf-" Ihe round
tower <ind Chriftian's haven difpla^ the mechanical genius of a Longomontanus : the
Danes begin to make fome proinifrng attempts in niftory, poetry, and the drama;
and fevcrul of their learned men have lately employed their rcfearches on the hif-
tory and antiquities of the North.
Cities and chief buildings.] Copenhagen, which is now fituated on the
fine ifland of Zealand, was originally a fcttlement of failors, and firll founded bv
fome wandering fiiliermcn in the twelfth century, but it is now the metropolis, and
makes a magnificent appearance at a diilancc. It is very Arong, and defended
by fiHir cadles or forts. Jt contains ten parilh churches, beiidcs nine others, bo-
lon»ing to the Calvinids and other perfualious, and fome hofpitals. Copenhagen
Is adorned by fome public and private palaces, as they are called. Its itrects arc
186 in number ; and its inhabitants amount to 100,000. The houfes in the prin-
cipal llrects arc built of brick, and thofe in the lanes chiefly of timber. But
tlie chief glory of Copenhagen is its harbour, formed, by a large canal flowing
through the city, which admits of only one Hiip to enter at a time, but is capable
of containing 500. Several of the llreets have canals, and quays for thips to lie cloA-
to the houfes ; and its naval arfenal is faid to exceed that of Venice. Tlie road for
the (hipping begins about two miles from the town, and is defended by 90 pieces of
cannon, as well as the difliculty of the navigation. The police of Copenhagen
• /inimerman, p. 78.
f Coxe's Travels into Poland, RulEa, Swedtn, ind Denmark, 4(0. vol. 2. p. 566, 5O6.
IS
D R N M A R
ic prm-
But
in fxtrcmrly rfgtilnr, iind p«o|>l« tn»y walk through the city at midnight with
Krcat Tafcty. Indeed, it is Ufuuily ns quiet hero at eleven o'clock at uignt at in
n country village.
It is with much concern we hear, that on the a6th of Febniarv, 1 994, a dread*
fill fire broke out in the royal ualace of Chriftianfburg, which, in thie ipaceof feveA
or eight hours, reduced the wnole to a heap of alhc*. The ruyal family have hap<
nily efcapcd without accident ; but the greater part of their valuable effeeU have
tK>en a prey to the Hamrs. This place, one uf the mod commodioua, and mad
fumptuouffy fumiihed in Europe, was built in the reign of Chriftian VI. and it
laid to have cofl, in building only, confiderably above a million ftcrlinc : and pso-
biibly the %vhole lofs niiiy amount tu two millions. It is fome ronfobition, in fd
great a difiifter, that the roval library, rnniifting of Ixstwecn two and three hundred
ttin'jfand volumes, which miod detached frorii the princioal pile, had been fortu-
nately fared. 'Ilie fineft palace belonging to his Daniln niajeAy iiet about %o
Englifh miles from Copenhagen, and is called Frcdcriclburg. It it a very large
building, moated round with a triple ditch, and calculated^ like moll of the an-
cient relidences of princes, for defence againfl an enemy. It waa buih by Chrif-
tian the IVth. hikI, according to the architecture of the times, blends the Greek
and Gothic ftyles. In the front of the grand quadrangle appear Tufcan and D».
ric pillars, and on the fummit of' the building are fpires and turrets. SopM of tlip
romns are very fplendid« though fVirnilhed in the antique ttffte. Hie knight't hatt
is of great length. The tapeftry reprofentt the wars of D.*.nmark, and the cieling
is a moil minute and lal^jured performance in fculpture. The chinuwy-pieco
WHS once entirely covered with plates of lilver, richly ornamented ; but the ihwedea,
who have often landed here, and even befieged the capital, tore them all away,
and riHed the palace, notwithAandjng its triple moat and formidable appearance.
'About two miles from Kldneur is another fmall royal palace, Hat roofied, with it
windows in front, faid to be built on the place formerly occupied by the palace of
Mtimlet's father. In an adjoining garden is Ihcwn the very fpot where, accoixiing
to that tradition, that pi !nce was potfoned.
Jagerlbur^ is a park which contains a royal country feat, called the Hermitage,
remarkable tor the difpolition of its apnrlmenta, and tne quaintnefs of its furniture »
particularly a machine which conveys the <l}flies to and from the king's table in the
(t>C(md (lory. The chief ecclefiaftical building in Denmark it the cathedral of
Kofi^hild, where the kings and queens of Denmark were £ormerlT buried, and tboir
iDonun.ents (lill remain. Joining to this cathedral, by a coverea paflage, isa royal
palace, built in 17^3.
Klfineur is well biuilt, contains 5000 inhabitants, and, with refpe£t to commerce,
is only exceeded by Copenhagen. It is ftrongly fortified on the land-fide } and to>
wards the fea is defended by a ftrong fort, containing fcvcral battcriet of Loog can*
noo. ffere all veflels pay a toll, and m pafTing lower their top-failt.
CoMMRRcp..] IX'nmark is extremely well ntuated for commerce i her harboort
are well calculated tor the reception of fhips of all borthent, and ber marinerg are
very expert in the navigation ot the difl'erent parts of the ocean. The dominiont
of his Danith majirfly alfo fupply a great variety of timber, and other materials for
lltip-biitlding ; and fome of his provinces afford many natural produdiont for ex*
|N>rr»ti<)i>. Am<jng thefc, befides fir, and other timber, arc black cattle, horfct,
Ixtrter, ftock-filh, tnllow, hides, trnin-oil, tar, pitch, and iroi>, which being the n»-
tiiral protluct of the D;uiiih dinniiiions, are confequently ranked under the head of
( \|K>ris. To thefc we may add furs ; but exportati«in of oats are now forbidden.
'I he imports are fait, wine, hrandv, and lilk, from France, Portugal, and Italy. Of
late the I>.inek have hud a great inleiccnirfc with England, fi;oni whence thi'V im<
Ma . ^t
IS
D R N M A
K
port bronil-cloths, clocku, cnbinct, lock-work, and all oOwr innnufacturcfc carried
111) ill the groat trading Iowdn ot' Knulnnd.
Nothing Ihews tlic itnnmortinl Tpirit of tlic Danes In a more fi»vourul)lc light
ihnn liitir i-ftublilhmcnts in the Kiill and Will Indies. In i6ia ChrilUan IV. of
Daunark i Ibblilhctl un Kaft Intlia Company ut Copvnliagin •, and foon uflcr foiw
Ihipi (hilid from thence to lite Kail Indies. 'Tlie hint of this trade wa» given to lii»
Uanilh ninjefty by Jnme» I. of England, who married a princcfsi of Denmark ; and -
in 1617 the Dune* built and fortlHcd a cultle and town at I'ranuuebar.un the coull of
C'oromandi I. 'llic fecnrit^ which many of the Indians found under the cannon of
this fort invited numbers ot them to fettle herci fo that the Duuilh Kull-India Com*
pany were (bon rich enough to pay to their king a yearly tribute of 10,000 rix-
tlolktrt. ' 'lite company, however, willing to become rich all of a fuddeu, lu 162a
rndeuvoured to poflefH themfelve* of the fpice trade at Ceylon ; but were defeated
by the Portuguefe. The truth is, they foon embroiled themiclvcii with the native
Indians on all hands ; and had it not U>en for the generous alViilunce given them
by Mr. Pitt, nn Knglilh Kall-Iutlin governor, the fettlements at 'I'ranquebar mud
have been taken by the rajah of Tanjour. Upon the clofc of the wars in Europe,
after the death of Charles XII. of Sweden, the Doniib KsilMndia Com|)nn^ found
thcmfelves fo much in debt, that tlu-y puNilhed propoiuls for a new lublcription
(or rnlarging their ancient capital llmk, and for iitting out lliips to 'rrunquebar,
Bengal, and China. Two years al'ter, hi« Danilli nnjeily granted a new charter to
his Kiiil-India company, with vail privileges; and for ibme time its commerce wan
tarried on with great vigour. I lliull jull mention, that the Danes likowiiti polRfH
the idands of St. Thomas and St. Croix, and the (inall illand of St. John, in the
Well Indies, which are free ports, and cilebraled for fmnggling ; alfo the fort of
Chriftianburg, on the coiift of Guinea ; and carry on a confidcrable commerce witli
the MeditcrruJican.
CuKiosrriRs, n.\titral and artificial] Di-nmark Proper affords fewer
of thcfe than the other parts of hi»> Danilh niajeliy's dominions, if we except tho
contents «)f the royal Mnfeum at Copenhaeen, which confiftsof a numerous collec-
tion of both. It contains fcveral goml pamtings and a tiue collection of Roman
and other coins. Betides iirliticial ikeletons, ivory carvings models clock-work»
and a bcautifitl cabinet of ivory and ebony, made by n Dauilh artill who was blind,
here are to be feen two famous antique drinking vctlelsj the one of gold, the other
of filver, both in the form of a hiuuing horn ; that of gold feems to be of Paean
manufacture ; and from the raifed hieroglyphical figures on its outlide, probauly
was made ufe of in religious ceremonios : it is about two feet nine inches long,
weighs 102 ounces, contains two Englilh pints and a half, and was found in tiic
dioccfe of Kipcn, in the year 1639. The other, of lilvcr, weighs about ftuir
pounds, and is termed Comu Oii'dibMrgicum ; which, they fay, was prefcnted to Otho I.
duke of Oldenburg, by a gholl. Some, however, are of opinion, that this vcll'cl.
was made by order of Chrtflian I. king of Denmark, the hrll of the Oldenburg
race, who reigned in 1448. Several velTels of diflerent metals aiid the fame form,|
have been found in the North of Kngland, and are probably of Diuiiih original..
1 his mnfeum is likewife furnillud with a prodigious number of agronomical,,
optical, and mathematical inllruments > fon^\; Indian curiofities, and a fet of medals,
ancient and modern. Many curious agronomical inllrumcnts are likewife placed
in the round tower at Copenhagen, which is fo contrived that a coach may drive
to its fop. 'ITie village of Anglen, lying between Elunlburg and Slefwick, is alfo
eileemed a curiolity, as giving its name to the Angles, or AnglorSaxon inhabitants
of Great Britain.
'ITie groatcft rarities in his Danilh majefty's dominions are omitted, however, by
gcographvTS} I mean thofe ancient inkriptions upon rocks, generally thought fa.
z bfr
>itants
vcT, by
"' be
DENMARK. If
be tito old nnd oriKinnl maiuuT of writing, b^-turc tbv uf« of paper of any kind, ui-
wiixeii tables, were known. 'Hiofe clii'-raclcrk arc Kiuiic,una To iinpcrtcctly undor*
ibxHl by the loarned tbcmi'elvet, that their meaning i» very nnccrtaHi i but thvy are
innigincd tu be hilbiriuil. Stvphanus, in hi» note* upon Saxo-Graniniutiou, ha»
exhibited rpvciincnii ut' fcvcrul of thufu infcription*.
Civil conhtitution, onvKRNMiKT, and laws.] Tlir ancient conAitution
of Denmark wus originally upon the fame plan with other (/othic governments.
The king came to tlie throne by eledion ; and, in cunjnnttion with the fenatt:
when* he prelided, wuh invelled with the executive power, lie Itkewife cum-
niunded the arnty, and decided dilpulcH among bin fubje^». 'Hie legillative
)><)wer, together with the right ot' election of the king, wu» veiled m the (laleH ; wh<»
were €oni|)ofed, firll, of the order c>t° nobility, and fecondly, the order of the citizens
and farmc>rH: and after the Chrillinn religion had gained ground in the North, the
clergy were alfo admitted, not (Mily to be an order of the ftatcs but to have featii
likowifc in the fenalc. 'I'hele orders had their rofpeitive rights and privileges, the
crown had alfo its prerogative's, and a certain ti\ed revenue ariling out ot lands,
which were appropriated to its fupport. This contUtution hud many evident ad-
vantages: but, untortunutcly, its balUuicc was never properly adjulled ; fo that the
nobles very l)M)n alTumed a dictatorial power, and greatly uppretfed the people, a*
the natiortal alfentblies were not regularly held to redrcls tlicir grievances. And
when the Roman Catholic clergy came to have a lliurc in the civil government,
lliey far furpalR-d the nobility in prid« mid anil)>tion. The rcprcCi-ntatives of the
])eople had neither power, credit, nor talents, to counteract the efforts of the other
two orders, who ^)»ced the crown to give up its prerogatives, and to tyrannize over
the (H'oplc. CbrilUaiv the Srcoiul, by endeavouring, in an iutprudoiit manner, tu
tiem the torrcMit of their opprelVi«>n, loll his crown and his liberty ; but Chrilli.;n the
Third, uniting with the nobles and the fenate, deftroj,ed tlie power of the clergy ;
and in the rcign of Frederick the 'I'hird, the people, intiead of exerting ihenifelves
to maintain their common liberties, were fo infatuated as to make the king del'
potic, in hopes of rendering thcmfelves lefs fuUjetl to tlie tyrannj of the nobles.
A feries of unfuccefst'ul wars had brought the nation in general into I'o milvrable a
condition, that the public had not money for laying oil" the arn\v. Tiu; difputc
t ame to a fliort quellion, which was, that the nobles llu)iUd fubmit to ta\es, troni
which they pleaded an exemption. The inferior people, up<»n this, ihriw their
eyes towsirds the king for relief. In a meeting of the iiates, it was propoled that
tlic nobles Ihould bear their fliarc in the common burden. Upon this Otta Craeg,
reinintiod the people that the commons were no moreyAnw to the lords, 'lliis was
the watth-word, which had bc-Jii concerted between the leaders of tlie commons,
the clergy, and even the court itfelf. Naiifon, fpeaker t)f the commons, exclaimed
at the term S/avery, the aflembly broke up in a ferment ; and the commons, with
llio clergy, withdrew to a houfe of their own, where they refolvcilto make the king;
a folemn tender of their liberties and fervices, and tormally tu elliiblilh in hi»
tuinily the hereditary fuccetlion to their crown. This refolution was executed the
next \iiy. 'I"hc king accepted of their tender, promiling them prote^iion. Thu
gates ot Copenhagen were Ihut v !Uid the nobility, thus lurprifed, were compelled,
to reluctant fubmUlion.
On the 1 8th of Ockobcr, 1660, the thrcx' orders o( nobility, clergy, and people^
figned each a feparate ati ; by which they confented that the crown ihould be here-
ditary in the royal family, as well in the female as in the male line, and by which,
they invelh:d the king with abfulute power, and gave him the right to regiUate tha
fiiccellion and the regency, in cafe of a minority. This renunciation of their
rights, fubfcribed by tiie nrll nobility, is Hill prcfervcd as a precious relic among;
thu archives of the ro^ai I'aiuil);..
After
B6
D K N M
AAer this rxtrnnrdinury rrvolution in the government, the king of Drnmnrk
(livrftrd the nohility of nmiiv ofihrir privilfgct i but hu took iin mrihoU to rvlivvu
thofi* poor |>ro|>lr who luiil lin-n the inlirumciiiii n( invcAint him with the riivi-rvign
|M>wer, hut left ihcm in the fume iUtu of tiavrry in which tney were bulure. and in
which they h:ivo n'lniiincd t<i the nrrfcnt ngir. The fupremi' court uf judicature
for the khigdnms of Drinmirk nnd N()rwny is holdcn in the royal palace at (^>pi-iw
hngrn, nfwhiih tho king is the iMtmiital prclidint. What they cull ihv Gerniiin
province* hiiw likrwite their fuprenu- trihuniil ; which, for the duchy uf Hullkiui
In holdi'M nt Gliiikliadt i and for the diithy of Slcfwick, in the town uf that name.
,A* to nintters of imjHirtanrc, the king tor the muft part decidct in his couiu il,
thi* nieinhf r« of whicli nre named and uifplaced at ht« will. It i* in thin council,
that the laws iire «>nn<h-d ) and that tuiy threat chajigcs or eliabkilhminitu are pro*
pofod, approved, or rejutted. It ii here likcvrifo, or in the cabinet, thut the king
grnnls privilegesi, and dvH-idim upon other nutter* of ftatc.
In this kingdom, »» in inony others, the king i» fuppofcd to be prefent to adm»*
nifier jutVire nt hi* funreino court « and, thi>refore, the kings of Denmark not only
nrrfide nonunally In tin? fovcreign court of iutlico, but they have a throne eredcd
in it, towards which the lawyers always addiruft their difcuurfes in pleading, und
the judges the fame in giving their opinion. Kvery year the king is prefent at the
o(>ening of this court, and otten gives the judges fuch inilruttionk as he thinks pro-
per, 'rhc decilion of thefe judges is final in all civil adions ; but ito criminal feii-
lence of a cnpital naturc> can be curried into execution till it 'm iigned by the
king.
'I hciv are many rxcollent rrgulation.s for the ndminilhation of juUice in Den-
mark ; but it IS fo far from being dittrihuted in an equal :md impartial inaniK-r,
tlutt a poor man can fcarcely ever have juflicc ugainit the nobility, or one wImi is
fiuoured by the court. If the laws are fo clearly in favinir of the former, that the
judges are aOiamed lo decide againtl them, the latter, through the favour of tho
ininilKr, obtains an order fn>m the king to Hop all the law-|MrQCcedings, or a dif-
penfation from obferving particular kiws ; and there the matter ends, llie code
of laws at prefent etiablilned in Denmark was publilhed by ChritUan V. founded
upon the code of Valdenar, and the other codes afterwards publiilied, and is noarly
the fame with that publilhed in Nor>vay. Thefe laws are verv juli and clear ; aiM,
if they were impartially carried into execution, would be productive of many bene-
ficial confequences to the people. But a.s the king can alter the laws, aiMl fup*
uort his miniflers and favourites in any »t\i of violcace and iniuflice, the people
nave abuiuliint reafim to regret the tamencfs and fervility with which their liberties
were in 1660, furrendered into the htmds of tbi.>ir raonarchs. From tliat ptuiod,
rhe peafants, till 1787, had been in a htuatinn little bettt-r than tlie brute creatitm ;
they fcarce could bi- faid to poilefs any loco-nM)tive power, bifomuch that they hud
iH) lil)erty to leave one eftate, and to fettle on anotlicr, witlMHit the purchafed per-
million fron? their inafters ; and if they chanced to move without their periuillian,
they werv clninied as ftraycd cattle. Such was the Hat* ot" ihofe wretched bviiij(s
who, at beO, only might be faki to vc«ctate. Tlicfe cbaiua uf fieutUI llavery were
then broken, through tJte inlerefi of hia royal highQcfs, the priiwe, and heir app»-
n-nt to ihe crown ; and the prifoners, for fuch 1 think they naight be caiktl, were
dei'larcil frv^-. Notwithitauding the rentoiiil ranees wliicb xvefc miule agakift this
by the landed gentry were very numerous, yitt, after the uihuite exaniinulHNi of tlh:
whole, an edict was ilTucd, which nAott^ the i^eafanta to their king bit liberty,
which once contributed fo much lo the glory of tl»e ftale : and luaoy heavy
grievanci-s, umler which the pca/antry laboured, were abi>litht*d.
Pi'NisHMKNTS.] The coniiiuMi muilu)d uf execution in l>t umaik is by bcbead-
i»i{j ur hanging : in fomc cufcs, u^ un uggruvution uf thi: puiuihiiu:ttt, the haivil is
8 chu])pcd
1> E N M
«7
nnrk
\icvo
rvii^n
itil III
alurts
i»j)tn-
irniiin
Klcii).
i»n»c.
tuiuil.
tuiutl.
c king
i)t only
ig, ami
I ut the
iIls i>r»H
1 by the
in Dcn<
inuniHir,
L* wIh> i»
that th9
f of the
OK a ilii-
[Tic toJe
ouodcd
noarlv
ur i aiM,
ny iKne-
UMi fup-
p«uplc
liberties
p^uiud,
re4tii>n ;
\\\ty had
»fed pvr-
rittilliWi
i b«:iiH(S
L-ry wctc
ir app*"
kin this
ft of tlw
liberty,
hcjAvy
bcVii->«l-
hatnl i«
lchopii»^d
rhnpprd off before thu other part of the fcntcnce ia okccuted. For the moO atro-
iiout criintui, fuch a« the murder of a father or motlicr, huAiand or wifo, and rol>-
U'ry upon the highway, the iiialcfatlor in brokeu upon the wheel. But capital
punilhinenti ar« itot common in Denmark: and tho other principal luodci of puniili-
nirntii a>c branding in tho face, whipping, coi>damnation to tho rufp^houfo, to
huufeH of correction, and to public labour and imprifonincnt ( all which ars varied
in durntion and rigour, according to the nature ol thu crime.
PoLiTicAi. AND NATURAL ) After tile uccuiliun of hin prcfunt mairfly, hlit
INTBRKSTS OF Dknmark, M'ourt fcoined for fomc time to have altered it<)
mnxinu. Ili» fath*. r, it i^t true, obfervcd n rnort refpeftable neutrnlity during tin;
Lite war I but never could (jet free from French inlluence, notwitlillanding hiHcon-
nedionH with (ireat llritiau. The fiiblidieii he reOeived maintained hia arniv t hut
hh family-tlifputeii with Kullia concerning Holliein, and the afccndency which the
Frenci) had obtained over the Swedes, not to mention other circumliancct, did not
futier him to nt\ that deeilive part in the ati'airs of Kuro|H', to which he wai invited
by hiM fituntion ; cfpeciiiily about the time when the treaty of Clolior-fcvcn was
concluded. Ilin prefent Dunilh majel^y's plan feentrd, fo«)n after hi» accellion, to
be that of forming hi* dominions into a Aate of indepciulency, by availing himfelf
of their natural advantages. But fundry events which have fmce happened, and
the general feeblencfs of his adminillration, have prevented any further ckpcUatitins
being formed, that the real welfare of UcAmark will be promoted, at leaft in any
great degree, during the prefent reign.
With regard to tiu: external intcrefts of Denmark, they arc certainly bctt fccurcd
by cultivating a fricndlhip with the maritime powers. The export i of Denmark
enable her to carry on a very |)"otltable trade Mrith France, Spain, and the Mediter-
ranean j and the has been particularly courted by the Mahometan ftatcs, on account
of her naval liores.
Hie prefent imperial family of Kuflia has many claims upon Denmark, on
account of ilolrtein ; but there is at prefent fmall apjiear.inee of her being engaged
in n war on that account. Were the Swedes to regain their military character, and
to be again commanded by a Charles XII. they prohably would endeavour to
npolfefs themfelves, by arms, of the tine provinces torn iVori them by Deimiark.
Kut the greateit danger that can arife to Denmark from a fcreign power is, when
the Baltic (as has hap|)ened more than once) is fo frozen over a* >i; bear nut only
men but heavy ariillery i in which cafe the Swedes h:ive been kiv ' '. to march over
great armies, and to threaten the contpiell of the kingdom.
Kkvenvks.] His Danilh maieily's revenues have three fources : the impolitions
he lays u|)on his own fnbJcDs i the duties paid by foreigners ; and his own demefnc
lands, including UMitifcations. Wine, fait, tobacco, and provifions of all kinds, arc
taxed. Mairiages, paper, corporations, land, houfes, aoti (>oll-money, alfo raifc a
conlidcrabic fum. Ilie cxpences of fortifications are d*liyayed l>y tin- people: and
when the king's daughter is married, they pay al>out locooo nx-dollars towards
her portion. The internal taxes of Denmark are uncertain, hecaiile they may be
abated or raifed at the king's will. Cuftoms, and tolls upon exut)rtH and imports,
are more certain. The lolls paid by Ihangers uril'e chietiy tVum foreign Ihips that
pafs through the Sound into the Baltic, through \\w narrow lirait of three mitcti
between S« honen and th<.' illand of Zealand. Thefe tolls are in propoiiion to the
fi/c of the ihip and the value of thi* cargo, exhibited in bills of lading. This tax,
which forms a capital part of his Danilh maielly's revenue, has more than once
thrown the northern parts of Europe into a name. It was often difputed by the
Englilh and Dutch, being nothing more originally than a voluntary contribution of
thu merchants towards the expence of liji^ht-houfcs on the coaft -, and the Swedes
-who command the op])ofite fiu«: of the pats, for fonie time refufed to {)av it ; but in
tho
II
D K N Nr A
the treaty of 1710, between Sweden and l>nmnrk, iimler the f^unranlee of lii*
Hritiiniiii- mnjiftv (Jforoe I. the Swi'dt,-* ngroi-H tt» pay the Innu* mte» ui ure |>i4i(i hf
the fuhjefU ot' (irrat luitain and the Nelherlandi. 'Ilu- fitft treaty nhKlvc to it
>%a« by the Kntpetor Charlei V. on iM'half n( hi* ftihietlH in the l^rtv (jiiintriei.
'Hie toll it paid ut Kllineur, « town filiialed on the ixniiid, at llic entranie nf thi*
Baltic feo, and atH)ut 10 milm ililtant from Copenhagen. The whoK' revenue of
Denmark, incliidina what i« received at KHineiir, umounin at prcfenl lu above
5,000,000 of ri\ dofhtrit, or 1,001,000 tlerling yearly,
'Hie following i% a lid uf llie king's revenues eNchifivc uf hi» private eOati-*
Tribute of hard corn, «>r land-tax.
Small taxes, including poll-tax, |t<>und rents, exeife, ft:c. •
Ciiftom-honfe <lulie>, .....
Duties of the Sound, .....
Duties of Jullund, from falt-pils, ....
Tythes and poll-tux of Norwav, ....
Tolls of Kergen, Drontheim, i.!hrirtiunfaiKl, ami Clirillianu,
Other tolls, ......
Revennes from mines, .....
Kevrniic from .Slefwick, llolfh-in, Oldenburgh, and Delmrnhurll,
Taxes on acorns, ntid mulls from beech, ...
Tolls on the Wefer, .....
P«.ft.«)ffice, ■ - - - - - . '
Farms of Iceland and Ferro, ....
Farms of Dornholin, • - . . . <
Oylbr Filhery, • - - . . .
Mamp Paper • • •
^ Sum total
Hit dollars *t
4). rach.
1 ,000,000
«)< 0,000
154,000
300,000
27,000
770,000
160,000
551,000
300,000
690,000
30,000
75.000
70,000
35,000
14,800
: 1 1,000
40,000
5,011,300
In FngliHi money, 1,001,460
By a liA of the revenue taken in 1730, it then onl; amounted to £. 4^4,700
Army and navy.] The three lall kings of Denmark, notwilhl)andin;r tlio
<legener«cy of their people in martini alfuirs, rendered thenifelves refpe^tablr, hv
the number and difi ipline of their troops. 'ITie prefent niilitarv force of Den-
mark conliftu i»f near 70,000 men, cavalry and infantrv, the greatill part of whii li
conlids of a militia, who receive no jmy, but are regillered on the arniv ill!, :nnl
every Sunday cxercifed. The regular troops are about io,ooo, and moDb fo-
reigners, or officered by foreigners ; for Frederic III. was too rehned a p(>litiii;iii
to trul\ his fecurity in thV hands of thofe he had tricked out of their lilurtv.
'Hiough this army is extremely burdeidonie to the nation, yet it colls little to tlie
crown : great part of the infantry lie in Norway, where tliey live upon the l)oors
(It free quarter ; and in Denmark the peafantry are obliged to maintain the t a-
valrv in vicluaU and lodging, and even to furnilh them with money. 'Ilu' llei t
of Denmark is coinnofeu of 36 (hips of the line, and i3 frigates;' but maiiv of
them being old, and wanting great repairs, they cannot tit out more than 2^ tiiips
upon the greateft emergency. This fleet is generally flatioiud at C'opeiili:igi n,
where are tlie dock-yards, llore-houfes, and all the materials necelVarv tor the iife
of the marine. 'Hiey have 26,000 regillered feamen, who cannot <pi'it the kiiig-
<|(>m without leave, nor ferve on board a nicrchnntinan without permiflion frnni
the admiralty; 4000 of thefe are kept in conflant pay, and eni|)loved in the doc k-
*ards; their |)av, however, fcarcelv amounts to nine lliillings a iiiontli, hut tlu-n
ll,.y
F hi*
<»»»;
to it
iriv*.
f th.'
■ch.
0C'>
ooo ^
,000
,000
,000
,oo»
•,ooo
l.OOO
),OOQ
5,000
3 ,000
5.000
0,000
5,000
4,800
; 1,000
^0,000
DENMARK. «|
thry have k fort of uniform, with fume provifioai ind loUgingt allowed (ot them*
fclvc« and familiet.
ORDimt or KWIOHTMOOD IN DtNMAaicJ Thefe are two i thai of the
EUpMiiHi, and of Dantknr^ : the former waa inftituted by Chriflian I. and ii deem*
ed the moA honourable i id badgo i< an elephant furmounted with a caftic, fet in
diamondi. and fufurndcd to a Iky-colnurcd watered ribband t worn like ih«
(u'urge in EnglanJ : it* membcm, iKfidct the fovcreign, arc thirty, and the
knight* of it arc addrcflVd by the title of Kxcellency, .'I'hc bailgc* of the
Dancburg order, faid to have been inftituted in the year 1119. ami after it had
been long obfolete, revived in 1671, by Chriftian V. confil) of a wliile ribband
witi) red edget, worn fcarf-way* over the left ilioulder \ fr<Mn which dc*
pciidt a fmall crof* of diamond*, and an embroidered liar on the brcall of tlie
cunt, furrounded with the motto, tittatt id jajliiia. I'hc badge of which is a
crofspattce enamelled white, on tne centre the letter C and 5. crowned, with
11 regal crown, and ihi* motto, H^itmor. The number of thc'knights it great,
and unlimited.
I It* TORY.] We owe the chief hiftory of Denmark to a very cxtraerdihary
phenomenon, the revival of the purity of the Latin language in Scandinavia, in
the pcrfon of Saxo-Gramniaticu*. at a time (the nth century) when it wai loll in
all other parts of the European continent. Saxo, like the other hiftorian* of hi*
uge, has adopted, and at the fame time ennobled by hi* ftyle, the abfurdiliea of
remote antiiiuit). Wc can, however, collect enough from him to conclude, that
the ancient bane*, like the Gauls, the Scot*, the irilh, and other northern na-
tions, had their hard*, who recounted the military atchiovement* of their hcroe* i
nnd that their firll hiltories were written in verfc. There can be no doubt that
the Scandinavian* or Cimbri, and the Tuutone* (the inhabitant! of Denmark.
Norwuv, and Sweden) wore Scythians by their original i but how far the tra^U
uf lioul, culled either Scythia * or Ciaul, formerly reached, is uncertain.
I'Aen the name of the firft chriftian Dnnifh king is uncertain ; and thofe of the
people whom they commaiuled were fo blended, that it i* imiMillible for the reader
to conceive a precife idea of the old Scandinavian hiltory. 'Dtia, undoubtedly,
was owing to the remains of their Scythian cuihmts, particularly that of removittg
friMU one country to another i and of feveral nations or fepts joining together \n
exueditiuns by lea or land ; and the adventurer* being denominated alter their
chief leaders.
Thus the terms Danes. Saxons. Jute* or Goths, Germans, and Norman*, were
promifcuoufly tifed long after the time of Charlemagne. Even the Hmrt revival o(F
literature, under that prince, throws very little light u|Mm the Dpitilh hittorv.
All we know is. that the inhabitants of Scandinavia, in their maritime cxpeai-
tions. went generally under the n^ime of Saxoiu with foreigners ; that they were
bold adveiuurers, rude, fierce, and martial : that fu far back as the year ot Chrift
500, till') infuited all the fea-coalls of Europe; that they fettled in Ireland, where
tliey built llone houfes -, and that thev became inaAers of England, and fome part
4>t' Scotlniui ; both \\hich kingdoms Itill retain proofs of thrir barbarity. Wlien
we read the hiAory ot' Denmark aiul that of England under the Danitb princra
who reiKiieU over botii, wc tind events recorded very differently iu the two king*
tloins. ■ .
• Ry Sivili'u may lie mulrrftixid jllihoft iK>rth-
rrii l.Illlllt^u'^ i>t Kiirti|ir ntiil A(i.i, now iiili;il)iii'>l
liv tlif Danes, Norwrniann, .Swciirs, Kullians anJ
'ranur'i, wUutr iiilial>itai<ls ovcrturiird and (vii-
filed tKr Koinaii inipiir, aud cuiitiiiiicd, fo Utr ;t>
liw I jth «.ciitur^, to iiUic lurtl) in Urj^c bvUict, itnd
naval rxpeditioiu, ravaging the more fuuthem siv)
fertile kiii)^lomk oi Kurojif ; luiue by fir Wi).
liain 'I'l iii|ilr, aud otlicr liilioiiaiit, tlirv are Irrm-
ed till- S'liihni lint, lit Mih<r tj \u/imj, ikt
Siiiulitujt tj lin'tfft
N
%
^ D K N M A R k'.
Ill ih.' .'lovcmh rontury, iimlcr Ctinulc the Qn-nt, IX-nmurk may ht fnli i<t
liitvi' Ik> II iit it« /riiiil) of glory, at (»t «• cxlcitl nt tlitniiiiioti (iiti givi* I'lintliDii in
llw i.'X|)rrllit)n. F«'\v iiiicntiinK > vittit prccctKii ilif yt-ar 1)85. wlu-ii Muriiiri'l
mmmt«(l tliui ilinMio i mid |mrtly l»y licr addr'fo, ntut
|mrllv
mni'lii
by hcrctUfury flfhl,
t'urninl tli>' iinii)n ti|° Cnlmiir, nniio 1397. I'V whirli ibr wot ni'lin»wU'il)(>'>t rovcri'i|(ii
ui .>\viil» II, IK'tiiiiark, and Nurwuy. Mu* ncUl her tliKtiily with fiuli ririnnrf* uiut
• «iur
ligt
igi', lliiil iIk- wa» rtv It'll iho StfmiramI* of llio North. Ilcr fuicc<r«ir« hviiig
dtilitiii>' III her great i|iiiil(tiiati<)Mi, the tiiii'm of' Caliiinr, by wliiili llic three
kiiigUi)n)« utrc in tuliiri' !<• In* umU-r ww fuvcrcign, wii« dilUiUcdi Nurwuy iciiw
tintiing umicKtd m Di-niiiiirk. In 144II, the trowt) ot' Doninurk fell to Chrif'
linn, cdtiiit vi ObU'iilnirg, tVum whniik tlic |irufciit ruyal tuntily of Dciuiiark \%
tl> It I'tidetl.
Ill 151.?. C'lirillinn If o.-c of ilu' wurft ivrunlt thni tinxliin timr« have prey-
tlucoii, nttiiintril tlu- tlintiu- o|' IXnmark -, iind having married ihe tiller tif tlir
eiiiperitr tli.irii* N. gase a Inoli- t<» liii innate iriielty. Jleing driven mit of"
kwedeii. lor the bloixly miiiraeret he loininitled there, the Daticit rebelled againll
Mm liktMilei and ho Hed, with hi^ wife ntui children, into the Nrtherliindi.
Kiiileriik duke nt' HdllUiii, beint; iinnninioutly ealled to the throne, einiirnced
Ui>' o()iiti«>iM ol l.iither; and about the year i.ft't, the prolcDunt religion \\a»
tituidilhed III |>. Miliaria by lluil wile and |iolitic- priiiee C'hrilliat) III.
CKntdan iV. ot Deitiiinrk, 111 16x9. \v;ii thol'en lor tiie head ot the |ir(itelhint
k'P^uo, tornied ag.iiiili the houfe of Antlriii t but, though brave Id hi« ;i\vn |ier-
I'oii, WAS \n danger <>( lolmj' hii d^nlillion^ ; when he \va» fiueei ded in that loni-
iiiand by (iiil^ivus Adnl|)hii<t, kint{ of .Swediti. The Diitih linNiiig obliged
I'liiilHaii, who tlitd in \c>.\H, to luwi r the dutiet of the Souml, hi>i fon, Frederic
111. «.uiilenhd lo ateept of an annuity of 150,000 Horin> for the whole. The
Diilih, alter iliK, peifit.i«kd him to declare war uguinll Charlvt (iullavus king
of Ssvud^n, wliieti had alinoll lolHiini hit crown in i^.;^. (Miarlei Ibirnied the
torttel* of Kredrii liadi ; and in tlie fiiieeeding winter inarihed hit iirniy over
rli« lie to the illand of Kuneii, whei^ he fiirpriled the Danllli triM)p>i, took Oden-
tie and N)l'iirj;, and 'iiarelud over the tJre.it Belt to believe C'openhiii'eii.
t'rijinwell, who tin 11 governed Knglaiid inuUr the title of Protector, interpofld ;
iiiid Kridirie d^lt'iuld liii t aitital with great m;i!;iiaiiimin till the peace «if Ruf-
diiltl, liv wliieli he ct ded tlie proxitiKN of llalland. Hfckin^, and Sconiu, the
illand of n.iniliolin, and Baluis and Dioniheiiti in Norwav, to the .Swedet. t're-
deric fought to ijudc thole (evire terms; but ("harlc* t»)(»k Crniunbnrgh, and once
uiure beliej;ed Copenhagen by fea and land. The IK ady iiitrepiil eondui-t of Fre«
«J« ric, under ihcfe mi^lortmu's, endeared him to his fnbjects -, and tlie i iti/ens of
4.'o|iiidiatr(.n made an adiniralile defence till a Dutch Heet arrived in tin Haitic,
and In at ilu* Swedes. Tlu- fortune of war wat now entirely chnni^ed in favour ot*^
iVederic, who ihewed on t very ocealimi great abilities, both tisil and military t
and havinj; lorct'd C'hailes to rail'e the liege of ('oi)enhagen, nii>;hl have carried
the war iiii" Sv.ediii. had ii'>l the l'',nj;lilb Hiet iiiuler Moiita;{iie appearr<l in the
Haitic. 'liii> eiuiblkd ( li.irK .s to Ih luge Copenhagen a thir<l lime; but l''i;mce
tnu\ Kn^Iand olKrinj; tlieir mediaiion, a peate wa.s conchidi d, bv whii h the illand
of Mornnolm letiinied to i!i<- Daiv s ; but the illand of Kngen, iliekiiig, liallinul,
ai.d .Vluiivn, reni,iineil uilli the Swiiles.
'I'h<'iu;li this pe;i< e il;<l not rdlorf to I3cninark all Ihc luid loll, vit the magua-
niinius bchavimir of Krederii , under the molt innniiunt dangers, and Ium atten-
tion to the lately of his fiil)jn-t>, even preferably to his own, greatly nuleared him
iu their eyes ; and he at leii)^lli l)etaine .nbfolute, in the manner already related,
i'rederic was fuceeeded in t'>70, by his fon C'hiilliaii V. wlio Dblii^ed tlu' duk' of
I lelltein Gottorp to renounce ;ill ihi: ad". aiit;ims he had niimd by the ir'.ily nf
RoIclitlU, lie tlivn ivc^vci'cil u iiuu^>ci' vf ^)'»cc» in ^cl.unea j l)ut hi>ainis wat
defeated
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Chrilliiiji
5A
D E N M
R K.
Chridian a fubfidv of 70,000!. (lorling r ycnr, 011 condition of keepinc In readii*
ncfs 7000 troops (or ihv pruto^^ion of Hanover. Two years after, nc icized fomc
Dutcn fliips, For trading without hit leave to Iculun'd ( but the difTcrcncu wa»
made up by the mediation of Sweden. ChrHlian had fo great a party in that king-
dom, tliat It was generally thought he would revive the union of Calniar, byjiro-
turiiig liis foil to oe declared futccifor to his then Swedilh inajefiy. .Some (tepa
for that purpofe were t ertainly taken : but whatever ChrilUan's views mif,'ht have
been, the delign was fruftratcd by tlic jealoufy of other powers. Chriftian died
in 1 746, with the charatK-r of being the father of his people. His fon and fuc-
ccifor, Frederic V. in 174^, married the princeiH Louifa, daughter to hirf Bvittin-
nic majeily CJcorge 11. iJe improved upon his father's plan, for tiie happincfo of
his people ; but took no concern, except that of a mediator, in the German war.
It was by his intervention that the treaty of Clofter-feven was concluded between
the late duke of Cumberland and the trench general Kichlieu. Upon the death
of liis firft queen, wlio was mother to his prelent Danilh majcfty, lie married a
daughter of the duke of Brunfwic-Wolfenbuttle ; and died in 1 766.
His fon, Chrinian VII. was born the zglh of January 1749; and married his .
K relent Britannic majcfty*^ youngell lifter, the princefs Curolina-Matilda. This al-'
aiice, tliough it wore at lirft a very proniifmg appearance, had a ver)' unfortu-
nate termination. This is partly attributed to the intrigues of the queen-dowager,
mother-in-law to the urcfent king, who has a fon named Frederic, and whom Ihc
is rcprefentcd as defuous of raihng to the throne. When the princefsX^arolina-
Matilda came td Copenhagen, (he received her with all the appearance of friend*
Ihip and atfedticni, acquainting her with all the king's faults, and at the fame tittifr'
telling her, that flic would take every opportunity, as a mother, to alTiil her in
reclaiming him. By this conduct, flie became the depofitary of all the young
queen's fecrets, whild at the fame 'ime, it is faid, (he placed people about the
king, to keep him conftantly engaged in all kinds of riot or debauchery, to which
Ihe knew ho was naturally too much inclined : and at length it was fo ordered,
that a millrcfs was thrown in the king's way, whom he was perfuaded to keep in
his palace. NN'hen the king was upon his travels, the quecn-dowager ufcd fre-
quently to vilit the youiig queen Matilda; and, under the malk of triendlliip and
alVeilion, told her of the excelTes which the king had fallen into in Holland, Eng-
land, and France, and often perfuaded her not to live with him. Hut as foon as
the king returned, the queen gently reproaching him with his conduit, his mo-
ther-in-law endeavoured to perfuade the king to give no ear to her coiind'ls, as it
was prefumntion in a queen of Denmark to direct the king. Queen .Vlatilda now
began to dilcover the deligns of the queen-dowager, and afterwards liv^rd upon
good terms with the king, who for a time was much reclaimed. The young
queen alfo now afTumed to herlelf the part which the queen-dowager had been
complimented with in the management of public affairs. This llung the old
(luecn ; and her thoughts were now entirely occupied with fchemcs ot revenge.
But her vkws of this kind at firll appeared the more ditficult to carry into execu-
tion, becaufe tlie king had difplaccd feveral of her friends who were about the
court, who had been increaling the national debt in times of the molt profound'
peac e, and who were rif)ting on the fpoiis of the public. 1 lowever, iho at length
loiMid means to gratify her revenge in a very :unple manner. About the end of
the year 1770, it was obferved that Brandt and Struojifee were p:iiiciilarlv re-
garded by ine king; the former as a favourite, and the latter as mii. liter, and that
Uicy paid great court to queen Matilda, and were funported bv her. This open-
ed a new kxne of intrigue at Copenhagen ; all the dncarded placenun paid their
Court to the queen-dowager, and the became the head of the part) Old count
Molke, an artful difplaccd ilatcfman, and others, who were well verfed in in-
uigucfi
£) E N M
R K.
91'
tcigues of this nature, perceiving that they had unexperienced young pcrfuna to
contend with, who, though they might mean well, had not fuflic jnt knowledge
and capacity to condutt the public amiin, veryfoon predicted their ruin. Struen>
fee ana Brandt wanted to make a reform in the admuiiftration of the public affair*
at once, >Vhich ihould hare been the work of time \ and thereby made a great
number of enemies among thofe whofe infcreft it wa» that thingii fliould continue
upon the ancient footing. After this, queen Matilda was delivered of a daugh-
ter; but as foon as tlie queen-dowagcr faw her, (he immediately turned l)ack,
and, with a malicious fmile, declared tnat the child had all the features of Strucn-
fec : on which her friends publiflied it amOng the people, that the queen muft'
have had an intrigue with Struenfeci which was corroborated bv the queen's be-
haviour to this miniftcr in public, and by the Ubertinifm 6( his principles and
character.
Many councils were held between the queen-dowager and her friends upon the
proper mcafures to be taken for efTeituatmg their dcfigns: and it was at length
refolved to furprife the kinc in the middle of the night, and force him imnicdl<
atelv to fign an order, which was to be prepared in readincfs, .for committing the
perfons before mentioned to feparatc prifons, to accufe them of high treafon in
general, and in particular of a dcfign to poifon or dethrone the king ; and if that
could not be properly fupportcd, by torture or otherwife, to procure witnefles to •
confirm the report of a criminal commerce between the queen and Struenfce. This
was an undertaking of fu hazardous a nature, that the wary count Moike and
mofl of the queen dowager's friends excufed themfelvcs from taking any a£)ive part
in it. However, the queen dowager at laft procured a fufiicient number of inltru-
ments for the execution of her dengns. On the 1 6th of January, 1772, a mafked '
ball was given at the court at Denmark. The king had danced at this ball, and
afterwards played at quadrille with general Gahler, his lady,' and counfellor Stru-
enfce, brother to the count. The queen, after dancing as ufual one country dance
with the king, gave her hand to count Struenfec during the remainder of the even-
ing. She retired about two in the morning, and was followed by him and count
Brandt. About four the fame morning, prince Frederic who had alfo been at the
ball, went with the queen dowager to the king's bed-chamber, accompanied by
general Eichftcdt and count Rantzau. They ordered his majcfty's valet-de-chambre
to awake him, and in the midfl of the furprife that this intrufion excited, they in-
formed him, that queen Matilda and the two Strucnfces were at that inf^ant oufy
in drawing up an nil of renunciation of the crown, which they would immediately
compel him to fign : and that the only means to prevent fo imminent a danger,
was to fign the orders which they had brought with them tor arrerting the queen
and her accomplices. It is faid that the king was not calily prevailed upon to
fign thcfe orders, but at length complied. Count Kant/au, and three oHiceis,
haflened al that untimely hour to the queen's apartments, and immediately arretted
her. She was put into one of the king's coaches, conveyed to the cafiic of Cro-
ncnburgh, together with the infant printefs, attended by lady Moflyn, and cfcorted
bv a party of dragoons, In the mean time, Struenfce and Brandt were alfo fei/ed
iii their Inds, and imprifoned in the cathedral. Struenfee's brother, and moll of
the members of the late adminiftration, were feizcd the fameni>{ht, to the num-
ber of about eighteen, and thrown into confinement. 'Jhi' government after this
fecmcd to be entirely lodged in the hands of the queen-dowager and her fon ; af-
filled by tliofe who had tlie principal Ihare in the revolution ; while the king ap-
peared to be little more than a pageant of ftatc. All the officers concerned irt'thc
revolution were immediately promoted, and an ahnolt total change took place in'
the departments of adminiftration. A new council was appointed, in which prince
Frederic prefidcd, and a commiflion of eight members, to examine the papers of
. Uie
S4
D E N M
R K.
the prifoncrs, and to commence a proccfs ngninft them. The fon of queen Ma-
lil(l:i, th^- prince royal, now entered into (he tifth year of his nge, was put into the
I'iirc of a liuiy of quality, who was appointed govcrnefii, under tnc fu]>rrintcndancy
of the quccn-dowaf er. Strucnfi-u and Brandt were put in irons, and very rigour*
nully treated in prilon ; they both underwent fre(|uent examinations, and at length
received fentence of death. They were beheaded on tlu; aSth of April, having
their right hands prcvioully cut off. Struenfee at firll abfolutely denied having
any criniinul intereourfe with the queen j but this he afterwards tonfeti'ed : and
thou^li ho is faid to have been induced to do this only by the tear of torture, t)io
proois of his guilt were cdeemed notorious, and his contcirioas full and explicit.
During the confinement of queen Matilda in the palace of Croncnburj^h, ihe
hihabited the governor's apartment, and had permillion to walk upon the hde-bat-
terics, or upon the leads of the tower. She was uncertain of the tate that awaited
her ; and had great rcafon to apprehend, that the party which had occafioned her
arrell meditated ftill more violent meafures. When the Englilh niinider at Co|)en-
hagen brought an order for her enlargement, which he had obtained by his fpirit-
ed coiuluch Ihe was fo furprized with the unexpedcd intelligence, that Ihe in-
llantly burll into a Hood of tears, embraced him in a tranfport of joy, and called
him lur deliverer. After a fliort conference, the minil^cr propofed that her ma-
jclly Ihould immediatciv embark on board of a Ihip that was waiting to carry her
Vroin a kingdom in which Ihe had experienced fuch a train of mismrtuncs. But
hinvcvcr anxious (he was to depart, one circumdance checked the cxcefs of her
joy ; a few months before her imprifonment, ihe had been delivered of a princefs,
(as lias already been related) whom the fuckled hcrfelf. The rearing of this child
had been her only comfort ; and flic had conceived a more than parental attach-
ment to it, from its having been the condant companion of her mifery. The in-
fant was at that period afllicted with the meafles ; and, having nurfcd it with un-
cealing foiicitude, (he was delirous of continuing her attention and care. All
tliofe circumrtancrs had fo endeared the child toiler, rendered more fufceptible of
tendcrnefs in a prifon than in a court, that when an order tor detaining the young
jirlncefs was intimated to her, ihe tedilied the ilrongert emotions or grief, and
could not, for Come time, be prevailed upon to bid a hnal iidieu. At length, after
beftowing repeated carefTes ujMin this darluigobjed of lier atfedion, ihe retired to
llic veflei ill an agony of defpair. She remained upon the deck, her eyes immove-
alily directed towards the palace of Cronenburgh, which contained her child, that
had been fo long her only cointbrt, until darknel's intercepted the view. The vef-
f;'! having made but little way during night, at day-break ihe obferved, with fond
fatist'uHiiin, tliat the jialace was (lill vi(ible ; and could not be perfuaded to enter
the cai)in as long as (he could difcover the t*ainte(i gliiiipfe of the battlements.
It is well known tluil lier majeliy reliiled in the city of i^ell, in the eletloral do-
mii-.iniis of his J3riiaiinic majefty, vhere (lie was carried off by a malignant fever,
on tlu; loth of May 1775, and in the ii\lecnlh day of her illiieis ; aged 23 years,
iiiul 10 months.
In 1780, liis Danilli majefiy acceded to tJie armed neutrality propofed by the
»mpref:i of Riillia. i le appears to have fuch a ilebility of underllaiuliiig, us to
dilquaiify him for the proper nnnageiueiit of public allairs. On the i6tii of
April, 1784, another court revolution took place. 'Ihe queen-dowager's friends
were removed, a new couiiril formed under the aufpices of the prince royal, fome
of the former old members redoied to the cabinet, and no regard is to be paid
in ("uture to any inflrument, unlefs ligned by the king, and counterligiied by the
])rince royal.
Ihe conduct of this prince is ftamped with that conliftency of behaviour, v\liich
»rr.ables him to purfue, with unremitting zeal, the ])rudeiit and benevolent fchinies
wliicli
H<
DENMARK. ^f
which he has planned fur the benefit of his ffratcful country. The rcftorntion of
the pcafantry to their long-loft liberty, nnd flic abolition of many gricvniKTS un-
der which they laboured, have already been di(>in611y mentioned. To this may
be added, the exertions he makes for tnc general difruiion of knowledge ; the ])a-
tronage he affords to focieties of learning, arts and fcience ; the excellent nua-
furesYic has adopted for the fupprefiion of ocggais, with whom the country was
oyer-run, and the encouritgcment of induflry, by tlic moft extenfiye enquiries into
the Hate of the poor throughout the kingdom ; the wife regulations he has intro-
duced into the corn-laws, equally benehcial to the landed intereft, and to the
poor ; and the judicious laws which, under his influence, haye been made to en-
courage foreigners to fettle in Iceland. If any thing is ^vanting to complete his
happincfs, his late matrimonial choice crowns it. '1 he princcis of Ilelfe-Cani'l,
whom he has chofen, is faid to puflefs the molt amiable dif]>olitiuns and goodncfs
of heart.
Count Schimmelman, miniAer of ftate, finances, and commerce, has the merit
of accomplidiing the abolition of the flave trade among the fubjeiis of Denmark.
His plan was approyed by the king on the 2u\ of February, 1^92, and is to be
gradual, and in 180^ all trade in negroes is to ceafe on the part ot Oanilh fubjects.
The difintereflednefs of this miniller, who polTcfTes large eflates in the Danilli
VVcft-India iflands, recommends his exertions to greater praife. 'Hie above ordi-
nance does not feem to have caufed any ftir in Denmark among the Wefl-india
merchants, and it is not thought it will caufe any in the illand>. A fciieme tor
defraying the national debt has been fuggcfled and followed. One million has
already been difcharged.
CliriUian VII. reigning king of Denmark and Norway, LL. D. and F. R.S.-
was born m 1 749 ; in 1 766 he was married to the ])rincefs Carolina-Matilda of
England, and has ifl'ue, i. Frederic, prince-royal of Denmark, born January 28,
1768, and married in 1790, to the princefs Mary-Anne-Fredcrica of HefTe. 2.
Louifa-Augurta, princefs-royal, born July 7, 1771, and married May 27, 1786, to
Frederic, prince of Slefwick-I luUiein, by \vhom fhe has ill'ue.
Brothers and lifters to the king: i. Sophia Magdeleiie, born July 3, 1746, mar-
lied to the late king of Sweden, Guftavus III. 2. Wilhclmina, born July 10,
1747 ; married, September i, 1764, William, the prefent prince of Hofle-CalTel.
3. Louifa, born January 30, 1750; married Augult 30, 1766, Charles, brother to
the prince of tleffc-Caitel. 4. Frederic, boni.Odober 28, 1753;
T "'■
.i\
do-
K'cr,
lars,
I the
is to
]i of
rnds
nnic
liaid
llhc
Inch
lutes
lucli
ms DANISH MAJESTY'S GERMAN DOiMINIONS.
H01...STKIN, a duchy of Lower Saxony, about 100 miles long, and 50 brond,
and a truilful country, was formerly divided between the emprefs of Kiillia,
(termed Ducal Holftein) the king of Denmark, and the imperial cities of Ham-
burg and I,ube(.k: but on the 16th of November, 1773, the Ducal Holltein, with
all the rights, privileges, and territorial lovereignty, was formally transferred t»i
the kiiij; of Denmark. The duke of Holftein Gottorp is joint foveicign of great
part of it mnv with the Danilh monarch. Kiel is the capital of Ducal Holftciii,
siiid i.^ well-built, has a harbour, and neat public edrflces. The capital of the
Danilh Holllein is (Ilucklhult, a well-built town and fortrefs, but in a marlhy li-
tuatioii, on the right of the Kibe, and luis fome foreign commerce,
Alt»' ua, a large, populous, and handfome town, ui great trathc, is cominodi?
«uil^ litu:ited I u tlie Llbe, in the nei^hbuuihiuud uf Huntburg. it was built in
i that.
96
LAPLAND..
that (ituation, that it might Hiare in the commerce of the former. Being declared
• free port, and the (lapie of tlie Danilh Eaft-India Company, the merchants alfo
enjoving liberty of conicienee, great numbers flocked to Altentf from all parts of
the North, isnd even rrom Hamburg.
The famoiis city of Hamburg lies, in a geographical fenfe, in Holllcin ; but is
an imperial, free, and Hanfeatic city, lying on the ver^^e of that part of Holftein
called Stormar. It has the fovereignty of a fmall diftrifl round it, of about ten
miles circuit : it is one of the mod Hourilhing commercial towns in Europe ; and
though the kings of Denmark ftill lay claim to certain privileges within its walls,
it may be confidered as a well regulated commonwealth. The number of inhabi'
tants ar$ fa'id to amount to 1 80,000 ( and it is furnifhed with a variety of noble
edifices, both public and private : it has two fpacious harbours, formed by the
river Elbe, which runs through the town, and eighty-four bridges arc thrown over
its canals. Hamburg has the good fortune of having been peculiarly favoured in
its commerce by Great Britain, with which it dill carries on a great trade. Tlic
Hamburghers maintain twelve companies of foot, and one troop of dragoons, oe-
fidcs an artillery rompany.
Lubec, an imperial city, with a good harbour, and once the capital of the Hans
To\vns, and (i\\\ a rich and populous place, is alfo in this duchy, and governed by
its own magiftratcs. It has 20 parith churches bcfidcs a large cathedral. Luther-
anifm is the cDabliHied religion of the whole duchy.
In Westphama, the king of Denmark has the counties of Oldenburg and Dcl-
monhurft, about 2000 fquare miles ; they lie on the fouth fide of the Wefer ; their
capitals have the fame name ; the firfl has the remains of a fortification, and the lad
is an open place. Oldenburg gave a title to the firft royal anceftor of his prefent
Danifli majcdy. The country abounds witli marlhcs and heaths, but its hotfes are
the bell in Ccrmany.
( -J'.
C't
LAPLAND.
1 1: .<ii
iiUl .■ I">«l(l
THE northern fituation of Lapland, and the d^vifiqn of its property, require
that I (lioukl treat of it under a diilin^t head, and in the fame method obfcrved
in other countries.
Situation, extent, nivisioK, and name.] The whole country of Lapland
extends, fofar as it is known, from the North Cape in 71. 30. N. lat. to the White
Sea, under tlic arttic circle. Part of Lapland belongs to the Danes, and is included
in the government of Wardhuys ; part to the Swedes, which is the moft valuable ;
and fomc parts in the eaft, to the Rufllans. The part belonging to the Swedes
may be ficn in the table of dimenfions given in the account of Sweden : but other
accounts fay, that it is about a hundred German miles in length, and ninety in
breadth ; it comprehends all the country from the Baltic, to the mountains that
feparate Norway from Sweden. The Mufcovite part lies toward the eaft, between
the laice Enarak and the White Sea. Thofe parts, notvvithflanding the rudencfs
of the country, arc divided into fmaller diftritts ; generally taking their names from
rivers : but, unlofs in the Swedilh part, which is fubjctltoa prefect, the Laplanders
can l)c f:iid I0 i)i' under no regular government. The Swedilh Laphir.tl, iherefore,
is thi' obji'tt iliiefi; conliiiered by autliors in defcribing this tduutry. It has been
generally lli<)u;;Iit, that the Laplanders are the defcendants of Kinlanders driven out
ot' tlieir own country, and that they take their name from L:ippe5, which fignirtes
exiles. The reader, from wliat has been faid in tlie rntrodiittion, may ealily con-
8 teive
Lap
t. A N
97
^UMAT«.] In tl,- „.;,., .. '""'^ '"*■'"■ work throucli
''"nil the ninr> n : • """S, and INSFrra 1 Ti """"v..
"otiuces a larrr,. m' i ^"P'-i'id hares grow whit.- in ,'. ^"V"'-'^ Wack or whit,. i«
I'nKluces a |ar(),'i Mn "i'"' ^"P'''"d hares crow u
"'••'rkable on .^S^'"";'' ^^'' ."'•Kh attends the";ntiv/- T"'^T' and the countr/
raturali,ls,aL.nS;n;e?f'\-^ ''^■"''' «"d 'he ht„f I^' .'''"{'"al rcfe,„bli„^
V'/ions of the hoof Th?. ?. '^'I'^"'""!? and afterwards hX • " '" '"°V'"? 'H
"er that the claw of the pf"' '""■' •''* *^"'"-^'' v ^"vcS wid, iS '"^ ^S*-'"^^-'' '^c di!
<"' r hircl that can end .re th •'"*^"" '\^^'"' '^'athery b ij e xS-'k '^' ^'""^ '"an-
'jnly thus proteiKd : fh ^. ^/'^ '^"'"atc 'H e hoof '*i'^ '' "''""'* ">«
|'K_ noo^ however, is not
fnow
O ^'''"''' «'''' a kind of
bjudgcoa
()S LAPLAND.
hliulRfun in the nthor, to k«Tp tlu* cnrriano clear of ice and fnow. The deer,
whofi* liarntllinn is viry (implo, Iriioiit, and coiitiimcH the juurncy with prmiigiouit
fju-cd ; aiul is g<.'i\t rally Cti fate and traMahIr, that the driver ii at little trouble in
<liroi:lini; him. At nijjlit ihcy fi arrh for lliiirDwn provender ; and iheir milk often
hrlns to i'iip|)ort their nmller. 'I'heir inftind in chooling their road, and direiiing
their courfe, can only bv accounted for by their being well acouainted with the
country during the fummcr months, when they live in woodi. Their He(l> it a well
tall'.'d food, whi ihcr iVelh or dried : their (kin forms excellent clothing both for the
bed nnd liody : their milk andcheefe arc nutritive aud pleafant ; and tneir inteOines
and tendons fupply their maders with thread and cordage. When they run about
in the fii-ld;!, tliey may be ihot at as other game. But it is faid, that if one ii killed
in a Hock, the furvivorn will gore nnd trample him to pieces ; therefore linglr drag-
giers are generally pitched upon. Their furpriling fpeed (for they are faid to run
jit the rate of 200 * miles a day) feems to l>e owing to their impatience to get rid
of their incundirance. None but a Laplander could hear the uncafy pofture in
Avhiih he is placed, when he is c(mrineu in one of thofe carriages or pulkhas j or
Would believe that, by whil'iKTing the rciii-deer in the ear, tluiy know the place
of their deftination.
About autumn, when the l.nkes of Lapland begin to freeze, the water-fowl,
which are foinul there in great abundance, nngrate towards the fouth ; and upon
the firll opening of tlie fprin;;, tiny return in large Hocks to their prior hahitationn,
where lliey find a plentiful fublillence from the grubs of the gnats. Thefe grubs
too ferve tor the food of ihe tctitmitfs or ixirtridce tribe, thoufauds whcreot, and
even myriads, are daily taken, and fent to Ntoekliolm. Thefe birds are caught in
ftich large (piantities by the Laplanders, as to fupply them with their ordinary pro-
vilion in autumn, as the eg^s of the water-fowl are their fupport in f|>ring f .
Their prey is in fuch ])leuty that lliould one of them go out a (hooting for two
hours, and not bring home a load of game, he would certainly coiu-ludc that fomc
ctuhantcr, wlio bore him a grudge, had, out of mere fpite, fpoiled his fp)rt J.
I'koim.k, ci'sroMs, anf* mannkrs.] The language of the Lanlanders isof Fin-
iiiili orij;in, and comprehends fo many dialetts, that it is with dithcuJty they under-
flan«l each other, 'ihe gnaler part have neither writing nor letters among them,
but a uumlx-r of hieroglyphics, which they make ufe ot iu their Rounes, a fort of
llieks that they call I'lllave, and which ferve them for an almanack. However
harth and unharmonious their language, we have fome fpecimens of Lapland poe-
try, which convey no unfavourable imprelVions of tlieir talte and fenlibilitv. In the
Spectator we have two elegant odes tranllated from the language ot L.apland,
(N*'. ;^66. nnd 406.) VVe Ihall make no apology for adding a third in the note
below ^.
Hieroglyphics
arc the marks they ufe indead of lignatures, even in
♦ Hollicrg fays, the rriii-dccr, " if he \s prefTed,
will tr.ivi-l at tht r.ite of ten or twelve Swulilli
iiiiics A day (70 or 84 Kiyjilh inili-s), but l)v fiicli
lioij cliivinj; he ii gfiui.illx <1( Itroyoil. It, how-
ever, lit [lit iitly h:;|)iiins, ih.it he will j)erfevrri' in
hib 'oiiinry ;.> inllca,wiilioiil '' t<:rinillinii,.iii'l with-
out tiiiiiii' ;iny rclrcllinicnt." i.iiiuu.'i Auiaiiit.
A^'T1;iu. Wt\, I. p. 169,
1 Holl):ri;.
*, Murtray's Travels, voL ii. p. j^i.
§ A Lai'lmid Somg.
The fiinw' are ilifrolvinir on Torn.io's rude fide,
AiiJ i.'ir let.' ot l.ullica llou i down the darli tide :
'1 hy I'ai'k Ititam, oh l.iithca, tlowb trcily a»av.
And tlic fiiow-drup uiiluld^ hir pule beauties to-day.
F.ir off the keen terron of winter retire,
And tlie north's djnicin|( ilrcaniarb relinquilll their
Hrc ;
The fun's ^nv.a,\ beams fwell the htid on the tree.
And Knna chaunli turth her wild w4rlbinj;s with
glee.
The rein deer iiidiarnef^'d in freedom fliall play,
And fafcly o'lr l) Ion's ft r p prri ipiie (Uav ; '
The Wolf to the fonrt's re -idei lh:dl lly,
And howl CO tlie muuii aj llic glide, thro' the Iky.
Then haft, my fair Luah, oh ! haftc to the grove.
Aim pafs the ivv.i't frafon in rapture anti love j
In youth Kt our IhiI nw in celU( v i>l iw.
Fur the winter of lil'e ne'er a tiiuili>or< can know.
3 matteri
fcr,
c in
(ftcn
the
well
r the
dines
about
killed
drag-
to run
{et rid
lire in
ai •, or
; place
:r-fowI,
d upon
itation*t
e grubs
:ot, aiul
iui;lU in
,ar"y pro-
r for two
\at fomc
is ol Fuv
V uiulor-
n^ them,
a fort of
lowcvcr
and poe-
Ii> rlie
L«jpland,
I the note
even ill
L]\\\A\ their
111 the trcf ,
llbings with
hiall l>layt
Iftray;
»' tlte Iky.
I tl»e grove,
htl love i
can know,
malleri
I, A P I. A N D. 99
ifiRtlrra of Invr. Mitliontriei, from tho (hiiAiani/ed parlH of St<nn<ttMavin, in-
iroducrd ainoni^ thrm tin* Chriitiin religion ^ but they chu liurdly Ik- r,«id cv<-ii
yet to be Chrlthans, though they have aniun^ tliem foine nligiouN Icuiiuiiiii.'.^, ioiU-
tutrd by the kin|^ of IX-nninrk. The ninjoriiy of tho I Jiplaiuiom nrattiCi' as gnif*
fu}K-rftilionii and idulatrien an are to be found innong tlu* mod uniiillrutlcd pii^itii8 (
und fo abfurd. that they ft artely defcrve Ut Iv: mcntioiud, were it not thai llie
number and oddities of their fuperditionn have ind'ited the nutherii tr|id( tm to Ih--
liuve that they are Ikilful in matic and divinatiini. km il>i.spui|Mife their niusiciuu*
make tife of what they call a drum, made of tliu hullowed trunk o( n fir, pine, or
l)irch-trce, one end of which ii covered with a (kin i «»ii Hiiii they draw, with «
kind of red colour, the Hgures of their own godt, as well a« of Jcfuu Chi ill, ilivr
apuAles, the fun, moon, liars, birdi, and rivers ^ on thcfc they |)lai:c one or Ivmi
brafti rings, which, when the drunt is beaten with a little haniiner, dance over thu
figures i und, according to their prugrefs, the foicercr piogiiolUcalcs. 'J lulu
chiUlidi operationH are generally perfitrnu'd for gain ; and the nothern lhi|Mnafler^
are fuch dupes to the arts of thofu impollurs, that they often buy frotn thetn u magic
curd, which contains a nundK*r of knots, bv opening of which, according to tltu
magician's direttiuns, they ||ain what wind tl)ey want. The Liinlunders lljlj rctaiw
tlic wurlhip of many ot'tlie I'ttutonic gods ; and have among tiieni great rcni;iiii)>
t)f the Druidical inliitmions. 'ihey (nelicve the tra^ifniigrutiun of the foul } un^
have feftivals fet apart fi»r (he worlhip of certain genii, called Juliles, who thw/
think iidiabit the air, and have great nowvr over liuinun actions ; but, being with-
out form or fubliancc, they aflign to them lu-ither images nor (latues.
Agriculture is not much attended to among the Laplanders. They arc diiefl/
divided into Laplaud iilhers, and Lnplaivd mountaineers. The former always umke
their habitations on the briitk, or in the neighbourhood of fome lake, from whence
thev draw their fubfiUence. "I'he olhera feek tlteir fupuort upon the mouutains,
and their environs, jjoireding herds of rein-deer mi«e or ieti numerous, which they
iife acconling to the feafon, but go geijerallv i>n foot. They are excellent and in-
(luftrious herdfmen, and arc rich m companion of the Lapland tilhers. Some pof-
i'efs lix hundred or a thoufimd rein-de«rr, aiul have often money and plate l)efidcs.
They mark every rein-deer on the cars, and divide them into clulVes ; fo that thejr
inftantly perceive whether ikny one is drayed, though they cannot count to fo great
a number as that to which their llock often amounts. I'liofo who poiTcfs but ^
fmall Uock, give to every individual a proper name. The Lapland-tillicrs, who arc
4ilfo called Laplanders of the woods, bccaufe in fummer they dwell upon the bor-
ders uf the hikos, and in winter in the foruds, live by filhing and huntinjg, an^
choofe their tituation by its convenience for either. The ^rented part ot them,
however, have foinc rein-deer. They arc aUlve and expert in the chace : and the
introdu6]lion of tire-flrins among them ha«> aJmod entirely aholillied the ufe of the
bow and arrow. Bcliiles looking after tiK'ir rein-deer, the Hlliery, and the chace,
the men enjploy themfelvcs in the conAruUiun of their canoes, which are fmalJ,
light, and compaft. Tliey alfo make Hedges, to which they j;ive the t'orm of a
canoe, harnefs for the rein-deer, cups, bowls, ai\d various other utenfils, which arc
fometimes neatly carved, and fonietimes ornamented with bones, brafb, or iiorti.
'i'he eniplovment of the wonten ciMitids in mtdLing nets for the lilhery, in drying iilh
and meat, m milking the rein-deer, in making cheefe, and in tanning hides : but it
is underdood to be tlic butinefs of the men to look after the kitchen ; in which, it
is faid, the women never interfere.
Ihe Laplanders live in huts in the form of tents. A hut is about twenty-five to
thirty feet in diameter, and not much above fix feet in height, 'lliey cover them
according to the feafon, and the nwans of the poffcllor ; fome with briars, luirk of
bnch, and linen ; others with turf, coarfe cloth, or felt, or the old ikins of rein-
O 2 deer.
100 LAPLAND.
deer. 'Flic door U of felt, mndc like two curtnim, which open i/mulor. A little
pini'c furroundod with llont'n is mndc in the middio of the hut for the lire, over
which a chain is fiirj)en(K(l to hiin)( the kettle upon. 'J'hev lire fcarcely nbic to
ftnnd upright in their huts, hut conllantly fit upon their hee(« round the fire. At
niffht, tney lie down (luite nuked ; nnd, to fcpnrate the npartmcntfi, they place up-
right fticks nt fniall dillnncui. They cover tlienifelves with their clolhn, or lie u|»-
on them. In winter, they put their naked feet into n fur hug. Their houfehold-
furniture confidn of iron or copper kettles, wooden cup«, bowls, fpoonit, and fome-
time* tin, or even lilver bafons ; to thefe may be ndd(4 the implements of filhing
and hunting. 'Jhat they may not be obliged to carry fuch a number of thing*
with them m their excurlions, they build in the torcfts, at certaiu diltunces, little
huts, made like pigeon-houfes, and placed upon the trunk of a tree, cut off at about
the height of fix toot from the root. In thefe elevated huts they keep their good*
nnd provifioni; and though they arc never Ihut, yet ihey are never plundered.
The rein-di'or fiinply the l.np!an(lers with the greatell part of their provilionn ; the
chacc and the (itlurv alVord the red. Their principal dilhes are ti\e (lelh of the
rein-<lier, and puddings made of their blr)()d, oy putting it either alone, or mixed
will) wild berries, into the Itonuich of the animal from whence it was taken, in
which they cook it for food ; hut the Helh of the bear is cdeemcd their greateft
luxury. They eat every kind of filh, even the fea-dog ; as well as all forts «)f wild
animals, not excel)! ing birds of prev, and carnivorous animals. Their winter-pro-
vilions conlid chieHy of flelh and filh dried in the open air, which they eat raw.
Their cnmmon drink is water, fometimes mixed with milk : they make alfo broths
and filh-fou|)s. Mrandy is fcarce with them, but they are extremely t'ond of it.
Whenever they are inclined to cat, the head of the family fpreads a mat on the
ground ; and then men and women f<piat round this mat, which is covered with
tlilhes. Kvery Laplander carr.es about him a knife, a fpoon, and a little cup for
<Iiinking. I'lach has his portion fei)arate!y given him, that no perfon may Ik- injur-
ed ; for they are great eaters. Hetore and atter the meal they make a Ihort prayer :
and, as foon as they have done eating, each gives the other his hand.
In their drefs the Laplanders iife no kind of linen. In the Flora Lappnnicn,
Linna;us fiiys, " Perhaps the curious reader will wonder how the people in Lapland,
during the terrible cold that reigns there in winter, can preferve their lives ; lince
Jilmod nil birds, and even fome wild beads, defert it at that time. The Laplander,
not only in the day, hut tlirough the whole winter-nights, is obliged to wander
al)out in the woods with his herds of rein-deer. K<»r the rein-deer never come un-
der cover, not eat any kind of fodder, but a particular kind of liverzvort. On this
account the lierdfnun are under a necclhty of living continually in the woods, in
order to prevent their cattle being devoured by wild hearts. No part of the bodv
is more ealily dellroycd by cold than the extremities of the limbs, which are moil
remote from the fun of this microcofm, the heart. The kibes that happen to the
hands and feet, fo common in the northern parts of Sweden, prove this. In Lap-
land you will never fee fuch a thing; although, were we to judge by the lituation
of the country, we Ihould imagine jull the contrary; efpecially as the people wear
r.o flockings. The Laplander guards himfelf againll the cold in the following
manner. He wears breeches made of rein-deer Ikins with the hair on, reaching
down to his iicels, and Ihocs made «)f the fame materials, the hairy part turned out-
wanls. Mc puts into his l]uw^ /Icmhr-earfd, hottil-.'faved, cyperus grafs, itiiex vejicaria.
Spec- PI. (or the bladder carex) that is cut in fummer and dried, i'his he rirll combs
and rubs in his hand,^, and then places it in fuch a manner, that it not only covers
his feet (piite round, but his legs alfo ; and being thus guarded, he is (]uitc fecured
againft the intenfe cold. With this grafs they liutf their gloves likewife, in order
to prcfcrvc their IkukI!). As this grafs keeps oif the cold iu winter, fo in fummer it
hinders
I.
D.
lot
hinilcM «lic fi'et from fwcating, and at the fmiu- litnr pnfiTvci thcin from bring niv-
iioycil liy Itriking a);nit)l) lionet, bic. lor lluir lli>)i-a arc very iliiii, being niuili-, not
of tanned leather, but of tbe raw biiU* *,"
'I heir dDiiltlet i.i inn<U- to Ht lluir ibiipc, and in o|H*n at tlic hrcnil. Over thi»
lluv wear a elofe timt with narrow lleeve« ; the Ibiits ri-iubinn to tiie knce«, ilnd
falK-ncd mund tbem by a lentbcrn girdle, ornnmenied with plates of tin or brafn.
To this girdle tbey tie tbeir kiiives, their inllrumentH for obtaining fire, iheir pipes,
;iiul the red of tlieir fnioking appariittiH, 'iluir liottiesare inaile of fur, or leailier,
or <if elolh ; tlie elole coat pot clotb or leather, always bordered uiili fur, nr bind-
ings of cloth of (liH'erent colours. 'Iheir caps are edged with fur, poiiilfd at top,
and the four feamit adorned with tills of a ditlerent colour from that of the cap,
The wi>nu'n wear breeches, Ihoes, doublets, niul clofe coals, in the fame manner u*
the men ; but iheir girdle, at whiJi iluy carry likewife the implemeiils for fn\oking
tobacco, iHconunonI) embroidered with brafs wire. 'Iheir t lofe coat hatli a collar,
which comes up higher than ihiil of the men. Hefides ihefe, they wear liai\dker-
cliiefs, and little aprons, made of painted cloth, rings on their lingers, and ear-ringi,
to which they fometiines hang chains of lilver, whicn pafs two or three times round
the neck. 'I hey arc oflei\ diell'ed in caps folded after the mam\er of turbans,
foinetimes in others fitted to the ihape of the head ; and, being tuuch addicted to-
finery, they are nil ornamented with the embroidery of brafs wire, or at leall with
lili of ditlerent colours.
Lapland is but poorly peopled, owing to the general barrenncfs of its foil. The
number of its inhabitants may amount to about 60,000. Both men and women
are in general coiifuUrably ihorter than more foutlurn l-'uropeans. Maupertuis
meaUued a woman, who was fuckling In r child, whole height did not exceed four
feet two inches and a half; the^ nuike, however, a much more agreeable appear-
ance than the men, who arc ollen ill-lhaped and ugly, and their heads too largo
for their bodies. Tin ir women are lomplaifaut, chalie, well-made, and e\trei\iely
nervo\is. it fre(iuei\tly happens that a l.apland woman will faint away, or e\en
fall into a (il of fren/y, on a fpark of fne Hying towards her, an unexpected noilV,
or any tjilier fudden occurrenn', njually trivial. During thefe paroxyfms of terror,
they (leal abo\it blows with the full ihiiig that prefents ilfelf ; and, on coming to
llunifebes, are utterly ignorant of all that has |)alVed.
When a Laplan<ler intends to marry, he, or his friends, court her father wiih
brandy ; when, with fome dilhcully, he gains admittance to his fair one, he 1 Hers
her a beaver's tongue, or fon\e other calal)le j which the rejects before company,
but actepis i'\' in private. Coliabilation «)flcu precedes marriage ; but every
admitlante is purchafcd with u bottle of brandy, and tliis prolongs the courtllii[)
fonutiines for throe years. 'I he jjriell of the parilh at lall celebrates the nuptials ;
but the bridegroom is obliged to ferve his fathcr-in-Uiw for four years ; after which
he carries his wife .nnd her fortune home.
CoMMKncE.] Little can be faid of llie comnu rce of the Laplanders. Tin ir
exports cnnlllt of fifli, rein-deer, lurs, balkels, and toys ; with fome dried pikes, and
clii'iK s, made of rein-deer's milk. 'I lny reieivi" for thefe, rix-dollars, woollen
cloths, linen, copper, tin, flour, oil, hidis, needles, knives, fpirituous licpiors,
tobacco, and other neccllaries. 'I heir mines are generally worked by foreigners^
and proiUue no inconlldeiable prolit. 'I he Laplanders travel in a caravan, with
tlieir families, to tlie I'inland and Norway fairs. I he reader may make fome etli-
mate cf the medium of commerce amonij them, when he is told, that lifty fvpiirrel
Ikins, or one l"\ Ikiii, and a pair ot Lapland Ihoes, produce one rix-dollar ; but ni>
tomputalioi; ia;i be made ol the public revenue, the grca'.ell part of which is allot-
Sillliat"'^'^''^ Tfu;''.;, ji. 137, ij8.
ted
I«t
W p. D
R V.
ti'<l (iiT tfic mnintennnrp nf tho rli-r^fv. WiiJt rcgnrd i<» thf fccurlty n( ihf ir pr«v
pcriy, frw difputM happen i ■ml their juilj^ni Imvr no mtliinry to eul'orri- Uioir de-
creet, tho lu'opic having m r('n>arkitl>lc uvirdon tu WKr, aii«i To liir ■• we know, iirr
ttrvrr rmplu^cd in iny am 17.
K
R N.
Miloi,
F.KTKNT AND SlTtrATIOM.
10 ami 30 lutli lui\gitiulc.
Cuntainiiig iio.ooo S<u;aiik Mi lei, with 14 Inhabilnnti to cuch.
I^ngfli 800) . .
Br.aliih 500} ^♦*^'"'"
f 56 Mini (u) North laiHiidp.
( i<
BofNDARiRi AND)'T*IIIS cmintry in Ixtundi-d hy the Baltic Sen, the Sound,
PiviiioNi. 1 ^ and the Cateiate, or Scaggernc, on the S«)iith ; l>) the
impalTabIc mountains of Norway, on tno Well ; by Uanilh or NorwcKJun Lap-
land, un the North i and by Mufcovv, on the Kaft. It i* divided into (even pro-
vincc* : 1. Sweden l'ro|)or. a. Cotnland. 3. Livnniit. 4. Ingria. (Thefe two
laft provinces belong now to the KulliaMH, having been cun(|iirred bv Peter the
Great, aiid ceded by iMillrrior treaties.) 5. Finland. 6. Swt'dilh l.auiand. And,
J. 'Ilie Swedi(h illanas. (Jreat abatrmentK miift be made for the lakes and un-
improved parts of Sweden, which art: fo extenlive that the habitable part is con-
fined to narrow boutidi. The following arc the dinuMifioni given u« of this king-
dom :
Sweden,
Square
Milc^.
Sum
tottl.
aa8,7t(
1
I
Cipital Citl«i.
bu'cden l'rn|ier
Cfothland
Srhoneii
47.900
"S.97J
•,960
76,000
73,000
l,<i0O
560
360
7«.8J5
150,560
l,}10
J4»
77
4^0
39$
80
84
194 .SlOL'KNULM,
N. I.a(. 59-30.
E. iMng. i9_ij.
lAo Culniar.
56 'Luiidtn.
Tome.
340 Unia.
»aj AI»o.
Cajcnliurg.
33 Wilhy.
9 liarktiulm.
i-<i|)|jiid and 1
W. Hodiiiia . J
Swrdifh Finland, and
Kail linthnia - 5
Ooililaml i.
OrI.ifi.l 1, -
IVl'"" 1 Himifraiiu, P.
SiixoMv j Kiii^en 1.
47
»4
" 1
Stralltuid,
Urrfcn.
Of Sweden I'ropcr, the following arc the fubdivifious ;
I'plnmlin, ilelfingia,
Sudormania, Ijalei-ariia,
Wertmania, Medolpcdia,
Ncricia, Anmrinania,
(tcilricia, Jiiiii)tia.
Of
w
N.
lOJ
Of OuthUntI, the r<)l|i>wiiig ftTc iho fubdiviiioni i
l'.:il) Cothlmid, Dnlin,
WfA (toihlniid, .Vh<in«n,
•Smalnnd, Hlrkinif.
Wt-riiu-tuiul, llutlmul.
Of Swrdilli l.aplatid, the fullowiDK un- lliv fiilxlivinoni :
Thome l^ipiunrk, Pithia l.npiiturk,
Kitni l.:i)nnitrlc, Uimk LMpniiirk.
l.ulu l,;ipriurL,
The jKincipal platos in Well llothtiiu nrc LTmc.i, Prtca, and Tt>rn«a.
Oi' Kinlaiid, the followiiiK '"'* *''*' fuL'tliviiiulM:
l'.i\\\ Hoihiiia, Nyloiul,
'J I '< C'iiiani«, 'I'ruvuftia,
1 bitvoluxia, Kinlaiul l'ri>f)fr. •
The Swedilh i(K» arc Goihlaiuf. Ocland, Aland, and Riigtn.
I In Sweden fummor l)nrfts fuddcniy from wintori
JnntI vegetation i<t more I'peedy than in louthern
niiaiittf of the fiin'n rays, heinjj eiuhleen hcuiri
,' <hiv for fomc weeks; (<t that the folar heat it
CttMATR, UKAtONl, lOIt,
AM) PRoni'CI ION1.
rlimutos, owing to the long enntinnance* of th
mid a half alxive the liori/.on every
inireafed in proportion to its dtirution. Stoves and warm fm* mitigate llie e<ild
of winter, whien is lit intenfe, that the nofcn and e\(reniitie» of the inhahitants
are foinetimcs mortified ; and in fnih cafes, the hell remedy that has heen found
out, is ruhhing the a(VeHe<l part with fnow. 'Ilie Swejes, lime the davs of
Charles XII. have luvn at incredible pains to corretNhe native harreimefi of their
tmintry. The foil is much the fame with that »)f Denmark, and fomc parts of
Norway, generally very l)a<l, but in fome vnllies furprilingly fertile. The piafants
now follow the agriculture of France and I'.ngland ; an<{ ionic late account", lav,
that they raife alinoft as niueli grain as maintains the natives. (Gothland protliieis
wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, and beans i and in cafe of deficiency, the people
are fuppl'ied from l,ivo\)iii and the Baltic provinces, 'i'he woods con/ill chiclly of
oak, horfe-chefn\it, birch, and iA>ountain-alh. In fummer, the fields arc verdant,
and covered with lowers, and produce llrawberries, rathcrrics, ciirrant.s, and other
fmall fruit.s. The common jteople know little <it the cultivation of apricots,
peaches, neflarines, and the like high-Havourcd fruits ; but melui):i arc brought to
great pcrfetVion in dry feafoiis.
MiNKKAt.s AND MKiAis.] Sweden produces cryflals, nmethyfls, toj).TA'.i,
porphyry, lapis la/iiit, agate, cornelian, and marble. The chiet wiallh of Sud-
den arifes tVoiii her niiiu> of (ilver, copper, lead, and iron. 'I he l;i(l mentioned
riieial employs no fewer than 4^0 for^i s hammer-niills, :iiul ('iiu Iting hoiiles. .V
Vind of a ii,i>\>\ mine has likewile ken direoveied in Sweden, Imt fo inconliderabK'.
that from llie \ear 1741 to 1747, il produced only ly}^ ^oltl dnials, eat li Viilufd
at <)v. 4d. iKiling. I he tiill gallery of one lilver miiu' is 100 falhoms ln.'lo-.v tli>'
fnrlaee of the earth ; the roof is fupported by prodigious oaken beams; and froin
thence the miners defcend about forty fathoms to the loweli seiii. 'Ilii'^ miiic is
faid ti> produce 20,000 tiowns a year, 'lliete fiil>terraiiean manlioiis are iiltonilh-
ingly Ipaeious. and hichly commodious, forming, as il were, a hidden world.
The water-laiis in Sweden allbrd exielient eonveiiieney tor forges ; and in tuim;
former yi ars, the iron e\porteil biouglit in 300,0001. lUrling, unliituting iwfi.
thirds of the national revenue. It mull be obfcrvcd, that the c.\aCtions of go-
uruineiit.
lOi
\V
K l> I'.
S.
>t'nmKttt, nii<l ilto iit)|)<iriuii<) i oi' Ariuricin liar^irim iota ^ur<>p«i» stid rutnc ollwr
iiiiifV*, huvv KrkMlty UidimuIioiI ihi» iiinniiliii'luri*.
ANiitU irikt AND nutittiriK*. { A lew K*«tut,'« fmm noitrnhurK I* n hi
N \ I IK Al. A«tt AN I irit'l AL.
I
iloittu prci'i^ik'tft tlowii whiih « (Iri'mtt'iil
iiiiarii«i i>l' %vnii*r riillict with (mh imp-tii'Wiij, iV-mh »Ii«' Ji.inlii iiUit fi» (li't|» a
1>«tl ii|'\%iit> r, llcii luiiils nixl xllt- r IhhIui of limlKr, |irfci|»itHio(l tliwii it, ilil*.
ii|»|)(Cnr l'i»r lunr nu hmir, l».Ynf»' ih«*v nri* f«c<)vori'<l ! ihi* Iwiiiitin of' ilm IkhI Inu
tw\\'t Im»» linmil, th'Hinh fiMiiulrtI hy lii»<« i»f f» vit«I Iniiuln-d I'tiltiDiiH A r**
rmoirk.i'iK' lliitiv tnki', which tiiti;i>» lliiiiK^ piil iiilo it, I1114 Ihi'ii t'ntiiul in iho
r>>iiilK'rii ptirl ol (iDililiiiiil : unci I. mtkI \mtu ot Swi*il« n (unl.iin u itonc, wliidi,
li%inn "f" a >«'lltiw lolidir, iiili'rriu\ni with f<'v»'r.tl liroiikiof whilr, lu iri.t)in|K>i.ii
it' unjil nnif lil\'tr, nlVonU ftilpluir, viirinl, iilum, inul iiiiniiini. Hu' Swiiliii i)ri*
III
S
C
um to hit^i' a tn4nurcri|ii copy <>l m irunllalioit oi' ilio UoCik-Ii hilo (inlhii, (tunc
\n II hilhiip I pi )>uii ii(;it.
Si.A* I III- ti r> 111 uri- tlu- niiliit', mill iho gull'* of noltinia niul Finlniwl, whiili
arc arnu ot' tlu- ilultiv t and mi ihi- w<ll nl' Swi'iU-ii iirc llu> Cati-guti- Itii, iinti the
N<iiiiul, 11 lU.iil iiltoiit lonr niilcH ovir, whivh iliviiUv SwciUii Iidih Drnniiitk.
TIkIV I'« ui liuvk' 11) tiiU'4, mill ur^' tVo/iti u|) iifiialiy I'mir iiiontlu in tlu- u-iir i imr
nro ilu'> fi> t'till a^ iIh- oicuii. never niising with it, lu'cnufc u lurroiit liti ittwayi
iMit lit' ilk* Ihiitiv into tlu- ociun.
(ji Ai>ii('i'Kt>f, mnni, ANt> riMltt] rhrliilitKr llltlc frDiii ihofo nlrrnily
ihl'i rilu'tl in \i»i\VHv and Di-Minark i the Swiiliili liurl'it ari- \»Ty firviiAHhli- in
war. 'II10 Swidilli haw ki. whtii rairiod In Kr.iiut', liavo liocn known toresilil
llu'ir native imintrv ; ax a|i|iiari« rnmi mio that wa<« killed in rinlund, with un iiw
ft ription on u finalj ^old plate, li;{nirviii^ that lie l)elon^i'ti to the rremit kiii){,
'lie lillie^ loiiml in ilie rivert and lakesiif SweiK-n are the lame with ilmfe in other
ixirtlurn ( Diintriis, and taken in riiili i|iiantiiik.s, that their piki"« (piirtittilarl\ ' arc
f.ilted and pickled \\<r expurtalinii. 'llu' train-oil ot the i'eaU taken in the gidt'uf
Finland, in a tonliderahle article of esportulion.
Inii AMI r \N M, MXNNim, ANO tinroMi] 'I'lie » liaraeler of' the Sweden lint
dilh'ud unall) in dillereiit ii;;e>. At prel'ent, their luaCanlt feeiii In he a heavy
pinddinu' rail III men, limn;.; and hardy; hutwitliiuit any nlher ainhition tlhiil
that ot liihiilUim themlelves ami their t'amilies: the niereaiitile elalhii ure much of
llie fame call ', liiit anion^ perl'iniH nf all defciiplionx ^neat a|iplieation and per-
f.veraiiie
are very conlpiciions. One woiihl not fiippole thai the itiodern S«rd
le«
lire the (U fcendantH of thofe, wlio undrr (tiilhuiis Adnlplnu and (MiarU% \l|,
tarriid termr throiij^h dilhuil cntiutriei, and llmok the I'oimil.iliun i>t tlie ureatel)
iiiipiies. 'Ihe inlrifjiu >> ot" ihiir fenatnr-. dra); ;« d them to take jiarl in llie laic
Wiir a^ainll I'riillia ; yet their hehavioiir wan Ipiriilels. The nohility and gentry
(if Sweden are natmall) l>ra\e, polite and linr|iilaliK ; they liaNe liiuh notions lif
hniiiiur, and are ii;ilntiw of their iialional interelK. In Stoikholm. a> in other cold
climates, the cullom of «hinkiii>; fpiritj prevails too nun h ; even ladii^ who Uy
no im ans jlelerve an imprnprr epiilul, comply wilh ihis pirniuous i iillnm, It
Is iifiial in this country, previous to dinner, for the «ompany lo allemlde round the
lide-honrd, and to u j^ale ihemfeUes with hread, liuller, iheefe, or am ihinn of
tliat nature, which onlaie is ri'milarly followeil in Imlli I'iacs hy u humper of
hiandy. Their melluKl of coiiductiiij; tlu infelves at tahle has a very liuf;ular ap-
prarani e to a llian^er. Kvcry dilh, alter heiiii^ « ut up, ishniuhd ahoul in rota-
tion from one to another j every one helps himfelf and pallis it to tlu' nest. \\ ine
.'uid all other liipiors (hind upon the tahle. The rule is to lu Ip yomlVhes without
any kind of tenniony ; tliev drink no kind of healths. The cloth is not rcinoveil
•IS in Kii>;land, luillier do the j^eiitleinen lit alter the l.idie.s rife, i'.ach j;enlleman
toiulucls a lady to anullur fuit of iparlnicnt!) where coli'ee is* ready prcjiared. Tei
ubout
111. null.. fu/,i, li "'^,"1'' ,"" """n cumti,., (i d't """' "I'*'! luiur.
«■" lie ever .Iciir i„ all ,i' ' *" " ■!" ''l<-- U.v .-..kli, I, 1 7 '"''"'"in f nflcn I. r
^, "•• '"-'•■'MUi^c arrange..
nuiif,
io6
W
E
D
E N.
nu'iit, or that wonderful cxa^lncfs in difcriininuting, wlu're the minutuft (liadcs of
tiilTcrciuc are fcarcely pcrcrpliMe •.
Kvon in tlic midrt of the hito cli(lro6tiuns of Swcdi-n, tlio fine arts, particularly
drawing, fculjituro. and nrchitcHure, were encnuraged niul proteiK-d, Agricultu-
ral learning, both in theory and pratlicc, is nifo carried to a confidcrablc height
in that kingdom.
UniversitiulJ The princinal is that of Upfal, inAituted near 400 years ago,
nnd patronized by feveral fucceliivc nionarchs, particularly bj^ the great Gullavus
Adolphus, and his daughter queen Clirillina. The lludents in thU univcrfity arc
numerous j but they do not inhabit, ai in our univerfities, any diftin^t colleges,
there being no buildings for their accommodation, but lodge in the town ; and
repair to the general or public letlurcs, given by the feveral profeflTors, cither at
their own houfes, or at the ^)ublic halls a|)propriated to fuch ourpofcs. The poorer
iludents are aflilled in their cxpcnces, by being appointed to fcholarlhi])^, tlie
higheft of which amount to about thirteen pounds per annum. The profelTors in
different branches of literature arc about twenty-two ; of whom the principal arc
thofe of divinity, eloquence, botany, anatomy, themillry, natural philofophy,
altronomy, and agriculture. Their falaries are from fevcnty to one hundred poundit
per annum. This univerfity, juftly called by Stillingflect, " that great and hitherto
" unrivalled fchool of natural hiftory," is certainly the firft feminar^ of the North
for academical education; and has produced, from the time of its mditution, pcr-
fons eminent in moft branches of fcience. The learned publications, which have
lately been given to the world by its members, fufficiently prove the flouridiing
ftate of literature in thofe parts, particularly the Amcenitales Aiademicr, or a coP
Jeition of Thofes upon Natural Hiftorv, held under the celebrated Linna:us, and
chiefly feieikd by that able mafter. There is another univcrfity at Abo, in Fin-
land, but not fo well endowed, nor fo flourilhing, and a third at Lunden, in
Schonen, which is fallen into decay. Every diocefe is provided with a free-fchool,
in which boys arc prepared for the univerlitv f .
Much credit is due to this nation with refpetl to the education of young pcoi)Ic,
particularly among the inferior claflTes, fo as to render them ufeful members of fo-
cictv ; for'whicli purpofe they have inftituted feminaries and fchools, which are
I arefully infpectcd by the fupcrior and dignified clergy. When a youth attains a
certain age, fo as to be capable either of trade or any profellion.il line of life, if
lie llicws any particular marks of genius, tr an uncommon alliduit^ in any of the
walks of fcience, ihefc ccclcfiallical diretbirs report him to the kmg, who gives
orders, as the reward of his merit, ihat lie may receive an education fuitabiy
adapted to his temper and the bent of his genius. If he continues his dili-
gence and attention his promotion is certain. This truly laudable inliitution, aiul
ixeniplary pattern, may well be thought worthy the imitation of more eniiqiitened
rations, as it is certainly productive ot much emulation and improvement. To
«;ig llic rouf^h diamond from the mine is doubtlefs a commendable labour, but to
piililh it and make it fit for ule deferves the higheil praifes.
Mani'k \c 1 1 Rhs, TRADK, COM-) Thc Swcdiih commoualty fubfift by agri-
MERCE, AND c H 1 K F TOWNS. j culturc, mining, grazing, hunting, and tith-
ing. Their materials lor traHic are bulky and ufeful commodities of malls, beams.
• The riadfr, «-lio is ilcfiroiiinf further iiifor- f An arademy of arts and fciriucb w:u fdjne
»ja;ion coiKiTniii); this great ii^ituralilt, will tiiiU his yrnrj liiire ellabliflied at Stockholm, uml in now in
(iiiiolity amply gr.ililinl Irum tlic ptriil.il of Dr. a lloiirifliing tonilitioii. They liavc jmblilhcJ li -
I'lilmc)'.' " General \'iew of tlic W rilijigs of I-in- venil volumes .of inemoirs, which have bciu «tU
rla•ll^." See alfo Coxc's Travels, 4to. vol. iii. received by the public.
\\ 458—448.
deal-
"K- 1 6ih century: for ,iii .1 • *» "^ ""O" was inn.»^.. '1 •' '"'• "■<"•. <(irfl/ifr,.
am broiidit I, K . '" ""♦' f''»e thev inl.\,l '."""""t-vd info Nw-cl.-n /, '^^^
tuia.n tow.<. in Sw?dVn = "•''nping ; and of 1,,^
V'-rnniciu. ^"^' ""vvevcr. blafted bv »h • , . tngJid,. -ju r """
--. tl,c. 'K.rbour\{";, UedT:^'^''^'-'''-.»W t
rocks, dilaj)pt-:,rs from jh," r: w "^" ^ "arro.,- Urait .:ni ."'•"''*'« ^om the
overfprcad \U fo eft t is ?''V ""'^ ''^ Pr"0 i^ ton!^' """^'"S «n,ong hi^h
•'^■''"^"•"^' "^^■'"^- 'i"guh r V ' , '^'^^■>""d »'«e power of wo H "'"^ J'-^ d-'^ant l.iff
l'''..k, ll.cca,„„,|„f ;r f'r ".»m,te„res a„J 'l' , """'""" mark .f'"™"
*Coxr. vol ii „ ^""rfo, „,
I'
ceiUuiies
io8
W
B S.
centuries the crown was elective i but after nrious retohitioniK Chdrlv* XIT. m1t&
was killed in 1718, hecame dcfpntic. He vrm luccctded hy his tiller Ulrica, who.
cunfentedto the abolition of detpotifm, and reftored the ftatc* to their former It*
bertic* ; and they, in return, raifed hot huiband, the land^vc of Hoflir-Cafre!, to
a Iharc in the government. A new model of the conftitution wa« then drawn up,
by which the royal power was broufl^l too low \ for the king of Sweden couid
CL-arcely be called hy that name, beingTinut«d in cvcrr exercife ot' government, and
even in the education of his children. The diet of the dates apiminted the ^reat
officers of the kingdom ; and all employments of any v»lue, ccclctiaftical, civil, or
military, were only to be conferred with the approbation of the fenatc. llie
cUates were formed of deputies from the four orders, nobility, clergy, burghers, and
pcafants. The reprefentatives of the nobility, which included the gentry, amount-
ed tn above 1000, thofc of the clergy to aoo, the burghers to about 200, and the
peafants to 200. Each order fat in its own houfe, and had its own fpcaker, and
each cbofe a fecret committee, ibr the d^wtch of butinefe. The dates were to
be convolced once in three years, in the nu>nch of January ; and their collc£live
body had greater powers than the padiatnent of Great Britain, becaufe the king';*
prcrogaiiive was more bounded.
When the dates were not iitting, the aflairs of the public were managed by the
king and the fenate^ which were no other than » committee of the Itates, but
chofen in a particular manner ; the nobility, or tmper houfe, appointed 24 deputies,
the clergy 12, and the burghers ri; tbde choic three peHbns, who were to be
prefentcd to the king, that nc might nominate one out of the throe for earh va-
cancy. The pcafants had no vote in electing a fcnator. Almod all the executive
power was lodged in the fcnate, which conlillcd of 14 members, befidcs the chief
imvcrnora of provinces, the prcfident of the chancery, and the grand marlhai.
Thofe fenators, during the recefs of the ftatcs, formed the king's privy council ;
but he had no more than a eailiag vote in their deliberations. Appeals lay to them
firom diflferent courts of judicature ; but each fcnator was accoimtable for his con-
du6t to the Hates. The fenate had the power of impoling upon the king » Aih-
committee of their number, who were to attend upon his pcrfon, and to br a
check upon all his proceedings, down to the very management of his family. It
would be endlefs to recount the numerous fubordinate courts, boards, commiflions,
and tribunals, which the jcaloufy of the Swinies had introduced into the adminil-
tration of civil, military, coiTunercial, and other departments. Their nfliccrs and
minifters, under the notion of making them checks upon one another, were mul-
tiplied to an inconvenient degree ; and the operations of g<*vernment were greatly
retarded^ ii hot rendered inetFeCtual, by the tedious forms through which thoy
mud pafs.
But in Augud, 177a, the whole fyftem of the Swodifli government was totallv
changed by the late king, in the mod imoxpcOcd manner. 'Die ctrcumdaiiccs
which attended this revolution will be found in our biftory of tiiis kingdom. By
that event, the Swedes, biftead of having the defeat* of their conftitution rc£ti-
ficd, found their king inveded with a degree of authority little inferior to that uf
the mod defpotic princes of Europe ; with power to a'dcmble and fcparate the
liates whenever he pleafes; to have the fole difpufal of the army, the navy,
(insinces, and ail employments civil and military ; and though a power of impo-
iing taxes on all occafions be not openly claimed^ yet fuch as alrvady fubfid an;
tube perpetual; and in cafe of invafion, or prelling necellity, the king naay
iinpofe foine taxes till the ftatcs can be aflembled ; of which nccelVity he is tube
the judge, and the meeting of the ftatcs to depend upon his pleaftire .• and when
they are aflembled, they are to deliberate upon nothing but what tlio king thinks
proper to lay before them. It is eafy to difcern, that a government thus con-
lUtutcd
« \f C n •
Ai'tMod, Can bi h'HU . "If.
month aifor the trial ^ tk: '^.P/''<"»«r is at liberty rn!^,v' 't*' femence- iAh,^
"-.fcch a cafe doi.?'i;^^irV'?" ^"""P^ »* 7^7/'^,'^"* ^''Sf
•ng to the n«tu,,. „f ,j,';'^«^J labo«r. .if^e, f^ JiK,, « fo/^.'i^f, "P«" f>r<fad s^d
the reign of the lau- !.;„ i .^""'nwis's xvcre tort..n..i . •*^''*' ""'«. «cc<,f,t.
I""!!!..*! .KTt,,„, „. ,„ ■■ ' •'^'"I'tJ tW, .rod
••hich wa, „.ry p,,,,),,^, ,™ '= '.'^ <%:"•.■» acquired a„ a(?^nT "'■- '" """fr-
• ruliia, for the fit,. ,.f r 'f.^^ej and dunur tW* 1 ix ■^'"", i>wed«n wa«
forced to comrUu Jibt" 0?"" ^"''"*'>' fr«'" F f„ e* « war with the ki^/of
<"cn pcrcc vcd ih.- ».;r 1 • ^'w^nnts to near fiv^ rt^ir^ I confiderjjbfv atip.
trndoaVooredto ..ril'^'r'"'' '^"'^'-'''^y -f their ,^^Il^ »>"^'^ of thc^r n?f4
»> co„fe,ue„c: ^»f tt'l'b.Si ^' I"^/'"""-- « ^ t^" -'-'h France."!^!
t'om in that kingdn^' Jn ',1""^ '^'S""' h« occafmneH '''T.''''**"^^'^
fovoi«;ot KrcKhWfure ^^h^^ ';"'''* P"^^^'^^»' part vnr^^
fettJed after the dvath ofri ^'^^v''"' "''^ "^'w form of I, ^ '^"""^ '^orn, and
wai* to maint.Mn a ! S. ' '''^."''""" Tho Art..,, thm!/?, "^^"'u^."^^'^^' Promotion
'■^- '"'■''t- p.irtios Ion<j
toutinucjl
no SWEDE N.
continued, but tlic l-'rciuh pnrty goncrally prevailed grcatlv »o the detriment of
the real iiitcicll of ilie kinmiDin. Sonu- oHurts were eni|)K)yea hjr the Engtilh court
to ii'lRu or dellroy ilu- l-'rentli intlucm e in Sweden, and for fomc time lh»y were
futs;er<.f"\d : but llio lint party af^ain ai quired the aU endancy. Thefe parties arc
now abolillied, in coiilV(|iienie ot llie late king having made fuch a change iu the
conllilutimi kI' ^,uvirnnuiit.
Kkvkni'i-. ANt) eoiN-l The revenue of Sweden, linee the iniforlunate wan
of Cliarles XII. and with the Kiiliians (ince, has lu-en >;reatly leduceii. Ijvonin,
Bremen, Viulm, and other phues ililunited from thut kiiij^dom, contained about
28,000 Iqiiavv mil •;. Her j'.uld and lii>ir fpecie, in tlie ia'e reign, uiofe ehietly
trom till kinj,'s('ienn;iM ili-iiniiious. rornieriy the crown-lands, poil-nionev, tithes^
mines, ami oilier arliiUs, are faid to I.ave produi >d a million (lerling. 'ihe pay-
ments, tluit a;e made In cupper, wliiih was till iaiiis the chief medium of com-
merce, is cxtn nely ineouvcnient, l'i>me ot ihofe pieces being as large as tiles j and
u cart or wh> elbarrow is often required to cany home a moderate fum. Ihc
5wed>.s, howe\er, liave tjood ducats, and eij^ht-mark pieces of filvcr, valued each
-It 3s. id. l)Ui thefe arc fe.irce, and tlu' iiihahitants of Svvedi'ii have little fpecie in
iirculaiioi) ; largi' [jioces v'i copper liain))ed, and fnuill bank notes being almoft
their only cireulaiing money.
SruuMiTit ANJ) loucHS.) No country in the world has produced greater
heroes, or hr.iver troops, than the Swedes; and )<t they cannot l)e faid to main-
tain a ihmdini; army, as their foaes eonlitl of a rogulated militia. The cavalry iii
cU)athetl, armed, and mainlaint d, by a rate railed upon the nobility and gentry,
according to their eihites ; and the infantry by the peafants. Each province is
obliged to find its proportion of foldiers, according to the nunibcr of farms it
contains ; ewry tarm of 60 or 70I. per amunn is charged with a fool-foidier, fur-
nilhing him with diet, lodghig, and ordinary clothes, and about 20s. a year in
monev ; or elfe a little woiden houfe is built for him by the farmer, who allows
liim hay and paliiiraj^e tor a cow, and ploughs and fows land enough to fupply him
with bitad. \\ heu embodied, they are fubjetl to military law, at other times to
the civil law K^i the eomnr^ . This national army is thought to amount to above
40,000 men, and Sweden tormerly could have fitted out 40 ihips of the line ; but
of late years their ihips, together with their docks, have run to decay.
Royal sntij Ihe kin^^'s llyle is king of the (jolhs and Vandals, great
prince of I'inland, iluke of Schonen, Pomerania, &:c.
Ordkrs ok KNir. nrnooD.] 'Ihefe are, the order of the North Star, confifling
of 24 Members; the order of fafa ; and the order of the Sword; the lad created
in 1772.
History oj Swupkn.] 'Ihe Goths, the ancient inhabitants of this country,
joined by the Normans, Danes, Saxons, Vandals, &:c. have had the reputation of
fubduing the Roman Kmpire. 1 Ihall not tvillow the romances of Swedilh hifto-
rians through tlie earl) ages, but only obferve that Sweden has as good a claim
to be an aiu ient monaiihy as any with which we are acquainted. 1 he hillory
of this kingdom, and iiukid of all the northern nations, even during the firft ages
of Chriftiauily, is contufed, uninteretling, and often doubtful ; but replete with
murders, nialTac res, aiid ravages. '1 hat of Sweden is void of conliilency, till
about the middle ot the fourteenth century, when it alTumes a moie ri'gular ap-
pearaiu\'. At this time the government was far from being clearly afcertained,
or uniformly adminillered. 'Ihe crown was eletti\e, though in this idettion the
rights of blood were not altogciher difregarded. 'Ihe great lords potUlVed the
nioff eoiiliderable part of the wealth of the kingdom, whiih eondfted chiellv in
laii<l ; comineiee being unknown or negletled, anil even agriiulture in a verv rude
and imperfect liate. 'ihe clergy, jiariicularly thofc of a digliirted rank, from the
great
W E
R
N.
Ill
great
luntry,
lion ot'
hitto-
Icliiiiu
(;roat rvfiK-O puid to tlicir chara^crt among the inhabitants of the North, had
uiiRiircd uii ii)tlucncc in nil public affairH, and obtained poircllions of what IumU
bad bi-cti lilt unocLupiud by the* nobility. 'Hiofc two ranks of men, enjoyine all
the proportv i>t' tbu Itati-, torniod a council called the fenate, which govcrnea all
public (U-li. K-rations, This fvllem of government was extremely unfavourable to
the niitionni |)rorpcrity ; antl in tin: cTilTi-ntions bi-twcen their prelates and la)r-
harons, or InUvi'iii tliod- and thiir fovereign, the Mwcdos were drained of the
little riches tliey polVelled, to fiipport the indolent pninp of u few bilhops ; and,
what was more fatal, the unlucky lituation of tlieir mternal afiuirs expofed them
to the inroads and opprelliun of a foreign enemy. 'Ihefe were the Danes, who,
by their neighbourhood and power, were able to avail llienifelves of the diflen-
fions in Sweden, and to fitbjc^t, under a foreign yoke, a country weakened and
cxhautied by its dumcnic broils, in this depmrable fituation Sweden remained
for more than two centuries; fomctimes under tlie nominal fubjcdiion of its own
princes, fomctimes united to tiie kingdom of Denmark, and in cither cafe equally
(pprclVed and infultcd.
Magnus Ladellaus, crowned In 1276, was the firll king of Sweden who purfued
u regular fyftcm to increafc liis authority ; for wiiich purpofe, he made tnc aug-
mentation of the revenues of the crown liis principal objett. He was one of the
ablcll princes who ever fat on the Swedilh tlirone ; by his addrefs he prevailed
upon the convention of elhites to make very extraordirary grants to him for the
fupport of his royal di}j[iuty. The augmentation of the revenues of the crown
was followed by a proportional increafc of the regal power; and, by the Aeady
and vigorous exertion he made of it, Magnus humbled the haughty fpirit of his
nobles, and by employing his authority in many refpccts for tne public good,
reconciled his fubjects to atts of power, which in former monarchs they would
have oppofed with violence. The fuccelfors of Magnus did not maintain their
authority with equal ability ; and fcveral revolutions followed, which threw the
nation into great confufion.
In the year 1387, Margaret, daughter of N'aldemar, king of Denmark, and
widow of Huguin, king of Norway, reigned in both tliefe kingdoms. That prin»
tcfs, to the orJinar) ambition of her fex, atlded a penetration and enlargement of
mind, which reiulertd her capable of eondiiding the grcatell and inotl compli-
cated deligns. She has been called the Seinerainis of the North, bccaufc like
iicmeramis Ihe found means to reduce by arms, or by intrigue, an immenfe extent
of territory ; and became queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, being ciettcd
to tills latl in 1394. She piojetted the union of Calmar, fo famous in the North,
by which thefe kingdoms were for the future to remain under one fovcreign, elect-
ed by each kingdnm in its turn, and who ihould divide his relidence between them
all. Several revolutions eniued after the death of Margaret ; and at length Chrif-
tian {I. the lall king of Denmark, who, by virtue of the treaty of C'alinar, was
alio king of Sweden, cngageil in a fiheine to render liimfeltabfolute. The bar-
barous jinlicy In which lie atteniived to etl'ect iIiIn delign, proved the del^rutlion
of hii. U if, and atlnrded an oporluuiiy tor ilianging the face ot affairs in Sweden.
Toellablilli his autboritv in thai kingdom, he laid a plot for nialVacring the prin-
cipal nobility. 'I his horrid delign was actually carried into execution, November
8, 1520. Of all tliofe who could oppoi'e llie ilefpotic purpofes of Cbriftian, no
one remained in Sweden but Gullavus \ afa, a young prince, delcendcd of the
ancient kings of that coiintrj, and who had lignalized his arms againrt the king
'jf Deinnark. A price was laid on hi.s head, 'ihe Danilli fiildiers were fent in
purfuit of him ; but by his dexterity he eluded all their atlenipis, and efcapcd,
under the difguite of a peafant, lo the mountains of Diilecarlia. This is not the
place to relate his dangers and t'aligucs, liis labours iii the laafs-mincs, his being
I betrayed
isa ' S W E D n !^.
Aratravrii hy thofc in whnin he rrpofed hit r<in(ii)«nrr, liU riirmAimting n thoufand
KtMlucloi, Mnd hJH l■ll^il^it^ llie (iivap^c but warlike inhubiiiiiiM ol' L)aloc«rli« to
itirdcrtnkc liu caufi-, to up|>urc, nnd to i'«>ni|uor hit tyraiiiiictil opprelP>r. Mwvdcn,
Ih^ hit moans, again UL'quin-d indcpeiKlrnctf. C«ulUviii waw at (no lirad v( a vie-
(ti)riiiiiN nrmy, who udmirrd Kis valour, ami k>vrd hit iM-rl'on. He was crriitcd
tiicretbrt; tirlt adminithator, and afterwardti king ol' Swede ii, by the iinivmrfal confrnt
1)1" the wiiulc nation. His circiimllancc* were much more I'avournbit.' than thol'f
4>t" any former jiriiiio who liad pofloffod this dignity. The mnlVucre v( the nol)lcn
iiad freed him trom thofi* pnnid and haughty enemies, who had long been the
bane of all reguUir government. The clergy were no lefs powerful and dangerous.^
■but the opiniiuw of i^utlur, which began at this time to prevail in lh« North, and
fthc credit which they liad aequircd among the Swedes, gnvc him an opportunity
of changing the religious fyiium of that country ; and. the exercife of tlie Roman
catholic religion was pronibited in the vear 1544, under the fevereft (wnalties,
V'hich have never been relaxed. Inltcau of a Gothic ariflocracy, the niofl tur-
bulent of all governments, and, when empoifoned by religious tyranny, of aH
jiovcmments the moll wretched, Sweden, in this manner, iH'tame a regular mon-
nrchy. Some favourable efletts of this change were fcmii vilihle : arts and manu-
factures were eftabliflied and improved ; navigation nnd commerce began to
Hourilh ; letters and civility wen- introduced ; and h kingdom, known only by
name to the reft of Kurope, began to be known by its arms, nnd to have weight
in all )>ublic treaties or deliberations. Gultavus died in i.^ifQ-
Under Kric, who fuccecded his father Guftavus Vafa, the titles of count and
baron were introduced into Sweden, and made hereditary Kric's cnufeiefs jca-
loufy of his brothers forced them to take up arms ; and tho fenate Tiding with them,
he was depcfed in 7566. Mis brother John fuccecded him, and entered into a
ruinous war with Kuifia, and a fVuitlefs fchenie for reftoring iIk* Catholic religion
in Sweden. John's fon, Sigufiuund, wiu chofen king of Poland in 1367, John
died in 1392.
Charles, brother to king Jolin, was chofen adminiftrator of Sweden ; and being
n ftrenuous proteftant, his nephew Sigifmund endeavoured to drive him from the
adminiilratorthip, but without effeii ; till at laft he and his family \%Trc excluded
from the fuccellion to the crown, which was conferred upon Charles in 1399.
TTie reign of Charles, through tJie practices of Sigifmund, who was a powerful
prince, and at the head of a great party both in Sweden and Kulha, was turbu-
lent ; which gave t^ic DaiMs encouragement to invade Sweden. Their invalioii
was checked by the grcsU Guftavus Adolphus, then a minor, and heir apparent
to S\%Tden. L'pon the death of his father, in 1611, he was declared of age by
the ftatcs, though then only in his eighteenth year. Guftavus, foon after his m:-
celhun, found himfelf, through the intrigues of the Poles, Kufltans, and Danes,
engaged in a war with all bis neighbours, under infinite difadvantages ; all which
he furmounted. In 161 7 he made a peace, under the mediation of James I. of
Kngiand, by which he recovered Livonia, and four towns in the prefecture of
JSiovogorod, with a fu.n of money brlides.
The ideas of GuUavus began now to extend. He had feen much military fer-
vice, and was alhtied by the counfels of L ' Gurdie, one of the belt generals and
wifotl ftatefmen of his «.ge. His troops had become the bolt dilViplined and moft
warlike in Euroj)c. The princes ot the lioufe of Auftria fupported his ancient
)mplacal>le enemv Sigil'mund, whom Gtillavus defeated, hi 1627, he ■';)iini J the
iiege of Dantvcick, in which lie was unfuccefsful ; but the attempt w iiich was
deteatcd only by the fuddcn rife of tiiC Vithda, added fo much to his military
L'liaiacter, that the Proteftant caufe pl.icetl him at the head of the cnntVderacv for
reducing the houfc of AuUria. liis life, from that time, was a continued cliaiii
of
S IV
iiiiiipli§i
"4
W
I)
N.
men, hut thnt patriot fuwd lilmfi If l)y fliRlif •, nml Clinrli'* brckme fo poworrnl.
tliat llu' ctmliriiuin torn f{i mini peace at KvUvitk, i^'vyi were (>|K'ned uiulcriiii
liK'diation.
Chinks \I. died in if'07, imd WM fnctfciK-d l)y hi* minor fon, tlie t'umoiis
("hnrk* Ml. 'I In- liilloiv >i\ lui priiKV is luiur ki.iwii ih.iii that ol' ihii h>ro.
Hit t'lthcr's will hiid (ixrd tlu- iif^o ot" his iii;iii)riiy to <;if;lili.'fiu Imi it was U-t alidc
tor iin I'iirlior iliU" i»\ tin' iiiaii;ii;vmnit ot" fount l'i*T, wIid iH-iamv his lirii minitU-r.
tSiKin o'.liT his oi'iMlion, the kin^vol Diiun.irk and I'oliui.l. iiiiil iIk- r/ar nf Muf-
Ciivy, i'lirnv'd n powfifiil i<Mit< dorac) •i^iiiitll hiiii, iticour.'igi'd h\ tlie imnii i)|iinioii
llio' liiid lit' his voiiih and iil>llitik'S. lie opiinrt'd llu ru iilli and hi'lii-^ini; Cuprn-
I 'I'riU' iid.ilii to his Daiiiih niiiii-lh, liy wliidi ih«*
!ia){cn, lu- (lKi.1t1.1l llir |i<'in r 11
duke III" llolli.'lii was ri'-i'Ikilililh d in his duniiuions. llu- i/.ir iVtt-r was at this
tiitie raviij^inn lii^fi-'. "i thi' hisid nl' 80,000 inrn, ami had Iu'Ik^iiI Narva. 'I he
iirniy ot' C hark s did not c xroid 20,000 nu-n ; Inn i'luh \va« his iiiu)>natiiinity, that
Ik' advaiHid at tlir ht;id of Soot, I'litiiviv roulid ilu' main limU <t( ihr Uiillians,
und railed ihr licm.'. ilis I'uiirlirs wi iv to ^rcai that ilu' KulliaiM attrihviti.d his
actioas to i.nromaiRS . Ilis ;iti.hir\vMU'nts in .Saxony »'(|iialkd iholo it( (jiillnvii*
Adoljiliiis. I K' ditliri'Mt'd ,\u!nilhis, kini; of rojand ; l)iit llaiiu'jl all his laiind"!,
hv putting the bravi* count I'atkul to a death iiiually painl'ul ami i;;noininiou.s.
1 lo railed .Stanilhiiis to tlu' crown nt I'oland in 1 70^, and he was courted hy all thi!
powir-, cit i'.uriip,'; and, anion^ uihers, l)\ the duke ot Marll)orou>;h, in tin- name
ol ipieen .\nni
;»midd the lull career dl her ImcelVes aijaiiill France. His
Mll-
placablc dilpolition, however, was (\ich, that lie caniuit he conlidcred in a hettcr
li^ht than that of an illuttrious ntadiuaii ; for he lull in the battle of i'liltowa,
whiih he l'nu''ht in \'0<), in his inarch to dethrone the c/ar, more than all he had
j^aiiui
I hv 1
lis \iitorie-i. Ilis brave arniv wa-, iiiiiu'd, and he was forced to take
ret'ui^e anionn the Turks at I'ender. Ilis actions there, in attempting to defend
himieh with ;oo Swedes a;,Minl"t ;o,ooo I'urks, prove him to have been worfe than
frantic. The Turks afterwards found it i onvenient for tlieir allairs to fct him at
liberty. After his return lo liis dominions, he profeciitid his revenue againll l)en«
mark, till he was killed li\' a lanium llmi, at the lii j^e nl I'redericliiall, in Norway,
in I7i8,wiien he \\;.> no n'.nre than ihirty-lix uars of iii;e. li has been fuppol'ed,
that Charles was not in reality kilkd hy a ll.ol from tlie walls of Fredcriclhall, but
that a pillol *, from one of thofe about him, j^ave the decifive blow, which put
an end to his life. 'I hi-, o])inion is laid In be very prevalent in Sweden. And it
apjiears, that the Swedes were linil of a princi , under whom they had loll their
riclu It proviiui's, their braved troops, and their national riches; ami who yet,
imtained ly adverlity, purfued an imluicelsful war, imr would e\er have lillened
to the voice o{ peace, or conbiltcd the internal prolperity o( his country.
Charlis .\||. was fucc.ediil by his lilbr, the priiuiM's L'Irica I'.leonora, wife to
tlie lieri dilar\ prince ol IK'li'e. W e have le1.11 in what mamurihe .S\ve('4.s ri co-
vered llieir libertii-s. and have ^^iNeii fonie account ot' the capiliikilion li;^iied
by the (pieen and her luilliand. I he Swetles, to present failher lollls by tlii' pro-
grefs of the Kullian, thcDanilh, the .Saxon, and other arms, niai' many facrilicej
to obtain peace h'nni iliofc powi rs. 'I'Ik' l"riiuh, however, about the \i'ar ly^S,
formed lluit dani^erous party in ihe kin-^dom, under the name of the //j/i, which
haili been already iii' ntioiud., and wliieh not only broki' tin- iuleriial ipiii t of tin:
kingdom, but led it into a ruinous w.ir with Rutlia, '1 heir .Swedilh nuijellies ha\-
ing no children, it was neccll'ary to fettle the fucccllion ; cfpei ially as tlie duke of
* Tlic render, who is cfifirous of feciii;; the :ir- ii.irrative, will be fiivjilv ('ratified liy coiifultiiij'
fiiini nt^ nil bull liilt-- c;l tin . (jiuiiioii, wiiii li im.lil C'dm'. I ravtU ililii I'ol.iii I, kiillii, bHcdtii, ;iiiJ
nul ivuii jiioj.iiity be ;jivcii ill i.kt..il ill Uiis (.oiiiiK' lAuiuaik, 410. \ol. ii. j). jji— i'lj.
» llolllcilt
w
r.
D
V.
M.
II
cr i»iJ
imoiii
lulKr.
Mul-
|«ii\ioi\
.'<ip>'i»-
ttt tlii-i
. 'Hu:
ty, that
[ulVians.
ut<:<' his
, l;uiri'l!<,
,v all tho
Ik' name
I lis iiu-
, a iKlur
I'liltowa,
x\\ \\v hail
i\ to take
to tUtVi\d
voriV than
iVt him at
,iinl\ I )<.•"-
I Norway,
fii|)|)iilod,
LihalUlnit
[vhich put
And it
|| Icitl thiir
II \vlu) ><.t,
I- lillcncii
a, witV tt»
io('i> ri co-
lon li^Hiil
|)\ (hi- \>r"-
t;Ulitit.iM
■\oii
,ir 1
73S.
liiit o
( th
. tlics I
>a\-
■V fill
fultiiT,
■'i^i.ii
kil,
I luUlciit
ITo'ftiin \vn« dofi I'lidi'd I'loni tho «]iirrn\ ililoll lill r, «n<l wn«, nl »ho Tiinc t!mr,
tli>' |>u'ruiii| livi- iifir |o the iinpiri'ol Unllia. I'oiir (lllllp('lilor^ iippiiirnl; ilu-
ciii^i- o» I loilKiii tfoltorp, print «• I'll 'li'iir of I ll 111 -('nll.l, m phi \v to tin Liii^',
till' piiiui- o»' Dcinnark., and Uu- <hikc <i(' Ui-iis-l'ontN. 'Ihi- duke ot' lloKUIn
Wind have tnrriod liu- 1 U'f Hon, liad hi- not i-inhinci-d th«' (Iruk nlij^ion, that hr
mit^ht mount llu- th»4MU' o|' Uullia. I hi' tv.arinn intiiporid, and oirciiil to rilhu.-
till Mu' t MKpu'lis llir had inadi' f"iiMn Swiili-n, iMi'pl a I'lnail dilhii'l in I'inlantl, it
till' Nwiilis would iriiiM' ihf duko of I |ollh'ii\'s nni U', tin- hilhup of l.uhn, an
thiir hi'U'dilHr) priiui', ami liimlliir to tlu-ir irown, 'Ihi-, \va-> a^ivcd to ; and u
jK-nio wa» com lutlid at Aho, tudir ihi' mi'diailon <)riii> llritannic niajilly. 'ITiin
tn-aty was I'o liriniy avilu-nd to l)\ lIu' t/aiina. that his Danilli miiiilly llumuht
proper to loi^i-l ilii' tiuli^iiilv doiu- to Ins ton. 'Ihr priiuo s liudlliir, Atl>lpiuiH
Iridi'rif, marriod ihi- prinurs i liiia, lilhr to th- kini; of Pnillia ; and iiitiri-d
into thi- |)oHi.iii<i 1 of Ills III w <lij;niiy in ijs'- I K- wii> a primoofa mild and
m'ntic tinipcr, iniuh hanallnl hy thi coiitcnding Mvi dilh fatlious. and found his
iitiiati<in i'\ir».'m"ly trouhlifonu-, in conl'«.'(|iU'iui' of tiu- n-tlraints and oppoliiiou
wluili hf nil I wilh from iho fi-nati". lie pathd iho gnaull part of his n-itn \i'ry
dilat^ri'i-ahly, and vvm-., at li'iifjlh. throu;;li tin- iiitiimu-s of tlic qiK-in, hrouglil oviT
|o iIk' rri'iuh party. Hi- died in lihinaiy 1771, and was hitiicdrd hv lii.s Ion,
(iiilhuus llu- third, llu- lati- kin^.whowas niairicd in 17O6, to hopliia Magdelcna,
dau^htor of l-rrdrrir V. <if Ui-ninaik.
(lUllavus was ahoul fivo and twenty yearn of n^i' when he was proclaimed king
of .Sweden ; liii underlhindinji; had heen much cultivated, he had an inlinuatiiij^
(iddrefs, and a ^rnielul and (ominaiidih^ elocution, lie was at I'aris at the time
of hifi father's diath, from wheiue ho wrote in the mot! j^racioiis terms to the
fi nnte, repeatedly alluring them that he deliipied to govern ai cording to the laws.
In loiifi <pience of the ill alli ot his prednellor, an e\traordinarv diet was called
to regulate the atl.iii> ot the governiniiil, and to fiitle ilu' torm of the coronal
ton-
oath. .Soinelimc alter liis atrival in .Swede :i the iSlh of Marih, 1773, he (0-
lemiily (igned and fwore to ohferve twenty-four artichs, rcliitive to ins fut'
lie
d ninillialioii of the government. 'I h's was termed a capitulation ; anil anioiig
the articles were the loilowi'ig : " The king proiniies hclore (iod to l\ipport the
government of tiie kingdom as llien ellahliilicd ; to inaint.'iin llie rights iuii! lihcr-
li>'s of the Ihiles, the hherlies and feeurils of all his liilijeC-ts, and to reign with
gont!ciK.'fs and equity accordiiu; to the l.iws of the kingdom, the form of thr
regency as it was elialniihcd in ilie year 1720, inul contnnnalde to the pii feiit acl
of lapitulalioii. In conl'ecpience of the declaration ot the liaies, the king thai!
regard anv perfon, who Ihall o|)enly or i laudellinrly iinleavo.ir to intioduce ahfo-
lute fovereignty, as an eiienu ot llie kin^i!i>i 1. ;:nil a.s ,1 traitor to \\\> counlrv, and
every jKrlon m dl take iui oaili refp.oting tlii< inntter hetore he lan takepiiileliion
of any employment. \V iili reuanl to llie atVairs of the cabinet and the fenale, the
kii;i,' promifes to hdlow the re;^iilations of ilic\ear 1720 upon that head, which
well
to lie (1 cted al\v;ns hv a majnritv of voti
th
d t.
ever 10 do anv lliin'r
tlieretn withou
d tnuiii lei'-, againll. ilieir advice, lotheeiul ihai thecoumil
III liatc may he lo nutili the inoie convinced of the inviolable deligns of his n.r.«
<ilt\, and of his Imcere love for tlu- good of Ins people, lie declares them to In-
<iilirel\ difenganed iVoin their oath oi hdelili, in lale tlial he wiit'iiiiy aits cuitriMV
to his coronaiio:i-oa!li, ii.^d to thi^ i apituLlion. ,\nd I. 'lily, tie king ilirea.eii-,
;uu iKrfoii with lii>higiKli dilpKafure, v. lio iludi he lo inconlideraie ;is to ,■ .(). e
III 111 n a greater di!;rn' of power and l'pknd>ir liian is marked out in this act of
caiHtiila.i 'I. as
his inaiell. tK'iiresonl\ t) ^jain
:tv>ii ot his f'aithf.I fnl);!
.•i!id to he ilien powerlid d.icudcr againll any atUiiipis whicli may be ni;.do . [k
>i\
lliiir law ful libit lio:
li z
Hut
Ii6
VV K
I)
N.
But ftarrrly hml iht- kini; taken UuTc foK'niii oath* to rule «rcorilin|{ to iIk;
ihrn cOaltliilKMl I'urin i>t' t'oMrumi iii, mul accvplril ihc tniwii ii|miii iIu'I'c ioitili*
li()ii<i, Ih loii* hi- I'ortiu'd tnc |»luii t>\ govern mn Iio ihoti^lii pni^xr, rci(iiriliii^ mnit
J'a< ro«l iiinH^euunl* nn niaitcrH of icitiiuitiy. On lun tirll nrris.il .it Siockholiii. h<t
utlopii-d vvirv iiwlhoti wliivli ilw- imoII iirolouiul ililliniitliiiion mul ilio iiimnil (li\.
Ii-rity (i)iilil Ai);k> II, lo iiKri'iit'c liiii poptilnrity. I'lirif tiiiuit a VMrk he ri-t(iilurly
gave atulioiu'c to hII mIio prvi'i-ntid thi'inri-l\i-<t. Ni-illioi lantv, lorliiiu-, or interelU
were iiOLfllirv to nltiniit nrvi-l'it to liiin ; it w;u futKt icnt to liiivo Ikmi iiiinrccl, uikI
t(» liiivi- u lv'f;al cniito iit° iontplaint to lay lutorf liiii). lie lilieiu-<l lo llie iiutiiulk
ot' liit CuIijcHh will) urtul>ilit^, and entered into ilie niiiiuteU detail* tlial ion«crneil
them i he inlornnd liimlelt nl tlieir private afVairs, and leentcd lo inlereit hinifelf
In their happineU. I Itit condnCt ntaite him ' onlidercd an iriily ihe Cuther of hit
people, and tlie Swedes Ite^nn lo idoli/e him, In ihc \Karm:h of llieir Kriilitiid«>
ihry forifoi that mt)tiveM of umbilimt iniKht have lome lliure in forming u t ondntk
which to them appeared to proceetl hom priniiplen of the purell hencvolcnce,
At the fame time that he lalHuired It) reiuler hiinlelf >{enerully popular,
endeavoured to perfuade ihe leading men of llie kingdom, tliai lie wnt lineeri*ly
and invioluhly attaehed to the eonlliiution u( hi>i country, that lie wu* perfectly
fatibftcd wilh the Ihnre of power the eunllitulion had nllulted to him, (ii<d ho took
every op|K)r(iniity to declare, thai he coiilidered it as hiii greaiell ^Utrs to Iw thu
firft eiti/en «if n tree people. He fiemed intent on hanilhing corrnnlion, md pro-
moting union ; he declared he wnuld he of no iiarly hut (hat of tlie union, and
Uint he would ever pay llie moil implicit ohedience to whalever the di'.t Oioiilil
«nacl. 'I'hefe profellioiiK lulled the many into a fatal fecurily, (hough they created
fufpicions among a i'vw of greater penetration, who thought \m majelly proinifed
tuu much to he in earnell, In the mean time there happened fome contentions
between (he dill'ereni onlers of (he Swedilli dates, and no methods were kf( un-
tried to foment thefo jealoulies. Kmilfaries were likewifc planted in every part
«)f (he kingdom, for (he purpofe of fowing difc(m(en( among (he inhal>i(an(s, of
rendering them difall'etted (o (he eilahlilhed governmei i ind of exciting them to
an infurredion. A( length, when (he king J»)iind his ('.heme ripe for execulion,
having taken the proper meafureii tor hringing a conliderahle nuniher of the otti*
cers and foldiers * into his inteiell, on the iQth of Augufl, i 771, he totally overturn-
ed (he Swedilh conlii(u(iun uf governnieni. In le& (Kan nn hour he made himfelf
matter of all (he military force of S(ockholm. lie planted grenadierit, with llieir
bayonets tixed, at the door of (he coimcil-chumhor, in whicu (he fcna(e were af-
feinhled, and made all (he members of i( prifoners. And (hat no news might be
carried to any other par( of Sweden, of (he (ranfaction in which (he king was en-
gaged, till the ftheme was completed, cannon were drawn Iroin (he arfenal, and
planled a( (he palace, the bridgeii, and other parts uf tlie (own, and partieulurly
u( all (he avenues leading (o i(. Soldier;, Hood over (hefe with matches ready
lighted ; all communication wi(h (he couiKry was cut oil, no one wi(hou( a pall-
por( frt)m (lie king being allowed (o It ave (he ci(y. The fenators were (hen con-
Jiiied in feparate aparimen(s in (he palace, and many others, who were fuppofed
(o be zealoully atlai hed to the Hberties of Sweden, were put uiiiUr arrell. '1 he re-
mainder of the day (he king em[>loyed in viliting dillerent ouaru rs of the (own, in
order (o receive oaths of tulelily Irom (he magidra(es, the collegis, and city militia.
Oailis were alfo tendered the nest day to the people in general, (o whom he ad-
drelftd a fpeech, which he concluded by declaring, (ha( liis only aiteiKion was (o
• The fiilrlily wliii li was itMiiifellcd by a private orilcrtd the centinel to ailinit him. Tlie latltr re-
IdMicr, III) tliii <H (..iliiiii, ilrlervrt to be murded. lufiii, " Du yo'i know wliu \(>ii .ire Ipi.ikiiig to r*
The night prtctdiii^ the rrvDJiition, the kill.; beinj' l.iiil the kln^, "Vis- rcpheJ the loliliir, " but I
Ucltruus ut vililin^ the arlca.il, wcitt thithir, and hkiwilv kiiuw my iluty,"
2 rirtoie
w
r)
N.
lUittr re-
ft. rtoi «
»»T
rfftnro trnminilliiv to h'^^ nntivi* nmniry, l»v runprrllin^ liccnlii>iirtirri, nvrrliirnin|{
llu' urilliK riitit t'onn nt' ^oviriniu'itl, rcviviMg liu- olil Swttlilli lilMTly, nnil rclloriitjC
^t_ ......;....■ I»>..^ ..l' >^. ....!..■. t'.,.\, «. tli..i. Ui.ir.t l>.>l'..>.. ■/.W.'\ •• I r .......•>
fuiil
will)
hrlt
tniM
UlllMll
Iiiv
hv, "
Ut
)( is 1 all
ill
( itU(t)
illll
rl»r« of*
...... 1.
til
\v« o
r .Sxvi'iU'M, Ikuh n< llic\ wiTo lii'fnrr i^)Hi'> "I r
rmmm I" now.
I liiiM- iilri'iulv tliinr, nil llu' iiUu <il the uhltorn (I nltfohiU' |i<iwfr, iir
/'/; ..y>i;i(/v, I'lli i niiii>( it now, iti lul'iir*', mv urmtrrt ul"r) lo lie iho
tiin^ u truly trot; |)>iiplc." IKriilili tlun wiiit ihrotigli tin- dilKri'ttt
(■ town, In |ir»«.lnin) nil ulKMithly <it llu- (\»u» tor llu- r<illii\vii))( liny,
lilt |irci( jnifi.tliiiiuontiiiiictl II llirtitl, tliut it .itiy nuniliir til' thr diet ihoulil alifoiit
liiiiiU'it, lu tlioultl Ih' lontiiUiiil iiiul trciitrd lit ii ir.iilor to lii» country.
On tli< lUorllin^ ot tlu- i. ill ol' .Au^iili, ii liir^f ili-iiuliiiii-nt ot guards wiiH'irdcrcil
to t;ikk> iiDlli-llion ol till- l'i|iiitii*, wlun ili>' Ittiiili'nl' niilili'i llundi. llu- puUtv wti*
invrlli'd on nil lidoH with troniis, niul t iinnnti wen* |tliiiitt'(l in the court, fiu ing tho
lull! whiTi ilw (liilis wen- to III' ttirimlili d Tlufi' \vi n- not tmly « hargcd, hut loj-
dur<t liiiiiil ii\cr tin in with nuitt In x rt.niy li'.{liti'd in ihi ir hunds I he fcvcral or<
diTs i<r lh>' llatk s vvcio hfrc voni|u'llcii to alli inlilc. Ihc kin^ hciug t'l atcd on hi-t
ilirohi', liirrouiid. (1 hy his )(iiartU, uiid a niiincroui hand ol oliitcrs, alter having
nddrillnl a l|uvch to the llutcn, he tirdcrcd u Iccrctury to rend the new form ot'oo-
virnmenl, which hi (ifliTed to the llatis for lluir iiccoptaiu e. As thev were liir-
rounded hy an armed lone, liny llioni;ht proper ti»tonipl\ with what wns re-
tiiiired ot llu'in I he inardial ol ihe iliit, and the Ipeiikers ol the other ordeis,
limned the t'orni of governnuiit , and the liiiles look ihe oath to the king, which
he diclutcd lo them himfeit'. I his extraordinary traid'aclion wa« coiu hidetl in n
milliner eipially extraordinarv . 'Ihe king drew a hook of I'lahnu from his pocket,
.•nid takin;; oil hi-t crown, lugan to ling Vi- Dciim, in wliich he was joined hy llu-
nHeinhlv. Me alierwaids iniornied them, that he intended in li\ )ear.< time again
to coinene an all'emhly ol* the ll.ites. rims was this great revolution cmnplctej
without any hlooijihed, in which the .Swede* I'urrcndered that conliiltilion, which
their loret'alhers had hetpieathed to them.
The people oser whom (inllaviis reigned, had loll all political conreiiucnce, nnd
all internal harmony, Imce the l.it:d leign ol' Clharies Ml. Ihe imhicillity whit h
I'ucceeded upon tin- death ot that (elehrated monarih, had for halt a century ren-
derrd them a prey to their nmhitious nnd intriguing rival<t. I here was in the
diet, fa\s the royal hlDorian of I'ruliia, a Irciu h aiul a Knilian party; hut there .^
was not an individual among them ilmt lupportcd the part) of the ii.iiion. (iulhiviiH
rndcavoured to remedy this inconMiii^nce i he had counteraMed an arilloiraty
which could never have heen productive of henelil to his people ; he had not
tlioiight proper to dilleminate piiiuiples of imparii.,1 liheriv, as the inoll ellcctual
halniue to this dangerous inconvenience. Me had tound it neeelhiry to employ
the iiiHnence el I'rance in op|x>lilion to the grafping and)iii<in of the eniprc Is of
Kiillia, liut he was loo enlightened and too proud lo fuhmit iniplii iilv io the dic-
tates ot iMlher.
'"or fix years liom the rcvolul'on of i
aihiled b\ tile judi-
cious and moderate counlel of count Charles SchclUr the governor of hi> south,
and haron l.illiencrant/ mimller »)f the linances, he li;id n igned with greai traii-
«|uillil\ ; hut the diits ot i;;'!. aiul i j8(>, hail eiuililed ihe lii;.;lKr orders ol the
Hate to recover a ihare of ihcir authority, while rtie intrigues ot Uutlia were daily
hecoining more fovmidablc.
.Such were the circumllances that induced (lUlhivus III. to meditate a jiroietl of
hollilitit s a'.{ainlt Kuliia. It (.an fiarcely he doubled that he was encouraged in
thele viiWs hy the king of I'nillia ; ami he was liimlelf e\< eeilin^l\ anxious to en-
^;:ige the lourt of Demn.irk, wliii h was ii|uallv espoi'ed to the oppreliue txran
ol knilia, to make a common laufe witli liim in ihe prelent ciilis, liut th
lU'
^'
d
tit Kullia, as it ihould feem, and the finiller counfeU ot tie corrupt court ier> ot tlu-
prince ut Ueiiniurk prcvailvU. i'rcparutiuiu vvcic cuniiucnvcd m Sweden, in the
Ill
w
1)
IC
N.
rloCi' of ihp vmr 17II7 i nml (l wm «hi ilif yiti ul' Junr 17M. ihnl ik' iltikt' iif
NtMi<. ruimuii, itnMhi'r 10 ilu' kiitK. fi-l full with iwilvf i),i|»« of ilu- tniv fri>m ihi>
|t<»ri of CarlfiriMin t ni iln* fmiit' IlitU' llitil 11 miiiilK 1 nf iroti|»» ii mtt /vmiftil -ti
.MikLIiiiIm), uiiillti'ihvii oiil^^ io Whii liir u Ititourulilt' \tiiiil Ik irtiiif°,Hii| iliviii lu
rlif IroDtirr^ of I'inlui li
li \\n% ill ilii« liliMiioit iliui totmi Kttfoiinml'lki. nniliall.tilor limit i\x iiiiiritNi lu
till* imiri ol .Moi kholm, (U'livi-ml hii otluiui iinic to iliv swkiliili uili> iiuili.iiiNi 011
l)a* iKiliiif Jtnii', tli'niiiiiiliitu; nn k'\|»iUimii<>i) it l|it'.'tiiim iluft' «\tiiliki* |Mt fiiimtioiH.
It will mil III' luly to mull III iMtl llic ItiiiifiUlloiM lliul lolluWi'd ii|)<>ii ilii> iiwO',
wilhoui ro« iilU'Cliii)( lilt' iiuliirt- of lln- Idilli in iniili.iii.tiltii h liiiiniiiMi, in t\u- loiiti
•f (iiiflnvut. ilv uit<i iMt t'onlnU'rt'il Ikic liiti|>iv iit »ti,ii lii^ iiiU< iiti|ii)iii'(|, ilm
ri>|>rcfi'iilulivc of hi* niillnfn, Iml im iIu' IiviuI of u pariy 111 SwiU'ii, m* ii >ilililo
iiriirt' of itiltnl iiiul lnlri(;iii', iiikI ll*i' iinlmiiliti^ fntil nt' a Imiit of iin'ii, h)io, Im'
ni^iili'il lis tin- tiiotuirt liy llilit lU l>'y;iiltil liini, liiiil Irt ijin titly lli.ikiii lit. ilir«W«
ol .SwtiU II lo ilt l'>)iiti<lnli<iii. 'Mil' liiilliuii |iiriy in ilii<i iminlrv li.iil lull, n'd u
lriii|Nir:iry «Kli'iii trutii lIu- «lit ilivi- Knidiifl ot (iiilliiMi.t in tlif « nniMKiiitnu-iil of
liitrviifiii litit llit'v liiul Inuf rito\iit'r{ ilu lilow. unit llitir ii>ncliiiiiili<>iiit Ikv
'3'
niiit*
i\\T\ tinv MKiri' foniuiliiliU'. In tint li(;lil ili>' t'S|irt'llion'< of iiuitit KiiroinoiiflU
ill ilif iliiii'.j>!i|HT Wf liiiM' nil nlioiii tl, will ii|i|K;ir iMi'|ilioniilili'. wlit'fi lif " tli •
t l.ii> . l<i lli>' tiilniiiiillriilii>n III ilu' kni}( 111 \Si II iin lo nil |it'iliin< o| ilu Sutdiili
ttiiiiin, |i<ilU ilini; ;iii\ tlitiu in iu K<i\t'riiiiu nl, lliiii ilu' t /itiiiin itiuiiMiiii'il ili||iiiti.
liiMW lo«viii(lt ilii-in ilic molt inliri'ly |i;n.iiii, mul luok a liiiicrt* inlcrvl) in tliv prv*
/'trviition I I iluir- iraiuji
iiillils.
Clin
tilt' ciiiiltliilitil ii;^litH of inilt'fx niKnt nniionn ilunt irnmiili-tl upon, ilic kin
It i\i'(l lilt- warnull n It nlnu'til iiKniiit) tlif iinit(tiii|;t' ol iliit noii- \|i|ii)int
III iliAliirt' iIh' It'iitinu'ittH 1 I lii> nuilli r>, :iii i ii\i<y itmUl jiri>|ii'ilv .nldrih hiinUll
■to ihf nioniin h iili>nc. I'.wry oilier nnilioriiv wiu fort-iifn in hint i i-vvry oilirr
\\iiiulit fiipi rtlii"ii^. Siuli \\;uiln l:iu, fmli ilu |>ri itt ilinj; nf fstry toiiri in
r.iiropo, uliiili had in no intiiiiKi' lu-in viotaitil, lint lur unliitiidly iniriMtfi t. (miI-
l.ivu* t|niiud iIk- piiit of >iin.kliiilin nn ilu' ^4111 nt Jiini- lyS.^, and iiin\i d w iili
hi* army in Kinland 'in ilu .mI nl July— >|n out attiunil of Kiiliui, llic iiiidir will
liiid a nanalivi* of IntiH* of ihc iirnui|ial lriinfucli<iii:« of ilu- war. Alter varioti«
cn^af;! nu-nti both liy land uiitl iVa, in which Cinllatui III. ^aM-a diljilav of nii>l(
iiuiiluiij^ahk' cNvrtimis. an ai;ri'iintnt fur 1 lialiliihiiii; an ivfrlalim^ |Ka<.t.'. and
ti\in^ ihi' Ironlii It ol Kiillia. as tli> ) utrflKlnrc tin' warlnokt' mil, vvat li^m-d ul ^
\\ t ri la on th>' ri\>'r Ky nit in , l)i.tut.i'n itic pit nipiitk.iiiiarii.i«o| the ciii|)rcNur Uuf>
lia and iho king ol .Swvdiii,
y\ dii'l, I'limmoiu'd by tin.' kin;; ii> niii I nl (Jftllc, n fnliiarv placi'on the Mothnic
(init, lu ar fc\t'nl\ inili'i Imni Stoi kli<iliii, fsi iuil imn li atu iiiiMii
Nun
iiiiai;ii
.1
that tilt' dii't iiii'^ht alKit the naiii'iuil liit'duin a';ainll a tlil.iuiii iiiiMUinli; luil
(MillaMi. had ^naiilt'd iii^aii.ll any liiih dt li^n, ht hit tlioiti- nt the l|i<il, iMid liv
poliint; hi» inerceiiiiiy troops urmiiul. Jle found fonic tlithkiiliy in i;iiinin^ his
<inly iii'intion, that of raitnl^ money, and wasohii^ed to put up \miIi .1 pan nl
}n> di maud.
'111. dill luin-^ «lillu!vt'd, the kinj; rttnnu'd in Stm Mmlni, where, at a maf
(jiifrade in tl.f nj 1 la lim.U', nn ilif ii.;;ln nl tin' mtli nl A.auli, 1 ;yz, he w.i.. llmi
villi a ptitnl by an aliallu), iiaiiud Ankeilirne<n : in conleipteiK e ot a lonfpiiat
iiiiinn^ I'nit'.eot llie diii itnt. ntid iioldi t, mil, Itivin^ li\t'd ii ^'lai jiiiii till the ;i^l
ijf tliiit inntnh he t spiinl. in tl.f 4 ih \e.ir 1 I hit a;;i', an«l ihe ^t)ili nl hi-, it i;>n
I
ill
,'illnll nt d' I..1; lii){lnrin'|lit tlnntl;;ii lilt- .iit ai:s ot a V l i' alia I. is laid to
hnvt ei.hittried tiu' !alt nmn eilMit the kint; . lile, iiiuili luore ihaii e\eii ijie a^ntii/,-
it 14 pain i>t his w-ouikIh. He llicwed ihe l.niu iiolile ami hrate fpiia 00 Init oeatli-
bed,as.'ie iiaddoiie Ixloie liijeae.nie.>dtirinLj his iil'eiinie. lU: lelainedall Iiin i,.t'i:ial
hit aui<i
w
n
s.
i">
ftfiiUti 10 thf l«ft, wlti'h cii^iIiIkI tiMii l.t Will |.» urrntiKo the Auiirr ipvrrnim'iit
Ml hill vr>u>\try I lilt' W'liMiil* Mi lull MMlitnii>l ili> iddII |)r>»iiiiling it|i|H'iiru'ui'^ lYro*
(iowrv. mnA iho iIuk« %vnv all rxiru^lvd, Util rutiitf rully (lUtc* itl iron Ituil ikmu**
Imli'ii f" I'ur liitiMho l)4>i|\ n« lo rviiUor u^ty fur^itul itpvrnlion imiiKuliait' tUuiti.
'fbi' |>fi'' iH'i* 1)1* miiitl ilivwii by (iiillitvtu iltirmm lii< illiuU wu* wry liiigkilur.
\\ IwU (i H.iilitl |)>r ilu' arrivnl dI' lti« rurKiitiM in iiii iiimrlitieni niljuitiiiitf iTk' \'a-
litiii o| llif opvcit-hiair*', ItVi'riil «>l ihc |ilr^i^ll iiiiitiUir^ pn I'l niiil ilivniU'lvin, ii»
«lto>n liv luiil, " I huvk n\\%i\ iit(U'r«. Kfiillciiu n, lliai ilu' kuU* <»|' ilif tiiv ihntl l>c
•* IIhiI. 1 ihi will, ilitrt>li»rk>, ii>ii u\k\- il ill, tl vott llioiilil l>i uimIiU' to Vfitil c >u<
•* riir* III >tiiir iiHtil> iimil nlivr ihr^f cby«. Your uil>it«'« will tluo In- lunrt! t«rr-
•• tiiiii, liiuv II «ill |»ri»li;i'its Ih' ktiMwn wluttti-r I »iiti lurvivc or iml." Hi* om.
vtrt'uiMHt lluii rtliiivit lo llu ii|t'tt<, Mtiiili ilic lUkukMii lui^hl imHliicc in KnroiK* i
Hiul ilic iovi* ol' l.iHK*. wltii'li WiUttU%ii\» lti» prid'tiniiMitl |k«i(Iioii, wu« p«'rii'|iitl>lf
h hi* ri'iniirk*.
(iwhiriil iltiroM irArmlVltli, one ol' lti» iiuill unti'tintiAU' frii-mU, micrttl the ronni,
p;ilr \Mili hurrur, iii\4l tniiit)k' lo iiiur ii wonl. A* lie ii|i|iriiiii lu il, ilu' kiitji
llri'it liiiii; out ln« li.niil lo htiu, fitiil, ** uliai't llic iiiulii r, iiiv triviid? U- ru>i
*' aUrnu'it oit nit uiAount. \ »u know, l>v cxikriitKi-, wimi ii womiil {%." thut
politely ulliitliii^ to II woiiiui uliiili |Ik< )(k-iu-r.il hul rociivi'd in Kiiiluritl.
Kiiidinm llitil he wii« iiol likvly lo f'urvivo. he rillUd all hit ulliiirt, .m a wnin doc«
who i^ j»r» |);iriiiK I'iir •! i'uiriu'v, w iili .ill tlii' < <)m|>.i('irr imnuiiiahii*. Ik rciil lor
hit Ion, iht' priiuf ro>nl, ami atldnllcd a r|iicili lo him on tin- naiiin mi a ^inkI
jjowrnnlinl. in a inanmr In irulv allnlin' iluir all llioli- who wiu- |'v..(Vnl, wit
ili!lolvk'd in U'art. At t i^hl o'llotk, on llu- nioniin;; o| hii« death, lu niaiviI iIv
f.
iniur in irnlv alUilin' iluit all lliolf who wiu- |'v..|Vnl, werw'
At ( i^hl o'llotk, on till- nioriiin;{ o| hii«tU'uth, lu niaiviI ihc
at ramt'iit. I he (tuc<n had lakeii kave ol' him the ovl'lli^^ iKt'orc, a- i| at halt |>all
tin hi- diid in ureal ajjonic*.
'Ihii<> l> II li\ the li.ii d ot' inikfoti, GiillnviiH III. a ptinee ol' hii{h iindiiiion, hut
rnlhtT u man o|' aihlri I', than ot' ahtlilv I lis nimint rs weu' |iii|iiilar and itilimiaiin^,
till eloi{'teiu°(' Ihu til .ind hold. Hit eoiutn t w.i\, howevei', leldoiii leiii|ii'i'i(t willi
jud.^n»ei'l. 'ir hi* rjieeilu* repKle with wil'tlom. Il' In piivaie ht'c a lurlniUiii dd"-
|MiUiiiin iinliiN a in.oi lir I'miely, I'iirrly ilu- t^i! \t iiuiiult.d in an inliniu- propor
lioii. \eliere the livt ^ <>■ imiIIioiis, an«
I till' irerd'iire'i o| nai
loiw are wantonly t'ipian-
dtretl. liv ihi- paili'Mi ot (iiillavn* lor w;ir, Sweden was exhaiillnl of iis riloiirns,
and ri'duted in il^ pop tialioii. |l in hut jitll, however, to Uild. thaUAcept hi* love ol'
uw, whiih certainly alway* imlieate* n want oi't'celi »>; and hiimanilv, ihe erioi* ot'
(iiiilavn-i appear to liase heiii lalher errors ot" tin- iind«rilandiM;;, tlian o| the luari.
l-.viii III lU'iiriiK^ uiiiiti.iiN piiwef. he d>'.s not I'vi'in to \\iu. Ik.ii prompt>>l U\ aiiv
inilinatioii to ali.il'i- il , Mr he wai ivl pra.lieally a tyraiil. lite lali I'cene i.i his
Jil'e was I'mh indeid as oiiglit lo 'nol liikin ri'>nciiihtuiici' u loiv^ I'dialo^tieolerim. >.
His lall words were n declaration ol' pardon to the eoia'piialors a;;aii)ll hi.s lil'e.
'I lie actual niiird> rer a! nu w.i* eNiepletl ; a.d he w.m ixeeplitl at the liroii;; in*
iiaiiie ol' llie lei^ent, aid lliul'e who I'tirroundkd hi- iira'iillv in lii'i <l)iii;; mnnieiils.
'Ihi p. line ro\al, hei'i^' tiiiriiTii \iars ol iij;e, was iinmediaielj pioikainu'd kiii^.
In ihe iiuine ot (iiiltaviis Adolphuii ; anil tlie diiki >'i .Sndermaiiii, his luu le, aiul
lirother to the lalf kinij. in eoinprani ,• with his majell\'H will, was d'elared lole
re'^eiil, aii<I i^uardiaii ol i!ie yoii'in lovervi^n, tdl he attains his inajniiiy, wliieh i>
H\ed at the aj;e nl' » l;;hteeii. Ihe mild aiui eipial idiiduct ol" the r^■^ellt has pie-
ferved the loimtry Iroiii the hormis ot' inieriud war; while the wil'doin. Ipin', apd
IKitiioiil'in ol'hi.s iouihiIh. wid proliahly I'avv- it t"n'in tlie inlldioiis altai.ksol a uTi
i'l"s ami dainrerouH iiei^hhoiir. W iTely averfe to holliHi), the duke ot.Siideiinania
lias ciilti\aiid riueel'siuliv ihe t'rieiidlhii) ot' all the lellitferent pnvwrs, e\eept
Ktiiiiii. In the laeaii itiiK, hia uU«;ntic.) l\d» been Lialal'i} diiwievl to vxeilin'; ihc
dcniumt
110
S
w
K
D E
N.
dornviiit fpirit of iiulurtry in llic nation ; lo tlic rncouragcmfnt of their domcftic
niiinufatlures, nnd to the ontorcing of rigid (sconomy among all the dcpondcntM of
govTiiimont, in order that the example of the court, co-operating, with his own,
may exert a falutary inlluenio over the i)eople in oppoling tlie increafe of luxury,
gambinig and dillipation. ft is a pleauire to contemplate fuch difpofitions in fo
elevated a llation ; and while the regent perfevercs in this condutt, he will un-
doubtedly merit the enviable title of the lather of his prince and his country.
Several circumllaiices have occurred in Sweden, which induce us to believe that
there cxills a fpirit of freedom in that country, intelligence from Stockolm an-
nounces, that very free fentiments are indulged in that city, and that even the
government is not difpofed to proceed with much feverity againll the advocates of
liberty. In thebeninuing of the year 1793, Mr. Thorild publilhed a pamphlet, in-
titled, " The Liberty of Rcafoii laid open to the Regent and to the .Swedilh Na-
tion." This pamphlet is addrelled to his highncfs, and fuminons him to grant to
the nation the liberty of reaOm, and points out the advantages of a republic.
This i)amphlct was mimediately fupprefTed and the author iniprifoned. When
Mr. Thorild was tried, however, the citizens infilled that the doors of the court of
juftice fliould be open, that they might allift at the trial. This rcqueft was com-
])lied with, and when they heard his defence, they applauded the prifoner, and
on his return, arc faid to have accompanied his carriage with Ihouts of approba-
tion.
The court of Stockholm publilhed a proclamation, in June 1793, in which it was
mort folemnly alFerted, that the ill re|>i>rts which were fpread of the bad fituatioii
of this country, were without foinulation ; that the lituation of the kingdom is as
good as could be expetfled, after a dctlruilive war, and a great revolution ; that it
IS in the bert underlhuiding with foreign powers; that public credit increafes i thi*
national debts are paid by degrees; that the king's houiebold obfervcs the llridtelt
fEconomy ; that the debts ot the late king amounting to one hundred and fifty
thoufand rix-dollars, are all liquidated ; and the expences of the court diminilhcJ
above thirty-three tlKnifnnd rix-dollars; and that, although it cannot yet repeal the
taxes, it is certain that no fielh burdens are nccefl'ary. This proclamation con-
cludes with an alfurance, that during the minority of the king, no diet will be con-
voked, as being abfolutely contrary to the will of the late mtmarch.
The allied powers at war with France have made conliderable exertions to per-
fuade this country to rclintiuilh their neutrality. A note was delivered in Augulf
lall by .Mr. Kecne, charge d'alTiiirs from his Britannic majefty, to the members of
the cabinet of .Sweden, wherein it is alFerted on the |)art of his Hritannic majellv,
thai orders have been itTued, in his privy concil, concerning feveral mea'ures rel;i-
tive to the trade and navigation of neutral nations, during the prelent war ; and his
niajefty therefore expefls on the part of Sweden, that no velTcIs or goods taken by
the enemy from Britilh fubjetts, Ihall be permitted to enter the Swedilh ports, or
be fold in Sweden ; alfo that all the Britilli failors, prifoners, &c. carried into the
ports of Sweden by the enemy, (liall immediately be fet at liberty. To this note
the Swedilh government replied that tlie llrictell orders would be given to obferve
the articles of the treaties of neutrality.
The lall intelligence from Stockholm announces the difcoverv of a conl'piracv to
overturn the government. Several confpicuous cliaratlers have been im|)rifuiied
upon fiifpicion of being concerned in it ; and by the latell accounts it appears to be
tlie relics of the famous plot formed by the arillocrac) for the fubveilioii of the
gnvernment, for which .Ankerllroem fullered in the preceding year.
Cnidavus Adolphus l\'. of Hollkin-CJotlorp, king of Sweden, was born Xoveni-
ber J, 17783 and fuccceJcd iiis lather March 25;, 1792.
IJrotliers
R U
S
1 A.
121
Brothori> nnd (Idcrft to the late king :
1. Chiuios iliiko of Sudcrmania, born Od^obcr 7, 1748.
2. Frederic Adulphus duke of Wefi-Gothland, born July i8, 1750.
3. Sopbiii Albetiiia, abbcfs of Quedlingburgh, born in Oilobcr, 1753.
MUSCOVY, OR THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE in EUROPE and ASIA.
Situation and extent of thi; Russian cmpirk in Kuropu.
Length 1500
Hreadtli iioo.
between
hey to
tfoncd
, to he
|)t' the
liveni-
( 23 and 65 K.aft longitude.
1(47 and 72 North hititiide.
RiifTia in Europe contains 1,194,976 Sqj:arI': Miles, with 17 Inliabitants to eaih.
Divisions \ A CCOUDING to the moft authentic accounts of tliis mightv em-
ANO NAMK.J-^*- pire, it confifts of forty-two proviiici's, or governments, iK'(idcs
])art of Carelia, Krtiionia, Ingria, Livonia, and part of I'inland, con<|uered from
Sweden ; the Crimea, or Crim Tartary, anciently tin Tiiurica C'herfonefus, a pe-
ninfuia in the luixinc fea, fubictl to the 'lurks formerly, but added, in the year 1 7S ^,
to the RulVian empire, together with the ille of 'laman, and part of Cuban. Ilio
Rullians are fuppofed to have gained above a mjllion of fubjects by this cellion ; they
pofl'efs alfo the duchy of Courhuid, and a great part of Lithuania, in Poland ; togetl)tr
with fome large territories, in confequence ot a fecond partition of I'oland, m the
\eiir 1793, between the czarina, and the king of I'rulha ; fo that (lie has for ever
united to her empire the following tratts {>( land, with all their inhabitants, \iz.
a line beginning at the village of Druy, on the left bank of the river Dwina, iVuin
ihencc extending to Neroch and Dubrova ; from thence palling Kunilh, near the
frontier of Gallicia; from thence to the river Dniefter; and lallly, running along
the river till It enters the old border of Rullia and Poland at Jegertic *.
The following table will give fome idea of the Rulhan empire, properly fo call-
ed, or Kudia in lun-ope, with its aequilitiims from Sweden in the prefent centmy ;
;uul alfo of the Kullian empire in its mort extenfive fenfe, for we mud alfo include
all the aetjuilitions in Tartary now known by the name of Siberia : the whole
comprehending the northern parts of Europe and Afia, llretihing from the Baltic
and Sweden on the U'eft, to Ramtfchalku and the Kafiern Ocean ; and on the
North, from the Frozen Ocean to the forty-feventh degree of latitude, where it
is bounded by Poland, Little Tartary, Turkey, Georgia, the 'uixiue and Cafpian
Seiis, Great Tartary, Chinefe 'lartary, and fome unknown regions in Alia.
The country now comprifed mider the name of Ruiha, or the Rullias, is of ar.
extent nearly eijual to all the roll of Europe, and greater than the Roman emjiire
ill the zenith of its power, or the empire of Darius fubdued by Alexander, or
liDth put together, as may be feen by turning to the table, page iS.
» Sec tlif L'kaCe (or JIanifcfto) of ihe emprcls relative to the frcoiid |vutuion of Pol.iml, il.itnl
Marcli, 1793,
R
Rullian
Ut
U
« r
Urcek Churcli,
1
t Kill'. I'iii
Conqiifrcil from 3 l.ivoiiia,
Sweden liiicc i;uu j
Kiif. i>r AhilL.
Belgorod,
Don Cnll'.ics,
Vk, C\>lHus,
l.apl.ind,
Kill'. l''iiilaiid,
Scizrd from
Turks in i 783
CliriflliMS .mid
IdoLilcfi,
By
treaty
Emperor
.iiid ""
''"^ y Crim. Tartary,
Riiiruiii Empire
ill .Mia.
Mufcovy, Tar-
tary, and Siberia
Kaliu. Tartary,
li
784,6501! 160 10^0 .MiiM i)w .
7i,()0j| 375I iB^AV.ironit/,,
1; 7,0001
4{,ooO|
7-.oi;0|
4'. 3101
31
.5»5|
9,100
400
330
40?
310
'75
the partition (
:y betwri't. the ) Lithuania in
jeror, I'niliw J land
Rullia, (
Total
Po.
•03K'J5i
8,200
3,200,000 31 i;o
850,0003100
64,000 300
sHj I'aiuhiiij.
105 Klou'.
470,Kiihi.
i8o\Vyburi;.
mRi^a.
I ( N I It <
90 •'«'««'»••'''»« [i..;Lunt.
60.
30-25
KnfTa.
4j225,6(,5!
l50oToboIll;y.
750 Altracliau.
350 Grodno.
RiilTia takes its name from the RulTi or BoriifTi, a Slavonic tribe. The word
"MuiVovy is derived from the river Mofea, on which the aneicnt eapital Morfcow
Hands. According to its fituatitm and climate, the country is divided into the
northern, middle, and fmithern regions; and thofe again divided into governments,
named after thofe towns in which courts of judicature are eftablillied. The north-
ern divilion contains the governments of St. Peterlhurg, Archangel, Olonetz, Vv-
bourg, Revel, Riga. Pfcov, Tver Novgorod, Vologda, Varoflavl, Kolhoma Vi-
atica, Perme, Toliolfk. The middle divilio 1 contams the governments of Mof-
cov, or Mofcow, generally called Mofijua hy the RulFians, Smolenfk, Polotfk,
Mooghilev, Tchermigow, Novgorod, and Sieserfko)', Kharkov, Koiirlk, Orel,
kalouz, Toola, Riazane, VladimiT, Nczney-Novgorod, Kazane, Sinberfk, Penza,
Tamhnv, N'oronez, Saralov, Out'a, Kolkvanc, likoiitlk. The foiithern region
lontains tlie governments of Kiev, I'.catheriiiollav, Caucafu^, the province of 'I'au-
rida, and the h:il)itations of the Don Kozaks *.
Cli.mati:, soil, PRont'crioNS, vece-) In the foiitlicni parts of Rullia, or
TABLES, MINES, AND MINERALS. JMufcovy, the loHgell day does not
exceed fifteen liours and a half: whereas in tlie mod northern the fun is feen in
fummer two months above the horizon. Tlie reader from this will naturally con-
< lude, that there is in Mufcovy a great diverlily of foil as well as climate, and
tiutt the extremes of both are to be feen and felt in this vart euijiire.
The feverity of the climate in Rullia, properly fo called, is very great. Dr.
John Cilen King, who relided eleven years in Rullia, obfer\es that the cold in St.
Peterfhurgh. by I'ahrenheit's fcale, is, during the months of December, Januar\,
and l-'ebruary, ufually from S to 15 or 20 degrees below o ; that is, from 40 to -^i
degrees below the treezing |)oint ; though conunonly, in the idurfe of the winter,
it i^ for a week or ten days fome degrees lower. " It i.^ diliicult," fays Ur. King,
* In this bible, wliii h is topiid from the an- ininciation, by his a< cnrate trandator, Mr. Sniir-
thditic work of Captain I'lifchttt, the fpeliiiig of novc, chaplain to tlit Kulliau legation at the court,
the Kutfiiiii uanie^ iii adapted to liic Jiii^liili pro- ot Orcat iiiitaiji,
" for
R U
S
s
I
A.
12
riu' word
Morfcow
lI into the
vcmments,
rhc north-
Diictz, Vy-
rtronv.1 Vi-
ts ot" Mof-
k, l»olot(k,
irllv. Orel,
riV, l\MV/a,
rn rcj',H>n
KO ot" 'lau-
if UnlVia, or
liy (1"0S IV't
I,', is loin in
[turally n'li-
lliiniiti', uikI
rroat. Dr.
colli in St.
.T, Jiinuary,
hin 40 t<i 5i
I till' Willi ir,
/s Ur. kil\^,
(tor, Mr. Siv.ir-
|iui> ai tlie tourt.
" tut
«' for i[\\ iii1»al)it:iiU of our tcmpi-rato iliniali' t(i lia\o any itliaof a toM To iiitinfi- ;
vvlu'ii a |iLTliin w.ilks out in that ll'Vi-ri' wiallur, tin.' told nnkis tin- rws \\'ali'r,
ami llial water tVi'iv.ini;, lianas in liiili- ieiilis on the i)i--lallu;s. As ilic pealanis
ut'iially wiar tlii-ir l)varils, you ni.iy tec; tlietn liaiigin;; at llir diin like a Toll.! liinip
ot' ice 1 1)111, e\i.ii in that Itate, llie l)eard is toiiiul very iifi ful in protLCli;ig tli,*
Uliinils uf iIk- iliio.ii ; and the rnlilirrs, who do nut wear llk-ir lieards, an- ohli'j.d
to tie a l\atidkerehier under tlie iliin to fiipply their [)hiee. All tlie parts ol' the t.u c
whith are e.xpol'ed are liable to he frozen: lhotn;li it has often been oi)l'ervoil, that
the iKrliii\ hiinfi.if does not know wlten the freezing iv^ins ; hut is <-oinnionlv
told ttl it b\ ihoi'e wiio meet him, aiul who call out to him to rub his t'aee wiili
fiKUv, tlie ufual way to thaw it. It i.s alio remarked, thar the part whiih ha«
onee beiMi fi ,/i.ii, i, ever after nioii liable to be fro/e.n .if^iiiii. In fome ver\ fe-
verL' wintcis, fi)iirro\vi., iliuiii;li n hardy fpeeie.. of birds, have beeii feen (pn'u'
nupibed by the iiiltnfe cold, nnd unable to tly : and drivers, when litliii.; on their
IiiiuU'd carriages, liave fomeiinies been found fro/cn to death in that iiolUne.
\> hi'h the thermometer has liood at zf, decrees bciow o, boiling water, thrown
uji into tlie air by an i ngine, fo as to fpreail, has fallen down |)erticll\ dry, forn'.eil
iiilo iee. A pint bottle ot e<iinmon water was tuund tVozen into a folici piece of
iie in an hour and a <|uarter. A bottle of lironj^ ale has alio been t'ound frozen
in an hour and an half; but in this fubflanco there was about a tea-cup fidl iu
the middle uutVo/eii, which was as ilronp and inHanimable as brandy or fpiritis
of wine. IJut nolwilhllandinj^ the feveritv of the cold iu Rulha, the inhabitant*
have Inch various means to ^uard aj^ainll it, that they futVer nmch lets than might
be inia:^iiied. 'The houfes of perfons in tolerable circumllances arc fo well pro-
teclid, Ix.lh wiihoul doors and within, that there is feldom reafon to complain of
cold. I he method of warminj;; the houfes in Rullia is by an oven conllrutted
with fe\eral Hues, fupplieil by wood, which is the common fuel, and in great
J)lenty. 'Ihefe ovens confume a much fmaller (]uantily than might be imagined,
and yet they ferve at the fame time for the ordinary peoi)le to drefs their food.
'I'hey put a very moderate fag;.^ot into them, and fuller it to burn only till the
thickill black linoke is evapoiatid ; thc\ then lluit ilown the chinnicy to retain
all the 1 ell of the Iu ;ii in the chamber; bv this method the chamber keeps its
ileal twenty-four hours, and In commonly lo warm, that they lit with very little
coveriii;^. 'I'lie windows in the huts of tin |>oor are very fniall, that as little cold
may be admitted as pollible : in the houfes of perfons of diliinction, the windows
are caulked u|) aj;aliill winter, and commonly have double glafs frames. 'Ihev
i;m ii'^ulale tlie warmth in their apartments by a thermomeUr with great c:\ai:t-
licfs, opening or ihutling the Hues to increafe «)r diminilh the heat. Wlun the
Kullians go out, they are clolheil lo warmly, that they almoll hid defiance to frolt
and fnow ; ami it is obier\able, that the wind ir, foldom violent in the wii.ter; but
\\\]vu llieie is nluih wind, the lold is exceedingly piercit\g."
One advantage, which the Kullians derive from the llverity of their climate, is, '
the ])ieferving of p.rovilioiis In the troll. Manv families, as fujn as the froll feis
in for the winur, about tlie I'lul of October, kill their jHuiiirv, and keep them iu
tubs packed up with a laver oi fnow between them, and then tak>' them out lor
ul'e as occalion reipiires : by this means the\ f.ivi-ihc nouriihment of the animal
forfeveral month-.. \ eal lVo;ien at ,\rchange!. aiul brnu^lu to i^•lerlhllr^h, S',o
mile-,, is dleemed the lincii they have ; nor c;\n it be (liliiuguiilud at the table
iVom what is frelh killed, b. ing eqiiall) juicy. 'I he m.ukets in I'eterlburgli arc
thus fn|)plied in vvintir with aU mauiU'r oi piovilion,. at a the;;]) rate -, anil it is
I nrious lo iVv' the vali liaik ; ol vvlioir hogs, iheep. liili, and otlur aniinais, vvliidj
are pileil up in tlie maikcis lor fale. The metiuul ol thaw ii.g trozeii [iiovirums in
iania is bv immeiu;ln^ ilani in co'd water: tor when the opcjalioa ol thawinj;
R : 4hein
1J4
U
I A.
I
them ii cffl-f^cd hy licat, it occafions n violont fermentation, and atmoft a fudderr
utrcfattioii ; but when jirodiiccil by told water, the ice is attra6\ed out of the
ody, ai\d forms a tranfparcnt incruftation round it. If a cabbage, which is
tlioroiighly frozen, be ti\awed by cold water, it is as frcih as if juft gathered out
of the garden ; but if it be thawed by fire or hot water, it becomes to rancid and
ftrong inat it cannot be eaten.
'I'he (juicknefs of vegetation in Rulfia is pretty much the fame as in .Scandina-
via, or Sweden and Denmark. 'I he fnow is the natural manure of the land, where
grain grows in plenty, near Poland, and in the warmer provinces. The bulk of
thepebple, however, are miferably fed ; the foil produces incredible numbers of
niulfirooms for their fublirtence ; and in fome places, befides oaks and firs, Kuflia
yields rhubarb, Max, hemp, pallure for cattle, wax, honey, rice, and melons.
'J he boors are particularly careful in the cultivation of honey, which yields them
plenty of mclheglin, their ordinary drink ; they likewife cxtrait a fpirit from rye,
which they prcf<r to brandy.
'ihat a great part of Kullia was populous in former days, is not to be difputed;
lluMigh it is equally certain, that the inhabitants, till lately, were little acquainted
with agriculture : and fupplied the place of bread, as fomo inhabitants ofScandi-
navia do now, with a kind of faw-dult, and a preparation of filh-bones. Peter
the Great, and his fuccellors, down to the prefent emprefs, have been at incredi-
ble pains to introduce agriculture into their dominions ; and though the foil is not
every where proper for corn, yet its fertility in fome provinces bids fair to make
grain os common in Uullla as it is in the foutliern countries of Europe. The eafy
communications, by means of rivers, which the inland parts of that empire have
with each other, ferve to fupply one province with thofe produCh in which an-
other may be deficient. As to mines and minerals, they as much abound in Riwlia
as in Scandinavia, and the people are daily improving in working thorn. Moun-
tains of rich iron ore are found in fome places, molt of which produce the load-
ftone, and yield from 50 to 70 per cent. Rich iilver and copper mines are found
on the confines of Siberia.
Mountains, rivers, forksts, ) RulUa is in general a flat, level country,
AND FACE OK THE coi'NTRV. ) cMept toward the north, where lie the Zim-
nopoias mountains, thought to be the famous Montes Rijihaii of the ancients, now
called the Girdle of tlie luuth. On the vveftern fide of the Dnieper comes in part
of the Carpathian mountains, and between the Black Sea and the Cafpian, Mount
Caucafus borders a range of valf plains extending to the .Sea of Oral. y\nd here
we may obferve, that from I'cterlburgh to I'ekin, one Ihall hardly meet with a
mountain on the road through Independent Tartary ; and from Peterlbnrgh to the
northern part of France, by the r.)ad of Dantzick, Hamburg, and Anilk-rdam, wc
fcarcely can perceive the fmalleft liiJl.
'Ihe moll conliderable rivers are the Wolga, or Volga, taking its fource from
moralTes in Tver, running call and foulh, traverling the greatell part of Mufcovy,
and which, winding a courfe of 3000 Knglilh miles, dikharges itfelf into the Caf-
pian fea : producing many kinds of (ilh, and fertilizing the lands on each fide. In
this long courl'c tlijre i.s not one cataract to interrupt the navigation, but llie nearer
it approaches tu the mouth, the river inultii)liis its number of illes, and divides it-
felf into a greater nunibi-r of arms than any known river in the world: all thefo
arms divid«- themfelves into others flill lefs, which join and meet again; fo that the
\Vole;a dilcharges iifelf into the Cafpian fea by more than 70 mouthv By means
of this noble river, the city of Mofeow preferves a coinmunieatioii, not onlv with
all the fuuihern parts of i<iiHin, but even with IVrfia, (ientgia, Tarlarv. and' oiiior
countries bordernig on the Cafpian. The Don, or Tanais, which divides the eaft.
rrn part^of Ruliia from Alia, in its courfe towards the eaii, conies fu near the
VNolgu^
u
1
A.
185
from
Wolga, that the late ciar intended to have cut a canal between them ; but this
f[rana projcfit was defeated by the irruptions of the Tartan. 'I"hii river, exclu-
ivc of its windings, difchurgcs itfelf uito the Pains Ma;otis, or Sea of Afoph,
about four hundred miles from its rife. The HoriAlienes, or Dnieper, which is
likcwifu one of the largeft rivtrs in Kuropt*, runs through Lithuania, the country
of tiic Zapnrog Coflacs, and that of the Nagaifch Tartars, and fails into the
Kuxinc, or Ulack Sea, at Kinbourn near (Xzakow ; it has thirteen cataracts with-
in a fmall didancc. To thcfe may be added the two Dwinas, one of which emp-
tii's itfelf at Kiga into the U;iltic ; the other has its fource near Uflinga, and di-
viding itfelf into two branches near Archangel, there falls into the White Sea.
Forerts abound in this extenlive country ; and the iwjrthcrn and north-eaftern
provinces are in a manner dcfert ; nor can tlie few inhabitants they contain be
called Chriltians rather than i'agans.
QcADRUPKOs, BIRDS, risHKs, ) Thcfc do not differ greatly from thofe de-
AND INSECTS. J fcTiljed in the Scandinavian provinces. The
lynx, famous for its piercing eye, is a native of this empire ; it is faid to be pro-
duced chiefly in the fir tree forells. Hyxnns, bears, wolves, foxes, and other qua-
drupeds already dcfcribcd, afford their furs for clothing the inhabitants ; but thofe
of the black tt)xes and ermine arc more valuable in Kufiia than elfcwhere. The
dromedary and camel were formerly almoft the only beads of burden known in
many parts of Kulha. Thi czar Peter encouraged a breed of lar'^e horfes for war
Mid carriages ; but thofe employed in the ordinary purpofcs of life are fmall, as are
their cows and (lieep.
We know of few hire's in Kulfia, that have not been already defcrihcd. The
fame may be faid of filhes, except that the Kullians are better provided than their
neighbours with If urgcon, cod, falmon, and beluga: the latter refenibles a llurgcon,
and is often called the large flurgeon ; it is from twelve to lifte^n feet in length,
and weighs from 9 to 16 and 18 hundred weight ; its Helh is white and delicious.
Of the roc of the Iturgeon and the belui;a the Ruliians make the tamous cavear, fo
much elteemed for richnefs and flavour, that it is often fcnt in prefenis to crowned
lieads. In cutting up the belugas, they often find what is called the beluga-llone,
ioneealed in that mats of glandular fielh which covers the pollerior part of the
dorfal fpine, fupplyinj; the place of a kidney in tilh. When it is taken from the
filh, it is foft and moilh but tiuiokly hardens in the air. Its fize is that of a hen's
( gg, Ihapc fomeiimes oval and fometimes flatted, and commonly fells for a ruble,
lliis (lone is fiippofed by profetl'or Pallas to lH.>long to the genitals nf the filh : it
holds a eonliderable rank, though with little merit, among the domeftic remedies
(if the Ruliians, who fcrape it, and mixed with water, give it in difficult labours, in
the difeafes of children, and other difordcrs.
Population, mannkus, and ci'stoms.J The new regifter in 1764, contains
S,;oo,ooo fubjett to the poll-fax ; and a late ingenious writer, relident fome time ii\
Kullia, gives the following ellimate:
Lower clafs of pcojde paying capitation tax,
Contjuered nrovinees.
Noble families, ...
Clergy,
Military, . . _
Civil, - -
Lkraiiie, Siberia, Cuffack'i, 8iC.
18,000,000
1,200,000
60.000
100,000
360,000
;^ 0,000
3jo,ooo
20,100,000
To
nr,
K
I
T.) llu'lV nitil] inw l)v' aiUUd luar a niilliim inou- l»y lla- .u-qiiilitioiis oi ilic C:i.'
men, iirul piiii ui' CuWmh I'urtar) ; aiul at l>.ail 1,500,000 in tin.- |)r()vieu'ei dilinaii-
l)i.'riil iVom I'dIiiihI.
\s Ikt imiuriiil m.-iidv nf nil the Riili't.is pnfllilVs ninny of tlic t'oiintrios from
wlunir the rwnrniHol" li:iil)aiiaiis who DVirlhrvw llii' Uoman «.i\i]>irk; illucd, tlu-ro
is rialon to Ix'liivi tliai liri tlmninioni tiuili I\iim' Ik-ou lutUr pi-oplcd t'orinoily
iliini llii-v aiv at piviVnt. IVrliip* iIk- iiiiriKlmiion ol ilic Iniall-pox and the vene-
real dil'valV inav lia\f allilled in llii- di.pcipiilalii)u ; and it iililwily llint ill' 'iMJif,'!-
oiis (juaniit) ot' Ipiriiiioux lii|iiiii'^, UMiUiincd by (lie inliahitanta o\ the iNoiih, it
uiitViendly to Riiuration.
I'lie Unliians, pioperlv fd call 'd, lue pcrfonable, hardy, vii;c)r(ius, and jialient of
laliuiir. e'.peeiall) in the tielil, t<i an iiaiiddile decree. Hu ir eoniplexinnn diller'
II' I If iVcin lliofe ti| llu' iMi'^liiJi; Ijui llie women think that an addition of red
heif^liti'in their he.miv. 'I'heir l•ye-ii^llt feeais In !)»• tleticliv\', ocialioiied probably
1>\ the fiiow, which tor a lon;^ tiiiie of the yi'iir i-- i ontiiuiaijy jirefent to their eyes.
'1 heir oiiii'iTs a;id f(p|diers alv.ays polVelFed a larj^e liian- of jiaiiive valour; but in
the warwiiii the lati; kin;; of I'ruilla, the\ prov>(l as atiive as any troops in hairope;
an<i ill Mil' reeent war \\ith the 'I'lirks ihey greatly diliinijuillied thenil'elves. They
are ini|MKitly fulmiillise to <lilei[)line, let it l?e ever lo leviTe; they endure hard-
lliips with threat pitience, and can content themfelves with very hard fare.
IJefoie the daysof IVter tlu- (ireat, the Ruliians w.ti- barbarous, ignorant, mean,
and niiieli addl>-led to drunliemieis ; no lefs than 4000 brandy limps have been
!\iit t'lily iliv' lonmion people, but many of they buoyars.
n ekt
or ivi
Mm;
lies, lisi'd in a co itinual liate of idlenefs and intosieati
on
and
th
e molt
ioni|il"te objects of mitVry ami hJirbarity appeared in the llroets, while the court
of .\iofeow was the mf)li tph'ndid of any upon the ^lobe. 'I he c/ar and , ■•
;,'raiideei» ilrelled afier the fuperb Alialit. m.inikr. 'I he earl of Carlille, in the at.
(uunt of hi-, enibailv, t"a\s, that he couiil (<\' iioihing but i;old iTnd prei ious llone i
m 111.' rol
\elU'ih wl
of llie e/'ir and his eourtieii; and his ateouiit is eoroliorateil In tra
10 lui\i> lati'l-. vilit^d Kui
1.1,
'I lie manufactures, however, of thofe, and
ill other luv'.ries. were larried on bv Italians, (iernians, and other forti^ner>
litlle
le toreid his
aiu
IVlcr f;iw tin bulk of his fubiects, at his aeiellion to the throne, treated
b.'iler than bealis o|" bi.rdiii, to fiij)| I'lt the pomp ot tlie lourt
i,real men to l;iv ali'h' their lent; robes, and drels in liie iMiicpian manner
Ik' evi'.i (.Mi^'vil li.e laity lo cut off their beards. 1 he Kuliiaus, betore his time,
had few ihips mmn their coalls. 'Ihey had no coiueiiieiiei's for travelling, ho
pa\emeiits in ll eir lin' 'ts, ik) plates ot public di\erlion; and they eiUeilained :i
e.iniempt for all jinproxeim-nts of die miinl. /\t |irel"eiit, a rruuh or lMi'j;lilh
!;v'nileiiiaii may li^e as ronifurtablv and loeiabiy in kiillla, as in mofi other parts
Urol);'
■ll
irir lioillc
'.ll'embli.-;, linee the aciedioii of llu; prefeiU eiiiprefs,
■in y\\ mull'," |>rop<r rejjulatinis ;
ind \\
\v ol the am lent u(aee?> remain.
mwe
Iv pll'irsed, li.;;t iictw ilhliaiHliiiir llie ('e\i'rities of I'eler,
the prude'ue ot fiuteii!
ernmenl>, (h'unki'iiiu f> liil
mtiiiues amoiii"
and
fouK
no
-pl
r are eve.i prleli^ and hulies* ailianud ot it on huliilavs; and the bulk of
ti.e I'eopie are uikimu/ciI.
I 1. Kuiiiii''s \\ ;■ • ti'imerlv noted tur fo lir
loiii; an ailailiment to their native
fi.il, ;lat they feMi'u viiiiul foi\ i';n jiarlN. 'ihis was the eor.K (pieiu e of their piic
and iunor.i.K e •. lor iiii.uaii nobiiuv, befuKs (hole vvlio are in a |)ublic charaitei
anU lunoi'.i.ue
arc now totmii ai
, V I ■'
uiuit in I'.uiope. Her iiujierial majelly e\eii inlerelis her-
A fii o: riili". I rir lliP regulation of a Kii'Iiuii alii iiil)ly londmlcs uiili this in ijtic\ioii —
N. Li. Lull. 5 ait nut 10 L>c drunk btloic ttu uVloi k. C'ull^n^^ TraviN, — j>. nS.
fili'
i;
I
ii:
fitr In llip nUiciitioii of yminu; nun of (|uiility in tho kimwh tlj^c of tlu; worlil, and
fon'i^n fiTvi< t»s, i)iirtif\iliMly ih^t ot (lie Miililli Hoi-t,
It is ("iiicl iliiit llu' UmImiiii liiilit'H were tiniiiorly lis fiilimillivc to tlitir Initbaiuli
ill tli''ir tiiinilifs, n. tin- luttcr iiii- to ilicir riiiKriors in tin lii-l*! ; "d tiiat ihrjr
lliinij-ltt llu-niri Ivfs ill trcaud il' llu'y wciv in>t ol'tiii icriiiiKlttl ol't' v |)y tlur
ilil' ipliiif ofn\vlii|), maiiutiutiirrd l»y lIuMnl'ilvis, whidi thi'y prft<.i.. . i 'heir
Inillaiids on tin- ilay <>t lln'ir mniiiam'. I heir niipiial rnomoitics arr pc liar,
(t.nlilliiiij of fiiiii.' vcr\' wliinTu al ritt s, miinv of wiiidi aio now dil'iifoil. Vi, hen
till- parents ha\i' ai^icd upi>n a man li, llioiii;li tlu; |)aitii'^ piihaps liavc never
fii II carli ntliiM, ihr hriiU' is ii'iiirally cvainim'd l)\ a niiniinT of tViniiii's, wiii
on- to convtt, if |i()llil)lr, any drficis llicy find in luT pcilon. (hi hrr Wv-ddin^-tlay
llif iv ciownod with a j;arlaiul of wonuwood; and iiltiT llio (irivMi has tii'd tlio
nuptial knot, his tli-ik or fi'xton throws a haiidtiil of Imps npiiii the head of ihi:
bridi!, wilhing that Iho may prove as frniifiii as that plant
I! S 1. 11 A I, s
I lie Riiiiians oiiti'tiiiiii many fanlaliii. not
ons
\\iili regard to the
ft ite of d* parted fouls. Alter the dead hody is drelVed, a priill is hired ti» pray fur
his foul, to purify it with ineenle, and to Iprinkle it with hoix water while it re-
•iiains above j^round, whiili, anion^ the heller fort, it geiurally does tor eight or
ten days. \\ hen the hodv is earried to the '^rave, which is done with many gel-
ticulations of forrow, the priell produces a tii kef, limned l>y tlie hilltop and other
clergymen, as the palfport of the deceafed to heaven. When this is put into thii
I'othn between the fmj;eis of the eorpfe, tlie eompaijy return to the houfe of their
departed t'riend, where they drown their formw in intoxication ; which lath, anionj;
the better fort, with a lew intervals, for forty da\s. During that time, a prieli
every day fays pra\ers (<ver the grave of the diicafed ; for though the Rullians do
not believe in purgatory, .yet they imagine that their departed trieml may be alhlled
by prayer in hi> long journey to the jiiace of Ins ileliinatirin after this life.
ruNisiiMEN I S.J 'ihe Uullians were remarkable for I lie feverity and variety
of their pnnilhnunts, wliith wiie both intlicted and endured with a wonderful
iiifenlibility. I'l ter the (Jreat ufcd ti> fiilpeiid the robbers u\Mm the Wolga, and
other |)arts of his dominions, by iron hooks tixed to tlieir ribs, on gibbets, where
they writhed themfelves to death. The lingle and double knoul have been in-
llictcd upon ladies *, as well as men of <iuality. liolh of them are exeruciatin(» ;
but in tlie double kiiout, the h.u'.iU are bound behind the prifoner's bac'.. and the
cord being fixed to a pullev, lilts him lri>m the ground, wiui thedi'loi ■ lon of botli
his Ihoulders. and then his back is in a manner iVaritied by the c\ eutioner, with
u hard thong, cut troin a wild als's rtiiii. 'I his punilhinent has been ft) often fatal,
that a furgeon gn'.erally attends the |)atient, to pronounce the moment that ii
• A pnrticular account <if the (r.mnrr \i\ wliith
tills puiiilhniriit was inliu'tul iipmi :i l<iitli.\i\ l.uly,
i>){iuii ii\ n.diif. r.Xblic C'liippe I.>'.\iiUriii!ir'.'.
joiiiiity into bluri;!. "Mad. I apoiu Inn \v:is one
ol thf Hntft women litlnni^im^ to ihr <ii\irt ot Ihe
eniprcis Hu^vhcth. and «a-. iiitiniatcl\ com rcted
with a foreign aiiilj.illador, then rnj>,af;al in a lon-
fp'Miy. Aniidl! ;i vail tomoiird- <!| jtopli-, one
of the txccntinnrri lei/cd lirr ly Iviili hands, .-"nil
turniiij^ haltrmind, tlnw In r on li'.s l^ck, lici;dln,;
forwards, io as to raite lnr a teiv imbcs Irnr.i ll;e
croiind ; the other lAcciitionir thrn laid hold of
ftr dilii.itf liiiil;-. ."in. I, uirhoiit ai;y rcniorfc. id-
jr.ftid Iirr on the h:u k nf l;i. cnn'pan'i.n. Scni'-
times hf l;iid l^,^ lar;;r hand l>rirally upon lur he. il,
in ordrrto nuke lier kiepit down ; Ion eliniis, like
a buuher going to ll.iy u lamb, he ftcii.cj to luotli*
hi r, a-, toon as he had fixed her in the moll favour-
alili' altiludi. 'I'hi:. txceutiontr then look a kind
of « hip I .>!lid kaonf, made of a longlfraj) of IcaUicr
prip.ircil for ihi- purpolc ; he tlitn rolnnlcd .1 t;w
ftrp-, nn-afurint; ihc rc(|ui(ite diffancc w ilh a fteady
( ye ; and le.ipinj; bai kwards, j;avea Ifroke with the
ind ot the wliip, fo as to carry away a llip of (khi
fioni t!io neck to the fxittoni ot the ba» k i then
liriliiii;; his fett ,i!'iiiill the ground, he took his aim
for apply inn ''"^ letond Idow paralli-l to the former ;
to th.il in a tew nioinciits ull the Ikin ot her back
was cut aw ay in ini,.ll (lips, niolf of wIiLlIi remained
hai j;iiiti to tlu- Ihili. Ilcr tivnf^ne wa^ i\it out ini-
i"ediatel\ .nfter. and Ihr w.u lent into tsi'.n-ria. Fu
I-'''.:, ihe- wii: recalled froui banillinicnt by Teter
ilJ."
u))
U
s
s
I
A.
(lioiiM oi'uff. ft i^ nol ulw.\>w tin* numhiT ui' ilic ilroLci, l>uf tlio mctliod of »p-
111, iii'^ iliviu, wliiili i)i« .ilimii llie tUulh ut' llu- crimiiiiil i tor llu- ixi-iiilioiuT tail
kill iiiiu in ihroi' or (our hlows, bv DrikiiiK upon the rib<i ; liioiigh lU'rloiiH arc
foiiiiliiiut ri-io\orr<I, In a iVw \viiK», who liuvf rcct iviil lliici' liuiulnd llrokin,
nio«liiiilrU iiilliftcil. rill' liiirini; iinJ (lilting oiit tin- tongui-, un- likiwilc priu-
lilVd in Hiillia ; iiiul cvuitliv lato ompril'. I'.h/alu-lli, tlionjjh the |)rohil)iti>d capital
)>iuiiiiuiu iu«, ^.ivo wav to tlic tnppulVil lu-ciliity ot tliolc torlnrt**.
AccoiiiinK to tho llrift icttir ot thi- luw, ihvrc arc no lapital pimilhinonts in
Kullia, i-Mipt in thf iiilcol lii)(h Inaron : but then- i\ nine li U-I'i luinunity in it
than iia-> bun fuppolcil ; tur tlu-ii' arc many tclons who die tiiuK r the knout, and
oiIk rs die of t'aii>;ue in their journies to Siberia, and tVom tiic liardlhips tin y I'ull'er
in the mines: I'o tiiat tiieie is rcaloii to believe, that not lewer criininaN tulFer death
in Kullia th.'m in thot'e countries wherein capiul pui)ilhnieiits urc authorifed by
the laws llie prohibition ol torture duck lionuur to liie humanity ut° the prefeiit
cniprels.
KcKns, after receiving the knout, and lin\ing their clucks and foreheads mark-
ed, are fometinies I'entrnied for life to the public works at C'roiilladt, V ilhiiei
N ololhok, and other placcM ; but the comnuin practice is to fend them into hiberiti
where tliey arc condemned for life to the mines at Nertliink. 'liierc are u|)on an
nverage from lOoo to 2000 convitts at thele mines. 'Ilif ^rcatell part are con-
lined in barracks, excepting thole w iio are married ; tlic lutlcT arc permiltcd to
build huts, near tlie mines, lor themlcKes and tamilies.
Tr AVf.LMNcl Among the many convfiiienccs introduced of late into Rutll.n,
that of ti;i\illin{; is cxtrenuly ivnuiikal)le, and the expence vi-ry trilling, lake
tilt ii S(';uulina\ ian neighbours, the K\iilums travel in Hedges made of ihe bark of
tile linden-lree, lined with thick tell, drawn by rein-ileer, when the fnow is tro/iii
hard enough to bear them. In the internal parts of Kuliia, horfes draw their
fledges; and the tiedgc-way, in Kebruary, becomes fo well beat .11, that thev erect
II kieilof comh ii|)on the Hedge, in which they mav lit- at lull length, and lo lleep
tind ira. el night iiiul (la\, wr.ipind up in good furs ; thus they often pcrtorm a
j.'urney of about 4J0 milev fn>:li is that between I'eierlburgli and Mofcow, in three
«l,i\s and three nighis. Il>'r inip.rial majefty, in her journies, is drawn in a lu>nlc
which contains a bed, a tabh-, chairs, and other conveniences tor four peoi)le, by
^4 |Viii-horl'es ; and the houle illelf is li\ed on a Hedge.
i)ii kI':ri:vi nations | Kuiiia is not a nation but aval) collect On of nations,
Sfujr.cr 10 Kussi.v. J dilKring in perfons, language, and religion. 'I'hey
have been divided by tlie Kullian geogr.iphiTs, into tin- 1 7 following clafl'cs.
I. Ihe Slavonic nations conipnhendiiig the Kullians properly fo called, who arc
t'',e jiridi'inin.iiU inlial)il;iiils of tin wlmk- I'uipire; and the i'oles who inhabit the
I inks of the river Irlilh, and the governments I'olotik and Moghilcii. 2. I ho
fi^Tiiianic nations, conipielieiKling the (Jcrnians, .Swedes, and Danes; the firll
inliabiiing I'.lfhonia and Livonia; the fecond, the Kullian iMuland ; the third, the
illands in the Baltic ; ami all the three are Lutherans. 3. The Lutloiiian or Li-
vonian nation;.; who are intermixed in many p.irtswitb the I'inns. 4. 'Ihe l-'inns
or 'rchoude n;ilioiis inhabiting the governments of Vibr)rg and St. IVterlhurgh,
Revel, the dilhict of Kiga, and part of Livonia, and cliieHy Lutherans. Not lefs
then nine nations are fuppofed from the limilarity of their language, to dcfiend
tiom the Kinns. They are the Laplanders or Lopari inhabiting the government
of Arcliaiigel, and fublilling by hunting and tilhing. The I'ermians who live in
file government u{ l\rnie; and about the northern parts of the river Obe. The
i^lierjnne and the \ utiaki who live in the governmeuls kazane and \ iatka, and
employ ihenifel\i-,in hulbandrv. Ihe Tchenemhili who inhabit k;iZane Niznev-
iSovu^oiod and Oieninirg.
6
J lie i'lluivafchi and the iMordva who live together
111
"^ '■"'■^•'''«^- 7 SW,7'''':- '"" "•^- <l n nor. '?* ''^ ''""'"4 amn7'' ''"'' "^ *'-
'■•■'- I iU I , . ,1"''' ""•■'S". '•■u Iva f r,"""« '" 'I'.- K , L "? '■■'V" '■"./„>;.
■''Si'»IKV,,l ,1 "'^ ','•'• '"•"li- » C,„r,- i ' *""""■> ""»
UlMh--
liiue
«!•
u
ll)lrt)-i\ln<' tiuvn^ rtii ImiiIi iii|^ » »( tli.it riviT. fnon rt;4i In d from Rlbna tn Af. jiti.
'Ihcv prul'i llid tlh CtrcU ri ligioii ^ iiiul (Kculionally I'civctI ii((;iiiii( titt- lariiiu itiul
TurM I'll llif |•|llll^ M.n.liH,
llio ii.tfnuil j;'>\vrmiu 111 nl* tin- CnlT.ut nporniu lut v«ry n»Mr In iIk' iiU-ii wi'
rnrm n
r ihiil kI'jIh muuiit <.>riiiiiin, m* »U'K ril)i'«l by I'liciliiH. I Ik' liiptiiiiii ;iiiil
iillli'i-n ut till' niilioiis k.lini>lv u diiil', \vti<iiu liny (itlt liaii))liiuui, anil lu' rtlulii iii
('iir;illMi ; III tlii^ iIiiiIm- ii (iMihniiml by lln- cxat' i iiiul tlu liaii|iliii:in Imlds li
I*
iiihorily (luring lili-. i Iv tutt n% n I'tiptfrinr over tlu' uilur luwiiit ol' thi* iiiilion,
null of xsliiih i^ (nrmnl info u fi'p;irati' coiiininnwiiilili, ^uvtia. d liy its nwn lul-
nian, wliu i> ilnil'iii anuinlly. I ln-y tiiAo in war, in miilnU r itimi <il iluir injny-
iiij; lliiir laws ami lilurlic.. 'Ihry imlivil liavc I'lViral linns rJnlKil, lur whiiii
liny liilJi ftfl fiviulv iiiiil" r 1'itt.r ilii' (Jnat. lUil llio Uiillian \iiki' was I'o mmli
rnliVr liran thai i>t' idi- I'tilc-t, tlial, in 1654, tlie C'ollac* nt' tlie C'kraiiu' put lliciu-
li'lvis lik'.vvirv.: iinili-r llu pruUclinn nl' Uuila. 'I lu'y luinplaiiuil, l.i'WvVtr. tliat
Iluir lilirrliis liail lurii insaiKil; aiul in llu- war Iu-Iwil'ii ( liarirs \li. anil IVtcr,
tlu'ir III liiiaii, \ta/>.ppj, juiin il ilic rniiiur ; Inil lie tutiiul liiinlcit' uiial>!c to fitliil
till- llla^lli^u'l.■IW proiiiili's liv liad inaiU' lo Ciiarks.
'I'lio mien iinu iliaraclir ot llio I arlars ut' kafan, nml of iluir clcfi etulanfi, avv?
very iinif'irm, ami nia> firvi' for llu- iliaractiriliic marks of all tlu Mnlunmlrin
'I'arlars in tlu'ir luinhliDurliotul. \ rry tiw nl tlu in ari' lail ; luit tliov an- niiuT-
iillv lhaif;lil anil wvll-iiiadi-, liavc t'inall Tans, wiih l';,!!) iniv,j,|j.v.i,,iis, and :i
Iprijjlitiy and aLjiiial'ir air. liny an- lianf;lit\ and jr.iloiis of llu-ir lioiiour, urc
(idur and fni;^al, tUAtcrmis at iiuiliaiiiral irados. and tmul of runtncfk. 'I he J'ar-
tarcan uiinuii an-fifa wlioli I'limi' loniplcvion ralhir llinii liaiullnnu', and of a goial
t(iiiliitiili>>n ; fri'iii tluir larliUi inlanc) ihiv avf ai cudoncd tn lalnair, rillri'iiuiit,
nu'iii'liy, and l'iil.niilli< n. llu' 'liulars <>f Cal'an lakv ^rral i jiri' ol'll.i.' idiuatic'ti
(if till ir ihildrt 11. i I v \ li:il<iiiiatr tlu-ir youtli to lalw.ur, to fn|ir':i't\ , and lo n ttrici
olifiTvanic of tlu- n.anners of thiir a»u» llors. 'I lu-y are laiij^lit to nad and write,
and ate inlbi.i'Ud in the Air.lile tongue, mid tbe priiu'iphs of their rel'^^ion. I''.\eii
the liiiaileri sill:ii;e las its iliapel. Uheol, piiill, aid li l;i:<i|.ni:i|!er. 'I lu' lull 'lar.
tarean ae: deiiiiis in thv Ui:li an empire aie tl.ofe it Kaliip. 'I'olio.lk, ai d Alli;.i : n,
which ar,' niuUr tie tiin ct'oii ot tlii' d'arjoiuis, or lii';Ii-prieli>. It is u'lt iiiitMn.-
MOD to fiiul firnll eoiUciioiis of liiliorieal aiuedotes in mamifeript, in ihc huts of
the boors; and thiir iiur-. hants are pntty extei lively an;uainti.d with the liilloiv
i'f iluir ( wn peop'i . ai'ii ll at of the t in iiinjai iiil lialv -.. Si'i h a>. il.o^ife to malj
H picj^refs in
tlu oil
( II
ler tlKiiifeheb liiiu tlie lilu 1
lioii^liaria, wli.eh .ir«-
liiori' eoinpielc than the oilurs.
'ihe Tarrnr eiii/eiis of Kafatt, Oreiiberj;, ami oiher j^oNornnu-nts, earry on eiMii
merte, (Mrcife feveral tiailes, and have l'.»nie nianiifacluu s. 'I lu ir manner of lU a!.
in>,' is eliielly I y way o! liaiier; coin is veiy rauly (liti amonf,' lli':in, and bills i.t
eMlian'.;e luvi r. .Xlauy ot liiem earry 'iii ;: ^'riat deal of biilliu fs,. At Kaf.iii
they |ireparu what is ealird in l'Ji;;Iaiul, Morioc. o UutlKr. 'fhe villages of tluli:
people compn hend from ten to one hundred tariii>. 'i'ljefe villages were at tirll
lon.pijfetl of troojis of wanderinf^ Ihephcrds ; but bcin^ drawn Rradiiallv eloin
to;^ilher by fiueeliive popiilalioii, lli.y tor.iid tluiu'elve, imiler lh<. lueellitv ofeiii-
tivalini; the earili, and en.vliiii; fixed habitations. 'Iliey never leave their (ieliU
fallow, for whiih n.ufnn tli.,y uh- more inatuiu: than the Rullians. 'Ihey are will
jieijiiainted with the tnana;;ement of Ixes, from whieh they derive preat prolu.
Moft of the ' illa''es eonta'a tanner
th
oe-nuiki r'
la^ lors
liver-
Iniiil
1S|
tarju liters. 'Ihe i.iboriuiis leiiiahs fpin, and iiiake iloili tVom the tieeee of tl
lloi. kv, and thread It
K'lC
A it
!• II
U lii'iii iieiiip ot llieir own tnllivaii'jii.
d
1 or t".so, fdiiu' i a'ptis and piei\ s of telt, mats made of tlu bark of ti
wJih V. likh they costir broad l.'aiehes, that they ufc inllead oi beds, with
cliuiri
IJ
I
wo
nn«l
»••♦ »«
|« hi»
< »Kt-
■\lj'>>-
lliciu-
r. Oi->t
IVur,
;o I'uUil
nti. are
i)«r, urc
I he Jai-
i'irt.MiAi'''>
•(Uimt'u'U
lo n Urict
n. l-vi'»
ull 'l-.ir-
AtlK.ll II.
,: huts lit
liilloiy
III niiil.i:
•Ali'.ch 'n't:
(.11 ("'ni-
ik\ bill-''
Ai K.;ii.'"
,_(, lit' tlklo
liity ofcul-
\\w\r in-Ill*
Ly art* >vi;U
rrat ITt'lii
niitlis, mul
Vc ot' tluit
Irk »•!' ti'.' •
l\viU> ii '-^^
I
>.V
ihaiM nnd tahlri, nro romiitunly it'l llio lurnituro tti hi- foin in ihfir hmif.ii thniigli
fi>nu' lit tlic priiuipul |ii'<i|)U litivi Itnllvtl iiilhioiii uml pilluNM on ilu'ir ll(i'pin((
liiMii'hrt. Dm iliiiir* uikI tutiU-i uri< onl^ Icon in Iowiih i niiil even iht-rc, never bul
in l!ii hoiifi-v lit I'liili ntliavr Initnu l\ wiUi lurciKncM. ihi-y rnnunonly mukc four
in.-aU u (l;<v, at uliieli iluir Ih-iuIi I'lrM'i tlu-m tor tal)l
am
1 il^
iii'i <
T Oil
tlii<
till y plai> ilii'inli IvfH routiil llii' ilil1u'>i, isu It iKilon liltinif i»i liii liift*, iti> r ilic
iiriiMtiil inaiiiur, lluv nuiki atiliiiinnt, and lay piavi'r^. i;l thi- ht ginning nu'liiid
■ >l all Ilu'ir nu-alH, 'll'i* luriar^ nl Kalan, n% well as ntoli oi' ihr Malionvlaii laruri,
itre vi-iy |Hilite tnwani^ llraii)(i ii. Old nun, who have niainlaimd good eliamcU'ri,
me hi'ld in ;^rt'at vt-neration ainonu ihcnt, and are the arlntiiitoiH in ail dit'pui
e«.
Ih ' hiiltiiittiotu and niiiinu-r u|' living i>t ilw I'ailar eitl/cn» and >illagei ct' AT-
frai.in im pirlefliy liniil.ir to ihole ot llu' iariar'* ot' k;irn>. In the eny ot' AT-
triuaii tlu) iiase ii large n)a(;n/ine tor >;ood«, kuiili i<t t>ii(ks, and iV^cral ihopi
upon nri he^. Ihev liirry lui lui iinpotiant ennniuTie villi ih> Arimniaiii, l\ rlian«,
liidi.^iu, and HoD^iiariiini i and ihiir nuinnrailnriea ol Mim o levlher, loitoni,
lanielolt, und li!ki, iix' in a vi ry ihrivinu Hale.
Hie I'ut/iiL.ii rinitiili r:ue, ihi<lly inliaiiii the governnu'ntkot' Ki'i'an and N'iaikn.
'I hit nation \vai o.u* "t llioji- who were tornurly niuUr ihe pKHviUon ' t" llu- 'lar-
larHi hut linee ii hat l>een Itihjectrd lo Unllia, it lias pretVmd tlu ipiiet .mil leiu.
liiv, wliiih a;;rieiiltiirc uliord.i, to the uinhululory lili- ol herdfiiKii and ihepherd*.
J lie \otiuU, are of a middle llaiiire, ami (generally red haired , llury are lioiu-lt,
pi'ai'ea'ile.nnd liolpilahle. I hey are allidnoiit in nn.du eonoiny, neglecting neither
llu- iiillure et lues, nor the eliaee ; in the hiller they nle indillcrently the how or
tite-arnw. In t4ieir ieiriiie hours many i<t tiuni employ theiiifehe^ in making all
t'ort<i ol'turner\, lueh ns cups, Ipouns, aud l>iultle!i ; tnul oiher> Narnilli all kinds ot'
np<« and howl» Ihe wotu'ii are employiJ in Ituiiig, in making linen, coarte
.loll
IS, ai.il oiiianieiits ot' enil)roidi'r\ . Some ol lilt \ oiiaks are elitiOiuus, but
great parr rt tliem are idolaurs ; ihongji even thel'e Itcliese the ductriitc ot'u t'u*
ture lUite o|' regards i"ul puiiiihmentk.
The 0:ll,ik.u likev de a I'imiiih rm o, are onr of the moll numcrmis nation!, of
Sil»eria. Ik lore tlu-y were in Inlii'ction to Uullia. they were governed hy priiues
1(1 their <'\^ n nalion. ami ilieir di ki ndani'. are Hill i .pnied noMe. A i tin fe |)eoplo
«li\i<!e iheml'il\,s inio dilleriiii triiKs, iluy rhuoK- iluir ihit.ts t'rom among ihc
progeny ot their .meii-nt rulers. 'HkIV maintain pi ai e and goodoidir, and lnt>er-
inteiul '.he payment ot' the ta\e». Iluy are entirely unaeipiainted with the ule of
litters, and are extritnely ii;noranl; llu\ ean reikon no tarllKT than ten, as is ihe
i.al'e with lome otht r I uiiiiih nalin'is, 'I lui' jieoj.!,' h.ue a liiii;ul.ir eiuiom, that
the il.ni^litir-in-law m\er uiuo\ers lur f.ue in tli'* preteiue ol iior I'ath^r-in-law ;
i;or i-. llu I'on-in-law allow«d to apj'ear Im r le tin; nuiilier-iii-iau till Ir-. wile hai
h:id a eliild. Tlu'V are idolater>; ;'iul ii. ol their opiitioi.ii is,
that
Hears eii).)v
i.iter tieath a happiml's at I.;;ll e'i.ial to iljai wliuli they expicl 'i.,t iheml'kU
\\ luiuver tlie\ kill ouv o| llul'e aninials. \\.^-\ ling Unv:^> vu.r lii'n, in whiJi liuy
alk hi.', pardon for ttie injery llu-y Iwue dune Inni. Iii.leeil. it appear^ lliu iKai.*
are in great eliim.itain among ull the I'agaii nations of the north, and nonh-eall.
'Ihe 't'l'tlioir.v/n'Jus are fnpjii!' d to he I'inns from thrir lanj^nage, tluy dwell
the two liVs of the \\o';a, in tin' !;ou'nn.'..iil < o| .Nil'ilu.v I-.Novo-oro^,
!i:oiii;
Kal'aii.
(>r>
D'.'r;
ii\ lU
\er li\i' in towns, hut aiKin'oie in fniall \illa"i
And ilioofe ihe loreiis for tlu a' hahitati'
'11
uv aie
veiA f.uul ol" hunt
111:
in J
jirociire for that pmpol'e fervw -barrel nuilU ts, which iluy jireler ♦o the bow. (Jne
of their nuuria;-," iciemonies is, that on the weiUling night the bride is obliged to
p'.itl oil' her hnlK.iiids b< o|s. A late writi r I'.r.s, " Aiiint'^' ihe '1 khoiin al'ehe?
'• ihe luiliMiid is ! i:il''T of ilu' l',(uik ; he o.dir» c\ery tiiiiii; himleil j and it is tlikj
" UJty \.n the V ile ti. hi villi, at reply.
5 I
Tl
10
IS* R C <i !t r A.
Tin T^vn/hnt, B MiiMi^.ili.in ruv.-. r'nrm iiMc of ihr nioft numcnMii ptifnn* of
filwvto. "Owy ifi' nl u niHlilU- Hi»«Hrr, uml will mtiil«* lli'ir lii^hl ami h. urinn
ari* ofn lU'ljrva of Rcutv'twl* «ml tU-llcmy ihM l« iilmoil iiutcilihU' » bm iM.ir or.
gniu o»" fiHclllnf and IccliriR urc inlVrlKf in our*. 'I h-v iirr ■MHininii-il wiili ttlm»«J
iviTv in-f niul iliiiU' wiiliiii ilic lirfuil nl Ou-ir o<T«iiilHiluiiiMii i nml iIm y i«ii <'vimi
«ti fiVilu- u loiirl'i- lit' lomi* luiiiilii'il i»iU< by lln* ii'iihMjiirntinn* nf thf lrvr> ttii<l
ft>iru'» iluy mct'l wiilt, iind i uii riiabli' oilu-r* lo Inkc llf (imu' roulc by liah «li.-
lrri|ilion. 'Vhvy nlfn «lifii»vcr iIk- trucU of" ilu- nnrtw l»y llir i ••in|»r» ilioii ni iln- i(rnl>
or initr«. Thi-y Ifnrn forrixn tnMgiingvi nviiIj cafi-, arc ftlvri oi» horU-lmik, g<tml
huMtirt, iiiul itc!iili'rt)u« ni liu- how.
Tlif K.i/mui I, nir«» ii Miintt!tli;it> rin'«', nn* n « iHirHa"""** Irllio, und nnimroiin i |"i)p
ilif iii'ilt |iiirt ritw-liiincd Miid iloiil. 'Duir vil'tt^c U hi il;i( llial tin ikitlloi a k»liiiiiu
IfMy oilily \w knovvi) iVotn othirv '\\u-\ haw ihitk \\\>%, u I'iimII miff mid a ihurt
rhin, their tninph ximt u rcddilh and )ftl<iwilh hro\Mi. Huir woiiwii arc nl a
liiMil.ir ih:i|K- with rho ini'ii, Itiit thru ikiii a hiidthy while nnd rid t tho,\ tirf hvrly,
Rgrccablc, and iiuhillriont. I hey an* iiiiiih attaihi'd In ihrir ihiit'^ >ir iiiulU-r»,
but their active (|itrit, niul th> ir iiM|>rii\idence and can Uthutt, nuikf th'-in ihioviih
uiid dirty. In their rol»l>eri< s, t\u\ nfe niore llratagint than viu|. ni.>', and ai they
believe lit the iioCturniil waiuUrinK ol dcnd men'it t'piiiu, ore leldoin guilty of inur«
der. They are rn|)erllitioti<t about ^ood and bad duy«, and have written luw»t
11
leir eoi
le ii
which are I'minded on rcafon, nilbmi, and tlie will of tlio print
very favourable to leinaUt, nnd never re^^ardi a woman at llie author o| any erinie.
Rape anil adultery are punilhe<l with a niuUt of nine head of (altle. Their (peech
In a mongrel dialed, will) many Tartarean wonU, but their religious book« ure in
the Tangut or i'ibetan. The tole prof'ellion nnionit them it the breeding of intlltf^
ihev imri'ue the thatu' .n an armileiiient : their dvviiling i* in lent*, or voiirtiof fell,
wliKli they tall ^,ir, itnd the Kulliant kihitk.i. I heir elolliing i< orieiilal. Sonio
• >f their womein wear ,i lar^e (;olden rin^ in llu-ir nnllril'*. Iheir priiitipal fnoil
i\ uniinaK, tame and \yild ; with the root
1 and I
I iii-^nix of their lUlerNi
in wine I
they are very indelitaie i for even their thief^* will feed upon tattle that have diid
of dillemperor age ; fo tiiat in every hor<li the flelh-market lialh the appearaiu«>
cif a l:iy-l>all of earrion. Althou>;h they iniifume a vail i|iiaiitiiy of loud, iluy can
tndiire want for a long time without loniplaint. lioih lexct fmoke toininually ;
during the fuminer they keip lo the north, and in winter to the fouthern dtlerln.
They iliep upon felt or tarpelin^, nnd eover ihemfelven with the fume.
Tlie Kiiinlfl,iitLi'i:s fublill by hunliiij» ami filhing The thate furnilhes them
wtih fables, foxes, and other game. I'heir nets are made if the llamina of net-
tles. They foinelimes employ themfelves in building lints, forming dillerenl
wooden uttnlils, cutting wood for fuel and building, ami making bows and ar-
row* : but muth of iheir time is palled in abf.ilute idleiu Is, ami indoleni e, wliii h
are cMrtiut IViverty giM s them no toiuern ; and iiuthing but the i.ilK of hiin-
H' r tan ilrive them to the thate. They live in villagis, tonlilling ttf a I. vv fmall
hoiifts, and lituated in general near foiiic river. VN'lien a village betoiiHs too po-
pulou.s, they feparate and form a new one. They cat and drink nimi, ; but as
their food is always oild, their teeth are very fine. Uogs are their onlv donitllii
animals, upon which lluv put a high value. Some of ihiin tra\< I in Iniall tar
nages drawn by ihele animals; uimI a toinpleti- KLaintfi liailaiian ttpnpage. dogs,
hariufs, ;uid all. tolls in that toiiniry 4I. los. or near Iweniv rublis. 'I lie K.nut-
r» hadales believed the imnuirtality of the foul, bi fort they embrntttl the (ihriltian
religion.
The manners of the Sibcriduf were formerlv fo barbarous, that I'l ler the (jn at
rtioiiglit he tould not inllitt a greater puniiliment upon his lapiial eiKniies, the
Swedes, than by banilhing them tu Siberia, The etfeCt was, thai the Swedjih oiH.
ters
u
I A.
»JJ
rmt
It)).:
l.Hi-
rcr« and Milm lnir»i|iii/i| I'.iir'tnritn ufaftri and nunul'aflurf « Into the mnntry,
Mnd thcfflMr flCi)uir« (I » (ttiiiiorivlik- living In ilii« torhrn rvKion, lu long ui»<
kni>wn to r.uro|H', l<)nu- new mine* hnvi' Uicly brrn ilifutvcrrd, whit.h, upim llu'ir
iirft Dpcntnit. have yivUliHl 4^,000 |><>un«U nl tine hlvcr, faid lo hnvit bvtn nbiuitt'
vil Mill) lillTi- tlilluiill) or i'h|>eiuv kBniir(,liaikM U now conAdvrwd •• llic mod
Itorriil |>lai'i* ot cmIc hi ihtt vtill tMnpirc o|' Kullia, umt hiiltcr fonu* of the gmiiclt
iriininult arc IvMit.
Kklioion I Ihi* cflnhlillu-d rrligion of Ktilliu it that of tht* (>rrck «.hurih, iho
lom-l* of wliich urc too nnnicroni unil loniplKaiitl to U* difiullnl lu-ro, Ihf
|iii|)«'« fupromtu V ihfv iIiCinow ; mwl thonuli tluy difi luini iniuKt' worlhip, ihi'v
ntuiii ittany idoliiirniii und fup<*rUiti<»if inilonit. Ilivir clmnlui iiri- lull ol pit',
lure* uf faints wlxmi ihi'y tonlular u» nudiiiiot*. '|li> y olitcrvt' 11 nnnilior ot tiill*
and lent*, fulhat ihcv livi'hull ihfyfiir vfiy til)l>niu<»iilly ; aw intliiiition whiili ioi'ii*
Itomcly I'onvfnicnl lor lluir foil und iliniuio. IhfV have niany pki uliiir notion*
Mill) ri'Kard to tin- f.urunicntH and Trinity. 'I'hrir i)ilhopi uiul oilur cit Uliiillii*,
iliou)(li not lluir ft I iilar priclU, ur>- ol)ti^('d to olilfrvt- ulih.uy. |'oii>r the (iriMi
llu'wi'd liii proloinul kti'twlodgc of Kovcrnnunt in nothing niorc tli.ni in the n lor-
million of hi* church. I Iv doi Urod himltlt ilu- luud of lli< i hnrch ; and proforvcd
tlu' fnhordiiuitioiii of inkiropoliliinH, uri.hlnlhopt, ami l)ilhop«. lluir prulU have
no lixcd income, hut deprnd for fiililillrncc upon the Itcncvolc-nco ot llirir Hot kit
and hi-ari-r'«. Hcler, nlli-r cllahlilhing lhii« great political roformalion, left lii«
clergy in full pollellioti ot nil their idle* ceremonies ; nnr did he cut otf ihe heard*
t)( his clergy ; that iripuliiic aliempt was referved for the lute emperor, und gieatly
conlrilniled to his fatal > alallrophe. Hetore his time, an iiu rediltic niinuKT of
hull) lexen were Ihul up in convents; nor has it heen found prudent enlirelv In
iiholiih tluife fotiili.'s. Ihi-iiluiris of them, h>iv\e\tr, are now in a great nieafiire
renuivctl ; lot no male can hecoine a iiu'ik till he is tuined <>t tliir(\ 1 and no
teninle a nun, till llie is tiliv t and even then not without periniliioii ot the fiipc-
riom, Ihe prcfent emprefs has anneved ••;< tliurvh landi to the crown, und, in
ritiirn, grants penlions to the higher ileigy and lIu' monks.
The contjuefcd provinces, as alnads olilerved, ntain the r\.ii:ifc of their rcli-
cion 1 hut luch is the extent of the Kiillian empire, that many of its fiii)ie(ts are
Niahonietans, and more of tliem no heller than I'agaiis, governed liy Miamans, or
wi/ards who pretend to cure ilifeafes, to a\erl mistorUmes, and to lore-lull or con-
Iroul llie events of fulurilv. Many ill-judged atlempis have heen made to conveii
them h\ force, whuh ha\e only lendeii to conlirni them in llieir iiiti(klii\. On tin;
banks of the river .Sarpa is a lUinnlhmi; colony of .Moravian liiithren, |o \shieli the
founders have given the name of Sarepta: ihe heginning of (he fcttlcinent was in
i;6j;, with di'hnguilhed privileges from the impirial court.
I.AM.e A<iii.| The loimnon language III Uuili^^ is a mixture' of lIic I'olilli and
Silavonian: iheir prielis, and llu; nuMl Icariu d <i| ilieir clergy, make ule of wIkh
isialled modirn (ireek ; and ihey who know that language in iis pmity are at
uo lofs for underrtaniling il in its corrupted Ihilc. The Kulliaiis have at preUnt
th'ity letters, the fomis of which have a llrong reremblanee to the old (Jreek al-
pliahet.
Iaarnisc; ano i.r. vrni;ii mf.v.I The Kulli.ms forinerK made Init an ineond-
dei.ihle appearance in the 'epublii of leiurs; Imt iIh* great ei\eouiagi aunt luteh
given hy iheir fovereigns, has produced futtieieni proofs, that ihey are imt »ie(i-
cieiit in inU llectual ahililies. ihe papers exhibited be them, at tiieir aeademi-
«.al meetlng^, ha\c been t'avourably received all over luirope 1 it'peeially tliol",' thai
relate to ailionomy, the malluinatics, and natural philolophy. Ilu.' fpeeclies pro-
i.ounced by the bilhop of'ivirer, llie metropolitan of .Novo^onul, ihe Meo-ihanccl-
I<jr, and the marlhal, at the late opeiiin;^ ot the lominillion tor a new code of laws,
}i arc
'54
U
S
I
A.
me c|c,-!;ant nm! claiTicnl. Many of the Greek nnd Lntin cluflic* have been tranf-
Jarcd by ijtiiivcs into ihc Rulliiin language. 'I he clllirlii to civilize thcin did not
be''iii with IVilt tho (ireut, but were imah older. A I'lnall j;lini:iH'rinn;, like ihc
fill diiy-break, was ficii under eznr Iwiiii in thr middle ot tlie iMli century. 1 l.ii
I'l.eaiue more lonlpLtuous under Alexius Mieliaelowitz : but under I'eier it burll
turth with the fnleiidor of a riling fun, and hath euntiuued ever fii^e to alleiid tu-
wards its meridian.
Ukiversi riKs.] Three colleges were founded by Peter tlieCreat at Mofeovv;
•one forclallieal learning and pliiloi'ophy, the fecond for nialliematies, and tlie thi.d
for navigaiion and atlrononiy. To lliefe lie added a difpinfary, which is a magni.
licent building, and under the care of f(»nie able German elieniiils and apotheearii.*,
who furnilh niedieines not only to tlie army, bift all over the kingdom. 'I lie pre-
fent emprefs ellablilhed an univerlity at IVterlburgiJ, and invited ionic of the nioll
learned foreigners in every faculty, wlio are provided with good falaries ; a military
academy alio owes its origin to the fame royal patronage, where the young iiol)!-
lity and oiKeers' fonsare taught tiie art of war. It ought likewife to be mentioned
to the honour of the fame benefairtrefs, that ihe is attually employed in fomuliiiij
a numlKr of leliool;;, for the education of the lower dalles uf her fubjecls, lluougli-
out the bell inliabited parts of the empire.
Ci riKs, TOWNS, i'.\.i..\cK9,| IVtcrlhurgli naturally takesthe lead in this djvi-
ANP oiirtK luiLDiNCiS. j lion. It lies at the junction of the Neva witii the
lake Ladoga, already mentioned, in latituile 60 ; but the reader may have a better
idea of its lituativin, by being informed that it Hands on botli lldes the river Neva,
iuiwein that lake and the bottom of the Kinland gulf, in the year 1703, thiscitv
ciinlil'ted of a few fmall Hlhing liuis, on a f|)ot fo fwampv , tliat the ground was
formed into nine iliands ; by which, according to \ ollaire, its |)riiui})al (piarters
are flill divided. Without entering into a mnmte deftription of this wondertui
city, it is furiicient to f;i\ that it extends al>out fix miles every way ; and contains
every Itructure tor maj^nifieenee, the improvement of the arts, reveiuie, navigation,
war, and commerce, that tan be found in the moll cilebrated cities in l-airojie.
'J'here is a convent which deferves particul'ir notice, in which 440 young latlies
arc educated at tlie emprefs'sexpenee; 200 of them of fuperiorrank, and the others,
slaughters of citizens and Iradefmen, who, after a certain tini': allotted to tlieir
education, <iuit the convent with improve ineiits fuitable to their conditions of life,
Jind tlu>le ot the lower clafs are prefented with a fum of money as a dowrv if ihoy
niarrv, or to prvicure to thenifehes a proper livelihood. Near to this convert is a
fouiidiing holpital, aiiilhmt to that noble one eUablilh'd at Mofcow, where the
moilur may con.e to be deli\ered prixauK-, anil then, after the utn;oll attention
to her, Ihe lea\es the child to the liate, n^ a parent more capable of proiai;iiiiir ji<
we i Tare.
As relorlbutgh is th-' emporium of KuHla, the number of foreign Ihips tiadiii-r
to li in the fummev-iime is ftirpriiing. in winter, 3000 one-horfe llcdgis are iin-
j).i),i'il lor p:a]jng.-rs in liie liie.ts. it is fujipolVd that there are alnisi' i ?o,coo
i:iliabiia:;is in tins city ; and it is ornamented with tliuiv-live griat (.luinlus ; t"(,r
in it almoU ever, fee! of tne C'l.riltiaii religion i:, lol' laied. It alio contains hve
I'.liaes, t'jine of wiiich ar.- fup..ib, particularl) that which is calh'd the New
.'1 ni.n -r I ;dace, riear the . 11 impiial Port, wliieh is an elegant piece of aichiiecture.
i l'i:j mag-iinCi'iit cy is d^teiiil d o;> liial tide iie\t the lea In the lortiels of C'ron-
'iadt ; v.iiich, t nliderin.f ilu' d:;i"h ully and danger (if navigaliiig a i;ii;.;e iiii\;:|
I ifcf lliioL^h the gult ol i'iii!.i:',d, is litliieient to g;.nrj it on li;ai l.oe lidm the :;[-
.niyts oi
..'inv. ^',■,erll)ur^'!l. is ihe capital oi liie ] .I'viine 1 f Jngria, one o
lie tJiew, s c 'ii.)'.ieli> ;i ; 11 .li,' Swedes.
Co.;. ir^ -h . .Ics >iud
b"
.'liS.
in the neiyhbouihood vi lli b tiiv
'ih.
u
A.
^35
The city of Mofcow was forniorly the glory of this groat empire. It (lands on
the rivor from whciui' it takes its name in lat. 55-45, and aljout 1414. miles north-
onft of London ; and tliougli its itrtots arc not rfg(dar, it prcfcnts a very picturcfque
;iplK'aranio ; containing a number of jjardens, groves, lawns, and ftreams. Nei-
tlur Voltaire nor Bufchin give us any latisfa6iory account of this capital ; and. lit--
tie credit is to be given to the authors who divide it into regular quarters, and'
each quarter inhabited by a ditVerent order or profeilion. Bufcnin fpcaks of it as
tlie largert city in liurope ; but tliat can be only meant as to the ground it (lands
on, computed to be near 26 miles in circumference. It is generally agreed that
Mofcow contains t6oo churches and convents, and forty-three places or fquares.
niie merchants' cxchan;;e according to the iaft writer, contirins. aboui 6000 (ine
(hops, wliich difplay a vail parade of commerce, efpecially to and from China.
No city exhibits a greater contrail than Mofcow of magnificcnoe and mcanncfs in
buiidinjj. The houles of the inhabitants in general arc mifcrabic timbor booths i
but their palaces, cliurches, convents, and otiier nublic edifices, arc fpacious and
lofty. 'I'he Kremlin, or grand imperial palace, is mentioned as one of the mod
fuperb flruMures in the world ; it Ihuuls in the interior circle of the city, and at-
tains the old imperial palaces, pleafurc-houfes, and Uables, a vithialling-Houfc, tHc
jialace which formerly belonged to the patriarclr, nine cathedrals, five convents,
four parilh churches, the arfeiial, \\ itli tile public coile.jcs, and other offices. All.
the churches in the Kremlin hiac be.uitiful fpires, molt of thorn guilt, or covered'
with fdver: the architecture is ii the (iothic talle ; !)ut the inlidcs of the churche*.
are richly ornamented ; and the pifliircs of the f.ints are decorated with gold,
Hlvor, and precious Hones. Mention is made of the cathedral, which has no fewer
lliaii nine towers, covered with copper double gilt, and contains a (ilver branch
with forty-eight lights, faid tvi weii^h 2800 pounds. A volume would fcarccly
fuflice to recount I he other particulars of the nuignilicence of this great city. Its
fumptuous monuments of the ;^rcat dukes and czars, the magazine, the patriar-
chal palace, the exchequer, and chancery, are noble llructures. 'I he jewels and
ornaments of an im;;ge of the Virgin Mary, in llie Kremlin church, and its other
furnilu'c, can be ()n'\ e(jualled \<y wiiat is feeii at the fjMious iuiufeof l.oretto, in,
Italy. Mr. Voltaire fa\s, that Peter, who was atienti", ■ to every thir.g, did not
neglect Mofcow at tlie lime he was buildiii'.; IVl>Tlbu:;.;h j tor he caufed it to be-
paved, adorned it '.vith iiohji.- uli'icis, and einielud it with manuluctures.
'I"he foundlinj^ !:■ fjiital at MolVow appears to be under very judicious regula-
tions. It was toum.ed by the prelent emprels, and is fupportcd by voluntary
contrihtitions, legacii ■, and other elutri'.able endowments. It is an immcnfc pile
of building, of a (|uadvaugular lhai)e, and contains i;ooo foundlinj^s : when the
cliahlilhment is completed, it is intended to contain 8000. 'I'he grcalelt care is
taken of tlie chi!die!i, who, at the ; ^c of fourteen, have the liberty of ehoufing
any particular branch of trade ; and tor this purjioic. llrere are dill'ercnt tpecies of
manufactures elialilllhed in the hoi'pilal. W hci\ they have gone through a cer-
tain ajiprenticelhi]), or about the ai^e of twenty, they are allowed the liberty of
fetting up for themfeives: a fiun of money is bellowed upon each foundling for
that purpofv, and they are permitted U) carry (»n trade in any part of the Rudiaii
empire. This is a very contideral)!e piivilege in Rulila, where the pealants are
(laves, and cannot leave their villages without the permiiiion of their mafters.
Nothing van be faid with certainty as to the i)op'.d-.ition of Mofcow. \\
lord riirlide was aniball'ador there, in the reign of Charles 11. this city was tw>
miles in comjiafs, ami the mnn'oer of lunifes w^vs.- cou.p.ititi
Voliairc wrote, Mofcow was twei.t) miks in ci'Ci.nil'i ici et,
Aiid to ! ii'.nnt to 500,00c. ;\;r. Coxe ci iiliritiS ih'.s .icc.'.
fcteiice of ihi.. eii . , I'Ut ti inks 'ho ila'.eiiioiU ul its [)opui ■.
lien
ive
tl Ao.on-j. V\ luii
ml . , iiil.al)itar.ts.
Ill ol '.. .' eircuin
i )i. m'.;;Ji i ■■■^e-
iu.,d J
«3.«
U
s
I
rated i according to an account which was given to him by an Enslini gentleman,
wjiich he received froni the lieutenant of the police, and which nc fays may be
relied on, Mofcow contains within the ramparts 230,000 fouls, and in the adja«
cent villages 50,000.
CuRiosiTiKs.'] This aiticle affords no great entertainment, as RufTia has but
lately been admitted into the rank of civilized nations. She can, however, pro-
duce many ftupendous monuments of the public fpirit of her fovcrcigns ; parti-
cularly the canals made by Peter the Great, for the benefit of commerce. Sibe-
ria is full of old fepulchrcs nf an unknown nation, whofc indrumcnts and arms
were all made of copper. In the cabinet of natural hiilory at Petcriburgh is a
rhinoceros dug up on the banks of the river Valui, with his Ikin, and the hair
upon it perfect. The RulFians have a great palfion for the rineing of bells, which
nro always tinkling in every quarter. The great bell of MoTcow, the largell in
the world, weighs, according to Mr. Coxc, " 432,000 nounds. Its bulk is fo
enormous, that our traveller could fcarcely have given creuit to the account of it, if
ho had not examined it himfclf, and afcertaineu its dinienlions with great cxad-
iiefs. Its height is nineteen feet, its circumference at tlie bottom twenty-one
yards eleven mchcs, its greateft thicknefs twenty-three inches." It was cart in
the reign of the cmprefs Anne ; but the beam on wliich it hung being burnt, it
fell, and a large piece is broken out of it ; fo that it lately lay in a manner ufe-
lefs. Mr. Bruce, in his late Memoirs, mentions a bell at Mofcow, founded in
czar Boris's time, nineteen feet high, twenty-three in diameter, and two in thick-
nefs, that weighed 336,000 pounds. The building of Peterlburgh, and railing it
from a few filhing huts to be a populous and rich city, is an enterprifc hardly to
be paralleled lince the erettion of Alexandria in ligypt. 'Hie fortrefs of Cron-
ftadt employed, for fomc years, 300,000 men, in laymj; its foundations, and driv-
ing piles night and day ; a work which no monarch in Europe (Peter excepted)
could have executed. The plan, with a very little afllrtance from fome German
engineers, was drawn by his own hand. Equally wonderlul was the navy which
he raifed to his people, at the time when they could hardly be faid to have pof-
felTcd a lliip in any part of the globe. What is more woiulorful than all, he often
wrought in pcrfon at all thofc amazing works, with the lame alliduity as if he
had been a common labourer.
CoMMERci:.] By the furell information, the annual exports of Ruilia at pre-
fcnt amount to about 2,400,0001. and her imports do not exceed i,6oo,oool, fo
that the balance of trade is yearly Soo.oool. Iterling in her favour *.
The productions and exports of Ruilia, in general, arc many, and vcrv valuable,
viz. furs and peltry of various kinds, red leather, linen and thread, iron, copper,
fiiil-cloth, hciii}) and flax, pitch and tar, wax, honey, tallow, iling-glafs, liii-lnd
oil, pot-aih, foaj), feathers, train-oil, hogs briftles, mulk, ilniharb, and oilier
drufjs ; tiniber, ami alio raw lilk from China and Perlia. Her foreign conuiierce
is much increafed liiice her coiujuerts from Sweden, efpei ially of Livonia and In-
gria ; and (ince the eflablifliing of her new emporium of Peterlburgli, vvherebv
In r naval intercoiuTe with Europe is nuide much more (liort and ealV. 'Hie L k-
mine may be called the granary of the empire ; the bed corn, hemp, Ha\, hoiiev,
and wax, come from this fertile province, and 10,000 lujrned cattle are annually
feiit from its ualhires into Silelia and Saxony.
Ruilia carries on a commerce over land, by caravans, to China, chiefly in furs :
and tlii'V bring back from thence, tea, filk, cotton, i^old, &:e. To Boi liaria, iieiir
the river Oxus, in Tartary, Ruilia fends her own nuTchaiulize, in return tor In-
♦ btc C'oxt'i TraveU, vol. il. p. 247.
di.'in
Armv.] TI,om„ • "'"' ""■•acr on the p,
- ' '/^''4, amounted to 368,901, Vi/^' "^"''"" 6°°.'
/"• 1
400 to 450,000
lOOO.
Guards,
Cavalry,
Infantry,
Artilli-ry.
GiirriTons,
CofFacs, &c
149.8S6
29.062
87,000
36,000
-^elrSt;;- 1^ ^'^3 armed t,,, .,
<1^T;"'^'- , "'^' ^'"^ "^^'"Stl. of the Rulli , ' ,1 f '"'^'n 'I>o liLi^
''^' ^hwf harLonrs (or ,J,. ■ '^ '""^•'' '^^^ -«„„•.
""1"'"- »"•• 'Ik- ,n„ii ,,iHi • i :'■-''",^r „a- wdlarc of tl e r , ■' *"" '""^vo
tliufon
•ii^
'38
U S
I A.
chofen by the fovcrcign, had the lives and fortunes of all families at thcfr mercy {
but tliis court was fupprelVctl by Potor III.
'1 lie fyftvin of civil laws at prefent cftablirticd in Ruflla is vcrv imperfeft, and
in many inllanci-s barbarous and unjufl ; being an aHembiage of faws and rcgula<
tions drawn from muft of tin- (hues of Kurupc, ill digefted, and in many relpeHs
n.it ndapti'd to the genius of the Rullian nation. The coiuts of jullire were in
general very corrupt, and tlutfeby whom it was adniiniftered extremely ignorant ;
but the emprofs hatli lately made fome judicious regulations, and fixed a certain
falary to the office of judge, which before depended on the contributions of the
unhappy clients, and thus the poor were without hope or remedy. It is hoped
that the new code of laws, for which the hath given mflrutlions, will foon be pro-
duced, to incroafe the people's liberty, fecurily, and felicity.
'I he dirtinttions of rank form a conliderable part of tlie RufHan conilitution.
The late em|)rc(Tcs look the litlo of Autocratrix, which implies that they owed
their dignity to no earthly power. Their ancient nobility were divided into kne/cs
or knazevs, bo\ars, and vaivods. The kr>c;?es were fovercigns uj)()n their own
tdatcs, till they were reduced by the czar ; but they ftill retain the name. The
boyars were nobility under the knezes, and the vaivods were governors of pro-
vinces. Th<ifc titles, however, fo often revived the ideas of their ancient power,
that the pivfent and late emprelTes have introduced among their fubjeds the titles
of counts and princes, and the other diftintticms of nobility that are common to
the reft of Kurope.
Revenue and expences.] Nothing certain can be faid concerning the reve-
nues of this mighty empire ; but they are undoubtedly, at prefent, far fuperior to
what they were, even under I'eter the Great. The vail exertions for j)romoting
indullry, made by his fuccelfors. cfpecially her prefent imperial majelty, have
greatly added to their income, which fails little Ihort of 30,000,000 of rubles, or
nearly lix millions ilerliiig annually. Tlins computed :
C.npitalion tax, ...---
Other taxes and duties, .....
lier own cftates, with other dominions taken from the clergy,
Produce of the mines, .....
Monopoly of diftilied lifjuors, . - - .
Monopoly of fait, .....
Rl'IlLES.
8,500,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
1,500,000
4,000,000
1,800,000
a8, 800,000
According to Mr. Plefchecf's computation, publilhed in Englilh by the rev.
Mr. Smirnove, the revenues of RulFia exceed 40,000,000 rubles ; and the ex-
pences, even in time of war, are faid not to amount to 30,000,000.
llie importance of this revenue in countries to cheap, ajipears from the vail
armies maintained and paid by the late and prefent cmprefs, in (Jermany, Poland,
and elfewhere, when no part of the money returned to Rullia ; nor do we find
that they received any conliderable fublldy troni the houfes of Bourbon and
Aurtria, who, indeed, were in no condition to grant them anv. The other ex-
peiiccs, bclides the payment of the army and ii.ivy of her prefent niajelly, the
number and difci])tine of which are at leall equal to ihofe of her greatell prede-
ceflors, is very confidcrable. IJy the peace ellablilhment in 1778, the regular
troo|)s amounted to about 130,000 eflettive men. 'I he irregular troops are nume-
rous, but conlilt of horfe, and of this defultoiy body the corj)s ot ColFacs are
cdecmed the niofl excellent. Her court is elegant and magnificent, her guardir
and alteiidauts fplcudid, and the cncouxagemcut the gives to learning, the im-
provement
u
I
A.
«39
prftvement of the arts, and ufcful difcovcrics, coft her vaft fums, cxclufivc of her
ortliiiaiy cxponcos ot ilato.
Some «)f the KulViaii revenues arifc from monopolies, which arc often ncccffary
hi the infancy of commerce. 'ITic moll lutzardous cntcrprifc undertaken by Peter
the Ctreat waH his imitating the conduct of licnry the V'lllth of Kngland in feiz-
ing tlie revenues of the church. He found that good policy required the greatefl
Part of them to be reQored, which was accordingly done i hit great aim being to
bridge the patriarch's power.
The Kullian armies are raifed at little orno expencc; and, while in their own
country, fuhlill chicHy on provilions furnilhed them by the country people, accord-
ing to their internal valuation. 'I'he pay of a foldicr fcarcely amounts to 30 IhiU
lings yearly ; in garrifon ho receives only five rubles yearly. A failor and a gun-
ner receives a ruble a month, and they arc fupplied with provilions when a-fliore,
Urdkrs.] The order of St. Aiulreiv, or the blue ribband, was inAituted hy
Peter the Great in 1698, to animate his nobles and oificers in the wars aguinil the
Turks. He chofe St. Andrew for his patron, becaufe by tradition ho was thv!
founder of chrilUunity in the country. The badge is the image of St. Andrew on
the crofs, enamelled on an imperial eagle. The order of St. Alexander Nezvjki *,
or the red ribband, was alfo intlitutcd by Peter the Great, and confirmed by the
cmprefs Catherine I. in the year 1725: the enfign of the order is a crofs pattee
enamelled red, and edged with gold; the centre enamelled white, and thereon
St. Alexander on horfeback. The order of St. Catherine was inftitutcd by Peter
the (treat, in honour of his emprefs for her allidancc on the Banks of the Prutl.
He declared her fovereign of it, and though both fexes were firrt admitted, yet it
is now appropriated to tne fair alone, and perfons of the tirll diftintlion in Eu-
rope : the badge is a medallion enriched with diamonds and charg^-d with the
image of St. Catherine, pendant to a broad white ribband worn iiilhwile over
the right Ihoulder: on the left fide of the (lomacher is embroidered a filver liar of
three points, on the centre of which is a crofs. '1 lie order of St. George, inlli-
tuted in 1769 bv the prefent cmprefs Catherine II. in favour of the military oth-
cers in her fervice. The badge is a golden crofs enamelled white, on the centre
of which is a medallion with the figure of St. George killing the Dragon : this is
worn pendant to a black ribband ttripcd and edged with yellow. The order is
divided into four clalfes -, the firft is confined to commanders in chief, llie order
of St. If'o/eJemir was inllituted about October 3d, 1782, by the emprefs, in favour
of thofe who fcrve her in a civil capacity, and nearlv on the fame footing with the
order of St. George: there are ten great crofles of it, twenty of the fecond clafs,
thirty of the third, and fixty of the fourth, belides a fifth clafs for thofe who have
ferved in a civil employment 35 years, which entitles them to wear it. 'Hie order
of vSt. //;;«(• of Holllein, in memory of Anne, daughter of Peter the Great, was
introdiued into KulVui by Peter HI. and is in the difpofal of the grent-dukc, as
fovereign of Holllein.
liisioRY.] It is evident, both from ancient hiilory and modern difcoverics,
tliat fonie of the worll partv. of the Rullian empire at prefent wore formerly rich
aiul populous. The reader who throws his eyes on a general map of liuropc and
Afia, may fee the advantages of their lituation, and their commiuiication by rivers
with the Bl.ick Sea, and the richell provinces in the Roman and Greek empires.
In later times, the Allatic part of Rullia bordered with Saniarcand in Tartary,once
the capital under Jenghis K.;in and Tamerlane, of a far more extenfivc empire than
any nientionetl in hitlory ; and nothing is more certain than that the conquell of
• .Alexanilrr, frin of the ercaf-iliike Yarofl.if, den with his own hand, on the banks of the Xeva ;
wasol dilliiig\illlieil ;ib'illtits i lu iliit.ital the 'I'ar-
tar^, Sweden, in., and wouiidid the king ot'Swc-
fron> wiicnte his appellation ot Ncwlki ; he died
in 1262.
r i Ruu:i
{J
I A.
140 n
RiilTia \Vh> nfrionti; iTic lart nVrvMYi]Vti rt^ach- by iVir fornuT <rf' iliofi* prfnfCM. TTii*
rlirnniiks of tiii> i'iii|)ii\', wliiili ivni li iio lii.;lur tli;irt thi' ()\h iriitiiry, (hv ihiit
Kio'.ia and Novnijorod wv'i'i- touivlid In Kii in tlic M-xr 4^(5. 'Iliis Kii is bv fniiu"
ci',i(iili.''rril as fin arttrciit jji^'iUo, \\W\}v oiIuts iY<i''nii<iii liii^ ns a hmpir hoarmwi,
wTio iili'd 'to tranfport (^umiIs find iiallViv^iTS nn'oCs tin- NiipiT. ri>r ft Inrvj; timi*
til.' iViiif (rr I'lhlvV lifif'l \\w' fi'ilc <Y ftrarid-diikc of Ktow. Wi- »'anivit, with thi-
finaHift df'jiw <<t' prnli.'il'ii'Fi't), rii'm (liirr i'oi>ioirin\"i, willi rcjiftrd fn tho liirtory of
Riitiia, liijjIuT tliau t!u' iiiiiodiictinn of C"liriiHanii\ , whicli liftpprtv'd nl^oitt thi'
ti'iiih
ciMititr
Svlirn n piitu'i'fs (if this'iiiiint'r\ , cnllod Ollia, is faid 10 ha'.'f I
i('«-ii
livptlz.'d at C'diiftanlinopli'. hrtd fi'fiifi-d tfn'hand of fhi-Ciri'i-k rmpocc*!-, Jolui /imif
I'l >, in marrta'ji*. This haVirtrtts 'fur the 'Riitliaus adrtptinir llio fircrk i'i-J!,';ioii nn<l
afpi;al)rt. Th'itins, tilt.' faiiiniis (Jivik patriarch, T'lit pri>-(is f.) haptixi- tin-
Riilliaiis, wlio \VvMV fur foi^r timi fiil)ii.'ct to tlic foi' of Cniiftarrrinopli ; i)iit fhe
Criik patiiarc-Iis afti-nvards rcli^tii'd all tin ir aiilliority over liif Uiiilian I'liunli ;
ii'id its billicins iTi'iU'd iluTnTi-lvis into patriJin'tis, who \\vre In n iTitinni-r itvU--
pv'nd.Mit (if tm- rivil pnwor. I'nfd tho yctir 14511, th<' princes of'Kiiflia were hut
wry liltic conlidcrcd, h,-if)"; ilijcr'ly I'lihicit and trihiitary to the 'l'ait;iiN. It was
idioiit thi. llnu', that John, or Iwaii I'alilides, t oncjiKTcd th • 'I'artars, and, anfofiir
others, the duke of (Jreat Ndvu^nrod, from whoKi he is fiiid to have carried 500
cart-load-; of ^'ild and liKer. His proipernus reii,'n, of above 40 years, gave a
new afp^'it to Riilila
11
IS irraiK
if 11, the famous John 'Rafdowitz 11. h
:nMi|l
clettnM his coiinfrv of fh
intriuliii;; 'I'.irlnrs, fiibdiied the kiinjdoins of ktifan !nid Alhaean 'I'arfary, in Alia,
and anncNi'd theni to the Kulhan dominions. He jjavetoliis fnbjeels the tirll code
of laws, introduced prinfiu:;, and promoted commerce. I?y his cruelty, however,
lie nl)li;;ed the inhabitants of fonn- of his lined provinces, particularly l.ivoiiia and
I'.llliiuiia. to iiirow themtelves under the protection of the I'oles niul Swedes. Hc-
f ire the time of this John II. the foverei!»n of Kiitiia took the title of NN'elike KnoX,
" ,!^reat prinei-," qreat lord, or ;^reat ihii't'; whieli tlie C'hrifiian nations afterwards
reiiderec
1)^ tl
la
t ot q;
rea
t-dnk
Tlie title of Tzar, or, as We call it, Czar, (tin
e\|);ellliMi which in t!;e .Silasoniaii !:in;;iiaf;i-, (ij^nilies hw^), was ailded to that of
the Kiililan fovereii^ns. I pon the death of John Halilowitz, in i v'>4. the Rullian
territories were laid walle bv civil wars. The lali monarch left two )
ons.
Ih
en-
dure and Denutrius. Theodore fiieeeeded his father on the throne; and at the
inlti;;ation of Moris, his |>rinie minilKr, ordered his brother Demetrius to be iiiiir-
dered. lie himfelf died foon after; and l^iris, thoiij^h fufpeoted of |)oilbiiin!^ his
mall.
•r, w;
iiroclamu'
d k
111'
Meanv.liiii' a \ounu m;in
i'P
ean-d in l.itlman
la.
tind^T the name and character of the prince Demetrius, pii'tendin:.^ that he had
cleaped out of the hands of the aHaliins. Aliilied by a Polilh army, he entered
Miifeow in i^'o;, and was jtroelaimed czar without ojipofition ; the mother and
Tin of IJoris, who was now dead, heinj^ diM!^<;ed to prifon by tlie poiv,t!;u e. 'I he
ra;^e of til, it po])ulai r was loon turned a';ai;ilt Drinetrius. fie \\;is liain 0:1 his
marriage day, together wiili mod of his I'tdiih attendants, who had rendered him
oImionIo 1:; to the Kiilli;iiis. .\ body, faid to be his, was cxpofed to puhlii- view,
and Zuiki, a nobleman who had fomented the inbirrection, was (kelared his I'ln.-
celliir. lint fearce was ZuIki ffateil nn the throne, when a liiond Demelri
made his app.aranc'
us
rt
d alter lis death, a third. Poland and .Sweden took pa
ill the cpip.rrel. Zulki was delivered up to the i'oles, and Demetrius was niafia-
tred by the Tartars. Mnt a fo\nih, and cvni a tilth Demetrius ajijiearul ; and
Kiiiiia, dming tht'le ftn!;^i!;lis, was rej)eatcdly ravaged by opp'.lite tatii.r,, and
fi'rei..;n tro'ip,. At len^^ili .Mieiiael Tl;e(n!orow
it/, fo
IMl
on ot Koiiianuw hilli(i[) ol
li,.r,
w, a'li
rwanls paniardi, rv lated b. females to ihe czar John Ikililowiiz, w.is
r.il, 1 t I ihe ihron. , a, id -.jovi-rneil w.tli griat j
idl
I anilliiccc
1^. I ie deflated
(it II
ilt of
w {\v
mur-
U
r
141
the Polo*, aud fuc-cifufully rclillocl tin- lUiimx wlikli n hroilur of (juflavus ;
11I1UH ot SiyoiU'ii 4nu<U- iw tlu- llimno. 'i he ilaiuu of tliic Svv\-(K"i tiiul IV.li s upon
vtiliiu o{inrnim>d 11 *'iir lx-l\viiii lliolV luo poupic, wliiili ^^wr Miili;u| ;i ImMili-
iivi;-iiiiK' ; flnil In- hwkIi' iilV t*! \t li»r live IxiidU of Iuk fuim-cis. Siiiui afti 1 ilic
iliviion of Miil*H(l, JiiiMKs 1. ol J',inf;liin(J d-nt, :ii Jiis invitiUKiii, lir John Mc)iick,
its hik aml>:illad*,n' to Uutlia, upon foiui.- coiiinacrLid ui]'aiis, uiid to iviluim u icr-
tiiin fuiii of nuMU-y which Jarao h:ul a(lviUK.i-<l to Michucl or liis pi'L'dci.c'(1'orii.
'J Ik- I'.ii^likli I'oiiri, howivcr, wjis to i^noniut of tlu' aflairi of that loujitry, tliuiiuh
ii liiMVitiii tiin^paity hud licvii i'tluUUd)0(l ui J^)it(li.ia, tliut Juuu'.s \\a.s aciually uit-
aivtniiinti'd v^iil) ihf 1 /ar'h t^ann.' und titU-, tor he f^avc him no otlicr dtxiumina-
lioii t))ati th.it ol jt(ivut<duLt.- iiiid lord ikf Hulfia. 1 hnc yairs alur, Janus ur.d
iVIicliiK-l huiume inmi) hdtor tu'i^uuiiUod ; and the latter conc-lud(.>d u coiunurcial
trialv vsilh I'lHi^liind, whitli lluwh liini to have ln'on not only well aci|nainit:d with
llu- inionllb ol his own Uil)ji.!tlh, l>ul wiili iIk' huv and ufamos of natiyns. I h-
n i);ni'«l thill) -ihii'i- yviiiti ; und, Ivv Ills wifdoin ami ihw' milchul's of hi> eiiaracUr,
111' ri'lh)rcd onl'i- and trunquiUiiy to hix ('iil>ii.cts. Miihad's uittntiun to luarrv !)-•-
iiij; Ivitowu, the moll ci'libratvd liciuui>s of his doniinions wcro Wnt for to toui'l,
jind Ukiv iiiliTtuiiu'd, 'Ihi-y wcro siliicd by tho izar, and the moll luatjnilicvnt nup-
tial pri'pnitioiis \MTi' niiidc, before the happv ladv wns declared, l)y lci)dia|[; to her
inuxiiiliuent j'wels, and a wedding lobe. i he rcil ot tin. landiil.ites v\freth,n dlf-
niilled to their tevoial htinies, witli I'uilabk prefents. 'I'lie name of liie iaily'.sf.uher,
\\h»i pleafed Miehaoi as StrelVhiieii ; and lu- was ploui;liii\g his imn t'arni when it
as anno\n\eed lo him, that he was fallier-in-iaw to \\k c.'.ar
Alesins fnei
■did liis lather Mii hael, and wa.i
mat
ri.,d in tlic f:
line manner.
ow,
He appeals lo ii.ivi' In en a prime of (^Teat Renins, lie recoM.reil Snuninlko, ki
and the I kniine ; bnt was nntortnnate in his war.-, with tlie Swede.^. \\ h^n tlie
f^rand l):;nior, Mahomet IV. hanj^htiU dumanded fonu poilefliuns from liint in the
I kr:>iiie, his anfwer was, " thni he lenneil to fid)mii lo a Mahomeian <Ii'^. and
liiat ins l'e\niilar was .'is ^ooil as liie giand lij^ni»)r"s l.ihie." I le promoled e.j^iii iii-
tine ; introthieed into his entpiiv arts and icienees, of whieii he w.is liimfelf a
lo\er ; pnblilhed a lode of laws, fonie of wliieli are lUII nfed in the adminiilration
of jnliiee ; and {greatly improved his army by improviaj^ its difeipline, 'I Ins he
elVecte<l eliiellv In tlie lielp of lUan>;ers, moll of whom were .Seoleli. lie cnlii-
\aled a |)nliie eoi refpondeneo wilh the o'.lier |)owers ol l^nrope ; and even will)
I lli>
Ins anu)allailurs n
lot to kits liu' pope's t(
ilu' eonrt ol Konie, tiioiij>h he ori'.ei
III' fnbdued a ehief of the Don Coll'acs, named htenko Ralin, who eiidcavonrcd to
make iiinifelf king of Allracan ; ami the rebel, with i.'..oco of his adllerelU.^,
was liaiii^ed on llie liif;li rojid. lie introduced linen and hlk i<;;nnilavluri s int'>
his doininiifns : and inlti'ad ol pntlin;.; loilealh, or enilaviii;; his l.itluiai.ian, roli:!i,
ami 'lariarian prifonoii, he feiil tliein to people the banks of the V\ oI^m a.ul tlie
Kama. 'Ilieodoie fiueeeded his lallur Alexins in iO()7. lie was of a gentle dil-
polition, .Tiul weak cnntiilniion ; lond of pomp and maj;nilieenee ; and. in {^ratif
nr.; this |)ropenliiv, contribntnl to polilli his fniiiecl.-, I)\ the inlrudnciiun oi 1
rei_t;n manutacinres, ami anieles ot i'le<!;am
I le d.'li'dned inuili in liorU
an
he rendered a roal I'ervici to his conniry in the be;^iiinini;aiul efiabliiliin:^ \erv tire
lireeds of thini in the Lkraine. and elfewliere. He rei^^netl fesen yeais, ami liav-
iiij; on his death-hed called his boynr-. ronnd him, in tlie prefence of his brother
ilti r. Iwaii ami .Sophia, am
d of IVier, who was allerwaids fo ccKbrated, and
who was his ha
if-
.)ru
ther, aceoMliiur to N'ohaire, he laid to them. " Hear nu lait
fentiments ; thev are divtated b\ mv inve lor the Itaie, and bv mv afleirlion for in\
peop
u mi
'I he bodilv inlirmilies ot Iwan necelV.nilv mnit allect his men
lal t:
eui
le IS meapable ot inlint;
■ dominion like that of Unil'a ; he camioi lake it
reeoiiinu
d to sou to let Inm a.i.l
;ul l.i let vniirapi'r.ih.uinii i.dl on
I'eUv.
-^v
141
u s
r
A.
IVtcr, who to n rolnift conftitution join* great ftrcnglli of minH, nnd tnnrVn of n
fii|)pru>r iitulirrtaiiding." Uiit thii wife ddliimtion extremely otrt-iuk'd the priiuef*
Sopliiii.who Wi\H H wonmnofgrciit nml»itio», and who, »fter the drnlh of I hemiorc
t'ouiul moam to cxiitc ii horrible fcdition among the Stn-lit/eH, who then formed
llie llanding nrmy of Kulliu. 'Ihcir excefl'e» furnnll'ed all defeription. 'I he city
tif Mofcow iiiulerweiit a general pillage and maltaire for three days. At laft, by
tt compromifc between the two partiest, Iwan and Peter were declared joini-fove-
rcigni, May i8, 1682 -, but as one wan judged incapable of governing, and
Peter was oiily ten years old, the adminillration was veiled in their liDer, wno was
of popular manners ..nd great abilities. However Voltaire and other aulhort may
have blackened Sophia's character, it is now evident, from Muller and other good
authorities •, that Ihe was a |)rincefs of great merit, and by no means deferving of
the reproaches call upon her: her adminillration was wife and vigilant, nnd nuich
totlie advantage of her country. She re|H)fed much confidence in prince Halil (ia-
litzin, a conluinmate politician. Piter, as he advanced in years, being encouraged
by his mother and her adherents, claimed a Ihare in the adminillration, and took bin
feat in the privy council, Jan. 25, 1688. Krom this period dillenlions arofe be-
tween them, and the afi)iring genius of Peter nc(|uired the afcendency. Under
the |)retence of a confpiracy agnini) his life, he arrelled his filler, and imprifoned
lier fur life in the nunnery of iJeviiz. (iaiit/in's life was fparcd, but his great
cdate wiis confilcated ; and the following curious fentence pronounced as his
punilhinent : " Thou art commanded by tlu; moll clenjent czar to repair to Kar-
gn, a town uiuler the pole, and there to continue the renuiinder of thy days. His
niajelly, out of his extreme goodnefs, allows thee three pence |)cr day for thy full-
filKnce." He died in prilon at Poollork in 171.1. This left Peter with no other
competitor, in the year 1689, than tlie mild and eafy Iwan, and upim his death,
\vliicli happened in 1696, Peter reigned alone, and cruelly provided tor his own
future fecurity by the execution of above 3000 Strelitzcs, and at the fame time
broke the whole body, and aboliilied their name.
Peter, though he had been but very inditferently educated, aflociated himfelfwitit
the Germans and I3vitch ;with the former for the fiike of their manufa6lures, which
he early introduced into his dominions; and with the latter for their Ikill in navigation,
which he pratlifedhimfelf I lis inclination for the arts was encouraged by his favourite
Ix I'ort, a Piedmontefe ; and general Gordon, a Scotchman, difciphned the czar's own
regiment, conlilling of 5000 foreigners; while Le Tort raifed a regiment of 12,000,
among wliom he introduced the Kreiichand German excrcifes of arms, with a view
of cmj)loying them in curbing the infolence of the Strelitzes. Peter, after this, be-
gan his travels ; leaving his military affairs in the hands of (iordon. Me fet out
us an atteiulant upon liis own ambaifadors ; and his adventures in Holland and
Knglaiul, and oilier courts, are too numerous and too well known to be inferted
lure. Hy working as a common Ihip-carpenter at Deplford and Saardam, he com-
pleted hiinfelf ill lliip-huilding and navigation ; and through the excellent difcipline
introduced among his troops by the foreigners, he not only over-iiwed or crullied all
civil iiiliirretlioiis, but all his i iiemies on this (ide of Alia ; and at Kill he extermi-
nated, except two feeble regiments, the whole of the Strelit/cs. He rofe gradually
through every rank and fervice both by fea and land ; and the many defeats which
he received, cfpecially that from C'harli s \ll. at Narva, feemcd onlv to enlarge
liis ambition. The battles he loll added experience to his couraj^e ; and the
generous fViendlhip lie lliewed to Aui^iilhis, king of Poland, both Intore and after
iiv w»ib dethroned by the kin^ of Sweden, redounds greatly to his honour. Having
* Co.u'b Travel-, 410. vol. i.^, 395 to 418.
no
u
I
»4J
IllKil all
l\ttrini-
ladiiallv
which
.•niar^o
\m\ the
\{\ aftrr
llavii)g
r.u
no rcffnrtl (i>r rank whon fcparnfc fmm merit, he, in 1711, mnrricil riiihorinc, n
yoiiD^ l.ithuaniun wuiiian, wiio hud boiii lH-triiih>.«l to a Swi-dilh (lrii^;iK>n at Ma*
ricnhur/; (icncrnl Bnui-r, talcitiu iliat place in 1701, wni I'niittcn with her, and
look hor to hi'i iioufi*. Nhc wni Um»\ removed nilo the family ot the prince Men-
/ikiitr, with whom Ihc lived till 1 704, when in the 1 7th year of her a^o ilie hecaniu
(lie millrcfit of Peter, and then hin w ifc ; becaufe, utter 1. long cohuhittlioii, he found
her polfeired of a foul formed to execute hin plans, am' lo allili hit counciit. Cu-
tlittinie wast fo much a fltaii^^er 10 her own country, that her hulhand aftirwnrdi
difcovered her brother, who ferv>d us a common loldier in his armiei. liul mili-
tary and naval triumphi, which fucceeded one another after the battlo of Fulto-
wfl, in 1709, with ChitrlcH XII, wire not the chief glories of Peter's reign. He
npplied himfclf with e(|ual alliduily to the cultivation of commerce, arts, and
fciences ( and upon the whole, he made fuch acouilitiuns of dominion, even in
Kurope itfelf, that he mav be faid, at the time of nil death, which happened itu
Januat-y, 17151 to have beeit the greatcA prir.ce of bin age, but mure feared
than beloved by his fubjeds.
Peter the CIreat was unfortunate in his elded fon, who was called the Czarowitz,
and who, marrying without hisconfent, entered, u» his father alledged, into fomc
dangerous practices againii his perfon and government ; for which he \v<i t tried
and condemned to dealli. Under a fovereign fo defpt)tic as Peter was, we cm
iay nothing as to the julUce of the charge, lie ptiblicly treated him with iiilm-
num ferocity, and it was undoubtedly Ins will, tnat the young prince llioulil hu
found guilty. 'The moll urobable opinion is that he was fecivtiy e\<;ciifed in
prilon, and that mnrlhal Weyde was the perfon who beheailcd him. Alter fhia
event, in 1724, Peter ordered his wife Catharine to be crowned, with tlie fame
magnificent ceremonies as if Ihe had been a (ireek cmj)refs, and this was the prin-
t ipal caufe of her fiibfe«|uent elevation. I'or jiill beloii- hi;, death he (lift ovcrcd
a fecret coimettion between her and her tiill ( liamluilain Mons. lie furprifed
lliem together in an arbour of the gardi n, whin Ih iking luruiih his cane, as well
.'i; the page, who would have prevented him from enteiing ihe arbour, he retired
without uttering a (in^ile word. Hut prefently Mons was taken up, and being
tlireatened with the torture, confelled, and wai beheailed. The day alter the e\i-
cution Peter lonveved Catharine in an open carriiige under the gailow'i, to wliieU
the head of Mons was nailed. It is laid, that the emprefs without changing colour
ill this dreadful tight, exclaimed, " VV hat a pity ! tliat there is fo much corruption
iuiiong courtiers! " I his event was loon followed by Peter's death, who prol)iil)K'
bad dellined his eldell daughter Anne lo be his fuceellor, but tlie fuilileniurs (if
bis ileath prevented it ; and fome o( the nobles and otlicers being gained by !ni>iie\ ,
jewels, and pronnfes, and tin: two regiments of guards by a largefs, Catharine
mounted the Kullian throne. She was in lur perlon under the middle li/e, and
pollelled abilities not above mediocrity, llie could neither read nor v rite ; her
daugliter IJi/abeth ufually ligned her name for her, and particularly that atlised
t<» her lall will and tellament. During her lliort reign, ot two years, wliich inav
rather be conlidered as the reign of MenzikolF, her life was verv irregular. An
intemperate ufe of tokay wine, joined to a cancer and dropfy, hallcncd lier end i.n
the 17111 of May, 1727. Mie was fucceeded b\ Peter 11. a minor, Ion to the
C"/arowit/. Many dontellic revolutions happened in Rullia diui.ig the ihert reign
of this prince ; but none was more remarkable than the dilgriicc and- c.\L!c of.
l)rincc Men^ikotl. Peter lUed of the fin.ill-pox in 17.1O.
Notvvithllandii.g the defpotifin of Peter and his wile, the i\uHian fenate and no-
bility, u|)on the death of i'eter II. ventured to fet alide the order of fucceliion.
which they had cllablilhed. The male illue of Peter was now extinguilhed ; and'
the duke of Hohlcin, fon to his eldell daughter, was, by the dctlination of the
4 lute
«4+
W U
r
lute emprs'^, entWtml to ihf crown i lint ihr RuH'mii*. lor poHiiral reof<»ni», (ill •<!
llu'ir ihriMii' fvilli Annr, cluuhrl'i of Coiirliutti, tixuiui iiuiiK>)ti r to Iwuir IVtcr't
i'l<l''H hroiluTi though lirr cltUll Irtt^r. ihi- dm hrts ot Met kKi)l<tirgh, WM ulivt*.
Ilt'r riiKii M»'« ■ Htrt'iiu'lv profpcromt; miiJ thuuKh ikic >>> trpli ikot iIk- trown iiotlt'r
liiiiilntidiH |l,iit I'oiiK- llutu^lit dk-rik^niiiry tn lur «li^r y, yci, \>y llic .illilinitci* ot
|(k' gitnrdt. l)u' l>roki- tlirnt aW. nml ullrrtiil tlw pn'rugtitivc ul'hor luicrllorii. Sho
r;i!f»-il \wr fiiMturiti- Hirun lo ilio dmhy «'> Conrlaml, uii«l >{.ivi \v:iy l'» »nniiy fiin«
g»iiinry intMltiri-i niul i'im n- oNiVtMiotu mi tiit un oditt, I pnn Iut doaifi, ro 1740,
J'lliit, iIk* lull ol lv»r iilni', the priiMcri ol \U( klnil)iirgh, l)y iVnthon. I'lru nt'
liriitit'M it. VVoirciibiittc'l, v^'iM, by hrr y^t\\, nititltil to tin liuicliioni hut Ikidk ho
iHoro ihnn l^vn ycnrt old, Hirott wut np|iN>irtird lo l>c adniioiHiniiH* ol' titi- • mpiri*
dtirini; Ills iiitiini;«v Tlti^ di'lliiiafion \\if\ ililiiKn'rablc lo live prinnTn ol' Vli'i \li'n-
hiirifli mill lur hiill>:iiT(l, iiitd unpo|iiilur :iini)i)f{ tin* KiiiliniiK lotmi Miiiiit b whh
i;i,»pl(ivi*(l \>\ llu- priiu\'l"» ol' Mi'iklrnhiir^h lo iirrcH Uiron, who wa . liud, aiul
vniuU-mncU to ilir, but was \\t\t into txilc to Siln-ria, wIh-iv br contiiuifd till
|\ti'r III. riTitlK'il hint, niul CulliariiK* rillon-il him to thi' dm by or (!oorl;ii)d.
'Ihf luliiiinlfnitifHi nMh.- priiui-u Annr ol' Mi « klcnburj^h iiiMl her liiilbio\d \v;u
upon mans Jiicouiits, but partiivilnrly that ol iicr (Inmaii » oimcc lions, ibl'iij^n'i-
lihlc, not only to the Kiiliiiin-<, but to nllK-r po\ti-r>i ot l''.iitop>' , and nnt\>itbliand-
ih^ \wr prol'iH-roiit war \\itli ;l',r Sv.viti s, iIk- piincffs l.li/abitli, daii'^hti-r, by C'a^
lliaiJiK', to IVtvr the (»r«.at, I'ormcd Imb n pnrty, thnt iti one ni(;ht\ ti:n.- Ihc whh
r.ic!ui*ni'd ftnpnt* ol' all tlu* Knlliat; and the princcli ol MctkKnbiirijb, her
nil
limn
aiu
1 I
m, wiTi* niadi- prilomis.
l'.li/ab^'tli'> rfij,'n may bf I'uid to Jia\i- hi on ninrr j^lorion* thin that ol .my ol
\wr pri'ilccolll)rs, hiT I'aUur c\ii'pti'<i. .She alioliiliid tapifiil piiniihiin ni> ; and
hiirodia't.-(l into rII ci\il and niilitnry priKi-cdin^'* a niodiratinn, till lu-r time im-
known in Riitlia. Count Mnnicb w.i- ronliiud at IVIin in Siluria, in a |>rir<'n,
\vlii>.h !)\ liis iiiiUr was oncted lur Ibruii ; \n- bad a daily alluyyancc ol 1 is. t'ur
Ivnili
ii wit'v, and a Kw I'lTyants. Atli-r 21 \eais iiupriiiinn
I n
t h
I' was ro-
ll ah'd and iiliun-d to hit aniimt rank by IVti-r til. in 1702, .ind tliid in 176;,
ii;;hly-thrcc yoars old. Thi- « hiof dil'i^rat v- ol" Kli/Mbcth'H n-ij^n, was tlu' pnnilb-
m.nt ol' iho coiinttii'is IJilhii licit •ind l.apiichin ; oaih rvcciviil ^o llrokis nl tin"
k'luil In tlu- open bpiarr ot' IVtnlbiir^;li, ilirir lonnni-s yyoro cut out, and tlu-y wrn-
banillkd inlu Siluria. I bo rral t rinu' ut' tin.' I;ill \* as Ikt commfntiiifj too Iri-ilv on
thi" omprol's's amours. Ilayini; ^Inrionlls tiiiillud llu' war with .Swi'di'ii, Kli/aiji'ih
n-placid tlu- natural ortiir ot i'm-celliou in lu-r own I'amilv, by declaring lur hi-ir
tbc duki' ot I lollKiii (idtturp, who \va. di iViMuU'd t'roin her cidi il liltir. .She fjaye
iiiin til'- litio ot j;rand-dul.< ot Ruliin : ami I'uon alur lur .uirlli<n to tlu throiu-,
llu- calk'd liim to Iut cuuii, wlure ho riiuunHi'd tlu- liuccriiiiii to ilu- iiuwii ot'
^\\el!■.•n, yvhii h uiuloubu'diy bi'l(Hi;;i'd to him, ombratvd the (iroek ri'lij;ion, and
married a princel* of Aahult-Zerblt, by whom he had u Ion, who is now heir t«»
the Rullian empire. \\v; printes have bad a more nninkirupled career ot' ^lorv
li/.ilu
!h. M
le \y.i» eoiiipli lely yu'loriuus om
the .Syeeik
Her
alliaiue
v.iu cotiriid by (jieal Hrilain, at llie expenn i^i u larm' l"i,l>li(lv ; but niiiu poli-
tical and I'omc prisate n-.it'ons, it is laid, deterniiiied lur to take part uiih tlie
Jioul'e ot" Aullria a;;ainll the kins; ol I'ruliia in 17^6. Her arm-. f;.ive a luin to tlic
I'ueiefs of the war, noi\yilh!t;miling that monarch's amaxin'; abiliiies b.,ih in the
Ik 111 and cabinet. Hi r inMipult-. were
fuch
porii
did ih
le eiilire deltriiclion of
llu rnillian power, which y\.iN, jierhups, fayed only by her criiieal death, on Ja-
nuary ^, i7()i.
Klizabclhwas fuceeed.il by Peter III. Kraiul-dnke of Riillia. and duke ol' Hol-
em, a Dnnre wli
euiidii. t has In en N;irii>tdlv r.
.•tinted I le n\f)untrd tli
tli.uiic policlfcd y] an i .ahulialtic admirutioii toe lii» I'rulliaii m;«ji li\ 's yirlues; to
whom
u
1
Ui
Mhi>tn ]\f ({onrfmifly unvf ju'iicc, nnd whofc |trim iplcs ninl prn^ici*^ l«r f. cmnl id
li.iw uiiopti-d lu llu* oirr*t<iric»uf hinfmiin- rcittii. .Vvoriil luUitiir/ ri-uulalUmi WiUif
niuiK' during (lit lliorl (l<)n)inii>n, mid hi' ;dH)lil1ud luutiy itrcrouutiu^ ihut wvtv
rippri llivt' and lyrnnimiil. hut lu' r<>oti iniintnl llu- ginrrid (mIiiiiu l)y liii» pulilie
ciinii-m|>t (it the Knllinti nnuuxri* Mnd rcliifinn. Ho luixltl Imvi' riirtniiunUd llii- ci-
ftftt <>l' mnM) |H'tidi«rili«s, un|M>pulnr ii<t llu y wi lo, Inii ho uinu-d iil i v.( IcliullicHi
ri'ti»rmali>in> n> llii d<nniiiiMH». \\ huh IVtir lli< (Jroiit diird nut nttimpi, Hndh^-iw !i
\> hlim-d Id i ul oil tin- l>«-iird« i>t hit i Icr^'y. ii is alio alliilmid, ihtit \w had |i>rtiii>tl
a rdohitiiMi to dcllrny both lii% onipn-r* and h< r Um, and iho advoi iitr» i>| IViir ilti'
'third atki)>mlc(i|ir, (hut h>- had nfidvcd to Ihni iiplii» wilo in amnviiit, or raiiic-r
in tho torlrol. ot'.VhlulUII tir^, un<l thon lo ithuc hl^ nudrffi, iho ii)iniK'(\ id V ih
ron/t'J, iipiin iho thnnuv khv- iMiuli'iii dI \\in «Uli^iis was priM-nlnl hv nniiln nil
^itural toiilpirat V
tnrriK'd auainlk hiin, in whiih tl
\i- oinpuU fouk n viTv aciivo
pan; and ihii indortunalr prnito liarniy know an intiiv.il IkIwoimi ihc lulu t.t' lit«
tKiwn and hit htv\ ol' whii li ho \\u% di privod, wldlo undor uti ignmniniout t'tntino-
inmt at Knhfih.!, in Jui\, 17O1. Ili^ wito ('alh.irino ll. \va« pruilainKd oinptol
iho ni'ill rt'i)iaikai>lo dm
Iwan, fun to iho piintoU n
(iuno inlD iho world wax d
1)1 Kullin, at'tor tho doath ot' I
ruivaniomont oMiu I'lnpril!!
in tho oalllo ol Si hhiiroiUnri;
iodic
mil
» Mo<
kloii
limned, th
■
lit >{r<
ill Ul
i'.li/a
lulh
iindor
a llr
rrvnio oi hor i> inn it tho di.nh ot priiui.?
Iiiirj{h. I his yoiiiin primo, a» (nun a« in-
ouj;h illi;;ali\, In \M.tr iho iniporial oru-.vii
int, iho otuprofi \niia Iwaiiona; hut iiy tho
, ho was loiuloiniiod to had an ohiVnro Jit'o
ron^ ^l1ard, who had pariioular orders, tiiai
it am porton, or ans arnu d torto, was i niplosid in alioinplin^ to ikliMT him, tin y
llioiiid kill him imnu'dialoly. Ho livod ipiioily in I. is prilon wlu n tlio onipr' Is,
Catharino II. moinitod tlio throne i nnd us tho rovidiition which dopolod hor luil-
liand IVtor III. had oicallonod n lining tcmu-nt in tin- minds ot tho ponDJi-, C'ailia-
riiio was upprolientivo that luinc atlompts ini;;ht ho mado in t.uour i>l i\^an, iho
tturotoro ilouhiod iho guards of tliis unliappk prim o, and |»artictilaily onlrnlLd
limi to the caro ot" two otHcors, who woro divotod tu hor intorcil. A lionlonunt
(it infantry, who was horn in tho I'kraiiu-, undertook to dolivor Iwan hy t'orcc of
nuns from tho tortivfs of Schhiirollnn|{, whiih fiirnilhod a piotouio for puilm^; tho
priiuo to iloalh, tho idih of .Inly, 1 71)4, allor an imprifunmont ot z ; yoars. llu;
ntonant who atlompiod lo dolivor iiim was arrolloil, and Htiorwanls holu adotl.
and his hody burnt with tho Ivallold; but, notwilhllaiidin^ this, it has boon 1
piofontod that ho was a inoro tool of the court, though he iutlorod for c.xccutiii);
tho in
lUuct
ions no Mad roooiVK
V\ liilo this ovont o\citod tho attoniion of tho Kiillian nation, the HnniOH of civil
war broke out willi groat violence in Poland, which has gonorall) boon llu • ale
will 11 tlio throne was vacant. And as the internal traiupiillily of I'otand is a
capital objod with Kullia, tho oniprofs Catharine font a botly of lro»ipk into I'd-
Jand, and by her intluonee count I'oniaiowiki was raifi d lo lIu' tlnouo. .She alio
iiitorpofod in order to loeuio tiio riglits which the treaty ot Olivia had i,'i\on to the
(ireek and l'rot<liant fubjocts of I'olaiid. Hut tlio umbrage wliieb In r iiiipoi iai
inajefly's armies, gave to the Konian ("ailudlc I'olos, by their reliilonce in I'ulaml,
iiureaiod the rage of eivil war in that eoiintrv, and |iroduced contVdoraciesagaind
all that had bi-.n done during llie l.ile iKelion ; >\iiieh n ndored I'olaiul a feoiie
of blood and lonfulion. The v.onduk.t of Uiiliia, with ngard to I'oland, c.;ive fo
niUi
Kuil
h oil
iMue
to the Ottoman cnirt, that the (Jrand Si'-nior font Obielkoil' th
lan iminller, to the pnlon i
ifll:
.V'Voii TowiTs, deelaiod war a '.uiili Kiillia,
and marehed a very numerous arin^ to the contines of Kiilha and I'oland. Ilolti-
lilies foon coinnunei'd botwoon llufo rival and mighty empires. In the niniuhs
of I'obruarv and .March, i-j(u), ("rim (Jneray, khan ol tho Tartars, at the JKjd of
it f;rcal bod\ of I'artars, tujipotted by 10,000 Spaliis, luniiig broken the Uuiiian
IKS
Iln«« of fAttimuniratiitii, prii<'rr4iiil iitio ili# iirnviitfi' t>f Sam iWrvln, wWr* W
i4uiiiniiir(l ttr«»t rukMgi*, liiiniinit iiiAiiv i>>Mrit« iiittl villd|(i'«, itiut t nrryinn utt
I Ik HI lit lit! I iif C4|)liv« « III A|tril liill)i«Miii(, lh> (•ntiul \ i4ir, itl llt« hfiitl ul «
frral Nriny, brKUii In* nuiri It Ikmii (:«Milkaiiliiit>|ik', iiml |iiititDilt'd lnwHriU lliti
)uiuila'. Ill llif inmn liinr, uriiuv (inltliiin, wlio i<iiiiiiiaiiil«tl iliu Uullmii nniiy
on llii' bank* ot thr Nt itK r, l(l■lu^lll ilu* n |>ri)|Hr liiiu! lit ■lti>iii|il liuiirtliing Ji'<
iiljvo, Itrlori- llir arrivul nt' ilm Knui lurkilli inriv in ihkil i|iiarlfr lU' udvuiuvit
to Chuc/iiii, wlirrr he vn« uMi|K'tl in ii^lil i>l » iNxly ul jo.oou Turk*, coiiintaiulvd
by C'Mruinaii Pacha, uiul iiitriMit liiii iniiU-r the laiiiioii nt ilu' Inwn. lUc |iriiu'tt
Bllackv'd ihi! Turk* in ilu-ir iiilit lu lifii«!iil» varly in llic nioniiiiK ol' iho toth of
April, anil nntwilhllaiiiliiiK iin iilil(iii4U tU'lcmv, nii'l a tircudtiil tire troin t1ii< lor'
InU, ul IciiKlli biMt ili> in mil ol iluir Iriiiilici Ilu* lurki cntleavnurfd totiivrr
llu'ir nirviit, by (U'luibiiiK .i l.iri(i- ImkIv ul iUMtlry In .illut k the riitht wing ot ili«
Kullinn army \ bul lhr> bud lutb u wurin rriciiiKin Imin the urtiilcry, that iliry
ftNMi ri'lircd in |^r<-at dilordrr. (A-iu-ral SttiHvIn, and piiiiic l)i*l|{orui;ki were ihi-n
ordtrt'd in pitrluc tin* ru|tiliv», at tlif luiid ut ligbt li.iilulioiH ( which llu*y <liU
f» I'tfoi^liiiillv, that ihcv lolloMi (I ihcnt into ihk- liiliurba ol Cboi /iin, wlirrc tlir pnr-
fiiil wiK only tloppt-d by ilu- piilliriidiK'i n| the lortrif* Soon atlir, ihi* town wai
fi'l on tire by n-d-hot bulln, :iiid a urciil iunnb« r nl' Jc wh and Clirilbiini took rcliigit
in tho Kiillian camp. Front tlu-U' fuctclkn ol' the Kiilhamt, it might have U-vn
fxpi-^ti'd ihat ('hocxint would have imnicdiatciv rullcii ; but jirince (ialiuiii
tlioii^bl prnpt-r to rvlirc, und to rrpiiU the Ni'ilicr, lH.'ing diHciciii in artilU-ry.
Indi i-d, it iippi-»rit tliMl the lurkilli cavalry had over-run ihe neighbouring country,
burnt lonie iinull towns, aiul deliroyed loine Kulliun nuiua/.in<'<i.
While the Kulliani und Turk* were attacking each ollu-r in difTcrent place* of
their doininioiiH on the lide ot Kuropr, the Turtur Aliatic nutioni, in their dillVieiil,
liitirelU, i-Mt'iuted the tu^e ot war into another (piurler ol the globe. On the i^tli
ot Mitv a bloody enuii^vinenl wuh toughl lielwt.en the kaliniics and ihofc I'ur-
iHrt that iiihiibit the liankH ot the Cuiian, lying between tho black und the Cuf.
pian feiiK. 'Ihia enuugiinent continued trom two in the ut'tcrno<m till fun-fet i
when the Kulnuics, by tite alliliance ol' I'onie Kulliun otl'icert, with a ditachinent
ot dragoons and CollaiH, and two pieiem ot cannon, obtained a coinpiiir Mdory,
having made a great llau^hti r, a>> the Kalmuct gave no i|uurter On ilie other
hiiiid, till' I'.uropean rurtarH p^iu Irated into the Kulliun Ckruinu ua the lide of
Ibukinutli, where they made great devallulioiti.
On iIk' I ;tli ot July, a very olillinalc battle wan fought between a confideruble
lurkilh arinv, and tlu' Kuliiumt under prince (iulit/in in the neighbourhood of
Choc/im, in whicli the I'urLs were detealed. the Ktilliaiik imineuiutelv invelied
Choc/im, but the garrilon, being niiinerous, inadi' fre(|uent iullien, uiul received
great reinforcements from the grand vi/ir's cnmp, who wan now conliderablv ad
valued on this lide of tlie Danube. .Vviral actioiiH eiilued, and prince (iaiit/in
*%;.•> again obliged to retreat and rei>als the Nciller. It was compute<l tlial the
liege ol ('luK/im, and the aclimis coiitninent tn it, odl the Kullians above io.ooo
men. In the nuiiiajjeiiiiiit ot this wnr, the grand vi/ir ai-|ed with a degree of pru-
dence, which it has been thought would have jiroved fatal to the deligiis ol the
Rnlliinis, it the fame iMiidiict had beiii afterwards piirfiied. Hut the armv of the
vi/ir was eMreineir liieulioiK, and his laulinn gavr oirtiue to the Jani/aries; fo
that, in tonrei^ueiKe of ilieir i lainours, and the vvi akiiefs »>( the comuils that pic-
vaileil in the terai^lio, lie at Uiigtii became u lai ritice, and Nlolduvaiii Ali I'acha,
a man of more eouram- than conduct, was appoinleil his lueeellor.
During llieli traiii:n:li'iiis, giiieral Uoman/ow (.ommitud great ili'Viill.iiioiis on
the lurks on the horders cf iJender and Oi xakow, when- hi- plundered and burnt
teveral towii!> and Nillu;^es, dcfcaicd u 'lurLuli dciuclnnvut, uiut ciuried uli'a great
booty
n V n
' I A.
IkMrty orcmil^ '11 T ' • A.
•»H»i*on .TK ... ,h" l,rni „ .' ;• ' "?'''. '•'"" - V/„' ,'. ,' "['^'"' "'"'r' »''H''m
":'r«- Nouvif hih„.,,„„ t; "' ;»"''"i or »;,„„ ih..,, ,,.iv, 7 ., '•' •;"" V-- ^ h.K,f,.
'xrk, ,,.,(U ihc L, V^ «'••'" '"'■» I H«, . ' 'i .""■ '"^"i* Wen.
fi^rtrovH eheit: r.^twkS" '"'""'' *'•••" r/w-^XTr''' ••"-•'
Prifonrr.. .nj .'g' J ' ^;'y°«<> '"'" killed u,l,n .f*. ,''•';'•,"" '"" '»"• iwu
f mi from rn.«,^ing i„ „„o , ' 1 ' * "'''*"»' '"'^'-rt,.,,... .,., £"; ''"^ t ..! ||,..
cannon, over wind, h. i 1 Kf "'V l'rrc«urio„ ,., u^ J^^' / "'^1 (.u. „„.
o» »»if Otronian forcci n«?i . "'"' '"'" «h' uli.n.l re -,.1 ^^' ' 7'^ " /)-
•""king ..fc of thi, L ' \ ''"*''">*•'' 'he hr.d^... irL ,. ""7 '^"♦" "^" 'he
«rong Inrtr.l, of V}! A ."'"'••••''"tdv broke u,, "heir "'"'y '■'^^ «"'"nr*
"-f- within li,;;. 3 'hn . I'T :'"' .'""'^ ''•»'« -0 o ";,; r'^f "'■ "■«•
'i'-in PI.X...I a iar /. , V "'*' """"I>'.o„h .v,rn,t''X° """'•, "''""<'""««l 'ho
'•■urn,.., .n, , l;,,:.:^^,:":^a,-k-w^•v.l .h;'t::t^^^
Kon.anzuvv deli.-,t,,| ., r.„l ,i ■ '" ''^T- On ilu- ,s 1, „,• , '^""'" «"* ihnr
•;- ao.ooo nun. an,| . „ „ , ''/'/'"V "'■'^ "'«• -Ivor I.ar,!n f .1 " ." ' ^^"* «'"'"'^''"
-^ "«'"». H..- fan,.. I^M ' ' •■ ,""•>'""> "'tlK- CVin^. ; '" '' 'V •"""""ad
J, ^ ^ri covered with dead budi.-s.
but
.48
U
I
Rut it \va<) not onlv by land, that the RulTians carried on the war rucccfsfully
rii^aind tlic Turk:., 'rhc cniprcfs fcnt a conlidcrablc Hoct of men of war, KulVian
built, into llu- Moditerranoan, to att a^'ainil the Turks on that lidc; and, by means
«it iliis liict, under ct)unt Oriof, the Kullians fpread ruin and defolalion tliruugh
the (>|Hii iliands of tlie \rchii)ela){o, and the neighbouring defencelefs coafls of
(Greece and Alia; the particulars of whiilj will appear in the liillory of 'I'urkcy.
It is obfervable, that in their naval enternrizes, tlie Kullians were much indebted
to l'',ni,'Iilh ollicers. A peace was concluded on the 2 ill of July 1774, highly
lionourahle and beneficial to the Ruliians, by which they obtained the liberty of a
free navigation over the Black fea, and a free trade with all parts of the Ottoman
empire.
Uefore the conclufion of the war with the Turks, a rebellion broke nut in RulTia,
whicli f^ave much alarm to the court of I'eleriburgh. A Coll'ac, wliofe name was-
I'lii^atlihetV, alVumed the name and charatlcr ot the late unfortunate emperor
IVur the Tiiird. He appeared in the province of Kafan, and pretended, that he
uKule his el'cape, through an extraordinary interpolition of I'rovidencc, from the
murderers vvh" were emploved to allatlinale him ; and that the report of his death
n as only a hction of the court. I lis perfon is faid to have had a llriking refemblance
to tliat of tlie iale emperor, a ciicumlhuice whicli rirll induced him to engage iiv
tliis enterpri/e. As he polVelled ai)ilities and addrefs, Ins followers foon became
^^.rv numerous; and he at lengib nd himfelf fo powerful, that he ftood fevcral
tiigagemcnts with the ablell 1 lan generals, at the head of large bodies of
troops, and committed great ravages in the country. But being totally defeated,
;md then betrajed by two of his confidants, he was brought to Mofcow in an iroiv
cage, and there beheaded and ([uartered on the 21ft of January, 1775.
'Ihe peace of 1774, was tiiei» indif|)enlably neceflary to the immediate prefer-
vation of the Turkilh empire; but, within I'o fmall a ipace of time as live years,
a new war was jull upon tlie point of breaking out between the two empires ; and
was only prevented by a new tre;itv of pacification, which took place on the 2 ill
of Marcli, 1779. But the great lource of difcord was Itill left open. The pre-
tended independency of the Crimea, alForded fuch an opening to Kullia, into the
very heart of tlie Turkilh empire, and fuch opportunities ot interference, that it
was fcarceiy polllble tliat any laliing tranquillity could fubfill between the two
tinpires. A claim made and infilled on by RuUia, of eilablilhing confuls in the
three provinces of Moldavia, W'allachia, and BelTar;d)ia, was exceedingly grievous
to tlie I'orte. .After long difputes, the 'I'urkilh minillers, more from a fenfe of the
liirahiiitv of tlie llale for war, than from pacific difpolilions, found it necelFarv,
lo\v;ir<ls ihe dole of the year 1781, to give up the point of debate \\\l\\ rtfpect to
the conUiIs. This concfllion, however mortifying, ])roduced but a thort-lived
rlVeOt. New troubles were continually breaking forth. The emperor of Gernianv
h.iving avowi.d his delerniination of fiip|)orting all the claims of Kuuia as well as
his own, all lides prepared tor the moll deterinined hollility, and the preparation-,
were iiuiiieiile on all. 'Ihe year 170.?, accordingly exhibited the molt formidable
apparatus of war on the northern and eallern borders of luirupe. However, in
the Uiidtt of all tlu le ai)|)earaMces of war, nc^^ociations for a peace were con-
tiniinl'iy c;:niid on at Coi:li;mliiiople. svliieh was at lall ligned January 9th, 1784.
t'y this treaty Ruilia retains the tail Ibvereignty of her new ae<iuililions, viz. the
CVii;;ea, tlv,- iile of 'I'aman, and part of Cuban. — ^/Vs the recovery and reiloration
r)f every thiii;^ (heek, is tlie pre.loniiiiant jjaliion of the court ot I'eterlburgh, fo
the Criuua and its dependeneies are in I .ore to be known by the name ot Taur
lien; particiil.n- places are likeuife r<'ilored to their ancient appellations, and the
Mltbrated port and ciiy ot Calla, has now refumcd its long-forgotten naiT\e of
liieodolla. Wivx\- this aceellion ot doniiiiiun, new towtis, wilh Greek or Kuliiaii
i>anic&.
R U
S
I
A.
149
.-for-
It 'I'aiiT
lul I lie
UiUiai\
nnmes, are rifing faft in the deferts, and are peopled moftly by colonics of Greeks
and Arinonians.
'ITio yi-ar 1787 opened with tlic extraordinary fpcftacli; of the journey of the
cmprefs of Ruliia to Cherfon, wiurc it feenis to hn\e been her original intention
to liave been crowned with all pollil)lc magnificence, and under the fpiendid titles
of cmprefs of the Kail, liberator of Greece, and reviver of the feries of Roman
emperors, wlio formerly fwayed the fci'ptre over that divilion of the globe ; but
this coronation, for reafons we arc unable to allign, was laid afide. The fpiendor
of the rout of the c/arina exceedid whatever the imagination would fpontaneoullv
fuggtft. She WHS efcotled by an army. Pioneers preceded her march, whofe
bulinefs it was to render the road as even and pKai'ant as it could pollibiy h(*
made. At the end of each day's journey, (he foiunl a temporary palace erecktl
for her reception, together witli all the accommodations and luxurii.s that IVtiif-
burgh could have atlorded. In the lill of her lollowcis were the ambad'adors of
London, Verfaillos and Vienna ; and her own amballador as well as tlie envov of
the emperor to tlie court of Conllantinople, were appointed to meet her at
Cherfon. 'ihc king of Poland met her on her journey; and the einperor, not
fatisHed with fwelling her triumph at ( lieifon, appeared in that c.ipital eight d,\\^
before her, and proceeded to a cunfiderable dithuice uj) the Dnii jk r, to iiitercejit
her progrefs. Her route wa.s through Kiow, where Ihe remained thne months,
and was received under triumplud arches; and upon her arrival at Cherfon, having
thought proper to extend the walls of the city, Ihc infcribed over one of the gates,
** 'I'hrough this gate lies the road to Byzantium." Tlic czarina returned to Peterl-
burgh, by the way of Mofcow.
Scarcely had the cmprefs returned to her capital, before (lie was followed by
the Turkilh declaration of lioftilities. The emperor of (iermany joined her in de-
claring war againft the Porte, who, inflead of being dilheartened at the formi-
dablenefs of tnis confederacy, applied themfelves with redoubled ardour to pre-
pare for reliibuicc. The operations of the Uullian forces were directed Jigainll
Choc/im and Oczakow. In the tormer of tliefe undertakings they acted rather
as auxiliaries to tlic emperor's general, the prince of Saxe Cobourg, who from the
lall day of June to the twenty-ninth of September 1788, continued a very power-
ful attack on this city, when it furrendered to the arms of the im|>erial forces.
Oczakow, after an obllinate contert, in which the Rulllans at length became ex-
pofed to all the rigours of a winter's campaign, was taken by ftorm on tlie feven-
teenth of December t'oUowing.
Jt was during the progrefs of thefe hoftilities witlj the Porte, that Ruflla found
heifelf fuddcniy involved in a new and unexpected war. As a nation, Sweden
had the greateU caufes of refentiuent againit Kullia lor part injury and lol's, at llu:
fame lime that ihe had every thing to dread trom her prefent overgrown jiowi r
and buundlefs ambition, uliich was as little ipiaiitied in tise wanton dilphu, ■,t^ it
was ungoverned in the actual exertion. Riuiia ha.-> cunllantly IijuikI means to
maintain a thdn,;^ and numerous party in Sued.n. All ihel'e canfes operatii;g
tu^a-tlier, indueed Gullavus the liiird, to meditate a project of holtililiis aj^ainii
Riillia, wiiidi were conuneiuvd in I'iuland ; a tew da;..', alter the king's arrival in
that pro\inee. IJut the i)rincipal aciion of the campaign wii'; the n;i\al l>a;i!e 1 if
lleugLuid, in the (»ui])h of Finland. 'I'he engagement, which l.-ilted live lioers,
was t(aij;ht with eonlideia't'e (kill and oliliinaey on both lides. 'Ihe forces were
nearlv e(|nal. 'ihe Kr.ii.an (liet, conmianded by Admiral Greig, coiililled of
feventeeit lliijis of the line; and the .Svvediil), under the command of the duke of
Siidermania, the king's brother, coidilted ol lit'teen, of an interior weight ( t luvtal,
but reinforced h\ live liiu,ali s, one of forty-lour, and the reft of forty guns eaeli,
\\liic;h Gccalioually langed tin ;.i.'el\eo in luder ot batti«. 'ihc Ruliians pollell'ed,
upon .
»s«
u
upon the whole, a fupcriority of 294 piece* of cannon j while that In the weif^ht
ot metal was perhaps of greater moment. The victory, as is iifiially the cafe in
nations not apparently and abfolutcly decifive, wa« claimed by both hdes. But,
it fccms uj)on the whole, that the Swedes in the higheO period of their glory, had
never difniaycd greater gallantry by fea, or land, than they did upon this occation.
Their prmcely commander merited a very conlidernbic Inare ot the glory of this
engagement. At laft, after many other engagenients attended with various fuc-
cels, on the 14th of Augurt 1790, a convention for a peace was fignid between
the courts of KutVia and Sweden, and was ratiiicd in lix days after.
At the dofe of the year 1790, the einprefs had the lutisfattion to fee her con-
quells no longer bounded by the courlV of the Lhtnuhe. The capture of ll'mail
was the laft important ailion. Kiglit dilTerent times were the Mufcovites ropulled
with the (laughter of many of their bravell foldiers. At the ninth, general Suvar-
row put himu'lf at their head, and fnatihing a Handard out of an othcer's hand, he
ran direttly towards the town, palVed the trenches, and clambering up the wall,
t)lanted it himfelf upon the ramparts. "Thee," cried he, "my tellow foldiers,
>ehold there your l>andard in the jiower of your enemy, unlefs you will i)rcfervc
it ; but, 1 know you are brave, and will not fufTer it to remain in their hands."
'I'his fpeech had the dofired effett. It was taken by Uorm on the iid of Decem-
ber, 1 790, and it is faid that the fu'ge and capture did not colt the Kulhans lef*
than 10,000 men. 'Ilie molt fluKking part of the tranfaition is, that the garrifon
(whofe bravery merited, and would have received from a generous foe, the higheft
honours) were ma(T;H:red in cold blood, by the mercilefs Riitlians, to the amount of
upwards of 30,000 men, by their own account ; and the place was given up to the
unreltrained fury of the brutal foldiery. 'I"he molt horri(i outrages were perpetra-
ted on the defencelefs inhabitants, and the condutt of the conquerors, was more
that of a horde of cannibals, than of a civilized people.
Kngland and Frullia, after a long and cxpenlive armed negotiation, at length
aflonted to the demand of the emprefs, which was Itrengtheneil by the interference
of Spain and Denmark, that Oczakow, and the territory between the rivers Bog
and Nicfter, Ihall in full fovereignty belong to Kullia, that the river Nietter Ihall
for the future determine the frontiers of Rullin and the Forte ; that the two powers
may erett on the Ihores of that river what fortrdles they think proper ; and Ruf-
lia engages to grant a free navigation on the river Nieltcr. 'Ibis was concluded
»)n the 1 ith of Auguft, 1791. Thus has the Porte entered into a war, for the
purpofe of rog;iiiiiiig the Crimea, and alter reducing the Ottimian empire to ex-
treme weakiufs, and internal fynijitoms of ruin, irretrievable by a government in
a regular pvogrcfr, of deterioration, loll an important territory, and left the exill-
a-.ice of the empire, at the mercy of another Uullian war. Hy fome advantages
ollereil to Kullia and Poland, and a fi w intrigues, Rullia mav change the fluttu-
ating Itream of Kuropean politics, and bs one powerful campaign, overturn the
Turkilh monarchy. The tinal treaty with the Turks, concluded at Jailv the 9th
ot Jainiary, \]qz. 'File emprefs is improving Oczakow, and rendering it a place
of ^reat Itrengtli, i, |i(irl;uu'e, and connneice. — At tlie fame time, Catharine is
not n(■^ligent ot her llinre in Kurnpenn polities. .She h;is allured the pope that Ihe
will hip])ort liiin in the retiiniptinn of Avii^ticii ; and has |)ublilhed a ^v.nin inaiii-
lelio againit the Fren( li revolution. lUit Poland, ;ui<l the eti'orts which that people
made in the caufe of lihertv, gave her the gre-mlt apprehenlions. To tliis un-
happy kingdom, the only recent tranlactioMs of hei' rei^n, wortliv of attention,
have been directed. W liillt llu- has been amuling the world whh manifeltock
a^ainlt France, the l:a^ beheld with pleai'ure tlu great< It powers of I'.urojie wall-
ing their Itreiigth and trcafure, and has, uadirturbed In any foreign inlertcrcnce,
7 made
Jf'Lrzs or S C
O T t A N D.
3- "• -c: . :;:r ""-*■ - --":rin,r;
*• Conftantinc. born Mav g,., ^''' '777-
3- Alexander P«...i '"", °'n. 1770.
A
"O/ACENT ISLES.
ISLES or SCOTLA V n
lr.tit«^^ 5« --:'s:it:,Jte
"'"^^' ^'"i 'unu parte.;-
Tlie
i^i I S L F- S o P S C O T L A N D.
. 'I ho Orcadivs lio north of Diinjjflw-hvail, In'twcon 59 Riul 60 decrees of north
latilml.' ; (lividt'l (Voju tin- roiitinrnt liy a ti'inpolhioiis llruil called reutland I'Vith,
tweiitv-t'oiir miles loiiK. 'md twehe hrnnd.
The llehrliKs, or \Velh'ni illes, are numerous, and lomc ot" tlieni large ; liluatcd
I'etweeii j;j; and ^y decrees nf nt.nh latitude.
C'l.iMAiE.J ill all tlu'l'e illands the air is keen, piercinjf, and faluhrious ; and
niaii\ ot'tlie natives live to a ijreat aj;e. In tlie Shetland and Orkney illes they fee
to read at miilnigln in Jiiin' and July ; and durini; tour of tlie ninimer months, they
have fieijueiit loiiiiiniMieaiions, h>A\\ for bulinels and iiirioiilv, ^vilil eaeh other,
and with the continent : the rell of the year, tliey arc alniull inaceeliible, tiirough
fo;;s, darknefs, and llornis.
C'iMKK ISLANDS AMI I o \v N s ] 'Ilu' laigeft (if the Shetland Klauds, which ar?
forty-fix in niimher i^tliinigli many of them are uninhahited) i-i Mainland, which is
00 miles in lengih, and 20 in hreadth. Its piincipal town is l.arwiek, which
contains ^00 tamilies ; the whole number of families in the illand not exceeding
500. Skalloway is anotlier town, wliere the remains of a caftle are llili to he feen,
and it is tlie feat of a jiivlhyterv. On tliis illand the Dutch begin to filh for hcr-
riiif^s at Midl'iimiiKT, and their lilhin;; *'eaton lads lix nioiitlis.
'I!i<- larged of the Orkiuy illands, which are about thirty in number (thougii
f-veral of them are unpeojiled ' . called I'omona. lis length is thirty-three miles;
and its breadth, in foiue |)lace.s, nine. It contains nine parilh churches, and four
excellent harbours.
The ille of Mull, in the Hebrides, is twenty-four miles long, and, in fomc
jilaces, . Imoll as broad. It contains two paridies, and a caiHe, called Dciart,
whiili ii the chief j)!ace in the illand. Ihe other principal wedern illands are,
Lewis or I ferries (tor tluy both form but one ifland), which belongs to the lliire of
Hols, and is 100 miles in length, and thirteen or fourteen in breadth; its chief
town is .Sturiivay. Sky. belonging to tlu- iliire of Invemcls, is forty miles long,
and, in fomc places, thirty broad ; fruitful, and well peopled. Bute, which is
alxuit ten miles long, and three or four broad, is famous for containing the caiHe
(if Koilifay, wJiicli gave the title of duke to the eldeff foiis of the kings of Scot-
land ; as it now dcies to the jirinee of \\ ales. Rothlay is likewile a royal bmgh ;
and the illands of Bute and Arian form the lliirc of liute. The illes of Ila and Jura
are part of Argylelliire, and contain together about 370 fi|uare miles ; but they
liave no towns worthy of notice. North Uill contains an excellent harbour, call-
nl l.ocliniaddy, tamous tor he'-ring-lilhing. lona, once the feat and fanctuary of
weliein learning, and the biir\ ing-piace of many kings ot Scotlaiul, Ireland, and
Norway, is llili famous for its reiiijues of fanctimonious anticpiity. .Some authors
have been at great ])ains to detcribe the illand of St. Kilda, or llirt, for no other
renfon, that I can dilVover, but becaiife it is the remotell of all the north-weft
illands, and very ditlieult of accelV ; for it does not contain above tiiirly-five fa-
milies.
Inhaiu r AN IS, rrsTOMs, ropri. A-'J It is not to be imagined that the inlia-
TioN, I. ANor AOK, AND RK L KJ I o N . $ bitaiit^ of tile illes belonging to Scotland
can he In iiiiniiicly deferibed here, as tln'y have been by fome titlur authors; not
I'u niuili on aiiiumt ol' tluir im]iortance, as their curiollty. 'Ilii>fe of Shetland
;md Orkney wire toinierlN lubiect to the Normans, who coiupiered them in ioi)t),
a tew \ears alter they landed in luigland under W iiiiam tlie C'on(|ueror. In the
ye.ir I. '.(13 they were in pollellion of Niagnus of Norway, who fold them to Alcx-
;inder king ol Scots, ai.d he ga\c tin 111 ;is liets to a nobleman ol the inmie rt
.S|ii ire. .\tter this, they became fuhject to the crewn of Denmark, (,'hriliian j.
in the reii;n of Janus III. coineyed them in ])roperIy to the crown ot Scotland, as
a marria;.;e ])(.it;'iii w iiii hih daiigiiter Margaret, and all liiture pictenlions were
5 eiiliiilv
«^tiivly<>o<lodon t), ^' " '^ ^ A NT D
,"'''.'I''T «rc r„l,i,,. ' , A'^f" Hhj- .,„, ,, . r„... '''■ l"-;"l'>'» Ion,. '
l„ J """""iiivisar.r,; ' "'"lint preiiitrim , 7. '."'"™lw a "no
'""?. c<>nfli„„i„,„ en,, ,,""■■ ■^""'1' "isM»m°°« -ft" P™!* •'' ll,c iX:
'•''^'^ I'nd bcrt autlu.r. ': : ."^.^' «"<"""t "n..?os of „,. r^ ... . .
1 'K rc.ulcT n-.)u d not „•„ I ,„ . ""Cn- to tlici,- la-
; ■• ^^" ■ • Sec Pen,, R,w, „,,.... _• ^^ '" «"-""Pt t. du:
J)ro\-e
•54
ISLES or SCOTLAND.
prove the reality of fomc iiiAanccs of this iiind that arc brought by rcputtble aiw
thors, un'tl to admit nil that lias been fuid upon the fubjcil. The aclept* of the
fccoiul-lif^hl pretend that they have certain revelationi, or rather prclentationif
eitlier really or typically, which fwim before their eyes, of certain event* that are
to hiippcn in the conipafit of 24 or 48 hours. Hut trom the bed iiifurniation, no
two of tluife adepts agree as to the manner and forms of thefe revelations, or have
any fixed iiietluid for interpreting their typical appearances. 'I'he truth feems to
he, iliat thole illaiulers, by indulging themfelves in lazy habits, actpiiro vilionury
ideas, and overheat lluir imaginations, till they arc prefented with thofe phau-
tafiiis, which' they inilhikc fur fatidical or prophetic inanifetlations. They in-
lluntlv begin to prophefy ; and it would be abfiird to fuppofe, that amidft many
thoiilaiuU (if predii^tions, fonie did not happen to be fultilled ; and thefe, being
well altered, give a fanttion to the whole.
Many learned men have been of opinion, that the Hebrides, being the moft wcf-
terly illands planted by the Celts, their language innll remain there in its greatell
purity. This opinion, though plaiiiible, is not jullified by experience. Many
Celtic words, as well as cuilonis, are there ft)uiid ; but the intercourfe wliich the
Hebrides liad with tlie Danes, Norwegians, and other northern nations, whofe lan-
guage is niixid with tlie Selavoiiian and Teutonic, which lall has no athnity with ,
the Ceilie, has n ncKivd their language a compound; fo that it approaches in no
(iegric to the purity of llie Celtic, conunDiily called Krfc, which was fpoken by
their iieii;hbours in I^ociiaber and llie coafts of Scotland, the undoubted dcfcenu-
aiits of the Celts, among wliom their language remains more unmixed.
'ihe nligion protelled in the Hebrides is chietly prelbylcrian, as elhiblilhed in
the cliurdi of Scotland; but popery and ignorance are (lill pretty prevalent.
Soil, minics, and <i.uarries] The furfacc of thefe illands has undergone
great alterations. Many of iheni were habitations of the Druids, whofe tenipleg
are Hill vilihle ; and thofe temples were furrounded by groves, though little or no
tintber now grows in the neighbourhood. The Humps of former trees are defcern-
ible, as are many velliges of buildings eretted fmce the introdudion of ChriiUunity,
which piove the decreafe of riches, power, aiijl population. Experience daily
fliews, that the cold ikrility of the northern ides was owing to their want of cul-
ture ; fiir fiich fpots as are now cultivated produce corn and vegetables in abun-
dance; and Iruit-trees arc now brought to maturity. Tin, lead, and lilver mines;
marl. Hate, free-ftonc, and even ipiarries of marble, have been found upon thefe
jllaads. Ihey are not dellitute of line frelh water ; nor of lakes and rivulets teem-,
ing with excellent trout.
Trade and manim- acturks.] lliefe are all in their infancy in thofe iflands.
Their ll.iple com nodities cunlilt of fith, efpecially herrings, which, when properly
cured, aie cijual to thofe of tlie Dutch. '1 hey carry on likewife a coniiderablo
trade in down and feathers; their llieep afibrd them wool, which they manufac-
ture iiitocoarfe cloths ; and linen maniifacturci begin to make liime progrefa among
theiu. lliev uiriytheii black cattle alive to the adjacent parts of Scotland, where
they are ililpotcil ol in fale or barter ; as ;.re large tiuanlities «»f their mutton,
wl'iich they I'alt in the hide. L'pon the whole, applicatitm and induliiy, witli
fome portion t)t jiublie encouragement, are only wanting to render thefe illands,
not only comfortable tor their inhabitants, but ornamental and beneficial to (ircat
Hiilain.
HiiAsTs, BIRDS, AND FisMEs.] In the neighbouring countries already dcfcribcd,
mention has been made of molt of the birds imd filhes that have been difcovered
here ; only it is ihought that the illes contain a fpecies of falcon or hawk, of a more
nibble and di'cik nature than any that are to be found elfewhere. The Slietland
illes are lanious tor a fmall breed ot horfes, w hich are incredibly active, lirong, and
3 hardy,
tSLES o>
^"dy.tna /rrauentl f '• ^ " ^ I^ A N D.
'^^'"r.r., AND cuRioMT.p ""-'"^"crs. and olhc, nor.h-
J^'lUTccI e,,ual labour wS,^;C^ '" '\"''^"^='' '^■'"Pl^^ f .m '..rl'^'K''''' ''^- ^"'l-
'■""tains fhe bodies .rr . ''"'" '" ''"-ni ..f;, c-,tl i.d • ."' ''"' P'-"v. 'H «
'■"<in-,.ti,.„s T . ; * ';""'■. '^*"t^ 1'. Iriil.. and N ' !' " ''^•'""'t"" fabric
"'V '^""tinont of l-:„rorr ;■')"''''''.• "'=" "'"n K • n i ^ '''"''' ^"'^ '•ountc-
' '='""■ '" I'l.-nif.-lv... 1^ L ^ '"'=""1 iciiliiin likoulf. - • '" '''^•'^" '"nnds
->- "nven t'^^^:t5t""' '7 ^''''--a t^^b ;WH"''r' --^''itJ^ p.- -
•'lieu for. I- •,ilw„. "f'I'oK'd, from tbe \\\.n i,„i; ,' ,'^ ''''<''i »i>und in th,- ot
'^'■'^y dap i„
the
Hf^
ISLES or SCOTLAND.
the cnttli, liy (he inhnhilants, who wore ttigifing for marl ; and cortain bituminour
cllliivia produce rurpriliii^ pliuLiioitR-im, which the nativct l>elicvc tu be fupcr*
natural.
Hut fiinu- of till.- nioft nftonifliiiiR njipcaraiRi's in natiiro havr rrmnincd undc-
f< rilii'd. aiul, till latoly, iinohf-rvfil, oVni by tin- nativi-s, A ilifcovcry rvfcrvod
for the iiuiuilitivc giuius of lir JotVph Uunkfi, uli'.), in iflntiiig his voyage ihrough
th(« llibritk'i, anno i/TJi fay*, " V\'o wore no fooner nrrivcfl than we were (Iruck
with a ficne of magnilieencc which exceeded our expcclatiuns, the whole of that
enil nf the iil:iiiil (vi/.. .StrH.i, a iiiili- in leii^ih, and hilf a nule in breadth) fupport-
td bv raagei of natural pilliirs, niolllv above fifty feet liiiih, Handing in colonnadesi
ii|)on a firn\ balis of rock ; above lliufe the llratuin which reuehe* to the fur-
face of the illand, varied in ihlcknefs as the illand itlelf formed into hilli or vallics'i
eacii hill, which hung over the columns below, compol'ed an ample pediment}
fonietimci h\ty feet in tliicknefs from the bafe to the point, and lormcd, by th«
Hoping of the hill un each tide, almoll into the lliapc of thofc ufcd in architec-
ture.
" I'l^'teeding farther to the N. VV^ you meet with the hii^hcrt range* of pillar!), (he*
inagniliient appearance of which furp.iires defcription : here tliey are bare to their
very bafes, and the lUatum below them is alio vilible." Sir Joicph particularife*
fiindry other appearances in this, and a neighbouring illand, which is wholly com-
piled of pillars without any liratum. In fome parts of Stulfa, inllead ot being
^iliiced upright, the pillars were obfcrvcd to lie on their fides, each forming a
iegment of a circle ; but the moll flriking objctl in this pitlurw-fijc fccnc is Fingnl's
Cave, which he defcribes in the following manner :— " With our miiuls full of luch
relledions, we proceeded alon^ the Ihorc, treading upon anotlter Giant's Cauftwasi
every llonc being regularly h)rmed into a certain luunber ot (ides and angles j
till, in a fliort time, we arrived at the mouth of a cave, the moil inagniHcent, 1
fuppofe, that has ever been defcribed by travellers * ; fupportcd on each (itic by
raiii^es of colunuii, and roofed by the bottoms of thofe winch have been broken otV
in order to torni it i between the angles of which, a yellow llalagtitic matter has.
exuded, wliich ferves to deline the angles prccifely, and at the fame time to vary the
colour, witii a great deal of elegance ; and to render it llill more agreeable, the-
whole is lighted from without ; fo that the farthell extremity is very plainly feen
from w ithout ; and the air within being agitated by the tiux and reliux of the tide,
i.-. perfectly dry and wnoUfome, free entirely from the damp of vapours with which
natural caverns in general abound."
Mr. I'ennant, who alio made a voyage to thefe iflands in the fame year, liad a-
glance of Slalfa, in his paiVage fro;n fona to Mull, but was prevented by llormv
weather from appnuuhing it. " On llic well," fays he, " appears the iK-autiful
groupe of the 'IVeailiunilh illes. Nearefl lies Stalfa, a new Giant's Caufewav,
riling amidil tlie waves, but with columns of double the height of that in Ireland ;
gloHy and n. fplendent, from the beams of die eatiern fun." — And in the ille of Skv,
a conliilerablf way northward, he refumes the fubjeet : " We had in view a line
fcries of g< nuiiii' bafallie i-olumns, ri'femblin^ the (iiant's C'aufi-way ; the |)illars
weri' alxive twenty teet high, conlitling of tour, hve, and lix angles, but niolliv of
iVt a hnall diftante from thefe, on the Hope of a hill, is a trad of fome roads
hve.
lxM;;t!i of the cave from tlie arth uitliout
Iroin till' pitili i>t Hit' :ir(li
I'rra'lth >.t ilitto ut the iMiiiilli
/.t Ihi- l.irrhcr eml ....
Ili-ii':.! of the arch at (ho iiiuutii ■
rhc iliiiicuiioiii of the cive are thuk jjiveii lij fir J. Daiiks.
left
371 At the riid
a^o Height of an outfidr pillir
^3 (H i«iie at the N. W. corner
io Dt [ith iif Hater at tlic inoutli
i\j At the bjitjin •
Feet
• 70
• 54
• lU
entirely
SCOTLAND.
»57
fntfrrly formcrt of the tops fif fi-vernl fcric* of coliimiit, ivcn nnd rlnft Tot, forming
n n-ticiilutcd (iirrncc <>>' ttinn/ing boniity ontl curiolity. 'Vhh is tho moll nortlic-rii
l)ar:ilti'« 1 am ai'(|uiiiitrc(l \vit!i -, the Ixfl of Tour in thi' Hrililh dominions, all runnin)^
from fotiili to nurih, nearly in a njcridiim ; the Giant's Ciiuleway appeiiri tirft t
.Stiiiiii, &c. ('iiiccf<l» ; till' nuk llnmbia ahont twenty leagues ttirtiier, nnd finally,
iliolf ( (lUiiiinx of Mcy : tiic depth uf the occun, in nil probability, cunceals the vull-
link-, of ihii ehoin."
LkARNINU, tlARNRD MF.K,AND lltSrORY.] ScH! ScoIUiIhI.
O T
;//
N D.
had u>
oriny
:avitifiil
feway,
land i
)f Sky,
a line
pillars
)lUy of
roads
Fict
70
y>
5+
L'ulirely
Extent AND SiTU^TioK.
tcngth 300 ) i,.,^-,.,, ( 54 "'«» 59 North latitude.
Breadth lyoj "'^•wc*-" { , and 6 Well longitude.
i» I'T^IIF. CeltK ot Cauls are fuppofed to have been the original-
'-' *■ inhabitants of Uuh loiintry. iheiieots, a Scythian tribe, inv.nded
It nhout the beginning of the fourtli cenlurv, and having con«piered tlie I'icls,
the territories of both wire called Scotland. 1 he word Scot being no othir than
a corruption of Scuyth, or Scythian, being originally from that imnienfe country,
called Scythia by tlie ancIentH. It is leinud by the Italians, Scotia ; by the
Spaniards, Lfcotia j by tlie French, Klcofle ; and Scotland by the Scots, Germans,
and Knglilh.
Hoi ndakies.] Scotland, whicli contains an area of 27,704 Aiuare miles, it
bounded on the fouth by Kuj;iaiul ; and on the north, eaft, and welt, by the Deu-
caledDiiian, (jirnian, and Irilh fens, or more proiH-rly the Atlantic Ocean.
Divisions \nh sriinn isions.] Scotland is divided into tlie countries fouth
«*f the Friihrjf Torlli, tin- capital of which, and of all the kingdom, is Kdinburgh ,
and thole to tlic ixTihof the lame river, where the cliief town is Aberdeen. 'Uii«
was the ancient nalimial divilion ; but fo«n'" modern writers, with lefs accuracy,
have dividrd it into lli;^l.laiids and Lowl4nds, on accouiu of the dilVerent habits,
njanners, and cullonis of the inliabilaiit";.
I'jghteen counlirs, or lliires, arr ail'itictl to the foutliern diviilons, and 15 to tl.c
1101 them ; and thofc loimtiis are fiib»!i\iilid into lliiriirdoms, llewartrirs, and baili
wicks, according to tlie aiicieiU teiuires and privileijes of the landholders.
Shirei.
ShcrilTtlitn? and ulher
tulidisilioiis.
Chief Towns.
r 1 f F.i'.Inbur^h, \\ . loiiq. ^.
I.Edinburgh (4:./' ] MidLoil.i.m ... [\ N.liit.'5^. Mutull.'nuii,
I 3 ( Leitli.aiid Dalkei h.
,1 , ,. ^ .(,. ,11 ,. y j l")unl)ar, lladtliiiLlou.aiul
2. Haddington 1121 Ljilt-Lothiin ... M . , ,, . p
• Tlir niimfxr. (In w tlir prrponion nf nilUll.i as jiojofiJ to b. r.iliViJ !n oili lliiif, v.h.-ii tlut
fi.l.cmc was bid L-./orc pirli.mn iit i:\ i;7j. '
; .NJei'.V.
Ijl SCO I LAND
bhircf. Slu'ririilonii and olhvr Chief Towm.
t'libdiviliori*.
.1 ^^•^fv^ .nclcnlly Bcr-cThc McrdK,, .nd Uu-j [ p,,,,^ ^,„, , ,
wuk * (' '4 J derdftli' .... J i
/ f. i jTiviotiluIr. I.itllulf, I'.lk- ) ( Ji-<ll)iirj{li, Ki H'o.aiul Mi-I
<'""l dale Miul Kufdttlc ■ n rol».
(19) Rttritk Kordl • • •
(4*) Twccdaltf ....
4. Rnxbumvigh
I, Selkirk,
6. Picblf*
(j88)|ci)(l.fdiilc
7. 1 ancrk
8 DumJrio>»
9. \\ i^towii
10. Kiriudbrljjht (100) Galloway, luift Part
1 1. Diimliartun
Si' Ik irk.
IVcbli'*.
GiaCgow.W . Iiiiig. 4-5, \,
(i88j Nithtdalo. Annatidulc
(i9o)|(;iilloway, NVfll Part
HUlalgow.W. long. 4-^, \.
lat. $i-(ti llaiiiiltitii,
I aiuTK, tk Kuihtrglcn.
13. lluto (j^) Olid
14. Caithiiclii
15. Renfrew
16. Stirling
17. Linlithgow
numrriet, Annan.
7 I Witttouii, Stranraer, and
J \ « hiirliurii.
KiniKliirijjIit.
(%/ \ r^ ■ I t r> 1 ( '^"■. Kihnarn<iek, Irwin,
^^8^,|Kyle. arr.ck andCun-M ^ ,^,,,, hu-warlon
\ niughhan. • • S\ an.l .SaI.eot..
(66) Lenox Diiniliaitou.
Koilifav. '
/ „ . 1 #> . 1 ) ( Koilifav. '
jHme, Amn, and v nitli-f ) w • . 'vr 1 . o 1
iS. Argyle
(10
\' lb) I Renfrew - •
^;6) .Stirling • •
(80) [ Weft Lothian
Argvie.Cowal, Knapdiile, "j
Kinliu', and l.orn, will) '
Tart of the Well, in
illi'<i, nainLiilarlV ilia,
Jura. Mull, Will. 'Ic-
rif, Col, id Lifni'ire
I
(314)
) I Renfrew, Paifley, Crcen
i\ oik.and l'ort-(jlafui)w.
Stirling and Falkirk.
1 ( I.inlithgt.w, Hurrougli.
J ( ftoniiefs,ik(iueeii»lerry.
Inverary. Oiinftafrnnge,
killonmcr, and Cainp.
l)cltown.
19.
10
Perth
Kincardine
(570
(iO(/) j Merns
i
IVrtli, Aihdl, (iowry,^ (
Biouil.ilhiii, Moniiith.f J I'erih, Scone, Dund)l«nc,
Strathrrn, Slormduiit,^ j lll.<ir, and IJunkeld.
Cilenlhicid, & Kaynork) '
SI. Aberdeen
i.i. Invcrncfs
(S5')i
Mar, Builian, Garioch,
and Straililx'gic
(282)'
[A ltd, Sirathglafs, Sky,'
J larris, Uadmiu h, l,o-
( habei, and (ilennmii-
foll ......
) I Mervie, Stonliive and Kin-
) \ eaidiiic.
Old Aberde. 11, VV. Ion.
1-40. N. lat. 57-21,
New Ahenleen," Fra-
ferlburj;. Pi terlii ad,
Kiniorc, Slraihbogre,
Inverary, and Old Mel-
iliiim.
J liiverfH fs.lnveili'ihy.Fort
Aiigulliis, Uoileau.
I
» Hrrt/Uk, nn 0<r iiortti fiJc of rl r Twerd, It- a inun atui loiinty of itfelf, in a (wlitiial ftnfr,
IrnRt.'l |iifnicrl> to Stoiluml, and p.ivc nanir lii a ililliiirt from Kiiglaiiil and Siotlaiiil, havinv its
rouiiiv in thul kingUoni i hut it u nuw luiiiicd into onn |'rivilt^'<^,
.ij. Nairuc
SCOTLAND.
f^lret. SherifTiJomi ond olher Chief Tiiwni.
riilMtivifioni.
»5»
aj. Nalrne (a?) ftnd fWrftrrn Part (»»' Murr«y i ( ^. ,,
aj. Crom.rtV (.4)1 .nd Crom.rtio - . '^ j J N.irnr. CroM.rn,.
t
•6. Forfw
11
St. Andrew*, Cnwr|>rr,
Kalklnml, Kirkulciv, |||.
iu<rk)lli(ii I'ly, Burnt
KIuikI, iJiirnt'crmlinc,
Dyriiri, Annrulher uiid
Auorduiir.
Moiilrofi', l''(,if«r. Dun«
ili'c, Arbrutli, iMid lir«-
chiii.
»7'
Bainf
a8. Sutherland
39. Clariuannan
30. Rinruf*
(ji6)H'ijrtur, Anguit
SBamfT, Strinhilovcrn, \ f
Hoync, Kiiay. Bal\i--f 1
nv. Mrtthtiwin, amlf^J
part n( Kuihiin - • ) (.
. , ( Strathiuvcr and Suthcr- M w. .1 1 »% 1
(100) I |,j|jjj M Stratljy nnd Dtiriioih
r
U'))Kifol'art
3'))
3'
3»-
iS-
Rbf*
Elgin
Orkney
Kaftrr and U'l flcr Rofn,
If'c ol' l,(s\is, Lot li-
l>r(Hini, Luihcuitcti,
(20t)-, Ardmcanai it, KciUiif- >
tlo, KcrriiitDlh. Mtrath
pcflVr, and Fcrrindo
nald
(145) Murray and Strathfpcy
Baniti'and Cullcn.
}{ Culrofk, Clacmnniinn, A!-
\ lua, and Kinruls.
Taino, Dingwall, For-
tnifV, Kofaniurkic, and
Nvw Kcl/u.
('83)
Ifli't of Orkney and She'
land
Elgin and Forres.
Kiikwall, VV. Ion. 3, \.
'•"• 59-45-
Skiviluway, near the Mc<
I ridian ut° London, N.
I lat. 61.
In all thirty-three fl>irc», which choofo thirty rcprcfontBiives to lit ui the parlia'
iDi-nt of Great Britain; Bute and Caiihnefs iliooling alternately, as do Naime and
Cromartic, and Clui nmnnan and kinrofs.
Tho royul Boroughs whii h choofi- riprcfcntniivcH are.
Kdiiihurgh
kirkwall, Wick, Dornoek, Ding- 1
w ill, and Taync
Fort roll , Invcrncli, Naimo, and For-
ri't
i
l.lgin, Cullcn, Bansir, Invorary, anil )
Ivintorc .... J
Ahcrdcon, Bcrvic, Mimtrofc, Al>cr-)
brotho, ami Bniliin - - J
Fortar, IVrili, Dundee, ('owpcr, and )
Si. .Vndrcws - - - J
Crail, kilrcnny, Anllruthcr Fall and »
Well, and I'itlenweeni - J
DjI'ert, Kirkaldy, kinghornc, and)
Burnt Illand ' - • - i
Innerkyihen, Dunitcrmliiie, Queens- 1
h'rr\ , Culriilii, and Stirling >
Glnl'gow, Renl'rew, Rulhergkn, and )
Dnuibarion - - - 3
Haddington, Dunbar, North-Bcr- )
wivk, l.audcr, ai>d Jedburgh )
Selkirk, iVeblcsi. Linlithgow, and)
I,;;.ierk - - . . i
Dun\t'rie!>, Sanquchar, Annan, Loch- ^
luaban, and Kircudbright • )
\\ ijjtown. New Cialloway, Stran-J
raer, and Wiutehorn - J
Air. Irwin, Rothlav, Campbeltown,)
and Invcrary
Climatl*
»'!•
f C O T I.
C'tlMATr, I'm, AK, ASP w*ritt ] ill iho ii..llurn pnrf*. (lav.tljjht, •! M!^.
tiiiiliiur, lj|t« iK iMtur^ niul live MMiiiiu«k Mfhiili |>rii|Niriiti>i itl' tttiy lo iUkI'I l»
rcvcrUil ill *!iUi»r, 'Ihv tiir ol .VuiUml i» iimm* lititiNruu- ikaii t->iiiU >h' cv»>#f>«
#H ill I't iii)ith«rl> n ciiitttMt- 'Hii* nrlfci |).ii'»l» r»«mi ilw vittiyiv ••(' inliilU, >»\\l
I'JiuIiiihI. ftom llic tlriniit i>l tli' f« -i, vliitti
?,
nvv'i*, itiid laL'*i (ml lliil mort , n* mi
.in'>>ril<i iSofi' n»nn |tr»'«'/^s. Iliul imt mif^ lollrii ihi- luiliinl kifiin. !> t>t ih>' nir
i»it, l») kci{)iMf; il ill |K-rpi I 1(1 nitiMitoti, Fi'tiiU'r it pun' »iiiil hinlilit'iil, iiiul priVi'iil
lhiif^k> iiiiiti'iiili tlilU'iitiKm iImI ))K\i*il in mtni) nilur cituiilricii. In ihc ii<-l|(bliaur*
7
I
hiMulitf r«nu' Itiijli iii>)iiiilniii», liowi'vvr, \vlii>li nri- ((c, 'iiliy t'ovi-rvtl villi fiinw
iho mr ik kck'ii uutl ptrniii^ l<«r niHuii imu- iniMitlii in lliv u'lir, Ilic I- il in a^'no-
ral ik iiiil tw t'ittWv NK llial nf Kii|;Uii(l i miil in iii.niy pluii'k liUHii> >l Ux a^rtt iniuro
limn for jiiiUiiro At llii- runii- ttnu-, iIkio iiti.- jmrtii ulur plain* tuul vm ik'i» i>l'
/.
1 1
ilii' m<ill hixmlunl I'criillly. 'IV tinor imriiclc* of t-artli. itiiiilMiiily wmlictl A<mn
I'l'Din tlu' int>nntnin«, anil (tt-pollinl in llii'ft.' \alli> i, ull'tril llinn • Dron^f w^tiaiivit
I'linillinn III ; llmiifh i'\pi-ri<'tui' Imi pitx^rl ihul liuMtilnu' priiiliK'iin!i> iln nut
iiiiiu' !•> liMin Id niuluritv in
III.
I iiry III in Knut-iiid
r>'
lurtf m, intU.il, n urkM
\i\t'wly nt i'oiU ill .Sxitliiiiil, lilt r.iii' i>( \\Wn.\\ in uaivcilily itiviiniKil by un iiiivr<
mixture «>t' htiiuriil iili|icU. 'i'lii' inv^'ipiiililiit •>!' iTu- groniul, il' tinrav uirulilt' lo
tlu- lulHuirM of till- tiulbiintttnnn, nn- pnrliiiiliirl) pliailn^ In tin- ir;iv.'ller, uiul uirord
lliiill' (li'li^liltul tilnatioiik lor (imnirx li<iufi i, i>f wlinli i> iiny nf ili>' Nudiili nolii'
litv nrid ^ti^'nlry liavt avAJlttI tlit-mlvlvi*. It i^ iluir hi<i.iiii.<ii ui niuJi u^ tUir ina)(-
iiiriciiKC, lliat okkuliont tlu- iVaii ut' the ihikvi ol Argyll' itiid Ailiol, nl' llic vurl
ot' lloncfoun, aikI fonic iilhi*r Ncnltilh nohlcn, lo tl\ tin ulUnlion til' vvcry IruvrN
Kt ilii- water in Sioiluntl. iis ivcry where i-lfi-, tUliiMulit on tliv tpinlitit <t of llu'
foil. \> i'tci' palliii); ilinin^li a lu'avy foil it tnrhiu and n>>\i<uis, Inil tiliralin^
Ihi'Diigh i.iiiil or gravel, i< i U ar, li^hl, omt faUilary !'• llio DoiiaJi. Hut laft i«
(oniiitunly tlic talc in Stoiland, wlurc llu- water i> Intter tliaii that of more
/lUillu-rn clinintci in proportion ut tlu- land \s worfe.
MoiNiAiNij I Ilk' principal mountains in xoilniul nrr> lIu' (!rampian liilN,
v^bitli ion from >'afl to welt, troin mar .\li< idrm In i'nw.tl in Ar^vUlliin-, Annolt
the wli lie brvaiMi of lIu' kiiiKilom Amnliir t li.nn of inomiiaint, t iljid the I't nl-
l.iiut-liillH, runs through Lotliian and joint llioft- of Iwndalc. A llnid, talktl
l.BmmiT-Muir, rilm nrar tlu- inlUrn tuall, and rnim wilhvard lliron^li ihv MtrlV,
Hi'lidi*'* ihofe lontinui'd iliaiiiH. ainon^ \v|o> Il we mas ri'tL>>n llicCluviol or li-
viot-tjills, on ilie liordi's of l'ni;lai.d, Ntotland cotilainN tunny iU:atli<d iiKnin*
l«in!t, fonu'liiiK s of j^nal luif;).l, wliiili, from tlieir mnidil Hj^ine, ha\e lui n
dilHiiguillk-d l>> llie Ctllie iipi).llation of Litti's. Mnny of lluin arc liopendonlly
iiigli. niid dil'jiiav n grandeur in llicir turin, but too uutiicnnu to be partuulurixeil
lerc,
Ki\ CRs, LAKi ^ ANn rnnr.trs] The largift river in Scoiltmd is tlic F< rlli,
wliii II rilVs in Monlii.lt m-ar lallendii. and p. tiling Slirli.iL;, after a nntilier «if
iHauiilnl imandeis, diuliargeit itUlf iti.ir l-.dinburgli into that arm of the Cirrinati
lea, lo which it ^^\\■^s the name of firth or Knrih. . etond to the l-orth in the lay,
which iliiir^ iMii nl l/HliTity, in Mo'iidalliin, and riitmin^ foiiih-eal), palles the
town of iVrili, and fall-, ini.) the lea at Duiidee. lie •"*l'iv. the mull rapid river
•n >M.i'ii;ii(d, ifiius fioin a liil.r of ilie faitii' name in I'.aih'tioch, and running from
luaili-weli lo north ealt, lallt into ilie (Va near l.)^:: ; as tlo the risers I Ac acd
|)i>!i, wiiiih run from v, ill to i al), antl ihremho^ite iliemfe'vcs nl Abcrtleen. II. l*
'I'weid riles en ihf honlert of l.nii'vklhite, atti .oiei
t.v Icrpeiitme tnriiiugs
dif
; liiirt;> ., iik'lt into the lea at IKrwiek, where il I'erves a<» .1 l)i'Hiidary hetwei., .Vof
i Old and fai^Iand, on ihe eariie.ii lide. 'Ilie CKili' it a ia!;;e tiver on the \v. It < f
.Sn'tl.nid, iias i;t rife in Annatidale, nuts niTih-welJ tltriitt''h the valley of that
;j.un<', uiuI, alter palling by Lanerk, llamiium, (j]aljjo« . Kenfiew, Dumbarton,
and
mmmmmn
V' '''''"• its loiii;,,,., I • .■^^■""•"T (. rm,.rK. ., r > .
•'»' ^ iTil)
162
()
r L
N D.
Si'V\raI liindlKjUl rs in Smtlaiid (U-rivi- a largf profit iVoin llicir Icadmiacs, which
nrc riili, aid contain lar};i' «|iiaiililiis i>t lilwr ; biil no liivor mini's aiv worlicd ui
[) 1 ffiit. Sonic i(>j)i)cr mini s liasc hiin t'omul near lulinUiir^ii ; and many parlH
ol' Scotland, in the callcrn, wcllcrn, an<l northern cunnlics, produce excellent coal
of varions kinds, lar^e quantities of which are exported to the jjreat eniolumtnt
of the pnlilic. I.inic-llone is licre in great plenty, as is hve-liDne; To tlial the
lioiire. ct' ih" hitter I'ort arc conftrncleil ol gootl materials. 'I he peat-molleii being
in nianv |)arls ot'ilie nortli erpecially,ahnolt exhaulUd, the inhabitants fuller much
from the f( arcilv of fuel j but the lalie tor plajilinjj that nuw prevails, will loon
remedy lliat iiuonveniency.
I.apis lazuli is laid to lie dilj; up in Lanerklhire ; alum mines have been found
in Bamirihire; cryihd, varie^atetl pebbles, and other Iranlparenl lloius, which ad-
mit of tlie lincll polilli for (eals, are fmmd in varions |)arts; as are talc, tiini, fca-
tlielis, pollers clay, and fullers earth. 'I'he liones whicli tlie ct)untry people tall
clf-arrow-lieads, and to wliii h thev aiiij^n a fupernatural ori,i;in and ufe, were pro-
bably ilie lliul-heads of arrows made ufe of by the C'aledoniaiis and aiicii-nt Scots.
No countrv produces j^rcalcr pli'iily ol iron-ore, l)oth in mines and lloncs, ih;m
Sioihmd; of \\lii(h the proprielors now luj^in to reap the advantage, in their
tonudei
K"
mil oilier metalline nianufactuns.
\ K
(jr.TAIlI.K ANU ANI.MA/. I'KO-
DCCIIOSS, MV SKA AND LAND.
It is faid, that fonic trail-ls of the low
countries ot Scotland exceeil in \alue I'.ni;-
lilh cftati;, of the fame extent, bccaufe they are tar le.s exhauflcd than thole of
the fouihern parts of tlie illanil. Such is llie nuUaliility of things, and the inlln-
<iKe ot (.onuuerv , that a very conlideral)le part of the laiuled j)ropcrt) has lately
and fortunately fallen into tlie hands of merchants and manutaetuicreis, wlui
while they are (!allv iiilroduiing new braiulics of tratle, are no Id's attentive to the
pre^iels ot agriculture. 'I he acli\e genius ot tlufenicii exiends even tonuuirv,
Muks. an<l iiKirllu^, whit h, lieing hilherlo reikoned ufelefs, were tonfo(|ucntly neg-
l< I'tcd, Imt are imw brought t- produce tliofc (pecies of grain or tim!)cr, for which
tlie foil is bell ailaptcil. In the connlies I) ing u|)on the river Korth, called the Lo-
thiaiis, the ctleCts of (kill and imhifliy are thielly perceivable, where, as well as in
.Angus, the tarmcis, who otten nut irom 3 lo j;ool. per annum, are well fed.
U(.ll clothed, and cdinfoitablv lodged. The iisirfe, however, may be obferved ot
a \erv conliderable pari of Scotland, wliere the landlords, ignorant of their real in-
tered, refufe to grant Ak li leafes as would encourage the tenant to improve the
foil. In fuch plac'S, the hufliandman barely exills ui)on the gleanings of a fcantv
farm, li Idoin exceeding 10 or ;ol. per aim. the callle are lean and finall, the houies
iMc.in, :iml llie face o( the louiilry exhibits the moll deplorable marks of poverty
•md oppreliion.
The foil in general produces wlieat, rye, barley, oats, hemp. Ilax, hay, and
palture. In the fouih.vrn ctiimlies, the fineli gariU n fruits, pariicularl) apricois,
iit-Ctariiu b, ami pc;:i hes, are
id to tall lillle Ihort of lliofe in I'.imland
and tl
lame may be fiiil ol the eommoii fruits. 'I he uiicullivaled jiarts ol the lliglilands
abound in \arii>us kinds ot I'alubrious and pit al.mt-tatted licrries ; while many ex-
tenli\e iK'.cts aie covered wiih a lirong luaih. I he iea-coatl produces the .ilgu-
m.'i'in.'i, dulle or dulilii. in gnat ipiantitiis, and other marine [ilants, which ure
tateii for noi.iiiluneni or [iK ifure.
'1 he hihe;
the coall of Seollaiul are mutli tin- faiui- with tiiofe ot' the illan
am
I ci'imiries already delcribed ; but the Stou h have improved in their tilheries
as much as they have in their i.ianut'atlures and agriculture ; and the bill wliiui
p;;(led in i;iS^, bids lair to enable them lo emnlalc the Lhiti h, in (iiring, as well
Ulh
tiieir hill. In ii riiu r times, ttie Scutih lildoin ventured to lilh abovi
a Iea,^ue's ci'l'tance liom tlu iaml ; but thev now ply in the deep waters as boldlv
as
voiingc
''> narni
was t'ori
An in
'^' perhaj
tutioiK V
efpeciall
■he iijoij
tains,
virtues.
Aal
liiriK
coal
ucnl
I \.\\c
nutli
loon
found
h atl-
I, IV ;i-
c cull
X prij-
Stots.
I, llum
A ihciv
w low
lu>U' ol"
R- inthi-
,»!, Uitily
■vs, ^>^«'
c lo thi-"
I) moors,
iMly "f i:-
ir which
the l.«)-
rcll as in
,vcll feci,
fcrvi'd ol
r Vial in-
rovc ihe
a fcantv
ic houk's
^K)Vcrty
liay, ami
la\)rici)ts,
ami till.-
Ili^hlamls
luany t.\-
jllu- .il^;u-
|vlni.l» are
[K' illamU
tillurivs
l,-,\l whiili
as Will
liih above
1 ab bokllv
U!i
s
o
LAN n. ,63
.IS any of lliclr niigliboiirs, 'llicir nilmons, which they can A-nJ more early, when
l>ii|)!iri'<l, to ihr Lfvniit anil (oiillu-in maikcts tlian ihe Kngli/li or Irifli ran, are of
^Tiat fiTvici' lo the nation, as th • rLturn* are gencially made in fpecie, 01 niarkef-
al'le commddilii's.
This (durHy contains few or no kinds, cither of wild or domedic animals, that
;ire not loniinon with their neifjhhoiirs. I'he led-deer and the roe-biuk are foiuid
in llie IIit;li!ands, ixit tlieir Helh is not eom|tarable to Ktmlilh venifon. Hares, and
other f,'anic, are In re ^)!i-niifiil ; alfo the gronle and healli-cock : the cappcrkaily,
aii<l till |)t:irina< an, bnds of an ex(|iiilile liavour, but which are fcarcc and (hy.
Tlu- blai k (attic from the hills of Scotland towards the Highlands, and llacp that
are led upon the mountains of Twecdalc, and other parts of the fouth, lormcriy
brou'dii Inr^e funis into the country ; tho black cattle efpecially, which, when fal-
lene(l on the fouthcrn padnres, have been reckoned fupcrior to Kndilh beef
This trade is now on its decline, by the increafe of m.iiuifadureis, whole demand
for butcher's meat nuifl lefl'en the exportation of cattle into Kngland. tSomc are of
o]>inion, that a fullicit nt ftock, by proiier nielliods, may be raifed to fnpply both
markets, to the great cmohinunt ot the nation.
Formerly tiie kings of Sidflaml were at infinite pains to mend the breed of the
Scotch horfes, by imporfing a larger and more generous kind from the continent :
but, notwithllanding ail tlu- can' that was taken, it was found that the climate and
foil of Scotland were unfavourable to that noble animal, for they diminillicd both
in fize aiul fpirit ; fo that about the time of the union, few horfes, nativeg of Scot-
land, were of much value. Great clforts have been made of htc to introduce the
Knglidi and foreign breeds, and fuch pains have been taken for providing them
witli propir food and management, that fuecels hm anfwered the moll fanguine
expetlations.
l^oFi'LA riON, INHABITANTS,) Thc population of.Scotland is generally fixed
MANNKUs, AM) ci'sioMS. ) at about a million and a half i but this is
only a vague lonjectiire, as no attempt luis been made lo lupport its probability.
It is to be regretted thai fome public encouragement has not been given to
bring this matter nearer to a certainty, which might be d<<ne by the returns of the
I lergy from their feveral parillies. 'I he nund)cr of Tolciiirs, furnilhed by Scotl.iiid
in the war of 1755. amounted to 80,000 men ; of whom above 60,000 were raifd
in the illands ami Highlands, which form by far the k-alt populous \yir\ of Scot
land. It belongs, theritore, to political calculation to lompule whether the po-
pulation of Scotland does not exceed two millions, a!> no country in the world, ex-
clulive of the army, fends abroad more of its hdud)itants.
The people of Scotland are generally i.iw-bomd or lean, but ( U an limbed,
and can endure incredible fatigues. 'Hieir adventuring fpirit was ciiieHy owmg
t.i their laws of luccelhon, which invilL-d the elder brother, as tlu' head of the fa-
niilv, with the inheritance, and left but a fcanty portion for the other foil."?.
riiis obliged thc latter to feek their fortunes abroad, though no people have
more alT'cition for their nativi foil. It is true, this difparity of fortune among
tin- fons of one family prevails in Kugland likevvifc ; but the refiuries which
\oimger brothers have in l-'.ngland are nuim us, compared t » thole ot a country
Id narrow, and fo little improved, either by t jmmerco or agriculture, as Scotland
was tonnerly.
An intelligent reader mav eilily perceive, that the ridiculous family prid.', which
is perhaps not vet eiilirelv exunguilhed in Scotland, was owing to liu- teudal infti-
tiitioii^ which prevailed longer there than in I'lngland. Tlieir family ditfercnces,
efpecially ihofe of the Highlanders, tamiliarized ihem to i)1oikI and Daughter; and
ilie moll ferociou- palhons were authnriied and cherillied by tiicir thiet-
i.iins. Their l-in;'s except fonie who were- er.Jowcd with extraordinary
virtues, were conluiercd in no other light than conuiwmders of their army
Y J. iu
1^4
o
I, J# N D.
in tliiu* of war ; for in i)eacf tlu-ir civil ait'lioritv was fo little felt, that
cvvrs clan, nr family, even in the moil civilized purt ot Scotland, lool^cd upon u*
invn chieftain as the fovercifjn. Tiiefe prejudices were confirmed even by the laws,
wliicli fravc tluifi- peltv tyr.inls a power or life and death ujion their own clt;ites ;
and iliey ^fenerallv ixccuted ilieir luiliy fcniences ia fuin-aiid-iwcnly Iidui-i alter
the jjarties were .ippivl'.eiKl.'d. 'llie pridi.' whii li thufe chieltain- luid in luriiiid'-
inji each ()th<-r, created perpetual animolities, wliich feldom or never ended wiili-
out hlnodllied ; fo tliat the common jjcople, whofe bell qualitication was a hlintl
devotion to tli>' will of tlieir mnfiers, lived in a (Itite of continual hollility. 'The
late All hihald, duk'- of Argvic, was the firll « 'nicfliiin wlio had the patriotii'.n to
attnupt to reform his deix'iulenis, and to hanilli ihofe barbarous enoruiiiics. I lis
example has been followed by ollieis; and tlure can fcarcely be a doubt, but
llinl a very tew )ear> will reconcile the Highlanders to all the milder habits of
loeiety.
Scotch gentlemen, who formerly piqued theinfelves upon their family, or the
iinliiiliity of tluir defeent, were very <lifagreeal)le members of fociety ; becaufe,
t'orgettinq all the virtues of their ancellors, they imitated them only in their ca-
pricious vanity and revenge. I'hofe who go abroad, auvi cuueavour by indiiflry to
laife the lownefs of tlveir circumilanccs, excel in the civil, commercial, and mili-
tary duties, riiey are in general hofpitable, open, comnnmicative, and charitable,
and adopt tlu maimers of the people with whom they live, with more cafe ;.nd
freedom than the natives of mull oilier countries.
It remains a (piedion, whether that lettered education, for which the Scots were
noted by the neighbouring nations, was not of prejudice to th( ir countr}-, while it
\sas of the utaioll fer\ iee to many of its natives. Their literature rendered ihem
acci'ptable and agreeable among foreigners ; hut at the fame tiiiu' it drained tlu-
nation of that onler of men, who are the bell fitted tor forming and executing the
great plans of national improvement.
I'Vw nations ever underwent a fpeedier revuhition of manners llian the Scots,
(jcntleiiun ^\ho li\e at home, upon ellates of 300I. a year and upwards, now
diller little or nothing in their manners and llile of living, from their i'.nglilh
i.eighbouis of the like fortunes. 'J'he peafantry have their peculiarities; their
ideas are confined ; but no people can lontorm their teinjiers better than
they do to tluir fJations. 'Ilu'yare taught from their intaiuy to bridle ilair
pafiions, to behave fubmillively to their fuiieriors, and live witiiin t!ie b( iiiids
of the mofl rigiil u-'conojii) . 1 lence they lave their money ami tlicir confiitu-
tions, and few inflances of murder, perjury, robber\, ;md other atrocious vices,
eeiur at j)refent in Scotland. 'I'hey leldoin enter fingly upon any daring en-
lirpii/e; but v.heii lliev act in loimrt, tlie feenw, f'ugacitv, and refolulion,
with which they carry on any defpirate undertaking, is not to be paralleled ,
and their fidelity to one another, under the flrongell temiitations ariliiig from
their jiovei .\, is fiill more exiraordirary. 'I heir molis are managed with all the
caution of confpiraeie-i ; wilncfs that which put I'orteous ft) death in I73(>, in
open defiance of law and government, and in the miilll of 20,000 i;eoj)le ; ami,
though the agents were well known, and foine of them tried, with a reward oi"
5001. amu'xed to their conviction, \et no evidence could be found fuflicient to bring
them to punilhment. The fidelity of ihi' Highlanders of liotli fixes, under a fiiil
greater temptation, to the >oung Pretender, after his defeat at Culloden, could
fcarcely be b.elieved, Wiie it not well altelied.
'I'hey affeM a fbndnLl.^ I^r llu' ineniory and language of their forefathers bev'oiul
perhaps an\ jieople in the world ; but this attaelmu ut is feldom or never carried
into any thing that is indecent or <lifguflful, thou'^'i they ntain it abroad as well
as :it home. They are fond of ancient Seuteli uilhes, f\ich as the haggif's, the
;lieep'.s head flaged, t.lh in fauce, friars chicken and iiuuced collopj. ihele dillies,
6 ill
lOVV
ilh
ht.ir
\aii
'.(.ir
mils
tu-
nes,
I'.Oll,
k-cl ,
hum
11 ihr
f), ill
111 ot'
Ininj;
II hill
I'OUlll
SCOTLAND f^$
in their oilgliial drerting, wore favoury anil nutritive for keen appetites , but tli«
niocleni iinpioviments tliat havi' heen luatie in the Scotch i ookery have renilcreci
tlinii ac[re('al)le to the mull delicate palates.
Tlie lower clals arc not fo much aceullomed as tlie Kuj^lilh to convivial cnter-
tiiiiunenls ; but when they partake ot thein, tlicy feein, I'm that very leafon, to enjoy
tlienj more completely. Oiu- telUmony time i^, at oiiee I'ocia! and charitable, and
that is, the contributions raifr-d lor celebrating the weddings of people of an inferior
rank. Thofe feflivities partu' of the :incient Saturnalia ; l)ut though the company
conlill;- piomifenoiilly of th> high and the low, the entertainment is as decent as it
is jovial. The giielts pay aeeording to iheir inclination or ability, for which they
have a wedding diiuier and dancing. VN'hen the parties happei\ to be fervants in
refpei-table fnnilies, the contributions arc fo liberal that they often ellablilh the
young c()iii)K' in the world.
ihe inhabitants of thofe parts of Scotland, who live chiefly by paflure, have a
nai.iral vein of poetry ; and the beautiful (implicity of tlie Scotch tunes is reliihed
by all the tnir indgcs of niiilie. ].<we is generally the fuliject, and many of the air*
have been brought ui)on the I'aiglilh Ibige with variations, under new names, but
with tliis ilifadvantage; that, though imdcred more conformable to the rules of art,
they are ltripi)i'd of that original limplieity and expre'.live energy which pofTeHe.-i
fucn powers over the human bread. 'Ihofe of a more lively llrain have had better
tortune, being iiUroduced into the arnu' in their native drels by the fifes, an inftru-
mcnt lor v.hich they are remarkably well fuited. It has been ridiculoufly lup-
pofed that Riz/io, the nnhap[)y Italian fecretar\ ot Mary ipuxii of Scots, relormed
the Seotcli mulic. I his is a falfehood invented, and propagn'ed in envy to tli
Scots, 'i'lieir lined tunes were compolVd by James \. long beioie Kizzio's arrival ;
nor does it appear that Rizzio. wl\o was chieil) employed by hismiltrefs in foreign
difpatihes, ever wrote an air during the (liort time he lived in Scotland.
'l"he ron\nion jn'ople retain the li)lemr, decent manner of liieir aneedors at burials.
When a n lationdies in a town, the paiilli beadle is lent rour.d with a palling bell ;
but lie Itojis at certain places, and with a How melancholv toi.c announces t;ic name
ot the jiartv deieafed, and the time cf his internunt, to which he invites all his
fellow pariihioners. At the hour a))pointed, if the deccafid was beloved in tlic
|)!;.ie. vail nund)ers attend. 'I'he piocelVion is often ])reeeeded I'v tiie m;;.;:-
ihates and tluir ollicers, and the body is carried in a coHin, covered by a vehct
pall, with chairjioles, to the grave, where it is liiently interred. The tunerals of
the uidiilitv and gentry are pei t'ormed in mm h the fame manner as in l'.iv.;land. biit
without anv burial IVrvice. The Highland funerals were generally precedid b\
b;igj)i|)es, v\li:eli [)l;iveil certain dirges, calleil itroiuic/is, .'.nd were accompanied by
ilie Miiei's ol both lexes.
Dancing is a favourite ainufement in this coimtvy, but little regard is paid to art
or gracefuliufs : the w hide confills in agility, ;uul in keeping time to their . \\\\
tunes, which they do with great exactnefs. One of the peculiar diverlions prac-
liled by the gentlemen is tlie (JolT, which retiuiies an equ.'.l degree of art and
lirength: it is played by a bat and .i ball ; the latter is finail' r and harder than a
( rieket ball ; the bat is of a taper conlhuciion till it terminates in the part which
lirikes the ball, whith is loaded with lead, and faced with horn The diverlion it-
t'elf relend)lts that of the Mall, which was common in Mnglar.il, in tlie miildle of
the lall century. An expert plaser \,ill fenrl the ball an anui.diig didance at one
linike; each party tolIow> his ball upon an open licaih, and he who drikes it in
t'ewelt llrokes into a hole, wins the game. The iliverlion of Curling is. pcrhap>,
peculiar to the Scots. It is performed upon ice, with large liat Hones, often from
iwent\ to two hundred ])ounds weiglit each, which ihev hurl tro.n a cnini:' n Itand
to a mark at a certain dillance ; and whoever is ncarelt the mark. ii liie victor.
I'hefc
iO()
C O T I.
N D.
tlu" pliilibcg hung fjciuTiilly their knives, and a dagger, which thoy called a ilirk,
iind an iron pirtol, foniednivS of line workniantiiip, and ciirioully inlaid with (ilver.
ITirfo two may be called the Handing fununer and winter dlverfions of Scotland
'I'lie natives are expert at all the other diverlion;. tonuiion in L'.ngland, cricket ex-
lepted.
l.vNorAOE Asn nuRis.] Thefe Isvo articles are placed under the fame head,
hecanfe tl\ey had t'omierlv an iiitininte relation lo e;u li ollu-r ; both of iheni being
esideiitiv C'ehie. ilie Hii^hLyul pliid is coni|)oled of a woollen Ihilf, fonietinies
\erv line, called f,ii-/jii. iViis iiiiir is ot'a various colour, forming llripes which crols
eacli other at right angles; and the natives vulne thenifelves upt)n tlie judicious ar-
langeinent, or what lliey call fetn, of thole Itripes and colours. /\l)ove the Ihirt,
the Highlander w<-ars a wailUoat of the i'ame compolition with the plaid, which
mnunonly conlills of twelve yard-i in width, and which thev throw over the
ihoulder mto ver\ near the f )ru) of a Koinan toga, as reprefenled in ancient Ua-
I Ill's : f)ni'.'times it is taliened round the middle with a leathern belt, fo that part
of the pliiid hangs down before and behind like a |>etticoat. Ibis they call being
I'.ieii'ed in a phcli;^, wliicli tlie l.o'.vla'uL'is call a /(///, aiul which is, probably the
finii" word witli Celt. Sometimes tliey wear a kind of petticoat of the fame varie-
gated liull", buckled round the waiil, and this they tern» the p/ii/'il>i[^, which feems to
be of Milelian extradion. The lloekings are likewife of tartan, tied below the
knee with tartan garters formed into talirls. Hie jx>orer jwople wear upon their
feet brogues ntade of untamied or undrelfed leather ; for their heads a blue Hat ca|)
is ufed, called a bonnet, of a particular woollen nianulacture. From the belt of
hung generally tl '
pirtol, fomelinivS
The introdutlioti of the bri)ad fu ()rd of Andrea Ferrara, feems to be no earlier than
the reign of James 111. who invited that excellent workiuan to Scotland. A large
leatlicrn purfe, richly aiiorned with lilver, hanging before them, was always part of
a Highland chiel'lai)i's drefs.
The drefs of the Highland women conllfted of a pettii-oat and jerkin, with ftrait
flecves, trimmed or not irinnned, according to the cpialits of tb.e wearer; over this
tliey Wi)re a plaid, which they either held clofe under their chins with the hand, or
faltened with a buckle of a particular faihion. CJn the head they wore a kerchief
of tine linen v)f dillerent forms. I'he woman's plaid h;is been but latelv difufed in
Scotland 1)\ the hidies, who wore it in a graceful manner, the drapery falling to-
wards the feet in large folds. Ihere is a lirong relemblance between the Scottith
plaids and the \arii'g:itid and liinbri;iti>d draperies of the ;incients, efpecially the
Turt ans, as they are to be feen in the monuments of ;mti()uit\'.
The attachment ot the I liglilanders to this drcf^> rendered it a bond of imion,
vvliich olten ))r()ved dangirous to government. Many etior'.s were made by the
legillature, attiT the rebellion in 171,, to oblige them to conform to the Low-
countiy drelfes. 'I he <lif,n-ming Ichenie was the moll fucccfsfid, for when the
rebellion in 1745 broke out, the common people had fcari ely any other arms
than thofe which they took from the king's troops. 'I'hcir overllirow at C'ulloden
rendered it no dilhculi matter tor the legillatuK- to force them into a total change
of their drefs. Its > onvenieney, however, for ill'.' i)urpofes of the field, is to great,
that the Higliland lei^iinent. Itill retain it. h'.ven the common people have of late
refumed the ufe of ii ; and numy of the Highland gentlemen wear it in tlie fumini r
tune. The drefs ut ihe higher and middling ranks in the J .ow-country, ditfers little
tiom th.' Iviglilh ; b'.it many of the puil'antr} liill retain the boiuiet, for the cheap-
lufs and ligiitncfs ot the wear.
'Hie Karfe, <,r Celt c, is fti!l fpoken in the Highlands; but the lan;.;uage of the
I,"w c'uiiiiries, whith !.•. of the lame origin wi;h the Kngliih, i> confinuallv extend-
Ki'j; :^.^ Mrovii.ce. I lie Knjiliih and Jjcutch are written in the fame manner; ami
o
[.
n.
'7
tho promimialion of the Inttor ii fcarcfly more diHercnt from that of I/mdoii. lluiii
arc iliofc of till! norlhorn and wc-ncni I'ji^lilh cuuntics.
l*u N isHMEN I S.J 'I lirfi: arc itiiith the I'uiiU' in Scotland as in iMvijlaiul, onlv tliat
()f bchi iuliiig is |H'rfi)rnii.tl by nii inlirumcnt called the Maidin : the luodel of wliii Ii
was broiiglit from Halifax hi hngland to Scotland by the recent carl of Morton,
where it was lirfl ufeil tor the execution of iiimfelf.
Uklkjion] Ancient Scollilh hittorians, vrith Hcde, and other writers, Kcnerallv
ai^ree that Clniliiaiiity was firtl taufjlil in Scotland by funu- of the difeiples of ,Si.
John the AjH)tUe, who Ikd to this northern country to avoid the perteeulion of \)n-
niilian, the Konian emperor ; thoui^h it was not publieiv |)rofelle(l till the be^imun^
uf the third century, when u prince, wliomScottilh hillorian,s call iJonald the hirll,
his t|iieen, and fcveral of his iwbles, were tolemnly baptized. It was farther con-
firmed by emij^ration from .South Britain, during the perfecutions of Aun'lius and
Uioclefian, wlien it became the ellahlillicd religion of Scotland, under ilie ma-
nagement »if certain Karu'-d ami pious men, named Culdees, who feein to have
been the tirll regular clergy in Scotland.
Chriilianlty feenis to liavr been tlms tii'.ii;ht, planted, and cnnfire.ied in Scot-
land, wliere it Hourilhed in its native limplieity, till the arrival of I'alladius, a
priell lent bv the bilhop ol Kome, in the fifth century, who found means to intro-
duce the ceiemoiiiks ot the Komilh church. The Culdees retained their original
manners, notwilhlhmding the opprellion of the Romilh clergy, till the age of Uohert
Bruce, in the 14th century, when they difappeared. 'ihe oppolition to popery in
this illiuul, though it ceafed in Scollai\d upon the ixtiuvMion of the Culdees, was
in till' fame age re\ ived in Englanil by John Uieklifle, a man of parts and k'.irning,
who wa.s the forerunner in the work of ret'ormation to John Huts and Jerome of
Trague. as the hitler weie to Martin Luther anil John Calvin. I>nt tliough the
doctrines of VVicklitle were nearly the fame with thofe propagated bv the reform-
ers in the iftth century, and the age feemed (frongly dilpofed to receive them, af-
fairs were not lully ripe tor thi.i great revolution •, and the fmilhing blow to popery
in England was relerved tor the reign of I lenry V'lll.
Soon after that important event took place in England, when learning, arts, and
fcienccs began to revive in Europe, the unlcrii>tural ilottrines of the church of Rome,
as well as the ]ivollig;ite lives ot her clergy, <lid not efcape the notice of a tree and
hujuiring people, but gave rife to the Uefornjation in Scotland. It In-gan in the
leign of James V. made great progrffs under that of his daughter Mary, and was
completed hrough the preaching of John Knox, who had adopted the doctrines of
Calvin, an'.i was the chiet refi>rmer ot Scotland. It was natural for his brethren to
imagine, that upon the abolition of the Roman ('alholic religion, they were to fuc-
cced to the revenues of that clergy. The great nobility, whole imaginations had
already ingroHed thefe iJoU'eliions, did not ;it firll difcourage this notion ; but no
fuoner had Knox fucceeded in his defigns, which, througli the fur\ of the mob,
diftroM'd foini of llie tineft ctclelialfical buildings in the world, than the parlia-
ment, or rather the nobility, appropriated tlie church-livings, and molt fcanda-
loudy left tlie reformed cliri^y tu live almoll in a liale of Inggary. Ihe great
landliolders left the doctrine and ilifeipline of the church to be nu.dellid by tin*
j»rcachers, :H\d they weie ionf>rnied by parliament. Succeeding events rendered
the prclhyterian clergy of great importance to the flate ; and their revenues have
been fo much mended, that though few ttipends exceed 1 50I. a year, few tall
iliort of Col. and none ol ^ol. It the prefent expenlive mode of living continues
in Scotland, the elhd)lilhed i lergy will have many unanfwerable reafons to urge
for the increale ot tlieir revemies.
The bounds of this work admit not of entering upon the doctrinal and (rco-
nomi(,al puri ef the church uf Scoil;uu!. it is I'utiiciiut to fay, that its firtl princi-
j ciple
i6S
O I'
n.
cipK' U n parity of ccdorialHrnl nutlioriiy amoiij; all its pri'fbytors ; thnt it agroci in
It-. tiiiUiii's with tlu" rctornu'd cliurilios iibroail in tlic cliiit lu';i(ls ot' ()|>|)()liti<)ii
u> popery ; but that it iN nuxUlli'd principally nftcr the Calvinillicul pluii eliabliihcd
at (ji'nova.
Thi
Kr
ati-r and Icfli-r cxionununication, whitli wlmx' aiU'iidi-d l»v a
toirciiurc ot'cllati', and fninotimos ot* lit'o, has been abolilluvl. That relic ot pope.
\, till' oblij^ing tornicaliiis ot" both fexes to lit upon wliat is called n repentiufj
I}.
el
i>i)|, in the church, and in full view <
t' the
e coni^rej^ation, bej^ins to wear out.
The power of tlie SeoH h clercy is at prefent very inod^rate, or at leall very niode-
liitely exercifed. Iluy have been, ever lince ihc Revolution, lirni adherents to
civil liberty, and the houle of Hanover ; and they acted with reniarkahle intrepi-
<l'iv durini; the rebellion in I74.';- I liey drel's without ilerical robes : but fonut
<>i them ;i;.' i-ar in tlu: jjulpit in "^owns and bands, alter the (Jeiuva form. 'I'lu'y
make no u(e of fet forms in worlliip. The rents of the bilhops, lince the aboliiiun
of epifci'pacy, are paid to the kiiii;, who commonly a|)propriales tlicm to pious
p'U'pofes. A tliouland pounds a year is always fent by his inajelh' fjr the iil'e of
ilie protcliant Iclmols erected by act of parliament in Norlh-lJritain and the
\\ eliern llle.s ; and fiituU have been lately etlablilhed lor the fu|»port of the
aUows and oiplians of the clergy. The numl>er of parillies in Scotland an* ei^ht
lunulred and iiinclv, whereof tliirt) -one are colleqiate churches, thai is, where the
V me is ferved by more ib.an one miniller.
i he hi^hell eccleliafiit-al authority in Scotland is the gem'ral aflTembly. conlilHnjT
of f oinmiiiioners, jfome of whom are laymen, under the title of rulinj; elders) from
prelbyteries, royal bur!;hs, and univerlities. A pivll)ytery, conliltinjr of under
iv.clve minilK-rs, fond-, two minilUrs and one rulinj^ eldir ; if it <-ontaiiis between
rvelve and eij;liteeii niinillers, it lends three, and one rulinj^ elder : il it contains
lutween eif^hteen and twenty-tour miniiiers, it fends four mmillers and two ruling
elders; but if the jireihytery has twenty-four minilters, it fends livi niinilters and
two rulinn; elders, i'lvery royal buri;h femls one ruliiii^ eliler, and l''dinburgh two ;
wliofe election mull be atlelled b) the relpective kirk-iellions of their own burgh-..
I'ivery univerlitv femls one cominillioner. i'he connniliioners are chofeii vearlv, lix
weeks befoie tlie meeting of the allembly The luling elders an- often pcrfons ot"
the firft tpialiiy <'f the country. Tlie king preiuKs by liis commillioner who is al-
ways a nobleman in this all"eini>ly, whiili im els aniiuall\ , in Ma\' : but he has no
\iiice in their ih'lil'cialioMs. This allembly thoolesa clirgvinan tor its modeiator
or fpeaker. Appv als are brought from all the other eccleliallieal courts in Scot-
land to the general allembly ; and i.o appeal lies from its determinations in reli-
j^iiius ir.atteis.
l'ro\incial l'\ n<ids are next in autliority. They are coinpofed of a nundier of
the adjaceiu prelbyteries, over whom they have a power ; and tlure are fifteen of
lliein in .Siotland ; but their atts arc re\v>r(ib!^' by the general alliinbh .
Sid'ordinate to the I'vnods are |)relbyleri<'s, (ixty-nine in nunilu |-, each eonliiling
<l llveral contiguous p.uilhes. 'I'he niinilters of lluie parillie-, with one ruliii'f
( Ider, cliofcn half-veart} out of cverv kirk-fellion, compofe a prelbvterv. I hefe
prelbweries meet in thi head town of that divilion ; but have no juriuiiclion I
Xdllfl
tH.
ir (Wvn liouiu^. i,;oiige witliin tnele tlie) liaVv' co
'giiifance of all eieleliaf-
ion of cainlidatfs for
diiiat
ticaJ matters. A clii. t ]>.irt if their budrefs is tlu
Ji\ .ngs, in whic!> tliey are regular and folemn. i he patron "la li\ing is bountl to
oniinatc *>r prel'cnt in lix months after a vacancy, otherwife the prelbstery (ills the
place jrire iL-vJuto -, bi't that privilege does not liold in roi.'d l)urgl
A kirk-fellion is the lowctt cccleliaftieal iiidicatorv in .Scotlaiul, and
lis an
n<
t vAlend bevond its .,wn pariih. 'I he members conlill of the minil}
ihoritv
Id-
er, c
lis, aatl deacons. The deacons are lajmen, atul att much as church-wardens d>
ju Lugland, by having ihc U1peri11l.-4id1.nc;. ot' ilie poor, uiid taking care of other
paio(.iua
nt
r-
■r
O T I.
N I).
I^^l)
pnrorliial iifTuirK. 'Hh- i Idir, or riilinfi^-olJcr, i< n plad; of j{rc;il panxhinl triiit
ind lie iat Rciu'rally a lay iiorfdu of ronlulcration in tlic |)i«rilli. Tliu olJiTs arc I'up-
nolVd to att in a kind ot io-ordianm y with the iiiiniltrr, and to In- allil(in|{ to
liiiD ii\ many ot liii (.Icriial duties, particularly in catLxInling, vilitin); the lit I;, and
at thi' i()inniuiii<)n-tal)lo,
I he ortice ot niinillers, or preaching prcfl)yti'rM, includes tlic ofiiccg of «leaconi
and ruiinj{-elders ; they alone can preach, adininilKr th»' facranients, citechilv',
pronoiuKc church cinrures, ordain deacons and ruling-elders, aihft at the iniiioli-
tion of hands upon oilier niinilk-rs, and niodeiale or prclide in all ecclehanii >il
judicatories.
riic clhiblillu'd relijjion in Scotliind formfrly partook of the nufferities of (';il-
vinifm, and of the intolerance of popery: at ])rerent is is mild and gentle; and
the iVrmons and otlu r theological writings of many of the modern Scotch divines,
are equally dillinguilhcd by good fenic and g<io(i writing. A gieat nnnilur of
feceding congregations are to he Inund in tl.i; LmvlamU. 'I'liey ni:\iiil/'n their
own priMchcrs ; tliou!.;h Raicely any twi) tongvgalions agne I'ither in ptiii-
ciple or practice, W e tlo not, however, Hn<l that ihiy o))pofe the civil powvr ; or
at lead very felilom. Perhaps many t)f ihefe /ivv/Zwu are jullilial)le on accoimt of the
great abuKs of patmnages, hy which many parilhcs have ui.wonhy or inciipablc
niiniilers impofed u|)on them, a.-> is the caK in ntany places in Kn^'laud.
A difl'erent let of tlillenters in Scotland t.oiili(ls vif tiu i pifccjialiatis, a few <|uakors,
many papills, and other feCtaries, who are denominated from their prcaeliurs. Ki)if-
topaiy, tronithe time of the Relloraliun, in i60o,to that ot the UcNuluiion, in i»)ti.S,
\\a^ the eltabliliied thurch of Scotland ; and Wnuld probably have loiHinueil Ui,
had nut the billiops, who wiii' in general vi r\ we^u nu n, and ii\atmes ot the linkc
' le.
VS illianrs government \>as rendired fo \nipopolar in Scotland, that in <]i:'.en
of York, afterwards James \ ll. and II, retufed to rtcoj;inl"e king \\ illiam s lit
The jnirtifans of that nnlia|)py prince retained tlie ipifcopal religion} and
Ann
's time, the i pilco]'a!iaiis wi're \m.\\ nuiiieroiis in fume jiartN thar
ih.
'Ml
f-
l)\ terians ; and their mr.tiiij;>, \s hi' h lli«\ heiil untk r the act ot tolci iiiion, a^ well
; tMided, 'I lull- niii tings tiill fublil't, but iliinl) ; the decline of tlie nui\iuror.s
not having lu;)[>reiled cpifcopacy in Scotland : the l.ngiiih biihops fnpply clergy-
men c|u;iliru(l according to law, whofe chapels are chietiy filkd by the l'j;giith,
and Uicli Scotch hearers of tliat jierfuulion as have places under the go\ 4.111-
in"nt.
I he tlcfet-lion of fome great families frcnn tiie canfe of po]H'V\ . and ll-.e eMine-
t:on oi others, have rendered its votaries inconfiderable in .Scoilai.d. Ihey are
I hietly confuiid fo the northern j-arts, and tin- illands : and though a vioKiit oj)-
iliiioi
IS liiieU bien tailed
inll them, thev anocar tt» be as iiiuv'l and ii.oi
fnlive as pruu liant ful'icobs.
'I'l
.Sioilanit. during the time ot epifcoiKit v, contained I'.vo arclibiih.ojiricks, St. Ai
. w'h and (ilalguvv ; and twelve bi(liopri( ks, Kdiniiurgh, Dunkeld, Alnideci
Miirra\, lirethin, DiimbUiin, Kefs, Caiihnefs, Orknev, (iailowav, Ar^^l^
n.<i th^
I
I'AttNISG, ASI) LEARNEI' MKS.
For this article we may refer to tli< liti :ary
V.iftory of Kaio|)c for 1400 years part, 'llie weliern |>nrts iuid illes of Scotlanil
J rodiiced St. I'atrick, the celebrated ajuMlle ui Ireland, and many others linci ,
v. hofe bare nanu'.s wctuld make a lonu articl
Ih'" wiiii')^s of Adatiinniis. I'll!
txtant. iM.d o! lunie otlu. is, who lived bi ton , and at the time of \\w Nor.vifn in-
\, 1,i>n, aliord Ipeeimeiis of llieir learning. Ch.irh s the Great, or C.'harlemai;i •■.
iiu It mi»[iu I'tit.nably held a cerrtfpond<-;:ie bv letteis with the kings ot Siolh.'i'i,
with whom lie cMteied Into league ; and employed Siofcl.nien In pianttinc, tettliirj,
*a.\l tuiiii^ "Uib favcuritc Uhivc'rliuts, and orher fcniuiirics of Ic-arning, in liMnee,
'/, huiv.
»7«
GOTLAND.
Italy, nnd Goiinanv. It is an mulouhtod truth, though n recmint; paracToxIcnl hO,
that liHrlN)ur, » Soiith p<K-t, i)hili)rt)|ihcr, uiul hillorian, thuuKii prior in liiiu- tu-
Ciiuui'cr, having llourilhi-d in tlic year ij()8, wrote, ucconling to the niodtrn iilcuji,
ut pure l'.n);lilli ii« that bard, and hi« vcrtiliculioii is piTh:ips inon; harinoiiiou'i.
The dethuctioii of the Scoteh iiioiuiinenli of learninu; and antiiutity have rendered
their rarly uniiali lame, niid ut'ten tahuloiit; but liu- Latin It) to ot liiuhunau'ii
I lillory is e(|ual in elallieal purity to any modern production -, and both Huehanan
iind Arthur Johnllon have very fuceerstully cultivated tlio Lyrit niufe, by two^
elegant Latin veilions ut the IMulniH ot Uavid. I he lettern ut the Seulth kingit tu
the neiffhbonring prinees are incomparably the tinell compolitionH ot the tinieii in
which they were written, and are tree trom the barbarilins ot" thofe lent them in
itnfwer. '1 his has been conlidered w a |iruol° that i lallical learning wan more cul<
tivated at the court ot Scotland than at any other in Kurope.
The dilcovery ot' the lof{ariilims, a dd'covery whicli, in point of ingenuity nnd
Utility, may vie with any that has been made in modern times, is the mdiA)utablc
right of Napier of Merchifton ; and lince l)i:i lime, the nuiilu inatical fciencci
have been cultivated in Scotland with great fiiccefs. Keil, in hi.s uhylico-niathe-
tnatical works, to the clearnefs of his real'oning has fometimes added the colouring
of u poet, (jregory was long held the bell writer on allroiiomy ; and is Hill allowed to
be one of the moll perfect and elegant. Maclaurin, the companion and the friend
of Sir ifaac Newton, was endowed with all that prccilion and force of mind,
which renderjd him peculiarly fitted for bringing down the ideas of that great
man to the level of ordinary apprehcnfions. V\ bile Maclaurin purfued this new
career, a geometrician no lefs tamous diliinguilhed hinifelf in the almofl deferted
tra£l of antii|uity. I'his was the late Dr. Sinifon, well known for his illullrationii
of the ancient (jeometry. The fine arts have been tailed tillers, to denote their
affinity. There is the fame connetlion between the fciences, particularly thofc
which explain the works of nature. Mathematics, and phylics properly fo called,
were in Scothmd aecompiuiied by the other branches ot lludy to whit h they arc
allied. In medicine particularly, the names of I'ltiairn, Arbuthnot, Monro,
VVhytt, C'ullen, (iregorv, &c. hold a dillincuilhed place.
In the department ut^ hillory, this nation have acijuired the highed celebrity.
ume was the firll who, willi any pretenlions to claflical elegance, wrote the hif-
II
tory of Kngland. Dr. Robertfon l>egan his literary career of glory with the hillory
i)\ his own iduntry. 1 his was followed by that of all iMimpe, in the reign of the
emperor Charles V' The i nptl\ating account of the difcovery of .America was
nc.\t prefei\led to the world, and an nilloriial dif<juilition concerning India, was
emperor Charles V The i nptl\ating account of the difcovery of .America was
nc.\t prefei\led to the world, and an nilloriial dif<juilition concerning India, was
the lall |)r<)diiction of this philofo|iliical hillorian. lo Dr. Henry, his country and
the world aie indi l)ted for a hiliory of (inat Britain upon ;i p'an entirely new, in
which, at the expence of immenle labour, he has brought within one glance of tli<:
eye, every thing interelling in the civil hillory, religion, conliitulion, learning, arts,
commerce, ;ind manners i<i the people lioni the i:arliell auihenlieity. From an
infinite Nari'.ty of aulJinr'> ut ihe fnil refpettability, he has collected a great nials of
knowledge, and lias corKentreil thcle I' ttered ra_\s into one tot us, fo as to rentier
his work both inllructive antl entertainuig.
Nt)r have iIk Scots been uidiiceefsful in cultivating the lU lies Lettres. Fo-
rt igners who inhabit warmer climates, antl conceive the noriiiern nations inca-
pable ot tendiriulA and feeling, mull acknowledge the |)oelie j^eiiius and delitati*
(enlibility of I homlon. liut of ail literary purliiils, that oi tendering mankind
mure virtuoU!i antl happy, which is the proi)er object <if what is t allid mi;>Wj, ought
Ui be regardtd with peculiar lionour and lefpecl. The philofopliy vt Dr. Ilntche-
(iim, not lo inention other works more fublile aiuleligant, but ler> convincing ami
kls iiillruitive, defervcs tu be read by all who wjuuld know their duty, or who
woultl
O T L
N D.
*n
brity.
illory
)f' the
WilS
Will
' ami
•vv, ill
)t" th.:
arts,
>in ail
lals ot
who
hvould
wmiltl wirti to prurtifo it. Next to Locke'* Kflhv on the Mumnn Undcrftonding,
it i". pcrltiip* thr hell (lilfrtlioii of the luiinan iniiid tlint liutli np|>cnri-(l in modtf n
tiim-!. i aiul it is likcwil'i* a moll ufot'ul lupplcnuMit to thut oiliiy. It would be end-
liTi to nuM)tioii all the iiulividuaU who hnM- di1lin){uilhi>d thonilVlvoH in the varioin
bramlu's ot" litvraliiri' ; partiiiilarly hh th<i(V wIw) aro alive ^ fomi- of thi'in in lii;;li
elK-ein for liiOoritai, cthiial, und icrmotiic coni|V)lition) dilpute the palm ot luent
with the dead, and eover llu-ir country will\ laurels.
Univirsi viK*! Ihi' Uiiiverfitifs ot Scotland are (awr, \\t. St. Andrews*,
founded in 141 1— (ilaff{ow fi I454~'^'"'''*l'*^"" I' '477 — '^"'l l'.<lii>liur;»h §, 1 ^H;.
Cm IKS, TOWNI, ANn oruKR kdific-ki, > Kdinbur^h, the capital nt Scotland,
PUBLIC ANP I'RiVATR. J naturally cinims on' lii it attention ill
this divilion. Its cadle, l)efore the ufc of artillery, >^as deemed impregnable ; and
was probably built by the .Saxon kinj^ Kdwin, wliofc territoios reached to the
I'rith of Forth, and who ^ave liis name to Kdinbur^h, as it c rtainly did not tall
into tiie hands of the Scots till the reij;n of Indulpbus, who lis d in the year 953.
The town was built for the benefit of prote^iion from the caiHe, and a more incim-
veiiieiit fitualioii for a capital can fcarcely be conceived i the lii^h-llreet, which i»
on the rid^e of a hill, iyiiiff eat) ami wetl ; and the lanes running down its fideii,
north and fouth. In former times the town was furrounded by water, except to-
wards the call i fo that when tlic French landed in Scotland, during the regency
of Mary of Guife, they gave it the name of IJllcbourg. 'ihis tituation fuggeOed
the idea of building very lofty houfes, divided info (Tories, eech of which contains
a fuite of rooms, generally large and commodious, tor the ufe of a family ; fo that
the high-ftrect of Kdinburgh, which is chieHy of hewn (lone, broad, and well-
lavrd, makes a moft nugull a|>pcarance, efpecmlly as it rifes a full mile in a direct
ine, and gradual afccnt from the palace ot Holyrood-iioufe on the eatl, und i« ter«
* St. Andrtwi hu « Cliinccllnr, two Princi|inl>, and eleven Prorrfliirt in
Cirrck, i-onic, M.illirmaticj, Divinity.
Ilimiaiiitjr, Moral I'liilofopliy, Civil IliAorv, Medicine.
Ilelirew, Nadirnl Pliil()fin»hy, C'liurLti llillor)',
\ (ihifgnw liai a CJKUuilIor, Kn'lor, Dean of Faculty, Principal, and fniirtren Profeflbn in
Greek, l'"K''"» Practical Allrunomy, Mediiiiie,
Hiniunily, Moral Philofoithy, llillory. Anatomy.
Iirl)rcw, N:uiiril Philolo|ilty, Divinity,
Drirntai l.angmgrs, Mailiiiiiatics, Civil and Scotch Law,
J Aberdeen lu< |>rop«riy two Collcne*, viz. KingN College, ;uid M.irifihal College [ Kini't
College lia^ a Chancellor, Keiftnr, Princi|ial, anil leven Proti lliirb in
Creek, ()rieiii.il Languages, Divinity, Medicine.
Iltnnanilv, Philofoiiliy, Civil law,
MnrifchoJ C'ollege has a Chancellor, Kertor, Principl, and fcven Profrirors in
(irerk. Moral I'lnlolnphy, and Natural l'liilol»|>hy, Divinity,
Oriental L.anguaf^cs, i.ogit, Mathematics Mcjiiinc.
^ The old t)iiililing» in ihr iiniverfily of F.ilinbiirgh. ...iving fallen into decay, li.ive been partly
taken don 11, and a nru' Tniililing is now ererting, ttic toun<Litioi\ ot which was laid with great cerenio-
iiv, Dccenihcr i6lh, 1 78.). Tlie e.iH and weft fronts ot this Itrni-'hire extends 155 foet, and the loufh
anil north ■\;,ii. I lie rooms tor the l.ilirary and Mufcuin are eacli to be 68 teet in length, and the
ihoifiilions ot the Mall hir drj,rtes and piihlii. e\ercilV» arc abovit ijo Icct by jo. Our molt graciovik
lovi-rcigii has been a very libiral beneUc^tur to this edifice, which proniifes to be a noble monument
\)t national tafte and Ipiril.
Kdinburi;h has a I'.itron, Prlnci^vtl, and ProfefTors In
N.itiiral I'hiiolophy, Law ot Nature and \a- Inft. of Phyfic and Me.
J
Divinity,
(liiirch HilKiry,
Ciicck,
Humanity,
Hebrew,
logic,
Moral I'liilufuph;
M itlieinatii -,
Civil liillorv.
Natural Hilfory,
Scott h Law,
Civil Law,
tions,
khctorir, and B«Hes
Lettrei,
Botany,
Materia Medica,
z »
diciiie,
Prattice of niedicine,
Chemiftry,
Anatomy,
Miilwifcry,
niiiiated
»7*
SCOT
N D.
minatcd on ihe woft by thi' ruJo maj'rty of iti c«rtle, built vipon a h(ty ro«k, In.
•('L-cll'il*li: (>i) all liilco, cHcopt wtivn* it join* to ilio city. 1 he iiiconvcnuuck**
•lidiif; fi 111 ihij crowd -ij uopulition lu-in^j I'o very Af< nut, ilic uiitdcru hour';*
an. generally built itt the Lngltih t«lK<, >>t a ntodcrutc iKi(,'kit, and u«.t><nuiiii>ij,iiv(t
to the ufo Di'u iiii|j(tc Uniily. Thii iitinrovcincnt pitrticuiurty tireviiiK in tlw ikw
town. Till.' caOii- ttot nrtly overlooks tlic city, its ciiviroiti. garuciu, the ii«w town,
and M ri« h tu iKhlmurini^ routitry, \»\\ cmMinaiKlt a iiiuO c\toiitlvc biul'pvct ol ilii>
rivtr Forth, llu lliijij in^, llio nppolito coail of File, and cviii Joiiio liill* al tin' i|it-
t.inco ot !• iiy or htiy miles, wnitli bonk-r upon tin- I li^^hlaiult. '1 lio callii l»:t»
fuiii • ){'*">l •iparrinctit}, a toleriblc ir.iiii tit ttrlillcry, a tai);<' nui^a/ine '>! arm i ami
ainiiiiimtioi), aiul coiuuini i^ie rot^.tlia, which wcto d<*pii|itcd iH-rc unJci t)\v ' u>lt
fi'livnn legal tnrtramciU'i of" tlkir ni'v«r liciiiR f inovi I from iIkiko. All that i»
known .It prol'rni ol ilmti' rijjalia is loiiiaiiu-d in iIk- inllrununl v\hlth v is taken
at the I i>u- >)t" ilii ir bcin;; ilepitliteil, wiure ili.'v ar.- till!) delerihul,
l'aciii>{ liiv callle, at a inile'* dill.iiui', llaiuU th^' .iblny, oi ralli r pujav . of Mo-
lyrood-hoiile. 'I'lie inner quadrangle ot'thiit paluic bei^iiii by Jaiix-s V. aud tiiiilh*
id by t'larlei I. ij of mnj;nifuent niDiUrn an Iiiieclurf, imilt ;iee.>rdinu to ilic |'^an,
and iiiuUi i.'io ilirection ii\ lir \\ illi.. ii Hrine. u •hhUi li jjinileui n\ -ii family, .lud
i.iif »)f ilu' ^roatell auliitects nf lliat a;{e. Kt.imil the tjiiadranglc iuni ttn inade,
ulorned with pilallers . and the intidc contain'* grxid apartmciii.s. |ti loiij; ^.allery
i'oataiiH fi^uu'i, fume of which are front pxitraitu, painted b> iiuidiru handj, ot
the kill)}' "t .Votla-id, dnw n to the time of tne Ki vnhiiion. J inie* \ II. wlen dnkr
ct Vutk, iiiten<K'd to hasi> adorned the nei^hil>llnholld of (hit palace, wliidi
ii fituated at tli' Ixittoin of hli tk f'^H^ >»hI h;re niDiiutaiiis. 'I h>' ihaiK'l helong-
iag to ill.' pahuo, as it llood wlien npaiied and ornani'iiti d by that priiiee,
is thoiJ,i;ht to have been a mull eK'n iiit piece of Ciothic architeolure. it had a very
lofiy ra.»r, and two ioji'' (bme ^alU-riei fiipj) irteil bv cmioui pillar . It wa^t
the conveni'ial church ot the old abbey, (is inlid- was deiiudilhed a:id rilKd of
nil its rich urn iiiv.'nls by llutury of the ntoli ;it the Kivululiiii, whiili e\eii biukt"
Lto il!C lepolitoiici uf the d( ad, and (iifco\ere(l a vinll, till licit tinu' uiikiinwii,
>''!iich coiUdin-.'d (lie bodic . of Jan.es V. his liill tjnei'ii, and Henry Uariiley. 'I he
Vall* jiiJ roof of this ancient ch.ipel fell d >wii on thi' id and 3d of Di-eeinber,
J768, Oct.. limed b. ilie enunnuii'. vvii^hl of a m w lloiie root, laid over it lomu
J'lOrs .1^1), wlilili the w.ill, WvTe n:\alile to fnppntt.
'I lie noipilai, f^niuhil by lJeorj!> llerriot, j;.)ldfmith to James VI (lands to tho
f^'.ilh-weil of the cnllle, in a fjiiod (itiiation. It is the fined and moil regulnr fpe-
( men Vvhii.h Iiiifjo Joiiei who wint to Scutland as architect to ipieen >\iiiu', vul'c
of ki.;;; James Vlihaskit u- "f his (iuihii manner It was built 1 ihe miiinte-
jnnce and ed'.u ;if!«.n uf ponr » Inldun b.|(iiij;ing to tlu' i i'i/en-. of l'.ilii)biirj;li, and
U iind-T ill.' diiiiti '11 t.f the city in;'i;llliates.
'1 hi* coilegv' at Itl'.iibnrjjh i lainis tlie privilej^e* of an uni\erlity, founded by klii!;
James \ I. and by Iiim i»iit u uUr the ihrection of the ma^jiftratcs, wlm have the
puwer of ci.aiiCellor and v:ce-cliaiicell'ir. It-, orif^in.d buildiiii;-, were (Jiily cal<
Irited for the (ober literary manners of thole davs. We have already iDintiou^il
the new unlvirhty wliuh is imw eretling ; but what is of more importaiue, it is
fiipplied with e\cellenl proleirors in the feveral branches of learnings and its
fihuols for every part ot the iurdii;d art are ri'ikoned eijiial to any in luirope.
'Ibis (•olIed;^e is pmvltled With a library, foundi-d by Clement Little, and of late
greatly auijniented.
Ihe I'arliameiil-liiu.Te, or, a;; it is there called, Ciofe, was formerly the moll or-
nnmeiital part of the city , it is formeil into a <piadrangle, part of which conlills
tjf loftv buiUiiiiijs ; and in the miildle is a fine cjuellrian llatiie ol Charles II. 'I In;
ruuui buiU b) Charles 1. for the paiiianiciU-houle, though iiol fu large, is faid tu
btt
fCOTLANO.
m
hf hrtttr pT'^porticMiod thin WcflmiM(lrr-h«ll j nrn! iti uwf, though *Xocufcd in
<hc fume iniinnor, hu« hccii hy gmxl iuili(r^ hrld t<» lie |ii|>frii>r. It ^ now i'mii-
Vi*rtrd into u ''itutt ol'ltiw, wlici>- it lingli* |U''i;r, • alliti the lortJ oriliiuiry, imi'IuUh
bi rni«li<iii ; in a r(H>ni ni'iir it, lit (he ulhor iikIk' « i
II r
m\ji
OIlilDi; ;i|i
piihl
lU
oificci ol ih>' h\\\ , cxchoi<|iicr, chancery, tiiruvuliy. aiiil. i, ituitlracy ot .duiluirgli »
niu! ihr v:iliuhlr lihrnrv ot the hiwyrrn- 'lhi« iM|kiuli any tlMiig of lli kind t<i Ixf
ti'und in bliiKloitd, <>r [)<'ihn|>» in any tmn ul iMirope, uiid \«!u ut fiiit rnuiuKd ufid
f'iri'.illi'*d l)y iHwvori. it conlaini uw mot) vnluahU inuuutiri^ii rciiiitin* <il tin;
'>lih «iitl>>ry, cliiirtulnrii.*, inul orlur |iit)i( m <<t •inlii| iiv, with ii It lii % oi nmUl*.
Ihi'hixh churi'li of Kdinhurgh, culli'd 'hut ol St. CmIci, u ntiwdiviii'il iiiio I'mir
. 1 rchc». lid u r<x»in < r h.ll whore the i;oni'ral ;iHi'mbly lit%. It in n Urjgc (iylhic
l>tiildinf(, arid it* Ocr|tl i<i tiiritioiinted by urtlivK iWrnied into un imp rial crown,
hich ha!i u iiiMxf ctU'Ct. riie nixdorn cdilit-e:< in and near l-'.dinl)uri>h, I'luli ut iht*
\vl
S
CKchnniji . public •lriicc^ 'uifpitnl*, biitli^cx, nnd llie hkc, dniHuilhuU' tlic iinpr<iv< •
inrni ut ih<r tallc i>t the .'v «)ti in their |)ul)lic work*- I'linillel to tlic lity ut Kdiiw
hiuf^h, on th - tt( riti, the iioliility, genti\ , iiiid othert, li.ive nliii<>ll (otupltted (i new
town. 'I he lluetii and fipiures uit* hud uut wiili rrgnlurity, and ilie hinilet urtf
built of n<inr, in an rlcgnni tafie.
Hclwc'ii fl old tiul the new town lies u ii.irrow bottom or vale, whiili. agree-
ably to tile oiijjinitl pl.i . \* .!» to huve hi-en fornuti into n ihci t ot wiiu r, IxinUred
by a terrnre walk, and lie alcetit tovxanU the new town covered witli plciiluru
^■ardens, IhrnblieiieN. tl^^i.. 'Ihiit delif;n hau not yet lieen enrried into execution.
At the well, or n|iptr end of tliiii vale, the ciilHi-, u folid roik, not Iclj thun twenty
tlorics hi^h, looks <l
bounded l>y n linking
iih awlii. nui^niiiceiiie
'III
ea
lieri'.
cstreiuity m
fait, a Iwt'ty bridge *, the inidtiie arch being ninety
feet liigh, which joinn the i ew buildiii){<i tu tlie ( ity, and renders ilie delceut uit
rich h(lc the vale (there Uing no wat<.r in this place) more cuininodioiiw lor car-
liagen 1 mil the more p.irticular in di I'l 'ibing thit citv, that tl>e reader tuny
toirn foino ideu of iis niagmficent litnnMon, ihmding on an eminence, with a gentle
dei lisiiy on ea< h lide, in tlie iicart of a rich ennntrv ; tin- viiw I'uutlnviird, that of
It ro:nantie city, its more roinimtii iMJile, and dittant hilU riling to an aina/ing
height; while the prolptct aeroli ibe Frith, give* lull Icope to ihe e)e, pleates the
imagination, and expands the inind.
I his t iiy may be conlidered, nolwilhllandlng its laftle, and a wall .shiih
rni li'hs it on t'e fonth lide. .is :in open town ; I'o that it would li.ive been iinprac
ticiible for hs inhaliitants to i,;i\e defended it againi) the rebels, who took pollcf-
lion of it 1745 I'dinbnrgh i> mains n plav-lw>nt'e, wliidi has now the laiK'tion of
an .11^1 of pariianunt i and coiiccrts, jiHeniblie«i, balls, nnilic lueetings. afid oilier
pnlite ainnfinunts, are a» tre(|nent and brilliant here, as in anv part nf li|.j
ninitlly's dominions, l.undon and liaili e\cei)t*ii In tlu new town ar«- fc\er;d
h.ni(l(om( and convenient houls, and the cotiec honfes and tuverno in the old town
are nnidi improved.
{'■.(iinbiirgh is governed by a hird provoft, four baillies, a dean of gnild, and n
tre;i('urer, aunually thofen from the common-ci'iimil. Mverv conip;inv, or iiuor-
pi ilitl tradi, clioniVs lis own diamn, and here aie 14; vi/.. I'lirgeons, goMlijiiihs,
Ikiiiner!., fiirriern, hammer-men, wrights or carpenters, niat'on*, tavlois, bakers;
butchers, eordwainers, weavers, fiiller>. and bonnet -makers. I lu lortl pro\olt
is lolonel of the town-guard, a militau inliitulion lu be f '
iiind m no part of his
• A l)riilKe h»« Iwrn laiily rrtfivl towinh the l>viililing» on mcIi fide, «nd i« illrcrtly o(ipontr to
(biilh, wliich iiol only loiii.i^lt Ihe t)iiililiiigs ii\ timl ovrr the Nortli l.iiih, .nitl will lie | nxluoiirc
that ijiiartir u iih llu <>M .iml ium iuu ii«, l>ul .id- of iiunv advjiir.i^t'K, .in.l ,itli>r>i ;i Ltr.it iiurcate of
niitH i)( an raf) anrf« tu ihr imiiiii\. 'I'hi* (ruth revciuit vu the iii) o( I'tliiiblirjjii,
lrid);r furiiis I mult ilrg^ul itrcci, VH;lh inagiutiiciit
tn.ijerty's
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0
(716) S73-4503
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«74
SCOTLAND.
majefty'i dominions, but at Edinburgh : this guard fcrvcs for the city watch, and
patroles the ilrccts, is ufeful in fupprclling rmall commotions, and attends the pu-
niflimcnt or execution of criminals. The (oldicrs are divided into three companies,
and wear an uniform ; thev an- commanded by three orticers, under the names of cap-
tains. Befides this guard, Kdinburgh raifes i6 comiianies of trained bands, which
ferve as militia. I'hc revenues of the city confill chicHy of that tax which is now com-
mon in moil of the bmlics corporate of Scotland, of two Scotch pennies, amounting
in the whole to two thirds of a farthing, laid upon every Scotch pint of ale (contain-
ing two Englilh quarts) confumed within the precin^ls of the city. Its produ£t
has been fufticicnt to defray the expcncc of fupplying the city with excellent
water, brought in leaden pipes ut the dillance of tour miles ; of eretting refcrvoirs,
enlarging the harbour of Leith, and completing other public works, of great ex-
pence and utility.
Leith, though near two miles diftant, may be properly called the harbour of
Edinburgh, l)eing under the fame jurifdidion. It contains the remains of two
citadels (if they arc not the fame), which were fortified and bravely defended by
the French, under Mary of Guifc, againd the Englilh, and afterwards repaired
by Cromwell. The neighbourhood of Edinburgh is adorned with noble feats,
which are increafing ; particularly, the earl of Abercorn's, a fliort way from the
city, the duke of Buccleugh's lioufc at Dalkeith, that of the marquis of Lothian at
Newbottle, and Hopctoun-Jioufe, -fo called from the earl its owner. About four
miles from Edinburgiiis Koflin, noted for a (lately Gothic Chapel, counted one of
the mod curious pieces of workmaniliip in Europe -, founded in the year 1440 bjr
.William St. CJair, prince of Orkney, and duke of' Oldenburgh.
Glafgow, in the ihire of "Lancrk, iituatcd on a gentle declivity floping towards
the river Clyde, 44 miles wed of Edinburgh, is, for population, commerce, and
riches, the fecond city of Scotland, and coiiiidering its lize, the firil perhaps in
Europe, as to elegance, regularity, and the materials of its buildings. The ftreets
crofs each other at right angles, and are broad, draight, and well paved. The
houfes make a grand appearance, and are in general fouror five dories high, and
many of them, towards the centre of the city, are fupported by arcades, which
form piazzas, and give the whole an air of magnificence. Some of the modern
built churches are in a good dyle of architedlure ; and the Gothic cathedral con-
tains three churches, one of which dands «bove another, and is furniflied with a
fine fpire Cpringing from a tower ; the whole being reckoned a maftcrly fabric. It
was dedicated to St. Mungo or iCcnti^ern, who was bifliop of Glalgow in the 6th
century. 'I'he cathedral is upwards ot 600 years old, and was prclerved from the
fury of the rigid reformers by the refoliition of the citizens. The town-houfe is a
lofty buildine, and has noble apartments for the magidrates. The univertity is
edeemcd the oed l>uilt of any in Scotland. In this city arc fcveral well-endowed
hofpitals ; it is well fupplied with inns ; and, near the mod populous part of the
town, wliere the traders airenible, is a hotel, tavern, and fpacious cotfee-houfe,
named the Tontine, fupported by fiibfcription. In Glafgow are feven churches,
and eight or ten meeting-houfcs for fettarics of various denominations. Its inlia-
bitants have been edimatcd at 50,000.
Aberdeen is the third town in Scotland for improvement and population. It is
the capital of a Ihire, to which it gives name, and contains two towns. New and
Old Aberdeen ; the former is the lliire-town, and evidently built for the purpufe
of coiumercc. It is a large well-built city, and has a good quay, or tide-harbour ;
in it arc three churches, and fcvi-ral cpifcopal mecting-houfes, a conliderable de-
gree of foreign commerce and much (hipping, a well-frequented univerlity, and
above 20,0B0 inhabitants. Old Aberdeen, near a mile didant, though almod
joined to tlic New, by means of a long village, has no dependence on liie other :
it
8 C
T L
N D.
'75
It is
and
lirpofe
Ibour ;
lie de-
and
tther :
it
}t ts a moderately large market-town, but has no haven. In each of thefo placet
there is a well-endowed college, both together being termed the univertity of
J^bcrdeen, though independent ot'c^ch other.
IVrili, the capital town of I'erthdiire, lying on the river Tay, trade* to Norwoy
and the Baltic, is finely lituatcd, has an improving linen manufactory, and lie* in
the neighbourhood of one of the mod fertile fpots in Great Britain, called tho
Carfe ut Gowry. Dundee, by the general computation, contains about 16,000 in-
habitants ; it lies near the mouth of the river Tay ; i* a town of confidcrable
trade, exporting much linen, grain, herrings, and peltry, to foreign parts j and has
t'lrec churches. Montrufe, Aberbruthiclc, and Brechin, lie in the (ame county of
Angus ; the foreign trade of the firft begins to revive, and the manufacture* of the
other two are in an improving (late.
It may be necelTary again to mention, that the population of Scotland is fpoken
of with great uncertainty, as it makes very cunliderable improvement. The num-
ber of inhabitants in the towns already mentioned, has been rather under than
over-rated. Edinburgh certainly contains more than 60,000 fouls, which is the
conmion computation ; but the influx of people, and the increafe of matrimony in
proportion to that of property, muft create great alterations for the better, and few
tor the worfe, becaufe the inhabitants who are difpofed to induftry may always
find employment. This uncertainty is the reafon why a particular dcfcription of
Dumfries, Air, Greenock, Paiiley, Stirling, and about 50 other burghs and tow^;*
of very confidcrable trade in Scotland, is omitted. But great allowances are to
be made on the other hand, for numerous emigrations to England, America, the
Weil and Eaft Indies, for new fettlements.
The ancient Scots valued themfelves upon trufling to their own valour, and
not to fortifications, for the defence of their country. This was a maxim more
hcroical than prudent, as they have often experienced. The cailles of Edin-
burgh, Stirling, and Dumbarton, formerly thought places of great (Irength, could
not hold out 48 hours, if belieged by 6000 regular troops, with proper artillery.
Fort William, which lies in the Well Highlands, is fuflicient to bridle the inhabi-
tants of the neighbourhood, as far as Fort George and Fort Auguftus, in the nortb
and north-weft -, but none of them can be conlidcrcd as defences againd a foreign. .
enemy.
AntiqjJ'ties and curiosities,") The Roman and other antiquities found
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. } in Scotland, havc fumiihcd matter for large
volumes. We can dill trace the Roman Wall (or, as it is called by the country
people, Graham's dyke, from a tradition that a Scottifh warrior of that name firil
broke over it) between the Clyde and P'orth, which was firft marked out by Agri-
cola, and completed by Antoninus Pius. The Roman camps in Scotland have
been recently defcribed, in a fplendid work, publithed from the manufcript of the
late General Roy, by the Society of Antiquaries: they are diftinguilhed into three
claflcs ; I. tbofc between the wall of Antoninus, and the borders of England;
2. thofe between the fame wall, and the river Tay ; 3. the camps to the north-
eaft of that river, ending in the camp at Kiethick, near Brechin. The three Sta-
tions at Grafly walls and Ardoch, in Perthfhire, and Battle. Dykes, between Killy-
moor and Brechin, are the only camps hitherto difcovered, that could, contain
near the caflern extremity of the Grampians, and not at Strathern, as had formerljr
been fuppofed. General Roy adopted his friend's opinion, and profecuted his
difcovenes ; ai d both thefe gentlemen think, that between Battle-Dykes and the
caftern exucinity of the Grampians, one at leaft, if not two large camps,.muft have
I exifted.
176
O
N D.
cxiflcci, nnil will prol)al)Iy fomclimi' bo difiovcrcd. The c»inp at Ardoch is riie
IkII |ni-rorvf<l ot" ull tliofi- in Jjiotland, having on the ft)ulh lidc five rows of ditthi*
niwUdx riMii])arts ; and ot" the tour gates, three are very ditlintt, the prwtoria, dc-
cuiiiHna, and dcvxlra.
'I he Roninn temple, or building in the form of (he Pantheon at Rome, or the
dome of St. Paul's at London, Itood uoon the banks of the river Carron, in ijtir-
linglhire, but has Inrn lately barbaroully demolilhi-d by a neighbouring Uoth, for
the purpofe of nu-nding a mill-pond. IfS heijjht was twenty-two feet, and its ex-
ternal circumference at the bale was eighty-ei^ht feet ; fo thot, upon the whole, it
was one of the moll complete Roman antiijuitics in the world. It is thought to
havi* been built by Agricola, or fomc of his fucceirors, as a temple to the god
'IVrminus, as it ftood near the pretentme which bounded the Roman empire in
Britain to the north. Near it are fomc nrtiticial conical mounts of earth, which
Dill retain the name of Duni-pace, or Duni-pacis; which ferve to evince that there
was a kind of compromife Ix-tween the Romans and Caledonians, that tlie former
lluuild not cxund iheir empire farther to the northwards.
Innumerable are the coins, urns, utenlils, infcriptions, and other remains of the
Romans, that have been fouiul in dill'eient part.s ot Scotland ; I'ome of them to the
north of the wall, where, however, it does not appear that they made any ellablith-
jnent. By the infcriptions fouiul near the wall, the names of the legions that built
it, and how tar they carried it on, may be learned. The remains of the Roman
highways are tVecpient in the foiitliern parts.
Danilli camps and lortitications are difeernible in feveral northern counties.
T he elovaliuns of two extraordinary tabricks, to be feen in Rofs-lhirc, are given in
Gordon's Itinerariiim Septentrionaie. 1 am of opinion that they are Norwegian
or Scandinavian ihiictuies, and built about the fittli century to favour the dcl'contt
of that people upon thole coalls.
There arc two elegant Pictilli monuments, one of them at Aberncthy in Pcrth-
fliiiv, the other at Hrechin in An^us ; Loth of them are columns, hollow in the in-
ticK', Riul without a liair-cafe ; that of Brediin is the moll entire, being covered at
tile top wiih a fpiral roof of Itoiie, with three or four windows above the cornice;
it coniilts of lixty ref^uhir courtes of hc.vn freellone, laid circularly and regularly,
:i!i'l t;,peniii; t'warils the top *.
'Ihe aiaient .Sects had a ruilc notion of fculpture, by which they tranfmittrd
the ai^tions of their kings ami heroes. ,\t a place called Aberlemno, near brechiii,
lour or live aiuiciit ol)elilks aic Itill to be ll-en. called the Danilli Hones of Aber-
lemno. They wore erected as comnu'nioration.s of the Scoioij victories over the
J)aiKs; an'l are adoriud with bHs-relier^ ot men on horfebaik, and many enible.ua-
tiiul figures and hieroglypliies, now inexj)lieal)!v', but mimiti'Iy defcribed bv .\lr.
(Jordi'ii. Many other hilioritiil nn.>nunients of the .Scots have been dil'eovered ;
and the obfcurity of their lcul])lures has encouraged a field of boundkl's and
frivolous conjectures. It would be un|)aidoiiable not to mention the Hone near
the town of Koric.':, or Koilrofe, in Miina), uliieh far fnrpalles sill the others in
nia.;;iiitnii'.'. " and is (fays Mr. (iordon; pnhaps one of the moll irately inonunienis
ofiiiat kind in Kurope. It riles alxjul ^^, feet in height, above ground, and i.s,
I am credibly jr.formed, no kfs than iz or 15 feet below ; fo that the whole height
» If tlirfe coluimi-i, \ilikh ft.iml in tlic ancient flUiu'ii them to aiiy, Init tfif V'lPls m they ftami hi
doiiiiiunns nf t!it I'ioti,, he rully thf «(irk ot th.it llu-.icioiiiinions i ami l'o;iie (i iiljitiire* upon th.it at
natir.ii. their architects ii.ult liiivi- ttcii l.ir rii|»rrior JJrtcliiii, lieiiotc it to he tit t'hritli.iii dngiii. li li
t(. thoCf ot any coeval niol.itauii"'. to he found in not indeed inipoifihle tli.it thric Icniptiirts mav he
KiM'ipe. «s t:iey haveall the nppf jranccs of an or- of later date. UUu'ts tlule tuo pillurt, many other
<kr; and the h.iililiiig is iitat, and in the Kcinan I'iotiili t)iiil(linj;i aic iuund in bcotlaotl, bul not «f
fr^ le oi ari li.ieaurc. It is, hottcvtr, d.likult to the fame tallt.
it
Iftaiiit in
, tU.it at
It Ik
I may be
liy oth?r
, aui of
is
S C {) T I, A N P. 1^^
ii at load 35 feet, nnd its briatlth tu«ar five. It is all one fingle ami eniiro fton**,
iioDii wliicli a (^nat variety of' tigurcM in relievo aic rarvrd, I'onio of tlicm flill di-
iliiid and vilible ; but tbe injury «>f the weatlier bas oblcurM thofi? towards the
upper part." 'I'liouj^li this moiuuneiit has been generally lookoil up-Mi o^ Dunilh,
vet I have little iloiiltt of its being Seotch. and that it was orcHed in commenio-
iatioii of the final exjiullion of the Danes out of Murray, where thov hold tlu'ir lafl
rcttlenteiit in S<()tland, after the det'eat they received from Maicoim a few voan
before the Norman invalion.
At Sandwit k, in Rnfs-lhire, is a fplemlid ancient obeliik, furrounded af th-* bafe
with larjfe, well cut Hag ftones, formed like fieps. Both lidi's of the column are
covered witli various enibellillnnents. in welMinilhed carved work. The omt face
prcfenls a fuinptnous crofs, with n figure of St. Andrew on each hand, and fMne
iniconth animals and Howerin^js lUHUrnealb. 'I he central divilion, on the reverfe,
exhibits a variety of curious fijjures, birds, and animals. The remainn of the
cathedral of l',l;;in difpl.iy much grandeur and dienity. Tlic weft door is orna-
mented with much elegance in the carvings, and tlie wholn edifice exhibits very
elaborate worknnnlhip.
Among the remains of ancient calUcs may be mentioned Kildrumy caftle in titc
north of Scotland, formerly a place of great ftrenglh and nuignificence, and often
cifed as an afyhnn to noble t'amilies in periods ot civil war, Inverurie caiUe, the
ancient feat of the earl-marefchals of Scotland, is alfo a large and lofty pile, fitu-
;itcd on the fteep bank of the river ; two liigh towers adorn the extremities of the
front, which, even in their decaying Hate, give the c;'llle an air of grandeur and
antiquity. Rows of venerable trees, incltJiing the ailjoining garden, add to the
cfl'e6t of the decayed buildings. Near the town ot llui tley are the ruins of the
caftic, of that name. On the avenue that leads to it, are two large fquare towers
wliich had defended the gatewav. The greatetl part of tliis ancient caftle is dc-
molilhed ; but there is a malTy building of a more modern date, in wh'ch foiije
vf the apartments, and their curious cielings, are Hill in tolerable prcfervation.
'I hey arc painted v 'ih a great variety ot ful)jects, in fmall divilions, id which are
contained many emblematical figures.
Belides thefe remains of Roman, I'ittilh, Danilh, and Scottifli antiquities, many
Druidical monuments and temples are difcernible in the northern parts of Scot-
land, as well as in the illes, where we may fuiipole that paganifin took its laft re-
fuge, lluy are dillinguilhable by their circular forms ; but tliough equally
regular, yet none of them are fo fhipendous as the Druidical monuments in South
Britain. There is in IVrthlhire a barrow which feems to be Britilli ; it c\artlv
refemblcs the figure of a Ihip with the keel uppermolL The common people call
il 'I'ernav, which fomc interpret to be /<■)>,«• iiavrs, the Ihip of the earth, it ap-
pears to be of tlic moll remote anticpiity, and perhaps was erected to the memory
(iffome Britilh prince, who aclcd as auxiliary to the Romans.
The traces of ancient volcanos are not uiilVe(|uenl \n .Scotland. The hill of
I'iiuhaven is one inltance ; and tlio hill of Bcr^oniimi, near Dunrtallago t.idlc, is
.".nother, yielding (juantitics of pummices or leoria ot dilVereiit kinds, .\mong
nther natural curit>hties, mention is made of a lieap ot while Hones, moH of ihem
clear like cr)lial, together witli great i)lenty of <n Iter and other I'ea-llulls, that arc
found on the top of a mountain called Skorna l.appich, in Rols-lhire, twentv
miles diftant from the fea. Slains, in Aberdeenlhire, is faid to be remarkable fur
a ]H'trif) ing cave, called the Dropping-cave, where water, oo/ing through a fpongr
porous rock at the top, quickly confolidates, after it drops to the bottom. Other
natural curiofities behmging to Scotland have their defcriptions and hiltorie<;, but
they generallv owe their extraordinary qualities to the credulity of the vulgar, and
vanilii when they arc Ikilfully examined. Some caverns in ritclhirc are probably
.\ a natuial.
178
T L
N D.
natural, and of extraordinary dimcnlioni, und have b<cn tlie fccncs of iiiiiumnn
iruclties.
CoMMRRCH AND M AMI' K ACTi'RRi] In thefp rcfpcdls Scotliuul linj, for foinc
years pall, been in a vory improving Hme. VViliioiii iMUering into tlie tlilputcd
point, how far Scotland was hcncfiti-d by its union with England, it is certain that
the expedition of the Scots to take pollellion of DaritMi, and to carry on an Kull
nnil VVcft-lndia trade, was founded upon true principles of conttnerce, and, tfofar
as it went) executed with a nohle fpirit of enterpuzo. The niifcarriage of that
fiheino, after receiving the hi;;he(l and mod folemn fandlions, is a difgrace to the
annals of that ivign in which it happened ; as the Scots had then a free, indepen-
dent and unconnected parliament. We are to account for the lanj^uor of the J>cot-
lilh eonimcrce, and many other misfortunes which that country lulluincd, by the
dilgull the iniiabitants conceived on that account, and fbme invalions of their
rights afterwards, which they tlioiiglit inconliflent with the articles of union. The
entails, and narrow I'ettlcments of fainily-cllatcs, and fome remains of the feudal
iiilHtutions, might contribute to the fame caufe. Mr. Pelham, when at the head
of the adminilhation in Kngland, after the extindion of the rebellion in 1745, was
the firll miiiiller who difeovercd the true value of Scotland, which then became a
jnore eonliderable objetf of the attention of government than ever. All the bene-
fits received by that country, for the relief of the people from their feudal tyranny,
Wert eiredted by that great man. Tlie bounties and encouragement granted to
the Septs, for the beaetit of trade and manufactures, during his adminllration,
made them fenlible of their own importance. Mr. Pitt, a (ucceeding minider,
Eurfued Mr. Pelhain's wife plan; and juAly boalled in parliament, that lie availed
imfelf of the courage, good fenfe, and fpirit of the Scots, in carrying on the moll
cxtenflve war that (Jreat Britain was ever engaged in. Let it be remarked, to
the honour of the IJritilh govermnent, that the Scots have been fufTcrcd to avail
tl)emlelves of all the benelits of commerce and manufatturies they can claim,
either in right of their former independency, the treaty of union, or poAerior adls
of parliament.
'hiis is manifeft from the cxtenlivc trade they liitcly carried on with the Britilh
fettlements in America and tlu- Well Indies, and with all the nations to which
the Knglilli themfelves trade ; to that the increafe of their fliipping within thefe
40 years' part has been very conliderable. Tlie exports of thofe lliii)sare compofed
cliietiy ot Scotch manufatfures. labricated from the produce of the foil, and the
indullry of its inhabitants. In exchange they import rice, cotton, fugar, and rum,
from the Britilh plantations ; and from other countries, their products, to the ini-
menfe faving of their nation. The profperity of Glafgow and its neighlKiurhood
hath been greatly owing to the connection and trade with Virginia and the Well
Indies.
The filherics of Scotland are not confined to their own coafls, for they have a
great concern in the whale filhery carried on upon the coafl of Spitlbergen ; and
their returns are valuable, as the government allows them a bounty of 40s. for
ivery ton of fhipping employed in that article. The late iinproveineiit of their
filherics, which h:is been already mentioned, will, it is to be hoped, open inex-
haulUblc funds of wealth ; their cured filh being preferred by foreigners, and the
Eiigiilh planters in America, to ihoie of Newfoundland.
'the bufles or vefTels employed in the great herring filhery on the wefleni coafls
of Scotland, are fitted out from the north-well parts of Kngland, the north oi' Ire-
land, as well as the numerous ports of the Clyde and neighbouring illands. 'Hie
grand rendezvous is at Camp!)elti)vvn, a commodious jiort in Argylelhire, facing
the north of Ireland, where fometimes po veflels have been allembled. They
flarout the 12th of September, and nnill return to tlieir dilTcreiU ports by the
13th
s
LAN I).
nt
Britilli
which
in thtfu
InnMifiid
liavo :i
|n ; ami
ps. lor
k)t" thoir
\\ \w\-
uul tho
|i coarts
ui Iic-
, 'Ihc
tacing
rhcy
by the
13th
i^lh of Jamnry. They nrc nlfo tinder certain rp)(ulalii>ni rdpi'ding tho nuiuhu'r
III' tons, nuMi, noti, &ii-. h'lt although tlic poliliial cxiftcnro ot" (in-ut Urilaiii tli*-
)nii(ls upon ll)c niirnhi-r ind bravery ot' owr fcanion, tiiiii noble undertaking liill
l:tl)i)iirs undor many liithi uitio^.
I'd rnri)urap;c tlii* fiilicry, n bounty of' 5011. per ton wan gmnted by parlinniont,
but whether tVoni the infuliiiiency of the fund appropriated lor this purpolV, or
any otlier amW-, the bounty was wilhlu'ld from year to year, while in the mean
tinif ihe adventurers were not only (inking thilr fortime*, but alfo borniwinj;
to the utmolt limits of their credit. 'I'he bounty lias linco bivn reduced from ^o,
Id 30s. Willi tlie rtrongill alliirances of its being regularly paid when due. L'p mi
t'le Ure.i'^ih ot tlicfe iMoinifi-s adventurers have again embarked in the tilhory ; and
it is to be willu'd that no conlideration whatever may tend to withdraw an in-
«Uicenient f > r<'i|ui!ile to piaie this tilhery on a permanent looting.
lanufadi
at land ■ |>artieularly that uf iron at Carron, in Stirlinglhin
I he benefits of thefe tilheries are {icrhapt equalled by ma
ures cprrying on
The linen nianufuctury, notwithllunding a llrong rivallhip from Ireland, ir> in
a Houridiing dale. 'J'he thread manul'acture of Scotland is e<juul, if not fuperior,
to any in the vvorlil ; and tlie lace fabricated from it, has been dei-med worthy of
ro\al wear and approbation. It hati been faid, fomc yeais ago, that the exports
from Scotland to Kngland, and the liritilh plantations, in linen, cambrics, checks,
ofnaburgs, iiickle, and tlie like commodities, amounted annually to 400,000!. cx«
clulive of home confumption : and theru is rcalon to believe that the fum is con-
liderably larger at pvefent. The Scots are making very promiling ell'orts for ella-
bliihiiig woollen manufactures ; and tlieir exports of caps, (lockings, mittens, and
other articles of tlieir own wool, begin to be very ctmlidcrable. It is trtie, that
they cannot pretend to rival the I'nglilh in their finer cloths ; but they make fome
Inoad cloth proper for the wear of people of falhion in an undrefs, and in quality
and finenefs etjual to what is comnnmly called Yorklhirc cloth. Among thi.'ir late
improvements, we are not to forget the progrcfs they have made in working the
mines, and fnultiiig the ores of their country. Their coal trade to Kngland is well
known; and even their whin-llones have been turned to account, by tlieir contract
for paving the lircets of London. If the great trade in cattle, which the Scots
carried on of late with the linglilh, is now diminilhed, this is partly owing to an
increale of home confumption.
'Ihe trade carried on by the Scots with England, is chiefly fnmi Leith, and th •
rallern juirts ; but Cllafgow was tlie great emporium of American trade, before
the commencement of the late war. 'Ihe junclion of the Forth to the Clyde ren-
(Ic's the commercial benefits of the two fides of Scotland mutually advantageous
to each other; ami the more that the feas, the lituation, the foil, harbours, and
rivers of this country are confidered, the better adapted it appears for all the pur-
pofes of commerce.
'ihe town of Pailley employs an incredilile number of hands, in fabricating a
particular kind of Howered and itiiped lawns, which are a reafonable and elegant
wear. Sugar-houfes, glafs-wovks of every kind, deltt-houfes, and paper-mills
have of late been greatly multiplied. The .Sentch carpeting makes neat and lall-
Ing turniture. After all that has been faid, many years will be rv^piired, before
the trade and improvements in Scotland can be brought to maturity. In any
event, they never can give umbrage to the Hnglilh, as the interells of the two
people are, or ought to be, the fame.
Having faid thus much, I cannot avoid oblerving the prodigious difadvnntages
iiiuier which both the commercial and landed interell of Scotland lie, from lier
nobility and great landholders, having too fond an attachment tor l'".ngland and
j'l 'reign countries, where thev fpeiid tlieir readv moi'.ev. This is one ut the evils
A a 2 ■
anlmij
lUo
O T I.
N D.
nrifmj; to Stollniul from llu* union, ulikh romovril the (rat of lirr It'giflatiirr to
Liauloii ; but it it finally anj;;iu'ntc«l hy the n fort if vohmtti-r altfcntivs to iluit
iiipitiil. While tliin partiality fubfilU, llii' Scots will probaltly (otitiruic to Ih- dil-
tiilCul t\\ a luiriiuy ^>^' fpnii-. I low lar paptr lan fupply that «ltf»ct, iKprmii
upon an altnitiuii to tin- Imlaiuo of trntU- ; and llu- i-vil may, pirliaps, In- fonu'
>\liat picMiit(d, l)v inoiii) ntnittkil from Kn^^lunil, lor llu- fiipport of^ovirimiciit,
ami tor larryiiif^ on tlio inimut.u liirrs anil worLs now fi-t on foot in N* otiaml. 'I'lu'
^{ontU'incn who rili(.lc in Niolland Ikim', in fonu- int.';ifiirc, ahandoiuil the uAr ut
Iri'mli br.iiidy and tlant, for port, and rum |)roduci'd in tin- Hriiidi plaiitationii ;
thiir own nialt-lii|iiors arr now comr nrarly to a^ ({nat pcrfitlion as thofc in
I'.n^iand ; and it is laid, lliat th> a ha\o lately exported largo (^uantitie^ of their
all' to l,ontl()t\, IJublin, and the l^lantations.
KtVENfhs.J See l'',n}^l;nid.
Coins.] In tlie rti^n of Kdward II. of Kngland, the value and denominations
of eiiiiis Wire tlie f.nne in Scotland as in Kngland. Towards the reign of James
II. a SVoteii lliillinj; anfwercd to about an I'Jidilh lix-|)enie ; and about the reijjn
of (jueen M.ny of Scollaiul, it was not more tiian an I'ln^^lilh groat. It coiuinuid
diuiinilhiag in tliis manner till after llie iniion of the two ei'o\Mii imdcr lier Ton
James N I. wlien the retort of the Seotih nobility and gentry to the Knglilli court,
ocealioned Inch a drain of fpei ie from Scotland, that by degree", a Scotch liiilling
tell lu tiie valiu' of one twelfili of an luiglilli liiilling, and tlieir pennies in propor-
tion. A Scotch |)eimy is now very rarely to be fouiul ; and they were fncceeded
by bodies, wliieli were double tlie v;ilne of Scotch pennies, and are Hill current,
but daily wearing t)Ut, A Scotch halfpenny was called a babie; fome fay, becaufi;
it was full llampeil with llie hi-ad of James 111. wluii he was n babe or babs ; but
|HM]>a|)s ;i is only the coriiipti<in ot two l^'riuch words /us f<iefi\ lignitying a low
piece ot nio;iey. 'I he fame oblervation made of the Scotch (hilling holds of their
pounds or marks ; which are not coins, but money of account. In all other refpe^ts
the currincy of money in Scotland and Ijigland is the fame > as very few people
now reckon by the Scotch compulation.
OiuiKU OK TUK mis r 1.1 . 1 'I his is a military order, inlUtuted, ns the Scotch
wnlirs allert,
ll
leir kmc:
\ch.iiMs, in the ninth cenlury, upon his making a
ka!;i!e with C'liailemagne, kiiii; of l''iance. It has been frecpieiuly nrgkcicd, and
as < tun refnnud. It conlilis o| i!k' fnveri-ign and 12 companions, who are calkd
Knights of the 'ihillle. and lia\e on ih'ir enlign this lignificant nu)tto, I^anv me
V\pUKl
t,.\w
IcU^h't.
None Ihall fat'elv i)rovok
S .\N'r) CONS I I TV I ION.
'II
pro
me.
le ancient conltitulion ot government in Scot-
land h.is been applauded, as excellentiv ada|)ted to the prefervation of liberty .
;.nd it is certain, that the power of the king was greatly limited, and that there
\v( re m.nny checks in the conflilulion, whiili were well calculated to prevent his
iifTumi ij^ v\- CM rciling a defpniic authority; but the .Scotlith coiillitntioii of g()-
vt rii'nent was tiw» mm h of tlie arilbicratic kind, to atl'ord the common |)eopk
tcjual liberty. 'I he king's authority was fnilicieiitiy rellrained ; but the noble 1,
fhicf.ains, and ,^rcat hmdlioiders, had it loo much in tlieir jjower to opprefsi the
Ur ants };'id tlv common tutiiiie.
ir
. iMl
l;/ine infiaiices th> r^' is nnw a dilTerence between the laws and conftitution of
i;id, and thf.fe of l\n;;i.;i;d, which wa.s not tlu' cafe formerly ; though botli
I Mintri'.s have long been under one fovereign, and, (iiu:e
kin'-di in. liy ilie law of Kr.gland, the fiibfeciiient
th
e union, lorm <
me
in
irriage ot the parents doth
I. it ItgitlmMi i!,e children 01 the fame parents, born before that marriage. 'Ibis
\vi:s alio the I..w (,f SiKthnui in the ekventli century; but the contrary rule of
c ;•,•:! and canon law hath been k)ng lince adopted in ISorlh Britain. 'I he trial vi
« .\:' caiifc by a inrv nf iwel\c n.eii, is coulideied as one of the molt excellent
proj
>erU'.
SCO
I.
N Dx
III
h Scot-
jbcrty i
lint his
ot' i;'i-
IjiioiiK'
liolii*.' ',
Is lluir
lllon ol
\\ \x<\\\
lin I "Ik"
Is (loth
'lliis
hill' »>t_
(rial vi
filcr.t
Brnprrllcn of Engliili jurifurudcncc, ami murt vuluublc privilcgoit of Kni^IKIi fiih«
ytt't: tliiii alfo wuh oiiif tnc piivilcgc uf Mi otiniid, but a in wtll known that thd
ufi' i>i jttrii-it in civil caufo, cxtcpt in the tonrt of cXLhc(|iii-r, has been lung (inco
titfcuuiiniu-d in Scuihind *.
'llu* uncicnt king<t of Scolhiiut, ut thiir roronntion, took tho following onth,
\-onlaining llirco j)rnniifos, viz. " In tlic nanu; of CliriH, I proniil'i: thcic thrn'
tliingH to llio Chrilliaii ncuplc my fuhjitrtst : Kirit, That I ihull f{ivo order, aiul ini-
ploy my foric- and nirittai\cr, that the chur(.h of (jod, and tli<- Cl\rilliun people,
may injoy true peace (hiring our governnuiit. Semndly, I (liall hinder nil perlons,
ot whatever degree, from violenee and in'iutlioe. Tliirdly, in all judgenientii 1 lliall
tulluw llie preleriptions of jullicc and inerey, to tl\c end that our merciful Cod
niav (hew in» riy unto ine and to you."
ihe pailianunt of Scotland anciently eonlilled of all who held any portion of
lai\d however fmull, of the crowi\, by ntilitury fcrvice. 'Ihiii parliament appointed
llie times of its own meeting and adjournment, and con\inittee» to fiipcriulend tiio
adininillratioi\ «luring the inlervaU of parliament ; it appropriated the public
money, ordered the keeping of it, and called fur the accounts ; it armed the
people, JMul apj)ointcil commanders ; it named and coinmillioned ambalfadors j
It (granted ami limited pardons; it appointeil judge* and courts of judicature : it
luimed otiiceri of Hale and piisy-counl'ellors ; it annexed and alienated the revi--
iniei ol the crown, and rellrained giants l>y the kinj;. The king of Scotland had
no neg;iti\e \olce m parliament ; nor could he declare war, make peacf, or coii-
cliaie any other piilil'e bnlinel;, of i^uporlance, without itsailviceanJ amnohation.
So late as the niinorily of Janus l\ . who wa.s contemporary with, aau lun-in-law
to, lieiiry \ II. tif I'.ngland, the parliament pointed out to him his dut}. 1 ho
ahiife of arilhiualical powers, by the chieftains and great landholders, gave tho
king a very conliderahle interell among the lower ranks; and a prince, who had
I'enfe and addrefs to retain theii atVections, was generally able to humble the moll
arro;;aiit of his fuhjecls. 'The kings of Scotland, notwithllanding this paramount
|iower in the parliament, found means to weaken and elude its loice ; and in this
tliey were allilied bj tluir clergy, whole nvenues wi-re inunenfe, ami who had
\eiy little depeiideiue upon the pope, and were always jialoiis t>l the powerful
nobility. 'Ihis was done by ellabliihing a felett body of members, who wrrc
called //;c /oxli 0/ l/ic <i>tiiU\. 'l"hev were chofi n from the clcij^y, nobility, knights,
and biirgi'iK's. Ihe bilhops, for mlhince, iliole ei^ht pee . md the peers ei;;ht
|iilho|)s ; and ihefe lixteeii chofe eight barons (or knights «a I'lC Ihire), and ei;^ht
( ommillioiiers for burghs ; to whoin were addetl eight great o iicers of Hale, tti„-
ihancellor being prelident of the whole.
Their bulincfs was to prepare all (piellions and bills, and other matters broiiglit.
into parliament ; fo that, thoui^h the king eo.ild give no neijative, )el beiiiji; by liis
cleigy, and the plact s he hail to belbiw, always lure ot the lords of articles,
nothing could come into parliament that could call f<r liis nei:;alive. It mull be
ai knowledged, that ll.is iiillituiion feeins to have p;v\.uled In li>altli ; nor was it
«ver brought into any regular fyllein; even its n\odes varied; and the jj'Mt.ll
lawyers aii' ignorant when it toi^k phee. The Scots, however, never loll light of
tli»ir original principles ; and when C'harles I. endeavo.ired to t"orin thelV- lords <if
tlie articles into maihiues fit for liis purpofes, the mehiiul.oly confequeiu es are
well known. At the ri.-volnlion, tlic Scots giive a trelh irJhince hi \v warmly
ilie\ ailerted the principles of lil)erty, by omitting all dehat s about <//<//'. <(/;'o/;, and
ihe like terms, and voting king James at once to have j r/e teJ his crown, which
tlicy conferred on the prince and princcfs of Oraig".
♦ Uf. lltiir. '1 lliftory of (irc.it Britain, vol. vi. ;> 51. 8vo, tilit.
Tin;
i8>
O T I,
N n.
TliM fplrit of rifitlnnr.* wat ttir more rcmaikalile, m the poot»I.' Iiad groancU
HH'IkT i' i' nii»rt inl'iipiMriihK' niiniOerial tyranny ever limo iho Ki-()<ir.uioii. |i ii
niko'l, \\\\v iliil till') fiihmil ft» lliat tyriinns f ilio aiiUvrr it, In ontir t<> prpfcrvi*
thi'tr iniK-p ■i)il>-iu V, \\lii< li Croitiwcll inul lilt parliuiiiiiit n\(l(*avoiin d lo ilt|lr>tv,
by \inilin;' llu-m with l-.n^land ; tlu'v tluTilon- ihol'i* tn fuhmit t>) a liMupor.iry
mil i h'li ilioy took llic »irl< iipiiorlimlty to gil riil nt llitir oppnll'irs
S« oiliiivl, nhi'ii it was n ri'pHralv kiiij^ilon), raiimil Ik- l.»ii| lo hiiv." Ii«il itny p<'rr»
in the l',ii);lilli f'onlV ot' tho word. '\1k- nohility, who wor<' dukit, tti;tr<jiiillo<t, i-nrU,
and lords, won* hvri'ditary nu'inl>rr<t ot' piirlinmctu ; l)iii thrv fornu (I no ilillinct
lio;if<', lor thi*y fat in llu- I'ainc room with tlu' titinmoti*. who Ind a (trlihi'intc ;ipd
di-rilivc voii! with them in all |)iil»li>' iiialtiT«.. And a haroii, tlmtinh iioi a hnroii
«>t jiarli.iinrnt, ini);l\t lit u|)on a lord'H alli/c in innttcri ot litV nttd d>'atti
(jri'nt iirucrtaiiilv on urs in the Sidtih hillory, hv ii'iiloinidinfj parliainont> with
» oiwiMiiioMs ; tlio dilViTcmo wnt, that n parliattuMii > oidd rnntt law i h< wJI im lay
• in tnxcii a lonvontion, or im-i'tinf; ol" tin- llatcs Hlli-mldrd lor llu* piirpolis o| tax-
ntion <inly. Hi-t'orr tlii- L iiion, the kings ol" S« otland liad lour trtat and lour lil-
li r oiVuitm o|' il.iii'i till' ^ri'at, wi-rr tho lord hij^h-ihantcllor, lli^h•trl'a^llrlr, pri-
\y-lV'al, and U-rntaiy ; the lour KiViT Wiic, tlu- lords ri'j'illor, advoi .ilo, tivaliiror-
•U'p.ito, and jultii I'-eiirk. Siiui- tho L'nion noiu- of tUiMc cnntiniK-, f\ci.ptinf{ iho
olliii's i)f piiv\-fial, ri'^irtfr, advoiato, and jn(ii(\'-i Urk ; a tliird Utn'tarv ot date
has iHialionally lu-iii noniinntrd l)\ tin- kinj; for .Scottidi aO'airs, llu; a(>ow oth-
i\rs of ll.iic fal olliilally in the Scotch parliaimnt.
Thi- olliiiTs of tlu- iiiiwn were, tlu- liinli-t hnndn'rlain, tcinnablf, ndniiral, and
iiiarltial. 'IIk- ollicis of conlhihU- and innrlhal wcrt- hi-nditarv. A nol>l(inan ha.
IMII a ponliim a» ndniiral ; and the otiiie of tnarlhal \* t-xerciied by u kniglit mar
thai.
I Ik- oIVhc of * haniilior in Scotlnnd diffind littK* from that in Kn^Iand ; tlie
fa nil- may hi- fail! of ilir lords treafiiri-r, jirivy-fial, and fecrctary. I Ik- l<ird n--
Kilkr was luad-i jerk to tlu' parliament, lonvoiition, triafury, rxiheciiitr, and fef-
linn, and ki'i'|)i'r of all |mhlii- rmords. 'nion^h his oftice v\hs only diirinj; the
king's pleafiire, yet it was very hierntive, by difpoling of Ids depntHtion, whitli
lalK'd during life. He a^tedas teller to the parliament ; and it was dnngc rouii for
any member to difpute his report of tlie iniinbcrs upon u divilion. 'Hie lord-ud-
vocate's t)|Iice refend)les liiat of the aftorniy-general in I'.ngland, only his powers
are more exti'iilive, (in( e he is not onlv the profeeutor of ail lapital crimes before
the jufiieiary, and likewif' coiKiirs in all purfuils before fujin nie courts fui
breaelies of ilie peace, and in all matters ci\il, wherein the king or his donator
hath interell. 1 wo folicitors are named by his maiellv, by way of aliiHants to tiie
lord-advocate. I lie otiice of julllce-clerk eniiiles tin- polleH'or to prelide in the
criminal (ourt of julHee, when the jullice-genetal, an olUce which will be de-
feril)ed heti after, is abfeiit.
The ancient conftitutioii of h'cotland admitted of many other olVicers both of the
crown and llate ; but they are either now extinfl, or too incoi\liderable to be de-
Jirii)cd. 'lliatof L\ on king at aims, or the rex f.ecialium, or grand herald of
Scotland, is liill in being ; and it was loinierlv a place of gieat Ipleiulor and im-
portance, iiifomuch that the fcience of heraldry was jircferved tliere in greater pu-
rity than in any other country, except (Jennany. He was even crowned folemnlv
in parliament with a golden circle ; and his authority, in all armorial alFairs, might
be tarried into execution by the civil law.
'Hie privy council of Scotland before the Revolution, had, or afl'nined iiuiuilito-
rial powers, even that of torture ; but it is now fimk in the pailiainent tind privy
touneil of (ireat iiritain ; and the civil and triuiiiial caufcs in Scotland aie chielly
togni/able by two courts of judicature.
'Ihe
^'"1 "|.on (nil. i-iUTs .n,r ;; 'V," '■' ' '•"^"'- ''^'rl'our>. a . ^^ l '":"';"""^ "'«'
•"•■"■k ; lo that .i„t|,i„„ "''"v'('lf r.vrrs, |,oI.,w thr rin > *"' "* '''^' «'anu- •
";' !•" ''PiH«i lies (r.:^ ' ' , ' , "':"":'"y: "•"> u. Lu ''hr,'r- ^^'^^^n.,.
" <ucl, cafes. U likrvviCo (.,, ci •' '''''] '''"^ '" •'"" < our Iw t ••"m"''""''>'' """
'''^" n..iMm.-,l. f,u, ,1,,. f r ; : ' \ i''-'^'- "f lord admiral of' w V""' Jcci/,o.is
'he- adnnralry is cou 1„ ^^ ! '•^■^^""^;'' worth ,C a 1^"""'"' '' "«»'^ m.Tc
'he- adn.iralty is co,^ u.t : 1 '■^■^^""^■.'' ^^'"'li iooo i v-fr "T' ',' "•"^' '""'-•
"^'•iW;^r., or.Uonicvs, who.
arc
«n
C O T I
n.
nrt nantirU writer* !>> ih« A|n<'t> b«c«tifi; thry alimc c«n ritbCi'rilK* ihc wiii* itiat
ItHl'^ ih.' llnnrt k ih.'v llk*wlli' have »hyc nKVi-rnmriii for their tmn rrKulnlUm
llu' g>t\>!riiiiiriil <>|' ilv* rotiiiiiet ol Skoiloiul w,i» lormrrlv v»(lnl in ilurifh wtul
ih'Utirii*, court* ot rfgnlity, hsrutt nmrl*, (otitittillarift, )iimi'(*« oi lliv ik'hcc, uiiJ
c'>riiti«'r».
Formerly Jhi-rilUI.Jnu wfr* genomlly lnTi'«litalili \ hut, Itv u^ t i»» {iMili.i»»i> nt,
iIh'v urc ii»w alt wlh'il in ilio cruwii t ii lu'ttti^ i-Mtirliit, iliiii ull liiglt-llu-ritU, or
lli'^vuriU, itiall, ill luturo, \u' iuHiui)!ilt.-il niul ii|i|Hiiiiti(l iiniiiinlly l>y hit innji'ily
hi* heir* ;inil liuiillorv, In tt'garil to ilio llu'ritlil<|iiiti t tiiul lU >Miril «lt|tiilii, it
in cnaCU'<lt llial il > i>' lli.ili only hi* oik' ill I'litli ruuni) nr tl.wiinlry, who tittill Ik*
an nJviH'ttto, nl ihrii' yourn O.imliiim ti» U'HtK Tor ilu- ((mio ol" fi-Vi-n vi-iu^, tlu fc
(iv|nilii'<« iin* to Ik' nnttiiiititkil l>y tlu- lkiiiK< ^vitll Ctith « oiitiiiiinmi- tt<i hi> nKiji'lly
ihlill ihiiik tit 1 <iti< r \sliiih llu'v iiri' to iitjoy ihtir olhtct lor hl'i', iiiiU'l* guilty ui'
fuiiu' oir'ntv.
Nil wiiririci \\<.rc lormi-rly pnrt of tin- luuii'm roynl «lniniiiii \ «nil ih^* rtcwiinU
ImmI nuitli tlu- t'aiiu powkr in tlu'iii, i\> tlu' (lurill iuul in hi^ (iiuiil>
('iiiirit <)(' ii'i{;tlifv (il iilit wiri' hi hi l>> virtui- «>f n r<)\t\l jiiriftliflion \illnl in thi*
hird, with |iartii iil;ir ininiunitif» untl |>riviU'){i'H i hut thiff win* fo (lilll^t'rou<<, iiimI
lo lAiruviigunI, thul all thv hcotih n^ulitic* arc now tlillolvi-d by un ii(l of |mi>
liaiiii'iit,
ll.iMn liUirU l)^lllM^ to I very pcifon who hoUN a Imrunf nf the Lin^. In civil
niiitlers, lluy I'Mmd ic vauli'i not r\« ••iJing fi>rty ihilhngs lli-rling j ami in triml-
tial iul'is, to iH'tiv aclioiH iif ull'aiilt himI hatlorv ; htil tlii |iuiiilhnu'nl it not to cx>
» «kI IWk'iily lliilliii;;". IhTJiiij;. or fvltiiii; tlic liiiiiKjiiiiit in tl\i' dm ks (ur tlinc hour*,
in till' tla\-tiin»'. 'ihiU' lourii wtr».', in former tiays, iiivillid with tin- puwcr of
life and ihath, whiili tlu-y have now lod.
The loiirli of iniiimilhirii t in Sidtland anfwcr lo thofe of iju- l''.iif»hih diociTnn
thaiKilloi*. till' lii>,'lull of wiiiili is kept at l''.«linl»ur(;ti ; wheriiii, lufnrr four
jiid^t s, actioii!* are pleaded loiui niiii;; iii itierK relating to wills and l< llainciiti i
the ii>;lit of patronai;' to en leliatiieiii l>cnrli«.k'»t lytlies, di\ortii>, and (aiifes of
that nature ; htit in other parts of tlic kingdoini there liti but one judge on thcle
eatifes.
Aieonling to llu- nrefeul inlHliition, iufliccii of the peuce in Seolland cxereife
the fanu' power-, as tnol'e in l',n;;land. In former limes their oflice, ihougii of old
llinidiiii;, was inli^nitieaiit, hiinj; ttan.ped hy ilie pcvweis of tlie great fendal ly-
ranis, who id)tatiied an act of parliament that lliey were not lo take eogni/ance o(
riots till lifieen tlavs after the fact.
'I he inltittitinn of eoroiurs is i\% oh! n* the reign of Malcolm II. the gr«'at legit",
lator of SiDiiaiul. wiio lived hefore tlie Norman iiuali'in ot I'.ujjl.iinl. I l.i y took
to^iii/amc ol all hi. .lehes ot the king's peace ; ami they were uipiived to have
ckrks to rt-gilier tiie depolitions and matter, of fuel, iu well un veroiitx of jururR :
the otlice is now but U Idom i \ert iled.
I'roiii the ali.uv' !!iat view of ilie Scotch laws and inrtitutionn, it is plant that
\\ t : w< !e riiiUi .ills lie lame with lll^l'^• nf ih.' I''.ii,i;lilh The latter allege, indeed,
that lite Slots l.orinwe*! the contenis of their Riyjam Muhlhitfui, their oldelt law-
book, from the work of (il.uuiilc, who was a jmli^e muUr Henry II. I he .Scots,
on the other haml, l.iy, that (jlanville's work was copieil fium their Rtiiam A/.;-
jtll.itfin, evi II w itli the peeuliaiities ol the latt«"r, whiih do not now, uud never
did. exilt in the laws ot l''.tii;l;ni(l.
'llie royal biirg'.is in .Sioiland torm, as it were, a commrnial nariiainent, whitli
meets once a year, conlilling of a reprefeiitalive from each burgh, to toufuit upon
the common ^ood of llie who!
Their I
lowers are ixtenhve
an
U i)eft)re the
.'iiiun ihey luude law<> relutin,^ to liiippiii;^, to mailers .and owucis of ihips, to ma-
nners
< C o
n nn.i „.1„, ,;., r,.«", '••"'-.
• «■ nnr miuiiiinn,, , th.. i.i., "' "Y iMIvmn i>..,.„r . •'. , '"'•' >'i • ni,...
.b..vc f„„rf,„„ ,...;.'t, ;';r:;' '"""^ '■"™ « «„ 'ir ';"'••;'•"""'"-'■..
"' hiscumtry. appear » '""'""• '^^'"'^vrni,,/, .';' V'*'"r <,» U,.h „a,i„ '
ij o "H. I,., more cortai,,, />,*,
SCOTLAND.
the Roman hiftorie^ than that the Caledonian*, or Scott, wrrc gOTerned by a Aic«
celHon of brave and wife prtncei during the abode of theRoman« in Britain. Their
refiilance obliged Agricola, and after him the emperors Adrian and Sevcrui, to
(mild two famous pretcnturct or walls, one between the Frith o( Clyde and Forth ;
and the other between Tinraouth and the ISoIway Frith, to defend the Koiiians
from the Caledonians and Scots.
Chriftianity was introduced into Scotland about the year aoi of the ChriAian
a-rn, by Donald I. The Ticts, wlio were the delleudants of the fouthcrn Uritons,
h:id nt that time gained a fuolin|; in Scotland ; ami being often defeated by the an«
cieiit inhabitants, they joined with the Romans againll the Scots and Caledonians,
who were of the fame original, and confidcred thcmfelvcs as one people ; fo that
tlie Scotch monarchy fuflercd a ihort eclipfe : but it broke nut with more luilro
than ever under Fergus II. who recovered his crown; and liis fucceflfors gave many
fevcre overthows to the Romans and Britons.
When the Romans left Britain in 448, the Scots, as appears by Gildas, a Britilh
hillorian, were a powerful nation, and, in conjunti^ion with the Picls, invaded the
Itritons ; and having forced the Rornan walls, drove them to thu very fea ; fo that
the Britons applied to the Romans for relief: and, in the famous letter, which they
called I heir groans, they tell them, that they hud no choice left, but that of being
fwallowcd up by the lea, or periih by the fwords of the barbarians ; for fo all na-
tions were called who were not Roman, or under the Roman protection.
Dongard was then king of Scotland , and it appears from the oldell hidories, .
even thofe the lead favourable to monarchy, that the fucceflion to the crown of
Scotland ftill continued in the family of Fergus, but generally devolved on colla-
terals ; till the inconveniences of that mode ot fucceUion were fo much felt, that it
fell into difufe, and was at 'ail fettled in the defcending line.
About the year 796, the Scots were governed by Achaius, a prince fo much rc-
fpefted, that his fricndihip was courted by Charlemagne, and a league was con-
cluded between them, which long continued inviolate. No fa£t of equal antiquity
is better atteited than this league, together with the great fervice performed by the
learned men of Scotland, in civilizing the dominions of that great conqueror, as
has been rlrcady obferved under the article of learning. The Pi6ts itill remained
in Scotland, as a feparate nation, and were powerful enough to make war upon
the Scots ; who, about the year 843, when Kenneth Mac Alpin was king of Scut-
land, finally fubdued them ; but not in the favage manner mentioned by foine hiAo-
rians, by extermination ; for he obliged them to incorporate thcmfelvcs with their
conquerors, by taking their name, and adopting their laws. The fucceffors of
Kenneth Mac Alpin maintained ainiod perpetual wars whh the Saxons on the
fouthward, and tne Danes and other barbarous nations towards the Eall ; who,
being mailers of the fea, haralFed the Scots by powerful invalions. The latter,
however, were more fortunate than the Englifh ; for while the Danes were erect-
ing a monarchy in Kngland, they were every where overthown in Scotland, and at
lall driven out of the kingdom. 'i1ie Saxon and Danilh monarchs, who then
governed England, were not more fuccefsful againd the Scots, who afferled their
treedom and independency againd foreign invaders and domcdic ufurpers. The
feudal law was introduced among them by Malcolm II.
Malcolm 111. commonly called Malcolm Canmore, from two Gaelic words,
which (ignify a /ar^e head, but mod probably from his great capacity, was the
cighty-lixth king ot Scotland, from Fergus I. the fuppofed founder of the monar-
chy ; the forty-feventh from its redorer, Fergus II. and the twcnty-fecond tVoin
Kenneth III. who conquered the kingdom of the Pi6ts. Every reader who is ac-
quainted with the tragedy of Macbeth, as written by the inimitable Shakfpcarc,
9 whj
O T
A N 1).
»«7
ifuc*
Iheir
II, to
"orlh i
>aan*
ridian
viton*,
ibe an-
iinians,
fo that
£ \uftro
c many
I Britirti
idcd the
i fo that
iich they
of being
fo all na-
hiftorics,^
crown ol
J on collu-
cU, that it
) much rc-
c was con-
kl antiquity
ucd by the
(lucror, as
remained
war upoi\
iig of Scot-
jfomc hifto-
with their
cccffors of
,ns on the
afti who,
[The latter,
,vcrc crect-
,nd, and at
who then
ferted their
crs. 'Hie
:lic words,
jy, was the
[the monar-
licond from
who is at-
Shakfpcarc,
whJ
who keeps clofe to the Tafts delivered by hiftoriani, can be no Aranger to the Rite
. of Malcolm's father, and his own hiftory previous to hi« moLnting the throne in
, 1057. He was a wife and magnanimous princo, not infcrbr to his contemporary
the Norman conqueror, with whom he waH often at war. He married Margaret,
daughter to Edward, fumamed the Outlaw, fon to Edmund Ironfidc, king ot Eng-
. ]ana. By the death of her brother Edgar Atheling, the Saxon right to the crown
of England devolved upon the pofterity of that princefs. who was one of the wifed
and worthied women of the age i and ner daughter Maud was n\arried to Henry I.
of England. Malcolm, after a glorious rcien, was killed, with his fon, treadn-r-
oufly. It is faid, at the fiegc of AInwic, by the befirged.
Malcolm III. was fucceeded by his brother Donald VII. who was dethroned bv
Duncan II. whofc legitimacy was difputed. Edgar, the fon of Malcolm III. a wile
and vcliant prince, afTumed the government ( and was fucceeded by Alexander 1.
upon whofe death, David I. mounted the throne.
Notwithftanding the endeavours of fome hiftorians to conceal what they cannot
deny, viz. the glories of this reign, it appears, that David was one of the grc'iiteft
princes of his age, whether we regard nim as a man, a warrior, or a legillator.
riie adlions he performed in the lervice of his niece, the emprcfs Maud, in her
competition with king Stephen for the Englilh crown, give us the highcd idea of
liis virtues, ns they could be the refult only of duty and principle. To him Henry II.
the mightieft prince of his age, owed h's crown ; and his poflcflions in England,
joinci to the kingdom of Scotland, placed David's power nearly on an equality
with that of England, when confined to this ifland. His actions, and the refourccs
he found in his own courage, prove him to have been a real hero If he appeared
to be too lavifli to churchmen, we are to confidcr, that by them only he could hope
to civilize his kingdom : and the code of laws drawn up by him do his memory
immortal honour. They arc faid to have been compiled under his infpedlion by
learned men, whom he aflembled froiHall parts of Europe in his magnificent ahlicy
of Meirofs. He was fucceeded by his grandfon MaliolmlV. and he, by VVillinm,
furnamcd from his valour, the Lion. VVilliam's fon, Alexander II. was fucceeded
in 1249 by Alexander III. who was a good king. He married, firft, Margaret,
daughter to Henry III. of England, by whom he bad Alexander, the prince .vho
married the earl of Flanders' daughter ; David; and Margaret who married Han-
gowan, or, as fome call him, Kric, fon to Magnus IV. king of Norway, who
bore to him a daughter named Margaret, commonly called the Slaidcn of Norway:
in whom king ^^ illiam's pofteritv failed, and the crown of Scotland returned to
the defxendants of David, carl of Huntingdon, brother tv. king Malcolm IV. and
king \\ illiam.
'ihis detail has been given, bccaufe it is connected with great events. L'pon
the death of Alexander 111. John Baliol, wjio was j.niat-grar,<ll'i:n to David, earl of
I'hmtingdon, by his elder daughter Margaret, and Robert Bnue, graiulfnn to tlie
finne earl of Huiitingdon. by his younjrcr iliiuj^hter ll'abel, liceanie eoniintitors tor
the crown of Scotland. The laws of luetel^'ion, which were not il;en io well ilLi-
Ijjillied in luirope as they are at prefent, rendered the caCe very ditheult. Hoth par-
ties were alnioll equally inatelied in inti reft ; but attt-r a eontuli-d interregnum of
leveral vcars, the great nobility agreed in referring liie deeilion to luKvard 1. of Eng-
land, the moH ambitious prince of his age. He accepted the ojiicc of arbiter: but
having long had an eye to the crown of Scotland, he revived fome obl'olete claims
of its dcpendencv upon that of England ; and finding that Ualiol was difj)ofed to
liold it by that difgraceful tenure, Edward awarded it to hini : but afterwards de-
throned, and treated him as a Have, without Baliol's refenting it.
After this, Edward ufed many bloodv endeavours to annex the crown of Scotland
B b 2 to
i88
SCO r
N D.
to bin own ; but tbnunh the Scots wi-re ofwn dclcatcil, and he for a ftiort lime inaile
hlmfclf maftcr of Scolland, yet the people were ready to revolt on every favourable
opportunity. 'I'hofc who were fo /eaiouHy attached to the independence of their
c(juntry, as to he refolved to lia/nrd every thinff, were but few, compared to thofe
in the interelt of lulward and Ualiol, hdward availed himfcif of their weakneCii
and his own power. He accepted of a formal furrcndcr of the crown of Ualiol, to
whom he allowed a penlion, but detained him in England ; and fent every noble-
. man in Scotland^ whom he in the lead fufpedtcd, to different prifons in or near
London He then forced the Scots to fign inflriunents of their fubjetlion to him ;
and moll barbourouHy carried off, or deflroyed, all the monuments of their hiftory,
and the evidences of their independency } and particularly the famous fatidical or
prophetic ftone, which is (lill to be feen in Wcflminfler-Abbcy.
'1 hefe fevere proceedings, while they rendered the Scots fenfible of their fla-
vcry, revived the dcfire of freedom ; and Edward, finding their fpirits were not
to be fubducd, affected to treat thent upon an equality with his own fubleits, by
projecting an union, the chief articles of which have lince taken place between
the two Kingdoms. 'Ihc Scotch patriots treated this project with difdain, and
united under the brave William Wallace, the trurfl hero of his age, to expel the
Knglifh. Wallace performed actions that entitle him to eternal renown, in execut-
ing this fchcmc. Being, however, no more than a private gentleman, and his po-
pularity daily increafing, the Scotch nobility, among whom was Robert Bruce,
the fim of the firft competitor, began to fufpedt that he aimed at the crown, cfpe-
cially after he had defeated the earl of Surry, Edward's viceroy of Scotland, in the
battle of Stirling, and had reduced the garrifons of Berwick and Roxburgh, and
was declared by the ftatcs of Scotland their proteclor. Their jealoufy engaged
them in cabals againfl the brave Wallace. Edward, upon this, once more invaded
Scotland, at the head nf the moil numerous and befl difciplined army England had
ever feen, for it tonlilied of 80,000 foot, ifoo horfe-men completely armed, and
4000 light armed ; attended by a Heet t»> uipply it with proviiions. With 40,000
men, under his immediate command, he attacked the Scotch army under W allace
at Falkirk, at the fiiiue time that the brave regent was deferted by Cumming, the
moll powerful nobleman in Scotland, and at tne head of the belt divilion of his
countrymen. Wallace, whofe troops did not exceed 30,000, was defeated with
great lofs, but made an orderly retreat ; during which he found means to have a
conference with Bruce, and to convince him of his error in joining with Edward.
^V allace Hill ccmtinued in arms, and performed many gallant a6tions againfl thc
Englilli, but he was betrayed by his countryman Monteith, and ungeneroully put
to death at Jvondon as a traitor. Edward died, as he was preparing to renew hjs
invalion of Scotland with a Hill more defolating fpirt of ambition, after having def-
lroyed, according to the bell liillorians, 100,000 of her inabitants.
Bruce died foon after the battle of Falkirk ; but not betore he had infpircd his
fon, who was a priloner at large about the Engiilh court, with the glorious refolu-
tion of vindicating his country's independency. He efcaped from London, and
with his own hand killed the treacherous Cumming; and after colietting a few
i patriots, among whonj were his four brothers, he alTumed the crown ; but was de-
eated by the Engiilh (who had a great army in Sct)tland)at the battle of Methven.
After this defeat, he lied with one or two friends to the Wellern Illes of Scotland,
where his fatigues and fisHerings were as inexprellible as the courage with whicli
he and his few friends bore tfjeni (the lord Douglas efpeciallv) was incredible.
Ihtmgh his wife and dniighter weri' fent prifoners to England, where his bell
friends, and two of liis brothers, were put to death, yet fueh was his perfevcriiig
Ipirit, that he recovered all hcolland, except the callle of Stirling, and improved
3 every
O T L
N
189
nOtVc
■able
their
thufc
kncCii
lOl, to
loblc-
ncar
hlni i
iftory,
ical or
Mr fla-
re not
:£V8, by
ttwcen
n, and
pel the
cxccut-
his po-
Bruce,
n, cfpc-
1, in the
gh, and
engaged
invaded
land had
ned, and
h 40,000
Wallace
ping, the
jnot his
itcd with
o have a
Edward,
ainft the
[oully put
icnew his
ving dcf-
[pircd his
lis refolu-
[lon, and
|i<r a few
was dc-
lethven.
Kotland,
h which
:redible.
his bell
fevering
nprovotl
every
cvi'jy advantage that was given him by the thoughtlofs eonduft of Edward I[. wh(»
nt lull iuiri:d un army more nuinerous and better appointed tlinn tliatuf hisi father,
to make a total con(|uell of Scotland. It is laid that it conlitlod of 100,000 men ;
tl)e army of Bruce did not exceed 30,000 ; but all veterans, bred up in adeteflatiou
of tyranny. l£dward led his holt towards Stirling, then betieged by Bruce ; who
had choien, with the grcatell judgment, a camp near Bannuckburn. The chief
otticers under Edward were, the carU of Gloueefler, Hereford, Pembroke, and Sir
(iiles Argenton ; thofe under Bruce were, hi» own brother Sir Edward, who, next
to liinifelt, was reckoned the bert knight in Scotland ; his nephew Kandolf, enri of
Murray, and the young lord Walter, high-fteward of Scotland. Edward's attack
vf the Scotch army was exceedingly furious, and required all the courage and firm-
iiefs of Bruce and his friends to relid it, which they did fo etfedually, that they
gained one of the moll complete victories recorded in hillory. The Scotch writers
make the lofs of the Englifh to amount to 50,000 men, while their own exceeded
not 4000. 'Vhc Hower of the EngliJh nobility were killed or taken prifoners.
'ilieir camp, immcnfely rich, and calculated for the purpofe rather of a triumph
than a campaign, fell mto the hands of the Scots ; and Edward himfelf, with a few
followers, were purfued by Douglas to the gates of Berwick, from whence he
ifcapcd in a filhing-boat. This great and decilive battle happened iu the year
The remainder of Robert's reign was a feries of glorious fuccefles ; and fo well
did his nobility undcrftand the honour of their country, and fo unfettered were
they by fuperdition, that, in a letter they fent to the pope, they acknow-
ledged that they had fet afide Baliol for debafing the crown by holding it of
England -, and that they would do the fame by Robert, if he fliould make the like
attempt. Robert having thus delivered Scotland, fent his brother Edward to
Ireland, at the head of an army, with which he conquered the grated part of that
kingdom, and was proclaimed its king ; but by cxpoling himfelt too much, he was
killed. Robert, before his death, made an advantageous peace with England;
and died, in 1328, with the reputation of being the greatcd hero of his age.
The glory of the Scots may be faid to have oeen in its zenith under Robert I,
who was fuccceded by his fon David II. He was a virtuous prince, but his abi-
lities, both in war and peace, were eclipfed by his brother-in-law and enemy Ed-
ward HI. of England, whofe fider he married. Edward, who was as ambitious as
any of his predeceflbrs of making the conqued of Scotland, cfpoufed the caufe of
Baliol, Ton to Baliol the original competitor. His progrefs was at fird amazingly
rapid ; and he and Edward defeated the royal parly in many bloody battles ; but
Baliol was at lad driven out of his ufurped kingdom by the Scotch patriots.
David, however, had the misfortune to be taken prifoncr by the Englith at the
battle of Durham : and after continuing above eleven years in captivity, he paid
100,000 marks for his ranfom ; and died in peace without itluc, in the year
Ilic crown of Scotland then devolved upon tlie family ot Stuart, by its head
having been married to llic daughter of Robert 1. The fird king of that name
was Robert II. a wife and brave prince. He was fuccceded by his fon Robert 111.
whofe age and infirmities difqnalitied him from rei;^ning ; fo that he was forced to
truft the government to his brother, the duke of Albany, an ambitious prince, who
feenis to have had an intention to feize lite crown. Robert, on this, attempted to
fend his fecond fon to France ; but he was unseneroiilly intercepted by.Flenry iV.
<'f Knglanil ; and after fullering a long captivity, he was obliged to pay an exorbi-
tant ranfom. During the imprifonment of James in England, the military glory of
tiic Scots was carried to its greated height in France, where they fupported that
lottcrin*
190 SCOTLAND.
tottrrinc monarchy againft England, and their generals obtained fume of the firft
titles of the Icingdom.
James, the firu of that name, upon his return to Scotland, difcovered great talents
for government, ennfled many wile laws, and was beloved by the people. He had
received an excellent education in lingland during the reigns of Henry IV. and V.
where he faw the feudal fyftem refined from many of the impcrfettions which iUll
adhered to it in his own kingdom ; he determined, therefore, to abridge the over-
f;rown power of the nobles, and to recover fuch lands as had been unjutlly wrefted
rom the crown during his minority and the preceding reigns : but the execution
of thefe dcligns coft hnn his life, he being murdered in his bed by fume of the nobi-
Jity in 1437, and the 44th year of his age.
A long minority fucceeded ; but James 11. promifed to equal the greatcd of his
anccAurs in warlike and civil virtues* when he was killed by the accidental buriling
of a cannon, in the thirteenth year of his age, as he was belieging the caftle of Rox-
burgh, which was defended by the Englilh.
Sufpicion, indolence, immoderate attachment to females, and many of the errors
of a t'eeble mind, are vifible in the condud^ of James III. and his trubulent reign
was clofi-d by a rebellion uf his fubje£ls, during which he was flain in battle m
1488, a;^ed tliirty-five.
His foil, James IV. was themoft :iccomplilhcd prince of the age: he was naturally
generous and brave ; loved magnificence, delighted in war, and was eager to obtain
tame, lie encouraged and protetk'd commerce, which greatly increafed in his reign ;
and the court of James, at the time of his marriage with Henry VII's daughter,
was fplendid and refpcHable. Even this alliance could not euro him of his family-
<liftempiT, a predilection for the French, in whofe caufe he was killed, with the
flower of his nobility, by tlie Englifli, in the battle of Flodden, anno 15 13, and the
fortieth year of his age.
The minority of his fon, James V. was long and turbulent; and when he grew
up, he married two French ladies ; the lirft a daughter of the king of France, and
the latter, of the houfc of Guife. He in<lituted the court of feflion, enatled many
faiutary laws, and greatly promoted the indullry of Scotland, particularly the work-
ing of the mines. At this time the balance oi i)ower was fo equally poiied between
the contending princes of Europe, that James's t'riendfliip was courted by the pope,
the emperor, the king of France, and his uncle Henry VIII. of England, from all
whom he received magnificent prtfents. I$iit James took little Oiare in foreign
affairs; hefcemed rather to imitate his prcdccelFors in their attemps to humble the
nobility ; and the doctrines of the reformation beginning to be propagated in Scot-
land, he gave way, at the inftigation of the clergy, to a religious inirfccution,
though it IS generally believed that, had he lived longer, he would have feized all
the church-revenues, in imitation of Henry. Havirj^ (iigiited fome friendly over-
tures made to him by the king of England, and thereby given great umbrage to
that prince, a war at length broke out between them. A large army, under the
command of the duke (ifNorfolk, entered Scotland, and ravaged the country north
of the Tweed After this Oiort expedition, the Englilh army retired to Berwick.
Upon its rtir(.at, Jgmes fent ten thoufaiul men to the wellern borders, who entered
England at .^olway Frith ; and he followed at a fmall diftiuice, r.ady to join them.
Soon atter, lie gave great olleiiec to the nobility and the army, by imprudently
depriving their general, lord Maxwell, of his commillion, and conferring the
command on his favourite, Oliver Sinclair, a private gentleman. The armv
were (o much difgufted with this alteration, tliat tliey were ready to difl)and, when
a fmall body of I'.nglilh ajipeared, not exceeding five hundred' A panic feized
the Scots, who immediatcU took to llight, fuppoling themlelves to be attacked bv
the
S C O T L
N D.
191
the whole Eneliflj army. The Engliih cavalry, feeing them flv with fuch pre"
cipitatioii, clolcly purfued, and (lew great numbers, taUng priloncri feven lords»
two hundred gentlemen, and eight hundred fctldiers, with twenty-four pieces of
ordnance. 'Ihis difafter fo much affedcd king James, that it threw him m(u a fit
of illnefs, of which he died, on the 141)1 of Ueeeniber, 1542.
His daughter and fucccHor, Mary, was but a few hours old at the time of her
father's death. Her hcauy, her imprudence, and her misfortunes, are alike fa-
mous in liillory. It is fumcient to tay, that during her minority, and while flic
was wife to Francis II. of France, the rcforniatioi; advanced in Scotland : that be-
ing called to the throne of her anceftors while a widow, flie married her coulin-
f-erman, lord Darnlcy, whofe untimely deaiii hath given rife to much controver-
y. The ccmfeciucncc of her hufband's death, and of her marriage with Bothwell,
\vli(» was ronlidered as his murderer, was an infurretUon of her fubjefts, from
whom flie fled into Kngland, where llie was ungeneroufljr detained a prifoner for
eighteen years ; and, afterwards, on motives of Hate policy, cruelly beheaded by
queen Khzabeth, in 1 ^87, in the fortv-fixth year of her age.
Mary's fon, James \ 1. of Scotland, fucceedcd, in right of his blood from Hen>
ry VM. upon the death of queen Kliznl)erh, to thcKnglilh crown, after flicwing con ■
hderable abilities in the government of Scotland. 'Ihis union of the two crowns,
deftroyed the independency, as it impovcrilhcd the people of Scotland ; for thu
feat of government being removed to Fngland, thetr trade was checked, their
agriculture negletted, and their gentry obliged to feek for lituations in other coun-
tries. James, after a fplendid, but troublefome reign over his three kingdoms,
left them, in 1635, to his fon, the unfortunate Charles I. 'l"hat prince, bv his un-
wife condu6t, ftirred both his Scottilh and his Flnglifli fubjefts to arms. It was hi
Scotland that the fword was firll drawn againft Charles. But when the royal
party was totally defeated in England, the king put himfelf into the power of the
Scottifl) army ; they at firft treated him with rcTpetl, but afterwards delivered him
up to the Fnglifli parliament, on condition of their paying 400,000 pounds to the
Scot.";, which was faid to be due to them for arrears. The Scots afterwards made
feveral unfuccefsful attempts to reftorc his fon, Charles II. That prince was
finally defeated by Cromwell, at the battle of Worcefter, 1651, after which, to the
time of his reftoration, the commonwealth of England, and the proledtor, gjave law
to Scotland.
'I'hc ftate of parties ill England, at the acccflron of queen Anne, wa.s fuch, that
the VMiigs once more had recourfe to the Scots, and offered them their own
terms, if they would agree to the Union as it now rtands. It was long before the
majority of the Scotch parliament would lilkn to the propofals ; but at laft, partly
from conviction, and partly through the force of money dillributed among the;
needy nobility, it was agreed to ; lincc which event, the hirtory of Scotland bc-
t<^mcs the fame with that of England.
F.NG-
>
■
•
>«r
r
101 ]
■•
A
»
r ' ■
.
' { ■ .
K
N (;
LAN
D.
,
• »
KXTKNT
Ann Situation.
> I
Mill's.
o nnd j6
2 Eall am
Creat Britain contains 79.712 sqJ)Are milks, with 119 inhubitants to each
lA-nj;ih j8oi . f^o nnd j6 North latitude.
Breadth 300 1 oc'wccn j ^ j..jj,j ^^^^ ^^^ yy^j^ longitude.
Climate anoiT^HE longed day, in the northern parts, contains 17 hours
BOUNDARIES, j *■ ^o tninutcs } nnd the lliortcft, in the fouthem, ncar 8 hourft.
It is bounded, on the North, by that part of the ifland called Scotland ; on the
Eaft, by the German Ocean ; on the Weft, by St. George's Channel ; and on tho
South, by tiic Knglilh Channel, which parts it from France, and contains 49,450
fquare miles,
'I^he ihuation, by the fea walliing it on three fides, renders England liable to
a ^reat uncertainty of weather ; fo that the inhabitants on part of the fea-coufts are
often vifited by agues and fevers. On the other han<l, it prevents the extremes of
heat and cold, to which other places, lying in the fame degree of latitude, are fub-
je(t ; and it is, on that account, friendly to the longevity of the inhabitants in ge-
neral, efpecially thofe who live on a dry foil, 'lliat perpetual verdure for which
England is reinarlcable, is occafioncd by rcfrefliing lliowers and the warm vapours
of tne fea.
Name and divmions,) Antiquaries arc divided with regard to the etymo-
ANCIENT and MODERN. ) logy of the word England : fome derive it from a
Celtic word, (Ignifying a level country i but I prefer the common etymology, of its
being derived froni Anglen, a province now lubjett to his Danifli majefty, which
poured a great part of the original Saxon adventurers into this iiland. In the time
of the Romans, the whole ifland went by the name of Britannia. The word Brit,
according to Mr. Camden, fignified painted or ftained ; the ancient inhabitants be-
ing famous for painting their bodies. The weftern tra6l of England, which is al-
moft feparated from the reft by the rivers Severn and Dee, is called Wales, or the
/and ofjirangeri, becaufe inhabited by the Belgic Gauls, who were driven thither by
the Romans, and were ftrangers to the old natives.
When the Romans provinciated England, they divided it into,
1. Britannia Prima, which contained the fouthern parts of the kingdom;
2. Britannia Secunda, containing the weftern parts, Wales included ; and,
3. Maxima Cicfarienlis, wliich reached from the Trent a.s far northward as the
wall of Sevcrus, bi-twcoii Nruialllc and Carlille, and fomeiimes as far as that of
Adrian in Scotland, betwein the Forth and Cl\(le.
To thefe divilions fume add the F'lavia Cxfaricniis, which they fuppofe to con-
tain the midland counties.
When the Saxtms invaded England, alxuit the year 450, and » ftabliilied theni-
felvcs there, in the year 582, their leaders appropriated to themfelves, after the
manner of the other northern conquerors, the countries which each had been the
moft inftiumental in acquiring ; and the whole tormed a heptarchy, or political
ronfcdcrary, confiding of feven kin^rdopis. In time of war, a chief was chofen
from the feven kinfjs bv public confent ; fn that the Saxon heptarchy nearly refem-
b'od the conftitulion ot Greece during the heroic a^es.
Kingdom*,
"^ ^ O.
Kingdom, erc£led by the tv
^'n» <uui,ded bv, Countiei. ^ ^^•
2.
Kingdomg.
Kent louiided
''engirt ill 47,
fndtd in fi 2, ■"
V.....I. I. J
'«t
• J^«^«-Saxons. found
«♦.
( ^'f ''"'nberland.
Cambridife
Dorfft
'"^nierfft -
WiJts
Hants
Berks
Lancaflcr
Vork
'^urham .
^'umbcrJand
ai'di.|,(i,.ai, S^7.^Mlddldex,
/ ITic ..ii,....
and
and parr „f
'IT, """^'*
I ihoo(|u-,-,,;,rf ,,fr. ■
I VVi.rwick
i-fiiciior .
\i .. ,. '^"tlaiid .
' :<"2, aiKl-( '^nurjJij .
I <>.\/i>id .
''>'iitfi)rd .
i>,""'"«Jiinn .
Chief TowiM.
I J Canterbury.
I jChichcftcr
3 f^uufhwark.
) (NorwicI,
) ^Ca^^nbridge
r/;aiincerton
Oorc.,K„„
''''a'i/bury ' • • ■>
, J^''.''chefter
J Abingdon. >
/P"r'inin ,
Carli/li;
Mj'lWcb^
y ^ '-ondon.
^'crtford ?' -V ,
"••ro/ord
V Mcuia n, .
I'idcd ill S74.
' ^^••'kf..wi,
V /'"'toll,
"muMi-jdo,,
"I'd/ord
;|^'o'bur>'
O.v/ord
'*>'iiflurd
c
h
>»4
B
iN
N
D
It In the more necclTiiry lu prcfcrve thefe dividon!!, as they account for (lifTorrnt
local cuftoma, iind many very eflential rnoden of inheritance, which to thin day
prevail in Kngland, and which took their rife from diirc(^-nt Saxon inHitution*.
since the Norman Invufum, England has been divided into countiet, a certain num-
ber of which, except Middlcfcx and Chclhirc, are comprehended in fix circuit!, or
annual proerefles of the judge*, for adimniflering jullice to the fubjetts who arc at
a didancc from the capital. Thcfc circuits are :
Circuiti. Couniici.
ElTcx • -
Hertford •
1. Home
Circuit.
2. Norfolk
Circuit.
3. Oxtord
Circuit.
Kent
Surry . •
SufTc'x . -
Bucks - -
Bedford .
liuiitingdon
Cnmbridgc
Suflfuik
Norfolk
Oxon
I'crks
Glouccftor
Woiccflcr
Chief Towns, ' ♦
Chelmsford, Colchcftcr, I larwich, Maiden, Saffron
Wuldcn, Bocking, Braintrcc, and Stratford.
Hertford, St. Alhan'ii, Ware, llitchin, Baidoik,
Bilhop's-Stortford, Berkhamftcd, llcmftod, and
Burnet.
Mnidllone, Canterbury, Chatham, Rochi'rtiT,
Greenwich, Woolwich, Dover, Deal, Dcptford,
Feverlham, Dartford, Ronmcy, Sandwich, .Shccr-
ncf»«, Tunbridgc, Margate, (Jravcfcnd.and MiU
ton.
Southwnrk, KingAon, Guildford, Croydon, Epfom,
Richmond, W'andfwortli, Bat tcrfea, Putney, l-'arn-
hnm, Godalmin, Bnglhot, Kghain.aiid Darking.
Cliicheftcr, Lewes, Rye, Knll-Grinllead, liafling!>,
llorlhani, Midhurit, Shorcham, Arundel, VVui-
thelfe. Battel, Brighthclmdone, and Fetworih.
Aylclbury, Buckingham, Iligh-VVickham, Grcat-
Marlow,Stoncy Stratford, and Newport Pagiiel.
Bedford, Amntbill, Wooburn, Dunlluble, Luton,
Biggiefwade.
Huntingdon, St. Ives, Kimbolton, Godmancheftcr,
St. Neot's, Ranifey, and Yaxley,
Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, Royfton, and Wif-
bich.
Bury, Ipfwitb, Sudbury, LcoftofT, part of Ncw-
nuirket, Aldborougli, Bungay, Southwold, Bran-
don, llaltfwortli, Mildennall, Beccles, Frani-
lingliam, Slowmarket, VVoodbridge, Lavcnham,
lladley, Long-.Melford, Stratford, and Eafter-
bergholt.
Norwieii, 'I'lu'tford, Lynn, and Yarmouth.
(Oxford, Banbury, Cbipping-Norton, Henley, Biir-
ford, Whitney, IXirthcllcr, Woodllock, and
Tame.
Abingdon, W'indfor, Readinj^, W'iillingford, New-
bury, lliingerford, Maidenhead, Karringdoii,
W'antnge, and Oakinghani.
(iiouceller, Tewklbury, t.'irencerter, part of Brll-
tol, (Hampden, Stow, IkrkeUy, Durlley, Lee< h-
dale, Telbury, Sudbury, Wottuii, anil Marlli-
field.
VVorceiler, Eveiliain, Droitwieb, Bewdky, Stour-
bridgif, K.iddcrn»iullcr, and Perlhore.
Monmouth
Circuit*.
S- Oxford
Circuit
(ontinui'd
Countin.
Monmouth
Hereford
Salop .
4- Midland
Circuit,
''liinls .
; \\ ill rii
Of \ oil
r:orii\vaIl
And *
•mf Newport. ""*^""'^''. Ofwcftry. Wc,„.
ptafTortl. iJtchfifid, jvewc.ftl. -• .
,^Vil.on.(;|.' '3,,;^/'y,''«-«"«l!. Main,!] n,
Sal
hriH.V'jV (''""•''''• ^ ''Inc. CVi.k
"'and-ord.BrS'op;''^'^''''^''.-)-, Ponlo.
th.-in,,,t„n. All.burr.m ( 'r.?^^' V'^'^''"""'
••'"^^•. "'Hi Kcdriul, ^'"'^"'"^•'. Hellion, Va,.
York
i>
II
M
■"..\i'i
ton
Ok
T.
lit
-a line
St
. Circuit*.
N
N
D.
6. NorlJuTiJ
Circuit •.
Coiintii-t.
fYorlc • •
Durham -
Nortliiiinb,
LuiK'udcr
VVcllmorcl.
Cuml)i.Tlai)(l
'Yiirtc, l,ivd», Wtikkfiold, Iliilit'aXi Rippun, Pan
Cliiif T«iwni,
~ ppon,
Mri(f't,ilull,Kic)uii>iti(l,Si Arl)<>rt)uuli,lliiriiu(;h*
bitdgr, Miltnn, Slicniclcl, DoiiculK r, VVIiiil>)'i
13c\crly, Niu-lhalUriun, Uurlin|t<in, Kn«rr(b<>>
roiigti, Harm fly, Shi'rbnrn, nrndford, Tadcaflrr,
Skintoii, W friiorhy, Kiitk-y, Hvyilon, Howdcn,
'Diirlkc, Gill)orOii){li, I'likcriiig, and Yiirutn.
Dtirliani, Stixkton, Siiiuli-rliiiiil, St:itih()|H>, Har-
iiard-CufUc, Duriiiigtoii, llartic|MH>l, «ud Auk-
laiiil.
Ncwcufllo, Tliinmiitli, Norlh-Sliii'UU, Morpolh,
Alinvick, and Hcxli.itn.
LatKultcr, NlinuliMhT, I'nllon, l,ivcrpo<il, Wig-
an, Wnrrin^tiiii, UoiYuIali', Hury, Urnidcirkt
llawkllicaiJ, tiiul Ni-wtun.
Applcl)y, Kendal, Lonlilalo, Kirkhv-Slcphrn, Or-
tun, Arnbldidc, hurtoii, and Mlllhorpc.
Cariiflc, IVnritli, CcKkcrmmith, W biti-huvcn, Ra-
vcngIufs,Egremont,Kcfwii.k, Workington, and
Jcrby.
Middlcfcx is not comprehended \ and Chcfliirc, being a county palatine, enjoys
municipal laws and privilege!), llic fume may be faid of Wales which it divided
into four circuiti.
Circuit*.
Counties
not includ-
ed in the
Circuits.
Cuuntiei.
Middlefex
Chefter
Chief Towns.
London, firft meridian, N. Lat. 51-10. Weft-
minfter, L'xbridge, Brentford, Chelfea, High-
fate, iiamnlleau, Kenlington, Huckiiey, and
lampton-Lourt.
Chefter, Nantwich, Mact iesfield, Malpas, North-
wich, Middlewich, Sandach, Congleton, ICnotf-
ford, i'rcMlilham, and llaultun.
Circuits of »V A I. K .S.
Xorth-Kaft 5r''";.;
Circuit. jP,'--"l"8h
I Muntgotn
N.,rthAVcft SrHlf!!:!"!
Circuit.
Caernarvon
' Merioneth
Soulh-lvift
Circuit.
(■Radnor
jHreion
jCiiamurjj
iUl
^ r Flint. St. Afaph, and Holvwcll.
[■ < Denbigh, Wrexham, and Kuthen.
) 'Montgomery, IJanvylin, and Wclchpool.
•i r Beaumaris, llnlyhead, and N'ewburgh.
[• •; Hangor, Conwav, Cnirnarvon, and I'ullillv.
3 <Dulgelly, Bala.' and llarUgh.
■J r Radnor, I'relkan, and Knighton.
f ) reckiKuk, Knill, iiiul flay.
?" jLiandatf, Ciinliti", (\.\vbridgc, Neath, and Swan-
• III tlif f.rntor Spriiii; AfTi/fN, flu' Northrrn Circuit fxtfiids nt'ly lo York and I.aiu;iflrr ; the Af
fizrs at Diirh.ini, Ncwialtli', .Applfby, ami Curlillf, bciiij^heW only in t.*ie Autumn, ajiil dilluiguiihcl
by th« appi-llution ot the Ltng Cncmi.
7
I'ein-
(Mrcudt.
Circuit.
E N
Counticfl.
Pcnibn>ke
CnrHignti
Cacnnarlh.
O
N
Chief Town*,
1 ["St. D»vld'«, ll»v»rlor«l\v.H, Pembroke, Tei\hr,
Kifiard, and Miltorilbuvrn.
('■rdigni), AlKriliwiili, and l.Uhudarn-vawrr.
C*r>riMnriyKii, KidwilK, I.HDiiiulovcry, Ll«Midili>>
bawr, LiuighuN), unU Laitcllhy.
In i: n o l a n d.
40 Counlit't, whiih fi'iul up li> parliament • • 80 knighti.
15 ('itifk (I'.ly noiif, Lunditii tour) .... ^q litj/cnt.
if)'/ HorotiKlit, two racli 3J4 bur)(rirci.
5 Horotiglu (AltitiKdon, n«iil)iiry, lU-wdlcy, Higliain-) , _
l\ rrar«, and Moiiiu...ilh), one luch . . J 3 i»urKc(lci.
a Uiiivorlitirn
8 Ciiu|ur poriK (lUftiiiKi. Hover, Saiidwiili, Romiicv.t
Hythi'l.nnd their throe di-(H.'iidc!>l»,Kyr, W'iiKluili a, v
and S«afv>rd, two cath 3
4 reprL-Ccniativci.
16 barun*.
the Af
llguitUc>t
WALES.
11 Counlica it knij{htii.
14 Uorough* (Pcinbruke two, Merioneth none), one cat.li it burgeirvi.
SCOTLAND.
33 Sliires
67 Citieii and Borouglis
30 knighti*.
I <; burgcfl'cs.
Total 558
Uefides the 51 counties into whieh Knglund and Wales arc divided, there arc
counties corporate, cunlilUng of certain ilillridH. to which the liberties and jurif-
diMions peculiar to a « ouiitry have l>een granted by roval charter. 'I hus the city
ot London ii a county dilHnft iVoin MitUllefex \ the cities ot York,('hetler, Hrillol,
Norwich, \Vt)rcelU'r, and the towns tit' Kin^lhm upon liuii, anti Newcullle upt)ii
Tyne, are ctiunties ot thenifelvts, dillincl Iront thole in wliich tiiey lie. The tame
may be faiil of Berwick upon Tweed, wiiich lies in Scotland, and hath within its
jurildiition a Iniall territory of twt) miles on the north fide t)l the river.
L'nder the name t)f a fr)wn, Iwirtiughs aiul cities are contained : for every borough
or city is a town, thouj>li every tt)wn is not a bt)ruugh t>r city. A borough is ib
called, becaufe it feiuU up burj^eires to parliament ; and this makes the dilTerence
lu twecn a villajje or town, and a borough. .Some boroughs are corporate, and
feme not corporate ; antI thmij^h detavetl, as Olil .Sarum, they Hill fend burgefl'es
to parlianient. A lity is a mrporate horough, that hath had, t)r at pretent hath, u
liilhop ; for if the bithoprick be dillulved, yet the city remains. 'To have fuburbs
l»rtuc!> it tt) be a city.
.*«t>n., AIR, SKAsoss, AND WATER.] The foil of Knghmd and Wales differs in
cull ctiunty, not to nuich tVoni the nature of the ground, tliougli that mull be ad-
iniltetl to occalion a very conlidcrable alteration, as tVoni the various degrees of
firoticiency whieh the inhabitants have made in the cultivation t)f lands and gar-
tleiis, draining of marlhes, and many otlier local improvements, which are here
tallied to a much gieatcr dejjrcc of peifctliou than they aie perhaps in any other
pan.
•9l
N
N
pari rtf lit* *»orl«l, il' w« rxiti»l Clilnn Wi- Kitnoi riiKr »|>.m pitrlUuUr pi
lit' lIu'K Miiprovt'mriii* All llml t mi !••• Uitl i* in ({riii'inl, ihiil il no iinkiiitlly
I'ltiii lia|i|)«iii biigluiiU |ir<MUtii« ti>rii, imiI only UtMuiiiii lit iiiMinLiin lur imnliiha-
hlisiilv, but to nt*k(' (i>iilitlt'riil>U' i-k|Hirl4. iiu' tiritrHl* (rum iIk (•' i'\|i(iiu h»\>f
foiiit'linif* Iciiipictl Iht' iiiliMlnlanU lo tarry out nl llu- kinKtttMii mori' %xaM lliuit
i-Diilil Ih' imivfim-nlly i\MtiA , lor whiih rmfon tHiMtriunoii* Imvc Ikaii |iri)|Krl^
r«|(iitiiitil No iiniiiiit cxtniU l'.iii;Untl in l^ic |iriMlii«Miiiii« o|' ihc K.iriUn Loif
don iinil 111 nt i^llllolltll•Mttl, ihoiiuli |i«'o|iU'il by i.ouu.ooo ol iiiliiilMlunl^. i« |)lriili«
full) lnii|)li<it willi till kiiiiU of liniU ami Vf)(i lul>U'* I'roiii groiiiiiU uiiliiii it bw
niili^ ilUliinic 'I lie iilmiltilioiii liirrotindiiiii uliiiolt rvrry (oitiilry liuiiU', uiul iti^
lu'iiii'iiiiil lu-tl^i'-rowt in ilii' lit-lil* <it<< ttititiliy Ui'liKblful aiul iifviiil Sonic liavt*
iibli'r\iil n ilfta) ol tli.il i>aL tiiiibcr mIiuIi aii(i>'iilly birnu'tl llif iUcli dial KiiKliml
pill lo b'4 i bill il i» ritppolVti, Willi ((rial pmliability, lliul grwal Iturv* iiu llill m
rwl'iTvc,
A« lo air, liiili' cm Ih> uiUIciI |o wliul ban Im rii ulrcndy fiiid innirrniiig llio cli*
rill- M\-lb-rly brt'iVf*, whidi moll lommouly prevail, lonwy Immii iIic
iiiuiilitv ol vapour, wliiili i^ vinliUud by wiiiUn uixl llorm
'.nitlaiiil )i lo loriiLtiu'rn, ami pt-opli' ol tit liuili- tonltiiiiiion
mnu
Allaiitii ()t run a vail «
lo thai in lliin ri <'|» 1 1 I'.nf^
riilhiT ililagri'iablc llian iiiilalubrioiit. Il « nimoi, bowivi-r, b* tli niiil, lliai ilu-
Wi'Utlii'r il t'X«.t'liiVi-ly i .ipriiioiii, ami lo iniluvourabli' to trrtuiii ioiilliuilioim, ili.n
many ol ihc iiiliabilanli arc imliiitil lo n-pair lo Ion ign louiilrit*, in liopin ui Hb-
luiniitq a ntiovulion ot llu ir litajili.
AlliT what wi- li.iw' oliKrvi-d ol' llu- Knglilh nir, iho n-iidfr ninv form foim- idt-u
ol ill liaroiK, wliiili aik lo im«>'tlain, llial lluy admit ot no dil'i riplion. .Spring,
fiini
tiur, aiiliinin, am
ri'iil appoaramrN liil>>
I wihlvr, Imiiid tadi oilur, btil in ubal inunih ijuir dill
plan- IN very muli ti rniiiiri
I lluli
piiii){ lll'^ill^ roimiiinci
ill I't'brtiarv, ami loMUimus in April In M.iv tlif l.u i' ol ilic (otmliy ih oruti lo.
Vi'kI uitli lioai-tVi>ll inlltad ot liiiilloin" I lir lK^illnin^ ol Jiiiu' ii lormiiini i iit
Id ai« in llu- middlr ol Den nilicr, >i'l ut oilur liiiu-i iIk llu'niionu-lir rili'si in lliai
I II
inoti
ih .'IS lil^li '*'• il diH H in llalv I'Aiii Aii^ull ban iu vu illiimli i of lu-ul ami
<'i>l(i i and iipnii an aM lagtScplrndiir, and lu \t lo it Octobi r, an- two ol' llu moil
'•«
looablr iiuiiiiliH ill llu- \i-nr. llu- nalivis rmiu iiiiu 1 1 aoi tuiui' allllu' Imii' Ira
loiiH uitliin till' lompali ol oiu- da\ ; ri>
III, Il
I'Miprrali',
il, aiid mild MialliiT,
'lliit iiK'oiUl.it't y, ImwiMT, is not alUndrd \\iili llic t iKcU llial mi^lit In- tia-
tiirallv appii'lii'mliil. A lurlni^bt. or at moll llint' wciki, ^ltu■riilly make up tlu'
(lit)i rnui uiili ri 1,'ard lo ilu' maliirilv ot ibr triiit-i o| tlu* t artb : and it \s bardly
I'Vi r ol<l> iM(l iliat llu iiib.ibilaiii-. rtillir by a bot itmmu r. I'.Non llu- ^it-ali-ll ir-
rcgiilaiih , and ilu- moll iiiilavomablr appiarum i s ol llu- iValoiiN, an- tuit, an in
fttlur lountrii'*., atti'tulcd wilb lamiiu, .md vi-ry bldiim wilb Uanity. l'«-rluips
lbi>. in a ^rmt nualuii-, muy Ih owitif; lo ilu' \ail iiiipii)\riiu-til<i ol ii^riciiltiin- ;
.lur wlu'i) I'l'iirtii) bat bii n iom|)!ainid i>t, it ^riuially, it r.ol al\\a\>, prniridi-d
* Tlvr <liniiir of F.iiKlaml Imi mofr iilv,iiilaKri
ihKii ar<- vriiir.iliy allowrd It, il Mr ttifiiil thr iijii-
liinii 1)1 Tkiii^; ('tl1rlc^ llir Srcoiiil iinoii llii> liili-
jut, wliiili 11 I ik'riil>r.itril by that of (ir Willi.im
Triiiplr ; aiiil il n >v tir otidivril, llt.il liny urn-
Intli lr.i>rlli-r>. • I mild iitiK .iilil one lliiiij;
* (Uyt lir WiiJiani, in hit Mi/til/inifn, (inrt ii.
* )'. 114. r III. Hv'i. iriuo.) ill l.iMiiir III I'lir t li>
' m,iU', wliii II f hraril ih'- kin^ f <v, :uul I ilMii)',lit
• iicvk' iiiid ri)>,lii, mill liiilv like a kiii^ •>! EiiLikiiiil,
* tliiil liivtil ami illri'iiiril hu own imiiilry, b w at
• in rr|'l) III foim i " 1 |i:in> that u<ri rrviLii); nur
'tliiiuu', auJ cxtolliii); liiulc ol iMly aiul i^jMiii,
•or .11 lr.irt III Irimr. ||r I li.l, •• ||p ihnilglit
•■ lli.a it;iH till' li(l) (lliii.iii ulitrr lir loulil he
•* ;ilirii:iil ill thr nir w illi |>lcjhwr, or .il jr.il) with,
"mil tniiit'lr or liui nw nit lur, llir inoll ^h^>, m
** thr tt,ir, iiiiii ihr moll lioiin In thr ihiv ; aiul
" lliu lir llioiigl.t hr loliM hr 111 Kiijjl.inii, mnrr
•* th.iii ill aii\ iiiiiiiirv III- kiiriv in l.uiii|)r," .Vml
' I Iclicvr ^.iilil. fir \Villi.iiti) il is iriir, iml oiily
' ol Ihr dot anil llic told, Iml rvrii .inicinn it.ir
* nri)(hlioiirt in Fraiiit- ,1 ml llir i.ott' Coiintrir^
' tlirniltlvrt, whrir tin- hr.iit or the lulus, ami
' ilian^rt ol Irahiin .itc lifi licaUl'Ic (01 uiuilrrali)
' thanlhry arc tvitli us.'
iViMll
K N
N D.
•W
Aaiii ihi* rxridlw ck^)ortiiiUiftt u/fr'^in on account of ilir drkwbMk, tnU iIm |iro
Itl iif the r«'ii/'ii»,
III fiM-ukih); " Ati-r. I . r <^^xtk«, or l«kr«, are not lii« liitlrti i Inil only w«li*r«
fiHT ihf lomtiXM) t . Til, lu.'A .,1 \Hi\ H'Hi thiifr lh4l liavr minrral <|uall<ir(. I ho
chanip«i|n IMrl* dI |>>|{l»t)<l mtv Kcnrrally riippMett with fkivllcnl ft*rin|* and
tiiiinlaint t Inmigh n difrcn litic iidlnli* mnjr pfririvv , lh<M ihr|r fri'qiicn(l)r tontain
fiiMU- iTiiiU'iiil ini|irriiiiitiiiii ^ i(ii
lor wiittT, and fiipiily ilu infi lv> « hy irrn^hfi, or •liKKHia ilrrp \vc
liiiion« of ihv Kiigtiili, MtuI ilu" tlifoafi 4 lo which 'I'-'Y ii»rl|iiK|». , liayr rcniUrt'il ilu n
nc vt'r> ni|(h InixU. ihr iiihuiM 4nU urr (lillnillii
iiifi lv«* hy »rfnihf<«. or •iJKginir ilrrp wclU Ihf loiilli.
rxiri'inrly ii <|iiili'ivi' allrr mim'rni wairr». Thofc uf it'riaiii rAii^iy arc lliv hot
bnth« 1)1' Unili i> il I rillul lit .Hi)mrrfri()iirr, ami oi' ||iikl<<ii and Muilot k in hcrhy*
Itiiff \ ilii ii.ittrttii w.iifr« of ( lu-ll»'itluiiii, 'I iiiitiridKi*, i'P^'"**- ' I )iroWKtiii*,aMd-Var<
Itoroituh '*"*" wnur i« iifcil n^ lotiiinoiiK u« uny niKt-r i<>r nitduitiul |iurpo|'k« , imd
fodi'liiaic nrt' ilic lom-i of' itu' i.iiKliilt iilif' <, iliiii tlio pi4ii> iil« tun p>rviiw, Ixtili
In drinking luid liniliiiiK, u dilii'rt-iiic Ik iMctii tlif fiu-wuli-r ol iHti* t«»alt und lliai
vl aiioihi r.
Kack or iMf rni'Nrav 7 'llii' indtilUy of ilu- l-*ti|(lid) rnppliri thofc fnvoiin
ANt) Moi NiAiN* 'Mtiiili ni'iurc hat Ai liiviihly InlluvvkMl npoti (i>nyi'
forriipi (liiiui. No Kiiiilry in ili>' tNoiid livnU tin- 1 tiliivuh-d parlo "I I'.n^lniid jti
ht'iiiitiliil rionit, I III' viitiilv ot lllull•|iltlll^ iitul low-lumU, ilu' rnriiicr tpntl) fwvIN
iti^, iiiiij I'oili tortiiiiig prolpirU r<ir|iutiiti;; ilu* pifliir^x ol liDiiyt nic torn iiiul
nil uiiow i^ioimd, lli>' I'lit rtiiiNhiir^ ot nu ii>)\ir« s uiid |>linitniion«, llif nohU' dafn,
iluvrlul villtiKii, mid Ut'll-lliKk> >i Iiuiiin, oIud rilm;; in iho i)i'i(;lil)iuirli<Mid ot po-
piijoiii low lit and t iii>'N. ditoi.iii'd with ihf moll Mvid toloini ol' nuttirc, tin- i>li<
H<-N o|' whiih Hit ;ul< (|iiiili' idi a (iitinot li>' lonvrtrd l*y «Ult riptioii 'I he molt'
VarrL-n IjioM tiri- tioi wiilioui ilnir ^trdur^' ; init llolhil•^ tun hilli-r provi' iht- vx-
It'iil III i'.iighlh iiuhillr\, til. II) oiirtrviii^ llml lonio o| ihc p.i iiLiiiti II lounlici in
llir kingdom an nuliirally lh> iiioll tinlitnilnl.
l.ni;I.Mid toiii.iiiiN K w iiiouniaiii-> ol (;ir>il tillilnili*. 'Mir iiioll itoii-d nrc ihi;
I'l.ik ill Dfilivlliiic, tlif I'.rdU' in l.ai.callnu , the \\ oldi in Voiklliut', tlif ('tuviol'
liillii on lh< liuidcrN ol .Sioiland, Middaw in (iiiiilu-iiand, MaUcrn in V\ ore rlirr*
lliiri', ('«)il\\old in (iloiiii lit illiMt, till- \\ i< kin in Shtoplliirk t with thoi't' <<\ Plin*
hiniuon Hnd .Snoudoii, in \\ .il> ». In Kiiur.il, lioWiWi. \\ ulis and tin* iiortlicrn
pars, may Iv u mud inoiiiiiuiiioni.
KlVKRi \Ni> tAKKi I I hi- tivcis in l''.tI^lutul tilid ^r(atl^ lo itn lu-nnty, ii» \%it|
n% iln opuli-iui-. I hi- 'I li»nu-> rilt-n on ilu i oi lines ol (iloinclU'ilhin . a htilc S. W
(i| ('irt-nii'llt r, and alter lit living nianv Imaiki IhtaniH, it piilUs to Oxiord, ihi-ii
liv Ahin^tloii, W ailiiif;t'ord, Kiadiii^;, ,Ni.ii>m\n, aiul \\ iiidlor I'loin iluiucto
Kiii>;llon, whirr torinirly il ml thi- Itdi-, wIikI), lini t- llit- llll^llin^ ol Willinin.
Ihrdiridgo, ii faiil to How no hii;h<-r tlian Kithniond . llu-n il inovck on to I.omIuh,
and, nltiT di\idinf( tht* muniu s of Kt-nl ai>d I.IKa, it widens in iis proKn Is, till it
t.ilK into till- fi-a at tlu- Nort', tVom wlurt i- ii is llavl^al>ll' lor laiKi- Ihnis to lAmilon-
Irid;;!'. Il was lornt>il\ u nproatli r i.n^laiid, ain<>n^ lon-i^ri is, tlial lo(i>|iita|
!i MMT liii'iild |ia\t' lo II w Inid^v's; ihi I- o| London and Kin^lion l)t.'iii^ llu' otilv
two il had, Iroin llu- Nort to tie lall nuir.ioiud place, lia- iiu rcnft- ot ridus, nnd
iiilaiiil tiadi,-, has ol' lali- qrt'atly inidtipliid tritlni >. 'I hofc o| \N iilma.lli r and
r.larkliiars ihind unri\allfd lor it.n ;^ili and j(iaiidinr. liaiti-rft-a, I'liliuv, ki-v,,
Kii hinoiid, Waiton.and llainpt<in-t' i:ri liasc a>to l'ii'l!;t's omt iht.- i haim <, :tiid
iilhtrs an- pioji-fliii}; !>> iiiiiilii |'|>iriit-d piopriitors ol iho jjroinuls on holh lick ■-
'llu' riM-r Mctlwav, uhiih lil'iii iitar I iiiil>ridf;o, laiLs into the IhuincHUt Shrtt-
iicfs, and is na\ ij;.d)l«- lor tin- lai!;tll ihips as l.ir hh I liatlia;n. Hw Meviiii,
ntkoii'.-d ih" I'lttind lisi-r lor iinpoitann- in l'.n);iand, and ti.c liitl lor tapidity,
ri'A'> at I'iiuliiniiiun-liill in Nuttli \N tiU-.*, bccouicit tiaviga'oii.- at \> cUli-lVvd, rviit
i-atl
196
R N
G
I.
N
D.
call to ShuwlLury, tbisn turning foutb, vilits Bri(tgonorth, Worccftor, and Tewkef-
biiry, wlicic it roi oiws thi- Ujipor Avon ; after having pafTcd Glouccftor, It fukcB
u lontli-wclt ilirothon, ii near its mouth incicafcd by the Wye and Ullrc, and dif-
thargis itlcll:' inlti the Biillol-channel, noar king-road ; where the great i\\\^» an-
ch«jr which cannot get up to lirillol. The Trent rifes in the Moorlandsi ot Staf-
t'urdlliire, and running lituth-call by Newcallle under Line, divides that country
into two parti; then turning norlh-eaft on the confines of Dcrbylhire, vilits Not-
tingham, running the whole Icngtii of tlial county to Lincolnlhire, and being
joined l)y the Oul'e, and It viral other rivers towards the mouth, obtains the namu
of the lIuiilKr, talhng into tlie lea Ibuth-eall of Hull.
The otlur |Miiicit)al rivers in England arc the Oufe (a Gaelic word Signifying
ivn/cr in general), wniih falls into the I lumber, after receiving the water of niariy
ether rivers. Another Oufe rifes in Bucks, and falls into tlie fea near Lynn iu
Norfolk. I'he Tine runs tVont well to eall through Northumberland, and faliii
into the fJermnn Sea at Tinmouth, below Newcallle. The Tees runs from well to
e;ill, dividing Durham from Yorklhire, and falls into the (jerman Sea belc w Stock-
ton, 'llie 'I weed runs from well to eall on the borders of St-oiland, and falls into
the German Sea at Berwick. The lulen runs from fouth to north through Wcll-
moreland and Cumberland, and palling by Carlille, falls into Solway Fiiih below
that city. The Lower Avon runs well through Wiltlhire to Bath, and then divid-
ing Somerfetlhire from Gloucefterlhire, runs to Brillol, falling into the mouth of the
Severn below that city. 'Ihe Derwent, which runsfr.)m eall to well through Cum-
berland, and palling by Ccckermouth, falls into the Irilh Sea a little below. The
l\ild)le, which runs from e;ill to well through I.,ancalhire, and pading by I'relloa
difcharges itfelf into the Irilh fea. The Merfey, which runs from the A)Uth-eaft
to the nortii well through Chelhire, and llieii dividing Chelhire from Lancalhirc,
j>afles by Liverpool, and falls into the Irilh Sea a little below that town ; and
the Dee rifes in Wales, and divides Flintlhire from Chelhire, falling into the Irilh
channel below Cheller.
The lakes of lingland are now few ; though meres and fens were iVeciucnt in
r.iigland, till drained and converted into arable land. 'J'lie chief lakes remaining,
are Soham mere, Wittlefea mere, and Uamfay mere, in the ille of L'ily, in ,Cain-
bridgelliire. Thefe meres in a rainy feafon unite, and form a lake of 40 01 30
miles in circumference. 'Ihe northern counties of ('umberland, Wellmoieland,
and Lancalhire, contain feveral fmall lake;,, which are remarkable for their beauty.
Winander mere lies in Wellmoieland, and lome fmall lakes in Lancalhire go by
tlie name of Derwent waters. The various difpofition of their banks, fometimes
cultivated, often covered with wood, or eiilisened by herds, the intermixture of
liill and dale, rude rocks and green mountains, rentier the iVeni'ry of this jian of
Lnglaiul fcarcely inlerinr to that of Sw it/erlaiul and Italy,
Koiuisrs.J 'i'he tirll Norman kings of Kiigland, that they mii;ht tlie iiiore ef-
fechially enllave their new fubjetts, converted iuiiuenfe tratts of grounds into
forells, for hunting, governed by pariicular laws : fo tiiat i; was necelVarv, aliout
the linie of i)'>!]mg the Magna Charta. to form a code of the I'orell laws ; the juf-
tices in e\ re, fo called horn their littir.g in the open air, were appointed to lee them
obferved. By c!cL,rees thofe tracts were disforetted ; and the chief forells, pro|)er-
ly fo called, remaining out of no fewer titan 6q,are ihofeof U iiidfor, New Koiell,
Dean, and Sherw(.)od. Thefe forells produced formerly great tpianlities c f excel-
lent oak, eim,alh, and beech, belides walnut-trees, poplar, maple, ;ind other kinds
of wood. In ancient times iMigland containeil large torelts nfclurnut trees, whii ii
exceeded all other kinds of timber tor liie purpefes of building, as appears from
jiiany great houfes ftill Handing, in which tlie ehefiiut beair.s and roofs remain Irelh
niid uudecayed, though fome of them are above Ooo years old.
Mrtals
, Metam ANnMiNRHAf.i A • Ni. D.J ^_
""■■J ll"" li„ i„l„ „lal,. „„,;,, '!f" ."■"*■ »Wl li.ic,. Il,r r;^nr '"' '■""•■• •■11)0.
-'»/'ck.ral,le. '| I ^W, !'';,'"'' '*;^' exportation o/coa « o.lf " ''' "'4^-^ "t
'"• '^-f' f" <lK- read, -s I, , • ^^ .'•^'"•'•''••'^•'■m.nl.w .,,';;.,"' ^ '" ^'"^^-^^^
"-^'' ''>^' anontiun of the n.. r ? "^^''''^Iture art- well kn" ^^ P"''''^-;'tir.„^
''•■■^^ l'^'^'" I>l''aKd. A „ ,, '? ''"^ ''"P>"'ant ol 1 ^ i ?''" ' ""^ '"'^'f' »'••"'
'"""">■ •" '•■"r. that t H • I ' ■■'" "''^^-t <" Pocuh'i 1 . '^' '"'P>"^v,nent.
"-' '^^t^S o.uoiKs, and ihallui,. ' '^'- ' ^"^''^■^•' tunuj.s, cam,.'
Dd
aox
N
N
Woad for dyine is cultivated in Rucks and Bedfbrdfhire, as hemp and flax arc in
other counties. In nothing have the English been more fuccefiiful than in the cul-
tivation of grafles for meliorating the foil. It belongs to a botaaid to recount the
various kinds of ufrful and falutary hcrba, (hrubs, and roots, that grow in diiTcrent
parts of England. The foil of Kent, EShxt Surry, and Hamplhire, is moil favour-
able to the difficult and tender culture of hops, which now form a confiderablc ar-
ticle of trade.
With regard to animal raoDvcTiONS, quadrupeds, being of the fird import-
ance, dcfurvc the mod particular notice. The Englilh oxen are large and fat, but
fome prefer fur the tabic the finaller breed of the Scotch and Welch cattle, after
5 razing in Knglilh pudures. The Knglilh horfes are the bed in the world. Incrc-
ible have been the pains taken, by all ranks, for improving the breed of this fa-
vourite and noble animal, and the fucccfs has been anfwerable } fur they now
unite all the qualities and beauties of Indian, Ferlian, Arabian, Spanilh, and other
foreign horfes. The irieliliible fpirit and weight of the Englilh cavalry render
them fupcrior to all others in war : an Engliih hunter will perforin incredible things
in a fox or dag-chace ; and the Englilh dray-horfcs are unrivalled for drength and
docility. The exportation of horfes nas become a confiderable article of commerce.
The breed of afles and mules begin likewifc to be improved and encouraged in
England.
The Englifli Iheep are generally divided into two kinds ; thofe that arc valuable
for their fleece, and thofe that arc proper for the table. The former are very large,
and their fleeces conditutc the original daple commodity of England. In fomc
counties the inhabitants are as curious in their breed of rams, as m thofe of their
horfes and dogs ; and in Lincolnlhire particularly, it is not uncommon for one of
thofe animals to fell for jol. and there are indances, that a fmgle ram of extraor-
dinary beauty and drength has been purchafed for loo guineas. It was thought at
the beginning of this century (fince which the number mud have been greatly in-
creafed) that in England, twelve millions of fleeces are diorn annually, which, at a
medium of zs. a fleece, makes i,zoo,oool. The other kind of flieep which are
t\\\ upon the downs, fuch as thofe of HanOead, Baglhot-hcnth, and Devondiire,
where they have what the farmers call a fliort bite, is little, if at all, inferior in fla-
vour and fweetnefs to venifon.
The Englilh madiflfs and bull-dogs are faid to be the drongcd and fierced of the
canine fpccies in the world ; but, either from the change of foil, or feeding, they de-
generate in foreign climates. James I. of England, by way of experiment, turned
out two Englilh bull-dogs upon one of the fierced lions in the Tower, and they foon
conquered him. The mallid'has all the courage of the bull-dog, without its ferocity,
niul is particularly didinguilhed fur his fidelity and docility. All the difl'erent fpc-
cies of dogs that abound in other countries, for the field as well as domcftic ufes, an-
to 1)0 found in England. What is obfervid of the degeneracy of the Eiighlh dogs
in foreign countries is applicable to the Engliih game cocks, which afford much
barbarous diverlion to our fporlfmen. The courage of thefc birds is adunilhing,
and uiie of the true breed itever leaves the pit alive, without vi6h»ry. The pn.-
prictors and feeders of this animal are extremely curious as tu his blood and pe-
iligree.
Tame fowls are much the fame in England as in other countries ; turkies, pea-
cocks, common poultry, fueii as coc ks, pullets and canons, geele. fwans, due k^
and lame pigeons. 'Hie wild fort are billiards, wild geeil, wild ducks, teal, \vij;eoii,
plover, pheafants, parlridj^es, woodioeks, growfe, quail, landrail, Inipe, wood-
pigeons, hawks of dillereaf kind, kites, owls, herons, crows, rooks, ravens, mai^-
)ies, jackdaws and jays, binekbirds, llirnilies, nightingales, goldiinclies, linnets,
arks, and a great variety of i'niall birds j Canary birds alio breed in England. I be
wheal-
K N
aoj
. ^l■<>• TOiimric, are hot ?, i?,„„ r j ,. ' "' "'■'"' ""J «•-
«"' »'■■ <od, m" tare, 1 iT'!"'""''' ""I. «» rZ"'h./^^ "/™"'' " '"<"' iS
'"ftory than geolraphy' ''^'^ ''^'^='-"' '^ «"/. becoEfcfS SroScr f' P""'^"
Population, inhabitant '^ "*'"'*'
'•'" might occafionallK e don^ K '"habitants in Eng lajcf '"^'"'^? T^^Y 't is very
;^>'>-. H"d I>rc.bably K ii ti?' P^'"*"'^"^' "''S a'nv v1„S"" «"«'" thai
f'K-y mult be vorv /,t:\i , ^^"^^ P'ace. With r^™ ^J ^ violation of public li-
»''^' ffrcat nii.,,|,e.r ofLj -* '"'' *" *''^ colon «' tl, ' '"'"'I'g'ous influx of fo
;;ul.uion cxtrctVpSlr'^'r ^'^•'^^'"r"- " -tr^Jr ^"- and
'"S'and IS more poi uhlus h^ .i P"." "'*-' ^^ hoTe. it mav Si J '^"*^^'' ""Y ca|.
'""■ ihe war vvitl Frl? *''"" '^c e(li„,ators of iJr r»k% '-'' '"-" '^^'PPofed that
200.000 Englhhn^en JS ""I- J>«'"' before he UanfT "^•-' ^•"'"? »« a,
carried off, by varS ^''*='"''^*^ «^ Scots and Irifl, bv ?•!' *T."""^ •■'"'P'oycd abonf
indeed fenm;^;7e7'Z' not r*"^ "T '^'^ """^be" '^'Th\?i '''"^ ^ ?"d its prog^^
though not halfof the numh '"""'' '■•'^"'•'"^ the wis ,^. "^ ^'^P^P^'-'ionwas
'he- great quantit e of S^"r*^r« then em^Joyed hT he fl"''?, ^"»^'« ^<^i«n
manutadures and induftr! ?^^". '"to tillage, and the nrL!i-- *"'' '^nd fcrvi?e
«;xx-ds the fcven mfcarwh? \' -'''''^ ^'-t th^'^p'oSrcr '^T^^*-" "^*-r
-'„ the continual ace, L of 1'' "'='^ '""§ crtiniaW *'"'^™^'^* "'^ ^"g'^nd far
-n.':,:!^^;-;^'-- W^^^^^^ it is i.,,
"'•'t lM'"land n.al |J\' \'"''-"'' ^"'l co,n„!ev,"„ . ^"^'^'^^'^ '5° }vars ago T)'
JJ d ?. • ' "* •"' '"(^ virtHios of'
'lunuih<;
204
N
L
N
ilomoflic life. Of all European nations, the luiglilli kiop thi'mfoives the mod
cleanly. Their nerves are fo (lelicuie, that ihc iHojiJe of both feM-s are foinetinic*
forcibly, nay niortniiy, atlettetl bv iiuii^inatioM ; inlonmch, tliat before the prattiee
of inoeulatinn for the final! po\ tonk pluee, it was thought iniproiu'r to niriilion
that ioathf )nie dil'eafi' by its trne iianu- in any jjoiite eoinpany. I tiis over-fi'nli-
hility has been ecjiiliiK-red as one of the fmries of thofe linj^iilarities, whieh fo
th-on^iy tharacterife the l',ii'.;li!li nation. 'I'liey funielimes magnify the llightell ap-
j)earanees into realities, and i)iiiij]; tlic ntoU <liitanl lUngers iinineili.iteiv home to
theinfelves i and yet wlien real danp;er iipproaclus, no prople faee it with greater
refohuion or conllancy of mind. In llioit, many ot tlu- l^ij^lilli tVel, as if it really
exilK'd, every evil, in nerfon and cllate, whieh they form in their imai^inatiun. At
particular intervals they are lenlible of this abltirdiiy, and run into a contrary
extreme, ftiivin;; to banilh k bv dillipalinn, riot, iiae:n]KraiHe, and diverlion:;.
They are fond, for the fame real'm, of convivial alfocialions; and when thefe aru
kept within the bounds of teinj)eiaiKe and moderation, th.y prove the bell cures
for the mental evils, whieh are fo peculiar to the Knglilh, that loreigners have
pnmounced them to be national.
Such of the Knglilli noblemen and gentlemen, as do not (Irike into hi^h walks
of lite, alfetl rather what is called the finig way of living. 'I'hey underlland, per-
haps, better than any people in the worki, convenience in their luiules, gardens,
eipiipages, and elhites ; it lias, however, beent)bferved, that tiii.s turn renders thcni
kfs conmumicative than they oup;ht to be: but, on the other hand, the few con-
iietUons thev form are lincere, cheert'ul, and indilloluble. The like habits defcend
into the lower ranks, and are often ilifcerniWe amoiiyr tra<lefmei
'1 his I
ove ot
conveniency may be called the ruling pallion of the Knglilh, and the ultimate end
of all their aj)plication, laboius, and fatigues. A good aconomilV, with a brilk
run of trade, is generally, when turned of 50, in a condition to retire from buli-
lufs ; that is, either to puriliafe an eltate, or fo I'ettle his momy in the funds.
lie then commonly relides in a comfortable houl'e in the country, often liis native
county, and e\pi'tts to be inated on the footing of a gentleman ; but his llylc of
living is always judicioully fuited to his circumltan'cs.
l'"ew people know better than tradefmen, and men of bulinefs in Kngland, how
to pay court to their cufhmiers and employers, 'j'hofe arts tlu-y conlider only
as the means of accpiiring that inde])i iitlence, the jiride of which too often leads theu\
into a contrary extreme. 'Ihiseairies them to that petulance, which isfo ofl'enllve
to Itrangers, ami though encouraged, tlnough the want of education, has its root ir
"le noblell of principles badl\ underliood; I me
Ml,
that
rieli
t which the laws oi
ll
Kngland gi\e to every man over bis own jirojiertv
'Ihe humani'.y ot the I'.nglilli is difcovered in nothing more than in the fulifcrip-
tions for public charities. An iMiglifhman feels all the pains which a fellow-creaturo
fullers, and poor and miferable objects are relieved in i'jiglaiul with uiiexaniple<l
liberality.'! he fame perfons who contribute tothofe collections, are afiVU'ed in propor-
tion to their property tbr tht'ir paroihial poor, who have a lei;,il demand for a mainte-
nance ; and upwards of three niilJions is f'aiil to be collettcd \earlv in this cmmtrv
for charitable purpofes. 'Ihe inliitutions of extra-parochial inlirmaries, hos-
pitals, and the like, are in fome cafes reprehenlible. 'Ihe funis befh)wed on build-
ing them, tlie conlraits made by their governors, and even the election of |ihv(i-
cians, wlio thereby acijuire credit, whicii is the lame as prollt, ot'ien begets heat
and cabals, very ditVerent from the purpofes of difintercfied charily, owing to the
atlaehmeiits anil prepolleliionsof friends, and even to partv conliderations. m
'Ihe F.ngliih, though irufeible, are the niof't pla'cable peo|)le in the world, ancT
will often facrilice ])art of their interefl rather than proceed to extremity. The
unfufpccting nature of tlie iinglilh, and their honcll open nianiitrs, cfpe'cially vf
9 ll'iofc
tlioff In the mrrc
N
<'< 'i'lslortuiu, i„ Mad... wluil
^^;:l!; '^^r- .V^^" '^"'i^T .h
•^ 1" real „
ii'm cli
''"'•"• tin; rolidoC 111
N D.
P'VUmKil, ild-uved
111
lilt Ills, uIiicIhIi
^"5
"', •' """V nrcJ.ial.io co„,ii, , ' , . *" •"^" 1»"'-'^'.S Ibinctiiius \ven\ , •
iiDiin
bi
'"« "i-iC^s i.arlly tW.ni tl
fail
IllCIti, ll
CDhliiriK
Jatun
dililliClK
1 he fi
kpufi
"•'""'•••iitlK.irval.u. 'M
'''"V fi.'^^" "» wcaltl al
■y t'^U-n „,:,ko „„ „,|
'll"' is ait
iX'Vf nioli
ion
^'"t'lliouj dilplny ^,^
;; |HT((,-,s „|"aij ,.,,.,(^.
tlu.
;ij)al(!u
s .'in tin
<nvu
[;- «^^;'| v'V^v' "f uliKll
M
?^"l'i-hn.k., ,,:.";,':.';"''••, l'=''-''y '-.a, 1
iiiid tor ulmod
'IKS,
iVv
>i»l)i'||
«<» fnidc" and
■"■yoilurfiK-cifsof
'".'" oi j,i„j,;.,,y.
P"P'i>r part ,.f i|
ii?;S'r.'"i-r-'y
iiiat'ilirat
f'fili'fs, whi. think
ttKiii; nor
<'I"'r"Us in I
. . K'^vcrnincnt, lionours/a'^ia
par-
fiii/i\e
c'oni-
ic-ir
loj^iC-
•■tiv liic ll
-U:^-o.;i:-4S£-='-
l::^'-'^'''-|-o,;;^;„,::;;:^:r'!'H^ 'i-cuinef
.'i-"i!itcli.s. (;,.,„!
I.
iH-dlli
awa,.,.oii..r.d,;;,;;:i,:;^^:;;
'')'"^' b..t,s wiih biif^.j,
faiiHu
'Wcr
",' '^' a 'I about
,:«';'"-!. ei.iin- by, i;;i;'2
'^•""■nandm..,v|,anr.o»
"■I's and iu!)(
iNubl
"''^•i,snt h,„i;..
.^■"if 11 ol" tl)t
t'Hcn ili„u,.|,t a ,|
^^■"K'l- l.as I
in r
'vli orconviiCiit
Krcatpr„;K.,iva,vf
ii^'«'s and
ii'i'ivc- arminuiit
dy
•-•luly n,(ti
"'>!*.';■ 'in ((
'"". t-vcii from tl
'Jiiiciinies not t
"1 p .oiic C-:
I pri!
'iiipan/
ho \v.,rl,l . I...: '••'"t-ilion and bivt-din., ;.. .i. '
K'is ant
'"■"• fiTvaiit
)iit ll
'K'"ii(b has I
ill Iho World : |
"^" i>i adieu of I.
iii'.d
!'Ocn
:iyiii:r
•Tiff
li
litcrat
of
"",!:, IS t
CIS.
It
"re, if tl
:!!!;:':ir^^\^y ^b- ^n^ uf^^^^
"* ""I iiiiulual lor 1
inc
■'■"""■e, if tl.ev aiv ,„.. . "".'•"S"i/inicn
^■'> to throw al
,'"* t'oiiuniiiiifat
'.'i^'.'^'I'^'H l.r.ul,
li'nian '
i"ns with
illy by
di'nt
a t<'inpi-t,,it k
''^*-" 'i-arncd
"^^"■wii;;;r:i'™;^™'?""e;;^;,ru::^:\i;!'?.?'i-.yc,^.v,;^
l"> "Ht with puf
s m oil
hcc
2™;v'.-?'^:^':s,rr^ ^
ho nu.iuy, to aVl,ii |.
was oilfini. but did
'•"^^'^•tlgc- (./• hufinc-fs
Hit Vi
,!,Mit liavc t-ariu'd tl
y "loci.. in to, and
K'-;-,iyp,,a. Mr: Aisr; ,.?:;"M''-^i'ity wi
"" 'II his travels
'^l''<'n liad ab
lout
Ac
rilary „/• n^t^
.'ind
'"• '''^""l" ' f. Iho lik
liioh
"•■'ll nior
flio d
V" c'a-
L'poii-
'•i.''''>-"i''-.>i>'S:iz:f:!j^.''-^
,■ ■•■ iitin.- ; and II VI -ic r I ■ i'*-iiiio
' '^•'^-' ''='i'i'i. int^"!:":!'::.';/''^'''''^''i"s<orh
I"'') id a iminili
I't'ii/ion from ,\jr. '(
Ionian Caihuli
in I
My f
■•"iond and
.'•'ggs, tho Wf;
'o oncninair,
il
" ';."^' . iiiuivallcd hi'l
«i;ii!i'nt of lo;,
110 iinovonnof, of il> . i
t'lnos it is dolio-,f - (• •"'■".'''""'
"f(hih in 1 1
ill Iiifl
rnin
">, but bowail I
^"injianion tl
oi V.
Iq' "is jirofont
"s misfortu
10
lie
"iK'iis, and ar
J
I many of iJuir
■^'iiiiioiuativi' ; '{
i\
■pi,
i^'ir oonvoiV
'"ajolty has dif.
Iftc
>^>'ik- tiu- louddl aro tl
'•on.i.nnios; but •in f,,,,,,
< "luvrlation, and
ton VI via I nuvi
moll
"iiiotinios it
)'-i!h irui- wit; (
:".!';? '^y^V ^ominknhi.
'"■■'IIIL'S ill
IS fOi'
oiiiotini
'7;i:v n..ifv, ;,nd d
'"' Phlo-niatio
'«roi.al)K> f
or and n
•■'I'!'1;h:iK(|. -ji
uiw
'-""';'^Ol..a.,uahlv,hat|
*•'"' <|H"ik. difoovor
-•rm ll ..I 1* ' . 1
"ni-'v, aro c
>-i'ins to bo (
fokct
ll.S IS
parfiiul
'^■"' wit is oft,
"■'Sit is folid
in Iho cxti
lonio-
'"CO-
P;":'H7:'.!I ihoplcal
■'!■'> Iho taf,
'•< olR-n/i
'onio.
ivo,
'•-' in larsrc
^'"^V^'i'i'^ndandi .3ri'>!''-;''i-'al
'" ••» vory high d
i'';:roo,
::nn iliat
ow (jil
)S is
,"■"/ '» all battlos tl-
hi'ir |)aii.v
loi poopic can
l"'^""'"- "• Iho I,,,' |i,j
';■'''- «-=rds in Cinr:^:;v,':^''''-^''''y
oxort
Ih
I, and
;":'-"'i-,iooidodbv;if
'^g'vt-i Ihoir fold
. o with th
';- h'conckd by a (h-,
"-"s an infi
inito 1
'^■'1- (ills ,
I'llgtll of
«iua,,t,.l oiktl
i.d. ll, tl
Oil-
wlii
"-■ nicclia
'il"'n Ihoir
'ii'iith of d
't"ir activ,
"-•'>"'! iMiglKlnn,,,,
iiioal ai
ononiii'
I'^.'^'S^'-. but whon tl
111;
and 111 iijivai
•y oNool all nat
ci'vvs Id a favourite llud
on-ra
ions.
I'OV dol
'Ihoir f,
'^'"Kt^ni..nts thcv
^^•'■it, it 1
tot,
iors
las a
>Jd
's iiitrodibj
11
'o nuoiit
^'c unooiial-
l'-";'! abf)rb
■'F>l-Iu-;
'■' 'ill hi-, (,,|
lOil
lor
iiioas.
<?•
VV- ?-i?-c>
zo6
K
\
X
D.
iiliai. Tliix creates tlio nuineroui iiiltancot of mental abfcncos that are to be fifiiiKl
In tlu' iiuti'in.
'Ilif culloiiis iif till* Enj^lilli have, fmcc the beginning of thU century, undergone
n ruiiliilcrabli' chnngo. I'lu ^roat fortiinci made in the Kail and Well Indies, at
\\\'\\ as In (.'ontrads uiul otlicis at honu*, iiave introduced n clafs of men who havi*
bcionu' (ipulciit without iiuliillry, and who arc expcnfive without talle. From
the I'ontagioi) of (uch i-xaiiiplis, u fpirit of luxury and gambling has been two widely
ilitfufcd uniong the middle runkN. Their ancient hofpitaiity has decayed j many of
their favourite diverlions are difufed. Thofe remaining are, operas, uramatic exhi«
))iti()n.s, ridottos, and foiin'timos mafquerades in or near London ; but concerts
of mulic, and card and dancing afl'cinblies, are common all over the kingdom.
I have already meiilionod flag and fox-hunting and horfe races, of wliich manv
Knglilhinen are fond even to infatuation. Somewhat, Itowevcr, may be olTereu,
by way of apology, for thofe diverlions : the intenfe npplicaticm which tlie
Knglilh give to butinefii, the fedentary iivcsi, and luxurious diet, require excrcife ;
and fome think that their excellent urccd of horfcai ii increafed and improved by
tliofe amulemcnts. Next to horfe-racing and hunting, cock-fighting, to the re-
proach of the nation, is a favourite diverlion among the great as well as the vulgar.
Multitudes of both clafTes alfeinble round the pit at one of thofe matches, and
enjoy the pangs and death of the generous animal, every fpe£tator bein|{ concerned
in a bet, fometiincii of high fums. 'I'he athletic diverfion of cricket is liill
kept up in many parts of England, and is fometimes pr.t£tifed by people of the
higliell rank. Many other paltimes are common in England, fome of them of a
very robull nature, fuch as cudgelling, wreAling, bowls, Ikittlcs, quoits, and pri-
fon-hafe ; not to mention duck-hunting, foot and afs-races, dancing, puppet-
Oiews, May garlands, and, above all, ringing of bells, a fpecics of inufic which
the Knglilli boaft t)f having carried to pertedion. 'Hie barbarous divcrfions
of boxing and prize-fighting, which wore as frequent in England as the thews of
gladiators of Rome, are now prohibited, though often practifed ; and all places of
public diverliuns, except the royal theatres, arc under regulations by act of par-
liament. Othir diverlions, which are common to other countries, fuch as tennis,
fives, billiards, cards, fwiuiining, angling, fowling, couiling, and the like, are
fair.iiiar to the Enfjlilli. Two kinds, and thofe highly laudable, arc perhaps pe-
culiar to them, ai'd thefe are rowing and failing. I he latter, if not introduced,
was iir'.ti;)r!i/.t 'i ;.nd encouraged by his prefont inajelly's father, the late prince of
VVi.,> . and 'a.iv be ( onlidt red as a national improvement. 1 he game aits have
take:, froii. tt.e lominor. people a great tiind of diverlion, though without anfwer*.
4:tg the pjrpoKs nj \\\v rich : tor the farmers and country people deftroy the
C.tinc in th.'ir nelt;.. which they dare not kill with the gun. This monopoly of
f a :.e, iiniong i\» fr.-e a people as the Englilh, has been often attacked, and
•.IS I'tteu UefciiJ.d.
Did ss-l The Englilh, at prefent, hid fair to be the dictators of drefs to the
'.u'..o.,9 o; F.uiop:', at Kaft with regard to elegance, neatiiefs, and riclmcfs of attire.
I'tope of iiuality and lortune. of both fexes, appear on high occalions, in cloth
' ." "w.l and idvcr, the richeil brocades, latins, (ilks, and velvets, both flowered and
yla.r., i'.ll which are now nianufa^lu'ed at home. 'I'lie (juantities of their jewels
ate Iticrediblc, efj/ceially fince the vafl ac«|uilitions in tlie Ealt Indies. Ferlons of
diftinftion, on ordinary occalions, drefs like i reditableciti/.ens, that is, neat, clean,
.i;ni plain, in the fineft cloth, and the bell of linen. 'Ilie full dref' f a cleigyinan
loiiliils ot his gown, cadock, fcarf, beaver-hat and role, all of .: < !-. : his undrcfs
<s a d;irk grey frock, and plain. The phyfu ians, the formuiity of whofe drefs, in
i;ir{je t;,e p'-rukes and fwords, was formerly ridiculous, begin now to drefs like
other
7
N
N
207
ether grntlcmen. Few Engliihrnen, trtdermen, merchant! nnd lawyers, a« well
as men uf landed property, arc without Tome pallion for the fporti ot° the field, on
which occ«iiuns they dreft with remarkable propriety. 'Vhe people of Englanil
love rather to be neat than fim* in their apparel ) and the appearance of an artifuii
or manufa£turer in holyday time* is commonly an indication of his indullry an<l
morals.
RsLtoiOK.] Eufcbius, and other ancient writer!), pofltively aflert. that Chrifti-
anity was Krll preached in South-Britain by the apoftles and tlieir difcipleni and it
is reafonable to fuppofc, that the fuccefsof the Romans piivcd the way for the tri-
umphs of the Golpel of peace. It is certain alfo, that many of the foldiers and
officers in the Roman armies were chriilians ; and as their legions were repeatedly
fent over to England to extend as well as to prefcrvc their conqucfts, it is probable
that thus Chriltianity was difTufed among the natives. If any of the anodlt h vilitcd
this country and our heathen anceAors, it was St. Paul, whofc zeal, diligence, and
fortitude were abundant. But who was the firft preacher, or the precile year and
period, the want of records leaves us in doubt ; for the belief of Jofeph of Arima-
thea and St. Peter's preaching the Gofpel in Britain, and Simon Zclotes fufTeting
martyrdom here, refts on no better foundation than monkilh legends. We have
good authority to fay, that about the year 1 50, a great number of perfons profelT-
ed the Chrillian faith, and, according to archbilhop Ufher, in the year i8i, then.-
was a fchool of learning to provide the Britilh churches with proper teachers; and
from that period it (hould feem that ChriAlanity advanced its benign and falutury
influences among the inhabitants, in their feveral dillricts. It is unnecelTar/ to r'.--
pcat what has been faid in the introduction, refnedine the rife and fall of tl)e
church of Rome in Europe. John Wicklifle, an Englilhnian, educated at Oxford
in the reign of Edward 111. has the honour of being tlie iirii perfon in Europe who
ftublicly called in queflion, and boldly refuted, tliofe doCtnnes which had paflTed
or certain during fo many ages. The conditution of the church is epifcopal,and
is governed by bifhops, whole benefices were converted by the Norman comiueror
into temporal baronies, in right of which, every bilhop has a feat and vote u^ the
houfe of peers. The benefices of the inferior clergy arc now freehold, but in
many places their tithes have been impropriated, i. c. conferred on the laity. The
oeconomy of the church of England has been accufed for the inequality of its liv-
ings ; fome of them extending from three hunderd to fourteen hundred a year,
and many, particularly in VVales, being too fmall to maintain a clergyman's
family with any tolerable decency ; but this feems not eafy to be remedied, unlcfs
' the dignified clergy would adopt and fupport the reforming fcheme. The crown,
as well as private perfuns, has done great things towards the augmentations of
poor livings.
The dignitaries of the church of England, fuch as deans, prebendaiies, and the
like, have generally large incomes ; fome of them exceeding in value thofe of
bilhopricks, for whiih reafon the revenues of a rich deanery, or other livings, is
often uiuie.xed to a poor bllhoprick. At prefent, the clergy of the church of^Eng-
iand, as to teinpoial matters, are in a mo({ tlouriOung condition, bccaufe the value
of their titlus increafes with the improvement of lands. The fovereigns of Eng-
land, ever liiice the reign of Henry VTll. have been called, in public writs, the fii-
preine heads of the cluireh ; but this title conveys no fpiritual meaning, as it onlv 1
denotes the regal power, to prevent any eccletialHeal differences ; or, in other 1
words, to fubllitute the king in place of the pope before the Reformation, with /
regard to temporalities, and the internal oeconomy of the ehurch. The kings of
England never intermeddle in cccleliallical difputes, nnlefs by p;ev ntiiig the con-
vocation from lilting to agitate them, and arc contented to give ^.Tanction to ihe ~
legal rights of ihj clergv.
'Ihe
• T" the rilloujrn lill, I Invf fulijoinrd the fii.ii r.itli I'lC is clitirijc-il in the kinj^'i books; for thoiif.lt
^i.it dun IS far f» m In iiij> tl-.c TcA :i'iiunl vilnt- ol t!ie lei', )it it nlliltt in forming a coiiipar.atve tlUiii.ile
laHvii'ii tlic icVcnuLj ol caili fee witli ilmfc ot nr other
Cintcrhiiry,
I.on-lt.n,
Willi In ficr,
A R f II H I S n () I' RICK S.
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Til' IjiMi ij'S of ilitfo tlirif take prcirdiiv-v of Ndrwiili,
nlli.tdns in K.ii,lanl. inil the i>tli r<. aciunl- {iliiii'illcr
in;' III the kiiioriiy i
I likir toiifc ruion*.
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iiiiVitutlotK
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biftltution* «o living* \ to «ltfrml tlic lilu'rlic* «>t" ihc ctturih i uiid to villi lluirowii
iliiK i-li'i* i»nri' in thnt- yciiin.
Knuliitid contniiiH nhout (ixty iirchdiiuims, wliolr tilliii- is to vifit llu* iliiirclio*
twici' or tliriti- ivory yiur, hut tin ir otiiios an- k-ls liu rativi- lliiin tlu-v iiro iKnionr-
ul>l«', SiilM)uiiiiiiti' III Iht-m an- llu" rural dfiiiii, liTiiiorly llyl<.«l an li-|iri"ll)yl<.i'i,
vlio lifl;i\it'y ilif lM:lia|»\ pUaliirc to his clergy, tlie lower tlulu ot ulmli conliUa ot
j»rit'd> ami di'a< "Iih.
The rnlclialHcal Rovirnmciit ot" ICnx'^nd is, propiTly final. in^;, li)d;;id in tlio
(•(invoiation, \%l\i<.h is u national riprrrinliilivo or lynod, torrdixnidni)/ piitiy
niarly to the idf.is we have ot' a oariiamont. 'Iluy are lonvnki-d at ilu' lame
liiMf wiili evil) parhanu'iil, and lluir Iniliiu'l's i^ lo i-onlidiT ot' tiu- liau> ot ihe
( liurch, and to i all iholV to an actoitnt who have ad\an(od lu \v opinintis, iiuni,-
liltiMt with ilu' <|octrint s ot tin- < honli ol l'.n};laiul. .S«)im> tioi i;vmu ii i>t an intnU
niuit and pi i U'l nlin^; Ipiiit, diiriti/; the roij^n ol'tpicon Amu-, and in tlio lu-^inninj^
nl that ot' (•corj^f I. raiU-d llu- powers cif the cdnvotalion to a h^•i^ht that was
jiuiinlillent with tin- prim iples ot rili^jioiis toleration, and indi\d oteivil liherty ;
1(1 that till' crown was ohlij^eil to exert ils preroj^ative ot ealliii:; ilu' nh-nihers to-
•p liter, and oi' dilloiving them i liiicc that time they have not heun permitted to
tit lon^; enou(;h to do hnlinels.
The eoiirt of arches is the moll anrient conliftory of the province of Canterbury,
find all appeals in tluirch-inalters, iVuni the jiid ;inent of the inferior courts, ari-
(liretted to this. 'I he prot'olles run in the name ot the jud^e, wlio is called dean
ni the arches ; and the ailvocates. who plead in this cmrt. mull In- doctors of the
I ivil law. The court of audience has the fame autlioriiy with this, to which the
anhhilhnp's chancery was formerly joined. 1 he preroj;aiive court is that wherein
wills are proved, and adminllrations taken out. I he court of peeuliius, relatiiii^
lo certain parilhes, have a jurildiclion amon); themlelves, for the prohate of wiilji,
and are therefore «>xempt froni the hilltop's courts. Tiie fee of Canterbury ha.s no
lefs than fifteen of thefe peculiars. 1 he court of delegates rceeive^ its name from
ils conlilUng of connnillioners delegated or appointed by the ro\al tonmiillion ;
but it is no Ihmdinj^ court. I'ivery liilhop has alio a court of his own, called the
conlillory court. Kvery archdeacon has likewife his court, as well as the dean ami
chapter of every cathedral.
'I he church of I'.nt^land is now beyond any oilier national diurcli, tolerant in
its principles. Moderation is its governing character, and in I'.ngl.'md, no religious
lict is presented from wurlhippin^ (jod in that manner wliiih tluir lonfcietues
apiMove. Some fevere laws were, indeed, lalciv in force aj;ainll ihofe protelbint
diU'enters who rejected the doctrinal articles of tlie church of l'ji<;land ; hut thefe
l;iws were feldoin eseciited; and, in i/jg, religious liberty received a conliderabio
,Hi<;mentalion, b\ an act which w;is then palled fur urantint; a le!;:\l toleration to
flllfenlinv^ miniiiers and l'elioolin:iller<.. Not to enter u|)on tlic iiiuiiscs of the re-
iDrnuitioii under llemy \ ill. it is ceruiin, ihal epilcupal government, exeeptiiii;
ilie few years from the civil war under Charles I. to the leUoration of his Ion, h.i,
i'\er liiice prevailed in f.ngiaiul. 'I he wiuloin of acknowU'dgIng the kin>> i!k-
head of the chureh, is Cdiifpieuous in diUduraging all religions perlVemioii and
intolerani v, ami if rtiiiji(ai> fectaries ha\e multiplied in I'.ngland, it is iVoui i!k-
lame principle that civil liccntioulnet'. has jirevaiieil ; 1 mean a tciHlernefs in mat-
ters that alkcl either cunfcience or liberty, 'I he bin-, which the clergv had
towards popery in the leigii of lietirv \ 111. and his fon, and even fo late as that
of l',li/.ai)elh, occaluiiied an iiiteipolilion ot thi- livil power, \o\ a fai titer reform;i-
tiiin. 'Ilnine arote life piiiir<!:i.\, lb called trum their maintaining a lingular puriiv
of lite ami manners, \lany ot them were worthy, pious men, and fonie of them
j^ooil patriots. '1 heir deft. endants ate the modern [nclbytciiaiis, who retain the
l' ^" I'amt!
aio
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I.
N D.
(\ o/i» s< * "
/ ,
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> C<
m <
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fiimf chnrfti^tff, iillimugh ihrir ihfulonicnl fi-nlimcnti have unttrrgono a confidiT-
iihti- ihaii;'.-. 'I'luir <ludriin , like \\n- iluinli ot' Svidlaiul, «u» nrigimlly derived
tVoiu thi' (ttiii'vn pint), iiillltiiriil hy ('ulvin, mid tcndi-d (o nii ulHiliiioit itt rpilcii-
|ncy. uitil tti vi'ltiM)j; tlic govoriiini'tit i.t ihc cliiinli in a mirily ot' pnlliytir*. Itut
the nwulrrn Kii};lilli pn lliytcrinns. In their idem ot' i liiirili-^ovcrnmnit, tiitfi r little
fioin till- iiidept ii<leiit«, nr lOii^^re^ationnlillt, wtio are To i ailed tioiii lioJdiiiK the
iitdependiriey ol' I'on^n^alinnul liuitilK^i iiiid in tliit leiili' aliiiotl all the Jil/^Httrt
in I'aii^fiand are now heetimt' iitdrpt'uiiHlt. A» to poinin «>l' doctrine, the prelbvlc-
tinn« are ^iiiernliv \rniinii>i)>.. Mnitv of lluir ininillerH have ){reutly dillitiuuiinud
theiufcUci It) tli>-ir leaniiiu^ am! iiliililies, niul loiiie ot' tlieir writiii);i« are iield in
high ( iliination hs the ilerKy and oilur ineniln I'* of the ellahlilhed ilunt h. Ihc
Cunie may he faid ot' I'onu- ot llie independent and haptill-ininillerH. 1 he indepen-
dentf> are ffenerally CalvinilU. 'I he hnptilU do not believe that intanli nre pro|>fr
nhjeMi orbaplifni, an<l in the hapiil'in ol ailnlts thev praMile inriierlioii intu
water. Thev are divided inio twin hiiK h, whith are iKled general, and |)articular
baptilh. 'i1ic general ImplilU aie Arniinians, and the partienlar haptilU, Cuivin-
ilU. 'Hie moderate clergy ol' the ehiireh ot KnKland treat the proteltant diireiiteri
with uf!ection and t'riendlliip : and though the niernrehy ot' their ehurch, and the
character ot' hilhops, are eiipital points in their religion, they conii \ r their ditFer-
encru with the prelhyterinns, aiul even with the haplilh, Htt not n .it rial to falva-
tion -, nor indeed do many ot' the eliahlidied t hurch think that ti.ey iiie tirictly und
eonfeientioiilly hound to believe the do(triiial partn ol the thirti-nine nrlicleii,
which they nre obliged to ('nbl'cribe before they can enter into holy ortlcrii. ik-veral
of then) have of late contended in their writings, that all fidifcriptions to religiouv
ryttonis are repugnant to the fpirit of chriliianity, and to reformation.
The Metliodijli are a le<-t of a late inllitution, and their founder i.s generally
looked upon to be Mr. (ieorge Whitheld, a divine of the churcn of Kngland ; but
it is (hffici^l to defe£[be ihe tejiejjtjjl" this i)iuuctiiUS I'etl. All we know ii, that
they "pfeteruled fo great Fervor ancTdevofion, and .heir founder thought that the
form of eccKliatlical worlltip, and prayers, wb'ihe. ..ik.n from a common prayer
book, or poured forth extempore, was a matter ot inditV-ience, and he accordingly
made ufe of both thefe methods. His followtrs are rieid ohferverso f the tlofctrii p|
artiiJc* (if the church of Kn^^Iand, and prulefs themfelves to be (JHlvtni[i.<i. liut
even the (':c\ of methodiHs is divided : not to mention a variety of fubordinate
fefts ifome of whom are front Scotlai\d, particularly the SauJtmanuiHi] who liave
their feparaie t'ollowtrs, but very few at l^indon and other places in Kngland. To
this may be added the feCt t)f the SweJeul/or^uiHi, the followers of Knianuel .Swc-
ileidnirj;!), which h;is aril'en within ihefc very few years. Hut m the writings of
the fiiiinder of liiii left, as well as in tlinfe of his difciples, there is Co nuicli myfli-
»;il <il«feinit\, c\prcllcd in a jargon In perfectly unintellii;ible, that we own our
inabiiiiy of ct)ninuihicating to our readers, any very clear idea» oi' llie I'.ature and
doitrir.es of the ;V.;c' Jinifit/em churi h.
Mr. \\ hitlit Id di-d fome years lime ; but the places of worlliip cretted l>y him,
near l.oml'n, are Itill heipieiiled by perfmis of the fame prii eiplis, and ihey pro-
lels a great lebiect ti.r hii incnioiv. .Some of the C'al\iiii:ii' di'ttrii.es wcie op-
pofed by Ml', \\tlley and his followers, |)articuliirly that of prcdellinalion ; but
they appear liill lo retain fonie of the'ii. lie erefletl a v.ry iar;;e pluce of public
worlhip near .MoDrfi.-ld ., and had undi r him a iDululerabir number of pre.uhtrs,
who fnltmitted to i!ieir K :ider impliei;l\, propagating hisopiniin^, and inakintr pro-
fclytes with ;.;reat iiuhuiry. After a very long life, fpent in the u.i'll llnauous
endeavours lo di g.uxl, and having had the I'llicity tif rdurming ilii morals of
ihoid'ands of tlie lower ra.jlis in fui^ietv, and in [iroiuolinj; their bell intcielU, he
diid in 1791.
Tic
Tlu' Qiinl
# N
• I'liriir
llu- fill
'I
Af,
«T« nrr II n
iirii
unary
"gioill fvi), y,-hkU took
"«'«<>!intiit thr
»«'"K •* "l.lhnft..J »ro„
'Nrifcft!,,,,,,
ill
'llli-y iHli
II It
•'■i';i^'f»"n;nr;i;;":i,rv,''"' ''•*■'•.•<
^"-;^«^X::::;;i,!!i;;:i'tl';.;i.u'..
' '"'"^•1 !•> IlK-mM,";,
r.r.
«s;^: 'i:.i;i; -■;,,:>•:; M.*i. ImV;:^:™:,^^-' "' -^
'••<•««• lilt divinity. '
" ■''" < I'fid iilono il
"; •iiiiiiuilonH
''Hir.Stt\i,)iir, III
..hi
If nrw t'MVi
imi.t.
•"•I'fpfi.m. hirili li»-
^!^i.f!:!:;w^!}^^^^^
Ili.-vl),!
.1.^ .™ii :::;:';::: ■:,' -^o
:r
R"»'ii ("irffi
•'. 1^ lIMlll.d Willi
•uHicu-nl to ovcrrnnL '^"""'» <'' ''I* nutur,
lUHf.
«'»''■''> man con'ini? h.u,
"K-'-irMiritorUuifl.
or i»
o( U(
'vorconic.
' ''9 Hiink the iii/i
Wl.il II
"K""1>K.M„|
II UK n- rcafnii j^ „i,
t["iu v\U, und
>gctbcr
!'»
Ill'
'«• nttfiitiun of III,
9"V; '1 luy think
in lilc
'•" «' lo hnvi
II* niind
i' iiuiinil)(.Mi
n t
'I fVom tlu. ,,,,,, i„I .^,:^ /' !• "II fnr„H which .liJi
nftvfr.,ry f„ ,|„. p,.,,.„
<iM
fill- /i^ht ..f fl
Chrifl
••vvn « »in^,, ,i ,, ;. .'H'^'yf 'li.ir .,.„cJiti.„i |,,,
'111. IK,. „r,i,j,
'","^, I" III. ,1 „c,t,
•\M<I
ivirt
1 tl)L'l'lll,.r «.... . /
" ""Kiihrr. a,,,] ,
from tl
As lIu'V (I
10 not I'iKoiii
'I < loiis, w hi, I,
ii|t.,n tl
"•III i hrlic
» wait
|'l!?lll.tf.- ill ||„, ^^.j',1
:::;^;"";'!:.'"^'-'.'i.an
■vii,^
ot' iiinii
any
'"•f on.. i„ cKriiJ^ ' ' . " ''^•- '."• '■• th.- ,„alc. i:.v ." .^ '' "'^'"" ""•• iii/IuroV.. ^
r,;r..:".^'^^"^"-Tnii..wiu
;■■ "• •'"• inak- (ox al
-*;^i;.M„,;„:-,sr:--:!jfe^..,..,
•IK' ; I
th
(• ha
«;r,Kd|ingBaptif,„.„,,,|.
•■>> «<> tXlTcifc II
KX, a
i I'lil as iiial.
ticMir to
'•• »rv riKiiK-d will,
:"'«l foinal,
"^''«">..w„;:.;-„is:j!;'
piifm with w
,:;:;:.,v ,'•:"'."■." 'i;-'-"i'.s„
ami I
V ilh H'fnvh to th
"•< chiinf, in „„f
If oih
IT
iiiainiaiiiid i
rjh; Ihry bclifv,. ih
iiiiinlmoraiidd.
at
iccn-aC-
'if Kimniuiii
''"y^zxiS^'y-:!^^^^^^
iH'tWCCM Clllill
/iiiiHi(in, '• Sw
I'l.' of
fi^l
our I
"Kaiiill oaths and
■^•ar not at all
war ; ahidine i
a real
"g IlUTally |,y Chrlti'
--• ■.". .11 ai . Kruni >>. . . " ".iLiin dv t hr lr« n.
.^l.t.np ar.. rc„„„„„„ „. „
'fl
.'V ill
I Aid- til
.,,- ,, , • '"» 'Of II.'
IT ,li.- l;<'rtK'.sotfali;.C
'ly nanuvs .ifii
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ifHris, tlu V M
liiintaiii thai w
'•(ilivf i,).
'f i\ani-
f'tlori in the
'^'1^ "t lUc hrall
'"■ "K'lith.s and ,1
•uui
ns.
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whii I
I w.rc (.ivi-i, in I
mnoiir
' .'" 'oe niiira iiuml.,.r .. i ■ ' '""* ""' «uiinni . l' i, ^ . " '" '"">o»r
•I'u-riing iIh. atu-ni
^-•"•■•'"s of tlu- wnrl.l. ,1
! ri'. t
'I''""' I'lial.liilii d
11 lid
Vy I'oiuK nil
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' walle ^>l^ t
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H- poor — tl
'"""""•^ wliic:, tlu-y i„.|
'Vt.ivcry offiul ^
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'> "■ <ltllV tl) I
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at !..\v. 11
'''••'■ «Kvidcd jtid
^■>' '•"J"iii all tjuid ll
.^"Hut that it i, t,„„.
ll!pt>fl-S of \vl
'^•!'i!i;d
■^•"' tlililiviucsl
ai\ t.i (1;
li
>v
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Jjic
K"lj"-'l to fii
■^•^'.> aii'i ii;i|.:!niai
>■ i'::ili i:i!
arl'iliati,
iiCl'i'l'd
iir
•II
SOI
s
tCionltng to niK-i Itu.l il«iwn It' nny rrfa(« to adopt ihU mcMlc, nr hn\inf mi
Ml ii. lu fubiMii lu the awnril, ii m the nik of the fuvlcty tl»i fuvti b«
owncdr
•»
ll U wtll known ihal Witllnm t*rnn, me n( thk (bckty. fnundnl (he |)n»viiu-i*
of IVnnfylviinlii, iino wtm li lie inimtliu >'>! u ulnti oftiivljand rt lisiiKit hluriy Ih
Kovcriiiiicnt of llu> provimi' wii^ iit tiill, iiiul lor mnny \i-nr«, ilii<'ll> in ilif li.iinl,
of the ( jiiAki-rt t lull ai (irrl'otio Dt' oilur |H-rf'uuliiMU imrculVtl, and Ix-i nine par*
iMkiTt )>l' |H»wfr, llu V intvw uiU'iify al llio ^>Ui iltc jilan of llu* Quaker*, unil nl tviiKtli
fucci-i'ilini; to rlhihluli fmh niodc^ of dcUni-o tor iluir nKintry u« did no| Niittnl
will) llu' prim ipK^ "f tilt' lattir, iluU' Krudiially vsiilidtiM iliiiiifdwn frnii) nttivc
i'liiploy lilt nl* lit till' tlul>'. I'lir r<)iiu' lime prrMoiK In ihr laU' rkvuhilion, ffw tif
llu'iii wen' louiul ill uiiy ollu-r llatidii ihnti lliut ut privaic i iii/cn* t mid during lU
prosref*, ttiiir rt>fiilin(( to urm cxpofi-d lliviii to iiikuli rtillcring, liy dillruinl* levied
on tluni, ill outer l<i priKiin- tluir i|Uiit:i in fiippurl i>t itu- wur.
Many luinilit » in l■.ll^lllnd Dill proUU ilit- Koiii.tii ealliolii reliuion, and il» cxer*
life \» under very iiiilil and uentle rellrictiiUH. Ilion^li ilif niiial luw<i .i)(ainl) I'u-
pifU in KiiKlaiid appear at lirik to he fi'vere, yet lliey are « illier mil esiiiili-d, ur
with fo miikIi lenity, that a Koninti eatholic feeU hiinlell' under few hurdiliipg.
1. 1 gill evulioiis lire fiiund niii for tlieir dmilile tuxei upon tlieir luiuUd properly,
onu a» they uie fiilijeit to none ol ilie opentit and ImuliK'* tunU'l't voltinlary) at-
Kndin^ pnliiic oiruin, pariiaiiutitary lU'clionH, and iIk: like Inndenn, the l'.n){!illi
t'upilU are in ^t iii ral in ^ood i iruiintlaneeit, n\ to Uuir private fortunei .Some
of llie penal la\\« n);uinll llutn weri' repeated liv llie i8 ii. 3.* c. 60. iniuh tu
the fatuLiction of all lilHrul-iiiiiuled men, tliouK^i <> x«heinent iiiitery wan after-
ward'* raifol a^uiiill the nKiilaie !>) i^ll<lralUi■ iiii<l l)i);<ilry. wliidi iKk iiliinud llu-
diMidliil rii<t« ot i;Sj. Hv tlu ;i (>. .; « }i a fmilier 1 nlargiineiit nl'tluir lilKr-
tii^ WtU granted, I'o iliat u|ion taking and fuliUrihinu an oaili, and diilaiHliun
therein exprilU'kl, they are not liahle to any profecution 011 necounl of their rell-
^ioii I ilirir niinilhr'* are exeniptvil from ferNin^ on jurie'* i lluy ire i)rotiCtid in
iIk piililie iAvnitt of tlieir worlhip, hy fivorc piualliei ii;{aii)lt tlioli' who diall
dlituili llui.it and pirl'iiis proleliiu); tliiN reliuion au' autliori/ed to ait as i
LOI|ll>
filli>i>, liairillem, foliiitorsf, 6n. 'lluy now Uitn to he <on\iiued, that a change
of Kiiverninent W'>uld hurt their liiiialion, heeuufe it woulil increufe the j> aloufy of
the l< tfillature, wl.ieh nuill undonhtedly t xp< fe theiii diiilv to greater huriK n> and
luaMei |)i'naltu'K.
'ill
s i«inlidv'r;ifi(iii iuis t
t lal
i' ni; (l> ilii
K
iiinan ta
tlint
i« h a-.
(Uilitiil iitid /ealoii> fui'ieci;. us auy his najelly Lis. ."^iamly any l''.ii|;liili ^apill^,
I'Xieptiiii; thofe who uerc hred, or luul rLr\id uhicad. Wire rii^a;;v.d ni the relit.!-
lion of tlic yiar 17451 i\i\(\ fhon}*!! tliofo at home weiv earefull\ ohfiivetl, few of
tliini were l<<M d );^>'''y oi ilitloyal praClieei.
As I'aijjiiiinl lin> lietii it niarkulile It the variety of its reIiv{ioii» fLtt-., To il has
heen faim us fir itb fn\'l/tiiii.ir.i : hut that tirm has hni, apjilied in very tiillireiit
fk.l:fis. It hiib fnitKtiim'K l>ten ulVd to den>itc ojiportis of ri'li;;ioii in general, and
ill paitieiihir cf revealed leligiuii ; htit it hai« alio |ui.n iipplieil to ititiio v\ho have
bet. 11 far from il^lLetii \it)g C'hridianily, imd who ha^t' only 1 ppofcd loim' of tlude
tioclriites vvlii<.h :ae lu Ik' louiiil in |>ulilit. treids and foriiiulaiii s, hut wMJi ihi.'v
40iKeivi.d to ln' no part of ihi- onj^inal Clititiian fvllein. .\^ to ihofe ul.o ure
truly Vi'hh, «'r ln/iJi'.s, l!u re is ahiitidant realuii to l.ilitve, thai this el;il\ 01' nu'ji
U ti.ueh more nutoeuius in fume P'lpilh eonntrits than in l''.ni(!;>n«i. ( liriitianilv
ii I'd till th ol ft 111 I'll and disli^niid uy (lie t'opp^iies and fii|ii.'illiiioiisof the Koiiiilji
kliuicli, thai men win) iMnk IreeK arc nalutuliy apt I'l t<e i'rt.'jiulik.t.'il a;.^aiiilt it,
• ^'ir rarii"'. Julli.t, v,.l. i'.i. j>. j^, »ii;tlu:i vl 1 71; J.
f Lkirn, vul, iv, ji. i'^j.
will 11
t N
N
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•ft' m.iri nu,|
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* •" vuut ini
ling
'• 111) .A,
' ••» llu- IX iK,
nil III
-ir.«ri lo iH, very mi
;r ;'|»l»..ru,„i,y ^ 4j
ic to In i,,..i..-ii. ," '"I
•'H-'t'itt ( hriH
,"." "' •'' .livlo,
l«' Dri
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i>\*>uujiuk.\ 11, , I, ',
*.,.,.. ...I. . "'i '"«' I'.llt II
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»l<' nr.
m* lit
'I uiiabli
^^.^ .i.:;.™« ;:;?' r:li,"i:"
'•» "virlhrinv
• "' '•'! iht
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^''■'•K ^««li. . > Vr ' L":'""*"""' "'*• H'.riuX.u' I ' I' ^ ■■•;"•''• '••"» "-. .■,
"'^' l««li«.u. T , * 1 : •"""""" ''» "'f^''' i.iui. „, L ""r:*' !"•"» 'lu- Kr. uh
•MillJ
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I'ri'n«h
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fi
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ilHf
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'""'•ver, ji,hj,.f, ,
'•; 'i::"i;u;"ii;: S'::;';'-;-™!
i'f"i<mi.,m (hail
"I'Mciurion, |V„„,
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,1, . , ■• '"III «.l)|lfV»
*'l. ihiU »
I
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fAKNlN,, AND
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'll' llllll'v
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tr
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;-r^".-r;;;^, ■:;::;: ^^^'""■''^^'(•;'-^«.:r::L!rS':,"^
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w
ll'ii
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l'"''lillii(l a (I,
., •' """ II Ut'ii- ri 111.. ( I ■ '""'11
pr-'Mtlc r.iriln
itt pro.
"lat fin-
«'•. inllilntioti.H tl
f H'lli'C-li.iii of"!!,,. I
iinC.'lJ
;"-! fvviral ..f,lu- l,| |. ^'', ' ' ^ '•'•■•"'■'- I '"uy V|||
;•'•-;..« Iihn,r^.„,;„
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ih
iri'ius, fui,
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111 lii
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ici.
lljXill
"•« t
a- Dil
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■ntioii of'
^'I'limiar, matl
"•■'■iiiricii, work
-i^-uia-n^a.r ;:;;;:■';::"-•>- .or.
'»'"'^;. «"'«ra,.lu. all
"wnii.,, I.y ihisilhiil
;;"p-'"^'lic.no."tlU
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iiaspivfinul il
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<IIUt
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nous i„a„. „.,. ,i,„|
litiih
."\;""i"iinx.,i-,i,,'. 1;
i'--"^...ui£j::f;,fi;;,vi";"'i:.j..T..i
'>■ "U'liiiir* (iff,
>iii>' ii.il>!,
" '" '" loain :i.. an. I tli,. Mr
'"b''ai.U ivruubi.
» gala.sv (,f I
' fcc tlic B,
'''Old, ahiiiit ill
aiK
!.• il
"«■«■ ,1'Ktaplni
111'*.
""^•"''* "I" kn.nvli.,1
!•> w.irk I iiiiiil
's, who I
lU-rnliiii
"'Hi it i» hut d
loifi
»"g'-»f h!a Kriua
'yjiiii
I' (li)iu'
or-
Uf to
*i.ci.
tft*
114
K N
C,
l.
N
D.
llio memory of cardinal ^^'()Ifl.•v, tlioiijjh olliorwlfi; a (liui;;crous nnd prolligafo
minilKM-, t<» acknowlcdj;;-, that IiHcxaiuplc ami cMuouragiMm-iit laid the taumlation
<it" till' polilo arts, ami groativ coutrilnital ti) tlic revival of clallical Icarni;);; iii
Engiaiul. As ninny of llie JMiglilh clergy liad di/Terent feiitiments in religious
matters at liie time of the Relorm.ition, encouragement was given to learned
foreigners to fettle in Kngland. Kdward VI. diirinjj Ins (hort life, encouraged
tliefe foreigners, and (hewed difpofitions for cultivatmg the moll ufeful parts of
learning, l,earnin^^ as well as liberty, fullered an almod total cclipfe in iMigland
during the bigoted reign of tjucen Mary. Klizabeth was hcrfelf a learned priii-
«efs. She advanced many peifons of confummate abilities to high ranks, both in
cluirch and llate ; but always coiilidered their literary accomplilnments as feron-
tlary to their civil. She would have been a more amiable oueen, had flie raifcd
fjenius from obfcurity ; but though no ftrangcr to Spenfer's Mufc, ihc fuftered her-
ielf to be fo much impofed upon by a taftclet's niinifter, that the poet languiOied
to death in obfcurity. Though (lie relilhed the beauties of the divine Shakfpcarc,
jet we know not that they were diftinguithcd by any particular arts of her muni-
ficence. Her favourite the earl of Kllcx, the politeft fcholar of his age, and his
friend the earl of Southampton, were liberal patrons of genius.
The encouragement of learned foreigners in Englancf continued to the reien of
James I. who was very munificent to Cafaubon, and other foreign authors of dif-
tindlion, even of dift'erent principles, lie was himfelf no great author, but his
example had an edett upon his fubje6fs ; for in his reign were formed thofe great
makers of polemic divinity, wliofe works are almoil inexhauftible mines of know-
Jedge. Nt 1 mull it be forgotten, that the fecond Bacon, whom I have already
mentioned, was by him created vifcount Verulam, and lord high chancellor of
Kngland. lie was likewife the patron of Camden, and other hiftorians, as well
as antiquaries, wliofe works are rill ftandards in thofe ftudies. Upon the whole,
it cannot be denied, that Knglilb learning is under obligations to James I. though,
.IS he had a very pedantic talte himfelf, he was the meansof dilTuling a Imiilar talL-
among his fiibjetts.
I lis fon Charles I. cultivated the polite arts, efnecially fculpturc, painting, and
aicliiteclure. lie was the patron of Rubens, Vandyke, luigo Jones, and other
eminent artifts ; he fpared no expence in his colleilions ; and had it not been for
the civil wars, he would probably have converted his capital into a fecond Athens.
His favourite, the duke of Buckingham, imitated him in that refpecl, and laid out
the amazing fum of 400,000!. upon his cabinet of paintings and curiolitics.
The earl of Arundel was another Ma.'cenas of that age, and greatly dirtinguilhed
himfelf by his colledion of antiquities, particularly his famous marble infcriptions
called the Arnndelian Marbles, now to be feen at Oxford. Charles and his court
had little relilh for poetry ; but, he increafed the falary of his poet laureat, the
famous lien Jonfon, from 100 marks to tool, per annum, and a tierce of Spanilii
wine ; which falary is continued to the prefent time.
The public encouragement of learning and the arts futfered indeed an cclipA .
during the time of the civil wars, and the fucceeding interregnum. Many learncti
men, however, found iheir (ituations under Cromwell, though he was no Granger
to their political fentiments, fo eafy, thai they purfued their tUidies, to the benefit
of every branch of learning ; and many works of literary merit ap|)earcd even in
thofe tnnes of dillratlion. L'lher, Walton, Willes, Jlairington, Wilkins, and a
number cf (jther great nair.es, were unmolelieil and even lavdund by that ufurpcr ;
and rie would even have tilled the univerlities with lili.iaiy merit, could he ha\c
tlonc it with anv degree oi fatVf.- ',u lii^ guvernnieiU.
Tho
7
E N
I.
N
D.
Illation
lint; ill
ligiou*
loiinu-d
nirts of
,nj;lancl
.•d prill-
both in
8 flTOll-
c raifccl
red her-
\f;uiflicd
kfpcarc,
cr iniini-
, and hii
reign of
rs of dif-
, but his
lofc great
of know-
re already
ncellor of
s, as well
he whok-,
I. thougli,
milar talk-
ting, and
laiul other
t been for
d Athens.
Id laid out
,es.
inguillied
[ifcriptions
his court
ureat, the
if Spanilli
.■\n cclipfi .
liy learned
1)' ftrangcr
Ihe benefit
Id even in
■ins, and ;i
It vifurptr ;
ll he havo
'Hio
215
The rcign of Charles II. was diftinguillied l>y the grc»t proficiency to which it
carried natural knowledge, efprtially by the inrtitution of the Uoyal Society. The
king was a good judge of tliofe Undies, and ihongh irreligious himfelf, England
never abounded more with learned ai;d able disines than in his reign. He loved
painting and poetry, but wiu fur nine injiiificent to the former than the latter.
Ihe incomparable I'aradife J^ull, l.y Miiton, was pubiilhed in his reign, but its glory
was rcferved for pofterily. I be reij^n of v..'h.ir!es I', notwithdanding the bad tafte
of his own court in feveral of thr polite liits, by fome is reckoned the Augudan age
ofKngland, and is di^jnilied wrJi the na.nes of Uoyle, Halley, Hooke, Sydenham,
Harvey, Temple, 'rillotfnn, liiirmw, IJutkr, Cowley, Waller, Dryden, Wychcr-
ley, and Otwny. 'Ihe pulpit allumed more majelty, a better ftyle, and truer
energy, than it had ever known before. Clallic literature recovered many of it>
native graces. Sir ChriUoplK-r Wren * introduced a more general regularity in
architecture than had before prevailed, while his diftoveries in philofophy, mecha-
nics, &c. contributed much to the reputation of the Royal Society. Some
excellent Englilh painters ^fur Lcly and Knclier were foreigners) alfo Houriflied i.i
this reign.
That uf James II. though he likewife had a tafte for the fine arts, is chiefly diftin-
guilhed in the province of literature by thofe compofitions that were pablidied bv
the Englilh divines aguiiid popery, and which, for drcngth of reafoning and dcptfi
of erudition, never were equalled in any age or country.
The names of Newton and Locke adorned the reign of William III. and he had
a particular efteeni for the latter, as he had alfo for Tillotfon and Burnet, though
he was far from being liberal to men of genius. Learning llourilhed, however,
in his reign merely by the excellency of the foil in which it had been planted.
T!te moft uninformed readers are not unacquainted with the iniproveiTiciits
which learning, and all the polite arts, received under the aufpiccs of queen Anne,
and which put her court at lead on a footing with that of Lewis XIV. in its moll
fplendid days. Many of the great men who had figured in the reigns of the Stuarts
and William were dill alive, and in the full excrcile of their faculties, when a new
race fprung up, in the republic of letters. Addifon, Prior, Pope, Swift, lord
Uolingbroke, lord Shaftelhury, Arbuthnot, Congreve, Steele, Rowe, and many
other excellent writers, both in verfe and profe, need but to be mentioned to be
admired ; and the Engliih were as triumpnant in literature as in war. Natural
and moral philofophy kept pace with the polite arts.
The miniders of (Jeorge 1. were the patrons of erudition, and fomc of them were
no mean proficients theinfelves. George II. was himfelf no Ma;cenas, yet his reign
yielded to none of the preceding in the numbers of learned and ingenious men it
produced, ihe bencii of bilhops was never known to be ft) well provided with
able prelates, as it was in the early ye:ir^ of his reign ; z proof that his nobility and
miniders were judges of literary (luaiifK ations. In other departments of erudition,
the favour of tne public generally fiipplied the coidnefs ot tliv court. After tlie
rebellion in the year 1745, when Mr. Pelham was conlidered as fird minider, this
fereen between govenniient and literature was in a great meafure removed, and
men of {genius be;^an then to talle the royal bounty- Since that period, a great
progrefs has been made in tlie polite arts in England. '1 he Royal Academy has
been inUituted, fome very able aitidshavc arifen, and the annual public e.\hibitious
* Mr. Horace Walpolc, now Lord Orforil, lays,
tliiit a v:iiifty of kiDwlcili.c proi. laliiu tlu' uiiivcrt.i-
!ity, a imiltiplii ity ot worki thr .itnimiancc, iiul St.
r.iiil's t.hc gri'.itiicfs. ot lir Clirittoplicr's j;tnius. So
iraiv great ari,hitc\-ls ;.. wire empli)ycU on St. I'l-
la's liavc not Icit, upon :lic wljolc, a more pcrftift
edifire than this work of a fingte mind. Thenoblelt
temple, one of the larcell palaics, and the moft
li^mpt\ioii!> liofpital iu Britain, are all the works of
the Tunc liaiul. He rcftorcd London, and r»v.jrJtd
it.s lall. He built above fifty parifli thiMvlui, and
dcliijiKd the monunuiit.
uf.
(TJ
I
n6
E
N
N
n".
of painting and fciilpturo have lu'cn extremely favniirable to tlio arts, hy promot-
ing a fpirit ot'eniulalion, and exciting u (greater attention to works ot' merit of tliis
kind ainonij the public in general. Notwilhilanding thefe lavourahlc eir( inn-
(lances, the fine arts (except mulic, the encouragement of which becomes daily
more extriivagant) have been far from meeting with that public palronnge to whieii
lliey have fo jull a claim. Few of our jiiibiic edifices are adorned with paintings
or with llatuis. '1 he fculptors meet with little emplovinent, nor is the iiiflorieal
painter nuich patronized ; tliough the llritilh artifts of tlie prefent age have proved
their genius not inferior to that of any nation whatever, and the Rnglilh is now the
firft fcnool in the world.
The I'.nglilh excel in wbat we call tlie leiirned profelVions. Their courts of juf-
tice arc adorned with greater abilities and virtues, than thofe which any other
country can l)oalt. A remarkable Inllance of which occurs in the appointments,
for the lall 200 years, of their lord chancellors, who hold the highelt and the nioft
uncontrolable judicial feat in the kingdom. The few inftances that are alledged
iif their injullif e fix no imputation of wilful guilt u])on the parties. The great
lord chancellor Hacnn was cenfured indeed for corrupt practices, but malevolence
itfeif does not fay that he was guilty any farther than in too much indulgence to
his fervants The ( afe of one of his fuccedors is Hill more favourable to his memo-
ry, as his cenfure reflects difgiace only upon his enemies ; and his lordlhip was, in
the jutlgmeitt of every man of canclour and confcicnce, fully accjuitted. fiven
Jelferies, infernal as hi' was in his politics, was never accufed of partiality in the
caufes that came before him as chancellor.
It nuid be acknowledged, that the elorpiencc neither of the pulpit nor the bar
has b«en fuflicimlly lludied in Kngland ; but this is owing to the genius and the
laws of the peoijle. The fermons of their divines are often learned, and always
found as to the practical and dotfrinal part ; tor tbe many religious fetts in Kng-
land re(|uire to be -ipixifcd rather by reafoning than eloquence. An unaccount-
able ntilii)-.) has, however, prevailed, even among fo'MC of the clergy thenifelves,
that the latter is incompatible with ihi- fi ner, as if the arguinents of Cicero and
Demodhenes wen' weakened by thi)fe ^.owers of language with which they are
adorned. A lliort lime, perhaps, may remove this nrepollelFion, and convince the
ckrgy, as uril as the laity, that true i lorpiencc is the tirll and tairell handmaid of
argumentalion. It is not intended to inlnuiate that the preachers of the Knglilb
church are diliitute ol' tlie graies of elocmion : no clergy in the world can etpial
them in purity and pcifpicuUy of language, though if they liudied more than they
do the j.DWtrs of elocution, they would i)reach with more effett. If the femblance
ot tliofe powers coming iVom the moutlis of ignorant enthuliafts, is attended with
the ama/ing elllcls v.f daily oi)fi'rvc, what mult not be tile confecpience if they
were exirti (1 and fnpported willi fpirit and learning?
I he laws of l".n;;land are of I'o peculiar a call that the pleadings at the bar do
not admit, or but \iiy fparingly, of tbe llo\ver» of fpeech : and there is reafon to
think that a pk;:'.ling in the C'iccroiiiaii manner would not fucceed in Weltminiter-
luill. 'I !k' l''n!^:i!h l;iv, mis, however, thoinjh they deal little in eloquence, are well
verfed in rlietorje and reafoning.
J'arliamenliiiy fpeaking, not being bound doun to that precedent reipiired in
the courts <jI law, r,r) natinn in the world c;in jnoduce fo many examples of trii,'
i-loijueiuv as the lai!;!!lli fciiate; witncfs (lie liiu- fpeeches made bv both parties in
])ai)iaiiie..i, i.i the n.i.:^"i of Chalks I. ami iliofe llial have been printed iince theae-
cellion of tin: pufent laniily.
.Medicine and furgery, boi-iny, ai.alomy, chemillry, and all the arts founded on
obfervali.'ii ; lul c\|)uiiiu'iit, lia\e i)ciii < iinied to a great degn-e of perfection bv
«be iiii^lilh. I'^veii a^^ricultiue ai.d tuei hiuiifm are now reduced in Ij'.'^land t'l
t Iciences.
N
N
117
bar i!n
■al'on to
liiinihT-
liiv wrll
liircil ill
lot' (111-
Ivtii's in
the ;u;-
ulcd on
tioii liy
laiiil til
.icnccs.
rdtnces. In (hip-building, clock-work, and the various branches of cutlery, they
(land unrivalled.
Universities.] The two univerfitics of Oxford and Cambridge, which have
lieen the feminaries of more learned men than any in Europe, have already been
mentioned. It is certain that their buildings, which in fplcndor and architecture
rival the moft fuperb royal edifices, the endowments, the liberal eafe and tranquil-
lity enjoyed by thofe who inhabit them, furpafs all the ideas which foreigners, who
vilit them, conceive of literary focieties. So refpe£table are thev in their founda'
tions, that each univerfity fends two members to parliament, and their chancellors
and officers have a civil jurifdiCtion over their Audents, the better to fecure their in-
dependency. Their colleges, in their revenues and buildings, exceed thofe of
many other univerfitics.
In Oxford there arc twentv colleges and five halls : the former are very liberally
endowed, but in the latter tne ftudents chiefly maintain themfelves. This univer-
fity is of great antiquity : it is fuppofed to have been a confiderable place even in
the time of the Romans ; and Camden fays, that " wife antiquity did, even in the
" Britifh age, confecrate this place to the Mufes." It is faid to have beenflvled an '
univerfity before the time of king Alfred ; and the befl hiftorians admit, that this
moft excellent prince was only a reftorer of learning here. Alfred built three
colleges at Oxtord ; one for divinity, another for philofophy, and a third for
grammar.
The number of officers, fellows, and fcholars, maintained at prefent by the re- "
venues of this univerfity, is about looo, and the number of fuch fcholars as live at
their own charge is ufually about 2000; the whole amounting to 3000 perfons, be-
fides a great number of inferior officers and fcrvants belonging to the fcvcral col-
leges and halls. Here are four terms every year for public excrcifes, Ie6tures, and
difputations, and particular days and hours when tne profclTors of every faculty
read their lectures } and in fume of the colleges are public ledurcs, to which all
perfons are admitted.
There are libraries belonging to the fcveral colleges ; but befides thefe, the uni-
verfity library, ufually called the Bodleian library, from fir Thomas Bodley, its princi-
fial founder, is a large lofty ftrudture, in the form of a roman H. llie original library
las been prodigiouffy increafed, by many large and valuable collections of Greeic .
and Oriental manufcripts, as well as other choice and curious books. The Rad- '
cliffe library is a fumptuous pile of building ; erefted at the fole cxpence of that
eminent phyfician Dr. John Radclifre, who bequeathed forty thoufand pounds for
this purnofe. The theatre at Oxford is alfo a very magnificent ftrufture, by fir
Chriuopher Wren, at the expence of archbiihop Sheldon. In this edifice are per- '
formed the public ails of the univerfity : on which occafions the vice-chancellor
is feated in the centre of the femi-circular part, the noblemen and doctors on 111-;
right and left-hand, the probers and curators in their robes, tlic niaftcrs of arts. '
batchclors and under-graduates, in their rcfpettive habits and places, togctlier
fomctimcs with a great concourfc of Grangers of both fexcs.
'I'he colleges of Oxford are,
Univerfity, which is fituatetl near, or on the fpot, where the colleges or halls
which were cretled by king Alfred ftood.
Baliol, founded by fir John de Baliol, in 1263.
Merton, founded by Walter dc Merton, bithop of Rocheftor, and liigh chancel-
lor of I'ingland, in 1267.
Excfcr, fuuntled in 1316, by Walter Staplcton, bilhop of Exeter, and lord trca-
fiircr of Kn{{l;vnd. .- ,. w •
Oriel, founded by Edward II. in the year 1^24. ' ' '
■''■ ' I'V Queer/..
*»»
!•:
N
N
a
Queen's, luundoU liy Kobort liglciliuld, chiipluii) tu.qucai Philippa, confoct to
F.dwarcl 111. in lur hoiionr.
, New C(»lli}{0, t'liuiuKcl ill 1386, by William ot] Wykcliam, l>irt>opc)f VVinubcHcr,
but hnilliiid by i'iiuniUB dc Kutiicniiii, archbilhop of Yurk, uiidluidhigjigliuiiucllur,
i{t the year 1^75.
All Souls, hmiided bv Henry Cliicliwly, arclibilhop of Canterbury, in 143,7.
Mugduicn, t'uundod bv VVilliuni Putteii, aliu» WainHcct, Uilhop uf Wiiivnttl)«r,
aild lord chaneellui-, in tlic year 14^8.
Bra/.cti Nufc, founded in 1516, by VVilliiui> Smith, bilhop of Lin(;oln'
Corpus ChrilU, founded in 1516, by Uicluud b"u.\, bilbop of Winchcller.
Chrirt Church, founded by cardinal VVoifey, in 1515, but completed by others^
and is now the cathedral of the diocife.
, 'trinity, founded by lir 'Ihonias, Ifope, foon after the Reformation.
St. John Baptilt v/w founded, in 1555, by fir Thoma* White, lorU mayor, pf
London,
Jcfus was begun by Dr. Hugh Price, pruboudury of KochcAcr, and appr0pri(ii«Kl
chicHy to the Welch.
Wadham, fo called from its founder Nicholas Wadham, of S()mer.fe.t(1uuu cfq,
It,wa$ begun by him in the year 1609, but finilhod after, hi» deuth, by his Iiuly, in
1613.
Pembroke, fo called in honour of the earl of Ponibroke, then lord high chaii-
rialtor, was founded by Thomas Tefdal, ef([. and Kichard Wbitwicke, Ui D. in
1624,
Worcoftcr was ereflcd into a college by (ir Thomas Cooke, of Allley, iu Wor-
ceftcrlhire.
Lincoln college, wl»ich was founded by twq bilhc>ps of Lincoln.
To thefe 19 Mtay be added Mertforil college, formerly IJartrNnU; but a patent
having palFed the great feal in the year 17^0 for eroding it into a college, that de-
sign is now carried into execution.
Tho ftve halls are thefe following ; Alban-hall, Edmund-hall, St. Mury's-hall,
Ncw-Inn-hall, and St. Mary Magdalen-hall.
The Univerfity of Cambridge conlilts of twelve colleges, and four halls ; but
though they arc dilUnguilhed by ditferent names, the privileges of the colkges and
halls are. in every refpcd the fame. They are the following :
Poter-houfe, founded by Hugh Ballham, prior of lily, in 1257, who was after-
wards bifhop of that fee.
Clafc-huli founded in i J40 by Richard Badcw and lady Ulizubuth Clare, countefs
cfUlftcr.
Pembroke-hall, founded fcvcn years after by a countefs of INambroke. ,. .-rt ;'!
St. Bennet's or Corpus Chriiii, founded about the fame time by tlie united guilds,
or fraternities, of Corpus Chrifti and the biellld Virgin.
Trinity-hall, founded by William Bateman, bilhop of Norwich, about the year
Gonvil and Caius, founded by Kdmund de Gonvil, in 144S, comi)leted by bi-
fltop Baieman, and additionally endowed, 200 years after, by John Caius, a phy-
fician.
King's college, founded by Henry VI. and completed by liis fuccelTors.
Queen's college was founded by the fame king's confort, but linilhed by Eliza-
beth, wife to Edward IV.
Catluuine-hall, founded by Richard Woodlark, in 1475.
Jcfus college, founded by John Alcock, bilhop of Eiy, in thv reign of Hen-
ry VII. , •
Chrift
V.
N
(J
I;
N
l>
cto
( liriH roilr^' was foiindfil about the fnmc time, by lluit king's iuoUkt, Mnrga-
n t, 1 oiiwiefs c*J Hidimoml.
, iSl. Jolin'i o)Jli*};o ^vns t\)Uii(loHl In the fume ladv.
Mii,:;(UiJt-ncolkf;f nan foiindfd hy Thonins Audlcy, baron of Wnldi-n, aiul lord
liif;li tl)anci'ii«)r, in the rii^rii of Urnry \ III.
J'linin colk'fic Wiis loumlid l\v Hinry \ III.
• j'.miimirl tolkpi-, In lir VVjilter Mildmay, in 1584.
iSiilni'v ct'jk'gi* w;m fniiiidixl by 'riuHiius HiidvlUV, carl of SulTov, fn i_;S3, ;ind
liad il» iininc ♦rom his witi- Krancrs Sidin y.
Hk- whole nunihcr ork-ilDWs in tht* I nivcrlity of Canibridgo nro four Imndrcd,
;ind (i\ liundrid Hnd (ixty-lix fi holwrs, with aljoiit two hundred and thirty-lix otlicor*
iiiid UrvnnH of vaiions kinds, who nrc maintaimd upon iho fiumdution. 'I'hcfc,
li(iwi*v«.'r. an* not all the (hidrnis < if the univirfity ; there are nlfo two forts of ftudonts,
(allod |Hiilioncrs, the greater and the lefs ; the (»reater penltoners are fons of the
n()i>ilily, antl of i^entlcnxen of liirgc fo'tunes, and are cidled R'llmv-eonunoncrs, be-
eaufe, tiiongh tiicy nre (iliolars, they dine witli the fellows ; the leH'er penlioncrs
dine with tlie fehoiurs that are on the t'onndation, but live at their own expence.
I here are alfo a tonliderahlc number of poor feholars, called (izars, who wait up-
on tite fellows and lehoiiirs autl the penlioners of both ranks, by whom they arc m
u great decree maintained ; but the number of penlioners r.nd lizars cannot be
afcertuined, a» it is in a itate of perpetual Huctuation.
The fenatc-hoiife at Cambridpc is an elegant editiee, executed in the Corinthian
(uder, and is fjiid to "inve eoft lixtecn thoufand pounds. Trinity college library
is ulfo a very mn-gnificent l^rutture, and in Corpus C'hrilli college library is a valii-
;i1)Il' c'oiledion of ancient njanid'cripts, which were preferved at the ditlblution of
the nuMiallcries, and given to this college bv nrchbilhop Parker.
ANTmjJiTiES ANO ciRiosrriKS, > 'ihe ai\tiquitics of Kngland are either
N.VTi RAL AND ARTi IMC I A L. j Uritilh, Roman, Saxon, Danilli, or Anglo-
Normanic ; hut thcfe, excepting the Roman, throw no great light upon iuicient
hillory, 1 he uhief Kritilh antiquities are thole circles of llones, particularly that
c;illcil Stonehenge, in Wiltlhire, which probably were places of worlhip in the times
of the Druids. Stoneheni^c is, by Inigo Jones, 13r. Stukeley, and others, delcribed
as a regular circular Ibucture. 'Ibe bixly of the work conliils of two circles and
two ovals, which are thus compofed : the upright ftones are placed at three feet
and u liaU dilhuue Ironi each other, and joined at the top by over-thwart ftones,
with tenons fitted to the niortifes in the uprights, for keeping them in their due po-
lition. ^iome of thefe ttones are valtly large, meafuring two yjirds in breadth, one
ill liiieknefs, aiul alx)ve i'cvcn in height ; others are lefs in proportion. 'I'he up-
li^liis are wrought a little with a chiU'el, and fometimes tapered ; but the tranfoms,
or over-thwart llones, are quite plain. The outfide ciicle is near one hundred and
I ighty feet in dianuUrr : between which and the next circle there is a walk of three
humlred feet in circumference, which has a furpriling and awful eflttl u|)on the be-
holders. After all the detcriptions of this celebrated antiquity and the diflertations
r.pon it, bv ingenious writers, it has given rife to many extravagant ridiculous con-
iectnrcs, from the lime of licland, who has been very particular on the fubjetl,
(li.wn to Slukely, who, on a favourite point of antiquity, fometimes formed the molt
Mithtiliallic conclulions. 'I'he Ikutows that are near this monument were certainly
graves of jH-rfons of both fexes, eminent in peace or war ; fonie of them having
been opened, and bones, arms, and ancient trinkets, tound within them.
.Monuments of the lame kind as that of Stonehenge are to be met with In Cum-
hi'vland, Oxfordlhire, Cornwall, Devonthire, and many other parts of England,
;.h well as in Scotland and the illes, which have been already mentioned.
F f 2 The
220
N D.
The Roman antiquities in England cnnfid chieHy of altars and monumental in-
fcriptiuns, which inllru^l us as to the legionary Nations of the Romans in Britain,
nnd the names of fome uf their commanders. 'I'hc Roman military ways give us
the highi'll idea of the civil as well as military policy of thofe conquerors. 'I'hcir
vediges are numerous ; one is mentioned hy Leiand, as beginning at Dover, and
palling through Kent to London, from thence to St. Albans, Dunllable, Siratfurd,
fowceller, Littlcburn, St. (Jillurt's Mill near Shrcwfbury, then \ Stratton, and
fo througli the middle of Wales to Cardigan. 1 he great via militaris, called Hcr-
men-llrcct, paflid froni London througli Lincoln, where a branch of it from
Pontcfratl to Doncallor Uriki s out to the weftward, palling through I'adcaller to
York, and from thence to Aidby, wbi-re it again joined Mermcn-ftrcet. Many
velliges of the Roman roads in luigland fcrve as foundations to our prefent high-
ways. The great earl of Arundel, the telcbratid Knglilh antiquary, had formed a
Clun tor deftribing thofe which pals through SulVcx and Surry towards London ;
ut the civil war oreaking out put an end to the undertaking. 'Hie remains oi
many Roman camps arc difccrnibic all over England ; one particularly very little
Hefaced, near Dorchetter, in Dorlotlhire, where alfo is a Roman amphitheatre.
'Iheir lituations arc generally fo well chofen, and their fortifications appear to
have been fo complete, that there is fome reafon to believe, that they were the
conllant habitations of the Roman foldiers in England ; though it is certain, from
the baths ami telTelated pavements that have been found in diflferent parts, that
their chief i^ificers or magillrates lived in towns or villas. Roman walls have like-
wife been found in England; and, perhaps, upon the borders of Wales, many re-
mains of their fortifications and caftles arc blended with thofe of a later date.
The private cabinets of noblemen and gentlemen, as well as the pubi. repofito-
rics, contain a vail number of Roman arms, coins, fibuls, and trinkela, which
have been found in England ; but the mod amazing monument of the Roman
]>owcr in England is the pra:tenture, or wall of Severus, commonly called the
Pitts Wall, running through Northumberland and Cumberland \ beginning at
Tinmouth, and cndmg at Solway Frith, being about eighty miles in length. Fhe
wall at firil conlifted only of flakes and turf, with a ditch ; but Severus built it
with Hone forts, and turrets at proper didances, fo that each might have a fpcedy
communication with the other ; and it was attended all along by a deep ditch, or
vallum, on the north, and a military high-way on the fouth. This prodigious
work, however, was better calculated to ftrike the Scots and Piils with terror
than to give any real fccurity to the Roman poflclTions. In fome places, the wall,
the vallum, and the road, arc plainly difccrnibic. A critical account of the Ro-
man antiquities in England is among the deliderata * of hirtory.
The Saxon antiquities in England confiH chieHy in cccleliadical cditkcs and
places of (Irength. At Winchcltcr is rtiewn the round table of king Arthur, witii
the names of his knights ; which table, if it be not Uritith, i» certainly Saxon.
The cathedral of Winchofter fcrved as the burying place of feveral Saxon kings,
whofi' bones wore colictiod by bilhop Fox, in hx large wooden chefts. Many
monimients of the .Saxons prefent thenifclves in ditferent parts of the kingdom,
thouj^li they are often not to be dillinguiihcd from the Normanic ; and the brifilli
Mufcum contains feveral llriking original fpecimens of tlicir learning. Manv
Saxon charters, lif;ned by tlie king and his nobles, with a plain crofs inftcad of
their nanii-s, are (till to be met with. The writing is neat and legible, and was
always perfornud by a c!er;>yman, who affixed the name and quality of every
» Until ,1 work of this ti.iturc appear, wc refer Dr. Henry's excfllcnt Hiftory of (.Jreat Brit;.iii .
«>i:r leiiilirs to a very inv;i"iii(nis uiui IpliiiJiil work, to whiih wc mav adJ, (iciicrai Roy's Military Ais
" Tlic .AiUiii'.iititb of I'.iigLiiul, Willi's, and Siot- tii|uitii» of tin Roinaii: in Northliiit-iji, printed
Laid," by the l.ite iTautis Grofe, Efij. !•'. A. t'. and in 1793.
donor,
N
N
%n
ntal tn-
Britain,
give ui
Ihcir
rcr, and
iratford,
ton, and
led Hcr-
it from
Icaftcr to
Many
cnt high-
formed a
London ;
LMuains of
very littli:
>hithcatrc.
appear to
' were the
tuin, from
parts, that
have liWe-
1, many re-
later date.
. Tcpofito-
.ci„ which
the Roman
called the
Eginnin^ at
ngth. rhe
rus built it
ve a fpcedy
p ditch, or
prodigious
jwlth terror
[s, the wall,
of the Ro-
kliftccs and
Irthur, witli
[inly Saxon.
Ixon kings,
Ifts. Many
> kingdom,
ihe britilh
ig. Many
inlteail ol
, and was
[y of every
lireat Uriu.in .
Military Ai'
I'.tiuii, ptiiitet;
'^ in England arc
round, and
donor, or witnefi, to his rerpe£livc crofs. The Danilh crc£li'
hardly diOinguilhablc from the Saxon. The form of their c;
thi'y arc gcticrRlly built upon eminences, but their forts arc fquki
llngland is full of Anglu-Normauic monuments, which 1 chufe to c I fo, be-
eaufe, though the princes under whom they were raifed were of Norman origi-
nal, the expence was defrayed by Knglilhinen. Y ork-minfter and Weftminfter-
hull and abbey are perhaps tlio finuft fpecimens to be found in Europe of the Go-
thic architecture. It is uncertain, whether the artificial excavations, found in
fomc parts of Kngland, are Britilh, Saxon, or Norman, 'i'hat under the old callie
of Ryegatc in Surry is very remarkable, and feems to have been deligned for con-
cealing the cattle and effects of the natives, in time of war and invalion. It con-
tains an oblong fquare hall, round which runs a bench, cut out of the fame rock,
for fitting u|>on ; and tradition fays, thai this was the room in which the harons
of Kngland met during their wars with king John. '1 he rock is foft, and very
pradicahle ; but it is difhcult to fay where the excavation, which is continued in
a fquare paflage, about lix feet hign, and four wide, terminates, becaufc the work
has in fomc places given way, and filled the palTagc with ruins.
The natural curioiities of England are fo various, that a general account can only
be given. The medicinal waters and fprings which arc found in many parts (it
the country, have been analyfed with great accuracy by feveral learncil naturalirts,
who, as their interefls or inclinations led them, have not been fparing in rtcom
mending their falubrious qualities. The mofl remarkable of thefe wclU have been
divided mto thofc for bathing, and thofe for drinking. '1 he chief of the former l\:
in Somerfetfhirc and Derbymire ; and the Bath and Buxton waters are famous,
both for drinking and bathing. Spaws of the fame kind are found at Scarborough,
and other parts of Yorklhire; at Tunbridge, in Kent; Epfom and Dulwich, in
Surry ; anci at AC\on and Iflington, in Middlefcx. There arc nlfo many remark-
able fprinrs, whereof fome are impregnated v/ith fait, a» that of Droitwich in
Worcellerfnirc ; or fulpiiur, as the famous well of VVigan in Lancalhirc ; or bitu«
mino-;s matter, as that at Pitchford in Shropthire. Others hav.* a petrifying qua-
lity, as that near Lutterworth in Leiceflerlhire -, and a dropping well <n the well-
riding of York (hire. And finally, fome ebb and How, as thofe n^ the Peak in
Derbyfhire, and Laywell near Torbay, whofe waters rite and fu<l ^veral times in
an hour. To thefe we may add that remarkable fountain near Richard's caAle in
Hcrefordfhire, commonly called Bonewell, which is generally full of fmall bones,
like thofe of frogs or filh, though often cleared out. At Anclitf, near Wig&n, in
Lancalhirc, was the famous burning well ; the water was cold, neither had it any
fincll ; yet there was fo ftrong a vapour of fulphur itVuing out with the stream, that
upon applying a light to it, the top of the water was covered with a flame, like
that of burnhig fpirits, which lalled feveral hours, and emitted fo fierce a heat,
that meat might have been boiled over it. The fluid itfelf would not burn when
taken out of the well *.
Derby n>ire is celebrated for many natural curiofities. The Mam -Tor, or Mo-
th r Tower, is faid to be continually niouldering away, but never diminilhcs. The
Elden Hole, about four miles from the fame place, is a chafm in the fide of a
mountain, near feven yards wide, and fourteen long, diminilhmg in extent within,
the ruck, but of what depth is not known. A plummet once drew 884 yards of
line after it, whereof the luwell eighty weie wet, without finding a holtom. The
entrance of Pool's Hole near Buxton, for feveral paces, is very low, but foon opens
♦ Tliii cxfraonlinnry hrat has been found to proiccU from, .i vein of coils, which liis Ken fince
dug troin iwucr thi^ will ; at which time the uiicoimnon warmth ccafed.
7. into
donor,
itz li N C; i. A N D.
ii>t9 ■ very Mty vault, like lh( Hilici' of a CJutUic tuiliedrsiJ. l'k« l>f iKht «a cer*
ttiiily v«*ry Kfi-ut, )<t miucIi lhi)rl ot wliAf tome liuvf ulU'rictl, wtio rvcknti ii HijUHr*
U'r ot' u null- pftptHi^iciiiar, though in h rixili ii ok<.i i-Uit that Uinu'itliuii : u cuira)!
nt'wulcr, \\liiil) riuis Hlong tin* itiidrik-. udd.i, l»> it« louitUin^ lirfiuiu rr-ccliucd on
all li(k-ii, vt-ry tiuuli (o tin- Htloiiilhmcnt ot till hIui vifit lliiit val) unkuvo. 1 iw
(lro|xt ol' welter which hnng from the root' miuI on (hv li(U> liuvi- uii aniuUii^ rilVit ;
lor llii'V not only rcltci't numhcrlclt ray* iVom tin* candlf* iurriinl l>) (In- ((tiidi't.
but H-, tlu-y air ot' h ix'trityinj; (umlity, llvoy l\wJt'ii in fcviral |>lau-fi ihto Viiijoirs
i>>rnis, wliidi, with Ini- lulj) ot' u (Iron); iiuagitiaiion, niu) )iui» tor Jituis, loiitti, or-
^Mhs, iukI iho liki-, '11k- ^iiinuKi' into the llu|u*U(ious cavojn ut CaiiJoliHi, \* widi-
.It (irji, and u(>w;udH ot ihirly tci I pcrpnidl^uLir. Si'vorul eoltagcrM dwill uildcJ*
II, who I'uhlili by topo-niakiii;;, and by guiding llran^c-m. It is crollird by loiir
IlitaiiK ot water, and terniiiuititi, nl tho ditiaiKc oi halt n mile tVoin the niuiitli,
in u Inbti rraman lake. 'I'h ' vault, in foviMul plun's ii clici,|vicrtd wilii vuriou;.
rolourt'd rio!u-> ; and the liDguhir efl'ect ut linking into deep rataioiubii, uf itciiu;
watli.tl ovi-r (ubtcnaiK-an ri^ir*. of' croiitiiirx uinicr |i low niol ot' rock, iiud Ciiu
ik'iily cnur^iiif; into lutly callK'drals, CHiiiiot bo conimiiiicateU by del'ciiption.
Some fpotii ot' I'.ngland are laid to liave u pelrityinf;«|uulity. V\'e are told, that
near VVhilby, in \orklhire, are lonnd eertain llonj.-., iclenil>linj; the fold k and
wreaths ol a lerpeiit ; alto otiier tiones ot I'everal liies, and lb exat'lly roiinil, us
il' artilii iaily made lor i aniion balls, wiiieh beiiij; broken, eomuionly contain tin-
likenef^ of I'erpenis, wreathed in circles, but jjenerally without l)eiidK. In fume
parts of (ildtuelterlhire lfone>. aie t'nund, refenibliuj; cockles, oylleu, and other
teliaceous marine animals. 'J hole ciiriolitiei>, liowever, arc often nuignilied by ig-
norance and credulily.
Ci Pits, row Ns, i-oars, aki> oihkr ) 'Hiiiilicad k fo very cxtcnKve, iliat I
KD.iKicKs, pcHLic jifn* I'RiVATK. icanoiily toucli ii|>on olijccbi Oiat muy
ailill ill giving the reader fome idea of its imp<)rtance, grandeur, or utility.
London *, the meliopolis of the Urililli empire, is tiie tirll in this diviliun. |t
appears to liave Ikvu founded between the reigin* of Julius Ca-far and iNero, Intt
by wiiom is uncertain ; for we are told by 'J'acitun, that it wys u place of grcil
trade in Nero'.s time, and foon after became the ca^>itiil of the illand. LoQidon u-ac
firll walled about with hewn Hones ajid Ikitilii bricks by Cunlbintiiie l\u; Great,
and the walls tornied an obkmg I'tjuare, in coinpat's about tiiree miles, w ilh dtwa
principal gates. 'Iho fame cm|Kior made it a billiop's tec ; I'yr it apin-arti tl»/ the
l>ilhup« gt London and York, and another I'.nglilh biiliop, were at tlw caiuicil ut
Arlct) in the year J14: lie alio fettled a mint in itj as is plain truij) t'lnm* of iii«
coins.
I..ondun, iii its large fenfe, including WeHniinltcr, .Suuthwark, and unrt of
\liddlefe,\, is a city, of furpriling extent, of prodigious wealth, and of t\i/! nuAi
cxtenlive trade. Tbi- city, wheti confulired witlt all ii» advantages, is ninv wliat
ancient Rome once was ; the feat of liberty, the eiuourager of arts, and ihe adf
niiralion of llie world. London is the centri' of trade; it lias an iiitimnte conmi-
tion with all the counties in tlie kingdom ; it is tlie grand mart of the nation, t<*
which all pans fend their commodities, from whicli thet'e commodities are iigain
returned, i-'roni lience imnimerable carriages by land and water are conliantiv
cr.iployed : and from hence arifes that circulation in the naiinnal bodv, whicii
* London is rnuatccl in ;i'' 31' norlli latitude,
400 niijps foiith of Kilinliui;',!i, anil 170 foutli-tall
111 Diililin ; ] So miles H,!i nl .Anifti rilain, 210
iiortli-wcfl o( I'aris, 500 fiiiitti-wcrt of ('o|K'ntia-
gfM, 600 mutli-wfll ot \ itiina, 7(;o fuutli-wrll ot
Stockholm, Roo noitli-caft of MuUrid, Sio north*
wtll of Koiiif, fi;o norlli cilt of I.ilfion, \%()o
north utitiit C'Dnlt.mliiuij'lc, ami 14 14 fov.tli.vkcli
of Mof'.ow.
niaintains
P N (;
i:li'''^'-«nm,c,.';,;v;::r:!'!'^''rcov.,ed
""""."""«. "TOO lar... J.!:".*;'^*^""' «'""•« o;k. con"':!.':''. •"»' "• '^"k.. cxK.„Ji,;"
'!'-!. cauJe . -• . . ' ';'• '^''-,„« articles of
';'-'^ 1^ cattle .
••.''^•n' Juid Jiuiihs.
•'ivviiio * •
■•J^'lgati'
98,244
7^ Mi}
'94.70^
52,000
'4.740,000
a»4
K O
N D.
OyftrM, budirl* ......
Small l)outi« with cnA, huMnck, whitinjf, &c. brfidri ihofoi
l>roii|{ht t)y Innd-curringc, and great qunnlitie* of river and/
full-hlh ...... J
lUilter, pnnnd* weight, about . . . -
l-'hi'cfc, dittn, iduiut ..••••
CinlloiiH of ntilk .....*
Hiirrcli of ftrong bcrr . . . . -
l)iirri-U of finnirbcrr ......
'rout of for<Mgii wincH .....
(iullont of rum, bmndv, nnd other diftilird water*, above
I'ounda weight uf cantiici, above ....
•.39«
I <(,ooo,ooo
a 0,000,000
7,000,000
•.«7»-4«;4
798.495
30.044
1 1 ,000,000
1 1 ,000,000
London-liridgc was firft built of ftonc in the rcijjn of Henry IF about the year
1 16';, by a tax laid upon wool, which in cnurfe of time gave rife to the report that
it wait built upon wool-packs -, from that time it hat undergone many alterations
and improvement!, particularly (incc the year 1736, when the houfcs were taken
down, and the whole rendered more convenient and beautiful. The pafTagi- for
carriages is 3: feet broad, and ? feet on each fide for foot paflengers. It irofles
theThanies where it is 91 ^ feet nroad, and has 19 arches of about ao feet wide
each, but the centre one is confidrrably larger.
WeftmindiT bridge is reckoned one of the moft complete and elegant (tru£lures
of the kind in the known world. It is built entirely of ftone, and extended over
the river at a place where it is liij feet broad ; which is alM)Vc 300 feet broader
than at London bridge. On each lide is a fine balluftrade of flune, with places
of ilieltcr from the rain. 'ITie width of the bridge is 44 feet, having on cacn fide
a fine foot-way for paflengers. It conlilts of 14 piers, and 13 large and two fmall
arches, all femicircular, that in the centre Ixring 76 feet wide, and the reft dc-
crcafing four feet each from the other -, fo that the two leafl arches of the i ;
great ones are each 52 feet. It is computed that the value of 40,000!. in ftone,
and other materials, is always under water. 'I'his magnificent ftruihirc was begun
in 173H, and tinilhed in 1750, at the expcncc of 389,000!. defrayed by t!ic par-
!uiment.
Black-friars 1,riili»e is not inferior to that of Weflminfter in magnificence or work-
inanfliin i but flic htiiii'.ion of the ground on the two fliores obliged the architect
to employ eliiptiial r»relies ; which have a very fine effetl. This bridge was lu*-
•.jiin in i7')0, and fmilhed ir. 1770, at the rxpence of i<;i,84ol. which has been
.lil'charReil l<y » toll luvm the palTei-giTs. It is lituated almnrt at an equal diftanre
I'flWfiMi thou- if W f Itminfter and London, commands a view of the '1 hames from
:!ie latter tn Wliitehall, and difi()\ers the majerty of St. Paul's in a very (hiking
manner.
'I'hc cathedral of St. Paul's is the moft rapacious, magnificent, and regular Pro-
tcllant church in the worhl. The lenjjth within is 500 feet ; and its height, from
the marble pavement to the crofs, on the top of the tiipola, is 340. It is built of
F'.irtl.Tiul (lo!u\ according to the (Jreek and Roman «.riKrN, i.i the form of a crofs,
at'ier tbi.
St P.,ul
tl.f <mly work of the fame ma;;nilu(le that ever was lompletid by one man. He
lived to a gre;it age, and ilnilhed thi- building ]-j years after he laid the firft ftone.
It takes ui) li\ acres of ground, though the whole lenjjth of this church meafiires
no more ifian tl;e width ot' Sk Peter's. The expence of n buililint; it after the fire
ut Lcndon was dctrnyed by a dul) on coals, and is computed at near a inilliuii
iterling.
Weftminftcr-
mot'.ol of St. Peter's at Rome, to which in foiue refpects it is fuperior.
-. ehiirch is the priiuipal wor',v of lir ("lirillopiu r Wien, and undoubtedly
'. Which ri
"' thrift, in ,
"if iliftancfo/
* imiblr firr
■'"ven o;i by a
""•"« pan«, t
""rrdililt irai
•lumhfi, the I
[tnuyurts, ho(M
^T of tiafly H
400 ftrfcfs. (J,
' i. »nd Idt fi„|
B N
•IV' M. ,,;..,,. ., >lwnuT,. king-, bo S,'""'""""' l-'J(l.
... „j,
■'"ven on by « high «," I ""Wnijjht • vhich
. T /"d Idt eight ofh,,, K^rl J ";'? '''«">ve<l
'' «crti, from ,^j
To*cf by ti'ie Th.
"'« it mi,h I* m"'. '" 'heir live, v^"';''"^''i«»'..
*« on even, fi.u Z? •^"'"m.nd L^ k" "'•". I?
'■•-=. V . /lit'
tit
N
I. A N l>.
llii* K)t)Nl Kki Itttiigr, It tikr|« and rumnuxtluiM buiUliiig, it f.titt la lt«v« roO
aIniU' V0.000I.
riif iirrHio In ih«' Aililphi U 11 v«ry (iiw |)i«i« uf itrcMutkure* tnU Im« laid op«it
ofir ol' till' iiiu'tk |>riir|>fi(» in ihv wcHrltl.
\\r nii^lii h<rt' kivc u |)iiriiiiilur (Krcri|>llon of ihc Tower f. Rank i^f Knuland,
lltv Nvw Irtitiurv, iliv Atkiiiiral()-wtliitf, lUHt iIm llurtw'gUMriU ul VVl;iuliull. lh«
M4Illi'>IV
f In t<«miiilii|| iIm iiirliiliUt of ili* Towf uf
* itti tl will Iw |irit|Mr lit Ihgi.i Willi ihuCn >iii
IIm MilA)!* iIm prlitillMl ^V* » itir Itr I ihliw •
UraXMr uru«ll)r iim« lo vMii •• ili# wiUI t»-4ffi|
whkR, fram llk'i* KiimiUmi, Ari) |k'I^«)ii i <*in(rU tt 1
fnr h4vlnK tiiiirni ih« umrr unit, •• »l (Milrl wh4i
I) t il'*i| ihr f|<iir'ir,u«ril, lh«kM;i>i'a htiitU' (itr'
r«nl« llfrll itlot* yinl, ivliiiht* kiiuwn hy 4 pitiiil
<ii 11)111 on lh« wkII, «n>l trinMirr owr (If iKii'r
Whil'll lf«it< to |l tr itriiv ll)r rlllKili^ * hrll, «||<I
|M\ iii)( III |Knci (Mh iwrCuii, yon m*y iiilily g^tii
ailmlirjiut.
Th* iKHt pU(« wnrthy of olirrrviilnti l< ih«
Minf, whli h k:oii>()t(h«n<l» ntiir i<nr tliinl nf llif
'I'liwir, tfi'l (iinliliit hiiulrt lor iillilii' »lhiri«l>>,-
l<<ii;{lnK lit tlf tiiiii'i^''. On |Hilliii( tlic jirliii l|i«l
H^tr Kill ftf th* Wlnlc 'I'liwfr, lM,,lf lit UMl ini
Kir Coiiqufrcir. 'I'lin h » bri;'-, IrrtK'llnr Itnin*
HmlilinKi filkiitC'l il'iinll in llie iriilrv, tiii niu' liijf
•iii'wrriiig lit anollirr, iiiir any til lit witii li lowrrt,
nl wliuh tlirrc iirr Iniir at ihc litp, liiiill illkr.
Oiif of llidc IdWi'i U liovw imivtrliil fiito Jt> nl)-
fcrv.ilnrv, In rhi lirll Onrv *'* 'w >»il>'r riHimi,
onr (if wliiili Id a I1114II uriiioiiry lur Ihr UM-fcr-
ti<r, it li4viiiK viriiiut lnrti nl .iriti'<, vtr) iiirl*
Uiiily Iniil ii|i, lur iliovo lo.aoo Itiiiirn. In ihi'
olhrrmniii ar« in:iiiy ilnl'iit 4111I |irtllr«, nil lillcil
Willi warlike rn^iuc* >i <l iiillriiniriil^ nl tii'nih.
Ovrr iliit Rrr ivvii otiirr lliinr". iin>' print Ijially
h.lrti vt'illi aiMi>, llir ntlur will jriii> •iiiil iithi-r
tiarlikt iiiilriini< Ills *i r)t»(lr«, llmvrl-, |iti k axri,
mill ihcv«u« lie Irllr in ijir \i|'|<rr n>ii\, »rt
llr|il ninli h, f)irr|i-lkin%, Uiinrtl hi>lr«, &i. utiii
ill I lilllr rii<»li, i.illr'l Jiiliii l'«l.ir'i ( liip<'l, arr
Ui|i«iittd fiiiiir mortis iniirtinJiiK prrlid^ii ttie
am it tit i\(jtfmi> «ikI 1 iiitonu of llic |il;ur. In lliii
hiillilmn arc alio prrlrrvnl ihr iii'Klil»iit the ntw-
invrnlril rn)(inrt ol tlcllni^lioti, that h.ivr Irom
iitni- III tlim- fwfti (irrfciiUil f<i llir (•ovrrninciil.
\rar llir I'oiitlittid »iij;lr, ol Ihr White Tower,
i« till N|Mnilli nrm'-ury, in uliith arr lirivititi'il tlir
l|«>il% ot tili.1t u.ik vjiiily tnllcil llir Inviiti ililr
Ariiiiiil 1 ! in orilrr 10 f<rr|>r|ii.ilt', to latrll pollrritv,
•lie mrinnrv III ili.il livnal vii'tury, olituinril liv lli«
hnKlilli iivrr llir whole na%al )>nwcr of Spain, In
III rii|;n ol I'liiliji II.
You Mi'ki tl ,tr to the ^raiul Oorr-hoiifr, a no-
I'll liiiililm,' III ihr iioithuanl !■• ilie VV'hitr I'liwrr,
ili.il oil mis i4;ltrl in lcii)(t!i, .mil 6u in Itrcitllh.
It tt.K lH)(nii liy kinK lanns II. wliii IhiiIi it toihe
rnll inior; Inil it wus tinillinl lit kiriK William III.
who crrt'liil lli.it iiia|;iiiliii'nt irMiin, 1 .iljiil the
New, or I'lnjll Arinourv, in uhuh I'l.ii |.itntr,
will) ipiKii Mm, lili (tinlort, ilinrd in f(rrnl
form. li:ivinR all tlie wjrraiit-worknirn ami la-
lKMlrrl^ In .-itluitl tlirin, ilnlliil in ulnti ,>lovt"i«iii|
aprons, tlic ulnal liatl)(t!< ol tlit ortkr (it inulnn'ry
Tn till* itolilf riMim voii irt Inl ^>v a fnltlltin )l(i>if,
a<l|<ilnln( in ilir • it ih.I ol lIv 'I'liwrr thiiiwl,
wliith lc\«l> III .1 ijr ii«l Il4ir.ia(<' <<f (1 r*ly Ofp*.
lantllHK pUc«
l« lh« wiiikitiois in whiili «rri>tnll«nll^ »ni|il'i\ni
On lh<' lilt It'lr III iIm uiifttriTiMrt lantllHn nUc*
alitiiil 14 llltliilli. M, In ilriiiiln^;, irp.tltiiiK« anil
nrw |iU> liig iha itriiM. On •iilrini|| iIm arinniiry,
vnii III' H I'll III! «r tall • wiltUrinfi nl iim<. In arl<
liilly tlllj iilttl, liiM M on* *i»w you hvlinW irm*
lar iiriir Ho,aoom>ni all briKhi, *n4 Hi fnr frrviiti
ami I. ..tUt lliiilti tapofiij to view, ItMr* wrre, lif.
ftirv the war with Amrrlia, talrtn I'lwlU ffiul up,
rat li thil) hoMiiitt almiii igoo miilVrH. The armi
wrrt oil||initllv i|[l|Nifn| hv Mr. Ilarrli, whit ni».
IrltV'l In iilair llxm In llm Iwaulilnl onlir Imili
litr* anil In tlirvuiril itiaintifrol l|tiiii|iion • niiii.
Ilr W.11 a tiiniiniin Kinifinllht Inn allrr h« hail
(irrliiriilcil ihit ttork, wliith It lh« a<linir«lion ni
iHnpIr III all luiiuiii, h* wa« tUtiwril » pciiliuii
iinni till' iro'.vn t'lr I u inK'oiiily.
I poll tilt' )>riiiiii.l lliHir, iniiirr llir finall armoury,
It a l.irKt' rooin of tipi.il illiMrnlinnt willi llial, fiip'.
jiArlrtl in 10 pillir<, all Imimk rniinti with imiilr-
mrnit lit war. Tlil^ moin, wliith It 14 trri hlj(li,
hat a piiltaKf in the niiiltllt- 16 Irri witlr.
Till' hoilr armoury it a plain hrii khuiltliitg, a
lilllf 10 llif r.iOtiaril ol lli^ \Miilr.'f*iiwfr I anil i%
an rillAtc ratlirr tiinvfniml ilnn rlrj^ani, tvlirrr
tlir fpr.'tulor it rntrrtainnl \tilli a irprririitalimi
ol iliol'e kiti)(t aiitl lierort ol our own naiutii, w iili
w liiil't' gallant a/tinni it it to Itr riipitcifril hr it \t ell
aii|uaiillril', fnnir nl llirm rqiilpptd ami lilting; mi
horfrhatk, in ihr fanir liri^.lii anil lliiniK arnionr
lliey wrrr iiltti to wrar wlirn ihr) prrlitrinrti thnlf
gloriuut ai'linnt wliiih gave llirtn a tli'linguillir.l
pliiir in till llritilli iiinaTt.
Voii nil" ' luiir 10 the lin- of kin)(<, wMih )t)ut
i«>ndtii')<tr hr^iiiH liy rrvrrtinjf Ihr nriirr nf thru.
nr>lo)(y 1 III lliiit in lollowini; ihrin wr imili plair
llir laiHirll,
In a ilark, llrnni; (Innr room, alioiit 10 y irijt
to the ( illu ini nl the ((raiul Hnrchoufr, or iiitt.
aiiiii>r\, ihr 1 niMrn jcwfli are tlepolitnl. I. Ihr
im|icrial iroMii, with wl*it.h it 11 iirrttnilrtl thjt
all the kin){i nf KnjIantI Itinvr been tmwnnl fimc
lulw-nnl thr Ciinfrwir, ill 1040. It ii ol j/. M, m-
rithril u iih iliamnnilt, iut>irt, rincralilt, I tpphirci
ami prailti iKr 1 .ip ttithiii it ol putplt vrlvd,
liiinl with \thit( lalfrty, tiirnril up tv ith Ihrrr
rows of tTnnnr 'I'liey are, however, miliaki n ni
f1irwin)i[ this at titc uiiiirnt imperial tliailrin ol M.
KtlwariJ; lur that, with the u'hrr mull atmrnt
rc')rnlia nf thii kiliKiliain, uat kept in the ar> lird
rniiiii in the i loiltiT' in Wcltniinllt;r.AI>liry, till llir
(ivil war; wht-n, in i'i4}, llarrv Martin, liy oidc-
nl ihr parlianirnt, limkr open ihe iron clitll in
wIikIi It wai ft<.urcil, tuuk it thciuc anil lnlil n,
loj;(tlicr
N
(i
I.
N
1>.
cod
)p«ll
aitti
«'?
, I ' «»«•
M I'm*
f»r»>»t|
Itiul «I|<|
I'h* »rni»
till) i»i»-
,|, r »«''>>
ml .mill,
r Ik hn'l
Imiioii III
« |if iilioii
Urmnury,
itlirt, f»M>'
iih Imiil*-
liniUlKIti *
t(r I '»») '^
«nt, wWrrf
ril<i>l»«>""
aiKiKt «"''
a l\r i«»«ll
I lilliiil', "'I
llil^ .irm'i"f
m.irJili.i'.i
IniKililUrl
IwliUh )»>m
]rr of '''"'■
miirt 1>1»' '
J,( 10 ) n.l'
111, or 111W
1.1, I. I'lr
^Mii<lr>> .t'<'l
^*nr>l III" ^
,1 )i; 111. 'II-
,, l'i|i|iliitt<
■ii.k vilv'l.
*ith thrrt
|«»»n«Wii ill
iilrm "t ^'
|m>U aiHunt
thr •nlii^
Vm.'tiy ooli:
Inlt llltlt III
1 »nd li'UI "'
tojjrlli"
Mnwiwiltimfr of iht ldrU>mA>ur. itir ('tirtom lunirki, |<'Atir«t>tfli-e, Intlm liiHtft*!
bittl niitny tiihrr mibliv buiM»ii|(» i U-liilc» itu' hi«Kiiiliiriit rtlilUoi raikul by our
iiolMlilv t N* lotd n|i#ni'vr't liiMili-, NUrlhonmKli liuiili', niiil Itiulkihgliiim-luuiff In
^l, Jdiiiv*'* |>iik I the riirl ul I lu'lU-rhiUI'* Imuli.' ii> nr ||)tlt' |iiirk \ lite iluko i>l'
Ttiff* «rt two ii|««m i>f grf«i •utlfiiiliy, T''*
kiililrii <'i«|»lr, Iti VkIi •* thf |»«I.-|IjI, \\ iIhhH nhm
1111 h*« t^jlltS '***■' lii'* ^^'kR* ''P^imI itlMMit l»»rii
liii h<f. Tln' wlii'lr w^l^^« iIhiiiI trn<mii>r<, Tli*
lirmlof ihrmtli' lirrtv> olt *Uiiit iK* inKMIrfil l^»
unit, whiih M iiMili' holtott, hir hnUlliii; llif Itnly
oil) «ntl whrii Itif klnii l« inoliiifil by \\\t liiiliuii,
lh» nil h jHHiriil Inin ih# f)'Oi)ii mil ol lh» Wnl't
lilll, Xlll. A riti) lulr Ulltr «i ll.itr, iii »'N>i«
Wht iht fiiuiir Whil* TiiMir, *Ntl («» t'ki)uli«itly
Hriiiiglii, ih«i lilt MurkitMiiiliiMof matWrn tlin*> i«
III III! ilritrrr riju*! i<» It. |i |« of (i>M, tml iilvJ
only nn int Klfi|V^ tdilr il ihr i»riiM..i)'»i. Xl\',
A nnlilf dlvfr frnil, iluiiUo ullt, tiiti ilr|»iitly
wrmighi, III will' Il ihriitynl Uiiiily i«rr i litilVciiri,,
XN'. A Urar IIIot l<iiiiit«ii<. |itrf'.M(i^ iii kliia
l.'fi.irlri II. Iiv lh» Inwii <i| I'IhdhiiiK, vtiy iiiri-
niilly wrniK^I t ; Imt iiiiii h liiltrlor iti hr«i (y t'teli*
■Inu«, H«llj«^ ilirit, hIiii II tr* kiiiiiinoiily lli«>vn,
llirrr tit III ihr t«wrl nlliti-, ill tlii' iruwit ji'wtU
Horn b) till |iriiur> mill tiriiii nli'i ai inrniMliimi,
mill II griiit viirli'tviil iiirloui <ilil pUtr.
Thf rrionl ii(Hir «i>iillll<«l ihrrr roinm, onr
Kbovr aiiiMlicr. mil i likr^i' riniiil rooni, vttirrr lliv
mil. mi' kc|'l. I liclr iiv .ill liaiulliimrU u jiiili i>i> i|,
the Hiinlint |ifJM|| fr^iiiid liita |irrllri ruuiiil riili
nxiin, » itliiii w lui II urr tlirlvn witi rrputilorin lur '
t'l* rdMfili. \ mill lur liir r^illrr Aailliit nf ilu'iii, ll>r
S *«r III KU. Il rriKii I > ml' i il<i >l on llic uilitlr <>l ti..'ie
> SCir'-, Hill I lie rrmriK jj.4»cji\niiii»iin;lv, W llliiii
Ihrl'r jiriirc, h Mi li an otiiK lo ^ in iiiimt«r, iiri<
ilr|iolili<| ill ihi' rull'-, 'iMiii tlir ritll «i jrul l!ir rr';;ii
III kinu [iiliii III the Ik ^ihiiiiiH ul tlic 11 11(11 III Ki> li<
nnl III. lint lliiilr ullir thli bit iiiimil ar« kf|>t lit
the riilK C'lu|<rl. 'J'lir rminl* In tin- 'liiurr,
iiiiuin)^ iitlirr ltiiii)(«i iiiiit»lii tlir loiiiuliilliiii iil iili-
liiri, anil iitJH'r rtli)(liiii< liiiuli'< , tlir am iiiil irrnirc*
III all llir liiiili in Knwlaiul, hIiIi a Uirvry ol llit
nuiiur> , till' III i)'.iiial nl Iih « ami lljtiilt't', priurril-
inai ol ilir iKiiriv nl lOMiitinn l.tw ami r<|iiilv ; the
riKnt% nl I'.iikI.imiI In tlir iliiiiiininii nf the Uritilli
Uiu; IcaKiio inil iriuiut with tnrritfn prinict; the
ati hii'vrnii-nl< I'l hiiKlaml in li<rri|(ii war> ; the
Ittilr iirni ol Inlaml, at to Uw aniKloininioii | the
(nnii^ III l>iliiiiilltiMi <i| I'liiiic Sviililli kiii^t lur trr*
ritiiilL'i hrld In !■ ii^,l.inil i .iiKirnI Kr.mti nl our
kiiig^ to thrir fiitiifi t> i |iriviU'Kr« aiiU iinmuiiiliri
Kr:iiiti'il to iitie> aiiil inrporjiloiio during the period
aluivt' nirnliiinrd; cunilln enl> ulthartcrtaiid I'eeda
ni.idi' lieliirr llu- Ci)iii|iirfl ; the ImiiiuN nl all the
tiirrlli in Knul.iiid, » illi llir fevrrjl reliiertive ri({ht»
III llie iiihit)it:iiit\ III inniinoii iMlliire, and iiuny
oilier important rnoidt, all rr)>,tilarK ilitJMilVd, and
reft rrrd to in mur a ihoiiland lolio inili-xc*. Thii
nliii r \\ ki pi open and aliendaiii e lonliantlv |;ivrn,
Irnm IVven o'l lii< k, till one, emepl in llic inonlht
III Di'ieinlier, January, and KiliriLtr), m lien it i*
o|ieiioiily Iroiii tij^ht In one, Sunilas> and holidays
fxiipttd. A lean li here i< halt a guinea, tor
which you nwv |ierulc »iiy one fuhje.-l ,i year.
G g a DcvDiilhircN,
(■i(«ih*r »|ihlh« rotiti, fworrf, ii>«l f,rplrt nf tl.
K.Tvtttil. However, al>tr lh« |rO'Mi«d>M, king
i'hArWi II. hitol itiii' ri«d« In linliMloti of II, whit K
U thai now |ti>>»it. II I'lt* gitld*ii urtt, or glnU,
|>ur Inlii llw kln^'* ''kh* Im'oI >k l"rf li« '• trow n<
• ll and tuirii in hit Irll h«iid Mlililhr lirpire In
h.t righl, iip«n M« rilnrit into Wi'llminitrr.llatI
afl»r ne li tiowurd It ii alitiul tU l.uhr« In dl'
aiMirr, rilgvd with p<ail, anil (iiililied wllh |tr*'
t inua tinnta. On ll.v i<i)i U itii «m«lh\ II, of a vio.
If I iidniir, near iin iiuli and an KaII in lui);hl, Id
w^lha III II I nil'* nf gold, ad'irnrd with itiiinoniU,
p#ail>, and iireilmi, Dnhri. The whnh' height of
• ! « liall and mp l« ii Intliei. III. The golden
Kepcri', with lit • lol't. Ill uiHitia Urgr ain«lnylliil
«ri«l value, gaiiiilhrd rn'.nti with laMe diamuid*.
Tht handle nl the d r| re It plain, but the puin-
Ml»l l« (el roimd with riiiiiel, fineraldi, and fip'ill
iaiii'indi. I !<* toil rill I Into « A<«> •/' /" <if lin
l<av(t, ill ciirKtikii mill i>rf i hiti> lloiir,, Iruin
i»henit llHitt • mound ur ImII, inidr ii| the ante,
thyrt atrtady iMntlnned. The irnl. Itijiillein-
vertti wllh pr«iiiin« IIoiih. IV. The firplrr, wllh
rht liutrfi ilie riiibli'i ol (n'tie, (icrtlicd on ih*
t ip of « Illicit jeuil >l< III I ml ', liiiely nrnamenlrd
«i nil table diamonds Mid lew It nl great > alue.
ritii (inliUni H«i lirll ufiif Iiv l-.dviard t!i" Inn-
t'Tor, 4* ii|'b«arii III hli lead tint tlic unticiit
r cptre and dnvc wm^ fold with llie rid ol l)ic rC|!a>
lij,«ml tlii« nnw In the Tvuer wai nude niter iImi
H«ftoi»tign. V. Si, Kdward'^ Halt, fuuf feri A vcn
luvl<«t^ and an h^ilt in Irngili, aid ihrre iiii hei
ihrv 'luarMi in •. irkuinliuiu e, all nl Inateni^old,
HJiieli iiiariitil Ik lore llie kiii)( at lii« i nroiialiiui.
VI. Tlir ri'h tiiiwaot ll.ite, worn by hit niai<|1y
U tifrHami'iii \ in wliiih i« a large (iiui.ild levm
nil Illi rniiiid : a (leail rdrcintd the hurl) in the
Mi<rtil,aiui a iiiliiit'l iiirltinialilc value. Nil. The
I riKvn lielongiiK* In hi< royal lii^lintl< the piiiii i ol
Walfi. The kill); weari liii imwn on lu i head
uliile he liti upon the llironei but tlut of the
L'liiue ol \\ alr^ i> plaicd lielnre litiii, to lliew tliul
hi- il not yet ( oiiu ID it. \'lll. The l.ite ijuecn
^ln-\'^ ir«wn, ^IoIh-, and ficplre, Hith the ilia-
di'-ii llie More at lur iiirnnalinn with her miil'irt
kinx William III. IX. An i\ory |ic|iii-, with a
iliiiv on the lop, niadi- lor kin.; janir^ II, -i ijiiien,
whiili' y.arnii'irr is );iiM, .imi ilu- dove on tlie lop
I olil, eiiaim lli'd with u lute. X. Thi- ...i/.<*,i i or
twiiril ot men y, uliiili hak a biad^- ol thirty luo
inihtt Iviiv, and mar two bro>d, \\ Milhoiit a
faiiiil, .mil i. Uiriie naked lietore the kiii); at hi.
iiiriiii.ition, between the two f» <ir>l . ol jiitiit e, fpi-
iitiial and ti-inporil, XI. The goMi ii lJ>ur^, and
tlie aniiilliis wliiih arc hraielel-. lor the urilN.
Thi'lr, thoiii'.h very antiuur, urr worn at the loro
imi'iiU.4, or ragi
rii{;ra\rd, wbiih huhU iJie hoi) od the kiiiy;
naliiin.
XII. The amhktl,!, nt eagle ol j^old, Hmly
id
i^ueeiit of hii^iand uie anointrd willi: and llie
J ildrn fjKXjti th«t liic biihej) j>ouT» tUc oil into
228
N G
L
N D.
Dcvonfliirc's, and \\w Into cnri of Batli's, in Piccnililly ; lord Shflbiirnc\, in Berk-
ley S(|uaro ; Noi ihiimberland-houfc in the Strand ; the 'Uikc of Uc-dford's, and Mon
tagiio houfc *, in Hioonilbury ; with many otlicr fplcndid manfions, whufu names
wnultl fill a lar^'o volume.
'llils groat city is fuppliod with alnnulancp of frolli water from the Thames and
the New River ; which is not only of inconceivable fervice to every family, but by
nieans of lire-plugs, the keys of which are depofited with the parilh-officcrs, the
city is ill agieat niiafine fecured from the fpreading of fire.
Ihis pkiily of water has been attended with another advantage. It has given
rife to feveral companies, who infurehonfesand goods from fire ; an advantage that
is not to be met wiih in any other nation : the premium is fmall f, and tne re-
covery, in cafe of lofs, cafy and certain. Every one of thcfe offices keep a fet of
men in pay, who are ready at all hours to give their alliftance ; and are extremely
bold, dexterous, and diligent : but though their labours Ihouid prove unfuccefsful,
the jicrfon who fullers by this devouring element, has the comfort that mud arifc
fruin a certainty of being paid the value (upon oath) of what he has infured.
before liie contla^ration in 1666, London was inelegant, inconvenient, and
unlu-nlthy, of which latter misfortune many malancholy proofs arc authenticated
ill hiilory, and which, wiiliout doubt, proceeded from the narrownefs of the ftreets,
and the unaccountable projedions ot the buildings, that confined the putrid air,
and joined with other circumftances, fuch as the want of water, rendered the city
feldom free from pellilential dcvaftation. Tlie fire which confumed the greateft
part of the city, dreadful as it was to the inhabitants at that time, was productive
of confequer.ces, which made ample amends for the loflcs fuAaincd by individuals ;
• The Britifli Miifeum Is depofited in Montague
houff. Sir Hans Slri;mc, twrt. (who died in 1753)
may not improprrly be lallcd tlie fotinder of the
Britifh Miiftriim ; lor its being rdabliflied by par-
liamint, was 01 ly in cnnfcqucncc of his leaving
hy will his noble coUfi'tion of n.-xtural hiftory j his
brgc library, and his numerous curioritics, whicb
lolt hi:n 50,000!. to the wfc of the jmhlic, on con-
dition that the pnilhnieiit would pay 20,oool. to
his executors. To this ciillcrtion were added the
Cottonian library, the H:'rleian m.iniifcriiits col-
lected by the Ovford fanvlv, and purcliafcd like-
wife by the parhamrrr, ami a tolleftion of book<i,
given by the late ui.-ijor lidwards. His l.-ite ma-
jcfty, i:i ronfideriti.m of its great uf.fiilnefs, was
fr.n iDV.fly plc;ifed to add therito the royal libraries
of books and mar.ufiripts collected by the feveral
kinj;s of England.
The Sloanian collection confifts of an amazing
niiinbtr of curiofitic ; amoni; which are, the
library, inchklini; books of drawings, nian\ifcripts,
and prints, amounting to about ;o,ooo volumes.
Mtdils, and coins, niKient and modern, 20,000.
Canines and intii^lios, about 700. Seals 268.
Vefills, &„. ol a7,itc, iafpcr, *;c. 542. Antiqui-
ties, ii2v Preci,)us ftones, aj'.atcs, jafper, in..
2256. Metals, mineral., ores, &:c. 2725. Cry-
flcil, fpars, &c. 1S64. Koinis, tlinis, ftunes,
127;. Larths fand-, falls, lo'jj. liitumens,
fulpinirs, ambers, &c. j.jg. Talcs, mice, i:c.
388. Corals, fpungps. &c. 1421. Ttlhicea, or
ilielU, &c. 5843. Bellini, echini"x, &( , Oc^k),
Alteri*i trochi, entroihi, fcc. 241. C'ruftaLC.r,
«r.)bs, lobfters, it. 363. bttlht mariii;f, Ihir-
fiflics, &c. 173. lifli, ajjd their parts, &c. 1555.
3
— 4
J.
Birdi, and their parts, eggs, and nefls, of dif-
ferent fpecies, 1172. Quadnipedi, &c. 1886.
Vipers, ferpents, tec. cat. Infects, Ice. (459.
Vegetables, is,jo6. Horti ficci, or voluinet
of dried plants, 334. Calculi human!, and ana-
tomical preparations, 7{6. Mifcellaneous things,
natural, 2098. Mathematical inOruments, {{.
A catalogue of all the above is written in * num-
t)er of large volumes.
t The terms of infurance are as follow, viz.
Every perfon infurinK fliall pay annually
for every tool, infured on goods, in-
clofed in brick or Hone —
If half hazardous, as to fituation, oi- kind
of goods — —
If hazardoi' — —
If haz.)rdoui, and half hazardous —
if hazardous, and hazardous
For every lool. infured on goods, inclofed '
in part brick and part timber —
If half hazardous, as to fituation, or kind
of goods — — — '
If hazardous — —
If hazardous, and half hazardous —
If ha/.ardous, and hazardous —
For every lOol. infured on goods, inclofed
in timber — ^
If half ha/.ardous, as to fituation or kind
of goods ^ — '
If hazardous — — ■
If hazardous, and half hazardous —
If hazardous, and hazardous —
The premium is double upon any fiim between
one and two thoufand, aiidtrcUe between twoand
three thoufand pounds.
a new
3 9
5 o
6 ?
7
3
4
6
7
9
E N
N
D.
229
a new city arofc on the ruin* of the old j but, though more regular, open, conve-
nient, and healthful than the former, yet it is ever to be lamented that the magni-
ricent and ufcful plan of the great fir Chrillophcr Wren was fucriticed to the mean
and fclfifli views of private property.
'Ihc plan of London, in its prefent ftatc, will in many inftances appear, to very
moderate judges, to be as injudicious a difpolition as can eafily be conceived for
a city of trade and commerce, on the borders of fo noble a river as the Thames.
The wharfs and quays on its banks are extremely mrnii and inconvenient. And
the want of regularity and uniformity in the Aieets, and the mean avenues leading
to many of them, are alfo circumftanccs that greatly leirea the grandeur of it!<
appearance. Many of the churches, and other public buildings, arc likewife thruft
up in corners in fuch a manner as might tempt foreigners to believe that they
were defigned to be concealed. The nnprovemcnts of the city of London for
fome years pad have, however, been great ; and the new Areets, which are nu-
merous, are fpacious, and built with regularity.
In the centre of the town, and upon tne banks of the Thames, was a number of
inelegant, ruinous houfes, known by the names of Durham-Yard, the Savoy, and
Somerfet floufe. 'ITie firft, being private property, engaged the notice of tlic
ingenious Adams, who opened the way to a piece o' fcenery, which no city in
Europe can equal. On the fcite of Durham-V ard was raifed upon arches the pile
of the Adelpni, celebrated for its enchanting profpeft, the utility of its wharfs,
and its fubterraneous apartments anfweringa variL-'y of purpofesot general benefit.
Contiguous to the Adelphi (lands the Savoy, the property of government, hitherto
a nuilance ; and, adjoining to the Savoy, towards the Temple, ftood Soinerfet-
lioufe, where, being the property of government aifo, a new j)ilc of buildings for
public offices has been eretted ; and here, In a very maijnificent edifice, are ele-
gant apartments appropriated for the ufe of the Royal Society, the Royal Academy
of Painting and Sculpture, and the Society of Antiquaries.
Though a variety of circumftaiices have hitherto been difadvantageous to the
cmbellimment of the metropolis, it mull at the fame time be acknowledged, that
a fpirit of improvement now feems univerfal. London is better paved and better
lighted than any other great city. Spacious roads are continued for fevcral miles
around, and exclufive of lamps regularly placed on each fide, at Ihort diilances,
are fecured by watchmen ftationcd within call of each other. Nothing can ap-
pear more brilliant than thofe lights wlien viewed at a dillance, cfpecially where
the roads run acrofs ; and even the principal ftreets, fuch as Pail-Mall, New
Bond-ftrcct, Oxford-ftreet, &:c. convey an idea of elegance and magnificence.
Among the lirt of improvements worthy of notice may be included the Six Clerks
Office, in Chancery-lane, and that very fubllantial building in the Old Bailey,
which does honour to a people celebrated for their cleanlinefs, and for their hu-
manity. Here ihe unfortune debtor vviiile he enjoys free air, is no longer annoyed
In the dreadful rattle of chains, or by the more horrid lounds iffuing from the lips
ot incorrigible odendcrs.
Foreigners are furpiifed that tlie monarchs of the rieheft nation in Europe fliould
lie fo inditfcrently lodged in his capital, cfpecially ;is ("barles I. whofe finances
were but low, compared to fome of his fucciirors, had he lived undillurbed, would
probably have completed the plan which Inigo Jones drew for a royal palace,
fuitable to the dignity of an tnglilh monnrch. '1 he truth is, his fon (jlinrles II.
though he had a fine talle for archlieilure, diilipiacd his revenue> upon his plea-
tiircs. The reign of his biDtlter was too lliori for fuch an undertaking. Perpetual
mars, during the reigns «)f king \\ illiam and queen Anne, loft the parliament no
woney to Ipare, and the two fucceeding monaiclis were net admirers of architec-
tural nuignificence.
Wind-
tjo
i: N
I.
N
D.
Windfor cnftle is diHinf^uillicd by its magnitude, and unrivalled in its bcnutitul
and conimandinu iituation ; which, with the form uf its cuiillrudiuh, rendered it,
bfforo the intrucludion oi artillery, impregnable, llunipton Court was the t'uvo-
rite relidcnce ot" ki.ig William. It is built in the Dutch tafte, has fonu; good
apartments, and, like VVindfor, lies luar the Thames. Both tliefe palaces contain
good pirtures, but nothing ei)iial to the magnificent collettior. made by Chiirles I.
and dillipated in the tinie »>t the civil wars. 'Ihe cartoons of Raphael, wliicli for
delign and exprellion are recktmed the malUr-pieccs of painting, have by his prel'ent
majerty been removed trom the gallerv built tor them at Hampton Court, to the
queens palace, formerly Bu( kingham-noufe, in St. James's Park. 'J he palace of
St. James's is commodious, bul has the air of a convent ; and that of Kenlington,
which was purchafed from the Finch family by king \Mlliam, is remarkable only
for its extenlive and beautiful gardens.
Not inferior to thefe and oilur royal houfes, are many private feats in the neigh-
bourhood of London, and all over the kingdom, \\ herein the opulence of th«
Isnglilh nation is fully difjilayed and often made fubfervient to the fined clallical
tafte ; witnefsthe feats of the martinis of Huckingluun, and earl Pembroke. .At the
feat of tlie latter more remains of antiquity are to be found than are in tlie poirelFiou
of perhaps any other fidnect.
lUit thofe capital houk-s of the Knglifli nobility and gentry arc peculiarly diftin-
guillied by the nice adaptati(m of their jiaris, the richnefs and elegance of their
hirniture, and the admirable prefervation in which the whole is kept; as well as
by their hortulane and rural tlecorations, villas, opening laiulfeapes, temples, all
the refult of lliat enchanting art of imitating nature, and uniting beauty with niajj-
nilicence. Of fuch feats the following are the molt dillinguillicd, viz.
nie carl of Pembroke's, at Wilton, in Wiltlliiie.
J.ord Clitlord's. King's-Wefton, (iloucellerlliire.
Duke of Heaufort's, Hadmington-Magna, ditto.
I'.arl Spenfer's, Wimbledon, Surry. . ^^
'ihe late fir (Jregory I'age's, Hlackheath, Kent. .
Sir James 'lylney Long's, l*;|)ping I'oreft, lillex. ' , ,
Duke of Grafton's, Kullon-llall, Suflolk. ,■
Karl of Orford's, Houghton, Norfolk. '
Duke of Marlborough's, Blenheim, Oxfordlliire.
Earl of Litchfield's, Ditchley, ditto.
Marquis of Buckingham's, Stowe, Buckingliamfliire.
Earl of Bute's, Luton Hoo, Bedfordlhire.
Earl of Winchelfea's, Okeham, Rutlandlliire.
Earl of Stadbrd's, Bronghton, Norlhampionlhirc.
Earl of PonnVt's, EalUin, ditto.
Earl Spenfer's, Althorp, ditto.
Earl of Exeter's, Slanilord, ditlo.
Duke of Norfolk's, Wdrkfop, N'ottinghamlliire.
Duke of Devoinhire's, ("hatlvvortb, Derbylhire.
J.ord Scarfdale's, near Derby,
Mr. Aillabie's, Studiey-I'ark, Yorkfliire.
I'.arl of Carlille's, at ("altle-Howard, ditto.
Duke of Northumberland's, at Alnwick, Northumberland, and S!on Houie,
Middlefex.
Lord Clive's, ('laremont, Surry.
J'iarl of Inchiquin's, Clielden-houfe, Buckinghamfliire
Earl of Harrington's, at Peterlham, Surrv.
- "Mr.
i>/<w
•M,
J'l
m
2 N () L A N D. ftfi
Mr. Coke's, lIolkhmH-Houfc, Norfolk.
Lord DcfpctuH r's, Mctovvorth Caftic, Kent.
Lord Kdgctiinibi 's, Mount Kdgccumbo, Cornwall.
Lord Byron's, Ncwfload Abbiy, Nottinghamflilre.
Mr. Iloare's, Stourton Park, V^ iltlhin-.
'I lie late marquis of Rockingham's, Wcntworth-Houfe, Yorkdiirc.
Lord Pctrc's, IboriUon, ElTcx.
A particular detail of all the cities and towns of England, which would far
fxiced the limits of this work, cannot be ox petted ; the moll conftdcrable will^
tlKTcfiiKc, only be noticed.
Urirtol is reckoned the fecond city in England for wealth and populoufnefs ; but
in trade and ihipjjinj;, Liverpool furpaflTcs it. The former (lands upon the north
and fdiith lidos of tin- river Avon, and the two parts of the city arc connefled by
a ftonc bridge. The city is not well-built ; but it is fuppofcd to contain i c.ooo houfes,.
and 9j,ooo mhabitants. Here is a cathedral and 18 pariHi-churches, oefides feven
or eight other places of worlhip. On the north lide of a large fquarc, called Queen's
Stliiaro, which is adorned with rows of trees, and an ecjueftrian llaliic of William
the Third, there is a cnllom-lioufe, with a quay half a mile in length, one of the
moll commodious in Knglnnd. The exchange, where the merchants and traders
meet, is of tree-done, and one of the bell of its kind in Europe.
York is a city of great antiquity, pleafantly lituated on the river Oufe ; it is
populous, and furrounded with a good wall, through which are four gates, and
live pollerns. Here are fevenleen parilh-churches, and a cathedral, or miniler,
he lincft Gothic buildings in Europe. It extends in length 525 feet, and in
ireadth 100 tect. '1 he nave, wiiieh is larger than any in Chrillendom, except
iliat of St. Peter's church at Kome, is four feet and a half wider, and eleven feet
higher, than that ot St. Paul's cathedral at London. At the weil end are two
towers, connecled and fupported by an arch which forms the well entrance, and
is reckoned the largell (jothic arch in Euroue. The windows are finely painted ;
and the front of the clioir is adorned with llatues of the kings of England from
William the Norman to Ilenr^- \'l. and here are thirty-two (lalls, all of fine mar-
ble, with pillars, each conlilhng of one piece of alabaftcr. Here is alfo a very
neat CJolhic chapter-houle. Near the cathedral is the alTembly-houfc, an elegant
ilrutture, defigned by the late carl of Burlington. This city has a (lone bridge of
five arche.; over the river Oufe.
The city of Exeter was for fomc time the feat of the Weft Saxon kings ; and the
walls which at this time endofe it were built by king Athelllan, who encompafled
it with a ditch. It has lix gates, and, including its fuburbs, is more than two
miles in circumference. There are lixteen parilh churches, bclides, chapels, and
five largo meeting-houfes, within the walls of this city. The trade of Exeter in
ferges, perpeluans, long-ells,druggets,keifeys, and othcrwoullen goods, is very great.
Ships come up to the city by means of Unices. There was a long and very ancient
bridge over the river Ex, with houfes on both (ides ; om- halt of it is now de-
niolilhed, and an arm turned to join it to the new bridge built on a line with the
fore (Ireet.
'llie city of Glouccllcr (lands on a pleafant hill, with houfes on every defcent,
and is clean and well-built, with the Severn on one (Idc, a branch of which brings
(liips up to it. The cathedral is an ancient and magnificent (Irutlurc, and there
are alfo five parilh-clunehes. Here is a good (l(mc bridge over the river, bcfidcs a
quay, a wharf, and a cuftom-houfe ; but the trade of this city is not fo confider-
:iMe as formerly.
Litchfield (hinds in a valley, three miles fouth of the Trent, divided by a (Ircam
i'er. ihc cathedral was founded in 1148 : it was much da-
which runs into that rivi
maged
132
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magrd during the civil war, bttt was fo completcl)r repaired after the Reftoration,'
that it is now one of the noblcfl Gothic (Iructures in England.
Chcder is a large, populous, and wealthy city, with a bridge that has a gate at
each end, and twelve arches over the Dee, which falls into the fea. It has eleven
parifhcs, and nine well-built churches. The ftreets are generally even and fpacious,
and, croiTing one another in (traight lines, meet in the centre. The walls were ere£led
hy Edelfleda, a Mercian lady, in the year 908, and join on the fouth fide of the
city to the caftic, from whence there is a pieafant walk round the city upon the walls,
except where it is intercepted by the towers over the gates j from hence there is a
profpeft of Flintfliire, and the mountains of Wales.
Warwick is a town of great antiquity, and appears to have been of eminence,
even in the time of the Romans. It (lands upon a rock of frec-ftonc, on the banks
of the Avon ; and a way is cut to it through the rock from each of the four car-
dinal points. The town is populous, and ftreets fpacious and re^^ular, and all meet
in the centre of the town. The princial ornament of the place is a caftle Itclong-
ing to the earl of Warwick, uanding upon the banks of the Avon, on a rock whicii
riles 40 feet perpendicularly above the level of that river; and adjoining to the
caftic is a fine terrace, 50 feet above the fame level, from whence there is a beau-
tiful and extenfivt: profpcft of the river, and of the country beyond. The apart-
ments of the caftle arc adorned with many original pictures of Vandyke and other
great mafters.
Tlie city of Coventry is large and populous, has an handfome town-houfc, and
twelve gates. Here is alfo a fpacious market-place, with a crofs in the middle,
60 feet high, adorned with ftatucs of fevcral kings of England as large as the
life.
Salilhury is a large, neat, and well-built city, fituated in a valley, and watered
by the Upper Avon on the weft and fouth, and by the Bourne on the eaft. The
ftreets are generally fpacious, and built at right angles, 'llie cathedral, which was
finidied in 1258, at tho expencc of above 26,ooci pounds, is, for a Gothic build-
ing, the moft elegant and regular in the kingdom. It is in the form of a lan-
tern, with a beautiful fpire of frec-ftonc in the middle, which is 410 feet high
The length of the church is 478 feet, the breadth is 76 feet, and the height of
the vaulting 80 feet. 'ITiis church has a cloifter, which is 150 feet fquarc, and
of fine workmanfliip. The chaptcr-houfe, which is an o6lagon, is 150 feet in
circumference ; and yet the root bears all upon one fmall pillar in the centre, fo
much too weak in appearance for the fupport of fuch a prodigious weight,
that the conftru£lion ot this build.ng is thought one of the greatcft curioiitics in
England.
Tlie city of Bath took its nairie from the medicinal waters for which this place
has been long celebrated and much frequented. The fcafon for drinking the Bath
waters are the fpriiij; and autumn : the fpring fcafon begins with April, and ends
with June ; the autiii!in feafon begins with September, and lafts till December, and
fome pntient.s remain here all the winter. In the fpring, this place is moft fre-
oueiited for health, and in the autumn for pleafure, when at leaft two-thirds of
tnc company, conlifting chieHy of perfons of rank and fortune, come to partake of
the amufemcnts of the place. In fome feafons there have been 8000 perfons at
Bath, bcfides its inhabitant.s. Some of the buildings are extremely elegant, parti-
cularly (Jueen's-fquare, the North and South Parade, the Royal Forum, the Cir-
cus, and Crefccnt.
Nottingham is pleafantly fituated on the afcent of a rock, overlooking the river
Trent, which runs parallel with it about a mile to the fouth, and is navigable. It
ii one of the ncateft places in Englandj and has a conliderablq trade.
No
wmmmmm
•■'•'iDafi'ti',
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cllimnied, arofo a plan of commerce, which was for many year* profccutcd with
an iniliiHry and fiicccfH porbaps ncvi-r fccn in tlic world before; and by wliich the
i)oor tonaiits of nuid-walkci villufji's and inipalT'abIc bogs crcctod (hcmfclvc-s into
fiinh and mighty nates, who fit the grcatcil nionarchs at defiance, whufe alh>
am e was courted by the pmudtll, and wnofe |)ower was dreaded by the tierccil na-
tions. l)y the ellablillinicnl of thi» iiate there urofo tu England a new ally, and
a new rival.
When ([uccn Klizabcth entered tipon the government, the cuftoms produced
only a6,oooI. a-year ; at the Keliorallon they were let to farm for 400,0001. and pro-
duced confiderably above double that fum before the Kcvulutiun. The inhabitants
of London, before we had any plantations, and when our trade was inconfiderable,
were ctMiiputed at about 100,000 ; at the death of queen Elizabeth, they were in-
creafcd to 150,000, and are now above lix times that nuitlbcr. In thofe days we had
not only naval llores, but Ihips fioin our neighbours. Germany furnilhed us with
nil things made of metals, even to nails ; wine, paper, linen, and a thoufand other
things, tame from France. Portugal fupplied us with fugars ; all the produce of
America was poured on us from Spain ; and the Venetians and Genoefe retailed to
us the commodities of the I'-aft Indies at their own price. The legal interell of
money was 12 per cent, and the common price of our land 10 or 1 2 years purthafe.
We may add, tliatour manufatlures were few, and thofe but indifferent ; the num-
ber of Eiigiilh merchants veiy fmall, and our (hipping inferior to what belonged in
the late war to the iingle county of Lancaller.
For exportation lM\i;land fuinilhes many of the mod fubftantial and ncccffary
commodities ; as butter, theefe, corn, cattle, wool, iron, lead, tin, copper, leather,
copperas, pit-coal, alum, faffion, &c. Our corn fometimes preferves other coun-
tries from Ihirving. Our liorfes are the moll ferviceable in the world, and highly
valued by all nations for their hardinefs, beauty, and llrength. We vi6tual not
only our own fleets, but many foreign velVels. Our iron we export manufactured in
great guns, carcalfes, bombs, Sic. Prodigious, and almoft incredible, is the value
likewife of other goods from hence exported ; viz. hops, flax, hemp, hats, Ihocs,
houfehoId-lUil], ;ik', beer, red-herrings, pilchards, falnion, oyilers, liquorice, watches,
ribbands, toys, &:c.
There is fcarcely a manufacture in Europe but what is brought to great perfec-
tion in England. Our woollen manufatturc exceeds that of any other nation.
Hardware is another capital article ; locks, edge-tools, guns, fwords, and other
arms, are of fuperlor excellence; houfehold utenlils of brafs, iron, and pewter, are
alfovcry great articles ; and our clocks and watches arc in the higheft cfteem.
The furprizing pcrfedtion, to which the manufactures of England have been
brought, arifcs from many circumftances which nowhere coincide fo happily to pro-
mote their nrogrefs as they do in this illand. To this the national cnarafter, the
lituation 01 the country, and the excellence of its conftitution all contributi-.
Nothing could be more favourable to the progrcfs of the mechanical arts, than the
Englilh reHeclion, and perfeverjioce, and the excludve attention they are able to
bellow on lavDuriie purfuits, often with the neglcd of every other concern ; tlkir
cntcrprizinp fpirit ; and the certainty of enjoying the glory and fruits of their la-
bours. The infular fituation of Britain taught its inhabitants to tonfider the fur-
rounding ocean as the bulwark of their fafely, the theatre of their power, and tlie
fource ot their wealth. Navigation with its appendages, diflant acquifitions and
colonization, gave an aftonilhing extent to commerce, an air of grandeur and ini-
fjortance to the occupations of the merchant, and flattered ambition as well as the
ove of gain. Ihe mere natural productions of the country were mfuflicient for
fo large a market, cfpecially as it was deficient in articles of luxury and the pre-
cious metals. Manufacturing indultry was therefore called fortb, to fupply nuiic-
rials
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•35
riaU for commerco, and cvcr)r new invention of moclianical genius found lihoral
f'upport and rncotiragotncnt t'rom the great nnnibcr of |H-oplc who had ucnuircd
woaltl). Ilic Knglifli government, favtturahic to liberty, and to every exertion of
genius, lia^ provided liy wife and ecjuitable laws for the fecure enjoyment of pro-
perty acquired hy ingenuity and iulxiur, and has removed ohlUclrs to indut^ry, by
prohibiting the importation of fuch articles from abroad, ai lould be manufactured
at home.
In the years 1769, 1770, and 1771, the value of the woollens exported from
Kngland amounted to upwards of 10,500.000!. fterling, exclulivc of the woollens of
Yt)rJilhire, the value ot which, in the fame period ot lime, amounted to upwards
of jj.oco.oool. llcrliiig. Next to the woollen manufactory, that of cotton is the
moll conliderable, as it is reckoned to cmnluy in the northern and middle counties
not lefs than 500,000 perfons, women anu children included.
Among the advantages the Britilh illands are nofl'efl'ed of, with ref[>ed to navi-
j^ation, the following are worthy of attention 1 tlie great extent of the coatis, the
lea-line of which, including both (Jreat l»ritain and Ireland, extends near 3800
miles, whereas the fea-coall of France is but 1000 miles ; the neighbourhood to
the continent ; the lumiber of ixcellenl harbours ; the numerous navigable canals,
which form a connnunication between the lea-ports on the ealtern and welleru
coafts of Kngland.
'I'he contlant incrcafe of this immenfe commerce is aftonilliing. In the years
178J and 178.J., I. - Ibips cleared outwards, anitnuiting to 950,000, exceeded the
number of tons of the Ihips employed twenty-four years before, by upwards
of 400,000 tons. The value of the cargoes exported in 1784, amounted to up-
wards of 15,000,0001. fterling ; and the net culloms paid for them into the cx-
cheijuer were upwards of j,ooo,oool. ilerling ; and even this fum was exceeded
the following year, 1785, by upwards of i.ooo.oool.
The balance of trade in favour of I'.ngland is eftimated by fome writers at
■;,ooo,oool. Ilerling. Far more conliderable is the inland trade, valued at upwards
of 42,000,000!. rterling. As the quantity of circulating fpecie may in fome mea-
fure indicate the extent of connnerce, we mav judge of the inereafe of the latter,
by comparing the fums which the three lal\ monarehs found necellary to coin.
By George I. 8,725,921!. Ilerling were coined. In the long reign of Georpe II.
11,966.5761. rterling, and in the firft twenty-tour years ot his prefent majelly's
reign, the fums coined ammmted to 33,089,2741. Ilerling.
The coafting trade is faid to give employment to about 100,000 people; but
this number feems to be exaggerated ; yet fome branches of the filheries require
a great nuniber of hands. About 10,000 people are employed in the o\ ller-fnhery
along the coails of Isngland.
Ot the Britilh commerce, that branch which we enjoyed cxeluiively, viz. the
commerce with our colonies, was long regarded as the moll advantageous, ^'ct
linee the feparation of the American .States t'rom Great Britain, the trade, the in-
<lullry, and manufactures of the latter have continually increiiled. New markets
have opened, the returns from which are more certain and lefs tedious than thole
from America. By fupplying a greater \ariety of markets, the (kill and ingemiity
of our ai titans hatli taken a wider range ; tlie productions of tlieir labour have been
adapted to the wants, not of riling colonies, but of nations the moll wealthy and
the moll reiined ; and our commercial lyllem, no longer relling to the artiHcial ba-
lisof monopoly. hath been rendered more folid as well as more liberal. Before the
late war, the chief conmiodiiies exported to the colonies were wrought iron, (leel,
copper, pewter, leatl, and brali, cordage, hemp, fail-cloth, Ihip-ihandlery, painter's
colours, nnllenery, holiery. h.iihcidalheiy, glo\es, hats, broad cloths, lliitfs, Haniicls,
Culchellcr bays, long ells, lilks, go4d and liKer lace, Manchcller goods, Britilh, fo-
il li 2 reign.
».1«
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rciKn, and Ir!(1i linnii, cartlicn wnr(*H, f^riiKt-doni't, HirmiiiKham iind Slirdiolit M»m,
loyi, ladlory, cabinet wuroi, frrdit, chcflr, llrong brer, Iniukiiig pi(M», riiulln, wiiicH,
fpiritK, and druf^it ; Ealk India j{iM)di, booki, paper, und Irathcr.
'Ihe coinmudilicv cx|Mirtrd Iroin Aini-rica tu Great biitairi, and utiicr inarkt-t^^
were tobaccu, rice, Hour, bii'cuit, wheat, beam, peat, uiits, India turn, and
other grain \ huney, applet, cvder, and onioni ; iuli-hret, p«»rk, lianu. bacon,
venilon, ton};iu-s, I'Uitcr, and clieefe \ prodigious (|uaiitiiir<i oi rod, niackarel, ami
other Hlh, and tilh oil ; I'urit and Hcint ot' wild beulls, lu<. Ii na bear, beaver, otd r,
t'ox, deer, and racoon ; liorfet, and live (lock ; timber planks, malls, bourdu,
tlavet, ihingles, pitch, tar, and turpentine ; lliips built lor I'jU* i lla\, Hax-fecrl;
and cotton i indigo, pol-alh, bees wax, tullow, cupper ore, and iron in bars luul
in pigs ; belides many other commodities, peculiar to the climes and foil ot diller-
ent provinces. 'I'lie iollowin^ is a tlate ot the trade In-lweenCireat Britain and tltu
colonies, as it exilied bct'ore the diticrences broke out between them, marking at
the lame time the commercial llrcngth and Ihipping ol' the lolonivs.
hipl.
Scsmcn.
F.xporti friim
Kxportt (irom
Cirritt Hritjiii.
th« Coliiiiiri
4
IJO
£. 16,000
44.0^0
3S0
30, {60
•7S.40O
J4W00O
34
40K
IOC,000
36, $00
10;, 000
6
7*
311,000
4f,
55*
jVj.ooo
37o,joo
3
36
ia,ooo
114.500
30
J JO
$)i,ooo .
$36,000
M
lyo
61 1,000
705,500
JJO
3,9<')0
116 $,000
1,040,000
J4
40S
iB.ooo
69.4SO
J9J,666
140
i.OHo
)6j,ooo
a4
340
4i;,ooo
74,300
a
»4
7.000
10
110
3li,aio
97.000
6j,ooo
7^
3.370,900
3,i;94,3o6
C'oloalct. f
Huilfuii'H Dav ...
Lahrailnr, American vrlTcU uo
Ncwfoun.dlaiitl (3oool)uuti)
Canada ....
Nova Scotia
New Knel'inil ...
Khodr Iflnml, Connecticut, and New)
Hampfhire • • • )
New York
Fenrvlvania
Virginia nnd Maryland
North Carolina ...
South Carcliim
(fcorgia ....
Kift Florida ...
Weft ditto
The principal iHands belonging to the Englilh, in the Weft Indies, arc Jamaica,
Harliadoes, St. Chrirtophcr's, (jrenada, Antigua, St. Vincent, Dominica, \nguilla,
Nevis, iMoniferrat, the Bermudas, or Summer lllands, and the Bahama, or Lucavan
lllatids in the .Atlantic ocean ; belides our new coni]uells of Martinico, Gauda-
loupe, St. I.ucie, and part of tlie French polTellions in St. Domingo.
'ihe l'".n^li(h frade with the Well India lllands conlitls chietiy in fiigars, rum,
cotton, logwood, cocoa, toffee, pimento, ginger, indigo, materials for dyers,
mahogany and niacliineel planks, drugs and preicrvrs; for thefe the exports from
Kngland arc ofnahurgs, a coarfe kind of limn, with which the V\ ell Indians now
clotlie tliiir Haves; linen of all forts, with broad clulli and kerliis, for the planters,
their overfeers and families; lilks and llulTs for th.-ir ladies and iio'.ilhold fervants;
hats ; red caps tor their Haves of both fexes ; llockings and ihoes of all forts ;
gloves and millinery ware, perukes, laces tor linen, woollen and lilks ; llrong beer,
pale beer, piikles, candles, butter, and clieefe; iron ware, as faws, tiles, axes,
iiatchet.s, ctiifels, ad/cs, hoes, mattocks, gouges, planes, augers, nails ; lead,
powcler, and Ihot ; brafs and copper wares; toys, coals, and pantiles; cabinet
wares, fnutfs, and, in general, whatever is railed or manufattured in Great Britain j
alfu negroes from Africa, and all forts of India goods.
The trade of Kngland to the Kail Indies, conllituting the mod ftupendous, poll-
tiral, as well as commercial machine known in hiltory, will be explained uiuier
the head of the kail India company.
This
••» 'hi. .rad. u a at t?f coo oon. ""*' '""""^ "'hW Tide """i. ''^"'» «''"«». ••- r^n.
Tj, _ IWVVI, - -•— V III
'i'l^d ^ruit,. oranges, irn[m7„S' '''}'"'"''■ ""^i receive' ' - '" '" ^^'''
i:
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morn iu^f linen, tat-c« dnnhri' j. llirrnt^ tnpet, jnclc, nmildcr, bourd*, dnigi,
whalcbiMio, Inin-oil, and t<'' > Htc biluicc ii fuppolcd t«> be in favour o| Kiij(-
liind.
1,11^ I r, ft C'rt'U to til*" crtjill of* Guinea, fiirdry (> rl» «)t"i()ar(o wixillcti and liiu-n,
ir»n, pcAur. \»*i^, aud liiixlwaiv nunuradurei, Irnd-lliot, I'wurd*, knivc*. fin*-
urm»i giiiWjiwwdcr, iind glul't munul'achirci. (luinca latirly lii|i|ili('d tlic Aincriian
I'olonii'H \v ;b lugpt Itavci, iintotinriuq in iinnib^r lo uhovi- 100,000 4nniintly. The
ollii-r rk.-tiirti- arc in jjoM-dul). gum, dyiiij; and utiivr drngi, rfd-vvDod, (luincu
griiini, iinil iviv.
'l'-> Aral)in, Icrlia, Chiiiii, and oihor parti of Alia, Kngland fcndi nuith forrign
lilvcr t'lMii, and bullion, iiiul liuKby Knglilh miinufatturoi of woollen gixxit, and
or lend, iroM. and bralH i .md UiingH home from thofe remote regions, nuillinit and
i'olt<M))i of iiKiny various kindt, callicooi, ruMV and wrouulit lilk, ihnilir \ leas, iior-
ii'lain, ({old (lull, eojRe, filipeire, and drugs. And J<> ^reat a <|uanfity of tnole
\arioUH niei\lian<li/>'s are i< -» x|ioited to foreign Kuropeun nations, u» more than
idinpcnrutc-* for the tilver bullion wliicb Kngland earrie^i out.
During the infumy of eonuneri with fonign part^, it wuh judged cxordient to
Ijrant e\clulive i barters to j»artii idar bodien «»r corporationn of mei\ ; liencc the
|-.all India, South Sea, tiudlon's bay, 'I'urkey, Kullia, and Koyal Afrienn compa-
nies; but ihc trade to Turkey, Kullia, and Africa, is now laid open, lliougl. tlie
mereliant who propofcs {o trade thither muft become a member of tlic company,
be fubject l» their lawsi and regulationw, and advance a bnall fum at admillion, fur
the purpofes of fupporiing confuN, forts, flic.
Tlie foreign trade of Kngland is fupporlcd by great rational indurtry, the pro.
dnce of the land, and labour it tlu country, being calculated at more than
4Z,ooo,oool. annually.
Cornwall and Devonlbire fi. ))ly tin and Icod, and woollen manufaHure!i aro
common to almolf all llie wetlern counties. Dorfctlliire makes cordage for the
navy, feeds an incredible number of (beep, and has larjje lace manufatlurcs.
.Simierfetlliire, beltdei furnidiing lead, copper, and lapis calaminaris, has largo
inanula^Uircs of bone-lace, tbrcko'.gt, (md capx. Urillol is faid by fome to cm-
ploy 2000 vcdels of all (i/es, coafters as well as Ihip!!, employed in foreign
\oyages: it has many very important manufatlurcs; its glafs-bottic and drinking-
jIafsOccupying fifteen large houfes : its brafs-wire manufactures are alto very con-
liderablt. Miinufattures of all kinds (glafs, jewellery, clocks, watches, and cut-
lery, in particular), are carried on in London and its neighbourhood ; the gold
and lilver mnnu;;u'lures of l.ond<m, through the encouragement given by the court
:ind tlie iioliiiily, exceed tiiofe of any other country in Kurt)pi'. Colehcftcr is
famous for its manufiictiiresof l);i\s .iikI ferges, and Kxetcr tor fergesand long-ells;
and Norwich tor its e\i client Hull's, cameli't^, diiiggcls, and liockings. Hir-
niingham, though no corporation, is one of the lar;;elt iiiid taotl populous towns
in I'.ngland, an<l carries on an amazing trade in excellent and ingenious hardware
manut;;etures, piuiicui'uly fnulV id loh.icco boxrs, buttons, llioe-buckles, and
many ntlier forts ot ilcel iuid l>ral^ wares ; it is luie, and in .ShefHeld, which is
famiiuj for culkry, where it is fuppofed upwards of 40,000 workmen arc employ-
ed by about 600 owners and matmfaclurers, that the true genius of Kngliln art
and iiuluflry is to be feen ; tor ("uch are their ex« client inventions t\)r fabricating
hardwares, that they can allxrd ilieni for a fourth part ol the price at which other
nations can furiuili the ("anie ot' an inferior kind : the choapnefs of coals, all necef-
fares, and tlie eonveniencv ot lituation contribute greatly to this. One company
of iion manutacturers in Shrtiftlhirt ufe every day <;oo I 'Us of coals in their works.
In Cinat Hritain there is made every y^ar from 50 lo Oo.ooo Ions of pig-irun, and
fiuiu ij to jo, joo tons ot bur-iron.
The
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Th* nArihfm counikt nf Rngtand carry on > prrxlli^iou* irkclc in lh« rotrfir and
(li^))lc•r woolirn niantifdcKitc* , wiinrft thole of ll^liluii, i^c<t», VVakifulil, ;inil
Kiihnuiiiil, and above all, NUnchcdcr » wliidi, liy iti vntitty ol Ixntiliful (uiioiii,
tliiniiicii, tkkcn», thcikt, «iu( (he like OufTi, ii become a iarue and |Hi|>ul(itta
plute, though onlv a village, and it* highel) niagiUrat« a conllnhle Hcuulihil
|)>irv(luiii and carmen \N.tii' have of late year« hocn manufatltirrd in \ViircolU-r<
(hire niul Stnffotdiliire. I lie Knglilh mrpeli, cfpeiially ihufe of AxminlKr, V\ iU
It'll, iiiul Ki<Ulcrniii>iler, llKuiith lint a Into ni;«iiut'<4aiiie. greatly v\n\ in luttuty
uwt iiii|)orti-(l from lurkt y, uml ate eMrcniely diirulile l*N|ier, whiih (ill vi'r/
l.iioly \\A* imporiod in vuik (]uantitici> lioin I'tunte uiul llollund, i« now made in
(\iiy |i.irt ol the kiii)( toni. Ihc parlmmcnt, t>f luie, h;i<t given rncoiiiHgoment
tiir reviving the luuituia^i ire of fall pctro, whuli w:i> till) attempted to I'.uglaiid
|i> lir Walter Uuieigh, .)uv wai dropt altcrwuid* in luvour ol'the bull India Cum*
pany.
After all thnt hut been faid, the feati of nianutuduret, 4nd c(>nfi.-«pieiitl) uf
tradr, in tnglaiid, are lliittuttiing , they will alwayt follow tluife pit** e« wlure liv-
ing ix ihrap, and tavct ure ealy ; lor thin reafon, lluy have been obdrvid of lata
III ii-niovc touardi llic northern niuiitics, wlu j. prnvilions ure in pliiity, and UtO
laiid-lHX Viiy low ; and, probably, in a lew )ears, the inland navigation* wiiiih
arc completed in many parts of hnt^laiid, will make great improvements in itt
nal " .
Ihr immenfe accuniulalmn of the public debti, and the dcpreired Hate of pub-
lic credit, of the revenue, and of the lundu, nt the cinfe of the lall war, ttigether
with the lofs of fcveral exi'-nlive and popuKiu?. colonies in North Ameriia, led
fome of the ableft and moll expericiued men in the kingdvmt, not in geiiernl in-
vlincd to defpondency, to <loul(t wluther it \\t uld be poilible tor (Jrcat Hiitain,
reduced apparently to the lowell i bb, by a futcellion ot misfortunes, and by ex
pences unprecedented in any Inrnier lime, ever to ui;ain profperily at lu>me, or
inHuence abroad, Ihi' events, however, whici " ive lince nappeiiril, ib'W as well
(lie elVctl which m.iy be produced by a refolnlii to eneounler tlie ditiii ultie* of
the moU embarrallfd lituation, as the exieni of the refources to be derived from ii
rpirit of national iixlullry and cnter|)ri/c.
Among other caufes which have contrilniied to the profperity of ihc iiatinn
lince the peace of 178?, the wrili r ot a pamphlet, ei.iillid, A brief Kxamiii.uion
hito the Increnfe of the Revenue, C(«nmerce, and Navigation of (Jreat Britain, pub-
lilh'd 1793, mentions mi ail for muliiin^ puhlii luiounts. l.ofles to an immenfe
amount had been fnllained by the public, from perlbns to whom larj;e funis of
money iuid been illued, Jnul who bad not rendered anv account : a very large
proportion of them had iu\er been called upon, the few who were with tliofc
who voluntarily tendered themfelves, palTed their nccountb for millions before a
deputy or clerk, appointed bv an auditor, who al\v;i\s coiilulered his own ollui
as a linecure. To renuily this evil, an \\t\ was piilied in i7{'i3, for belter e\aiiiiii-
iiig and auditing the public accounts i^i the kingdom ; liiue which, lliev have
been examin'-il with attention ai<l (crnpuU)iis e\iittiiel>, aud the elli cts of iliislaw
will be felt in its \\\\\ extent, in tlie preftnt > 171)4) war witli Frame Sums, be-
voiid all belief to perfoiv* iii>t expcrienied in fin.li iniilters, would have been laved,
if fiich an inl\ilution hud been provided previous to the two lali wars.
It mull be in the recollection of every t»ne, how univofala pcrfiialion prevailed,
that the feparation of the American C\>loiiies bom (ircai biiuiin, would be felt as
a great and levere wound, iiijurinp «>ur n ("ources ar.d lelfcninji our navigatien.
We cannot, therefore, but coiMemplatc with the hiuliell pUafuie the etliCts pro-
duced by the meafures betorc blinded lo, ui.d b\ vaiious other laules wliJi li.ne
contributed to the general profperity of the country. 'I y compare the itvcmie at
3 ditVufiii
140
K N
I.
N
1).
nviore aiiviupiiiti, inc grhau«i tiiu crritiii rrnuciiim m iri« a«i>(.
more diraU ■r|ummi will, hitwcvvr. arif* f'rum mi inuutrx lnt«i \he rtaic of
Avigation amloHnnirrtc durint the y«*ar» i)f uur Kroarcll prDCjirriiv, a(i«r ll»#
i«>l Iff)!, and ai thi* limr.— In ini* inquiry llu rciHt iiritl'i)nu> (lirtiiiilly 4« loih**
(ll(f«rtnt p4>riiMli, b«fur« an«l liiica \\t* frparaiunt, wutild imM alntM b>' atlmiiicil aa
a t ril«ri(iii, hrtaufr naw laia* havf< li<*<-n linrr adiU <l !■» a Inrg* anwHini t atilmuKli
it U ihr Itrotigfrt priHif of fht« rnrray nl ihi- tounirv, thai und«'r an Imnu'iifi* a«iu-
m>ilali<)n ol' ilrlii and ia«r», il ha« l>«en aide lo t'lft'^t niol) Tmi I'i-Utullyr what wa«
iM*\er hvfore atl«iup<«tl, the gritdual and crriaiii rrducliim ii( the d«l>t.
A mo»«
our navl^
l«rar« (dl 763, and ai thi* iimr— in Ihi* in(|uiry
navicalion ;— ii ii to be bnicnlrd, llml |iri-vi4iui In 17M6, no dii|Ni were ti'xilL'ri-d
in Grrat Btitain, rx<«p( tK<dt' whith lnid«'d lo lli<* plaiitiKKHUi cntrtc* ol (hiti«
outward* w«r« till iIkh made virv l<M*idv ; iIuti' \«ii« no fort id check on Ihi*
muOvr ur ownrr, who invariahly roprclcnird llic %rlfi'l< ot' a Iff* burihcii iliaii the
r> al lonnagr, to fnvr the tia\in<-nl <>l IikHi diili<'« imd oiltcr ihar|(r* . iioiwilli
lliiuliiifr wliali, a tnlirulilc |ii(igni<'iil iii.iv Ik- liMinid ol iho ini r( .il< ol our iinvt*
j;nliiin, Dy comparinK ihf tinnilHT **( lln* |Iii|hi i-U'iri-d out at iht' dillicrsni ihthkIs
having in view that, |trrviou« to the frjiaralion ol' il)i< roUtiiict of <iri*ai ikiluin,
nil /Xincrican ihippin^ wa« dcrmod Hritiih, and that ihr lixc of our ihip* ii nuw
l<trf(< r thnii at tliai liiiii*
\iunt>«r of Mrllilh flil|H «ntcrr4 mtvmJi In
(•real Hi lulu.
* Mlf«. TMMg*.
I »|—<4M—T (»,••!
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Nuintx-r uf ItrUllli l)ii|ii ilrartJ t>.t-u4t,lt
li»in llrrui Uilulii
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I ;>>'>-it,?4t^l,4l4 III
I'll -IM l-l,(ll,M*
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Taul V«Im of Imparit liua Great Btiutai
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An Account of Vrffrti bf lon|(lii| lo (irtti Briinlii I in the tujlo^'lng Yran i
i-ri
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Tof»l View iif v.»\>t>ti% from (Jrfit Oril^iit 1
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• III II
r«r*i|iii Minub'1. Iriiik ManuUtt. Tul*!.
•:t« — i.*.;**!"*' — — /ii'>,9-i,oo«-^£'7i"''i»''«o
ir-j — ^ 7,114, <>o- - .i.4i7,»<»« i*,ni'*»'^
Ip4 — i.'ifl,^ c r ,(t*^j -■ IM<|,e|a
i;7j — ■ »,H )ijoo— — iO|ii;i,of> itijl ,o>«
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— l4,illuo — -— ti,|i.i,t«ii
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— It,)! ,<(*J IJ.SJitf.n
• Thr firnporlinn nf ihrfr rtii|n, in ihr Uft plti^ hf|(iM(;in|{ In llir whole Hrlli(h F.mpirr n|
|M"l(r li<-liiii(,lri(' In Ihr I'roviiuri (now ihrUiiitrtl Ihr illffcmil |>rriiHl<, liriuiifr, prrviniK in ihr Ule
Kia'fi) uai very l.inM- ; hiil il i> iiniMilDblr to KcKiDer 4i'l, ii>> 41 1 iiuiil a.i< kr|i| ut llioir h. I.)n)(.
•firrtiin tlir numlirr uf llirm willi Jiiy ilrnrrr injt lo lril.iii<l nr llu' I'l kiIjIxmi. ; nor > 411 miy
of itiiiimiy, <oin)Jiirif«n hr iiu<lr nl iho loiiii.iur, ^^ thr (hi|>«
f Krnin (hi'i yrar ihry roMiiiiiiitl dimininiiiig wrrr nni nn iiralrly mrnfiiri'il brlorr ihr lulHiiif
r II i;lj, whrti tlirrr wrrr only 4.6{i. of iNr f.il act.
; A «.on)p«rifjii iaiiaot lie nude ot tin- lliip-
In
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""» A *i0OO,O0O,
^•'"« o* Import, ,y -. ,
V. . ''JiOjO.
/'/•I'-ll. Hi.
Pi It
7ih Ke.
' « «. afforded
«4»
N
N D.
aflTordrd by the bank for converting the paper Into fpceie. The notes of (he bank
of England arc of the fame value «• the current coin, a* thty may be turned int»
it whenever the poT^'flbr plcafe*. From hence, aa notes are a kind of money, the
counterfeiting them is puni(hcd with death, ai well aa coining.
'Vhii method of dcpofiting monry in the bank, and exchanging it ftr notea.
(though they bear no intcrcft), is attended with manv convftnieiicics ( as ibcy are
not only fafer than money in the hands of the owner himfelf, but a» the notes are
more portable, and capable of a much more cafv conveyance : lincc a bank note
fur a very large fum may be fcnt by the jpofl, and to prevent theft, may, without
damage, be cut in two, and fcnt at two leveral timcb. Or bills, called Bank poft-
bills, may be had by application at the bank, which arc particularly calculated t<y
prevent fraud, they bcmg made payable to the order of the perfon who takes thera
out, at a certain number of days after fight; which gives an opportunity to ftop bills
at the bank, if they Oiould be lo(l, and prevents their being fa cafily negociated by
flrangerii as common bank-notes are ; and whoever conflders the hazard, the ex-
pence, and trouble, in fending large fums of gold and filver to and from diftant
places, mud alfo regard this as a very important advantage. Befides which
aiiotlier benefit attends them; for if they arc dcftroycd by time, or other accident,
the Bank will, on uulh being made of fucli accident, and fecui-ity being given, pay
the money to ilie perfon who was in poflcllion of them.
Bmik Notes differ from all kinds of (lock in thefe three particulars: i. They arc.
always of the fame value ; 2. They arc paid off without being transferred j and,
3. 'l1iey bear no intercft ; while ^of^j are a ihare in a company's funds, bought
without any condition of having the principal returned. India bonds indeed (by
fome pcrfons, though crroncoully, denominated ftock) are to be excepted, they
being made payable at fix months notice, cither on the fide of the company, or of
the pollinTor.
by the word Stock was originally meant, a particular fum of money cotitri-
butt-d to the elhiblKliing a fund to enable a company to carry on a certain trade,
by means of wliich liie perfon became a partner m that trade, and received a fliare
in the profit made thereby, in proporlion to the money advanced. But this term
has been extended farther to iignify any fum of money which lias been lent to the
government, on condition of receiving a certain intercll till the money is repaid.
As the fecuriiy both of tiie government and the public companies is eueemedpre-
feruhle to tliat of any private perfon, as Itock is ncgociable and may always
be rt adily transferred, as the intcreft is always punctually paid wiicn due ; fo for
thcfe rcalons government may commonly borrow money cheaper than individuals,
from whom there is often fome danger of loling both principal and intcreft.
livery fumi being raifod for a particular piirpofe, and limited by parliament to a
corlain fum, it follows, that when the fund ts completed, no more (lock can be
bought i though ihares, already purchafed, may be transferred from one perfon to
AnoUter. This iK-ing the cafe, there is frequently a great difproportion betwci-n
the original value of the fhnrcs, and what is given for them when transferred; fur
if thcrt arc more buyers than fellers, a perfon who is indifferent about felling, will
not part with his Ihare without a couliderable profit to himfelf ; and on the con-
trary, if u.any iirc difpofed to fell, and few inclined to buy, the value of fuch thares
will naturally fall in proportion to the impatience of thofe who want to turn their
ftock into fpecie.
'Iliefc obfcrvalions were ncccffary. to give our readers (bltte idea of the nature of
that unjultifiable and dilhoneA pr;Uiltce called Stock-jobbing., the myftery of whicli
conlifts in nothing more than this : the pcrfons- concerned in that pradice, who
are denominated btock-jobbcri, make contra£is to buy or fell at a certain dillaiit
time,
N
L
N
D.
«4J
time, a certain (Quantity of fome pnrticuliir (luclc i againil wliich time thev en>
tlcavour, acconUiig a» tl>eir coiUratt is, tiihor to raiie or lower futh flock, by
Spreading' riimouri, and H^4ilioua tlorici, in order to induce people either to fell
out in a nurry, and confeqnentiy cheap, it* llivy are to deliver flock j or to bccoins
unwilling to fell it, and confeqnentiy tu make il dearer, iftliey arc to receive flock.
The perfons who make thefe lontrads are not in general poflellod of any real
flock I and when the time comes that they are to receive or deliver the quantity
they have o»ntratlcd for, they only pay fuch a fum of money us makes thd
diflercnce between the price the flock was at, when they made the contra^^, and
the price it happens to be at when the contra£^ is fulfilled ; and it is no uncommon
thing for perfons not worth tool, to make contra£l9 for the buying or felling
ioo,oool. flock. In the language of Exchange-Alley, the buyer in thiK cafe is called
the Bull, and the feller the Bear } one ii for railing or tolling up, and the other for
lowering or trampling upon the Stock.
Befidcs thefe, there is another fet of men, who, though of a higher rank, may
properly come under the fame denomination. Thefe are the great nK>nied men,
who arc dealers in flock, and contraftors with the government whenever any new
money it to be borrowed. Thefe indeed are not fictitious, but real buyers and
fellers of flock ; but by raifmg falfe hopes, or creating groundlefs fears, by pre-
tending to buy or fell large (luantities of flock on a fudden, by uling the foremen-
tioned fet of men as their inltruments, and other like pratliccs, they are enabled
to raife or lower the flocks one or two per cent, at pleafurc.
However, the real value of one flock above another, on account of its bring
more profitable to the proprietors, or any thing that will really, or only in imagi-
oation, tfktA the credit ot a company, or endanger the government by which that
credit is fecured, mufl naturally nave a conliderable effect on the flocks, 'llius,
with rcfpe£i to the intereft of the proprietors, a fliarc in the flock of a trading
company which produces 5I. or 61. per cent, per ann. mufl be more valuable than
an annuity with government fecunty, that produces no more than 3I. or 4I. per
cent. p«r annum } and confeqnentiy fuch flock mufl fell at a higher price than
fuch an annuity. Though it mufl be obferved, that a Ihare in the flock of a trad-
ing company producing 5I. or 61. per cent, per annum, will not fetch fo much
money at market as 1 government annuity producing the fame fum, becaufe the
£;cunty of the company is not reckoned equal to that of government ; and the
continuance of their paymg So much per annum, is more precarious, as their divi<
^nd is, or ought to be, always in proportion to the protits of their trade.
As the ftocks of the Eaft India, the Bank, and the South Sea companies, are
^iflinguithed by different doiominations, and arc of a very dilVerent nature, wc
ihall give a liiort biAory of each of them, together with an account of the differ-
ent flocki each ia poSeffcd of, beginning with the Eafl india company, as the iirft
aftablifhcd.
East India comvamt.] The Arft idea of it was formed In queen Elizabetli's
time, but it has lince undergone great alterations. Its iliares, or lubfcriptions,
were originally only 50!. ftcrling } and its capital only 369,8911. 5!i. but the
directors having a confidcrable dividend to make in 1676, it was agreed to join
the profits to the capital, by which the iharcs were doubled, and confcqucntly,
each became of lool. value, and the capital, 739,7821. los. to which capital, if
963,6391. the profits of tho company to the year 168 «, be added, the whole flock
amounted to 1,703,402!. Though the cftablilhment of this company was vindicated
in the clcarefl manner by lir Joliah Child, and other able advocates, yet the par-
tiality which the duke of York, afterwards James il. had for his favourite African
trade, the loiies it fuflamed in wars with the DuK'h, and tho revolutions which
i i 2 had
a44
N
N
D.
had happened in the affairi of Indoflan, damped the ardour of the public to fup"
{)ort it i (o that nt the time of the Revolution, when the war broke out with
'Vance, it wag in a very bad filuation. This was in a great meafurc owing to its
having no parliamentary fanilion, whereby its (lock often fold for one half lefs
than It was really worth ■, and it was refolved that a new company fliould
be ere£kd, under the authority of parliament.
The oppo/ition given to all the public-fpirited meafurcs of king William, by
faction, rendered tnis propofal a matter of difficulty ; but at lad, after many par-
liamentary enquiries, the new fubfcription prevailed ; and the fubfcribers, upon
udvancing two millions to the public at 8 per cent, obtained an a(t of parliament
in their favour. '1 he old company, however, retained a great interefl both in the
{>arii!nnent and nntion ; and tlie a^l being found in fonie rcfpc£ts defe£tivc, fo
violent a ftriiggle between the two companies arofe, that in the year 1702, they
were united by an indenture tripartite. In 1708, the yearly fund of 8 per cent.
for two millions, was reduced to ^ per cent, by a loan of i, 200,000!. to the pub-
lic, without any additional interrA ; for which coniidcration the company obtamed
n proiong.ntion of its exclufive privileges ; nnd a new charter was granted to them,
under the title of " 'I'he United Company of Merchants trading to the Eaft
Indies." Its exclufive right of trade was prolonged from time to time; and a
farther fum was lent by the company in 1730, by which, though their privileges
were extended for thirty-three years, yet tlie interefl of their capital, wnich then
amounted to 3,190,0001. was reduced to three per cent, and called the India 3 per
cent, annuities.
'Ihofe annuities arc different from the trading ftock of the company, the pro-
prietors of which, inflead of receiving a regular annuity, have, accordmg to tneir
different lliares, a dividend of the profits arifmg from the company's trade ; and
that dividend rifes or falls according to the circumflances of the company, either
real, or as is too often the cafe, pretended. A proprietor of ftock to the amount
<if I cool, whether man or woman, native or foreigner, has a right to be a manager,
;ind to give a vote in the general council. Two thoufand pounds is the qualihca-
tion for a dircttor : the directors are twenty-four in number, including the chair-
man and dej)uty-chairnian, who may be re-cledtcd in turn, fix a year, for four years
fucccliively. '1 he meetings, or court of directors, are to be held at leafl once a
week ; but arc commonly oftcner, being fummoned as occafions require. Out
of the body of directors are chofen fevcral committees, who have the peculiar in-
fpection of certain branches of the company's bufmefs ; as the committee of cor-
refpondence, a committee of buying, a committee of trcafury, a houfe committee,
a committee of warehoufe, a committee of fliipping, a committee of accounts, a
committee of law-fuits, and a committee to prevent the growth of private trade ;
who have under them a fecrctary, cafltier, clerks, and warehoufc-keepers.
'f he amazing territorial ncquifitions of this company, computed at the termination
of the fornur war in India, to be 182,122 fquare miles, containing near eleven mil-
lions of people, with the addition of 21,589 * fquare miles, in the countries lately
«tded by 'lipi- • Sultan, niwfl be necelTarily attended with a proportionable
increafe of trade f : and tliis, joined to the diffenfions among its managers both at
home and abrt)ad, greatly engaged the attention of the Icgiflature. A reftri6\ion
» Rennrll'j Memoir of hii Map of tlic Peninfula of India, p. 34. '
I According tu iilts laid before the iioufc of tonunon:.. the Company employed no fliips and
iiio men.
Met(v cert India and Europe in carrying cargoes to and from - ■ 70 Ships and 7110 men,
6 Patketj -- 320
1(1 die country trade and from Ctiioa • • • * 34 ^tabi -« jio
was
E N
N
•45
OP riicir dividends for a certain time. From a report
77C1, appointed by parliament on India affairs, it appear*
wai occafionally laid
of the committee, in ,,^,. _ , , ., _^
that the India compan/, fiom the year 1708 to 1756, for the fpacc of forty-Rrvcn
year* and a half, divided the fum of ia,ooo,oool. or above i8o,oooJ. per annum,
which on a capital of 3,190,000!. amounted to above cieht and a half per ct-nt.
and that at the lall mentioned period it appeared that, bendes the above dividend,
the capital ftock of the company had been incrcafed i8o,oool. Conliderablu
alterations were made in the anairs and conllitution of the Eall India company by
an a£t paflfed in 17731 intitlud, "An ai\ for rftablilliing certain rules and orders,
for the future management of the affairs of the Kaff India company, as well in
India as in Europe. ' It was thereby cnack-d, that the court ot directors Ihould,
in future, be cledled for four years : lix members annually ; but none to hold their
feats longer than four years. 'Iliat no perfun Hiould vote at the cicdtion of the
diredtors, who had not poffl-lTed their ilock twelve months. That the Itock of
qualification (lioukl, inAeiid of 500I. as it had formerly been, be loool. That the
mayor's court at Calcutta fliould in future be confined to fmall mercantile caufes,
to which only its jurifdi£tion extended before the territorial acquifitions. That in
lieu of this court, thus taken away, a new one be citablilhed, confilVing of a chief
jufficc and three puifne judges ; and that thefe judges be appointed by the crown.
'ITiat a fuperiority be given to the prelidency of Bengal, over the other prcfiden*
cies in India. That the right of nominating the governor and council ot Bengal-
Hiould be veiled in the crown. The falanes of the judges were alfo fixed, at
8000I. to the chief juftice, and 6000I. a vear to each of the other three. 'Ilie ap-
pointments of the governor -general and council were fixed, the firft at 25,oooL
and the four others at io,oool. each annually.
In the month of November 1783, Mr. l-ox, then fecretary of (late, brought
forward a bill for new regulating the company, under the fuppofition of the incom-
petency of the dirctlors, and the then infolvent Hate of the company. The in-
tention of the bill was, to vcft the whole powers of the Eaft India company in
feven direflors, whofe names were moved by the fecretary of Hate, and adopted by
the houfe of commons. They were to hold their offices four years, removeable,.
like the twelve judges, by an addrcfs of either houfe of parliament, and not by
any other power : and nine ^entlemeity moved for and adopted in the fame manner^
were to afliff them in managing the commercial affairs of the company.
The effefl of this was, to veil in thefe feven directors the whole intiucnce of the
offices of every kind both in India and at home, belonging to the company ; and
the whole influence arifing from their tranfadions in the purchafe of goods for
exportation, furnilhing (hipping, (lores, and recruits ; the inHuence arifing from the
method of felling their goods, by bringing forward or keeping back goods at the
fiiles, or giving indulgencies as to payments, fo as to accommodate thole who were
nie.int to be favoured ; the influence arifing from the favour they may (hew to-
thofe who are now in England, and have left debts or effetts in India, as to the
mode i)f bringing home and recovering their fortunes; the intiucnce of contra6ls-
of .nil kinds in India; of promotions, from Hep to Hep ; of favour in the inland
trade ; of intimidation with refpeil to every perfon now there, who may coiiiC'
home with a fortune, with regard to recovering his deLls, the means of remittance,,
and enquiries into his conduct ; the influence upon foreign companies, or t'orcign
liatcs, who have ellablifluucnts in that country, who, in return, may have the
means of .itliiig upon individuals in Britain ; the intluer.ce upon the native princes
ot" India, fume of whon) have already found the way of procuring the eledlions of
members of parliament ; aiid miuiy other means of iufluence, which it is impoliiblo
to forefee, ot to trace.
The
346
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'^\^e amount of (he whole cnnnt)! br computed. It was cnlled equal to tWA
or tbrci- million! a vcar; but there can be no iluubt that it* magnitudii wna vcrj
grciit iiideed, and tiiitt it niiqht have produced very reninrknblc cunrcqucncus.
Thiii pitwor was not, indeed, taken tVoni the crown ; but it wns to be ulaced in
new hands, indrpfiulcnt, dnrin;^ four years, equally of the crown and of the peo-
ple. 'Ihi'lc confequenccH were fuppoffd iiecelTarily to follow, that the whole
|)ower and patronage of India would be vefted in the members of that prcfent
iidininillration, not only during four years, but as lone as India ihall belong to this
kingdom, and without any fear from a future parliament. The bill paiTed the
commons, but, it fccms, by the inllucncu of the crown, an oppulition was formed
againfl it in the houfe of lords, as placing too dangerous a power in the hands of
any men, and which would be fure to op<'rate agamfl the necelFary power of the
crown; and after long debates it was rejedod by a majority of 19 peers. The
confequcnce of this was the downfall of the minillry, and a general revolution
of the cabinet.
. A new bill paflTed at the cMc of the feflions, 1784, bv which three things were
intended. Firll, the edablilhing a power of control in this kingdom, by which the
Executive government in India is to be connedled with that over the reft of the em*
pire. Secondly; the regulating the conduct of the company's fervants in India.
Thirdly, the providing for the ptmifhment of thofc guilty of malverfation in of>
fice.
Accordingly, fix perform were nominated by the king as commiflioncrs for the
affairs of India, of whom i^ie of the focretaries of Jate and the chancellor of the
exchequer for the time being fliall be two, and the prefident is to have a cail-
ing vote. New commillioners are to be appointed at the pleafure of the
crown. This board is to fuperintcnd and control all operations refpe£ting the civil
or military sovernment or revenue of the BritiQi territorial pofll-lhons in the Eaft
Indies. The court of directors of the company are to deliver to this board
^11 minutes and refolutions of tliemfelves and of the courts of proprietors, and
copies of all letters and inilru£tions propofed to be fent abroad, for tneir approba-
tion or alteration. The direQors arc (till to appoint the fervants abroad, but the
king hath a power by his fecretary of ftate to recall the governors and members of
;he councils, and all inferior magiflratcs. By this bill there is given to the gover*
nur and council of Bengal a control over the other prelidencies in all public tran^
actions ; but the council of Bengal are fubje£ted to the direction of tne company
at home, and except in cafes of immediate danger and ncccHity, retrained from
acting without orders received from hence.
Another obj^'Ct of the bill is the redrefs of the grievances of the natives of India j
to provide for the payment of the juft debts of the nabob of Arcot, which are a
burthen on his country j to afccrtain the indeterminate right and prrtenhous on
which fo many differences have arifen between him and the rajah of Tanjorc, fo-
mented by Europeans, and to deliver the zemindars, and other native landholders
of India, from opprellion.
A material part of this bill is directed alfo againll the abufes faid to have prevail-
ed in the civil and military departments, enjoining a thorough rcvifal of their efta-
biilhment ; together with a fupprelfion of fuch places as are found to be ulclefs,
and of fuch expences as may be conveniently avoided. And, in order to prevent
;iny dclulive (liew of retrenchment in the prefcnt motion, or any deviation from the
wife fyrtem of oeccmomy at a future period, this reform is direaed to be conllantly
fubmitted, in its whole flate and progrefs, to parliament.
Cadets and writers had hitherto been lent to India in fuch number."!, as to
remain a burthen upon the eflabiilhments of the coiuiiaiiy. No more of thcfe are
now
3
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«47
•ow to be ient oot, till their number i« reduced within the proper complement,
which it not to be exceeded in future.
The rccomtnendatitint alfo o( the dire£lors to oflicet abroad are now rendered
laeffcdtual ; and a fyttem i* cftahlilhcd, of fucccllion by feniority. From this
regulation neccflariljr Hows a limitation of the a|i;c of perfons entering upon the
line of Eaft India Icrvicc from fiftut-n to twenty-two years ; for, if no provifioa
was made to prevent children being enrolled on the cflablifhment, they misht
be broMght by fucrclfion to many im]>ortant cmplorments before they arrived at
manhood : or, on the other hand, pcrfona adrancrd in years might be appointed
to tilt.* nations of young nu-n, for tlte folc purpofe of repairing dillipated tortnnes »
and that without the profpctt of being able to do it in the cuiirfe of years by re-
gular advancement anu legal profit. On the fame ground, and on that of prevent-
ing, as far at polhbie, the mifchicf of tainting the government of that continent,
by introducing into it the pailit.ii of Great Britain, all perfons who have refided
ive years ia Luro|)c, iince their return from India, are precluded from any farthisr
re-appointment to ofNces in that country.
The Jalt body of regulations for the company's fervants in India applies to of-
finices committed in that country.
Security had been derived to Indian delinquents, from the circumftance of their
•ffcnces being committed within the territories of Indian princes, fu as not to
comi; within the cognisance of the Britilh government. This a£tprovtdes againft
further evaiions of this inifchicvous nature, by declaring the offence ^ually pu-
ailhable in whatever territory of India it is committed. Under the fpccious name
of Prefetits, the groped extortion had frequently been pni£tifed ; and all attempts
to draw a line having proved nugatory, nothing remained but to put an entire (lop
to the pra£tice. The afct, theretore, of receiving prefents, is declared to be in itfelf
extortion, and punilhable by law accordingly. Of the fame kind with thefe are
the regulations againd difobedience of orders ; and alfo againft the bargaining for
offices. Both of thefe offences are pronounced mifdemeanours: and provifion is
made, that the guilty perfons (hall not compound for them with the company,
nor ever be reftored to appointments in their fervice.
To prevent, or more cafily punilh, the mifcondutl of the fervants of the com-
pany, every pcrfon returning from India is, within the fpace of two calendar
months after his return, lo deliver in upon oath, before the barons of the exchequer,
an inventory of all lands, tenements, goods, debts, monies, fecurities for money,
&c. 8cc. fpecifying what part thereof was not acquired or purchafed by pro-
perty acquired in confequencc of his relidence in the Eaft Indies. A duplicate is to
be given to the court of directors, for the infpcition of the 'proprietors of the com-
pany ; and in cafe of a complaint within three years after the delivery of the inven-
tory, that it isevalive, infufhcient, or falfe, then the perfon is to be examined upon
oath, in the exchequer, to fuch interrogatories as the court (hall think, (it, or be im-
prifoned ; and if he hath been guilty of any omiilion or concealment to the value
of 20ool. all his real and perfonal eltate ihall be forfeited, one moiety to the king,
and the other to the united company. Any perfoi; who (hall within the fpace ot
three years make difcovcry, on oath, of any part of the eftate or property, real or
perfonal, of any perfon delivering fuch an inventory, which (htll have been con-
cealed, (hall, upon conviction of the perfon, be allowed ten per cent, of the value
of the eftate or effetts fo difcoverod. It is alfo, by this bill, lawful for the attorney-
general, or court of diredors, to exhibit an information againft any pcrfon guilty
of the crime of extortion or other niifdenieanors committed in the Eaft Indies,
which information is to be tried by commiflioners.
J<oon after the palling of this act, iVlr. Dundas, who had long given unwearied
cpplication to the atfairs of Indin, being placed at the head of the board of con-
troul,
a4l
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troiil, introduced tbe laudable pra6tkc of bringing annually bcTore n committor of
llie houfo of cnmmoni, u llnti-mcnt of tlif tinuncial cunccmn of the company
«brood, exhibiting tliu balance upon the coniparifon uf the revenues and charge*
of the fevernl retticnu-ntii. As the company's right to their exclulive trade wai,
by an ad palfed in 1781, to terminate in March 17941 it became necelfary to make
]>roviliun for that event ; whicii was clfettualiy done by Mr. Dundus'i bill, pro*
))ofcd the 25th February 1 79; j which meeting the approbation of parliament,
lud the lingular good fortune uf giving equal 7ati»futti(m to the public, and to
llie company ; to the pul)lic, becaufe mllead of 400,0001. they were to receive
500,000!. per ann. from the revenues of India ; and to the company, bccaufc they
were Aiil to prefervc their power and privilege*, in ai far as thefu contributed to
j)romotc the intererts of their commerce.
This falatury regulation proceeded on the principle, that the concerns of go-
vernment and trade were fo intimately blended in our Indian provinces, (it being
by trade only that the revenues of Inoia can be realized in Kurope) that the two
oujo^h could not be fepnrated witliout putting both to hazard, nor in any event
without incurring great inconvenience and certaiit lofs. Both the political and thi;
commercial afl'airs of the company were to remain, therefore, for the term of
twenty years under the management of the court of diredors, fubjcit to the con-
troul of the executive power, itfelf rcfponfible to parliament : the governor-gene-
ral of Hengal was to appear in India, under the charader of an abfolute prince,
to prefide nut only in the council of Calcutta, but in the councils of Madrafs and
Bombay, when aHairs called him thither, and his commands were to be obeyed
over the whole of our Indian dominions, fpreading over an extent of territory, lit-
tle inferior to that of Europe. But while the governor-general thus difplayed in
Alia, a character analogous to the feelings and habits of thinking of the natives,
and therefore elfential to the erticiency ot his government, he was Hill rcfponlilde
for every ad of his adminillration, from which he might be removed at pleafure,
by the executive power at home; while he remained m Alia, he wis to obey in>-
{ilicitly tlie orders lent to him from Britain 1 the inferior governors, with all the
joards and tribunals, refpetting the concerns of juftice, police, revenue, and trade,
were accountable in the tirii inllance to the governor-general, and amenable in the
next place to the laws *)f Great Britain. '1 ne magilirates who fuperintended the
police, and the otRccrs who colletled the revenues, were no longer to be cntrufted
with tlie diftribution of jullice, and the judging and punilhing of crimes ; powers
whiih in their hands, might have been employed as engines of opprellion. The
Mahominedans and Hindoos were to prefervc their own religion and laws; and
without offering violence to their feelings or prejudices by fudden iimovutions,
means were to be employed for engrafting ilowly, but firmly, on an Aliatic Hock,
thu etjuity and liberality which diltinguilh the Knglilh laws, and the enlightened
domeliic policy wliiih hj\s raifed this illand to unrivalled profperity.
llie inldjination which preceded or accompanied this falutary bill, gave the moil
favourable view of the company's alfairs, and of the great national betietits which
have already at i rued, and which might be cxpedetl in future to How in Hill greater
abuiidancc from the Indian trade and territory. 'I he revenues of the countries
ceiled to the company by Tij)poo Sultan, were Hated at 390,0001. and the future
rivtiuics of tlie Diitiln jjoirehmns in India, were eHimatcd at nearly 7,000,000!.
Iea\ing a net Airplus, after deducting the intereH on the debts in India and the
tivil, military, and commerciai charges of 1,059,0001. per ami. The annual fales
of India ^oods in Kurope, are eHimatvd at nearly 5,000,0001. which exceeds the
prime cuH and changes by 74';.f)ool. au<l the net furplus on the whole of the re-
VI lues and trade of tiie I'.alt India eonipaiiy, after paying eight per cent, dividend
on tlie capital Huck of live uiiiiiDus, i> iltiuiated ut 1,2 ^9, .141 1, per aan.
Bams
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M9
IUnk op r.Nfi r AND ] Tin- company of the Bank was incorpornfcd by pnrlin-
tiu'i (, III tlu- sti) and dtli yiarii of king VV'illinin nnd <|ii(rn Miirv, l)\ the name of
tlic (lovcrnorH auil (lonipai.y of tlic Itaiik of l',n;;land ; in conlidi. ration of tlio loan
of i,200,oool. ({rantfii lo (Ik- Kovornnu-nt i for wiiiih llu' fiibfirilK-rs nccivi-d jil-
nioll 8 per cent, hy this cliuricr the company an.* not to borrow under their
common foal, imUf> by i\H of parliament ; thoy aro not to trade, or fiililr any
ni'rfitn in tmll lor llu-ni to tiado, ni any goods or inrrchimdi/c ; bnt tlir) may deal
in bdU of cxihango, in buying or felling bullion, and in foreign gold and lilver
coin.
by an ao\ of parlianvMit, paffed in the 8lh and 9th year of Will. III. they were
im|)oweied to eidivrge their eapital fiotk to 2,201,1711 10s. It was then alfo
enacted that the Hank Dock Ihould In* a perfonul, and not a real elhitc ; that no
contr.icl, either in word or writing, for buying or felling Hank Ihak, Ihoidd be
good in law, unlefs regiflered in the books of the Hank within feveii days, and the
tlock transferred in fourteen days, and that it lliould be felony, without the benefit
ofcleigy, I counterfeit the common fcalofthe Bank, orai\y Hank note, or to alter
or erafe fuc;i notes.
By anyther att, palTed in tlie 7th of ipiccn Anne, the company were impowered
to augment their capital to 4,402,3431. and they then advanced 400,0001. more to
the government ; and in 1714 they advanced anothern loan of 1,500,0001.
in the third year of the reign tjfking George I. the intercll of their capital tlock
v\ .IS reduced to 5 per cent, when (he Hank agreed to deliver up as many exchequer
hills as amounted to 2,000,000!. and to accent an annuity of ioo,oool. and it was
declared lawful for the Bank to call from tncir members, in proportion to their
intcrcfls in their capital ftock, fuch funis of money as in a general court iliould be
found neceflTary. If any member fliould neglect to pay his (hare of the monies fo
called for, at the time appointed, by notice in the London Gazette, and fixed upon
the Koyal Exchange, it Ihould be lawful for the Bank, not oidy to Aop the dividend
of fuch member, and to apply it toward payment of the money iu queliion ; but
alfo to flop the transfers of the (hare of fuch defaulter, and to charge nini with the
intereft of five per cent, per annum, for the nu)ney fo omitted to be paid : and if
the principal and intereft Ihould be three months unpaid, the Bank fliould then, have
power to fell fu much of the (luck belonging to the defaulter as would fatisfy the
lame.
After this, the Bank reduced the intcrcfl of the 2,000,000!. lent to the govern-
ment, from 5 to 4 per cent, and purchafcd feveral otlier annuities, which were
afterwards redeemeu by the government, and the national debt due to the Bank
reduced to i,6oo,oool. But in 1742, the cojnpany engaged to fupply the govern-
ment with i,6oo,oool. at 3 per cent, which is now called the 3 per cent, annuities;
fo that the government was now indebted to the company 3,00,000!. the one half
carrying 4, and the other 3 per cent.
In the year 1746, tlie company agreed that the fum of 986,800!. due to them in
the Excheuucr bills unlatisfied, on the duties for licences lo fell fpirituous liquors
by retail, (itould be cancelled, and in I'u 11 thereof to aicept of an annuity of
39,442!. the intercll of tliat fum at 4 per cent. 'l"he company alfo agreed to ad-
vance the fartlier fimi of i,ooo,oool. at 4 per cent, into the exchequer, for exclic-
'luer bills iflucd upon the credit of the duties ariling from tlie malt and land-tax ;
in eonfideration ot which, tlie company were enabled to augment their capital with
986,8001. the intercll of which, as well as tliat of the other annuities, was re-
duced to three and a half ])er cent, till Uie 25th gf December, 1757, and from
that lime to carry only 3 per cciK.
In order to enable them to circulate the faid exchequer bills, tlicy cdabliilicd
^iiat is now called Bank circulation : tlic nature of which may be explained iIuir:
K k The
150
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The Crtrnpatiy of ihc Hank an- obligt'd to keep carti fufficifiit to BnfWtr ^ot only
the ciitninon, hut iilfo any oxtiaordinar) iIimiiuikI thftt may ho niadi.* upon (hem i
nn«l whattvor moncv they liavc by thiiu, over nnd above the fiim fuppofed niccf-
lay for ihife purpofes, ihev employ in what may be called the tmde of the lom-
pnny ; tlint is to fav, in uifeoiinting hiiln of cxihange, in buying gold and iilver,
Jiiid in government feturifieH, Ikv. Hut when the Hank entered into the above men-
tioned contract as they (lid not keej) unemployed a larger fiim of numey than what
they deemed neceflary to niifwer tlieir ordmary and extraordinary demands, they
couM not (onvenientiy take out of their current calh fo large a iutn as a million,
with wliieh they were obliged to furnilli the government, without either leireniii^
the fnm employed in difciumting, hitying gold and iilver, See. (which would have
been very di^acivanla^ea||, to them), or inventing Tome method that Utould anfwcr
all the purpofei of keeping the million in calh. The method which they chofe,
sind which fully anfwers their end, was as follows :
'ITiey o^)encd a fubfcriptiim, which they renew annually, for a million of money i
the ftibfcribers advance to per cent, and enter into a contrail to pay the remainder,
or any parbthereof, whenever the Bank Ihall call upon them, under the penalty of
forfeiting tlie lo per cent, fo advanced ; in confideration of which, the Bank pays
the fublVriber 4 per cent, intcreft for the money naid in, and one fourth per cent, for
the whole Aim tney agree to t'urnifli ; and in cale a call fliould be made upon them
for the whole, or any part thereof, the Bank farther agrees to pay them at the rate
of ^ per cent, per annum for fuch fum, till they repay it. wii'eh they arc under an
obligation to do at the end of the year. By this means the Hank i btalns all the pur-
pofes of keeping a million of money by them; and thougn the fnbfcribcrs, if no
call is made upon them (which is in general the cafe), receive fix and a half per
cent, for the money they advance, yet the company gains the fum of 23,500!. per
annum by the contract ; as will appear by the following account :
The Hank receives from the tovTrnment, for the advance of a),
million. __''«-.«. ]£ 30.000
^lie Hank pays to the fnbfcribcrs who advance, ioo,oool. and engage \ ,
to j)ay (when called for) 900,0001. more j '^°°
The clear gain to the Hank therefore is
13,500
This is the Hate of the cafe, provided the company (hould make no call nn the
fubferibers, which they will be very unwilling to do, becaufe it would not only
lelFen their profit, but alTedl the public credit m general.
Hank (totk may not improperly be called a trading lb)ck, ,ns with this they deni
very largely in foreign gold and lilver, in difcounting bills of exchange, at four
percent, until 1773, when it was advanced to five. Helidcs which they are nl
lowed by govemnuiit very coiiliderable fums annually f )r the management of the
annuities paid al their ollice. All which advantages render a Ihare in their liock
very valuable ; thouj^h it is not ei]iial in value to tne Kail India ifock. The com-
pany make dividends of the profits half-yearly, of which notice is publicly gir^n ;
when thofe who have occalion for their money may readily receive it; but private
pcrfoii";, if they ';ud<;e convenient, are permitted to continue their funds, and to have
their interell added to tiie principal *.
This company is under the direclion of a governor, depuiy-goveriior, and twen-
four directors, who are aiuuially eletted by the general court, m the fame manner
• The Bank company h fuppofcJ to have twelve milliorii of circuliiiiig ra]>tr.
SS
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a% in lb* Uaft I»<li4 compjuiy. Thlrli-iii, or more, tonii><)lc a court of lUn-.Mi ri
lor |llHUilgil)^ the ttiluiri ot'tlic tunipany.
Sou I II -Ska COMPANY.] Duriiijt tlu- lougwnr with France, iiulioroijjnof qn'cii
Aniu', iIh' p;»\innil of the fiiilor* of tho roval n;ivv lu iii;^ ncfjli'ilid, tlicy ivicivi-d
liiki'i* iiilli'ud ot' luoiioy, ami were liecjikiitly «>l)lnjc(l, li) their iiecellitiM to fell
thefc liekelH to uvuricious men at u dileoiiot ot 40I. and ruiiu-tiiiieit ^ot. |>i>r rent.
Ily ihii aiui other iiicunt the deht» ot the lutlioit iio|)rnvi(l>.il lor I'/ |iar|inii»-ni,aiut
wiiieli aiitouiitvd to (;,47t,)iil. fell into the limuliof tlu-fe ufurer.. 0\\ whit h Mr.
Il.uley, Ht ihnt thuc ehiuicellor of the L'.xclie(|ii('r, ;iiul ut'le wanlt cot of Oxt'util,
|»i()jio(eil « fehcine to all«»w tlie imiprietorsi of ihi iV tkhti .aid de lit lent ios ftl. per
i.ent. |H'r aiimmi, and Xo incorporate llioni lor llie pnrptife ot'earryinj; on a trade to
the J>outh Meu i and tltcy were atcoidinjjly incorporuied muler the title of " (he
(iovernor ui)d Company of Mcrchutits o| (Jreat lUitain trading to the South Sea»,
and other part^of Ameriea, and for ini<iuraj;in^ ihe lilhery, £c."
'1 lionp;h tliiit company feem formed for the luk'.' of coinniercc, the minillry never
thought frrioudy, during (lie cuurfe of the war, about niaking any fettlcmcnt on the
loull uf Nonth America, which wa:i wiut lialtered the expeiitatinns of the people 1
nor w«i» it indeed ever carried into execution, or any trade ever undertaken by this
company, exiept tlic Alliento, in purfuunce of the treaty of L'irecht, for furnifhing
tin* Spaniard)) with Nvgrnes ; of which thiiicunipany was deprived, upon receiving
loo.oool. in li«u pf ail claims upon Spain, by a convention between the courts oT
(ireat Britain an() Spain, foun after the treaty of Aix hi Chapelle, in 1 ^±H.
Some other fum» were lent to the governntent, in the reign of (jueen Anne, at 6
per cent, in the third of George 1. tiie intercU of tlic whoK* was reduced to 5 per
cent, und the company advanced two millionit more to tlie government at theY4in\o
intereft. tty the uatute itt the 6tb of George 1. it was declared, that they iniglu
redeem all ori^ty of the redcetnable national debts i in conlideration ofwhich,Iiic
company were empowered to augau'nt their capital according to the fuins tijcy
Hiould difcharge : and for enabling them to raife fuch fumi> for purchnfmg nnnut<
tits, exi hanging for ready money new Kxchequer bills, carrving on their trade, 8tc.
tluy iniglvt, by lucli means as lliey lUould think proper, raife fuch fums of money
as in a general court of the compiuiy ihould be judged neceffary. 'Hie company
were alto empowered to raife money on tjhe cyntratts, bynds, or obligations, under
their coinnum feal, on the credit of their capital ftock- JJul if the fub-governor,
deputy-governor, or other mentbersof the convpany, ihould purchafe lands or reve-
nues of the crown upon account of the corporation, or lend money by loan or anti-
cipation on any branch of the reveuue, oilier tluui fuch part only on which a credit
ot loan was granted by |uirliument, fuch fub-governor, or other member of the com-
pany, Ihould forfeit treble the value of the money fo lent.
'i he fatal South Sea fchemc, tranfa^ted In the year 1 720, was execiaed upon the
lad mentioned Hatute. 'Ihe company had at fiill fet out with good fuccefs.and the
value of their ttock, for the tive years, had rifen fafter than that of any other
company; and his iiiajelly, after purchaling lo.oool. tluck, had ctmdefeended to be
llu ir go\eriior. Things were in this llluation, when, taking advantage of the above
ftatiite, the South Sea bubble was projecU'd. The pretence was, to raife a fund for
carrying on a trade to tlie South Sea, and purchalint; ai\nuities,&c. paid to the other
companies; and propofals were printed and diliributed,ihewin5 the advantages of
this delign. The l\un necelVary t'l.r carrying it on, together with the profits that
were to arife from it, were divided into a certain number of ihares. or fubfcriptions,
to b<- pun hal'id by perfuns difpofed to adventure therein. And the better to carry
nil ilu' ileceplion, the directors engaged to niaUe very large dividends; and actually
deeared, il.al e\ery lool. original lloek would \ ield 50I. per annum: which oeca-
(iuiied Co gieal a rife of their llgck, that a Ihurc of luol. was fold for upwards of
k k i ScjI.
•5*
N
C,
N
n
Sool. Thii wii in ihc month of July t but before th^ «nil of S(>|:»tomb«r it M\ to
150I. by which muhitudct were ruirird Mot) of the dir< ^tnrt wrrr frvcrrly Atird,
becaufe even thufe whu had no (hare in the dcccptiott, ought ti» h«vo forrfrrn and
prevented it.
By a Oaiute of the ^th of (ientfe II it wa« matl>'(l, thiit from and aft'-r the 14th
t)t June« I7.1j> the capital lloik or this comtutriy, which nrnotinted to 14,651,10)1.
81. id. »nd the Iharei of the refucdivt; proprietor*, Ihould Im* divided into four etpiai
parti I three-foiirlht o^' which liiould Ik- tonverleil into a joint liockiattrndrd with
iinnuitic4, after the rai . of 4 per cent, until redcni|>tion, hy pjirliumcnl, and Ihould bo
1 'led the New .S<iulh -Sen aiinuitiei . nnd the other fourth part lli'itiUJ ri main iirtho
«o ;ipany ai a trndintf lapiiui (lock, attended with tl\i' rcddiic of th>* tinnititiet or
fuiidi payable ui the Exchequer lo the company for llieir v.'hoU* capilut, till redemp-
tion ; niid uttenklcd with the fume fumt allowi'd for th( churgc of tnnnii^t'riient,
with ull elTetl^, profit! of tmdo, dil)f'., privilogci, mid advanlii^cii, beloii){mn to
the Soutli Sea company, 'lliai the acrimiptant of 1I10 company Ihould, twice every
vcur, lit Clirillniax, unu Midliimnui. or wiihin imc month after, llato nn account of
»hc company's uti'uirs, whicli (hoiild be laid before iho ip \t };enerul court, in order
to thoir docf.iTinc it dividend, and all divi<li'iuU ilionld be made out of the ( ! ar
profits, and Ihould not exceed what the company nii;{lit iv afon:?l)ly divide witlumt
ancurrin)} any farther debt ) provided tiial the comiiany lluuild not at any lime di-
vide more th;i-i j per cent, per annum, until tlieir ui hisvvi re difchar^ed i atut ilu-
itoutli-Sea comjiain , and their tradinj; dock., Ihould, excluliNeiy from the new joint
lh)ck of annuities be li:tl>le to all the debtit and iiu'umlirance<i of ihe cofM)>nny ;
and that the corr^ iny ibould caufe to be kept, within the city of L(m<lon,an office
and !)" ks, in \\\ > all transfers of the new annuities ihould (»e entered, and limned
by the larly making fiu h trantfer, or his attorney; and the perfon lo wliom fuch
transfer dioiild In made, or hijt nttoriiey, ihould underwrite hisacce|#ance , and no
other metliod of tranniferring tlie annuities Ihould l)e good in law.
The annuities of this coiii])any, as well an the other arc now reduced to jl. pe'
cent.
This company is under the direction of a governor, fub-govcrnor, deputy.j^ok
vernrir, and twenty-one diredors j l)ul no permn i"» (pialififd to Ik- govern' ii, lii«
majefty excepted, uii'ef* fmli govcrii>)r has, in his own name and riglit, 5070I. in
the fniding ftock ; the fuh governor is to have 40001. the deputy-governor 3000I.
und a lireClor 2000I in the f.mte ftock. In every general court, every memlKr
having m his own ikimic ami right j;ooI in trading Ihxk, has one vote; if zoool.
two votes i if ;oool. three votes, and if 5000I. four votes.
Th • l-'.ad India company, the Bank of I'.ngland, and the South Sea company,
arc the only iniorporited bodies to which the governinent is indebted, extept the
Million Ihink, whole capital is only one million, cunliitdlcd to purchafe the revcr-
lion of the long Kxchcijiier orders.
Tlie inlerellof all ihed -liti owing by the government was lately reduced (03 p^ r
cent. cxce|)ting only the annuities tor the year 1758, the life iiiiiniities, and the I-a-
clictjuer orders: but the .Souih-.Sea < ompany Hill continues lo divi<le 4 per i ■ nt. on
their pref* nt capital llock ; whieli i hey are enabled to tlo fnmi the prolit^ they
make on the fums allowed lo them for management of the annuilKs paid af
prietors
their ollice, and trom the intercll of annuities wnich arc not claimed by the pro-
.\s the pri(cs of the dilK rent rt(Kks arc continually flu^tutiting above and below
tar, (a when a perfon, who is not accjuaintcd with tranfaCtion.sol that nature, rend*
m the papers the prices of Docks, where Bank flock is marked perhaps 127, India
ditto I ^4 a i}^',, .South Sea ditto, i)-j',, &c. he is to underftand that tool, of tiiofe
refpctlivc Hocks fell at fuch a time tor thufc fevcral fums.
t lu.
N
N
«53
iily-gr
inr, ni
li'j)t the
li- revcr-
ltd 3 p» r
lilu-l'A-
nt. t>ii
i\u thoy
loaid a(
|l\f pro-
boll )\v
rcndv
i, India
|)t' liiofc
In fomiMiring he price* of the diflrrrnJ ftocki on^ wilh another, it muA b* re-
moiubrrt'J, ihitt the inlvrcA litir on thctu I'rotii tho tinio (»(' the Utl |>«yiiM-nt, i*
rriki'ti int'>lhc nirrvnl (iritc, and the (eWvr nover recrivvi mxy fi'|i»ra(< riwilitlctoliou
fuf it, rxii p( III {^i<: calc of liulm Imnd*, where (ho inlcrelt due it v.aki>lftli'd to the
dny ot" lh«' i',iU', ami paid liy ihc puM'htl'cr, over niiil Kbove the premium iiKrccd
for. Hut »% the inicrcl) on tho Oiilereiil (IikIc i« p«id at dif^erc-iit limra, ihii, if
not riuliily iindtrrftxtd, wotild Icutl t prrf<>i), not well acqunlntcd with them, into
4-onli<u'ral>le niiDakt-i in hi« loinpiiiatinn ot their vfilue i fotnv alway* having ■
(|ii)iri('r'H intoreil diir i i iheiii innic ilmii iithrr<<, which make* an appearance of a
conluU I .'ililc tliirt'ii'tue ill iho pine, wIm'ii in nuliiy then* i« luitu ut all I lni»,
for iiilhoue, <JI(I South V .t anniiitieN loll for ii«|l or 8^1. iO!t. vvlulr New South
.Sea Hiiniiitii-fi fetch onl) 842I or 84I. 151, though each ol thrin producta ihc Tamo
aiiiMial run of 4 per ('«-iil, hot the old anniiuieii hnve a i|uartcr'» intorcU more due
on iliein ihan i)ic new annnliien, which an.o\inl» to 1 5» ihecxiu t diirertiicc. Ihrre
lire nifo louhiKriitions lh:it \miI iiiHke one fpt'cie« of uiitiuiticii fv tl foinewhut lower
tlinn nmitltiT ihongh of il"' fanu- r»al vuU'v ; une of whiih is. the annuitiv*
mnknit; hut ,\ (nmW iiipitnl, mid (here not lu'in|^, tor that reafon, to uinny people
111 nil tiiiK'i rend) to huy into that fund, n» into othcit, where the capital i«
li\rj,'i 1 ItecnulV it ii >»ppr«'h>"iHUd that wIumu ver tlw novcrnnieiil payH oil the na-
tional d-l)t, it vN'ii hc^in with ihul particular fpccics of unnuii!>, the capital of.
which i» tito finallfd
A ft«>( k ii'ay likrwilc W' airitled l>v the court of Chancery ; for if that court
ihiuiid ordir ilie I'loney whi;h i« under its diroflion to he laid out in anv parlicu-
lar (loik, tlmi (loik, l>y haviof; more purchafcr>, will he riiifi d to a higher price
than any othi r ol ihe like value.
My wliut ha^ lu-cn laid, tiie loader will prrreivc how much the credit and the in-
tereli of the nation depoiul on the funport ot ilu' pnWIic funds, of whit h more par-
ticulars will he Biv>n under the ariicle Rkvkncis. While the aiuuiilics are regu-
larly [laid, and tlie |)riiu ipal intured by the i icdit of hoili pi nee and people, loreif^n-
ers will lend us iIm ir piooerty, and all I'.iiropc bo interdu-d in oor welt.ire ; the
Iiaper of the eoinpauies will be converted into ni' ncy and iiierchandifc, and («nat
Iritainian never want cadi tixarrv her fcli ines iniu execution. In other nations,
«redit is founded on lh<' word of ifu> prince, if u nuumri hy . or that 'if the people,
if a republic ; hut lu-re it is cIlablillHd on the united innrelU of both, uud to hoick
men by their intoreOs, is di inied the Uifcll tenure.
Cons 1 1 ri'TiON and laws I Tacitus, in defcribing fiich u conftitutiona* that
of l'.nf{land, feems 10 think, that however luautiful it may be in theory, it would be
found impracticable in the execution. Kxp^ rience hau proved his millakc . lor by
conlrivances unknown to nnlitpiity, the Knglilb conllitution has exillcd for abuvu
^no years. It mull be admitted, that it has received, duriu); that time, manv
.imoiulinents, antl fiillircd foine inUriuntions ; but its principles arc the fame with
till IV defcribed by ihe above mentioned hiliorian.as belonginf; to the Cicrmans, and
the olhrr tiorlliern aueftor^ of the Knglidi nation, and which are very improperly
hiemlcil umliT tin naiiK: of Gothic. On the tirll iiivalion of Knuland by the
.Saxons, who came from Cjermany and thu neighbouring countries, their lawsi and
rniiuiurs were, pretty much tlu fame as thole celebrated by lacilu> The peo-
ple had a lea<lor in time of war. Ihe conquered l<ind», in moporttcm to the
merits of Im followi rs, and their abilities to ferve him, were dilb ibutcd .uriong
them ; and the whole was conlidercd a.s the coinmon projK'riy which they were to
iiniii in defending againil all invaders. Frelh .i<lventurers coming over, under fc-
p< rate leaders, the old inhabitants were driven into Wales ; and thofe lead, rs, at
Li(i, afluined the title of kings over the fcveral diltri6>s they had conquered. This
vbungc of appollution made thciu more refpcttable among the Brituus, ;uid their
ncij^li-
•u
N
(;
I.
N
II.
nrlKHHmiN ihe Urnit ami hiU, Uit dkl imi incrcafc ihcif ptmtr. whwb wai Hill
riiriAn«><l in military airalr*.
All t i> il maiicrt wt ><• p rupoCnl b a ■fiM>rtit a(&mbfv n( lh« miliiary ofRci^rt anj
ihr |t«'>|>lf, till, l>y dcufoon, llirriH» 411*1 o'lirr itvil ulhn-rt »».r»- n|i|ki»iiiU-U- I't
AllVi-d wc owe ll)«l MiHd rpii'ti- dI )U(tu'tiil |M)liiy, ihir (iiUltviliiin ot btKJititii iiiiu
wu|M>n(nk>'4 iitui luimlrrflt. and (lie fubUivilioii <>| hunJictU iiit>» iv(liiiij(«, n^iiwa
that Hill fiiMiit tit Knihmd t uttd ovstfcffri Merit thufi-it lu dirvtl ttti:iii lt»r ili« g-wU
«»f ih« wli >li* llir Uiiiili WH» llii? jt'dK** *>f all v''«" <**i*i criiiiiitai iiiaiu>r» witliiu
till' tuuiHv, a'Ki to liiiii, ullcr llu' iittroila^ioii ul LlirtOijiiily, W4» aiUUii llio
billiop In |)r<itt'<i (it liinr, a« iMiliru-li iiinliiplud, Hiiu'iiiiii aitd ntlur jiulgi'i
Wire ui>|ti>intcil , hul 'ly tl)c curlull ritord^, il ■(t()i-4r« iliul «ll iivil iiudcrt v»uiu
decidi-u by i< or i6 iiirn. liviiiK iii lite nciuiilioutliutxi ul' tlu? plutc where the dil>
putr lay /and ht*rr wo have ihc oriititial of KiiglilH |urit« Il i» tcriuiit th4t thvy
wrr« ill iiU- Bulling lh< i-arlirlt .Saion iolunif«, llie iiiUi(uli>iii li< iiig aririlKti l»y
hiihop Nii'hiill'on loUotUn hinilell, ilmr grtut l«Kiiliii>ir iiixl t.«|»iitiii liuicc wo
find trace* uf juri>-« in iIh' Iuw» iI all tliod' (utinlrit t wlmli ttdo^iud ilu- tt-Mdal
fytiem, at in Cicrnianv, Krancf. and Ital^ ( whiilt litd a (ribunul c<iiii(K>li-d ul' li
fjiHid mm arul true, ctpiaU or (inrt vt lh<- parly lilif^uni In KcgUiiiJ mu lind
mention inudc ot thciii lu larly a» the lawi ol king ImIu litd, tiiid that imt u» m
now invriiiiuti.
Kct«>rc tin- inlMilwf f ii'M of (.'hrilUanity, wi* know not wIh-iIut il>« S«Kiin» ikdi»itttd
of iurici in iriminal mailers \ Imt we are icrtuin ihui llu-rc \\h»ijo action lo crimi-
nal ai not to Ih' coiniH-nfalcd by nionry *. A mulct Wii* inipulcd in pru|Mirtiun
to the giiill, I vt-n il It wii» the murder vi' the kin^, u|«>i'. tlu' maU-taUur, and by
pnyiiig it ho |iiir(lMlVtl liii |iariion I hol't- bailiuroun uligiii lit in to have ci iil'cd
i'<ir>n utliT till' Siixmiit wi-rr uMivirtrd to Clirilliamly ; and calct ul mordcr uiid fe-
lony were ihcn tried, even in the kin){'i court, by a Jury.
Koyally, umoll^ the .Siixonii, wii» imt, lliictly l'|K'akiii((, hereditary, tUounh in
fadi It cnnie to Ik' rendered lo throuah tlie utieclion whiili llie |ieo|ile bore lur llie
blood of till ir kinf;%, and for prelerviiiu the n^uUirity ul i^uvdiimeiit i^veii
ellateii und hoiiuurt were not liriclly hereuitary, till th«y were luAde I'o by \\ illium
the Norman.
That prince, thouf^li he made conlldrrabk- innovatiooa in the FjigUtli conftitu-
tion, and i>> i^enerally ilvlid the Cunqueror, in cunli*i| lie iter ui the vktory wUidi lie
olilaiiK'd ou r llaroUl at the Imtllc of iiulliii^H, yet Ulore afi eliding the throne hi-
made a compact wiili hi* new fubjedU, by Ins coronuiioii uotli, tla lame wilJi ikiat
uf the Saxon kin^h. l^iii adminiliralion wan, huwevcr, tvrannical in a very areat
degree; but tluMxiiiAiltiii^ni eltablilhed mider him in tin* Lingdom w at nut abluUitc
nMinarehy, but rather anm^ruftnieiit of the Icudal tenureniuiduliiercuiluiui ufiNur-
mandy upon the aiuient .Saxon laws of I'aI ward the C)ualelior. lie more than once
fwucr to mamiaiii thofe law* ; and in the luurth year of bin reign cunlirmcd dieui
in parliament ; yet not without great alteratioui, tu which the whule legiliulure
aereed, by n more coinpU-te introduction vf the tbict feudal law, a* it Nsaii puc-
tiled in Normaiid\ , wliuli puxluiud .1 dilK rent political f) Hem, uiid chaii:,ed both
power and properly in iiiuiiy iripectN ; liumgli ihc lirit principles of that law, and
general nolioiiit of it, bad been m ufe utiiong the l'iti^',iiili lome iii;es bcfute. 1(
mull, indeed, be iidmiile.d, that \\ illiaiii divided uiany ot the i.iij;lith cllatvk
anion^ bis Norniiiii tulloweri., under pretence lliiit their tuiiiier i.\viiei:> had fought
a'.'ainit him at the iiattie ol llultiii{;M : und he portioned out the laiid» iniu kiii^nU
IccH, itii ii.dcii itninid lunnber ol whii h lornicd a baroii) , uiid lliofe baroiiich wcie
given lo tile f;reai noblemen who cunipulcd what is cubed llic King » Court, ur
* I'jUciI l>> ilic bjxuiis Civbcr, and llkcnce iht wuril .v*"'/» ii> triiiuMil tiuii.
7
Cvuit
ilai
»n4
I >
iiita
lllliU ,
uUif-
•a l»y
Ut' I A
tt tiiui
)t U» H
il»tlt>J
I ifiini-
ttiid l>y
ough itt
f lor iIk-
VN illiiuit
KlfOLAND «9|
Cmirt nr fn^. frnoi (Mvry Won btlM ■ pctr, »r vr^mtl In ftmntier. In thtt rniiR
•II I'ivil, •« wrt! M fniliinry m4tt«r», »>i4 th« pnipnvtinn nf kni||liu amlmnn, wittcli
rnch baron wl»^ tf» mil • for ilip king* furviOA, ««rf fvitlrd. hvm hiitMtprii k« wrn»
Ci>nvrri«*<1 iti'ii I IV l»Hroiiii<^.«t«<l «nm- nhlignd, •« Dlher*, to fumA lkMri{aotm. In
many rrfprch. tlu- firft {irim-vn nl ihc Normaii line aticrwarda did uti ihry tnuUl to
ffffait' from Ihi- nilndi iH' Ihf pruptn itie rtmsnihrancc* nf the texun t-nnAitutlon i
htil iHe att(*nipt wan to no piir^mfi* 'I'he noliitity, a* wcltai ilir |N>n|i[c', Imd iharr
romplfllnt* ii((;atiif( ihc «-r<nvii, arul aftur muoh war and hliHMlilird, (Kr fanii>kui.'har>
trrni Kii)(lilh li)>>'rtir«, lo woll known l>y tho natn«- ot Mai^iiii CkMriu, wih foruihty
obtained tMin kii)>{ Jolm, utui lonHriiwil l>y hli f«H) Munry Ul. who rutceadcd to
this ('rv)wn In 1116 It dniu nirt appoar, that till thi^ reign, and after niiu;h hlcxxi
had hivii rplll, ihc* loniinoiiii of Kn|(land wore reprclcMtrd in iHirlianiL'nl, or iliu
great (Miintii ut tin iMiion ; fo cntin-ly h:ul the iMron* iitfiriitHd the dif|Ktf4l u(
proiNTty.
'I he prvH'Ifo )«ir wh« n the hwifo of rommoiM w^^ l>>rmrd t» not known ; hut wc
•re certain there wa«i nnv in ihr reign «<t Henry 111 tliou|/h wo Ihull not enter into
- We ihor "
the roNfii ri/rioN n% it Haiult ni pnMonl.
any difpulk'^ about ilk'ii I|K'« ihi |«<»wf's
.■rrfurr now proceed to dvfcrilw
In all Ihilfi flu'ri- i% an abfohitc f»ipr»;iic iiow*^, to which tin- right of Irgillatioii
hrhtngt ; mid whidt, by the udntirabU* cuiillitution of thefc kingdom*, ii veiled ui
the kiiig, lordu, and (•<»fnmon«.
Or 1 1ll', k iN(i I The fiipmn« inctciitWr |Htw«r of Grail Britain and Irekmd h
▼rflfd li) our lonmlution in n (inulo pcrfnn, kiij^ or ipuin i for it iit iiulillmtit to
which fcx lilt- crown ikfcendn : tiu- pt-rfon ci<ltila<l lo it ik iminvdttttuly iutrutlcil
with all the rtifign«, ri};hfi, and prerogativf 1 of fovcreign p<»wcr.
Tlu' grand foudatiuntal maxim tipun which the ri;;ht ot fiiceeflinn to the throne
(if lliiTc kin^<l<iiiu (Upciidt, in: " that the crown, bv comnuin l.iw niul connitii-
liiinni ciiftoni, is hcnditar) ; and thi^* in a muiincr p(\ iiliar to lilt If , Imii lli.it ilw'
right (if idIk Mtaiici may Ik limited l)y »H of purliuimnt : under which liiiiilaltoiis
the crown ftill inntimus hcrcdilury."
That the rcadi r niny enter more clearly into the drduction of the following
roynl fuccellion, by it> being transferred tronitlio hoiilV ef ludor to thai uf Stuart,
it may In- proper to infnini him, that on the deaih of qiicm l.li/alirth, without
iirtic, it bei aine m i iflary to recur to the «ilher ilUie of h«r graiidfatlirr Henry VII.
b\ I'.li/nbelh of York his (pieeii : whofe cideO iktwghlcr Marruut, liaving luairied
James IV. kin|^ ofStotlaiid; king James the ^i\lh of Scoilaiul.and of Kngland ihe
FirlJ, was the lineal dcfceudant t'loni that alliance So dial in liis perfon, anCloariy
iiH in liiiiry VIII « entered all the claims nl the diflennl competitois from the
Nuriiuni iiivalioii downward ; he iiein^; iiidilpiitably the lineal heir of \Vitlian\ I.
And what i% Hill more reni.iikable, in his perfon alfo t entered the right of the
Saxon monarihs, which had been fufpeiuled from the Norman invxhon till his
futcellion ; hir Mnrgarel the lilUr of M_i»;ir Atheliiig, ihc <laiij{liter of Ldwurd the
Cwutt
* IikIiV' llbi kOiiiir m.iinl.iiii , llial a urm or
l^'iirriil Miiimil nl iLr rr.ilin liilli Iwrii lirlil iniinc-
tnoHallv iimirr thr ffvml niin>t«ot mui,l fymii,
or i;ri.ll iiMiru 11 , 111 V/ i,i"ro/,, iir Hl««l II1«tliii)( ;
anil iiiiiii' (rri|iiriiilv unm.! f'K'ir, it the ti.rit-
in^ III M ilr iiicii. it wan alto liylvil in I ;itiii <»>>«■
«t«r .iHiilitiit 'i^iii, aiul loiiittliiits I'tmmimitmi
rtj^ii Anfliir. Wr Knvr inllaiiio ot iti meeting
ta iiidi'i' itia alTilrH ni' the kinf<lonv, xo make new
bus .nut -irrml llir n'l, fi» I triv .n titr nii>n (i|
Ilia king 1 t llw \\fi\ N.miii«, A. I). 7a?,t)ir.i, kinn
Iff ihr iNli ri'i.iii^, aiul KtluilK'rt kiii^ ul Kriil, in
ihtir I'oti. 1 realms et (..r hr^iwriliy. The Mii.
■ oei iiiftirnu iii, tlint inuK ^Vlliol 4>r(|iiii(il I'tir
« |irr|H'iual iit.if;i', tti it ihrfc oiiiiuils tlmultl iiicct
iwicr a ynr ur ullciirr if itMti hr. Our tiiiirrtl<
iiiK baaon wiil l>iiiilh iiinnar< h* V\M (rrrjitrf t
loiiiuili nt thi« fort, at a|>|)car% troin their rclpci •
tlvr io(l« ot law . 'I'hrtc it alfii no tioiitu hut
itii'le Kre«t euuiuil> were lirU rtgiilarlv iindrr iIm*
till) pomct ot tUc Niiinuil line; liir in I'llw.inl Itic
Thirtl'a tinir, *n ti\ rf |inrli«iiicnl mailr in ihi*
r^l^ll ol Wkliiam the I'luciirrtir, ujn picjilcti in
tlirt.ilr ol the Attbfy <>l M. lAliiiimUluurv, auj
juvlicioll) ulUiwiiI tiy thr cvuit.
Outlaw,
85*
N
N D.
Outlaw, and grand-dauehter of king Edmund Ironfidc, was the perfon !n whom
the hereditary right of the Saxon kings, fum^uling it not abolilhcd by the ('onqueil,
refided. She married Malcolm Hi. king of Scotland ; and Henry li. by a defcciu
from Matilda tflbir daughter, is srenerally tailed the reftorer of the ^axon line.
But it mutl be remembered, that Malcoinf by his Saxon queen, had fons as well
as daughters ; and that the royal family of Scotland, from that time downward,
were the otfspring of Malcolm and Margaret, Of this royal family king James 1.
was the lineal delcendant ; and therefore united in liii, ncrfon every poUible claim
by hereditary right, to the Kngiilh as well as Scottifh throne, being the heir both
of Egbert and William the Norman-
At the Revolution in 1688, the convention of ellates or rcprcfontativc body of
the nation, declared, that the mifcondui^t of James II. amounted to an abdication
of the government, and that the throne was thereby vacant.
In confequence of this vacancy, and from a regard to tlitt ancient line, the con-
vention appointed the next Proteilant heirs of the blood royal of king Charles I.
to fill the vacant throne, in tlie old order of fucccflion ; with a temporary excep-
tion, or preference to the perfon. of king William III.
On the impending failure of the Protcftant line of king Chark"i I. (whereby tlie
throne might again have become vacant) the king and parliament extended the fet-
tlement of the crown to the Proteftant line of king James I. v'l/.. to the princefs
Sophia of Hanover, and the heirs of h.>r body, being protedantij ; and Ihe is now
the common ftock, from w'hom the heirs of the crown dufcend *.
The
* A Chronology, ot Engli(h Kinoi, from the time that this country t>ecMne united under one rio>
narch, in the perfon ot Ejgbert, who fubdued the other princes of the Saxon heptarchy, and gave tiK
name of Angle-land to thii part of the illand, the Saxons and Angles having, about four ccnturict be-
fore, fubdued the ancient Britons, whom they drove isto Wales tad Cornwall.
ll<^ to
rcign.
800 Egbert
838 Ethelwolf
8;; Ethelbald
860 Ethelbert
866 Ethelred
871 Alfred the Great
901 Edward the Elder
92; Athelftan ^ Saxon Princei.
941 Edmu ,d
946 Edred
95J Edwy
959 £''»«■
975 Edward the Martyr
978 Ethelred H.
I0t6 Edmund II. or Ironfide J t
ic 1 7 Canute, king of Denmark ) , .
10} 5 Harld [■ Danilh.
J039 Harditanute }
1041 tdward the Confcflbr ^ g^yj^jj
1065 Harold J
A/, vvir » J {C<""'"°"'> '•'*"*** ''^•^""l"*""")^"''-*'''^ ^'<"niandy, sproviiKe lacing the tettthol
1066 V% iiuam 1. ^ England, now annexed to the French monarchy.
,087 William II. ) s^,„j ^f ,^^ Conqueror.
1100 Henry 1. J ^
II3J Strphen, graufifon to the Conqueror, by his fourth daughter Adela.
J, ,T J (Plantagenet) grandfon of Henry I by his daugliter the emprels Maud, and hef
54 nenry ii. ^ frtcnd hulband Ueaffry PlanUgcnet, the cldclt foo of the count of Anjou.
.,89 Richard I. >g„„^^fH„
1199 John J ' (
1 1 16 Henry III. fon of John. -. 1 , . , ,,i.>,: ,, ■.
tiji Edward I. fon of Henry ill. .,
1307 Ed.
N
•'/ the k'„^ and both houfcs fc • "''""'°"' '"^ a new n *V0"]° th^reupo'n. It
on a convi?lion that there was „f I '""^"5= " '^"s the aS ^Tl^'"'" 9^ ^h, crown,
and common,, met in convin il '* '? ^"^'"^ ' for. in a fulj Iff " uV°" «'»"«. "P-
canie to thi, rcfoIutionT"^ IrkiT r '^'^ '■"A«''on"f tS vJI?'''^^^ '»'« '«^d^
conftitution of the Icini^dom . . "« •'«'"«-"s H. havinir .■„ ^"'■ancy. both houfes
peopk ; and by thcalvt " A?:r''"«."^'^u°^Sf n rTa^'f '° '""tr^^'^:
the fundamental laws • a„H k J.^'"""- and other ivickeH^ r "^^'^ecn k nc and
d-cated the govcrnmVnt andTaf 7^'^i"'^'' ''''"^effoutSrttV''":;'"^ ^'°^»'"d
once by this fudden and u")exDS..H' '''?"" '* thereby vacJ.^'^'%^"'"> has ab-
from the Norman invafion Sad'^T^ h 7"'"»'«". the olj Hnc f f... ^1-"" ^"^^'^ at
worthy of obfcrvation. thTlhe cl '^ "ther period of "he Sn'^l^ explicitly
reign. 'icin,
'37; Kich.rd JI. grwdfon of £d«.aVd III l,v u- ,.
HJi Henry y.ri. offil'lV ^•"^•«»Mourth fo,. ,„ lid-)
.509 Henry VIIl.L'^/'^.ty VII
'Sj8 K/izabeth j '^"Shtcrs of Henry Vril. s-"^. uniuwarii IV.
'603 /anicsl. j^'''«Xrandfonof fanie, JV I "' r •
^ CJaWe, J^n,;S K« .^"^ ''•-" -^■nlK.S""'' ">• ^^"'«-'. >i-.hter of „.„,^. vn
'<'8j James if. { Sons of Charles I,
■ /,ua I William TM «....! . .
16B8 ^ ^'i'liain in. nephew ind «.>„ • i ,
J wd Mary ) DanUi^rs oM "; '"■ "^ '^"'« n.
1714 George I. "
>7i7 Georgelf.lbnofCJeorfer
'76oOeorgeI|J.grandfonorGeorj
sffJeorrel. ( ,, ^ "^""f «>i nii mother.
-^- ^- rgell.}"''"^'^°^"'"'°ver.
LI
Tljfv
25«
E N
L
IT D.
Thtn* held that the niifcondufl of king James innoiintrti to an endeavour t(* fu5-
vcrt the conllitutioii, aiul not tu an actual lubvrlion, or total diiroluliuii ut it>e
jjoverniiu'nt. llu-y, tlicri'foro, very prudi-ntly vuicd it to amount to no more than
iiti abdieation ot the >,'ovi'rnn>fnt, and a confcqucnt vacancy of the throne-; where-
by the government w:is allowed to (ubiill, tliough the exfcutivo magiftrate was
^one : and the kin^dy oilu c to reuiuin, though James was no longer km^. Fhuc
th«; eonlHtiition was kept entire j which, upon every found principle oT govern-
ment, niu(t otiierwil'e have fallen to pieces, hud fo principal and coulUtuent a part
as the royal authority been abolilhcd, or even fufpended
Hence it h eafy to collect, that the title tu the crown is at prcfent hereditary,
though not quite fo aUfoiutely hereditary as formerly ; and the common llock or
uncellor, from whom the delcent inull be derived, is alfo different. Formerly the
common Hock was king t,gt)ert ; then William the Contjueror ; afterward, in
Jameii 1 's time, the two common (lockn united, and fo c(mtinued till the vacancy
of tlie throne in 1688 : now it is the princtfs Sophia, in whom the inheritance was
veiled by the new king and parliament. Former 'y the defcent was abfolute, and
tiie crown went to rlie next heir without any rellrittion ; but now, upon the new
fettlement, the inheritance is conditional ; being limited to fuch heirs only, of the
body of the princefs Sophia, as are Pr4)tellant members of tlie church of England,
and are married to ikhic but I'rotellants.
In this due medium loniills the true conliitutional notion of right of fucceflion
to the imperial croun ot lliefe kingdoms. The extiemes, between which it (teers,
have been found deftru^live to lliofe ends lor which focieties were formed, and
continued. Where the lirlt magilliate, upon every fucceliion, is eletled by the
Iieople, and may by the cspief- providon of the laws be depofed, (if not punilhed)
)y his falijei:ls, this may found like the ()erfeC-tioM ol liberty, and look well enough
wlirn drlineatcd on paper; but in });aCtice will be found always dangerous, often
ruinous. On the other hand, divine indefealibic hereditary right, when jomed with
the dottrine of unlimited paliive obedience, is of all conllitutions the moft thoroughly
llavilh and intolerable. I5ut when fuch an hereditary ri<{ht, as our laws have
created and velle 1 in the royal Itack, iH interwoven with thofe liberties which are
etjually the inh'rilince of the lubject, tliis union will form a coniiitutioii, in theory
tlie mod beauiitd of .iny, in pia-ii;e the moU I'pproved, and, thetc is every rea-
l")n to lioi)e, ill duration the moll permanent, ihis conftitution it 13 the duty ol
every Uriton to underfland, to revere, and to dcfeiul.
The priiuipal duties of liie kinij are cxmelle.l in his oath at the coronation,
which is adiniuilieied by one of ;he arehbilhop.s, or bnhops of the realm, in the
prefence ot all the people; who, on iheir parts, do reciprocally take the oath
of allegiance l(t the crown. Ibis coronation oath is conceived in the following
terms :
" '/'.' ti>i/ii;j//nf<, or bijhnp, JIuill jay. Will you folemnly promife and fwear. tu.
govern the peopn of \\\,s kingdom of lin^Iaiul, and the dominions thereunto be-
longing, according !•> ilu-llaiutes in parliament aijived on, and the laws and cuf-
tonis of ilu' lainc' — Ihc hi'n^ or qni'CHj/'ul.'fiv, \ i'olemnly promife fo to do.
" /hchbtjlwp or btjimp. \\ ill you 10 your power eaufe law and jufticc, in mercy,
to be exec. lied in a'l your jndgnienlu ^ — /C/;/t; or Queen. 1 wil'.
" ArchhiJ/iop or bifhop. Will vou to ihe utinoil of your power maintain the laws
of Cod, ihe .rue profedion of the gofpel, and the Poteftant reformed religion ella
bliftied by the law t* Ami will you prefervc unto the bilhops and clergy of tliis
realm, and to the ehurehew committed 10 ttu t. charge, all fuch rights and privileges
a-, by ill. jaw do or iliall appertain linto ihein^ or any of thcin ?—Kiii^ or qiuiii. All
this 1 ptoniifc tu do.
•' J/lo
N G
A
N
D.
259
" A/ttr tills the king or queen, laying hti or her /uinrl upon tke hokf gofptls, flinU firf,
Vho things uliich I )invi' lu-re Itcfurc proniiitd, I will )>«>rt'orni and Lei-p : fo help
ni«" (ioil. yhtl ihfii ieih the i/ook."
riiis is the toini ot the rcnoiiution Diith, as il is now prcfc rilicd by our laws: and
we may ohlirvc, dial in tho king s part, in (iiis original contrati, arc cxprelTid all
the duties that a monarch can owe to his people ; vi/. to govern according to law ;
to execute judgment in mercy ; and to maintain the cllahlilhcd religion. With
rcfpctt to the latter ot tlici'e three branches, we may farther remark, tlial by the
att of union, 5 Anne c. 8 rwo preceding ilatutes are recited and confirmed; tlio
one 'if the parliament of Scotland, the other of the parliament of Lngland, which
ena^t, the former, thai every king at his fucceliion Ihall take and fubfcribc an oath,
to preferve the I'roiellant religion, and Frelbyterian church-government in Scot-
land : the latter that, at his corcmation, he Ihall lake and fublcribe a fmiilar oath,
10 prelVrve the feltlement of the church of lingland within England, Ireland.
Wales, and Berwick, and the territories thereunto belonging.
The king of Great Britain, notwithilanding the limitations of the power of the
crown, is the greatolt monarch reigning over a free people. His pcrlon is facred
in the rye of the law, which makes it high treafon to imagine or intend his death;
neither can he. in hinili If, he deemed guilty of any crime, the law taking no cogr
nizance of his attions, but only in the perfons of his minifters, if they infringe tho
laws of the land. /\s to bis power, it is very great, though he has no right 10 ex-
tend his prerogative beyond the ancient limits, or the boundaries prefcribed by tlw:
conllitution ; he can niakt no new laws, nor raife any new taxes, nor att in oppo-
lition to any of the laws ; but he can make war or peace ; fend and receive am-
ballador:* ; make treaties of league and conunerce ; levy armies, and fit out fleets;
for the defence of his kingdom, the annoyance of his enemies, or the fuppreiiion
of reln-llions ; grant connnillions to his otticers both by fea and land, or revoke them
at ])]i-ai'iire ; difpole nf ail magazines, caliles, &c. fumtnon the parliament to
meet, an<i when m< r. adionrn, |)rorogiio, or dill'olve it at pleafure ; refute hisaflent
to any bill, though it had palled both houfes ; which, conlequently, by fuch a re-
liifal, has no more force than if it had never been moved ; but this is a prerogati\"e
that the kings of F.ngland have very feldom chofen to cxercife. He enjoys the
right of chulmg his own council ; of nominating all the great officers of llate, of
the houOiold, of the arm/, the navy, and the church : and in fine, is the fountain
of honour, from whom all degrees of nobility and knighthood are derived, ijuch
ii the dignity and power of a king of Great Britain.
Of the parliament.) Parliaments, or general councils, in fome fliap •, arc,
as haw been obferved *, of as high antiquity as the Saxon government in this illand,
and coeval with the kingdom itfelf. Blacklione, in his valuabh- Commentaries*
f;.ys, " it is generally agreed, thai in the mam the conftitution of parliament, as it
now (lands, was marked out fo long ago as the 17th ot king John, A. D. 1215, in
the great charter granted by that prince; wherein he promiles to fummon all
archbifhops, bilh&ps, abbots, lords, and greater barons perfonally ; and all other
tenants in chief, under the crown, by the iheritF and bailifls, to meet at a certain
place, with fort/ days notice, to alfefs aids and fcutages when necefl'ary. And this
conftitution hath fubfiftcd, in fail, at leaft from the year 1266, 49 Henry 111.
there being ftill extant writs of that date to fummon knights, citizens, and burgel-
fes to parliament."
TLe parliament is afiembled by the king's writs, and its fitting inuft not be inter-
mitted abt)ve three years Its conftituent parts are, tlie king IJtling there in hi.s
royal political capacity, and the three cftatcs of the realm; the lords fpiritual, the
* Sec tlic note, page 25$.
LI 2
lorJs
• 6o
E N
L
N
D.
lords temporal (wlio fit together with the king in one houfc), and the commons,
who fit by thcmfelvcs in another. The king and thefe three eftates together form
the great corporation or body politic of the kmedom, of which the kiitg ii faid to
b<! (ttpnt, principinm, et finis. Vox upon their comnig together the king meets tlierii,
citlur in pcrfon, or by rcprefentation ; without w!)ich llicrc can be no beginning
of a parliament ; and he alfo ha* alone the power of diflblving them.
It is liijjhly iiccelTary for preferving the balance of the conftitution, that the exe-
cutive power Ihould be a branch, though not the whole, of the legillature. The
crown cannot begin of itfelf any alterations in the prefcnt eftablilhed law; but it
may approve or dil'approvc of the alterations fuggefled and confented to by thw
two houfcs. The legitlature therefore cannot abridge the executive jiower ot any
rights which it now has by law, without its own confent : (incc the law mud per-
[)etually Hand as it now does, unlefs all the powers will agree to alter it. And
lerein conlifts the true excellence of the Hiiglilh government, that all the parts of
it ri'iipiocally checking each other's encroachments, each retains its due weight,
and thi- coiiditiition preferves its inalterable (lability.
I he lords fpir tual conhd of two archbilhoos and twenty-four bilhops. The lord^
temporal conliil of all the peers of the realm, the bilhops not being in ftriftnefs held
to be fuch, but merely lords of parliament, hioiiie ot the peers lit by defcent, as
do all ancient peers ; fome by creation, as d ) ail the new-made ones: others, fince
the union with Scotland, by clcttion, which is the cafe of the fixteen peers, who
reprefent the body of the Scotch nobility. Ihe number of peers is indefinite, and
may be increafod at will by the power of the crown.
A body of nobility is peculiarly necedary in our mixed conftitution, in order
to defend the rights of bnih llie crown and the people. It creates and preferve«
that gradual fcule of dignity, which proceeds Irom the peafani to the prince;
riling like a pyramid from a broud foundation, and diminidung toa point as it rifes.
llie nobility therefore are the pillars, which are reared from among the people,
more immediately to fupport the throne; and if that falls, they muft alfo be buried
under its ruins. Accoidingly, when in the lall century the commons had deter-
mined io extirpate monarchy, they alfo voted the houfe of lords to be ufelcfs and
dangerous.
I ho c<(mmons confift of all fuch men of any property in the kingdom as have
not fiats in tlu' houfe of lords ; e\ ery one of whidi has a voice in parliament, either
peirunally, or by his re()refentatives *. In a free (hue, every man, who is ("upjjodd
a dee a^'iit. ni.ifht to be, in Come meafure, his own governor; and thereture a
branch at lealt ot the legillative power lh(.>uld relido in the whole botly ot the peo-
ple. In fo L.ige a (late as ours, it is very wiiVly contrived, that the people ihould
tlo that l)y tht-ir repreU lUatives, whicli it is impracticaole to perforin in perfon :
reprefentaliws, cholVn by a number of minute ami feparale diiliicts, wherein all
thi voters are, or calily may be, ditlinguiiheil. 'Ihe counties are theretore repre-
fentcd by knigiits, eiecteil by tlie prupiietors of liuids : the cities and boroughs are
reiircl'ented by ciii/ens ami burgelics, cliol'en by the nienantile part, or fuppofid
trading ii.terLll of the nation f. '1 he number ot Englilh rcprefentatives is 513, and
et
* Thi.> muft be iindcrftood « ilii fome limitation.
Tliofe who are pollt-litil of laiui-tli.ito'., tlioii:;fi to
the value c'f only 4'.s. per aiaiiini, luivr a right (o
voi.. tor nienibcrs of j)arliamt:it ; a>> have nioft of
the nu-ml)er> ot 1 orpoiatinns, boroiigns, &.i . Hut
thcic arc very lirj;e iradiri; town , and ( opuloiis
jhiei, u'lii. Ii fi nd no ine'-ih. r.s to parliament ; aid
<i( tholV towns '1 hii li do lend nicnifers, ^rvM ijinii-
Lcrs of the iid.xbiiaii'.s huvj iiu vt'.Ci, M.iny
ihoiif.md pnfons of great perfoiial property, have,
theretore, no reprcfiiiiative>. Indeed, the Inetjiiali.
ty ol tlic reprelcntatinn h.n bcciijiilily confidcrcil
as one ot tlie ^^reaieli im[H-rfc^^ii)i» in the Enghlli
conltitiitiuii.
f l.oj)y of the hrilitry oath, whitli is .rJini-
nil'er' d to all | erfons bitoie the\ poll ;
" J do fwcar (or, he
i:.g one of ll.epeojle lallcti Qiuk.'rs, Ut) I'llornnly
a'liiiii)
N"
N D.
86 1
of Scotdi 45 } in all 558. And every member, though chofcn by one particular
di(tri6^, when cictlcd and returned, fcrves for the whole realm. t\,v ihc end of hia
comine thhher is not particular, but general \ not merely to fcrvo his cotiftituents,
hut alio the commonwealtli, and to advife hid majeliy, us appeuH from the writ olf
funimons,
'Ihefe arc the conftitiicnt parts of a pjirliiiment, the king, the lords fpirituni and
temporal, and the commons. Farts, ot wliich each is fo ncccniuy, that thcconfeiit
of all three is required to make any new law that fliould bind the fubjett. What-
ever is eiiadlcd for law by one, or by two only, of the three, is no (latuto } and to
it no regard is due, unlcfs in what relates to their own privilecrs^
'Ihe power and jurifdittion of parliament, fays lir Kdward C okc, is fo tranfecn-
dent and abfuliite, that it caimot bo confined, either for caufes or pcrfons, wiihin
any bounds. It hath fovereign and uncontrollable authority in making, conhrm-
iiig, enlarging, rellraining, abrogating, repealing, reviving, and expounding ot
laws, concerning matters ff all pollible denominations, eccleliallical or temporal,
civil, military, maritime, or crnninal : this being the piaco where that abl'olutc
defpotic power, which inuift in all governments rclid.' fomewliero, is entrutled by
the conftitution of tlicfo kingdoms. All mifchiefs and grievances, operations and.
remedies, tliat tranfcend the ordinary courfc of the laws, are wiihin the rc.ich of
this extraordinary tribunal. It can regulate or new-model the fuccellion to the
crown; as was done in the reign of Henry VIII. and Willijim 111. It can alter
the edablilhed religion of the land ; as was done in a variety of inrtanccs, in the
reign of king Henry Vlll. and his three children, lidward VI. Mary, and Eliza-
beth. It can change and create afrelh even the conftitution of the kingdom, and
of pariianu'nts ihemfelvts ; as was done b) llie att of union, and the leveral fta-
tutes for triennial and feptennial elittions. It can do every thing that is not natu-
rally inipolhble ; and iheiefore fome have not fcru[)led to call its power by a ftgure
rather too bold, \.\w oninipoleme of piDliamcnt. Hut then its power, however great,
was given to it in trull, and theretore ought to be employed according to the rules
of jultice, and for the pnmiulion of tic general weilare of the people. And it is
moll ellcntial to the liberties of the kingdom, that fuch members be delegated to
this im|)ortant trull, as are moll eaiinent tor their probity, their fortitude, and their
knowledge ; for it was a known apophthegm of the great lord treafurer Burleigh,
" that I'.nglanrl coukl never be ruineil but by a parliiuncnt :" and, as lir Atat-
thew Male i>bfcrves, this being the higlud and greatell court, over which none
other can liave jiirifdiiilion in the kingdom, if hy any means a mifgoxcrnment
fliould any way tall upon it, the fubjetts of iliLi kingdom are left wiiliout all man-
ner of Kgal remedy.
In order to prevent the mifchiefs that might arife, by placing this exteniive au-
thority in Ikiiids that are i-illier imapable, or eil'o in piuper, to manage it, pn vi-
/ion is made, tl.at no one lliall lit or vote in eitlier houle ot parliament unlefs lie bo
twenty-one yeais of age. To prevent innovations in religion aid government, it
is enacted that no nieinher IImII Note or tit in either houle, till he l.aih, in ihe pro-
fciue of the lioufe, taken the oaths of i'llegiance, fupiemacy, ami abjinatien ; and
fui)feril^(l and repeateil t!ie d. i laration .igaii.lt tranfuhliantiaiion, the in\oeation
of faints, ami the facrifue of tlie niafs. lo pve\ent dau[;ers that may at lie to the
kiiigdoin from foreign attachment.^, connexions, or depeiiileneies, it is enacted,
that no alien, horn out oi the di)minioiis of the cruwn of Great Lritain, even
alllrni) I Invf net rcvclvcil 'it li.li'. li/ cn\fc If, or ipwani, or any pron'ifo or frcur ty for .'iiy money,
any |>tifoii wh.il;i( % cr in triilt tor inr, or fir .iiy ollire, or ciiifl i)mti.:, or jjilt, mi orvlcr t;> y/ivc uiy
ufc ,i,mI lo'iiffii, iiirn^tly or indiri"' y, aiu furn or M>tf at tlii-. t liv'tion ; a.id tli.it I liavf not IvJort
fuiits ot ino.-.'"/, oliuf, 1 l.i'.cor em; l< ymciit, giftcr Itea polloJ ut tiiis iit\'^ieii. t^j lulp mo <.;oJ."
lllu.t^h
t6i
E N
I.
N D.
tlioiigh he be nalurnlizctl, lliull W tai>al)lc of being a mcnibiT of ciihcr houfc of
j>ailiaiiu'nt.
fiioiuc of llu' moll important orivili'jjos of tlic mciulHTs of cillicr lioufo arc, pri-
vilege of fpivtli, ofpi'ifoii, of tlitii •lunK'llics, aiul of their lands and j{ood». Ai
to the fnil, privil>-gi' of fpooch, it h do*. land by the Ihilnte of i W. &: M. U, 1. 1. 2,
as one of tne lilKiliis of iIk- pi'opK*, " that the freedom of fpccch, and debates,
and proceedingii in parliuineiU^, ought not to be impeached orquellioned in any
court or place out of parliament." And this freedom of fpeech is particularly
demanded of the king in pcrfon, by the fpcaker of tlie houfe of commons, at
the opening of every new parliament. So are the other privileges, of perfun,
fei'vni, 1, iunds, and goods. I his includes not only privilege from illegal violence,
but alfo from legal arrerts, and feizures by proccfs I'rom tlie courts of law. To af<
fault by violence a member of either houfe, or his menial fervants, is a high con-
tempt of parliament, and as fueh puniilud with the utmoll feverity. Neither can
any meml)er of either lioufe be arretted and taken into collody, iu>r ferved with any
procefs of the courts of law ; nor can his menial fervants be arreted ; nor can any
entry be made on liis lands ; nor can his goods be deltrained or feizcd, without a
breach tif the privilege of parliament *.
The houfe (.f lords have a right to be attended, and confequcntly are, by the
judges of the court of king's bench and common pleas, and lueh of the l^arons of
the exchequer as arc of the degree of the coif, or nave been made ferjeants at law;
as likewife by the mailers ol the court of chancery ; for iheir ailvicc in point of
law, and for llie greater dignity of their proceedings.
The fpeaker of the houfe of lords is generally the lord chancellor, or lord-keeper
of the great feal, which dignities are commonly veiled in the fame perfon. taeh
peer has a right, when a vote pafles contrary to his lentiments, to enter his dilfenl
on the journals of the houfe, with the reafons tor fuch dilicMii ; which is ufually
Ifyled his proteft. Upon particular occalions tliefc protells have been fo bold as t(»
u;ive offence to the majority of tlie lioufe, and have therefore been expunged from
the journals; but this is conlidered a violent meafure.
'Ihe houfe of commons may be properly (lyled the grand inquell of Grea>t Bri-
tain, impowcrcd to enquire into all national grievances. The peculiar lawn and
cuftoms of the houfe ot commons relate prim ipallv to the raiting of taxes, and the
4-le£\ions of n^embers to ferve in parlianunt. \\ ith regard to taxes, it is the an-
cient indifputable privilege, anc the right of tlie lunife of commons, that all grants
nf fublidies, or parliamentary aids, do begin in ilieir lioule, and be lirll bdlowed
by them , alihougli tlieir grants arc not ettectual until tliey have the allent of the
other two branches cf the iegiliafure. 'ihe general ivafon given for this exclulive
privilege of the houfe of cupinioiiN is, tinit the f;ipj)lies are railed upon the bodv
of the p<.(>ple, atid tlieret'.:e it is proper that lliey alone ihouid have the right of
taxing themfclves. And f 1 reafonably jealous are the commons of this privilege,
that herein they wi!l not fHtl't-r tlie other houfe to exeit any power but that ot
rejedtins; ; they wi'l not fiermit the kart alteration or ameiidiiient to be made by
»ne lords to the ,n ''e oi taxing the people by a money-bill. L iider this appella-
tion are im luded a. I bills by which money is diiectcd to be railed upon the fub-
je6t, tor any pur| ofe, or in any fliajpe vvhatfoever; either tor the exigencies of go-
vcniinent. and eilh Cted tivim tlu kmgdom in general, as the land-ta.\ ; or tor pri-
vate benefit, and collected in any particular diilri'-l, as by turnpikes, parilh-ratcs,
and the like.
• T'l^ cxfmpfidn frnr^ arrefts for lawful licbf^, linqnilhrd their privilege 1)V att of jjarliamrnt in
wai always confidcrrd by the piiblii ;;; a grirvance. '770; and nicnihfrs ot both iioules may now tie
'J lie lords aiid common'), therefore, geiicroully re- fiicd like ether debtors.
; The
^"''■"'''•'' ''.v '•^•vcral .no . "7 '-l '" ^'^^ '-<{s. an , ,' l''- "^f^^-'' ^^^^^^ one of
f'"- >i'rou.h if:.-;- ,;;t -r" t""- '-- !^ w ooii^.^ r''- '"' ^'-^^^
".i»Kts 111 cliancorv ,'or r " '* ••'Troed to ,|,.. ,' ''"' V'"*y"W/o. to prcvfnV •
twtca
th
R N
I.
N D.
twivn mcwihkTs dcputrd from each hoiifc ; wlio, for tlic moll ^)art, futtic and ad-
jiili tlic (III)' 'iicu : but if both hniifet remain inflexible, the bill iit dropped. If
the comiiioi agroe to ihr nmcndmcnti, the bill in fcnt back to the lord* by one
of the mcitiUi-m, uith a meiragc to acquaint them therewith. The fame fornm are
obferved, niii/ntit mutandis, when the bill beginit in the houfo of lord*. But when
nn ad of j;r.\i c or pardon is pad'cd, it ii firll (igned by hi* majcfty, and then rca«l
once only in each of the houfe!!, without any new engroilin^ or amendment. And
wluMi both houC's have done with nny bill, it is depolitrd m the houfe of peer*, to
wail the royal aficnt ; except in the cafe of a money-bill, which, after reccivin/{
the concurrence of the lords, is fent back to the houfe of common*. No ex-
prcllion can In- inferted, nor the flighted alteration take place, till tlic fpcaker,
or the chairman, puts the queftion •, which, in tlic houfc of commoni, it anfwcr-
/•d bv (TVv', or no ; and, in the houfe of peer*, by eonKnt, or not content.
The Rivinu; the royal afli-nt to bills is a matter of great form. When the king
is to pal's bills in perfon, ho appcarii on his throne in the houfe of peers, in his
royal robes, wiih the crown on his head, and attended by his great officers of
ihite, and heralds. .\ feat on the right hand of the throne, where the princes of
.Scotland, when pfcrs of Knpiand, fornuily fat, is rcfervcd for the prince of
\N'ales. 1 he other princes of the blootl (it on the left hand of the king ; and tlie
rliancelior on a clofe bench removed a little backwards. The vifcounts and tem-
p(ir;il b;irons, or lords, face the tI»rone. on benches or wool-packs, covered with
red (loth or baize The beneli of billiopi runs along the houfe to the bar on the
ri;;ht hand of the tinone ; a^ thi- dukes and earls do on the left. The chancellor
find iudj;es, on ordinary ilay?., lit upon wool-packs between the barons and the
tliione. The common opinion in, tliat the houfe fitting on wool is fymbolical of
wool being formerly the llaple commodity of the kingdom. Many of the pcetk,
(n^ fiilemn occalions, ajipear in their parliamentary robes. None of the coinmori&
Jiave any r')l>es, excepting the fpeaker, who wears a long black lilk gown ; and
when he ap|)eiir«. before the king, it is trimmed with gold.
'I he royal allent may be given two ways : i. in perfon. When the king fends
for the houfe of c-immojis to the houfe of peers, the fpeaker carries up the nioni-y-
hill or hills in his hand ; and, in delivering them, he addrelles his majelly in a (o-
It nin f|)eech, in which he feldom fails to extol the generolity and loyally of the
r«>mmons, and to tell iii% majelly h>)w iuk lliiry it is to be frugal ot the public
money. It i>, upon this occalion, that tlie connnonii of Great Britain a|>|)ear in
their hij»hell luflre. The titles of all bills that .lave palled both houfes are readj
and the king's anfwer ik declared by the clerk of the narliament in Norman-Krench,
If tlie kiiij; confents to a public hill, tlie clerk ufually declares, h toy U v^tt, " the
kin<; wills it fo to he ;" il to a pri/ate hill, Juit fait comme il fjl tli'/ii), " be it as it
i-. delired." If the kin^ refufrs his afient, it is in the gentle language of ic roi
^'avij'irii, " the kin;; will advil'i' u|)t"i it." When a money-bill is palled, it is car-
rii-d up and |)rcieiite(l to the kitig i the fpeaker of the houfc of commons, and
the royal alknt is thus exprilVed, .V roy re'iiercic fa ioya/i fnj/ls, acreptc Itur hiicio-
h'tcc, €t iwjfi le vdit, "the king thanks his lo\aI fubjects, accepts their henevo-
ieiue, ui>d wills it fo to he." Iti taf<' of an ait of grace, whleh originally proceeds
from tlie crown, ;iiid iias the royal aliint in the fiill flam "' ■'• '''"■' ch'^k of tlir
jMr. lament thus juonouiices the gratitude of the fubjeot ; Ui pre.'ats, fdj^muis, tl
io»i>.:0HS, tn c< prefatt ])atiuime n afjembitts, au iwm ile louti ■voiis ^nitres fjcs, i e/in-ii .rut
ties hu.nl>'i)te>i' votre niyefU, ct pri<'nt a Dlcu voUi Junner en fanti bonne vie et iongui;
" the [)rclali.s, lortls, and commons, in this pn-fent j)arliainent an'cnd)led, in the
n.niiie of all yinir other fubjec-fs, moll humbly thank your uiajcfly, and pray to
Col to grant )oti ii lualih and wealth l'>ng to live." 2. By the llatute v> Ih"-
jy Vlll. c. 11. the king may give his afient by letters paten under his jjreat fea!,
bgmd
?s™^ «^-"^"!^ i«:?;j.sHf; -sat t5
From the above «n..r«l • . ' "' *"'"'''''* «^"''^r of th^
Mrlicj of ih{ Dconi, .l ""ybwomc fo lortuulcj .. . S' " " """"I'l be oh.
*. .;= fupfl.ffi,";,*,''. , :;::■;:.". •^»^I•»"t;«t ,"„«';;;,:{'«','«.", Xt
his natura fife Ifn nV.lr "'^"' P«»li» tal tviften,/. ' ^'^^ "'''«^'" '»ody ,w,i|.
«rc great rcfou/c-s<Vj7|Li^^ n,uft
dangeronfly wounded, nd Tj ' et l^*'"'^ ' '""' «''°"Sh T conS- " ?"' "'<^'«
'■«. x<.,„. biuSje'^rr/cnfotrrr '■•^"°" -'" "'^ K".k"'5 •;£ 'f >■« "«
':;L"""i'";. '>a<u"ll^^lcr/"!!r">''-?-l-f office. ..h,VK „... .
•".V, „H„,, f)ut tub ea tn rrt„, ^ .'*•""" durnir 111,. it\e V '^'"8 ' 'c
tretion.
;^;;"y through ancS, To c .b ^.''"r"^ »"* 8-d onh/pSl-r"'"? «"d dif!
-hat than b^h.:/ '^'•, -7"PJ'"n, 5. 'I'o het >"„' d fe.I° ^nM'^' ^'"«"» '^<i"n-
contrary. And. laftlv I- . ^ "* withftand ill nerfon, ^L '''*' *^x<^c"tion of
A« no government c5n be fo r 1 f '^''*''*^'S" '"^d- •''"' " ^"'^d
fenj;^ "^^^^^^'^e*^^^^^^ '- that .ayan
than the other, ./.i . " ."^"""' '^c two ft-cr^f„r;„. ^ n..
tU
N D.
ndviff \\\m In «£)« of grtvtmmcnl t^ftl may vf t b* pmprr to be < ommunicated «ve\\
to a |ii'ivy-c<>iinfi'llor -, im li i\* Ki^"'K ('^''''i^x '"r f^'^rcl cxpoltliixit, (<>rrrrp<>i»U;nc«
witli lori i,i;ii ogctiti*, r> curing Iraiinii, iirul tlu- like l'\" iVt rcmrylhip o| llatu it
now hvltl i)y two luiijkiru-ii d gciiili'iiun i liiinirrly tt)i k.ng noinii)atcil thrfe,
but the olfiie wai not tlittn ol'thal i'oiirc<|iK-ii('i' wliich it i. now SiiKc tho ticcf*
lion i>r tli>- raniily i>l' llai\ovfr, woliavi- I i will' known three prini ipal (I'lrrtAriei
of lliiti- ; liut 4)iu- <>l' th«'in wai ru|)|)'>ri(l (• irunlHn the utliiir» ot .V()ilnn<i, which
lire MowottiiieoinniilK'd toother niiuillerN. ( '|>on tlu- inereulV of the Uiil ih colouici,
a new luiunt ot triide \va« ireftvtl, am) the tirtl ioiiiniilhoner uded »% K t ivtuiy tor
the Americiin nlFairH, hut without thnt title. A third fecretiiry of lluie wa» udnf'
wards ii|>t>oiiited for iaiiyiiin; on the Amcricun wur, whofv otne« tetitcd with th9
pciii'c i the l)().ird of (rude alio haili Ixen lll)ohl^ d a . <ii'elef».
The olhee of feeietaiv ol ihile was fntnuTly dn diil i.ito a fi>uihcrn and a nnrth-
cm department. I he ioulhern tmitained France, Spain, l'orlii',;ii , Itulv . ' Swifx
CMtonit, CotUluntinople, and, in lliort, ull the llali s in tlie (onil) -rn pi> (ha
northern comprehended tlie dillorent Jbtes t)f (icrniany, I'ruil.a, I'oiai ■. I' illia,
Sweden, Denmark, liollan<l, MiOiderH, and the I ianft-utie towns. ii diiMic-
tion in IK w .ibolilhed i and tliere is t ic fccretury fur iMreigit, uitd nnollier lur Jo*
nieltic ndairs.
The cabinet-council ii* n committee of the privy-council, conliflinc; of a feleft
number of ininidcrH and nol)lim(n, accord ii){ lo the kind's tijunion of thcit nil,.-
^ril) and abilities, or atlat.hinenl to the views of the court; but ihod^li its o|)ern-
tiuns are powerful and extenli\e, a cabinet-council it not elTentiul lu the eonlUtu*
tiuii ti( lMii{land
'I hiii obfervation naturally leads me to mention the prrfon who in fo well known
by the name of the /i>j{ mimjiet , a term unknown to the I .nglidi conftiiution, lliou>;Ii
the ofliie, in etle.l, i«t perhaps necellary. Ihe conllilutinn points out tin lord liij^li
<han(elliir as minilier, but tiie affairs of hii own courts ^ive him fulhi ieui cinploy*
menl. U lien the other of firll lord of tlie treafury is united with that of cluuicel-
lor of the exchi.«pier in the fame jK'rfon, he i» eonlidered as I'lrll minilier. Tiic
truth is, !iis majeliy may make any of his fervanis his lirll minilier. lint ilioiit;h
it is 'lo titVue, yet there is a refpoiilibility annexed to the n.niie and loiwnioii re-
pute, that lenders it a poll of ditlii ultv and danger. 1 Ihail now take a diorl re-
view ui the nine great ollieers of the cnnvn, who by tlieir polls take place next
tu the princes of the royal family and the two primates.
'I he lird is the lord iwgh llewaid of Kngland. I his i> an oHicc very ancient in<l
formerly was hereditary, or at ieall for lite ; but now, and for centuries pall. ,\ it
exercifed only occalionally , that is, at u coronation, or to lit as juil;;' mu a peer or
treerefs, when tried for a ca])ilul crime. In coronations it is In Id for ii-.il day oidy,
)y fonie nobleman of the tirll rank. In cafes of trials, it is exeri ilcd generally bv
the 'id eliancellor, ■>r lord knper ; whole e()niniiiru)n, as high lleward, endi wita
the trial, by breaking his wliile ri il, the badge of ollice.
'I lie lord high chancellor pruides in the court of chancery, lo moderate the fe
verities ol tlie law, in all caies where the properly of the fubjecl is conct rned, ana
he is to determine according to the dictates of ttpiily and reul.m. He is an orticcr
of the ^reatell weight and power of any now fnbliliiiii^ in the kingdom, ;nid is fu-
perior in preceileacy to e\ery lemp,)ral lord, lie i» a privy-cuiinlellor by hia
olhee, and, according to fume, piolocutor of tlie houfe of lords by prefcription.
'Jo him belongs the i.ppoinlnu'iil;; of all jnftices of the peace ; I e is vinior in right
of tlie king ot all hulpilals and colleges of the king's Irundaiiun, anil p.iUun of
ull liie king's livings iindei the value of 20I. (ler {innuin in the king's books. Ho
ik the general guarUiuu of uU ii.faittb, idiott/und lunatics ^ and haih the fuperin-
tendatico
fr
ifl
fni
t.o
l/ll
lllfl
bin
iin
V '"^
lutli
became f
iec| Hired
"I (var hi
tlie c/» il I
foiinl tori
iiHtit of <
M|^ulaf»s .
•'"ice, wh
• oronation
''■'ic o/fi,
floii, and i
iiicie.'ife of
ns Well ;is ,
"ills Uf)on
liMliion iniit
«leaih warr;
• Tl.e Ui
IV
G
'"'-ri, ri. ,p,.;T;;^ ,7;-■"'^^♦l lord. of;r,r"-';":r';;" -""•-<.«.
"/•/cmcnf «„| .Urtv\7n\ I '"'^"'" '»'' lord hiiil I/ " ''''' '"« t' ».!,«, if,
i- ;« «r,i. Ic. "»'"«"« oi then, would cxiS „• l>/'."". ' "^ '"^''""^i
. I'- lord prc-rtdo,„ or tho r «. M ''^ "*■" *"'" »'> «
fi
^-: ™. ^^ ''-4^-r i--i;: «^^^^^ tzz :i
■'^«-- office- of lord r., vv f I ■ •"''' ''^ *" "f^'*-' Tc
^ ii... , ,i j„f wj; .a .i;«,'f '"'' ""■ 1.1W ..r ; ; . / '""« " >» ««."id ."
»-;• I'n. like vv7 harj. .r.?''j "'^; '''"g'« pS n h. 7"^'*'''^ '" '''« ''"^c of
='7: "- ^-■> --^'«s:£d''iSr;F'' ^^
' I"- clukc of Norforlk i. f..r . r. """ ^'" '" "«•
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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
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inoYcablcat plcafure, the/ do nothing that can interfere with the prerogative of the
ciown, and conform themfclvcs to the direftions they receive trom ni* majeftjr.
'J he board of admiralty regulates the naval force of the realm, and names ail its
otVicers, or confirms them when named i fo that its jurifdiftion is very extenfive.
'Ihey appoint vice-admirals indcr them ', but an appeal from them lies to the high
court of admiralty, which is of a civil nature : London is the place where it is hcld(
and all its proccllcs and proceedings run in the lord high admiral's name, or thofe
of the comniillioiiers, and not in that of the king. The judge of this court is com-
monly a dodurof the civil law, and its proceedings are according to the method of
tlu- civil law ; but nil criminal nvitters, relating to piracies, and other cajpital of-
fences committed at fea, are tried and determined according to the laws of England,
by witncfTes and a jury, ever fince the reign of Henry VIII. It now remains to
treat of the courts of law in England.
Courts oh law.] 'Ihe court of chancery, which is a court of equity, is next
ii\ dignity to the high court of parliament, and is dcfigncd to relieve the fubje£l
ngainll frauds, breaches of truft, and other oppreilions i and to mitigate the ri-
gour of the law. The lord high chancellor fits as folc judge, and in his abfence
the maftcr of the rolls. The form of proceeding is oy bills, anfwers, and de-
crees ; the witnefles being examined in private : however, the decrees of this
court are only binding to the perfons of thofe concerned in them, for they do not
atTed their lands and goods ; and confequcntly, if a man rcfufcd to comply with
the terms, they can do nothing more than fend him to the prifon of the Fleet.
This court is always open ; and if a man be fcnt to prifon, the lord chancellor, in
any vacation, can, if he fees reafon for it, grant a Meat corpus. The clerk of the
crown likewife belongs to this court, he, or his deputy, being obliged always to
attend on the lord chancellor as often as he fits for the difpatcn of bufinefs }
through his hands pafs all writs for fummoning the parliament, or choofing of
members; commillions of the peace, pardons, &c.
The King's Bench, fo called cither from the kings of England fometimes fitting
there in perfon, or becaufe all matters determinable by common law between the
king and his fubje£ts arc here tried, except fuch affairs as properly belong to the
court of Exchequer. This court is likewife a kind of checquc upon all the inferior
courts, their judges, and juftices of the peace. Here prcfidc four judges, the firft
of whom is fly lea lord chief juftice of the king's bench, or, by way of eminence,
lord chief juftice of England, toexprefs the great extent of hisjurifdiftionover the
kingdom ; for this court can grant prohibitions in any caufe depending either in
fpiritual or temporal courts ; and the houfe of peers does often direft the lord chief
juftice to iflTue out his warrant for apprehending perfons under fufpicion of high
crimes. The other three judges arc called jufticcs or judges of the king's bench.
The court of Common Pleas take cognizance of all pleas debateable, and civil
anions depending between fubje£t and fubieft ; and in it, befides all real aftions,
fines and recoveries are tranfafted, and prohibitions are likewife iffued out of it, as
well as from the King's Bench. The firfl judge of this court is ftyled lord chief
juftice of the Common Pleas, or common bench ; befide whom there are likewife
three other judges or juftices of this court. None but ferjeants at law are al-
lowed to plead here.
The court of Exchequer was inftituted for managing the revenues of the crown,
and has a power of judging both according to law and according to equity. In
proceedings according to law, the lord chief baron of the Exchequer and three other
barons prefide as judges. They are ftyled barons, becaufe formerly none but
barons of the realm were allowed to he judges in this court. Befide thefe, there
is a fifth, called curlitor baron, who has not a judicial capacity, but is only em-
ployed ia adminiitcring the oath to iherifisi and their officers, and alfu to feveral of
• the
N
N
169
are
crown,
ity. In
ec other
one but
e, there
[)nly cm-
L-veral of
the
the ofliceri of the cuftom-houfe. But when this court proceeds according to equi-
ty, then the lord treafarcr and the chancellor of the Exchequer prefide, allifted by
the other barons. All matters touching the kil'tg's treafury, revenue, cuftoins, and
fines, are here tried and determined. Bcfides the officers already mentioned, there
belong to the Exchequer the king's remembrancer, who takes and ftatcs all ac-
counts of the revenue, cuftoms, excife, parliamentary aids and fublidics, &cc. ex-
cept the accounts of the (heriffs and their officers. The lord trcafurer's remem-
brancer, whofe bufmefs is to make vut procefles againft (heriflTs, receivers of the
revenue, and other officers.
For putting the laws effe£tually in execution, a high-flieriflT is annually appointed
for every countjr (except Weftmoreland and Middlefex) by the king * } whole office
is both mintfterial and judicial. He is to execute the king's mandate, and all writs
diro£led to him out or the king's court of juftice -, to impannel juries, to bring
caufca and malefactors to trial, to fee fentenccs, both in civil and criminal atfairs,
executed ; and at the allize to attend the judges, and guard them while they are
in his county. He is likewife to decide in the firft inttance, the ele£)ions of
knights of the (hire, or coroners, and of verdcrcrs ; to judge, of the qualification^
of votirs, and to return fuch as he Ihall determine to be duly elected. It is alfo
part of his office to collect all public fines, di(lrc(Tes and amerciaments into the Ex-
chequer, or where the king (hall appoint, and to make fuch payments out of them
as his majelly fliall think proper.
As his oflice is judicial, he keeps a court, called the county-court, to hear anc^
determine all civil caufes in the county, under forty (hillings : this, however, is not
now a court of record. As the keeper of the king's peace, both by comniua
law and fpccial commilfion, he is the fird man in the county, and fuperior in
rank to any nobleman therein, during his office. He may command all the peo-
ple of his county to attend him, which is called the poji comilatiu, or power ot the
county.
Under the (heriflP are various officers ; as the under-iherilT, clerks, ftewards of
courts, bailifls (in London called fericants), condables, gaolers, beadles, &c.
The next officer to the fheriffis the jiijliee of the ptact, feveral of whom are com
miffioned for each county : and to them is cntruded the power of putting great
part of the flatute law in execution, in relation to the highways, the poor, va-
grants, treafons, felonies, riots, the prefcrvation of the game, &c. &c. They exa-
mine and commit 10 prifon all who break or didurb the peace, and difqutet the
king's fubje£is. In order to puni(h the offenders, they meet every quarter at the
county-town, when a jury of twelve men, called the grant inquefc of the county,
is fummoned to appear. This jury, upon oath, is to enquire into the cafes of all
delinquents, and to prcfent them by bill guilty of the indictment, or not guilty : the
judices commit the guilty to gaol for their trial at the next aflizes. This is called
the quarter-fcffions for the county. The juftice of peace ought to be a perfon of
fagacity, and integrity, and not without fome knowledge of the law ; otherwife he
will be apt to make midakes, and to dep beyond his authority, for which he is
amenable to the court of king's bench.
Each county contains two (oroners, who are to. enquire by a jury of neighbours,,
how and by whom any perfon came by a violent death, and to enter it on record
as a plea of the crown. Aixothcr branch of his office is to enquire concerning ihip-
wrecks, and certify whether wreck or not, and who is in podellion of the goods..
Id his niiniHerial office thg coroner is the llieriU's fubdituto.
♦ Sheriffs were formerly chofen by the inhaHt- county of Weftmoreland. The city of London hath'
ants of the feveral counties. In fome counties tiie alfo the inheritance ot the flirievalty of Middlefe.x
Ihertfi'a were hereditary, and fiill continue in the veiled in tluir hjdy by charter.
JJO
U
N
N D.
The » i\il f4.i\rrmni lit ol'viiios \i a kiiul of fmnll iiidopcndant polity of itfolf; for
^vtry city ImiIi, 1)v charter trom the kinij. a jurifdidioii within Itfcif, to jud^e in
i;iuliors civil and iriiniuid : with tliis rellraint only, that all civil caufes rhay be rc-
Mioved Iroiii their courts to the higher courts »t Wcilminllcr ; and nil capital of-
teace.'i ;ire committed to the judjje of lite alli/c. The governtDcntot' cities dillers
aeeordinjj to ilieir difleroMt charters, iinnumitie*, niid conftitutions. 'iltcy arc con-
itiiuted with a mayor, iilderniea, and hurgelFcs, who together make the corpora-
tion ol' (he city, and hidd a court of iudicaturf^ where the mayor prelides i\» judge.
Some cities are comities, and chufe tneir own flieriffs j and all of them have a power
of milking bye-laws for their own government. Some have thought the governmcMit
ofciiiis, hy mayor, aldermen, and common-council, is an epitoine of the Englidi
governnteni, by king, lords, and commons, • The government o( incorporated
boroughs is nearly limilar: in fimie there is a mayor, and in others two baililTs;
who, tluiing their mayoralty or magillracy, arc julUces of the peace within their
liberties, and confeqiicnlly efquircs.
'l^hc cimiue-ports are live havens, formerly ellecmcd moil important ones, that
lie on the eaft part of Kngland toward France, as Dover, Sandwich, Romney,
llaliings, and llythe, to which \\ inchelfca and Rye, have been lince added, with
dmilar franchifes in many refpeds. Thefe cin(|ue-norts were endowed with parti-
cular privileges by our ancient kings, upon condition that they provide a certain
number of Ihips at their own charge, to fervc in the wars for forty days, as often
as (hey were wanted.
For the belter government of villages, the lords of the foil, or manor (who were
formerly called barons), have generally a power to hold courts, called courts-leet
:md courts baron, where their tenants are obliged to attend and receive jurtice.
The bufuiefs of courts-leet is ciiieily toprefeiu and punilh nuifanccs ; and at courts-
baron the conveyances and alienations of the copyhold tenants are enrolled, and
they are admitted to their ellates on a defccnt or purchafe.
A conjiiibk is a very ancient and refpeChible officer of the peace, under the Eng-
liili conllitution. Every hundred has a high conftable, and every parilh in that
hundred a conftable ; and they are to attend the high-conftabic upon proper oc-
cafions. They are allifted by anotlier ancient officer, called the tything-man, who
foriyjcrly fuperintended the tenth part of an hundred, or ten free burghs, as they
were called in the time of the Saxons, and each free burgh conlilling of ten
families. The bufmefs of contlable is to keep the peace in all cafes of quarrels
and riots, lie can prifon olVenders till they are brought before a juftice of peace ;
and it is his duty to execute, within his dillrict, every warrant directed to him
from that magiftrnte, or a bench of juftices. I'he neglei^ of the old Saxon courts,
both for the prcfervation of the peace, and the more eafy recovery of fmall debts,
has been regretted by many eminent lawyers; and it has of late been found
ncceflfary to revive fome of them, and to inftitutc others of a (imilar nature.
Belides thefe, there are courts of confcience in many parts of England for the
relief of the poor, in the recovery or payment of fmall debts, not exceeding
forty iliillings.
'Ihere neither is, nor ever was, any conllitution provided with fo many fences as
that of England, for the fei urity of pcrfoual liberty. Every man imprifooed has
a right to bring a writ before a iiidge in Weftminller-hall, called his Habe;is Cor-
j)us. If ilv.it jud^e, alter conlidering the caufe of commitment, (hall find tliat the
offence is bailable, the party is iniinediately admitted to bail, till he is condemned
or accjuitted in a proper court of juftice.
The rights of individuals are fo attentively guarded, that the fubje^i may, wiih-
o!it the leaft danger, fiie his fovereign, or tliofe wlio act in his nnaie, and under \\\i
authority : he may do this in upcii court, where the king may be obliged to pay*
7 damages
N
N
D.
171
per oc-
lan, who
as they
of ten
quarrels
" peace ;
to him
courts,
II debts,
1 found
for the
Iccediug
fences us
liied has
iis Cor-
Hiat the
lemued
wiih-
lidcr hii _
tu pay
laina^'.es
damages to his fubjc^t. The kini; cannot take awny the liberty of the lead indi-
viiluni, utili'fs he has, by foine illegal aft, forfeited his ri.;ht to liberty ; or exeept
>\ hen the ftate is in danger, and the reprefentatives of tlie people think the public
f.ilety makes it neecQarv to confine pcrfons fiifpcdted, and aceufed on oath. Thtf
kins has a right to pardon ; but neither he nor the iudces, to whom he delegates
liis authority, ean condemn a man as a criminal, except ne be firit found guilty by
twelve men, who mull be his e(]ua!s. That the judges may not be inlKienced by
ilie king, or his minifters, to milrenrefent the cafe to the jirv, they have now their
(■;■ ■ ■•■'='■ »■'='' ... \.: -, :, ., ,-.. ..
1
II* r«lltf^, w> ••• • ••■■.■■■■■w I ti, .^-r ■■■■■■«. 1^1 V ■* •■> %tf^ «.m..iw »«r VIIVJ ItT, % M MX J illlf,. IIW,> |||l-||
'.'.iai ie» r«)r life. Neither can the iting take away, nor endanger the life of any
ubject without trial, and th<' perfons being tiiit charged with a capiial crime, as
iieafoii, m.irder, felony, or Ojiue other at\ injurious to fociely ; nor can iiny fubject
be deprived of his liberty, for the higheft crime, till fome proof of his guilt be
gisen iipnn oath before a maginrute ; and lie has then a right to iiilili u|)on his
bt iiig bn light, the Ihrt oportunity, to a fair trial, or to be reUored to li!)erty on
giving bail tor his appearance If a man is charged with a capital offence, he
niuli not undi rgo the ignominy of being tried for his life till llic evidences of his
guilt are laid before the grand jury of the town or county in wliieh the Inti is al-
ledged to be co.mnitied, and not unlefs twelve of tliem agree to a bill of indi<-t-
nicnt againll him. If they do this, he is to (land a fecond trial before twelve other
men, whofo opinion is definitive. By the 28 Kdward III. it is enacted that where
cither party is an alien born, the jury Ihall be one half aliens, and the other
denizens, if required, for the more impartial trial. \ privilege indulged to
ftiangers in no other country, but which is as ancient witlt us as the time of king
Kthelrcd *. In fome cafes, tlio man (who is alwavs fuppofed imiocent till there bo
fiiflicient proof of his guilt) is allowed a copy of his iitdittment, in order to help
him to make his defence. He is alfo furnilhed with the pannel, or li(l of the jury,
who are his true and proper judges, that he may learn their characters and dif-
covcr whether they want abilities, or whether they are prejudiced againll him. I le
may in open court percmptorllv objett to twenty of the number f, and to as many
more as he can give reafon foi their not being admitted as his judges; till at lall
twelve unexceptionable men, tin- luighlhuirs of the party accufed, or living near
the place whcic the fiqipoled fact was committed, are approved of, who take the
following oath, that \\\i.-y jlutll well and rruiy try, uiui triij dclh'erancc nude, hettueen
tin king uiid the prifoners xchom t/iev jhall have in eharjre, aciordin? to the c%'ideiice.
Hy challenging the jury, the prifoner prevents all ptliibility of bribery, or the
iniluence of any fuperior powir : by their living near the place where the fatl was
tomniitted, they are lnp[)()fed to be men who knew the prifoners courfe of life,
and the credit of the eviaence. Upon their integrity and nnderftanding the lives
(if all thai are brought in danger ultimately <lepend ; and from their juilgnient
tin re lit's no appeal : they ate to be all of tine mind, and afu-r tliey have fully
luaid the evidence, aie to be confined wilhoni meat, drink, or candle, till l!)eyarK
unanimous in acquitting or condcnuiing the prifoner. Kvery juryman is therefore
invelled with a foienm and awful trult : if he without evidcn<e fubniits his
oi)inion to that of any other of the jury, or yields in coniplailance to the opinion
lit the juil^e ; if he i.egLcts to examine with t!ie uimolt care -, if he queltions the
veraciiy of the witnelies, v/iio may be of an infamous characler ; or, alter the
mi.ll impartial hearing, has the leatl doubt upon his mind, and yet joins in con- •
(icnming the perlon accufed ; he will wound his own confcience, and bring upon
lii.ileii the complicated guiit of perjury and muuler. 'Iho freedom of Knglllhmen
H'i.;;lls in its being out of the power of the judge on the bench to injure them.
* iiratutc ^c Mo.ititolij W.illi*,
t Tlie party juay chaltenge thirty-five, in cafe of treafon.
\\'ere
»7*
N
N D.
Were not this the care, tyranny might triumph over the Hve« and libertiei of the
fuhiea.
Trial by jury being fo great a fccurity, it it much to be regretted, that perront
of education and property are often too ready to evade fcrving the office. 'I'hofc
who, from indolence or pride, decline difcharging this duty to their country, fecm
hardly to dcferve that fccurity and liberty which the inhabitants of England derivi;
from this invaluable inilitution. Juricn nave, indeed, always been confidcred mt
giving the molt efle£tual check to tyranny i for in a nation like this, where a king
can do nothing againd law, ihcv alford a fecurity that he fhall never make the
laws, by a bad adminiilration, the inAruments of cruelty and opprellion. Were
it not for juries, the advice given by father Paul, in his maxims of the republic of
Venice, might take effect in its fulleft latitude. " When the offence is committed
by a nobleman againft a fubje£>, fays he, let all ways be tried to juftify him ; if that
be impollibie, let him be challifed with greater noifc than damage. If it be a
fubjed that has aflaulted a nobleman, let him be punitlied with the utmoft feve-
rity, that the fubiefts may not get too great a cuflom of laying their hands on the
Patrician order. But by our happv aonftitution, which breathes nothing but
liberty and cnuity, all imaginary inaulgence is allowed to the mcaned as well
as the greatelt. When a prifoner is brought to take his trial, he is freed from
all bonds ; and though the Judges arc fuppofed to be his counfel, yet, as he
may be incapable of vindicating his own caufe, other counfel are allowed him ;
he may try the validity and legality of the indictment, and may fct it alidc,
if it be contrary to law. Nothing is wanting to clear up the caufe of innocence,
and to prevent the fuflercr from hnking under the power of corrupt judges, and
the opprelTion of the great. The racks and tortures that arc cruelly employed iti
other parts of Europe, to make a man accufc hintfcif, arc here unknown,
and none punifhed without conviction, but he who refufes to plead in his own
defence.
As the trial of malefactors in England is very difTcrcnt from that of other
nations, the following account may be ufcful to foreigners and others, who
have not feen thofe proceedings.
The court being met, and the prifoner called to the bar, the clerk commands
him to hold up his hand, then charges him with the crime of which he is accufed,
and alks him whether he Is ^uUiy or noi gui/ty. If the prifoner anfwers gui/ty, his
trial is at an end : but if he anfwers not guilty, the court proceeds on the trial, even
though he may before have confefled the fa£t ; for the law of England takes no
notice of fuch confelFion ; and unlefs the witncfles, who are upon oath, prove him
guilty of the crime, the jury inuft acquit him : for they are directed to bring in
their verdict according to the evidence given in court.
When the witnell'cs have given their evidence, and the prifoner has, by hiinfolf
or liis counfel, crofs-examincd them, the judge recites to tlie jury the fubdance of
the evidence given againd the prifoner, and bids them difcharge their confcicncc;
when, if the matter be very clear, they commonly give their verditt without going
out of the court ; and the foreman, for himfelf and the reft, declares the prifoner
guilty or not guilty. But if any doubt arifes among the jury, and the matter requires
debate, they all withdraw into a room witli a copy ot the indi£lment, where they
are locked up till they are unanimoully agreed on the verditt ; and if any one of
the jury fliould die during this their conhnement, the prifoner will be acquitted.
When the jury have agreed on the verditt, they inform the court thereof by an
officer who waits without, and the prifoner is again fet to the baj to hear his ver-
dict. Tliis is unalterable, except in doubtful cafes, when the verdiil-t is brought
in fpeaal, and is therefore to be determined by the t\vclve judges of England.
M
N
L
N
I).
'73
It" ilic pilfiincr bofiuintl guilty, lip in llicn alkod whnt rcnftm he can give wliy
ffiilrt'.n- lit (ktilli llxmlil DAt h»- pafli'd iipnn liiin? 'liuri' is now properly iio Ikiic-
fit (■>l"fltrj,'y— it is tlii\ng»'il to trjmlporiatioii, or huniiiif; in \\\v hinul. Upon tt
cpiiiil fonvivtioii tlic i'l-iitfiuc ot <l(.;itli. Jitu-r n f'uiuniarv nicount of the trial, i»
pionountcil on tlic prifoiu-r, in lliolo wonls; 7//t' /niv ii, J'h<it thmtjhalt rttnvn la iht
I'fiiit J>nm xv/u'Uff tlnu iiuufjl, and from I hence he rarried to lie flare of exerutioii,
Lre /'.on Jl.ii't he hav.^ed /-v ll^ luuk il'.l ihs Lch li lUiid, mid the Lord fitirc
mn.
»irr,v OH thy foul! wluii'iipon tho Ilii-rilV is cliargi'il willi tin- i-m (iil
All the priloncps toiind not ruilty hy tlio jury an' iinimdiali'ly ai(|uittLcl and dii-
rliiir;»ed ; and, in Imni' calVs, ohlain a lopy ot' their inditlnient from the court, to
proui-ed at law ii){aiiilt their profeeutors.
Oi' I'lMsiiMKN is] 'IJKPiiijh llie laws of |',n:;laiid an- efleemed more morcitiil
to olVeiulers than tli';fe wliiih at preieiit |)revail iiuiny other part of the world, yet
the .punilhnient of fiieli ^,\^ at ilii ir trial refiile to pieail }?"'''>' '»■ ""J' g"i''y ^^'•'■''
runiurly \iry cruel. In this eate the prifoner was laid upon his back upon the
hare floor, naked, and his arms and lej-s being llretthed out with cords, and a con-
liderable wi ii;ht of iron laid upon his breall, he was allowed only three niorfels
ol barley bread the firll day, the nixt day he was allow id iiothii'g but three
draughts of foul watrr that lliall be lu areti to the inilou door ; and, in tiiis lltuation,
this was to be alternately his daily diet till he expired. I his punilhr.ient, how-
ever, there was feldt)m ocealion to infiicf, and by a late atl of parlianunt the,
prifoncr's ret'ul'al to ])lead is to be conlidercd as a conviction, and he is to fuller
llu' lame punillmenl as it he had been tried, and found gniltv. And formerly, in
cafe of hij^h trealiu, thou!.;h the criminal flood mute, judgment was given againll
iiim, as if he liad been co'.nicled, and his ellate \^as conliicated.
'I he law of Ijigland iiu hides all capital crimes under /li^fi henfou, pelly heafou,
\\m\ jc'oiis. I he firll contifis in plotting, cunfpiring, or riling up in arms againll
the fovereign, or in counterteitin'; the coin. Ihe traitor is punilhed by bein^
diawn o;i a liei!;;e to the place of' eMculion, when, after being hanged U[)on a
galii.ws for loine mimiies, the body is cut down alive, th.e heart taken out and
expofed to public \iew, and the entrails burnt: the head is then cut olV, and the
bi)d\ (juarteied, al"ter whiih the head is ul'ua'ly fixed on tome confpicuous place
.Ml the criminal's lands ami I'oods are forfeited, his wife lofes lier duwrv,
d hi
elJIdren both their eliates ami iiol)iliiy. Ihit though coining of money is adjudged
hi';h liiafon, the ciiminal is only drawn upon a liedge to the place of execution,
and there hanged. '1 hough the fentence palled u^)on all traitors is tlie fame, yet
wi.li rel'pect to prrfoiis ot (|uality. the pumihn.ent is gener;',lly altered to behead
ing : a I'eailolil
rted t
u^on
a block, it is llruck oli Willi an a\t
or thai purpofe, on which the criminal placing his
head
riie puiiillmuiit for milpriiion of high treafon, tlii.l is tor negletiting or conceal-
ing it, is imprilonment for lite, the forfeiture of all tlie ollender's goods, and the
profits ariling trom his lands.
yV'/v Irccfon is wl.en a eliild kills his father, a\vil'e her hufljand, a clergyman his
liifhop, or a fervant his matter or niilhef's. Ihis crime is puniiiied by the otleiHler's
hiing drawn in a iled.:',e to llie place of execution, and there hanged upon a gal-
lows
till dead. Wo lien iruiitv either of this crime iir of high-treaf'on, are tei
leiieetl to be l>unit alive ; but this law has been \eiv lately repealed, aiul they are
now ha!)geil, witliout beir.g burnt.
h'eiany includes murders, robberies, forging notes, bonds, deetls, &:e. 'lliefe are
all puni'.lied by hanging, only f murderer:, are to 1/e executed loon after lenience
ri.i.-- i-, not to bf lonliilortil ns a (lillViTi^t i)ii- in tweiitytdiir h.nwr^ affr A"itfiicf i- proriomutif
■iHiUK'nt, lnit:isa rcnrnioii ot.ilt t!'.- parts ottlu'l
Init as Siiiul.nv is nnt m kn;i ,1 ;i ilav, t>i-v arc t'O-
Ifiii c mt'iilKiiH-,
lifid
^til•4', tlif btl\taiiim',. I'crally tticd on a Satiiril.i) ; li> that ti'.i-y olitain a
1- Uv alaicadjimirdcriis are tol)c t\c(.uicil«iUi- ril'iMUtill Moiul.iv.
.N
IS
«74
Ni
(i
N'
H nnflToil, nnd ihen clclivcreil to fiirgpoin in order to b« publicly di(r«£ted.
iriiilty of niblwrv, when iIutc witc fume alleviating circiimlbnci*«, ufnl fi>
Pfcrfimt
guilty of nililwry, when iIutc witc fume alleviating circiimltanci>«, ufnl rDinctime*
to Im! tranfportiul for a tenn of ycwrs to hi» m«jctly*» plantHtioiu i Imt liiicc the
American war, ihcy arc now gcnerully condemned to hard labour in worki of
' nublli- utility, upon the river, 8cc. for a certain number of yenra •„ lately fomu have
Ik'en A'nt to Africa, Nova Scocin, nnd Botany-Buy.
, Other crime* punilhed by the laws are,
M<inllnu)^lutr, which in the uoiawful killing of a perfon, without premtditated
mniiii', but witb a profent intent to kill ; ai when two, who formerly meant
no harm to each other, (|unrrcl, and the one kills the other i in this cafe the
criminal is allowed the bcnetit of his clergy for the fird time, and only burnt
in the hand,
CJitinci.'-mtdhv is the accidental killing of a man without an evil intent, forwhicb
the oti'emler '\s alfo to be burnt in the hand, uniefs the offender was doing an
unlawt'u! ad: which hill circumftancc makes the p\mi(hmcnt death.
aitopliftinfr and receiving ^oods knowing them to be Rolen, arc punilhed witU
hard labour for a number ot ycurii, or burning in the hand.
f't-ijtny, or kccjiing dilurdorly houfus, are punilhed willt the pillory and impri*
funnwnt.
Pcitv-iiirceny, or fmall theft, under the value of twelve pence, is puniHied by
whi|)pin^.
Libdlini^ ufing falfe wei^jlits and meafurcs, and forcftalling tho market, are com-
monly punillied with flnndmg in the pillory.
For tlriking, lb as to dnw blood, in the king's court, the criminal is punilhed
with loling his right hand.
For ftriking, in Weftmlnllcr-hall, while the courts of juftice arc fitting, the pu-
niOnnent is imprifonmcnt for life, and forfeiture of all the offender's eftate.
Drunkards, vagabonds, and loofe, idle, diforderly perfons, arc punilhed by being
fet in the Hocks, or by paying a line.
Of husband and wife.] The firft private relation of perfons is that of
marriage, which includes the reciprocal rights and duties of hufband and wife ;
or, as nioft of t)ur elder law-books call them, baron and Jtme. The holincfs of the
matriinmiial i^ate is left entirely to the ecclefiallical law; the punilhment, there-
fore, or niuiulling, of inceRuuus, or other unfcriptural marriages, is the province
of fpiritual courts.
The tirlt legal difability is a prior marriage, or having another hulband or wife
living ; in which cafe, belides the penalties confequcnt upon it as felony, the
frcond marriage is to all intents and purpofcs void : polygamy being condemned
both by the law of the New 'I'etlanient, and the p)licy of all prudent Hates. The
I'ccond legal difability is want of age. 'Iliis is funicicnt to void all other contracts,
on account of the imbecility of judgment in the parties contracting. 'ITierefore
if a boy under fourteen, or a girl under twelve years of age, marries, this marriage
is imperfctt ; and, when cither of them comes to the age of confent aforcfaid, they
may difagree, and declare the marriage void, without any divorce or fentcnce in
the fpiritual court. This is founded on the civil law. But the canon law pays u
greater regard to the conllitution than the age of the parties: for if they are
HiibiUi ail malritfKnium, it is a good marriage, whatever their age may be. And in
our law it is fo f;ir u marriage, that if at the age of confent they agree to continue
together, they need not be married again. U the hulband be of years of difcre-
tion, and the wife under twelve, when Ihc comes to years of difcretion he may
difagree as well as Ihe may ; for in contradls the obligation muH be mutual ; both
iniili be bound, or neither; and fo it is, vicf verja, when the wife is of years of
lUllrction, and the hulband under.
* Another
E N
O
N D.
»7.<
I or wife
^ny, the
emned
s. 'ITie
ntratts,
ereforc
arriagc
id, they
cnce in
pays a
ey ari.*
And in
ntinue
difcre-
ic may
both
[•ears of
knothcr
Another inriij[>ilcit)r arifea from want nf cnnfont of guaidiani. Bylhr cnmmon
tnw, if the partiri thrmfelvn werr of age to confont. iherr wanted no oihfr cnn<
(iirrrncc to make the marringe valid ( and this wnn agreeable to the (-«nnnn kw.
Hilt by foveral ftatutei, pcnaltiei of lool. are laid on every clergyman, .who mar-
rii*( a couple without cither publication of banni (which may give noiivr t»
parents or giiordiani). or without a licence t to obtain which, the confunt (ff
pnrnit!« or guardian* mull be fworn to. And it has been lately thought proper to
cnai), that all manriagci celebrated by licence (for banni fuppofe notice), whore
either of the nartiea is under twenty-one (not being a widow, or widower, who
are fuppofcd free) without the confent of the fiuhcr, or if he be not living, of the
mother or gtiardiani, fhall br abfolutely void. A provilion it made, aa in the civil
liiw, when the mother or guardian is moh fomtos, t)eyond the fca, or unreafonabtjr
froward, to difprnfe with fuch confent at tiie difcretion of the lord clumccllor (
but no provifion ia made in cafe the lather ihould lab<Hir under any mental, nr
other incapacity. Much iniiy be, and much ban been fuid, both for and againit
this innovation upon our ancient laws and conftitution. On the one hand, it pre-
vents the c!nnde(tine marriages of minors, which arc often a great inconvenience
to tl\()fe private families wherein they happen. On the other hand, retirainta upon
marriages, efprcinlly among the lower clafs, are detrimental to the public, 1^
hindering the increafe «)f people ; and to religion and morality, by encouraging
licentioufncfs and debauchery among the (ingle of both fexes.
A fourth ini-apacity is want of rcafon : without a competent fliare of which, na
no other contratt, fo neither can that of marriage be valid.
Laflly, the parties mud not only be willing and able to contract, but aAualty
miifl contrnd themfelves in due form of law, to make it a good civil marriage.
N'erbal contraHs are now of no force, to compel a future marringe. Neither is
:iny marriage at prefent valid, that is not celebrated in fomc parilh-church or pub-
lic chapel, unlefs by difpenfation from the archbilhon of Canterbury. It muA alfo
be preceded by publication of banns, or by licence trom the fpiritual judge. It ia
held to be alfo elTential to marriage, that it be performed by a pcrfon in orders :
iliough in the times of the civil war, all marriages wore performed by the juftices
of the peace ; and thefe marriages were declared valid in the fucceeding reign j aa
the niarriagcs of ouakers are at prefent. As the law now ftands, wc may upon
the whole eolledt, tnat no marriage by the temporal law is void, the i- celebrated
hv a perfon in orders, in a parilh church, or a public chapel (oi i'' -where, by
ililpenfation) in purfuance of banna or a licence, between fingle perfo. s, confcnt-
ing, «)f found mind, and of the age of twenty-one years ; or of the age of fourteen
in male, and twelve in female, with confent of parents or guardians, or without it
in cafe of widowhood.
There are two kinds of divorce, the one total, the other partial. Tlie total di-
vorce muft Ik: for fomc of the canonical caufes of impediment, and thofe exilling
before the marriage : as confanguinity, aflinity, or corporeal imbecility. The ilfuc
ot fuch marriage, as it is thus entirely diffolved, are baftards.
The other kind of divorce is when the marriage is jull and lawful, and therefore
the law is tender of dilTulving it ; but, for fome fiiperveaicnt caufc it beccmies im-
oidper or impoflible, for the parties to live together ; as in the cafe of intolcralik>
ill temper, or adultery, in cither of the parties. In this cafe the law allows alimony
to the wife (except when for adultery, the parliament grants a total divorce, as ha*
hiippcncd frequently of late years), which is that allowance which is made to a
woman, for her fupport, out of the huiband's eftate ; bcin^ fettled at the difcretion
<if ftie eccleliaiiical judge, on the confideratlon of all the circumftances of the cafe,
and the rank and quality of the parties.
Having thiis (hewn how marriages may be made, or diflblved, I come now,
iaflly, to fpcnk of the legal confc^uences of the making, or diliolutioa uf them.
Nn 2 By
176
N G
N
1).
Hy msrriiigc, tho hurtmnd ntwl witV arc one prrfou in law i itmi U, flio »cry b<»
ittB, or lo^al fkiltiiK-r iit tlu- woiniiit, i< liir|)i'(uli'il iluriti;; tlio iiiari-i»i(^', or lit Iciilk
U iiuorpornlfd and coiiColiiLiti-il iiuo lliai ol" ilu* liulbmul ; under whofo onucc-
tion, and tovtr, tlu- pcrt'nrnM i-viry lhin>{, and i^llKTolnn- iHlkd in our l^iw I rviKjIi,
n Jtmt-iovtrl, under tlu- gniilaiuc of tu r liullntnd, lior ^<//o'i or lord i and lior ('t>ii<
diti'in during h^-r niarriago, ii cnllid licr lovtiimt. U|Hin ihin prin^ ipl< ol' an unioii
<)t° pi rloti in linlliiuid and wiU* di'|Knd^ ainioit tiU lit'. Icj{.il ri;^lit'«, diitic*, and
dil'ahiliiii'K, tliiit citlior ot ilu-ni uttiuirf l>y \\w niarriH^c, I (peak nut ul prilcnt
«)J'th'' rinht* ot' proporly. I'ut ot" I'utit u» arc nieridy ptyfo.iM. Tor thin rcnfon u man
ininiot grant an\ iliin^ to liis will-, «)r i-nli-r inio ii rovtnaiit witli Iut i tor tin-
jjrunt winUI Ik- to I'nppolV licr fi parate i-xillrrKc ; and tin- covenant wiili lu r
would I)!.- onlv io covi'iiant witli liiintVII; and tluit'lou- It i^ gincially trtie, tiiat all
coinpuclt niadf iKtwocn luiiband and wilir, wlun Ini^l' , aic voided hv th- iritif
maiiiagi*. A wonntn indivd may l)c un utlornoy tor hei Inilbund ; lor that iniplii-«
no fiparntion tVoni, l)Ut is ratlier n rcprcfcntuii'i i of, livr lord. And u Inilhand niiiy
alio beipuaili any tbin!{ to hi. wik- by will ; lor ibat » aniiot lake elleft till llie to.
verture is dclirmiiu'd by bis d^alb. I be bnlband is bomi I to piosiil.' bis wife
with neeell'aries by law, as mneb as biinleHi aid it llie (nmiacls debts lor him,
he is <d)liged to pay them : but lur any tiling belides iieeellaries, be is not charge-
able. Alio if the wile dopes, and lives uiili anoihcr man, the luiiband is imt
chargeable even tor nccell'.ities ; at leill. it ilie perl m vvbo birniihes ilie:n is lulli.
cie.itly a|iprl/ed ot' her elopement. It llie wile be indeiit'd belure nuiiriage, llio
hiilbaiid ii biLiiul al'ierwaids to pay tbe dehi ; lor be bas adopted ber and Ikt eir-
tiiinrtanees tot;.tber. It' the wite be injnied in ber porl'on or properly, Ihe cuii
briiiij no aitioii lor redrel's, wiibonl ber bnlband s concurrence, and in bis na.ue,
ns well as lur own ; iieiiber c:i i ib>- be I'ned, wi;iiout making; tbe liulli.uid a de*
reiubint ; e\eept when llie bnlband basalijnreil ibe realm, or i, baiiiilied ; U.\ tlieii
he i< dead in law. In criminal pr it'ecution-,, it is true, tbe wile nii) be indirled,
nnd piinilhed I'eparutely : for t'le union i« only it civil union. Hut, in tiiaU ot' any
fort, tbey uie iiut allowed to be i vidence* I'or, or anamll, ckIi oib r ; partlyr
becaid'e it i« iinpoiliile their tellininnv ;boiild be impartial \ l)>n priniipally bciaul'o
of the uiion ot perl".!!. \',n\ win n- ll'.e olltiice isdireeU; a'^.iitill the peit'iii ot lli.;
wile, ibis ml
ha
s Ik en m'tially liirpeiil' d uilb ; and ihertiore, in lul'e a w
oinaii
be torcibty taken away, and married, Ihe may be u witnel's ai^ainll fucli her
hiilliand, in onler to consiet him ot" felonv.
In the civil l;iw, ilie biilbaad and (be wile lire conlldered as two dililtiil pcrfi
and
inav have kparale t Hates, contiacts, dois, ai
jiiiuiereci as two (intitin pcrlonj ;
d injuries 1 and tlieii fore, in our
cceleliallicul courts, :i woman may fu-, and be I'ueil, wiiboul her liull>aiid. Ilii;.i;r!i
our law in general conliders man nnd wile as one perlon, yet there arc funic
inftancei in which ihe is f.paratcly conlidered, ns inferior to hint, ami aclini' bv
his c iinpnllioii. I Iieri'lore all dii .1 I'xecuUil, ami act-, done, by lur, lluli^^ her
covenure, are void ; except ii be a tine, or lIu; like inatu r of record, in which cafe'
flu miifl be folely :iiid Uerelly i\:iiiiined, to learn it ber act be volunlaiy. hhc
cinnot by will devife land to her bnlband, uiihl's under fpecial circumllaiices; for,
at llie lime of nii.ki;ii; ii, llie is fuppofed to be muhr bis cuciei
fel ■ ......
(Ul.
And
111 li.nn:
onies, uiu
I otl
ler intiiior crimes cominilled by her thron^h conlbiiiiil of her
hulband, lb'- l.iw exciifes her ; but ibis eslends iu>i to treaf mi or inuuhr.
I he hulband Jilfo (bv the old, ami likewile by the civil law) might give his wif:
moderate correction ; lor, .ns he is to anfwer for her milbehaviour, ihe law lluui^'it
it reafonahle to eiilrull him wiib tliis |)ower (if relbainiiii; her, by do.ncllic ch.il'-
tifemeiit, in the fame moderation lliat a mail is allowed to correal bis fivantsor
<hilclri'n: for wlvnn the mailer or parent is alio li.-ible in fonio cafes to ai.l'wer.
.Hut in the puliti r reign of Charles II. this |)ower of conc-lion bei;an to be doul'l-
cd i and a wife may now have fccurity of the pe.ice ajjainll her hulband; cr,
ill
B N
N
fmk
rolcc*
r run-
Ulki'lll
*, utul
irtl'cnt
u IP nil
t'cir the
ill I lur
tli:it all
J iiUcr*
iiujilii'*
ml lUii/
i\w CO.
Iii'i wile
or htm,
tliain^"'
il i^ ii'it
i i> I'lilii*
;vgc, llio
, lur cif'
, llio t:ii)
is naat'',
uid a il>
t't.r ill': I
iaJikU'il,
lis t)t' ;my
r ; \iarllv
u ot th.;
woiu.iii
ach licr
per foil 3;
', ill mir
llio.l^ll
live fv)lllC
;u-iiii'.; t»y
lllin^ lur
Lii.il cai:
iiy. Mi:
r.tci; tur,
.1 111 I'i'iii'.'
Ill ot IkT
his wif':
iliiiii^iit
hlic cluil-
•ivauls or
I) ai.Uvir.
\w ihml't-
lUiuli cr.
iu
•77
In rrtiirn, • huiVnntl miinrt liu \>ifoj yet iho l»Wk'r rank nl' people clnirn and
exert lluir uiivient privilcue i mid the (OurK ot' liiw w>ll periiiil ti hulhaixl (u rc>
Hruiii a wiK* ol her liberi), in cure ol any Kfol'* ntilhehiivioiir.
iliefu no iho chici' le^al etltclH ot' itiiiirru);e iluiiiig ilie coverture \ u{v>n vthlch
we in:iy oblVrvc, th.it vvcii lii>- thr^l)ililie», Mhivl) (he wile iii.-« un<Ur, lire (ot thj
iiiiill piirt inrciiileil lor her iiroteftimi uiuj heticKt. St greut n I'uvoutitc U tha
luiiiitlc t'vx with the lawit ot' Lii^luiid
Kbvknuk* ok I tiK Uni
run novfcUNMKN i,
t'riint whi^li lie leceive* little or no atlvniitii^e. i. C)t>ru<liot atiJ iienliDiiH, t'oriiurly
niiliiiK tVoiii uI!ow'am.'i <i nt tiie.il, diiiik, iiiid cioulhiii^, due to ih - V\^\^^ I'loni
I
I he king'« eicleriul^icnl reveniici c<>tilill in, i. Tlio
ciilhtdv ot ill ' iein|M>r.iliiii!> nt' vacant liiihii|)riclkH (
til
iin iii>
mid hi
K'v or iiMiiallery, and wliiih he )(fiierally heltuwed iiiioii t'avoiii.te fcrvaiitii
» ri-iidini; one ot liii «.ha|ilaitH to lie niaiiitaiiied hv the hiiliop, or to have a
lenlioii hcllowed upon him till the hilhup promoted him to n li iiefiec
xlia-parociii:d tiilu
1"
Ihe liill iVniiH i>nd liiilhs of bctielict
I'.ut f>
t: .
has heen the Imunty ot the crown to the churcli, that thule branched now atiuid
liille or no resi'iiiie.
Ihe kill;;'* ordinary temporal revenue, iiiilil the rei,;ii of hi» prefent majefly,
roiililt in, 1. I he ihMierne landn ol the irown, uliiih at prefeiit tie in a narrow
tomjiafi 2. Ihe JKredilury cxcile; In iii>; part of the toiilideratimi I'cr the piir-
( hale ot hit U'lilal piolii^, and tie pri'ro|{aii\e.'i of purveianec and pre einption.
;. An oiiiiual fniii iihiin^ Iroin the duty on wine lieiinet; bein^ the rt.lidiie of ili^;
fane conlideiation. 4. tlin forells. 5. Itis conits of j.. dice, iLc. In lieu of
all wliiili ()o-),ooj\. pel ami im is now planted lor tlu' f ipport of his civil lill.
'Ihe eviiaiirdinaiy ;;iaiiu are ul'iially called by the f\ii<tiiynitHis iianuii of nid^,
fablidicK, ai.d fuppliis ; and are i;iantedl)y the Cd.n.aoiis of (ircat Hri'.ain, in par-
liament ii|le.nb!i.d ; wh<i, when they have voud a f^pply to his majk'lly, and fL'lt!>.d
the (fHiiu/ii >: III thai fupply, ufnally relolve tlieiiifcives into what is called a coin-
iiiiitic ol wais and iiieiiis, to conhder of the W'a\i> a. id inear.s of railiii..; the Cipply
to \oted. And in tliiii connuittee, every ineml-er \lhoi'i^li il is lo )k.cd up );i as tl
peiMJiar pioviiice of the iiiaii(.\ilor of ihe e\cheniier) .nay projiof.- facli fiheii
of la.saiiuii as he thinl.s will be Ui.lt deir lucliial lo the pubiie. 'Ihe nfoiuiioiw
(f th;s committee (when apjirovcd by a vote of the hmife) are in jjeneral dee.ikd
filial and coik hilive i lor, tliom^h the fupply (.ainiot bj actually railed ujion tl
10
leiiio
lie
filiject till diiecled by an atl of the wiioie parliament, yet no nionicd maij
will feruple lo adsaiae to the ^.lvelnlllelll any (|iiantity of ready ca.h. if th
Xl
feil I
I rni>>
be ad
\auta'
is, o;i the credit of the bare W'tc of the hoiil'i.
proj
ot comiiioiis.
The annual taxes an*, 1. 'li.e lar.d-la\ or the iiiuient fiiblidy railed upon a
new airelliiient. i. Ilie mall-ta.\, beii.s^ an amuial excite on malt, mum, cyder,
and perry.
The perpitiial taxes are, i. 'ihe cuftoms, or tonnnp;c and poundaj^e of all mcr
(haiidile expoiletl or imporled. 2. 'Ihe cxcife duty, or inland inipoliiiun on a
};reat \atleiy of commodities. ^. 'Ihe fait duty. 4. Ihe pollutlice *, or duty
I'lr the cariia.;o of leiuii. 5. 'ihe tlamii-d ty on paper, parchment, &c. 6. 'Iho
dul
y oir
houh
IS ami win
dow!
7-
The d
uiv on neciues
for hack
lie
y eoaclies aiu
chairs. 8. Ihe duty on oilicx's and peiilioi)^wilh a variety ut i)e>v luxes imputed
ill ihe year 1784.
\' » From tlie year 1644 (o 1741, ilie nnniinl amount of the rrvenufs of the Poft-oflice for ttwt
^miiint of this rrviMUif }',i,nlu:illy imii'uftcl liom y .ir w .i» 43:,'.4Sl. whiih, liy the .irt paireil hi the
;.uoL (i> K/ri, ii()\. Iiiit il lhuiihU)r ohUrval, th.it iiatoiH ol i7tJ4, iiKirafliiK the <tiity .UAorilini; to
llir uroCs am. unit nt I) ilh iiiUiul atul (unigii ollius ihf tlirtantf, aTi.l alirnl^iiij; liic Iranking, imili be
ua4 ill tlut year ij5,4yil. In i;^4, the jjrofs jjrcatly aujjiuctiud.
A Tlie
•T«
N
D.
llie nf tt •ramal f»m4<i<>« of tbrir (rvrrtl bninchri of thr nrtniie, ntd nnH n«w
tii«r«, «ftrt ill cflarjtci *4 cotletiling «iMt mMMffiinmii imhI, i« fllinMlctJ si ckrvrn
mllliiint rtcrlingi wlin two milliont •nd a qusfter raifuu m «ti «ver«|f, by lh« land
nnd umll-l»x. How ihrf* Immrnfr furm »rt ■itproprinU'cl, ii n«>iil lo he loti-
lidrrrtt. And ihii ii, hrft ami pririiiiMiilj, tu ilii; payment ul the imi^f/l of ih«
iiatinnal drbt.
Lt order Id lake a clear and comprchcnfivc view uf ilie nature ttfthit MATiowAfc
PKiT, h muft he firft prenufed, that after the Krvulution, wtien our lu-w c-onncc-
tioni with Kuropc introduced a new fyOem of foreign politic*, and ilir cH|K*ncet
of the nation, not only in frilling the new rftabliihnirni, but in maintaining long
wan, ao principal!, on the continent, for the fecurity of the Dutch iMrricr,
reducint the French monarchy, frilling the Kpanifh fiiccHFKm, fup|>«)rling the
houfe 01 Auitria, maintainitig trie biwrtiei of iIk' (irrmanic IttHly, ann other pur-
pofri, itKreafed to an umifual degree » it waa not thought advifrablo to raifr
ull the exprncri of any one year t>y taxe* to Ih* levii-d within that yi-nr, Wd
the unacrtiOomrd weight of them (hoiild crentc murmiirit among the people, it
wan theref«ire the poii« y of the limei, to antieipale the nviMiiie* of iheir pollerily,
by borrowing immenfc fum» for the current fervicc of the ftute, and to Iny no more
Inxex upon the fubje^k than would fufhcc to pay the annual interel) of tl\e funu fn
borrowed: by thi% riraiii converting the prinnpnl «lel>t into a new fpccie* of pnn
pertv, tranM'erahlr fn>tn nttc man to nnother, nl <tny lime and in uny (|UUMiity,
ii fvAem wliich fcem^ to Imve had itx original in the ftateof Florence, A, I). 1.144:
which government then owed about 6o,oool. ftcrling : nnd being unubic to pay it,
formed the principal into an nggregnte fum, called, metaphorically, a mount or
bank: the lliarei whereof were tran^teruble like imr llmk*. 'Ilii* laid the foumln-
lion of what is called the nai ional df.rt : tor a few long unnuiliet created in
the reign of (!hurles If. hardly det'erve that name. And llie example then let, haK
been fo clol'ely followed diirnig the long wnri in the reign of «|ueen Anne, nnd
/iiice, that the capital of ilic fmided debt at Midfumnu-r 1775 wu» 129,860,0181.
ami the iinniial charge of it aintmiited lo 4,219,154! 71*. The American war
<oiini\eiu ing at thin time, and the execrable policy tontinuing of alienating the
(inking Uuul. with the extravngnncies in every department of government, and the
njoimer nf borrowing the money for fupplici, have conliderably incrcafcd it •.
'Ilie following w:\> the Hate nf the national debt in the year 1783, exiraded
from tlie ele\eiitn rc|iot't of the cuinmilliuncra uf public atcuunU :
21
£■
,1.
4:
i8,8_56,54i 11 4;
730.219,796 6 9;
Tuiided d'lit
liilerert tlureon ...
L iifundetl ill of Ofbiber, 1783:
fifteen millions of ihiit bears inivr-
cft now.
Intcreft thcrcun
Charges at tite Hank for mana^iii;;
the bufiiK is
Fees nt the audi^r's otFicr of im-
prcft
Some other Ices of oflice
£■
7.95 '-Ojo
J
612,741
•34.a9i »3
'V.874
2
12
9
8
A
I
• In thf courfe of ttif Utt war from t}jf>, to fhcr m rapltnl of 7^,400,0001. forwhtch the nionfy
171)2, 46.;^j,oool. wa« .vlilnl to ihr f /<■> rrnfi, Mlviuicca ww only 4D millium.
uui, sO,7iO,uU)l. tu the 4/>r einii. miking togc-
Since
»^
N
.*t,i
•>*.**».J4*
•7f
The fvft accrtunt wmf,. .kj . . ■^Z Mi>.'<-V » f o ^
RtVIMv*.
Cullamt
l.iiy.M, ' *•
■•«H»w itiii
Si'"*""*' *'•!„.
r f nin tnnlol
'141 >«•
'I
r.^-,.f,,,,,,;,C.l';-;'™
if
ii
',7;, '<• ..' carrinl ,o,X ''"^^ "P-' tl.cn,. :.,, ^IrX^ ^'t.^'^ «"•' '^L-^o
286
N G
N
n.
tivo credits, ii charf^cd <>n, ami payable out of, tin- pnuliico of tlic finking fund
11
owcvi-r
I he
neat liirpliili'es aiul faviii'.^s, a
ftor all (li'(liiflii)ns ])aid, anU)iinl
atimi- •■
itilv Id a very coiilidorablo fuiii -, for, as llu- intiTcIl oii llu" national dclit has Invii
jit fovorai tiiiu's ivdiued ^hy the tonfent of the proprietors, who had their option
liilier to lower llieir intereil, or be paid their principal), the favinj,'s from the ap-
propriated revenut's iniiH be extreniely large. 'I his linking fund is the liilt refdri
ot the nation ; its oidy donuflie n fouree, on whieh mull eiiielly depend all llio
lio|)es we can entertain of e\er iliiiiiarging or nioderatin;; our ineuuibraneis,
Uetwien ihe \ears 17^7 and i7;,2, feveral encroaehnients were made upon the
(inking t'nnd ; and in the \e;ir 17.?.?, halt" a million was taken from it, uniUr j)iv-
lence of ealin;; ihe landtd inlerell. The piiutiee of alienating liie linking iniid
Hill ennliiuied; and in 17,?'', it was aniii ipaled and morlgagiil, and fuhfetpu'iit
adn\iniili;Uions repeatedl) broke in upon it, thus eonverting an excellent expedient
lor Casing tlie kingdom, into a fnpply for the worll innp>ji'es.
In fonie years, the linking fund haili proiluced from two to three millions; and,-
if 1,21 2,oool. ol it had been inxioli.bly applied to tlu' tedeniption ct' the pnhlic
ilebls fron\ the year 173; to the pn fent lime, one hundred and liMy millions would
have been paid olT, anil the nation much relieved. Dill'env.t fchemes ha\e been.
formed tor [
)a\ni'
the public delits, but no method can In- fo e.spedilious and
eflectual, as an unaiiinaMe linking tniul, as this nu:ne_\ is improwd al (O'tpowul
in/cri/l, and therefore in the moli perfetl manner ; but money procured bv a loan
bears onlv limple interclh " A nation iherefure wlu luver it ajiplles the income
«)f fuch a fund to current ex])ences, rather than the redenipiion ot its debts, choofis
to loofe the benefit of conii)ound interell, in order to avoiil paying limple interell,
nnd the lofs in this cafe is ecpial to the iliflerenee between the increafe of money
al com])ound and limple inlerell'. "
Pso permanent provilmn had ever been made for the progrelllve and permanent
payment of ibis imnunfe delit, uniil 17IJ6; wlien parliament had the wifdom and
ihe lirnniefs to pafs an act for veiling unalienahly, in commillioners, ihe funi of one
million aminall) ; in wlii(li act every jiofnlili- pi\i .uilion was taken that could he
(ie\Ill(l lor presenting tlie fnrplus Ironi beint; diw iled at any future time, anil for
carrying to ihe aecounl of ihe commiiiioners for llie i)ur|)ofes of tlu' acl, the intcr-
cll of fucli (lock as iLould be puichafed, and fuch lempurary amuiiiies as lliould
iail in. L'nder the pru\ilions of this att, Ei^/il Aliifions Tvjo Utiin/rcii 'D'luifcni'i
Puuuils of the capital of llie debt lias been p^ni baled f ; and ihe amount ol ilic
annual fum, now ajiplicable lor ilie iiduclii/ii of il is i,;(>g,oocI.
* Dr. I'll.t's c.ikiilatidii plaiiilv (litivs lliat,
•' A iiiilliini l)Oiroui(l ai\ir.;.illy fur twiiir-- vfars,
\y\\\ pay elf, in tlii t'li'c, ;; millhiiib 3 per it.it.
(:o(.k, i! i'irili.:'j;i',l at 6il. in 11101. ..v lor cvt'ry
10^1. ft. Ilk, ami ill forty .cars incirc, witl^out ai.v
fiiitluT i.iii from l((.iii>-, J j ; inlUiiins (th.it is, 3S8
ni'll'.i'i" ill ;ill) M'mi.i! lif ; .'.i.l I'lf.
" 'I'l'.e lul ilioii lit 1 i'HU .'ii )i'ars to this period
woiiki p.i\ 1 If 1000 iiillii'.'.
" \ fiii|.liib ol h 1; a la lliim per aiiiuiiii. mule
up to aiuiliioii, iiy liorwn. in.; hill a iiilU'on t-vtry
yrir for twii'ty yi.ar-, would <iifi-l"r;.ii;i' the I'.uiio
Iiiiiis i;i till' f.iiiie pciiods.
•' I I (liort, lo iiti.cir.ry i^ it at piffcnt to ex; e-
dill-, liy ivi-ry |H-.liililp intaiii, tiif ic.ltuipiioa of
ciir dol)!b, ili.it, lit tin; furplui ul.ii\. i..n be 1 b-
t.uMi-d for ■.\ (i:iki;.g fuii.l be what it will, an ailili-
tio.T to it, by aniuuil loans, will be proper in onlir
to give it f^rra.er ctKiivncy an. I a beuer < hamt
for rdicviii;; the kiiii^iloin. -I'he ininafe of r.ivps
wliiih liicli a imafiiri; iinitl oicaiion, woi.l.i be fo
i:u,oiiliiii,rahl; and {o ('raiiual, as to be fiaacly
I iiiiplibli ; a'.d at the l"aii;e time, it noolj nuiii-
telt Inch a deleniiined refoliiiion in onr n.lers to
ri 'me ciir di It -, ai might have the happiclt iiiliu-
( ill ( on piihili 1 U'dit,
j l)el:eiituri , as a io:npenf..iiim to l.oiiliib,
f r lie lul- <.'. jioperty iii .Am. liia, h.n e bttii
f.ti litd to the aiaoiinf oi ()So,5ool. wliiih iniy
be iij .(.de.ed a;. a iurther re. net on uf the lictit
to tiut air.uiiiit.
KINDS
N
N
i8i
fund.
i\)ti<Ml
R- ae-
rofoil
II tho
on tlie
r niv-
;:; tuuil
H'dicut
s ; and.-
■ piiltlic
S WDUlll
VC l)(.'Cll.
;)iis ami
,0 ''pound
ly u loan
income
, i-h()i)fi's
■ inUTi It,
)!' money
ormancnt
t(lon\ and
IIIW <>l IIIR"
couUl lie
■.\\n\ lor
the iiiUr-
,IS lllDUUl
'I'mjifd'i'l
limi ut ii\o
ill, an ailili-
tr in nv(Ur
tcr i.!\;\iue
,ilV nt' t.ixfS
Iwoiill be lo
be IVaiCfly
(i.il.l lu.mi-
nil- ri.lif- '0
vi\ inl'.i:-
l.ovili
,;vc Utn
Wwh miy
I ot tl-.c di.bt
riNDS
In
282
E N
G
N D,
In lieu of their lioreditary rcveniin, oiir late kings received the produce of cer-
tnin brandies of thi* cxcifc ami cullonis, &c. but bis prefent niajelly is pleafcd to
•iccopt llu- iinnual lam of 900,000!. chargeable on the aggregate fund, which is
called bis Civil Lill, The expences defrayed i)y the civil lilt, are thofe that in
any Ihape relate to civil government j as the expences of the boulhold, ail fala-
ries to otlicers of llate, to the jndges, and (very one of the king's fervants; the
appointments to tunign ambalfador.s, the maintenance of the queen and royal fii-
mily, the king's private expences, or privy purfe, and other very numerous out-
goings ; as fecret fervice-money, peiilions, and other bounties. Thefe fometinies
have lo far exceeded the revenues apiujinled for that purpofe, that application hns
been made to parliament, to difcharge the debts contracted on the civil lilt, whicl\
is properly the whole of the king's revenue in his own ditlintt capacity ; the lell
being rather the revenue of the public, or its creditors, tliough colletted and dil-
tributed again in the name, and by the ofllcers of the crown.
MiLiT.\RY ANi> MARiNK sruusorii J The wW/jrv //<;/(? includes the whole of
OF CJrk.vt liui TAIN'. j llic f(jldicry ; or, fuch perfons as are pe-
culiarly a|)pointed among the relt of the people, for the fafeguard and defence of
the realm.
In a land of liberty (fays judge IJIacklhme), it is extremely dangerous to make
a dil'tinct order of the piot'eliion of arms, in fuch, no man iliould take up arms,
but with a view to defend his country aiul its laws: he puts not oft' the citi/en
when he enters the camji ; but it is becaiife he is a citizen, and would wilh to
continue fo, that he makes himfelf for a wliile a fokiier. The laws and conftitu-
tion of thefe kingdoms fornu riy knew no fuch ftate, as that of a perpetual ftand-
ing loldier, hied up to no other profellion tiian that of war ; and it was not till
the reign of Henry \'ll. that the kings of Ein;land had fo much as a guard about
their perfons.
It feeiiis univerfally agreed by all hillorians, that kint'^ Alfred firft fettled a na-
tional mililia in this kingdom, and by his prudent dilcipline made all the fubjctts
ill his dominions (oldiers. In the mean lime we art not to imiigine that the king-
dun w:;s left wholly without defence, in cal'o uf domeUic i;;l'arrections, or th'j
p'ofpict of I'meign invalions. liclides thofe, who by their miliiary tenures were
bound to perform forty days ferviee in the field, the (tatute of VVincheller obliged
c. cry man, according to his eftate and degree, to proviile a determinate quantiiv
of facli arms as were then in ufe, in cr.\Ur tt) keep the jieace ; and conftables were
i I'pc.iiite 1 in all hundred-,, to lee ihat fuili arms v.ere prnvid. d. '1 Ik:",- weai.'ii.-i
were changed by the I'latute 4 and 5 Ph. a:,d M. c. 2. into ( th-Ts of nv'iv modern
ferviee. It was ufnal iVoni time to time, for our princes lo iiiiie commillions of
Sirray, and fend into every county oftieers in whom th.ey coulil con'ide, to nnilUr
r. ■(! array or fet in military orden the inltaSiiaiits of ever', ('..ftricl ; a.id the fori:!
ef tl.e C'.:!i;uiiiion of airav was leltled in ptnliament in the 5 Henry IV. Hut at
the fame linie it was provided, ilial no man Ihould be compelled to go out of tl.e
kiiiSjdoni ;i[ any rate ; nor out of bis (hire, but in cafes of ingent neeellity ; tuT
;i;ou'd himl'elf ferve, or provide A)ldiers, unlefs by confent of piu-liatneut. About
the le'.gn of Ling Henry V'ill. lord lieutenants began to be iiiirou.'.eed, ;;s Hand-
ing repi -fcntati\es of the ciown, to keep the cou:Uies in military order; for we
fiud the.. I mentioned as known ollicers in the llatute 4 and 5 i'h. and i\!. e. ^
though they had not been then loiig in ufe; fir Ctnnden fpcaks of them in the
time of queen iilizabeth as extraordinary magiltrates, conllituted only in times of
dilHcuUy and danger.
Soon after the Rt ltoratio;i of king Charles II. when the miiiiary tenures w -re
abolilhed, it was thoiig.it proper to nevv-m.id.d ih- miliiia; the general fehe.ne
i)f which, as it now iLmd,--, i-; 10 difei|)liiK; a c •riain number of tb.- in! ;d),iant. of
every coiintv, cliolVn b.- lot tor three vcars, aid oilicen.d by t'..e l^uJ lieuteutut,
5 ' llw
i!ic <1(
th
til
'I'll
'P"ty-i;ei,io„n„f.s. n.id ntl
G
N 1>.
f crovvii. •)•)
Cc of
inva/i
'^'.v .•ii-i- not c
•y; Pn'ncipal I„n<l-J,oM,
2.<(l
;"". or adual lobdl
:;;"ii;'"»i.i.M;,,,™rz"^ ;;:'!!" •"-"!*.n^
y- <:■ i-.;,:-;{^'-r ;;■;-...' ,,v;;^ ,; ;;; ™,"™.»«,»i...
"!"! rafy J but whoil <|
'^•'1 at flafc'(J 1
'''''^i^^'^'^-nainllion;;)!':"!'"'""':^""'/
.'■^•"toiit oftlio'k
nu- 111
P^"icc, atul fur
--™'.fxrr'L;t;-^f
from
in
i"t;(!.iiii.
s iil>ua|
protcttiiur th
•!i..a^n,„;,S.5^|»-'';..,»in,.,™-:.n
<i'nfi(Ji.,ab|
fury by
■^'P'liff ftaiul
''■!-. i. i^« ';z fo"* ;:«!':■"'" i»^ n^'Sd
omcdic violo
ficiu-ral i
'" man ill L,
^"'' lIlC |)ul)|
;hv.
IICP,
'I'llS Ot'tll
•»;"• laM/latuif. for ,1,
i^-t'uwiiofCvatB
IlKlJl
'/yt'"r,s pait (,^,
>v^r all Kuroof f,
>r a
11 K
<lif coniniaiKl of'tii
a I J 01) of
'"•■oiJe, to maiiuai
mil .i..,l .1. . .ft"' '"> Ilk- (fi'.piir.,, ..I .1.
Ill, CV
-ritniii, and tl
!>«' prcforvfUi
c crown ; wh
;^»''> time .,•,„,;,,,„•;;
:i:?!'c:;'oi- H,e p;;n:
'"" of the l)al
Duro, 1
;' "^11 or cvoiy vi.ar ,,,,j,.r ' "."«ri', li
and
'ifr I
«aiTifon
s "> Ireland, C
"le of pe:,c,., amoun
laiice of jH,\,t.,.
pailiani
'I'-'-e liav. t;,ni !S; J' ''"^^t !'>': l^afl I„d
J
IIU
•^ regulate ti.is I
■ly
'{.to about 40,000
^•"f- '/lie /and f
winded at ll
'eon jii JJrifid,
men, iucJud
>"ily of trooj
pay, iiativ
"•s. and Anurica- 1
es and f
"■^''ifiLTs, a bo
""I'lt padi-s.
'>-■ expir.
.'■^•es ♦ of tlii-C,.
.'Of. "'oops and
^val•,
! 'Hit in time of
tlieir
Si??iS?5iH3SS!
^■'■" '50,000.
*<» piMii/h
and foldier /hall
to tl
le ei
iJitiU-, or
imong oi|,,.r tl,in.r>
1 anv 1.,!..:.. **.'
-.-N;s::it2,T^"^"'^-
'> 't 's cnactid, th
i^'T (piaitc
lie feveral i..,
[es a law martial f,
'VS.
inn-
"|>on his po/f. or
• «"at if anv oH
[or
icer
Of e
ni
zj^\^^:^::^S72:'l?^"'?-^iZ^
■■• ••■» iJoir, or li-avi- if i, .*• ■ "'•■m, or it m on., . fi ft'*'- "o
' ^'"emy or friko or of • ?"■' '"' '' ''^''''■^'^' or ho d corr ' ''' ''S'^cnt, or /)
thoufjh it extend to d ' "''''' """''* ,""-'^'^' o' oilobey his Inw-r,
O'Hcors and fold
■a til it felf.
'utlj j)unifli
^^^i'-rr;to:;i;:'r::.:!:r^.^-'-''''nh
""^"t «s a court marri;;!
7 jiis lawful t.
fliall infi
dom
^2:-;i--:-:s^^^?;?'i:"'»«.H,.ve.,
eep
a rc!)i-|
im-
(lorn (cxLVnt flip f.. oicui)ation flu-
/tatu
tes.
j'y.
;"i<l (iifpofe of ,1,
'^•rs, in aaual mil
.* •.;;;^;:;,?'s "^ii^-^:*
les
or ch;;
arter
-^;s:5sr;^rSSSi^^::;X~^
■quires in other cah
• Tj.e land forces confiH of,
7 «'g;ments dragoon ,uJn),v ,"''^''' "' 'Mr.
J Kfg!'"fn.s„frootj;,ur<l. ra^.. I ,
'f ^onv.a„irs of n^ri,,^.""* '^""^'■'> -Oii, ami ,;,8.
4 H.itra mn, of roval artillfrv
'11 time of ptMre inoft •
""• Amihtiaofaboiit
Oo J
"r»iiy
a84
E N
G
N D.
Daily Pay of each Rank in hit Majefty't Land-Forcet on the Dritifli Eftablilhinfnt.
I'ol'incl and C>|>i)'n •
RT.yal Tit.'oi
Htirff-fflMrilt,
~
DragrKilii.
FiHil UuaiiU
I'ocit.
V.
1
Hny. nublill
10 1 lit
r.
I
I'.y.
'Mlbllll
1"
1
Tu
r
1
ii.na
I'. Hay.^SuliliK
1
6 (
•T
<
10
,
4 OjO
IX
I.ii'iiti'iuiit Cnliiiiel an>l Captain
1
9 «! 1 1 A
1
4 ''
u
18 A
1
(
1
1
(,
J
l-o|„
1 \ i.
\tujni mill C'.ipuin
1
701 1 *
1
«
>S «
1
4
t
H
6
l< o.>
il 6
Cipiain ...
1
1 i>!a 16 r
)
I.» <>
II (
^
1(1
r
)
11
6
,»
10 I'O
7 <■
ripiiin Lii'Uttnint ur t.idiiiiiaiii
1 < oU 1 1 <i
9 ''
7 c
7
IC
)
6
c
l)
4 «io
1 6
I Mriict h. kJ, <c ilr. Kill, (t. g. I'.iil. or
•Ju.fi.
o
140!) II f
7
1 c
6 I
1
<
1
3
4
«0
J »U
1
Cliiphitl - • •
)
6 ^0 5 c
6 »
J c
1
6
»
)
5
ol'
6 So
i 6
\<l|ir;lht • •
c>
.1 ']■> 4 ''
K Ao 6 »
>
J f
.1
4 1
4
u
1
)
I)
400
! "
iiii.iriirM.illfr
o
>J
?^
4 '
J
4
'
3
i
4«,'
3 A
^iirgtnii ...
(1 00 4 i
d
4 '■
J
4
)
i
u
4 'J, '
J '-
■iiirginirj IVfaie
o,r> 00
a
c
)
i
6
1
1
ojo
J »
J "
nrunilMuJor ...
00 c
ojo
i
1
6
.->
1
00
c oS
il u
Ornuty Murflial .
o
0) c
'
1
90
00
(.
V rjcant . . -
o|o o'e
1 y
» 1
1
l<.
1
" '
1 A],
1 .
Ciirpnr.il ...
] c 1 «|o
» .1 J
I </
<>
1
*
lo'ii
1 00
i
Drumnirr ...
.t CO > 6,n
t I •>
I ■;
3
1
1
n
go
1 f
D
rriinipcifr . . -
o
a 8.0 t o'o
3
r
('
00
000
I)
I'liv.uc Mjn . . •
o
1 <.|n 1 >
1 9 n
1 5
J
to
''
'10
080
Ailij\v,iiice r Colnnrl -x
m tho } Dn. f.ir hjutlmit f Jitr
f
4 C ) J .
1 6,0
1 1
1
1
60
1 4',
t
irnrp or
3 >:>
» r
I 6
00
00
e
Kll.JtliDi* \ I'upuiii . /' company.
o
4 uo 400
t 4
> 4
I
10
I
00
I
inrnt ro ( Aj;iitt • 3
o
1 o'--) 1 • ■'
1 1
a
1 1
a
6.>
a!.
a' ,
s
New Kftablilliincnt of the Covps of Engineer*, October ift, 1784
Pit Day.
Rank. I. ,. ,1.
Mailer Ucnrral • - 000
Lieutenant Cmcral • 003
Chief Engineer . . 143
live C( Iniii'it, each . o H o
Five Licutf n.int Culuncit - o 1 ^ »
Ten Captaiiil • - ij o
Fer Ann.
/.. I. J.
Koj o
l'>4i lo
I.V>f 15
• Sl5 o
R.in1i,
Ten t?aptaina
I'winty l.ieutcranti
Tin Siccnid I ieutcn.inis
Cuipi ut IiivalitU -
Per Dar.
Per Am
J.. 1. d.
I. ,. J
A
UtfS
7 8
17-J 6 8
040
730
a 17 8
l>34 10
Total L. 10,40a IS
The royal n<ivy of F,iif;Iand liatli ever Ik on its grcateft defence and ortiamcnt ; it
is iti. ancient and natural lircn!;ili ; i!ie ilDiitiag bulwark of the iliund ; from which,
however llrong and powert'iil, no danf;er can be apprehended to liberty ; and ac-
cordingly it has been alliduoufly cultivated, from the earliell ages. To fuch per-
fctlion was our naval reputation arrived in tiie twelfth century, that the code of
mriritime laws, which are called il;e Laws v.\ Oleron, and are received by all nations
ill I'.urope as the ground of their ni.iriiK' lo-iftitutions, was confefledly compiled by
our king Richard I. at tlie ille of Olen.n, on the coall of France, then part of the
jicfllllions of the crown o\ Kngland. Ar.d yet, lo interior were our anceftors in
this point to the jjrefent age, that, even in tiie nuuitime reign of <|ueen Elizabeth,
(ir Edward Coke thinks it matter of IkihII tiiat the royal navy of luigland conlifted
of _; ; lliips. The preient con<iition of our ni.-.rine is by many aferibed to the navi-
gation att framed in 1650, which prohibited all ihips of foreign nations from trad-
ing with the l'",nglilh plautaiions without licence from the council of llate. In
1 65 1, the prohibitit)!! was extended alfo to the mother-country ; ami no goods were
futlcred to be imp(jrted into England, or any of its dependencies, in any other than
Englilh bottoms, or in tlie Ihips of that ICuropean nation, of which the merchaiulile
imported was the genuine growth or mamifiiiture. At the Reiloration, the former
provifions were continued, by llatute 11 Car. II. c. 18. with this very material
improven-.cnt, that the maflcr, and tluee-tourlhs of the mariners, Ihall alfo be ling-
lilh fubjetls.
The complement of feamen, in time of peace, hath ufually amounted to \i or
15,000. In time of war, they have formerly amounted to no lefs than 80,000
men ; and at'tcr the commencement of the American war, they amounted to above
100,000 men, including marines.
This navy is comiiiunly divided into thice fquadrons ; namely, the r.'d, while,
and
Gt
ims.
3'l.
4tli.
0th.
')i> to ,^0
So to 64
do to {o
44 to j2
30 to 20
Bombs, Fircdiips, &c. ~
, Total,
'n commiirion
5
20
130
102
50
3J4
'43
"i
Aicri.
•*/> 10 850
"53 to 700
^iO to 500
4-!o to jSo
300 to ;jo
300 to 160
42
ii
^4
iS
9
iWctal'
»4 12
Aictal.
i3
12
9
4
6
U 6
i) 6
tJ&: 18
6& 12
— 135 to
110
'■'■'^' ''--". cannot be ch.nXS^;*^-
3- VVith
•M
N
G
I,
N D.
3. With regard to the privilogcs conferred on failori, they arc nrcll
fame with thofe conferred on i()ltler!t ; with regard lo relief, wlu-n
•Ity much the
.'jjaru 10 reiier, wiu-n ni:»iiiud ir
wounded, or fupcrannuated, it is ulVorded them cither by ciiunly rules, or tVoiii the
royal hofpital at (Jreenwich ; they are nlfo allowed thcextTcifc of trades in ioi])i>-
rntions, and the power of nuikinn verbal teftaments ; and, farther, no feam.in
■board his maielly s Ihips can be urrellod for any debt, unlefs the fame l)e fworn i<>
■mount to at lealr twenty pounds ; though by the ainmal mutiny atl, a foidier may
be arrelled for a debt which extends to half that value.
I thall cU)fe this account o>' the military and maritime llreii^lh of fireat Ihilaiii,
b) obferving, that though fca-otficers f and failors are fubjecl to a jjerpelual ucl of
f The I'ay of the Oftitcn of the Roy.il Navy in eacli R«te. 1'i.sa OrrifKin, am\
Ailmirals and Conim.tiulcr» ill Chict of tlie I'lect • • • /,'
Am Aihiiir;il - - . . . .
ViLr-AJiiiirnl ........
Koar-AJmiral ....,...«
I'irlt C'upt.iin to the Coinmnnilcr ill Chief ....
St'coiiil tiitio, anil Ca|itaiii tn otiiir AiliiiiiitlH
I to V. Ailmirah ) it (lilt or Icmnd Kates, to \
-■■ to R. Ailinir:iis ( iiave the pay of I'lich Rates j . -
!•• F IC !■; K S. /•'■/,'?. .v,.-W. T/iii,/.
tllC C'm"! AIM ti)
per day.
Captain fn J.iy
l.iciiti'iiailt /i7 ri ly
Maflcr er; mart'i
id ii'alter and pilots of
Yachts, raih jh los,
IM.illcr's mate
JMi(llhi|iniaii
Pchnolmaftfr
C:iptain's Clfrk
tiuarti-r-iiiatltr
Qiiarter-n.allcr's mate
Boatf'.v, i.i
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tiuiiner's mate
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Armoiirrr's mate
(iiiiirinith
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.Sttw.'.rd
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— — — Iccond nutc
— — — tliird mate
— — — lourtli and fil'ih
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♦ One to f very fur gum.
t li.liJi.1 iJ. a niomli lor eaih man.
BclJJc! 4>l. a munth from each ma:i>
parliaiTicnt
itl
!•:
N G
I.
N
1).
It wa» altirwarvh revived by KiUvanl III. xvIumi he I.iid claim lu ilic crown of
France. Aliiioll i-vcry king o»' Ku^land had a particular l)adj;« "' _'''»K",'|'""'^' :
fometimes n wliilc hart ; fomiMitn.'i a t'l-tlotk with a lalcou, hy whicint ii l.iid l'',d.
ward IV. iilludcd to tho iiilid -lily «it inio ot' liis luhinlltM ; and foiiuiinKS a port-
udlis, which was that of the hoiiic ot' I,aiiialU-r, many i>(' tin* priiuen of wlikdi
\vi;rc born in the callK- of IKaiit'ort. 'I lie while rule wni the ln'aiin); <<f llu* houfe
of York I and that of l.ancaller. by way of contradillinclioii, nd'iplid tht red. 'I'lio
lliillle, which in now part of llie royal annoria! be.iiiiij;^, belonged to. Scotlan<l, and
w.is very li^lliticant, when joined to iu motto, A '''.a wn* ii>:[<nHe l,u\-ffft, " None
ihajl |)roVcike nu' impiniillud."
The titles of the kin>;'s cldert fon, me, prince of Wales, duke of Coi.nvall and
Uothfay, earl of C"helUr, electoral prime of IJrunfwick and l.uiu'iilnirj^, carl of
t'arrick, baion nf KentVew, lurd of the Kles, groat lUvvardof Scolluud, and captain
[;i'iUTal of ilie artillery company.
I lie order of the (Jar tir, iIu- nmn honoaralile in l'',ni;Iaiid, was inlliluted by
Kdward III. January H), i.?44- '' cunlillsof the I'owreij^n \.ho is a!\va;,s the kin;;
nr (lueeii of l'',nj;land, of 25 conipaiiiuiis called iMii'j;iits of the Ciarter, who wear a
medal nf St. tjemne killim; the <!ra!;<)n, fuppofd to In- the titular faint of l''n^-
laiiil, coniiuonly enamelled on gold, ful'pended IrMi a blue ribband, whicii wa*
liirmerh' worn about their necks, but lime the latter end ot Jame,-) I. erolies their
bodies from the IhouUUr. 'I'he j,'arter, which is of blue vehet, bordered with goUl,
buckled tmtkr the lil"t knee, and gives the tiamc to the oriier, was deli^ned as an
nilinii »if unitv and ( onibination ; on it \^ embroidered the words, Uj<ii foil qui m,i'
v^i-.'/I', " l''.vil to him who evil thinks." Authors are divided as to the orii^inal
ot that motto; Inn it i)robal)ly alluded to tl;e bail f.iith of the l-Vencli king John,
iulward's coiitemjxirary ; the latter lIuTcby deelaiiof^ the iipiiiy ot his own in-
tention, and retortitig ihame on any who ihouUl think ill of the enterpri/e he iiad
cn^Mi;ed in to fnpj)ort his ri:;lit to liie crown of l'"ran<.e. 'I'lii.. oriler is Co refpecl-
tible, thai iouie ot the mort illuliri'Mis forei!>;ii princes have been com|)anions ol it.
It lias a prelate, who is the hlfluip of Wincheller, and a chancellor, who is the
bilhop ot Salilbury for the tin\e bein;;. It has likewile a re,'»iner, who is dean uf
VVindfor, and a principal kini^ at arms, called darter, whofe otiice it is to marllral
and manage ihi- Iblemnities at the indallalion, and feallsol theknij^hti. The place
('t' indallalion is Ivluaril lll.'s cha|)el at W'imli'or, on which occalion the knights
fcpp^ar in ma3;nilieeiit robes, appropriated to tlieir order, and in their collars of SS.
'I he collar and lap ami fetithirs were introiluced by I leiiry VIII. and to the crofs
(if the order enconipalled with the j^arler worn on the letl lide of their coat,
Charles II. iuhU il w liUcr liar of elj^ht points.
Knights of the I5.\ 1 11, fo called tioin their bathing; at the time of their creation,
are fupp')fed to have been inliituted by Henry l\'. about the year i.;09> but the order
feems to be more ancient. For many reigns they wen- creatcil at the corotiation
of a king or tpiecn, or other folemn occiilions, and they wear a fciirlet ribband
han;.;;n;i; from the hit ihoulder, with an enamelled medal the badge of the order,
!i rofe ili'uing from the liexier lide of rs Icrjjtre, and a thilile tVom lite linilier, be-
tween three imperial cn;'.vns placetl within the nmtio, Tiiii jtini'la in unum, " Three
joined in one." 'I hi-i order being tlifiDii'.inued, was revived by king George I.
on the luili of May, lyiv and liie month following eighteen noblemen and as
iiK'.nv coimn ;ners wi.re inttalled knights of the ord-'r, with great ceremony, at
\\ eliminlier, where the place of inrtallinent is Henry Nil's chapel. Their robes
nre fpltiulid and thewy, and the number of kiughts is undeternuned. The biiiutp
of Rocheltcr is perjJCiua! dean of the order, which has likewife a regiller and oilu r
elliecrs.
The order of the Thistle, as belonging to Scotland, is mentioned in l!ie aecoinii
cl'
is tlif
iloan <it'
vuiglns
1)1 SS.
\c trofs
coat,
rcatiun,
111.- oriUr
l)iAa(ii'ii
l-il)haail
i)r(K:r,
|cr, I). -
L-or};o I.
land as
l)uy, at
|r riil)i>
l)illlO|)
■d (iihi I'
|lOCl)\llll
Hi'
e N c r. A N D. tif
Af iliat couniry ■< ns it nifo tin- onlcr uf Sr. PArRiCK, ni'wiy inlHtuted for Ireland,
m niir uci-diint <it tluu kin(^(luin.
'Hk- <)ri|(in «>>' tlio Knglilli pccrnm', or nubility, lias hci'n already mentioned.
'Huir titli'H, iiiul ordor ot dignity, uro dukes, nur<|uires, varU, vil'counti, and
loril^ or bari)ns.
HanmiMs tan fcarccly !>«• faid ti» lu'lonj; to an nrdor, liaviiif^no other bnd|(c than
II l)li)i)(ly liniid ill a Holil, arj^iMit, in tluii arm*. 'Iln-y an- tlio only hcroditury ho-
nour under tlio |)i'oriip;i', and would take place even of the kniahlM of the Garter,
were it n«>t tlint the latter are always piivy counfollurH; there lieing no intermcdiato
honour between them and tlie parliamentary hurons of Knglnnd. They were infti-
luted hy James I. about the \ear toi^. Iluir number wasthen two hundred, and
eat h paid about loool on prcteneeot reducing and planting the province of UHUt
ill Ireland : hut at prefent their number amounts to 700.
A knij;ht is n term ufed alinoll in every nation in I'.urope, and in general fignifi'M
a foldier ferving on horl'eback i a rank ot no mean ellimation in ancient armies,
and entitling llie paitv liimfeU to the appellation n( Sir. In the common laws they
are called milites or loldieri ; and they arc made, by the king laying a fword upon
tlieir Ihoulders, and deliring them to rife by the title of Sir. it is a murk of pcrfonal
regard from the crown, and therefore the title does not defcend to pofterity. Other
kmghtlioods formerly took nlace in Knuland; fuch as thofe oi imoifrfls, bachelors,
knights of the carpet, and tne like, but they are now difufed. Indeed in the year
177;, at a review of the royal navy at I'ortfmoutb, the king conferred the honour of
Knights Dannerets on two admiraU and three captains. I'hey have no particular
badge on their garments, but their arms are painted on u banner placed in iho
frames of the fupporters.^
It is fomewhat dithcult to account for the origin of the word f/quire, which
former
were tlureiore called arnugcri.
or property, was entitled to bear arms ; but is at prefent applied promii'cuoufly to
any man who can alVord to live in the character ot a gentleman without trade, and
«.ven a tradefman, if he is a jutlice of peace, demands the appellation. This de-
gree, fo late as in the reign of Henry IV'. was an order, and confirmed by the
king, by putting about the party's neck a collar of S.S. and giving him a pair of
lilver fpurs. (itiwer the poet appears from his etiigies on liis tomb in Southwark,
to have been an efquire hv cieation. Serjeants-at-law, and other ferjeants belong-
ing to the king's houfehold, jiilHces of the peace, doctors in divinity, law, and phy-
lic, take place of other efipiiics ; and it is remarkable, that all tlie fons of dukes,
inartpiifes, earls, vil'counts, and barons, are in the eye of the law no more than
efipiires, though connnonly deligned by noble titles. The appellation of gentle-
man, though now bdtowed fo proinifcuouily, is the root of all linglilh honour; for
every nobleman is prefumed to be a gentleman, though every gentleman is not a
nobl'.inan.
HisioKV.] It is gviurally agreed, that the firll inhabitants of Britain were a
tiiiie of the CJaiiis, or Celta-, that fetlied on llie oppofite ihore : a fuppolition found-
ed upon their evident couloiinity in language, manners, goveinmeni, religion, and
toniplexiiiii.
When Julius Ca'far, about fifty-two years before the birth of Chrift, meditated
the compicll of IJritain, the natives were much connected with the Gauls, and
other people of the continent. (";efar wrote the hiltory of his two expeditions,
which were atcompanied with great dilficulties. It plainly appears, from the
fubfeiiuent hillor\ of Hritain, that his victories were indicilive ; nor did the Ro-
ni.ins derive tlie leall advantage from the tribute which he impofedon tl'.e iflandcrs.
'J lie Britons al tiuit period were go\erned in the lime of war by a political con-
nerly lignified a perfon bearing the arms ot a nobleman or knight, and they
e therefore called arnuKcri. I liis title denoted any perfon, who, by his birtn
r
i»
federacv.
V-
t^n
N G
N D.
ffilcracv, «(f wliiih rullilvlan, «hnfo tiTrimrioi Iny in lliTllortlllilrf, «nH finno of
llu- iiiljiu't'iit coiiittirs, Wiw llic lii'ud; utul tliia turiit ut govcuttiictil l()l)^ (.oiiliiiuid
u'lirnitf llirni.
In ilioir luuniicr ol lili'. an tKfcribfJ hy Ccftir RncI ihc bcft •ulhori, \)t«y tlifTcn d
litlli' t'roni till- riiilo it)l);il)iliiiit» <>( the norllicrii t liiniitct that have hrcn Klrmrlr
iiMitiiiiifcl ; thiv rii\vi<l turn, luit rliiollv i'ultfilK-d u|i<)ii luihnni food mmcI milk,
I liiir 1 liiathinjf wan iKiiu, uiul lluir foruiu .iiimu Ikhiih <i( wikkI. 'I hey were n«
iri'ihhly diNtiToui in tlu- nlalM^otni'llt <>l tin Ir ciiuiiuU i ami llcv Intiglit wiili
luiKOt, ilaru, niul I'wiird!!. NNonun lonuiinii^ kd th« ir urniiostn tlic >u'ld,«rul «rru
rt'ctigiiili'd as losv-ivi^iu ttf |iailikiilur dilliiils. 'llu v tuvoiircd a prinio^rniturc or
(«'nii)rit\, in tluir riuiilli m to rnjaliy, hut dt it alidi- on tin- fmulk It intunvctncm y
attcndin({ it. 'Iluy paiiitid tluir Ixtdici with woud, wliiili ^avv■ tiu-in a bhiilh or
Srfrnilh i.dt ; and tin y an- laid to have had lif^nrcii ul' aniniaK nnd heavenly ho*
ii'» un lluir Ikins. In lluir inarriagi-n tiny wirc not very dtlitate. Twi Ivr or
f°oiirt('i*ii nun niarrird a« many wiM's, aiwl each wile wm in cominun to thoni all, hut
her ehildren heli)ii){fd to the ori^iiiul hulliaii«l.
The hrilons lived, dmiiij; the Imij,' reii^n <it .Vu,f»uniis C.vfar, rnthrr nx the allie*
than the trihiitiirieN ot the KninaiiN ; hnt ttie t DininiinicalinnH In t ween Uonie and
(ireat Mtii.iin hein^ then eMeniled, liie emperor ('laudius Cefar, al)ont toit. -two
years alter the birth otC.'lirill, undertook an expeditiitn in perfoii, in whiJi he t"icni»
to have been fueeeCsfid. I lis ion»iiulls, howevir, v\ire inipertect; Curailacuii, and
Hdiidieeti, thoiii;h u woman, made nohle llaiRU auainll llu' Romans, 'llu: t'ornier
was taken jiriloiuT alur a di I'lurate luittk', antl carried to Kotne, where his un-
daunted benaviour In tore Claudius gained him the admirntion ot the viftoiii.
Hoadieea bein^ opprellid in a maimer that dil'^fraees the Roman name, and de-
tented, difdained to I'urvive the liberties tilher country ; and Agrieola, genual ti»
Domitinn, after fubduing S<)ulh Britain, carried his arms northwurdit, as has been
already feen in the hilloiy of hit otiand, where his fueeeliors had no rcafon to boall
of their progrefs, every inch of ijiound being bravely defended. During ihe tiiiKj
the Romans remained in thiii iliaiui, they erected thok' walls whieli have been to
tiften nu'iititined, to protect the Uritons from the invalioiisof the C'alecUmians, Scots,
and I'ic^tsi : and we are told, that the Roman langua^^e, learning, :md cullonts, be-
came tamiliar in Britain, there feeins to be no great foundation for this all'ertitm;
and it is more probable, that the Romans confidered Britain chieliy as a nurlerv
for their armies, on account of the fuperior ihength of body aiul courage of the in-
liabitants. Ihat this was the cafe appears plainly enough from the detencelefs
Itate of the Britains, when the government ol Rome recalk-d her forces fioni liiat
iiland. I have already taken notice, that during the abode of the Romans in Bri-
tain, they introduced into it all the luxuries of Italy ; and it is certain, that under
them the South-Britons were reduced to a Itale of great vaflalage. and that th«
genius of liberty retreated northwards, where the nativ^-s made a brave reliilaiuc
againft thofe tyrants of nations. The Roman emperors and generals, while in this
iiland, alhfled by the ikitons, were frecpiently employed in repelling the attacks
of the Caledonians and V'ltis (the latter arc thougiii to have been the fouthcrn
Britons retired northwards), and they appeared to iiavc had lU) dilliculty in main-
taining their authority in the fouthern j)rovinces.
Up(m tlic mighty inundations of thofe barbarous nations, which, under the
oames of (loths and Vandals, invaded the Roman empire with infinite numbers^
and with danger to Rome itfelf ', the Roinan legions were withdrawn out of Bri-
tain, with the tlower of the Britilh youth, for the defence of the capital and centn;
of the empire. As the Roman forces decreafed in Britain, the Siccts and I'itts,
* See the Introdu^ion.
wli»
i:
N I).
•f»
vlto litiil iiUvayi iin|>nA'<l lh<* pro^rrf* of ihr Koinaiu in lliit in«iicl, ml^iincril l^<*
inon* bolillv in|i> llu- lot'ilu-rii |>iirt<i, rurr>in)( U-rri)r and ilcfoluiion <ivi*r llu- whole
ioinitrv. 'I he frtrminalfil tiriioiu wi-rc tn ai i ultoiticil to liave roiourfe tn ihc Uo-
inmia for drfcncr, Ihnt ihcy a^iiin ami UKiiin iniplond llu'ir return. Hut ihi* Km.
liiiUH, ut li'iigth rt*tluco«l III rvtn-ittiliot nt Ihhiu', and luli^fuccl will) (lilUiil fX|)otli<
tioiiH, IK (|iiHiiiird lilt' Hriliiti* tluil tluy tuiilt no longer look to ilum lor prnttdion,
mid i-Nliotlcd ihi-iii to ariti in lluir nwu di-toiui'i und lliiit liny llli^||t Icuvi- iho
illutid \>itli u )(o<)d giiui', tlu'v nllilli'd itu- Hriloni in reliuiiding wiili lloni' the wall
ol'Mcveru*. U'twet'ii N'lwcililr nndC'iirlilL', whiehthiv lined with I'ottt uii4*v<>teii<
towem ; niul hiiviiiK (tune thin gnixi ofliie, took their lall tnrewell ol llritiiin iihout
the \iiir 44K, ulitr inuin^ lu en nuifhrM of ilie moll Icrlile partu ot it, it' we reckon
ItoMi (hi inNalion <>l Inline (ufur, ni;ii ^00 x-nri.
I he Siotn and Vit\^ tinding the illaiid finally deferted Ity the Kutiinn legiotiH,
now regarded the whole u<t their prize, tind attacked Meverun'i wall with redouhUd
forces, ravaged all hetore tliirii with a fury peculiar to northern nalion!i in thole
ii^es, and which a reineinlirance ol rutnur injiiriei could not lail to infpire. 'I ho
))<»or Utilons, like a helpUr> taniily ileprived ol their patent and |)roleclor, already
iuhdued h\ their own K,ir>, hntl n;(ain recnurle to Koine, und fent over ihetr
nnferuhle eiiilllc lor rcliet' iliill upon record 1, which wan nddrelled in thd'e wordi :
'Jo /liiiuj, ihue 1011/11/ .- 'ilif r^roii<'\ nf ilw H>h'oii\ -, and, alter other laiiientali|i< com-
pliiinrii, faid, 'Ji,il ihfl'iirh.nwiif ilrnh' them to the /«■<!, <»;/./ the joi htuk to the b,ohii<mn\\
tmd thn hail eni\ ih.- hardthfiue lejt nf pcrijhw^ by the fiorj or /v ///i* .vtKei. Ihit hav-
ing no hopeH given them liy titi Konian general of any luccours trotii that hde,
lliey began to cmifider what other nation they niif{ht call over to tlieir rt lief 1
tiildas, wlio was liimrell" a Hril^ n, tiefi rilus tiie degeneracy of" \u% countrvnu-n af
thi'i lime in niouri.lul Ihains, and givcH Tome cont'uled hints ot' their oriicrrs, and
the iimt ei ol lome oftheir kings, particularly one \ ()rtigerii,chiet"of ihe Daumvuii,
liy wliole advice the Hrltons ihuclt a bargain with two .Saxon chiels, llengill and
I lot fa, to proieel iluin Ironi the .Si'ols and V\t\s. 'Ihe Saxonn weie in thole dayn
iii:illers ot what is now called the I .nijlilh Channel, iind their native countries com-
pieliemiiiig .Scaiulinuvia and the iioilhern parts nt (iermany, beiiijj oveiUocked
with inhaUitanis, ihey readily accepted the invitation ol' the Ihitons, wliom they
reliiviil, by checking ll'e progiel's ot tlie Scots and I'icts, and had the illaiid ot'
llianet allowed them tnr their relideiice. But their own country was fo barren,
and the fertile lands of' Ikitain lo alluring, lliat in a very little time liengill and
IJorU henan to meditate a I'eitleinent lor theml'elves : and frelh fupplies il tluir
e imtrjnien arriving daily, the Savons loon became torinidable lo tlie Hritons,
wliom, alter a \ iolent llrui:"l(' ot' near 1^0 vears.thov I'ululued, or drove into Wales,
lero tiieir laiimiage and ilel
'ndants liill remain,
hitiratuii- at iliis lime in I'ngland was To rude, that we kmvv hut little of its
lilliiirv. 'Ihe .*»a.\ons vvere ii^iimani ot Utters, and |)iiblii' tranlaclion.* among the
liiitainN were! r»iordcd luiK bv their bards and poets, whom they lield in gnat
vemratiuii, Neiiniiis, who ('e> ins to have bien lonteiuporaiy with (iildas, nien-
tii'hs indeed a tew taets, but notliintr tliat tan be relied « 11, or that can form
a coiiiK-xli (1
iiltorv,
W
e can therefore oii!y in 'iilii<n the nanu-s i
if Merlii
a upiited prince .nid pniphel ; IVndr.ngon, the celebrated Arthur, and 'Iha-
lieliin, whole works are faid to l)e e\iant, with others of lefs note. After many
ie|ie.tted bloody wars, in which the Krilons were fometimestlie enemies and fome-
iiiiies the allies of the Scots and I'ids, the Saxons bei aine mailers tif all I'ng-
l:iiiil lo the loulh t)f Adrian's, or rather .Severus's wall ; but the .Scots and Pitts
tiem to have been mailers of all the territory to the nonli, ll'.oiigh they fullered
ilh- Mriloiis, \\h()had been drivm into their territories, to be }^i>verned by their own
iiibutarv kings; an iiiieimixtine tliat has created much coiilulion in hiili>i\
I'
i> i
\ Iketch
n*
B
N
N I).
A (Vf ich of ih« rnnftilulion and govcmmrni which thr Hannni imporlfd into
Englatiit. uiut whiih form bv far the mull vnliubW pnri tif ihcir ■ntirni hidory,
)i4> ulrrutly bven given U r nnve no aiioiinl «>f ihcir lonvrrlion lo C^hrirtianily h<it
friMu I'tipiili wtiiiM, yv\\i> giMicrnlty rtktlonvour in inagniiy ihe mcriit ol ihi-ir fiipc.
riur*. Acinrtlihg lo llii'iii, Kihclbrri kittff of Kml, who ilaimril prr-niiiarni r hi
the hcptarLhy, n» Ixini^ lirfi riiiird Iroin llcngill, one of the firit invailrrt, niitrricj
the knit of l-rutui^ dukiKhtcr, utul Ou' Im mt; • ChrilMnn, po|H! Oregor^r ihc (ircal
llijl o|i|M)rtuniiy lo cntonc ilu- loiukrluni of her nnlhiii
or rHtllir in ('opcry. For ihul ptirpoli-, uluitii ihr yi ar 596, he (ftit civrr lo Kng-
ftixid
iiul lu (lirilhanilf,
\nt\i\ iIk' luiiiout AoOiii, lilt' monk, v\lii» itroltiilily fotiiul iin gri-ul <li(riciill)r in con-
verting the kin^ ntnl In-' people, lUiU ullo Svbcrl, king ol llir Kull SakiHU, wiio
WB» lnipli/i-(i, unil fouiiiK'A llic tathettrnl of St, l'.iiil in London. Ihc nitink then,
liy hi* ninllrr'i order, iiiiompied to hrin^ the ihnrchei of the Itrinnu in Wak*
|o u tonf'irniilv >*iih iliat nt Konii", puriuiilarly 111 lo ihi* trh-hrtiiion of l',n(K-r t
Imi fiiiditif; it tl'iui ri'lilliiiiif on the part of lli>- Inlhop^ and iKrgy, hf pciUiudcd
hii ( liriltiuii iiiiiserin lo niallin n- llirin, whiili tluy did I'l thr inimhcr of 1100
prii-lU and inonk<i, iind rKliu'td tlu- Britoiu. who were found in the heptarcliv, to
A llulc of navi-rv, wliiili funie think gave rife to the ancient villenuge in Kngfund.
Aullin \s lueonnted ihefirii iinhhilhop of Canterbury, und died in 605, a* hit con-
Veil Atlulhcrl did fonn iil'ter.
It d(K-» not full within the delign of ihli work to relate ihe feparale hidory of each
(lartiuitnr ntilion ihat tornud the heptnnhy. It i» ftithiirnt to fay, that the (Hipe,
n AulUn'i time, fiip|>lii d l-'.ii); Iniid with ulioul 400 inonk'i, and that the |M>pilh clergy
trN)k care to keep ilieir kin^t (ind l.iiiy under the molt deplorable ignorance, but
cloi-
•IwaNii in;ignit\in^ the power and fanctily of hi<< holinefi. Hence it wu< that the
Aiiulo-SaxonH, during llieir heptarchy, \%ere governed by pri>
II tliey fuw convenient, |)erluaded iheir kingi 1 ilher to ihut liiemielveii up in
ftei<i, or to uikK riake |iilgrinnigeH to Konie, where they fniillied iheir dayi : no
let^ lliaii ihirlv An;{l(i-Sa\on kin^<t, during llic lu piuriliy, refigned their crowiii
in thai tuannei', and among iheni wat Ina, king ol the Wed .Sa\oii«, in oiher re-
fpcdn a wite and liiave prime, 'I he bounty of thofe AngliKSasoii kingn to thi*
fee of Ui.nie was therefore imlimiled ; and Kthelwald, kiiij^ of Men ia, impofed nn
liiiuial lax of u penny upon every houfe, whicli wai atterw.iidit known by the
name of IVlv r's pence, becaufe paid <in the holiday of .SV. Pt/n ad yimu/a, Au«
gull III *.
llie Anj;li>-Sa\on kings, during ihe heptirchy, commonly chofe one who wa»
to be the he.id of their politival confederacy, for regulating their concerns, hut
wiihout any jurifdiction in the dominion of other*. 'Ihe ( lergy, we may ealilv
fupi'dfe, had gnat iuHuence on ihofe occafiou'i ; and the hilh»rv of the Saxoii
liei'iarchy is liitle more than that of crimes, treafons, nnd murcfer*, committed
nt ilie inilii;alinn of prii IK nnd monks. K\en their criminal law, as hath lu'in
alii.idv ol)l\.r\id, ailmitlcd ol a pecuniary lumpeufation fnr iiuirder, and rei{iei(li
ilk if'
L'lult r all thotV diladvantages of liigolry an<l bnrlmrity, the Anghi-Saxons weri
hnp|)ier than llie nations on Ihc continent ; being free from the invalion of the Sa-
racens, who had erected an i inpire in tlio Kalt upon the ruin* of the Hcminn, and
b«gan to ixtend iheir ravages over Spain and Italy. London was then a place nt
\ery confuierable trade ; and if wi are to believe the Saxon t hronicles quoted hv
'Jyrrcl, U ilhrcd, king of Klui, paid at one time to lua, king of Wcilcx, a luiii
• Thiitaji wsi inipofnl at fird lor llir fupport n«in« of R4mt-Si^, l)iit in prmrfi of timr ilm
• f A t. lii^te at Ronir tor the nlirvntioii of Kii)(lilli pojifi 1 l.iin\r(l it »> a tribute iluc to St. I'ctcr aiiJ
youth, fouuiti'il ti) Im, Ww^ ul WelTcx, uii'Ur llic lii . fmi^llari.
in
i<r rc-
U) th«*
V(l ait
by the
ihi, Au-
hi) wan
ni, *»"«
■ I'lUily
Saxon
mnittiil
\\\ Ihtia
Ins wiTi-
tlic Sa-
inn, Hiiil
Iplsui' <>l
I, ;i lull!
time tli'i
ll'ctcr ai>J
in
F W
L
N D.
•W
In filvcr rqu«l !« 9C'/>'o' ftrr]irt| i« the ve«r 6^4 Kn|{lan«t, tlicrcfitrc, we muy
l'iip|><>ri- lo h*ve Iwri
If aij
It I
hit time 1 r>ni|r Tor the |)c«i|tli< >i| ili«> cantliu'nl. 'Ih«
vrnrmhlr hut rntH*rltiliii)i, He<l'-. iilNmt ihr year /40, c«im|M)l''(i hitChunh IliOory
of Hrilalit. f"rim» ihr I'oitiin)^ in </ the .>>«Nun« tl<»wn l«i the' U'«r yjii. Ihi- .S«ki)n
Citroiiii If i« one ot the oltlcl) Mnd mnf) aiilhcniii ntoiiiinu-ni* of lillory lliai M\y
DaliiHi iitit priulucc. Arthiictlurr, fuch di il wm, with Ihtttf and glaf«-%vurking,
was inlriMlut rd inin Kiigland ( and ¥fc rrad, in 709, ot' n Norlhuinhrian |tr«,;laitf
who wa» fcrvrd in lilvcr-|ilalc, Il nitilt lii)Wi*vt'r ix> owned, tliiil ih<- Siuoii loins
wliiih nrr gcnrrally ol io|i|H*r, arc tunny ot tlu'in illcgiMf, and all <>( ihciii iiu-aii.
Air aii<l ulihoiifk't aro nii-iiiioiu d m ilu' lnw« (»f lita, iilioui itu- ywr ftH ^ and in
lhi« llali' wa* the Su\on lupianhy in Kngluml wh<-n, ahotit thf ycur Hoo, moft ot
the AnKto>Snxuni, lircd out with ihf tyranny ol' ilu-ir pi'iiy king*, uiilttd in call-
ing to ihf govcrnmt'iit ot' the likptarthy l',gl>i-rt, who wn« thu cidcl) rcinuitiing
brunch of the rmc ot (Vnlic, ont* ol' ihf Sahon thiitt who Itrlt nrriv.-tl in Urilaiii.
On the fiihniillion ol' llic Norlhiiinlirian*, in the year 817, he Innnntc king ol' all
luisland
C;harli'» the Cirrat, oiht-rwlfi' Churlrinagit(>, w:it then king ol' Krame and em-
prror of (icrmany. In a forim-r iiarf of thi* work hai luon nifiiliont-d thr lom-
inert iul treaty iH-twi'tit hiin and (ilia, king of Mm ia, to wlioin lu> font a^ a ptflViit
a Hungarian fword, a lull, and two lilktii mIIi l<'.i;litrt had lu-i-n oWlif^cd liy
Itutc jinlotiticH to ll\ to the I'oiirt of Charle% for protiction Iroin thi- perlccutiont
of Kuillnirga. daiiglitir of OHa, wife to Hirthrie, king of the Well Saxon*. At
the (iiiirt of ( hnrleit he ncijiiired the art* l)oth of war and government. Hit pro-
fperilv exi iied the i-nsy o| the nortliern nations, who, uinUr llie name of Danei,
tnen infelKd the leas, and were no llrangers to ihe loalU of I'.nglaiid ; for ahoiit
the year ^\\ they made deUentn ii|ioii keiit and Dorfeliliire, where ihev defeated
{,
Kghert in perl'on, and tarried oil' ahiiiulatue of hooty lo their ihipi. Al)out two
earit aftrr they landed in Cornwall, :nid, though tliey were joined by the Cornilli
Jritonn, they were tiriven out i>f Kngland by l*.gl)ert, who died in the year 8j8 at
Winihertcr, hit i nief reltdenee,
I'.gberl was fiieeeeded by his foti Kihejwolf, who divided hii power with his
eldell fon Atluilbin. Hv this time Knglaiut had bccontc u fcenu of del'olntioni
through the renewal o| the Dnnilh invali<m« ^ and Kthelwolf, after fomc time
bravely oppolmj; them, retired in a lit of devoiioit to Rome, to whith he earried
with him his vouncelt fon, aflerw arils the famous Alfred, the father of the I'
'1
..... . "K-
lilh lonliitution. 'the gilts whieh I'.thelwolt made to the c'lerg\ on tliis ocealion
(ropiei of whieh are lliii remainin^) arc lo prodigioun, even the tithei of all his.
dominions, tliat tliey ihew his head lo have luen turned by his ilevotion, or liin.
heart gained by the arts of Swithiii, bilhop of \N inelu lb r. Upon hi. deatli, after
his return from Rome, be tlisiileil his dominions lu-lwien tvvoot hisloiu ' Atliejlhm
luing then dead', I'thelliald ami b'.tlielbi rl, but we know of no patrimony that was
left to vdung Alfred. I.theibert. who was the l'iir\i\int; Ion, K It his kingiloin, in
S'l'), toliis bioliier I'.ihelred ; in whole linu", iiotv iilillainliui; llie luurage and con-
duCl of Alfred, the Danes became mailers of the fea-eoalls, and tlie Huill countieH
in Kn^land. l-.thilred bein;^ killed, his brother Alfred niounti il ihe throne in 871.
both in peace and war, mentioned in liiilorv.
|{
e was one o
f ll
le ere a
led
priiuis,
lie foii'dit feven bailies with the Danes with vaiitiis fueeils, and wli
en
ated
hi' fniuid relouiees th.it rendered him as teirible as befoie. lie was at »)iie li
n ir
uiio
rediiii'il to an uncommon Hale of ililbels, being forceil lo live in the tlilj
of a cowherd ; but IHII kept up a fecret correfpondeiiee with his brave fiiendi,
whom he collecfetl loj^t.ther, and by their aiiillaiue gave tlie Danes m.iny li^Tal.
overthrows, till at hilt In- iciovered tlie kingdom ol iMij^lai.d, and ihliged the
Danes who hud been fvttkd in it to fwcir obedience to hia go\etnn;i.ut.
* .■\mer,s.
t
•9+
N
I)
Amonp; the other glories of MlVeil's rcij^n wns tliat of r;ii(nig n niariiimf pmvef,
by whiili ho fetmvil his coafis fiDm fiiiiire invalions. 1 1.- rclniilr the riij' o{ I,()ii-
(lon, whiih had boon luinit down by the Danes, and tiuni.lod the iiniverlitv nt Ox-
Ibrd about the year 895: liedivided I'-nnland into louniies.hiuidreds. and t) things ;
or rather he revived thole divilions, and ihe life of juries, wliieh h:id lall.'n'into de-
cay fmee the ravajfes of the Diuu-s. I laving been cthieated at Rome, he was not
onlv a fi hoiar but an author; and he tells us, that upon li'.s aceellion to liie throm-,
lie had feareely a lay ("ubjetl whn i (uild read {''.ngiiih, or an eeelelial'tie who under-
ihiod |,atin. lie inirodueed lloiie and brick biiiklings in palaces as well as
iluirehes, thoufjh it is leriaiii that his fubjetls, for many years after his death,
were fond of timber buildin;;s. I lis en< ouiaq-eiiunt of eoiuiiieree anil navigation
may feein ineredihie to nKuKrn tinu s, but he had nieivhaiits who traded in l'',all
India jewels ; and U illiam of Maliiilhnrv fa\s, that fome of their gems were repo-
lited in the thureh of Mieibone in h\> time, lie leeeiveil iVoiii one Oclher, about
the year 890, a full difeovery of the eoails of Norway and I ,aplaiul, as far as Kullia -,
and he tells the king, in his nu-mo.ial printed by jlakluvt, " that he l.iiled along-
the Norway coall fo tar nortli as toiuinouly the whale hunters ufe to travel."
Alfrid invited numbers of learned men into his dciminii'iis, and foiiiul failhud and
ufeful allies ajjainil the Danes, in the twoSeoteh kings hiseontempoiaries, (Jregory
and Donald. He is fiiid to have tbuglit in» lefs than lifi\-!(x pitehed battles. He
was inexorable iii;;iiiili his eorrnpl judges, wlmin he ufed to hang up in the pidilie
us, as a terror to e\il doers. He died in the \ear 'joi, and his dtar-nter !■.
ighw:
fo completely
(he (Jreal.
iiniia
l)!e and hemie, lliat he is julUy digiiiiied with the epiihet of
Allied was fucceeded by his fnn Kdward the Islder, uiidc-r wlioni, though a bra
prince, the Danes renewed tlieir invalions. I le dii d in the year 97.5, and was \
.Hied
i)v Ins el(
lell ton Ailiellian. This prince, t
v»-
tic-
encouraiie t oniinerei', enacted.
that every mereliant w ho made tliree \o\ ages 011 his own account to tin- Mediu rra-
iiean, lliould be put u\it)n a footing with a //unii.', or itobk'Uiin of the firll rank. He
caufed llie Scriptures to be tranllated into the Sa\on tongue. He I'lieouragedc
"'•e.
and we liiul hv his 1;
that
irihliilhops, l)itliops, and even a
)bot>
:ld ll
otll-
1(-11
tlie prisile^e of coining nioiu y. His dominions \\eie conlinetl towards the iioril
bv the Danes, although his vallals llill kejjt a fooling in thol^ counties. He was
Jueeefsful in his wars wilh the .Scots, and died in <)4i. The reigns of his fiucel-
|or;
I'd
r.uind, luired, and l'.i!w\', weic weak and iiu'loiious, tliev b, ing eitl
ler
engaged in wars \vilh tlie Dai.is, or difgraced by the iniluence oi jirieli s. ivl';u',
nlio luoiinted !i:e iliruiie about the year <)j;9, revived the ni!\al glors- of luiglaiid,
and is faid to iiave in. in rowed down the river Dee bv eight kin^s, his vallals, he
llttlll!.
at th
e helm
but, like his prec
.'liors.
e was the (lave of piielts, partieu
larly St. Dunltan. I lis reign, however, was p;;eiiic and liappv, th
lim'd to cede to the Scots all ilie territnrv to the north of the Tine.
oU"h III' was ob-
I le was l"iie-
,<.''.-e(
V;.-!'
;\ Ills ilil
Ion
Icll
liepmol
that time hai railed bv the D;
I'.
V. 1 10 was
ubaroullv murd.'re;l hv h
her, wliol'e fon luhelrrd nujuiileil tiie lino,:!.' in
11
le nan. in was at
To net rid ol iheni, rjlielied
igreed to j>av
.tlieni 30,000!. which was levied by way of ta\, and lalleil Dmuyc/J, and \v;is tl
tii ;} land-tax in l-Jigland. In the year 1002 they had made I"ik h leiilements in Imi"--
land, tliat iMiielred eonleiited to a geiiiia! mallacre of ihvni In the iv.iglilli. but
tills atrocious delign fervid (nlv to eiira;,<- the Dar.iih kinj; Swein, w'l >, in 101 :,
drove I'.thclred, his ipieen, and two Ions, out of I'',
id into .\oiniaiiii
jf Fr.uice, laei;
the fo tlh-e.itt eoaft ot Kngiand, at that t
niie
iil\ , a proMiiee
o\i, rin'd hv its
own jninces, (tvKdtlie dukes ot Nonuandy. Swein lieing kilKd, was I'ucceeded
•1)\- his fin Canute ;h.' (Ir^at; but I'.ilnirtd leturniiig tn I'.ughuiil, t'oieed Canute to
i\ lav
10
Deriiiaik, from wheiue lu iu\
ded \i
\\ iin a \,i!t .irmv.
aiK
li.
''ff;:'I K.ImiiiKi rro„/id
N
CllVK
rci-i
''""^'""i.hot;!;,-!"",^'"-
N 0.
■;i-,^;H.;:t^ti«;'°":::'vna-;,^^-fc«;^M,.,,
tlid noli
!llll'' I
'"•S ;'(ia(Ji„atc.d, (
'!^'''-'-'cl'i fon.
Tlic f
••"'d Kdward. com
'I'lcciulfd tr
'^'■. iiioiintfd
'^, ",»vv calloci to fi;
"(' tlk- \
good
■"'» n;! cld.T I
Matured
pniu
'laiu
it. rli
li.id 111
'ffli I' d>;,
throni!
iimirc fut
Harcf,
« prirui
to
X)t
;n-l C
'noil
ood
"iiiaiis, uidi
. and Ills (
'■' />'i~at l>.>iU'fao'l
'r^' •'S''^ K<fca .; l'^^^'""!. '
nion ly
uin
-■ .K;i;;,r,;:;rr ■;;"-■ '■ir...
'ih^S;;;;: "::";•;.''-*.;;/,;;
led. /K
^r^"-^ '''^ cont;:^,"::*
>r w
:i<
Was
,'(<nc'iiK'd hvl
^;xci.-liivc;|y r„m|
:"•"" Hint, „„„„ , "''"'"';uiMi„t
^-:*;i;; :;;;.;;'?:.''- -'-"■ •.^.h:c^:s,;:""!-"r- «-;
of
'(■ N
!•""■ 't is raid.
'f kciit
if<-(ll)r.
;\ i'liam duke ,,? N ;::;:'''r^'^ /'•-• '''--o.K
111 til
lat he d
'••'t as it w
not roCunt.
(l-d t)
}'>^:ir 1066, II
it is
till" nci-hi)
l"'"iiii(r.s to I
"IMInrr pri
•^.''^'lit to tji
""-■«. as Wfll as I
:::"^::'""7'"'"'':";i'aj
■'•■(1. puflMR.d tl
'"■"'d, foji to
'■'or t
Iiat
mill
:s'^:.':£::':i'---^^^::^^^
great diul.y. and
11 L'llcctiiall
'■'■'^'iilar troops in \
"f I he I>
.uro
Hy thff,
'»; purpofo, )
''•'"11 tlic Nuril,
now ftand
^:^■^^^'ili-/h;nd:;d
';■ '''^;'"s l,c colloctcd
';!m ;"^ !" '•■"«'""d
'inn.
1^' invited
''.'"' ">a(ie libera]
:/-.J!"'!whi,e,,,,:^';;;-40.oooot-|,,e|
to induce ||
s, in S
V'li-ounlered \\'\\\
::!.':^");'and uiiiun,;';: :::''?''^^^' "'i"- 'Von
"■ave(^ and
'L'ln to
moll
'"'t ilarold Leint. kill
.U'ar 1066. ^
f-W improv,,,H,„,s, ,.|,i
"'' ''V'n;,Mhe Oani 1
'''i-in aliiu.li
•« l^illal. tl„. ,..;''''''^. ':''''•■• was t;„n.l,. .... .
."I'P"" "■"'•• i/aroid
"'^ -<•"'. Of Ji I^;'!::"'^'" '--cm ,1
^' t"\v'i of]ia/t
I' iii\a/i()ns
liiiif
ft' fun
'y'an'd deufi'i'd
the C
'■(•■at left
ail thi
li in\a
'^'■.in arts „r
ujioii WiJl
le tvv
uarniii
ings
arm
hull
101
I' re
tio more to |
\''''''roadvm, .:' ;" .'''r'-l^a
.r^''>.'"' "'^' An.l.
'■■<.■ car
"•"". in tht
t^nns In p;
Tied ()!}■ will,
f'n, of ,l,e n , . '"^'"■" «!a„^|,t,; •/; , "^l ^'^»f?l"-Saxons; tor Al^
I)
y had c,
!'IH'S. re
"■nVd ofj-; j;
:ained
■or
"'^"/^ht l.aek
ris HI
";v m,l.v,l v.rv p,,,,!.
-■"'■■■".i:;tafs;;r/";!''
.^''i^li liad bi
1:1
i;t
tiiere
thofe d
his Ch
:avs
I'h treaf
'ar aec'o
;"y as_ ,\ve|vv |„„
11 • "^
money and b
"■'^'" gained
M«diK.w:;;;iT:;"'r'^'"!j-'"'-.-^
y nu-n could
Vli
'•"nicon IVel'fnn
's ^'rcaf (1
"III IS
's. an a
iriv
'f" land
ri!'?^="^' "^"'..nia
'-^^''-."oth ;;.'^'!r'''';-'-"g.i
"^'^;:;-SS:£!!'!''"W'i.;.
prefi
ent
-, u I lion
tory over the
■'"y oft; We
ures
■twuod.
^^■" wruten on that head
Ih
•'• lovv at 4s. a
t^^'P^^'^":^:S^.:i^^^y^'^l;:x.
'e Icnan
(K'n.s.
•^ of M,;,^.|
'."*■'" «" :X The I
■^ ^-7> was -[h, 2 !-'">• i"g-^innst
fail.
^ilk and
■'.y<"i times, land
Hiinc
lotion Were
'oard w
iiiialed
11
'f 's. an ox was
— ■■S' "E::l»'-|""i"-fi
at IJieirch
'irll
>> w
was divided
;/'!''-"'^''«-". Uiet:?!!.f^'^-lhe^6d
■■c'aiifes havi.
computed at
y<^ar was 8s.
n-;;^^; r;;:!'r i"-i«-<i
rt-cie in
'""lianic'a'i
ri'gard to tl
'K' 111
anion
"1 thole t
all Ih
■rncr.il a riuii
I'llKTs of tin, ^
'"H'uliivated
lines.
".U'lo-.S
allien
c' male ch
was
or fo
tt'ini
th
HTIIf
':!:;™-'V!'.";;;uS;: '•:;!;':; ■«»™-;:i' I
,, "ot.much ufed. I'Z
"■''''•^•" "^ 'iK- deccafed. i!l;:
^'l^'ms we can n,y little, b
i"> fhikir
y^"' ""t.and dif<„,l
If Iter;
• ■'una
V and kindred
into ft)
^■•"'^>'wr;i;e's-:::7''Tr'"''^'i^^
;"t that they
""'liilful in the
SiasSFSH5«,£ •
"•■ '■ci.^'ii of c
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to in-
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icn th(
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'"^' V*" !''^' ''"-t^ in tl
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'fy was their mil
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of Normandy. Conqucft put the people in a fituation of receiving flowly from
Hhroacl tiic riiilimL'ntH of fcicncc and cultivation, and of corrcfcling tljcir rough and
licentious ninnners.
The \oh which both fides fuffcred at the battle of IlaQingsis uncertain. Anglo-
Saxon authors fay, that Harold was fo impatient to fight, he attacked William with
half of his armv, fo that tl>c advantage of numbers was on the lide of the Norman ;
and, indeed, tlie death of Harold feems to l\ave decided the day; and William,
with little farther difficulty, took poflellion of the throne, and made a contidcr-
able alteration in the conrtitution of Ivngland, by converting lands into knight's
fees *, which arc faid to have amounted to 62,000, held by the tenure of allilling
hin> in his wars. 'I'o one of his favourites he gave the wliole couiU) of Cheftor,
which he eretled into a palatinate, and rendered by his grant almoll independent
of the crown. Williani found it no cafy matter to keep polfellion of his crown.
Julgar Atheling, and his filler, the next Anglo-Saxon heirs, were afl'etlionately re-
ceived in Scotland, and many of the .Saxon lords took arms, and formed conlpira-
jacies in England. William got the better of all difficulties, efi)ecially after he
had made a peace with Malcolm king of Scotland, who married Alheling's litter;
but r.ot without cxerciling horrible cruelties upon the Anglo-Saxons. He intro-
duced the Norman laws and language. He built the ftone fquare tower at Lon-
don, commonly called the White I'ower ; bridled the country with forts, and dif-
armed the old inhabitants ; in Ihort, he attempted every thing poliible to oblite-
rate every trace of the Anglo-Saxon conrtitiilion ; though, at his coronation, he
took tile fame oath that ufed to be taken by the ancient Saxon kings.
He canted a general Airvey of all the lands of luigland to be made, or rather to
be cniiipieled (tor it w;is begun in Kdward the (Jont'efl'or's time), and an account
to 1)1' t;ikeii of the villains. Haves, and live thick upon each dlate ; all which were
recorded in a book called Doomfdav-book, which is now kept in the Kxchequer.
J'ut the lepofe of this fortunate and victorious king, was diilurbed in his old age, by
liie rebillioii of his ildell fon Robert, who had been apj)ointed /;overnor ot Noi-
maiuly, but now iilViinud the government as fovereign of that province, in which
Jie w:is tavniiu'd by the king of Franco. In this tranfattion we have the rife of
the wars iietween l.iiglaiul ;iiKi France; wliich have continued longer, and been at-
teiuLd with move nuinorable atchievenuiits, than any other natioiiid (pnirrel wi-
read of in nncieiit nr modern hillory. William feeing a war inevitable, entered
upon it with his uf.ial vi;^oiir, and wllli incredible celerity, tnmfporting a l)ra\c
I'.ngliih ;u;iiy, iin.uled France, where he was every where victorious, but died
before he had tiiiiihed the war, in the year 10S7, the (ixty-tirtl of his age, and
twenty-tiili of his reign in Fngfand, and was buried in his own abbey at Caen in
.Ndrniandy.
I5y the .N'onnan C()n(|iu fl, I'ngland not only lofl tlie true line of her aneieiit
^;i\()ii kings, but alio lu r prinei|Kil iiohilit) ; wlio either tell in battle in diteiue
\'\ their country and lii)eMies, or lied to torcign countries, parlicuiarly Scotlaiid,
where, being kindly iveeivcd b\ kiim Malcolm, they eftabiilhed ihemfelves ; aiul,
x'.liat is \-eiy remarkable, iiitrodiuxil ilie S;im)ii or F.nglilh, whiih has been the pre-
vailing langi;;ige in the l.nwiaiids ( t Scotland to tins tla\.
On the otiier hand, l'".n;^'iaiKl, by \irtne ot the coiuiueft, became much greater,
both in dominion and power, li\ the aecellion of l"o much territory upon tiie eon-
linenl. For thongli the Nonuans gained much of ihe h'.uglilh land and riches, vet
jMigl;iiul gained the lari^e and t'ertile diiLedom of Normandy, which became an iiii-
pendage ioitscr<Avn.
I'.iigiiiud likewile
* I'oiir liiilfs of l.iini nindc one kiiight\ fi-i' ; :»
•j.iroiiv uus tutlvc timc.i I'ic.acr llwiii ;i ki;i"lit'i-
gained much by the great increafe of naval
tcf : .ir\(l w hfii Doomfd:iy-bi)ok was framed, llie
iiuiiibci' ot great baroiu r.mo;iiitcd to 700.
power,
E N
N
n.
197
from
w and
u with
rinan -,
illiani,
nlidcr-
i\ight's
ilVilling
:hcncr,
)cnilcut
crown.
\tel)' rc-
onlpira-
at'ter ho
;'s liltcr ;
le intro-
r at Lon-
, and dit-
to oblitt-
ation, he
• rather to
n iiccovmt
hidi were
;schcqucr.
)ld ago, by
or ot NiH-
, in whicli
the rile ol"
id been ul-
juarrel we
|le, entered
kg 11 bra\e
but died
Is a};e, and
al Caen in
|\er aneient
in detVuee
Seolliuul.
;lves ; and,
[en tl>e pvc-
leii sveatiT,
Ion me eoii-
|l riches, \et
.anie an iil'-
Lle ol" naval
Ijs framed, tlie
^o 700.
power,
power, and multitude of ihips, wherein Normandy then abounded. Thi.s, with
llic perpetual intcrcourfe between England and the continent, gave us an increafo
yf trade and commerce, and of treafure to the crown and kingdom, bclides n na-
tural right to the dominion of the Ciiannel, which had been luforc maintained only
by the greater naval power of Kdgar, and other Saxon kings. For the dominion
pf' the narrow feas feems naturally to belong, like tluit of rivers, to thofe who pof-
fefs the banks or coallson boti> tides; and thus the former title was confirmed, l>y
fo long a coall as that oi Normandy un one tide, and of England on the other tide
vi the Channel.
'I'he fucceflion of the crown of England was difputed between the Conqueror's
fons, Robert and William (conunonly called Rnlus, from his being red-haired),
and was carried in favour of the latter, lie was a brave and intrepid prince, but
no friend to the clergy, who have therefore been unfavourable to his memory. Hu
%vas likcwife hated by the Normans, who loved his elder brother, and confetpiently
he was engaged in perpetual wars with his brothers and rebellious fubjetls. About
this time the crufades to the 1 loly Land began, and Robert, who was anicmg the rirtt
toengage, accommodated matters with V\ illiam fora fum of money, which he levied
from the clergy. W illiam behaved with great generolity towards Kdgar Atheling
and the court of Scotland, notwithftanding all the provocations he had received
from that quarter, but was accidentally killed by an arrow ihot byTyrrelat a tlaq,
as he was hunting in New I'orell in llamplliire, in the year 1100, and the forty-
fourth year of his age. He is chieHy accufed of rapacity and onprellion ; but the
circumllances of his reign required money, which he had no other means of raif-
ing but from a luxurious, over-grown clergy, who had engrolTed all the riches of
the kingdom.
This prince built \\'eftminfter-hall as it now ftands, and ndded fcvcral works to
the Tower, which he furrounded with a wall and ditch. In the year 1 100 happened
that inundation of the fea which overflowed great part of ear! Goodwin's ellate iu
Kent, and formed thofc thallows in the Downs, now called the Goodwin Sands.
\\ illiam Rufus was fucceeded by his brother Henry I. furnamcd Bcauclerc, oil
account of his learning, though his brother Robert was then returning from the
Holy Land. Henry may be laid to have purchafed the throne; firft by his bro-
ther's treafures, which he feized at \\incheller ; fecondly, by a charter, in whicli
he rellored his fubjects to the rights and privileges they luid enjoyed under tJie
Anfjlo-Saxon kings; and tliirdiy, by his marriage with \iatilda, daughter of Mal-
colm IIL king of Scotland, and niece to Kdgar Atheling, of the ancient Saxon line.
His reign rellored the clergy to their iniluence in the llate, and they formed a iVpa-
rate body dependent upon the pope, which afterwards created great convullioiis
in England. Henry, partly by force and partly by flratagcm, made himfelf mailer
of his brother Robert's perfon, and duchy of Normandy ; and, with a moft unge-
nerous meannefs, detained him a pril'oner for twenty-eight years, till the time of
his death; meanwhile quieting his confcience by founding an abbey. He was af-
terwards engaged in a bloody but fuceefstul w ar with France ; and before his death
he fettled the fuccelhon upon his daughter the cmprefo Matilda, w idow to Henry IV.
iinpcror of Germany, and her fon Henry, by her fecond imlhand Geoffrey Planta-
<,'enet, earl of Anjou. 1 luniy died of a furteit of lampreys in the feventy-eighth \ ear
of his age, in 1 13^.
Nothwithftandmg the late fettlement of the fucceffion, the crown of England was
claimed, and feized by Stephen earl of Hlois, the fon of Adela, fourth daughter
to U illiam the Ctniqueror. Matilda and her fon were then abroad; and Steplien
was atlillcd in his ufurpation by his brother the bilhop of U inchetler, and the other
j;riat prelates, that he might hold the crown dependent upon them. Matilda, how-
« vei. tound a geiictous protcttor in her uncle, David, king of Scotland ; and a
Q q worthy
N
N
D.
worthy fuhjc^t in hor n:itural brothor Robert, carl of Dloucefter, who hndvd H«»
party until hi-r liui j;rew up. A lon^ and blowiy war cnfuod, the clergy huvinff
nbfolved Sti-phen and all liis frioiuh from their guilt of breaking theai> of fuctcl-
fion; but at k'lijjtb, the barons, who dn-adird the powi-r of the clergy, inclined to-
wards MaiiUia ; and Sri-plu-n, liaving bci-n abandoned by his partiznn.s, was dtrfeat-
cd and takrii piifoinT in 1 1 ^i. Bring carried before Matilda, the inipotently upw
braided him, and ordcnd liiin to bo put in chains.
Matild.i was proud and weak, thi" c!iT;j;y were bold and ambitious; and when
joini'<l with llic nobility, who were tactions and turbulent, they were an overmatch
for the crown. Tlu'v dtnumdcd to be governed by the Saxon laws, accordin"; to
the charter that had been ijranted by Mcnry 1. upon his accelhon; and finding Ma-
tilda ri'frattory, they <lrove her out of Enqland in i i4z. Stephen having been ex-
cV.aiigi'd for the earl of CJloucerti.T, who liad been likewife taken prifoner, nponob-
laiiiing his liberty, fouiitl that liis chTjjy and nobility had in fatl excluded him from
till- government, by building i loo calHes, where each owner lived as an indepen-
dent prince. Stephen attempted to t'orce them to declare his fon Euilace heir ap-
parent to tin- kingdom; and cxafperated the clergy fo much, that they invited
over young IJenry of Anjou, who accordingly landed in England with an army of
foreii^ners.
'Ihis meafure divided the clergy from the barons, who were apprchenfivc of a
fecond concpiell; and the earl of Arundel, v.'ith the heads of the lay ariltocraiy,
propofed an accommodation, to which both parties agreed. Stephen, who about
that lime loll \m fon Eurtaee, was to retain the name and ortice of king ; but
Henry, who was in fad invelted with the chief executive power, was acknowledg-
ed his fuccedbr. Though this acconmiodation was only precarious and imperfett,
yet it was received with joy by the Englilh, who had feen and fuiiercd fo many
evils during the late civil wars : and Stephen dying very opportunely, Henry
mounted the throne, without a rival, in 1 154.
Henry H. fnrnamed Plantagenct, was by far the greateft prince of his time. He
foon difcovcred extraordinary abilities for government, and had performed, in the
fixteenth year of his age, exploits that would not have difgraced the moll experi-
fnced warriors. At his accellion to the throne, he found the condition of the Englilh
boroughs greatly bettered, by the privileges granted them in the ftruggles between
their late kings and the nobility. Henry perceived the good policy of this, and
brought the boroughs to fuch a height, that if a i)ondman or fervant remained in a
borough a year and a day, he was l)y fuch relidence in;i<le free. Ho erettvd VV'al-
lingford, Wincheiler, and Oxford, into free borough.s, for the fervices the inhabi-
tants had done to his mother and himfelf.
Without being very fcrupulous in adhering to liis former engagcmentii, he re-
fumed the exceliive grants of crown lands made by Stephen, wliich were reprefented
as illegal. He demolilhed many of the callks that had been built by the barons ;
but when he came to touch the clergy, he found their ufurpations not to be Ikakeii.
He perceived that the loot of all their enormous diforders lay in Ron\e, where the
)opes had exempted churchmen, not only from lay courts, but civil taxes. I he
)loody crueiliis and diforders oCcalioned by ihofe exVmptions, all over the king-
dom, would be incredible, were tlu-y not atlelKd by the moft unexceptionable
evidences. Unfortunately for Heiirv, the head of the Englilh church, and chan-
cellor of the kii»gilom, was the celebrated Thointis Hecket. This man, poworfid
from his offices, and ftill more by his po|)ularity, aviling from a pret'eiuli'd fiinc-
tity, was viiiknt, intrepid, and a deti-rniined enemy to temporal' power of every
kind, but withal cool and politic. The king alVcmbled his nobiiit^ at Ckirendon, in
"WilUhire, the name of which place is (fill famous for the confluutions lucre enacted ;
which ia (uti, abuliihcd the aulhoritv of the Romith fee over the Etigliih clergv.
• lleckct
I
ilmiry
^^eo
l- N
G
L A
N
D.
II nry ardirtfoton of IIimtirij^dDn, aiul o\\wr liirtorinns ulio livcJ under him, arc
rcmarkiiUK' tor ihiir l.nfiii Ox If, which is otU'ii pure mid fligant.
In thih rrign, niul in llidfi' Itarbiiruiis aj^cs, it was a rurtoin in London for great
niiinhirs, to thf iininunt ot a hmiclivd (ir more, ot" llio fons andrrlations ofcmMient
tili/ens, to iorin thrmfelvcs into a liii-ntioii<t rontWK'rniy.to break into rich lioufiu
and plunder them, to rob and mur«ler ^)a(rengers, and to commit the ntort daring
crimes. Henry, about the year i i-jf>, divided Ungland into (ix |)art«, called liraiit's,
fipi)oii,tint; judfjcs to f;o at certain times of the year and hold iijfiws, to adminiller
JLiliice to thv people, as is pra6tifed to this dav.
I ioiiry fo tar iiboliihed the barbarous nnn abfurd praiiicc of forfeiting fliiiis
which liad been wrecked on the coalt, that it' one man or animal were alive in the
Ihip, the velR'l and goods were rcftored to the owner'!. This prince was alfo the
hill who levied a tax on the moveable or perfonni etlates of his fubjedts, nobles as
well as people, nieir zeal tor the holy war made them fubmit to this innovation;
unil a precedent being onci- obtained, diis taxation became in following reigns an
iiliial nil thud of fupplyimr the neccllities of the crown. It was the pratticc ot fomc
kings (if Knglan<l to repent the ceremony of their coronation thrice a year, on
nlRniifling tJie llate^ at the three great feliivals. llenrv, at'ter the tiril years of his
reign, never renewed this ceremony, which was fomul to be very expeiitive and very
iil'clefs. None of his fuecelVors ever re\i\ed it. Since we are here ci>lletling Come
<Utaclied inllances, 'vhich lliow the genius v>i thofe ages, it may not be imnropcr
to mention the (piarrel between Roger archbilli(ip of York and l<ichard archi)llho{>
iif Canterbury. W'c may judgi- of tne violence of military men and laymen, when
ecclellallics would jiroceed to fuchextrcmitii*t>. 'I he pope's legate having fummoned
;m alTembly of the clergy at London, and as both the archbidiops pretended to
fit on his right hand, thisquellion of precedency begot a controverly between them.
The monks and retainers of archbitltop Richard fell upon Roger in the i)refence of
the cardinal and of the fynod, threw him on the ground, trampled him under foot,
and to bruited him with blows, that he was taken up half dead, and his life was
with difhenlty t'aved trom their violence.
Richard I. furnamed Ca'ur de Lion, from his great courage, was the third, but
cldel^ furviving iM\ of Henry II. The clergy had tound means to gain him over,
and for tlieir own ends they jierfuaded him to make a mod magnificent, but ruinous
trufade to the Holy Land, where he took Afealon, and performed fuch attions of
valour as give Countenance even to the fables of anti<piity. After feveral glorious,
but fruitlefs campaigns, ho made a truce of three years with Saladin emperor of the
Saracens ; and, in his return to Kngland.he was treacheroully furprifed by the duke
of Auttria, who, in 1 19^, fent him a prifoner to the emperor Henry VI. His ran-
foni was fixed by the fordid emperor at 150,000 marks ; about 300,000!. of our
prefcnt money; According to temporary authors, the railing of this ranfom
proved to be a matter of fo much dilliculty, that all the church plate was
melted down, and a tax was laid on all perfons, both eccleliallical and fecular,
of one-fourth part of their income tor one year ; and twenty Ihillings on every
knight's fee ; alfo one year's wool borowed of the Citlercians ; betides money
raifed upon the ckrgy of the king's Kreiuli dominions; and 2000 marks which
were furnilhfd by William king ot Scotland, in gratitude for Richard's generous
biliaviour to him before his departure. Tliough all thofe funis r,. "veil au-
thi iitiiated, ytt it is nor caty to reconcile them witli certain othe. ;iine)-lranf-
ai'-.tiDiis of tills rtij,'n, but by fup|/oling that Kichard carried olf with him, and
< xi)ciuied abroad, ail the vilible Ipecie in the kingdom; and that the people had
referved vafl hoards, which they afterwards produced, when cominerce took a
Lrilker turn.
Whiltl the Scotti'h kings cnicvcd their lands in England, they found it their
intereft,
N
N D.
301
fntcrcft, once goncrally in every king't rcijjn, to perAirm homage j but when they
wcro Ji'privotl of llii-ir faid luods, ihcy paid it iu» mnri* •.
Wyolli'ii broiul clollis wi-rc made in Knglaiid at thii time. An ox fold for
t^rcc (liilling, wliieli anfwors to nine ihillingit of our money, and a flu'cp at
four piiKC, or one lliilling, Wciirlitii uud nuafuros wore now ordircd to be
tlic fame all over the kingdom. Kichard, upon liis return, found his dominion»
in grout diforder, through the prattires of hi« brother John, wliom he however
paruoncd ; and by tiie invniions of the Frenth, whom he repelled ; but was
flain in beficging the caftle of Chalons, in the year 1199, the 42d of his age,
and loth uf his relgti.
The reign of his brolher John, who fuececded liim, is infamous in the Eng-
Illh hiflory. lie is faid to have jjut to death Arthur, the eidell Ion of hu
brolher Cieoflry, who had the hcndilary riijlit to the cmwn. 'I he young
prince's n«»ther, Conllance, eomplained to I'hilip the king of France ; who, up-
on John's non-appearance at his court as a vallal, deprived him of Nornumdy.
John notwiihftaiidinc, in his wars with the French, Scotch, and Irilh, gave
many proofs of perii)nal valour ; but became at lait fo apprehcniive of a French
invaiion, tluil he rendered himfelf a tributary to the pope, and laid his crown
and regalia nt the foot of the legati- I'andulph, who kept them for five davs.
The great barons refented his meaimefs, by taking arm.s ; but he repeated (lis
fliameful fubmilVmns to the pope, and, after c\|)eriencing various lortuues of
war, was at lad brought fo low, that the barons ibliged him, in 1216, to ligu,
the great deed, fo well known by the name of Ma^^im C/iartii. Though this
charter is deemed the foui\dation of Knglith liberty, yet it is in fact no otlivr
than a renewal of thofe inmnmities which the barons and their followers had
••njoyed under the vSaxun princes, and which they claimed by the charters ut
Henry I. and Henry II. A,s the principles of liberty came to be more enlarged,
and property to be better fecured, this charier, by various fubfecpient a6ts and
explanations, came to be ajiplicable to every Fnglilh fubject, as well as to the
barons, knights, and burgelies. John had I'carcely llgned it, when he retratted,
and called upon the pope for ])rotecti()n, when the barons withdrew their alle-
giance from liim, and transferred it to Lewis, the eUlell ion of I'hilip Augulhis,
king of France. This gave umbrage to the pope ; and the barons being ajjpro-
henlive left their country ihould become a province to France, they returned to
John's allegiance ; but he was unalile to protett them, till the pope ret'ufed fo
confirm the title of Lewis. John died in 1216, in the i8ih year of hi* reign,
and the 49th of his age, juft as he had a glimpfc of refvuning his authority.
Witliout diiputing what hiftorians have faid of his arbitrary, inconftant, and
iruel di("j)oliti(>n, it is evident, from tlie fame relations, that he had great provo-
cations trom tlie clergy and the barons, who in their turns attempted to anni-
hilate the regal prerogative. It is undeniable at tlie fame time that, under John,
the conmions ot Fngland laid the foundatii>n of all the wealth and privileges
they now enjoy ; and the commerce of F,nu;lan(l received a moll furpriliiig in-
creale. He mav be called the father of tlie privileges of free boixjughs, which
he eliablilhed aiid endowed all over liis kingdom.
The city of London owes fome of her privcleges to hJm. The office of
nia\or, before his reign, was for lite ; but he gave them a charter to chufc a mayor
out o\ their own boiiy annually, and la elect their- Iherifl's and common council
annually, as at prefent.
» It npp«rs linuTvcr, th.nt William I. f^injr of tlint thry did homage for the kingdom of Scotland
Stollaml, .•>nd his I'ulijirt'i, lontVnted to.n.kiiow'- ni iordiiii;ly ; tmt tt\i.-. advanta^'.e w;is giv^n up I'V
lulj^r till- liiiig I't Kiij'Jaiid aiui h;s luirs, to ail per- Rii hard f . I'u/r Lord l.\ ttiltor\"s llillnry of Henry.
(r!uit\, to be their lovcriign> and liege lord», and II. vol. v. p, ijo, ajj, S25. 8vo. tdit.
• Fn!,liiidi
304
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linfflHud was in ii dcpIor«blcfitii«tionwlu*n her t-rown dcrolvcil upon Ifonry IIF.
tlu' late king's fon, who wan Uiit nine yours old. The curl of IVnibrokr wnsihofin
hi^ ^jmirdmu ; llic pope toking part with the young i)rina-, the French wore
tlckated and driven tuit ot' the kingdom, and tlieir kinf; oldiued to renounce all
liiiiw-i upon the crown of Kngiand. 'I'hi- regent, carl of IVuitwoke, who had
thu* retrieved the independency of his country, died in 1219, and tlie regency de-
vuKcd upon the hilhnp of Winchcfter. The Krrnrh king all thi» time went |)of-
f'thm of Normnnrly ; but at liomc tli;* power of il>e pope bee.nne eKorliitant ;
and !"• fent no fewer than 300 of his rapaciout clergy, in the year 1240, to tiike
polTellioii of the bed Knglilh benefices, and to lo.id the people with taxes. 'I'his
«'vil was incieafed by tlie marriage of I lenry with the daughter of the earl of Pro-
vi:iice, a needy prince, whole poor relation* engrolTed the bell clbites and places
in the king'lotn. 'I'he king w;is of a foft, pliable difpolition, and hud been
peifiiiulrd to violate the Cireat ('barter. Indeed he feemed always endeavouring to
evade the privileges whieh he had been eonipelled to grant and confirm. vVn
alfieiation of the bannis was lornied againll hnn, and a civil war bteakijig out,
I li'nry feemed to be abiindou'-d bv all but his (iafeons and fon.'ign mercenaries.
His ])rofufum brought him into mcNprellible dithculties; and the famous Ste-
phen .VIontfort, who had married his lider, and was nnuie earl of l..eici Ihr, beiiij;
chofiMi general of the alloeiKticm, the king and his two fons were detealed, anil
taken prifoners at the battle of Lewes. A dilference happening between Mont-
fort and the carl of GloueeOer, a nobleman of great autnority, princi; Kdward,
Henry's eldell fon, obtained his liberty, and alTembling as many as he could of
liis t'atlier's fub'tecls, who were jealmu of IVIontford, and weary of the tyranny of
tlie barons, he gave battle to tlie rebels, whom he defeated at Kvelhani, /Vugud 4,
I id:;, and kiil'd Montfort. The rcprefentatives of the commons of IJiglaiid,
b'tli knight and burgelTes, now tormetl part of the Knglillt legiflature, in a fe*
paratehoufe; and before this reign hillorians are not agreed as ti> the oflice or
jioweis of this branch of the parliament. I'rince lulward being engaged in a
crulade, Henry, during his abfence, died in 127Z, the 64th year of Ins age, and
56tli of his reign, wliich was uncomfortable and inglorious; and yet to the Ibuggles
lit that time the people in great ineafure owe the liberties of the prefent day. Dur-
ing his reign, the principal eulloms arofe from the importation of French and
Khenitli wines, the Knglilh being as yet Ihangers to thofe of Sjiain, Portugal, and
Italy. Iiitered had in that age amounted to an enormous height : there are in-
llances ot jol. per cent, being paid for money, whieh tempted llie Jews to remain
in lyigland, notwitlillanding the grievous opprelhons they laboured under, from
the bigotry «)f the age and Henry's extortions. In 12;^ Henry made a frelli
demand of 8000 murks from the Jews, and threatened to hang them if they refiif-
cd compliance. 'Jhey now loll all patience, and delired leave to ri'movi- with
their efletts from the kingdom. JJut the king replied, " Hosv can I remedy tiie
opprellion you complain of? I am inyfelf a i)eggar ; 1 am delpoiied ; 1 am drip-
ped of ail my revemi. s ; I owe above 200,000 marks; and if I had laid 300,000,
1 lliould not exceetl i;ie truth ; 1 am obliged to pay niv fon, prince l'",dward, i ^,000
marks a year ; I have not a tarthing, and I inurt {lave money tVom any hand,
trom any «|uarter, or by any means." King Jolui his lather onee deinandul
10,000 marks from a Jew at Briftol ; and, on his refufal, ordered one of his
teeth to be drawn every day till he lliould confent : the Jew loft feveii
teeth, and then paid the fum required. Trial by ov/tw/ was now entirely difufed,
and that by due/ difcouraged. Bracton's famous law treatife was publiflied in this
reijjn.
Ldward returning to England, on the ncw.s of his father's death, invited a^l
who held of h.is crown in t:a[<itc to his coronation dinner, which confided 'that
tlic
6
N
N
303
111 llrip-
^;o 0,000,
15,000
ly liailil,
rt lev I'll
(lifuiVd,
Id in this
/itcd all
led 'that
tlic
die reader may have fomc idea of the luxury of th« limaa) of 178 hacon hocji,
4^0 hi>gi, 440 oxen, 4^0 Ihecp, 12,600 hem and caponi, and ij lar ||imt!i (leu
Hymcr's Ftrdt-ra). Alexander 111. kinc of ikutliuid wa« ut the folemtiity, and
on th^* occalioii 500 horfei were let ti>o(e,.ftic thofu that could cutcb thcav tu keep
them.
Edward w*a a lirnvr and politic princr, and being perfeHly welt acqunintcd with
the liiwit, ii)tere(l.H, iind conlUttuitiii <it' his kin^tlom, hit rej^ulatioiiH and rufornm
tidii of the laws, have jiiiiiy f;iven him the title i>( the bnglilh Julliniuii. lie pal)-
fed lilt* tunuxii mortninin nti, wherel)y all perfons " were rullruined (mm nivux^,
by will or oi/i/rxoijt, their cllates tt» (thole fo ealltd) reli)|^uii!i iiurpofcs, luid the I'o-
cietius that never die, without a licence from the cruwn." I le granted ccrtuin pri-
vileges to the cinipie-porti, which, though now wry incoiiliderahic, werclhen <ibliucd
to attend the king, when he went beyond fea, with fifty-feven (hips, each hasiiig
twenty armed foluiers on board, and to maintain them at their own coils for the
(pace of tiftcen days, lie reduced the Welch to pay him tribute, and uiiuexed it*
principality to his crown, and was the iirll who gave the title of prince uf Wale*
to his eldell fun.
His vail connetlions with the continent were productive of many benrfitM to hiH
fubje6ls, particularly by the introdudion of readmg-glalies luid lj)e(lacles; thuugh
ihfy are (aid to have been invented, in the former reign, by the famous friar Bacon.
Windmills wrre ereiled in England about the fame time, and the regulation of gold
and lilver workinanlhip was aft eruiined by an affay and mnrk of the guldfmith's conv-
pany. Kdward was often embroiled with the pope, ei'pecially upon the ailoirs of
Scotland; and he died in i.^oy, the 69th year of his age and ^5th of hit reign,
while ho was upon a freih expedition againll Scotland. He ordered his heart tu
he fent to the Holy Land, with 32,0001. fur the maintenance of what wa« called
the Hofy Sepulthre.
His i'tm and fmtelTor Edward 11. fliewcd early difpofitions for encouraging fa-
vourites ; but (javcfton, hi.s chief minion, a Ciafcon, tiring banilhcd by his father,
he mounted the throne- with vad advantage:!, both political and perfonal, all which
he foon forfeited by his own imprudence. He recalled Gavclhm, and loaded him
with honours, and married liabellu, daughter to the French king, who rellored to
him part of the territories which Udwnrd i. had loft in France, llic barons, how-
ever, oblii>ed him once more to banilh his favourite, and to confirm the great char-
ter, while king Robert liriice recovered all Scotland, except thecaillc of Stirling ;
near to which, at Bannock burn, EiKvaul in perfon received the greatcft defeat that
Kngland ever futiered, in 1^14. (Javellon being beheaded by the barons, thev
fixed upon young Hugh Spencer as a fpy upon the king, bul he foon became his
favourite. Through his pride, avarice, and ambition, he was banilhed, togethiT
with his father, who had been created earl of Wincheller. The queen, an ambi-
tious and worthlels wom.m, perfu;uled her lui(Land to rec;dl the Spencers, while the
(omiiion penpir, from tluir hatr'-d to the baroii.s, joined the king's ilandacd, .^lid
alter defeating them, n :;<>ic'.l him to the exercifc of all his prerogatives. A cruel
life was made of ilmle fucc.iles, and many iioble patriots, with their efhitcs, fell
victims to the (jueen's revi nge ; but at lull Ihe became enamoured with Roger Mor-
tiiiier, who was her prifo.Kr, and had been oue<if the moft active of the anti-royaliit
lortls. A breach betwern lur and the Spciuers foun toUowed, and, going over to
France with. her lover, lliv f(>and ineai i U) ivxm fuch a party iii Kngiaiid, that, re.
turning with ioww Frepeli tr. lops, the put tlie eUleit Spencer to an ignominious
death, made her hulba.ui prifoiicr, and forced him to abdicate his crown in favour
ut his fon lulwiini 111. tluii llfieen years of age. Nothing now but the death of Kd-
wurd 11. was waiiUiijj tu complete her guilt ; and he was mull barbaroully luuidcred
ia
304
N
N
In Ik'rkclry-cuftli' Ity riiflmnn, fuppofal to be cmployod by bcr oiul licr pnmniotir
Mortimer, in ll\i' )car t}ij-
I pcm (III jivirago, \\w dirtonnuf of living tlicn nml now, A-onu lo bo nearly »%
j or b ii« lo I, iilwitvii n-nKinlM-rin); tliiil ihnr nioiuy mntuiiu'il tliriio ni niiuli lilvir
us our nioni'y or k mn ol the ('uii\o (U'i)oiiiiiiation ilncn. 'I'litu, tot ixiunplf, il a ffoofe
then toll a;,/, iluit i* 7',//. of our nmmy, aciorjling to tin- proportion of 6 to 1, it
woulil n»>vv t'oll }f. <)i{. 'Ilii' Knighlit IVniplun wen- fupprolR«l mi tliin ivijjn,
■owing to tln'ir iMiorinou* \Wc%
Kdwurd III. mounted ihr tlininc in 1.^17 IK' was tlicn under tlic tuition oflu'i
niolluT, wliocol)al>ili<l with Morttnu-r ; ami tluy i'n«liavoiirid lokii-p polliliMiii of
tlu-ir power, by |)romntin(; manv popular nunfnrek, and putting an end to all national
<iilf
eri-nie* wi
th Seotland, tor wlnili Mortimer wan « reatecl ea'l of Manli ImI.
Avard, young as lie was, heeame fenliUle of tin ir delignit. i |e furprifed lliem i
perfon at the head of a few ehofen friends in the eallie of Nottiiij;
lain.
Morti-
mer was hanged as a traitor on the eonnnon gallt>ws at 'In burn, and ilk* queen
herfelf wai Ihut up in eonlinement twenty-eight years, to her «leaih It was not
long before I'.dward found means to ipiarrel with David king of Siolland, thougJi
be had married his filler. David was driven to l-'ranee bv Edward nalioi, wlin
<lid homage to Isdward for Seotlanil. I'pon the death of ("harles the .' lir.kingof
Fiance (without illuc), who had fiiceecdeil by virtue o( the Salie hn\ , whieh the
Krcneh pretended cut o(V all female fuccelhon to that crown, I*!, ilii) of Vul
OlS
claimed It, as being the iu\t heir male; but he was oppofed by Inward, who
alferted his right as foil of Ifabella, who was filler to the three lall iiMiiinued
kings of Kraiue, and tiill in the teinaie fucnilion. The former wan pri ferred j
but, tlie cafe being doubtful, Kdwaril purled hiit cluiin, and invaded (■'raiue with
a powerful army.
On this occalmn the vail dilTereiue beUveen the feudal eonflitutions of France,
which were then in lull torce, ami the government of i'ingland, more favourabli
.to pubii'- liberty, aju
iiuared. The I'
reiu
h oil
leers kiK'H no lul
lort
linat
KJll.
ihe
d tluir men were ri|ually undifciplined and difobeduiit, ihough far more nume-
rnus than their enemiis in the field. I he I'.nglilh freemen, 'mi ijie other hand, haviii"
now vail priipeily to light for, which tlies could call tluir own, knew its \alui'.
1(1 had learned to difend it by pro\iding themfelves with |)roper armour, and I'ub-
ilting to niililary c\ercile and proper fubordination in tlie Held. The war, on
tlu' part of l'Alwar<l, was tluret'ore a imitinued fcene ot fuecefs aiul victory. In
I ^40 he look the title "t king of I'rance, uling il in all public acts, aiul ipiarlered
:in
iin
ni
till- amis of France wiili hi-, own, addin-' this motto, J)
li'ii (7 mou lit
(iO(l and
jiiy right." At ("nlly, Aiigull i(>l\\, i_;4'>. almve 100,000 l'"rein h were deleaiid
by ^0,000 I'.nglilh, ihieliy l»y llie valour of the prince of Wales, wlio was but lix-
tien year.s of age (his tatlier being no more than thirty-four'. 'I he lofs of the
l'riii(h lar evceedi (I the niiuilu r of ilie JMigliih ami), wlinfe lofs conlilled df no
more than three knti.;hls, (iiu- efijuire, ami about lili\ pri\ati' nu:ii.« I he bat-
tle of Toicfiers was toiiglil in i;,y'. between the jniiue nt \\ iile.s and the Fiench
king John, but with griatiy lupeiior advantages nt numbers on the part of the
French, who were lotail\ delealed, and their king ai;d his favourile Ion I'liilip
tak
en
•was (In(ii)ie
pril
<ini Is.
It is ihoiiuht that the number nl' I'rtiuh killed in this li;ittl
that of all tliv l'.ii;;lilli ariiiv
)ut ll,e ni'i(Ulty and poliU.ix U with
vliicli ihi- prince treated iiis io\al piilKiiers, formed ihe biighlell wreath in his
iiarlaiu
F.dwaid's "lories wore not confimd to Fi
Hi
ivnu
lift
Ins (lueen I'lulip
I'll
pn.
<laiighter to iho e.ul of 1 l.iir.;iull,.ri qeiit of bnijland, ihe hail the good Imtune t
luki- priloiu r l).i\id king of Seu'.laiid, v.liu had vcniurtd to invade Fnglaiid ;iht'ut
iix weeks aflcr tlie battle cf Crclly. llius iudward liad ilu^loi) to fee twuiiowmd
lieaJs
M
N D.
$«5
liilipp:!.
IllUlU' t>)
h<>A<l« hi* ranilvri nl l/mdon. Iloili king* were aftorwiirdi rAnromed i Dnvid for
100,000 niarKt, after t)riii|{ ilcvcn vi'iri iit caplivily, nnd Jolni tor ihnc iiiilliont of
Ki»ld cniwnt t but Johtt relumed lo Kngland, in order to udjull fiiine dilicnnci'*
reftu'diitg hit rttiifom, und died at the palace of the Savoy, Al'u-r ihe trraiy itf
Hreligni, into which Kdwnrd 111, i* fnid to linvo l)eeit frightened by a drendliil
ttiirm, hi« furtunrt declined. Me had religned hin French doniinion* rntircly to
the |iriiM'C of Wales, und he funk in the ellrem of hit fuhjctt Mt home, on account
oi hit attac^hment lo hit niilircli, one Alice fierce. The prince of W'niet,
ciiminonly called the HInck Prince *, from hii wearing that coloured armour,
while he wan making a glorious cumpitign in Spain, where lie reinliuted IVter the
Cruel on that throne, wut feixe<i with a conluniptive diforder, which carried hint
oH° in the year i.)72. Hit father did not long furvive him i for he died, difpiriicd
and ohfcure, at Shone, iu Surry, in the year 1377, the 6jth of iiit age, and {id ot
his reign.
Kdward wat one of the moA illuHriims kings that fnt on the luiglilh throne
Dent on the con(|uell of Krancc, he gratified the more readily his people in their de-
mands for fecurily Iu their liberties und proiK-rties: hut hit ambition cxhaulKd hit
regal duniinions ; and his fucceffur, when he mounted the thronu, was left power*
fullhan Kdward in the beginning uf hit reign. He haa the glory uf inviting over
and protetting fulleri,dyrrs, weavers, and otlier urtiiicert from Flanders, and uf ef-
tablilhing the woollen manufacture among the Knglilh, who, till this lime, generally
exported the unwrought connnodity. 'Ine rate ot living in his reign fccins to have
been much the fame as in the preceding; and few of the Kn^lilh mips, even of war,
exceeded forty or fifty tons. But, notwithOanding the vnft increafe uf property in
Kngland, villenage liill continued in the royal, epifcopal, and bnronial manors.
Ililloriansare not agreed whether Kdward mude uie of artillery in his firil invufion
of Fraiu e, but it cvrtainljr was well known In-fore his death. The magnilicent
calMe of Windfor was built by Kdwnrd III. and his inetlxxl of coiulutling that
work may ferve us u fpecinien of the condition ot the pet)|)le in that age. Inllead
of alluring workmen by contrad nnd waget, he uifelfeil every country in Kngland to
fend liini fo many mafont, tilers, and carpenters. it«>ldierH were eniilied only for h
lliort time; they lived idle all the rell of the yrnr, and commonly all the rert of
ilieir lives ; one fuccefsful cam))nign, by pay and plunder, nnd the ranfom of pri-
foiuTs, was fiippofed to be a finnll fortune ; wliith was a great allurement to
enter into the fervice. The waj^is of a niallv.r car|)enter was limited liirough the
whole year to •iircc |x>nce a-da\, a common carpenter to two pence, money ol'
that a^e.
Dr. John WicklilTe, a fecular priell, "
1 lul of tliiij reign, to fpread the doctrines
iiiffs ; and he made many dilcipies of all
piety; aiul has the honour of being the hi
111 (luellioii lluiff iloclriiiis whidi had trilled for certain during fo many as;>'s
riie doctrines of \\ icklitfe being ''■•ri\eil from bis lean ti into the fcripturcs, and
into ecclelialtical antii|nity, were ik..,* the fame with iliole propag.ited b\ thi-
rv I'ormiTS in the lixleenth cenlurx. Hut, thoiigli many ffi. iiud llroni^ly diljioled to
reieive lliem, ail'airs were not yet fully ripe for this great rcvoliitioii, rel'i\*tl tor
a more five and iiupiirini; age. lie had many tricnds in the univerlitv of OstMil
and at court, and was powertully protected againll the evil deligns of the pope and
tiitlui]is, by John uf Gaunt duke of LaiuatK-r, one ot the king's fms, und other
• !!'• u-i-. .illii tlir firft In Knuliimi ili.it litil ilir Conucill; nn,! ever fimf, flici-Mclt fun nf tlir kiiif,
tiilc ul Dkhf bciiij; ircaicU by t)i> lather ilukc ul ol iaii^l.titJ ti by binh <lukc ot Cornwall.
K r great
•' nt Oxford, began, in the latter
; 'n by his dilcourfes.and writ-
,. lie was a man of learning, and
perfon in Kiirope wlio publicly called
s«*
N O
n
IS
ft'iti men. IIU (iirvipU* were •llilinKiiiiheU by the n«nM ul' Wi«.kliiiitc« or
KitliartI II. full i>r iho IHntk rimn, wb> only rltvcn yenr* irf n|» whrn hr
ni.umt«i| ihi- ihriMU', 'IV I'ltgllili itrttu wm- ilicii iirfuCivUhil tnttn in Frmuc
ihkI .VoltHiiii ; hul Oil' itoclriiK* i>t' U uklitt'o liHik riMtl intdtr llu' iiirtu«>itir i»| \\u<
itkiko of |,Hiu:i(K-r, lilt' (ki^K* ttiulc iili'l iiiitf ul till giuiiiliiiiiii, niul giivc tftiliir||icl
iti»liiiiM III lilnriv In iho \ill.iiiii, llu- loUk-r mnk* ot |i>'itpU' llu- irtiih U, liml
RKriiiilturc wu» llu it iit fu llouriililuK u llair, lliut ioni, uiitl oilur \itliiiili, wcrt*
rilT'i.'ri-«l li»l)i' Iruiil'iiorKil. niulllu' KukIiiIi IumI tiitlon ti|><Miu wuv ot niunulkclitriiitf,
Tor vx|M)i'tittiiiii, ihi-lr U'Httii'r, lioriu. mxl oilu-r iiiiii\i- loniinoiliiii* » aiul wlili
ri'qnnl lo ihi' wooIIimi inuiuiruil'irfi, tlu'v Ixtnticnii nrKinii udiuvi' livfii ckkiiilnl
hv noiK' in l-',tir>>|K-. Julin <>! (ititiiir<« lortiKii ("iUH'^lioti* miiIiiIu- irouiuoi |*iir
iti)(iiliiiitl .Stuiiii wiTi- ot prt jiului' I'l tii^iuitrtirv i uikIIo tniiiiy iiicn were iiii|ilu)id
in ktiiUu'i'clnt'iii wHr>«, iliui iliv iiimiiioh* ul' Kn|{ltnul, like iHiwdcr, revi-iviitg « l'|>Hrk
ot' lire, (ill III unco llnineil mil iiitu reliellion, tiiuler the iniuluct ot' Hull, r privll,
Will IMer, Jiiek Mruw, mid nllieri, llu* lowelt ot tlie |iii|iiiliiee. I lie mndnd iit'
lliel'i? iiil'iir^'iili wtfi \iolciii :iiwl tminllili.ilik- , liiit it luniml l>e deiiii>l, lliiii llu
t oiiiiituii people ul bjiglaiiit ihcii iuboiired under iiuiny upprclliuiu, purtaulurly a
Kit liurd wns not then idxive llxteen, Init he noird with (jreat Tpirit nnd wiCdoni.
He lined llie itoriit ot llio inriir)(enl<t, ul ihe head nt llu l,<>iitioi)eii, uiiile V\ al-
W.irili, lli<- iii.i\or, and I'liilpoi, an alderiiiiit), had llu* t our^r to put lyler, tlu>
leniKr o| llu iiwiUoiiteiits lo de.iih, iti the tnidll ot hit .ulheretitn. Ihis, willi ihc
reafonahlf iH-huviotir ol' Kiehard, i|iielled the iiirurret:lioit lor ihnt tiiiii; ; but it
broke out w Itli tlu' nu>ll IiIimxU i il>\ ti in other part>i ol I'liiKland : and, though It
v\a<t I'lippn-ili d l)> ni.ikini; n\auv txanipiit o|' levi-rity .-inionjf the illlul^^rlts<, >it
llu' I'oniniKii peii|ile ni ver alu r ahandniu'd llu (aiiU.lill liv degieiit llicv ul>. allied
lli'ili' privilt^eN whiih ihev now fiii<i\. jjiul Kiduird been a piiiite nt u-ul uhjlj
lii'H, In;
iiiighi, alter
the I'l
uppredioii ot' ihol'e in^llr^elllH, have illablilliid ili> Iran-
i|uitlily ol' hi-> di>n)ini<<n> mi a rnii' tonndation ; init he lUlivned hinil'v It up to
1
iiM-
Kortlilert t'ii\oniili >, parlienlailv Mieli.ul di' la I'nle, I'lii lo a iiKrchaiit nl |
doll, \Nliiini lu i'leateil larlot .Snllulk and lord i liaiu i llor, jndi;)' I ri.lihMii, and,
ulitae all, Kolurt de \ ere, earl ot Ostord, nvIioiii Iu' iieahd inariiui^ * ul Dublin
nnd duke ol' Irelarul. 'Ihoy were (diituxioiit Ixith to the parliuiiu nl tiitd peopU',
atluiiileil, and ii<n<leinned to riitlcr a-* traitorN. 'Ihe ihiit juliiie 'Irehliaii mux
han^etl al IMuirn, liiil iK- la I'nle and ihr duke ot In land (leaped aliruail, >\|ure
I'u') ilie>l ill iililuiiiu. Kit haul then .illni iatcd to hinili ll a new let nt t'asour-
iie'<. I (i'l people and ^reat lonU ni^ain look up arnu, and iniii^ hea<ied by the
ditke of (iluiiit Her the kind's niitU-, they forced Kichurd oiuc mure into term
hilt beint; intiiiiere in all his loiiipliuiui 4, he wat upon tin point ot' bKom
more delpoiie than any kin^ otl'.n^laiul had eser been, when he loll his irow
lite h\ a liuldi n < aialtroplit
in
n am
,1
A ipiarrel liappeaeil beuveeii the diikeot' l|er« tonl, Ion lo the duke ot l.aiualler,
and the duke ot Norfolk ; and Kiehard banilhed ihein both, with partiuilar nuirkn
nt liifiiliiee lo the foiiiu r, w ho now bi'ianu' dnke o| l.aiu atU r by his lallur's iKalli.
Kii'liaid l.'lrlvin^ over a ^real aii.iy to ipu II u rebellion in lieland, a llroii^ parly
\vai lorincd in I'.n^^land, tlu' iialnial reluil of' Kieliard\ l^ranii), wiio nlhied tlic
dukt' olLrnualier the crown, lie laiuled from I' ranee at Kaventpur in ^ nrklhire,
iuul Wiw liHii) at the hi ud. ul 6o,ooo men, iJl ut' ihein I'.nf^lilli. Kieliard huiii(.d
baek to liinjiaiid, wlun his Iroo])*, lef'ulin^; to fi^ht, and Ins lubjects, whom he had
* Tlic lirll uh<j burc the tUlc iif roartjuU in Eiti)(liintl,
iiHeCted
< iilDlll'J
iu;ii
S (1
N I)
1*7
afRs-lnl »rt dcfpiCi*, ^rncrulljr ik>rt'rtin|{ lilm, >»>• wn% matif |>fil*»n*^r wlrh n<i more
llitiii Iwifiitv luifii'liitil* t n>ul ttviiig t.*rrivil 1)1 LokJoii, In wn* il<'|»<irri| in liill |>ar>
tniiiHiil, H\i')\ n tMrmtil ihni);>' i>( lvr.iiitt)r umi itiiK oikIikI , uinl luoii Hllir lie i«
lti|>|)i)|kii (' |m>i* Ui'it llartctl In cii .tili iit |tiii<>ii, in ilu )<-.ir i ',91^, ih<- |ail of hii
rhiMiifN ihi' niiliiliiv lit I'jiKlttK'l Wfri' |»<>ll«-(lt'«i ol ((ri-at |Ni\vrr iii llii* time ot
ilim ri voUilioi), \«l mc «Iu nui linil ilml il atiiilrii llu- tiilliiciuk' of tlir t itiiitiM>iii.
|luy hnil lh<' ii'iirtig) (<> rtiiKinllrali' ItolUly in niirlinnuni iiutnurt tlic nliiry, uhuh
III
;iuM
ifli
>\ki« l«iil lixt mm It |>rkuli(ktl iti I'.ngLiiui, unit nllu r ulMifi'* iiriMilli ilcr^y iiiii) hiity ^
iiiiil ilif ilt'tlrui'tion III llii' Ictii'dl |Ht\si'r'« Iimmi IoIIuvmhI,
lliniv llii' l-'f>urlli *, l>>i) 1)1 Jiilin i>l (latinl, cliili- ■»( hnmuftor, foiirlli fun of Rd*
k^tlr•l III lH'nl^ tiiiU'doM ihi; ilirunc ot' I.ukIiiikI. liiiirkjniliiclolhr rlilcr liiUM'hci
i>t I'.tlwiirtI III ■• tiiiiiil\, llu' ^r>■Hl iiubililv wiii' in lii)|)t'i« lluil 1)11* ^larin)( itititl nl'
lii«lilU' MiMilil r^iuUr )iiiii tU<|ifii«U'ni upon ihiin Al tirl) ronu owWiiituiioi wtrr
loniu-il ii^tiinll liMii liv iIh- iliiWc* ol' Nurrv unci Kx«'l> r, tlic rarU oi (iloiH tlkr und
of ^^>rk4 ImiI lir tiulluil llinn \>y Iim atlivity ami
^>llill
IK lit
itllV. Illli
lllli
u- il
liiul<
I ll
I litiil
lilli
• Il
lop
A pi
•III
lor
illlU
u.
llu
lluir
OViTttfOVMI POWIT
ril
11
IM N\U» IIIKU'I-
ri'utii iiiK
ItiMul liv till' IVri ) liiiiuU, llu ^niilctl in lliv n >rili ul Kiii^loiil, wlio ciiniiLniK i|
ol lli'iiiy liiiviK;; tlipiivdl llifiii o( funu* Svouli prifoiuTil, wlioni ilu'v It i<l iiikcn
III Imtllf, iiiiil II it.iiit{> tout rolu'llioii l«roki' oiil inulcr lli" oKI tiirl ot' North un'ilii'r
1. 111(1, mill lii% Ton llu- r.iiii'iuo iltiirv IVrcy, riirii.iin«*il I loifpur i Uiil il « nMt-il in
>\iili
llic tldi'iit ol llic ttluU, iliu'lly liy tiic \.tl<iiir il' llio piiiuf ol' \\ al
lilU
ill i;(Miil tortiint , I li iir\ riippriljul llu- itifiirrc<Mioiii o| llu- Wilili, nn 1 1 Ow
III
(ill niUiwir; •Hul li\ 1 1 11 piiiiUni (.ont'i'llioiu to Iiih piirltmiu ni, to 1 lie 10:1 mn^ pur
liiiil.irh, lu' ill l<il\ cxiiiiiii'ikil 111! oppolition, \\liiU-, to ifiiirtly tlir «U'I ..-I of liit
mil', till' purliiiiiU'iit riilniU'd llu* imwn upon him und liii' li. im m ili- of \\U |««)(|y
l.iwliillv litgntti'ii, lIuTi'ln lliutling out all ri-in;ili- riun'ilutii 'llu- youii){ iluki:
n| Kiiilir.u. luir to llu- ^riiwii nt ,Si'i»tIatul (iifuTuaid^ J;iiiu'i»l. ut' tliiit kiiijjiinni),
t.illin)( II piiloiur into llriir\'« liiiniU, Im pt ilio iiiMiluin 110111111 Iumii iiiNalion ;
iiiid U'lort' lii^ cli'iul), \\IikIi li:ippi-'K'U in 141.I1 in tlu- 4(>ili yi'iirof lii« .igc, niiii
I pli ol lii>i ni^ii, III- liad tlii' luti>t'ii(tion to tci' IiIn foii and fiuivllor, tlu' priiuc of
U all's, diri'n};a^i' liiinli It tiotu inxny \oiitlitul lollii-.N, wliiili li.id till tlicn uilgruccd
Ills I'oni
liid
I III' I'.n^liili niiirim' was now fo gr^-ally ini roiifrd. Unit wi' find iin Knulitli vt-ITil
of 200 toi)<i ill llu; llatiii , and nwuu otiu r iliips of iipi.il hurdcii, i arry ing on trade
III various parti, iiaitii iihirly uitli llu- li.mlr towns. \\ iili n^ard in pulilit liU-rlv,
I li.iM' alnady lunli'd. was tin- tiill piiiici.- wl.o ^aM.- tin- ditUri nl
I jiiin
l\
»s
ViiU'is in pailianu'iit, tlpciially tliat of llu- (onuiioiis, tlii'ir dur wi'i^lil. It iit|
iK'WiM'r. a littU' finpriliiiK, that It'.niiing was at iliis liinc at a imuli liw^r pat'-i in
l'.ti;;laiul, imU all over Kuropi-, than it had lu'iii 100 yi-ars In-tori.'. Iliiliops, wlu-n
tidily inj{ iMHidal aits, win- oftin fomd to do it In pr^XN, in iho I'l'llowini; terms,
vi/.
As I lanniit road nulilf, N. N. Iialli liihfirilKil for iiu
or,
As inv
luiil liilhiip i.iimot wiilc limililf, at his irijiuU I lia\i- riil'1'i.iilH'd." Ily llu-
nilliii iici- of till- toint and thi- iiitii};urs of lln' ^li'iK). an ;ui was nlitaiiiu'd in thi-
fi'liiuiii of purliiiincut 1401 fur the hmninji; of lurclits, uctationi.'d by llu* Kt^-at hw
llccUd
* 'I'lic tliruiir Uiiis liuw vaiilnt, lliv iliik« nf liimti, tin.i tit frtuh, •tilnd nil ih mfmirii, ««./ lit
l.:i'u:iltrr lli'ppvil tiirlii, .tiul having irullcit liiiii- upfuiirxii'i,, \ i.li I il.'i ifH ./I'lHili tt n^ii liii, rf'
ti'it nil liib liirdii.til aiiil on liii liri. at, niikl i;illiii l/ir Utilt ^aii.iiiin)', a iLiiiit in rik,lit ol lii> iiiui'iti)
I I'liii lilt' ii.iim cil V liiilt, lir I iiiMiiiiunl il.tU- tunii-i; '>'»( //. ii.lt Utr ///><■► ii,>;le rti>./ tliia r
ul'' Il I lli'ill Ki^i' >a tlif oi'^^iiial l„iiv,un^e, llnti n^l.i I'mil (!<kI tf k i tiittt l.iik fini »v, ■n.lK
lii'i.uili' til llu'ir liiixiil nil)
/« ii,f
Mf •/ >!», xit'i ft »'» Jninda, It ruiiwi il ; f5#
(/' i>Mili,>, ScH, ntJ thh Cij/^, I riil/i* rrivmt 'j,;ii "i f*,nt lo lit ci./uir ii ,1,
11,1 1 <•/ l.'lll.,l/l,-r, Aaltl'Hl ik I)i^t tf l>.f« ^t',.>tillll(, ,IMJ $Hjt/,H^ tf' tif i;uj( l^:itt
U r i
'J-'"" J
3o8
N
N
crcafc of the Wlckliffitcs or Lollards i and immediately after, one Sawtrcc, parilli.
pricft of St. Ofithc, in London, was burnt alive by llic king's writ, direfted to the
mavor and flierifTs nf London.
'fhc bhlancc of trade with foreign parts was againft England at the accefTicm of
Henry V. in 1413, fo greatly had luxury increafid. 'I'hc Lollards, or the followers
of Wickliffe, were cxccflivcly numerous, and fir John Oldcaftlc, lord Cohham,
having joined them, it was pretended that he had agreed to put Itimfelf at their
head, with a dcfign to overturn the government ; but this appears to have been a
groundlefs accufation, from the bloody zeal of the clergy, tiiough ho was put to
death in confequcnce of it. His only real crime fcems to have been the fpirit
with which he oppofed the fuperftition of the age, and he was the fir(l of the nobi-
lity who fuffercd on account of religion. Henry was about this time engaged in a
couteft with France, which he had many incitements for invading. He demanded
a rellitution of Normandy, and other provinces, that had been ravaged from Eng-
land in the preceding reigns ; alfo the payment of certaiji arrears due tor king John's
ranfom lincc the reign of Edward ill. and availing himfcif of the diftra£ied ftatc
of that kingdom by the Orleans and Burgundy factions, he invaded it, took Har-
tieur, and then defeated the French in the battle of Agincourt, which equalled the
glory of^Crcffy and Poittiers, but exceeded them in its confequcnccs, on account
of the vaft number of French princes of the blood, and other great noblemen,
who were flain. Henry, who was as great a politician as a warrior, made fuch
alliances, and divided the French among themfelves fo effeftually, that he forced
the queen of France, whofe hulband Charles VI. was a lunatic, to agree to his
marrying her daughter, the princels Catherine, to ditinherit the dauphin, and to
declare Henry regent of France during her huiband's life, and him and his ilTuc
fucceflbrs to the French monarchy, which muft at this time have been deftroyed,
had not the Scots (though their king dill continued Henry's captive) furnifhed
the dauphin with effeftual fupplies, and preferved the French crown for his head,
Henry, liowever, made a triumphal entry into Paris, where the dauphin was pro-
fcribcd ; and after receiving the fealty of the French nobility, he returned to
England to levy a force that might crufli the dauphin and his Scotch auxiliaries.
He probably would have been Ajccefsful, had he not died of a pleuritic diforder
1422, the 34th year of his age, and the loth of his reign.
By an authentic and cxaft account of the ordinary revenues of the crown durinir
ibis reign, it appears that they amuuntcd only to 55,714!. a year, which is nearly
the fame with the revenues in Henry ill.'s time, and the kmgs of England h;i(l
niitlier become much richer nor poorer in the courfe of 200 years. 'I'he ordinary
exj)cnccs of tho govcrnmint amounted to 52,5071. fo that the king had of furplus
only 3207I. for the fupport of his houfchold, for his wardrobe, for tlic expence
of embaliies, and other articles. '1 his fum, though money of the fame denomi-
nation then contained thrice as much (ilver as it does at prefent, was not nearly
fufticient eviii in time of peace ; and to carry on his v\ar:^ tliis great conqueror was
reduced to many miferabie Ihifts : lie borrowed from all quarters.; he pawned liis
jewels and fumetinus the crown itfeif ; he ran in arrears to his army ; and he was
olten obliged to flop in the niidll of his career of vi»:t(iry, and to grant a truce to
the enemy. From thefe particulars the nadir may jiulge of the finiplicitv and
tcnipcrame of our j)rL'd(.celiors near four cL-iituries ago, when the expenccs of the
greaull king in Europe were little better than the emolument of a fuperannuated
courtier ' f tlje prefent age.
It required a prince cijually able with Henry IV^. and V. to confirm the title of
the Lancailer hoiife to the throne of England. Henry \l. ttirnajned of Windfur,
was no more than nine montls old, when, in confeqiience of tlie treaty of '^r(^)e.s,
ciiiicluded. by his father with the French court, he was protl«imcd king of France
N
N
D.
309
llitlo of
] inclfor,
iFrancc
M well as England. He was under the tuition of his (wo uncles the dukes of Bed-
ford and Gluuceftcr, both of them princes of great accnrnplifltmcnts, virtues, and
courage, but unable to prcferve tneir brother's conquelU. Upon the deatli of
Charles VI. the affet\ion» of the French for his family revived in the perfon of hi:!
fon and fucceffor Charles YII. The duke of Bedford, who was regent of France,
performed many glorious adUons, and at lail laid liege to Orleans, which, if taken,
would have completed the conqueil of France. The fu ge was raifed by the valour
and good condua of the Maid of Orleans, a phenomenon i.ardly to be paralled in
hiftory, (he being born of the lowed extraction, and bred a cow-keeper, and fomc-
times a helper in (tablet at public inns. She mult, notwithUanding, ha\ c polTelTed
an amazing fund of fagacity as well as valour. After an unparalled train of he-
roic a£tions, and placing the crown upon her fuvercign's head, (he was taken pri-
foner by the Englilh in making a iully during the liego of Compiegne, and burnt
alive for a witch at Koan, May 30, 143 1.
'ITie death of the duke of Bedford, and the agreement of the duke of Burgundy,
the great ally of the Englilh, with Charles VII. contributed to the entire ruin of
the Enf lifli mtereft in France, and the lofs of all their (inc provinces in that king-
dom, notwithdandjiig the heroic refiftancc of Talbot, the firft carl of Shrewfbury,
and their other officers. The capital misfortune of England, at this time, was its
difunion at home. The duke of Gloucelter lolt his authority in the government,
and the king married Margaret of Anjou, daughter to the needy king of Sicily ; a
woman of a high fpirit, but an implacable dif|)ofition ; while the cardinal of \Vin-
ehefter, who was the richeft fubjett in England, if not in Europe, prelidcd at tlic
head of the trcafury, and by his avarice rumcd the intercft of his country, both at
home and abroad. Next to the cardinal, the duke of York, who was lord lieutenant
of Ireland, was the mod powerful fubje£l in England. He was defcended by the
mother's fide from Lionel, an elder (on of Edward IK. and prior in claim to the
reigning king, who was defcended from John of Gaunt, Edward's youngeft fon j
and he affected to keep up the diHinftion of a white rofe.thatof the houfe of Lan-
cafter being red. It is certain that he paid no regard to the parliamentary entail of
llic crown upon the reigning family, and he loft no opportunity of forming a party
to affert his right, but a6tcd at firft with profound difTimulation. The duke of
Suffolk was a favourite of the queen, and a profeffed enemy to the duke of York ;
but, being impeached in parliament, he was banifhcd for five years, and had his
head ftruck oti on board a fliip, by a common failor. This was. followed by an
infurreftion of ao,ooo Kcntifh men, headed by one Jack Cade, a man of low con
dition, who fent to the court a lift of grievances; but he was defeated by the va-
lour of the citizens of London. The inglorious management of the Englilh af-
fairs in France proved advantageous to the duke of York, and, upon his arrival in
England from Ireland, he found a ftrong party of the nobility his friends; but be-
ing confidered as the fomenter of Cade's rebellion, he profeflc'l the moft profound
reverence to Henry.
The pcrfons in li'gh power and reputation in England, next to the duke of York,
were the earl (jf Salilbiiry, and hi.s fon the earl of \^"arwick. 'I he latter had the
/jrcateft land eftate of any fubjedt in England, ard his vaft abilities, joined to fomc
virtues, reiuleied him equally popular. Eoth father and fon were fecretly on the
fide of York ; and during a fit of illnefs of the king that duke was made pro-
tector of the realm. Both luies now prei)ared ior arms, and ihe king recovering,
the queen, with wonderful attivity aflembled an army ; but the royalills were de-
feated in the tirft I attic of St Alban's, and the kini; hinifelf was taken prifoner.
The duke of York wus once more declared pri>tetfor of the kingdom ; but it was
not long before the queen rcfumed ail her inHuence in the government, and tlie
7 kin
n>
JtO
E N
N
king, ilioiigh his wcakncfs bccnin* every day more und more vjfiblo, recovered a)I
liis iiiithoriiy.
Tlio ilukc of York up«)n this, thnw olFthc miilk, and, m 14^9, openly claimed
tlic Liimn, and the queen was again dcfoatud hy the earl of VV'arwick, who was
now (iiIIlJ the K.r.ig-inaker. A parliament heinc alFcmhlcd, it was ennfclod, that
I l<Miry Ihould polVeU the tlirone fin' life, hut that tlie duke of York llunild fucteed
hini, io tiie exclulion of all Henry's illUe. 'J'he (jueen alone rejetked tliis compro-
mife. She retreated northwards, and the king being Hill a prifoner, (he pleaded his
caufe fo well, that aflemhling a frelh arniv, the fought the battle of VVa^iejfidd,
Avhere the duke of York was defeated an(i (lain in 1460.
It is remarkable, that though the duke of York and'his party openly aflertcd his
claim to the crown, they dill profeflld allegiance to Henry; but the duke of
York's fon, afterwards lidward IV. prepared to revenge his father's death, and ob-
tained feveral victories over tlie royalills. The c|uecn, however, advanced towards
l^ondon, and, defeating the earl of Warwick in the fecond battle of St. Aiban's,
delivered her hulband ; but the diforders committed by her northern troops dif-
gufted the Londoners fo much, that (he durrt not enter London, where the duke
vf York was received on the 28th of February, 1461, whil^he oucen and her
hutband were obliged to retreat northward. She foon raifetWnother army, and
fouglit the Ixittlc of Towton, the moll bloody perhaps tliat ever happened in any
civil war, After prodigies of valour had been pertorn\ed on both (ides, the vit-
tDry.remained with young king Edward, and near 40,000 men lay dead on the field
of battle. Margaret and her nulband were once more obliged to Hy to Scotland,
where they met with a generous protettion.
'Ibis civil war was carried on with uncommon animofity. Margaret was as
Mood-tliirrty as her pii^joneiits, and when prifoners of either (ide were made,
their deaths, efpecially if they were perfons of rank, were deferred only fur a fev\
hours.
Margaret, by the conccffions flic made to the Scots, foon raifed a frefli army there,
iind in the north of England, but met with d feat upon defeat, til| at lall her huf-
band, the unfortunate llenry, was carried pi'ioner to London.
The duke of York, now Kdward IV. bcmg crooned on the 29th of June, fell
in love with, and privately married Eli/abeth, the widow of (ir John Gray, though
he had fome time before fent the earl of Warwick to d'^nand the king ot France's
(illcr in marriage, in which embalTy Warwick was fuecefsful, and nothmo; remained
but the bringing over the princefs into. England. When the fecret of Edward's
marriage broke out, the haughty earl, deeming himfelf aifrontpd, returned to Eng-
land inliamcd with rage and indignation ; and from being l-ldward's bell friend bi--
camc his mofl formidable enemy, and gaining over the duke of Clarence, Edward
wa» made prifoner, but efcaping front his conlinement, Warwick, and the French
king, Lewis XI. declared for the relloration of Henry, who was replaced on the
tlirone, and Kdward narrowly ofcaped to Holland. Returning fromthei)ce, he ad-
vanced to London, under ])ietence of claiming his dukedom. of York; but being
received into tiie capital, he relumed the exercife of royal authority, made king
Henry once more his prifoiior, and defeated and killed NVarwick, in the battle of
i'arnet. A few days alter, h<- deflated a frelh army of I.-anca(lrians, and made
(,iieen Margaret prifoner, together with her fon prince Edward, whom lulward's
brother, the dukeof Ciloueeller, murdered in cold blood, as he is faid(but with no
great iIk w of probability) to have done his fatiier Ih-iuy VI. then a prifoner in the
'lower of London, a few days ;it'li r. in the year 1471. Edward being now fetiled
on tl)e throne, was guilty of the utniort cruelty to all the Lancaftrian party, whom
he put t,o death, wherever lie could find them.
'Ihe
N
N n.
5"
The gfent oh\ft\ of Iiis vonqcnnci! wa» Henry, carl of Rlchmoncl. FFe was dc-
fcondc'U from Jonn Hciiufort the cldcft fon of the carl of Somcrfot, who was the
eldcft fon of John of Gaunt, by his laft wife Catherine Swineford, but bom in adul-
tcry, during her hufhand's life-tiiiK; This difability, however, was afterwards re-
moved botTi by fho pope and by the parliaini-nt, and the delcendants of John of
finunt, by ttiat lady, as far as could l»e done, were declared legitimate. The
lad duke of .Soinerfet left •'i daughter, Margaret, who was married to Kd-
niund Tudor, carl of Kiehmond, fon of the widow of Henry V. by (Jwen Tudor,
a WeKh gentleman whom flic had condefcended to marry ; and their fon was Henry,
earl of Richmond (afterwards Henry VII.), who then lived in France, to fecure
himfelf from tlu' crueltv of Edward. The reader may fee, from the detail of this
important genealogy, that the youn^ earl of Richmond had not the fmallcft claim
in blood (even fuppoling the illegitnnncy of his uncellors had been removed] to
the crown of England.
In 1474, the kingdom was in a deplorable fituation. The king was immerfed
in cxpenlive and crmiinal luxuries, in which he was imitated by liis great men ;
who, to fupport their extravagancies, became penlioners to France. 'I'he parlia-
ment feemed to att Only as the executioners of Edward's bloody mandates. 'Jhe
belt blood in England was (bed on fcafTolds ; and even the duke of Clarence fell a
vitHm to bis brother's jealoufy. Edward, partly to amufe the public, and partly
to fupply the vaft cxnences ot his court, pretended fometimes to (juarrel, and fomo-
times to treat with France ; but his irnsgulartties occalioned liii death' (1483) in
the twenty-third year of his reign, and forty-fecond of his age.
Notwithllanding the turbulence of the times, the trade and manufactures of
England, particularly the woollen, increafed during the reigns of Henry VI. and
Edward IV. So early as 1440, a navigation a£t was contrived by the Englilli, as
the only means to preferve the benefit of being the fole ctirriers of their own mer-
chandiie ; but foreign influence prevented Henry's palling the bill for that purpofe.
'Jhe invention of printing, which is generally fuppofed to have been imported
into England by William Caxton, and which received fomu countenance from
Edward, is the chief glory of his reign ; but learning in general was then in a
poor ftate. The lord I'iptoft was its chief patron, and feems t6 have been the
lirll Engliifli nobleman who cultivated what are now called the belles lettres.
'I'he boons printed by Caxton are moftly re-t ran Hat ions, or compilations from the
French or Monkilh Latin ; but it mull be acknowledged, at the fame time, that
literature, after this (K-riod, made a more rapid and general progrcfs among the
Knglilh than it did in any other European nation. The famous Littleton, judge
uf the common pleas, and Fortefcue, diancellor of England, flourilhcd aL this-
period.
Edward IV. left two fons by his c^ueen, who had exercifed her power with little
prudence, and nobilitated many ot her obfcure relations. Her cldtll fon Ed-
ward V. was about thirteen ; and his uncle the duke of Glouceller, taking advan-
tage of the queen's want of popularity among the great men, found means to
ballardize her ilfue, by ait of parliament, under the fcandaious pretext of a pre-*
contract between their father and another lady. The duke, at the fame time, was
declared guardian of the kingdom, and at lail accepted the crown, which was
otlered him by the l^ndoners ; having firlt put to death all the great men whom
he thought well affetted to the late king's family. Whether the king and his bro-
ther were murdered in the Tower by his clirettiou, is doubtful. The molt proba-
ble opinion is, that they were clandefiincly fent abroad by his orders, and that the
rider died, tujt that the younger furvived, and was the fame who was well known
by the name of Perkin VVarbeck. Be this as it will, the Engliih were prcpoirellld
fo Itrongly againft Ricliard, as the murderer of his nephews, that the carl of Rich-
3. mon.l,.
3'i
N
N D.
iiiond, who ftill remained in France, carried on a fecrct correfpondcncc with the
remains of lidward IV.'s friends, and by ottering to marry his eldcft daughter, he
was encouraged to invade I'^ngland at the head of about 2000 foreign troops j whii
were foon jomed by 7000 linglilh and Welch. A liattle between him and Rirhard,
who was at the heaa of 15,000 men, enfued at Bofworth-ficld, in which Richard,
after difplaying the mollulUmiihing ads of perfonal valour, was killed, having
been tird abandoned by a main divilion of his army, under lord Stanley his brother,
in the year 1485.
There can fearcely be a doubt but that the crimes of Richard have been exag-
gerated by hiilorians. lie was exemplary in his dilhibutive jullice. He kept a
watchful eye over the great barons, whofc onprcllion he abolilkod, and was a fa-
ther to the common people. He founded tne focicty of heralds } an inftitution,
which, in his time, was found ncceffary to prevent dimutes among great families.
During his reign, fliort as it was, wc have repeated initanccs of his relieving eities
and corporations that had gone into decay. He was remarkable for the cncuu-
rageonent of the hardware manufaOures, and for 4)rcventing their importation into
Kngiand, no fewer than feventy-two ditFerent kinds being prohibited by one att
1 Ic was the firrt Knglith king who appointed a conful for the fuperintcndency of
Knglith eommercc abroad ; one Strozzi being nominated for Pifa, with an income
of one quarter per cent, un all goods of Englilhmen imported to or exported from
u.^nce.
Though the aS\ of baflanly obtained by Richard aflfeded the daughters as well
as the fons of his brother, yet no difputes were raifed upon the legitimacy of the
princefs Elizabeth, eldell daughter to Edward IV. and who, as had been before
concerted, married Henry of Lancafter earl of Richmond, thereby uniting both
houfes, which happily put an end to the long and bloody wars between the con-
tending families ot York and Lancaftcr. Henry, however, refted his right u])on
coiiquell, and feemcd to pay little regard to the advantages of his marriage. He
was the molt fagacious monarch that had ever reigned m England ; but, at the
iiuTiO time, tlv- molt jealous of his power ; for he Ihut up the earl of Warwick, foil
to the d'.ike oi" Cliirtnce, brother to Edward IV. a clofe prifoncr in the Tower,
tli();ij;h ho was but a hoy, and though nothing was alledgcd againlt him but his
pro;>inf]iiity to tho hivii'e of York. He was the firft who inlfituted that guard
cailid Yt-on:/}!:. wliich Oiil fuWills, and, in imitation of his predeceflbr, he gave an
irrecoverable blow to tiie dangerous privileges alTumcd by the barons, in aboiilliing
liviricsand reti.i(\er}», by which every malefactor could Ihelter himfelffrom the law,
on alVtiniing a nobleman's livery, and attending his perfon. Some rebellions hap-
pined ill the beginning ot his reign, but they were ealily fupprefl'ed ; as was the,
impollui'. of l.,ainbert .Sliuncl, who pretended to be tlie imprifoned earl of War-
wii k : Simnel was taken prifoncr, iiiid after being employed in the king's kitchen,
was made one oi his falconers. The defpotic court of uar-chamber owed its ori-
t^iniil to Henry ; but, at the fame time, it mull be acknowledged, that he palTcU
iiiiiny iitU, elpeciaiiy for trade and navigation, that were highly for the bcneht ot
his fiibjefcls. I'hey e-xpreJed tiuir gratitude by the great fupplies and benevokiKt>
t'ley afVorded him ; and, as a tiiiiriiiug llroke to the feudal tenures, an ait palled In
which the i)aront> and gentlein''n ot iaiuied interetl were iit liberty to fell and niort-
s;:ige th.-ir lands, without Hues or licences for the alienation.
Ihis. if we regard its confe(|iu-nces, is peilnips the moll important »i\ that ever
piilVed in uii Knj^lilh parliament, though its tendency feems only to have been
know 11 to the politic king- Luxury, by the increafe of trade, and the difcovery ot
America, had broken with irreliliible force into England, and money being chietiv
in the hands ot ;he conimons, ta.^ ellates of the barons became theirs, but without
any
il- I 7s. od
E
N
(;
N
D.
Vi
Ithut ever
JVC been
Icoveiy 01
lig diietiv
wilhiiUt
any
ony (if their iluiigerous privilcgos i niid thus the baronial powers wore foon cx-
tiiifjuilhcil.
Ik'iiry, after oncounterinB and ftiriiiountin^ many difllcultios both in France
and Ireland, was attacked in the poflellion of his throne by a y(»utig man, one Pcr-
I'm Warbetk, wlio pretended to be the duke of York, fecond fon to Kdward IV.
and was acknowledged as fuch b^ the diiclicfs of iUir^undy, Kdward's hller. We
fliall pot follow tlic adventures ot this young man, wliit h were various and uncoin-
nion ; but it is certain that many of the Knglilh, with the courts of France nnd
S«()tland, believed him to be wliat lie pretended. Henry endeavoured to prove ih«
death of Kdward V. and his brother, but never did it to the public fatisfaibtion ;
and thougli James IV. of Scotland banilhed Ferkiii his dominions, being engaged
in a treaty of iviarriage with Henry's eldell daughter, yet, by the kind nianmr in
which he entertained and difmilfed liim, it is plain that he believed him to be the
real duke »)f York, efpecialiy as he refuted to deliver up his perfon, which he miglit
have done with honour, had he tliought him an impoHor. Perkin, after various
misfortunes, fell into Henry's hands, and wasihut up in the Tower of London, from
whence he endeavoured to efcape along with the innocent earl of Warvick, for
which Perkin was hanged, and the earl beheaded. It is faid, tliat Perkin made a
confellion of his impoftures before his death; but if he did, it might have been ex-
torted from him, either by the hope of pardtm, or the fear of tort. ire. In 1499,
Henry's eldeft fon, Arthur prince ot Wales, was married to the princefs Catharine of
Arragon, daughter to the king and queen of Spain, and he dying foon after, fuch was
Henry's reluctance to refund her great dowry, 200,000 crowns of gold, that lie
confented to her being married again to his fecond fon, then prince of Wales, on
pretence that tlie Jirrt match had not been confunmiated. Soon after, Henry's
eldeft daughter, tlie princefs Margaret, was fent with a magnificent train to Scot-
land, where flie was married to Jaim'S IV. Henry, at the time of his death, which
happened in 1509, the czd year of his age, and 24th of his reign, was pollelTcd of
i,Soo,oooI. tk-rling, which is equivalent to five millions at prefent ; fo that he mav
be fuppofed to have been matter of more ready nioney than all the kings in
Kurope belidcs poirelfed, the mines of Peru and Mexico being then only betjin-
ning to be worked. He was immoderately fond of replenilhing liis coflers, and
often tricked his parliament into fubfidies for foreign alliances, which he intended
not to purfue.
'Ihe vail alteration wliich happened in the conftitution of England durinij
Henry Vll's reign, has been mentiotied. His excellive love of money and avaiice
\v:is the prolnihie reafon why he did not become mailer of the Weft Indies, he
liaving the llift olTer of 'he difcovery from Columbus, whofe propofals being re-
jected by Henry, that great man applied to the court of .Spain. Henry, however,
made fome amends by encouraging Cabot a Venetian, wiio difcovered the mtiiri
land of North-America, in 1498 ; and we may obferve, to the praife of this king,
that fometimes, in order to promote commerce, he lent to merchants Aims of money
without intereli. From the propivrtional prices of living, produced by Maddox,
l'"l(<;\v(t<id, and' other writers, agriculture and breeding of cattle'nuilt have been
jirniii^ioudy advanced before Henry's death ; an iiithmt e of this is <.',iveii in tlie
I ate nf lady Anne, liibr to Hi-iuy's queen, who had an alluwuiice of 20s. per weik.
lor In r exhibition, fiillentatiun, and citiuenient diet nf meat and drink : aifo for
two gentlewomen, one woman child, one gentleman, (jne yeoman, and three grooms,
iiii rill eight pedons) 51I. its. Sd. per annum, for their wages, diet and ilothing:
;uh1 fur the maintenance ol {k;vcu horfes yearly, 16I. 9s. 4d. i. c. for I'ach horle.
i\. 17s. od. J yearly, money being then i \ tin.es as wiighty as our modern fiber
coin. Wheat fold that _\ear :it ^•i. 4d. a quarter, wliieh anfwers to ;•;. of our
niuiuv, cnnfi'qMeiillv it was uLduI feven tiincs as cheap as at p:e etit.
S s The
3M
E N
N
The ^me arts were at far advanced in England at the acceflion of Heiiry VIII.
1509, as in any European country, if we except Italy : and perhaps no prince ever
entered with greater advantagcH than he did en the exercife of royahv Young,
vigorous, and rich, unrivalled mailer of the throne, he might have held thr ba-
lonce of power in Europe, had he been careful to improve his advantages, ima-
ijining he Hood not in need of a fupnly, he improved not Cabot's difc^veries, but
fuli'cred the Ea(l and W ell Indies to ne engrolTed by Portugal and Spain. His va<
oity engased him too much in the nfTuirs of the continent, and his liatterers en-
couraged iiim to make preparations for the conquefl of France. Thefe projctts,
and his cllublilhing what iii properly called a navy ro^a/, for the permanent de-
fence of the nation (a moil excellent meafurc), led him into incredible expences.
He was on all occniions the dupe of the cmpiTor Maximilian, the pooreft prince
in Kurope ; and early in his reign he gave himfcif alfo entirely up to the guidance
of the celebrated cardinal VVolfcy, the fon of a butcher at Ipfwich, but educated
at Oxford, and made dean of Lincoln by Henry VIl. While involved fn a war
wi'h Krancc, his lieutenant, the earl of Surrey, conouered and killed James IV.
vt S..>iland, who had invaded Kngland ; and Henry became a candidate for the
(>erinan empire, during its vacancy, but foon refigned his prctenfions to Francis I.
of France, and Charles of Auftria, king of Spain, who was elected in Jjio.
Henry's condudt, in the long and bloody wars between thofe princes, was dirett-
cd by Wolfey's "lews upon the popedom, which he hoped to gain by the iuterell
of cfharles ; but finding liimfelf twice deceived, he perfuaded his mafter to de-
clare himfelf for Francis, who had been taken prifoncr at the battle of Pavia.
Henry, howercr, continued to be the dupe of lM)th parties, and to pay '^reat
})art of their expences, till at laft he was forced to lay vail burthens upon his t.b-
je£h.
Henry continued all this time the great enemy of the Reformation, and the
champion of the popes and the Komilh church. He wrote a book againfl Luther,
" of the Sften Sacramtitts," about the year 1511, for which the pope gave him the
title of Defender of the Failh, which hn fuccefl'ors retain to this day ; but about
the year 1527, he began to have fome fcruples with regard to the validity of his
marriage with his brother's widow. I fliall not fay how far, on this occaiion, he
might be inHucnccd by fcruples of confcience, or avcrlion to the queen, or the
charms of the tamous Anne lJ()leyn, maid of honour to the queen, whom he mar-
ried, before he had obtained a divorce from Rome. The dinicultics he met with
ill this proccfs ruined W'olfey, who died heart-broken, at being ftript of his im-
inenfc power and polFellions.
A variety of circumlbnccs, it is well known, induced Henry at laft to throw
off all relation to, or dependence upon, the church of Rome, and to bring about
a Reformation ; in which, however, many of the Romifli errors and fuperftitions
were retained. Henry never could have elTi'ilcd this mighty mcafuie, had it not
been for liis defpotic difpotition, which broke out on every occaiion. Upon a
flight fufpicion ot his queen's Lnconllancy, and after a Iham trial, he cut olf licr
head in the Tower, and put to death foine of her nearelt relations ; and in many
rcfpeits he arted in the moft arbitrary manner, his wifties, however unrea(bnable,
being too rapidly complied with, in coufecjuence of the ihamcful fervility of his
parliaments. The dilToliition of the religious houfes, and immenfe wealth that
came to Henry, by feizing all the ecclefialUeal properly in the kingdom, enabled
him to give full fcope to his fanquinary difpolition ; (b that the heft and moll inno-
tent blood of England was (hed on llafl'ulds. Among others, was (he aged coun-
lefs of Saliibury, defcended immediately from Kdvvard IV. and mother to cardinal
Pole ; the marquis of lixeter, the lord Montague, and others of the blood royal,
iy>x holding a corrcfpondcnce with that cardinal.
His
N
N
D.
.1^1
Hit third wife wm Jane Scyoiour, dauKhtcr to a gciitloman of fnrtvnf and fn-
mWy i but (he died in brin^injz Edward VI. into the world. Hin ruiiril- '' wm
Anne, filler to the duke ot CTcvcii ; he diUiLod her fo much, that he fca. ' •
ded with her, and obtaining a divorce, fufTcrcd her tu relidc in Kngltuid, on a pet
tion of joooi, a year. Hi* Ht'th wife was Catharine Howard, nieco to the duke ol
Norfolk, whofc head hi* cut ofT tor anti-nuptial incontiiiency. Ilislnlt wife waa
C?nthorinc Pur, in whole |)oircnioii he died, after Iho had narrowly «Tcaped being
brought to the llukc for her rclieiuu* opinion*, which favoured tne Kuformation.
Henry'* cruelty incrcafcd with iiis yenrs, niid was now exorcifed uromifcunully
on I'roteAants and Catholics. He put the brave earl of Surrey to death withoot
a crime being proved againft him; and hk father, the duke of Norfolk, miiit
have fuffered the next day, had he not been faved by Henry's own death, in tlie
year 1347, in the 56th year of his age. nnd the ^8th year ol liis rtign.
By the help of printing, tlie reign of Henry Vlll. is bctlcr known than that
of his predeceflbrs. His attention to the nuvai fecurity of Knglaiid is liiglilv com-
mendable } and he fometimes employed his unjuil and arbitrnry power for tnc glo>
ry and interelt of his fubjedU. Without enquiring into his religious motives, it
nmft be candidly confeflcd, that had the Reformation gone through ail the forms
prefcribed by the laws, and the courts of juAice, it probably could never have
taken place, or at lead not for many years -, and whatever Henry's perfonal crimi-s
or failings might have l)ecn, the partition he made of the churcli's property among
his courtiers and favourites, and thereby refcuing it from dead hands, undoubted-
ly promoted the prefent greatnefs and future prolperily of Kngland. With regard
to learning and the arts, Henry was a generous encourager of both. He gave u
])L*nlion to Erafmus, the greateft fcholar of his age. He brought to iMigland, en-
couraged, and proteibk'd rlans Holbein, that excellent painter and auhitccti and
in his reign noblemen's houfes began to have the air ot Italian magniftcence and
regularity. He was a conftant and generous friend to Crann^er: and though, upon
the whole, rather whimflcal than fettled in his own principli^s of religion, he ad-
vanced and encouraged many who became afterwards the inilruments of a more
pure reformation.
In his reign the Bible was ordered to be printed in ICnglidi. Wales was ur'ted
and incorporated with England. Ireland was credcd into u kingdom, 9'id ' vnry
took the title of king inllead of lord of Ireland.
Edward VI. was but nine years old at the time of his father's death -, and after
fome difputes were over, the regency was fettled in the j)erf()n of his uncle the
carl of Hertford, afterwards the protestor and duke of Somerfet, a declared friend
of the Reformation, and a bitter enemy to the fee of Rome. Much of the popilli
kaven, however, ftiU remained in the council, which was embroiled at once with
France and Scotland. The prote61ot marched with an arrn^ into Scotland, to force
that people to give their yt)iiiig <iiicon Mary, only child ot James V. in marriage
to Edward, with a view to unite the two kingdoms ; a meafiire which the late
king had recommended with his dying breath to his executors. The protedtor de-
flated th' Scots at Pinkey, but the match never took place ; and the fatlions now
forming agaiiilt the protestor, obliged him to return with his army to England.
His own brother, who married the queen dowager, was at the head of his ene-
mies ; and, Ihe dying, he paid his addrefl'es to the princefs Eli/.abeth, afterwards
queen, 'i his gave a handle to the protector to bring his brother, who was lord
admiral, to the block.
The reader is to obfervc in general, that the Reformation was not eflectcd with-
out m.iiiy public dilturbances. 'Ihe common people, during the reigns ot Henry
and Edward, being deprived of the vail relief they had from abbeys and leligious
houfes, and being ejected from their fmall corn-growing farms, had often taken
S s 2 arms.
3t6
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•rnw, but hail been as often fupprifr«fl by the government. A war, whii h was
not very happily nfWiMsctI, broke out with Scotland ; and the protestor, who wa^
upon the wnolc a weak, but confcicntiou* man, was firft driven from the helm of
flatc, and then loft hit head upon a fcaffold. Dudley, who was created duke of
Northumberland, then look the lend in the government, and drove Kdward, who,
though yuung, meant extremely well, nod was a fniccrc Proteftant, into many
iiiinoiitic aiU i (o that England made but an inconliderablc figure in this reign.
The Reformation, however, went on rapidly, through the zeal of Cranmcr, and
otiiert., fume of iht-ni foreign divines. In io\yw cafes, particularly with regard to
the priiKefs Mary, they loft light of that moderation which the reformers had be-
fore fo llrongly recomnuiided ; and fume (aiij'uinary executions, on account of re-
ligion, took place. Kdward's Noutli cxcufcs liinj from blame, and his charitable
endowments, as Hridewf 11 and St. Thomas's ho(j)itals, and alfu feveral fchools
which ftill cxill and flourilh, Ihew the goodnefs ot his heart. He died of a con-
fumption in 1553, in the ifith vear of nis ai; >, and the 7th of his reign.
Kdward, on his death-bed, from his ^e:u for religion, had made a very uncon-
ftitutional will, for he fct alide his filler Mary from the fuccelfion, which wiw
claimed by lady Jane Grey, daughter to the duchefs of Suflblk, youn^jcr filler to
Henry VIII. i'his lady, though Ihc had fcarcely reached her 17th year, was a
prodigy of learning and virtue ; but the bulk of the Englilh nation recognized
the claim of the princefs Mary, who cut off lady Jane's head. Her hufband lord
Guildtbrd Dudley, and his father, the duke of Northumberland, Ihared the fame
fate.
Mary being thus fettled on a bloody throne, fupprcflcd an infiirrc£lion under
VVyat, and proceeded, like a female fury, to re-c(tabliili popery over Engkind.
She recalled carilinal I'ole from banilhment, made him inftrumental in her cruel-
ties, and lighted up the flames of perfecution, in which archbilhop Cranmer, the
hilhops Ridley, Cooper, and Latimer, and many other illuftrious confelTors of the
I'-nglilh reformed church, were confumed ; not to mention a vaft number of other
fiicrifices of both fexes and all ranks. Bonner, billiop of London, and Gardiner.
hilhop of VVinchelKr, were tlie chief executioners of her fanguinary mandates;
and had flic lived, flic would have endcivoured to exterminate all her Protellant
fubji'cls.
Mary now married Philip II. king of Spain, who, likehcrfelf, was an unfeeling
bigot ; and the chief j)raife of lier reign is, that, by the marriage articles, provi-
lion was made ft)r the independencv of the Knglilh crown. By the alhllance of
troops, which ihc furnilhetl to her fiulhand, he gained the important battle of St.
t^uintin ; hut that victory was f(» ill improved, that the Frentli, under the duke of
Guife, fonn alter took Calais, the only place then reniaining to the Englith in
i'rance, and wliich had been held ever liiice tlie reign of Kdward HI. 'I'his lofs,
which was chiellv owing to cardinal Pole's fecret^ioiineilions with tl'.c FrciKii
tourt, is laid to have bioki'n Mary's heart, wlio died in i5<;3, in the 42d ye;ii of
It life, and 6lh of lier riign. *' In the heat of her perlecuting flames (favs a
iMiit' mpnrary wiitir of civdit). wc.v burnt to alius, one arch'oilhop, 4 bi!ho]!s,
•» t divines, 8 gentlemen, S4 artificers, aud 103 hulhanduen, fervants, and ia-
liiiirer-.. 26 wives 20 widows, 9 virgins, 2 bins, and 2 infants; one of tliJMi
\'. liippid to di ath by Honner, and tlie otliei-, finiii^ing out of the mother's worn'.i
(inr\ the Itake as ihe burnetl, thrown again into the fire." Several alio died
p.-jhii), ainl nianv were n'ii-iw a'o (.'ruelly treated.
i'Ji/.abeth, daughter to Henry N'iil. by Anne Boleyn, moiir.tcd the throne uii
C r the nioii (!ifc()-.ir:iglng cir^-iinillances, both at home and abroad. Poperv w'
III
t:.-' e!ta'M;i
k'lii'.iliriv.i c-
i;:eiu;
rrli';i-)ii (,t
l'.i:g'a::d ; lier till
lei' in Jllier :>
iiia;M:ij..-
to tlie erow.i, vn
and d-'Utli, v i;
aceount of the eir-
difpii'e.l by ^]■„•:r
f,uc
phi
Spa
Ihik
inai
rior
■ill
R N
G
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D.
iau-
g.of
r|iietfn of Scot*, grandcliild to Mcnry VII. 's cidcft daughter, and tvifc to tlic ci
phin of France i niul tin- only ally llic had on tlic c<)iituu<nt wa» I'hilip kin^,
.Spain, who wan the main fupimrt of the popifh canfe, both abroad and in iMig
land. Kiiznboth wat no more than twenty-five year* of age at tlie time ot her
inauguration ; but her fulVeringn under her bigoted fifter, joined to the fupe-
riority ot her g('niu<i, had taught her caution anu j)olic]r.
In matters of religion the fucceeded with furpriling facilitv \ for in her firit par-
liament, in i55<). tlte laws clbiblilhing P«mery were repealcu, her fupremacv wa»
rcftorcd, and an ut\ of uniformity palTed (oon after. And it is obferved» tfiat of
Q400 beneficed clergymen in Kngland, only about no refufcd to comply with the
Keformati(m. With regard to her title, Ihe took advantage of the divided Hale tif
Scotland, and formed a party there, by which Mary, now become the wi«low of
drove her to take refuge in Kli/abelh's dominions, w'ucrc ftjc had been often |)ro-
mifcd a fafe and an honourable afylun). It is well known how unfaithful tlizb-
bcth was t«> thia- profcllion of friendflun, and that the detained the unhappy pri-
foner eighteen, years in Kngland, then bmught her to a iham trial, prctrnding that
Alary aimed at the crown, and, with unfeelmg cruelty, cut off her bead.
'riie fimie Philip, wlto had been the hulband of her late (iller, ujHjn Klizaheth's
nccellion to the throne, oftered to marry her, but Ihe dcxteroully avoided his aJ-
drefles i and by a train of Ikilful negociations between her court and that of
France, Ihc kept the balance of luirope fo undetermined, that ihe had leifure to
unite her jieople at home, and to ellablilh an excellent internal policy. t)lic fome-
times fupported the Proteflanis of France ugainft their perfecuiing princes; and
fometimes gave the dukes of Anjim and .VIen(jon, brothers of tlic French king,
the ftrongeft alTuranees that one or other of them Ihould bo her Imtliand ; by
which Ihe kept that court, who dreaded Spain, in fuch good humour with her go-
vernment, that it Ihewed no r«fentment when ihe cut olt tpiecn Mary's head.
When Philin was no longer to be impofed upon,by l^,li^abcth's arts, which hnd'
f ) long amufed and baffled him, it is well known that he made ufe of the imiiienfv-
liinis he drew from Peru and .Mexico, in equipping the moll formidable armament
that perhaps had ever been put to fea, and a numerous army of veterans, under
the prince of Parma, the bell captain of that age ; and that he procured a papal
bull for abfolving Elizabeth's fubjettsfrom their allegiance. No reader can be fo
uninformed as to be ignorant of the confcqueiices.-r-that the largcneG* of theSp;-
nilh Ihips proved difadvantageous to tbeiu on the feas where they engaged ; tnat
the lord admiral Howard, and the brave lea oHicers under him engaged, beat, ami •.
(hafed the Spanilh licit for I'everal days; and tlial the feas and tempefis Hnilluil '
llie dellruclioii v.liii.h tl'.e lui'ililh arms had begun, and that tew of the enemy rc-
mveivd lluir jinils. Ne.\t tn liie iidiniial lord il'iuard of KlHnghani, lir Francis
Drake, captain llaukins, and captain' Frobllher, dillinguilheil tlieinfelves iigainll
ll;is torMiidable iiualioii, in which tiie .Spaniards are laid to have loll 81 Ihips i>f
v,;ir, larj;e and fniall, and 1. 1,500 men.
ICIizabeih liivl lor fonio lime I'upported the revolt of the Hollanders from I'hilip,
ainl hail le::i thiMi her lavourite, liie earl of Leieelier, who acted as her viiercv
aiul general in the Low Couiuiics. 1 houi^h l.eiceller behaved ill, yet her niea-
fir.'s were lo wife, that thj Dutch ellaMiliicd their inde[)endein. y ; and tlien Ihe
I'Mit tortii lur lleets umkr Diake, K.ilv.i.;!i, the earl ot C'n'cberland, and other
gallaju naval liliirers, into the Kail and \Velt Indio. tioni whence thev broiiiiht
pi'odigioU' irealiires, lake.i hoin tl.e j5jK.:;iai(.'i-..
After .
7
3'«
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Aftor the death of the carl cJi I^iccrter, th< voiing carl of Eff«x Iwcnmo CUst-
brth'!« chief favourito, niiU comituiulcil the laud force* in a joint ox^cUiluui with
the lord udmiral Howard, in whirh tUvy took uitd plundered the city of ('Mdii,
dcltrnyrd the Ihipn in the harbour, und did other damage t» the S|»iiiitArd»i to Uio
. anrtount of twenty million» of ducat*.
tiizahoth, ill her old une, grc^y dirtruftful, peevKh, and jealout. Tljougli tlit
iind<uil)tedly lt)v«.d tlic earl of {''.Ifirx, llie liafea liini by her eapricioufnefi into the
mailiufn of tnki'ig arm^, and then cut otf hi» head, ^iie eomplaiacd that ihv hud
been betra\cd into tliitt fanguinury nuafurc, and this ocealiuned a Iniking of her
fpiriti, which brought her to her grave in 160;), the yotli year of her age. and 4jtli
ik her reign, liavin^ nrcvioully named her kinfinan Janiei \ I. king of Scotland,
and fi)n to Mary, for her fiucifTor.
'I he aiiovc lurni the great llm * of I'.ruabctli'i reign ; and from tliein may be
traced, either imtnediately or remotely, every i\ti of her guvernmenl. ilie fup-
ported the protcnanti in (jermany aganill the houfe of Aullria, of which f'liilip.
She
i)ortea tne proleftu
:ln^ of Spain, wa« the head. SKe c'rulhed the oapiHs in her own dominions, and
made a farther reformation in tlie cliunh of England, in which l\ate it hai re*
maincd ever lincc. In 1600 the Knplilli Kart India company received its Hrft
formation, that trade beini; till tlun in the hands of the Portuguefe ^in confe-
qucnce of their having firlt difcovered the palTage tn India by the Cape of (lnod
Hope, by Vafco do dama in the reij^ii of Henry Vll ) who at this time were fub-
jc£ts to Spain ; and factories were ellal)lilhe<l in China, Japan, India, Amboyna,
Java, and Sumatra.
Before queen Elizabeth's reign, the kingi of England had ufually recourfc to tho
city of Antwerp for voluntary loans ; and their credit was fo low, that, belidet
the exorbitant intercft of 10 or 12 per cent. tlK-y were obliged to make tlu; city of
London join in the fccurity. The trade to Turkey was begun about 1583 i and
that commerce was immediately confined to a company by (pieen Kli/abeth.
About 1590 there were in London four perfons only rated in the fublidy book fo
high as 400I. In 1567 there were found, on enquiry, to be 4851 (hanger:, of all
nations in London, of whom 3838 were Flemings, and only j8 Scols.
As to Elizabeth's internal government, the fucccffes of her reign have difguifed
it ; for flte was far from bring a friend to liberty, civil or religious ; witnefs her
cruel tatutes againll the Puritans, which were as cruelly put in execution.
We can fcarccly require a ftrongcr proof that the Knglilh began to be tired of
Eliz-j'ieth, than the joy tefiificd by all ranks at the accelTion of the Scottifti prince,
notwiihffanding the invcter<i(e animofities between the two kingdoms. James was
far from being deltitute rf natural abilities for government ; but he had received
wrong imprellions o( the regal office, and too high an opinion of his own dignity,
liiirning, and political talents. It was his misfortune that he mounted the En;j-
lilh throne under a full conviction that he was entitled to all the unconftiiutional
p iwi-rs that iiad been occafionally cxercifed by Elizabeth and the houfe of 'I'udor;
niul wliich various caufcs had prevented the people from oppoling with proper
vii; nir. I he nation had been wearied and exhaulted by the long and dillriitfivo
wars liclweei) the htnifes of Lancaiier and York, and was inclined to eiulure much
rather than again involve itfelf in limilar calamities. James made not any allow-
ance for the glories of I'^li/abeth ; which, as I have obferved, difguifed her molt
aibitrary atts. He forgot to conlider the free, lib«-ral fentiments, which the im-
j);ovemeiit it knowledge and learning had difTufed through England, and the vaft
increale ot property, through trade and navigation, which might encourage and
enable the people manfully to det'end their liberties. James's hrll important mea-
fiire was an attempt to cfTetl an union between England and Scotland ; but though
h." failed in lliis, he Ihevvcd no violent refentment at the difappointment. It was
aa
N G
N
J>9
an advantage to bim at thv hrKinning of )ii« rrign. thai lh« rourtt of Rome and
fi\*%\n were ihotight tu l)c hi* cnrmK*« i nnd thi* n|)iniun wai incrrafrd by the ilif-
c«inTy nmt dcft-nt of ihr f(tin|)(tw(lrr irrufon •.
I ho obli^atiiinii whiili i oiiiincrc c iidiI t-oliniixarion nwrd to thi< prince, have
niri'udv bt-cii ohl'crvcd i, uikI it mull ht ncknowlrdgrd, that hr laid (he fuiindii-
tions (if gri-at naliimiil adviiittni^ro. Hut hi* iH'darilry wa« ridiruloui > and with
the ullilliinir of hit miniflrri, h<- wtit continunlly c<mirivii)g new and oftrn illrgnl
nu-ai)!i for raitinK tnoiu-y. Anllln^ other f\|>r<li«*ni<i, hi< told the litlr* of haron,
vifi oiiiit, and curl, at a ccrinin |iri>. e ; madi- a itiinibrr <>f kniahti* of Nova .Si'oii:t,
rat h to pav fiich a fmn -, uiid iiiliittiied ii nt-w order of knighti baroncti, which
\vn» to ho hi'ri-ditary, for which ouii» |H'rfon paid 1095I.
Mi-i paiirti rci^n \m\% a fcrii** of ilicoloni<nl toololli, in whiih he rticwcd him-
fc If more (ho tlu-olo^iait tliaii lit'* priiu\-, uiid in 1617 hi- uri< <>ptfd to <ll:\l)lilh
epilVopacy in Ncoiland, l)iit ilic /i*hI of thi- peopU* halHid his U^». Without
i'n«piiiiiii( from what iiiotixi' hii love . t' pcai>' proiecdi-d, it wn cvoofiially pri»«
duclive of iiiniiy lilellin:;* to KnqjiaiicU and though his piTpotiinl tiogoi iatioi\<i linve
giviMi rife to miuh fafire ng.uiitt h'n [nrlon and gnviriimfiit, yet thoy were lff»
expi'iilivi' nitd deliriiClivi? to hit pi'<i]>U- than any wars ho could have entered into.
lie reilored to the Dutch their cautionar) towiii, upon their difehar^ine part of
llie film for which they had heen mort^ai^ed ; hut he procured from Spurn at thu
(unu* time an acknowledgment of their independency,
JaoK's nave his daughter, the nrincefs I'ili/aheth, in marrisj»e to the eleflor pn-
latinr, the nwft powerful prote».int prince in Ciernuiny, who foon after alfumi'd
th. crown ot' HoJKinin. The ntcmoryof Jamos ha* heen ituicli abufed for his tame
bri.aviiuir, after that prince had loft hi* kingdom and ele^'torAttf bv the imperial
arniN hut it Ihtiuid Imt obfrrved, that he Drongly oppofedliiii fon-induw'sairuinin);
the crown of Huhemia : '.hat had he kindled a war to reinUate him in that and his
clei^torate, lie prolwlil^ would have Itood tingle in tlu> contet), except the feoblir
and uncertain allillance ho mif^ht have received from the elector's dependents nnd
friends in Germany. It is certain, that James furnidied the elector with larqp
funiK of money; nnd that he nttually raifed a rcf^iment of izoo men, under lir
lloraci: Vere, who carried them o\er to (ierniany, wliere the (lormans, under the
niar«|uis <if Anfpacli, nfufed to allill thent .iijninll Spinola the Spanilh general,
Jameii has been greatly and judiy hlainvd for his purtkility to favourites. His
* Tiiit w«i « fiheine of thr Roman catlioUct to
nit nif at one blow rli« kiii^, WriK ,iiui ciniinoiii,
,it tlip mretiiiK of |).irli iin"iit, when it wai .ilfo ex-
|>c^t'tl llial tlie qiicni ami priiicr of W.ilrs woiilii
he prcl'i'iit, riie iiuiiiier of rnlilliii); any new con-
fpir.ilor wa* by o;illl, in I uluiii'.lleriiig t!ic ficra-
nienti .iriil lliit ilrpailliil feutt, :ificr btiiii» rcli-
glnulty kr))t neir 18 inonrbi, w.u li.tpiiiiy (lifci-
frreil in llir fojlnwiri^ mannci : tb rit Im tl.iy»
bffore tlie l.>nn-*ilbe(i-for inrnini; of ;-irliiiineii(,
t RoiiLin C4tli()lic peiT rc^ ei^ fl j letter, wliicli luii
l)rei\ ilclive rd t>> hi^ ferv.int by au u<\kn<nvn h^iiiit,
cirnt'dlyailvilini; him tolhiti otf hi« ;ittinJ.iiKeu'i
iiarjia'nent ,it tlut timi: ; but ohich com , oiil nti
kini( of rxpUnation. Thr noble '.an, thnii;(h ht
C'lnfiilcreJ the letter m i foolilh attempt to fi vlnc.i
ami ridicule him, thought proer t > 1 ly it '>rf'nre
the kini;, who liiiilving thecontentj wirh m.ro at-
tention, begin to iufpci't I'oin^' tianxerous o tiiv.
ante by gnn-powdrr ; .indiit wai jihif; d »d\ i < able
to infpcrt .ill tlic vaulu below die hou'.n o! p.ir-
lunwati tut the fearch wa» |)ur|)ofely deb^ei liU
the iii){ht inlnicdiately precedinK the meeting, when
a jutiiie ol |>f)ce wa» I'ciU willt |Kiip(r |MiiidtMti,
iind bcf.'ie the door of the va ill under the \ipi>er
luuitr, Andlii); one Kuwkci, wSo had ju(t ftiiltllril
all hii pie|viiatiuni, he unmediatety feued him,
ami .11 the lame ti ' e difcovered in thr v.iidt j|6
liarri-U of powdrr, w.iiii Iv.id liccrt i.-ucfiilly iun<
icaUvl iind'.r 1 1.', ',<'''' -n'd P''-"' "' wood. The
iiulch. with t".\iy iiiinj', proper lor fi-ltin); fire to
thetriiii, were Imiiid m KawKrs's pockrt, whofe
cour.tinan^e bii'po..i' \w t'.iva);c dif|Miliiion, and
who, iift'.T rrj>riltin^ that be li.id lolt ihc op|>ortu-
nity ul ihllroyiiu^ lo Mian\ lirreiiit, made a lull
Jifloviry. The i.inl]iii.ir)r*, who never exceed-
ed bT in iiUiiilier, b. iiiji; Ici/.f I by the country (i«o-
pic, conleiTed tlit-ir K"i''< ■""' ^^''^ cxrcutrd in
ililfi-retit pat'i >>l kiigland. Noiwiliiilandin^ this
horrid irliiir^ the bigntcj tathulics wrrr to devoted
CCi.irnrt, .1 (efuit, o;io ot the confpiritors, llwt
Ih^y Liuvictl miriklct to t>e wrought by his bluud,
awl ilk b^-aii» tc waj coulwkrcd a* a iiwrtyr.
&r{|
v
il9
V.
u
N
!■).
it\\ wj> RobctI Cwrr, • privnti* ScoUh gt'ittlvmnit, wltowm < rcAirtI furl oi' .S<)tri«>r*
fft. Ill' niarrii-tl lh<' (>uint>l\ of V.^t'\, >«))<> \\m\ ottiiiitioil n ilivorn' Intiu hor
li>iO)An>l, t»M«l wm with her t«>im«i guilty ••• |»««iriinin|{ hr I'horM.M ()v.r>»iir\ u» iIm
'I'owrt t txil Jainr*, conlriry, ki U mkI, io .i lok-iiin utiilt lio in>»l>-, luntoitol iKnu
1>'>ib, Hit nrxl luvoiiriU' WM (tcoruo \ illion, u |tri«uti' Kiiglilli gfitilrnian, who.
ii|)<)n Sitmrrftr* (liftfrAcc, wiu adiniilctl ti» un tiniiltial ili.tro i>M'ii\iiur iitnl laniili-
urity with lii^ I'nvcriMgn. Jitiiu-i liail at tliur liiiu- turnn'il u tyfikiii i)t |H>li(y litr
HrimhinK )iiiiiU-ll IiiiiiiihicIn lo the nuirt ol hpiiiii, iliui it iniKlit iiililt litiii in
rct'ovcring the pulaiinoio i and to lliU fylU'in litf hud fucriHccd tlic hruw tir
^\nltvr Kalrigli, on ii thur^c ol' linviiig (-i)mmitt<.-d hutiiliiioi ngaiiid tlir .S|iituiili
fi'ttli-tiu'iit^ itt ilio \\\ \\ JMiliii. Jttnu'* hitNiiig lull lii<t lUUit fixi lii-nry |iritiii of
W nk'*, vnIio li.id nn niviiu itilo nntipitlhy In ti jiopiih malt It, iliiow hit o^t'^ uiiiii
ilio intiiDtii 1)1 Spiiiii, ti> a |>rop«r wito lor liii loii t'ltMrlt-^. >\li<> luid IvKAi-cdctl ti)
iliul print ipulilv. IliiikiiiKhuiit, who \\a% ^-tpiiilly u luviuiriu* wiili ihc ftin •• with
ll.o tuihi'r, K-ll 111 with ihi- printc't roniiiniic hiinioiir, nttd ngaiiill On- l^iiiff'^ ^vill
tlitv triivi'lli'd itt difKiiifi' to .Spuiit, whin- a tiun) I'oli-inii l.iuc ot coiirllliip vvn^
pliiu-tl ; |)iit ihf priiuo r>liirti((l witliont liii In idi', nml li.id ii imi liciii tor tlm
ro}al p;irtittliiv in his t.n<»ir, llu' lari ol lirilhd, XNliowai ilioti uinl)Uirudiir in 2>p:iiii,
would piul<id>lv havi* l)ri)ii|;hl the dukf ot Duckinuhuin to tho bloik.
J.uiiiH Wilt all tliit uhili- pi rpviiiully iariing wlili liii parli;nni-nt, whom hf ronid
not prniiiidi' to turiiilh nii>tu-\ iiinal lo lii> diinaiuU ; and at iatk hi' a^n-fd lo hi^
roii'> lUHrryin^ the priiui'l* lirnrutla Maria, lilKr to l,i-wi^ Mil. nnd daugliirr to
llinrv till (ircat o| Krann . Jhhu« <lifd In-fore ilio lolidHuiioii of thiU' miptinl*.
Iii< (Uaih happi'iivil in i^Ji;. in tho fii'ly-niiuh yi-iir of liit age, afu-r a ni^ti ovor
I'.iiglatid of iwcnl) Uvo wars. Janu 1 turourauod und cinplovcd that i\ii-lli-nt
pninli-r lir IVtir I'iitil KnlKiis, n^ wi-ll as Ini^o joiu's, who rillorod ilu* piiro talli*
of an hiti'diiri-, ami in his rl■i^ll tin- poiliial gi-iniis ol Kn^laiid liilpiayrd its f^roal-
ill hilhi', though iiol iiiiali ciu onrai^id at (oiirt. Mr. MiddU'ton at ihit lir
proiicttd ihi- (iMiM'vini; waUr into thf my Iroin IK rtlorddiin-, hy nu-ans of pipi
Willi n i> n"W I a
III (I ihi' .\f!v H
nil*
IS,
A!';"
llu' diaili of till- duke of Hm kin>;ham, ihr king's tavoviriti-, who was airalhna.
ivd !))■ oni- Fillon, a fuhaltcrn otHior, in lUxS, did not dit<r I'hariis Ironi his ;ir.
Iiittarv ploll'l'din^^, wliiili tin' I'.iitjlilli natrioN, in that nilighiiiu-d a^i-, jiilHv
7
Ul
ioiilidi.ri.d as fu many acts of tvraiitiv. Iji , wiiliont aulli>>riiy ot |>arli.-iiiu-nt, iiti I
urhiirary inipolifimis upon tr;iilc, wliiili win- rtfiiUd to In* pai<l liy maiix of tlo
iMi-rili.ini ■. ami mi'tnlins of tlulioufr of r
niimon
s. Soinr of lluni wriv iinprifoiu'd,
nnd llie^iu!;;«'s wore (hcckiil for adnntliii); thciu lo hail. I iu- liouli' of lonnnoi,!!
riiviiud thofr prododiiigs hy denying adiniltaiitf to thi' gi-nlli imia-ulluT of the
blai k ro<l iwho lanu- to ailjoiirn ihcnil, uniil the protolt, whiih ilu > wur draw-
inn \ip, Ihould hi- fiivillud. This ("rrvid only to wiili'n tlu" hiraili, and tho kiin{
riiliulvi'd the- pailiaini'iit ; aftir\\hiih Ik cxlidiiud inforination^ ugaiiiK nine of tlic
mod cmiiu-nt inoniluis, umou^ wlioin was the );ri-at Mr. Scldi-ii, who wait tut nuiih
dillini'uillu'd l)\ hin Iom- of lihert',' a.s hv hik unit
minion irti
dition. 'Ihi'v ohii-fli I
to till' jiirifdiilion of till' foiirl, hnt lluir pUa was ivi-r-iulid, a.id tlioy wuc Iriii
to i)rifon ilnrinj; ihi* kinn\ pli'alnn'
vi-ry thiiij; now opi'iaiid towards tin.' dilhnction of (harlis. 'I he lonimoi.^
t
would voU' no Inpjilifs wiihoiit Ioitu' ikIioIs ol tl'.e iialional {jiii'saiui'S ; upon
w liitli CharKs, pri Inniinn oti what had hioii practiud in rcif^iis w Tkii the prim ipK-s
of JihiTtj wrri' inipi'iti'Cllv muUiltood, Ii'\ iid nio:iey upon monopi liisul fall, Uap,
and fiR'li iii'i'cirarirs, and othi r ohfolitc i laiii'.x, partiiularly for knighihood, and
II''
riiifcd \arioiis ta\is w itiioiit authority ol parlianii'iit. His govi'rnnu'nt biroini
i\iTy day mori' aiid nioro nr.popuhir, lUirton, a divini', I'rynnca lawyer, and H'ali-
VIvIm :' jihylician, men of '.o great eiuiiu'iiie or abilities, but waiin and refolulc,
puMillied
N
I.
N D
I"
Ir.iii. •
|i|)U"i
lli'uil-
ituMtrtx'il frvcral piece* wliit.lt Knv(< oIKiik io ihc rnurl, •ml vvhiih ronuiiii'd
omr fcvcrv ItrkUtik'* niniiill ihc ruliiiK iU-ig). 'Miry wrrr priifitulril lor lltcfti
pircrt In ihc lUr-i-hiiimHr in a viry MiUitrary and tnirl iiiann<*r t nml |ttinilhcil
wild f<> miith rigour, n« rM-ilcilan Nimoll utiivcrtui imli^imiion iigjinll iltf uuiliort
of ihrir fullrriitu* lliui vnu llt<- )i;ii%( rnnu-nt ri'iultrctl llill more oilntii^, iiixi iiii.
lorlunalelv ior C'liarUt, li«- pui In* lonriicntc inlD ihc ImmU o|' I it ml, ttn liliiiluip
ol Canlrrmitv, who wu» itt Rroul n l)i^o| hi liinifk It', tioih in iKiinli ah«l lialr,
l.utui a(lviff(( him (o jMrUi iili- iho |iiirttiiii<, uiul tit the vfur ttt\j \n intriMlitcd
I'liiliop;!! y irtio S<oilitii(|. Ihr .Stoix iiitoii ihii loniu'd Irirrl lonnctlinii* wiili
ihc chlionlciili'd I'.iiglilh, uiid iitvudcd l.iiKlutid, in Aiigull 1640, wlii^rv Charlr*
WM ft) ill iVrvrd by hi« ollticrt unci hi» uriiii< 1, ihut hf Mti» tonod lo agri'o to an
tngloritni% |M'Uic with the hcoU, who niado ilu-iiifi-lvi"t iiiitllrr* ot Nowmllli' and
Diirh.ini , and luing now o|>«.-nly luriicndid by the houlV of i>)inmiiii«, obliged tho
knitf lo t oin|ilv willi ihrir driniiiidi
(jinrUi hud iiiudc W' niworth, i-url of Striitrord, a man of great ahiiitie*, prcli*
dent of iho lomuil of iho North, and lord lionli'itunl of litland ; and In- wa« gt!<
norally Itrlicvi-d to he tlu- htO ininitlcr of Italr. Strall'ord had been a Uadnig
nu-nibt-r oli the o|)|)ohlion it> the court, but he afterwnrdu, in tonjunttion with
Laud, exerted hinif«lf fo vigoroiilly in carrying the king'* def|H>tie feheine* into
execution, thiit he lu-iuinc an ob|Ui of public delcllution. An lord prclulent of
the North, 111 lord lieutentml of Ireland, and at a ininiiler and privy -counfeilor in
Knglnnd, he behaved in a very arbitrary manner, and wa« guilty ol inuiiy .1. Ii.)ii'<
of great injullice and oppreliion. He \va», in confL(|uence, at length, on liie jiid
of \1ay, 1641, brought to the block, though much aguinli the iiiilination-< of the
Icing, who wat in a manner forced by the |i.)rliumrnt and people lo lign the war-
rant for hni execution. Archbilhop l.aud ^ a^i ulfo luluaded , but hii execu-
tion did not take place till a cunlideraM-. :l.oe afiei th'it of Slraliord, the toth uf
January, 1645.
In the fourth year of hi« reign, Charlen ha»l paflTed the />c///«fl« v <'/*' '"•'* * '*w,
wliiih wait intended by the parliament for the lutiire fecuriiy uf the fubjetl. It i»
enaded, " That n«» man hereafter Ik* compelled lo make or yield any gift, loan,
benevolence, tax, or fuch like charge without common confent by act of parlia-
ment ," but he afrorwardt violated it in numerousi inllanccx, fo that an almoin
univerfal difiontent at his adminillration prevailed thnnighuut the nation. A re-
belli' >n ulfo broke out in Ireland, on October 13, 1641, where the protcAunts,
without diliinrtion of age, fex, or condition, to the amount of many thuufundii,
were mallacnd by the papilU; and great pains were taken to pcrfuude tlie public
that Charleh fccretly favoured them, out of hatred to hii Englilli fubjedt. 'Ilic
bilhops were expelled the houfe of peers, on uccuunt of their conHnntlv nppoling
the deligns and bills of the other h«)ufe ; and the leaders of the Knglilh houfe of
connnuiiii liill kept up n correfpondence with the difcontented Scott. Chtrlts
went in perfon to the houfe of commons, January 4, 1042, and demanded that
loid kiinbulion, Mr. I'ym, Mr. Ilampdrn, Mr. ilolliii, lir Arthur Hafulrig, and
Mr. Stroud, Ihould be apprehended ; but tliey had pre\ii>ully made their efcapc.
1 his act of Charles wa!> relented a.s high trcaton againii his people.
Notwiilillaiuliiig the many atls of tyranny and oppreliion ol which the king
and his mimlhis liad been guilty, yet, when the civil war broke out, there were
gnat uumbeis who repaired to the regal liaiulard. Many of the nobility and
gentry, and the greatell [lart i>f the landed interell, were much attached to the
trown. The parliament, however, look upon thend'elves the executive power,
und were favoured by moll of the trading towns and corporations; but their great
rcl'i.uree lay in I, uidon. Ilu- king's j^eneial wa-i the cailot I.iiulfey, a bravc, but
not an enleiprilinij couuuunder ; but lie had great dependence on his nephews,
T I the
S"
E
N
L
N
D.
the princes Rupert niul Maurice, fons to tlic cleflor Palatini', by liis fifter the
princifs I'lliziilu'ili. In the beginning of the wiir, the royal army had the afcend-
iincy, but in t!io piogrefM ot" it, atl'airs look a ditK rent turn. 'I he earl of Ell'ex wa*
made general under the parliament, and the lird battle was touglit at Ldge-hill,
in Warwicklhire, the 2 ;d ct' Ottober, 164: ; both parties claimed the vit^ory, but
the parli;inient was fi) niiiih dilhelVed, that tlu-y invited the Seots tu come to their
alliilnnce, and they accordingly entered England anew with about 20,000 horfe
and tout. Charles allcmiited to remove the jiariiament to Oxford, where nia|iy
members of both houfes met; but his enemies were ftilllittingat VVelhniiiltcr, and
continued to carry on the war againtl him with great atiimolity. The independent
party, which hud I'carci ly 1,'etore been thought of, began now to dillinguilii thcm-
i'elvcs at Wediniiillcr. 'I'hey were averfe to the preihyterians, who till then liad
conducted tlie war againil the king, nearly as much as to the royalirts; and fuch
was their management, under the direction of the famous Oliver Cromwell, that
a plan was iormed for difmilling the earls of KlFex and Manchelter, and the heads
of iIk preihyterians, from tlie parliament's ll-rvice, on a fiippolitlon that they wore
not for bringing the war to a Ipeedy end, nor for reducing the king too low j and
for j)romoting I'airfax, who was an excellent olheer, but more manageable, though
a pretbyterian, and fome independent officers. In the mean wliile, the war went
on with refenlnunt 'ind lofs on both tides. 'I wo battles were fought at Newbury j
one on September 20, ifi43> '"'^^ 'be other October 27, 1644, in which the advan-
tage inclined to the king, lie had likewife many oilier fuccelles ; and having
defeated fir William Waller, he purfued the earl of l.tR-x, who remained ftill in
command, into Cornwall, from whence he was obliged to efcape by fca -, but his
infantry furrendered prifoners to tlie rciyalirts, though his cavalry delivered ihem-
felves by tlieir valour.
The tirll fatal blow tlie king's army rtxeived, was at Marlton-moor, July 2d,
1644, where, through the imjirudence of prince iiuport, the earl of Manchefter
defeated the royal army, of which 4000 were killed, and 1300 taken j)rifoners.
This vidory was owing chicHy to the courage and conduclt of Cromwell ; and
though it might have been balanced by the <'uccefl'es of Charles in the Weft, yet
his whole coiidutf was a thing of millakes, till at laft his afl'airs became irretrieva-
ble. It is true, many treaties of peace, particularly one at Uxliriuge, were fet on
foot, and the heads of the prelhyterian party would have agreed to terms th.it
would have little hounded the king's ])rerogative. They were outwitted aiid over-
ruled by the independents, who were auilted by the ftitliiefs, iiilinceiiiv, and
unamiable behaviour of Cluirles himfelf In fhort, the 'ndependents at laft fuc-
ceeded, in perfuading the members at W cttminfter, that Cli:n-lcb was not to be
trufted, whatever his concelVions might be. from l/ui/ moment the ailairs nf the
royalifts became defperate. Sir Thomas Fairfax, whole father, lord Fairfax, re-
mained in the North, was at the tiead of the army, which was now new-modelled;
fo that Charles fucceliively loft all his towns and torts, and was defeated by Fair-
fax and Cromwell, at the decihve battle of Nafeby, June 14, 1645, "^^'ng partlv,
as uftial, to the milconduCt of prince Rupcit. 'I his battle was followed ly Ireih
misfortunis to (^h.arles, v\ho retired to Oxiord, the only place where he thou "It
himfelf fafe.
'I he .^cot.s were then befieging Newark ; and no good uiiderftanding fubf ftcd
between them and the Knglilh parlia:ncntarians. In this fituatic n of his alhiirs,
Charles elcr.ped in difguife from CAfoul and came to the .^c^ 1. h army bcf re
Newark, on May 6, 1640, up«on a |)roinile of jiroicttion. The Scots, however.
were fo intimidated, by the refolutioiis o( tin- parliament at V\ iltminlicr, that
put tlie pe Ion of
Charles
>*. confiUeration of receiving 400,0001. of their arrears, ih'.
F- N
C.
\.
N D.
3*3
Cliarlcs into tlic liands of the parliamcnt'i cominiilloncrs, not fufpcfling tho
confaiiicncos.
The pnlhytcriniis \v> re now more inclined than ever to make peace with
the king, hut they wen- no longer malters, being forced to receive laws from
the army and the independ(;nt8. 'Ihe army now avowed their intentions. '1 hey
tiift by force took Cliavles out of the hands of the conmiilhoners, Jijn(; 4, 1647,
aild then dreading that a treaty might Hill take place with th^; king, ihcy impri-
fcfned 41 of the prelhyterian members, voted tlic hoiife of peers to be ufelefs, and
that of the commons was ndiiced lo 1 ,0, nu)(l of them ofliccrs of (he army, Jii
the mean while Charles, \\li() unliapi)ily promifed himfelf relief from ihofe dilfiii-
lions, was carried from prifon lo prlfon, and fometimcs cajoled by ihc indepen-
dents with hopes of deliverance, but always nairowly watched, heveral treatius
were fet on toot, but all mifcarried ; and he had been impiudent enough, after
etiecling his cfcnpe, to put himfelf into colonel .Manimonds hands, the parlia-
ment's governor nt' ihe llji' of \\ ight. A frelh negociation was begun, and almoff
(iuilhed, when the inciependenls, tlreading the general difpolition of the people tor
peace, and ftrongly pi rluaded of tlie inlincerity of the king, oixe more Icizcd
upon his perfon, brought him a prifoner to London, carried him before a court of
juHice of their own eri tting, and, after an e.\tiaordinary trial, his head was cut off,
before his own palace at VVhiteliall, on the ^otii of January, 1648-9, being the
4<;th year of his iige, and 24th of his reign.
Charles is allowed to have had nuiny virtues, and fome have fuppofed that af-
flitlion had taught him fo much wildom and moderatio.:, that had he been reftored
to his throne, lie wouM have become an excellent prince; but there is abundant
rcafon to conclude, from his private letters, that he retained his arbitrary prin-
ciples to the la(t, ai.d that he would again have regulated liis condutt by them, if
he had been reinllated in power. It is however certain, that, notwithflanding the
tyrannical nature of his government, his death was exceedingly lamented by great
numbers ; and many, in lire courfe of the civil war, who had been l.is great oppo-
nents in parliament, became converts to his caufe, in which they lot! theii'lives
and fortunes. We cannot reHcit unon the great lofs of lives, to the amount of at
haft 100.000 fighting men, during the fix years of the civil war, without admiring
the popidoufnefs of Knglaiid at that period. '1 hough the hiflory has been minutely
related, by writers of all parties, who had the beft opportunities to know the truth,
yet we do not find that the lofs of men had any influence upon agriculture orcom-
im rce, or the exercife of the conunon arts of lite, and provifions rather funk than
rofe in their value. 'Ihe furviving children of Charles, were Charles and James,
who were fucceilively kings of Lngland ; Henry, duke of (iloiiceficr, wl.o died
loon after his brother's nltoratlon; the princefs Mary, married lo the prince of
Orange, and nioiher to William j)rince ol Grange, who w;.-, ulterwards kini; of
Kngland ; and the princefs Henrietta Maria, who was married to Victor Ainadeus,
iluke of Savoy and king of Sardinia.
They who brought C harles to the block, omitted no meafure that tould j^ive a
perpetual excluli'.);i to I:ingly power in lingland ; they erected tliemfelves into a
eoinnionwealtli, and fuctLislully exerted thenifeivcs lor retrieving liie g'oiy oi
luiglai'.d by fea. I hey weie joir.ed by many of the prefbyterians, and I'oili par-
lie,-, halt d t'runr.vell and Ircton, though ihey were forced to employ them in tl;e ic-
dudtion of Ir/land, and afterwards againll ihe Scots, who had icceived Charles il.
.!b their king. l»y cutting dov.n the tmd)er upon the royal domains, they produced
a fleet fuperior to any thai had ever been feen in turope. 'Iheir general, Crom-
well, invaded Scotland, and though he was there reduced to great difticulties, he
totally defeated the Scots at the battles of Dunbar and Worceikr. 'I he fame
vunuuonweulth palled uii adt of aavigalioiii and declaring war againft th.e Dutch,
T t 2 wh •
S«4
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D.
Jt
who were tliought till then invincible at fca, they eflfeftually humbled thofe rcpub«
licans.
By this time Cromwell, who hated fubordination to a parliament, had the ad-
drcfs to get himfelf declared commander in thief of the Lnglilh army. Admiral
Blake, and the other Knglilh admirals, carried the terror ofthe Englifli name by
lea to all quarters of the globe ; and Cromwell, having now but little employment,
began to be afraid that his lervices would be forgotten, for which reafon he went,
April 20, 1653, without any ceremony, with about 300 mufqueteers, anddilTolved
the parlianjent, opprobrioully driving the members from the houfe. JHe next an-
nihilated the council of (late, with whom the executive power was lodged, and
transftrrcd the adminillration of government to about 1^0 perfons, whom he fum-
moncd to Whitehall, on the 4th of July, 1653.
The war with Holland, in which the Englifli were again viftorious, ftill conti-
nued. Seven bloody engagements by fea were fought in little more than the
compafs of one year; and in the lall, which was decilive in favour of England, the
Dutch loll their brave admiral Van Tromp. Cromwell all this time wanted to
be declared king; but he perceived that he mull encounter unfurmountable diffi-
culties from Fleetwood, and his other friends, if he Ihould perfiil in that refolution.
He was, however, declared lord proteilor of the commonwealth of England ; a title
under which he excrcifed greater power than had ever been annexed to the regal
dignity. No king ever aded, cither in England or Scotland, more defpotically
than he did, yet no tyrant ever had fewer real friends, and even thofe few
threatened to oppofe him, if he Ihould take upon him the title of king. HiQo-
rians, in drawing the charadter of Cromwell, have been impofed upon by his amaz-
ing fuccefs, and daz/led by the luftre of his fortune ; but when we confult his
fecretary Thurlo's, and other llate papers, the impolition in a great meafure
vanilhes. After a moft uncomfortable ufurpation of four years, eight months,
and thirteen days, he died on the 3d of September, 1658, in the 60th year of
his age.
It is not to be denied that England received much more refpeft from foreign
powers, between the death of Charles I. and that of Cromwell, than flic had been
treated with fmcc the death of Elizabeth. This was owing to the abilities of
thofe who formed the republic, which Cromwell abolithcd, and who, as it were,
inAantaneoiilly called forth the naval lirenglh ofthe kingdom. In the year i6';6,
the public expenditure amounted to one million three hundred thoufand pounds;
of which a million went to the fupport ofthe navy and army, and the remainder
to that of the civil government. In tlie fame year, Cromwell abolilhed all tenures
in capi/e, by knij^lit's fervice, and fuecage in chief, and likewife the courts of wards
and liveries. Several other grievances, that had been complained of during the
late reigns, were likewife removed. Next year the public cxpence of England
aniouiiied to two millions three hundred twenty-lix thoufand nine hundred and
eij;hi\-nine pounds. The collectiims by alleliiiients, excife, andculloms, paid intu
the l'.\chec(iuer, amounted to two millions three hundred and lixty-tv/o thoufand
pounds, tour lliillinj^s.
L [Kin the whole it appears, that England, from the year 1648, to the year i6;8,
iiicreakd greatly in riches and in power. The legal interell t>f money was redu-
ced horn 'o to 6 per cent, a fore fymptom of increaling commerce. Iht taiuous
navijjatiou-acl was now planned and ellablilhed, and afterwards confirmed um(Kt
(Cluiric s il. Monopolies of all kinds were abolilhed, anil libgUy of cimfcfegce ti) :ill
fecta was grained, to the vali advantage of population .-TIu'l manutaetures, wliitl'i
lad I'ullered irrc- ■' ■ ' ■ ' '• :•■'■> - ■ -i- . .1. . .. . .•
t^rations,
|;cop!v'
we niav
ly by l.uui
aiiil llu:
s intolerant meafure^i. To the above national nici-
introdueed amous the coniinon
niodelly and iVugalitv
a.nd llie clti/Aus in purlitular, by which l^lcy were enabled to augniv nt
" thiir
N
N
3*5
their capitals. It appears, however, that Cromwell, had he lived, and been firmly
fettled in the government, wonid have broken through the fober maxims of the
republicans ; for a Ihort time before ills death, he affected ercat maKnificence in
his pcrfon, court, anil attendants. He maintained firmly the nonour of the nation,
and in many inllances interpofcd cfi'c^lually in favour of the Proteftants abroad.
Arts and fcicnces were not much patronized ; but he had the aood fortune to
find in Cooper an excellent miniature painter, and his coins done by Simon exceed
in beauty and workmanthip any of that age. lie certainly did many things
worthy of praife ; and as his genius and capacity led him to the choice of fit pcr-
fons ror the fcveral parts of adminillration, fo he paid fome regard to men
of learning, and particularly to thofo cntrullcd with the care of youth at the
univerfities.
No friend to the Hritlih conftitution, confifling in the proper equilibrium of the
three cftates of the kingdom, can ever fpeak ot Cromwell or his ufin pation with
rcfpeft. Under the name of a republic, there was all the tyrannical fpirit
ofdefpotifm. The people had no Ihare in legillation. Cromwell, with the title
of Protcdtor, exercifed all the powers of an arbitrary monarch. His parliaments
were but a name. He made what laws he plcafed ; and, by the help of his army,
which fupported them, he carried them into execution, and forced all to fubmit
to his will. In comparifon of Cromwell, Henry the VIII. revered the Englilh
ro'iftitution.
'?'fhard Cromwell, a weak unambitious man, fuccccded his father in the pro-
' • ip. He was placed in his di'^nity by thofe who wanted to make him the
■ (., ' i their own government ; and he was foon after driven, without the Icaft
ni.icigle or oppofitlon, into obfcurity. It is in vain tor hillorians of any party to
al'cribc the reltoration of Charles it. (who, with his mother and brothers, during
tiie.ufurpation, had lived abroad on a very precarious fnblillence) to the merits of
any particular perfons. The prelhyu-rians were very zealous in promoting it, but
it was efletted by a general concurrence of the people, who feem to have thought
that neither peace nor protection were to be obtained, but by reftoring the ancient
conftitution of monarchy. General Monk, a man of military abilities, but devoid
of probity, had the fagacity to obferve this ; and after temporizing in various
fliapes, being at the head of the army, he had the principal fliare in reftoring
Charles II. for which fervice he was created duke of Albemarle, confirmed in the
command of the army, and loaded with honours and riches.
Charles II. being rcftored in 1660, in the tiift year of his reign feemcd to have
a real dcfire to pro. note his people's happinefs. Upon his confirming the abolition
of the feudal tenures, he received from the parliament a gift of the excife for life ;
and in this a£t colTee and tea are firll nientimud. Hy his long relidence, and that
of his friends, abroad, he imported into Kngland the culture of many ufeful vege-
tables; fueh as that of afparagus, artichokes, cauliilowers, and feveral kinds of
beans, peas, and fallads. Under him, Jamaica, which had been conquered by
the Knglilh under the {^jvernnient of Croniuvil, was greatly improved, and made
a fui;iir coliMiy. 'I he U( yal Soeieiy was initituteJ, I'.nil many popular atls refpcC:t-
ing tratle and coluiu/.atin;! were p.iifed. In lliort, Charles knew and c\ilti\aU'd
the true intcrelL'. of liis kingdom, till lie was warped by pleafiuv, and funk in in-
«lolenee ; failiiic;s that hail tl;e fame confetjuences as defpoiifni ilfcif. I Ic iippearcd
to intcreil liimiVlf in ihi.' fuilerin^s o( his i"al.'iv'v-ts wlion London was b'n'nt il iwn
in n't 66 ; and its being rdiuilt wiih greater luthe and ci<Kvei,ii'nc\ Is a pn-uf of
the imreafe cf trade ; but there were no bounds to Ciiinu-s's love <jt p.eal'iuv,
v.hiih led him into llie moll extrava'-ant expiMKCs. He l.rs bei;n lewielv eentuiwl
lor telling Duiikirk to the French king, to fiipply his ne.celljties, atii-r he liad fi[iian-
dered the immei.fe fums granted lum by parliameut. 'Ihe pi ice was about
7 25OJO00I.
3i(>
R N
G
I,
N
D.
? ;o,o">d1. floilitiq. I'ut ovimi in tlils, liis coiulwfl was num- dofonfiMo tlmn in his
I'oiivt ci>niK'c*ioiis wiili I'ranii', wliiih wi'iv of iIk- moll iViuidaloii!! nature, iittorl/
r^-j) ijjiiaiit to tile wclfnro of tlic kingdom, and fiith as nmll fur ever roliict infamy
on liii* meinnry.
Arnonj? the <»vidcnc"'s nflii) dem'ntracy as a kinp, may \)c. mentioned iiis q[iviii,r
w.iy to the poj)nliir claMioir ;i;^aiiilt tlie lord (Clarendon, as the chief advifer of ili •
f,i!"e of Duhkiil; ; a man of extenlive knowledge and greai abilities, ami more iid.
iKil in liis iiitentioiis than moll of liis other minillers, hut whom he facrificed t.)
tlic fyeojihanl^ of his |)Ieafin-alile iiours. 'Jlie full Dutch war, which began in
1665, was carried on with great refohition and fjjirit imd,-r the duke of York ; liut.
Iliriv,ii;h ( liailis's mifap|)iicatic)n of the public money, which had been granted fur
tiie war. ih'' Dutch, whik' a treaty of peace «a,s depending at Ureda, found means
to iii''uM ihi" io\nl navy of Imi"'-:;k1, by failing up the Medway as tar aa C'halhaiu,
and di'lliMU'd le\eral ihips of the line. Soon after this, a peace was ci)ncluded at
Jireda between (Jreat liritain and the States (General, for the prcfervation of the
Sfiauiih iN'elherlnndii ; and Sweden liaving acceded to the treaty, i;i 1668, it wa,.
calleii the /li/^.'c aliidncc
In I ^'7 1, Charles was fo ill advifed as to feize upon the money of the bankers,
wliich had bi'en lent him at 8 per cent, and to Ihut up the exchequer. 'I his wu',
an indet'entible Hep; but Clharies |)retcnded to juftify it by tiic nccellity of his af-
'airs, being th mi on llie eve of a frelh war with Holland. 'I'his was declared
1,1 16;?., and had alim^ll proved fatal to that republic, for the Kngiith fioff
and army aHed in conjuiiftiou with thofe of Krancc. 'I he duke of York coin
manded ilie luigliih Heel, and difplayed great gallantry in that (lation. 'i he duke
of Monmouth, the eldelt and favourite natural fon ot Charles, commanded 6030
l''nglilh forces, wlio joined the Ijench in the l,ow Countries ; and all Holland
mult have t'allen into the hands of the French, had it not been for the vanity ai
thiir monarch Lewis \IV. who was in a hurry to enjoy his triumph in his capnal.
Ail coiiridenee was now loll brtween C'harles and his parliament, notwithilandiiig
the ghu'v which the I'aigiilh tleet obtained by fea agaiiill thelJulch. 'I'He popular
clamour at lalt obliged C'hailes to give peace to tiiat people, in confideration of
200,oool. which was paid him.
In fome things (liarhs acted very defpotically. He complained of the freedoni
taken with lii> prerogative in coli'ee-houfes, and ordered them to be Ihut up, bjt
ill a few (la\s atter they were opened again. Great Kigour and feveritv were ex-
ercifed ag.u'ull the jjietb) terians, and all other noncouformins to ej)ifcopacy, which
was again illablilhed with a high haiul in Scotland as well as in linglanil. His
parliament addrcliul liim, but in vain, tt) make war with France m the vear
1677, ''"' '^'■" ^^''"' '^■'"''■ely devol(.(l to that crown, and regularly received its money
as a ponlioner, and lioped through its influence and power to be abfolute. It
is not. luiwe\er, to be dvnied, that the trade of iMigland was now incredibly
increafed, and Charles entered into many vigorous meafures for its protection anil
f ij)port.
C;harles's connections with France gave him no incrit in the eyes of his parliament,
wltii h grew every <iay more and more exafperated againll the French and the pa-
pifts; at the head of wlmm was the prefumptive heir of the crown, the duke
of York. Charles dreaded the profpettof a civil war, and olfered any conceliloiis
to avoid it. Hut many of the nieml)ers of parliament were bent upon fuch a re-
volution as afterwards took place, a.id were fecretly determined that the duke of
York lliould never reign. In i()7S, the famous litus Dates, and fome others,
opened a plot, charging the pai)ilt,s wiili a defign to murder the king, and to intro
duce popery by meai.s of Jtfuils in Knglanci, and tVoiii St. Omer's. 'Ihougli
nothing could be more ridicu.ous, and more fclf-coutradictory, than fome pans of
their
E N G L A N D. §»$
llicir narrative, yet it was fupportcd witli the iitmoA zoal on tlic part of iVio pnrlia'*
nicnt. Till- agi'd lord StraHord, Culcman, rctrctary to the dukt- of V ork, with
many Jifuils, and other l'a|>ilis, were publicly exeiiited; on evidences fiipp(,fcd
now to iiave In en perjured by thole who will have the whole plot (o be a tittion.
'I'lie cjiieen lurfeit elcaped with ditTiculty ; the duke of York was ol>ligcd to
retire nito foreijjn parts ; and Charles, tliough convinced, it is faid, that the wluilc
was ap impofture, yielded to the torrent. At lall it fpent its foi\e. 'I he earl
of Jjhal; .1)ury, who was at the liead of the oppoliiion, pulhed on ihi.' total txclii-
(ion of the diikc of York from the throne, lie was t'ccoiided by the ill-advilid
duke of Monmouth ; and the bill, after palhng the conunons, mifcarried in
the houfe of peers. All I'.iifihmd was a}{ain in a Hame ; but the king, by a
Will-timed adjournment of the parliament to Oxford, fcemed to recover tliu
:itl'ettions of iiis people.
'I'iie duke of ^ t)rk and his party made a feandalous ufe of their viuory. 'Ihey
trumped up on their lide a plot of the proteftants for killing or fei^'ing (he kin;;,
and altering the government. This plot was as falfe as that which had been laid
agaiuft tlie Papills. Lord KuflTel, who had been remarkable in liis oppofition to
tlie popilh fuceellion, Algernon Sidney, and feveral other dillinguilhed proteftants
were tried, condemned, an<l futRred death, and the king fet his foot upon (he
neck of oppolition. Kven the city of London was intimidated into the meafurcs
of the court, as were alnu>ft all the corporations in (lie kingdom. The duke
of Moimuuith and (he earl of Shatufhury wete obliged to tly, and the duke
(if \ ork returned in triumpli to W hitehall. It was (luniglit, however, tliat
Charles repented of fonie of Iiis arbitrary iKps, and intended to have recalled'
(lie duke of Monmouth, and have executed fonie nieafures for (he future (|uie( of
his reign; \#cn ho died February (>ih, K)f>4-5, in (he 55th year of his age,
and 2j(h of his reiiMi. He had married Catharine, infanta of Portugal, by whom
};e had received a large fortune in ready money, belides the town and forlrefs of
iiint^ier in At'rica ; but he left behind him no lawful itl'ue. 'I lie defcendants
( r his natural fons and daughters are now amongll tl.,' moll dillinguilhed of
tip- Biiiilh nobility.
Ihe principles, both of the king and of (lie o|n)orition to his government, liave
hieii ahead) delir.cated. 'Ihe heads of the latter were pielbyterians and mode-
rate ehui'.hiuen, who had been railed and prekried by Cliaiies, in Impes of tiieir
I'uny ufeful in bringing their j:.aity into his nieafures; and he would jirobably have
t'ucceeded, had lux the lemains t)f (lie old royalilis, and the dill paled part of the
court, fallen in witli tl;e king's foible for jileafuie. 'Ihe prefbyierians, however,
.'.vailed then.felves of their credit, in the early part of liis reiijii, wlien the fervor
el" lovaltv was abated, to brinj{ into parlianuiu Inch a nuiiiber of tlieir friends as
rendered tlie reign of Charles very unealy, and it was owin^^, perhaps, to them,
that livil liberty and proteftai.tifm now exill in the Lr.glilh government. On the
oth'T hand, they feeined to luive carried their jealoufy I't a popilh I'uccenbr too far;
ai;(l irany of the peop'e wiihout doois < ertaini) iho'jLjht that tlie parliament ought
tohi'.ve been fatistied wiih t!,e leg;-! reitrainls a.id difa'jiliiies which Cliarles olfeVed
/- 1 ,•. , r 1)- .. -I I.:. r . 1 ... .1 ii. ,i: r .1
i:i.p.)fe upon his fuccdlor
I his
to 1:1. p. lie upon ms lucccMiir. 1 ins gave f.uh a turn to the iillections of tlie peo-
I L- as left (.'harle.s, and his brother, at the time of his death, aumft mafters ol the
law,^ and liberties of Kngland ; and they {;nMr!,ed in an ab.folute and arbitrary
iiiai.iKT. fippoilcd by the cleigv s pieaciii' ^^ iip the old doctrines of pail:\e olndl-
oiice and iion-relillence, and ihe liailering audielics prelenUii troni many perl'ons
advancii'.g the piciogaiive of tlie crown ii; he m< It e\ira\;'gai.i luight.
'Ihe reign ot Cliailes has been eelebtainl tor wit and gaiianuy, but both were
coarlV and indelicate. 'Ihe court wa.^ ilie iiuileiv ot \ iee, and ihe llage e\l.ii.ited
I'tri'.es ct" inipuiity. tiunic leaders were tuund wlio could adniite Millon ; s x.e''
iiS
E
N C.
I.
N
D.
its Drvdcn, and never perhaps wore the pulpits of F.nglaiul fi> woll fuppliod with
]irt-aciiers ni in tlu!i reign. Our language waHinudi iniprived in harmony and lo.
mu'inent i and the days of Ch;irle» may be called the Augutlaii age of llic malhe-
inaties and natural philofophy. Charles loved, pntroni/ed, and inuUrllood the
arts, ninre than he encouraged or rewarded them, efpecially thofe of iMiglilh growth :
Inn this ne'^lecl proceeded not fromnarrow-miudednefs, hut indolence and want of
retlictifu. If the memory of CI arKs II. has heen traduced tor his being the fui\
Lngliih prince who formed a body of ftanding forties, a.s guards lo his perfiin, it
ought U) be remembered, at the (an»e time, that he carried the art of Ihipbuilcl-
iiijT to the highell perfection ; and that the royal navy of Kngland, at liiis «i;iy,
owes its (ill! li improvements to his and his brother's attention to naval allairs. As
to h).s uligion, James, foon alter his death, publilhed to the world, that his bro-
ther, iiotwithllanding ha repeated profellions of regard to the j)n)teliant faith, was
a i)apill, and died fuch, of which there are now incontertible proofs.
I'lie tippolition which, during the late reign, had ihaken Mie throne, ftcnis to
have vaiiiihed at the accelTion of James II. 'ITie popular alleition towards him
was increafi-d by the early declaration he made in favour of the church of England,
which, during the late reign, had formally pronounced all relillancc to the reign-
ing king to be unlawful. This dotlrine proved fatal to James, and almofl ruined
protellantifm The army and people fupported him in crulhing an ill-concertul
rebellion of the duke at' .Monmouth, wno pretended to be the lawful fon of
Charles II. and, as fuch, had alfumed the title of king. The duke's head being
cut i>f}', July 15, 16S5, and fome hundreds of his followers hanged, drawn, and
quartered, in the well of England, exhibiting a fcene of barbarity, fcarcelv ever
known in this country, by the inftrumentality of JeflTerics and colonel Kirke,
James defpi -^ately refolved lo try how far the practice of the chuiih of England
would agree with her do£trine of non-refillancc. The experiment failed him.
He pretended lo a power of difj)cniing with the known laws, he inllituled an
illei^al cccleliailical court, openly received and admitted into his privy-council tin-
j)tipe's emilliiries, and treated them with uncommon refpcft. He fent an einbally
to Kome, and riceived at court the po|)e's nuncio, f lis imprifoning feven bilhops
for prcfenling a petliio)i againll reading his declaration for liberty of confcience,
gieatly alarmed his proleltant friends ; and his incroachments upon the civil and
religious rights of his fubjetts, are almoll beyond defcription, and were difuii.
proved, it is faid, by the pope himfeif. and all fober Roman catholics.
In this extremity, many great men in England and Scotland, though they willied
Well to James, ajiplied for relief to William prince of Orange, a prince of gnat
abilities, and the inveterate enemy of Louis XIV. who then threatened Europe
with chains. The prince of Orange was the nephew and fon-in-law of James,
having married the princefs Mary; he embarked with a Heet of 500 fail for
England, avowing it to be his delign to rellore the church and ftate to their due
rigiiis. Upon his arrival, he was joined not only by the Whigs, but by many
whom James had confidered as his bell friends; anii even his daughter the I'rin-
ci !> Aime, and lier huihaiul, (Jeorge i)rince of Denmark, left him and joined tlie-
prince of Orange. James might iUll have reigned ; but he was furnniniled wiiii
rie.ich emili'aries, and ignorant Jefuits, who wilhed him not to reign ratlur than
not reftore popery. They fecretly perfuaded him to fend his (|iieen and fon, real
or pretended, then bift lix months old, lo Kraiue, and to follow them in i)erloii,
which he did; and thus, in 168S, ended his reign in England; which event in
Englifh hiiiory is termed i/w Revn'ut'wn.
it i. well known thai king William's chief object was to humble the power of
France, and his reign was fpent in an almoft uninterrupted courfe of holliiiiies
vviih thai power, which were maintained by England, at an e.xpeuce never belure
known,
N
N D.
3>!)
^ willii'd
i grtat
Europe
f JaiiUii,
fail for
ht-ir duir
)y many
ic Prui-
iiicil ilic
I'll with
ur thuii
Ion, roal
_)irloi),
event in
Ixiwi'r ot
loHiliilt'i
[•r lu-tiiri-
known.
known. The nation hnd grown rautious, through the experience of the two lad
riignst, and ho gnvo his confcnt to tljo ii// of rirht$, by whirh the libcrtica of the
people were confirmed and frcurcd. llic two lad kings had made a very had ufe
of tnc national revenue, which was put into tlieir hands, and which was found
Airticient to raife and maintain a Ituncling army. 'I1ic rcveiuie whs therefore now
divided \ part was allotted for the current national fervice of the year, and was to
be accounted for to parliament ; and part, which '\% Hill called the civil iiil money,
was given to the king for the funport of his houfe and digiiilv.
It was tile jull fente the people of England had of their civil and religious rights
alone, that could provoke them to agree to the late revolution) for they never in
other refpeds had occn at fo high a pitch of wealth and profperity, us in the year
1 638. The tonnage of their merchant Hiips, according to Dr. Davenant, was that
ye.ir nearly double to what it hud been in 1666 ; and the tonnage of tlie royal navy,
vbich in 1660, was only 62,594 tons, was in 1688 incrcaled to 101,012 tons.
'Hie increafe of the cullonis, and the annual rental of England, grew in the fame
proportion. It was therefore no wonder, that a ftrong party, both in the parlia-
nuMit and nation, Ihould be formed aj'ainll the government, which was iiourly
iiureafed by the king's predilet\i()n for tfie Dutclt. The war with France, which
»m the king's part was far from being fucccfsl'ul, required an enormous cxpence,
uiid the Iruh continued, in general, faithful to king James. Hut many hjiglidi,
who wilhed well to the Stuart family, dreaded its reftoration by conqucll ; and
the parliament enabled t' king to reduce Ireland, and to gain the battle of the
Hoyne againll James, who there loll all the military honour he had aciiuired be-
fi<re. 'I lie marine of France proved fujjerior to that of England, in the beginning
of the war; but in the year 1692, that of France received an irrecoverable blow
in the defeat at La 1 logue.
Invaiions were threatened, and confpiracies difiovered every day againA the go-
vernment, and the fupply of tlie continental war forced the j)arliament to open
new refoiirces for money. A land-tax was impofed, and every fubiect's land;, were
taxed, according to their valuations given in by the feveral counties. Thofe who
w ere the moft loyal gave the highell valuations, and were the heaviell taxed, and
tliis prepoihrous burthen ftill continues; but the greatell and boKletl operation in
tiiiaiues, that ever took place, waseliablilhed in this reign, which was the carrying
on the war l>v borrowing money upon parliamentary fecuritios, which form what
arc now called the puhlic funds. 'Ihe chief projector ot this fchenie is laid to have
l\'cn Charles Montague, afterwards lord Halifax. His chief argument tor fueh a
;.r('ie»:t was, that it would obli|;e tlie luonied part of the nation to befriend the
Hevolution intereit ; bccaufo, alter lending their luoiu y, tlu y coiiUl have no hopes
«r being repaid but by fupporting that interell, and the weight of taxes WMuld
i.l lige the comnuTcial people to be iiiore iiidiillriuus.
V\ illiam, notwithllunding the vail fervice lie had done to the nation, and tlie
public benefits which took place iiiuler his aufpices, particularly in the ellabliili-
ment of the bank of England, and the lecoining tlie liKor iiioiK y, met with fo
many mortifications from his parliament, tliat he actually refulved upon an abdi-
tatioii, and had drawn up a fpcech for that pnvpofe, which he was jiievailed \\\Min
to I'upprefs. He long bore the a'lVonts he met with, in liopes of beiiin Aipitorted in
liis war with France; but at lull, in 1697, '"-' was forced to conclude the peace
«)f Ryfwick with the French king, who acknowledged his title to tlie crown of
Kngland. By this time William had loll his queen*, l)ut the government w;.s coii-
tunied in his perfon. After peace was rellored, the commons obliged him to dif-
baiul his arinv, all but an iiiconliderable number, and to difniil;, his favouiite
Dutch guards. Towards the end of his reign, his fears ot feeing the wiiole bpauiih
• S.hc died of the fmall-pox, Dec. 38, 1694, in the tliirty-tliirJ ycsr of lier j*j'r.
U II iiionarchy
9f
K
N D.
luiinarrhy In pnfTiirion of Krancc at the di-nih of iho cnihulii' king Clinrlci ![■
wlii.h will cvrry day oxin-ctocl, ltd liitii iiitu a vtry impuliiic iiicui'iirc, which was
flu- |).>rli»ii)H Irfuiv with r'ramf, bv whlilj that inonnriliy wai Id he divided b«.
twri'ii Ihi- houlc* iit" lloiirhoii and Aullria. 'I his In-aiy was highly rclonted by tho
liarlianirnt, and fome ol hit minilliv were impeached tor advilin^ it. It is thought
()'.it \\ illinni law h\s error when it wui too late. Hit minirtem were uci|uittcd
frum tlieir im|H'achnieiit, and tlic death ot' king Jaineii dilVovered the inlineerity
(<f tlio Frcni-h comt, which ininiediutely pruclainied liiii ton king ot' (ireut
hriiuin.
I his pirrfidy rendered William again jiopulnr in Knginnd. The twohoufe* nnlTed
the bill of abjnriition, nnd an addrefb tor u war with t'rance. 'I'he lall and moll
glorious a^t ot' Williain'ii reign wai his palling the bill for fettling the fueeelVion
to ihe crown in tlu- honle of Hanover, on the nth of Juno, 1701. His death wa*
halliT.ed by a fall he had from liiii horfe, foon after he had renewed the grand
alliance again!) France, on the 8th of March, 170*, the jid year of his age,
nnd the I4ih of his n-'i^n in Kngland. This prince was not made by nature tor
popiilnrity. His nianmrs were cold and forbidding; he feemed alfo fometimeji
ainioll lo lofe light of tliofe principles of liberty, for the fnpport of which he had
been raifed to the ihrorif; and though he owed his royalty to the whigs, jet he
(•ften favoured the toiies. 'Ihe former had tiie morlilication of feeing thole wiio
had af ted nuiU holUlely to the free principles of the conllilution, as the niartpiis of
IliililaN, the (.art <if Danby, and lord N'ottini;hani, taken into favour, and refunie
their places in the cabinet ; and tlie whole intiuence of gDVi rnnrent extended to
lilence all cnquirlis into the guilt of thofe wlio had been the chief inltruinenis in
the cruel pcrfecntions of llie pall rei>;n. The reccnery of religion and public
liiierty were glorious to Uilliani i but I'jigland mider hnn fuft'ered feverely both
by fea and land, and tlie public debt, at the time of his deatii, amounted
to 14,000,000.
Anne, princefs of Deinnark, by virtue of the acl of f>.ttlen\ent, and being the
next nrotellant heir to her fallier James II. fuceeded to the throne. As Ihe had
been ill treated by llie late king, it was tliought the would have deviated trom Iiis
nuat'iires; but the beliaviour of the Kieiuh in acknowledging the title of her bro-
ther, who lias lince bi-in well known bv llie name of tlie Pretender, left her 110
choice, and 111-.- riTnlved to I'ultil all VXilliam's enga^enn nts with his allies, and to
em|)loy the earl of Marlborough, who had been iin))rifoiied in the late reign on a
fufpieiun of Jacobitifm, and whofe wife was her tavourite, as her general. Mie
could not have made a better choice of a general and a llatefman, for that carl cx-
celliil in butli eapacities. No fooner was he placed at the head of the linglilh
army abroad, tlian his genius and activity gave a new turn to the war, and he be-
taiiie as much the lavourite of the Dutch as his wife was of the queen,
Charles II. ot .Spain, in confei|uence of the intrigues of France, and at the fame
time refenting the jjartitiiiii treaty, to which his confent had not been alked, left
his whole (liiiiiinions by will to J'hilip, duke of Anjou, graiuUoii of Louis Xl\^
and IMiilip was immediately proclaimed king of Spain, whicli laid the t'oundation
of the family-alliance between France and lluit nation. Philip's fuccellion was
difputed by the fecond foil of the emperor of Germany, whrt took upon himfelf
the title of C'liarles ill. and his taufe was favoured by the Empire, England, Hol-
land, and other powers, wl.o Joined in a confederacy againll the houfe of
JBourbon.
'Ihe capital meafure of continuing the war ngainll France being fixed, the queen
found no gnat difficulty in forming her niiniltry, who were tor the moll part
torics; and the earl of (iotlolpliin, wlio (though afterwards a leading wliig) was
thou|jht all hiS life to have u pr;.dikctiuu for the lale king James and liis queen,
N
N D.
J3I
jro-
•r no
iiul ID
on a
Slii:
cx-
glilh
be-
fame
left
XIV.
lation
II was
imfclt
Hol-
fc of
queen
jiart
|) was
was
wai placed at the hcnd of the trcafuty. Hit Ton had married the earl of Marl<
horuugh'a cldcfl daughter, and the carl could trud no other with that important
depart mcnt.
In the cuurfc uf the war fevcral glorioui viftorlei were obtained by the earl, who
wai foon made diil(c of Marlburouuh. Thofv' of Ulenlieim nnd Kuiiiiilici gave th«
fird efTeduul checks to the French Power. Uv iliat of HIenheim in 1704, the em-
pire of (jermany wun faved from iniineiiiato tiertrudion. Though prince Kugrne
was that day joined in command will) the duke, yet the glory oflhe day waa con-
lelVedly owing (o tlic latter. The frencli general Tailard wai taken pnfoner, and
fiiit to Knglandi and 20,000 French and liavarianit were killed, wounded, or
drowned in the Danube, helides about 1 ;),ooo who were taken, and a proportion-
able numi>cr of cninum, artillery, and trophies of war. About the fume time, the
I'.nulilh admiral, lir (Jeorj^e Kook, reduced Gibraltar, which ftill remains in our
polYellion. The l)atlle ut Kumilli > in ijo6, was fought and gained under the
duke of Marlborough alone. The lofst ot the enemy tnere has been variuully re-
ported i it iit generally fuppofed to liave been 8000 killed or wounded, and 6000
taken prifoners; but the confequences (hewed its importance.
Afti r tile battle of Ramillies, the ftates of FlaiuUrs alfembled at Ghent, and
recognized Charles for their fovercign, wliile the confederates took poITelliim of
I.ouvain, BrulTels, Mechlin, (Jhent, Oudenarde, Bruges, and Antwerp; and fevera!
other conllderable places in Flanders and Brabant acknowledged tlie title of king
Charles. The next great battle gained over the French was at Oudenarde, 1708,
where they \u(i 3000 on the field, and about 7000 were taken prifoners; and the
year after, St4)teniber i 1, 1709, the allies forced the French lines at Malplaouet,
near Mons, after a very bloouy a6lion, in which the French loft 1 5,000 men. '1 nefe
Mattering fuccelVes of the Knglilh were balanced by great misfortunes.
The tjueen had fent a very hue army to allift Charles 111. in Spain, under the
command of lord Galway; but in 1707, utter he had been joined by the Portu-
guefe, the Knglith were defeated in the plains o( Almanza, chiefly through the
cowardice of their allies. Prince George ot Denmark, hutband to the queen, was
then lord high admiral : and though fome advantages were gained at fea, yet great
complaints were made againft the general management of the naval department;
and Kngland felt feverely the fcarcity of hands in carrying on her trade and
manufactures.
As Lewis XIV. profefl'ed a rcadincfs for peace, the whigs at laft confented to a
negociation, and conferences were held at Gertruydenburg, 1710. llicy were
managed, on the part of Kngland, by the duke of Marlborough and the lord
'I'ownlhend, and by the marquis de Torcy tor the French. The Trench king waa
j;raduallv brought to comply witli all the demands of the allies, except that of em-
ploying ins own troops agamil the duke of Anjou, in Spain, where the fortune of
war continued Hill duubttul. But all his ofl'ers were rejecled by ti.c duke and his
alinciate, as only deligncd to amufo nnd divide the allies, and the war wns con-
liniud.
The unreafj)nable liaughtinefs of the Fnglilh plenipotentiaries at Gertruydcn-
burq, (as fome term it) and the then expetted change of the miniftry in England,
f;i\ed France, and atVairs from that day took a turn in i's favour. Means were
foinul io convince the queen, who was t'aithfully attached to the church of Eng-
l.i!ul, that the war in the end, if continued, muft prove ruinous to her and her peo-
ple, and that the whios were no friends to the national religion. The general cry
i't the deluded people was, " that the church was in danger," which, though
l^roundlefs, had great effciits. One Sachevercl, an ignorant, worthlefs preacher,
li.iil cfpoulVd this clamour in one of his fermons, witli the flavilh doctrines of paf-
/ive obedience and non-rclilhmce. It was agreed by both (>arties to try their
lirength in this man's caufe. He was impeached by the commons, and found
L' 41 z giiihy
S5«
!•:
N
(;
I.
N
D.
guilty by tho I »riU, who vonfuri-d to pnl't upon him only a vcr) fmnll cenfiiro
AtUT thii iriil flu* <|ik\n'<i afleciiotvi were einirrly iilifnati-d from the dudteft of
Murll)ciriiii|ili and llu ulii){ ndmiiiillrBtimi. Ihr frii'M.li loll tlicir |)hiii'i, which
wi'ro I'lipplii (I liy torlii. and even tin; < oininai\d of the nriny wan tiikrn from the
diiko of MaiUinKiiigii in 1711, iiii*l gi\en to tli<- diikeot ()r;non«l, who prod\i.f<l or.
di'M for a ifdation "'I'arin* ; but ihoy wore ditrrjfnrdcd In- the ciiiieii!* nllie» in th«j
Urililh pny. Arnl, indeed, the removal of the diiko of Mnrlboroiigh from th«
rommaiul of till' army, while thi* war continued, was an i6t of the greiull impni-
iK iue, and i \utrd the allonilliiiUMit ot nil I'.urope. .So niniuiini, had hei-n hi%
lucceHes, luxl lo ;»icat his ri'p\il;ition, that hit very nanie v^at alinolt oipii\alcnt to
i'.n army. Hut tlu-h')notir and intirell of the nation wnilaenltLi'd t.> court intrigues,
iiinnntjed by Mrs. Malhoni, a relation of the »ftither» ot Miirlboroiigh, who hud
fupplantcd her benefatlrefs, niul by Mr. Hariey.
I'onferinte* wviv opened tor p> ne at Utrei ht, in lanviary 1712, to whick the
iiuii II and the Kiench kin^ fent plenipotentiaries; and the allies being defeated
lit Denaiii, they j»rew fonlible ihnt they were no nuiteh lor the Krench, now that
they were abandoni-d by the Knijlilh. In Ihort, the term* were agreed upon l>c.
twoen France and Kn^land, 'I lie reader ncd not be informul ot the p.irfieulur
cellions nia»!e by the Kreaeh, efpeiially that ot |)ui\kirk : but, .itter nil, the peace
would havo bmi (lilt more indefcniible and Ihameful than it was, had it not bn n
for file death of the einii^Tor Ji'te])!!, by wIki h his brother Charles ill. for whom
the war was ehielly unil rtaken, beiame emperor of Gerntunyi ni\d thcdilutorinef*.
If not h.id faith of tlic allies, in not fultillin^ their eimram'nuiits, and throwing upon
the Hrliilb parliament almotl tlie wh"K' weight of tlie war.
The whig'? cnndemneil the iie.ice as injurious to tlie honour and intcreft of the
nation. 'I he ma'iority of the lioule of lords was of that party, but the honfv of
commons fa\ourcd tlie court. The (jueen was afraid that the peem would rcjctt
the peace, and by an unprecedented exercife of her nreroj;ativ<', Ihe created twelve
peers at one time, wliich feeured the ap,irobation ot her tncafures. Such w.is thv;
thite of affairs :it this ciilicnl peund; fVnuj ti.e complexion of whidi, it ha* been
loniechncd, tliat the (lueeii had, by lome (eeret iniluencc, which was even cuti-
tealcd from foinc of lur minillers, inclined to call her brother to the fucceilion.
The rell of the «|ueen's life was rendered uneafy by the jarriiij; of parties, and the
contentions among her minillers. 'I he whigs demanded a writ tor the electoral
firiiue of Hanover, as duke of Cambridge, to come to I'.npland, and Ihe w;h nh-
igcd h; llily to difmifs her lord-treafurer ; when the fell into a Ictharf^ic diforder,
•wnich carried her off the firll of Auguft, 1714, in the fiftieth year of her aj^e, atid
(he thirteenth ot her reign •. I have nothing to add to what I have already faiil of
her charaf^cr, but that though Ihe was a favourite with neither party in her parlia-
ment till towards the end of her reign, when the tories affefted to idolize ht-r, yet
her people dii!;iiilied her with the name of the good cpiecn Anne. The public
credit was little or nothing afletted by her death, though the national debt then
• With hfr rnJcd thf line ot thr Stuirh, who,
fiom tht accellioii o( J.inics I. anno 1603, had
fwaycd ihc IVcptrc ol iMif^l.tnd 1 11 )i-nrs, and tliat
of Scotl.iiiJ 343 \iMi, liDiii tiir ai'icllinii iif Ko-
hirt II. .TiUH) n7i. Janii., 'lie lati- iircUiulcr,
known!))' thr niiiir nl tlir C'H^ v ai irp di^Smni
CiiuKiK, fuM lit I'liiKl II. und lirothcr to ()iiri'ii
Annr, u| on his brhrr't di-ccalt, anni) 1701, ujs
proclaimed kinj; of liii(;''iiil, liy Lrwi% \l\ . at
St. Germains, and for iotnc tinn trrated as fuch
by the i'o\irts of Ronir, Framr, Spain, and 'I'urin.
lie relJdtU ut Kuoie, Mhcre hv kcj)t up the appciU'-
inre of a roiirt, and rnntintird firm in the Rnmiflt
l.iilh till hii death, whit h happrnrd in 1 ;6{. ||r
litt two foiii, v'li. Chaili", I'.diviird, kniiwnby iht
iiunic of the VovNi. C'liivalirr, born in 17:0,
wlu) was ddr.itrd at t'llllodrn in ty^6, and iipDii
hi% (.ithrrN death rcpairrd t<^ Konir, where lie co:i-
tiniicd fevcial yrar'., and atlrrwardj ri lidtd at I In-
rtiui-, uiiiliT tlic litlf of lonnt .Alli.tiiy, but .lirj
lately. Ilrnry, hii (1 ind f'oi, « ho triiovi a ilij;-
niticd place in the thnnh of Rome, and i> known
by the iiaaic ot cvdiaal York.
amounted
I.
N
N n.
m
Miiotintcit toubout Mty millionit f>i firm wu the cirpctidv-iice uf itic people u[KAt
the Iccurily of iiurliniiintt.
In tirink o(' the nt\ oi' retlleinciil Above menlionrd, (n'prgc I. cIcOor of llanovfr,
fori of ihr |)rini't'f» Sooliia, gmnd-clauihtrr uf Junu* 1. «viu {troclnimrti kinv of
(lu-at hrituiii i liii iixillior, who wouluhave Imc-o ik'HI in fiioollion, haviii^ <lu'd
1)111 11 few (l.iy<» Inftire. lie taiiu- ovi-r to |>.n)(lnnd with ilroiiu |>re|Hi(K'lliiin«
agtiinll the lor)-niniilhy, moll of whom h^ (lifptat i><| ; hut lhi« dio not niak<- nny
gnat alterntion to hii preiiidiko hi EnKluiid. Many of the ScoIh, hy the inlluemu
of the carl of Mar, aixl otnercoiii'i, were driven into rchelhuii in 17151 whiih wai
happily I'lipprelKd (lie l)e>;iniiin,i[ of the next year.
After all, the n:itiiin \%ai in fiicli a difpolition that the niinitlry durrt not venture
to call a new parhunienl, and the nienilu rs of that whidi wa» iittin^ voted u CMt-
tiniuiice (»f their duration I'loni three to fe\en years, which i* thought to hav • l)ec«»
the greitell (Iretch of parliaineiitary power ever kii«»wn. SeVi^rnl other extraordi.
nary nieafure* took place about the fame time. Mr. Shippi n, an exi client fpe.iker,
ami member of parl..iincnt, was fent to the Tower for layn\i; that the kiiij;\ fpeet li
Wiu calculated tor the meridian <>f ilanosir ratlur than ol l.otidoti , tiid •im- Mat*
tliesvH, a young journi) man piinter, was handed fur mmpdinjr .1 (illy pamplilri,
that in later timeti would not have been thought worthy of utiimadverlinn. 'Iha
truth i'', the whi>; miiiillry were excellivvly jiaious <>f eviry thing that feenud to
iillect their maller\ title ; and (Jeorge t. though a )";i^;.ici(ui», nidderii'" pniue, uii«
ilDubti'dK teiideri'd I'.u/'land too riibf.rvirMt to hii mntiiieiital toiiiucti'in.^, whiifi
\\ere vannus niul complicated, lie had a difputc with t\w c/ar of Mufcovy about
their (ierman concerns, und hud not C'hurlen \ll. king of Sweden been killed fk>
ititieally a^ he wan, (Jreat Ihitaiii probably would huve been invaded liv that
iiorliieni eoiu|uernr, Kr^'*'* prepiiratiou.s being nuule lor tliat purpofe, he beiu)' ii\.
ioiifed at (leorge », elector ol Hanover, lor puiclu:l;ig H'euieii und N'crdeu ut ihu
Danes, which had been a part of his dominiun^.
In 1718, (ieor^e tpiarrelled with. Spain on account of thetiiiadruple alliance that
liiul been formed by (iuat Britain, rrance, tJcrmaii), and the Stales-general ; ;u\d
his admiral, lir (icorge Hjni", by hi* or<li rs, dellrived the Spaiulh Heel lu.ir Sjr.i-
I life. A triHing war witli Spain then conimi need, but it w.is fooii eiule»l by thi?
.Spaniards delivering up Sardinia and Sicily ; the furiuer to the duke of Savoy, and
(he latter to the emperor.
A luitional punilhment, difTi rent from plague, peflilenco, and famine, < verlook
l'ii);laiid in the yiar 1720, by the fudden tile ot the South lea flock, mie of the
Hailing I (impanies ; but of this we have already given an account under the article
.^iiL rtt Sh A CoMI'AN V.
I lie Jacobites thought to avail thenifelvesof the niitioi\al dilVonlent at the South*
,'•1 a Iclieine and Ivigliiutrs connexions with ihecontimnt, which every d.iy inereaf
> (1. One Layer, a law\er, was tried and executed for high tveafon. Several per-
Iciis of j;r< at ([iiality at.d dilUiutlon were apprelionded tm Uilpiiion, but the rtoriu
fell ihietly on Francis ,\iMbiM), lord bilhopof KoclulUr, who wa> deprived of hi*
fee and feat in parliament, and banilhid for lite. So llutluating was the Hate of
I'.ur.ipi iit this time, that in Septi-inber, I7i^, a frelh tieaty was conchideil at
llaiiiivcr Ixtween the kings of (Jreat Ibitain, I'rance, and I'rullia, toco.mterbalaiico
an iilli.uii.e that had been formed In tween the courts ef Vienna and Madrid. A
li|uadron was fent to the Haltie, to hii\(l' v the Uull.atis tVom attacking Svve>len, an«
oiher to the Mediti'rraii'an, and a third, .iiiiler admiral Holier, to the Well Indies,
to u;iiih the Spaiiilh plale-lleet. 'Miis lall was a fatal ;r< well as an inploriou* ex*
|ieilitii 11. I he admiral and moll Ol bis men perilhed by epidemical dil'eales, and
ilic hulks of hiii liiips rotted fo as to render tlicm unlit for fetvicc. I'lic luanage-
nicnt
3.14
M G I.
N
m^nl nf ihc Spaniard* wns lllll** better, The)r lort nmr 10,000 mfn in the (Itf* of
Gibraltar, wliuti thry wrre uliliKrd to rniftf.
A ouarrri niiK ihr cinin'ror wa* (hi* mort (|anKrr»ii« in Huriovrr of any ihur
coulii na|)|)«ii t ami tbouKli an oppoiiuitn in ihr houlV <>i tomrnon* v»»% lornird by
fir William Wymlham and Mr Pullrnry, lh« |»arllanu'nl rtew more lavilh in
■ranting m»nrv and (■ncirmoiK fublidiri for the protr^tion »l' that rlcf loralc, lo lhi<
kingi III Driniurk and Swrdrn, and tho liindf^rnM' of IMIo Callrl Sn* h wui thf
Date of alFaira ni K.uropc, whrn (irorgc I liiddcniy died on ihi* 1 1 ill of June 1717,
Ml Ofnnburgh, in ihc iihiyrijrhlh year olbu ugr, and ihf 1 iih of hi«ri'iffn, I be
reisn ot'Grurgc I. it rrmurkanic tor tin iturrdmlk' ntimlur of biibbk-* and ibrnlinK
project I and for ibr gri*al i'lnirrn wbi« b ibi- I'.nglilli l<Mik ni llu* ulliiir^ ot tho
continrnt. The infliiulion of ibo linking fund, for diniinilbing llu* national d>-l)i,
i<i likcwiff owing lo tbi* pcriotl. 'I"hc viilno «»f ihf norilu'rn part* of ibr kingdom
began now lo b*- bellrr undcrdood th«n formerly, an<l ibi* lliiie of manufntiiim
begun lo Ihift. 'rbi« wnt tlnoHv owing to the une(|unl dillribulion of ibe land-
lax, wbi^h rendered it dith^uit tor the po<ir lo fidtlilt in certain eountiei, wliith
bad been forward in giving in the true value of iheir elhile* wlten thai tax took,
plaee.
Sir Robert W'nipole wa« conlidered n« t'lrft minirter of Kngland when (Jeorge I
died, and fonie dineriMUt'i baling happened btiwei-nhim and the prince of \Vulc«,
it \NUN gcnirullv tliougbl, upon the accellion ot the latter to ihe crown, that lir Ko-
beri Avould be ilifpliued. I'hiil might liave been ihe > afe, could another peMnii
have been found hjimII) lapubleol managing the houfe of ininnioiii, and eijuailv
willing lo gt.itily lint predilection for llaiiovcr which (leorge II. inheritc-d I'loiii hi'i
father. No minider ever undcrllood better the temper of tlie people of Kngland,
und none, perha()i, ever tried it more, lie tille<l all place* oi power, trull, and
jirofit, and almi>l( the houfe of commotiH iilVlf, with bin own cieatureH; hut peaie
wnt his darling olijirl, bt^caufe he thought that war mult be fatal to bit power.
During hi'i long admiiultration he never loll a (piellion that be wa'< in earnelt |a
tarry. The vxcife I'lheme was thi- liilt meafiire that gave a lliock t<» his power^
nnd even tlial Ik- could have carried, had hi- not been nliaiil of the f|iiiil o| i^r
p opie without doiiiH, whiili might have either pnidiu id an inlurrection, or endan-
gered hi-. ii\t»ri(t at the next giniial ileHion.
Ilis pacilit lylleni brought him into iiu onveniencos both nt borne and uhrond.
It rncourag< d the Spaniards to continue their depredaiions upon the Hritidi Oiiu-
I ling in the .Xmeri' an (ea-., and the French to treat the l''.n;{hdi couri with inlo-
eUK and negletl. .\t home, nuiiiy of the great pi e's thought themfelves llight-
ed, and tluy interelled tluinrives more than evi r tin v had <lone in eledioni.
I his, together with tiie dilgull of the peopir at the propoted excile fchenie, and
palhng tlie (Hii .1^1, in the year I 7.]6, nu reafed the minority in the houfe of com-
mons to I ;o, fome of whom wi re iis able men and as gmid fpeakers as ever had fat
in parliament ; and takiiii; adsaiitiigi- ot the increalini; « 'iii\|(l,iints agaiud ilie ,S|);i.
iiiaidi, tluy atl.'K kfd tlie iu'iMilKT with grr.it llreii'.;ili ot artjiiineiit, ami wiili i;rc,it
cjotpnnie. In jullice to WalpoK-, it Ihoiild be olil'ervid, that he lilled the courts
of judice with able nnd uprlelit judms, nor was he ever known to attempt jiny pir-
veilioii of the known law % of the kiiimlnm. He was lo far tVoin ihei kin^ the tr«v
<loin ot (Ichatc, that In- I oic w itli itpianiniity the moll A urrilous ahiife iliat was
thrown out to hi', lace. I |e ^;l^e w av to one or two profiv utions lur libels, in corn-
])liaiuf lo III. hiiuds, who thoii;;lit theml'elves atVected by tbe.n ; but it is cirtain,
that the prefs of I'.nglaiul ne\( r was more open or free than tluring his admitiillra-
tion. And as to liis pacific fJh m, it imdoulitediv more than n paid to the nation
;ill that was reipiiiid to liijiporl it, l>) tlie incicjil'e ui her trade and the imprnvc-
iiu'iit of her manulacturck.
W iih
,uu..,„. ^""-' «»l. the court C.I J<p„i„, Hi, J. , ';;;;"M»r.M.if. u„u,,
♦*nlpoli''i, „H. „.,,,. 1. '^'"^V «>' Uulf«. 11,,. I,,,,,., ""\"" I'.iJl,,.,, I
•" "''^ h l..r.l Cant;.?'', ■ "^'« !'^'^' '" » -'"tincn.a tu ;;"''••'"' ^''"'■^•^- '-
'"» «^-"^ral. tlu- ,,,r .• s^ "' ^^""'K' June .6 iVl\ '" '"/"I ''f his nrinv.
1 "Kland , a,ul a da. . ''r'T''''"''^- '' »'i^ P"rfia lu .^c ' , '^'" '" '"■'^•^•'•'' '">"»
"". .-ind uih.r iMini '"V""""''- '""I il'ancdiol- II , U i ''''V""'''^""''-^' ''> the
'■-' 'i-uid ^S' :":,)::''"/^"«-j. - ^^t^:,:' r^;::^^- «'- iurd i,a,4,^
3.»^
i;
N
N D.
uiiii coiifiiK red as firft miniftcr ; or rather the power of the premicrfliip was divided
bctui'iMi liiin and his brother the duke of Ncwcaftle.
f»ri.:it Britain was then encaged in a very cxpcniivc war both againft the French
nnd Spaniards, and hor ciU'iines fought to avail themfelves of the general d fcon-
icnt that prevailed in England on account of the king's prediie£lion for Hanover.
This naturally fuggeftcd to them the idea of applying to the Pretender, who refidcd
at Rome ; aiid he agreed that his fon Charles, who was a fprightly young man,
Ihould repair to France, from whence he fet fail, and narrowly ekaped, with a few
t'njlowers, in a frigate, to the welleni coalls of Scotland, between the iflandsof Mull
iuul Sky, where he difovend himfelf, alVenibled his followers, and publillieda ma-
iiiKllo exciting the nation to rebellion. It is necelTary, before wc relate the true
( anfe of this entcrjirize, to make a fhort retrofpetl to foreign parts.
The war of 1741 proved unfortiniate in the Weft Indies, through the fatal divi
lions betveen admiral Vernon and general Wentworth, who cinnmanded the land
troops ; and it was thought tliat above 20,000 Britilh foldiers and feamen perilhed
in the impracticable attempt on Carlhajjena. and the inclemency of the air and cli-
mate dnrmg other idle exjjeditions. Tne year 1742, had been fpent in negocia-
tions will) tne courts of IVterfburgh and Berlin, which, though expenlive, proved
of little or no fervice to Great Britain; fo that the viftory of IXttingen left tlie
French troops in much the fame fuuation as before. A dinerence between the ad-
mirals Matthews and Leilock had fuffered the Spanilli and French fleets to efcape
out of Toulon with but little lofs ; and foon after, the French, who had before
acted only as allies to the Spaniards, declared war againft Great Britain, who, in
her turn, declared war againft the French. The Dutch, the natural allies of Fng-
land, during this war, carried on a nioft lucrative trade ; nor could they be brought
to act againft the French, till tlie people entered into aflociations and infurrettions
jigainrt the government. Their marine was in a miferable condition, and when
they at laft lent a body of troops to join the Britifli and Auftrian armies, which
had been wretchedly commanded for one or two campaigns, they did it with fo
bad a grace, that it was plain they intended nottoatf in earneft. When the duke
of Cuniberland took upon himfelt the command of the army, the French, to the
great reproach of the allies, were almoft mafters of the barrier in the Netherlands,
and were bejieging Tournay. The duke attempted to raife the liege, but hv the
coldnefs of the Auftrians, and the cowardice ot the Dutch, whofe government all
along held a fccret correfpondenec with France, he loft the battle of Foineno\,
and 7000 of his beft men ; though it is generally allowed that his difpolitions weir
excellent, and both he and his troops behaved with unexampled intrepidity. To
counterbalance fuch a train of misfortunes, admiral Anion returned this year to
iMigland, with an immenf- treafure jabont a million fterling) whicli he had taken
from the Spaniards in his vcn age round the world ; and commodore \\ arnn, with
colonel Pepperel, took from the French the important town and fortrcfs of Luuif-
bourg, in the illand of Cape Breton.
Such was the ftate of atfairs abroad in Auguft 1745, when the Pretender's ih\c([
fon, at the head of fome Highland followers, furprifed and difarmed a party ot the
king's troops in the weftern Highlands, and advanced with great rapidity to IVrth.
The government never fo thoroughly experienced, as it did at that time, the beiulit
of the public debt for the fup[)ort of the Revolution. The French and the Jacobite
party, (for fuch there was at that time in England) had laid a fcheme tor diftrciiing
the Bank ; but common danger abolilhed all diftinttions, and united the nation in
th(-' defence of one interell, which was private property. 'Ilie mercliants und'-r-
took, in their addrefs to the king, to fupport it, by receiving bank-notes in pavniciit.
This feafonable meal'ure f.ived the public credit ; but tlie defeat of the rebels by th'
duke of Cumberland ar Culloden, m the year 1746, did not reftore trar.<inillity to
6 EuroiK'.
N
c;
[. A
N
D.
w
led
nch
:on-
ivcr.
idcd
-nan,
MuH
I ina-
truc
I i\ivi
i; laud
riihcd
nd cli-
■goiia-
provL-rt
ctt tlic
the ad;
cfcapc
boforc
who, in
of Eng-
brought
rrcttioni
id vshcn
s, which
t with fo
[the diiko
_ to the
[hcrlands,
it by the
liiiunit all
oiUcmi} ,
ions \vin\'
\ity. 'l'»
Is year to
;id taken
:in, witli
lot" Louif-
iriy of the
to IVrth.
K- beiutit
Jatobltc
IdirtrclVmg
nation in
nts u'.ul'r-
pavnicnt.
iclshyth-
t^niUity to
Vumpr. 'Ihoiiuli the prince of Oran^i-, fi.n-iii-lau' to Ciorgc II. was, l)y tho
<n.clii of Ilia luaiellv. niul llie fpi.il of llie iiouiiii! of the United P;<nl;ires, laif-d
.10
fpiril of llie iiouiiie of the United P;<nl;iees, laifed
10 l)c llieir iLidih Ider, tlio Duuh could iiewr be brouglit lo not beaitily i;i the
w.ir. 'Ihc allie., were di'teated at \ til, r.ear Aincfliiel I, ai.ii t!'^' iUiU': of C'unilvr-
land was in danger of being made pril'oiur. IJer.i^en-cp-zooni was taken in a nian-
ni!;- that has never yet been ex|)la,ned. Ihe allies fulleied otiur difi;rai.crt on the
eontin.nt ; and it now became ihe ger.eral opir.ion in I'j'.tland, lli;it i ca e was no-
coffary to fave ihe duke and lu^ aiuiy fKMii loial deflrutfion, \\y tlrs tinie, h.jw-
ever, the rreneh marii.e and comnieice were in dan^M r of being annihiii'.ted I y ll'.e
!>",n;Tl;ih ileet, under the eomnuuid of the ad.nirals Anfmi, Warren, Uavvke, and
ntiier gallant olRcers : but llie b.nglilli arms were not f) fuccefsfnl as could b.ave
been wilhed, under rear-admiral IJufeawen in the Kail Indies. In this llateorart'air,<,
l!i • fuceelTes of ihe Kreneh and l.'.nglilli, dming ihe war, may be faid to have been
balanced, and both mlnidries turned their tlioughls to peace, 'Ihe ciueflion is not
yet deeided which party liad grcatell reafon to delire it ; the Frencli iunl .Spani.nds
for the imnicnre loli'es they had fuliained by f>. a, or ihe allies for tlie difgraees they
hud fuifered by land.
Ihe preliminaries tor peace Wire figned In .April 1748, and a definitive treaty
v.-ris coiuinded at Aix-la-L'liapelle in Oclober, the balls of which was, the reftitn-
tion on both fides of all places taken during the war. 'I ho number of prizes laken
by the Englilli in this war, from its commer.cenicnt to the (i^'dng the prelimina-
ries, was 34,^; namely, 1249 from ihe Spaniards, and 2185110111 tlie French : ihey
loll during the fume time, 3238; 1360 being taken by the Spaniards, and 1870
by the French. Several of ilie lliips taken iVom the Spaniards were inimcnfely
rich ; f; that the balance, upon the whole, amounted to nlinoft tsvo millions in fa-
vour of England. Such is the jjrofs calculation on botlj fides ; but the confequcn-
ces plainly proved that the lolles of the French an.d Spaniards niiifl have been
much greater. Ihe vad fortunis made by private perfons in England all of a fud-
den, lutlicienlly (hewed that immenfe funis had not been bnniglit to the public
ai. count ; but the j,realeft proof was, the next year the inleiell of ilic nalio:'.;.!
debt was reduceil ironi four to three and a halt per cent, for feven years. a;':er
which the whole was to lland reduced to lliree per cei-.t.
'Ihis was the boldeft flroke of tinaneiiu; iv^r aiienipti.d perhaps in any count.v,
cnnllflenlly with public faith ; fur the erediluis of tlie governnieut', after an iivf-
f(.'6Uial oppofition, continued their money in llio fur.ds, and a few wlio fold out
even iiiadi- interefl to have il replaced on the fame fLCUvily, or were paid oli'ilu-ir
principal funis out of the linking fund. This wr.s an .era of imt'roveiiients ; Mr.
Eellitun's ea:i(l>iir tind rectitude of adniinKlratioii leaving hini lew or no enemies
in parliament, he omitted no opportunity of carrying into e> eculion every fchene
for li.e improveinent of lommeree, manuiaclure;, a;;d the tiiheries ; Uie bimhis
of which weie felt dtuiiii; the fiuc ceding war, ;ind are to this day. l".ver\ intel-
ligent i)erfiiii, lu w'.ver, conlidered the p.-.iee of Ai.\-l;'('biapeile ;> no better than
a uiere ceifaaon of lioUili.i>"-;. 'Ihe Fieiuli empKvid tlKinfeIve> In recruiting and
repaiiing tlieir marine, and had formed the delign of fei.'.ing the Ihitilii back f;.t-
llei-.ients in America, and for cutting off all eonimunication betv^een the Lngliih
iuid the n.i!l\i' Indians; in which lafe oiu" colnaies m':il have been iiducid lo a
narrow Hip on ibe eoafis, without the means of giUliii; fuhlllur.ee but from the
n:otIier country.
In tin; mean while, a new treaty ot commerce was ligiied at Ahuh'd, between
(Jreat liritaln r.iul Sp;'ia, by wliii.h, in conlld.ia'ioii of ico.osol. the South-Sea
minpany gave up :dl th.eir f ituie claimslollu all'entoconirafl, by virtue (f wl,:'.!i,
that company had fupp'.icd the Spanhh W'efllidies w'.ili negroes. In Marili,
1/50, died uuivLil.illy laav.ited, hi>; ro}aI hii'.hnefs Frederick prince of W ak >
X ^ Tn
3:.s
E
N
G
L
N D.
Ill M.-y. 1751, an aS\ pafTcd tor regulating the commencement of the year, by
\\liicli tlic olil li\ Ic was aboliilii'cl, ami the mw one crtablilhcd. This was done
by linking eleven days in September ly-ii, and from that time beginning the year
on the firll ot' January. In 175; the famous act palled for preventing clandefiinc
nuirrii\;»es ; but wlutlur it is tor the benefit of the fiibjetl, is a point that is ftill
very quellinnable. 'i he j)e(i|)le of Kufjland about this time fuflnmed an immcnfe
Idf; In- the death of Mr. relhani, who was one of the moll honeft, wife, and able
niii'ilK'rs I'ji^land had ever feen.
'1 \'x barelaced eneroaehments of the French, who had built forts on our back
fettleiiients in Anieiica, and the dilpolitions they made for fending over vaft bodies
'if veteran troops to fiipi)ort ihofe encroachments, produced a wonderful fpirit iir
l"nglni.d, efpeeially iU'ter admiral Hol'eawcn was ordered with eleven fliips of the
line to fail to the Banks of Newfoundland, where he took two French men of war^
I'le rell of their lieet cfcaping up the river St. Lawrence, by the ftraights of liell(^
iile. No fooner was it known that hoflilities; were l)egun, than the people of
rM''.c''imd poured their money into the government's loan, and orders were ilfued
tir miikii/;; general repiifals in Europe as well as in America; and that all the
French tliii.s, whether outward or homeward bound, Ihould be flopped and
br(iuj,ht into Ijiitilh ports. 'I hefe orders were fi> efl'etUuil, that before the end of
the \ear i/i;^, above j^oo of the rieliell French merchant Ihips, and above 8,ooci
t/f tfn'ir bell Vailors, were brought info tl\e kingdom. This vigorous nieafurc was
follov .d in kirther fneeefs, lor about two years after, near 30,000 French fea;nen
V ere f.iunci to bj prifoners in h'-ngland.
In .hily, 1755, general Hiaddock, who had been fent from England to attack
the Fivn'tli, a.nl reduce the torts on the Ohio, was defeated and killed, by falling
into ail amhufeade of the French and Indians near Fort du Quefne -, hut niajor-
gi lu ral Johnfon defeated a body of French near Crown Point, of whom he killed
al)out 1 000.
'1 he Fnglilh navy, in 1755, confuled of one fliip of 1 10 guns, five of 100 guns
each, thirteen of 90, ei|:lit of 80, live of 74, tweuty-nine of 70, four of 66, one of
64. ihirtv-tliree of 00, three of 54, twenty-eigl.t of 50, four of 44, thirty-five of
4?, and forty-two of 20 ; four Hoops of war of 18 guns each, two of 16, eleven
<;f 14, thirteen of 12, and one of 10 ; belides a great number of bomb-ketehes,
firc-fliii)S, and tenders ; a force fuHicieiit to o]>pofe the maritime ftrcngth of alt the
powers of I-'intipi'. \\ liilli that of the French, even at the end of this year, ami
including the ihi^s then up(-n the Itocks, amounted to no more than ii\ fliips of 80
guns, twent\-one of 74, one of 72, four of 70, thirty-une of 64, two of 60, (i\
cf jo, and thirty-two frigates
In proportion as the fpiriis of the public were clevnfed by thofe invincible ar-
maments, they were funk with an account that the French had landed 11,000 men
in Minorca, to atta( k Fort St. Fhilip there ; that adinirnl Byng, who had been fent
out with a fquadr' . at leafl ccpud to that of the French, had been hafried, if not
defeated, by their admiral Galitiionere, and that at hift Minorca was furrendered by
ger.cral Blakcr.cy. 'I he public outcry was fieh, that the king gave up Byng to
puNic juflice, and he was Ihot to death at I'oitfniouth for not doing all that was
in his power againtl the enetny.
It was about this time ihat Mr. Pitt was placed, .is fecretary of flatc, at the head
cf the achniiiiflration. I le hatl been long known as a Iwld, energetic f[)eaker,
and he foon proved himfelf to be a fpiriieii niinilter. '1 he mifcarriai;es in tiie Me-
jiitirranean had no cculeciuenee Inn the It Is ot Fort St. Philip, which was n.ore
than repaired by the vaft fiiccefs of the Fnglilh privateers, both in Europe and
America. 'Ihe fuccefies of the Knglidi in tl'.e Fall Indies, under colonel Clive,
were extraordinary, lie defeated Suraja Uowia, nabob of Bengal, Bahar and
Orixa,
Oi
vii
de
•Jh
noi
,ii
thai
niei
cxp
was
man
this (
Iiroii
iierai
Ti,
tie K
to;aI (
nriiiy
found
Kiclie
border
Ilaiiov
llie Fn
a Ireafj
Pruliia'
inajefly
a year,
^'otha,
fo I)urd(
iiKinv.
Orixa, and placed Jafficr 'Vllv-n • . ^ D. .
»I>i'* expedition ' r;ii.T"''"';S ^"""'d "'e more , r „iii"? '' i'"'"' '^ '''« '« '-•'•m-
''ro..«I.t back he 4 id ,r ^^ »"' <'*' ^^Tron.r' ' ''V'''":" Z''^" <''0'"«"<"..s for
Kiclu,.|ieu.took X^^ «n„s; a ,,'■;.; '^^'/"■•"or army. t|,at h"
ulted tl.e French carts I v..;) ''"■","«''' ''"^■'- ^I"-" l^i ''li 1 , , i '■"'"^^' '"^t
^ 'l;- '<•>..•«, n,arcl,ed in o ^ie^ "-.'"^ "j^'r "<»-^'^ and Hum . ' 's^'^r'!""^ '^"
'^niilli troops, which u-,.r .♦•!' ' ""'' l""i^'i IVinc c |.' ■ - p'- '^J-'iI'Hvs and
"1 which ahont 7oon • "V ,'":''^'"- ""^' '^f the n,, i I' • '''V'-^V^-'' "" J^'ci/ia- ef-
♦ The ,;(
S4»
K
N
C
L
A
N D.
The r.nglifli alTairs in iVil- Kafl Iiulics tliis year proved oqiially forHinate j and
thi* lord, ot' ilii- admiralty roci'iv.'d letters from thciue, with an «< count that admi-
ral I'oeockc had engaged the I'Veaeh fleet near Fort J^t. David s on the 29th of
Mareh, in which enf^agcment a Kietit h man ot" war, called the liien Aime, ot" 7^
g'.ms, was fo nnuh da iia;;ed that they run heron lliore. 'I he l-'rench had 600 men
killed and wonnded on this occalio'n, and the I'inglilh only 29 killed, andUfi^
wounded. 'I'hat ou the ;,d of Auf^iift follovr int;, he engaged the Krencli ileet a
fecoiid time near-Pondieherry ; wlien, afterahiiik tiring of ten minutes, the French
bore away with all the fail they could make, and got fafe into the road of I'ondi-
clierry; and that, on the 14th of l)ecend)er following, general l.allv, commander
of the French army in thofe parf^, marched to heliegc Madras, which was defend-
ed bv the Iviglilh cdIimuI.s Laurence and Draper; and after a hrilk cannonade,
which lafted till tlie i6t!i v( February following, tlie luiglilh having received a re-
inforcement of 600 men, general l.allv thought profier to rait'e the liege, and re-
tire with precipitation, leaving beliiiul him forty pieces of camion.
The yeati759 was introduced by tlie taking of the iliand of CJorcc, on the coafl
of Africa, by commodore Keppel. 'I'hree capital expeditions had been planned
for this vear in America, which were all fuceefst'ul. One of them was againft the
Froiich illands m the \\ eft indies, where Guadaloupe was reduced. I he fccond
expedition was againlt Quebec, the capital of French Canada. The command
was given, by the ininifter's ad' ice, fo general W olte, a young oflicer of a truly
military genius. WD If'.- was oj.pofed witii far fuperiov l"(iree by Montcalm, the
belt and moft fticcefsi'ul general the I'Vti.di had. 'Ilunigh the lituation of the
country whieh Wolfe was to attack, and the works the French tlirew up to pre-
vent a'defeent of tlif Fnglifli, were deemed i,iipregnable, yet iMontcalm never re-
laxed in (lis vigilance. U'oll'e's courage and j>erfe\erance, however, furmountcd
incredible diliiculli -, ; her;a!ned the heights of .\braham, near Quebec, where In.-
t"ought and d I'ealed the Fiviieh army, but was killed himfelf, as was Moiitealin ;
•;enera! Moiiktim, wlio was next in ronvnand, being wounded, the completion
of the Freneh defeat, and the glory of retlueing (Quebec, was referved for briga-
(liei'-general (now lord vifeountl i'ownlliend.
Cieiieral Amherli, who was tlie firlf Fnglilh general on command in America,
■ onduded the third exi'edition. His orders were to reduce all ('aiiacia, and tu
i)in tlie army under general \\ Dlte on the banks of tlie river St. Lawrence. It is
10 the honour of the minilfer, ih.r.t .Mr. Amherlf, in this exi)edition, was fo well
irrovided with everv thing tliat could make it f'uecefstui, that there fcarcelv
ajipeari. (1 an_\ chance for its iiiirian iage ; and thus tile French empire in North
AjIIi rien becanir fubjeel to CJreat Ihiiain.
'I he jiiVairs of tlie Fieneii being now det'perate, and their credit ruined, tlicy re-
f lived upon an allempt to retrieve all by an iinafion of (ireat Britain: but, on tlie
i8!h of .\ugull', i75i>, admiral BoUawen attncketl the Toulon louadron, coiii-
ir.anded In .\L de la Clue, near the ftraits of Cibraliar, took ],e Centaur, of jj.
I.e 'I'emeraire of 74, and Le .Modellc ot 74 guns; aiul burnt L'Oeean of 80, and
Le Redoutable ot 74 guns. '! he rell of the fleet, confilling of feven ihips of
the line, n!nl tlire-j frigates, math- their efeape in the night ; and on November 20,
fir luiward llawke de!e;ited tlu- Breft fleet, commanded by admiral ConHans, ofi"
the iliand of Duniet, in the Bay of Bifeay. '1 hv Formidable, a l''i\nch man of
\\-A,- i;{ 80 guns, was taken ; the Thefee of 74, ;uul the Snperbe of 70 guns, were
Inu'r. ; and the .S>Ieil Kosal of Hi, iind the J [eros ol 74 guns, were burnt and
;ifterv.-ards tfie Juff/ of 70, periilicd in the mouth of the J^oire. Stiven or ei'dn
Friiuh men of war of ihe line got up the river N'ilaine, by ihrov.dng their guns
over board; and the r^ fi of the fleet, conlilli.-g of five fhips of the line, and
throe frigates, efeaped in the night. 'I he Kngliih lolf on this cccafion, the l'"lfex
(if
*
E N
(;
I.
N
D.
34 «
of 64, and the Rcfoliition of 74 giiiri, which rnn on fliore in the chacc. Afti-r
this i"iij;iij;c.miit, the French gave over all thoughts of their iiitemled invalion ot
(irent Ijrituin.
In February 1760, cnptain 'Ihiirot, a Freneh marine adventurer, who had willi
three (loops of war alarmed ihi toafts (if .Stotland. and actually made a defeent at
Carrickfergiis in Ireland, was, on his return tVoni thenee, met, dekated, and
tvilled by captain Ulliot, tlie conmodore of tliree flii|>s, interior in fnrce to the
I'lenehman s Apiadron. Kvery day's ga '.ette added to the aeeoimts of iln- fuccelfes
of the linglifli, and the utter niiu of tin: rreneh finances, wliicli tl.al ^;overnment
did not blulli publicly to avow. In Ihort, (iieat liritainnow reigned as lole nnllrefi
of the main.
'I he war in Germany, however, continued ftill as undecifive as it was expenflve,
and many in Fngland began to conlider it now as foreign to the internal interiftsof
(ireat Britain. Tlu; French again and again fliewed difpoluioiis for treating, and
the charges of the war, which began now to amount to little lei's than eighteen mil-
lions fterling yearly, inclined tlie Brililh miniftry to liften to their propofals. A
negociation was accordingly entered upon, whicli proved abortive, as did many
other projech for accommodation; but on the 25th of Otloher 1760, GcH)rgc II.
died fudJenly (from a rupture in the ri<^ht ventricle of the heart), fidl of yeais and
glory, in tlic 77111 yiar ot his age, and 34th of his reign, and was fucceeded by his
grandfon, now (ieorge III. elded fon to the late prince of Wales.
'Hie memory of (ieorge 11. is reprelioidiblc on no head but his prediledlion for
his elettoral dominions. I le ne\er could feparate an idea that there was any dill'e-
vence between them and his rei^al dominions ; and he was fiimetiines ill enough
.idvilVd to declare fo much in his f|)eei.hes to parliament. We are, however, to ;e-
liieniber, that his people gratified him in this p;utiality,and that he never acted by
power or prerogalivi-. llf was ju(l, rather than generou.s ; and in matters of ohc-
noiny, either in his fiate or his huufehold, he was willing to connive at abuies, if
they had the far.ction of law and cuihini. lie was not very aeeetlible in converl':i-
tion, ;nid then Ime it i-. no wonder that, having lett Germany, alter he had attained to
•nan's eliate, lir Hill retained tonign notions both of men and things. In govern-
ment he had im favouiile, lor h ■ parted with lir Koliort W alpole with great indit-
tirence, and lliewed vciy little concern at the lulifecpient revolutions among hisfer-
\ants. 'I his (piali. y iiiay be di 1. imd a virtue, as it contributed greatly to the inter-
n.il (piiet of his nil;!!, aiul prevented thr peopio tVom loading the king with the
laiilis of his minilK'is. In his p..'ilui.al dilpolnion he was pallionate, but placable,
fearlel's ol ilanger, fond (4" niililai} parade, and iiiio\cd the memory of the cam-
p.iigns in wliieh he fencJ whenvouuL;.
King G'eorge III. afeenl.d the ilirone with great advantages. His being
a nat;\e of Fngland prejiiilii fd t'., pi.o[ile in-his fa\our: lie was in the bloom of
•.outli, in his pcrfon tall and comely ; at the time of his aceetlioii (jreat Britain was
in the liighell defoce of reputation .uul prof[ivnity, and the moll falutarv unanimity
aiid iiarmouy prevailed anion;; tlu' pi 'pie. 1 hv full aits of his uiga feeined alio
laleulated to eonvinee the public liuit tlic death of liis predeeefTor Ihould not relax
the ojierations ot the war. Accoidi;;g'.-, in'iyoi, tlil' illaiid of Dellcille, on the
coall ot' i'rance, fuireiulered to his majeti'. s lliijis and forces under commodori.-
Keppel and general llodgfon; as did the impof.ant fortrefs of Pondic'lierry. in llic
I. alt Indies, to colonel (^ootc and aihv.iial &te\ens\ Tin? operations agaie.ll ilie
I'reneh \\ e(f Indies Hill con;iauvd und'-r f,eneral Monkton, Icrd Rollo, a:ul lir
.lames Douglas; and in 17^2, the illand of Mai tinieo, hitherto dei'med imp.iigp;!-
ble, with the iilar.ds of Grenada, St. Kueia, Clivnadillas, St. Vincent, and others
it lets note, were fubdued by tlie iMitiili anus with inconceivable rajiidin .
As his maivdy could Kotelpeiife a Koinan catholic, lie was pixeluded iVominter-
marrviu"
34*
E
N G
I,
N
marryiiie into any of tlic j^roat fumilios ot' Eiiropo; lie lliori'fi)rc tl\ofc n wife Aoni
the liDuU" of Mecklenburg Strclit/, the hi-iid of a fmall hut fovon-igii (late hi the
north-welt of Germany ; anil the condutl ofliisexcelleiit eonfort has hitherto been
fuel) as niol) highly to jullify his choice. She was conveyed to LCn|;tand in great
i)on)|i, and the nuptials were celebrated on the very night ot' her arrival, viz. Sept,
I, 1^61 : and on the 22d of the fame month, the ceremony »tf the coronation was
perlormed with great niagniticeiue in VVelhninlKr-abbey.
In the mean time, Mr. I'ilt, who h;:d condutkd ihe war agalnft France with finh
eniinent ability, and who had recei\ed tiie bil) information of tlu' Imllile inteiitioiis
and private intrigues of the court of S|>ain, propufed in council an immediate dc-
daralinn of war againtl that kingdom, lie urged his reafon.s tor this meafure
with his iifual energy; averting that " this was the time tor humbling the wlioli;
liDufeof liourbon ; that Spain was in daily expectation of a rich Heel from the Welt
huliesi that if we could mtercept tliut, it would give a dilheartening blow to tiieir
power and priile; and tliat, ihould this opportunity efcape, it mijjht never l)e recovvr-
»'d." IJiit lie was over-ruled in the council. Mr. Tilt now found the decline uf
liis inrtueiiee; and it was fuppofed tliat the earl of Hate, who had a confiderable
(hare in directing (he education of the king, had acquired an afeendeiuy in tlio
royal favour *. .\Ir. I'itt, however, laid, that " as he was called to the miiiillry
by the voice of the ))eop!e, to whom lie conlidered himfelf as accountable for his
conduct, he would no longer remain in a lituation wliieh made hiin rel'ponlible for
nieafuivs that he was not allowed to guiile." lie, theieiore, religned the feals,
and lonrrempli' his brother-in-law alfo gave up the poll which he held in the adini-
niltiatiiiii. Hut the next day, the king fettled a peiilion of three thouland poands
n year upon Mr. I'itt, and at the fame a title was conferred upon his lady and
her ill'ue ; and the penlion was to be conthuied for three lives. 1 liefe advaniii'Vij
and honours had un(|ueliionably been well deferved by his public fervices ; but his
acceptanci' of them greatly lelVenedhis popularity. A very conliderable degree of
tlifcontent notwithlhmding prevailed in the nation, on aecomit of hi> lein )\,il Ikhh
power; and it was extremely natural, that the people ihoulil b.hold, uith the ui-
inoll regret, the removal of a miniller, of whole abilitie-. and inteLjrIty llu'y had tlic
higheft opinion, and in the midrt of a war which he had conducted with I'o niueli
hor.our to himfelf and to hir. count ry. This great mnn had not rJi^iird the f ;ils
many weeks, wlien the Spanilh fleet arii\id fate in their ports, riehlv laden. After
this, the court of Spain fo'iii threw oil' the nialk, and gave the moii imenuivncal
marks of their hollile intentions.
'I'he war Hill continued to be earri»'(! on with vii^our after the rclign.ition of M;-.
I'ltt, and the |)!ans were purfued that he liad invvioully eoiueited. I.oid l\mi-niont
was appointed to fucceed him, as fe( ret.iry for the fonthein departuK nt. it wasnt
lengtli alfo found indifi)eiifably necellaiy to engage in a war with Spain, the faniou-i
family compact among all the ditTerent branches of the Bourbon familv being now
generally knnwn; and accordingly war was dechire(l a;.;ainll that kiii<;dnin, on ilic
4th of Januiuy i;(>i. A refpectable armament was fitted oat under aimiral l\i-
cocke, having tiie earl of Albemarle on board to command the land t'urces ; iiv.d
the vitals of tneSpanilli monarchy were (Iruek at, by the reduHion of the llavaniuih,
the flronged and moll important fort which his catholic majell_\ held in the \\ it
Indies, after u liege of two months and eight days. The capture of the llerniione,
a large .Spanilh regilKr lliip, bound from Lima to Ca<li/, the cargo of w hieh was
valued at a million lUrling, preceded the birtli of the prince of Wales, and the
treafure palFed in Iriumjih through VN'ellmintler to the liank, the very hour he \v.<s
* It was oil the sjtliof Man li i;^>l, that tlie fcirdarirs of ftatf ; ,iiul on thr ^thof Ocflob»r tol-
earl ot Dutc v,u ;;|<;'uiiileil uuc ol the j riiiiijal luwiiit;, Mr. I'it: rcligiicii t!ic fcak,
. • born.
A--
F. N
L
N
34.1
„t M/.
was ;it
lUllllDU'i
on tl\c
|r:il \\>-
; av..l
:annah,
lib was
nil I ho
\\\C Wi'S
Itob-r t'ol-
born.
born. The lofs of the Mavannah, with the fliins ami trcofurcs tlu-re taken from the
Spaniarils, was fuccccdod by the rcdutlion of Manilla and the I'liilippim; illandsiii
till' Kafl Indies, under general Dra|ur andadmiral Cornilh.witb the captiiro of the
Trinitlad, reckoned worth three millions of dollarn. To counteract thofo dreadful
blows given to the family coinpatk, the Trench and Spaniards emplfjved iluir \a\\
refoiirce, whi'.li was to miarrcl willi and invade Portugal, the faithful but feeble
ally of Great Hritain. Whether this (luarrel was real or pretended, is not cafy to
di'cide. It certainly embarralTed his Britannic majelly, who was obliged to fend
thither arinanienls uoih by fea and land.
Tiie negociations for peace were now refumcd ; and tlie enemy at laft offered
fuch terms as llie llrililh minilliy thought adniillible. The detedion of tlie Kulliaiis
from the confederacy againft the king of I'rullia, and his confequent fuccifTe^, pro-
duced a ceffation ot arms in (lemiany, and in all other (juarters; and on the loth
of Kebruarj ly^i^. the definitive treaty of peace between his Uritannic majelly,
the kin;; or Fram i-, and the king of .Spain, was concluded at I'aiis, and acceded
to by the king of .'ortugal. March lo, the ratifications were exchanged at I'aris.
The 22d, the peace was fulemniy proclaimed at Welbnintfer and L<mcl(>n ; and the
treaty having on the iSlh been laid before th.- parliament, it met the approUatioii
of a majority of botli houfes.
i'.y this treaty, the exleiilive jirdvince of Canada, willi the illands of \cwfound-
1,11(1, Cane lUeton, and St. John, were conliriiied to Cireat Britain ; alfo the two
rioridas, containing the whole of the contiiiMit of North Ainerica, on tliis lide the
Miliillippi, (except the town of New Orleans, with a finall ditliict round it,) was
lurieiulered to us by Trance and Spain, in conlideration of reltoring to Spain the
ilhuid of Cuba; and to the French the illands of Martiniio, Guadaloupe, Marie-
galaiite, and iJeiirade -, and in conlideiation of our granting' to the French the two
fniall illands of St. Fierre and Micpielon, on the coall of Newfoundland; and quit-
ting our pretcniions to the neutral illandof St. I,ucia, they yielded to us the illandi
(f (Jrenada .nul the (Jrenadilles, and (piitted their pretenlions to the neutral illands
rfSt. \ incent, Dominica, and Tobago. In AtViea we retained the fettlement ofSe
iiegal, by which we nearly engrofl'ed the whole gum trade of that country ; but
we rertored (ioree, n fmall illand of little value. I he article that relates to the Knft
Indies, reflores to the French all the places they had at the beginning of llie war,
(111 condition tliat they Ihall maintain neither fort nor forces in the province of
llen;^al. And the city of Manilla \va> relhired to the Sj)aniards ; but thev con-
firmed to us the liliertv of cutting logwood in the bay ot Honduras in America.
Ill I'.nropc, likew'ife, tfie I'rench rellcred to us the illaiul of JSlinoiva, and we re-
floied to them the illand of Belleille. In (Jerniany, after (ix years fpent in marches
.111(1 countermarches, numerous fkirmilhes and bloody battles, Great IJritain ac-
c|uired much military fame, but at the exjieiice ot 30 millions fterling ! As to the
rh'i v;ts of that war, it was agreed that a mutual reftitution and oblivion Ihould take
plate, and each party fit down at the end of the war, in the fame lituation in which
tluv began it. And peace was reflored between Portugal and Spain, both (ides to
be upon the fame tooting as before the war.
The war, to which a period was now put, was the mof\ brilliant in the Britith
.iii'.ials. No national prejudices nor party difi)utes then cxilted. The fame truly
lliitiih fpiiit by which the miiiiller was animated, fired the breall of the foldier and
ftainan. The nation had then arrived at a pitch of wcaltli unknoyvn to former
a^i^s ; and the monied man, pleated with the afpe.'t ot the times, confiding in the
.Vhiliiies of the miniUer, and comuge of the people, cheerfully opened his jmrfe.
'ihe incredible funis of 1 3, 19, and iz millions, raifed by a tew citizens of London,
upon a Ihort notice, for the fcrvice of the years 1 759, 1 760, and 1 761, were no lefs
6 allonilhing
■<44 •'■' N r, 1. A N I).
nfiojiilliiiii; to r.iir«>|)i', ilian the fiju'ifti which attiMidoii tlio Biitlfli ll».«'l»nn«.larin!is
ill r\V]\' l[ll.lllLT ot ihc ulidn*.
But thi* iKMif, ihiiti'^i ii r«Ti ivrd ilii' I'liiuViDii of
a I1U
pailiiiiiv'iif, was far rrmii >;iviii'; iiiiiviTl.il f.uiji.iiUoii Id ilir pv'i»|)Ic. lit- ni.iiitKr
III uiiiili it wa.s lii-ifiin, aiul thi' iirvcipitati <\\ wiili w'.iicli it wuh co
)iul>.
<1.
•yjoiity i>\' l)o;h lioiiTi"! ot'
1 If ni.iiitKr
jirftnnuii lii Willi w;iicii it wuh coiu'Iu<Io'I, wcr-;
'lie iiriii-i aifi> wvi\' Ci' ifurcd by in.ii y, u« lAtioiiU'ly inailonaaic^ to
'y have \k\i\ K\\n:Wi\ tVutn th. intiiK'nuin vi(t«iii':i and a(lvaninj;i.>i
ny. AikI troiU this period vaiiuut caut'ei
umcK iiiKii. 'I'l
wlint tiii;4tu jiift'y Have Dorn \.\\)
wliiili li.id I) 'I'H ()l)taiiK-<l H'^aind iIk' ci\'
iDiu'urr •:! to i'mmi- a ('[lirit <»t dilV'tiUoni in llio nati.m.
• On til • ptii of April, i •/')?■ iliiv<- nt" ilii- kiii^i's molion.^iMs cnli-ri'd ilii- houfo of
John WilkcH, c'f(|. nu-nthiT <>!' parliaiUk-nt |i>r AyU-lhiiry, and iVi/cd lii.i p*. rCDri, by
virriicufa i;i;iKTal warrant (Vniii lli'' fi'iTctary ufUalr, whiili dircUd tliciii to fci/ii-
" flu- anlhurs, piiiil^TS, and piil)!illui>, ol a iVd.li r.w and lv>arina!di' paprr, in-
liilod, 'I 111' .Niirtli Hriton. No. 4;." Tin- pjpiT.> pnldiiii.'d ti.idi'r llii-. tilii., Uvori'l)
:irvai^'i)C(l ih.' conduCl ot' tin.- adininiiiration, and ri'piclL'iiUd llic carl of lliito lis
tlir lavoiiriic of tlic kiiij;, and tiir pi rfon from wlioni iivafurii of ^nvirniiuiit of u
\i ry pernicious t^'iidiMifv (»ii:;inali'd. 'I'lv 451!! nu;ub>.'r foiitaiiud (liiidnns 011
ilii' kin^j's fii.'.'ch. Ml. VV ilkc* w;is fiifp(.\lod to hf llu amlior, bin ln> nanij wnji
ii'it nii'iiliom d in tlu- warrant by wl.ii.li hi.' was :ippri-luii(K(l. lie obiiitcd to bo-
inij; takiii into ciillody bv full a warraiU, alk-giiu thai it was illi';;al. IIowovit
111' \\n» f>i\ilily carried lu'lon.' tho fcviitarics of Itatf tor I'sa.uination, and ilicy
<;i>ni:iiilt'il liiin iluf,' prifoncr to tin' low^r, his moll focri:t and lonfidiiitiai pn('ir>
l.u'in,', silTi) iVi/fd, Hi' was I kiwifj d'.']>ii,','d at hi-, (.oiinni.iion as i-nloiikl ot the
.'■Mic''ii;i|.;lKinuhirc militia. ,\ot lo mention ilio privilctjc of parlianu'iit, whii'li v.ai
llatjrarlly \iolntfd, the Warrant'^, though conformable to pieccdviit, were in-
coiitifti'i'.t with tlie fpirit of tin* Ihi'.ilh tonilitntion, lubftiintiim difuvlion in tlu;
|daio f'i" law, v.hi.lt knows no dili itiion, nor le.ivcs the conilriK lion to be put oti
v,.niani'; to ilu.re low cn-ntures v. !io mntl lie ciilrulK.'d with iluir execution. A
v.iii of liaberis coipus biiii'.; pro nivd by hi.s fiieuds, he was brou;;ht ii[) to the
> oiin of ( ointnon J'leas, aad ;he matter being there arp,ued,he was ordered lobe
<lil"cliar:;cd. 'Ibis afl'air irad • a great noife ; people ol all ranks intercfted lliein-
felvt ■; in it, and \\ cltininfier-linll rel'onndid wiih aeclamatioiis when lie was let at
liivitv. An infoi'n.ition, however, w.is liled a^ainli him in the court of King's
IJench at hi^ mnjcrty's fnit, as author of the .North liriton, .No. 45 ; on the Hrft d.iy
of thf meeting of parliaimnt, after thcfe tranl'aetion.s, Mr. \\ ilkes ftood up in \\\i
pl.-'ce, and made a fpeeeh, in which lu'com|»laineil lo the iioufe, that in his peifon
||ll^ rii;lits of all th' cnni. lions it I'jii^'land, and the privileges o| parliaineiif,
li^ been violated by his iniprdoiiinent, tlie plnnderinij of bis ho'ile, and the
feizure of his papers 'I he fame ilay, a meil'age w.is lent to accjuaint the huiife of
commons with the information his inajelt) h.id nieived, that .John Wilkes, i !(].
a member of th.it bonle. was tlir author of a moll l> ditioiis and d.mf^erons lil'.-l,
ind tlir ircaforis that li.ui 'oein taken thereupon. I he next d.i) a duel was fmi '1:
m ll/de Paik betwee.i .Mr. Wilkes imd Mr. .Martin, aiiotlr.r member of pu.'.
iiameiif, and fetretary .if the freafury, in which .Mr. Wilkes re. eived a danjcmu.s
wound in the belly with a pilbil-bnlK t. Doth In iit'es of parliament toon coiean^'l
i ; voti ;i:j the North-lirit*..!, .\o. 4^, to be a f.ll'c, fiai.'il.d.Jiis, and fediiions 111).!.
and o;\ler(ti ii lo be Ir.iri.t by the c.im non hang nan. 'I hi, order wa.s aecordi ij^'Iy
executed, thoii;^li not v/iilioiit grr.it oppoliii.in from the p(ipi»l.ii.e ; and Air
Harlcy, one of tlie l.'ieritls wlio attended, w.is wo'.tii(k"d, and obn^'i-il to take lluii. :
.in the Man.ioi.-f loufe. Ai'.oiher profenilion wa . coinuuMtcd a^aiidl Mi. Wilkc!.
for b.iving canfi ! an obfi erw ;i;;rl profane ponn [ , \y prinied, intitled, "An l.ii.iv
on Woman." Ot thi;, only f.velve copies haii been pi.valely printed ; and it li,.
Xiut appear to i,a\e Licn ii.tei.d.U for pablii i.t.'o.i. I'iuciiig, however, tl';;t Ic
I ' flieii!.!
»E
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345
(hnuld contimie to he profi'cutcd with the utmolt rigour, when hi* wound wa» in
fiimr drsrcc hralod, he thought proper to quit th>- kiiiKdoin. lU' wai fooii ttltor
rxp«tlou the houfr of lonunoiiH ; vcrdicU wen* alCo givon ngaiitd hiiu, l»>th oil
account of the North Hriton and the bfliiv' on Woman, and tow.irdi the end o( the
year 1764 he ■won outlawed. Sundry oOut p'-rfoim lind hccu liikcn up (or heiiia
t'oneemcd in printing nnd pultlilhing th^ North Uritoii; hut fomcof t uin ohtainrd
verdielt againi) the kuig'i nielTengern for fulfe imprironmenl.
In the mean wliile, the earl ot Bute, who hud heeu made firll lord of lli<-
ireafury, religned that oHiic, and wa* fucceeded by Mr. (ieorgo Circnville. And
under thin genllemnu's adniiniOralion, an att waH pnlfed, faid to have been frani<.-d
by him, entitled, " An A^t for laying n Jinmp-duly in the llritilh Coloniei of North-
America," which received the royal aflent on the 2id of March 1 76^. Some other
riguhitious wore previondy made, under pretence of preventing finu;{glii)g in
Aiuericji ; but wliich in elKd (o cramped the trade of the colonies, ns U) be pre-
judicial both to them and to the mother-iountry. As foon aM it wait known in
North America tliat \\\v Jiamp (Wl was pafl'ed, the whole continent was kindled in
to a linme. As the Americans had iulherli> been tased by tlieir own re|)iefenta-
tives in their provincial alVeinblies, they loudlv atVerlcd, that the Britilh parliament,
in wliich they were not reprefented, had no rik;lit to tax theiu. Indeed, the fa ne
do<:trine had been maintained in the Uriiiih parliament, when the Oamp-afci wai
under conlideration. On the otlier hand, it was contended, that the colonics, wliu
had beiu protetted by fireat Britain, ought, in reafon and jullice, to contribute
towards the expence of the motiier-country. " Thefe children of our own plant-
ing," faid Mr. tJeorpe (Jrenville, fpeakiiifi; of the Americans, " nouriilied by our
indulgence, until they are grown to a good degree of Itrength and opulence, and
protected by our arms, will they grudge to contribute their mite to relieve us from
the heavy load of national expence which we lie uiiderf "
VVlien the Ihiinp-ad, as printed by royal authority, reached the colonics, it was
treated with every mark t>f indignation and contempt Several acts of violence
were likewife committed, with a view of preventing its operation; and alfociations
w re alfo formed in the relpective Hates, wherel)y the people bound themfelvcs
not to import or purchafe any Ihitilli manufactures, till that ack lliould be repealed.
The inhabiianu of the dilVerent cohmies alfo elhiblillied committees to correfpond
with each other, t oiicerning the general aH'airs of the whole, and even appointed
deputies from thofe committees to meet in ('oncsress at New-Vork. I hev af-
fembied in that city, in OQober 1765, and this was the rirft congrefs held on \\\k
j\merican continent.
'Ihefe commotions in America occafioned fo great an alarm in Kngland, that
the king thought proper to difmifs his minillers. The mar(piis of Rockingham
was appointed hrll loril of the treafury ; and fomc of his lordlhip's friends fucceed-
id to the vacant |)hues. in March 1766, an act was palled for repealing the
American (lamp-aCt. I'his was countenanced and fupported by the newminilirv;
and Mr. i'itt, though not cimnerted with them, \et fpoke with great force in ta-
voiir of the repeal. He faid of the late minillry, that "every capital meafiire they
liad taken was entirely wrong." lie contended that the parliament of Great
jhiiain had no rii^ht to tax the colonies. " For the commcms of America, rcnrc-
)\iiletl in thiir feveral allemblics, havo evor been in pofl'eliion of the cxcrcife of
iluir conftitutional right, of giving and granting their own money. Tliey would
li.ive been (laves if they had not enjoytd it. At the fame time, this kingdom, as
tin- fnpreme governing and legiliative power, has always l)ound the colonies by
In r laws, b\ her regulations, and reltrictions in trade, in navigation, in inanufac-
lures — In everv thing except tluil of taking their money out ol tlicir pockets with-
out iheir coufeut.
Y)
At
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N
1.
N
O.
At t\\t lime ihni ilie flnmiHoH \vn« r»'|K'iiIc«l. nn net win hH'o palTi-tl lor ('. fitri»ij{
the (U'licnUt'iu ot' the Anu'runn iotoiiU'i on ((rint Hritttin. Ilni ihit ttooii iit>t.i|h
|>i'ttr llu II Id liavi* (;Uvii iiuuli uinhriif^o to the inltmilU, unci llu' r(-|i( ul ol the
tliiiiip itc' »('( tiliiDiu'ii gnat r>'iuuiilg« ixilh in Aiiiciiui anil (»rcitl Hritiiiti
Tin ni.uiiHh <it' Kockiiltthittn un<il lii» tritn'U t niitiiuKii in iuliiiiniltruliun hiir ,i
iJiitri (iim-. On iIk* ]olli ot JnU, i ;f»'i, thptliil*.^ of 'iruUun was ,i|)|H»iiit *| hrlUonl
ot' the tiKiiftirv, in ihi; rix'tn of iK- murtiui* oi Ki i l».iti((liuni ; tho i-arl ut iJullmrni',
ffcrk,'ti.\ «>t' liati', in ihf room ot" tin- iluki; ul Kiilinintul t Cliuiii-* 'lownilicnd,
tl\;»uvllii <>(■ tin- «'\ilntjiit'r I an;l Mr, Pitt, nxu < roaud inrl ot'C'liiitliioii, wm»
Hppoiiitwl |i>i'(l'|)ii\v-ri' i| ( hut (li;it I'liiinctil lliitiTinun's ttd'ijxnnci.- ol u pct^r-
ti^e, u» il ivniovvd liiin trout llic houlr (it'foinnutns greatly Iflli-iicd liin inHiiiMiio,
I pon tlu' <1< atlt ot" Mr. CliarlcH I'ownllu ocl, who li;ul I'xorti'd j'riat wbility both in
the (iif>iiKl and in p;irllain»'nt, lord North was mado eliant i lli>r ot tlio ix<.hc«|iitT,
und nluTwardi tint lord ot" tin- en-al'iir), nnd ht ad ut thv . dniiniltrution, whii li Ik--
j;an ilii' AiiKiii «n war wiiiimil iii-tiilifv, conducted it williout ("pirit or priidciito,
inul at I all coni'lutU'd il with intinilr dillionnnr iind dil°a(lvanlai{i-.
In the year 1768, Mr. \\ likes, who had I'oruionlidcratdot inn- rolidid in Franco,
I'anii' over to Kn^land, and «f,Min iK'tanto no olijoft ot pidilir attontion. 'llu'
nt had juli htt'oM' Ik. n dilinlvid ; and on his arrival in London, though
itriiar
Ihll lav uniUr the (Vuli'iui' ot oiillawr\, hi- ulKrcd hinil'i'lt' u larulidate t
I-' .
pivfcnt that lily in the cniuiii;; parliament. I fc was roctivi-d wnii loud ai\la
lions, und tin- gcm-ralilv appoarid j^natly nitcrcllcd in his t'nvour, but ho loit his
cl'.'ttion i onl) 1^47 iiv nun voliil t'or him. His want of Tuinfs tlid luit diC-
o ro-
iia-
fouraiji' him, '■>r he nnniv i
liatvlv olll H'd liimfilt" a lamlidafc for the
1 ouil
ty ot
MiddliU'X. ill was alit'iujid h\ an aniii/inj{ luiudHr of peopio to Hrcnti'ord, th
p'a.c of »;lv.Hi(ni. 'iho two other tandiduics luul larj;*' fortums, jind (jrcat loii-
nci'tions in the county ; tlu'\ had reprclented it for levc-ral yearn, und were fup-
porfed \n the whole i'ntcrell of llie lourt. .Mr. \\ ilkes, however, beini^ eonlideivd
tu a mail uIioIkmI been imjulUy and muonlUlulioiiallv |u rfecuied 1)\ the govern-
nu-nt. uas rIeiUd by a great majoriiy, on the itith ot Manh. The extreme joy
of the populaei" ut this e\i'nt, pnnUucd fomc irregularities in the city of Lundon',
nn the evening of tlic day of election; und, on the lollowinj; day, orders were
given to |!ie ^uard*. on duty at St. Janus's to be in reacbnefs at the beat of drum,
til niareh to uippret;. any riot that might happen. In Ma\ loijuwing. .Mr. Wilkis
having \(<luiitarily furreiul' ed liimlelf to the lourt of king' Sem h, was torn-
niittid to i!ie king'.s-beuli prilon, Soon alter this, u number of perlons having
afl'tinlili d in .St. (ieorge's jields, near that prifon, in hopes of feeing Mr. W ilkt.s
foine dil'irder ciifuid, and ti e foidiers were ralhly ordereil lo fire .oiiong the uioh.
,V veral perfons were killed, a-id in paiticular on>- \\ iiliam Alim. who was Inglid
Olll, (JUrfued bv cti.c <if the loldins, and ihol
near Ins latlur s
hold
e, in a maniu r
v/hii h tlie oeealuii loiild in no •efj)ect jiiliity. i his ali'air made a great iioife ; and
llie pains taken by the ininilti r to lupport andvindieaie the military, iiareafed llu
odium oftlu' tranfaction. (Ju ihe.Sihot Ju'u> Mr. W ilkes's oiitlawry was reverl'ed,
and on tie uSlh < f liie fame month fenuine was palled on lion , tliat, for the re-
pui)iicati()n of 'I 111' North HriiMU, No. 4^;, he tliould p.iy a tine of five hundred
pouiids. and he iinprifoiud leii months; and t'or publiihini; the l'".llay on V\ omai,,
that he lliould pay tlie fame fine and be imprifoned twelvemonths, to be eoniputeii
from ill'' expiraiioii of thi' term ot the former imprifoiuneiit lie afierwanis pitj.
' "' ' ' f ( ommoiis, lomplaining of the iujultiee and illi'galii\ ot ijn
tlOIH(
i ti.e I
loule o
jnoteedings againli him ; but the lioul'e voteil, that his lomplaints were lri\(iloii,s
and groundlel's. I ie was alio again expelled, for publiihing fome prel'atory remarks
on a l.'tter writlen by one of the fecretaiies lA Ihite to tlii' thairman of the ijuarter-
fcflioiis at Lambeth, previoui to the uiiliappy alFair of St. George's Field-, and
a new
r.
N
N
1).
W
a nrw writ w*« ordt'rrd to W iffuctl for the clcttiim nf u tncukbcr I'wr lln n/uniy
.>t MitlilU-fcx.
Ilii- ri^mtrx^ilh whiih Mr. Wilk'i \v;is prufi* i|fi.il only iittrcafv-J hit |K>|iiiltt
ri'y. Ili'toio hit ( \|uilli(Mi he luul Ihtii thufi'ii oil ttltUnstun of |,i'»)(lon( hu«I (Wi
Uio lOih ul Ki'l»rii.iry, ly'iy, lie wai ro-vli ctod ut llrontronl hu-ihIht fof (ho county
lit' Miihllcrvx. Ihi' ri'tiirn huviiig Ihtm mndv to ih< hnvil--, il wnt rrfotvcU, that
.\ir Wilki'i, huviiiK hccii i \|kIU«I lluii Ullioii, was iiua|i4blo iinKriii|{ i livtcil a
iiKiiilM'r o« lliaj nurliaiiiciH. Hu' Lite t'litiiin, iluiit'-ro, wu> tlfclnrcd \<>n.l, hikI
II now writ illu«-«i fur uiiofhir. IK' wn» oiu o iimri' imimiiii'Hillv n- «li'civ d by ihr
friihoUlcrH, utui t\w I'lcflioii \\u% ii^iiii «lc( larod voi«l hv ihr honrc ut riiinMioiK.
Aftor thii a lu-w clottion lii'in>; DrcUrcd, coloiul l.iitlnl, in ord^r to riHDiiiiiioikd
hiiulVlf to thi" ioiirt, \aiat«*tl ilu- fint whith ho ain iid) Itinl in parhmuiit, hy ih''
m'tH'|iliiiu V of a noiiiiiial jilaor, mid dorlariil liiinfoll'a laiididuto foi dio coitnty of
Middlofox. 'Ihi'ii^li iho whole w i>;ht of lourt inton ll \^ at tlirown into lli' fcalo
ill t!ii« conrlonuin't favour, yot a lunjority of noar toiir to uiu' U|>|u-ari(l a^niiid liiiii
oil the utiy of okHion -, tho niiinlur^ for NViikoi boiii({ 1 14^, and for I.ultnl only
M)6. N'^Mvithllandiiif; ifiis, two dnvi aftor tho •Kction, il w;ii rvfolvod in tho
liouf- of iiimn\()n>(, that Mr. Liitrrrl mii^iii to havo hoon rrturnod a kni^lit of tlu'
lliiro for tho loniily of MiiUUofix ; and th' do|nit\ -otork of iho i luwn v;i, ordoivd
to anicnul tho return, hy orafiiijj; iho nam nf Mr. \\ ilko.i, and iniortini{ (hat of 10-
I'liul l.urtrol. Iho luttor accnr(ljn)(lv tuok hin loat in pariianiciit ; hut thiiwat
ll)<ini;hl fi j;riifs a violiilion of llio u^U^^ of tlio oloclurH, that it oxcitod a \ory ^o-
IK nti tlili ontont.
IVtiiions, louohitl in vory rtrong terms, wore prifonted to tl\c throne from dif
tiToni |>iiico'», lomitiaiiiinj; ot this and othor national ijnovanc'o*
tlu
ri
If ci'uiity «'t
Middicfox, as iho moll iinim diatoly atlVftoil, took tho load on this oocali.rti, and
profontod a piiiii'ii, in whiih thvy ooinplainod, " that thoir K ;>! and froo ohoiooof
a roprofontativo had loon ropoatodly roji-clo !, and tho ri.;;-. of ilortion tinally
l.ikon from thoiii, hy the nnproiodont d foutinj; ol ,1 laiulid ito who wus lu Mr
« hofon hy tho county." 'Ihoy alio faid, that '* inili-ad of tlio ancient and loj^ul
livil police, the military were introduced at ovor\ oppodunitj , iinnecollirily and
imlawfiillv i that tho civil maj^ilhacy was rendorod loiitoniptiblo, hv ilio appoinl-
iiKiit of improper and iiuapaliU porfoiis , and that tho iivil n»milh.itos, luint;
taiii|Hrod with oy adminiltratioii, nogloi'lod and rofufed to difchurgo thoir ilnty."
Thefo potitioners likewifo addrellcd his inajolly in the fodowing tonus: "Willi
jjroat grii t and formw Wi. havo lon>{ hiln Id the «ndoavours of coriain tv il-miiidoil
petfoiiN to intufo into your ro\al mind notions and '>piniiins ol tlu* molt pornicionn
loiideiicy, and who promoto and coiinfol fuch nuarnros as cannot fail to dodroy thu»
harmony and contidoiuo which llmuld over hilifill hotwoon a jull and virtuous
prince, and a free and li ;il jiooplo." Petitions of a limilar nature were piefentcd
from the livorv of I.cm '.m, the electors of Wollminllor, from I'ovoral otlior cilus
liiiii
orouj;lis, and .Soiit K Miitoon counties.
'Ihi
lu'titioiis \MTo fiiti to he
ed hy upwards of 60,000 eliifors. Some of them wore principally conlinod to
tlu violated rii'jii ol oK\tion, but other., were ni' re ditfufo ; and iorklliiro, W'ollr
miuller, and tome others, prayed, in o.\j»refs terms, fur a liilVolution of parliament,
under ll' ■ idi .1 of its lu in^^ \.'iial and inrrnpt. .\ddie|los weio, however, pr
ih
>ei'
d
li.iin fi'iulry oilier places, ol a very liilleront tondojuy. and hreathinjj noiliiiin Uut
loyalty iiiul attachment to the government ; iiouvithllandiiijr which, it was ex«
Il I'll Iv nriiuloll that a meat Ipirit of difcontent pievailoil 'ttmu^hont the nation.
In tiio coiirfo of this year a very important act w.is palled for re^Mlatin^ the con-
diiit ol tin. houfe of commons in controverted eleftions. 'lliofe ul'ed foriiierlv to
I'e ileUrmiiivd hy the houfe at Lirjje, and hy a majority of votes, fo that the- were
iouiidcrcd meri,'ly as party-matters ; and the llroiij^cll party, which was always that
Y>
ot
J4«
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N
O.
ol'lhc n)\n\(\ry, «»■« Turc to tarry lh« |N)itit, withnut iMvinK tha letf) rri^iird to (ht
iiK-rii« ot' iIk' iiiu'ltiuit oil < ittu-r li(|>-. Iliii li' ili>' mil, wliuh wui iiow )*tiiU-J,
it)mmi>nly tullitl (he (*ri<ii illr-ati, •» it ^it% tltttwii uji iirul br>*U|{hl in by
Mr, (irm^illtft lli«'y were ordered (or llut i'uluru to Im drcid' iI hy n ioiiiDiilliv ni'
llilrli'vn miMnlK'ri, ihofcn ity lot, and uiidor lh<' fiiirrd ol>li|rutiiin ot'uii oiilh , :itid
Imcc ilitf •.'iiatliun ui litii law, iiu wull-gruuiulcvl (.oiiipL' '( na» been niudc u^umft
ihi ir dt'oltoiti.
Afii'r the irrm of Mr. VVIIkc»'» imprir»inniMii wa» oxitircd, in tho y»'«r 1771, ho
wa* iliulVn t)iit (it iIk' ihcrilT* lor Londttnund Mid«IU'U'H , and ilu* fuinr yi-ur n rv*
markublv cunicll li:i|)|M-ncd iK-twcctt the city of Loiuloii and iho houfe ot roni-
inon^. Si'viTuI fuinlir* hud been ordered to lUtend ihut liotife, Ining ihutf^ed with
having itili-rli 4 ni i^ieir nesv»pu|ier», ttteutintu ol' the riK-vihen ot' nuinbtn olpar'
li.iint.nt, eoniiury ti>a lIundiiiK order ot' ilie hoiife. Une ot ihef. |)rinler<i, who im<|
rcfiired to atteiul iIk* rnmtniiM ol' the hoiiCe, wit* u|i|)rehende(l Itv u nieirenger of
the honte ot conitiion» in lu« own hoiife 1 wheretmon he inuneiluiu ly fnit lor «
conltuble, and the nullenger \\A» curried beton ifu* |i«rd-inayor at the niunlioti<
houl'e, where llie aUIiriturv \N ilken nnd Oliver ulTo then were. Ihc dej»ni> («r'
ut (irni-t nll'o ntiendi vl, ai\d denunded, in tli<- name ot the fiK-aker. t
X
iMit) l«r)
lliat' boti
eant
ihc
inelU*ni;.T and the (irinivr ih mid l>e delivered ti|) to him. 'I In* wni refufed by the
lord-in.iyor, wlio alked, t-r wiint < rime, and njion wh.it antlioriiy, the ineilotiger
lukd ari'elled tiie |>nnter ? 'I lie niel1en;{er uiifwi uil, h>- h.id d<iiie it by warrant trmii
the fncaker. It wat then alked, it' tlie warrant bud been backed by a lity inagif.
trale? Which lieinu; iiiilwered in the nej^ali\p, the warrant wai* demanded, and,
ttfttr miu'h altercation, produced ; and lis validity being argued by the printer'*
t'otiiilel, the lluie mai;illinte<i prelent difcharged linn from conlinenteni lli^conw
plaint tuf an alHiiilt ami talle iinprifonnu nt being then heard, and the (ui\% proved
and adinuicd, the nu llenger wuh alkcil lor bail, whiih llie ferjennt having ret'ufed
10 give, II warrnnt for hir> coinmitinent to priion was made out, and tigned l>y the
h)rcl-m:iyor and tlie two aiiUrmen ; but the ferjeant then tiU'ered bail, which was
acci pleil. 'Hie I nii('eipiin«.e of ihi» tranfiitlion was, that a tew days after, tlie
lord in;t)or Crolby, and uliUrinan Oliver, nieinl)t.r» ut ilie houfe of i >innions, were
lonimitted prilonerii to the lower lor ilieir ihare in thit bufmeU, by the authority
of the houfe ; but they avuidetl, ai much as pollible, any new contell with ,\fr
\\ ilkes. That ^;entlel?u\n wa'» chofen member for Middlefex in the fnbl'i ijueiil
parliament, and in the viar 178;, after llie diange tif lord N'nrlh\ adininillralidn,
all llie declarations, orders, and refolntions of tlu- houfe of cminnons refpetting
his tleCtiun tor ihe count) of Middlel'cx, were ordered to be expunged from the
journal* of that houfe, " an being fubverlivo of the right, of the wTiole body of
«lcf lorn of this kingrUmi " Aiul it ihouhl be remcMibereil, thai in confe<|uence o|
bis iiiaiil) and Ipirited coiiti iK with llie ^o\erllnlent, general warrants were
declared to be illegal, and an end was put to Inch warrantM, and to the unlawt'ul
fvi/uie of an l"'nj.;lilbni!Mri» papers b) liate mellengers.
lileilive kingdom* are fiibieCt Id file h violent lliock* and ccmvulllons upon every
v.icaiicv of tlie throne, llial it has been thought proper in moll of the mo<|( im Dates
of I'.urope, to ilhiblilh hereditary monan hu s i and even in ihele la(i a tlifpuled
title is nlvvjiyi atl.ndid with fuch civil wars and bloodihed, that il has been iourrd
rxpedient to ki'ep |):>- line ol luccellion as clear and diliinct as poiiible This is
(he rcafon why to m.iuli ailentiou is given in tliiti kingdom to the marriages of the
royul fainiiv. Ihe king's iwo brothers, the dukes ol OloucelKr and ('mnbtiland,
having married privaiely, the t'ormer the countcls dowager of \N aldegra\i', ihc
latter a widow hidy of the name ot Norton, daughter to lord Irnliam -, a bill wai
now palled, in th> )ear 1772, enadirg, That all tbedefcendanisof liis late inajelly
(uther lluin the iiTuc of piiucciie^, wiic Itavc u^arricd, or may hcrcalicr marry
into
loreij:n
N
N D.
S4»
^1 rvi-ry
|i I'uiiiul
'lliis is
i)t" the
L'll.iiul,
|\i-, tiic
liill wai
|iiujotiy
iiv into
1 J
f.irciKn fBmUlfi) Dtatl b« inripahie of coiilraOIng marrtdKc wlihoul iho confcnl of
llitf iliitKi w ''** f^Kt'«''II*»> oil >)><! lluoitr, ll^llltull tiiulir llio yrral fral, and
(li'tlarctFiiuowiKilt i^ui rvrry liiiti niurria)(i', witlioul fiuh iDurvni, lliall Lm< vuidt
ilitii, iwvk'itl)til(-f«, fuili dcfi ciidant* UitiK iilMtvv ihe agi-iir iwi-nlylivi* )cttr», u|)iin
ihi'ir giviiiK thv piWy-iuumil IwuUe iiiouiIm nnlUc ol their dcligii, may, alter iht
rx|iiruli<>ti of ihai t>-rm, cnlrr into inartijK>- Milhuiii the royal ioiilcni, uiiNr* Ixah
hoitU* uf (laiUutitciil Ihall williiii (hut dini' rxprcl'ily declare their UiU(>|*robttUuit
of it.
After the repeal »f the rtam|vaM, whu h wa» received with great jov in America,
•II thingt heraiue tjuiel there : hut iiit)i4|)|Mlv itcw tiiiv nipu weic iiuidc to tax itu iii
ill tlu- lUillrti pttrliaiiinit, tlloll^h, lhl»l» » the eHpent'iici' «jf the ill fucctl* of tin?
lUin|>-att, govtTiior l'o\Mi.tll, u i^kMllt'inuit will k«ii|iiiiiiiU'd with ilif dirpoiiti.in of
the (oloiiilK. ('.till n> lh<- lioiire ol ioniii\oi\« iit 1767, " It ii u lu^i ulukh ihi> houfo
otight to l<i' nppnli-il ol in ull iti ixii-iil, thut iIk- pcnpU' ut Atuctiia, uiiivLrlully.
uMit«-dly, and unutterably, lire reColx'd not lo I'uhiuit i>> nny internal lux iuipoi'cj
upon th«Mi l>y uny l» gilli.turc, in which tht y hu\o i\o» :t ilmrc U repnlVntutivc^ of
llicir own cIrMioit " i If luliUil, " llii^ i liiiin mull uoi Ih' untlcrUood, lu tin ujfU
(1 were only ihi* pri'lcn«»» o|" purly KinKu ;u\d diiiiMmi){u»'» , «■» tliou^h it
were only the virtiin% ol (pii ulaiiNc cnihuliulU i a» though it were the mero
I'liullition of II litttion whii h mull I'uhlide \ at though it were only tcnijtornry, und
iiartinl — it it the cool, delihcrato, priiuiiilid muxnii of every man ul Imluivrit in
till- country " Ihe event verified ine jullue of ihele nbUrvation* i yet the funic
year .til n^i wiit {uilleil, hiving lertain iltiiiex on paper, glufi, tea, iLc, intptirted
into America, to be pnid hy tlu- colonies for the purpole of railing u revenue to tho
Dovernment. About two yeur» after, it wuh thought proper torepi.il thefe duties,
cxiepl that on lea \ hut ai it vva* not the amount of the duties, hut the w^/*/ of iho
piuliameni of (ireat Ihilain to impofe la\e>> in Atuerita, vvliiili \va^ liu fuhject ut*
•lifpute, the repealing the other iluties aiilvvered no purpnfe, while that on tea re-
niaineil, wliich accordingly hciame a Irelh fuhjeCl ol conlell belvveen the iuoiIkt-
country «n«l the colonieit.
In order to induce the Knil India company to hecimu- inlUuinentul in cnloriin){
(lie lea-duty in America, un a^t wa!i palled, bv wliieli they were enul'led to cNpmt
their teal, duty-free, to all places vvhatfocvcr. Several lliips were accordingly
freighted with teas for the diliereiit cuh)nie», hv ilie conipuii), who alio appointed
iiceiitH there for the difpofal of that commodity, Ihis was conlidereu by tho
Americans a» a fcheme calculated to pave the way lo an unlimited taxation, l-^r
it was ealily comprehended, that if the tea was om e landed, and in tlie culiotlv of
the conlignecfi, no alhuialions nor other meafures would heluliicieiit lu prevent it*
Tale and confumption ; und it was not to be fuppnfed, that .vheii taxation wu>
idablilhed in one inllanie, it would he rellrained ii\ others. 'Ihefe idea> being |^e-
nerallv prevalent in .Xmerica, it was rel'ohed by the colniiill* to prevent the laud-
ing of the ti a-iargois ainougll them, at wliatever ha/aid. Accordingly, three
ihms laden with lea having arrived in the port of Bollon in December, 177J, a
number t)f armed men, under the difi;uife of Molu.vvk Indians, boanled thefe Ihips,
and in a few hours «lifchari;ed thi ir whole cargoes into the lea, without doing any
other damage, or otlering aiiv injury to the t aptuins or crews. Some fmallerquan-
litiis of tea met alierward> with a limilar tate ut lludon, and a few other places ;
hut in general, the commillioneis h)r the fale uf that comnuiclily wore obliged tp
relinuHilh their employments, and the malhr* ol the tca-vell'els, irum anappnhen-
fion iif danger, returiud again to Kngland with tliclr cargoes. At New i oik, in-
deed, the tea was hmded under the cannon t)f a man «>l war. But the perfons in
the lervice of goveriimenl there, were obliged to loufent to itu leiiig loiked np
from life. And in South Carolina fome was thrown into tlve river, ai at Uullou,
aiul the rcll put into dami> wLichuufcs, v.heie it peiilhed.
Tlicfe
w
350
E N
G
I.
N
I).
Thcfo pmcccditics in Anirriia excited fo miicli in(iif»ii:itioii in ilic Englilli g<>-
vcinmeiit, lliut on tiK- 3ilt i)t Marcli, 1774. an ait was palled tor removing tlii>
tuftnni-liniife ollieers from th« town o( nollnii, and llnitting up the port. Anotiier
act was foon -.iFter iialVed " tor In-tter regulating tlie government in the pruvinco of
MaiVnchulets' Bay.", 'ihedelign ot'this avH wasto alter the conlHtution ot'thut pro-
vinee as it tlood iipnn the charter of king William ; to take the whole executive
power out ot'llie hands dttiie people, and to veft tlie nomination ot the counlellors,
judges, and magilhates of all kinds, iiuluding llierill's, in the crown, and in Ionic
cafes in the king's governor, ami all to he removeahle at the pleafurcof the crown.
Another att was alio palfed, empowering the governor of Mallachufets' Bay to
fend perfcms accufed of crimes there, to be tried in Kngland for fuch ofl'enccs.
Some lime after an i\<:\ was likewife palled •' tor making more eli'ettual provilion
tor the government of the province .jf Quebec," enabling the king toellablilli a lc-
gillativc coimcil for that province, in which his nuijeHy's Canadian Roman catho-
lic fubjefh were entitled to a place. I he French laws, and a trial witliout jury,
were alfo ertablilhed in civil cat'es, and the linglilh law;*, with a trial by jury, ni
iiiniinal-, and the po])i(h clergy were invelied with a legal right to their tithes
tVoin all wlu) were of their own religion. No alfembly ot the peoi)le, as in other
I'ritilh coloin'cs, was appointed, it being faid in the act, that it was then inexpe
dient : but the king was to erett fuch courts of criminal, civil, and ecclelialiical
jmifdiction, as he lliuuld ihink proix'r. The boundaries of the province of (Quebec
were likewife extended l)y tlio att, thoufands of miles at the back of the other colo-
nies, whereby, it w:'s laid, a govermncnt little better than defpotie was clJablilhed
throughout an cxtei.nve country. It was alto tliuught extremely injurious to tln'
Britilh fettlers in Canada, that they Ihould be com[)clled to fubmit to French laws,
and be deprived of thole privileges which they would have enjoyed in other parts
<'t his majelly's dominions.
'I he nuadires of gosermnent had fo nnivcrfally exafperated Anu-rica, that
.ngreements were entered into in the different colonies, whereby the fubfcrihers
bound themfelves in tlie moll foiemn manner, and in the prefence of God, to ful-
jieud all commercial infercourfe with (Jreat Britain, from the lali: day of the month
of Augull, 1774, until the Bollon-port bill, and the other late obnoxious laws,
Avere rej^'aled, and the colony of MafiiiL-hufets' Bay fully rellored to its chartered
rights. The Hamc continued to increafe and extend in America, till at length
twelve of the coU)nics, including that whole extent of country which reaches from
Nova Scotia to (leor^ia, had appointed deputies to attend a Ccneral Congrefs,
wliieli was opened at J'hilatlelpiiia, the 5tl; of Si ptember, 1774. 'I'hcy met ac-
cordingly, and the number of delegates amounted to lifty-oiie ; who leprefented
ihe feveral colonies of New Kamplhire (z delegates), Malfachulets' Bay (4),
Rhode Illand and Providence Plantations (2), Connecticut (3), New ^ ork {7), New
Jerfey (4^ Pennfylvania yj), the lower counties on Delaware (5,', Maryland (4),
Virginia (7), North Carolina 13), and Smith Carolina ^j) ; Georgia afterwards ac-
ceded to the confederacy, and fent deputies to the Congrefs. They entered into
an nlliiciation, in which they bounil ihemfelves and their conllituents, not to im-
])ort into IJritilh Amvrica, from (ireat Britain or Ireland, any goods, wares, or nier-
chaiidile whatfoever, from llie lit day of I>. ember following; nor to import any
I'.all India te»trom an\ jiart ot the world; nor to exjiort any merchandilV or cuin-
nuKlity whatfoever to Gieat Britain, Ireland, or the Well Indies, from the loth of
September 1773, unlefs the act tor lt.ipj)ing the port and blocking up the harbour
of Bofton, thai for altering the charter and governineiu of the province of Malla-
chifets' Bay, llie Quebec att, the acts by which duties were impoled on any com
jnodities imported into America, and tome other acts, which they ■numiiaied,
were repealed. 'Ihey avowed their allegiance to his majelly, and their allettion
E
N
N
D.
35»
niicl regard for thcTr fellow fubjcfts in Great Uritnin, but afllrted the ncccOity of
their adopting fuih incafuiis as were calculated to ubtalu a redrefs nf thnfc griev-
ances which they lal)L>ured under ; iuid which, they I'.nd, " threatened deliructiou
to the lives, liberty, and |)ro|)erty of tiie initabitauts of the colonies."
'Ihey alio <lrew up a petition to lite king, in which they enumerated their feve
ral grievance;., and folicited his niajelly to grant them peace, !il)erty, and fafetv.
Ihey likewife publillied an adtlrefs to the people of Great Britain, aiiotlier to tile
colonies in general, and another to the inhabitants of the province of Quebec.
The congrefs broke up on the 26th of Ottober, liaving refolved, that another
congrefs Ihould be held in the fame place, on the 10th of May following, unlcfs
the grievances of whidi they complained lh(juld be redretfed before tlnit time: and
they recommended to all tlie colonies to thoufe deputies, as fu;jn as pollible, for
that purpofe.
Shortly after thefc events, the earl of Chatham, wlio had been long In an in-
firm ftale of health, api)eared in the houfe of lords, and exjirelfed in the llrongcft
terms liis difapprobalion of the whole fyllem of American politics, llealfo made
a motion for inniiediateiy recalling the troops tVom Uollon. He reprefentcd this as
a matter which Ihould be inHanlly ailopted ; urging, that an hour then loft, in al-
laying the ferment in America, might produce years of calamity. He alleged,
that tiiisconciliatoiy meat'ure would l)e well-timed; and as a mark of atfetfion and
"jood-will on oiu' lide, would remove all iealoufy and ai)prehenlion on the other,
and inflantaneoufly produce the hap|)iell ellecls to botli. I lis lordlliip's motion was
rejected by a large majority, 68 againll 18; as was alfo a bill which he brought in
foon after for fetlingthe American troubles, by 6i to 32. The methods propofed
it) the houfe of conunons tor promoting an accommodation, met alfo with a limilar
fate. 'I he number of his niajelly's troops was orderi.d to be augmented ; and an
att was |):ifred lor rellraining the commerce of the New ICngland colonies, and to
inohibit their filhery on the I'aiiks of Newfoundland. A motion was, indeed, af-
lirwards made in the lioufe of conmions, by lord North, firft lord of the trcafury, for
fiifpending the exercife of the right of taxation in America, claimetl by the Britilli
])arliament, in i'uch of the colonies as ihould, in their general alVend)lies, raife fuch
conlributions as were ajjproved of by the king in parliament. This motion was
carried, and afterwards communicated to fome of the provincial aflemblies; but it
was rejected by them as delu(i\e anil unfatistaHor\ , and only calculated todifunite
lliem. 'Ihe petiti )n from the coiigiefs to the king was ordered l)y his majefty to
be laid before the parliament : wliereupon Dr. Franklin, and two other American
agents, folicited to be hearil at the bar of liic home ot commons, on behalf of the
( ulonies, in fupport of that petition: but their application was rejected ; it being
l.iid. that the American congrefs was no legal aU'embly, and that thei\fore no peti-
tion coulil be reciived tro:n it with [Kopiict}'.
In the mean time, tlie iiihabitiuiis i)f the .Vmeriiim imIouIi s began to prepare for
war; tbev tr;uned and exerciled tlieir militia with great indulh) ; and when advice
was received of a proclamation which was iliued in England, to prevent the expor-
tation of aims ;ind ;',nnnuniiiiin to America, nuaUnes were immediately adopted to
renieil^ the detect. .\ud to render themf'ives as independent as pollibic of fo-
reigners, for tlie lupply of thofe articles, , lis were erecteii, and manufactories
t'miiud, both in I'liiladelphia and \ irginia, ibr the making of gun-powder ; and
I iu<Hir:igement was given in all tl.e colonies, for the labrication ot^rnis of every
kind. *
It was on the igtli of .April, 1 775, that the lirll blood was drawn in this unhap-
py civil war. 'Ihe Americans having collected ibme military llores at the town of
Concord in Nesv-l'.nglaiu!, generiil Gage, governi r of the colony, lent the grena-
diers and lijjht int"anii\ oi liic army to dclhoy them. The detachment^ contilling
9 of
35*
E
N
m m
D.
3»-
of about 900 men, embarked in boats at Bollon, sntd bavinR landed at a place ca
I'hipps's Farm, proceeded with expedition townroisConeord When the) arrived «t
Lexington, they found a eonipany of militia, ot in out 100 nun, mullcred near ,1
mceting-houfe It was Juft before fun-rife when the Briiilh troops eame in light
of them; whereupon an oflleer in the van called out," Uifperfe, you rebels!
tlirow down your arms, and difperfe !" the foldiers at the fame time running up
witi\ loud huzzas, Some feattering tliols were tlrft fired, arid immediately fuc-
cceded by a general difeharge, by which eight of the American militia were
killed, and feveral wounded. After this the detachment advanced to Concord
and proceeded to execute iheir commillion, by rendering three pieces of cannon
unferviceable, burning fomc new gun-carriages, a number of carriage wheels, and
throwing into the river a confiderable quantity of Hour, gunpowder, mulket-balls,
and other articles. In the uican time a fmall bod\ of tin militia returned towards
tin- bridge which they had lately pafled ; and upon this movement, the light infantry
retired on tlieC-oncord tide of the river, and liegan todeltroy the bridt^r ; but, upon
the near a|)proach of the militia, the foldiers immediately tired, and killed two men.
The Americans returned the lire, and a Ikirmilh eniued at the bridge, in which the
Englilh troops were forced to retreat, having iVwral ihlii ivliiedand wounded, and
a lieutenant and fomc others taken. About this time the country people began to
rife more geneiallv againft the king's troops, and to attack them on all cpiarters ;
Ikirmifii fucceeded upon lliirmilh; and a continued, thougii irregular fire, was fup-
ported through tlie whok' of a long and iiot ilay. In the march back to l.,exing!on.
a didance ot lix niili'.,, the troops were extremely amio)e(l, ami it is probaiile iliat
their whole body wouki iiave been cut otV, had not general (.«age lent lord Percy in
tlie morning to fuppurt them with fixteen companies of foot, and a body ofmariiKs
witli two pieces of cannon, i hi, powerful reintorcement obliged tlu- provincials
for fome time to keep their diftanec : but as foon as tlie king's troops relumed their
march, tlie attaiks, as the country people beirime more numerous, grew in pro-
portion more violent, and the danger was con'inually augmenting, until the\ ar-
rived, about fun-fet, at Ciiarles- Town, from whence the) [lafled over directiv to
Boflon, extremely haraired and fatigued. 'I he lofs of tlie kings troops amounted
to 6:; killed, i -o wounded, and about 20 prifoners. 'I'he .''iinericans were comput
cd not to liave h'll more than 60, including killed and wounded.
.Soon after this action, numerous bodies of the American militia invelKd the
town of linlion, in wiiieb <;e.icral (^agc and his troops were. In all ilie colonics
llitv i-repared fo/ war wilh the ntmofl dilpaich ; and a linp wasalmoll ever\ where
put to the cx),orla!ion of provilions. 'I'hecontiiu ntaUongrefs met at I'hiladelphia
on the loth of May, 1775, as propofed, and foon adojited I'ueii meafures as contirm-
cd tlie people in their refolulions to oppofe the Hriiilli t;overnment to the utmolt.
.^Nm.ong tlieir 'nil acts, were refihiiions for tin; railin^ofan army, and tlie elbibliih-
ir.ent of a large pajier currency tor its pavment. 'Ibcy all'umed the appellation ot
" Till' L iiid'd Colonies ot .America," who were feenrities lor realizing the nominal
value of ihis currency. 'J hey alfo itrictly prohibited the Aipph ing of the Hritilh
fiPiieries witli any kind of provi(i(nis; and to render tliis order the more ellectu.nl,
ftopt all e,\portatioii lo tliofe colonies, illands, and jilaees, whicli fUll retained their
obedience.
In the mean time, a body of provincial adventurers, amounting to about 240
men, fur])ri^ti the garrifons (if J iconderngo and Crown Point. 1 hefe fortrelies
were taken without ihe lofs of a man on either tide : and the provincials IouikI ia
the forls a confiderable numl er of i^ie* es of i-annon, belides inoriars. and fnuliy
kinds of military ftores. Uowiver, the force of (ireat Britain in An-.eiica was nmv
Augmented, by the arrival at Holion, from Kngland, of the generals Howe, liiir-
goye, and Clinton, with coiilid table reintoriements. But the continental Cdii
;;refs
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^"n;'i^--';i':t:^n;!;','i'-''«'^^
«'evi„h„ion of ,h,. chart. , .„
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N D.
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tr ot
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lit chn
CDJitainod in tl
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ilii
353
flays after, that Hit
!;,-lM-n,,;,„,,c^;?-*^;-|,l^
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'vvn of Ji„,|„„ hnj
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•'"■«'cl,ng to ,|,e p^,^.
'crs
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'V a ri\eT.
accordiiui
•* "(>"n Hiii.'k
ly niadt
.1.:
11
<'ihunl that joins ||„ ,
vithMrh or\K.r..,„(|yi',
war, ilicy u'iT(
y '''"••'.'",i(h ground rl
ms.an,) r, , , "". '"^" "'^onlnc or ,1...
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i^'iii'i-, that tl
llKUIfdl th,. ,„...:../• ■ 1'-"^'; '-"■ncd,.Mtllr,r,..,..I.
var, iin-y wore not Im-ir,! i • ' " "R" "H-' Pfhinfid-, « ., / '"""'■;' "" "u iruorks
ifd a
iinplei
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firf! not
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iiured
>hk' dif]
part
^ cannon
I'laljli- I'nt
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"lie I 7 th, ,77.. -J
■pi-.<'(it". far advanced
"Viithnirnt'
'"' camp, and fl
irt.
)variarlv in ||
lie (j.'ht
ni tl
."""•tars, wascarii.-d
"'■"^ '•'•>'. a lioa wand
/iiKhalferie.s, andfion.tl
(eveiv tile witl
Iiad lieen near,
""1''"'""'^: work's of th
" "'"''' (<'^"""'fl iitlie lefs th
'■■ominnaKireof
'• S''^at (irninef^ and
''••;>P-fCop'sj,i„i„',5
P'ovnufals, from the ll
'unards
'c ^\"^ks was the
ftins
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nnon,ii()wit2(
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1
cinharked under tl
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l>P^;a.vdto,nnluetlK.i;i
general Can-
f)ii(iiu
iiirri
'gof. to drive tii
'c command of
^■^■i'utedaeonlidaahlel
""Ps, Irnin Hoat-
caiis bore th
"!< if' 110 tnc
eiiiforceiiieiu whici
P'"vineialsfroiiitl
iiiajor-gcncral J |
ll.S
'my
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";.''}• of troo,)s to
-00 .m.;r"-ii::'" !,:l^^'!---"^ receive
:";.-"-^^- ''■i.i-i.';aH '".'£'^r^->-i
'K^k-r wiiich the
'ii'ics, loallbrd
rieans into eoiitu/
"ual fireof fiuall
tn
attack
was Ih'!--
'"Ps advaiuTd
gu" l>y a nio/1 f
"ounted in the who!
inent, together with;
Vl
c\ ere fire of
'^' '<■ more thai
/"•"PP<.ni.ni,yio!hc.;,riil|
^/'bv'>->-:^i..;K':r:'!:;;:'i'i''---rs
11)1)
'Die .A
"■"i^^andariill
"lerieans, on t]
'cry to ruin tl
^•"cpiy,andhaltrdf,
'^''r part, fntf
"• w (irks, and t
I ""' '■'""" ••' """. until [•'"■'''■' '^■''''"•^^'''''^•<
^'V' ••' "">'icl.v;,d(n| lire ''''^'"'^^ '"■•■■• '••■'
';;d"'anyuftJ..-iro)/i,vrs.
"lied a flv
■veral
•'piinheAme-
re took
'allied, and
igaiti 1
iron
,'ht
'Jh
'^ loiees had
i'laee. In whleh
"■""His and refolut
ere and eonti-
•■'Pprcaehed alniolf
ion.
g'lt toll
y "'ere there
e!
tipoii ih
"""''"■'■'"'^" "■^' i^rirld
'ihi
to the works
■-'! ''•''>-"' 'S ami for.; ll cmf ,', '''''^ "'''''■'^^•^' <l'e work
ntiif,. ,,r I.... ' '"cm 111 everv m,,.,,.. ._
' 'ruopsfcll.
"■'/"■n i'Ho culordcr; hurl-
'ii-'lritiite of I
w VI
'"■cvtr, anmnberoftl
not drivfii with
'a;.onets, and th
s of I
'le A,
iH'il;
hcni taught dii]
cir ;!'nnu
>erali
--■>.«l-rtcn Manvoi-'Z;^"!?^;^
'» is faid to Jia'vc i
with
the provincials
iHeii cxj>t.nded ;
veral oln-.„. ...,,■ ^ '';"•^^s l..wn iif, If „.,.:..- , '^".^.''' retreat- ,; flowlv ...
eial ph
'"•liny, and w
■'ces, and burnt
to ih
"'■K'elf",. taring th
as contidvTed as tl
'^'ground. 11
liev
•it-fion.was fei
.",'; "-'s t'le /irif fott!
'11 fin
'""""■^' '" ^'"igrants fn.nitt !?"""""■ "^■''""<>". tl
iiri"it I ,.'7 ""iJI Illc r<>riTii>r* .1- .. . *
y over
in fe-
li'vat tra
'Jl
ic former : it
lenient made in t]
he
'"t ^Milled, and
'•^"f the king's tr
»''cr this ai^fion, the A
com allied
ig s troops in the ac
aiioui
">;;re than foo woun.L d
'ippoliio to it
'•••"''•ly invefled m "t"h
inerieaiis im
■^ '-V" owing its bi . r;,^
aniountccr
'10" at l)ui;ker'sllill
'"eluding niaiiv oil
iccrs.
the (
\
^?;r:;;;!!i'^,-^.^i»e;K;r^Tr*^"i». »,,,,,„,
"iigrefs
J)en
ImI
"■g'liia, who had
='!'P'>'"ted (;eorg. Wall
a as tluy had be
cck ; fu that ll
"-' troops Were
les of
prov
'e(niiivd
' in/idcral
""■'■'lis .luring ilie Jail
,!m-'""' ^'f^l- a genti
" "1 Bolion. About tl
liJI,
.as
"c cxpiTienc
v.ar, to b
Z
c in the
email of large fort
I's time
command of diii
-Sener.1, and commander iiicK
une in
"rent
lief
of
354
K
N
D.
of iill the American forces. ThfV nlfo publilhal a ({ccluration, in which they (lyled
thi iiifcIvoR " llic Ri-pr(.-ri.'iitativfs of tlu' United Colonics o( North America," and
allifjiad their reafons Tot UikinR up arms. It was 'vritten in a very animated llrain,
inul contained the- f'ollowinj; paira;;e : " In our own native land, in defence of the
fivedom tliat is ovir l)irlli-rij;ht, and whidi wc ever enjoyed till the late violation
<if it ; lor the prott.i'tion ot our property, acquired foiely bv the honelt induftry
ot mir iWefiitlur, and ouifi Ives ; a,i.',;<inll violence atliially oft'ered, we have taken
up arms. We lliall lay them down wlieii liullililieH Ihall eoafe on ihd part of the
:«j;grcfl'ors, and all danger of tli.'ir heinj;; renesveil ihnll be removed, and not be-
fore." A fecond |)eliti()n to the king was alfo voted by the congrefs, in which
they carneftly lo!icited his niajelty to adopt fome meihod of putting a (lop to the
unlKippy contell between Great Ihitain and the colonies. This petition was pre-
sented by Mr. I'enn, late j;overni)r, and one of llu: proprietors of I'ennAlvimia,
through the hands of lord Dartmouth, fecrctary of Hate lor the American depart-
ment ; but Mr. I'enn was foon after iniornutl, that no anfwcr would be given to
it. The refufal of the king to give an anfwcr to thii petition, from near three
minions of jieiiple, contributed exceedingly towards farther e\afperating the mindi
of the Americans. An Addrcfs was now publilhed by the congrefs to the inhabit-
ants of Great Britain, and to the people of Irel uid.
Hut as no conciliatory meafures were adopted, lioliilities Hill continued ; and an
pspedltion was fct on toot by the Americans againll Canada, to which they were
iiuliiced b) an extraordinary connniliion given to general Carleton, the governor
of Canada ; bv which he was empowered to emboily and arm the Canadians, to
march out of the country for the i'ubjugation of the other colonies, and to pro-
ceed even to capital punilliments againlt all thofe wiiom he Ihould deem rebels
and oppofers of the laws. I'lie American expedition againlt Canada was chieliy
condnitcd by Richard Montgomery, an Irilhman, on whom the congrefs conferred
tJie rank of brigadier-getieral. lie tirlt made himfelf mafler of CMiamblee, a fuiall
fort, in which he found 120 barrels of gunpowder, and other military (tores, lie
afterv.ards took the furt of St John's, in \vliich was a garrifon of about 500 regu-
lars, together with fome Canadian volimteers ; and the town of Montreal alfo (ur-
Jindered to him on the 1 3tli ot N'ovi uiber, 177;. In the mean time colonel be-
nedict Arnold uiuk'rtook to man li with a body of Americans iVom IJollon to (Que-
bec, by a rout which had hith'-rto been eonlidered as impratticable. After over-
coming innumerable dilhculties, in a march tlnough thick woods, deep fwamps,
and deep mountains, they arrived in Canada, where Arnold publiihed an addrels
to the people of that i>rovii\ce, (igned by general VValhington, in which they were
invited to join with the other lolonies ii^ an indilTolubk- union, and to range them-
fclves under the (landard of general liberty. A (imilar publication had before
been iffucd by Montgomery. .Arnold appeared before (Quebec on the yth of No-
vember, and foon at'ter joined Mont'^uinery, on whom the chief command of
Gourfe devolved (General Carleton, ilie governor, employed every ctVort to rept'l
the affailants. On the 31(1 ot Uei ember, Montgomery attem[)led to gain pollct'-
fion of the place by tlorm, but was killed in the lirll lire from a battery, as -.kI-
viincing in the front of his men: Arnold was alfo dangeroully wounded, about
60 of llieir men were likewlfe killed ami wounded, and 300 taken prifoners. The
bcfifgers immediately quitted their cani|), aiul retired about three miles fion
Uic Ci.^ , and the liege was for fom<' months converted into a blockade. On gene-
ral Cajlton's receiving conlideraiile reintoicements and fupplics of proviliotis fronv
England; May 1776, Arnold wiis o!)liged to make a piecipitate retreat ; Montreal,
Chamblee, aiid.M. John's were ictaken, and all Canad.'. recovered by the king's
Uoops.
During
V.
N
I,
N
I).
3rs
During thcfc traiifattions thi" rovsil nrmy nt Hofton was (linnni-*! for want of
pniviHon:; ; the town whs l)()ml):irc[t-(l In tlic An.vTicnns, ami geiK-ral Howi*, wli<»
now conunantkd the king's trDops, whith anioimtctl to nnwards of fcvcn thoufanJ
men, was obliged to quit I'olton, and enil)ark tor Ifniitax, leaving liii artillery
and (lores behind. '1 he Iowa was evaenated on ihe i7lh of March, 1776, and
general Walhington inuiudiately took pofli-nion ot" it. ()n llie 4tli of July follow-
in;,', the coiifjrt Is declared the colonies, tor reafons alTigm-d in the aH, nhfolveJ
troin all allegiance to the llritilh crown, and that all poliiiial ciuietlion between
tluni and the kingdom ot' Great IJritain was totally didolved ; and alfo that, as
free and independent Hales, they had t'ull power to levy war, conclude peace,
contract alliances, ellablilh eonunerce, and do all other atls and things, which in-
dependent Hates may of right do. Ihey likewife puhiitlied articles of (onfede-
ration and perpetual union among themfelves, in wliicli fluy aHiimed the title of
" the United States of 'Vmerica." In the fame n\onth, an attempt was made by
eoiimiodore lir I'eter Parker, iund lieutenant-general Clinton, upon Charles-town
in South Carolina. But this place was fo ably defended by the Ani< licans under
general Lee, that the Hritilh commodore and general were obliged to retire, tlur
king's Ihips having lullained lonliderable lofs, and u twenty-eight gun (hip, which
ran a-groiind, was obliged to be burnt. Ho'^ever, a more fu( cefsful attack agair.ft
the Americans was loon alter made uiuUr the command of general Howe, tl»eii
joined with a large body of JJellians, and a conliderable nimd)er of 1 iighlanders.
'I he Heet was commandi.'d by his brother vice-admiral lord Howe ; and both the
general and admiral were invelled with a jxtwer, under the title »)f " Commillion-
ers for granting I'eai e to the Colonies," of granting pardons to thofe who would
lay down their arms. Hut their oilers of this kind were contemptuoully rejcttcd.
An attack upon the town o! New-^'oik feenis to have been cxpetled by the pro-
vincials, and therefore they had fortified it in the bell maimer they were able. On
Long llland, near New-York, the Amerirans had alfo a large body of troops en-
camped, and feveral works thrown up. (Icneial Howe tirft landed on Slatea
llland, where he met with no oppofition ; but early in the morning of tlic zzd of
Augull, a defcent was made by the Hritiili troops upon Long llland, and towards
noon about fifteen thoufand were landed. I hey had greatly the advantage of the
Americans, by their fu])erior Ikdl and difcipline, and being better provided with
artillery, and every kind of military accommodation ; and the American palles
were far from being properly fecured. Some flcirmilhes happened during feveral
fuccellive days ; in which the IJritith troops engaged their enemies with great ar-
dour, and the Ameri' ans fullered exceedingly, finding tliemfelves fo much over-
powered, tliey at length refolwd to (|iiit the ilhind, aiul general W'alhiiigton camo
oviT from New-York to conduct their retreat, in which he dilplayed great ability.
Id the night of the 29th of July, the American troops were withdrawn from tlio
camp and their diflerent works, and with their Iwggage, llores, and part of their
artillery, were conveyed to the water-dde, endiaiked, and palled over a long ferry
lo New-York, with fudi extraordinary liUiue and order, that the Britilh army did
not perceive the lead motion, and were furprifed in the morning at finding th.e
American lines abandoned, and feeing the lalt of their rear-guard in their boats,
;in(l out of danger In the diH'cruit actions previous to their retreat, ti.e lofs of
the Americans had been very contiderable, Upwards ol a thoufand of th( m were
tiikcn prifoners, including three generals, three colonels, and many inferior otli-
cers ; their mimb<r of killed and wouiukd wa.s ojmpnted to be dill greater ; they
I It alfo five field-pieces, and a (piantity of ordnance was found in tlic different
redoubts and t'oi ts on the i(l;niil whilfl the whole lofj of the Britilh troops did not
iiinount to more than three Ui^idtcd killed and wounded.
Z z 2 But
.3S^
E
N
N
D,
But this fiicccfs of the royal army wns far from bi in^iiij; tlic Aniei it ans lo fulr
niillioii. V\ iu-n iomc oviTUircs, ti-iuliiig towards a n-i oiuiliatioii, were, n low
tiays after, nirulo by lord Howo, he was anfwered by a loiniuiltie from the con-
givfs, " lliat llu' eolonii's now conruicrt d tiu-mfeivcs ns iiKleneiidiiit Ihitcs, and
were fetlliii},', or liad fittlfd, tluir government ae(<irdint;ly ; but tliat tiiey Were
willing lo enter inti) any treaty wiili (ireat Britain \\hiiii mij^lit be beneficial to both
toimtries." Soon after this, the Ameritans abandoned the city of New-York to
tlie king's troops, who took polVellion ol it with little (i|i|iolition, and toiniil there-
in a lari^. '"laiitity of ordnance ami niiliiary (hires. Some ol tiie |iro\ incials af-
terwards found means to fet tire to the city in feveral plutes, and a third pari of it
was burnt down.
After ilie furrendcr of Xew-York, the royal army obtained another important
advantage at the White I'lains, and took Kort-W alhiM^jlon, with a gairif mi tif 2500
:.iei'., and fcit l.ce, villi a great <niantily of llores, wliiih lolil s t)l)ligLii llio Anie-
iiea.i general to ri'iieat throiii^h the Jerfeys to the ri^ei IJei.iware, a dillante of
tiinety miles. Alio nn the 8th of December, gcmral Clinton and lir I'olcr I'arker
<ii)tained pollellion of libode-illand ; and the Urililh troops covered the Jerfeys.
Ihis was the crilis of Ameriian danger. Their forts were taken, the time ol' mi-
litary f rviee of the grealell part was expired, and the lew that reniaim d with
tlieir oliieers weie ill prepared tor defence. 1 lad general I luwe ballencd at that
time to Piiiladelphia, alter W adiinglon, it halh been maintained, there would
\ave been an end of the eontell. His delay gave time for volunteer reinloree-
ir. -nts ol gentlemen, inerehauts, larmers, tiailelnu'ii, and iabourvTs, \o juin gene-
ral Walhington, who, in the night of the i,th of Di-ei'mbei, amidll fuow, Itorms,
and ice, widi a fmall ileiaehinent, erotl'ed tin- Delaware, and fiirpnleil a brig;iilc
of llellian troo|)s at I'renton. lie took upwarils of c)oo of them |)riloiu-rs, with
whom he rei)alltd the river ; having alio taken three llandarils, li.\ pieces of braf^
cannon, ami near one thonfaml Ihmd (A arms Immediately after this furprife i>t
the rielllaiis, and dipoliting iheiii in fatetv, \\ alhiiigton reeroli'ed the riM r, mui
re/amed his former poll at Trenton. The IJritilh iroojis collected in force 10 attack.
him, and only waited for the mi)rning. WalhingiMU ordered a line of tires in front
of his camp, and then moving in the niglit, with his baggage and artillery, b\ a
cireuitdUs march of eighteen miles, reached J'rince-.own early in the nuirniiig,
tarried the Hritilh pi>tt at that jjlact'. and fet olf with near ){oo prifoners on lii.s
return to the IXMaware, jnii ns the Hriiiiii troops at Trenton were uniler arms and
proeeedinj; lo attack him, fupnoling him in his former poliiion. ily the tkiifiil
emplnynitnt of a comparatively fmall foree, Waihingtim thu.s deranged nil tlu
nie;ifures of the Britilh general ; made him draw in his troop-, to a cloli-r coinpai'>,
to.protict his n>aga'!\ne. at liniiifwick ; and elofed the campaign which had fiir'n
an unpromiling l«c^ginning, with lignal glory to himf.if, and lignal ailvaniage lo
his country. i'he Americans had alto titie»l out a great nund)er of pri\ateers,
which look many pri \ ■. ; ai' 1. on the other hand, not ii few of the Ameiieim ncI'-
fels fell into ti e haiio,. i the iingl.di, but they were generally of little value.
In the month ot .Vpn.-mO'jr 1777, t-.vo iittions of fome im[)ortanee happened
between the armie» of g'ntral llowe and general V\ alliinglon, in both ol whicl-
the former had the advantage ; and foon alter, the city of rhiladelpl.ia airrenil.T-
ed to the king's troop,. H;it an e.\p dilion, thai luul for fome lime been conceri-
ed, of invading the noith''n colonies by the way of Canada, proved exUenielv
tmfuccelblul. llie command of this exj)c(lition had been given to lieulenant-'c-
nerol Hurgoyne. He fet out fruia (Quebec with an armv of near 10,000 men, rind
a fine train of artillery, and w.ts joined by a eenlideiaiile boiU of the Indians.
I'or lome time he drove the Americans before him, and made hinifelf nialier of
'i icomlcragoj but at length he cucuuntcred fuch dilHculties, and wai fo vi'^orouf-
1 " h-
^
R
N
D.
iSJ
ly oppofi'«l by the Amcric.nnj under Gnfe» and Arnold, thnt oftcr two fi-vorc ac-
tions, in wliicli prcut niiinhiis tell, gomial lliirg<»)iic und liis army of 5,600 men
were ol)li);i'd to lay down tlu-ir arms, Oitohcr 17, 1777 : llu-y wtrc. however, pcr-
niiiU(l to m;in li tint ot tlieif i.Tiiip with all tlir iiDiujurs ot war, and were to be
iillowr<l to leiiirn to I'.iiropi', iipoa londiiioii of (iuir not fvTvinf^ ajjaiu diirinjj the
iJiefiiit loiiti ll. Ill on<' of the actions previoiiii to llii:, lomeiilion, brijjatlier-}^e-
lu-ral I'r.i/er, a very f>allanl otliciT, was killed ; and nt the time of their tnrreiuier,
tiie Hiitlihnrniy was (•\cfe(li!\,';ly retUieed in numbers; aid their lloek of provi-
liuiis was not more than fiitlielent for tliree days liibiilleiiee ; wliilll on the otiier
liaiul. tin .AiiuMiiaii army liad been joined by nnmerons ijiidivsot the militia, wiio
were exafperated at fume late eriieltiei eommilltd by liie Imlums in the feiviceof
Great Hriiain.
/\l)(uit the fame time, fir Henry Clinton and cciuTai Vaiifjhan made a fuecefs-
iiil eNpeditiim a^ainli the Amei ieans up tl-.c North Uivv r ; but the Amerieaus ttan-
plaiiie<l that the Ikitilli troops had wanionly fet tire to hoiifes ami towns, particu-
larly Ivl'iipus, and carried 011 the war in a manner not ulnal amoe.g t.ivili/ed na
tions. (jeiieral Howe foon after returned to I'.tij^land, and the commaiul ot th(;
Hritilh army in Amiriea devolved upon ;^oneral Clinton : but it was now found
lU'eelVary to evaeitate Philadelphia ; and aeeordiiii;ly Clinton retreated with the
army to New-^ ork., in June 177S. The Brililh tnmps were attacked on ihcir
iii.iieh b) the Ainerieatis, but the ietre.it was fo ably eoiuluctetl, or the Ameri
can general l.ee behaved fo ill, ilial their lots diU nut amount to 300 killed ami
wdimdv'il.
This war witli the colonies, the French court regarded as a favourable crillsfor
(liiiiiniihinq; ilu- Hriiiih power. I'hev fupplied thr Americans wiili arms and am-
nuinioon , fome I'reneh oHicers alto entered into the Aimrican frrvice ; and oil
the oth of IVbrnary, 1778, a treaty of iiUiance was concluded at I'aris, between.
iIk Ling and tlie Ihirleen United Colonies; and of this treaty, it was dechired,
tlcit the ellential ami direct end was, " to nuiintain clleitually the lil)ertv, fove-
ri'igniv, .■'.nd independence, abfohite and unlimited, of the United States of ISortK
America, as well in matters of government as of commerce."
In Jime, 1778, the earl of Carlille, William Kden, and George Johnllon,', efqrs.
;irrived at Pltilaiielphia, as commiirioners f.om his ntajeify, to tettle th^- difpiites
lutween the moilier-cuimlrN and tlie coloiiies. They were invclied with lertain
powers tor this purpofe by iict of pinliamem. I'ut it was now too late : the terms,
wliich, at an earliir perioil i,f tlie contell, would have been accepted with grati-
tude, were now rejected with difdain. Ihe congrefs rcfufed to enter into any
tie.ity with ilu- Hritill: , nmmillioiiers, unlefs the iiulepmdency of the United Slates
of Americii was previoullv acknowledged, dr the Ihiiilii tlerls ;i;ul armies with-
drawn tVom America. N'either of thei'e recpiilitions being complied with, the war
iKUtinued to iie carried on with miit.ial animolity. At the dole vi the year,
(icorgia was invaded bv the king's troops, the town of Savannah taken, and ilic
whole province ;it letii^th reduced.
The llagitioiis conduct of France towards Creat Britain, in taking part with the
revolted colonills, occalioned the conimenceinent of hottilities bet%veen the two
natiiins, iliough without ;iny formal deelaraiie.n of war on either lule. On. the 1 7tli
ot June, i"}]^, the Licorne and 1-a Uelle i'oiiie, two I'Vench trigiues, were taken
by admiral keppel. Ord.-rs were imuioilip.i. ly itiued by the I'reiicii court for
making rcprifali on the iliips of Great iirit.iiu ; and (vi ; le 27th of July a battle
v,as fought oil' Hrelt between the Knglilh licet, under the command of admiral
K.'ppel, and the French Heet, under the command of the count d'<.)rviiliers. The
r.iii;litl> fleet conlifled of ;o ihips of the line, and the French of ^1, belides frigates:
iliey eiig;iged tor about three hours ; but the attioa was not dccilive, lao ihip lieing
takux
Il5t
N
N
D
tiikni on I'iihcr Cu^'', and the Frciuh flcol at li-iigilj r.-lroatcil iiUi» tlu* Ii.ir1)i>nr o(
liii'ft. Of tin- Ki'i>liil>, I ^^ wore Wilk'tl in tlio aMioii. iml ^7^ wdiuUmI , :uul tli« loin
ofilu- l-'rom li is l'u|)))olWl to have lu'cn vcrv ijreat. AUer iliu <'n>j;ij{i'mi'nl, tlii:u
\\ji iniK'li niiiniiiMin^ tliroiiqliout llu- l''.ni^lil)i lK\'t, lucnii'L' » clci ilivu vi^turv li:\(l
iwt l)i-i-ii olitaiiR'cl ovrr tlic 1'roiii.li; at lull tiic lil.iin ■ \va-< I'mowii upon lir li\if([i
I'.illit'ci, vin'-iuliiiiial ot tljo l)iuc, who \va*thal^ccl in u ncwljjnjtcr with uiiriini-
tl.ict iinil clifulu'di'-iico nford' is. 'J'lioiiifli i\i) regular ai cufalioii wa^ l)riiii|rlit ai^ainll
liim, 111' iv(|iiiic(l ot" a'iiniral Koppcl jmUiicI) to viiulicati- hi:^ coiulutl fVotii tin-
iiiitavoiiralik r«.-|M)rts tliat wore [ii'o))a^;it<.-(l H^aihll liini. I'liis tlic a<iinii'ul Uo< |ij|.
cil, wliiili ^avL' rill to drnw altoicalioii liftwu-ii tlu-iii i atul lir Ilii)'li I'allifor afiir-
Wi'.rils ilumulil |)rn[)cr to i-sliiliit lo liu- hoard of j'd.iiiraity (ot' wiiiili lio liiiiifclt
was a iiiiMiilvr) ariiclivs of iK-ciilation a);ainll admiral Ki)ip»d, llioimli, lor ii\any
inomliH alti-r tlic action, he had >()iiti uii*d to act under liini. A mode ot' conduct
fo I'Ntraordinary was very m'nernlly and feverelv cenlnred ; hut the lords of the
udniiralu ordered a coiirt-tnartial t>) !><' Iield for the trial <il .niniiral Ke|)pel. Soon
utter, a memorial was prelented to the kim; hy the <ltik.e ol Kolton, ligned hv
twelve admirals, ainon^ wlio:n was loid ilawke, renionllralini; a;;;iinll the injnf-
tiee of holding a court-niarlial on admiral Kepiiel, upon the uei'ui'aii>>n of an in-
ferior »itlicer, " after forty years ol nieritorions (ervice, and a viirielv of actions in
" whiili lie had exerted eminent courage and conduct, hy which li\e honour and
•' power of this nation, and the glory ol the Ikililh Hag, had heen maintained and
*' nurealVd in various parN of llie world." When the lonrt-manial was hild,
iidmiral Ki i)pel was honouiahly aecputted ; and lir Hugh I'aliifer's charge againll
Jiiin was declari d hy the court io he " malicious and ill-founded." Sir Hugh I'al-
lifer heing afterwards tried hv another court-martial, partly compofi-d from foine
of the cantains of liis own diviiion, he likewile was acipiit.ed ; and ins dilohcdi-
cnce to the admiral'!, orders was alcrihed to the dilahled tlate of hii diij).
In the luill hidies an engagement happened heiween fome KngliJi Ihips of war
under the connnand of lir tdward \ ernon, and fome l-'reneh lliips under the loni-
jnand of .Moid", de Tronjolly, on the loth of Augull, in which tlic former obliged
t'le hitler to retire; and (jii the i^th of Ottoher tullowing, I'ondicherry furrciulcr-
cd to the arms of (Jreat Hritain. In the murfe of the fame year the illand ni
.St. I.ucia, in the Weft Imlics, was taken from the French; w!io iu return nuide
themfeives nialler.s of Dominica, and the toHowing year they ohtained pollellion of
St. Vincent's ;md (Grenada. In .Septeiuher, 1771J, the coui\t D'Klhiing arrived at
the inout!) of the river .Savannah, with a large lleet, and a conliderahle hody (I
IVcikIi troo|)s, to the alhlhince ol' the .Ameriians. An united attack was made
up'ii the liriliih ironps at Sinannaii, under the ccjuimand of giiural I'revolt. But
tiie latter defended ihemlelvi.-s to wi-ll, that the Freuehand -Americans were driven
nrt' with great lols, a!\d D'lUlaing A>on after totally ;ihantloned the coall of Auie-
rlca; and at the clolV of the year i;79. I \eral I'lench lliips (jt war and mercliaiu
Jhips were taken in llie Well Indies, hy a fleet under the command of lir Hyde
Pa.ker.
By the intrijjues of the Frt nch court, Spain was at length hrouglit to engage 111
tile w.u' ngamit I'jiglaiul, and to alVemhle forces to heliege (Jihrallar, whieii was
defeiideil hy the gaiiifon wiih great vigi'Ur. 'llu' naval force of .Sp;iin wa^ alfo
added Ui that of France, now become extremely furmidahle, and their comhiiied
fleets feemed fur a lime to riile triumphant in ihe Britilh Channel. So great wen-
iheir armaments, th.t the nation was under no inccnddcrahle apprehenlions of an
invalioji ; but they did not venture to make an exjn riinent of liiat kind, and after
parading tor fome ti.i'.e in the Channel, thought prDjier to retire to their own ports.
On the bth of January, 1780, lir George Brydges Kodiuy, who 'lad a large Heet
Uiider his command, caj)tured fcven Spanidi ihips and vefl'eis of war hclonj,in'.;
to
N O
L
S \).
359
)t war
eiuk'r-
iml u\
ion i)t
I at
)dy (it
made
Uut
Irivcn
Auu'-
cliaiu
II) do
Ih \\:\>>
L alf'.
[liincd
wori.-
lot ail
after
[ports.
tlfCt
to
lo the royal company of CarrncciH, witl» n nuiiilur of trnilinj; vifT-I* iiivlrr their
lonvoy ; ami in ii ti-w dnys al'tir the fiinu" sidniiml {i"!.'!, lunr Capr St. Vincent,
n S|innill) liett, cunli(tinf{ of eleven lltips nt" llie liiv ;iiul two lrin;atts, mukr lion
Jiinn <le L.ang»ru. l-oiir of the lorjjeli Sp.niilh iMi ■• were tuk'n, and i arried into
(iil)rnltar, »nd two others driven on lliore, one of wliith was nfn rwar<U reeovcri-il
Lv the Knglilh. A Spanilh 70 gun lliip, with 600 men, was nlfi blown up in the
adion. In April nnd May ttirre ai-tionslikewife happened in the \N et| liwliis, be-
tween the Knglilh Meet mnier admiral Kodney, wliu wa<( now unived in tinil part
of tlie world, ^liavinj^ previoiilly thrown fuoplies into (»il)raliari, and the I'reneh
fleet under the toinit de (Juiihen ; but no Ihip was taken on either tide. In July
followinj; udmirul (Jeary took twelve vnlnnble IVeneh merehaitt ihips from I'on
an Prime; but on tlv 8th of An;^ult, llu- combined fleets of Frame and Spai'i
took live I'.nglilh luft Indianien, and lifiv luiKJilh nierihant lhip>, bound tor tli«!
Well Indies, which was a very fi vire Itroke to the coininrree of (iri .a lliilain.
On the 4lh of May, 17S0, lir Henry Clinton made himfelf mailer if C'harlc*-
towii, South Caroliiui ; and on the iftth of Aujjuli, earl ('ornwallis olitaiiiv d a viry
li^nal viiMory over general (".atcs in that province, in \\hii.li about a thoufand
AiiKrican prifoners were taken, belides levcn I>ie^(•^ lA br.ilh cannon, a uMml)'T of
colours, and their ainnnmition-wa|,'^ons. iiut on the loth of July, Mo:i(. Tciniiv,
witli a licet conMiin^ of feven ihip-. of the line, belides lri;;ates, and a lar^e body
of Krenih troops, commanded by llie count dc Uochanibeau, arii\nl at Uhodc
lliand, and lainled t»ooo men there. 'Ihe Aunrican iidiabitanis civu^ratnlaietl the
Krenih (general uiion his arrival, and he iilFured them, that llie kinj;, hi; n.iilier,
had lent him to the alliliauce tif l>i:. good and t'ailhful allies, the Lnited Slate- vt
America; and that the I'rcnch troops were to atl under the urilcis of {jiiieial
\\ alhinf^ton, and would live with the Americans as their brethren.
Soon after, major-geiieial i\rnoI«.l diferteil the fervice ol the ci.n'^ref,, made lus
ifeape to New Ytnk, and was appointed a brii^adier-general in the ro\al teivice.
His behaviour in the govi rnmenl of I'hiladelph.a had incurred the dh|)leafure of
the Americans. He was reprimanded by a ciini-martial, but afteiwaids taken
into fervice in the princi] :il armv, with conllderable rank and trull. Hisalleclions
however were totally iliranmii trt)ui the iVnieriean caul'e. Accordiuj.^ly, when
the ilionc; aiul inipoMiiut poll of Well Point, with its depeiidencieb, ai.d a wini»or
( oi.lilerai)lc liixihon of tiie army wite ei.trulied to hiui, a nejjociation was liifco-
vered between him and general Clinton fur the purpofc t-t dcliveiing up the
poll which he commanded. I his would have enaliled Clinton to furprile the
other pulls ami batteiies, and final ruin to the /vmericans nuili have been the re-
fult. Major Andre, adjulani-gei.eial of the Hrililh army, was eirplo}cd in this
elaiidelline neg(>ci.\tion. After an interview with Arnold, and linvin^^ in his tent
a whole night and day, on his return to New ^ ork he was taken, Vlilguiled, within
the American lines, and in his boot were found, in Arnolds ha, id-writing, exatl
returns of the llate of the lorces, oidu...ice, and ('..lence.s at \\ eli Point and its tle-
peiiilencies, the aitilh-rv orders, critnai remarks on the works, ellimates of the
number of men on ilnty to man ttiem, and a copv of very intertliiii;.; matters,
which had been laid before a council of war by the commander in cliief. 1 hcfo
papers that were fomul upon him fubjected him to iullant exeeiition, in the fum-
niary way nfually prattifed with fpies ; but geiieiiil \\ athington a|>pointed a board
(jf fourteen general oHieeis to examine into iiis lale, who reported, lliat he ought
to be conlideied as a fpy, and as fuch to fuller death, which was iiitlided on him
at Tappan, in the iirovince of iS'ew York.
'Ihe great expences of the American war, and the burthens which were thereby
laid upon the people, naturally oecalioiud much difcontent, and feemed to con-
vince perfons of all ranks of the ncceility of public (Economy. Nlectings were
S therefore.
3«9
N O
r
I).
tluvi't'orf lu'M In v.irIi»iH cDiintii'inr iln- Win;; l'>!i», ut tho cIijI'i' of i1i« ycsf I77«y,
iitid llic l)r^ii\iiirig nt" ilu- M-iir i 7H0, ul wlii( ii ({nut lutmlHTt i»t rri'tltxltivri wcrg
pnfv'ut, wli lacri'i-d lit |>r«foitl iK-tilioiiK to llw lioufc itt'crtit'iioiH t in whUhllify
I'lirncllly rcijiifltid, •• th.it Ix'fctif imy lu-w Imrtlifus won,' Un' upon iM* tinmtry,
•• rrt'echial im-atiir.'. ii(ic;lii In* lukoii l)v tli'- lionl'f to in|ii;u' ini-i mul currvtl ilio
*• »;ror% »hiilV> in tin ixn.ntlitiiri' of piif)!!' ni-tncv ; Id rodiu-f all oMirbituiil imim.
" liiiK'iitH ; t(» ri'lclntl mul iiltolilh all lino* mo pliu i-. mul uniiurii.d jiindiMi'* ; aiid
" I > nppropriati- llio jtrodiuo to ilu- lu-ii'liiti ■< of llu- ll.ito, in fmli miiruur .m t>)
*' the wifilom of parli.iiMi-nt thonltl fooni nt v-t." I lu' lirll jx-iiiion of iliin kind
will ii);rc(.''l lo in tlu» I'ouiity of York ; mul lliv lAiimplt.' wan tollowi-il by tlio conn.
liri of (lulKr, lli'itfonl. S\i(ri*\, Surry, I'lK-v. Sotovrftl, Will;*, (ilowcvlli ••,
lliinlin;;Jvin, Dorfot, C'nmbirland, Norfolk, Dtw n, I', i\k, Noitini;hiii'i, lliuk*,
('a'nl)rid|;c, Hiilfor«l, Nnirilk, .Norllmnilifrl iiid, I l>Ti lord, Hiul l>iiil)i^h 'll,o
t itiiM of l/Midon and \N \lliiiiiifttr, mul fk-viral otlur limns aiul torsniriiuoi;^, c >ii«
ciurrd in (imilar potiiioits, S(»nic trivial altonipls wcio luado lo ii hiody lln jjricv-
.nuA's Ihitfd, liiit iu)iliin;; in.port.itil was i'f1i\-lid i i1k> niinillry fion fount! nv <n%
to ri'^ain iluir inlluonci" ; a diMMlitv of iVniiou-nt oi,i afi'mi'd tlifiuil>iii iki'm iir no
pipiilnr liTT<lcin mul various »aufos coMfpiri'd 10 In itjr i.u' xri-aK-li piul ot llio lu- '
lion 1,1 a |>riiiiMt nti]uiofti'nL\' in llu* nualuir . of adroinilkraiion.
ilio n\idd!i' of the uar 17H0 wa^ diliinKuidud by om- of tin* mid <Mf|(i«i .'ful
«>siiil)ilioiis of ri'tit;io\is lvii»otrv llial bad i'mt .ijiprarid in iIiIh couinry ; I'fiKii illy
if it l)c i(tii(itIiM\ il :'» liapiHiiini^ in an a.'i", in uliiili ilu- piinriiilis of loL-ratiiin
wiT.' well undiTlloiiil. aiul vcrv provaUnf. An act of parliain* n( lind Ik tii lad ly
palK'd " for ri'lii'vinir liis niaiclh ■^ fiil>)iTts prolVllinj; ilu- Koniilh rolii^ion, iVo.n t\T-
" lain pi'tiallio and dilinhilitii-s impofcd u^on lluin in the 1 itli ami 1 iih yoarH of
*' till' roi'^M of kinj; \\ illiani III." Iliii act was i^i-mrally approved by uuii <if
fi'idV, au'i of lilii'ral f»iilinu tils, by wlmn lln' laws a>;ainll papul'. wi i> iillly
dionu'd loo li'voic. 'Ilu- i\H at lirtl fionu'il to jr'wv lililc olliiuc lo pcrl'oos of any
clafs in I'.n'^'ird. but in Siotlaiul it t.'\( iu'd tiuuli indignation, tliotii;li it did not
cMi-nd to that Kinsdoni, Ki'foliiiioiis wfr«' t'ornu-d to oppofo any law I'or f;rantinj»
im'id^^MUis li> '.'apilK in Sooiland . and a Knniidi tliap*.'! was burni'd. iiul the
Iionfos of fi VkT;I I'a;tills (K'nioiillu'd, in tlic iii\ of l.diubiiri^li. 'I lu' lonlaijion ut"
b';.,Mtry at Il'1|),'!i narlu d l'',ni{laiul ; a luuiibir of porl'ons allt nd)!i'd tlunif Ivc-s togi'.
tliir, with a \ it \v of pronmtnij; a piiitiin to parlianuiit, for a lopoal of ilu- lati- act
in favour of tlu- l*a]).".s, and tlicy alVuimd the tillf of tli' I'lotolhuit AlVonation.
'i'lu-y well- "liii'liy M^•tllodili^, and blijoli'd CalvinilU, in lln- lowi-r ranks of lil'i j
manv of iluiii woli-intrrlioncd i)>if>i)s, and li;i\iii'^ a jull dilliki- to |)op.T)' ; but
not fnlVu'iiMilly «'nli;^ht«MU'il to jonlidrr, tliai a fpirit of pvrfi'cutiiut wa . oni' of the
wnill iluiraiiiTiliiis of ihal fytKin of fnpirlHiion. I hoy lontiinii'd toliild tVi'(|ui'Mt
inectings
f.rd (
icor^o (ioiili>!i,a youll^ man, (liU'onti'Uti'd at not hv'ini; pioni
lU'd
from :i 'iontiMinnt to a laptain in ilu- navy, ln'tanif lluir |)rilidfnt, ami 'luy iiuroaf-
fd in na nln'is. At a linn.' v>t;,'ii thi' nation was I'unouiulrd wiili nal ilanj^iMs, ih'.»
hi-iids of tiii-fi' wiak nicn woro til'i'd with notliiui; but tho kar of pitpcry ; and they
fvcn focnud to fancy tliat tlivV vwtc contLndini; for ndi^ions libirtv, wlun lluv
were labouriMj; to c\cito iIa' h ■•idalMro to pri\i iit fomr of tlu-ir li!low-ftil>ircK
from worliippiiiK (•>'(! ariordin:; to ilu- dii-talis ol tlvir lonfi-'irnrcs. 'Ilio I'lutdl-
aiit AflTocialioa at h-nglh a^nvd to a | ciii on, wl.iih wa-. faid to liavr Ikom fuh-
fcrilu'd by moiv tlian one bundnil thmiland pi-ifniis. It was then refolvod, in or-
der to give the more weight to their petition, tlial it Ibould be attended b, -frreat
in
iinber*
lh>
petitioiUT> ni perfoii
d a
pulilie ailvenileniciit was ilUied lor
that pnrpofe, limned by lord (leorge (Jnidon. I'lUy ihoul'.ind jiertons aie l'iip])i.fi'(|
to hi
JVC allenibletl wi
ill] III
IS view, «
m l"'ridav tlie ;d ol June, in M. (ieorte's I'lelti
.from whence they proceeded, with blue cockades in their hats, to llie lioufe of
hi
loninions,
m-
N
I>.
fnmm<^ni, whrrc their petition wan prcrontcd bv ihdr prorulrrit. In ih« c'o.iHieo/
the dii) iVvrral ini*mli> >( >Mttli lioiid v .>(' pin linincnt wtrrc grviftlv infuli' l and
illircii'>'il l>y the poituUii' , iiiul u mnl:, alltiiililco iho I nu* ''xniiig, Uy wit vhlhtf
iinrdinlun rha|N*l in I lunlnVitin KUUU, atidimuthcr Roniiil ' htpd iti Wjirwick*
llr^l, (ioIclcn-f«innr»\ wi fi' entirely dcmoliihcd. A pwrtyul i.'i«' |riinr(l<i w •> lh«H
r< ni fur, ti> pill M Itiij) ri) ihi- I'iirtlu'r progirfit of tltcfc vinloiuvs, nuA tliirfi'ii, n( ihi*
H..(f*rii wiri' tukrn, fivo (it'>>hoin wort-ntii i\v,irdi comniitv<t id N> wgiiio, ofnulnl
by 111 niilii try. On i'h' Sundiiv t'i>llii\vin); another m»b ulloniUlcd, and ficdrnml
(I'i'ti) h chapel ill Kop.niiikcr'vAIU-y, MiKirticIdi. ihi Moiu'.iy ihoy dcm >liliit«l
• fWic ' houli', ami titter '(wvliinK-huufcii, in llic fuiin* pliuc, Ik-Iiui
Koniii'i urii-ll'*, with a vulnalilc lilirury ur' '.xuiki, and a n\u(Vlioiirv.' i
flirrt, l'h< ) alfi) drl^ruyrd till the h«iiilh(>|il inrnitiirc ut' )ir (iiMr^o Shv
lir lind linviifflit in llu' lill in i \.mr ot' iIk- Pii|mii .. On TiifUlii) great nninlKTM
H>;ain afTinibk-d iilxnit the |i laincnt-lKuili', .mil Ixltived To tunnilini>nlly, that
Imih houfcn tluMight pii)|H'r tondjourn. In the evening', u moll diuiii^ and violent
uri> inpt was ni;iil<; to force op«n the gnton ot' Newgale, in order to r -leaU! the
rioTi'fH who were ii>nfincd there; and the kicner hnvinj; retulKl Ut ({(iiver iheni,
hi% hiiufe was fet on Hre, i'le priAm was loon m HiiMien, and ^Tcjit piirt of it ron-
liiined, ihongli a new (lone cditietf of inuomnion ltll•n^^h ; and nioro than ihree
hundred prifoncri made rlu . > i..n|u% niati) of whom joined the mol>. '\fn.- I'ro-
|i llant AHoi lation, n:* tht y i onjjht prop* r to H\le tlundelxes, had lui-n iliietly
iictiiati'd hv ifjnoranee and I "tiv and llv ir new t onftcK rales were animated hv
|K- of pli ndir. Iwonihtr prifuns, the houfvi
»"'n
to tl
i\ V
rgini
lie, I
)tean
llio I '\e ol nnfthict, niu
oflod Manstield, and lirJulm / IdiiiK, and fi-veral otlur ,>rivaii' lionfes, were d
))r<>\e(liln' fame evciiinj;. 'I he i diowinj; day, ihv jvini;'* Meni.li prifon, tin' New
I ulewvil, in St. (ieorgc's Fields, fomr I'uvilh chapels, (e\irul private Imnfcs oi'
I'.ipids, anti other l)nil<lin^t, wne deliri>>e«l in the rioters; fmne w.'k- pulled
down, ami olhern let mi tire ; mid every part of ; c metropolis cshibiled viulriuf
;iii(l diforder, tumults and innllagralions,
Duiiii'.,' llufe extraordinarv fccnes, thrie was a ihamefiil inacUvily in tlk loid-
nv
iivor ot London, and in moll of the otlur ma- llrates of the meiropulis, aiK
d >H
niiglihoniliodd; and even tin niinillry appi-aivi' lo be panit -Ihiiek, and to ho only
iiiiiMitive to llu- prrfervation ot tlieir own hotil" ^, und of the royal paluie. 'II
I' act
il)rat(
at llie <>ei;mnini
.f th
e riots, di.\ lined Kivinii orileis t > the
nil
lilaii
lo tire; hut at lenj^tii, as all prop> rt\ begun to be inteeure, there was an evident
i.«(ellitv tor miikinj; vif^oroiis oppoliiion to tlio rioters ; l.iifje bodies I't triMipsvwrc
Iriui^lii to the nn'tioiiijis tVom many miles round it ; and an oijii w.is illueil, by
the antlmiity of llu- King in t ouneil, " lor the military to act without waiting;
tor dirtctiuiis from the civil inagillrates, and to ule forte tor difperling the ill
j; al and luimiltiioiis alii ntblus of the |)enplc." 'Il^- troops e.seriiil themfolv
with diligenie in the fiipjirellioii of thefe alarmiii ^ fmnnlts, great niimbcr*
aiul
Tl^- troops e.seriiil themfolvis
rmiii " fmnnlts, great niimbcr*
f the rioter* wcc kilKd, many were apprihi-n.Ld, who were atterwards
lii ■daiid cNieiited tor loUuiy *, iind the metrupulis was at length lellored to order
I trnnqiiiiliiy. It is pivti nded, that ni) member of ilic I'rotclhnit allix-iutio i
e\i.iit((l, or tried, for anv ihnre in thefe riois. IJut however this maybe.
aiu
wa>i
r
it was manititily the biijotry of a tew had rs of i)ii» pntendid I'rotertant AHocia-
lioii, to wliii h tlufo riots owed their orij^in. 'i'he manner in whith ihcfe Ivimults
Wire fuppiellid by the operations of the niilitaiy, without any authority from the
( ivil magithate, however neeeiraiy from the piv uliar cirtumUances ot tin: caf>',
was thought to be a very dangerous preyed til ; and that an atl of indemnity ought
> l.iiril George Gorilnii vfai liiiiifi'll <oinniittttl to tlir Tuvtrr, aa<l tried for high>trcalbn, but ac-
■ jllittCll.
3 A t*
^
J^^
*^v
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
^/
'ks
r A
1.0
I.I
11.25
I^IM 12.5
lij ■■■ ■■■
«* U2 122
£! US 12.0
1.4 mil 1.6
PI?
■^-j^
0%
%
/.
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WIST MAIN STRUT
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO
(716)S72-4S03
36a
E N
N D.
to have been paflcd, not only with rcjjard to inferior perfuns who had a£^cd in the
fiij)proflion ot thefe riots, but olfo with rcfpcft to the miniflry thcnifcivcs, for the
part thoy had taken in this trnnHidUon.
While the internal peace of the kingdom was diHurbed by thefe commotiong,
there appeared reafon to apprehend an increafo of its foreign enemies. The Ame-
rican war had occafioncd various difputes between Great Britain and Huliaiui.
Complaints were made by the Dutch, that their thips were feized by the Enj^liih
cruizers, without juft caulc. On the other hand, l«)ud renionnranccs were made
by the Britilli miniAer to the States-cencral, complaining that an unlawful coni-
luerre was carried on between their fubjec\« and the Americans ; that this was
particularly the cafe at St. I^udatia, which was nothing better than one great
magazine of military and naval florcs. Thefe difputes continued to increafe ; and
<iii the firft of Januarv, i 780, commodore Fielding brought to Spithead feveral
Ihips ln(U-n with naval (lores, which were under the convoy of a Dutch adiiiiral.
The States-general alleged, that the naval ftorcs which had been feized were not
t OMtrabaiuI q^oods, according to the exnrefs tenor of the treaties between Great
brilniii and Holland, and tliat the coiuuift of the Englilh commodore, which was
iipprovcd by his fovercign, was a dirett infult upon the Dutch Hag, and a violation
of the treaties fublilliiig between the two nations. Previous to this tranfa£\ion, the
Britilh mlniflcr had demanded of the States-general the fuccours which wcreftipu-^
lated in the treaty of 1678, and others; and which were now claimed particularly
on account of the invalion with which Great Britain was menaced by her enemies.
Repeated applications were made to the States-general on this fubje£l, but they
delayed giving any anfwer. On the i 7th of April, a declaration was publilhedby
his Britannic majclly, by which it was announced, that repeated memorials hav-
ing been prefented by liis majeity's ambaffiidor to the States-general, demandio"
the fuccours ftipulated by treaty ; to which requilitions they had given no anfwer,
and thereby delerted the alliance that had fo long fubfilled between Great Britain
and the republic, and placed thcmfelves in the condition of a neutral power ; lii$
maji'fty would tonlider them henceforth as Handing only in tiiat dillant relation.
He therefore declared, that the fubjcds of the United i^rovinces were hencefor-
ward to be conlidered upon the fame footing with other neutral dates, not j)rivi-
leged by treaty ; and he fufpended provilionally, and till farther orders, all the
particular <lipulati<ms refpetting the fubje£ts of the States-general, contained in the
levc lal tre.ilies fuhliliing between Great Britain and the republic.
An incident happened, which Ihewed how neceliary this declaration was. On;
tlu: third of September, the Mercury, a congrefs packet, was taken by the Velial,
captain Keppel, near Newfoundland. On board this packet was Mr. Laurens,
late prefident of the congrefs, who was bound on an embalVy to Holland. Among
bis papers was found the fketch of n treaty of amity and ctimmerce between the
republic of Holland and the United States of America. Indeed it did not appear
that the States-general were at all confulted iipon the tranfaction, fo that it was
rtiore properly a provillonal treaty with the ftates of Amfterdain, or of the province
of Holland, than with the United Provinces at large. 'Hiis treaty appeared to be
approved by Mr. Van Bcrkcl, counfellor and penlionary of tlie city of Amltv-rtlani.
In confequencc of this difcovery, his Britannic majelly demanded a formal difa-
vowal of the whole tranfaftion, and the exemplary punilhment of the penlionary
Van Berkel, and his accomplices. The States-general not giving an immediate
anfwer to this requilition, trclh applications were made on this fubjett by the
Britifli niiniftcr ; who received for anfwer, that his memorial hud been taken W
refeiendum by the deputies of the refpeOive provinces, accoriling to their received
cuftom and conftitution of government ; and that tluy would endeavour to fraiiie
an anfwer to his memorial, as foon as llie tuullilulion of ilieir government would
<S permit.
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permit. This gave fo Uttlo fatlsfaftion to tlic Britifli court, that their ambaffador
was ordcri-d to withdraw from tliu llncuc ; and a dcclarntio;i of humilities agaiiUt
Holland was publilhcd on the lofh of December, 1780. This mcafurc feenicd, at
fiill, to be generally applauded by the Britifh nation ; but there were many who
lliought itn very ralh and impolitic Hep, and that a war with Holland ought not to
haveoeenfi) much jirccipitated, at a time when Great Britain was already involved
in hoflilitics with fo many enemies.
'Ilu' war with Molland commenced with great vigour ; and that republic
foon fuffercd a very fevere ftroke in the lofsof the illand of St. Kudatia, which was
taken by the Knglilh on the 3d of February, 1781. When admiral Rodney, and
general VAughan, who arrived there with n large fleet, and a confiderablc body of
troops, fummoned the place to furrcnder, tlie inhabitants were fcized with luch
conifernation, that no rcfiftance was made. Not only the military and naval ftores,
but the private property, goods, merchnndife, and fpecie of the inhabitants, were
confidered as lawful plunder. The capture of Ihipping was alfo very great ; up?
wiwih of 200 veflcis being taken, befides a 60 gun Ihip, and a frigate of 38 guns.
The illauds of St. Martin and Saba likewife furrendcred, but the fcizure ot the
jirivate property, at St. Eullatia, was thought a very rigorous meafure. The in-
luil)itant8 of the ifland of St. Chrillopher remonftrated aeainll it as a dangerous
precedent ; and the Britilh Weil India planters petitioned tnc king on the occalion,
ri'prcfenting to him, they had airways conceived it to be a maxim among nations,
i'l)ul)lil1ied in humanity and found policy, that war thould be carried on witlt •
the lead pottible injury to private property.
On the 5th of Auguft, the fame year, a very bloody engagement was fought
biHweon an Knglilh i'quadron of fliips of war, under the connuand of admiral
Hyde Parker, and a Dutch ftpiadron, under the conmiand of adtuiinl Zoutman,
off the Dogger Bank. According to the linglifli accounts, the Dutch fijuadron
lonliftcd of eight Ihips of the line, and the linglilh only of feven ; but the Dutch
reprefeni their force to be inferior to that of the Englilh. On both fuks jfreat
j^nliantry was difphiycd. All the Ihips were much fliattered, and a Dutch 74 gun
liiip funk after the action. The Knglilh had 104 men killed, and 339 wounded j
jiiul the lofs of the Dutch is fuppofed to have been much greater.
The war continued to be profecutcd with various fucccfs ; the French made
thcmfelves mailers of the illand of Tobago ; and the Spaniards of Pcnfacohi, and
tile whole province of Well Florida. Karl Coriwallis obtained a victory over the
Americans commanded by general Green, at Guilford, in North Carolina, .
March 15, 1781, but it was a hard-fought battle, and the lofs on both (ides con-
(idt-rable. Indeed the victory was produtlivc of all the confequences of a defeat j
tor three days after, lord Cornwallis was obliged to leave part of his litk and
wounded behind him, and to make a circuitous retreat of 200 miles to Wilmington
in North Carolina. The generals Philips and Arnold committed fomc ravages in
\ irj^iiiia, dcflroyed much mipping, and about 8000 hogihcads of tobacco; but
thife events only contributed todraw thcattentionof the Americansand the French'
;it Rhode Illand to Virginia, where the next )'ear the dccilivc blow was (Iruck,
wliicli firmly ellabliflied American indepeiuleiK'". Lord Cornwallis's fitualion at
Wilmington was very difagreeable, and his force reduced 1<) low that he could not
tliink of marching to Charles-'I'own by land ; he turned his thoughts then to a co-
operation in Virginia with Philips and Arnold, and began his march, April 25;
1781; In this central province, all the feat tered operations of the war began at
length to converge into a point. By dinoiLiit reinforcements, lord Cornwallis's
force amounted to above 7600 excellent troops. Sir Henry Clinton, the com-
mander in chief, amufed by fome intercepted letters of general Wafl)ington'.s, was
prevented from fending thofe fuccours to Lord Cornwallis which he othcrwife
3 •'^ 2 would
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would have done, by his foar* for New York, ngaind which he apprehend ■
Hulliiiifrtoii nu-ditatcd a tbrmidabic attack.
Uiit that fjcneral, having kept Now York and its dependencies in a continued
ftate ot' alarm tor about fix weeks, ruddcnly marched acrufs the Jerfeys andthroueh
Femif\lvania to the head of Elk, at tlie botttimufthe Chefapeak, from which
tile light troops were conveyed by (hipping down the bav, and the bulk of the
s'rmy, after reacliing Maryland by forced marches, were alfo there embarked, and
foou joined the other body under tlie marquis de la J-'ayelte. Sir Henry Clintoa
receiving information lliat the count de Gralle was expected every moment in the
Chefapeak, with a large Frencli Heet to co-operate witl)Wa<hington,now ferioufly
attempted to reinforce lord Cornwallis, but without fuccefs, U)r on the 5th of
September, after a partial action of a few hours between the Britilh flevt under the ad-
miral Graves, and that of the i'rench under De Gralle, Graves returned to New
York to refit, and left the French mailers of the navigation of the Cljefapcak.
Prefently the moft elfctlual meafures were adopted by general Wafliington for fur-
rounding lord Cornwallis's army, and on the lall ot September it was clofely in-
verted in York-town, and at Gloucefter on the oppolitc (ide of tlie river, with a
conlideralile body of troops on one lide, and a large naval force on the other. 'Jhe
trendies were opened in the night between the 6th and 7th of Ottober, with a
conliderable train of artillery. 'I'lie works which had been raifed by the Uritilh,
funk under thf! weight of the enemies' batteries ; the troops were much diminithcd
by the fwordand ficknefs, ajid worn down byconftant watching and fatigue, and
all hope of rcliet failing, the 19th of October lord Cornwallis tuncndercu himfelf
and his whole army by capitulation *, to general VValhin^ton, as priibners of war.
Fifteen hundred feamen underwent the ■ fate of the garnfon, but thcfe, whh the
Guadaloupc frigate of 24 guns, and a number of tranfports, were alligned to M.
dc Ciaffe, in return for the French naval alliftancc.
'1 iie lurreiider of this fecoiul Uritilli army may be confidcrcd as the clofmg fcene
of the war in America ; for the expcnee incurred by a war fo remote from the feat
of prejiaiation ; the debt accumulated, the blood ihed, the diminution of trade,
and the vail increafe of taxes — thcfe were evils of fiich a magnitude, as could no
longer be dlllembled. Accordingly on the ill of March, 1782, after repeated,
llruggles in the houfe of commons, the hoiife addrelTed the king, requefting him to
put a Hop to any farther profeculion of the war with America. This event render-
vd a change of couneil.s abfolutely necdVary. 'Ihofe country gentlemen who had
gene: ally voted with the ininillry, feeling the predure of the public burdens, at
lengtii defcrted the ftandard or adniinillration ; a complete revolution in the
cabinet was eHetted, March 27, 171)2; and the marquis of Rockingham was
ajipointed liirt lord of the treafiiry.
I'eace was the firft object of attention with the new miniftry. Mr. Grenville-
was invelleil with full powers to treat ;it Paris with all the parties at war, and wai
alio dlieclcd to propofe the independency of the 'Ihirteea United Provinces ot
America in thehirt inftance, inllead of making it a condition of a general treatv.
'Ihe commanders in chief in America were a!fo directed to acquaint the CongreVs,
with the p^itific views of the Britilh court, and with the ofler to acknowledge the
independency of the United Sitatcs.
'J"he new ininifters alfo applied thcmfelvcs to make fomc retrenchment in the
public cxpenccs, and to reform funic abiifes, agaiiill which llu'yhad often inveijfli-
cd. A bill was carried tor excluding culloni-houfe and excife officers I'roni voting
at the elections for members of the lioufc of commons.— Another tor excluding all
COtiUaflots t'roui being members ; and by another bill, which alfo received the
* The American return made the uuinbcr of prifoners ;,247, land and marine.
rova}
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royal nflcnt, the board of trade, the board of works, the great wardrobe, and the
dirt'crcnt ofliccs of third fetrctary of rtatc, trcnfurcr ofthc cnambcr, cofferer of the
houlhold, the lords of the police in Scotland, the pay^maArr of the pcnlionn, maftcr
of the harriers, mailer of the ftag-hounds, and clerks to the board of green-cloth,
were abolilhed, which, with other favings fpccitied iu the bill, were computed
to amount to 72,^68!. per annum.
A feries of lojt'es had agitated the minds of the people. January 14th, 1782,
tlie French took Nevis. On the 5th of February, the ifland of Minorca furrendered .
to the Spaniards; and on the 13th of the fame month, the illand of St. Chrifto-
her'swas given up to the French. 'ITie valuable illand of Jamaica would probti-
!y have foon Ihared the fame fate, had not the BritilhHeet under admiral Rodney
fallen in with that of the French under the Count de GralVe in their way to Join
the Spanilh fleet at St. Domingo. 'I'he van of the French was too far advanced to •
fiipport the centre, and a lignal vif.lory was obtained over them. Tlie French ad-
nnral, in the Ville de Paris of 1 10 guns (a prefont from the city of Faris to the
French king) was tiiken, with two feventy-tours, and one of 64 guns ; a 74 gun
fliip blew up by accident foon after the was in our poffellion, and another 74 funk
during the engagement. A few days after, two more, of the fame fleet, of 64 guns
each, were captured. By this vitWy of the 12th of April, the delijn againft Ja-
maica was frultrated. The new minillry had fupcrfeded Admiral Uoclney, and
intended to have profecuted the iuiiuiry into liis tranfuHion at Eudatia ; but thiit
vitlory lilenccdall, and procured him thedignity of auEnglilU peer.
May 8th, the Bahama illands furrendered to the Spaniards, while the credit of
the Britilh arms was glorioully fuflalned at Gibraltar, under general. Elliot. I he
formidable attack on the ijth September with floating batteries of 2 1 2 brafs can-
non, &;c. in Ihips from i.po to 600 tons burden, ended in difuppointnient, and U»e
dcftrutbon of all the iliipsand moft of the afl'ailants. The garrifon was at lci\gth
relieved by lord Howe in the month of Oclober, who offered battle to the combin-
ed force 01" France and Spain, though 1 2 iiiil of the line inferior. 1 he militaryope-
rations, after this, were few and of little confequence. Ncgiip^atnam, a fettlement
in the Eaft Inures, and Trincomale on the idand of Ceylon, were taken from the
Dutch by the Britilh forces ; but the French foon receiving conliderable fuccours .
from Cuddalore, retook 'i'rincomale, forced the Britilh Heet in feveral atfions, but
none decilive, and enabled 1 lyder Ally to rcliil the efforts of (Ir Eyre Coote and his .
troops.
The death of the marquis of Rockingham, on the i(t of July, occafinncd much .
commotion in the cabinet, and lefl'ened the hopes which had been formed .of im-
portant national bcncfils from the new adminillration. Lord J^helbunie fucceeded
the mar(iuis as firll lord of the treafury, and it is laid, without the knowledge ol^.
his colleagues. Ihis gave great offence to foine, particularly to Mr. Fox. and .lord ,
John Cavendiih ; who, witn others, refigned their places, and commenced a fierce ■
oppoliticm in the houfc of commons. Mr. Fox detiared. "that the principles on-
which tlie miniftry firil came in, were abandoned by lord Slielhnrnc and his adhc-.
rents ; that the old fyjicm wa,s to bo revived, moll probably, with the ahl n;ei:, or
indeed with any men that could be found. They were perions whom neither pro--
mifcs could bind, nor principles of honour fecure : they would abandon fifty prin-
ciples for the fake of power, and they would now ftvive to ftrcngthen thiemu;lvcs .
by any means which coiruption could procure ; and he espctled to fee, in a very
fiioit time, they would bo joined by tliofe very mm whom tJiat houfc had precipi-
tated from their feats." '1 he duke of Kichmowl, general Conway, and others,,
niriintained,- that there was no deviation in tlie preiLiit cabinet from the principles*.
on which they had entered into oilice, and continued to adl with lord Snclburnc-, ,
till under his aufpiccs, the preliminaries for a general peace were fettled. Ihcn,..
thee
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going round by the North,
<i(li' ; and (Jrcat Britain n-r
ihopuhllc beheld Mr. F(»x, nnd even lord John Cnvcndirti, coalcfcing with the old
minill rs, lord North partiivilarly ; iMiilnaring the very na-n whom thi-y had driven
from thiir I'l-nis, aii'l ihrcatcnod with iin|HMilinu"nts ; and continuing to join with
lhin> in roprobiitir;, the ni-aci* as making too gri-nt concitlions to llu* cnoniy, that
Ihi-y might rtorni ilio labnu-t, drive lord Shi>ll)urnennd hiu friends from it, and feat
lluiufi-lves aiul the men they had di'fj)ir.'d, in tlieir plac es.
By the treaty of peace between (Jrent Britain nnd t'Vancc*, Great Britain re-
ftored to France the illnnd of 'lobago, in the Weft Indies, and the river Senegal
in Africa, with its dependencies and the forts on the river ; and gave up a fewJif-
trirtsin the Kaft Indies, ns dependencies on I'ondicherry j it renoredaifothe iflands
of St. Lucin, St. Pierre, nnd Miquelon, and the illand of (loree, with Pondi-
cherry, Karical, Mahe. Chandernajjore, and the fa^lory of Surat. 'I'o prevent
difputes alxHit boundaries in the Newfoundland fllhery, it was agreed, that the
French line for filhing lliould begin from Cape St. John on the eatlem (ide, iind
lliould have for its boundary Cape Ray on the weflern
.•nounced every claim refpeMmg tne demolition of Dun-
kirk. France on the other hand was to reltore to (Jreat Britain the iOandsof Gre-
ra la, and the (Jrenadines, St. Chridopher's, .St. Vincent, Dominica, Nevis, and
Montferrat ; and guarantied Fort James in tlie river (jand)ia, agreeing that the
gim trade ihould remain in the fame condition as before tiie war, 1755. The
allies of each ftale in ihe Kaft Indies were to be invited to accede to the pacifica-
tion, but if they were avcrfe to peace, no alliliancc on cither fide was to be given
to them.
By the treaty with Spain, Great Britain gave up to that power Kaft Florida, and
ceded Weft Florida and Minorca, which .Spain had taken during the war. 'I'o pre-
vent all caufes of complaint and niifunderftanding in future, it was agned that
Britifli fubjctts Ihould have the right of cutting and carrying away logwood in the
dirtritt King between the rivers U'allis or Bellize, and Kio Hondo, taking the
courfe of the faid rivers for unalterable boundaries. Si)ain agreed to reltore the
idands of Providence, and the Bahamas, to Great Britain, but they had been re-
taken before 'he peace was (igned.
In the treaty with the L'niied States of America, the king of Great Britain ac-
knowledges New llamplliire, MaiVaehufets' Bay, Rhode Illand and Providence
Plantations, Connei^Hcut, New York, New Jerfey, Pennfylvania, Deia.varc, Mnry-
laiul, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and (Jeorgia, tobe/^^^/o•^r^l?/^«,
and iii,/i-pii:i/ciit J!ti/cs ; and tor himfelf, his hc'rs and fuceelVors, relinquilhes all
claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights of the fame, and every
j)arl thereof To prevent difputes in future on the fubjett of boundaries between
tliefe flales and the Britilh provinces, lines were very minutely drawn, which will
be noticed in the proper place, as well ns delineated on the inap of the United
States of America; and lome favourable claufes were obtained for the lovaiitls.
The navigation of the Mitlilliijpi to remain open to both parties, as alio the New-
foundland filheries.
In the treaty with the Dutch, great dilTicultics nrofe, but nt length it w.ls ftipu-
lated, that Great Britain lliould relloro Trincomale in the ii'iard of Ceylon, but the
French had already taken it, and that the Dutch lliould yield to us the' town of Ne-
gapatnam, with its dependencies, in the liaft Indies.
rhusa period was put to a molt calamitous war, in which Great Britain loft the
bed part of her American colonies, and many thoufands of valuable lives, and ex-
pended or fquandcrcJ nearly 150 millions of money. The terms of the peace were,
* Preliminary articles fettled Jaiiu.iry so, 1783.
to
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to many, a ful)jc£) of grent regret i but had the war continued, it would have been
iicccn°nry to borrow annually 17 millioni and a half, by which a million per annum
wotild have iKcn added to the laxei, and 25 millionii at lead to the capital of the
public debt, according to thcufual modes of funding. The addrcfsi of thanks for
the pence was carried in the houfc of lordiiby n majority of 72 to 59, but lo(l in the
houfe of commons by a majorityof 224 to 208.
The majority of the commons, thus enlilled under the banner of the/i»/>»o«i coa/i-
lion leaders, Mr. Fox and lord North, plainly indicated aminiflerinl revolution, unlefH
the cabinet Ihould call anew parliament. As they did not, the peucc-makcrswere
obliged to withdraw from power. The t^o gentlemen juft mentioned werf made
fecretarics of ftatc, and the duke of Portland, firft lord of the Treafury, on April 2,
1783. All plans of reformation in public othces, and for preferving the nation,
which lord Shelburne propofed, feenied now to be laid afide. Mr. Pitt's motion
for correfting the dcfcth in the rcprefentation of parliament, was loft by a majo-
rity of 293 to 149 J and Mr. Sawbridge's motion, that leave be given to bring in a
bill for Ihortcning the duration of parliaments, was rejetled by 123 to 5ft. Mr.
Pitt alio propofitl a bill for reforming the boards of the Treafury, Admiralty, Ord-
nnnec, lixcife, Stamps, nnd other offices, which was oppolVd by Mr. liurke and
other members of adminirtratiim, who had molt ftrenuoudy contended lor tlial mca-
I'ure bi'tbre they themlllveshad attained lucrative places. This bill was lutlenil to
{)afs the commons to amufe the public, but was rejected by the lords, 40 to 24.
ivery thing went on jiill at the coalition adniiniilration pleafed,tillMr. Fox brought
into parliament his famous bill for new regulatinjj the government of the Knft India
txMiipany, and their conuncrcial affairs and territories ; a plan of which bill, its
prdgrefsand fate, are already given in our account of that trading company. This
i)iJl being rejected it) the houfc of lords, on December 17, by a majorii. of 19, oc-
iHli<incd a great ferment in the cabimt and in both houfesof ])arlianient. A ryyal
mdVage was fent between 12 and i of the morning of the lyih of Decern bef, t.j
delire the two fecretaries to relign the leals of tlieirotlice ; and .Mr. Pitt fiicceedi-d
the duke of Portland as firll lord of the Treafury, bringing with liini his fiiendsintu
U>e rcfpettive departmeuts, which formed the tenth udminitirution lince his majef-
ty's accelhon.
Some independent grntlemcn (as they ftyled themfelves) interpofed to unite the
et)iiteiKling parties, which luid tilled parliament and the country with dilirattions ;
but their eiideavourh to form what they called a firm, clhcient, extended, and
united adminirtration, proved unfucct fsful.
Pcifonsof the moll dillim-uillied and independent character in the houfe of com-
iiu>iK., and in the kingdom, now wilhed that a dillolutiou had taken place weeks
kxtort', even at the firll forming of the coalition.
At lad, alter llrong and repeated conti-fts between the two parties, on the 25th of
March 1784, a proclamation' was illlied for dilVolving the parlinment and calling
a new one, agreeably to the deliies and addrelies of a gnat iniri of the kingrlom.
At that juntture, the great feal was ftolen from the houfe of the lord ihancelKir,
v.hi'.h oeealioned many fulpiciuiis as if done by more tlian ordinary l\ Ions ; but
net! ir.g farther apjuaied, ami a new feal was prefently iiuide. On the ib'ih of May
tlk- new parliament alRnibled, and the commons ehole Mr. Cornwall, the fpeakcr '
of the l-ife houfe, for iheir prefent fpeaker. 'I he next day, his niajelly addrclled
tin Ml fioni the ihiime. A \ery t"nn!e tippolltion wa.-> mado to ihe addrtfs of
tli;inks in the houfe of lords, and it foon appeared that the appeal to the people
had turned out greatly in Mr. Piu's favour, for on May 24th, on a divilioii of the
lioiife for an addrefs to the king's fpeech, the numbers for it, wiJiout any altera^ •
tiun or amendment, were 282 agaii.tl 1 14. ^
Mr..-.
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Mr. Pitt hr()uv;l)t in hit Kail India hill the 5th of July, the leading particulart of
'whitli wi' liavi' ^ivoii in uur uccount of tliut compnny *.
t)ii ilu- ai;th III' Jitniiiiry 1785, tl>c jiurliamcnt alKMnhltd. Amongft a variety of
matter whiih jirclK'tt on thi-ir atti-iition, none focmcd of more confcquence than
the Ihitc tif parliamcntury rcprofcntution, the fyllem of fortilkntions propofed hy
the diiWo of UiihmotuI, the ulFuirs of Indin, and tlu* propolitioni for a trading in*
tiriouile with Ireland. 'll>c bulinefH of narlianu'ntnry reform having ))ccn taken
up I)) Mr. Pitt, he nccordinKly introduced n fpccitic plan for that pur|)ofe on tha
1 8th i)f April, which he prefaced hy a hiliory of parliamentary rc|irefentalion
from H very remote period. The plan was to give one hundred memlK*ri to tho
jxiptilar iiiterell of tne kingdom, and to extend the right of election to above
one hundred thoufund peifons, who, by the exiliini; urovitioni of law, were rx-
ikuled from it. I his accolllon to tlie popular interelt was to bo princi|>ally ob«
tained by the fupprellion of decayed boroiighs, and the trnuifer of their reprefen-
tutivcH to the countiesi fo that the number of the houfe of conunons would remain
tlie fame. After a debate of confiderable length, it was rejetied by a majority of
74; the noes licinz 448, and the ayes 174.
From the apprehenlions of the nation, tlurinc the late war, for tlie fufcty of the
.di>ck-)ards, whiiil the combined fleets were in liic cha.mel,and no adeijuatc naval
J'oice toonpofe them, the duke of Richmond conceived the idea of fortifying them,
as the belt protcdion from future infult or danger. Confiderable funis had been
nnmuiliy granted for this purpofe, but the greatnefs of the expencc nt length at-
traded the attention of a reljietlable part ot the houfe of commons, and after a
full difculTion of the utility of the plan, it was determined ^fuially iu the following
fellion) to difcontinuc the works as ufelcfs, and, in fomc ref|)c<:U, as dangerous.
'Ilic Irilli propoiitions were another fubjedl which engaged the attention of par-
linment. This new (\rtem of intercowfc between Great Britain and Ireland was
fir(¥%itroduccd into the parliament of the latter kingdom by Mr. Orde on the 7tli
of February, in the form of ten propoiitions j thele, by a fniall alteration, and
the diftribution of the fubjecl of one of them into two heads, were increafed to
eleven. They received the aflent of both houfes in that kingdom, and on the zzd
ol the fame month, were communicated to the parliament of Great Britain by Mr.
Fitt, chancellor of the exchequer, 'i'he leading principle in this plan was the
e(|ualizing the duties on the produce and manufadurcs of both countries; and fur
the beiiehts communicated thereby to the lirter kingdom, flie was in return to give
a certain portion of her hereditary revenue towards the maintenanccof thenavy of
the empire.— The fubjed had received but little difcullion, when the fears and pre-
judices of the nianufatturers were roiifed in every |)art of the kingdom ; innumer-
able petitions were prefented, and evidences heard ; committees were formed from
Tilfemblies of thefe manufadurers.who were directed to oppofe the pafllng the pro-
poiitions into a law. 'Ihefe ciicumllances, together with tiie llrengfh of oppolition
in the houfe of comnKms, ])ro(luced fuch an alteration in the propoiitions that they
VI re extendid to twenty. After having paflTed througli both houfes, when they ar-
rived in Ireland thus multiplied and thus altered, they met with the moft violent
oppolition, and though there appeared in their favour, in the Irilh houfe of commons,
.127 againft 108, yet the majority being fo fmall, adminillration thought it prudent
to avoid the riAjue of a defeat in the progrefs of the bill, and therefore withdrew
it in two days after.
Ill confecjuence of fevere prohibitions having been laid on the importation of
Britidi manufadures into the Auiirian dominions, and fevcral reftriitions on their
iiitrodudion into France, the niiniiler opened a negotiation with tlie latter king-
Page n6.
don»,
K N
I.
N
n.
i^9
di>in, for n more lilvnil tommorcial inliTCDiiifo Ijftwrrn the two cmintrii-tt, wul iij>-
jiointi'd Mr, I'.iloti envoy f \triu»rilin;irv «iul iiiiniikT filuilpotcntiiiry (or thu( |mr-
j>oU'. A tn aly wan at roidin^ly i-oiicluili-t! iuul riitifiitl t'y both hoiili-s ot parliu-
lUi'Ht. 'I lii-i \vu!* n iKiifiiri- or great pul.iital roMlotjiioni o, ni it tiMxk-d lo bnak
afuiulcr tlic national pri-jiuliirs, which hat! cxilKd for many ugi'»lKl\vicn the two
launlrii'H.
Parlianu-nt alTcmhlod on llu' 24th of Jatniary 178'S, ami :i!noni.'(l ihc v.irloiu
nK:ifuris ajfitatid, tlio |)l.in tor (.•itaMilliin^ a linkinjj fund, ami iini>loying n n>il-
limi Hi\nually for ri'diitini; iho national dilit, i-ngiimd thiir iiuilt iinmcdinti' utftn-
lion. This n>iilii>n is prodnnil by llii' yearly inioim- v\ llu' llati* ixtcidiij^ the
licrinaiunl Icvil of it-, i ApiMidituro by u fiini of i;oo,oool. wliiili nnu bo imreafcd
Id a mil linn b) means in nuwiU' biirllienrMnu' i" liie p^'ople. Hii-. nii'al'ure, wliit Ii
bad iIk' eum iirrenee of «m r) man who dtlircd the i luancipaiinn nf ihe kinjjdom
from the aceunudaied Inadnl debt andlaxest. wiienaOted into a law.wliieh trcwled
».,iminillioiter.i for carrjinjj tlr.' pnrpi'i'es of this \aluable att into e\ei.iilii)n.
We come now to a very extraordinary tranl'-ution t>f the prefeiit tinii's, tlii' ini-
piaelmuiii otMr, V\'arr«'n HalHiv^s, late fjovernor-jreneral of lien;;al; a tianfatbon
wliieli derive.^ Iplendour iiom tile dii;nily of t!w parly aieiiled.u ntan of an indetali-
jjablo and ardent mind, of bomullefs fpitit anil enteriuilV, atid wlio, in die opiniim
of his employer* at home, and ol tlmfe who witneli'cd his ailminilhation ai>rond,
jriivernedonrlmliaitempire for njiwaidsol ailozcn vears, with ineompurable ability j
and thai in the |)eeuliarly tr\iiijj times, wlien Kngland rtood idone againft the
wi'ild in arms. On the 17th ol" February, Mr. Ibnko, who took llie lead in this
ledio'is and expenlive bulinefs, explained the mode of proceeding he was deiirou*
u< adopt; and, in the cmirfe of the feliion, moved for a mnltitndc of papers to
ground and I'uhllantiate liis charges upon. 'I'liefe were produced, ar.d \lr. I lad-
ings heard at the bar of the houl'e of commotis in his defeme. 'Ihc debutes which
arofe tm tlie I'lilycl lonninated in refolutions. That certain nf tlie charges contain-
1(1 matter ol' impeachment againll the bite governor general of Uenjjal. Mr. HatS
ings was tl.erifore impeached by the commons at the bar ot the lioul'e of
pei'rs. Ili^ tiial has oceiij)ietl a conliilcrable portion of ilie f'ven feliions of par
lianuMit, wliiili have lince elapfedi and it in but recently that ihe loids have h. lu'd
;ill the fpeeclus aitil evidenies deemeil recpiilile to their palling fenteace j wniii
tliev will do next feliion.
The t'ei'l)le atiempt of an obfcure ami contemptible maniac, of tl)e name of
Moigaret Nieholfon, agahill the life of the fovereign, i;-, tlie face of day, an<l in
ilie light of a imdtitmie of fpectalors, on the 2d ol .\umilt, was productive of no
iitlier elKct than to Ihew luiw much our l'iverei.;n was beloved by hi.> ("ubjects.
The general exultation which prevailed atter that event, retledcd honour on the
1 1 >pie as well as the king.
I he coiifojidation ol the cutb)ms and exi it'e was the moH important circumrtance
ilir;r\ini^ ot attention in the vear 1787. I hi-, was a imat'oe of im leilible labour
and detail, as well as of intinile luhantage lo commerce, by tacilil;iiing and lim-
plitMng the intricacies attendant on mercantile tranfactions. and the payment of
duiien; a regulation w hidi wasdnlv and pernumeml\ elleoled.
'ihe trade carrieil on by this ('lunlrx, and other luiropean nations, upon tlie
10. lit of Africa, tor the purjxd'e of pun haling ne^ro-ilaves, to be empiojed in the
t ul'.i\aliwn of the W elt-lndia iliands, and certain parts of the continent of 4\nn.«-
lica, does not appear til! of late years to have been conlldercd with that general
aiiiMition which bich a jjraClice might have been expei^tcd to excite; a praciice to
ahli'ineiit in its nature to the mild princii)les of modern p(dicy and manners. The
livli public attempt, we believe, that was made to put a Uop to this trallic, was by
tile ^^uakers of the foutiieni pio\iaces of America, who, loon after the cftal^lilh-
3 B mcnt
370
V.
N
N
D.
MUTil ofihoir inilfpriulcnrr, not only prcfrntpcl lor \Wf\ piirpofi' n Oronennd pn *)\4
ill iuldrffi to tliw-ir rfViTiil lri(illiitisc iilli'iiil>li<'i, Imt ailii.illv pr >i ccili tl, a% \s riiiil,
in muiiy inllaiiivt to iinatKipati' tlii' ll.iMit thai wire in llivir pnilcilion Du- nu4.
fiir>'. lukiM by iIk' AnuTicnii U>)(illutin«-*, i:i t'oiirci|Ui-iic-i' ot" iliii npp'icntion, Hra
1
hi
lulo'i' ilu' piinlii . liiCnal Itritaiii llir lanif fniK h appc-nriiiirn to navf tnki-n ih
k'iid, aii<t. atlir tlu' lAampli' ot tlinr AiiK'itait linilntu, |)rv-i<'nit'il a litnilar pcliiion
III llu- parliaiiK-iil <>t ttii^ kiti;;i|iiiit. thi- ijiiIV Inun nlur iH'tanu- vMiiiiii-ly pi),
pular. Many pu iiphlft-. who piililiduil upon llu- fnliictt ; fvViTal i',niiKi,i i|i.
vhu'H ri'comnH-iidi'il ii lV>iiii the pulpit and in piintid iliriuiirA'it \ Hnd petitions
Will- pivfiiiti'l to till" li>;iilainu' tiiiin ilio twt» inii\ rliii'it, uiid iVotn fiviral ttf
liio iivil) conliiU'rul)lf town:, and coipmatioii^ in llic kingdom.
Mil nia'|il\\\ niinilliT". ili(iiij;lii tit to ihlliiuti' an iiic|iiirv, lut'oti- n coin-
milU\' of' tlu' pti\y iimncil, iiU.i iIk* lacU unil alU i,ali>iiis ionlaini'd in T >' rcpii.%
fiDtaiiont ol Uotli parlii't upon tlu* l'iil>joct. I lie tiil) puhlii' nolict thai v\.is i.ikin
nl' this Ituriiiols \\^,\^ in an ininniaiion loitirnnnicau'd li) Mr. \\ ilhcrtorcc, fnnn
nt'tir till- nuiiinj; of |iailianKiil,ot hi^ init nlion lo l)rint; forward a nuafurt." ulpi-ft.
lit iiulilpiif(.il. Aii.l'iil I nnii- fiir-
liig llii'
Ihi
•lr.i(K
That
LriMit'i'iuan
hi. in
\\n
rd on llu' i;ih of Ma\ , i j.i.i, in lli ' iiain>' of iii . fiiiiui, and iiium d the loll
own
ii?
w
me
n-foUition, " I liat this honfo will rarly ni llu' niM fillion of parlianu iit pronvd
taki into iftnlidiratimi th'- i ircuinlhinri-* of ihr lla\c-lra«li' mniplaim ,1 of in t|
pi'litions pi'i'l\n!i d to till- houfi', and wliat may hi' fit Jo hi' doni' ihi u-npon ;" wliiih
as nnaniini'ulls carriid. Atur thi>, on tlu- i\{) of Miiy, (ir W ii.iun Dojluti
)vi'd till' houfc for !i'a\c to hrinj; in a l)ill l<i ri'^iilati' thr tranfpiiiaiion of ife
nativfi of Africa to ihi' Briiilli i(donii's in tin: Will Imlio.'i *. iy thr hill now
propofi'd, the nunihir of IhiM's to lu' iranfporiid in any ihip was to !•<• rcijiilati'd
.iciordiiij; to its hnlk or tonnai;i'. allowinj; nearly oik' ton locaili man. I his wa^
onl) intend, il as a ti'inporary nliif till fon\i' niorr pi-rmannil rxpi'diint roijil Ih;
ik'vifi'd \n the U'^ilialiirc. Ilavin;; palli'd lhroni;li the iDinmons, it wasi.irrnl
up to till' lor«ls, wluTi' it alfi) pallLil. aftir liaviiij; ri't'civid fi'Vi-ral anu'iidniinti \
fonio of whiih hiinj; thonj^ht to inlirfin- with tin- pri\ili'^i's of tin- iowir^lidi'ff,
a in'W hill was hroujjlit in, wiiith palUd holh hunfi s, an<l rmivid the rosiil
uH'i'nt.
'Ihi'Mar 1788, hi'inj; tlu- liiin«'ri'<!ih nnnivi-rfary of the j;inrious Ucvoliilion in
161JS, liu" 4th of NovinduT Iniim tlu' hirlh-day of kiiij; William, ihi- ir.ilrutiv.iit
iindoi i'roviiU'nci'. who compli'ti'd that cviiit, and tin.- lifili of this moinli I'dr r
iho aiinivi'ifarv ot' his landing, \\ iTc ohfi'rvi'il h\ many 4«)i ii'lii's in London, aiiil
otluT pails of till' kiii^flon. I'ct only with fi.tii\iiy. Inn with dc\olion ,11, d ihaiil.f-
Mvin
\t Uiihlin this ;infi)icioiis aiuii\i.'i:;nv wasohfi iskI at liic lalilr with
innri"
tliaii ordinary foli'iimiiy. Iho appoarann- of nohility and gi'niry at tl'.i- li'Viv w."/S
fiiih ps cviiH'od their attailnmnt to ihe Ki'V()!uii)n in la\oiir of that ilfnlliioiis
moiianh, in\d its lia])py nii.li'i|u<'iiccs in tlu' iliaMilhiui'iit ol' ilu- prv.ti'p.1 ri>\al lii-
ml!v Oil l!ic ihr )ni' of ihcU' nal
nis.
VlUT ihi- U'vei'. his I'Xci'iUnt v, aili-nded
♦ Tlint tliiTC wsi* a nciidlty for ailopti'ij; ^lli^ itiatrs of Imman li(r, wai fiveatien timcj tliciif., I
inllt'^oM V. ill niof^ I I-'tIv m'|K;ir (roiti tin- f;i i rnti- of innn.ility. It w ■, iniltril, 11
llU II lll();v,
wiiiili H( H |)iovci( ill t I' loiirli' el llii- ilili.iti'. It l)fi aiilr, iji the illiiiialt'ol iiiortal iv, ptiCiiii rl'
3ii]xari-i| tli;it llvt- l.i t li » iiu lif< in liiii til, :^n<l lix- iMry a,',!' uric iiu liuinl, w lillc in ,ni .\lrli.iii vov-
fuii i iilui ill '■ iuilli M a* H.i' l|'.ii.i' .-.IKucil on an ai;t' tlic .ijv il «rri- ii it in In r\>.liiiU(l, aiul Ku inrjiiin
aitrai r lo r.u
:i liavr.
•II
I lii»i r il.
tllC Ml-
\.i II' ai.iini
till.
lI.
»ai II e mi
Ills ttic- ti'tinly I nvirrd « iili liiiilii's, ami till I'liaii; llu- Irailc in tin
Il l.iMinallt' I
lUlllI ll.ll'.llf ii(
iriini'.Uai
l-ctwcen the Hunr ot ili:ii iln k ami ll.r root alnivi, tmi, in ilif vo\a};r Ironi tl.t 1 re il Itiiit | iti i<l
whivli leli'oiu ..iiiointiil to five tut cijjit iiu lift, Adiia, llie nioilaliiN h..i lh..ul lo lie iv.i, ,^
11... Ill III lie tv
i\r< iliviilcil liv a pliitforni i lliuovi'inl « iili l!ollic^. nuat ; and 1 in (ii]ui ntiv, il irty I iir ji'iloi
live itilon-. m i"/iT\ liinnlrcil ji-rillu-il at rlu l,<w- 1 ill ml, at tlic li.in it i lliniat 01 , (or one that wmiiil
«1> conipiiiaiioii, in a vn»aj;r nt (i\ weeks 1 'ii linii- have tlitil lu tlic comic il iiutuic,
uuc, wlucli, accoritiiig to tiic mull «ii urate ciii>
I\ iiuirc
k \v:w
al fii-
■ill voy-
1 ia^mii*
Itiirc ot'
|:.iniL'k ;
Its (it
II i: a*
I!
WUIllll
F.
o
f,
N
ir
37»
n mimi?rrnu»rnln of ilirfull pcrfunnff.-n in the kli>ml.>ni, imd vfmricil I'v \\\r piinnl
'S
tirmil or IikIi otiuliotin, wini iVimm ihc (.:ilUc lo (!ollc{(vUri-ni, iiiid iiltor t'nliilinu
t\u' ii|iH'tlri;iii llutiii- ot° kint^ W iliitirii, iiriti-tiMtcil tii<nt iluiui' rnund Mi|>1iina
(ircill. 'lllCUt<|KMriltUC (III lIllMU't illUHl \Mt<i r|lU'lu|i(l,lllull)H' lUttulKT l)ri'«|lllt>ll]fl"l
I^K'utor tlmn liuil tH-cii ki)><wii U*t miuiv y^itr^ — Al I'.ttiitlMif);!) tliin it>i\ wnt tihurvi d
IIS n dii) «>|" roliMiiii lllllhk^^ivillJ,^ m ilitv .fill l»y vf^ sul «it llio ^jiikmiiI iiininU!/ if
llii' il.tiivli 1)1' , Sii.il.ii.il p..iK(l <i!t ilu- ^otli 111 Mi.y in |hi» u-ur i inul li) tlii. act
III! lliv- iiiiiiiiKT»i'l' tlui iiatini'.nhluirili Uiro t'ii)ninal toiil)rr\i' llu- fami! I^ llic
|iiil>li(.;ili«Mi lit iliis tioi lU'Hrly (ix ninmlis bft'ori- lite iinuuiil Kliirn nl' tlio ilu, tliut
tillvinMy l).ul \hv honour lo'tnkc tlic Ittid, in itti-ir nToltiiion to liloliraio tlii^ glo.
rioii* c\4.iit ; niul ii o n'l.t l<» l^' nii i(lo;u'il, to lln' honour ot' ilmt hi ,Ii-t'j)iriri<l ai'<l
noliIfMuintU-il |i('ii|tii , that tlti- |iiii\( i|»lt-s la' the Ki-M>lulioii lUv' uoll iinilcilhuut
iukI warniK niiluiitil ! s ihi m. — At \\ lillliiii'lon, liciwvn Mu ilti'Iil ami I'lulU-r-
liclil, ii<l|oiiiin|{ til II (' '(.111 niodi-rn liiiildim,', i'» nn old that*. In il toiiai^e, ilio u|>|»«'r
lliiry of whUli, ii>>lifid li\ a viryltiiall .vindow.in Ihiwii nn tlio iipnrtiunt called hy
till- tititiiovnhitionilK, " iIk- plottinj; parloir," in wliiih tho i;lori( is huliiufi uun
itiniiiid. To iliu pliui' tlu' illiillrioiis IuuUts, iho larls otlA-vmiihiiv and Uanhy,
oul I )flaiuoti-, iii.il \lr .l( hn Dart), «:iiiu' diri;uiud. inid comi-rri d tl,*' nu'ii("iiri'i
I li liajipiiv produiid III inudi g lod in tlii^ lotintrv i mid, in ;mi oakiMi ihell.
Willi
',7
liiil pfirirvi'd in a lorin'rut tin- loom, the ininnlcH ol idi- nui-lin;; wore dipoliti'd
luro iH ullo to Ik- loi-n tlir old arnnd iliair in wliiih the rarl ot IK vonlhiro ii ("aid to
U'Vl'
fat.
'Ilii' ili-rii'iiilants Kit' ilir llluliiiMiiH hoiifis of t'awmlilli, Olboriu-,
lioiidu', and lJ.iri\ itor tJir viiuTahli- iliilsr of l.ri-iU, wliol'i-
would luit allow
liini to attnul, iiad lint his two ^ranilton'<, it' wiioin tin- blood of Ollionic and
Dariy is uniti'd)i a minuToini and powirtul gi-ntry ; ti wealthy and rifpi'ctal)lc yco-
ni:
mu ; a haiiK, Mt drti'iit and attiMilivi- in'iilintrN ; wlioCo inlilli;;i'iit conntonanci')
till Will that tliry undi illood, and would ho tiim to prif.r\»' that hlrlini};, for whiih
till) wiTf alliinhlid to rrtnrn thanks to AlMiij;lit\ (ioil, priliuitid a ttuly fokunn
l|irit;Kl(.', and lo ihi' cxi'iif a philofoplur, tlu- niol( interidnij; that ran lu' imiij;inod.
ii wuii not tlu* K-ali pIcalin^iinunillaiKi' atti'iuiin^ this t'olunnity, tliat nil party dif-
liuctior.s wiTo forf{oiii.Mi. IVrliinsof all ranks and di-nominaiions wore oranm' and
hliH', in nu-niory of luir glorious dilisirir. .\nd llu' ninil n.f|)i>.tal)le Uonian-
iiilliojii' t'ainilii', lati^tii'd with ihe niilil loli-ration of j;ii\irnnunt in llu- I'Ni-n il'o of
llu ir iilij;ioii, vied in their endeavours to llievv how jull u lenfe they had of the
value of livil liherty.
In the fjiaee of only four years whiih had i lapfed lince the eoniplcte trlumpli of
ll;r fovinijiu and the nation hmt tlie " I'oalition," (Jnal llrilain, under tlu' ec
)n-
diKi of a niinilier, who had not yet alt.iiued his thirlii ih w ar, had lilVn lioin .i
(l.ile of uiiexaiupled ikprellioii to hi.r aneieiU fuperioiitv anion;; the I'.uropean
kii.^doiiis. In this llate of puhlie felieitv, the nation was fuddenly alarmed hy tiie
ri'i'oris of his niajelly beini; attacked with an nm speiMed ami dangerous illi.ef^.
'I lie preiiie iiatuie of it was \\ r lV\er:il ilavs uiUAphinid and iinarev i taiuetl, even
1 V iIioIl' will fe reliiler.ee near llie couit fliould have ii,,ililril them to ohlam larly
aud auiluMuie iuforr.iaiion. Mianvvlii'e tame augmented the evil, and the ihatli
tii the foverciqii was bilicved to hi.ve eilhvr alieaiiy lakeii pi.ue, or to be iiuiiiiuent
unit inev
ital
) :e.
■|ii..e. however, ^raduallv divulged the truth, and ehan^ed thr ripprehcni'ons of
the i.aiion for the litnation of ilu kiiif;. I hi dlloiiKr waii uicleilh'od to have fallen
n;)i)i
I il.e hail), and to liavi
ii'dueeil
nil
-hi I
)e exiii
,t. d,
a temporurv jinva-
tion ol real'on. .V (peeies ol interrcj;iiuni, intact, looK. pince ; though unni.toin-
panied bv any of thofe eiri uiullaiKi s whieli ulually ihaiacfiri/e and aeeiMiipany
t!i;ii iii.lwriuna:e liaie. Il.e ki..mloni, anxioi.;., and wiiii evis directi d towards
il'iir fovereign, betrayed no Ivmptunis of tonfuiion, auaul.y, or eivil teniniotion
3li
llic
la ii.i-
IT*
N
t
N
D.
Tfke (IrA mtnilltr cotiliniMd to ekmiiV, t>y • ti*n«ril fubrntiliHt ind
ifi«
|>owrr» dti^'(jMr<| to him bsfurt thv kilts'* irulTi'iMtiiiioiu ami rlt.' |>'tltiirtlnMchintf,
wt'll coiilLtuJv'il nml proinirly or|{«nliiirtr fulblnoil no ilcrutiK'-iniiit ur injury what*
^KM^cr friwt) iliii ihiKk, vhwitii ihiife iti(i'|>itrul>l)r vonncCU-ii Miilt Uvia/ in Um tranf*
•iliitnt (»r iik'p»(iuiii)ii« pciulltij; with fitrfi^n cniirt*.
'iV* two li'Mifc* ot' |uirli.iiiu-iti, lit iiinU''|Ui'iii'it uf iHtf prit cdiitij pronigniiiiti,
mcl in u K'w tU.i i'liUfviim m to ilurv? f\irit(>rilii)tiry rvrni«, 'I'lu- )(i iivi>tl ugaunon
Hud iuriolity, ovi n ll tli v huil it<ii Iki-ii niil tt by iiilur tiiiniiiino ot hi*|>i' unti Uixt,
ut itiitbiliiMi, tiiid <»!' putMii tliily, woiiltl uloni* mws iiriHlia.vl u tiuiik'i>>ii« ultviut*
•nc«. Mr. i'iit niivncU tl)« fuUiitl n( ilulr niccting hi ii very iDiicito uiul |iitilu>iii
mauMcr ) laniiiucci ilto iKtnllon, tvprctroil hU Iiojk' itui ito' «iiiil> s^miM t|)>i'(litv
Ik ri'tiiDwd, Ml <l, in |iuit\uiH>' nMhiil iitctl, mlviU'd iiii iiiuiKitiulc fuljoiiiiiiiu-hl uV
It loiiiiiulit lliv |ti'i',> iliii'in w II riiiiviil in liiip liU'ntv l>y ilic ii|»|><>iiU' IkL' ui'
ilk- lioiile, iimt .illciitvil Id in imitc iKi[iiielVk,iii'i>. At lotin ai llu' uil|i)iiiiinii-i)t wm
fit ait I'lttl, Mr. Fox luhl vhini lo tlio vm itiit Ti ('litre, in llu- nitmcuiiu uii l\w Uliult
i)( th ' heir iiti|mr«.Mit, m licl<iii;{liif| iiiul (U'voUing lo Idid dI' ri^hl.
Mr. I'iil lUiiuHitKU tlio (liUuliiun iitikl lUiilinii nl lo ;^ri;ut iitui lk-tulliij{ R priti-
i'iplc, wliiJi liil lo iiitii liiliDHt tiiilimltt (I and itmU'tiiii-il, u>i Wi'll .it luljwiii.i' ni'
tlic Unuro III) wliiili n kiii^ o|' iCiiKlaud luul iiti;;iiiali> ificivitl liis crown; iiml
p:nlianK'tit, roiifv-d to u TonK- ol'llti' uiivllily uf lUt'larin;; iUVIl' fult-ly conitu'Mn in
iiil tlu' vaia:it lliroiu', |iriit\ i tUil to thai ^ri'at nit wiilioul tin innloi uiinn oi (Kliiv(
mill liuviiiL; |)r<)iioiiiKt.'il upon iliin iiii|ioriaiil prt'liniinary, llii-n (Uudiil iluu the
^iiiiu'i* ot' \V alv't lliould [k' invited nnd rci|tK'lU'd to ucci-pt lite rvgcmy, uiidir ccr-
tiin liinitationi.
'lite inot\ili ot" Di'ientlii-r elupfvil in lit* fi- conurt*. nnd ihc ycnr 17B0 conimvniiil
undir llic moll ijlooniy pul'meti. MuMal arpority and ripromli iMnhith tjd ivcry
iirl)ato. No appcarunii'i til tonvaI> U aiho or ri'eoviTy, lo aidiMiliy aniiupai.il by
tliL' nation, had yet inanil'i Tu-d lhi.ntl'..'l\iv4 in lli<' ni d.idy o» the kinj^. /\ foeunil
f\aniiniilio!t ot' tlu* phvliciant who had aitfiidrd his niajrliy during the courl'i' ut'
hit dilorder, \>hiih look place lu-t'ore u coinntittee ot' tho hoiifo nl ioninioitH, ai.d
\v!iit:h wuii cci'laiiilv no! loiuluvl^'d, on llu' part (it°op|)n|iilon, willi fitlwr diiicuv
r judj;'iu 111, ll lid. d It llu'ovv wrv liiil.' iij^ht 011 llu' ^nat objiit ol' puliiie in(|iiirv,
tl
ll' pniiiai
(liir.Uio:) a
i.d per
101:
I ot' tl
ilUict
ini
ma
ladv. Mr, I'ilt eondaiUf
(I'ld vvasinly inaiiitaini.d tlie piolialiiliiy ot'its ha^ipy teniiinalion i aid, re)(ardiii^
litis a» iicitlier diihiitl nor hopeUft, made llu- rvUimpiion ot" llu* royal power liv
the foverci^jn witli I'.uilily and celiriu, as Toon at he Ihoiild lie tiialilid to wiild
the feeptrc, tlu: liili .'ind leading prim iple ot all hit nuat'iire-, ami propohtioiis. I lu'
uillicriitts ot'lhe prliif of \\ aleh I'aw the iirol'prct ot his lather's retoviTy tltroii;^li
very dillLreiit iiio.liiiin, and conc'.ixud ol it not only as inipiotialtle, htil asi huarlv
iiit^;iiK.ntiii;L( in
that
impro'i
luliilitv
'Ih
ley were lultainetl in tliisopin
Kill
bv U ,
.rreii,
,.s the n'inillir was toiiiaiued in hit oj pollio loittimeiit by W illit ; the JDrimT an
ti.'iii'.etit London pra^iliiii/iK r, liiv laiur bioumdii trout a tlid.mt piusime to aiiei d
the I'overeign intder his I'evi re diftinU r, and who beini,' pfinliarly tonverl'ant in that
fpvii.s ut'Uileafe, boldly i.ml early allerttd, th.it he eiileitainetl i'ean i ly any doiil.ts
tl the k.iii^'t> perfect ru-eilablithment at no remote period. 'I'hc event t'nlly Julli<
lied liii. pri.diw:lii.in,
A vety thoM period, probably not exceeding llirec days, mnft have eompletid
the hill, which was to lie* lare the incapacity ol" the foveiei^n to conihikl the na-
tional iillaiis, and to tratiMer the t'l eptre, though with diininilhed inthience, to lii:i
Ion. 'I he me, niters ot';!d,niiuiiiv.lion were on the point ot' ielij;iiinjf their char'jes,
and ihe new luinilirv, already leltled, i;i.|ian d l<> enter on nllice ; while the Imii;-
iiih [Kki[ile, till idly allai liiil iiy e^iry knle ot lo\all\ and aliection to their nionareii,
ai> wcU uk Uoiu j^iatLtadc uad cllccm to the tlrll niinitler, in dejection and 111
enee
lujked
N
N
$7%
ttMikftl on, ■ncl f«w thv (^■>%rrnm>•nt tr»r)»f>'rrril »o o»|irr«. who, ivhatevir nhi'llJw
ihty lutght itillvflivi-ly (miIFi t«, ikrlmnly mlllifr nicriti-U imr uijowil \)w gtrnrril
n|i|>r<iluili'Mi itiitl I iMifitlrrx <'.
itui ilu' U'rni 1)1 iiiti-rrc)(iiiim ami mivfurtiini* wii« now irrivnl t ami ihc lmp«ml«
liiB i-nlnmily which hsiil mi-niiifi| Knulaml with nil ilic evil* ut u rrffriuy, liir moro
|tM>i* iir|)ri t'iitttl iiikI tln-uii' tl iliiiti tlioli' trutn \\lii<h ihc ioiinlry imcl t>fiii|t«'(| in
ITH4, Wii« riuiilonly Hint iiMi'X|H-ci(ill> ililli|iit<'>| '(hi- ilirnril'r, iiikUt which thi'
Illii(( hiul fuftirK* (luring ihrit- inoiith^, uiul ultot'i' vii>l>r)(i* liinl hitlurio up|tciiri'il
lo ImtHr nil mi*ili< al tkill mihI (Xtrliun, (rranoilly, hut riii)i«tly, lulitidfil, .Vuttjiv %,(
.s
ihi
i»ti
itiiiicl niul ri*»f<>ii ri-fiiiin'il ihi-tr fi-al, nnci h ii iioimcrul'iVir li'in|H»rrry riihvi-rlii»i
'liiiii' iiiiifirinul ihr 1 uri-, iiiul rvlhtriil In hi« (iihif'S n prinn, n ii'lirvd fnnrcnifly
mill |ii'iiiliurU ili.ir in iIhdi hy lIu' riniit |iri)||uct iinti a|i[iri liitilintt nt liii iol*.
■||i«' Mlion of a rrg) tu v laiUtl ami «lit,i|)|)iN»ti(!, 111 lIu' fovcrt lijn innio lorwivril to
|jtihlK' sii\«, ii'iil wiU iiiiully fMitii^tiilliiil h) hit nluinptioii o| nil iho rt-gul liinc-
lioiit. 'I hi' lU'tiinnllrniioiiH of nntimial ity I'tir i'Hir«.'«h't| any rcvordcti in the Kiijfliih
tiiiiuiU. niicl Win- iirnhahly muri- nni nr.cl iinrvi^itrd tlun cvtr wvu- oirort.tl or
Imiilar ti« t alioiit. Il wnt not only ilmt a l>iii|(, ln'lo'id and r<l|)i'Cliil. u;i<t nto
vcntl tViiiii il\i' tiuill alhi(lii)^ i>l all liKcitinni nitiilonl to Itiiniaitiiy, aiul nuililol to
ii--»riiiui ihf lliMiiu', Si.niiim't»li of ililajiprohritiuM anil nr'^jciurul lomlnnnatiiin,
artixi'd to tho nunluiiH uiul lani;iM^v ot tlu' |Kirl) in o|)|h'litii n, hcii'hlvru'il iho
fmotiotu of |i!t:il\ii(*, hv p t'oin|< irit'on wiih iliat ihiti- rrmit \\liiJ) iho kin^doiii luitt
hti'rt fo I'tiriimMii l> tli'livoritl. No I'lliirt* i>(" ililpolil'in, or tiMndaii'i of" iiiliitrar/
(lower (otilil h:ivi' |iiiiIikmI iIk' illiiiuiii.iiiotio wliUi nut ooly llic i'a|iii.il but
idiiioli I'ViTv town iiixl >ill.i ;>' llironi{lioiit iIa- kin^dnm, cshihilod in liltiMiiny u|'
il» loyalty i ntui llut'c priMitiot'nttiuhnuiil wcro rviuwcd, nnd • \iti nn';nKitt(.d.uii
iho o((nlion of' hii itiiijillN't firit n|ipinr:iiKo iit |iul)li(, nnd tiii lulniiii proici*
fii>n to St. ruul'H ^iiti ilio i jd of April 1 'Hi)], to rotuiii (liatik) to 1 Icwon lor hii iv
lovcry.
W iiilll tlio nnrii'nt government of rrnnoo wn* ontirolv overthrown, nnd n rovo-
liition tho ntoll osirnotdinarv w.ii oflcwMod lhi-''o ; it it dillU idt to inia»(!no n piwlur«t
if wuiTC cdniploio forcnitv tfiau I. upland profi ntid. Al poato wi(h all tho woriil,
in tin' h'lf'ini of ia( > If, Ilio law hor mnimiii'c and inainilailuros osft nd, h-.-r indil
iiu^'nunl, :niil IxftHMiu' cmIio rcfpi cI anloIl^ lli'' tnolt dillant natioiii ; \shtlr niatiV
t'f iho n'tal fiuinnnflinjj Kiiropcm kiii'.;donis win- ntlur involM-d in toroi,;n \%ai,
or dol'olali'il In clonnllic trouhloii. In this happy lituaiiou, a lloini unrxpci^tcdly
and liiddonlv arofo from a cpiartor, wluro, it w»iiiUI h oni, ihnt no forrlight or pro*
canliiins conlil i :no jnlii ipiiti d llic dani^ir. \nionj; tlio new and tuioxplMid
ualh*' "f (.iinniK uo, uhitli tin' Ipiril nl n dillcrnin^ and adscntunuts pt^nplo hiul
HiiiMipud lo opin Inno iho po;uo of i;"?. uoro I'.irtiouhirly two, wltiih appcnud
to pr.>inili' tlio im II lunofiiial returns. 'I'ho firll \\;i. b whak-Sthory, limilar it» that
WUH M
had
on lairiiil on for a';os nc .»r ilio coalfs of Groonl.nid ; hut iran>,loriod
to ill'' fonlhorn In inil'plu ro, nonr lito cxiroinin of I'.ila^onia, and it", iho iK'rniv luis
wl.iih fnrroiind Cap' Uurn ; hn sv
ill as in tho l*;uifii. On
in.
the oi'jrlo I'f a
U laid on itiai to
liwvoars, this hiaiali of irado hid anxnu'iitid rapi'lv, and
allord very important advantat^os ; nor hrd it rocoivod any inipedinionts from tic
\aj;no prolt nlioiis of tlii- Spanlili oiown to iho fo'.oroii^nty ol l!tc Ihoroh walhcU by
that oioan, whioh was iho Unu- of ihoir o\ortion«.
Ihi' ficnid of iholo onUrpritos, orij^inal in its own nalnrt'. able in its concop-
tiiin, bold in il> oNoiiition, ;!nd h.r.inj; no ptooodoi.t for its };iiid.inco. Was diroctod
lo tonnlries ami lo tjh'ioMs ainioll as* nicili ir.kni wn to ^oo;^iaphic;d, i'S to com-
11 1 roiiit knii\\ Itdjfo or oN|);rii IHO. 'Ilu norih-wi.t tiall ol Amorloa, iho rnrt of
ll,o larlh to whiih this '.ndtaikatinn Vii-- «!i ttii'od, oxtor.dint,' r.oiihuaid fu in
talilornia and Now Albion tu the iiozcn 5<a, had been pnitl) ixploicd and Iniiitly
traced'.
37+
N
r.
I,
N
n
trticed 1))' cnpt. Cook ; l)iit inudi romiiinrd for future ontcrpriff and iiulul>ry to
ncioinplirii, In'foio tl.is difcovi-iy rmilil l>o cunvi rti'd to aiiv puiimt" of puijiio
UiilitN. Ill' h:ul, lu.wcMr, id'crilaiiK'il llu' ixilli'iuo of iho lomiiuiil ; and Ik- had
n-crivi'd fioi.i the l>arbaroiis natives, Nvitli whom lie cUahlilhcd a fpei ics of liavliT,
fiiim- v;du;d)lc fpcciiiuusi of furs, in I'xchangi.' tor liuropcaii touunodiiii-s of u far
inforior nature.
'llu- liop* (if procinin^ a roMliik-raMe «|uantity of thi'fc rare and eofily (kins, fir
the fall- (if whiili a vt i y ail\ania;;eoii . nuiikel pielVtited illVlf at OaiUou in (Jiina,
>vas llic liiidinj; inducement to ihe adventureis, who erga-^'cd in tiie e\pe('ition,
Aniiiiated liy llkle views, aiitl havinj; leeeived tiio moll alhimaiive marks uf il.o
protection uf government previous to tlioir departure, five Ihips Avere fitted out
tiMm I-oudon ni 17H5, and llu- two fueee^din;^ years. I'our ot llielV vefil'Is, after
doubliuf^ Cape I lorn, anived fateiy «)n the uouh-welt coall of America The fan-
f;uine expectaliins which liad been entertained, of elteclinp; a hicrativc exchan'^'eof
»'omii;odilijb willi tlie r.aiives, were lidly and fpcediiy reaii/ed. Cargoes ot tlio
finell t'urs were proemvd, and fold to ilie Chinele, even under preal commercial
dilV'Uiraj;emenl.s, and pecuniary impoliiidiis, at fo hii,di a price, as amply to rein-
l)iu'fe, and enricli tlie atlveuturers. Oilier aliempis ot a liniilar nalme were made
from Jien^ai ; and two vell'els were fuccellively dilpatcheil trum the {janj^esto the
fame eoait in the \ear lySO. A factory was elUiblillied at Nootka Sjuud, a port
liuiated in the liflielli de;^ree of northern latitude, on the lliorc of America. I'of-
fellion of il was foltniniv laWen in the name of the fovereijjn and cn<wn of Imiij.
land : amicaliie treaties were concluded with the chiets of the neijflibouring
(lillricts ; and a trad of lan»l was purchafed fu)m one ol them, on vvhicn the new
pr. piietors proceeded to form a felllemeiir, and to conl'truct Itorehoufes. Kveiy
thing bore the appearance of a riling colony, and Ciicli year opened new fources of
fonmierce and adsantage.
Ahhoiigli iudiviiUials, occuj)ied in exertions of this private nature, could not ho
exjietteil to ewend their views or efforts to olijei^ts ot public utility, yet foiiie fur-
ther information was collaterally and incidentally acipiired rcfpecting the conti-
nent of America, in the courfe of their voyages. It is even pretended that a Hoop
named ihi. " W alhington," navigated for fome hundred miles along a vail number
of i Hand.-,, fcattered in a fea, whicli interieCts thai continent in a north-ealf direc-
tion; and iboui'li the aciomUs hitherto received or tranlmitted, of this extraordinary
and interelting tact, are not either fo minute, or to accurate, as by any means
to entitle them lo be imi)!ieilly received, yet they appear to be not totally dellitute
of toundatiiui or probaliiiity.
'J hat, upon e\er\ |)rincip!e o( the law ot n ilions, upon the ellablillied ufage in
all limilar cafes, and as being the Jhjl fcnier^ the Uritidi adventurer;, had an.'
iii.doublid title to the jilace in cpirllion, is luyond ilifpute. jNotwiihllanding this,
in the month of .May lyJio, a .'^[)ar.iili ihip of war from M. ij^as, calkd the I'rin-
Celia, coimnandeil bv \1. Maiiine/, and mounting 20 guns, ai.eliored ihere. 'Ihe
various avdca'.ions of trad.e iiaving led the greater pail of the perf.ms empioved at
thi.s fettlenient to (iilleient pails ot the coall, the 01. ly I'a.g'i'li trading ihij) remain-
ing in the foi.i.d wai the li)'iigenia Hie I'rincelfi was I .on joined by a Spanith
Inow of lO guns; and, for lonie lime mutual ciuiities •,)alfed iiviween the .Spaniards
and Mngi'th. 'I In fe, however, wii, ;il length iiitenapied, by an order being feat
fo caj)t. Doug'as ii'ie coumi;mdei ol the ipliiL,er.ij) lO co.ne on iioard of the I'rin-
iclla; wiun ne v- a-, i dormed l)y .M. Mioiine/, iiial lie had the king of Spain's
onleis to U\/x all velfels which lie might find upon that coalt, and tliat he ^capt.
Douglas) was his |)ril"oner. In C(jnfeipie!".ce of tirs, .\1. .wiirtiiie/ look polfellioii
of the Ipi.'igeni.i n llie name of his ciithoiie niajvlly, and coiiveveil the cre\,-
j)rifoncrs ou boaid the iipanilh lliips, where lliey. were ironed. M. Marimcz ado
took
trtok pofTclTlnn of ,hc feffi,
various biiililii,
""• commaiid of 1,,^ ,i,;„ . "^""c'ward
'P ; iind Oil h,
ItT il
■•";l|'rovi(ions(f.,rn.l,u-I, 1
Wvti.
"^J^nvCvnti
IHTllliftod
f'>rtiii/,'ht nfuT I
M M
'ff< tluit lu- had I:
S75
«•>'» proceeded to ereft
»'«-'n. fonic of the
IS OWJI
«Ct'>r8'"^;rJ^
iiiul 1 1:.
"f.
'e W.is
^li-;iflv afterward
-■^/■iii-n.K';:::/'™"^.;:";
I. .. ...""'<-". ne was ,..,.,M .1 y
'^J>"" ftiipt „f I
irnc
•iinefs Kovai
;''r .:-»«" ;*i.l
was enablid t
"PP'y of (fore
'lis
i:iV;L"':;'"'-.'''«'i-t.,;,
Nonw, ;'';";•;«"">.«
una.
''out a
'"■'"•s Wit
">n thecrowof tl
'*-' inadr |)ii(
,"■"■ ti-ndin
lUT:
tl
icir crews weiv f
- . I i II ;
'^' Aorth-wo(} \
? *<'va.ri.s.
iind ih
"itTiea w
■ir car-
calo having hi
II' 'iirival of thi' t
ofliiyrs giving f,
lawhd prices) and ||
Il'I'nri.., » -• . ' ""I
'"■'I. no auihi
">' "ur p,.„p|,
^''V font
'i'\ic(),
Were
"•'» vi'OMs at St
lir
'Mile
■'^■t'>iint has h
n Icciiritv t
iiKl
eitlillly ih
K-y-'runr. thv 'L" l^}!!':^'::'''^^]^ ^>f ih
toeiialile iheni t,
Of ihcff traid
"t" t'rews wore 'f
'Vliiino liifir V
kiKiwn
l)y )
J)rofoiitod his ni
'"•* majkifv
'."-'""lis only a
Piiriial,
urniili
govor
^'^i with
ips w
".'"". (iioiild it I
'^' re(],)io(|
'een re-
eir
P'-oviiionsi, (lor
Pr-'UHl ihov
(on the
•■'s and
Wi
•* '""•'■'Kts till tl
vngiK
intell
i^'i'iorial to the (
;■''"' "ncirctinflnnti,,
money.
VI
^ij'jnooofa v.-ry dl:\
I. Will
''■'■rotary of (};i
'°'""f"^\i'ni 1700 ;,' •"'•"""t wa
nil iahic
"n one wi
ll:
pri'parati
i^^^;TS ■/:::" '''^''^<''":v7z::;t:^
1 ta|)!ain .M
rediliition wa-i (_.,
to avongo the piihl'
|'"ns w, TO itiad
Was
'iiimui
out
'"•••Uod, ll
">.v "1.1(10, a Dill III , I -•■•-"mi,i
"• ^'a<lrid. an^ ^ ^^ ^'"";">'' ''O'-vIi
'■" previoiij)
ll- mod ;n,(
'•ai'es
>'>nvou-d an
Iv roc
:eu--
'V.' and f,j,-.
niajVlh 's m.'d
le Avrii;)ir.j
^i";'^';;'i-;i;„ni;;:':;r;z'™^'»<^«:;:;
'Mio fi,({
piiMlcati
ti and wore callod
T' -,:""'■">' '" p.-iilianiont OM . l'"""-.'tinn of his h, ; V "'" "P'^a
An atton.K.n to th!- |,.,„„; ' .;" ' ^' 5'l. -t A/ay. """ '^""»^'f^ Has Uy ',„.^
'<• tall ujjon tl
lonotir of th
conimittod hv an „fH
Its protonlioji of an t
If was nocoHlirv for I
-•'■-' «'rs.>ah;M-,-r''^.'"-!-M,o<v,r
'IT acfl
» e.\clu/
mid
1 ilfolf to
:irv f
'■•■ Its ininiodiat
^'V 'l"vct f.rfsiiict
'"'■ '.'ur ininid
CO!
iimittod, and i|
ikI.i lilanoa
iiTalhol
"^ Hi.,; nioll
'^''•. n'glit to the wi
en
, . 'iiniiilu,,,,
"^'fontiiionlof.v
ion for
and
an 1
injiirv
o';","''"'^'d o,'i
'"'•' 'i''"Ha, in tho n-, . ^"M^vAlv ,
';;,'::S^-oac.nowi;;;-;;-;j'rnea-.-i;-
pivAly declared
t /iir/;
•ll implied
'I eonee,'!
90. 'i I
'" preventing IJritiih f
ion
H' ao-:
sat til
')W|i
'^''' of l.is Cail
■''"' 'igned I
'"' w/w;v liail I
'eoM
■dgi
:incnt of thv
."'K' niajciiv
•-''Jnt di- H;
tr;
;nlo
■jl
and fot.|-ni
!'<■ nation w
-ts of th
cut.
■^■iv na
"J'^'^ from \i/ltin.T tl
^•ouri of sp ,ii, Iku!
injurv wn
at
A J
. , ^ •'» e.\i„
/.'*' nsl't lo uf
idrid
"-' I'eov
Kllil"^ I
;;' -'PP^aling to tho Avolxl
'V'^' "it'i painful
"liiiii
jiiltio • of
ti-'riiunation
om- ea(do
r tl]
•1 ; d.
■mxlery for ,!„. ^|
''I'liion
I" force
"■P"ip'|(esof
ot
ciaii
a eoMtid
•'ikI eonlidentl
>-' vindic.it
P'-.^-^ating indeed rlie d'
"s ot the court of ,s
'"■ig.nalin.
V loo
.vl;i-r f
'•".' of our ri'd
Us ;
■rmination
I'adful ;;|
of ll
U'rii;
ilV,
pain, witti
i.i tl
.'■,' forward to ;',., |
>'■' latisfied of tl
tie V
;-^asroed np.>n l,.t,,,-'; -:"^:' -h. agreeal,!
:olen
• .--i:r:;:';r:!:';""iT
lie
(klub,
'cr, I
oor.
■' '790; whiel
now
[;;;'"nicn,aj.,handti;;i:
I'o defrav tl
' '''^' 'i-aily nuiticd'i;: I
^ anived that
unit
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ot
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'i'lions lierlii
77'r''H-inu>ro(hif hod ht ;'''''> ='^'''-'--'^^.
.(e.t. M. ,1,.. .-. . .""• "i^W rocen.,y incurred ; (,
ig- '111
in ih
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ve
mult
576 ENGLAND.
inuft cvi. cc the rifourccs of the country which adopted it, will be felt through
every kingdom nf Europe.
hilt ih'Higl\ (ireat IJrilain was thus happily riTcuod from war in this <pi:ir(iT of
the i;lobo, accident or auibition involved our Indian poluliiims in contcll and m
l)lood. At fo remote a dillame, it is dilficult to jud^^c accuialol) of ciuill s and
ell'ecls ; but as nearly as a diligent inquiry has enal)leii us to collect the tnilh, v\e
lliail give it in our hillorical narrative of that country, under vvhieii it will nioie
iiatuially tall.
'I he c anfe of toleration received, in the year 1791, an accelTion which mull l>e
peculiarly jiialeful to tlie lVieii<ls of fceedoiu. it ii roinurkable, tlia', notwiihll.ind-
iag the r;'.dieal freedom of our conltilulion, no i^ati n in luunpe has been m-ne
jealous of their religious eltablllhnient, anil fcarcely I/ivc tlie Konian C'atlioiie
dates llieinfehes loaded with a more opprellive \vei;ilit of civil penallicii, thofe
who dilVenled in reli<;ious opinion. It has, for alm.^il half a centurs , been tlie
talk of the le;4illatuie, to root out jjradualls and cautioully, from llie coile 01
our laws, lliofe difgracefnl Ihitules. 'lliey are not yet entirely removed, but
ill proi)ortion as the peaceful inllueme of phil(;fo|>Ii. liiall exieiul over the minds
i)t' men, we liave little doubt but all parties will lee tlie ai)furdity of facrilicing the
cardinal virtue diariiy, at the (brine of vain fptculaiion; and as the fears and
jealoulies of m.nikiml Ihall fnbliile, in the courfe of a few years, every trace of pir-
fecution will fade aw ay. As the Romilli church was the uraiid object of terror in
the lirll a^'es of ret'onnation, it wiis fcarcely matter of I'urprife that our Ihitute-book
lliould be loaded wi'.li the moll ri;;orous and fangulnary edicts, directed agaiull the
profeliors of that obnoxious taitb ; and thoui^h in the year 1780, fome of thcl'e
Averc removed, )et in 1791, in a well-known book. Hum's liccleliaftical Law, not
lefslhan feventy pa;^es\\eie to be tour.d, entirely occupied with the bare enumeratioii
of the penal (iatntes, in force againll the Roman (.'alholics. Ann)ng tl'.efc were
fome of the mt'll fan;,'uinary nature. It was h\<^\\ treafon and deaili to nuike
a convert to tlie Kon.an C'aiholic faiili. .Severe penalties were enacted on Papilis
fir luarin;^ mafs, by fnme (iatuies ; and by others they were compelletl to alteiul
the eflabiiilied worlliip, however contrary to their coiifcienccs. Ihat fucli laws
lliould have been framed in times of dilHcuIty and danger, in times when the
tluirth of Rome Kourilhed in all the vigour of temporal power, and urged Ikt au-
thority by all the rigours of ])erfeciitinn, and all tlu" aililiccs of bigolrv, is ii(,t
ftirpriliiig ; it is only l'.lrpI•ilin^' iliat t'luv ihould have been falfered to re:iKiiu iu
force lor cei.t'iries ol peace and traiupiiility, wlu'ii tiie ]U)wer of the pojjc is anni-
hilated even in countries prtiteiling his religion, and wiien all the obnoxious priii-
ci])les of that religion arc difavowed by its profelVors. A reform in the jieiiaf
li.itutes became the more nei'cllarv, fmce, in lin- cuurl'e of tlie u'ar 17)0, a laiL';'
btjdv of ("atii.)lic diHenleis li.'.d torinally proti lied a^aiiilJ the H'iip(..al power of
the J 'pe, againll his an'uined antlu'viiy of relcaling men trom their ci\ il oblij^.uioiis,
or difpenllng with the facredncfs of oaths.
Jt was upon thel'e ]ir!nciples, ;,iul i'lipjiortcd by thefe argniiunts, that .Mr.
Muiuril ino\ed, on tlie nW of fVbruary i/^i, for a committee ol' ilie wliole lioufe
tu enable him to bring in a bill " tu relieve, upon conditions and lUitler reiiritlioi,-,,
perfons called protelti.ig catholic dill'enters, iVinn ecrtain penalties and tlinildluics,
10 which papilts, or perfons proleliiiig the popilh religion, are by law fiibject, '
'I'liis bill, .Mr. Mitford added, would be limil.'tr to that which bad palled in ireiaiul
Ivjiiie yeais lince ; and as no i:l eoiix-cpu ne.--. had rel'ulii d in a louutiy where ilic
'vonian Catholics were i"o niiu li i.ioie numerous than in tbi.i, he ihonid hope the
ho. lie W'luM fic no iinpropriely in the piopolition. 'Ihe houfe entered n|)oii iliv-
fuhjeCt with a liberality whieli does tliem infinite lionour, and the bill piueeeJed
through its feveral llagcs wiiliuut ('ppuliiiun.
E
N
G
L
N
n.
37;
Tlic rights of jiirios luul long bciii in ;iu iiidilinilo and iiuli'torniinate flatc,
piirticulariv in llio tafi- tjflilK'U; and dil'itutcs dilgiiiC(.rnl in tltcnilVlvcs, and
iMJurions to ilie adn\inillialiou ot' jiiliici;, iiad tiv(|ucnily aiifcn Ih-Iwccii the cDurl
und till' jury, lu'twci-n tiio judgi.s and tin' iDimlVl ; tvi'n among tlie piotuirors ot
till' law, u dilVi'iTuif ot" opinion liad loni; c.xilK'd. While tlu' h(.rd of iiUTc
tfilniical practitioners carmllly fiipportcd tin' indvlV.ir.ldi' aulliority of liic hendi,
tliat oraiic of lonlUliilional juiil"prudon(e, lord CanuLii, Mr. Krlkine, and many
oliiers of the- grcatcll i-nrnunii-, ludd the ri^li!>. of an Mnglifh jury in loo facnd a
li>;ht to fuller thi- givat conliitutional principle, on \vl\ich that inlHtutioii was
fiiuntkd, to be undeimincd by the fallaiious dottrim- of precedents.
On the 25th of May in this year Mr. lux pref.iitcd iiis bill t'or removing doubts
with refpect to the rigiils of juries in criminal cafes. The bill fets forth that
juries in cafes of libels Ihould have a power of judging of the whole matter, and of
lliiding a general verdict of guilty or not guilty. V\ ith a ili"ht oppodiion iVoni tlu-
legal protelhon, it completed its progrefs through the houfe of commons. In the
hdufe of lords, where the influenti: ot the law is more predoniinaat, it experienced
a very ditferen; reception, and was (Irongly oppolVd. However, in tlic following
year, thi.s great conliitutional point was at lart decided by the lords and commons,
that Jl'RlKS ARK Jl'DGI'S OK nOTll Tilli LAW AND TIIK FACT.
Karly in the fellions of 1791, Mr. Wilberfoice made a motion, in a committee of
the houfe of commons, appcjinted for receiving and examining evidence on tlie
ilave-trade, " that the chairman be inllrutted to move for leave to bring in a bill to
))revei\t the further importation of African negroes into the liritilh colonies."
Although this cjucQion was fupported with great ability and eloquence ly Mr.
I'rancis, Mr. W. Smith, the chancellor of the exchequer, and Mr. I'ox.yet it was
negatived by a majority of 75. One immediate conlequence of this was the ella-
blilliment of a company for the exprefs purpofe of cultivating Weft India and
other tropical produtlions at Sierra Leone, on tiie coaft of Africa, the bill for
chartering whom was introduced on the 28th of .\lareh by Mr. 'I hornton.
In purluance of a melVage from his majelly, a bill was brought into parliament
for fettling the conlHlution of Canada, a matter of great importance, and long hi
agitation. By this bill the province was divided into two governments, called
L |ipn- and Lower Canada ; and it is hoped that this divilion will put an end to the
debates between the old I'rench inhabitants, and the liritilh fettlers, as each will
liave a majority in their own tlepartment. A council and a houfe of aflendily arc
intended tor each govern. nent; the members of tlie council to be fuch for lite, and
power leferved to the Ihilidi fovereign of annexing t») certain honours an he-
reditary right of fitting in tiie council. The taxes to be levied and difpoled of by
tlie legiliatui'e of eacii divilion; and the prefent laws and ordinances to remain,
till altered b) the new legidature.
On the ziitli of .Marcli ijyi, a meffage was delivered I'rom his maj-.-fty, import-
in;; lliat the endeavoms wlneh he had uted in conjunction with his allies, to elfec^
a |)acihealioii between Kuliia and the I'orte, not having proved fuccefsfid, his
iiiajeftv indm'il it requiilte, in order to add weigltt to his reprefenij'.tiDns, to niake
foine iunlicr augnwiitatioa o{ Iiis naval toree. In conlequence of a niajoiity- in
fupport of this meal\;re, a very large naval armament was prepr.red. ()ur Heet,
collected to fupporl the caufe of tiie 'I'urks aL:,diiill Ruliia, anunniied in A])ril to
iliirty-three fliips of the line; arid alter luaintaining this large equipment h>r tour
inoullis, at an enormous e.\|)eiKe, it was at lall dlliniired. I he pr«.j5otld Rullian
war was certainly molt unpopular, and the reception which the pvopulititut of it
nut with in the houl'e of commons, ought perhaps to !ia\i' indtteid li^e in\mediate
dereliction of a meafure, which, iiowcvcr meritorious its intentions r.iiglu be, was
not erowiied by the public favour.
C
^oon
97t ENGLAND.
Soon after the rifnifj of the parlinmcnf, the nation was difgraced by a fcrios of
outrages and violcncos, which, for tlic fpacc of four davs, fprcad terror and alarm
through the large, otmlcnt town of liirmingham, and tfio acljaccnt country.
Concerning the I'rench revolutinn, much difference of fentinunt prevailed in
this country, and much heat and ill temner the difculfion of that fiihjict aj)])iiirod
juinecelTarily to provoke. A confiderabfe body of the whig narty in (iieat hritain
rejuin.'d In the einanviputinn of a neiglibouring nation, ana Hattered tlKinll.u-*
thai tile faw, in the eltal)lilhment of Uw Jirjl French conftitution, not only tlic an-
iiihiiau n nf defpotifui in that country, but the commencement of a new iVlKin of
politics in I'.urope, the balis of which was peace, happinefs, and nuiuial cv)ncord.
In niort of the larger towns in Great Britain, alTociations were formed for the
ce!''!)ra'ion of that event, bv anniverfary dinners on the 14th of July; but the
oppulite partv were not indifferent fpetbtors of thefe proceedings. 'The populace
were inllamed hy injurious inlinuaiions conveyed in newfpapcrs and pamphlets:
the tViei.ds of the Trench revolution were (certainly falfely as to the majority)
lligmati/ed as detcrinined republicans; and the atl of joining in a convivial meet-
ing, on the odious 1 4th of July, was rcprcfented as an attempt to overturn the Britidi
conlHtation in church and ftale. The meeting in London, howerer, confided of
not lei's than i ^00 nerfims, many of them of refpectable characters and abilities,
wiio, as the populace appeared to collect in a tumultuous manner, round the
Crown and Anchor tavern, where the meeting was lield, difperfed at an early
hour.
At Hirniingham the caufes of difcord were more numerous than in London.
A violent a!.imo(ity had fublilkd i'or years between the high church party and the
diffenters <>t that place, and the religious controverfies, which fubflllc-d between
Dr. Priellley and feme of the clergy of Birmntgham, greatly contributed to increafe
this animolitv.
In fuch ciicumftances, it is not furprifing that the ignorant part of the in-
liabitants Ihould confound the caufe of the French revolution, with that of
tlie diirenters, cfpecially (iiice the majority of that perfualion have, fnice the revo-
huion in 16H8, been firmly attached to the whig fyllem, and fmce Dr. Prielliev,
•whom the populace conlidcrcd as at the head of the dilVentcrs there, had diV-
tinguiihed hiinlelf by oppoling the then falhionahle pamphlet of .Mr. Hurke.
A f.'tVive meeiing. in conimenit^ration of the i-'rench revolution, was projecK-d
at Birmingltam, on Tliuil'day the i4tli of July ; and on the i)reeeding Mon(lav lix
copies of a moil intlammatory and feditious hand-bill, propolmg the French n:\o-
liition as a model to the Knglilh, and exciting them to rebellion, were left hy
fome perfon unknown, in a puhlic-houfe. As the contents of this hand-bill were
pretty generally circulated, they caulVd fome ferment in the town ; the magiliraies
thought it proper to olllr a reward of 100 guineas, for difeovering the author,
printer, or publilher oi' the obnoxious pajjcr ; and the iViends of the nieetiu':;, in-
tended for the 14th, thoutjln it neiieffary at the fame time to publiih an advenilV.
incut, cxpliciiiy denving ihe fentinwnts and doctrines of th.c feditioui hand-biil,
and difavowing all coiuicxion with its author or publilhers.
'i'lie views and intentions of the meeting having, however, been much niifrc-
prefenled. the majority of the gentlemen who projected it, thought it advil'able
to relinquiih the felKiue ; accordingly, notice was given to that etfec^ ; bat the
intention was revived, and the company met at the appointed tisne, to the amount
of between eighty and ninety. 'I he ingenious Mr. Keir, well known for his great
attainments in ciicniiftry, and other branches of philofophy, and a member ut the
fflablilhed church, was placed in the chair.
The genilcinen ha<l fi arcciy met, beiore the hnufe v.-as furrounded bv a tumul-
tuous ciowd, who tellilied their difappruba'.ion by hillo!) and gruaiis, and bv the
ilioul
E N
N
1).
.179
: lix
1 revo-
h hy
author,
11'^, iu-
vortilV-
:ii!dl')iil,
niifro-
(Ivilabk-
liut ilk-
ainuiiiU
lis j^roiit
r ut tlic
tuniul-
by tlic
ihcjut
fliout of " Church and King," which became the watch-word on tliis occndon.
At Hvo o'clock the company difpcrfcd \ and f<)«)n aftcrwurds the windows in the
tVont of the hotel were dcniohlhcd, notwithilauding the appearance and intert'er-
cnie of the mugillratcH.
Dr. I'rieftiey did not attend the feftival, but dined at home at Fnirhill with :i
friend from London. In the evening they were alarmed with the intelli-
gence that the mob were alTemblcd at the new dilFentinK mceting-houre
(I Jr. I'riell ley's), and were threatening both the dotlor and his houfe. 'Ihi'
rioters foon fet the mceting-houfe on fire, and nothing remained that could be
confiinied. The old nieeting-houfe diared almod a linjilar fate. After tliisi
they proceeded to Ur. I'rieftley's houfe, the dotlor and liis family having 'y\i\
had time to cfcapc to a fmall diftance, where they could dilHndly hear every
(liout of the mob, and the blows of the inftrumentii which were u(cd to break
down the doors. The whole of the dotlor's library, his valuable philofoplii-
cal apparatus, his manufcripts, and papers, were deftroyed by the mob. The
next day this infatuated multitude demolilhed the elegant manlion of Mr. Kyland,
where, tindinff a profufion of liquor, a dreadful fcene of intoxication enfued i
and fevcral of the wretched rioters perilhcd in the cellars by fuH'ocalion, or by tlje
falling in of the roof. The country refidencc of Mr. Taylor, the houfes ot Mr.
iJtiUon (the ingenious hiftorian of Birmingham), of Mr. Humphrey, of Mr. Ruf-
fel, and feveral others, were deftroyed by the reiifllefs tury of the mob; who con-
tinued their depredatiiMis until Sunday night, when three troops of the i ^th of
\\<^h{ dragcnms arrived. 'Ihe town was then illuminated, and all was acclamation
and joy. Of the unfortunate and infatuated wretclies who were taken in the i\t\
of rioting, five were tried at Worccfter, and one was found guilty, and executed.
At VVsirwick twelve were tried, but only four received fcntence of death, of whom
one was reprieved. For the honour of our country, we indulge the eanieft hope,
that the difgraceful fcenes wliich were atted at Birmingham, in 1791, will never
be revived ; but that while the continent of Europe is unhappily drenched in hu-
man blood, this iiland will remain as confpicuous for its harmony, order, and trau-
quillity, as for its conftitutional freedom and national profpcrity.
I he marriage of the duke of York with the princefs-royal of Pruflla took
l>l;ue on the 2i)th of September, this year, at Berlin ; and on the zjtli of October
iluy arrived in I'.ngland, and were received with public joy and applaufe. '1 lie
I'lull an monarch gave to the princefs a portion of 100,000 crowi;s. A t'ormal
renunciation is made, in favour of the male fuccellion, of all rij;ht of inheriiaiicc
ariling from the houfe of Prullia and Brandenburgh, as ufually done on tiie mar
riams of the I'rullian princeiles. '|he fum of 4000I. fterling is annually :ill;;^ned
for pin-money, and other cxpenccs ; and 8000I. annually ot joinuire, in calc ot
the death of her liulhand. In confeiuience of ihi.s union, and to enable his royal
hisliiivfs to live in a Uylc fuitable to bis exalted flat ion, and to the hij;h rank of
the illuftrions pcrfonage to whom he was allied, paili;in\ent have voted the fum of
i8,oool. per annum to his royal hijjhnefs. liis niajelly has alio lettKd an ad-
ditional 7000I. per annum upim him out of his Irilh revenue, wliieh, with i2,oool.
per aiunim which he before enjoyed, make the funi of 37,000). per annum. 1 ho
Mvenues arifing from the bilhoprie of Ofnaburj^h are faid to amount to about
17.000!. per annum.
On the 2d of April, 1792, the houfe of commons, in a committee of the whole
linurc oil till- African Have tratle, came to a refohitinn, 2_^;o
agiuiill
Si;, tor ti;e
gradual abolition. Mr. V\ ilberforce, Mr. l*ux, and Mr. I'itt, contended for the
immediate abolition. Mr. Dmulas took a middle conrle between limn and lliofc
who totally oppofed new meafures, and argued tor the gradual reiii.quilliuient of
a tiathc which every good man mull abhor, as degrading and debaling i;ur t'el-
1 C 2 low-
38o
N
I,
N
D.
low-crcatiircs to a level with bcafh. This bill, h()\vo\rr, mot with n dilTiTcut re-
ception in tliohoulV ot' Iniils.
^*l|
Ihe royal nrociamation, on tin- i ift ot" Mav, I70i, ajjninl) iVdilioiis writings.
?,;
which was t'ollowed hv orili-T-. lor the einlxuh nij; the militia ot' the kinR<l«>m, en
gaceii a i oiilidiral'ji i)i:iri' of the pid)lie attention. It had the intenditl eflltts,
anfl e\eited niinn roiis addrclles, tillityin^ the loyally ot llie people.
In the iK'jjinninf; of the year 171;;, luinierons iiiroeialiuns were fornu d ihrongh-
out the kin^d'iMi iij.;aiiill repiil)IIean principles and theories. To fay that there was
not a I'pirit of reiiubiieanifni jjmu' forth in this eoiinlry, \vonl<l in' ald'iird ; on thi
ther hand, tliat the eaufi' fur alarm was as great as was aliened In fonie, we do not
hnd rial'dii I.
Iievi'
The tiiith ill s heiwfiMi the two eslrv nits. The eontrovcrl
ie:i
rr\i\i'd in Mell'r-.. Calonne and Minki's i>anii>hU'ts, and partieularly thi- writinj^s of
Mr. I'aine, writin';-. well adapted to vui;,Mr eoniprehenfion and malignity, [jregnant
with pointid remarks on fome exilling ahnfcs, but with nothing of found |)()li{y nr
prineiple to reeoiunu'iul iliem, had inulouhtidly eontrilnitetl to niiderthc i-xampk'
of ihe Freneli revolution in ft'ine d 'jree eontagious. .After all, the difalVected part\-
was neitli-r numerous nor refpev(.d>le. 'I'he ehureh, ihe arilloerai y, and all the niolf
npuient of the comnuiiiiiy, were aserfe toeverv change or innovation whuU-ver.
It was among llie lower part of the middle i hit's of foeiety that demoeratieal opi-
nions were tliiefly entertained, and ammig tin in more probably as a matter of
tonverfation, than as a j)rojei-t to be redueed to practice.
We are far from willimg to inlinuate tliat it was not laudable to check that fpl-
ril of innovation which prot'efTed to undermine the fundamental principles of ;i
rovernment which, though it partakes i)f human imperfection, yet alFords it*
lubjeiMs a larger portion of liberty and happinefs than ever was enjoyed bv any
fitlier peoi)le: we would only be uiidcrllood to fay, that the allbciations in favour
of the IJntilh eonllitution would neither have been entered into with fo much
nnaniinity nor fervour, had not the ill conduct of the French terrified the
well dii'pofed ])art of the nation, and difgufted tliein with every thing that bears
the name of ri'form. rroni the period of ihe fatal lolh of Angiill, the convi'its
from llie I'Veiu li fy Hem were numerons, the proferiptinn and perfecuiion of the
einigraiits vilibly inercafed the mnnher, and the premeditated ill-triatiiieiit and
unjull death of ihe kiui; aliiioli eiilireiy annihilated the fpirii of republicanifm in
this country, 'ihe public wanted only to be esciled, to give the moll forcible
proiif, of iis aftaehineiil to a coiillilution which had fo wifely |)r(n idcd againll die
luloK'rable perf.eiitioiis of ivraiii
u', am
I tl
le 111)
•fs (U
eplorable mifiliiefs of tact
IDII,
llie tiift difpoliiion iiKiiiitelied liy (ireat Hrilain to break with I'Vance, regarded
the iiivvigation of tiie .Siheldt, which the ImcikIi had dett rmined to open tor die
benefit of .\ntwer|) and the Nelherlaiid). This impediment, however, midit
perhaps Irive been removed, tVoin the little difpofition which was evinced bv Hd!-
ia'id !<• air-rt its li'dit to ihe e\clu(i\i' na\i;^atii>!i ; and lV(
I'leiich to refer the wiiole alVair to a ne'j;oeiation. Tiie m
11 ; and iVoin the readiiiefs of il
Nt exception which w.i,«
l.ikeii I)y ilie I'.ngliih miniliry, was lo the decree of I'raKrnily which was dVeied
b;, ihe l''rencii ci.iiiventioii, to llie revolting fubjetts of any monarchical (or, as
tii.'v laid, txraiHiieal' ,^MVe;ii;iieiit, and which was conltrued into a direct afVroi.r to
this coimlry, and a pic.t againll her peace.
Tin; alien bill, whitli the Freiuh complained was an infraclion of the con>
mercial tr.-aly, wai the next caufe of difpute ; and this otier.ce was augmented hy
the pi'jhibiiii.ii to e.vport corn to I'rance, while it was freelv allowed to the
powers at war wiih thai country. .\t len;.;ili, towards the eiiil of Jaiuiarv , ,M.
t.;lia!iveliii was oiiiually informed by ilie iMiglilh court, that his character and
fiinclions, fo long fuf]euded, had entirely Iciniinaled by the fatal death (if tiie
kin;.j; of France j that !-.■- had nu liiore any public character here, where his fur-
Ih
IT
E N
G
N
D.
3R'
lat fjii-
«s <>t a
)rcls its
bv any
I favour
) much
ii-(l thr
It iK-ars
OlUiTtS
I ot" the
lU and
nilm ii\
ltoriil)l(.'
Iiinll the
tactiiHi.
tor the
mii^lit
l)y Ih.!-
\)( lb..'
lifh \v;i,<
(>tVi'i\il
(or, as
roi.t to
■0 coll^
lilted by
to till'
l.ry, M.
Iter and
ct the
Ihis fur-
ther
ther rc'fuloncc wns forbiflden. Ki^ht days wore allowed for his di-pnrtiiro ; and
this notification was nuhlillii'd in the (iazette. M. Marct had lu'cn font l)y tho
iMcutivo ct)uncil of" rraiicc with enlarged powers, nnd, it was laid, with very
advantageous propol*als to (ireat liriiaiii ; hut arriving in l''.ngland exactly at tho
period of" M. Ohauvelin.'i dilinillion, ho tlioughl it prudent iinuiidiati ly to n turn
lionio.
Mr. fecrotary Dniulas, on tho 28th of" Jai\uary, prefented to the houfe of* coni-
ntons a nu'llage from the king, in whicli his niaji'lly esprell'ed the luci llily ol'
making a further augnuntation of his f'orces by lea and land, for maintaining (lie
I'ecurity and rights ot his own dominions, for f'upporli.i.; liis al'ies, and f'or op-
puling views ot agnjaiidi/einent ai\d aml)ition on ilie pait of" Franco. Iho (pief-
lion in relation to tiiis ("ubjeCt wan carried by u great majority in favour uf mi-
\ulh'rs.
Soon after tho declaration of war, a bill was introduced into the Iioufo, to jiiv-
venl traitorous correfpondenco with France, 'Ihis bill was read a third time
Apiil 9, and. Inning oecalioiioil umicIi altercation, it |)at1'ed the lowv. r houl'e, by
I ;4 ugainll c,}. Alter inmunerable amendments in tho houi'e of lords, adopted
from tiie hints of oppolition, the bill was returned to the commons, and then
pallid into a law.
On the 25th of March, \on\ (Jrenvillo and S. Comte Woronzow limned a con-
vention at l.onthm, on behalf of his Britannic m.njelly and tlio en)prols of Kullla,
in which tltoir majeHies agree to on\ploy their refpectivo forces in canving on tljc
" jull and necelliiry" war in which they were engaged againll I'rance ; and they
rcci|)rocally promifo not id A/v i/oioi their nynis but by common confent. Notwith-
Uanding this lolemn treaty, Catharine has taken no active jiart whatever in tho
war. 'i ho next treaty is betweon his liritannic niajelly aiul the king ol Sanlinia,
ligned at London tho 25th of April; by whii h (Jreat iJritain fubiecU lurl"elf to
till' payment of 200,000!. per annum to the king ol Sardinia, ami throe months
ill ad\anco. A treat\ has alfo boon concluiled between his highnefs the prince of
Ihii'e C'alVel and his I5ritauni>; majeliy ; the loriner i\ to furnidi Sooo men for the
v.ar, during ihi'e yi-ars, in return for which tlto i'jigiilh nation are to pay loo.oool.
K\\-nione\, and 30,0001. iKrling per annum, tv>r li \ years.
in this treaty, (Jreat Mritain engages to pay to tho i.audgravo a fum of money
fir each Ilellian that is llain ; I'o that tlio more of liis men are killed, he will got
thv- more money. For the military opi rations of tho war we mull refer onr readers
tiMuir accouttt of France, under which article they will more naturalU f.iil.
The proreculicns wliieh have taken place in Ivi vjand and .Seoil.ind, for I'edi-
tious words, and tor IiIkIIous and dangerous public, itions, ma\ poinMv be lonli-
(l. red by fonio readers as a trait in tho picture of the times; for their gralilic.ilion,
tliereforo, we Ihall exhibit a Ihoit out-line of the princijjal ot tlieU inals.
.\t l''.dinl)ingh, 'I'homas Muir if<|. was tried belore li.e hij^h court of julliciarv,
for feditious practices In the incbcliUent, tlu priU);iei' was c'.i;u!;-l with wlckedlv
and feloniouliy lAiiiing, by means of feilitious Ipeeclies and harangues, ;i I'pirit uf
ililloyalty and difall'ection t<t tho king and the elhihliihed government — of produ-
ling and reailing idoud.in a public nieetin;;, a fi'ditions and inihiaunalorv wilting,
lalied. " An Addrels from the .Society of I niled Irilhmen in Dublin, to the Dele-
gates for promoting a Reform in Scotl;mil;" tending to proiUae in tlie minds of the
people an inlurrection and ojipolition to the eliabliihed government. I he jury
being named, Mr. Muir objoitted to moll of them ; he old'erved, that as the
gentlemen, however refpoctable, were all fubt't iil)er> to the (Joldfinitlib'-hall al],)-
ciation, and had olVered a rewaril for difcovering iliot'e who liad eireulaled what
they c;dled feditious wiitings, they had already pre',iulged him, and were therefore
iinjjropor pcrfons to pal"b upon his allize ; but this ul)jection wab repelled bv the court.
The
38»
F, N
O
N
D.
'Vhc mnrt niBti'rinl wiinofM nsniiiA tin? •ccufi-d wnn Anne KifliiT, n forvant to hit
fiitlu-r ; llu' Ciiiil tlint ilu' ciirrii-u tVom liiin Id iIu- piintrr a Dit liiiatiim <il' Ui^^lui,
Miarkivi will) fDiiie corudioiiH, to l)c priniiii : llic nddcil, ilinl lli>; liiul lu-anl Mr.
Miiir talk In llu- counirymcn <i)iiiini{ lo tlu' lliop ot' hin t.iilior, viry ntu-ii, ihikitii-
ing Talin's Kij-liU of Man, wliicli Ini- lu-ard liiin fay \v;ii a wrv fjixxl I) ml^ • that
lie willu'd Ills liair-drclVcr lo piirchaft.- iIumii, and ki-(-|) tlu-in in (lis lli<i|i in cnli^lit-
t n llio |)('ii|)h' ; lliat Mr. Miiir laid, wlu'i) tlu' ri'torin took phui-, Ik- would be
niiMulK'r lor (.'aldvri tlu't tnendiorii would thon bo allowed tliiiiy or loio iiliin;r'«
.1 ilay, niul that none but honclt men would bi- adinitu-d, to kiop tlu* coiillitntiun
« lean ; and thai llu- had cuufcd un or^nnill in tlu- liroct^ of (jlaf^ow to pluy ^■,,
na, at Mr. Muii's dclirc.
\Uor a trial of lixti-t-n hours duration, tlu* jury roturm-d n verdict, fnuliiiL' tlip
prifiincr '•ii://\\, the eourt then nroeeeded to pronounee fentenee, and ordained liicn
to be iranlported l)eyond the leas, to fuch place as bis ntajelly, with the advice of
bis |> ivy couiuil. iball judpe proper, for the fpace of fourteen years.
On the 17th of Septcnd)er, the reverend Mr. I'abuer, an Unitarian clerj^ynian,
relulinn at Dundee, was tried by the circuit court of julliciary, before lords i'.ljijrove
and Alu-rcrunibie. The indittntent charged him with bein^ prefent at a nu-iting
belli at Duiulee, denominating itfelf " A Society of the l-'riends of the IVopK- ;"
that he did there put into the luiuU of (joorgc Mcalmaker n writing of a fediiious
import, in the form of an addiefs to their triends und fellow cili/.ens, containing,
among other feditious exprcllions, the following words: " You are pliniged intu a
war by a wicked miniller, and a compliant parliament, who feem carelels and un-
concernetl for your interell ; the end and delign of which is almoin too horrid to re-
Lite— the dellruvrlion of a whole people, merely becuufc they will be free."
When the court proceeded to the examination of witiu-lFes, (jeorgc Mealniakcr,
weaver in Duiulee, acknowledged himfelf to be the author of the paper in (|uef-
tion ; it appeared, however, that Mr. I'alnier had corrected it, ordered it to be
printed, ai\d circulated it. The verditt was returned the fame day, finding the
prifoner miiltv, in confeciuence of which he was fentenced to tranfportation for
foiiiteen years. 'I'liis gentleman was lent to the hulks with Mr. Muir; lince
which they have both failed for Botany Bay.
Ihe next iriiil which we Ihall notice was that of Lambert, and the editors and
proprietors of tht- Morning Chronicle. The parties were indicted for publiihing
in llioir pap^r, of the i^tli of December lall, an advertifenu-nt purporting to be
the luldref-., ili laralory of the principlesof a fociely for political information, held
at the 'I'alboi Inn in D^rby, and ligned S. l-"yre, chairman.
'Ihe alti>iney-;^eiK-ral contended, that the fubilance of that addrefs was calcu-
lated to create diironlent in the miiuls df the people with tlu- prefent governnu-nt of
lhi> country ; and concluded tliat tlu- publication of it was a criminal, and therefore
a punilhahle act. Ihe defendaut's couidVt, Mr. Krlkine, in an able fpeech, re
futed the charge of criminality in his clients, and while he admitted the pid)lica-
tion, forcibly contended that it was without any criminal intention. Lord Keiuon
fumnu'd up the evidence, and at two o'clock the jury withdrew: about ei^lu
o'clock llu- fame evening they agreed upon a fpecial verdict, " (Juilty of publiih-
ing, but with iu» malicious intent." Loril Kenyon infornud llu-m that he could
not receive ihat verdict, becaufe it was no verdict at all. Ihe jury then conlulied
together in a room in his Lorddiip's houfe till nine o'clock: wiu-nce the retumrd
to V\'ethuinller-hall, and at about live o'clock in the mornin-; they agreed in their
\erdicl of not v^uilty.
On the 2 111 of January, 1794, the two luiufes nu-t. The f|)eech from the throne
enumerated, with fome degree of minutenefs, the advantages obtained by the allies,
and exhorlcd to a fpiritcd profecution of the war, and to a reliance on thcrcfources
S of
B S
S D.
3«J
Is calcu-
Ina-nt <>t
|)iil)IU'ii-
lit oij^ht
II- ciivild
Lnfultod
Luiiiud
\u\ tlK-ir
ihronc
|o allies,
ut
i»f \he country, nnd to the ftrcngth of our nilic* for ultimate fucci'fi. The «d(lr» («
III U't% inujclty, in which ParliaiiK'nt aurrcd to fiipport him in the cuntinuuiice of
tho war, vviiii currivd in t'uvour nrininiliry hy an imnuiirc mnjifrity,
'Mil* (lifpurify of nnmbtrn ili-l not, however, diftouragc ihc oppofiiion in hoth
hxiifoN «)m cnibraiing cvt-ry DupDrluniiy <A enforcing the neeellity of peace.
I'pon all ihefc iHcnliont nearly the fame argumrnti were repeated on hoth lides.
Among ihefe ntleinptn one of the inol^ rcmarlkahic wan that of earl Stanhope, who
inaile a motion for an addrifs to hi* mioelly, to aiknowKdije the republic of
I'lanee. It wa» urged by his lordlhip, in favour of (his mealuie, that the pcoi)lc
liad been deluded by minillerM, who had bv their cnullaiies held »)Ut to them that
the French would foon be Ihirved, and necellitated to come to terms honourable and
advantageous to this coimtry, becaufe tliey were repi\feiited tti have neither eiirn,
arms, nunnunifion, ni»r the means of nrocurin;; them. In proof of this deUilion it
was faid, tliat a year had paHid lime this doctiine had rnifed the faiiguine Impes of
our coimtrymen ; yet Hill the (Jallic nation nbtiunded with lire-arms, corn, and.
alnive all, with nu-n. Since, therefore, it was generally confelled that wo hud no
ri;;ht to interl'ere in the regulation of their internal government, it was contended
iIkU ihf moft advantageous mode of conduct for Knglilhmen would be to make n
f|ui'dv peace with an armed nation, driven to a Ihile bordering on defperatiiin, by
till- cond>ination formed againll that fvllem t>f liberty, which they would in ail
probability defend to the lad extremity.
The landing of the I leliian tr«)op«, w ithout the previous confent of parllatneni, wai
reprefented by the oppolition-pariv as an inlringement upon the free prim ipKs of
tlieconOitution, and m fupport of this allertion reierenie was maile to the act of fet-
tlement. which esprefsly lays, " that no olhce of trutt, civil or military, lliatl on
anv account whatever Ih" held b) any but natural fubjetts of his majell\, born
wiihin the realm;" and to prefervc the nriiuiples of the conllitution, an act of in-
denmitv was projx)fed to ntinillers ; but the propofal was njei'ted.
An invalion of the i'"rench having excite«l ferious aliirm in the public mind, the
flf|)s purfued by adminillration to repel it were, an augmentation of the militia,
and the railing volunteer companies, as well as takinj^ meafures tor having a num-
ber of veomanry and others in various parts o( the kmgdoin, to luar arms and to
he readv to take the field in ( afe i f an emergency. To aid thefe me.ifiires, the
fecret;irv of llite addivlVed circular letters to the lord-lieuteiiniits of tlie feveral
cotiiilies, t>rdering tliem to take the feiife of tlie iiihabitai.ts, upon the bell mode t^
K- purfued in order to infure the internal defence of the kingdom, either in cull"
ot i;iv;;ti('ii b\ a t'oreign enemy, or in cafe of riots and dilhnbaiue.'i at home. In
c.;iire(iuc!Ue of thefe letleis to the lord-lieutenants, nuetiiii;s have been lield in molt
iit'tlie cities and confiderable towns in the kingdom, and large fums of iiicMie\ h;\\e
bn II alreadv fub!crilH-d tor railing troops to he ready at ihe call of iniiiilLis.
The fecellion of the king of I'rullia from the great caufe of the allies »;;itafed
tie political world for feveral weeks, wl.en it was anuour.ced tliat l)ie who!e prc-
C(\(led from hi^ inability tofiipply his troojis from the utources (>t Iun ov,n comitry,
and llierefore that he imilt be t'ubiidizod. to enable lii.n to eiiploy his forces
for the great i)urpofe of leiloiing regular govennne:it to l'"raiKe. 'lie I'ai-
liiiiieiit, ir.tluenced by the arguments wliicli were advanced by the miiMlKr,
Vi 'I'd die fimi of i,v)o,qoo1. to be grantetl to his majelly, to enable liim to fulfil
tlx- Uiimialions of the treaty lately coiicir.ded with I'rullia, for the luoio vigo-
rous profeeution of tlie war, and for fiich e\i^ei.iies as n,ight arife in llie year 1794.
Nc,\viililbuiding this fVelh treaty, it i^ e<ir.fidenlly atlVrted that the I'nill'.an 1110-
luinli liab entirely reliiupiilhed the war, l'a\iiig t'oimd lull occupatiun for himfeif
ai.d Ills tMiii|.b in endeavouring to fupprels the infurreiMions in i'.ijai.d, which wc
Ihall |)ar:icularlv i.oticc in our iiaitiUi\c cl the cvculs of that uufjituju.tc cuu ;trv.
On
.in
l-
f.
N n.
Ill),
I'll
On ih»' I itli of Msn , i jijj, n mitl'iiRi' ("nun lii< M.ijilh woi hron^lit (lown ii» ilt
li'iiil'i.' l)y Mr. .St'crrttiry Ixiiulnfi, in wliiili lio iiil'ornii iluiu ihai " ilu' Icdiiioti^
itracliivi wliiil) hitvc lu'i'ii lor ronu'linu' inrritd on liy ci'rtiiiM fociftiij* in Loiuli
III ('iirriT|i<iiulcitii' will) (niiclii.'H in ilitli ri-nt pnrl^ nt' llic nxniirv, have laid) be
purrui'd uilli itu rciilVd iittivit) nt\<l liiildiuli, iind liavr l>> m avowcilly tlirrcKd ti
ilk' ()l)jcd lit ali> inhliii); a |ir('tct\(U'(l Kcmral roiiNtniiDD oiilu' |ii'ii|il><, in r>ii)u-iii|M
Diul lU liancc ot l)i>' antlioiiiy ot pariiiinunl i tliui lIu* Ixioki und |>.t[)i'rH ol'ilu- l.n t
fiH'ictii-s ill buuiiin ha\o lurit I'l-i/fd, wliiih aiipiaring to contiiin matd-r ot° tho
(^fiaii ll iniportaiKi' to llio pnl)!ic iiitircll, uvri- now laid Ik fori- tin- lioufo." An
addii iV to In^ niaiiily in i i.dVipu iu«' ot' llic* null.iiji' \va< lluii vnifd, «iw. ,oh. and
tlio papiTu wore ri'lVrrcd lou loinniittrc olTccrciy, toiililling ot* twiiiiy-oiio incm-
JCI».
In confami nco of thi- fiill riport of ilic lomnnitii- of fvtrccy, witli rcfpcti to
l)u* plaiiN Willi li had lu'i-n lornu il hs tlirlV foiirlifs lor holding a m'niral lonvi-iilioii
ol tli>' pixpk, iuid iiuiMiatin;^ tixir liilpii ioif. th.il l.ir^t llauiU <>t ainw had \n\i\
ndU'Clod l>) till !'«• loi iiiii'. in ouU r to (hlliilnilf ll\»ni anion;; iho iowti ord<ii df
till' pcnplo, till' rhMiuidlor of iho lAiimpur niovi-vl " lor liavo lor a liill to iiu.
powt'r liin niiijolly to fi'ciirc iind «lvlain I'm li pirlon, as Ins niajolly lufpi-cU an' i oii.
i'piiiii); ii^'aiiill his pi-rfoii and no\i rnnuiii." Hy ihis liill thi* innporary lnl|iri\ll.jii
of the /A'/'i'n Uv/>ii, iii't is illlcti J, whiiii was iariicd, on tlic ininitU'r's iiiouon, hy
a II iijniiiN nt 1(12.
On iho ill of Juiu- 1704. 'hf llriiilli licit nndiT the coinnuind of admiral carl
Howi' olttaiiu-d 11 moll liffiial victory over tliat of tin- h'n-ni h ; in whicli two lliipi
wori- funk, oiu" hiirnt, and li\ lirnii^lit itilo I'ortrinoutli li;nl)onr. 'I'o this imi.
•pull \\i' iiia\ iiild ilu- priNions ri-dnclioii of thi' principal IvitlcnuMli of tlic I'niuh
in iIh' I'.all lii(li("<, nnrl tlu' capture of llicir Well India illaiuU, l>y wliich the iiioll
valualile C'lmmcr iai adNanla};vs ha\e liccn gained, tlie coinnuice of ilic ciiciiiv
dcllroNcd in ihofe purts, and ihefe lilellintjs enhanced by llie aiinuiiijj rapidity luid
little (iloodilied wiili uliii li tin \ were aicomplilhed,
V cry ilillrrenl has l)cen llu' fnrluiie of the allied powers in the Aiillrian N'e-
till rlaiids ; iiKil't ol liie principal towns having furreiulered to tin' I'Vi'iu li, \i/.
pres,
li
rut;es, (iheiit, OiKiid, C'harieroi, (Aideiiarde, Marchicnncs, and Mdu-,
^ ct, wliatevcr niny be the fuccefs of I'rcncli arms, or the afceiideiuv of Irciuli
]irinci|)k's on the continent, this happy illaml will ever let both at detiance, wliile
Ijie lieholils, with mnli ious iVcuriiv , Ironi lur fea-^irt ihores, that pmpiiioiu I'lc-
lueiit on w'liiih, willimit the f^rollill iiiiliiiiuia^cinent, a cniuliiaaiion ot phviical
smd nmrai advantages innll always ir.alile her lo trinmplt over her lonign eneinies.
An iiivalioii of I'.iif^laiul caiuiot be fuciefsful, unltfs llie French cither obtain a
fiiperiorily nt lea (b^caule, wiiliont this l\iperiorit\, the (Jallic torrent, however
iMipiluous, inutl loon be cNliaiilied, fur want of coniinnnii ation with iis I'ource),
or luiicfs they ure ahe u'd in llieir li.iliilily by the liriinus themfelsis; a fuppcili-
lioii as ii c<inlilieiil wilh ih • feeliiifjs and principles, us it is incompatible with tlu;
manly g od fenfc which has loni; dillin^;uiilicd ihis nation. A revolution in t;n-
vcrnn.m' I-' always a trcmeiidous csp^ rnncnt ; bccanfe the act of revidution iikli',
s iiiiile(|iicr,vi s
wliicli (fell ei.dures tliroU'^ii niany lilondy years, is lenilne, and its
at bell (lonbtf.il. but a icvolulioii ilU'i'ted bv the aiMi;
i.ce oi an am lent and an-
p .iiai'lc cii'. my, e\a;p'.
. d In I
he remei
nbiaiice (<( p.;ll, and the finart of 11
ceiii vvoiiiid , IS u lua ml) t) which no people in tiieir fenfes can be inclined vo-
Iuiit;irii\ tolu,,niit: and 1 all i.T ail, iIimIc who inheril, boiii the viruie of llkir
anci
llnrs Ho'' fu llantiai and iiuliiuable luneiits, wliofc ihailows tlic l'"ri..uli
have hiilieiio jurfacd in vain tlinniyh oceans ol blood.
(»ENEAI.O(ilC \i
W A I. F. S. ill
GcNRALnoicAL LtiT or Till RovAi. Family opGiibat BmrAiw.
On>rj|i' U'illi.im Fii«lirlf III, honi Jiiiu- 4, 17.181 pnn Inimnl king of Crrnt
nritiiiti, KriiDic niul Irilnriil, and cUdiir of lliimiviT, O^lotirr 16, 17601 nnil
niarrini, .SrptiinlH'r H, 17O1, lo ilio printi-r* .Sii|ilii;i Clmrloiti', ol' NKcklrn-
l)iir((li Sirvliti, Ixiin May 16, 1744, crowmil Sputnlur xi, 1761, und now liuv«
iiluc ;
I. (Joornf Aii;<iiftiiH FrodiTir, prItuT of \Vok-«, Iwirn Aiigiift 12, 176a.
1. IVinn' rrinKrIi, burn Anxull ift, 17*^, flocUil lilllnip of ()fiiul)iir;,'h, Fo-
|)ni!irv 17, 1764. »ri'.iii(l tliiki' 1)1 ^ ork aiul Allmnv, NiivcMnlwr 7, 1784, k. (J.
iiiiil li. ll, ninriiiH, .VjUkinbcr iy, fj'jt, rittliriia Cliarloiiu L'lrua C!atlu-rinu,
jiriiucfs royal nt' I'riillia
J. rrimo William llinry. born Aujjufl it, 1765, cri'alccl tlukc of Clarence,
K. (> Hhil k, T.
l-'iO.
4. Lliarluttc Augiillu Matikla, |>ritK'cf» royal of Knglaiid, bom September 29,
i{. PrintT I'AUvard, born Novcnibi-r 1, I7''»7.
6. I'riiui-rH Aii;;iilla Sniiliia, Uirn Novembir 8, 1768.
I'riiui'l''. I'.li/iil>i ill, (lorn May aa, 1770
I'rinii' Imui ll Aiifjtithis, horn Jime 5, 1771
i' . . -
9. I'rinii- I r»<iiiii- Aii^iilhis, born January 17, 177^
10. Prince A<lolpliiis I'mliric, born i'lbruary 24, 1774.
11, Prinit'fs Mary, bum .\pril 15, 1776.
12 I'linicfs Sopliiii, bum .Nnvombor 3, 1777. •
t^ PriiKcf-. .Xiuiiia, bmn Aufjiill 7, 178.?.
llliu" of the late ])rince of \N ales by the prineefs Augulla of Saxc Gotha, now
living :
I. Iler royal lu>»l\ncfs AiiRulla, I)orn Au!;iift it, 17371 married llic hereditary
prime of hnmlwiik Lunenburg, January id, 1 704.
I, His (trefiiil miiiilly.
\. I'liiite \\ illiani Henry, duke of Clloueeller, born November 25, 174.;, niar-
rioil, Siptenibrr 6, 1776, Maria eountel\ dowager of W'aide^^rave, by whutn he
lius Sopliiu Matilda, burn 1773 i and Uilliam tuderie, burn 177^,
w
E
S.
T HOI (ill thi.s princiiialiiy is politically iiuhuUd in Fnglnnd, yet as it has
(liltin^'tidii in lan);ii<i;;t' and ni:'.iiiiers, 1 luive, in conlormity with the coiniuuti
union), alligned it u leparati' arlicle.
Mil
es.
I'".xri;sr anh SiriATios.
Decrees,
Lentil no) , , f S' :'"'l 1 >• North latitude.
Hreadth i/) J "^'t^^'^"^" T 2.41 ami 4.5r, Well longitude. • •
Area in fipiare miles 7011.
Nami: and t. ANci'AOF..] 'Hie \\ elth, accordinj; to the bell anticpiarios,. arc
(lifcenda:Ub of ilie 15el^it Gauls, who made a leiilemenl in Kngland, about tour-
\ j D • /loie
%
|M WALES
fcnrr y<>iir« bflorr itir Tirlt lii'fcrnl of Jiilitii Cvfar, and llicrrliiv ohiainril ihtf
nninc of (iailr* or \VaIIc« (ihr ii nml W iMine promlfLUouny ufrct l)v ihtf
KiHk'nl lUiion*^ that i», SimHj^iri 'I'hcir lun^itagf iia< a (tront allitiiiy wiili if),*
Cflric or ilikxnicmn, ami i« liighly coiiiitic tided for lit pulhclic and dcfcriptivo
powcrt.
UouNnARiRi] \Vnli'« WB« formerly of trcatcr exfrni rimn || it at pri-fcni, Ijc.
inK Iviiindc'd only l>y iIk- .Vvcrn and the l)i'c i ittil iii'tt'r tlic Sakon« hud niudtf
lhrinri'l\i-<i nwt()cr» of all llic |)luiii tutnitry, lltr WiKh, or unticiit Driloni, wrro
ol»lt'>i'(l griiduiillv to retreat wcdwurd. Il dori not, Itowcvt-r, a|t|H'ur, thai iho
Suxoiin ever ninik' tin) fnrtlu-r (<tn(|ii(lU in ihi'ir country lli.in M<)nni'>iilhlliirc im]
llcrcfordthiri'. whiili I'ornicrly Ix'longod to NViili'%, luit now lorm purl ol' KnjjUniJ.
Thit I'uuntry it divided into /our circuiti, cuniprt In nding twelve counties sic^
I'.NOtAND.
Cmmatr. ioiL, Ann water ] 'Hi'- fiMfom are prcnv nnich the funic ai in
Ihr n<>rlhc*rn part* of Kn};l:ui(l, nnd llio uir i% Iharp, l>ul wlioltronu* The foil ||^'
WnU ^, irpcciully tuvvurdt tin- North, u niountiiinout, Wtit conluitx rirh vallici
wliicli produce crop« of wlii-iu, ry^', and oilior torn. W .ili^ conluin* many tiuai-
ricK u> tree Hone uiid Hate, I'tvcral inini-i of lead, Hiid aliinulance of coal-pirt.
'J hit counlry it well (upjfliitl with wliolefomo f^iringi i nn«l il-i chief rivert nre tin-
Cl^wd, til.- Whfclir, tin- Die. the Severn, the tlwy, and the Allen, which furiiiih
Fiinllliirc will) grmt (|iiaiilitii"t of iiili.
Moi Ni AiNs j It \voulJ W' cndKI'* to narficulari/e the mountains of this coun-
try. Snowdon, m C'arrnarvonlliire, im<l I linlinimon, v\liich liet partly in Mont-
Jtotncry, uiid partly in ('ardi;;nnlhiri.', iirtf the nmll tamoiit , and ihoir niouiit:iin<ui»
ituntion gri-ail) nllilK'd tlio naiivrt in making fo noltk- and lon;{ a llruggle ui'aiiiit
till' Koiiiiin, AngIo-Sa\()n, and Norniau powi'rs.
X'k.i lAHf. k anp animal pbo-) hitlurepartiiular> Wall sdillrr'i little from
Piciiovt HV II.A AM) I AND. j l'.n(.;lanil. Iluir ImrlV, arc (inalkr, Init lan
rndure vafi lalimio, and thiir Mack cattle are fiiiull likrwife, but exu'llinf hecf,
ikiid tlieii i.iw. are n'liuitLahli* lur yielding large <|uantitie^ <if milk. (Jreat ninii-
Ikt^ ct L-M;it<« feed (in the nuuuiiains. Snuie \ery |)ro;uiliug mines <if liiver, oin-
tvT, IiPii, Jind iron, liase li.< ii difcoseml inWalis. 'jlie W'eltli liher niay he
nown l>v its being (lamped willi the nlhich featliers, the biulj5e of Uie priiat. of
Willed. '
I'oini ATio!.-, IMIARI r AN r«,} llie inl.abitanti of Wall* are fuppolVd tf
MWNr.R-i, ANOcisioMn. j aiudunt L > iibout ; -jo.ooo, and tlix.i'li nni n.
general weaitliv, t'nv are |)r>r,iili'd with all the neeeliiiricii, and m.iny t-t I'li kiji
viiiieiui's of lit'-. 'I lie Inn'lt.is ot \\ ales brought in, lome years ago, about f«jri\-
tl.icc thoufand feven hundred and fifty-twu pounds a year. Hie W eUh are, if |io(.
(ibie, more jeidous of their lilier(ie> than the F.iiglilh, and far more irafeilile, jijt
tlieir at^^er lunn ab.ites i and they aie remarkalile fur ilicir lincerity .-\iul liil lin
'HieV aro very fond if carrying' back their pe(li|{rees to the incll remote aiili.^ui'v,
but uc have no criterion for tiie nutheiiti* ity of their maimfcripts, fome of wliiili
tliey preteiul to be coeval with llie iiieariialion. It is however certain, tt'it tnwl
purt ( f t!i'. .f lillb'fv, efpeiially the ei<.leliiiftii al, is more jiiuient, and liiier ar-
t 'fted, than tl at of ih,' .\inTl"-Sa\ons, U ales \» a:i formerly famous tor its li.nril*
und ptcl ., pailieidarly 'I'halieH'in, wli-i lived about tlie )ear 4j;o, and whole works
were K.rtaiiil) eiitaiit at the time ot lla* Ketonuation, anil clearly eviac, th:it
(/eoflrey ot .Miniinoiuh was ii' t the Uiveiitor of llie hillory which makes ihi.- pre-
fi nt \' el'.h till lielc* iidanis i.i" the ancient 'IVoiaiis. 'I bis p.n.tieal genii;s feeni') to
bavi iiilpired tile aiiciiiit Welch \\ith lai eiithutiaiin for independencv, on wliiih
aMouiit I'.tiwatil I, is faid In have made a general tnairacie of the Lards. The
V»t.ch May b"' lalkd ai; unmlM.'d pci pie, and are iciiiaikublc for kcepiug i:j»
llic
W A L K ^ ||^
i1\i' aiulcnt hof|>iulity, tmi ili<*ir (it\t\ a'thoronctf fs Mcwnx ruftofSf mmI m^iim-r*.
Ilii* ii|>|ii*iir« rviii ■nxmg ariiilr^tirt) ol' L "une, whti (n *bvr (-iMmlfii»4 irtrnmor'
Iv lolliiw ihi* firiiuu t>( talnnm. Wc «».• i\<>i, *i'>\vrvfr, ii, inriSgiiu- thni in.inv nf'
.4. i.ii:... _...! _ «• »l'_t-. .1 ,.1, .1. f ., 1 »•
llu- nobility rntd g^mry nl" ^Vntr« «li» not iiiit\jiiy w iih tho luixft-s rfi.il mamu'r rt'
liwiiK in I'.nslanu. All tho bvili-r fi)ri «»f ilii- XSrUl, i, ak
llti>iii(li rutnint r<i lit' llicni un(U*il)iin>l ilio Wctcti.
Iha l-Jiglilh langUalge
U> t.i(ii<»N.] I Im\o iilrniily nunliiiiK-tt llif nitirairi- r,( tJi** WcUh tWr%y hy
\i\^u\\hw tlu' |tciiiiili iipi)lHw> til' r.ii)(lunil, iK-vaiil't lli' ) \s mid i.nt loiitbfm to ihi-
KiHiiilti riltiul. \Vali-«, ut'tor lliul, I'tll inuli'r llu- iloniitiinn ol' |u'iiy |»rinrr>, ^li<i
wcrv ul'loit Wi'nk iinil irv(liil<Mi4, Tin- H'iniiih i U rgv iiilinkiult-d ihctnri'Ut « iiklo
lluir iNVixir, l»y ihvir |irfii-itil«<l |M»\vir <>• ulirnlvinn I'mtn triitin i nnd t\w WrUh,
wlu-n ihcir nniioni t I'lgy u. ri' «xlincl, iDnf'ornutI ilu rnfvlvrH in iliv ftlijjiim nt
K'liiit'. 'I ho Well It tlvr^), in ^ini'rul, an' l)ui jxmrlv piioidnl I'.ir , Hnd In nianv
III' ilu nuinlry longn-^ulioni ilu-y |)r>:uli Ixiili \n \\ i U It und Knglilli 'llu-ir |Hi<
\i'rly \vit> iDrtiurly n (^ri'tii diriii(ira;;i-nK'nt to rvligion und ImrninK, Imi ilic iiioa*
fnrt't Inkiii l>v l1u> rocnly I'or propnifming Clirilliun kiuiwlic^.' \\u^ in n ^rc!lt (lr<
Rri'i' rcnioM'u till- Mi'roaih o| ijjiioi ante from llio noonr lor' nl' lIu* Wilili, in
lIu- \iMr 174'), II liuiidrcd mid lorly-two f».li<iolm:illirii were vmplojid, lo fimo\c
I'rmn plin c In \Aw\', I'nr lite inlliiutiun nt tlio inhaliitanlt i und ihoir i'Jioinri
nmonnli'd to 71,164. No prnpK- luive dilliMjiuilliiil liuin(M\i'» iniire, |»l•rllnp^, In
jiroporttun to tlicir ul>llilii'«, tli.in tlu- \Vi l< li Imnc done Ity iif U ul' national nuini*
iicciH'i'. 'Ihi'v print, nt n vnil i'\piiu'c, Hildo*, C'onunon I'mvcfii, nnd ttthcr n-ll*
gioiu liiM<l««, nnd ditltil>iit>' tlii-ni ({latit to tin; puuror fort, few oi their town*
wro nnproMilod with a tin'-l'ihiMil.
Ilii; eft.dditlud re!i.{i«,n in W alen !■» that i>( tlu* ilninh t>( !'.ii(;Iand i Init the
CoiuuKiu people in iniiiiy phuei nie I'o (cnueioiiH nl their niuicnt ciilloniN, thai tliey
retuin I'cvcra! ol° the Koniidi rupirltitionH, und I'onie uneient lainilie^ niiioi)^ them
rre Hill Konuin C'athulics. lii the priticipulity ilieie are ult'o great miinbcrtul' IVu«
leHaiit l)illenter>t.
I'ur MitMoi'Rii'Kt, fee F.nj;l.mdV In fmincr times, WaU"* eonLiimd more
litihoprii.', than it doei now ; an<l aho it the pirio.l nl tlu* Nuniian invaliun, the
nii^iou* t'uundaiiunt there t'ur exceeded the wealth ut' ull the uther purtk ol' tli<>
piiiicipulity.
Lkarnino and i.rA«Nrn mfs] \\'nle» \vn« n f.-nt of lenrniiig at u verycnrly
iieriod; lint it fullered an eilii»l'e hylh- np.-ated inalUiv re^ot' the hardi and thru)'.
Uiiklithfin took, llieller in U.iiis when it was peifetiited in I'.iiflaiid 'llie
Wriili ami Stoteh difpute ahont the nativity of ceilain Unrned men, purtieiilnrly
liiur ol the nanu- of (Jiidas. Giraldll^ CamhreiifiN, wlmfe hidoiy wan pililithed
l>y Caimlen, was certainly n WeUhman ; and I. eland meiilioni leveral learned
nun of the fame comitrv, who llourilhed heture the Kelurniaiion, llie tiil'tovery
nf the famous kine Arthur's and his wite's luirjinj; [ilaee was o\\in)» to fonK* lini *
•.flhaliellin, whii h were repeated liefore Henry II. of Knulinid, liy a Welch hard.
Since tin Heformalioti, Wales has pnxI'U'ed feveiul i\e>'l1enl amitjiiaiies nnd di-
wnes. Amoni^ ilie lattiT were Ihii^h Mroii;^liton, aiul llii);li llnlland, who wai a
Kdiiian Calhoiie, and i> mentioned liy I'lilhr in hi-. Worlhii^. .•\m"iif' the former
Were feveial gi iillemen of the name of I.llund, pariitularly tlie author «if that
iiivaliiahle work tlu* Arehii'oIo;;ia. Uowhmd, the learned author nf the Moua
.Aniii|ua, was likewife a U'eli liinan ; u^ was that ^reat llatefman and prelate, the
lord keeper Williams, archbitlmp of Y</rk in tlie time of kini; Charles I. iM'ter
all. it appears, that the great merit of the Welch h'.iining, in former lime-.. I;iy
III the knowledge of ihe anliquitv, language, and hillory of iheir own country.
\V.ile>, notwilhllanding all that Dr. ilii ks, and other anti«|uarie.s, have laid to
ilit contrary, furiiilhcd the Anglo-baxons with an alphaLct. 'lhi» is clearly de-
3 D 2 muidl.uicd
388
w
s.
t*
inonftratcd by Mr. Llhiiyd, in his Welch preface to his Archsologla, md \s con-
firmed by various njoiumitutal infcriptions of undoubted authority (Mec Rowland's
Mona Anti'jua). Aiiotlier indaucc of Welch erudition we have in the exctUeut
liidoiy of Henry Vlli. written by lord Herbert of Chcrbury.
With regard to the preleiit ftato of literature among the Welch, it is fufKcient
to fay, that fonie of tl.cm make a conlidcrable figure in the republic of letters,
and that many of their clergy are excellent fdioiars The Welch I'aturnoQer is
as follows :
£t>i TaJ, \r /nvii wyt yit y nefocdd, fanlleiJdier dy enw ; deiied dy dcyrnas ; bydded dy
tivyHys ar y ddtiear, vievis y nine yii y ntfotd: dyro in i heddyiv (in barn beimyddiQl; a
madden i ni ein dylcdion, fel y maddcuivn iii ;"« dy/edwyr ; ac nuc aiwaifi hi i brojedi^aei/i,
tithr \:'Martd ni rhag drivg : canys eiddut li yzv'r dcyriim, ar gallUy a'r go^oiiiant, yn eos
eofoi'Jd. Amen.
CiriKS, TOWNS, roRTS, AND OTHER! VValcs coHtains no cities or town*
LDiKjcEs, PuuLir AKD I'ltivAir.. J that are remarkable eilhet ior pupii-
loufnefs or magnificence. Beaumaris is the chief town of Anglefey ♦, and luis a
good harbour. Urecknock trad<'s in eloathing. Cardigan is a large p<:^pulous
town, and lies in the iieigIibourlnK)d of kj\d and lilver mines. Caenuarthen h;is
a large bridge, and is govorncii by a mayor, two llurilfs, and aldenuen, who
wear Icarlct gowns, and oihcr endgns of (late. Pembroke is well inhabited by
gentlemen and tradel'iren ; and part of the; country is fo fertile and pleafant, that
It is called l.itile l-'.nglaiul. 'Ihe other towns of VVales have nothiug particular.
\\. is proper, huwever, to obferve, that W ales, in anciv.'nt times, was a lar more
populous and wealthy country thaii it is at prefent ; and though it contains no re-
gular foriificaiions, yet many of its old callles are fo llnmgly built, and fo well li-
tuated, tiiat they might be turned into Ihcng torts at a fmall expence : witiicfsthe
vigorous defence which many of them made in the civil wars, between Charles \.
and his parli.tmi:nt.
An nqj-'i I ir.s and crniosniES,i Wales abounds in remains of juitiijuitv.
NATURAL AND ARiuiciAL. 3 Scvcial of its caftles are lUnK'iHlouiiy lar'fe ;
and in fome, the le.iiaiiis of Roman arehitetture are |)lainly difceriiible. llic ar-
chitecture of otliers is doubtful ; and fome appear to be partly liriiilb, and |)art!y
Roman. In Hivcknocklhire are fome rude Iculjjtures, upon a Ihine fix feet hifii,
called the N».iiden-Mone -, but the remains of t!ie Uruidical iiiUituiioiu^, and places
v\ worlhip, ;ue cIiieHy difcernible in the iile of .Vnglefey, the ancient Mona, men-
tioned by Tacitus, wiio defcril)cs it as being the cliief feminary of the Uruidical
rites ami religion. Many Koman altiirs, uteiidls and other antiquities, aj'e difco-
vered in Wales. King Offa s tlyke is fiiid to have been a boundary between ihe
Saxons, and the Wekli or liritons. Clierphilly-c#le, in Clamorgaiiihire, is laid
to have been the largill in Crtat IJritain, excepting \\ indtor ; and the remains of
it llicw it fo have been a mod beaufir'ul fabric. Une half of a rouiui tower has
fallen (juite df)wn, but ti.e other ovei-l.angs its balis more than nine ket, and is as
great a curiollty as the leaning tower of I'ifa in Italy.
iNear the town of I'llnt are the remains of a large caftle, in which Richard 11.
was confined, fome time belbre his de[)o(it;cn ; and a variety of Roman aiiti-
([uities have been found in this town, which is fuppofed to have been a Roman
ilation.
Siomc coins of Welch princes arc faid to be found in the cabinets of the curious;
» Ttii; Ifls of Anglet y, which is tlic mod weft- calicJ Meiieu, which in fojne |Iaces may bf pnlTttl
«rii county ot Nortii Wjjts, is fiirromuicj on ;.ll on luot at low water : t(^e ifiaiiJ is about 24 mUi
lilies liy tlif Irilfi l.a, txccjit on the (inith-ralt, long, and iBliro.nl, ami tontjiiiis 74 parilhcs. It
wiitic it is divulei tiom JJiitaiu by a narrow ftrait, was the ancient teat ol ific Biitilh Druuls.
but
w
s8r
but It does not fcc'tn that they have been fervictabla in afcertaining the ancient
hiftory of the country.
Among the natural curiofities of this country, arc the following. At a fmall
villaKC called "Ncwttxn, in Gliunorganlhirc, is 4 remarkable f[)rin}{ nieh titc fca,
which ebbs and tiowti contrary to tlie tide, kador tdris, a mountain in Aicrionctli-
lliiie, rcniurlcablu for itsi height, affords variety of Alpine plants. In Flintlhire isi
a famous well, known by the name of St. Wenefreds well, at wliich, according
ti) the legendary tales of the common people, miraculous cures have been per-
formed. 1 he ipring boils with vaft inuK'tuofity out of a rock, and is formed into
a Ix-aiitiful polygonal well, covered with a rich arth fupportcd by pillars, and the
roof is cxquifitely caived in ftone. Over the fpring is alio a chapel, a neat piece
ot° Gothic arthitei^tuic, but in a very ruinous (late. King James li. paid a vilit to
the well of St. \\ enifred in 1686, -and was rewarded for his pivty by a prefenl of
ttie (hift in wl.Ieh his great-grandmother, Mary Stuart, loll her head. 'Ihe fpring.
is fuppi'fed to be one of the (iiifft in the Britilli ilominions ; and by two dillerent
triuls and caUiila.ti()n8 lately made, is found to throw out about twenly-one tousof
water in a minute. It iievi-r freezes, and variL's but little in its (juar.tity of
water, eiihcr in dry or lainy foafuns ; but in c(>iifi.(|uencc of the latter, it alllwuea
a wheyilh tinj^n. 'Ihe I'nia'l town adjoining to the well is known by tlie name of
i!i)lywoll. in ('at-rnarvonlhirr is the high mountain of I'eiimanniawr, aerols ihu
c'h^e of which the public road lies, and oitalions no fmall terror to travellers;
liDni one hand llie impending roek feenis ready every minute to erulh them to
pieces, and the gi eat precipice IkIow, which hangs over the fea, is fo hideous,
iihd, till very latily, when a wall was railed on tlie lide of the road, fo full ol dan-
ger, that one faifc ftep was of difmal confcviuence. Snowdou bill is by triangu-
lar meafureuient 1240 yards i)crpeiidieular height.
iheie are a great maiiy plealiug profpects and pi£turef(|ne views in\A'ale3; and
this co'intry is highly worthy the attention of the curious tiavelk-r.
Co.MMkKcii ASi> MANi' i-ACTuaEs.] 'I ln' Wekh are on a footing, as to their
eouuneree and manulactures, with man;' uf ihe weltern and northern counties of
ti gland. Iheir trade Is mulliy inland, or with Knglaiid, into which they ftnd
nunih«ys of black cattle. Miliord-haven, wliieii is reckoned the Hnell in h.urope,.
lies in rembroivelhire ; but the \\ eleh have hitherto reaped no great benefit from
it, though of late eonliderable fums ha\e been granted by parliament for its fortili-
tatioii. Ihe inakin;; it the principal harbour t)f the kingdom would meet with
Ifior.g tippolition fiom the nunienius Cornilh and Well-country members, whofc
(.itates would be lelVened in \;ilue by the difufe of Plymouth and Portfmouth, and
(;thi'r h.n-biHirs. '1 he town (;i Pembroke employs iiear 200 merchant liiips, and
i;s ihlwbilanls carry on an extenlive trade. In breeknocklhire the woollen manu-
f;;cture iliiuriihes , and \\ ales in general carries on a great coal trade with Kng-
li.i.d and Ireland.
CoNsriTHTioN AND GOV K. RN M liNT.] Walcs wa5 United, and incorporated
uiih Kngiand, in the 27th of Henry \'lll. when, by acf of parliament, the govern-
ment of it was modellid aecoidiiig to the Knglilli form; all laws, cnftoms, and
tiiiures, conliury to tbofe of iingiand, being abrogated, and the inhabitants admitted
to a participation of all the Lnglilh liberties and jirivileges, particularly that of
ieiHl'i>g niember.^ to parliament, viz. a knight lur every lliire, and a burgel's for
every lliire-town, except Meriouetii. By the 34'''' ""^^ 35ih of ilio fame reign, there
wee ordaii^ed lour feveral circuits for the adiuiniltralion of JKilice in the faid fliircs,
each of wlii.-h was to include three (hires; fo that the chief julliee of Cheiler has
luuier his jurifdietion the tliree feveral ll-.ires of Flint, Denbigh, and Montgomery.
'I lie ihires of Caernarvon, Merioneth, and Anglefey, are under the juftices ui No; th
Wales, 'ihofe of Cacrmarlhen, Pembrokelliire, and Cardigan, have alfo their juf-
tieesj as have likcwil'e thofe of Radnor, Breckiiock, and Glamorgan, by the 18th
a of
--ui. ■
5!>9
W
I, E
n( nucen F.lizabcth, one other jufticc-adilbnt was ordained to the former jiillU-es ;
<b tliat now rvory oneof the faid tour circuits has two julliccs, viz. one chicl-juftiic,
bikI n focond julUcc all'iftant.
Rkvi;nui;s.] 'I'hc crown has a certain thouch fmall property, in ihc produft
of the filvor and lead- mines ; but it is faid that the rcvcnui- accruing to the prince
of Wak's from his principality does not exceed 7 or 8000I. a year.
Arms.] The arms of tiio prince of Wales diftl-r from ihofe of FngJand, only
by the adiiition of a label of three points. His cap, or badge of oflrich featliers,
originated in a trojjhy of that kind, which Kdward the IJI.ick I'lince tonk from
t!;o kin^' of IJuliemia, when he was killed at the battle of I'oictieis, and tlie motto
is Ic/j (//.■..', 1 ferve. St. David, commonly called iSt. Tally, is the tutelar faint
'if the Welch, ar.d his badj^- is a leek, wliicli is worn on his day, the ill of
Miuxh.
ilisror.v.j The ancient hillory of VN'ales is \mcertaiii, on account of iho num-
ber tif petty pii;iees wlio governed it. 'I'hat the) were t'meieign and imlepenclent,
;i;'>j)eais liuni the I'.n^lilli hillory. It was tornuily inhabited l)y the lliiee ditl'eient
tribes of i>ritons; the Silures, the Diniet.e, and the Ordovices. 'ihcle people
v.eie never entirely I'ubdiied by the Uonians ; lluuigli part of their comitiy, as up-
])ears from the ruins of calUes, was bridled by ganil'oi.s. h hath been aluaily uIj-
lerved, thai the .Saxons conquered the coimties of Mumnoutli ami Hereford, \\-t
tney never penetrated farther, and the \\ eleh remained an independent peopL',
governed by their own princes and llieir own laws. About the year 870, Koderie,
king of W ales, dividt.'d his domiiiions among liis tiiree fons ; and the ii.nines of thefe
«liv:lions were, Dimetia, or South \\ ales ; I'livelia, or I'liwis-laiul ; and V enedotia,
or North Wales. This divillon gave a mortal l)iuwtotl:e iniie]ieiulency of Wales,
About tlie year 11 12, Henry I. of Kngland planted a colony of Flemings on the
frontiers of Wales, to ferve as a barrier to lingland. 'Hie ^\'elch madi. many brave
attempts to maintain their liberties againii the Norman kings of linglai;d. In
I;: ^7, the crown of Kngland was firfl fupplied with a pretext for the total fubjura-
tion of Wales ; their old and infirm ))rince Llewellin, in order to be fate from The
perfecuiions of liis iindutiful fon Grilfyn, having put himfe If ..under the protectiun
of king Henry HI. to whom he did homage. ,
Hut no capitulation could fafist'y the ambition of Kdward I. whorefolved to annex
V\'ales to the crown of luiglaiid ; and I.,levvcllin, prince of Wales, difilalning the
fiibjectton to wliich old l.lewellin had I'ubmitted, Kdward raifcd an army at great
oxpence, with wliich lie penetrated as far as Klint, and taking polleliion of the illc
of Anglefey, he drove tlie Uekli to the mountains of Snowdon, and obliged them
to fi.bmit to jiay tribute. '1 he Welch, liowevcr, made feveral elliirts under vouii"-
L'ewellin : but, at lalt, in 1 285, that brave prince was killed in battle. I le was fuc-
cecc'ed by his broi her David, the lad inde[)endent prince of Wales, who, failing into
i'.dv.ard's hands through treachery, was by him moil l>arbaroully and unjuftly hanged;
av.d Kd\\a''l, from that time, pretended that V\ ales was annexeii t<i liis crown of
Kngland. It was about this time probably that Kdward per[)clrated the inhuniaii
le.a.iaerc oft!,; Welch bards. l\-icei\ing that his cruelty was not futheient tocuin-
plcto his ccr.KHielt, he fent his queen in the year i ziiz, lo be deli'.cretl in Caernarvon
caftle, that tiie Welch, having a prince born among themfelves, miglit the mote
readilv recegr.i/e liis authority, 'ibis j)rinee was the unliajipy Kdward 11. and
from him the title of jirince of Wales ever (ii.ce defceiuled \o llie eldell fons of the
Englilh kings. '1 he hilKuy of Wales and Kngland became from this (leriod
the fame. It is projier, however, to obferve, that the kings of Kngland long
thought fit to (hew particular marks of attention to the Welch. '1 heir eldell
fons not only held the titular dignity, but actually kept a court at Ludlow ; and a
regular council, with a prelideui, was named by the crown, for the adminiliraiioa
S of
\
ISLE OF MAN.
39 »
of all the afTnlrs of the principality. This was thought fo neceffary a piece of policy,
that when Henry Vlll. had nu fon, his daughter Mary was created princcfs uf
Wales.
ISLE OF MAN.
THE Mona mentioned by Tacitus was not this ifland but the illc of Anglcfca.
.Some tiiink that Man takes its naini' from the Saxon word Miin^ (or among),
becaiifc, lying in St. George's Cliannel, it is almoft at an equal dillance from tlic
kingdoms of iMigland, Scotland, and Ireland ; but Mona fccms to have been u
gcncrical name with the ancients for any detached illand. Its length from north to
louth is rather more than thirty miles, its breadth from eight to tit'tcen ; and the
latitude of the inidUie of the illand is titty-four degrees iixteen minuUs north. It is
fiiid, itiat on a clear day the three Britannic kingdoms may be feen from this ifland.
'Jlie air here is wlu)lefome, and the climate, only making allowance for the fitua-
tion, pretty much the fame as that in the north of England, from which it does
not ditfcr much in other rcfpetts. The hilly parts are barren, and the champaign
fruitful in wheat, barley, oats, rye, llax, hemp, roots, and pulfe. 'Ihe ridge of
mountains, which, as it were, divides the illand, of which Snalield is the higheft,
riling 1640 feet above the level of the fea, both protects and fertilizes the vallies,.
where there is good p;i(h:rage. 'ihe better fort of inhabitants have good fizeable
horfes, and a fmall kii.d, which is fwift and hardy, 'ihe illand is exempt from
iio\io\is animals, llie coalls abound with fea-fowl; and the puffins, which breed
in rabl)it-ho!es, are almoll a lump of fat, and eftemcd very delicious. It is faid,
that tills ilknd abounds with iron, lead, and copper mines, though unwrought; as
are the (juarries c>i marble. Hate, and Hone.
The file of Man contains feventoen pariilies, and four towns on the fca-coafts.
Caftle-town is the metropolis of the illand, and the feat of its government ; I'ecl-.',
of Inle years, be;^i:is to tiourilh ; Douglas is the iargelt and licheft town and bell
market, in confequencc of its excellent harbour, and itb' line mole, extending into
the fea; Ramfe;. has likewife a conliderable conuuercc, being lituate on afpacious
bay, in whicii ihips may ride fafe froui all winds except the north-calt. 'Ihe read-
er, by ihniwing his eyes on the map, may fee how conveniently this ifland lies tor
being the (lorehoufe of fmugglers, which it was till within theie few years, to the
iiiexprelhble prejudice of his majelty's revenue; and this nccell'arily leadi us to toucli
upon the hillory of the illand.
During tiie lime o'i the Scandinavian rovers on the fens, who have been befute
me!itio:uil, t!ii< illand v.-as their rendezvous, and their chief force wa,-; here fil-
letted ; fioiu whence they annoyed tlie Hebrides, CJreat Uritaiu, and Ireland. 'Ibj
kings of Mini are otten mentioned in- hillory ; and thou<;li we have r.o regular ;ie-
count iji their fuecellicn, and know but a few of their names, yet they undoublcd/y
were for fomf aqes mailers of tlioftf fcas. About tlrJ \ear 1^63, Alexander ll.
kiiii; of .Si. ot land, a fpirited prince, having defeated the Danes, laid claim to ttie
fupciiority oi Man, and obliged Owen, or John, its ki:;g, to acknowledge him .is
lord paramount. It leems to ha\e tontinued tributary to the kings of .Scotland
till it wa.s reduced by Kdward I. and the kings of hngiaiid, from that time, t\er-
» ifed the fup.viority over the illand ; thiuii^h we tind its immediate govcrn!i;ent
llill held ! e ihj pollerily of ils Daniih princes in the reign of Edward 111. who dil-'
jioll'elled tiio la'i cpiceu of the illar.d, and bellowed it on his favourite, MoutaiT le,.
eaiL
I 61j^' rf-yrijkic^
^1
391
I S r, K OF WIGHT.
c«rl of SnlilTiury, Tlu' furl's fainily-Iionouri nnd ollnrc l>ciin< t'orfcitcd, Ilonrv IV.
K'tlowcd Mail, and ilic pjitnmiujcor ilu- hiilioidiok, liil) upuii ilie NortlunnlKMlaiid
taiiiily ; and lliiit Ik lii>' lorKiti'ii, upuii lii- JdIih .^tiiiiiov, wIidI'o [lolk-rity, tin- cnrU
of DltIin, cniovi-d it till, l)v failure of 1
icirs n
lalo, it ilosolwd
iipo
11 llu
4
Atixtl, who marrie'd tlic lilk-r of ilic lall lord IX'rl)y. Ki-alous of iLito roiuk-ipd
it iK'Ckir.iiy for tin.' trowii of Ch\at Uritain to pmchalV tin- iMtJomn and iho illand
from llic Atlio! l"amil\ ; and tlu* bargain was c'o.npltMi.'d l)v 70,000!. h.-inj^ paid to
llir diiki' ill I 76 ^. 'llu- duki\ li(iu\vor, retains iii^ toiriiorial iiroporty in tlu' iilaiid,
11
;lit.^
h till' foiin of its ;'o\t'mini'nt is allcrod, ti:id ilic kiii;; has now lli- ('
inu«
powiTS, and pivro^Mtivos, as iho diikc t'or-ii/ily I'.ijoycd. 'I'lic iiihabitaiits
aif) retain many of tluir nnciont I'oilllitiltioiis nnd cultonis.
'I'lir citahliiliod rrlif^ion in Man is tliat ol' tlu- iluirvh of Knvjlmid. TJu' hiiliop
of Sodor and Man enjoys nil tlio{j)iritiial rif,dusni\(l piv-oniini.'c.s of other Uilliops,
but doi's not lit in the lii ililli liouU- of peers ; his fco never having l)e>'n erected into
an l".M;,'li;li barony. One of the moll extellont prelates wlioever a l'>rnert thecpif-
eopal ( harai^ler, was Dr. 'I'homns V\ ilfoii, biilmp of Man, wiio pivlided over lliHt
dioiefe upwards of littvfeven years, and (bed in tlu- year 1755, a;;ed ninety-lliree.
He was emiiu'tiily difiin^uiilud for piety, benevolence', a'ld hot'p; ality, and lii^
unremitting atlemion to ih.- li:ippinefs of ihe ])c'ip'e enrrntl -d I > In. lare. lie I'li-
*'ouraj;ed aj;rienllin'e, efiablilii.'d Mio>)ls lor the inliructiun ufehildren, traiiilated
fome of his di'Vtitional pieees into tlu' Manks languai^e, to render ilieni inoief^ene-
r:',ll\' niVliil, and founded parochial liliraries in every pari h of lii.s dioiefe. ('ardi-
jial I'leiiry hiid f> mueli veneration tor tliis f^ood biihop, ihai.ovu oi re-.u'd to him,
lie obt;inu(l an order Ironi the eouit ol I'raiue, that nu privateer oi that nation
Iho'.ild lavaii^e ilie llle of .Man.
■|he eeeleli.diieal j^overnmwit is well maintained in this illand, nnd the livint,M
are eonifnrlalile. Ihe lanijuai^'e, whieh is called the Manks, and is fpoken bv tlie
c'')mm'<ii peoi>le, is ra liially l-lrfe, or Iriili, but wi'h a mixture of other lanj^nages.
'Ihe New 'IVfiament and Common Prayer liook have been iranllated into this
dialect. i !ie natives, who amount to above 20,000, are inollenlive, charit-
jiblci and liol'i'.iti'.ble. 'Ihe lietter fort live in lione houfes, eovired with Hale, uiid
the poorer in tliatclied ; and their ordinaiy bread is made of oai'iieal. Their pro-
<lin.ls for cNporlalion conlill of wool, hides, and i.illow; which thev exchange with
foreii^n lliipping for convnoilities they may have occ:i|inn for tVoin other par's.
I'efore the fi)Ul!i pro!iiontory of Man, is a liltle illand called tlie Calf of Man: it
is al)out three miles in circuit, and feparaled from Man by a chaimel about tun
furlongs
br<
'I hisidand aflord^f>imeciiri('ruies,conl"ifiin"; cli
Runic fepulchral infcrij)!
1011S
;inil mi>iiume;.rs nf aiKient brafr. daggers, and o'l.er wea]).i:isof ihat melai, adorn
ed will) puie gold, which indicates the fplei;dor m its ancient potl'eirors.
I S, L E OF WIGHT.
TIMS idand is oppolite to tlic coafi of llampfliire, from wliiili it is fepa-
rated by a ciiannel, \ar\ing in breadth Irom two to I'vvvn miles: it ision-
fiderod as part of t)ie couiHy of Souiliampton, and is within the didctfc of W in-
theficr. lis greatell length, extending from cart to wert, meafuies nearly tWentv-
three miles; its breaibii from 1. .>••]. i > fiiiiii a'.xiut thirteen. The air is in geni -
ral heultiiy, ]>urticularly the fo'Jtlicrii parts i the foil is \ariou-', but Ih great is
hi
KUtFrv ^> 'a;^;^^ I
ISI.KS OF JF.RSF.Y, GUERNSEY, AI.DERNjiy. &c. ^<)3
itt tcrtililv, tlint more wltcat grows hire in one year, tliaii t:an be confumcd
by the iii)iRbitant!i in eight : and it it liipixjfi'd that its prefcnt produce, un-
(Ut the great improvements of agriculture, and the additionvl qtiantlly of lai\d
l.iloly br«)ught into tillaj^e, has more than kept pace witli the inereafe of po-
pulation. \ range of hills, which alTords fine pallure for Iheep, extends from
i'i\)l to well, througii the middle of the ilhind. Jlie interior parts of the ifland,
iis well us its extremities, alFord n great number of hesiutifu! and pi6turefque
|)H)fpetb, not only in tl>e |)aftoral, but alio in the great and romantic llyle. Of
iliofe beauties, the gentlemen of the illand havi' availed ihemfelves, as well in the
lituation of their h«)ufes, us in their other inii»rovcnients. DomelUc fowls and
poultry are bred here in great numbers ; the outward-bound Ihips and velVels
ill Spithead, the Mother-bank, and Cowes, comuionly furniihing thcmfelvcs from
tills ilhind.
Such is the |)urity of the air, the fertility of the f)il, and the beauty and variety
of the landfcajK's ot this illand, that it has been callid ihi- garden of lingland; it
has fome very line gentlemen's feats ; and it is often * ilited by |)arties of pleafuie on
account of its delightful fcenes.
The illand is divided into thirty parilhes: and, according to a very accurate cal-*
(ulation made in the year iTij, the inhabitants then amounled to eighteen thoufnnd
.111(1 twenty-four, rxclulive of the troops cpiarteivd there. Moll of the farm-houfcs
arc built with Hone, and even the cottages appear neat and comfortable, having
lach its little garden.
'I'he town of Newport ftands nearly in the centre of the illand, of which it may
1)0 lonlidercd as the capital. The river Medina empties itfelf into the channel at
(\)\ves harbour, dillant about five tniles, and, being navigable uj) totlie quav, is
viTV commodious tor trade. The three iiriiKi|ial llieets of Newport exteiul from
mil to well, and are crolFcd at right angles by three others, all which are Ipacious,
tienn, and well paved.
Carilbrooke callle, in the Ille of V\ ight, is remarkable for tlic conlinenie:it of
king Charles I. who, taking refuge here, was detained a pril'oner tVoiii NoNemlur
i'i47, to September 1648 After the murder of the king, this callle was coiuerted
into a place of contincnient for his children ; and his daughter, iho priiiciiV I'.li/ii-
Iv.th, died in it. There are feveral other forts in this illand, which were all eavteil
ahout the 3Mh year of the reiii^n of Henry \ 111. when many other toils and bltn k-
lioufes were built in dillcrent parts of the coalls of England.
The islands
OF JER^KV, GUERNSEY,
l.l'NDY, &c.
ALDERNEV, iiARK,
I\ ilie Ijiglidi Cliamul loiir nt' il\o(e are fituated, and are fubjeiJl to England;
tliefe are Jirl'ey, (Juenifey, Alderiiey, and Sark -, which, though much nearer to
ilie eoaft of N'liniiamlv than to tiiat of England, are within thv diocefe of \\ in-
ilieller. 'I hey lie in a eUilter in Mmir.t St. Michael's Bay, between Cape la I loj;ue.
in Norinaniiv, and Capr Frobelle in Ikitany. The computed dillanee between
Jiil'ey and .Sark is four lea^ue> ; between that and Guernfey, fevcn leagues v and
between the fame and AkKriiey, nine leagues.
,II''.RS1'',Y, anciently C/ES.AR1''.V, was kiTown to the Romans; and lies favtlielK
wiiliin the bav, in tony-nine iligrei.s feveii minutes north latitude, and in thc-f -
i.uul (Iit^ree twenty-li\ minutes well longitude, eighteen miles welt of Norma. '.d..
iiiul eii^hty-fuur miles fouth of J'ortland. The north lide is inaccclVible th!oug'.>
■; E • Ji'ti.-
*■
394
ISLKS OF JERSEY, GUERNSEY, ALDERNEY, kc.
lofty clifTi, the fouth it almoft Irvcl with the water i the higher laud, in itf mid*
land unrt, it well planted, and abound* with ori hard*, from which it made an in-
credible quantity of rxcciient cyder. The vullies arc fruitful and well cultivated,
and contain plenty of cattle and flieep. The inhabitant! nrj^lctt tillage too much,
bcin^ intent upon the culture of cyder, the improvement ofcommerce, and parti,
culany the manufiitturr of (lockings. Hie honey in Jerfey is remarkably Hne : and
the illand in well fupplittl will) filh and wild-fowl of many kinds, fome of ihcnt pc>
culiar to the ifland, and very delicious.
The idand is not above twelve miicH in length ; but the air is fo falubrious, that,
in Camden's time, it was faid there was here no bulinefs for a phylician. 'Ihc in-
habitants in number are about 20,000, and are divided into twelve (larilhcs. 'I'lic
capital town h St. Mclier, or Hilary, which contains above 400 houfet, has a got)d
hiirbour and callle, and makes a hanilfonie appearance. The pro|Krty of this ifland
belonged formerly to the Cartercts, a Norman family, who have been always at-
tachen to the royal intercfl, and gave protection to Charles II. both when king and
prince of Wales, at a time when no part of the Britifli dominions darc*d to counte-
nance him. The language of the innabilants is French, with which nioft of them
intermingle Englilh words; yet French is moft generally the language of the pulpit
and the bar. Knit Dockings and caps form their llaple commodity ; but they
carry on a conliderable trade in filh with Newfoundland, and difpofe of their car-
goes in the Mediterranean. The governor is appointed by the crown of England,
but the civil adminiltration refis with a bailill, alfifted bv twelve jurats. As this
ifland is the principal remain of the duchy of Normandy aepcnding on the kings uf
J'^ngland, it preferves the old feudal forms, and particularly the aHembly of ftates,
which forms a miniature of the Britifh parliament, as fettled in the time of Ed-
ward I.
GUERNSEY is thirteen miles and a half from fouth-wefl to north-eall, and
twelve and a Ttalf where broadcll, caft and weft ; has only ten parilhcs, to which
there are but eight miniflers: four being united parilhes; and Alderney andSark,
though appendages of Guernfev, forming each a feparate parilh with its appro-
priate miniller. Though this is naturally a finer ifland than that of Jerfey, yet it
IS far lofs valuable, being poorly cultivated and thinly inhabited. It abounds in
cyder; the inhiibitants fpealc Frcncli: want of firing is the greateft inconveniency
that both illaiuls labour under. The only harbour here is at St. Pcler la Port,
which is guarded by two forts; one called the Old-Caftle, and the other Caillc
Cornet. Guernfey is likcwife part (»f the ar.cicnt Norman patrimony.
ALDKRNKY i* about eij^lit miles in comi)afs, and is by much the nearcft of all
thefe idands to Norinandv, trom which it is feparated by a narrow ftrait, tailed
the Race of Alderney, which is a dangerous pairage in ftormy weather, when the
two currents meet ; otherwife it is fafe, and has depth of water for the largell
fliips. 'I'o the weft lie a range of rocks tor near three leagues together, called tlie
Calkets; among which are feveral \vhirlpo.)!s or eddies, very dreadful to mariners.
The fons of King Henry I. were caft away and drowned here, palling to Norman-
dy ; and it is frelh in memory how fatal this ftrait proved 10 the \ii-lory man of
war, commanded by admiial Blachcii. 'Ihis illand is heait..y, and the foil is re-
markable for a fine breed of cows.
S.ARK is a fmall ifland depending upon Gucnifcy; the inhabitants are lon;;-
kvcd, and enjoy from nature all the conveniences of life; tlieir miinber is about
•^00. '1 he inhabitants of the three laft-mentioned illands together are thought to
Le about 20,000. The religion of all the four iflands is that of the church of
England.
SCILLY ISLANDS and ROCKS, anciently called the SILURES, are a cliif-
tcr of dangerous rocks, to the number of 140, I) ing about 30 miles from the Land's
o £ud
^
I
R K
N I>.
Sfl
Knd in Cornwall, u( which county they nro rocknnrd a part, and to which thry
lire fupnofcd to have bceit formerly idined, hut frparati-cl fri)m it and from racn
other, liy fumr violent (»'U|>tiun of the fea, which is here between 40 and 60 fa*
thoms deep. StiJ/y, wliich givet name to all the rcll, was once the chief i but
St. Mary'i llland, though only nine miles in circumference, is the largcl), as well
Ht the mud fruitful, contains more inhabitants than all the red together, and has
n very good harbour, fortified with n cnftic, which was built by queen Kli/nbeth.
Id thm, and in two or throe others of the largcfl illands, there are various antiqui-
lifH, nnrticularly the remains of a temple of the Druids, and ancient fepulchres.
But the greatell ornament of this ifland is the light-houfe, in height 51 leet. ItH
faflj lights are eleven feet three inches high, by three feet two inches broad 1
it (lands on high land, and makes a very tine appearnnce. By their (ituation,
between the Knglilh Channel and St. (ieorge's Channel, tliefe rocks have been
the deiiru6tion of ntany Ihips and lives, ef|>ecially in the night time. This was
the fate of the brave fir Cloudellev SliDvel's kiuadron, azd October 1707, as it was
returning home front Toulon. This, and limilar difallers, have been afcribed to
a midaktt of recknning, bvit arc found by the moll excellent gengrapiicr, Mr.
Kennel, to be owing to a current which often jirevailii to the weiiward o( Scilly,
and to which feamen ought to be particularly attentive, after hard and continued
gales from the wcllern quarter. (See the I'hiiofophieal Tranfackions for the year
'79.V)
LUNDY ISLAND, though fifty miles in the fea, ofT the north-well coaft of i).--
vonlhire, has fprings of t'relh water. It is five miles l«ing, and two broad, but fo
cncompafled with maccellible rocks, lliat it has but one entrance to it, fo narrow
that two men can fcarcely go abreall : it had tmce a fort and chapil. On tho
north part is a high pyrnmidical rock, called the Con(lal)Ie. I hre are liorf^-s, kine.
hogs, and goats, with great llore of theep and rabbits ; but thiir cliief conmiodi-
tv IS fowl, with which they abound, in the reign of I lenry VIM. one U illiain
Nlnrifco, who had confpifed to murder him at Woodlloi k, lied to this illand, which
Ik- fortified, turned pirate, and did much damage to tliis coall, till he wai at
Unj^ih taken by furnrife, with fixteen of his accomplices, and put to death.
IIOI.Y ISLAND is lituatid ten nules fouth-call of Hiiwirk-upon- Tweed ; and
called by the monks, who lived in it retired from the world, by the name of l,aii-
(livfern, by reafoii of its litnation over againll the river Landis. It was anciently a
jiilliop's fee, and had twenty-two bilhops fucccHively. It has plenty of tilh and
fowl, but the air and foil are bad. It is three miles in compafs, and lias a town,
:i iluirch, and caille, under which is a commodious harbour, it is enconipaU'ed
will) water at every Hood, but fan(' at el)b It lies not above a mile and a half
iroMi the land; from whence, at low water, people ride over to it.
R
N D.
SlTl'ATlON, BOUNDARIKS, AND EXTENT.
Till'", illand of Ireland is fitualed on the weft fide of Kngland, betwien 6 nnd
10 degrees well longitude, and httween 51 and 53 degrees 20 luiniites north
l;itiui(le, or between the middle parallel of the eighth climate, where the longiti
(lay is i6; hours, and the 24th parallel, or the end of the lotb clime, where the
lonijill day is 17I hours.
i E 4 1 he
.1')6
I
H
K L
N
I).
The extent u'r (Viperficial content of tliia kingdom, i«, from the nearell compu-
tntiun uml furvcy, found to be in length a8f niileii, from t'airhcad north to N|ii°.
ft-nhend fouth ; and frDOi the Hall part «)f Down to the Well part of Mayu, it<i
l^rcatrll hreailih iCioniilc-K) containing 11,067,712 Irilh plantation acrcN, which
ninkcH fj,<)i-j,H().y acres «if bnglilli llattite mcal'ure, and l)earing proportion
to Kngland and Wales as 18 to 30. Mr. 'rcnipleman, who niaWcst tlie U-ngth 27;,
iin<l the l)readth 150 miles, gives it an ana of 27,457 fquare miles, with 117 iii-
habitants to each. From tin- eati part of Wexford to St. David'N in Wales, it i.s
reckoned 45 miles, hut the pailnge between Donnuhadec and Portpatriek in ikot-
land i* little more than 20 milei, and the pulfage from Holyhead in North Wales
about 52 niileK.
Names ano divisions,) Many eonietlurcs have been formed as to the Latin
ANcii Ni ANti MoPKHN- Mlliberiiia) the Irilh iKrtn) as well as the Knglilh name
of this illaiid. It probably takes its rife from a I'huBniciun or Gaelic term, ligtiify.
ing the farthelt habitation wellward.
it is pretty extraordinary, that even modern authors are not agreed as to the di-
vifions of Ireland ; fome dividing it into five circuits, and fome into four provinces,
thofe of Leinller, t'llKr, Connauglu, and Munfter. The lart divifion is the nioft
tommon, and likewife the moll ancient. We lliall therefore, in tlio lirlt place,
give this, and then fubjoia the other dillributiou into Circuits.
PioviiKts.
Lciiifter, 12 counties.
I Itlcr, 9 counties.
Connau;.;lit, 5 counties.
Munfter, 6 counties'
Counties.
r Dublin
Louth
Wicklow
VNexford
Longlord
Kail Meath
Well Meath
King's County
Queen's County
Kilkenny
Kildare
('arlow
Down
Armagh
Monaghan
('avail
Antrim
Lniidonderrv
T) roiK'
Kermaiiagli
.Donegal!
Leitrim
Rofcommon
Ma)o
Sligo
ICjalway
rChirc
1 Cork
J Kerry
Limerick.
Tipperary
, VValerloid
C/ii(/ Towns,
Dublin
Drogheda
WicKlow
Wexford
Longford
Trim
Mullingar
I'hilipllown
Maryboroug h
Kilkenny
Naas and A thy
Carlow
Down Patrick
Armagh
Monaghan
Cavaii
Carricktergus
Derry
Oniagh
Knnilkillcn
LilTord
Carrick on Shannon
Rofcommon
Ballinrobc and Call lobar
Sligo
Gahvay
I'.nnis
Cork
Tralee
Limerick
("lonmel
Waierfoid
But
E
N
397
But for (he cnnvenirnco of adminiftering jufticci the circuiu ire laid out in th«
fvt fullowing allotmenti; • '
Kildare
Witklow
Wexford
Carlow
Kilkonny
King'H County
(juccn\ County
'"Watorford
Lcinlkr Circuit, 7 Counties.
MuiiAcrCircuit, 6 Counties
Uiftcr North-wtft Circuit,
7 Counties
Uiftcr North-Enft Circuit,
6 Countic!)
Connaught Circuit,
5 counties
Tippcrary
Cork " '
Kerry
Liincricle
I Clare in the province of Connnught
Weft Meath ) . ., c i • a. ■
Longford i '" '•'*■' P'ov'nc*-' o^ Le'nfter
Cavun
Fermanagh
Tyrone
Donegnll
*■ Londonderry
Meath, or Laft Mcath } . ., . r . • n
[ ^^^jlj > in tiic province of Lcioftcr
Down
Arnjagh ,
Monnghan
Antrim
Uofcominon
Leitrim
- Sligo
Mayo
.Gaivvay.
Dublin counly, and the county of the i ity of Dublin, are two feparate jurif-
dittions, and the laws in both are adininiftered under I'peeial commillions, or at
(|iiarter fellioiis ; the former at Kihiiainliani, and the latter in the court of king'«
bench in the faid city.
Cmmate, seasons, and soil] The climate of Ireland differs not much
from that of Kngl<ind, except that it is more moift. From the reports of various
regifters it appears, that the number of days on which rain had fallen in Ireland,
was much greater than in the fame years in England. But without the evidence
of regifters, it is certain, that moifture ^cven without rahi^ is not only more charac<
tcriftic of the climate of this illand than of that of England, but is alio one of its
worft and moft inconvenient qualities. This is accounted for by ohferving, that
" the werterly winds, fo favourable to other regions, and fo benign even in this, by
e|>ialit\ iii}^ the rigour of the northern air, are yet hurtful in the extreme. Meeting
with no lands on this fide of America to break their force, and proving in tlie ge-
neral too powerful for the cnunteradlon of the Ihifting winds, \xo\w the eallorn anil
Al'rican continents, they watt hitlu-r the vapnurs »(f an iinnienfe ocean. By this
taufe, the iky in Ireland is mucli obftiurcd ; and, iVoin ilic luiuuc of reft ami i on-
dentation.
■Wi
.w*
I
E
I.
N D.
ddiirtititw, ihrfe vapour* tlrfcritil in (mU conftMiil rniti*. «■ lhr«*lcn dcl^riRiiofl t,t
the* Iriiiin III ilw iMfili in t'oinr ffnlutiH. '\'h\* unnvuidahlc evil I'rorii iiatur*! ciiuf««
it iim-iaviiiiil hy I 111- incrcafo of' it I'rom olhcrit, which an' cither iDitrul ot poliijial
'Iho haiul nf' imliillry liiiilj iui-n l.)t»n t'oohly cMrrlnl in n icmntry, when- iilninil
rvcrv ailvaninno nniil he ohtainrd tVi)m ill Ubour, snil whrrc (iir((iurii;;cni('nti on
tlip (iilM)iircr niiirt nfrolliirily ))ro«hui- n ttnte of languor, liver (iiitc the noglcttnl'
ii^riiiiliiiri' ill llu- oinlh ccntiirv, tlio rain* ot'fo many agr«, fiihiitling on thr lowr
Ki'oiiiuU, haN>> ciiiucrlctl mull ul' ihc cMciilivc pininit into molly Mi(>riilli>, iiiiij
lunr a iiiiih part iil'tlii* hrniilil'iil iilo ii liotonic u rcpolitory lor llajjnaiid walcrt,
NNliiili, in llio i-ourl'o ot' rvnporatiun, imprr^^nntc thi- air with n.ixiouit txhalu.
tiniiN*." Hut, ill other rcfpctU, tho iliiiutc o| Ireland i« more ti^iiouliU' than tliu
o| I'ji^Iantl ; tliv ('uinmor* lu-liig roolor, nnrf tlu' winter* lei's iVvcii'. 'jhc pion inj,
IkiIIs, ihe deep fiiow.t, iind the dreadt'ul efTetU (i|° ihimdrr and lif(hlning,
Nvliieh are In Ireipieiilly ohlerved in tlic latter kingdom, aie never t xpcrieiuij
here.
The dumpiiefn above nihidrd to, heiiij; peeulinrly favouraliie to ilu* growili
of ^ral's, has heoii iil'rd as an argunirni why the iiiliahitaiiiH ihoiild cixiliMe i|ii>ir
altiiition to the rearing ot eatlie, to tlie total defertion nl lillai»''. and t onri(|iiiiit
injurv to the growth ot population ; hut i he foil in To iiilinile!v varioiiN, a» to he
(apni)le ot' almoU every Ipetien of' cultivation fuilahie to luih latiiudiH, vsjij,
n teriiliiv eipial to its variety. 'I his is fo eonfpieuous, that it ha, been uofeived l)y
ill) l''.iii{lilh traveller, that " natural I'erlilily, aire tor aere, over tlie two kin^doiin,
" is iirlaini) in lavour of Ireland; uf lliii* I believe there ean { anely be a doujit
" entertniniil, when it is ronlidered that fome of the more beautihil, and even bell
" (iillivated eoiinlies in Knglnnd owe ainioll every thing to thecipitul art und in-
" dulhy of ilH inhabitants."
We ihall (onelude this arliele with the furtlier fentiinentti of the fame nu'lioi,
(Mr. ^ oung) whofe knowledge of the fubjc6l, and eandour in this refpctt, !.,c
imimpeathabte.
" 'Hie cireiimftance whiih llrikes me as the grealeft lingularity of Ireland, is the
rtiikiiu'fs of the foil, \vhi( h ihould fi-em at lird light agaiiilt that degrre of fertiliu )
but llie contrary is the fail. Slmie is fo geiural, that I have great reafon to believL'
the wlnile illaiul is one vail roek of dilferent llrata and kinds riling out of (he I'^a.
I have rarely heard "f any great depths being funk without meeting with it. In
general it appears on the furfacc in every part t)f the kingdom; the llalletl and
mofl fertile parts, as Limerick, Tipperary, and Meath, have it at no great depili,
"' '» • ■• ' May we not reeojjnife in this the hand
)(l
.'ilmoil as much ;u the more barren ones.
of bounteous orovidence, which has given, j)erhaj>s, the mofl llony fi)il in Kuiniii'
lo ihe moilielt climate in it.' If as mudi rain tell upon the clays in I'li'Liiul,
(a foil very rarely met with in Ireland, and never without much lloiie) as falls iiiion
the rocks of her lifler illaiid, thofe lands could not he cultivated. But the rocks
lure are clmhcd with verdure; thofe ot lime-flone, with only a thin covering ot
mould, have the fnftcll and moll beautiful turf imaginable.
" 'I he rockinclsof the foil in Ireland is fo univerlal, that it predominates in every
fi.rt. One cannot ufe with propriety tlu- terms, clay, loam, land, tLc. it niull he a
Ihiny cliiy, a llony loam, a gravelly faml. Clay, eAiecialiy the yellow, is much
talked of in lieland, but it is for want of proper difcrimination. I have once (jr
twite fcen almoll a pure cJay upon the furface, but it is extrcniely rare. The true
yellow clay is ul'iially fmiiid in a thin llratum, uiuler the furface mould, and over
a rock ; hiirlh, tenacious, ftony, llrong h)ams, diflicult to work, are uot uncom-
mon, but they are cpiite different from Knglilli cla\s.
O'Coniioi 's Diircrt.itiuii*,
Friahle
I
N n
399
Ikmi tvi
t'uufc*
tliliml
IlllUOtl
I'Hti on
glltt 01"
r |o\vr
i'l) uiul
i'xhiilu<
inn tlvii
|»'kti inn
Rrowih
nil- tlii'ir
iirviiui'iu
U« to hr
cH, w'uh
riTVoil by
' a itoulx
even bell
It und in-
ic fiu'boi,
Ipctt, i.,C
ul, istlu'
iVrtililj ;
lu lil'VL-
tin- iVa.
) il. Ill
lUll ami
•al (Ifjitli,
the b.uul
in Kiimin'
'.nf^l.iiul.
alls ii|<'ii\
the niiks
ivi ring ot
-. in every
inull be il
i^ much
• (iiite or
The true
^aml over
It uiK'uin-
Friable
•• Frl«bl« fnndf ln»mi, dry, but fertile, arc very runimiin, aii<t thfv form the btrt
foiU in the kingdom tor tillage Mid Ihctp. Ti|ip<>rary and Kofcontiiion ulKuntd
particularly in tltcm. iV' molt fertile ol all are the bulliKkpnlhirei of Limerick.
iind the baiikt of the Shannon in Clare, called the Corcall'v*. 'Ihefe are a mellow,
putrid, triable loam.
" Nand, which ii fo common in Knsland, ortd yet n\orc eoninmn through France,
(tertnuny, and Poland, ipiitc from (librallar to IVtcrlhurgh, it no where nut with
in Ireland, except in narrow ilipi of hilltK'ki, upon the ica-ioaO Nor did I ever
meet with, or hear of, a chalky foil.
" lUiidek the great fertility of the foil, there are other cirriimftnncrv, whith
lome within my Iphere to mention. Few countrien (an lie Iwlttr watered by large
and beautiful river<i ^ nnd it it remarkable that by much the Hti«U part* of the
kingdom are on the bunk* of thefe river*. WitneU the Suir, \\m Ulnckwater, the
l.irtcy, the Hoyne, the Nore, the Harrow, and purl of the Shannon 'I'hey wn(h a
feenery that can hardly be exceeded. From the rm kinel* ot ilie country, however,
ilicre are few of them that have not obUructioiis, which are great impediment! to
inland navigation.
" The mountains of Ireland give to travelling that interclUng variety, which n
flat country can never abound with. And, at the fame tin>e, they are not in fuch
number ai to confer the ulual character <if poverty which attend* thctn. I wa*
eitliei ii|>on «)r very near the moft cnnlideialile in the kingdom Mangerton and
the Keck*, in Kerry; the (.jultie* in Cork, thole of Mournc in Downi Crow
Patrick nnd Ncphin, in Mayoi thefe are the principal in Ireland, and they are of
a iliaraHer in height and fublimity, which lliould render theni the object oi every
travellcr't attention."
I'iillurage, tillage, nnd nuadow Kronnd alvmnd in this kingdom ; but of late
tillage wa» too much difcounteiiaiuitl, ihnii^li tlie ground is excellent fur the
culture of all grain* ; and in foiue ol the tioriliern parts of the kin!*dom abund-
.ince of hemp und flax are raifed, a culiivation of infinite advantage to the linen
nianutaclurc. Ireland rear* valt nuiiibeis of black cattle and Mieep, and the
Wtml is excellent IVinligious fupplie* of butter and (alt ppivilion* (filh ex-
cepted) are ihipped nt Cork, and carried to all p.iri, of the \m.iI<J.
I'he bogs of Ireland are very extciilivc : that ol .Mien cxteiuU 80 miles, and is
computed to contain 300,000 acres. There are others of nearly eipial ina;;nittide,
and fmaller ones fcattcred over the whole kiii|{dom, the peats of wliich are very
uleUil for fuel.
KiVERS, BAY*. iiARBOi-RS,) The numerous rivers, enchunlin^; lakes, fpacious
AND LAKES. ) bavs, coiuiuodioiis havens, harbours, and creek*,
with which Ireland nlwunds, greatly enrieh and luaiitify this tountry. 'I he
.Shannon ilfues from Lough Allen, in the county ot l.eilrim, fervosas a boundary
between Connaught and the three ullu-r provinces, ami alter a conrfe of 150 iiiiiib',
lorining in it.s progrefs many Ix-aulilul lakes, it falls into the .\llan>ic Ocean,
lietween Kerry-point and l,oo|)-bead, where it is nine miles broad. The naviga-
tion <if this river is interrupted by a ridge of locks fpreading <piite aerofs it, fouth
of Killaloe ; but this ini;^bt be reinedieo by a lliort canal, at the expencc of 10 or
u.oool. and communications iniqht alio be made with oilier rivers, to the great
k'ncfit of the nation. The ban falls into tlie ocean near Colerainc, the Boyne falls
into St. (leor^e s Channel at Drogln ili, as does the I.iftey at the bay of Dublin,
and is only reniarkalile for waterii-;; tl at capital, where it tonns a fpacious harbour.
Ihe r.:!rrv)W, the Nore, and tlie Suir. w.iter the loulli pari ot llu kingdoin.and, after
unitii.^ their Itrcams bchiw Kofs, tht v fail into ihe i baniiel at W alcrford I laven.
Ibil tlie bays, liavetis, barbouvs, ;!iid creeks, wbi, h every wheic inilent (be coall,
lorai ihc chief t;k>ry oi Ircl.it.d, und tender ll.at couiKry peeuliarly well h((ed foi
luiciga
<«•
I R
N D.
Dithilrtiiit. ( irtiiiKt'oril, Dnixlalk, DuMiri, Wutrrlonl, DiitigHrvan, Cork, kinliilc,
tinliMiiDrc, l#lt»n<l»ri', DuiHiiiimi*, liiiutry, k«*nmtir«'. Dmulf, Shanrion-inuiiih,
(;alMuv. !»li|c>, l>«iii(t(ull, kilU'lH|(«. LuiiKlKSuilly, oiul l.ou^li l■l>)lt■
^l•tllMll ioi)i.iiii> ti Villi iitiiiilHr ot lt)k«'«. or, lit ilifv wrrv loriiicrly viilli'cl, tiiu||h«,
IHkiUiiii.trU iti iIm' |tr<»vitii'r» nl t'lltrr utid ('iMiiiMUKhr Many o(' lliciii |>riM|iiri<
tir^c i|tKiiiiilK'* III liiif Hill t iinil llu' ((nul Uko NiiiKli, Uiwii-ii iho iiuinlir* oi
\iiiMin, Down, iiiiil AriiiuKli, i* rmiarkiililr (or ir« |uirihiiiK t)iialit)' Soiiif ot
ilii' liiili l.ikk t iilh'nl till' iiitilt iKMiiliUil iiiul roniiiiiiii |)ri»l|)ttU, |>arluiilurly ilial
• •( Ktll'iriit'v. vxliiili liikf* iu tinnu' I'toni u rniull luwii in ihiMoiiiily ul' Kerry. Thii
l.ikc. wlii li iiiuy Iv iliviiU'il iiiliilliri'c, i«i'nriri-ly furriiiinili.-(i with tnoiinMin<i, rm k«,
mill pfi t i|iM«'», lli>' ininifnCt' lUcliviiif* ot wliuli iiif tourkil y\itU wihxU, iniiT-
iiiiNt'il \viili i*vt'r|{ri'rii'<, lioiii Mi'iir lluir \i<\u lo llu- lukc* llK-iiifcUt • . among wlmli
iiv It nuiiilK'r ot'rivuku tunililing over iIk- prci Ipitci, I'oiiu- Iriiin luigliu nl liiiju
Ivl* lliiiti ,{00 I'tTt. On llu- lop lit' lUK* lit' till' fiirroiMxIiiiK inoiniluin« ii n
r<'Uiul luki' oi iilioul u (|tiurur nl a iiiilv iit iliuiiit ii-r, culUil ilie Dtvil* 1'iiikIi Howl
I'inni ihi* ItiiliUi' lit tlu' lake to llu tiip ot llic (.iivilv, or liriin nl llu- luiwl, niiiy iir
ulhiiii ;oo viiiiU, anil vvlu'it vik Will tioni llu* lirmlar lop, ili.- Iiroait i-xpaiilt' ot'
wali-r li> low I xliiliiu a vory roniuntic aiipoar.nui. I li<* ilipili oi ii it gti-at, Iml
hill iinliitliiinialilc a-i llu- iuiiivi-i prilcml, llu- ilil'iiian;!- ui llic i'upt-rtluoiiv vvator«
iirtliii liiivvl, llir<iu]i{li Ji ilialni iiilo tin- inidilli* laki', roriiiH a liiu- i al'i uiic, nrar
! fo \ariU ill lit i^lii llu- nil"! < aiiion^ll llu- In! U ruironndiiiK iIk' loiillurn pari ol'
liii' l.iki'. vvliit Ii i-< niollly iiu lolVil.ar^' i-ipiallydiliglitlnl and allniulliini; I iu- ptii|iiit-.
Uir, llu- larl ol kcninorc, liat pUnd t'uiiu- luniion in llu- mult prii|tir plant, iludil'-
(liarg>- ot'wliiili it al lirll luiiu-ndoiis, luit wliiili gradnallv dift nwiiy atnoii^' tjic
diliaiil tnoiintaint. 1 lin- alfo intiliial inllrniiu titt, i-lpci iailv llu- Kri-iu It liorn and
iMiMipil. allord tlu' iiuill iKIi^liilid i nicrlainiiunl, and raiTe a oiiuirl lii|iiiinr ti
llial ol a liiindird pritoniurt. Anion;; t)u- \al( and ii i^l;v Iu'I|(IiU lliat iiinnuiuj
llu- liiki, it oni' llupcndout iind triKliitiil rui k, llu- truiil ol v% liich lovvardt llu- waiir
ix n moll liorrid prii ipico, lalU-d llu- lii^/f's iie/t, Iroiu the luiinlur ol' lliod- liirdt
vvliiih liavi' t'u'ir ncllt in llial place. '|lion|{li lliefe louf^lit, in llu- main, have but
Ik w propiilir-. llial ai( nol in i oinnion wiili die like limiiit ol \\at< r in oilur
iniintrii t, yel liuy liaw ^iven rile In many tradilionary labli-t ainoni{ llu- nalivet,
vvliiili ditli^'iire and ilil'i'raM- lluir Irne liiltory ; and even modern geo^iuplu-rt havi-
lx en more t opioiit on llial head llian |lu- nature of llicir fulijecl reipiired. jlu-
Iriili are fo loiul nf |inij;Iis, thai, like the Si oit, ihey often give that term to inlet*
I r the lea.
Inland n wiiiAi ion.] The inlaml navi^jaliou ot' Ireland is \er\- improviihie,
It appears tVom llie eaiialt that liavi- latoK been eiit tliriiiiirli ditlerent pant nt th
kingdom; one in piriitiilar naehini; an eMent ot oo miles, belvve^ii ilie Miaiiium
unit llie l.illey al l)ul>lin, whiili opeiit a lonunimiealion troin the I'liaiiiK I i<i tlu-
AlLintii Oeeiin. In Imveyin^ the };roniuK lor tliit eanal, it vvai loiind neeeliare in
carry it lhri>iii;ha bo/ ^4 mile;} ovir, vvliiib, tVom the linmnv natiiie of tiiai ioil,
lieeame a v.ork ol' im r.ilible labour and espenti-, in llren^jihenini; the liile , ami
other wiiiks, to prevent lallini' in.
Moi N 1 /.I N-i J 'Hie lilili ianmia;;e has been more Iiappv in iliitiiimiiiirm;; ilie
(i/e 111 nuiimtiint lluui peiliap* any oiiier. A k't'Ai lif;ni|ii-s a low hill, mieoiinect-
i-d with any other eniineiue ; /Inc innrki a erai;i,'y hi^h mountain, gradiialK
{ifeeiHliii;^ :ind eonliniicd in I'l-veral rid^jet ; a /'/>)/«, or binn, li^^iiitie* a pinniu le, nr
iiioimtain ot ihe liill maj;niuide, endiir.; m a lliarp or abrupt preei|)iee. llie two
bill are ol'len teen and loiiipmindrd ln;;ither in one and ihe laiiie range. Ireland
liov\ever, when compared willi lonu' mlier coimiriet, it far liom beinj; muiintam-
ous. Ihe inoimlaius ot" Muuriic and Ivcagli, in the vouiity ot' Dywn, arc reikoneJ
anuiiir
•mon* f„me nf ihr Ui.u a . '* ^ I).
confairi lilv.T bimI |,.u,i „. 1 .'1 I"* '"•"*'* of In Ihm.i «,. 1 . ..,
''"""I •" '"^ '•" ' ' '" M.: : I i S' "'"' '^'" ' --I w :i;'i'^7"''«- ^-v^,,
•roil, to wliuli „ I,,,,,, ,1/ .. '''V '" '"'•ni..M. |,.„ i, ,,||;'^"V'" '""""; 'ViH,.,
P'-"*' •;' '"I'lHT i, |.„ ,?.,'';.,''•"; ""d Kr...lu„llv |..-,u.rr;,, ','";'''' "i'P''''-' m
••"I i' •••>vi(il.l... .,„|v „";,,^" "'^' '"'"T. .l.-priv.cl ufi n I •'';•' ,''r"*'''y '"HJ
' Jii">n . I h,.f,. 1,! L ' •. '""I '' '"m.«m . , , ,1,,, i , "'' """ "- <l"« if
'l"'l-l lik.- p.«lJ ,'?, '''■'' "''V'""-- »'".!. I rjmw^ I"-..
'l«- |.'".li««,u, .„„„lv" „• ' 'M'"|n.;i..,n,r r.,1, ,.r„vi.,. A „■ ." '■" ' '«"•■'
'- '" '"'"r- in ire! „ /a,l ;, V:"''^ ''^ 'I- l-a.'lM,,,. , ' V ' '\''''^^' "''■• •
'-^•. a.ul al)„ ,1;.. m ' '♦^•♦•''^•»- ^'>''-' ■'-l-lin • . 1^ ^^ "!'' ""'"-
401
I
N D.
world) Nfr. Young in fome parts found the average 6 and 6i ; others have found
it in different places to be 7; and Dr. Hamilton, in hisi aceount of the ifland
of Raghti y, iniinieratcs the houffs, and difcovcred the average therein to be 8. In
the lilies and principal towns, the houfcs, partiiularly in the nianufattiiring parts,
generally contain fcveral faniilies ; and iVoni dillerent auounts, the numbers in fuch
art' from ten, up fo hij^h as feventy*. The averages, however, of ditferent writers
on the populntion «)f cities, vary between 10 and 13.
From fuch dula then, it will not perhaps be erroneous, if we fix the average for
the wliole illaiid, at eight perfons to each houfe; which, multiplied by the number
of houfes, makes the population of Ireland amount to four millions.
. As to the nKuiiurs o( the aiu lent Irilh, Dr. Lcland obferves, that if we make our
in(|uiries on this fub'K'il from Knglilh writers, we find their reprefentations odious
aiul (lifgulViii!; : if from writers ot their own race, they frequently break out into
the moll aniniiitcJ encniniu;ns v( tlu-ir great aiiccltors. 'I he one can fcarcely allow
• them any virl i>j: the otlur, in their enthuliallic ardour, can fcarcely difcover the
Icali impertcetioii in tlieir laws, guvcrnment, or manners. The hillorian of Kng-
• land foinctimes regards them as the moll dctcllable and contemptible of the human
race. 'Ihe antiipiary of Ireland raifcs them to an illnllrious eminence, above all
• otlur liuiopcan countries. Y et, when we examine their records, without regard
. to legendary tales or poetic fitticm, we find them, even in their molt brilliant periods,
. advanced only to an iniperfett civilizati<m ; a ftate which exhibits the molt Ihiking
• inllances both of the virtues an(i the vices «)f humanity.
With refpe^t to the prefent defcendants of the old Irilh, or, as they are termed
'• by the |rotelhints, the n.of JriJ/i, they are generally reprefented as an ignorant, un-
, civiii/ed, and blundering fort of people. Impatient of abufe and injury, they are
• , implacable and violent in all their affections; but cpiick of appreheniion, courteous
to Urangers, and patient of hardlhips. Though in thefe refpetts there is, perhaps,
little ditferenc',' between them and the more uninformed part of their neighbours,
\et tlieir harliarifins are morv* cafy to be accounted for from accidental than natural
caufes. I)y f;ir the greatell number of them are Papifts, and it is the intereft
of their prielis, who govern them with an abfolute fway, to keep them in profound
i"-norance, Ihey have alfo laboured under many difcouragemcnts, which in their
own countrv have pr<-vented the exertion both of their mental and bodily faculties;
■ but when employed in the fervice of foreign princes, they have been diltinguillied
1 for courage and tidelity. Many of their furnames liave an O, or Mac, placed
' hefoie them, which lignify graiidfon and fon : formerly the was ufed by their
chiefs onlv, or Inch as piijued themfelves upon the antitjuity of their families.
• Their mulic i^ ilie bag-pipe, but their tunes are generally of a melancholy llrain ;
tlioiigh fome of the laiell airs are lively, and, when fung by an Iriihman, extremely
diverting. 'Ih'' old Irilh is guieraily fpokeii in the interior parts of the kingdom,
where fdine <it llie aiuieiil uncouth cultoms Hill prevail, parliculariy their hinerai
bowlings ; wliii h cultoiii may be traced in many countries of the ct)ntinent. 'I heir
jiMctice of p'iuiiij; a diiid lorjife before their iloors, laid out upon tables, havini;
a jilate upon the body to excite the charity of patlengers, is praclifed even in tlio
Ikirls of Dublin, though one would wilh to fee it abolidied. '1 heir convivial
meetings on .Suiuliiv atieir.oon, wiih dancing to the b.igpipe, and more often (|uar-
relliiig among tlieiiilelves, is "tl'enlive to every liranger. But, as we have already
obfervcd, thefe uhigis are cliietlv conlined to the nioic un])olillied provinces of tlii;
kingdom, j)articularly C'onn;iMi;ht ; ilie common people there having the leall fenfc
of law and goveriuKeiit ol any 111 Ireland, while their tyrannical landlords or lealc-
• Dr. Tif<lal emiiucralcil tlic iiihabit.-intsof two hrr in pacli lioufc at ijj. The numbtrs varitd
rariUii!. in Dullii. iu i ; 3 1, .uiil avrni^cd tlie uiiiii- lium lO to ;o.
riiil. Surv. of South of Irflaml.
' ' ' ^ >:,. - . . huldeis
%
t,j^
R
E L
N D.
40?
I'.dldcr, fqiicczc tlic poor without mercy. Tlie common Iriili, in their mannor of
living, fccm to rcfcmbic the ancient Hiitonii, ns deferihcd by Koman authors, or the
j)rcfent Indian iniiabitants of Anu-rica. Mean huts or cabins built of clay and
Itraw, partilinned in the middle by a wall of tlu- fame materials, fervc double
i)uri)ofes, one part accontmodatiu}' the laiuiiy, who live and (lecp promifcuoully,
liavinff their fires of turf in the middle of tlie Hour, with an openm({ through the
Ik
/me
roof tor a chinmey ; the other being occupied by a cow, or fucli pieces of furniture
as are tiot in immediate ufe.
llieir wealth conlills of a cow, fometimes a horfe, fomc poultry, and a fpot for
otatoes. Coarfe bread, potatoes, eggs, milk, and filh, conllitutc their food ; for
lowevcr plentifully the fields may be Hocked with cattle, thcfe pour natives feldum
t;ille butcher's meat of any kind. Their children, plump, robull, and hardy,
I'carcely know the ufe of cloaths, and are not alhamed to appear naked on the
roads, and ga/e upon (Irangers.
In this idle and deplorable Hate many thoufands have been loft to the commu-
iiitv and themfelves, who, f they had but an equal chance with their neighbours,
of iioing inftrutted in the real principles of Chrillianity, and had been enured and
encouraged to induftry and labour, would have added conliderable ftrenglh to
the empire.
'I'hc Spaniards and French, particularly the latter, have not failed to avail them-
felves of the uncomfortable fituation in which the Irilh were at home, by alluring
iliont to enter their fervice ; but we have now the plealing profpeCt of a happy re-
formation among thefe people, in confetjuence of the late laws pafled by the
iiarliament of Great Britain in favour of Ireland, as well as from the numerous
Knglilh proteftant working fchools lately cllablilheil over the kingdom ; which
iiiliitutions will undoubteclly ftrike deep at the root of popery, and ot that lazinefs
and ignorance by which it is attended.
l he defcendants of the Englilh and Scots, fince the conqucft of Ireland by
Henrv II. though not the moft numerous, lorm the wcalthieft part of the nation.
Of ihcfc are mull of the nobility, gentry, and principal traders, who inhabit the
callern and northern coafts, where nwH of the trade of Ireland is carried on ; elpc-
ciiiilv I'elfall, Londonderry, and other parts of the province of Ulller, which,
th>)u'^li ''h- poorcll foil, is. next to Dublin and its neighbourhood, the bell culti-
vated ami moft ilourilhinj; |)art of the kingdom. Here a colony of Scots, in the
reign of James I. and iilher prelbyterians, who fled from nerfecutiun in that
coimtrv. in t!ie fiuceeding reigns, ])!aiited tlumlelves, and eltiiblillied thai great
lia;'- iif Irilli woalih, the linen manufactory, whicli they have lince carried on and
huii -lit to ihe iiuooll pertetlicm. Kiom this Ihort review it aj)pears, that the preleiit
iiijiabitauts are coinpoled of three dillintt daiVesot peojjle; the old Irilh, poor, ignorant,
:ii;(l formerly deprell'ed, who inhabit, or rather exill, ujxjn the interior or weftern
piuls; the derceiidaiUs of the Knglilh, wlio inhabit Oublin, W'aterford, and Cork,
:iii(! \\!m» <'i\w a new appearance to the whole coalt facing Kngland, by the intro-
iliiction ot ari^, icmnierce, fcience, and more liberal and cultivated ideas of the true
(iod and primitive Cliiillianitv ; tliirdly, emi'jrants from Scotland in the northern
ppninces, who, like the others, are fo zealoully attached to their own religion and
ni;i!iner of li\iiig, th.ii it will rciiuire I'ouu' ages bel'ore the inhabitants ot Ireland
;ire 111 ihoroughl}' cidolidated and blended as to become one people. 'Hie gentry,
iiiid lieiter foit of tlie liilli nation, in general diller little in language, drefs, man-
Tais, :iiu1 ciilUiins, tVoni thole of the I'anie rank in (Jreat Britain, whom they imitate.
il.eir 1 ofjiiialiiN is well known, but in this they are fometimes fufpeCled of more
ol'Kntiilion \V.\n\ real kiiulnefs.
Ki.i.K.ioN.l 'Ihe elhibiilhed relii^ion and ecclefiaftical difcipline of Ireland is
the (iw.w with tliat of luigliuid. Among the bulk of the people, in the moft un-
3 !•" z cultivated
4C4
I
L
N D.
I
laltivafcd parJs, pojicry, ot' the moft abfurd and illiberal kind, is prevalent. Ttx?
liilli I'apilis lUll rolain iheir nominal bilhops and dignitaries, who liiblift on the
voluntaiy cunliibutions of their vutarii-s. Hiit t-vcn the blind fubinilbon ot' the
latter to their clergy does not prevent Proteftantifni from making a very rapid pro-
{rcfs in the towns. How far it may be the intend of luigland, tli.it fomc kind of
L>a!ance between the two religious Ihoiiid be k<pt up, I Ihall not here inquire.
Iieland contains at leaft as many fctbries :ib Kni;lai\d, parliciilarly I'relbyteriaiiv,
Kaptiils, Quakers, and MethodilU, wlio are ail iif tlieni coiniived at, or tolerated.
Groat elForts havj been made, ever lince the days of Janie^ i. in erei'tiug free-
fehools, for civililing and converting the Irilh Papills. 'The iii'l.iution of the incor-
porated focitty, for promoting Englilh Protellant working-feliooU, though of no
older date than 1717, has been amazhigly fucccfst'ul, as have many inlHtutioiis of
the fame kind, in introducing induftry an<l knowledge. Toward promoting thefo
ufeful purpofes, the parliament of Ireland has been unconmionly liberal; but nianv
of its grants have been mifmanaged or mifapplied.
Archbishopricks and bish
magh, Dublin, Caflicl, and Tuam
Archbishopricks and bishopricks J The archbilhopricks arc four; Ar-
T
Ihe bilhopricks are eighteen, vi/. Clogher, Clonfert, Cloyne, Cork, Perrv,
Down, Dromore, KIphin, Kildare, Kiliala, Kilniore, Killaloe, Leighlin, Linurie,
Meath, Oilory, Raplioe, and W'atcrford.
Lanouaoe.) The language of the Irifli is fundamentally the fame with
the Britilh and Welch, and a dialedt of the Celtic, which is made ufc of by
the Scotch Highlanders, oppolite the Irilh coaiis. It is, however, in a great mca-
fiire defaced by provincial alterations, but not fo altered as to render the Irilh,
Welch, and Higiilanders, unintelligible to eacli other. The ufagc of the Irilli
language occafions among the con\mon people, who fpeak both that and the
F.nglifli, a difagreeablc tone in fpeaking, which diffufes itfelf among the vulgar
in gener;;!, and even among the better fort, who do not underftand Irifli. |» is
fMobable, however, that a tew ages ln*tice the latter will be accou; d among the
til ad liwigiiages.
Leaiinino and i.earni;d men.] Learning feems to have been cultivated in
Ireland at a very early period. Mr. O'llalloran fays that the Irilh "appear to have
" been, from the moil remote anticpiity, a polilhetl people, and that with j roprietv
" they may bo called, the Fathers of Letters." We are even told, that I'igypt re-
(cived arts and letters from Niulus the Phoenician, who is rcprcfented as the great
;inceft9r of the Irilh nation. Hut it has been obferved that no literary monuments
have yet been difcovered in Ireland, earlier than the introduttion of Chriltianity ;
,Mi<l that th.' evidence of any tranfadions previous to this period, rells entirely oiv
I'.DMhifiil Irar.fcripts or fabulous tradition.
it is faid, tl'.at when St. Patrick * landed in Ireland, he found many holv and
l-arned ClTrillian pre;u hers there, whole votaries were pious and obedient. Caniden
fibferves, tluit '• the Irilh fcbolars of St. Patrick profited fo notably in Chrillianitv,
" that, in the fucceeding age, Ireland was termed Siiiithrum Pania. 'Iheir monks
" fo greatly excelled in learning and piety, that tliey font whole Hocks of moll
" K arned men into all parts of Kiirojie, who were the fnit founders of l.ieu-Dien
" abbey, in Hur,ij,undy ; of the abi)ey Bobie, in Italy ; of \\ irt/.burgh, in l-'ranco-
" nia ; St. Gall, in Switzerland ; and of Malmlbury, Lindisfarran, and many other
" inonalteries in Britain." W e have alfo the teltimony of the Venerable Hede,
iliat about the middle <>f the feventh centurv, many nobles, and other orders of tlic
Anglo-Saxons, retired Irom their own country into Ireland, cither lor iullrucliun,
' Ft I as lipiii .nil.riTi.'d, tlip.t ?t. Patriik was a fays tkit " it appears from the moft autlicmic re-
SLOicliiiian i but Mr. O ilitilovan denies tills, and •' cords, tliat I'atritk was from Walts."'
or
t R E
N
405
•
or for an opportiinitv of living in moimflcrics of ftrictcr dirciplir.e: antj that the
Scots (as he ll)ic'.s the Irilh) maintained thcni, taiiglit thiin, :uul funiilhcd iIumu
with books, without fee or reward: "a moU liononruble icftimo " ''- '— '
Lyttleton, " not only to the learning, bnt likewife to tiie hofpiiali
"uf that nation." Dr. Leiarul remarks, that a confhix of foreig
ord
V
■d
Ireland
In modern times, tlie Irilh liavo alfo diftlnwuinKd tlicmfe'lvcs in tlic republic of
litters. Artlibilhop Ullier does honour to his country. Dean Swift, wlio was a
native of Ireland, has perhaps never been excelled in the walks of wit, humour,
and fatire. 'I lie fprifrlitliiuls of Farquhar's wit is well known to all lovers of the
drama. And ainoii'j the men of diftinguilhed genius whom Ireland has lately pro-
duced, may alfo be particularly mentioned, iir Richard Steele, bilhop Berkeley,
I'arnel, Sterne, and Uoldfmith. Two of the ablell divines pf this country were
dilTenters from the eftablilhcd church, Mr. Aberncthy, and Dr. Lcland. The
fLiiuons of the former upon the attributes are held to be one of the bell f)llems of
natural theology, lie was deputed by the diflentcrs of L'lftcr to addrefs the duke
ofOrmond, in a tour he made when lord Lieutenant, and his Grace was after-
wards heard to fay, that of all the young men who ever approached him on like
Dccalions, he was mod pleafed with *' the young man of Antrim." Dr. Lcland'si
View of Deifticnl Writers, and other works, are equally known and admired.
University.] Ireland contains but one univerfity, which is denominated
Trinity-college. It confifts of two fijuaros, in the whole of which arc thirty-thrc«
buildings, ot eight rooms each. Three lides of vi\c of the f([nares are of brick, and
the fourth is a very funcrb library, but being built of bad flone, it is unfortunately
mouldering away. Tin.' infule is beautiful aiKi commodious, and embellilhed witl»
liie buds of feveral ancient and inoilern worthies. A great part of the books on,
otie Ikle were colleiled by archbilhop Ulher, who was one of the oiij^iiial members
(if this body. The new fciuare, three lides of which have been lately built by par-
liamentary bounty, and from thence t;i!led Parliament Square, is of hewn done;
and the front of it, next the city of J_)ubHn, Is ornamented with piiadcrs, t'eftoons,
&c. The provod's houfe has an elegant little front, enlirelv of I'ortland done. The
cliapel is a very mean dructure, as is alfo the old hall, wherein college exercifes
are performed : but the r.ew hall, in which the members of the college dine, is a.
fair and large room. In their nmfeum, is a let of Hgures in wax, reprefenting
leinales in every date of [iregnancy. 1 t;ey are done upon real Ikelerons, and arc
the labours' of almod the whole life of a French artld.
'I'his fcminarv was fouiuhd and ei;ili3wed by queen I'^li/abetli ; but the original
(ountlation conlided only of a provoll, three fellows, and three fcholars -, which ha.s
fioin time to time, been an^nnonted to twenty-two tcllows, feventy feholars, and
thirtv li/.ars. However, the whule luimber of Ihidents is at p'.elent about foui'
hundred; who are of three clalRs, feilow-eoninuincrs, peniioiiers, and lizars, or
(Vrvilors. The neceiTary aimual cxp^'iue of a fellow commouer, cloaliiing and
books ineluded, is about lool ; of a peulioner about 70I. A lizar receives his com-
iiKMis and indrui^ion gratis ; tlie luimiier of thefe lad is coninionly about thiitv.
Of the fellows, feven are caliv'd leniiis, and the annual ineonu' ot eaeli of thete ,-,
; bout feven hundred pountis. 'ihe provolUhip is l\ippot",\l to be worth three
thoufand pounds a year. Trinity-college has a power of conferring degrees of
bachelors, maders, and dodors, in all the arts and taculties. 'iho vititurs are tlia
ihunccUor or vicc-clumcellor, a.ul the arclibilhop of Dublin
An I IQJJITIKS
4o6
I
N! D.
As riqj'TTiES ANDct'niosiTiES,) I liavc already mentioned the wolf-dojr^
NAiTRAi. AND ARinuiAi.. ) in Ireland. 'I'lio Irilli ^^os-liawks ami jji-r-
falcons are celei)rated tor llii-ir lliano and l)i."iiity. The nioofe-deer is (iiought to
have hi'en formerly a native of tliis illand, their iiorns beiny fometinies duj; up of
fo j»reat a li/e, that one pair has heen found near eleven teet from liie tip of the
rif^ht horn to tlie tip of the h-ft ; hut the greatell natural euriolity in Irehnul is ilu;
Giants' C'aufevvay in the eounty of Antrim, about ei);lit niiles I'lonj Coleniin, which
is tiius defcribed by Dr. I'oeocke, late billiop o( Oil'orv, a ccleluated traveller and
antitiuary. lie fays, " that he meafured lite moll welterly point :it high water, tu
the (lillance of 360 feet tVom the clitF; but was told, that at low water it extended
60 feet t'arther upon a defcent, till it was loll in the Tea. L'pon nieat'uring
lite ealiern noint, he found it 540 feet from the tlitV; and law as much more of ii
as of the otfier, where it winds to the call, and is, like that, loll in the water.
" The caufeway is eompofed of pillars, all of angidar lha|)es, from three lides to
cigltt. The ealiern point, where it joins the rock, terminates in a perpendicular
ditr, formed by the upright lides of the pillars, fome of which are tliirty-three Icel
four inches high. I'.ach pillar conlills of feveral joints or Hones, l>ing oiu- uj)on
another, trom iix inches to about one foot in thicknefs; anil what is very furpriling,
fome of thefe joints are fo ccmvex, that their |)ronn'nences are nearly i|uarters of
fpheres, round each of whivl; is a ledge, which holds them together with thegreat-
cll llrmnefs, every Hone being ctMicave on the other lide, fitting in the exactell
manner the convexity of the upper part of that beneath it. The pillars are iVoni
«ine to two feet in diameter, and generally conlill of about t'orty joints, moll of wliicli
Separate very ealily, anil one ma\ walk along upon the tops of the [)iliars as tar as
to the edge of the water.
" Hut this is not the moll lingular part of this extraordinary euriolity, the elills
theml'.Kes being Hill more I'urpriling. I'Vom the bottom, which i,s of blai k llone,
to the height of about lixty feet, they are divided at eipial dilhmces by Ihipes uf a
veddilli (lone, that lefembk s a cement, about toin* inches in thicl.
ano
IvUcls ; upon
ther llrat;nn of the fame black (lone, with a Ihalum five i
this there is
thick of the red. Over lliis i-. another llratum ten feet tliick, divided in the f;
nclii.'
line
manner ; then a llratum of the red Hone twenty feet tleep, and above that
Hratum of u|)rig]it pillars; above thefe ])illars lies another Hratum of black Hone,
twenty feet liigli ; and, above this again, another Hratum of upright |)illars, riling
in fome places to the to])s of the clilVs, in others not fo high, and in others again
above lluin, where they are called the chimneys. The face of thefe tlitl's extends
nbuiit three I'lnglilh miles."
The cavities, the romantic profpetls, cataracts, am' other pleallng and uncom-
mon natural objects to be met with in Ireland, are too numerous to be called
rarities, and feveral pain])hlels liave been employed in deferibing them. As to the
ariilicial luriollties in Ireland, the chief are the round Pharos, or Hone towers, found
upon the coalis, and fuppofeil to be built by the Danes and Norwegians in tluir
piratical excurlions, who made ufe of them as fpy-towers or barbicans, liglu-houfes
or
aeons.
CniKs, TOWNS, louTs, AM' oriiKRf Dubliii, the caiiilal of Ireland,
IS, in
i:i)l I- ICl.S, I'llM.Il' ANO I'KlVAll
) magnitude and pij])iili>iiriiefs, the fecoiul
city in the liritiiii dominions, containing near 200,000 inlialiilants. It is litnated
270 miles ninth-well of London, and near lixty miles well from I lolyhead in Nurtli
\\ales, the ufiial ihilion of paHiige velfels lietween (Jreat Ihiiain and Irilar.d.
Di
u!)liii Hands ai>out feven miles Imm the fea, at the bottom ota
a\ ,
o wliicli It y:i\'es nan
arije anil luaeiniis
le, upon the riverl,iHe\, which divides it alinoH inn
1 is biinkid ill through the whole length 01 the citv, <ni IidiIi
iides, wliich tonus fpaciuus and noble ijuav-,, wliere vclVels. below the lirH briiL;.',
• load
c(|aai partj>.
aiH
I
N D.
407
load and unload before the merchants' doors and warc-houfe«. A ftranger, upon
entering the bay of Dublin, which is about fevcn miles brond, and m llormy
wciither extremely dangerous, is agreeably furprifed with the beautiful profpect
on eaeh (ide, and the diltant view of Wicklow mountains; but Dublin, iVoni its
low lituation, makes no great appearance. Dublin has greatly increafcd within
twenty years lall part, and it is generally fuppofcd that 7000 houfes have been
added to the city and fuburbs (ince the reign of «iuecn Anne. 'I'he lunnber
of hiinfes, in the year 17771 was 17,151, and there have been many new buildings
cretled (ince. in its apjiearanee, this city bears a near refemblance to London.
The houfes arc of brick ; the olil llreets are narrow and mean, but the new llreets
are nearly as elegnnt as iliofe of the metropolis of (Jreat IJritain. Saekvillellreet,
wliiih is fomelimes called the Mall, is particularly noble. The honfes are loity,
;nul uniformly built, and a gravel walk runs through the whole at an equal dillanic
from the lldes.
The rivi r LiflTcy, though navigable as far as the cudom-lioufe, or centre of the
titv, is but fmall, when conijiared with the Thames at London. Over it are two
hiUiilfome (lone-bridges, lately built in imitation of that at Wcllminller, and there
:ire four others that have little to recommend them. Tormerly the centre of Dul)-
lin, towards the cullom-houfe, was crowded and incoiwenient for commercial pur-
piifes; but of late a new llreet has been oi)ened, leading from KlVex-bridge to the
ealile, where the lord-lieutenant refides. A new exchange has likewife been eiett-
ed, an elegant Ihutture of white Hone, richly cmbellilhed with fcmi-columusof thu
Corinthian order, a cupola, and other ornaments.
The barracks are pleafantly (ituated on an eminence near the river. They con-
flloffour large courts, in which are generally (piartered four batallions (f foot,
and one regiment of horfe; frtm) hence the e:illle and city guards are relieved daily.
Tliey are faid to be the largeft and completely building of the kind in Kurope, be-
ing capable of containing 3000 toot and 1000 horfe.
Hie linen hall was ereCted at the public e.\peiice, and opened in the year 1728,
for the reception of fuch linen cloths as were brought to i)id)lin for fale, for wliicli
there are cimvenient apartments. It is entirely under the direction of llie tnillvcs.
for the encouragement of the linen maiutfaCtory of Ireland, who are compofed of
the lord chancellor, the primate, the archbiihoj) of Dublin, and the principal part
of the nobility and gentry. 'l"his national inllitution is productive of great ad-
vantages, by preventing many frauds which otherwife would be committed in a
capital branch of trade, by which many thoufapds are employed, and the kingdonv
greatly enriched.
Siejilien's (Ireen is a moll extenlive fipiare, round wliich is a gravel walk of near
a mile. Here genteel company walk in the evenings, and on Sundays after two
o'eloek ; and itt tine wiatlier make a viry gav aj)peiiiaiue. Many of the houfes
round the green are very liately, but a want oi uuilv)nnity is oUurvablc ihrouj^lmut
tlie whole. .Ample ameiuK will be made lor this defect by another tpacious f piuic
near Sie|)hen's Cireen, called Merrion-lquare, now laid out and partly built.
The front of Triuily-college, extending above 300 feet, is built of Portland llonc
ill the tineli talle.
The parliament lioufe was begun in 1729. and liuidied in 1731), at the expenio
of 40,0001. 'i'his fuperb pile was, in general, of the Ionic oicK r, and was julily
aeeounted one ot the molt eflebrated areliitei.tui.il biauties. The portico, iu par-
tieuLu\ was jxTliap-. without iKuallei ; tlie iutrrnal parrs had alfo inanv beatiti.'s;
ii'ul the iir.mner in which the building was lighted, dias been much admired. This.
fiperi) buililing, 011 tlie 27th of'i'eoniary 179-, w.e. obfeivvd to Ik- in liaine., ah:) it
■:, 'I'cloek in the afternoon, whenthe hoiife of Lord- , r> well ;;;. the Common^, was
lining, a. id in f.ill debate. Whrn-the alarm •^^ as sjiveii, one of Uic members inado
49%
1
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liis way to the roof, and Inokinj; down into the houfc t'ron\ one of ihe vcnliUtors^
"onrirnioil thi- appri'lKMifiDnH tif tliofo witliin, by fayiiif; the dome was fnrioiindod
In- firo, nnd would twinl)lo into the houfc in five niiniitv's. 'I lie volume of tire, by
V hich the dome was cniompalTcd, foon made apertures on all (iilci, by nielting
th(? cooper from the wood work, and thus exhibiting the cavity of the dome filled
with lum(*s like a large furnace, which, at about half pall li\, tumbled into the
I'.oufe with one great cralh. 'Ihe valuable library, and all the papers of iniport-
inue were fa\eir
But one of the greateA and moll laudable undertakings that this age can bonll
of, is the buildini^ a ftonc wall about the breadth of a moderate llreel, ;ind of a
pi'oportio'iate hci^lit, and three nii'es in length, to conline the channel ol the bay,
and to theltcr vcflels in llorniy weather.
The civil governnu-nt of Dublin is by a lord-mayor, &c. the fame 3« in London.
Every third year, ti.e lord-mayor, and the twenty-four companies, by virtue of an
o'd charter, are obliged to pi ••ambulate the city, and its liberties, which they call
rilling tiie franchifes. L'pon this occaliou the citizens vie with each other in Ihow
iirid ollentation. In Dublin there are two large theatres, that are generally well
filled, and which ferve as a kind of nurfery to thole in London. In this city are
i3 piuith churches, 8 cliapels, 3 churches for Krencli, and i for IJutch |)rotclUnts,
7 pKfljjterian meeting houlVs, i for nu ihodills, 2 for (piakers, and 16 Koman
( ntliolic iha|)els. A royal hof|)ital, at fome dillance from the city, like that at
Clicitlu, for invalids; a lying-in hofpital, with gardens, built and laid out in the
finell talle; an hofpital fur lun.itics, touiuled by the famous Dean Swift, who himfelf
<lied a lunatic ; and fundry other hofpitals for patients of vari(ms kinds. Some of
the chiirches have been lately rebuilt, and otliers are rebuilding with more tafle.
y\iul, indeed, which ever way a flraiiger turns himfelf in this city, he will perceive
nKn;ks of elegance; and if he extends his views over the whole kingdorri. he will
fonclude that works of ornam-nt and public utility are no where mure encouraged
than in Ireland, chiefly through th" munificence of parliament.
It is, however, matter of (\irprife, that, with all this fpirit of national irpprovi-
nient, few or no "nod inr.s are to be met witli in Ireland. Kven in the capital,
there is not one mn which deferves that name. This may, in fomc meafure,
be accounted t> r Ity the long, and fometimes dangerous palfage from C'hefter and
Holyhead to Ireland, which prevents the gentry of I'-ngland, with their families,
from vifiting that illand ; but us it is now propofcd to make turnpike roads to I'ort-
patrick in Scotland, from whence the paiiage is ihort and fafe, the roads of Ireland
may i)y this nuans b.eionie more frc(]uented.
Cork is defervedly reckoned the fe( oud city in Ireland, in magnitude, riches,
and commerce. It lies 129 miles fouth-well of Dul)lin, and contains above 8500
boufes. Its haven is deep, and Ihcltercd from all winds; but fmall vellcLs only can
come up to the city, which (lands about fcven miles up the river l,ce. This
is the chief port of merchants in the kingdom ; and there is, perhap^, more beef,
tallow, and butter, Ihipped wif here, than in all the otiier ports of Ireland togetlur.
1 leiue there is a great refort of Ihips to this port, particularly of thofe bomul tVoni
(jreat I'ritain to Jamaica, Harbadoes, and all the Carild'ce il!;mils, which put in
here to viitual and complete their lading. It apju ars, that in the reign of Kdwar.i
IV'. there were eleven churches in Cork, though there are now only feven, and vet
it has ever (ince that time been cfteemed a thriving city ; but it nuiil be obferved,
that betide the churches, there are at this time (ix inafs-houfes, two dill'enting
mecting-houfes, another for tpiakcrs, and a chapel for French protellants. K.inl';;le
is a poj)uIous and (Irong town, with an excellent harbtmr, and conliderable com-
merce and ihippingr and it is, moreover, an excellent (lation for the royal navy;
for which end this port is furnilhed with proper naval officers and ftorekeepers.
8 NNatertuid
■♦■
i^ ca„not be pretended. t\nt U., , P^^-umary provi/io,u
llrutturc of ilieir I „„f," .5'", '" >■"• "ill, ihofc "? l"", ■^. '"'l' nol.iliiy, ,„i
Krcaily incroafed by L.'l,. , " Prolwble Ilia ih,. ., . ' "".'' '<"■ wter-fkin,
' >«■ l.ilh ha,,. „,,1, ' ''■ ' ;"' ('""■'■'I i" lavoi, of ,Z>'""' "' '"--tad „ ill r
""'"'•^ i«gh,, a,'™ ,t r,;' t';,-^ "'"'""■«""«: ".o^Jf i" "'"• k-si-v:
.< "M.vMCMt IMS, T ,:'■■"""" !'»"■ of late m=,i,. ^"'>' '" » tonli-
"1 ".a.,..f,tl„r„, a 'd ™,""'" J "'« Uobli,, Lck-lv f ";™'"»8<^'l th™.
"' "'.bli... h «J", a"' 2""'', "°'' i"'"'!'ora,,d ,'.'.• ' 'i ' "',': "■'■•"rage.,,,™,
't;-,- „„ ,; "" •■■■" ■■■" ''-'"■- ^^'a.. i^.:;;::;^!:;" b^s^'-
3 U '^"'S''^'"^. and y^t i„ general
agree
410
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oarre in their Iaw«. For after the conqiicft of Ireland hy king Henry II. the laws
of Kngland were reccivi-tl and fwoiii ti> by the Irilh niitinn, a(li.inl)li'd nt the
council of Lifmoru ; nnd ah Ircliiiid, thus ctiniiacrid, plaiitijii, and governed, ennti-
nucd in a flate of depemlente, it was thoui^lit necelliuy, that it Ihmild ronforni to,
and be obliged by, fiuli hiw* ns ihe fiiperinr llate thmi^lit p.oper li) prefi ribe.
I!tit this ihite of (iepi'iulence bein); idimMl tm'^otten, and ready to be difputed hy
the Irilh nation, it wa-, tliciiglit neci'liary, loM\e yea. > ii^o, to tletlaiv- how that
matter liood ; and theretuie, b\ llatiite 6th of (icor^e I. it is dv-elared, *' tiiat tiic
kingdom of Ireland oiiglit to be fubordinaie to, nnd ileiiendent upon, liie imperial
irown of (ireat Britain, as being infeparably united tliereto; and tliat tlii; king's
inaielh', witii th«' content c/l the lords and eonimons oi' (Jreat Uritain, in parliament,
li.uii power to make laws to bind the peooje of Ireland," This ileterminalion of
tiie hritilh parliament oi eulioned much uiirati^faclioii among the Iriiii, who at
length, feeling their own llrengih by means of their volunteer alioeialions, and en-
eouraged and tavomed by the U'\eral parties eontendiiig for tlie adminillration in
lingland. obl.iih d in tin. year 178^, a lormal repeal of the a!)ove otlenlive llatute,
whieh was tonluhred as a renunelation, on the part of the patliantent of Great
Britain, of every claim of legillatiun over Ireland.
'ihe tonllitiition of tlie Irilh government, as it (land; at prefent, with regnrd to
dirtributive julVice, is nearly the fame with that of Kngiand. A chief governor,
who generally goes by tlie name of lord-lieutenant, is lent over from Kngland bv
the king, whom he reprefeiits ; but Itis power is in fome meafurc rellraincd, anil
in others enlarged, according to the king's pleafure,or the exigency of the times.
On his entering upon this honourable olliee, his letters patent are publicly read iti
the council-chamber ; and having taken the ufual oaths before the lord-chancellorj
the fvvord, whieh is to be carried before him, is delivered into his hands, and he
is feated in the chair of llate, attended by the lord chancellor, the members of the
privy-couneil, the peers and nobles, the king at arms, a ferjeant at mace, and other
officersof llate ; and he never appears publickly without being attended bv a body
of horfe-gnards. Hence, with refpect to his autlxtrity, hjs train, and fplendor,
there is no viceroy in Chrillendom that comes nearer to the grandeur and majelly
of a king. I le has a council compofed of the great othcers oi the crown ; namely,
the chancellor, treafurer, and fuch of the archbilhops, earls, billiops, barons,
judges, and gentlemen, as his majelly is pleafed to appoint. The parliament here,
as well as in Kngland, is the fupreme court, which is convened by the king's writ,
and generally lits once every year. It conlills, as in Kngland, of a houfe of lords,
and commons, Of the former, many are I'.iiglilh or liritilli i)eers, oj- commons of
CJreat Britain; a lew are papiits, who cannot lit without being properly qualified;
and the number of commt)ns amounts to about tliree hundred, Since the accellion
of his prefent majelly, Irilh parliaments have been raideied octennial. The re-
prefentation of the peo|)le, in the fenate of Ireland, is, in many inllances, like that
of Kngland, partial, and imperfect. The aC:ts palled by the houfe of lords and
commons are fent to Kngland h)r the approbation of his majefly and council, wliicli
liaving ol)tained, they pals the great feal of iMigland, and are returned.
For the regular diihibution of juiliee, tluie are in Ireland four terms in. Id ai;.
nually for ilie deciliuu of eaufes ; and lour courts of jiiltici;, the ehancerv, king's-
beiK li, common-pleas, and exchecpier. The higli Iherifls of the feveral' counties
were formerly chofeu by the people, but are now nominated by the lord-lieutenant.
Krom this general \iew it appi'ars, tliat the civil and eeclelialiieal iiUiitutions at'.*
alm:)ll the lann- in Irehnid ;i.i in l,nL;iand.
ki:vKNUi-.s.j in Ireland the i)ul)lic revenue arifes from iiereilitary and temiw-
rary duties, ot which the king i^ ilie trullee, for ap|>lyiiig it to public |)urpofes ;
but lliere i^, belides thi-, a private revenue ariling from the aueieut denu fno lands,
tluiU
T
U
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411
from forffitiiron for tronfoii nnd filoiiy, prifnge of wiiion, light-houfc diitici, and a
firiHll part of tin* (ufiial ri'vinui*, nut giMntid l)y ]>urlianu-nt i und in tliin the crown
\\i\H tilt I'anif militniti'd proporiy that u fitlij(.'(.-t hiii in liiit own trrchold.
The riVi'niK' <>t Ireland aniounti nearly to t,ooo,oool. nnd the public etpcndi-
tnro exceeds that ftim. 'I he liilh cutnplnin greatly, that, of thin revenue, about
70,000!. is grniited in penlioiis, nnd a great part to nbt'entees. Very large funis
are alfo granted by (heir own parliament for more valuable purpofcs, the improve-
ment of their i oui\try, and civilizing the people ; fni h :ih the inland navigation,
hridgeit, high-ways, churelut, premiums, and protellant fihooli. in 1787 tiie na-
tional debt w:is 2,302,14^1. rhieHy contracted tor national in\provcments,
Co INI. I 'I he coins of Ireland are nt prefent uf the fame denotitinations and the
like fabric with thofe of Kngland, mdy an Knglilh thilling palVes in Ireland fm
thirteen pence. What tlie ancient coins uf the irifh were, i» at prcfcnt a matter
of mere curiolity and great uncertainty.
MiLiiARV sTRBN«irH.) Ireland now maintains nnd pays an nrmy of ij;,ooo
men i and the military force of Ireland has l)een greatly increafed by the many vo-
limtcer allociated companies, which have been lately formed in that kingdom.
'Ihule parts ot Ireland that are mofl cultivated, ccmtain nund)crs of inhabitants
that have very tittle fenfe either of divine or human laws; and regular forces are
nbfolutcly necelTary for Icecpinj^ them in order ; witnefs tlic late n\furrettions of
tlic Whiteboys, and otlier l)anditti, inOigated, it is laid, by their priells. Yet it does
not appear that llic bulk of the Irilh Catholics are fond of a revolution in government,
ns few or none of them joined I'hurot in his defcent upon Carrickfergus, ur tuok
any part with the Pretender in the lall rebellion.
Order of St. Patrick.] This order was inftitutcd February 5, and the in-
dallation of the firll knights was performed on the 17th of March 1783. It con-
tills of the fovc-reign ami tifteen knights companions. The lord-lieutenants of Ire-
land for the time being otiiciate as grand matters of the order, and the archbilliop
of Armagh is the prelate, the archbilliop of Dublin the chancellor, and tlie dean of
St. Patrick, the regiller of the order, 'i'he knights are inllalled in the cathedral of
St. Patrick, Dublin. Their robes are fplendid, and the badge is three crowns
united together on a crofs, with the motto round, Quit feparabit ? 1783, fattened by
Jin Irilh harp to the crown imperial. A ftar of eight points encircles it on the
coat.
History.] The hiftory of Ireland has been carried to a very remote antiquity,
and may, with greater jultice than that of almoll any other country, be dillinguilhed
into the le^eiidiiry and aulhcniie. In the reign <if Kdward II. an filter prince
boalled to tlie pope of an uninterrupted fiiecellion of one luiiulred and ninet) -feven
kings of Ireland, to the year 1170. IC\en the iiiore moderate Irilh anti(|uaries
carry tlieir hittory up to about ;oo years l)efore the Chrillian ara, at which time
they aflevt, that a colony of Sc\iliiaiis, immediately from .Spain, fettkd in Ireland,
and introduced the I'liuniit i;in lanj^ua^^'e and letters into llitit coiinti\ : and that,
liowe\er it might have been jjeopled Itill earlier from (]aul or Ikitain. yet I leber,
llereinon, and Itli, the foiis of iNIiiiliiis, gave a race of kings to the Irilh, diliif:-
gnilhed by the names of (Jadelians, and .Scnits, or Scots, liut as our limits will
not permit us to mlargc on the dark and contelled part of the Irilh liitlory, we
Uiail onlv olil'erve, ihnt it was about tln' middle of ihe hi'ili leiilniv that the gie.ir
ajiortle U lril:md, St. I'alrick, was employed in the propagation of Cliritiianiiv
in lliiit kingdom, tlioui;h Chriltian milhonaries had been there long betore. .\t'-
ter tliis period, Ireland was occaiionally invaded b) the Savon kings of England :
Init in the uars 70^ and ■]'■)& the Danes and Nornuins, or as they were called, the
l'!all<Tlinj,'s, iiivadril its coalis, and were the tirll wlio elected Hone edifices tiiere.
The common habitations ol the Irilh, till that lime, were of hurdles coven d with
)f foliil limber. 'Hie natives defeiuled ihein-
j < » / t'elves
flravv and nillies, ;.nd but very k\v
4«»
I
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I.
N
n.
frivct Itravolyngnind the KaOtTlinct, wliohtiill Dtibliii.VViitcrron!, f.imrrkk, Wen*
t'uiil, unil Cork ; l)u( ihcv rclidodcliiclly at l)ul>liit,<>r in ii* iirighliourhoud, which,
by thr old Irilh, wnt lallitl l-iii^.i), or thi* Land ot' 5lrunK«'ri. The naiivci, uhout
the yi-ar oOiificm ii hnvr c.illi-d to their alliliaiico the AtmliKSaxmi kiii|{ K<lffMr,
who h:id then a (iiiilidi'ial)k- niaritinit- power ', and thit nii>;lit have i^ivrn dccaIi tit
tor hit clergv to tali him kiii;^ ol Ireland. l)ul)lin >\ai uImku that tune a tlourilh*
ing city, and the native Irilh ^iwc the Kaflorling* Icveral deiVau, thon^h fiipportcj
by iheircountrvnien from the continent, the life of Man, and the Hebrides.
In the twelttli lenlury, Henry the Sceond oJ Kndaiul lornied a deiinn ot* annex-
ing Ireland to his dotninioni. Id' is laid to have oeeri itichued to this by the pro*
vocations received troni I'onie ni the Irilh cliiettnins, w)io liad adorded conhder-
nbic* Hlhllance to hii enemies. Hi« delimit wan patroniled by the pnne, and a
fair pretext ol° attacking Ireland oOered ai)oul thr year ii63. Uerinot Mac Mtir-
rongn, king ot I.einlter, and an opprellive tyrant, (uiarrelled with all hi* neigh*
boiirs, and carried otF the wile o\ a petty prince, O'Roiik. A contideiaty being
tunned againll him, under Koderie O'Connor (who, it feenis, was the t)«ramounl
king of Ireland) he wax driven iVom his country, and took refuge ut the court ol'
Henry II, who proiniled to reltore hini, upon taking an oath ot tealty tu the crown
ot" Kiigland, tor himlelt, and ail the petty kings depending on hin>, who were very
numerous. Henry, who was tlien in France, rccommen»(ed Mac Dermot'N caule
to the Knglilh barons, and particularly tu Strongbow, earl oi IVnd>roke, Kol)rrt
Fitz Stephen, and Maurice Kit/ (lerald. 'I hofe noblemen undertook the expedi*
tioii upon much the lame j)rinciples an tlie Norman and Breton lords did the con*
tjuel) of I'.ngland under \\ illiam I. and Strongbow was tr) marry Mac DermotV
tiaughter Kva. In i 169, tlie adveiiiurers reduced the towns of Wextord and Wa-
tertord ; and the next year Strongbow arriving with u rcint'orcement, his marriage
was celebrated.
The delcendints of the Hanes continued rtill pofTc fTed of Dublin, which, after
foir.e iiullii.'tnal o|ipoliii(iii made bv Ling O'Connor, was taken and pluntlered by
ihe I'.iiglilh loldiers; but Mae lurkil, ilie Daiiilh king, efiaptd to his Ihippin;;.
Upon tiie death ot Dermot, I 'i-iiry II. Incatue jealous ot cm I Strongbow, feizid
upon his ellate in England and W ales, and recalled his fubjeits from Ireland. The
Irilh, about the fame time, to tin amount of above 60,000, beliegcd Dublin, under
king O'Connor; but thoiigli a!' Strongbow's Irilh frieiMs and allies had now lel't
him, and the tity was reiiuied to ^reat extremity, h' lnrce<l the Irilh to raife the
fiege with great lofs ; and goin;; uwr to llnglaiid, he appealed Henry by (wearing
tealty to liiiM and his heirs, and religniiii; into his hand all the Irilh cities and forts
he held. During .Mf.mjjbow's ablence, .Viae Tuikil. returning with a great Heet,
attempted to iit.ikc the city of Dublin, but was killed at Hie liege; and in liiin
ended tlie race of the Kalltrlin;^ princes in Ireland.
In 11^2, liei'.ry II. attendul by 400 knights, 4000 veteran foldiers, and tlie
tlower ot his nubility, landed near \\ aterfordr and not only all the petiv prinei ■, of
Ireland, e\cept the king of L lit' v, but the great king Koderie Ol. "01111111. fuhiiiii-
ted to lleiuy, who prelmded iii.,1 O'Connor', fubiniliion iiu hided that of Llliir,
and tiiat C(iiilei|ucntly he was the |iaramouiit fovereign of Ireland. Hi' that as it
will, he aHetted to keep a mngnilii.ent court, and held a parliament at Dublin,
wliere he patcilled out the ellates in Irelaiul, a-. \\ illiain the C'liiapieidr liail done
i> I'.iigl.ind. to his l'.ii!;lilh nobiliiy. He then fetthd a livil aduiiiiilbation at Diih-
liii, as liunlar a:, pullible to tlial of I'.nglaiid, to \\liiili he ri'liitneil in i 17;, has ing
lirll letiled an I'.ni^lilh colony fif>in I'rHt'd in Dublin, with all the liberiiis, iVec
ii.ltonis, and cliailers, «liieh the cili/cii'* of Ihiliul enjoud. I'Vom that time
Dut)h"u began lo tliuirilh. 'I'lius the cnntjui li 'if Iriuunl was elicited bv the Kng-
l;i]i,. ahiiiili with a,, miah cafe as thai of .Me.\ic() was l>y the Spaniards ; ami for
7 uuiib
I
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v\m\\ ih(* fnmp rrarun*. the riidr and iinarmcU Oatr of ih« native*, and the differ*
i'iii'«"'
ihnt pn-vaili'd aniDiiu tlx-ir priiuo or U-adi n
liciiry ifuve ilic liili- ol lord «>! Iri land l» lii» fon John, who, Ju Ii8j, went
nvrr ill pt-rriiii to Irclund ; hut John and hi* giddv Norman tourlii-rt made a very
ill ufi- ol tlu-ir powir, itiid ri-iidt-ri'(|lhciiirtlvi-« odioiii l" tin- liiih. Kiihard I wag
liiii iiuu li luki'ti tip with ihi- < ruiadiM to pny much rcguiil lo iliu atliiir* ot In-land }
l)iit kini(Joht),alti-r hit »■ < i-llion,niitd(* ainciuU lorhitiorinir niifi ondii^l. ilcciilarg-
cd hilt fathi-r'n plan oi inlrodiicing iiiro Inland Kiwliili l.iwt and udiicrt, and he
t'lirini'd that pari ol' the proviniin ot Liinltir and MuniK r, wliiili wan within the
Kngliih pall', into iwei>c (ounlict ; hut tin difii-iidanls ul tliv uncicnl prince* in
itniT I
paul
Ih
in ni
) more ili.'Mi a nominal I'lilijiCtion. 'I lioy ^ovirin'd hy tin ir
ul<l Hri huM liiw^, and ixt-rufi'd all utt^ior lovirci^nt) within (licir own Itutiii und
indeed thi» wnsi pn'ity nitu h llio iiifo fo late n<t the reign ot Juniri 1. 'Ihc uii<
f,tlled reign ot" Henry III. hi^ wnr* and laptivity, gnve the Irilh ii vi ry mean
opinion of the Knglilli f{oM mini tit during; liin rei^n i h'lt tlicy leem to liavi (onti-
niied ipiii't under his fon l.dward I. (iavi (ton, tlie lani'nis taviinte ot l'.dv\.iid II.
ni'(|uired i^rent credit while Ik acted us lii otetiaiit ot Ireland , but the ruccclles ot
the Scotin king, Robert Itrnce, had itlnioU proved I'utuI to the Englilh intercll,
and fuggelied to the Irifh the i<Ua nl tratistvrriiig their alU giance from the king^
ol l''n),'land to Kdward Hruce, king Robert's brother. 1 hat prime accordingly
invaded Ireliuul, wlu re he gave repeated det'eats to the Knglilli governor* and
nrniies i and being l'upport<(l by hi-i brother in perfoii, he wao actually crowned
king at Diindulk, and :iiirrowly milled being mailer ol Dublin. The younger
Uriice frem^ to have been violi ot in the exert lie ot' his lovi reignty, an«l he wa^ at
lalt (ielealed and killed by Hermingliam, the Kngliili geiuial. Alter ihii Kd-
w:\r{[ II. ruled Inland with great moderation, and pulled leverul vxctllent act»
witli rrgnrd to that onnlry.
Hut during the minority of" Kdward III. the con (notions were again renewed in
Ireland, and were not fiipprefled without great \iA\ an'' difgrace on the lule ot' the
I'.nglilh In 1 3V^ •'• ''"be'lion bmke out, in wliieh the I'liglilh inhabitants had nu
iiuonliderable Ihare. A liKdlii'm i>| vigorous, brave gnvrrnorN, at lal) «|iiieti d tlic
infurgents i and about the year ij'ii, prime Lionel, lun to Kdward III. having
inairitd the heirefs ol" Uiller, was feiit over t<» govern Ireland, and, it polliblv,
III reduce its inhabitants to an iiilire conformity with the laws ol I'.ngland. In
this he made a gre.it pnign(>., but did not i ni rely acioniplilh it. It ap|K'ars, that
at ll is tiint tlie Irilh were in a very lloinilliiiig cot\>iilii>n, and tlial one o| the
freatell grievances tliey complained of was, that the Inglilh fent over men of mean
lirth to govern them. In i ,?94, Richard II. tliuling that the execution tif iiix
tUfpotic tchemes in Kngland mull be abortive v\ithi ul farther fiipport, palRil ovei
to Ireland with an army of 54,000 men, well armed and appointid. As lie mjuh'
nil ufe of fon e, llie Irilh ngarded his prcfeiice as a higli loinolimeni to their
niition, and admired the niagnificence of his cuuit. Richard, on thu oiiier
hand, courted them by all the arts he could ntiplov, and bellowed the honour of
kiii 'hlhood on their cb
In lliort. lie beluived fo as entirely to win their iiHec-
tioiis. Hut in i]i)<), after I a\iiig actrd in a \i.ry defpolie manner in iMigl.ind, he
ui-.dertook a frelh espedilion iiilo Ireland, to revenge the de.i'li of his loi«l-licut«'
rant the earl of Match, wl.' had been killed liy the wild hiili. I lib army ai;ain
Itiuck the nafivis with ci^i tternaiion, and ih>v threw thenil'elvv> upon his iiieicv.
It was during this e\piditiiMi, that the duke ot l.a'.iialler iMuled in I'.iiglaiid ; and
Uichaii', upon his n turn, finding l/nnfeh defeilcd bv his Kngliili fubjicts cm ac-
count of his tyranny, and that he could not depend upon the Iri'.h, furrciulered liiti
III wn to his riv:d.
'Ihc Iriili, alt^r Richard's death, Hill retained a warm alTeiuou fur the houfe of
\i'rk ,
414
I
K
I
N l>
Vitik i •«t(l uprn thf tr\i«til n\ ih.ii t'tiiiiilv'* t laim litlhi* tr>>wii. rnibrM^tt ilarauf*.
I il\\.ktil IV. mi.mI ' till' I'lirl '*! |)> iiii>iti<l l<>rilliiuili*ii(iiii ••!' In hml |'i»r hi* ftfrvltv*
ai{4littl llii- Oriri'Mil p.irl). >>ii>l ••iIh r aillt. miti •>! llti' lii>iil>- »t Ijiiuitllrr, hikI lit-
««iik iht* Jfi/i Ink •ki*fi>tni ihiti ii)ii.iiit< I iliU hiNiDiir Kvi-n llu* iiiu**iioii o|' ||tnr«
VII lit ilu> iriivMi III' |>',ii|;l.i<ul ili>l Mill rk'i'iHh lU' ili>' Initi iii hi» liiU' ti« ilukk' lii
Latuiiil I , ill \ llurir>ii>- rt.nlily )iiiiit'<| l.ttitilHil Siiiiii' I. \vli<i |iiv ti'iul. •! to Ik; ih,
i'lili It I'i'ii III' I'llu.iril IV . Iitil iiir iltii llit'v |miil •! t«r, IkIiik tli UmIi'I in llu'ir it|.
|i'iit|ii III iii\Hil>.* I',iikI-m tl 'i\\\'% iiuiili* ih 'III I'liih'wiiiit i.iuiiittii ut lirll nl' iniiiiii^
I'lrkiii >\ ;ir>HTW, hIh* was It'tWfwr, ut bit i> v<iKiii/i'U n« kJMg l»y llic liiilit ui
«vtuMi> prriiMiliKMi till* I wMii liiu tii'.'ii .itri'.tils riluliil in tli>' prtii.iiitg iiigi^ iiiuli r
*li>' Imtiirv III I'.iikI.iiiiI. II> iir« IkIi.ini'I \«iili iiioil. uiiiun l>iu.iril« liii unloitunai,
I'lili/.tMH, ami v%a. iiiiili nil il Miili u <|iiiiiii|{ I tic Iriili iiolnlii^ M l.iki' ii iVilli ii,ii|| i,|
»ill> i^i.iiiK' III lii> i;i)UTiiiiu'iit I III* I' iiily lijtl ilir ili'liifil I III ' I. titiiiiig ilu' ailiniiii.
llriilhMi ill tlh' iMii t-arli ut kilihirc, tin' curl of Siirr)', uiul llu* lurl ol UriiuiuO.
iliiii\ \ III ^llVk•rlu<l Ireland li\ t\t|i|)<irlMi)( iti iliitl* »^aillll oat li oilier ^ liiii Hu*
I ni|iri<>r ('liarli>i \ i-iiili avxurin^ l>i i{aiM liittii In liu iiit> rtll, liiury niiitlr lijii n.i
liiial l<iii. till- iliik> III KiiliiMiiiiil.liu l>irtl-li>'ui('nunt. Tin. iIhI mil pri vtiil llioiriili
troiii liiiMkiiigiMit iiit.in IH-Iliiiii in llii' )>ar 1 440, nhtl> r In/, (ii ralil, wlinlud Uvu
lortl il<'|iiilv, anil wjih mdii nvi'r In llu- fiii|H'riir. Inil Ma* ai lull liaii);iil ul I yburii
Al'li'r ilii*, liu liiiiiK' III \ntliia t>uintl ill. n aiiuunt, in lluir i|U4rri-U with hii^^Und,
ti< loiin a llioii^ parly aniinii; llu- Itiili
Alioiii liifviar lyf'. J"»i»^ ^ V\\\v, of Si ciil.inil, I'lirnioil funic iiivlonliiiiM lo
llu- iiiivMi III lii'laiiil, anil wan ra\>iiiri-J liy a llrl•ll^ party aiiumg llu- Irilli tluni
I't-lvi-ii, ll in hard to l'.iv, hail hi- li\i-il, \s\\M the innlcipiciui' ol' hit iliiiin nii^lii
liavi- lut n llrnrv iniili rllixiil thai the Inlli hnd a iiuaii (ipiiiinii nl liii diuinh,
llu' kint;> III l''.n)(lanil hail Inllurln allnniKl im lii^lur litl>- ilian tliat nl' JMnni >it'|
latul II.' tlun Inti- link tliatnl km; ul In land, uliiili li.iil a ^ual klK-cl Willi ||io
iiali\v- liilli. will) tli>iii);lii that ailixiaiK'i- wan imt diu' to a Initl , and, In Ipvak ili>*
iMith. it wa<t tuitu'whal t'urpiiliii^ tli.il ihiH (-xptdii-iit was not tliouKlit ol' liiinnv
Ul
ro-
Itp
dtii I'd
;i Dior.
llian t'N. r ti.id Im 11 knoNxii^
pitlrcl ridnnitlmn i>t itu- iiatiNc Itilli to II.iiis'n ((iivii'iin
ind
I'lif,
I V-
I (>'\i ll, who pikikiuli'il III Ih- riuiillm in |||,
l.ill p.iraniiiunl kill^ ul Ireland. Iwori.' ulU'^iaiuv to llcnry, who crculkd him carlut'
Tvi.
l|K'
Mlil-
Tlu' popi-, howi-vor, and tlu- prhuo^ ol" llu- hoiifi- of Autlria, hy remitting
luy ami Ioiik tinu % i'cndint; Kwr ti.iiip<, to tlu- liidi, llill kipt np their inlerell in tli.it
kin'^^diiin. .itid drew ttoni liuin \aii nnniln-rN ol mum in ih.ir arniie>, \\!u-retluy
pio\« d as ^Olld toldiiT^ ai .inv ill I'.niope riuMU.ilid iiu'spii ihlile dillu iiitii-H tu
the I'.njjiilh j;o\ernnient, e\eii in the reiun ot l-.ilw.iid \ |. luil it i-. reniaikalde. tliat
Ion.
ml III. \
tlu- Kt lorniation look plan- in the l-ai^lilli pait ol lieland with hitle oriiooppulii
'I he Irilh t'eeni to have lu-en vi ry (piul dining the 1. i;;n ol i|iu'eii .\lai\ ; luii 1
pioxii ilinihH ni the lule ol (|neen I'.li/alieth The petpetn.il dilpntes llu liail \miIi
the Ki.inan (.ithoiu s hoih at hotne and ahioad, ^.i\\' her ^le.it ntu-ainuisi and ttu>
iiope and the lioiile ul \nllria alwav.s loe id new rilotirds ai;ainll her in Ireland,
riie .S|ianiard<< poll, lied ih. nitelve.-. ot' Kinl'ale ; and th - retiellions o| rvrone, vvlm
lialii. .1 and ontvMlud lui Ms. unite general the earl 1 1° l-.lle.x, are related in llic
l-'aii;!.!!! hiliorx
Ihe loiil «le]inty Monntloy, who fiueeedtd I'lh \. was the tnii I'lif-lilhinan whu
paxe a inuilal hlow lo llu- piav'tie. s ot' llu- SpaiuanU in Inland, l>'. ik li.iiiiiL' il
lem
e \\ii>
and the Irilh hefoie Kiiilale, and iMin^ini; rvrone pMlonei lo l'al^lalull where Ti
paid.inid ll) ipu'i 11 l-li,al>. ih in ido;. I hi> ie.nlN. lluwii t.i I'liili an olleiuiiT.
n pr ml ol the dreadhil .ippn henliouN I'Ji/.aluth had liotn the popilh iiilcicll in ire-
land. James I. loiitirnud the iiolhllumsot' ihi- liilh ; hut hu h was the inliiuiui- 1>|"
the poj i« and the .Spam. nils, that tlu' i-aiN it' Ixriau- and Tvri omul, .iiid tlu ir p.ir-
it. piaut.Ld a iiLW ubeihou, and atiwopted tu I'lui. the calilc ot Dublia , bul t
I
ptoi
I
L
N
41J
f»"rviic«
iiiiil lit;
I ll>rir>
■ » lu' ihi'
llu'ir 111-
itiiitiiiK
lulls »i
It iiiitlir
• )||UI|||I<
II Olltll Hi
■ ailniiiti-
Ornuiiul
, llUl till-
l> lii^ na-
I llu'lriili
ll.tll iK-t'll
. lylturii
I'.tiglaiid,
•nfionH to
rilli tlu-ni-
III! ini^lii
li^iuiN, ai
(iU III Iro-
I with tlic
Ipvak ill.'
ul lu'lliti'.
vvruiiuiit,
llui to iIk-
liiii I'.iiliil'
tliiii; mo-
V ll ill tli.it
!u'ri' tluy
U. lllli>S III
.ililv.iliat
lipiiulitiiin.
, (nil llus
hail ^Mtll
, ami ills'
ill lu'Iaiul.
|riiiu', wli'i
I in llic
iiiiun wlio
ili. ;: iLia
llT*.' lll'\Sil>
ItlriuUr. i>
icli ill Iri.'-
llUlCIM >'t
thiir p.ii
Liut llK'ir
\ lot
fifi*! Mng4Apt'H, lh«ir th'\ef% H«(i hevnnd finv 'I'htr wi rr nnl icIU ahrfMil. fur
«ii i(»^)i) imrjr tnWtrtlnl lir (Tallin 0'i)righarty lo u tri Ih kIk IIiimi. Iiy prumiling Imii
(iH't-«ly fii|>|)llv»i)r IM< 11 ntui iiionry >i»rn N|i4iii .Sir Caltirt «va« lluin, ■nd liiii uil>
If rt'i>lK %^> ri' inki'ii nml r\i*« iiliil. I he wiLntulrr^ of iht IrJh ri-b<'!<, whicli imflol
III llu' rriK»« lit J.tiiifii mill I'.liiittlK'ih, vi'ih'tl m llic 1 rnwii 51 1.4^4 utrr*, in tlic fi'^
\. rill t oviiitir*!)! I><ini';;.ill, 'IVrniu', Kt'rmiiiiti((li,('itli'r.iiiu , ('avHn,iiii<l .\rnul^htlltll|
tii.iU!i'«l iIm' kiiiK i>iiiii'« lliul |iriili'lluni jiliiiiiaiiiin in llit* Niirilt ot Inluiul, wliith
ii.)W, iVoin lh(* iiMli r«'lKlli>)Ut proviiua o| ilu kiii|{iloni, i> tlic iiiull «|kiiit ttn'l inoU
ilMlllllliiUK,
IIimIi- |M<).lioi«i«i<i nlinin(l*r«, tiowpvpr luft nnd nctiirtiry llirv iiilftlit Ik*, npt'MtctI
. . ic , „ . ,
t'lltlly tor (III I'.i^lilti ill tlio lA'iKit <it' Cliiirli't I. 'Hit- Irilli kiniiait ('i<lliiilii>, in
. mrttl, wiTk- iitllui'iii > (I liy llu'tr firitllt Id Iioih' noi inly in rctinll '!« llu* luiuU nl'
a, ir r<iri l.-iilu'r*, Ittii t* r>'ll<ir>' llic |>ii])iili nliKioii in ir* huul. ||ii<y ilurrlnrc fit-
\. r> ll into •! ill > |> ami ili-ti'tl>tl)!i' iiiiif|iiiaiy Inr inatlai rin;; uU ilii' I'.n^lidi |iriii< |IhiiI«
llial kingiliMii. In tliii tlu'y wirr I'liruiiruKcd liy iIk' iiiili.i|nty ilillinliun* iliat
!i'
Ml
f
liroki' i>ul Ih'Iwi'i n tlu- kini; ami lii> |iatliani< nit in l',ii|{l mil mhI .V'liLind. llivir
liliLiily |ilan l>> n){ ilil< nvi'ii'd liy llic Kniililli Knviriinu lit ai Dulilin. |>(vvi'ntcd
llial lily trotii talliiiK inln llii-ir liundt. 'Ilu'v, liowi'Vi'i, pariU i-xiriilnl, in ia^i,
lliiir horrid fi hi'iiU' 1 1 nmllai n* 1 Imt aitthnrvftavr not ugunl a> !•' llir ntinilu'iH wlio
Hirr nnirilirnl; jtirhiipH ilu'v linvi' lu'iii i'sagj;or:ii.d l»\ warm pruiill mi wriU'ri,
|i.iiu-i>« whom niiki' llu III " uinnini loan liniulrril and hliy.nr two liiniitii d lluui-
■* land, lull llii' mull mi>il< rai>', ami |iiiiImIiIv the nmll ri'nl<>nul<i>' iKimiiil ik, ihat llu y
"wi'r< ulxiiit tolly thoiiland *," What lollnwid in ionl'v'i|tiiiui' ol ihu uIkIIiuii,
iiiiil ihf rtiliit'liiiii ol lirlaiid hy ('rntiiwi II, who ri'talialid the 1 rit.ltii'i nl ihi* Itilli
|ia|)ilU, In li>m;s to till' hillxrN i>l l.iif^land. ll it nrlain tin > liuarlid luliNcnK,
lluil tlii'v wrir i|iiii t dining ihc iri^'iinl (liarUt ||, Hit |»>|iiili jiuittlrtr u.id hm.
liur J.iim t II. rvin alii 1 the Ui Miliiiiim Inuk |ilair, toiiiid an :il\Uiin 'i> In !,mdi aii>l
wan riUKiiiiiKi'd tohii|U', ihat, hy thi' aU.lliiiuc ut llir iiaiivi'<« thin , liv mi^hi rcnmunl
liit ihioiir : hilt hi' wan ill I livid, and hit nwn |itil>llanimily iii-iipi tuu d with hin
ilira|i|>ninliiirtil. Hi* wnmlrivin niit i>l Iri land liy hii h iiin-l:iw. atti r ihr liailk' ol'
ihi' lioytu', thi* only viftnrv that kin){ \\ illiatii vur ;(aiiii'd in )iiilon ; ti vidory,
hiitvi wr, on wliiili ili'|n mlrd ilu' l.iUly ■>! the protoilant ri'li|[{ioii, and the lilKriici
I'l llu Itrililh i'ni|iirr I lad Jaiiu s lui n \icli<h-iiii<, hi* prohahly would liaM' luni
n mil all il on I hi' lhroiu',;ind notliiii); illV tniild \h- i'\|h cti d ihini that liiin^ iirii.iud
lit >ip|iiililiiin, viilorimi i iiVi'r hit i.ni inics, and trrr linniiMiy rillraiiil, hi' would
lia\r tiampli d upon all ii",lil .,< isil and rrliL;iiiiis. and piirliiMl imirr arliiliary lU li^iu
liian iH'loir. I In army ol \\ illiain 1 unliltid >it ;'),otio turn, that ot Jaim -i ot' ; ;,o 00
aih.iiita^i-onllv polK-d. Ihil Jaiiiis loti^ht at ilu' In ud ol' an inidiUipliiKd lali*
hli' , ami hi. Irmih anxiliaiiis win- lar Irmn liihavlm^ liki' Inroi s,
'llu torhiiiiris ihat till to tlu' uown. on aitmnit ot iho Iriih nliellionH and llu;
Ki'Mihitioit, ari' almoli iiuridihli'i and had thf .nets ot parlianunt which ^axi' lluni
aw.u hi 11 llrii'lly I'lilon rd, In land imitt havi linn pi'iiplrd \v nh liritith ii liahitaiiu,
lint mail, politu.d ri'aloiiMKi inii'd li>r iintdiiNin^ llu Inlh to di I'pair. llu- I'licmU
lit till' Uivolntion and ihr I'mii Ihitii n lic^ion wiri' I'nliii U'nily j;raiitiid out ol' lIic
lo'i imiiiN ol llii' KiMiuin C'alhnliis mi^hl Lavr lu'in tourd
(1 ri ill d I'llati
iii.iii
Kriiad; and it was pritur ihat a due haluMi' ihoiilil lu' piilirvid lutwecii tlu- Uo
Caiholic and the rroii llaiil intir. 11, It was tlii'U'Uiri; thoiij;hl prndi'iit to re-
!.i\ thi' niiis I'l miM'innii lit, ai.d mil to pm t!ii' t'luliitnris ton ngoioullx iiito i\
u lit Mill, 'I ho CNji' rii'iiio ot' hall a n ntiii\ Iuim .'nliriin.'il tlu' w ildotii ol ilir ah. >\c
miiiiilrrnti.ins. l lu' Ki.ily nt iIk' nu;iliiri> pniliml U'waid ihv Inlh Koin.ni la.
lliclici, iiiid tlir }{ii.at paiiiM lakiii lor the iiiltiuctioii ot' tlnii i.hildri.it, wiiit ihv
» N'c Ihii.i'- llift. i»f Fai-'iiul vc 1 vl. \>. J77, ll»o. tUil.
7
prog 1 1' fs
4i6
I
R
K
1,
N
D.
proj^rers wliuh knowli-dgc and the arts made in that country, greatly diminiflied ihi;
pipilli iiucipll. 'I Ir- Ipiiit of indiifiry enabled the Irillitoknuw their own ftrongtii
Hiui importance; toward) vhi<-h eflciLt foine accidental circumnances concurred.
All her ports were npcncil for ihi- oxporlation of wool and woollen yarn toany pait
of Groat Britain ; and of lair v'ars, ach of parliament were made occaiiotial'ly for
pprniittinR tliv importation of lalt beef, pork, butter, cattle, and tallow, from lie.
land to Cireat iiritain.
But though fome laws and roj^ulations had occafionally taken place favourahlo
to Inlanil, it mull Ik- iicknowlodjjed, that the inhabitants of that country lubouri>d
under conliderabie >;rio\ance>, ig confe(nience of fiindry injudicious rcli'-aints of
til • ])arliamint of Isn^land rofpeCtin^; tlicir trade. 'I hcfe iclhaints had injured
In land without benditing (Jreat Britain. 'I he Irilh had been prohibited from
luanufai turin^ their own wool, in order to favour the woollen manufackory of Kng.
land ; the confeiiuence of which was, that the Irilh wool was fnniggled over into
Krance, and the people of that country were thereby enabled to rival us in our
-woollen manufacture, and to deprive us of apart of that trade. An embargo had
alfo been laid on the exportation of pruvilions from Ireland, which had been ex-
tremely prejudicial to that kingdom. The dillrelTes of the Irilh manufacturer!),
as well as ihofe of (ireat Britain, had likewife been much incivafed by the confc-
quences of the American war. Thefe circumllances occalioned great murmuring
in Ireland, and fome unfuccefsful attempts were made for the relief of the inhabit-
ants of that kingdom, in the Britilh parliament. But a large body of the king's
troops being withdrawn from Ireland, in order to be employed in the American
war, a conliderable number of Irilh gentlemen, farmers, traders, and other perfons,
armed and formed themfelves into volunteer alTociatiuns, tor the defence of^Ireland
iigainft foreign invaders. By degrees, thefe volunteer aflbcialions became numerous
and well-difciplined : and it was foon difcovercd, that they were inclined to main-
tain their rights at home, as well as to defend themfelves againrt foreign enemies.
\\ hen thefe armed alfociations became numerous and formidable, the Irilli bean
to affume an higher tone than that to which they had befoie beer, accullomed; and
it was foon maiiifeft, that their rcnumftrances met with unufual attention, both
from their own parliament and from that of Great Britain. Ihe latter, on the ntii
of May I 779, prefenled an addrefs to the king, recommending to his majefty's moll
fcrious conlideration the didrelled and impoverithed (late of the loyal and well-do-
ferving people of Ireland, and deliring him to dirett that there Ihould be prepared,
junl laiil bitore |)arliameiit, fueh particulars relative to the trade and manuf: lures
of (Jrcat Britain and Irelaiul, as lliould enable the national wifdom to purine eftec-
tnal meafurcs for promoting the common llrength, wealth, and commerce of his
liiajifly's fiibjedts in both kingdoms. To this addrels the king returned a tavoiirable
anfwcr : and in October, the fame year, both hoiifes of the Irilh parliament alfo
prefenled addrelies to his majelly, in which they di.clared,lhat notlung but granting
Ireland a tne trade could lave it from ruin. jNotwithltanding which, it being foon
alter fufpecteil by many of the ])eople of that kingdom, that the members of
their parliament would not exert tiicmfelves with vigour in promoting the intertfts
of the nation, a very daring and numerous mob allend)led before the parliaii.cnt-
houfe in Dublin, crying out for a /ref trade, and a Jhort mo>ie\-bill. Thev aii'auited
the members, and endeavoured to compel them to Iwiar, that they would fujiport
the inlereli of their i^uuntry by voting tor a Ihort money-bill ; and thev demolillied
the lioufe of the attorney general. I lie tunudt at length fuhlnled ; and two Iriih
money-l)ills, for lix months oidy, wore lent over to Kntjlancl, whore ihoy paikd tin:
great feal, and were inmiediatoly leturned, witliout an} dillatistatlion being o.\prcli-
ed by government at this limited grant.
Jn the moan time, tiie members of the oppollliun, in the Britilh parliament,
\ory
' K E
vrrv rtronijIyrcnrcf,.nf^,i .u "^ ^ D.
-l.;.y,„,,™vinsi„,ir,i,,Cfcf™-"U „,
'"al c om„,,,.,i,, ,-,, V'^'V" '^'•"■S in fuch I,i||s ; s „; ' "['fa'n.atleiig.l, i,„j,;':,
"'"^ h all thofc ac v,r. r ' ^Tf ^'^'^^•'«"d a ' '"''"''•'^''^ ^" afford "l J '
-"uraaures ^-mM:;;.; ';;;;- .-^-hh., proles; h::^!;^;;;^^^ pa-iuu:;
to-c.i^n countries had boon rX-.' , "^^' ^^ "''"cli tlu> .r-.^l ' r /'"" <'f wool],.;,
'vuvM Ireland and the rVwm ',""'''« ""^ '" "'aslik ' r "^. ^''»' kingdom t
an.e manner, and fuhjeft o iml:^^'''^'''; ^'""'d fx^ alio vo .oT '"■'"' '''"^ "h-
tli^' rpirit which had been „v>'a"" "''''^ ''^^""^•d in pubH r P^^''^'"'^'"* to .nakt
t'uir parliament from fl, . '" '" P-''tnots ; and it il; ^f . '^'"'' «'"s much
-f>cal'<J. and the co n rcia '.T' "' '"-'"'ifk.'.c bu t llS""' "■''"> »° -'"
'•'^'^ "i'vatly contnbS ,o n / f"'?S^''' "^''^^'^^ them bv h . a '^''' "^"'^'-^^ards
I'.v tl)e act repealin Jle ft " r V" r ''"" '"•"'"P^ity of reh, d A^, '"r ''^^•''' ^«^oi,r
.I>'<'^-'/ nnancipated from H "-n "..^''' "^" «eorge ,hev ?; "^^ K^"'"'^ "'^'"erved
jurirjrclion of Ihe Ur U ou/""/^"^'""."^" '^'^ «r t n/ pi,";:"?' *Hl[y "nd com!
P»i >ical connexion w hri';''^ru7^ '" '"'«' caufe S !lf "' •'' ^^' '""l*^-'"'--
7'larily fubjeit to thJi n', eW 1^ r ^""^ ^''''"''^^i 'n he ftmf t' '^"'»v 'educed
"'"■•'""^"d f.> great an extZr VT!' "^ ^^^'•''t Britain H?.? ^'"f ''"'^'^^d 'sne-
"'■" t^-nninate to h i c- ' "" '" 'Y'' "^^"'^-S it "rv n a'""?^ ^^^^ '""> l>a" e '
=:^will promote the CrtV T'l' '''"' ^^'"'•"^•^•^i-n b^^^^^^^^^ remaining to
J ii *■' '"'"o ua» aJiiicicd, in
li;e
4i8
I
N
D.
the autumn of 1 7S8, the lords and commons of Ireland lamc to a refolution to
addicfs tlif prince of Wales, rcqueHins him to take upon him tlic government of
tliat itinfjdom during his Mnjeftys inditpofition, under the ftyle and title of Prince
Regent ot Ireland, and to exercile and adininifter, according to the laws and confti.
tution of the realm, all the royal authorities, jurifdirtions, and prerogatives, to the
crown and government thereof belonging. '1 ne Marquis of Buckingham, being then
lord lieutenant, having declined prelcntmg the nddrefs, iis contrary to his oatii and
the laws, the two houl'es refolved on appointing delegates tVom each : the lords ap-
pointed lliiduke of Leinfter, and the earlof Chailemont ; and the commons, four of
their members. The delegates proceeded to London, and nrelenled the addrefs to his
royal highnefs.by whom they were mod gracioully received; but hismaieAy having, to
the infinite joy of all his fubjeHs, recovered from his fevere indifpofition, the prince
returned them an anfwer fraught with the warmeil fentiments of regard for the kinc
dom, and of gratitude to parliament, for the generous manner in which they pro-
pofed inverting him with the regency, but, that the happy recovery of his rojal
father had now rendered his acceptance of it unneceirary.
The parliament of Ireland has extended liberal indulgences to the Roman Ca-
tholics of that kingdom, by ertablilhing the legality of intermarriage between them
and the Proteftants, by admitting them to the profelFion of the law, and the bene-
fit of education, and by removing all obftrutlions upon their indurtry in trade and
manufailure. A redprotal preference in the corn-trade with Britain has been
crtablitlied. Further progrefs has been made in checking the immoderate ufc of
fpirituous liquors ; and fome wife inftitutions have been ordained for the regula-
tion of charitable foundations.
In the year 1793, in confeouence of the concefllons of government, a bill pnlT-
cd the legiflature, by which the Roman Catholics, beiiijj freeholders, are entitled
to vote for members to ferve in parliament. The patriots of Ireland have been
lefs fuccefsful, in their attempt to procure a reform of parliament ilfelf, as notwith-
(tanding the refolution in the beginning of the fellion to inquire into the rtate of
the reprefentation, nothing efTettual has been done ; the times difcouraging uftful
innovations from thejurt dread of ruinous or hurtful ones.
Early in the felfion of this year, a fecret committee of the houfe of lords was form
rd to inquire into the rife and progrefs of that feditious fpii it, which appeared in dif.
ferent parts of the kingdom. Alter fume time fpL-iit in the iiujuiry, the ficrct
coinmilU'e made a report of their difeovcries, in whitli tliey declared that feJitiou'!
clubs and nieelinijs had In-en held in various parts of the kingdom, and that feveral
of thefe advocates for liberty had alTanied the national cockade, appeared in arni.s,
and committed various iiifulls upon ihe eliablilhed modes of government. The
lord lieutenant and council, therefore, ilTued a i>roelaination, grounded on tlic
above report, directing the magirtrates and peace othcers of the town of liel-
t'alV, and tlie difiricts adjacent, to difperfe all feditious and unlawful armed afiem-
hlies, and if tliey fhall be relifted, to ap[)reheiul tlie oU'enders, that they may be
dealt with according to law.
'ihe embodying of tlie militia in this kingdom has created riots and dillurl)-
ances in dill'erent places. y\t Calilereaijli in i)articular, on the 28ih of June ny^,
feveral perfons were killed, and the mob witlillood a party of the militarv for fevcriil
liours. Subfecjueiit to tliat time tliere have bein various meetings tjf rioters aia!
armed men in the otlur parts of the kiii'jdoni, ami in attempting lo quell tlieai, the
military Iia\e been oblimd to kill many, and have difperfed the infurgents, at t!ic
cxpence of feveral of their (/wn men.
The government of Ireland, apprehenlive of the confKiuences whieh nili^lit at-
tend popular meetings, have palled into a law, an act '• tj prevent illeijal ..iicii!-
9 biiii
rioters ar.d
F
N
E.
TTAVING gone over tliP f
Length
Breadth
Extent akdSiti;ation.
Degrees.
Miles.
500 J between J 5 Weft and 8 Eaft longitude
C-taining .60.374 fquare .i,., ii .^^ ,1' ^'-^ '"''"^'
>ARtKs.l ,.:.K..._. .. "'3^'nhabuantstoeach.
BoiTNDARiEsl I.- K '""'"3^ '"habitants to each. •
3 II
Di
>iSION».
410
N
E.
DivisiANi.] The nnricnt provinces of this kingdom have bten divided by the
national afli-mbly into eighty-three departments * as follow :
Dcpartmrntt.
a riUiit
o
n
SriNK Rnd Oiii .
Sunk mid Maini
OHK .
Aihnk
SiiMMK, Picarilt
Cai.. SiRAiOHii, Arfii
NoRTX, FlttHiltn •
Lower Seine
Cai.vadui -
Orne ...
Kll«K •
Channel -
I111.K and Vii.LAiNB
Lower Luiik
FiNlKlKRItK .
North Coait
MnRBIHAN -
V 1 K N N t
VkNDIiB
Two StiVREI
Lower Charentb
(ilKONIlK
U|iper \'if NNK
l.O I .111(1 Uakonne
AviKRON
DoKDOONE -
X.Ol . - .
Ckrs
rpi'''' I'VRKNHES
Lower Ps Rh NtKS
Landk*
Kail I'yreni. F.s
I'ppiT ClARONNt .
Gard
HlRAUIT -
Abriecb
Tarne
A u n E
1 o z I r r
Moij riis of Khonb
Var -
Lower Ai.p»
Chief Towni.
NTar 48.
K.Lon. a.
''rrriiillci
Pa
V
Melun
Beau vail
Lroii
Ainieni
Arras
Lifle
Kouen
Cnen
Alenfon
Evreiix
Coiitaiice
Rennet
Nante*
Hrefl
St. Hrleux
Vannes
Poitier*
Koiitenai-compte
Niort
Sautes
Hniirdeaux
Limoges
Agen
Kodrz
I'erigiieux
Cahort
A nth
Tarbc
I'aii
Marfan
I'crpij^nan
Toiiliiufc
Nifnifs *
Monti>elier
Koi \
t'.illrts
Can ilfoniie
Mrndt
\ix
Ton Ion
Dijiie
l.\
InUnil Dep Brlmenti.
r MoiBlLB - ~
1 VolOEl
jMlUBIB
'Mbvib
Lower Rhine
Upper Rhini
Aubb
Marnb
Upper Mabni
AlDBNN"
( Dot.
» hiRA -
f Upper Saonb
fCoTB D'Ob
/ Saonb and Loire
JYoNNK
thit*.
1 Drome
J Upper Alm
(Ardrchb
Rhomb and Loire
( i'uY DE Dome
J Cantai
Upper Loire, k'llay
CoREZE, l.imtjm •
Cr£II!.e, Marcke ■
Charentb, Atj^tum,
Al.LlER, Bci/ricnnoii
fCHBR
.^ AiN
f Inure
Inure tnd Loire, Ttur.
Sartk
Mayennb •
Maine and Loire
fLoiRlT
^ KuRE Rnd Loire -
( Loire and C'hkr -
NiEVRE, NiVrrrilil
CoRMi A ilUnd, i.iiiil,
uniltil to lilt crr.un pj
H'rni Biitii:n
Avi^nni iitiiil'fMinJriii iven
in ihii ilfparlnuHl.
Chief Townn.
mrt
Epiii*!
Nanci
Barleduc
Stralbourg
Colmar
Troyei
Ch^luni
Cliaiimont
Mezlerei '
Befiincoiv
Dol
Vefoul
Dijon
Macon
Auxerre
Grenoble
Romani
Gap
PrivM
Lyons
Clermont,
St. Flour
Le I'uy
Tulle
(iuerrt
Angoulcme
Moulins
Bourges
Uoiirg
Chateauxroux
Tours
Le Mans
Laval
Angers
Orleans
Chartris ,
Biois
NevtTk
Baflia.
Name anu cmmate.] France took its name from the Francs, or Freeme>;,/d
German nation, n lUi-fs and entc-rprilin;;, \vlu» conquered tin.- Gauls, thi- ancient
inhabitants ; and tlie Roman force not being abli' to repn fs them, they were pcr-
niitted to fettle in the country by treaty. Hy its fituation, it ib the moll cnmp:i6t
kinm'.oni perl".a|>s in the worlil, ami woJI fittrd fur every purpofe both of power
and cor.niu TCe ; and linee the befjiiminjr of ilic 1 ;th century, the inhabitants linve
availed thenifelvis of many of their natural advantam's. llie air, parliculariv
that of the interior parts of the kin<fdoni, is, in geneial, niild and wholtkmit,
* l-'nmr, niaily a fipiari', was diviilni intu K3
DrPARi MIN i«, iuluiliri;; I'lirtKu. I^viry lii-
partincm !■> (iil).ii\ iilcil into Uuirk is, in ;.ll 547;
i.inl t.i!) (iillriit into Can ION'S. The aliovc i.rc
tlif I liii'l tou Mb ol i.K li tlrl;3rtinciit, and alio ot li;c
tliftrifl-. The new ilepartriient of Sa\ov, wliith
tiirm-v tlic b'4t'', is imt Uildcd, it tuiiij; at prrltiit
uiKcriaiii h hcthtr it will ttnitinuc itj coiii.tfl.ou
with iTani-C'.
but
F R
j^ ^k ^«
'•-nglimci. In .k,. „"!^""'' 'hat
their weather is „,„rc d. .V / '"'vniitiigos. I, ninif : . '^ ^^^ncHts of thfi!
v.nc„. however, he wt.."^ ^'''^'"^ '^•"•« i" L"! , '"^^'^-d be owned thaT
..Sort AND WATER.J 'VvL^VL ?"'"':■" ''*'^''<'«y of ^^^^^^ '"habitant* „«[ fo
;;;--, '' Y h^lt/iiit 1^: ;;:;; -^7 i^e pX;;^!^;;;:;'^;£j-eahi;K::
ants, having ben, u , V '■';''^. ""^"^l'^' '' " V ..u V''. '^^'"''^ "'^' P' r i,d f
t" I'roduce this ^'flc "u h of" fhe '."'T' *' ^^"'w ih L -;• '"''""r. havo not a .
|)".'v.nces. as Alfacx- a i I „" , '""^ ''^■'"'•'ins uncn Vn T' ^'■''"* '"'^"'•"^ niai.
duco fu«K icnt corn f„r if- i'V /'"''"P^'' ""^' >«-a w ith T"' '^^'^ 'his'article
. Ihc. French lately c^, T "''^^^ '^"^^' %'l iiVs
n.'us title to their iLk 1 •'''A'.'"'' '° '""PPly the lof. .T'' "i "ff'''-"lf"re
p-"!-- ior ilsl^i::;,^^;^!;^^^^^^ .heir ;
"--''^ .lrhey,nay'bein^:-:..lV'>glm.d, but tlK"i^^^' »"'' I^o^
. "^ . '••^ir lands, by ii
pruniv-is for its improvemenls -.c • "t."^"""""^"** of a£rricuir,.r - ■;-" preca-
'"ceds d they mayW in k ieu • r '"/"S'''''^ ' »^"' tlSvev '.""'' '"""P^fing
;'! !"iy but a fVee country «K . '""""^". can never ,- '•^P*^^'^""'^, howeve?
l"s labour, which Hr^.m l7'" •''^'^"«'-'"J'>'an is fure t" ?.? "^''^"^■"" "til y
pui.lKa/Tairs. Non-.ti n ; ""? ''""' ^••''■^' in the >, . r "V"''"y"'K the fruit J
^•"Wi"fs. for all the cn^„ "'"'"""' '""•"-• ^-xcelle U V"'' ^holefoine fpri,, '
Km- K.SAM,,,, .s ] Tk- ,t r-"'r^*' "^' ^"v.Tff i ■'■ ^"■"^'"^■^' '"■ l-=-n-
'••<: (^ar„„,K-, and ,hc .sie '"-./'"'VP-'' ''^^Ts in Franc, nro ,(, , •
l^-..^.,;vi,h an it. ,vindi ; • fro ';\-/'7^" '"'^" "'^ - rr,,;, ■"'",• '^^ ^^'""-.
.'joo miles. 'I he Kh.irll. (, >'•'• fourcc to the f,- ' '""' "ortli-u,.,;
"'ii^h falls into the K ' '"' "' ""^'■c. 'j',, j ,,;"" '""J ^^«uni. i„ j,, , '
r.L-s in .S\vi'v..,.i.,,,,r ; ','■" """ "'e i)ay of |ii|-.^^ ... . , " " ^'^'^ near Havre rl,
»■■« .l,,„„,.h ,.„.-,„,v, »,;,! ';;,'" "," l'v!'^'S'- ii..' .N , ■ • vL ■"'"''"•'■• »"'!
4"
N
E.
'rh>? vnft ;idvnnfnge, both in commrrtx* nnd convcnimry, which nrif-s to Frnnce
fvo\u ihcfi- rivers, is womliTrully im|)rovctl l»y iIh- jirtitii jal canal'i wriih torm the
iliiil j{''"'y "' '''*■' f^"'!''! "• I.twli \IV. Ihat (tt Ijiiigiiidoc was iiguu in tlic
year lOOO, and coiTiploiiu-d in luHo: it was iiiti-ndod tur n cotnnuniicution bf-
twocn the (Hinn ai d ilic Mv-ditinani-an, for ihi- fju-fdiir pallaijc of lin- French
II. et ; l)iit ihiMijj)i it was carried on at an iniinenle cx|)eiite, for too miles, over
liilU and valliei, and even throiigli a mountain in one |)lace, it han not ai.fwercd
the end in view, by llie canal of Calais, travellers ealily pafs liy water from
tluMU'* li> St. Onier, Graveline. Dunkirk, ^ pres, and other places. 'Ihe canal
t'l Orlenns ii> anollier nohie work, and runs a courfe of einhtcen leagues, to the
iiiiiiuiilv' benefit of commerce and tlie revenue. Irance abounds with other
canals of the like kind, which render her inland navi^Mtion hii^hly commodious
ai.il heiH-licial.
Tew lakes are found in this country. There is one at the top of a hill near
\Ii;;i-e, which the vulvar report to be boltoinlefs. There is another at llfoirc, in
.\avvi;;iH' ; and one at La Uelle, in which if you throw a Hone, it caufes a noifc
li'%<' tliiinder.
Mi-' i.r.\l wa ri.ns and » The waters of Harcfjes, which lie near the borders
rkmahkahlk sprincs. J of Spain, underthe I'yreiiean mountains, have of late
been pnlerred for falubrity to all others in Kranie. 'Ihe bert jiidges tiiink, how-
cv>r, iliat the cures performed by them, are more owing to tlieir accidental fuc-
ccU wiih fume great perfoiis, and the drinefs of the air and foil, than to the
viitueof the waters. Ihe waters of Sultzbach in Alface are faid to cure the
palfy, weak nerves, and the ftone. At Bagncrcs, not far from Bareges, are fe-
veral wholfome minerals and baths, l • which people reforf, as to Hie Knglilh
batli>, at I'pring and autumn. Forges, in Normandy, is celebrated for its mineral
waters ; and iliofc of St. Ainand cure the gravel and obltruttions. It would be
eiidlefs to enumerate all the other real or pretended mineral wells in France, as
well ai many remarkable fprings; but there is one near Aigne in Auvergne, which
boils \iolenlly, ai\d makes a noife like water thrown upon lime; it has little or
jio tiilK', yet pulleires a poifunous quality, and the birds that drink of it die in-
Ihmily.
Mi: r A I.S AND MINERALS.] France has many imworked mim-i, which would
be very productive, if duly attended to, but at prefent do not yield minerals fuf-
ficieni lor coiifimiption ; lliel alone is importid, to the annual value of I2«,oool.
Languedoc is faid to contain veins ot gold and (ilver. Alface has mines ot lilver
and copper, but not rich enough to bear the expenceof working them. Alabafter,
black marble, jafper and coal, are found in many parts of the kingdom. Bretngne
abounds in mines of iron, copper, tin, and lead. Saltpetre is made in every part of the
kingdom, iwnl Jtii-/,i/t is now procured free from opprellive duty, but not remarkable
for Its purity. At Laverdau, in Cominges, there is a mine of chalk. At Berry
there is a mine of oker, which aids the lulion of metals, and is ufed for dying, par-
ticularly the bell drab cloths; and in the province of Anjou, are fcvcral quarries of
fine white ftone. Some excellent tur«juoi(es (the only gem that France produces) arc-
found in Languedoc ; and great care is taken to keep the mines of marble and
free-ftone open all over the kingdom.
Vkcetable akd ANIMAL HRO-i France abouuds 111 excellent roots, in all
DUCTioNS BV SEA AND LAND. 1 kiiids of feafoniug and fallads, and in excel-
lent fruits of all kinds, particularly griipes, tigs, prunes, thefnuts, cyder in the
northern provinces, and capers in the louthern. It produces annually, though
not enough for confumption, above twelve million pounds of tobacco, helides
hemp, flax, manna, fatlron, and many drug->. .Mlace, Burgundy, Lorraine, and
efpecially the Pyrcncc mountains, fupply it plentifully with timber and other
wood.
N
4*3
wood. Silk i^ (o plontit'iilly produced, bcfidrs what it imported, ns to aiFord a
tonlidcrablo trade. 'I'lic eiiitle and lu>rfc» arc neither very iiiinieroiis, nor very
good, hut it hiiN many Hocks of fine Jhctps yet fo great is the confaniption, tliat
both flieep and wool are imported. '1 he |)rovincc uf Catinuis producer great
quantities of fiinVoi) ; 1,600,000 acres are laid out in vineyurdst. '1 he wines of
Cham|>agne, burgundy, (iafconv, Uourdeaux, and otlicr provinces of France,
are fo well known, that ihcy need only be mentioned, it is fuHicient to obferve,
that though they ditVer very fenfibly in their tade and properties, yet all of them
are excellent, particularly thofc ot Champagne, Burgundy, Uourdeuix, Heriuit-
nge, and Krontiniac \ and there arc few conftitutions, be they ever fo valetudi-
nary, to which fome one or other of them is not adapted.
Wine, the ftaple, is made to the value of 15,000,000!. annually, more than an
eighth part of wiiich, belides brandy and vinegar, was cxptirted. Olive-oil u made
ill large (|uantities, particularly in the provinces next the Meditrnanean ; but die
confumjition is fo great, that much of it is imported from Italy: the inferior fort
fuppiies the foan maimfattories, of which there are thii ly-lix at Marfeilles.
Oak, elm, all), and other timber, common in England, is found in Franco ;
hut it is fjid, that ihe internal parts of the kingdom begin to feel the w.iiit of
fuel. A great deal of fait is made at Khee, an*' lout Kodiefort, on the coall of
Saintonj;e. Languedoc produces the herb kali, which, when burnt, makes excel-
lent barilla, or pot-alhes. 'I he French lormerly were tamous for horticulture, but
they are at prclent far inferior to the Knglilh, both in the management and difpo-
filion of their gardens. Prunes and capers are produceil at Uourdeaux and near
Toulon.
France contains few annuals, either wild or tame, that are not to be found in
England, except woKes. 'Iheii liorfes, black cattle, and tlieep, aie tar inferior
to tlie I'.nglifli ; nor is the wool of tlieir Iheep fo fine. 'Ihe hair and (kins of the
chamois t)r mountain goats are very valuable. We kiu)w of no dillVrence between
the marine productions of France ai,il ihofe of I'-ngland, but tii;it the former
is not fo well ierved, even on tlie fea-i<iali>, with fall-water fuh. 'I here is a con-
fidetable herring-hlhery, nnd one for .Mahovies, to the annual ai.iount of 83,000!.
belides more important fitlieries upon the coall of America and Newfoundland.
Forks IS.) 'Ihe eliief t'orells of I'rance are tliofe of Orleans, which cwnlain
14,000 acres of wouil ot' various kiiuk, oak, elm, alh. Sic. and ilie I'lnft of I'on-
taiiibleau near as larj^e ; and near Morchirmoir is a t'orell of tall, l1iai;^ht tinier,
of 4000 trees. iJelules tliefe, large lunnhers of woods, I'oine of iheni del'eivif>»
the name of forefts, lie in dilVerent provinces; but too remote from fea-carriage
to be of nmch national utility.
I'OI'C 1, A I ION, I N 11 A Ml r ANTS, MANNERS,
ccsioMS, ANi> uiVKRsioNs. ) Calculations, I' raiicc Contains at |)
fiiit about 2^,000,000 of inhabiianis. It was lately fuppofed by fome fpetulaiive
nun, tliat the population of France had for many yeai> been upon the decline;
hut, upon :in mcurale li,\ellij;.n'i(iii, the Vi verfv' aiipfiirevl to be the t.ict ; thoug'i
this (.o.intr\ certain!) lull a gieat numl)or ot \.i!i:al>le inhabitants by tl.e uvocation
of llie edii:t of ISaates*. I lie proportion of ihe people i>f England, lo ihol'c of
France, is alVerted lo be as 1 to \\.
'Hk- Ireneh, in ilieir pcrfons, are rather lowvr than tlicir neighbours ; but they
are well pii juriioned and active, 'ihe ladies are celebiated more tor theii fpiight-
Iiitlir)f;ii I v,8. lliiiry IV. w!io was .1 IVo- ccr.ling |TrC-ci'tlons, drove thiU peoplr to Eiii;-
, ] According to the lateft and bell
J calculations, France contains at nre-
ti(>aiil, uiiil Ji 1.) ti.ud ;i'A t.rcit, ctttr ti;litln^
h.s w.'V to t'u ^iwn "t l'i..i.<f, |villiil tilt Unions
tiiifl iV .Naniis, tt ki fn.i.il to t lit I'tntiilants
tl.i frrr t\trLili- 11' ti :r iil;;iiii; luit ll ii tili.l
w;ib rtvukiJ I) i-cn L XI V. Wiiivli, wilti ilit luw-
Imi ', 11(1 1 ,1(1, .,'1^1 (.;' cr I'lolflt.nit >.omi;iiis,
wl e f iiity cll.i'ilid'Cil tl'c i.ik m.iinif 'rtiirf. tr th-
urijt I'lju ke ot to tf uiy tat |-ir'c ...m
lit III. ..ml no li I'd to til.' atlv..ii..tj;t: ul lii..t wtiUll
rck.i.iv'cui!um.
4«4
A
N
K.
♦
ly wit tlmn nrrfi>nnl beauty •, tho iwalantry in ^rnfrnl woio rrmarknhly niiUn.iry,
riul worrlu'lt (lilnitnvl by brif)^ '"nirattrd with thiiffoMlu- f.imo ruiik in Kn^'l.m'l.
'I lie iiohiljty nml ({rniry ncciin |>lii).<'(l th«'mt'« l\t*v in \\w hukU iniisil txprnlc^ ot"
tliiuiiiij, tVtKiii);. and riiliiis^, in th.- piM^fiii' nt' wlm li ihi y i<NiclK«i, 'I hi y wrrc tunii
<it' hiiiiiin:; ; ami tlio f»iMitr> , lii-tun' ihi' U<w»hitltn, hntl Ittt olF ihoir (ii'avv inck-
boiUs, iluir hu^c wai-rultiK', and rni>i)(lii>iiH iutb-l)riiiu' in tliut exmllV, uml sic-
roniMKxIati'd tlu'nil'>. I\i-s to ;ho l''.ni{lil)i talhinn.
The fjiiii.is iirul ni,initci< oi thi- I'mm-i h nro well known, and have luin the
fiibjict (it iiiany ahio pons. A nalional vaniiy i> lh>lr pri-duminanl toiMi- ; jiml
thoy an- |iiiiiaits thi* only in'oplc who haviM...iivA'd j^nal utility t'ntn) this woakni't'x,
It lonrtrni!. tluir I'lnl'i- of lionDnr, (niiMirts thcnt undir mistortiim-s, and iniprU
thcin to ai^ions to whit li tnu" rouni,';i' infpirrs uilior nationx, 'I his chaiactir I, as
lioiMi lonrpi^iious both in tho lii.,hii' and middlinj; ranks, whirc it prodiuis i-mcI-
Irnt otliii IS ; and in ihi- connnon J'.ildiors nt* Kram «.•, who, it n\nll Ik' tond-llcd, m
tho nnlirit war a;»ainll tho nlhod powors, havo dilVovonil prodiijios ot valour.
Tliia iivoly poopio (iifplav tVoodont and wir in ihoir oonvorfation, Tlioir diver-
lions are nuidi tlio fanio with thofo of llio T", iijhili, i)iit ihoir ji;ailantry is of a vory
(iill'oront conipK'xioii. 'I'lioir ationtinn to tho tair doEonriat.s into f^rots loppcry
in tho men, and in tiio hidios it is I'omotinios kopt u|)T)y llio admililon ot indecent
froodoins ; but the fooniinfj levilios otboth I'cxcs are (eidoni attendod with that cri-
minality which, to people not ulod to ihoir manners, tlioy feem to indicate; nor
arc the liulhands I'o indiirorent, as lliangors are apt to imagine, about the conduft
ot their wives, 'llie l-ronch are oxcollivolv crodilous and litigious ; but of all i)eo-
ple in tho world, tliey boar doprelllon ot fortune with the bell grace; though
ni profperity n>any of them are apt to be infolent, vain, arbitrary, and impe-
rious.
'Hie French are, or rather were, eminently dillinguilhod for their politenofs and
good manners, whioli may be traced, tliougli in difTorent proportions, through every
onlor of locioty. Indeed, tho poliihod niildnofs of I'rench manners, and tiie cay
and fociable turn of tho nation, havo been much confured lor inlincority ; but this
charge has boon carried too far, and the imputation is generally owing to th(.ir o\-
cofs of civility, wliioh llirows a fur|)ici(»us light upon their candour. The Fionoli,
in private lite, havo cortaiidy many amiable qualities, and a great number of in-
llaiices of gonorolity and dilinterellednefs may be found amongtl them.
'I lie French long ijoflollod the load in tafte, falhion, and drefs ; but it feems now
to be in the wane, and, before the profont troubles, thov thought very favourably of
tiio l'".n<(!!lli. IVopIo of talliion in Franco then Ihiiliod the Knglilh language, and
imiiaiid ili( in in their cu(ioins,amufeiuents, drefs, and buiKlings. They imitated a-id
admired our writers; tho names of Bacon, Locke, .Newton, Millon, Pone, Addifon,
Hume, Robertlon, Riohardlon, and many others of the laft and prelont tenturv.
Were I'acrod among the Fronoh of a;iy education ; and, to tay the truth, ilie writ-
ings of fuili men iiave ocjually confrilmiod, with our mililarv reputation, ti> raile
the name of (< real Britain lo that dogroo in which il is now hold hv foreign nations ;
and to render the knowledge ot our iangiiage an ornamental and almott nooeirarv
acooinpliihment. But we canni)t <]uit this article of the manners and culio.nsof
the I'reiioli, without giving a more minute view of fime (Iriking peculiarities
recoiUiy prevailing among this people, from the remarks of a late iiigeiiious
recoiuiy prevaiinig among tins people, Ir
traveller, who was alio dillinguillied by vu
tariouh other productions in pulite lite-
rature.
" The natural levity of the French, fays Smollett, is reinforced bv tlio mofl ))ro-
poftorous education, and tho o\am])lo of a giddy pouple, i iigagod in llio moll I'nvo-
louspurfuils. A Froiicliman is, by foaie prietl or monk, tuujjhl lo read iii., mother
7 tongue,
.V
E.
SSSStS^c^^
I-
rr
"huh ., hero (li/iinKni(l,o bv h "^'"'"•. '" "i^' 'X^Ttilo f ,uJ,T' T "^'^'^^^i-
iHtition or which ho h ^ '"' """♦• «» giilluntrv iV ; "' ^'"'^ "' ■ddrcf-
'""/ alert in P^r/orS„ „ hou'll-lS'!- ?'""'»^ »"<• ' u o r, b.Tt '"* """"^-^ ""^
men, whofe time Imth ? '""u'«nd little oifitos whi, I ' "* f*""^' wonder-
"rs. without cc^!c „^;te; " ?".•"■"« "'-• vat brj:';:;:"!'''^-^ ^rZ
wh.mvcr n,e want,, air. her A ''"tj"''?"'''^'- while Ihc i, 1' i.'"""' ''"^ «'"
'itlf, rc,{ulate.s the drtrik!.»: "'/!''* '''■''l» »" put it on Ij '''• '■'■'''^■''^■'' '^T
paint, if- he vilit, h^X T i ''^'^?''''"' ""'' " J'**'" ''" '"'"
htr coiffure, he inlilK nnon J- V '''.''"*'''• and Pmdv w ih.^ T ■ '" '"X «>'' Hio
.even a /ingle hair a f C "^ V"'"* 'f ^«h '"i" own ,1 ,d *^' ^'f ''"Pr-pricty i„
" 'o r «ht? with the dextenW ''" ^i"."""'''' '''^ '"ci bn and n ' '^'^''' " *-"^'' '"
^hc viliti, either on dS , ^ . ^ prok/led frifeur fR. • f""""''"'". and fen
render, himfel/n^ceff"! t'^ u" ^"''"'■('' ' «nd. by dedi " ife' V\*" ''^^•^J' l''«^v
face of the eartk . Srh i ' "*^^»''»n«- in Ihort ,7 Ifi t' '^'""'*^ ''■"'^- '" her
-d hAat unde^lTiir:^ ^'^" '"-'« -'^^ S/llth'J Kri a'r^ ^"'r-
ciie.1^. 'S eTeaT': t" '^"^ -''^ '^'•' -')«- than h" h '""^''
'he fac:;:^- ttdie':?: °/ ''""!. -"^ "-^i; vt tc"i; i ":^^ '"■"»" "«^'>ation
^f the fair fex in f ^"'"'"■^ ^"d paintecf hi "' "'^" "'anner in wS
graces, or^cofceal he dTf^'^'V'': f ' ^'^ '"• ^-'^"d -m I'xt:'^ ''""> 'ery
'"MfTe whether it is juil and h .„ iT'"' '•"^•" "^ '''-' ra^' JL of Z- ''"«'''^"" '^<^
-i-neft. it .ay be iSo^f ^c^'l;;-;'!!-!^ i" this .2;;;^;;;- . HM
be'ng agreeable, but t«T.. • "^ ''"' *■■""' '"'^ politic mST "?"'^''"' ' ''"it is
'adies of condition whnY".""' «* '^e fafl,W, n k1 "■'•■•.' '^""''ft =» ^dire of
^/^•ry fpeaator who h " t' I ' ^T.'' ''^^ r^-"der t" e ' , ''^dgo «^dilli„aion
M, or.vhi,e, with whict^.h"'^ '"''I'' '''''' '""^ "ature uL fZ'""'' ^^"'^'"''^'^"'o
f"'ne meafurc excufall .. t'' ^':''^^ ''"^ Ihoulders m J •7""'/- ^^^ ^or the
* l>ich is daubed on th^; t^^ T "«»"'a"v b >,; ,^ ^'^ ,^'^<^d. 't m.y 1,.. •,
i 1 ' '''"'f' ""• in any p„|itj
a/iaiibl\ .
•%
m
4i6
l<
N
E.
-<«y'
afTcmbly ; and it it a mark of iliAln6li(«, which none of ihc lower duflfci darf
aduinc."
'Ilic nltnvc pifliiri' t^f rriiuli n,jmnrr», briiiri' the iivolulioti, i»drir\vn willi wittiiiri
fjtiril ami i< in loiiu- r* fpcMit highly ili.ir.u d riltii t luit it itrortninly nut a Halti'ritiif
ixirlritit.andthi- tatiltK nnd tuiinii{i> i>t thx \ivii>ii>ii« pi-oplc mc tuo ntnt h inRftnifiru
Vvith all llu-ir <U*li'ct», llu- KronUi li;ul iiiitny g(it)d ([uulitikh, paid ^rcat iittcniion I'l
flrniii(i.'r!«t iind a (^omral tulU* for litcratitiv pruvuilcd among thofc in ihu hcttcr ranL»
Dm IS J Thi' drifs of lioth I'i'Mi U wtII known, hnt '»>, hnwcvcr, (o varinbU*,
tliut it is nv\t til ini|iii|]diU' to diTcrilir ii. Ihoy irrtuinly have more invention in
that pnttimhir than anv ot thiir ncigliliour*, tii'd their trci|ucntly changing tliclr
falhionii wasol inlinitc U-rvicc tu then niuMifaduri-t.
KhLKiioN.) lU till' laws (if llu' niw coiillitution, no man is to he mulcrti'd fi\r
hisupininiis, iiiir inti rniplcd in the cxiitiU" of his riliuion, I lu' tcrritnrial pollef-
/i<in<i of lilt Callican churih have hem dainicd as natunuil pi(i|» rty, and dilpotcd
of, tlirougli till' Micdiuni of a papi-r inuncy called ulii^n.ils, tif tiu* creditors of the
Ilutc I and the clergy made dcpii'.dcnt u|)un pciilionaiy ttiaMillniicnti paid o<it of
the national troafui) ; o\it of wliiih alia is puid llic cxpcnci^ ot worlhip, the n-li.
ginus, and tlie poor. All nioiitillit ilinldiilimenls uii' lupjinlK-d ; Iml llic prcfont
trum and nuns arc nllowcd '.ooMeivc thiir vows, und the nuns optiunally tu reniuiti
in their convonls, or retire upon pcnlion*.
'Ihc cler^:y are cleMive hy the pecple, and take iin onlli to obfervc the laws of
tl.c new coiiililulion *. 'J liey notitV to flie l)illi()^) of Rome their union in doHriiic,
liiit do nrtt pay him foes, nor ncknovvledge any fiilior(hnatioi) to \m authority.
'J hey are fiipplied with lodgin;{s upon their hvin({s, wlieron they arc oblig'd to
lelide, and pi rl'orm the duties of tlieir olhce. 'Ihey «|lte m a6tive|||^t^s, und are
eligible to fome hiy-otiices in the ditlrids, but to no principal ones..
AitniniiiiopnicKs, iiisiiokp. icKs, i^^c] Frame, (Uvi<icd into nine mctro|K)litan
tiuies, has a Ml. i poi-oi.i i an IJisnoi' with a f\ifc<l in laili, betides one for
J'aiis. 'Ihc nutroiuihtan bilhop is (onfirined iiy the cideft" bilhop in his circle.
Appeals are made troin tlie bitliop> to tin fe fynods.
A Bishop isappointcd to each of the eighty-three tiefuirfmfHts,v.'])kh form fomnny
iliofcfes. '1 hey arc njipointed by the electoral aflenddy of tlte department, and
(diifirmcd by the metropolitan biiliop, l)ut mud have held an c<'( Iclialiicul otiice tif-
Icen years. 1 lie fa'aricn are I'rom tool. 108401. jier atinnni. Kach dioeefe hinalfo
a ffminan, with three vicars and a vicar ^;elu■ral, to pri-pare (Uulints for holy oulerj,
and thde vicats form a coiinul l>ir tlie luihop.
V ir Alts of oilln jis are (.hofen hs the hiiliDp, from ;\inen^ the clergy ul his dl'iecfe,
who have dr lie fliiiy ten jc'ir;,. 'I he I'idarii s are ti'i'iii S.ji. to 2 iol. per iiimuni.
MiMsiKRS of pJirilhes cr cnret. in the diflritls iire confirnicd by tlie bilhop, and
they iniift have been vitarr. to i.iiiiilt<rs live years, 'ihey have lalaries truin 50I. to
ii6l. per luimiii), and, v. hen n.lirni, receive |. •i..ians.
\ ii'AH: of Kiniiflci:. i'tct huh n by the minilii r, lioni atnnn^ the prielh adniiited
in the dioeefe by the bilhop, and rei i ivc lalaiics trom 30I. to tool, iierling per
onninn.
iM.ii'.ce ffntnins more than two milliitis of nen-eatluilics -, and the />re/»y?'»///J, who
are guatly iiii rcJiling, are, in pro[)orlu.ii to the c.illiolies, as i to 12. There are
alicady n.any regular toiigrejiativ ns. vi/ (»cnnfi:i l.iiliierar.s, Irench and .Swifs
CalviniOs, I'ol emian ai.abaptills. ai'.d \N allci n i r liviiiilli dill.dents, belidcs many
rhapihs for the ;:inba(r.!t!i>ts. li alfo contains man) Jews.
» M.iny of tlie di'rjry, cl'il n ftr.rtorv irirf;-. fKjrri ; ( oiifiUntioiif rrfiifa! of this oath, liave b»co
<jf.t.(d from their Lci.cficr', itiiil ii.:t:i> of tlir j 1 ) iiLir i I'ljic^ 111. Ui lilhuj'S,
4 Language.
¥
S
r
4*1
Lamou AAt,.] Onr of ihr \\'\fvi\ nirnfiirrn uf l,o\\i< XIV. Wtl !t»j oncouri^c
mem ni cviry proiHtl'iil ihni triulcil to I'u- purHy iitvl p'Tfi'^Hon of the KtiiKli t ui-
giiaj^t". Hi. luiiniiiiiMn v, wiili kiIut iiHKiirrii»){ tniilV'*, roiid r»il it llio mull imi'
vi-rliil nt all ihi' living t«iiigui«. I Iv Frmtli i« i liiolly i-i)ii)|Mr>(i nf' wurdi ra<li'
inlly Lulin, witli miiny (n'rinuit drrivalivd intriHliuoil by tli" Frniik ., Ir ii now
rather 1)1) thr (Umy; lit curiicr (litiut, H\»'il uinUr Ixwi't \l\ . nn- us U wi't'.
Iixil'i iu-(| ; atui ill till- prt I'cnt niotU- n) writing;, nmt cNpiiirrim tlicnirilvLt, the iikv
(liTi) KrfiK li loo iitKi) iilinndnn licit ^raiuniaticul llaiulurd, which nI'Mic cuii render
a l:ii));tia){i- tlallicul nnil lurmnncut.
Ai to tht* prii|icrliiM i>f' thr Iniij^nauf, if wnnl^ tho ilinnlt\ ntul ctu'rgy of th^
l''.iij;lilh, l>iit is wi'li ailaptrd tt> liilifeflH void ^>f i-Iivntioti or palll'tn, and well ac-
coMiinodutcil to dailiaiui-, ('oiiipliiiKrM|^>iii<l iotniDoii cuiivcrlatioii.
The* Lord'H |)rnyi'r in Iroiuli is a-ilmiowi; S<itw pJw qui c» rt«v r/V«v, /m mm
foil jtinfliji^'. 'tea >i.\\(ftf vkmit. Tii ;-;/«,■,/<■ /mt fmii en h Ifirc tmime tin fi.-f. Ihnnt
nam (Htjoiird'hui nolrt pitiii fioiiilitUt I'arJomie Hint h»i of^Hfcs, tommt nein cirJoHHoitt Jt
tfiix ifiii HOHt ont tfftiij'f. El Hi WK t'ului p<)::il I'll untiilinii, uiiiii iioiii ile'hrt ilu mul .•
(iir i) lei (ft It rt^nt, lii puiffkuct, tl h eloiit, mix fii'iltf At\ fihki. Ainrn.
I.HAi'NiN'j AND i.i^AHNRO M».N ] TIk' l''i\iuh, liko the oilicr iniioiu of K'l
ropi*, wore lor many conliuii'S Imnurfod in barWaritv, Tlii' lirii h-ninitij; tlu-y h'.*-
Snn to acquire wan not of that kind which iniprovLi Hk- undcrllandnif;, corrot'l^
\f taftc, ur rcjjuintiH ihi* alfrdions. It i.onlilKd in a ful'filc and (juibbling lo^jii',
whicli was nioro adapted to prrvtrt tliat to iinprovo tiio I'aciiliicit. IJut the Ihidy
tif thi' Circfk and Roman writers, whii !i lirll aroft- in Italy, dilltilVtl itfclt' amoii»
till" French, and gave ;« new turn to tli^ir literary puil'iiiti. riiis, fogeiher witli
the oncourmftmcnt which thu polite and learned Francis I. f;ave to all men of nic-
|)y benelii ill to Frenth literature. I)iirini» this reign, many learn-
JIfin France, who greatly »lillinguidi<(l ihemffKei bv t!u!r writ-
trli oni were Uudeiis, ('lenunt Marot, I'eter do Chatol, kabelai . and
I he iiamcj^f Ilemy and Robert Slepliem are mcnlioned by every
x-\\ feholar with rcverer^ce. It was not, however, till the fovonteeuth Cfimiry,
tlr.it llie Frcmh lii-gan to write with eletjance in their own languaj^e. The Aca
il:ni< I')iifi(;oife was rorined lor promotiii;; this pi!r|>or(j ; ami thuiii^h tli-'-r lnbiiut>,
lonliilep'd a^ a body, were not I'o fm eef'stul as niij;ht have been expected, foni :
pi-rtirular a< adeiniciaoi did f^n-at tVrvice to letters. In !a.l, literary copartnerlliipj
ail' I'lldoin very fnccel">liil Of this we liave a rvmarkiible inlbnice in the preli-nt
cafe. Ilu- academy puldilhed a <liclioiiary for imi>n)uni; the Frenc'i laij;;uaj;e :
it wa', generally cond'Hmed. Fuietirrrs, a liitj^le academician, publil!i("< ani'llier:
it meets with iiiiiNerl'.il approbation.
Lewis .\IV. was the .Aupulhis of Fraiue. The protection he gave to letters,
mid the penlioiis he bellowed on lenrned n n, but!) at home and abroad, which,
liy eiili ui:;tion, link- exceede<l ii,on^\. pi-v . inunn, i;ainrd him more !;Iory than
;.il til" military enierjuil' s upon wliii h he esjn nded fo many millions. 'I lie karn-
f'l nun wlio appeared in Frame dmiiijj; tlii, rei,i»n are too numerous to W- parti-
ciilariled. i'he tragic poets, Kaiine and ('oimille, have deTTvedly obtained a
v.-ry liij^h reputation ; the fitil was diilin^jiiiihed for liis ikill in inoviiii; the pnf
Ml, was ef
I'd men apj
ini(s ; among
IVtcr Ramus.
I in.s ; the f«con<l for ma'n (K ; and both, for the ibeii}; li and jnliiu
Mv; the pnl-
efi of ttieir
pamtini^, the ciogaiice of their lalte, and llieii llriet adiieience to the rule-, cf t!".0
I'r.inia. Moliere would have exhaulb-d the fiibjeMs ot come !y, were tliey not
'•v.ry where inexbanilil.!e, and particularly in Fr.iiice. In w«n ^s of fuiiiv, ami in
rriiicifm, Hoileau, who wms a clofer imitator M llu' ;nu ients. occupie.s the fi.il
place Itiit France h.is not yet prodiici-d an epic poem that can be compared
with Miltoii'.s ; nor a j'enius of til' fami- e\ti nlive ::!u! im.vcrfal kl;, I with ^Ilak-
fpeare, cqual'v iitled hir \.\v: gay and the ferious, the iuuiKruui and the fjI-Huiw-.
; U in
N
C
In ihc cttKiurnce n( ih« pulpit and of ihr bar, the French trt trttnly our liip*.
rii>r« : HoHttrl, lt<iuiiiiili<ur, KIrthirr, nntl M.illillon, idrtivtl |iumii t'lu<|tiri)i.c |i>
a ili'grcc of twrfrilion utu mimulcil unU itiirivalUd. rh<- KrtMuh iiavc nul Ut iiijiiiy
|[ii III diilntlic wrilrrt on tt\ut»\, rcliKUiut, <<r jM)liili:al ('ubj«tU, at have apfivartd
in (/rrtit Hritain. Hnt Frame ha* prtnltucd ioiim grcai mm, who tin honour la
huiiutniiy i whofc curi-t-r no oliKui le tould llop, wtii»l'i< frccdum no govt-rnmrnl,
hovvcvrr drrpotit, no religion, howcv r rii|i< rltiiUnK. could curb or rcllrain. /\«
an hiUurian, l)c Thou U 'niillrd to ilu luuhwll praiU- , mid whit i» icnorani ol
FAfral, or of ihc archbiihop of ('nmhray ^ lew nu-n buvo done* more Tcrvict to
relisiun, cither by their wrilinv* or their live*. A* lor Moutcl't|uicu, he ha* been,
With loiiie jurticr, eklullrd n« the lc|iflator ol nation* ^ hi« work» arc read in every
country and language, an<i v^lurevcr tli«]r go, ihry enlighten and Itberalile iht
mind. And, indeed, the liilniguiihed litMTiry priKluctiont ol 1a-wi« XV, '» reign
univerfitliy breath fentinteni* incompulible with fiipvrdition or def^Miiifnii but too
uinny of iheni incur the oppolile repro«i.li of irreligion and licence.
In the U«ll«t Lctlrrt, poelaai and niifcdlaitciMu way, n<i nation ever prmiuced
a greater number of nniuling nuthom , btit unfortunately aniulcnicnt it too often,
not only their chief, hut thnr fole end and aim, which many of them (particularly
Voltaire and hit itititatorsj have purtuc-d at tli< expcucc of virtue and giMid
inorali.
Before the immortal Newton appeared in England, Dcfcartei wa« held th«
{rented philofophcr in modern timeii. lie wui the tird who applied algebra to the
)lution of geometrical problem*, which naturally paved the way to the aiulyiintl
difcoverie* of Newton. Mon^ eminent muthetnaiic iutu liave Hourilhrd in the
brefent age, particularly Clairaut, Ue/out, and D'Alcinbert ^ but uone wliofe
inventi\e geniui entitle* them to rank in the ftrll rlaf*.
Since the beginning of the prelVnt centurv,thc French have altaiUvied with the
KnKlilh in natural philolophy. Ruffon would defervr to be reckoiwd among -.tea
of icienre, were he not more remurkahle for hi* elofluencc than hi* philolophy.
He i» to be regarded u« a philofophtral painter of nature i and, under thi* view,
hi* Naturiil IliOonr it the hrll work of it* kind.
Their painter*, PoulUn, l.e Brim, and, ab<ive all, Lc Sueur, did honour to the age
of Lewis XIV. And in our own times, Mr. Grcufe, for portrait* and convcrfaliuti*
pieceii, never pcrha|iii was excelled.
Sculpture it in general better undertlood in France than In moft other countrioi
t>f Kurope. Their riijjraviiigt on copper platen have been univerlally an<l jullly
celebrated ; but fuch a liberal patronage liaii been atiiuded to Knglilh artiliit, that
they are now thought to excel their in);enious neighbiiur!i, and have rivalled them
alfo in the manufacture of the paper proper for uich impreiiioiis.
. . . ITicir trcatifes
)-l)iiiUIing and engineering Hand unrivalled ; but in the practice of both they
are outdone by the Knglilh. No f^mius haii hitherto equalled Vauban in the
theory or nrattice of fortificalioii. Hie French were our fuperiors in civil archi-
tecture ; though we now hirpals them in this art.
We ihatl conclude tliis head with nhferviii)^, that, in confeipience of many r(?crnt
difioveries in clicmillry, natural hiftorv, geography, &e. the Kn ndi literati had
Hiaiie grrat progrcU in new-modelling and enlaigiiig the Knc)cU)pii>dia, or (Je-
iieral Uittionary of Arts and Sciences, originally »lrawn up by the niol) able
nialK rs in each branch of literature, in z8 volumes in iolio ^ii\ of which are cop>
per-j)lale>.), under the direction of Mellieurs D'Alembert and Diderot.
t t«'lVKR»i iihs AM) i'CJil.ic coLi.fcoii».j 'rhefc literary inllitutions fuf-
taiiied a coiilMJirabie lols by the expullioii of the Jeluii*, who made the
languages., arts, and fcieiues, their panic ular lludy, and taught them ail over
France. 1 he uiiivirlilies or public colleges, are in luiinbei tvvtniy-eight, a:,
iolluw i Ai\, Alli;i^;r^, Aries, Avij^non, ljeran>,oii, Bouidcaux, Uourgcs, (am,
7 Cahors,
N
4«»
r*fH>r«, Dnl, Pmiav. L« Fltihe, Mnn(«uhan, Mn(it|>«nirr, Nantri, Or*n|(r,
Orkun*. I'srU, I'rrpiKnnn, Poiiim, Poiiii Motifon, Kahliru, Khciina, .Vtilloiit,
(kftlbourg, 'iDiiloiiff, lourniiirt', and V«lrii«v. Aimmg ihcfv lh« ^iolbolln« «l
Pari* WM lit* molt Kirltralrd.
Ac A OHM I B« I 'I he rollowing lilrrary rftubliltimrtil* w«rr fupporlrd out of lh«
nniiiiiiiil Irralury llii* Krrmh Aiadvmv. Acitdcnty of Ucllr* L^lin*, At.a(lrm)r ul'
Si<'iKri, Ki>vnl Sixirly ul' NUilk iiir, king't Libr4ry, (JbUrvitlory, and iltc Krct*
Kltwil t>t «J>-lign.
ANri(uiiik« ANt> ct'RioiiTiRi,) Ki'w countrl<'«, If we except Italy, can
NATi'aAL AMD AaririciAL. ibouil of more valimblr reiiiiiitu ol •ttiu|uily
itiitn Krii irr Sdiiu' of iIic Krciuh antu|iniir« Itfloiig lo ilu- time of the Ccllt, ana
ii)tili't|iii iitly, t.itii)i)iir< i| with them, thoO- r)f Kumu* urr iiiodirti. Father Mubi'ton
lit* Ki^"i "* *' ""'" «^"<"'i* a«(o(ii)t of till fi |uilthrov of thvir kio^lt, Mvhit.li hk •
bcrn (Jifcnvered fo far hm k at t'haramomi , and I'oiiir ol ihcin, \%)a'n broke o|.« i*
wcrr found to lotttain ornainnit« and jcwel« of value. At Kheimt, and other |)i.iii
uf h'raner, are to he ler-n Inntiiphal iirvhe^: the ninil inure it at ()ruiit(e, erected
un aeeutint of the vtcloiy obtained over the Cimltri nnd leiilonca, by Citing .M:iiiu<«
itnd luittatiiM C'ululu^. After (iatil wiit reduced to ii Komnn province, liic Kurnnnk
look delight in adorning it Hilh inngniHivnt edilicet, Ixuli civil and fucred ; foine
of' which are more entire than ntiy to be ntel with in Italy iti'elf The rain* of an
iiniphithentre ure to be found in ( huioni, nnd likewife iit Viennr. Nifioei, how<
ever, exhibit* the mol) vnluuble remiiini of ancient urchiteihirc of any place
ill Krnnce. I he fanimit I'ont du Gurde wnt railed in the AuguDan age by the
Komaii colony of Nilinii, to convey n llreinn of water between two inountiiinii for
the (lie of that city ; and the building in frelh to thin day ; it conlillkof three bridges,
iir liert vf archet, one .di«>>e another i ihe height in i 74 feet, and the length extend*
io7it. Many other mint of antii|uity are found at Nil'men, but the chief are
the temple of Dinna \ the nniphithealre, wliich it thought to be the linel) and mod
entire of the kind, of any in Kurope ; but above all. the lioufe erected by the
(iiiprror Adrian, called the Maifon Carree. The ardiitedure and fculplurc of thii
building are lo ex<piilil> ly benuiiful, that it enchants < ven the ni< I) ignorant ; and
it IS llill etitirr, being very little alfctted either by the ravages of time, or liie
havotk of war. At rurii, in l..-t Hue de la li.irpe, may Im- feen tlic remains of n
palace, or therma-, fuppofrd to havi- been built by the emi)eror Julian, furtuimed
llie Apoliate, nlMiut the year )^6, alter the fame model an the baths ol Diocleliun.
The remains of thin ancient editice conlllt of nuuiy arihes, and within tliem n large
lalimn. It \* fabricated of n kind of mallic, the compoliiion of v\'liich i» n 'i'>w
known, intermixed with fmall fipiarc pieces of free-done nnd bricks. i*M 'ht
moll exirnordinary of all nrtilicial euriolities arc the fubicrraiieous cavernxat PDris:
lor the lirl) building of that city, it wan necelfary to get the Done in the environs:
as I'aris was enlarged, the llreels ai^d fuburbs exteniied to, and were buili on tin-
ancient ([uarries Irom which the llonc had been taken i and heiirc " >ceed tite
cnverni or frightful cavitien, which are found under the houfes in f • lal quarteri
ol the ciiy. right perlnns lately perilhed in one of tliem, a gulf ot 150 feet deep i
wliitli I \ciled the police and government, to caufe the buildings of feverul ipiar-
ters to be privately propped up. All the fuburbs of St. James's, llarp-ftrecf,
and even the lireet of I'ourni'ii Hand uptm the ancient quarries, and pillars have
been ereCled to fupport the weight ol the houles — Hut as the lofty buildings
lowers and lleeples, now tell the eye, that what is leeii in the air, is wanting under
(he teet. fo it would not ie<piire a very violent ihock, lo throw back the llonts to
the places from whence they have been railed*.
• Sr» Mrmniri of tlir I.iifrtry and Fliilofophiijl Society of Mtnchertrr, vol. 1.— Sec aIA> Monthly
Roicw lur i;H6, vol. 75, p 414.
At
*s*
R
N
c r.
At Arli'8 in Provence h an ol)cliflc ot' orioiital grniiitc, 52 feet Iiii^h, and fcven
feet (iinincter nt the bafe, and all but one (lone. Koninn temples and iujucdutlA
are f're(nient in France. Ibe moll remarkable arc in iJurgundy and (jiiienne. Ihe
[ialiii;;e, cut tbroiii^li tin- middle of a rock near Hriancon in Dau|)liiny, is thought
to he a Roman \M)rk, it" not ot' greater anti(niity. 'I lie round iiuckler of malJy
lilver, taken ort of tlie Klione in \(i');, bein^ twenty inches in dianteter, and
^veigllinj5 twenty-one pounds, containing; tin' llory of Si ipio's continence, is thought
to be coeval with that i;reat jjeneial. Iiinunieiable anliiiiiitici, found in France,
have been colletted in tlie cabinets of the curious
Cnii.s ANn TOWNS.] Thefe are nmnerous ; of which we lliall mention only
Paris, I.iile, and theii- principal fea-port-., lirell and Toulon.
IJdc, in French Fiandrr.s, is tliniii^ht to be tlie moll regular and (Irongeft
fortification in Kurope, and was the nialler-piece of the famous Vaiiban. it is
ffiiierally garrifoned witli above 10,000 regulars; and for its magnificence and
elegance, it is called l^iltle Paris. Its njanutadlurcs of lilk, cambric, and camblets,
were very conlidcrable ; and its ir.habifants amount to about 100,000. Kvery
render is ac(]uainted with the hiltory of Dunkirk, which the French were obliged
by the treaty of Utrecht todemolilh; but it isflill a thorn in tlie (ide of the Knglilli,
by being n harbour tor their fmiiggieis. 'I he rell of French Flanders, and its
Netherlaiuls, ai)()und wiili fortified towns, which carried on very gaintul maini
failures.
.Moving fnuthward, we come to the Kle of France ; tlie capital (;f which, and
• f tlie whole kingiloii). i.s Paris. I his city has been fo often defcribed, that it mav
sippi'ar fuperlluous to mention it more ))arlicularly, were it not that the vanity of
llie I'reiicli has given it a piet'eience, which it by no means deferves, to all the
(iij)itals in the wi>rld, in e\ery refpect, not excepting even po|iulation. Many of
tlie I'liglilh have been impofed upon in this point; particularly by calculaiinp
t'inin the births and burials within the bills of mortality, which exclude the molt
populous paiiihes about LoiuldU. Another miliake ariles from this fource, viz. the
inimher of diflentcis of all kinds in and about London, who do not regilter the
births of their cliiklren ; and from many of the poorer ftrl, who will not afford ;he
finall e\[)eiKe of I'm li a leijillration. Another [leculiaiity exitling in Lonilon is,
tliat mod of the cili/ins in allluent circumftances, when they find thcmfelves con-
fumptive, or othcrwil'e indifpol'id, retire into the country, where thev are buried,
and tluieby excluded from the bills of mortality. 'Hie population of I'aris, there-
tore, where tlie regiflers are more exact, and accellible lo the poor, and where the
religion and the pulice were, In I'lUe the troubles, more iiiiifi)rni and llrict, is tar
iiuiie ealily afcertaiiied th;iii that of Lcjudon ; and by the bell accounts, it does not
exceed 7 cir 800,000, wliieli is far ihort of the iiiliabitanlsof London and the con-
tiguous parilhcs.
I'ari-. is dividetl into tliiee part', ; the city, flie uiiiverfity, and that wliieli was
formerly called tlu; lowi. '1 lie v ily is old l'a^i^; the univerfiiy and the town are
the new. J'aris contains 11101, • works of iiuigiiiliceiKe than utility. Its pa-
Jaccs were lliowy, and ("oine ni iis ttreets, i'cpiares, hntels, hofpitals, and churelus,
lii}K'rl)ly decorated with a p;' t'ulioii of iiaiUting^, t.ipdiiy, images, and fiattics ;
but Paris, notw illillar.diiig i'.s loal'ied jioliee, was ahva)s griatly interior to London,
in the ci'iivenieiicies of lite, ai.d tl:>' I'olid eiiio)ments of fociet)'. Without » iitirii;!'
i'lto more niiiuite diftpiilitiiTs, Paris, it nnilt I'cov.-i.cd, was the paradife of tpk'iulur
and diflijiatioii. 'Ihe tapilin of the (jolielines* is unenualled for beaulv a:;d
r;chnefs. 'Hie I.oavie is a buililini; that dtxs honour to architecture itt'elf; it \v;ij
* One (loilii, .1 ;.otcil dvrr ^it U'ltiiu'-, w.'s llic (line; and lifrc the t;vfit Colbert, atv'jt t.'if if.r
fr.U who fitilfil i:i this plan-, in t;,» fij^ii (it Itii'i- tC6j. tlLlaliitil tju; valwaLle uia:aibdor_v.
,'■>■. I. .tml tl.c lioul,- l.iis rctiintil l.i-i luiuc evm-
adorned
N
E.
43 ^
ilcli was
i\vn aro
its jja-
Itattics ;
.oiiclon,
, iiti-rir.g
i:ly ar.il
it V.lla
jt the \f .r
etory.
•.uloriH'd
adorned liy mnny excellent in(litiitii)ns for the nrts and fcicnrcs, particularly tho
three acadimics, nnd Kiinublcd by tlic rd'ulcncc ot the h-anied. Ihc 'I'liilkTifs,
the palace of Orleans, or, a^ it is called, Luxembourg, where a valuiibic colleilion
(if paintings were lliewn, the palace and libiary ;\vhicli beloiigui to the late
unfortunate king), the guild-hall, and ihc hofpiial for the invalids, were fii|)crl) to.
the higheft degree. The cily of Paris is faid to bo lit'leen nules in circuinterence.-
'i he hotels, formerly occupied by the IVench nublede at i'aiis, take up a great
deal of room with their court-yards and (^aidens ; and fo do their convents and
ihurches. 'Ihe (Ireets are very nariow, and the houfes very high; many of tiiein
feven ftories. The houfes aie built ot lioni', and generally mean, CNcn to wretch-
cdnefs, owing jiartly to their containing a dineveiit family on every iU)or. Tin;
liver Seine, which runs through the centre of the city, is not half lo large as tho
'Ihnmes at London : it is too far didant from the lea for the purp-ifes ot naviga-
(ion, and furnilhed with boats only for the purpofe of ])ailing from one iide of the
liver lo the other, in plaeis tliilant from ;he bridges, which are built of floue or
wood, with little to leconuiiend them, ihc llreeis of I'aris were generally crowd-
ed, particularly with coaches, which gave that capital the appi.-arance of wealth
and grandeur, though in reality there was more lliew than fubllance. 'Ihe glit-
tering carriages that daz/led the eyes of Urangers, were inollly conunon liacks, hired ^
by the day or week to the numerous foreigners who vilit that city ; and in truth,
thegicatelt part of the trade of I'aris arofe from the conflant fuccedion of lliangers^
arriving daily from every nation and quarter of the globe. This afeendancy was
undoubtedly owing to the reputation of their language, their polilenefs and magni-
ficence, their libraries, and collections of paintings, all open to the public ; the
elieapnefs of provifions, excellency of the l-rench wines, and above all, the purity
of the air and climate in France. With all ihefe advantages, Paris, in general,,
will not bear a comparifon with London, in the more elVential circumllances of a
thriving foieign and domeftic trade, the cleanlinefs of iheir (Ireets, elegance of
their houfes, cfpecially within ; the plenty of water, and that of a better cpiality
than the Seine, which generally difagrces with lirangers, as do likewife their fmall
wines. In the houfes of I'aris, moll of tiie Hoors are of brick, and have no -
other kind of cleaning than tl.at of beiag fprinkled with water, and fwept once
a day. Ihefe brick iloors, the (h)ne flairs, the want of wainfcoiing in the.
rooms, and the thi» k party-walls of ftone, are, however, good prelervatives
.'I'^Tinlt fire, which feldom does aii\ thmiage in this city. Iiille;.d of wainfcot-
ing, the walls are covered with tapellry or damalk. Ihe beds in geivral are very
{!(i<id, and well ornamented with tefter and curtains; but bugs arc here a molt -
intolerable nuifancc, which t'requenlly oblige lirangers to ileep on the I'.oor, during
the heat of the funniier. 'Iheir iheps are but poorly ftored with goods; and the
;iiop-kei [lers and tradefmcn, an indolent, loitering jieople, feldoin make their ap-
IK-arance before dinner in any other than a morning drefs, of velvet cap, lilk ni«lil-
;'owii, and morocco llijipers ; but when they intend a vilit, or going abroad, all tlie
j'liiK-tilios of a courtier are attended to, and hardly the refemblaiice of a man re-
mam.*. There is a remarkable contrail between this clafs of people, and thofe of
llic fame rank in London. In Paris, the women pack up parcels, eater the orders,
and do inoit of the drudgery bulinefs of the ihop, while the hulband loiters
.d>r.nt, talks of the great, of falhions and divcrlions, and th'i invincible force
i.| their armies. 'Ihe fj)Iendour of the grand monarquc ufed alio to be with them
a favourite topic of convcrfaiion, previous to tlic (.hange in tlkir political fylicm.
'ilic Parilians, however, as well as the natives if I'lance in general, a.e temperate
111 their living; and to be drunken is conlidereu as infamous. Lread. and all man-
iiei of butchers' meat and poultry, were tolerably g.ood in Paiis ; the bect is ex-
cellent i the wine they generally druik, is a very thin kind cf Burgundy. The
common
#!•
R
E.
rommon people, in the fumnicr feafori, live chiefly on bread, butter, grapes, and
fniall wine. The I'arifiaiis fcarccly know the life of tea, but they have coflcc in
plenty. The police of Paris was ft) well attmded to, that quarrels, accidents, or
felonies, feldoin hiippeiicd ; ami llrangers, from all quarters of the globe, let their
appearance he ever fo uncoininoii, met w itli the mod polite treatment. The ftreets
were patrolled at night by horfe and toot, fo judicioully llationed, that no ofi'endor
could efcape their vigilance. They likewife vililed the publicans precifely at the
)iour of twelve at night, to fee that the company were gone ; for in Paris no liquor
could be had after that time. 'I he public roads in France were under the fame
excellent regulation, which, with the torture of the rack, which was ufed till
of late, prevented robberies in that kingdom j but for the fame reafon, when rob-
beries did happen, they were always attended with the death of the unfortunate
traveller ; and indeed this is the general pratlice in every country of Europe,
Great Britain excepted.
Tlic environs ot Paris are very pleafant, and contain a number of fine feats,
fmall towns and villages ; fome of them, being fcattered on the edges of lofty
mountains riling from tnc Seine, are remarkably delightful.
The palace of Verfailles, which (lands twelve miles from Paris, though magni-
ficent and expenfive beyond conception, and adorned with all that art can furniih,
is properly a colle^lion of buildings, each of exquifitc architecture, but not forming
a whole, agreeable to the ^rand and fublime of that art. The gardens, and
water-works (which arc fupplied by means of prodigious engines acrofs the Seine
at Marli, about three miles dillancc), arc ailoniihing proofs of the fertile genius of
man, and highly worthy of a ftranger's attention. Trianon, Marli, St. Germain
en Lave, Moudon, and other royal palaces, are laid out with taftc and judgment;
each has its peculiar beauties for the entertainment and amufement of that luxuri-
ous court which lately occupied them; but fomc of them were, even then, in a
fhameful condition, both as to repairs and cleanlinefs.
Breft is a fmall, but very ftrong town, upon the Englilli Channel, with a moft
fpacious and well fortified road and harbour, the bell and fafcll in the kingdom ;
yet its entrance is ditheult, occalioned by many rocks lying under water. Here
there is an academy for fea-afTairs ; and aiio docks, and niaga/.ines for all kinds
of naval ftorcs, rope-yards, llore-hoiifes, &c. infomuch that it may now be termed
the capital receptacle for the navy of France, and it is admirably well adapted for
that end.
Lewis XIV. rendered Toulon (now called Port dc la Montagne), from a pitiful
village, a fea-port of great importance. He fortified both the town and harbour,
for the reception and protection of the navy. Its old and its new harbour lie con-
tiguous ; and by means of a canal, fliips pafs from one to the other, both of them
having an outlet into the fpacious outer harbour. Its arfenal, eftabliflied alfo by
that king, has a particular llorehoufe for each "lip of war ; its guns, cordage, &c.
being feparately laid up. Here are fpacious worklhops lor blackfmilhs, |oincrs,
carpenters, loekfmiths, carvers, &c. Its rope-work, of Hone, is 320 toifes or
fathoms in length, with three arched walks. Its general magazine fupplies what-
ever may be wanting in the particular (torehuufes, and contains an immenfe
quantity of all kinds of (lores, difpofed in the greatell order.
Commerce and m.^nufactures.] Next toHenry IV. juflly ftyled theGre.it,
the famous Colbert, miniller to Lewis XIV. may be called the father of the Frcntli
commerce and manufactures. Under him there was a great appearance that
France would make as illuftrious a figure as a trading, as flie did then as a warlike
people ; but the truth is, the French do not naturally puiiefs that perfevering
jiuluftry which is necelTary for commerce and colonization, though no people, in
theory, undcrfland them better, it is tu be coulidercd at the fame time, that
iriancc,
«ooo I.«.n, " and V; '"r'f«"rf'"on Lewi Xf V .T '^•^ '''^^ •"'^ »hc rcVn .f .,
4000; .^,i, (ilk'inll^S^e is?' ""--'--Vl "^;l;^"';l-. -lu^ovpS:
"V," "^ofc'tnnts took; r,.»-,. "'"^ '■'^■•'lle
='" l^nndsarc- e.np/o «, ''"t "'^ ''"'''-•^^^"' labours oV'5/" ^"'"^'" ''">• ^^'u,, .^ I '
;*&^!„ !S; It^^ !^ H»«;:o=r feS,5! oaL^S:^ r
itiPiSSiiii
Iki,1
434
F
N
^v
had n bafante of trade of more than two millions in its favour j but its trade and
nianufiictiiros have lincc declined.
In ihc yeiir ly.^Q. France may be faid to have been in the zenith of her com-
merce. I"a\«)iireil by Spain, and dreaded by moll of the other nowers of Kurope,
her Heels covered the ocean -, but llic was too conlident in her Superiority ; Cardi«
nal de Fleiuy, who tlun dirctled her affairs, took little care to proteft her trade
by proiKT naval arniiimnits; fo that the greater it was, it bvcuine the more valuable
prey to ihe Kngliih, iind loine other countries.
Pi'BLic THADiKo coMP \Nii S.J It ha.s no trading companies (havinjj abolidi-
« d all nioi'iopol)) but a bank or cailfc d'efcomptc, and a b;mk of oxtraordinaries.
Cons ri 1 1' I toN ano governmknt.] France, by the revolution in 1789, foundal
•Aiuw conjlitiitirn, upon the princioles that all men ate I'ne and etpial in tlieir rights,
and that f:'vei( ignty relides in tnc nation. It would be trilling with our readers
to give them any detail of this conftitution, a^ it lias been virtually ovcrtiirown, by
the abolition ot the monarchical part of if, and by the fubfequent condemnation
anil execution of the king; a deed of inotl fingular atrocity, by which the na-
tional conveniion have ti;imped eternal infamy u|)on their characters.— A conunitlee
Ava-i appulnted by tlie tonventinn to draw up a new conftitution, which has mad.;
its anpianince; but how long it will continue, isaqueflii.. > extremely probleinaii-
ca!,i!s ti> render it iinprojier, m the prcfent llageofit, to give it a place in this work.
After the reader has (x-en told of the excellency of the climate, and tlie ferliliiy
of the foil in France; her numerous manufailures, and extenlive commerce; Ikt
great cities, numerous towns, fea-ports, rivers, and canals ; the cheapneG> of provi-
lions, wines, and li<|uors; tht furniidable armies and fleets Ihe has font forth, to tho
juuioyance of Kurope ; and the natural charatler of her inhabitants, their fprightli-
mfs and gaiety; he will undoubtedly conclude, that France is the mod powerlui
nation, and lu r people the nioft opulent and happy in Europe. But this is not the
f i:te ; fur t!ie FivMch rcfource:^, by a wrong applieation, have often proved ruinous to
the people. '1 he molt obvious caufcs of this have been the ambition and vanity (if
tl.eir kings nnd leading men, which led them into fchemes of iiniverfal dominion, ly
promote the agqrandilrinenl of their name, and the enllavir.g i»f Chriftendom. 'lliiir
v.:irs, which thiy fometiimes carried on againlt one half of Kurope, and in which
they were generally unlortunate, led them into ditticuities to which the ordin;irv
revenues vvtie inadeciuate; and hence proceeded tiie arbitrary demands upon ihi;
fuhjett, under various pretences, in the name of loans, fice-gitts. Sic. When thilL'
failed, other methods, more defpotic and unwarrantable, fueh as raifing and redu-
cing the valucof money as it fuited their own purpufes, national bankruptcies, and
other grievous opprelTions, were adopted, which gave the liiiilhing blow to publie
credit, and fliook the foundations of trade, conuuercc, and induury, the fruits ot"
which no man could call his own.
When we confider the motives of thefe wars, a defire to cndave and render inifcr-
able the nations around them; that man mull be devoid of humanity, whofe hrnlt
is not raifed with indignation at the bare mention of the blood that has been fpilt,
the miferies and defolations that have happened, and the numerous places that liavc
fallen facrificcs to their ambition. It appears too plain, that, while they tliiis
frafped after foreign conqucft, their own country exhd)ited a pifture of niifery and
eggary. Their towns, a very few excepted, make a moft difmal and folitary ap-
tiearance ; for the truth of which we may appeal to the obfervation of any one who
las been in that kingdom. Were it polhble to mention a people more iiuiigcnr
than thefe citizens, we might defcribe the farmers and peafanfry. We have in
another place mentioned the natural advantages of France, where the hills are to-
v» red with grapes, and moft extenfive plains i)roduce excellent crops of corn, ne,
and barley. Amidft this profulion of plenty, the farmer and his family barely txift-
din;iri
'ihi
foon c
''lioill
.P0,00
•■'".';.
tlie j;ol
A /J
road,
a half"
■■i.'ul .1
'/he
MiLl
nrt of XV
f' I" undo
1; nal 11, i
i'veial I)
Afi.Mv
Th.fe a
Will an ni
' 'le W.//J
'eri'T defif
1 /le gen\
Slid j)oi,vc.|
N
B.
435
: and'
cmn-
L'artli-
.Uiiiblo
i\)oVifli-
arios.
r rig^its.
rcadcrii
own, by
;nAiv.\tiou
lias mad;
obUinall-
,\Vis work.
10 tVvliliiy
\erco ; ^m
s of provi-
nib, 10 vlw
ir Iptlgbtll-
ft pow*;riul
is is noi ^^>^
d ruinous to
ini\ vanity of
dominion, to
iulu\n.'Vhur
nil in wblch
llbo ordinary
ids upon il-A'
\V\\cn tlulc
L and redu-
Iruptcics, and
low to public'
tbc fruiis 01
I render mlfcr-
] whofc btc: It
Ls b.-en fl'ilt.
Lcs that iwvc
lilc tbcy tlHis
lof miffry ai'^l
^d fobtary ap-
_• any one wh"
[more inJiRC')'
\^c bavc m
L bills are co-
ls of torn, tv>--
lilv batciy cMl!;
'Cil upon the gleaning ; and hit cattle, which were feldom numeroui, picked a fub-
(ilicncv, in the fumnier months, from the (kirts of his field*. Here the farmer,
meagre, dirpiritcd, and dinrcflbd, exhibited a fpc6laclc of indigence hardly credi*
ble ; and to fee him ploughing the ground with a lean cow, afs, and a goat yoked
tugether, excited in an luiglifli traveller that pity to which human nature it entitled
— .nc forgot the country, while he felt for the man.
KevenuesJ Mr Lafond prefentcd to the afl'cmbly, Dec.^0, 1791, the follow-
ing general cilimate, from the particular cilimatc ot the miniftcit for the year
1791: ,•-
Appanage t>{ princel
Kurei(iii affaim —
Marine »n<\ colonies
General .idminift ration
I'liMic worflilp
I'ciiiioMi to ecclefiafiic*
National aflliiibly
Civil litl —
LivrCi.
5,000,000
0,000,000
43,000,000
;, 000,000
81,000,000
68,000,000
$,000,000
35,000,000
Livres,
Bridges and I'oadi — >» •— • 4,000,000
Hig I nai{nnal court and coOrt of appeal 4(0,000
Schuiils and academies — .— • 1,000,0000
liitcreft* of debt — --^ 9o,o0li,ooo
l.iio annuities -^ — — 1 00,00 j,oo9
Pcrpetu.il aanuitiei — 300,000,000
bciideii the cxpencci of th* army.
The Ways and Means.
By land-tax, :i tax on pcrfonal property, patents, (lamps, &c. valued at
5 50,000,000 livres ; the remaining fum to bo provided for from the fund of extraor*
dinavics.
'I'lie extraordinary cxpcnccs of the army, colonies, and public worlhip, would
fuim ccafc, and bring the expenditure on a level with the revenue.
iSonic authors make the amount of the afl'elled taxes, fi)r the year 1792, only
^oo.ooo.ooo livre'^, etjual to 12,500,000/. fterling, and with the incidental taxes, in
ill), 1 ;,i;oo,coo/. fterluig ; near nine million Icfs thin before the revolution, when
the iioljielle ami clergy were exempted.
All excilVs and oxcifemen, tythes, and game-laws, are now aboliflied, and the
roads niaintaincd at the public ex pence.
'Hie Rkvf.nit., in the year 1788, before the Revolution, was twenty millions and
a half (lerliiig ; and its ordinarj expenditure exceeded the revenue five millioui
:ind a half.
The public Debt, in the year 1 7S4, was i4t,6r)6,ooo.'.
Military and marink struno rn.J There is no nation in Eunipe where the
art of war, particularly that part of it relating to gunnery ;rnd fi>riifu atton, i bet-
ter underrtood than in I'lance. Uelides other methods for cultivating it, there is a
royal military academy eftablilhcd, for training up 500 young gcntleiiiin. in the
fcveral brandies of this great art.
Ar.mv.] Tbc peace cftablilhmcnt of the urm^, for the year 1701, w;'^^
Infantry
Cavalry
Artillery
1 1 1,00?
1 1 ,000
Total I _.;;'., 000
Thefe are called troops of the line, and, along with the Volunteer national guuvd.s,
form an army of 224,000 men.
The muniiii'al nrmy or luitii mil guards are a ki:ul of embodied militia for the in-
terior defence of tbc kingdom, and amount to between thive and four millions.
The gens-d'firnicrh arc an auxiliary body of troops, for the proteiUon of the i.iws
and police.
•? K 2 N A v y ,
-4-
43*
F
N
E.
Naft.} The report of the minifter, towards the cbfe of the year 1701, ikatet
tht fhipn m gfl«d ronditiun to bo 16 of the line, kod; including thufe building,
M fo)Iow!>:
Large firft latcs > „ <■ ' . ^ • t
- ' ■ 100 fJuns - "•
, So 'Guns - •
* ': ^' 74 Guns
'' . • 64 Guna - -
Frij;;itcH
iictiiies tircdups, corvettes, gallics, and cuttors.
But thii aci-ount will now (1794) admit of confidcniblc dcdu£)ions, from the
nviinlior df lliips wliirh wero dollroyed by the Britilh upon the cvacuiUiun ot'Toit.
Ion, :iiul from tliofe captured and funk hy carl Howi", ni tlic naval victory he ob-
tained over tlic Krinih (k-ot, on the ill ot June this year.
'I'hore are 8o,ooo icamen, wiiii olliccrs regiltered, to man the lleet ; but tlie
rroiieli navy is at preleiit witinuit proper fubordinati(»n.
Uov AL 11 ii.KS, ARMS, NoniLi I Y, ) 'Hic NArioNAi, AssKMnLY, defirous
t /; *--
H,>,^f;
i .v.. t
' •
•'•
5
'k
•
to
' '#,■'••'
■''«•''
' 67
. ?rf '.* .:
1
Total 91
•
-
78
,) I lie J
iof ellab
ANi> oROKRS. jof ellabliniinj; the French conllitulion on
tlie i)iinciple» it has declared, aliolilhid, irrevocably, thofo inllitutions wliich aic
injmiuu.s to liberty and e(|uality of rights.
'I'here is no lunjjer any ni/hiiily, nor pi:cia^e, nor hereditary Jijlin^iuns, nor difference
of viihrs, nor feiuhil government, nor patrimuuiiil jiirijdicliun, nor any of the titles, deiior
niinalioiis mid jieio^iitives, whicli are derived frouj lliem ; nor any of the orders of
e/iii'u/rv, curpoiafi'jus, ur tleiurutiuns, fur which prcKtfs <jf nobility were reipiired ; nor
5inv kind of fuperiority, but that of public funtUonaries in the cxercife of their
fundions.
Rovalty, wliicli was one branch of the firft conftilution, is now aboliflicd; and the
unt'orlunate moiiaieh <lee;ipllated.
His TOR v.] Ihe liilioiy of no country is better authenticated than that of France;
and it is particularly interellinj^ to 4 Britith reader. 'I his kiiifjdoni, which was liy
the Romans called 'rranfalpine (iaul, or Gaul beyond tlie Alps, to diftingiiini it
from ("ifuipine (Jaul, on the Italian lide of the Alps, was probably peopled iu^\\\
Italv, to whicli it lies comi^uous. Like other Kuropean nations, it foon beciiiue a
delirahlc object to the ambitious Romans ; and, after a brave reliftance, was annexed
to their empire hy the invincible arms (jf Julius Cii'far, about forty-eight years be-
fore Chrill. Gaul continued in the polfeliitm of the Romans till the downfalof ihat
empire in the filth lentnry, wl;cn it becaiiu- a jjrey to the (ioths, the Burgundians,
and tl\.' Franks, who fubdued, but did not extirpate the ancient natives. 'I'he Franks
tlienifelvcs, who gave it the name cA France, or Frankenland, were a collection of
feveral people inh.ibitinif Germany, and particularly the .Salii, who lived on the
banks ot tiie river Nale, and who cuhivated tiie principles ot jurifprudence lutttr
than their neiglibours. 'I'liefe S.alii had a rule, wiiich the reft of the Fianks arehiid
to have adopted, and which ha-. !k\mi, by ihe modern FrankN, applied to the ruceetiion
rf the throne, to exclude all females Irom tlie inheritance of lovereignty, and is well
known bv the name of the SaJie Law.
'Flic Franks i'ud liurjijinuliai.s, atur enablithing tluir power, and leducing the
oiigiual natives to a rtate of (lavery, jiarcelled out the lands amonj^ their uiiiicipal
leaders; and fneceediiiw kings iOiiiid.it necdhiry to cunlirm their privileges,
jiliowiii}; them to exercifc fovcreign authority in their refpective fjovernments, until
ihey ;vt length aUu;ncd indepeii(!en(.y, only acknowledging the king as their head.
'I'iiis
N
43'
li d from
pniK'XccJ
Lars be-
lli of thut
luiulians,
Franks
.•c'tion ot
lur till"
K' iHttt-r
arofiiitl
IllH'VllH'n
Id is well
krimipal
livilc^fs,
Its, vintil
Vir lica'l'
'lliU
TKia gav« ri(!r to ihofe mimcrous principalities that were formerly In Finncc, and
to t)i« fcvtrai parliauientv ; tor cverv province became, In it« polii y mid govern-
ment, an epitome of the whole kingJoin; nnd n(» laws were nuid*, or fjixes raifod,
without the voncurrnuic of the grand coinuil, conliAing of theeleroyatid nobility.
Thiiii, Hi in other f.uropean nations, imniediately after the didtjlution of the Ko-
Diiiii empire, the full government in France feetns to have bein a kii d of mixed
monarchy, and th« power of their kings extremely limited by tlu' feudal barons.
'Ihe tirll Chrilliaii monarch of the !■ ranks (in-iordiirg t > Daniel, one of the belt
Fnneli liillorians) was Clovis, who began hii reign anm» 481 ; and being hnpti^ed,
introduced C'luillianitjr in the year 41/). Tlu; mind of Cluvis had bern alI'eM( d
by thi' pathetic tale of the Palhun and the Diaih of Chrili ; and infenhbie uf tl.o
lunclii iai confequences of the mylUrioiis fatrilite, he e\elain\ed, with religious
iervonr, " Had 1 been nrcfent with my vali r t Franks, I would have revenged l,i<
iiiiuries." Hut though lie publicly profefTed 1 ■ acknowledge the truth of the gofp!.!,
llie divine precepts which it inculcated were but little relpetti d by the ;\fpiring bar-
barian ; he calmly airaliinaled all the princes of the Merovingian race; aiul, tliouglj
llu' only monarch in the chriftian world free from the flain or inipiua'ion of horefv,
\vas perpetually cmployid in the aggiaiulifement of his domini us by the viuUiliu;i
of moral and religious <luties. From this period, the hillory of tl-.o French exhibits
them gciieia'.ly engaged in domelUc broils or in foreign wars. The firll ra( e of
their kings, piior to C harlemagne, foinul a cruel enemy in tlie Saracens, who then
over-ran i'.iuope. In tlu- \e;ir 800, Charlemagne, king of France, whom we liuve
often nrentioiii-d as the glory of liiofe dark ages, became malli-r of Germany, b'pnin,
and part of Italy, and was crowed king of the Romans by the jiope ; he divided his
empire by will among his fons, which proved fatal to his family. SV'On after I'lis,
tlie Noriiians, a fierce warlike people *"roni Norway, Denmark, and other parts of
•Scandinavia, ravaged the kingdom ot FraiKe, and, about the year 900, obliged
Ihe French to yield up Normandy and Uretagne to Rollp, their leader, who mar-
ried the king's daughter, and was pcrfuaded to nrofefs himfelf a Chriftiun. 'Fhi«
laid the foundation of ilic Norman power in !• ranee; which afterwards gave u
king to England, in the perfon of VN'illiam duke of Normandy, who fubdued
Harold, the lad Naxon king, in the year 1066. This event proved unfortunate and
ruinous to France, as it engaged that country in almoft perpetual wars wiih ling-
land, for whom it vva> not an eipial match, notwithllanding itb numbers, and the
;i!rilhince it received l"ri>m Scotland.
'Ihe rage i)f erulading, which broke out at this time, was of infinite ferviee to
ihe French crown in two refpetts : in the fiilt place, it tarried off thoulands of its
turbulent fubjed.s, and their leaders, who were alinort independent of the king: in
the next, the king fucceedtd to the eftatcs of many of the nobility, who died abroad
without heirs.
Hut pallmg over the dark ages of the erufades. and the ancient wars with Eng-
iund, whiili have alread\ been defcribed, we lli.ill proeeed to that j>criud \\hi.ii
llie Freiuli began to extend their inili once over l.uri.pe in the leijjn of Franci-j 1.
eonton\j)orrirv wiili Henry \ 111. ot lingland. Tiiis piince. thougli he was bravi;
lo excels in liis cwn perfon, and had defeated the Svvifs, who till llien were deem-
• d iiiNinciblc, was an untbrtunaie warrior. He had great abilities, and great di.--
ftcts. He was a candidate tor the empire of (icrniany, but loft the imperial
crown ; Charles \'. of tiie houfe of Aulliia, and king of ^?pain, Uini; thufeii. in
the vear 1 1520, Francis boviiig in\ited Henry V 111. ot Englauu to an interviL^T, ilc
t".\o kir.t^s n.et in an open plain lu ar Calais, whrre they ai-d ^hcir attendants diipli»v-
td fii'.h magniticence as procured it tlie name of the F'e J ij lU C'.ch 0) Cs../.
Feats of ehisahy, parties ot gallauiry, together with futh c.iiercifes and paltimcs aa
w^rc in ih'ut I'.^c Vi.ckoncd uianly or elegant, laiher tl;an ferious bulincfi, occi.pied
LolU
43* FRANCE
liulh courts during i-inlitci-n tl.ivn «l)at tlicy cnntiiiiird togctlicr •. Frtncii ini<i«
fiitiic diu'.'liiig cxiH-diiiiiiis iiffiiinn S|iain, bu( fuflorod hi» muihrr, of whom he wnii
Very fiMid, to nhiitV liin pDUvi ; liy which he difobligcd the conftablc of UourUtn,
the ^natclt ofhik fuhjv<^tH, win joined in a loiitVdorHi y agnintt him, with ihr cm-
IH-ror und Hrnry V 111. vi Kiiclund. in liia udvenlurout cx|K*di(ion into Italy,
ic was takt n prifuncr n( the nattic of I'uviu, in the year 1524, and obliged tn
iigree tu dillionotiruble ternix wliicii he mvcrmrnnt to petforni, Ktregnin hit lil)rr-
ty. His Lon-pi'itormance ot iliufe conditions was nfterwardi the fourcc ol' many
wn !i l)etueen hnn and the emperor: he died in 1547.
i-raiiie, at the time of his di-ath, lUJlwithHahdin^ the variety of difagrcrahjc
rveiiis during llie late reif'n, was in a (lourilhing condition. Francis I. waHfiu.
ccedid by his Ion, Henry li. wlio, iipi n the whule, was an excellent and fortuiiHie
))riiM-e. lie continued tlie war witli the emperor of Oernianv, to the great advanta^o
of his own dominioiiH ; and was fo well ferved i>y the duke of (hnfe, that thoiii/h
lie loll the battle of St. (jiiii.tin, a^^aiiil) tlie Spaniards and the Knglilli, he rctdok
C aiais tr(<m the latter, wl.o never tince had any footing in Franco. He married his
Ion, the Dauphin, to Mary queen of Scots, in ntipcs ol uniting that kingdom to hi.s
ciuwn i but in this feheu e he, or rather his country, was imt'orluiiate, as may be
fien in the hilioty of Scotlaiiil. lie was killed in tlie year 1339, at an unhappy
tiltiiig-niatch, by the count of \IoMij;omeri.
He was fucceeded by his fun l-'iaucis II. a weak, fickly, ina^livr. p-'ncc, and
only thiiteen years of aj;e. wlinfe power was entirely en^rolled by a prince of the
houfe of (luilL-, uncle to his wife, the beautiful (piien of Scotland. 1 iiis eiiffrolf.
inent of power encouiam (I the llourbou, the Montniouiici, and other great faiui-
lies, to loiin a lironj; opj»olitioii a;;aiiirt the government. Anthony, king of f^'^.
varre, was at the head of the Hoin bon family ; but the <pieen-mother, the fatuous
Catharine of Medius, being t>bligi<l to take part with the (Juifis, the confederacy
who had ado|)ted the caui'e of llugonotifm, was broken in pieces, when the fuddcu*
death of Francis hajjpeiud, in the year 1560.
'i'hfs fveut took place vsliiie the prince of Coiulc, brother to the king of Navarre
.was under fentencr of deaili for a coiifpiraey againll tlie court; but llie (nieen-ino-
tlier faved him, to balance the inUrell of the (juifis; fo that the fole dirediou of
alfair.s fell into her luu.ds, dm in;' the minority ot lur feidud fon, Charles IX. ||,r
regeiiey was a conliniuil fiiirsol dill nuilation, tieaelury, and nuirder. 'I)ie duke
of (iuii'e, wlio was the fimirjje of llie I'roli liants, was allallinaii-d bv one l*olii(,t
tt tlie liege of Orleans ; ami tlie murderer was uiijutlly thou^ht to have lu-en inlii-
fated by tlie famous (.'oligiii, admiral of France, who was then at the head of ihr
ViiKllant party. Three ci\il wars fucceeded. At kill tie court priiemlcd to praiit
the Hugonots a virv advaiita;inni, peace, ,nn<l a match was concluded betwivn
Henry, the young kin;; of Navarre, a rrolellaut, and the IVench kin;;'s (lit, r
'llie heads of the i'mtiliauts were invited to celiluate the nuptials at I'ari-,, v, iili
lis pii'ju-t
-*•*- •■»..»■•' - -• ....* .'..■■■■...« ,(i« ■iiii'iiiiiitii J
the infernal view of biitclierini,' them all, if polhliji.', in one ut'^\tl. 'l'\
• The Frfich nini Kiijlifli liiftorian^ He fi ribf the
poii.j) of thii iii'.iTvicvv.aiiil the \ar;oi!'i l'pef(.iclcr>,
w itli^rt4tniiiiiiuii' ('<. OMt.'i.lr^uii\:).iiKi.' nic tiont c|
b) t: f niurt' ill ill ^iriir.iiip ,\\ iio v\.i-. pre(i.nt,aiul
wliiih a[i, ^ar^ linjtilir in tin (i|i.rt:it .ii;i. i vd.ii-
luoaly o iiitti'il. " .\ll'. r thr tmir aiia-iit," l.i\j lie,
" the t-'reiuli ami Inn :(li wrclllrrs iimlc tlan ip-
" piaraiitc, ami wielt t'i in |'rtU-inc iil l!ie kiiij's
•' ;iii(i the lail Cb ; ami ::s lnivc wiro m.iiv (t.)iit
" urrliUrs tlirri'. It alTiirtliil excellent |'.iliM.- ; but
" a> fi.i- kiii^ 01 l-ra:ue lad luyje.ltil lo min^ any
** MiL'lilci.. uutot lircts^ae, tlit Lngnlh ^a.iiiil tlic
" prize- After thi ., the kinj'.i of
" iaiul ritireil to.i tint, alurc iIk
•' ami the liinj; '.» tiujaml, d i^ing
" liy the K.ilu, faij, .\!y /..»/?,
" .:•;/'/ tiK, and endeavoureii oni
" up hi* heiN J tmt the kin- ol J
" tkxteroiis wTvllltr, twilled him
" him on r.'it- eartli niln iirmlifjio
" kinj; ol l.n,;l,iiid wanted lonn^
" \iai jiievinied " .Memoirs de t
I'aris, 1753.1). J19.
Fratiie .iiuj l,>„.
y drank togc!l;er;
the king oil' jjiiu;
, / mit// -.c/ilf
nr twiic ti)tri|i
rancf, unn m., ,i
rmind, ami ilirn,-
us vioieiiie. The
h. Cd.nl'.nt, liiit
icuraiijjes, limo.
proved
N
F.
proved Init too fucccfiifiil, thou^li it wa» not completely cxcciucd, on St. Earth
naw's (liiy, 1571. 'iTie kina hinifelf allifti'd in tlu' niaiTiurc, in wliich tin- ndii
439
irtholu*
nicw s May. 1571. the kiMK nniilelt allillt.-a in the nKilliurc, In wliiih IIk- ndniiral
Ci ligni fell. 'ilionKn, fur the iiihuinnn lluughtor <>t I'd niiiiiy thuufaiulH, wa* to bo
iiiiulv by llriking tho ercnt bell ut' the nnlnci*. At that dn-udful ktu-li, llie work of
doaili wan begun, and humanity recoils from the linrrom of the fatal night of St.
Hurtliolonu-w v yet the reader muv expert, amidrt the );enernl earnnge, f«)nie few mo-
iTK'iitH lliould be devoted to the fate of ('oligni. If- hud lon|j letirtd to rert, when
Ik' wan iitouied by the nuifc of the aflatlinR who had itirroiindcd hi« houfe.
A German, named Kefme, entered liis rhambrr, and the admiral, ap|>rehendiiig hi*
hitoiitioiK, prepared to meet death with that fortitude which had ever diftinguilhed
liini. Incapable of rclillancc, from the wonnd.s he had received by two han't in u
l.itc attempt to alTall.nate him, with nn tindifmayed eonntenaiue, he had fiarrc
iiltercd the words, " Young, man, refpetl thef.- grey haim, nor liain thi.'m wiili
blood," when Hefme plunged hi« fword into hisbofom.and with hit barbarou.i aifo-
eiates threw llie body into the court. The young duke of (]uife contemplated it in
(ilenec ; but IJenry, count d'Angoulefme, natural brother to Charli.>(, fpurncd it
with his foot, exclaiming, " ('(ujrage.my friend ! we li.ive brgun well : let us tiiiilli
ii; the fame manner." It is faid that about 30,000 I'rcitillants were murdi red ut I'ari^i
iiiid in other parts of France ; and this brought on u fourth civil war. Tlio'.iqh
a fielli peace was concluded in 1573 with the rroteltimts, yet a filth civil war broke
out the next year, when the bloody Charles IX. died without heirs.
His third brother, the duke of Aniou, had fun.e time before been chofeii
k'lig of Poland; and hearing of his brollKr's death, he, with lome diflicultv,
eleaped to France, where he took quiet poll'ellion of tli;it crown, by the name of
Henry III.
Religion at that time funplied to the ret'ormed nobility of France the feudal
powers they had loft. The heads of the I'roteftants could raife armies of llugo-
nots. The governors of provinces behaved in them as if they had been iniiei)en-
itetit of the crown ; and tlie piities were I'o etjually balanced, that the name ot the
king alone turned the fcale. A Ao/y len^^m was t"ori\ied tor the defence of the Ca-
tholic religion, at the head of which was the duke of (Juife. llie Protelhints,
under the prince of Conde, and the duke of Ali'iimm, the king's brother, called
in the (lerman primes to their allillance ; and a li\tl\ civil war broki- out in 1577,
in which the king of Spain took the part of the League, in revenge ot' the dul.e of
Alen<;on declaring himfelf lord of the Netherlands. This civil wai Wi;s tinillud
within the year, by another Iham peace. The king, ever lince his accellion to the
crown, had plunged himfelf into a courfe of infamous debauchery and religious. ex-
travagance. He was entirely govirned by his prollij^ale favourites, but he pollelled
natural good fenfe. He began to fufpett that the profcriptions of the Prutel'lunli,,
;ind the letting alide from the fucccliion the king i>! Navarre, on account of hi.s re-
ligion, which was aimed at by the Holy League, was with ii view to place the duke
ot Guife, the idol of the Roman Catholics. 011 the throne, to which that duke had
fome diftaiit prtlenlions. To fecurc himfelf on the throne; a feventh civil war
broke out in 1579, and another in the year 1585, both (»f then\ to the difadvan-
tage of the ProtcUant.s, through the abilities (f the duke of Guifc. TIic king
thought him now fo dimgerous, tiiat after inviting him in a friendly manner to court,
lK)th he, and his brother the cardinal, were, by his niajutly's orders, and in a in.in
ncr under his eye, bafely afTaHinaled in 15.S8. 'I he Li aj^uers, upon tluR, dcelaied'
that Henry had torteitcd his crown, and was an euwny ta religion. This obli-
ged him to throw himfelf into the arms of the Prdi Ihmts; but while he was t)>.-
licging Paris, where the Leaguers had their greatell force, he was in his turn .illaf-
f.iiated by one Clement, a young cuthuliaftic monk, in «339. In Henry 111. ended
the line of Vuk>is,
6 The
44«
N
C
rtie rcndori oniillory are well u< quaintcd with (lie UitricuUiiM, «mi account of\
T
ii»
rr|i(;ii»n, witii li IKiiry Iv. k^\\v^ o( Navarre •, hi-ad ot titi' luiud- or' llouiboii, ;iii4
ili>' iicKl lioir t>>' llu- Salii Uw, liuii tn •■iicoiunttT IkIoiv Iu' iiiontitvd ti«>' thtoix- .
tin; l.i'«!^ticr> ^\^•r^: lu-aiUd l»y »>u> iluko ot Mum, luollicr lo t'lr In! • duL' ol (»«Ml • ,
iuul tlio) (Inw Irtitn lii« coll tito (Uiri-pit po^illi luuliiul ol Hoiiilvtii, uikIi- tu th>'
kifiq i)«' Navairr, lo pniclaiiu liiui kit^ of Kranci*. Tlu'ir pm l/hrin;; fupporti'd hw
ih' |ii,wor lit S|t«iM Hiul I' imi.',»n|| i.u •.ioiioni aflioiu pcrfornu'J l»y If'nry, \\\\
niucigc unci ii)iit;iiuiiiiiut\ , fd'tTU'tl only i iiuLi' hiiu nioro illiillri uill) iiiiriii'tuti:it>',
I'M lit.' Kini lii« lilllo court uATk' (onii'tinv . witiioul riiiiiinoii iicLi-flari^vi IK* \va<,
Itowcvvr, porruiially Ik<I>.voU ; and no ol) <(tion lay againll liitn but that of liis ri>-
lij;uii), 'I ho I xaKiicm, on the other huml, fpllt among tlifiiifolvci; mid th'* Fivtuli
n.ition in Ri lu'i.il woro jcuion* of tlio SpaniurJ*. Henry, aflor i\priieii( ing a va-
rii'ty Ol j^oml ami Itud lottuno, i anu" I'otrcMly to u rtfoiution of dilarin* Itinifolf a
Koinan ('ailmlu. I In* wh» lulU-il a in- afiiro ol puulrnci", if not of ni-oitiily, as tin-
ki.iit I'f Spain liati otforcd hi'* dauchtcr liuln-lla CUra I'.UKCiiiii to bo cjuctii of iVum c,
nnd wouUl hnvo marriod her to llio voimg duko of (Juilo.
In I ;ij; ilonrv wont publirly lo i iii's, a% a mark of hiii convcrfion Tliis com-
fiLiiuiiuo uioiii^lii womloi', ill his l'.i\>)uri and liaviiis; wilh ^roat diiVuniiy ol,.
mined nl fill ilion Innu iho popv, all I'lanoo fubiniltod to his mitlmritv, and lio had
rnly tlio crown of Spain to cootnid with, whioh ho did t^r fosoral yoars with vari-
oiiN l'( rtimo. In ■ 5i><S ho pviblillicd tin; fanvniii odid ol Nantes, which foourcd t'j
his old friends the I'rolill.inis iho iioc ixorcif of thoir
i;{ioii ; an
d noxt »onr flu
troaty (if V-rvins was imitludid Willi Spain. Hours noxt chaflifod tlio dtiko (4
Savoy, who had taken advanta;;o ot ilio lato tio ihlin in bis kingdont ; and applied
liinilolf will) wtiiidorful aiteiilioit aiul ti.cdfi 'ailitloil in all his undortakiiigs b/!ii«
r.iniftor, tho groat Sully) to pr.)moto the happiwfs of his people, by oniouragin,;
inannfaftiires, partiiiii.irly that of Idk, tlio boi olit of uhuh JVanoo fools at tliiii
<iay Having' iv olUibliiliod iho lraiu|iiillit\, aii'l. in a ^reat mo.i! iro, foiurod t!;-
harpinofs of his p<'i)|)U', lio lornird (.(uuu Mci - with tlu- noighbourinj' pi^M-rs, fjr
n diuiii;; the ambiiioii t'l tho hoiilc of Aidhia; lor which purpofi , it i^ faid, he-
had fi'imod gnat fchomcs, and cidlcflcd a formit'abic army ; olhirii fa\ (for Ins
intrnti'in does not cIcarK a|poai)that In- •' ri;;iK(! to h.ivo fi)riiii<l t"liri(I(iul»>in
iiito a (;ieat ropiddic, ot wliiili riaiuo was i. bo tho hcail, id to drive tho Turks
r)iit of Ktiropi' ; while others altiibiiU' his preparations to more igiiobli- imitive*,
that of a criminal pallion for a favotuiie princefs, whofo hnlhand had carried her
fur protoition into tlu- Atillri.m iloinini'nis. Whatever in ^ be in llule e
>tij.'(-
fures, it is certain, that, w bile Iu was nuiking prep.uutiuns t.r the t«)nmalioti ef
his qiioi n, Marv of Modi* is. ami was rtadv to ciiur u
)i>n hi> grand expoditi
... I"
ho w.i. aflidiinatcd in his iraili in tho llreots of I'aris, tiy one ka\illiac, a )(
I i\tlmliall, in 1610
C'Ulll
Lewis Xlli. fon ti> Ilonrv |\'. was but nine vears of ajjo at thi! tl
f.iil
101 s e
lonlh.
re'A np, li
(led h
111'' of h's
;i!
liofo f >!■ his minitiov ibo la. nous canbnai Kichli
iithor anil her tavuuiii
who put a perind, by hi-, rcfo-
I Ho and liloody nioafiires, lo ibo 11 nwiiiiin^ liborli's of Franco, and to the t'.lii^ious
I li.iblilhnu lit i>f the Protrlhnits tIn,ro, by lakiiii; li'iin them Koebcllo, il. ,u;{h
Claries I. ot Kiif^land, who bad mairied the FroiKli king's lilJor, made fume wc.u.
cliurts b\ liis fleet and arnu lo |irovtnt it. 'Ihi^ put an end tt» the ii\il war,, on
fjounl of religion, in Fimiico. Ililt'iiians lay, tiial in iliolo war-, above a niilli'i;i
(if moll loll their lives ; that 150,000,000 livro* were fpent in carrying them on ;
u;.d that nine cities, four luin(iicd villa '0>, two th(jufand cluirtlua, tw.) thuufaii'l
» A finul k'M".Hom Isiiic upon tlir Pwrnf.m difp'ifT fT-d, tiy Fcrdiiuiid, kiiij; of Spain, iboiit
pviiiiiuili^, of t.'u' j;rr4lill )..'irt o! uliili, t'| , 'r the y<.ar l^li,
N.<,urri', Henry 'i jircdi: c;lur> iad bLwii iinjt.ltly
i mona-
N
r
R.
441
his
ul«in
'>irk.!>
tivCK,
Lll 111!
c>ni.'(-
■tl l'.t
,VU,
|(uli){
.1" \\':s
:i)id
ri- fu-
rious
UJ{h
WCilN.
:>, Wl
I on ;
t'jOM
ll'^lU-
innniftorifei, and ten tlioufand huur<*«, were burnt, ur iilhrrwiro (KdroyiJ, during
ilmir rontitiuatuc
Hichlii'u, liy n mHftcYl)^ train <it' politii », thou)(li liicnfilt bigoird lo ixipcry, Aip-
|)i)rli-d llic* PnitHiiuits ol (iorinittu, ni\d (iuDitviii Aiiul|)liii<>, (iKaitil! ino houlc ot
Auflriai and tiller tjuflling all tin- nlMrllioiit aiidri>i\riMiacii-<t wliuli lud Itnn tormrd
agaiiitl him in Francr, lie died fmwv monllis lirlitre Ix'wiii Mil wii«>, m 164,1, Icl'l
hi* ion, attrrwurdt tlu- Ihm\oiu l.cwi« XIV. to inherit hit kin;>diMn.
During that priiuc'M uoii-iigc, the kingiltiin wa» torn in j)ie«.iii, under the admi-
nillrutioM ot'hi* mother Anne of Auliriu, hy the tattionn o> ilie gual, und ihu divi-
lidtio tietween the court and i>iiriian\enl, tor the ntoll intling t aulet, und U|>oii iht.*
molt delpicahle nrinciplei. The priiueot' Conde tiunied hkc a Maxini; llari loiuc-
tinu ^ a natiint, lomrlniiisn courlii r, und lometinux u rclH'l. He wa» opixircd l>y
the (-eloltrated 'I'urenne, who i'roni u ProteliunI hud turned I'apid. I lu' naiion of
Kranie wu« involved at once in civil and dometlu \\ar»; hut the i|neeii- nothcr hnv-
11^ made choncc of cardinal Maxarine tor lu-r lirli minilhT. he lountl m< .iim to turn
the arms even of Cromwell u^aintl the Spun iids, and lo divide >he doiiu llic enemies
ot the court fo efledually umong theinlelvei, lliat vvlien Lewiit ulluiued tii,- r^iiit
o( government in his own haiidi, he tound himrcif the muQ ui>folute monur«.h that
hau ever fat ujun the throne of Knuiie. He had the j(iiod t'oriuiu , on the dv atli of
Mazarine, to put the donuliu admiiiillration of liia> utfairi iiilo (lie liaiuU of Coj-
hert, who formed new fv lieuiii for the glory, commerce, und manufattureti of France,
all which he carried to a fiirpriling height.
'lo write the hiiiory of this reign, wtiuld be to write that of ull Kumpe. Igno-
rance and ambition were the only eaemlc^ <<t Lewis: throi'^h the former, he wan
blind to every pairiotii <lat\ r)f a king, and promoted the iiiierelU of hi* fubjeeU
only that thev might the bell' 1 aiifwer the puipo(> > of his grealiuG ; by the latter
he emhroileil himfelt with all his neighbours, und wuiuonly rendered (Jermaiiy u
difmal fcene of devailalion. liy bin impolitic and unjiili revocation of the edict ut*
Nantes, in Uie year 1685, and hi* per('ecuti>»n'> of the I'rotelliiiit!., he obliged iLoin
to take llielter in K^^land, Holland, and different narli ol (iermany, wiieie they
edablilbed the (ilk maiiiifatlures, to the great prejudice ot their own country. He
wa,s fo blinded by Hattery, that lie arrogated to hlml'elf the diMiie honours paid to
the pagan empertirs of Rome. I le ntude and broke treaties for his conveniency, und
at lall r.iifed againll hiinfelf a confederacy of almoll all ilie other primes of KuP'pe;
nt the head of whii li was king U illiam ill of iMi^land. Lewis was fo well I'erved,
that he made bead lor fonu' years agaiiili this alliance i but having provoked the
Kiiu'ilh by his re|H'ated iiilid< iitio, their arms under the duke tit .Vlarll)orough, and
tlu ir allies the Aul.rians umb r prince Kuijene, rendered the latter part of his life as
niifernbie .Is the beginning ot it was IpKudid. His reii;ii, trom the \ear ijoi lo
171 1, was one contiiuied (cries ofilefiatsaml calamities, ndhc bail the iiioitilication
of feeing tlidl.' plaies taken Imm him, vvbiih, in the Ipiiner part ot his reign, were
uiipiiredat the expeiice of many thoufaiul lives. Jiilt as he vvasrctluceil, old us he
wa.-., to the defperatc refoltitiun of collecting his people, and dying at their bead, he
was faved by the Knglilh tory minillry delertiii;; the caufe, witluliavving from their
,il!ies. and com biding the peace of Uticdl, in 171.?. He fiirvived his deliverance
hut two years ; ami in his Lift hours he ditplased a gieatnefs ot mind worthy of his
elevated liluation. " Why do you Wdpr ' faid he to his domedies: " did you
think me immortal'" He died on tlie dtli of Ik ptember, 1715, and was fucceeded
bv his greal-grandfon, Lewis W.
The partialitv if Lewis \l\ . to bis natural children might have involved Frame
in a civil war, lud not the regency been fei/ed upon by the duke of Orleans, a
man of bnfe and fpiiit, and tin- next legiliiuatf piince of the blood. Wc ba.e
alri ady fcen in what manner he difcharged the nationttl debt ut Fiance ; but having
3 L embroiled
44«
N
K.
finhrnilrtl hiiitfi If will) .S|>«iri, llic kiog WA« ilrcliirrti of ngc in 1 7 Jl t And th« rc|«ot,
•a »hi' Jilih <»f IK-11'ihIht, i 7M, Wti* « arru«l oil bv nti i»\f>\\ xjr
Among ill'* Hrit atU of l.trMri» XV. w.u ilie itominuiing hit pr«>c(>pior, «Atr>
waril« iiriKnal Fkury. in he hi* liril mihittor. I hciush hii fyiU'in wu» entirtl^
pAclfk, yvt the riiuaillm nfitiliilr* lit I'.urit^H', tinon tlio iT«'iiih<»l'thtf kinf of Polaml
III 1 7 u< >ii"r* itxitt onic 'inbroilrtl limt \Mtli ihc huulVnt
Auflriii
rv..-
iillrritioM
17 U. »»'
«»f' llir Krciich kui^ wn^ lo iriiliu- lii* luihirMn-law, MiinUIiui, i«i\ ilu- iliroiu!
if I'ltlmvl. In ih « he UiUtt innuiuh iho iiucr^xiiiixm i>t t\\v H\\\\uu\% und An-
ftiiurHi but NiHniiliiu* rtijovril ihr iiilc ot' king, and llio rcvv.'ntic« 1^' Lorraiitt-,
(luring ih'. riMiuinlcrol'hi* lilV, 'Iho mtiiu'clioii l)clw«-rii Fraiitc iiiui Nptiin innvA
the I'ofinrr l<> Itri-mrtf |>riiiii|HiU in the wur \^ilh in\.\\\ brluiii, whiih ti-niiiiialL'il
irt ih"* |»cac* n( Aix li l'l».i|n lie m 1748
In the yoar 17^7. Kniiu i< Dumun, an tinhappv wrcti'h, whofi' fiilliMi miiKi.nAlu-
rally Crantic nmt Itivflj^t , wa« inllnnu d liv tlio ttifiiutc* luMwcon llu* king >«ihI liii \tW'
liatiirnr nUfivf In rilt';ii>n, »Miil)tiur<l l^ic lUI'iKrati- riMitlutinnnt aiti n\)»tinB ihc lij'o
ot hi»fovi>ri*i(;n. in lliu ilnik ot ilu' tvoiiing. un ihc kiuK |)ri-|aic(l toinit-r huconih,
I1' \v,i~< liiddf Illy ^^ nundoil, llnxif^li lli^litly , with n |k iikiiili-, hoiwi'fti (In* tourili ami
tltlb rill*, ill iIh' tir< IViicc nt ln> I'ltn, ami in tlti- iiiiilll ul hit guard* The during
aiTallin li.id niingU'd witli tltc (Mwd ot cmirtiir*, and wiih inllanlU l><irnycd hv hi«
dillr:i> tod cuiinicnand-. He dcvlari'd it iu-vi>r wai liit inlcnliiiii Id kill ihc kiii^,
l>ut ihut lit* only inoutii lo NMimid lurii.lhiil (ind mi^ltt tomli hi» heart, und iiiilinc
liiiii III H'lldti* tlic traiKi'iillily <it lii« domininnv liv re rllahlilliing tlio ptirtiuincnt,
and lianilliiiig tlu- an IdniliMp ul I'.irii, wlxiin lu- rrgarditl an the iuntiout' the pre-
leiit I'tiinnioliiint. In thvle Irantii and iiuolu-rk nl d<-iiara(ioiii he perlilled atnidll
the moll ex()iiilit«* tortures ; and alter human ingenuits hud lieeii exhnulted in do.
vtling new inodeit ol tornu'iit, hii jud^i s, tired out with his uhlUiiacy, eonligiud
him to a ihath, (he harhnrily o| wlmh wa'i increafed liy the evident inadiuf'i
that DinuiUitid him to the ahominalile and ihlperate uiuinpt. He was conduct-
ed to the coinmon plaee ot exei uti<>n. aniidll a vail eoncourfe ot the nopiiiutei
Itrippi (I naked, and l.ilKiud to the !•. atlohl hv iron gyven. One of \us liaiuK was
t'.ii burnt ill Inpiid llamiii); fuiplmr. Ili'i ihi^jhs legs, und armt, were torn v^iili
fill hot piluer^^ hoihng oil, nulled lead, mlin and fiilphur, were poured into
tile wouudu ; und to eoniplete the horrid catallrophe, lie wa« lorn lu pieces by
Iiorfe*.
I he JefuitK, liavini' rendered thenifelves odiou* by their real or fuppofed Ihare
i'l the lonlpiraey againll the king ut Portugal, tell in l-'ranee under the lalliottlv
• imI power, for uri.iin tVauduient nurcanlile tranfactions liny retuleil to dil-
( !i.irg»' llie drills ol one ot their body, who had beeome bankrupt tor a larj;e
I im, and who was luppoled loatt lor llu- benelit ot the whole fociety. As a numk,
nde>'<l, he mull neceil'ariiy do fo. '| he parhanuiits eagerly fei/ed an opportunity
or liHMlbliiit; their politieal encmiis. Tlie Jel'uits were every where rilid belure
i\< le hi^li iiilmnals in i7'ii, and ordered to do julliee to their creditoi^. IIk'.
I' I ivvl to anpiirlee in liv deeilion, |)iit delayed payment under various pretences.
\vW liiils \v«re coiiiinenced ;(ga!ull tliein, in 1762, on account ot the pernieiuui
i>Mden»y of" lluir writinijs. In the courl'e ot' thele proceedings which the king
I iideavouied in \.iin to puvent, they we:v v;o npelkd to produce their ln/iiiiiu; or
rie r iNs n|" ih<ir ord'-r, hilheri') (hniiouli) concealed. rh;ii myllerions vohniie.
e hicli was t'oiind to ((Mil:iin muM.ns I'ubveilive ot civil f^uvernment and nmralit),
cii;iip!etcd tin ir ruin All tluir colleges were I'ei/ed, all their elFecl.s conlifcalcji
i.nd the king, alhaimd or ahaid ti protect them, not only religned them to their tale,
lilt linally e .pi|lied tl,en» il'c k'ti-dom, by a rulemii cdivt, iuid ullerl) nboliihed
til." order ol' Jcl'ui in Kraucc.
Llaud
V K
N
C
K
44 »
r.latril Mriili ihi* vklorv over rculrlintlkal ivrnnny, ihf Frcmh p«rli«mtnu
Mllrniplfil to I'fi l><>ut)iU rii tin- utiliiUitt |Hiwi*r »( ilu* t rowii, nml iV«'m««l (leUTinintd
».» (Diititif il within \\w limit* 1)1' liiw. Nul fatiifuil with rrl'uling, «« iifiiitl, lo
ir((ilti'r i'rriuitt «i|>|»rrilivi- titicl*, ur with rt'moiilkittiiiiK ii|;.iinll ih>'iii, ilu-y nrdcrcil
irininiul |tr>iK't iiiimii« it* Ih* toinmciHAil iiguiiill iho ngnvi'rtuM* <•!' live .tl imtvinrM,
lUiiiiK in the Iktiig i nunn', who Imtl •iiloriftl (hi- ri'Ktilrulioit ot' ihot' >'«lu>«, 'I'hi*
inttKiuiiiniiiv o| ilifli' ull>'iiil)lii'« iiwitli*niil m dcw tinhiiir in ilu* bolonii ot' ihr
FrtiuUi aiiU lht» Haiiic, tit ihu fuctvvtiiitg rvign, liutit I'orih with luc uiiuiUuhI
tunc.
A«lothc wnr w'lthfirial Hfilniit, wh'nh wu*«'ml««l li\ \\w pi.m- uri'onfiiinrhl<Mii,
ill fjh\, ihi- ihi«'t fvfiiu tiiti ii(liii)( It, lit Itiiiiiili.iiuiK '" l'r.iiuf, h'lVf btv-n alrrndv
nil-Ill ioiii'ti III the hillorjr ul Imi^IiiiuI, uml tlivri'lorc iicvil not bu rrcn|iituUi< d
hire.
Corrutt, • fiiiull illuhd ill the Mfdiiirrniu tin, hiiil loiiif iflilU'd ^^ iih nuinlv Hrtniti ^
ihf «i|»priMrivi' coiiiiiiU ot lli<' (iiMiiuli", wlio ( luiincil thi- loNcninniv owt ii, bv
riKlit ol roiu|iii'lt. Itui, iiiiiililo lo rapport iholi' prctirnlion^, (irtin.i tr.in^lcrrfd
lluiii III rruiiic, on loiidiiion ih;it l.t'Wii ihoiild put her in t'ull pxilotiioii ol the ud-
juinil illiiiid otC'uprum, wliith iho Corliiani had luli-ly iiiMulid und reduced. To
fXciutfhi^enj^agfiiUMiti, powerful nrinunu-iitt were Hlledouiliv l.ewit, iit Aiitihi*
and Toiiloii I tweiit) liatiulioni o\ Kk'ix h xMit landed in (orliv.t i niul i|u- niitive«,
uliofe tree fnllraKei had Ininnioiud I'aoli, inu ot their piiiuipal el.ietn, to thr
l\iprciiie f(o\ irniiienl ol the ilhiiul, deierninu il to detend tli> ir lilH'rlie<t to ihe iitnioll.
.\ lliarp mid IiIikkI) war, iuth ai Itiited llie interior nntiberii o|' the iilialiitiiiilxniiil
till' nature ol' the eoiintry, wim etirried on in all the I'aiiru det and niountiiinou* pnrt«
ot'the ill.ind. And it wai nut till alter the KreiKlih.id I'alMJIy e\peii.'iut'd, in two
I'lueellixe «anipaiKn<i, the enllinliallit loura^e which nniinate^ iln chani|iioiM of'
iVeeiloin, that the) overwiielnied hy their liiperior nuinlieiN tlii^ untiTtiinaie peitplet
tiur had Ia'wiv much reafon to triumph in an acquitition, to attain which, he had
lAcriliced Icveral thouraiuU ol Iun liravcll iroopH, and only extended his doiniiiin<)
uver n ru){ged and iinprodiii:tive ill.uid.
The late unlor Innate nionurch, Lewis X\ I. I'uccecded liisgrandtalher, Lew it W.
on the loth ol May, 1774. Several re^nhitions were made, utter hii accell'nn,
lii|;lily tavouruble tu t]\e i;enerul iiiterell>ol the nation, parliiularly the fupprellioii
til (he mouri|uotaire<i, mid lonie otiier corpi, which being adapted mure to the pand"
ul' |{iiiirding the royal peii'un, than any real military lervice, were luppurted at a gre.it
i'\p>tue, without an adeijuate return ol benefit to the date. Hui one ol the moll
rein;nkalile cirt iimlhnues wliich attended this ."rign, wa'. the placing of Mr.
Nei kar, a I'rotedant, and a nativi." ol' Switzerland, at (lie head ol' tlie Krench finan 1 (,
in 1776; u meafure lontrary to the eonllani policy ol Fiancr, which had carefully
excluded the aliens ol her country and l.iitii Ironi the cuntroul ol the revenue.
I'luli r the direction of Neckar, a geiutal relorin took plaie in Frame tliroufjlioiil
every department ot the re\enue. \N hen hoUihties commenced in 1 777, betweni
France and (ireat Britain, in cttnfeiiuencc of the atlillaiice aHorded by tlie former
tu the revolted Hritiih colonie* in .\merica, the people of France were lefs burthen-
kd with lew taxes for carrying on the war, than ufual ; and the public revenue
\Mis augmented bv the leconoiu' , improNeiiK nts, and reformation, that ^^'erl■ in-
tiiiikiccd into the manai;enieut of the (inances. In confequencc of this iiiitiunal
(lumomv, the navy of hance was railed tu (o great a height as to become truly
turinidabU- tu (ireat hritain
\> nil a nu II laudable zeal to extend the doniiniun of fcience, Lewis fitf> d out
l\\i'ial velieis on allioaoiiiical diUoveries. I he chevalier de Burda was initrucleil
to alcertain the exac I polition of the Canary illands and Capt- tU- Verd ; and the dit-
tiuiit degrees of the coall of Africa from Cape Spurial to the illand of (juree : tlv
3 L i chevalier
aM
r R A N C 6.
chevalier Grenier, who had travcrfed the Indian fcas to improve the charts attd cor-
tei\ the errors of former navigators, was liberally rewarded by a monarch who afpir.
ed to immortalize the a-ra ot liis power, hy expeditions beneficial to mankind.
The viJit of the emperor to the court of Paris was another occurrence that excited
the attention of Kurope. Averfe to pomp, he chofe to travel under the humble title
of count Falkenftcin -, he was received by Lewis with that refpc6t which was due
to the imperial dignity, ami the regard that he was impatient to tedify to the brother
of his royal conf')rt. During lix weeks that the emperor remained at Paris, hi«
hours were much employed m examining the arts and manufactures of that capi.
tal. With the <"ainc fpirit of inquiry he made a tour through different provinces
of the kingdom, and in his journey endeavoured to glean whatever might be advan-
tageous tu his own dominions.
Aniidft tlic fury of war, Lewis difplayed that regard for fcicncc, which had early
formed a ftriking charadk>riltic of his reign. Previous to the commencement of
hoftiiities, the Englith had fent two vciTels into the South Seas, commanded by cap.
tains Cook and Clerkc, to explore the coafts and iflands of Japan and California:
the return of thofe veflels was hourly expected in Europe ; and Lewis, with a con-
fittciatc humanity which reHetls the hieheft luftrc on his chara£ter, by a circular
letter to all his naval oilicers, commanded them to abftain from all hodilitics againit
thcfe Ihips, and to treat them as neutral vcflfels. The letters mentioned e Ifo in terms
of the highelt refpeft captain Cook, who had long didinguifhed himfelf in fuccef-
five voyages of difcovery. But death allowed not that celebrated navigator to en-
joy this grateful teflimony to his merit ; havi'g, in one of the newly-difcovercd
iflands, already fallen a vidim to the blind fury of the favage inhabitants.
At the begmning of the year 1780, in confequencc of the rcprcfentat ions of Mr.
Neckar, a variety of unricceflary offices in the houfchold of the king and queen were
aboiithcd ; and fundry other important regulations adopted, for the eafe of the fub-
Jedt, and the general benefit of the kingdoir. Could we implicitly credit his me-
jnorial, he changed the excifs of difburlcments, at lead one million derling, of the
year 1776, into an excels of revenue in the year 1780, to the amount of 445,0001.
Hut Neckur's oeconomy was not calculated to pleafe the court. He was therefore
difplaced, and is faid to have been particularly obnoxious to the queen's party.
'Ihe freedom of America had been the grand objett of France ; and that having
been acknowledged in the fulleft and mod exprefs terms by (Jrcat Britain, the pre-
liminary articles of peace were (igned at Paris on the 20th of January 1783 ; but
the immenfc expcnces incurred were found at lad to be much more than the reve-
nues of the kingdom could by any means fupport ; and th-; miferable exigencies to
which government was reduced, produced or haftened the prcfent revolution.
In the various wars of France with England, particularly m the lad and prefent
centuries, the former often experienced thedifaclvantageoi not having a good port
in the channel. The government of France took up this important objett with
the greated zeal and vigour ; and having employed the ablelt engineers in that
kingdom, proceedetl, by the mod adonilhing and dupendous w^vks, to render the
port ot Cherbourg capable of receiving and protecting a royal navy. Since the latt
peace, they profecutcd this work at an annual expence o*' upwards of zoo.oool. •
In the year 1786, a treaty of navigation and ccmmcrcc was concluded between
the two courts of London and Verfailles, of which notice has been previoully taken
in our account of England.
The ambition of the French government, which made it acquainted wi4h liberty
in afliding the infurgents in America and Holland, excited a fpirit amoiigd the
people, which could not well admit the continuance of arbitrary power at home,
when the cdi6t for rogidcring the loan at the conclulion of 1785, amounting to
the fum ol three milliuii>, three hundred and thirty llwufand pounds, W|is prcfent-
ed
N
445
«d to the parliament o/ Paris, the murmur* of the people, and the remonArancea
of that afTembly, alFuined a more legal and obftinate form. 'Hie kins, huw
ever, ligniKcd to the felu£.t deputation coinmilliuiwd to convey to him their r^
m;ji.lirancc8, that he expcd^ed to b« obey 'd without farther dv'lay. The cere-
mony of regiftration took place on the next day, but was accompa^iied with a re-
fulutiun, importing, that public oeconomy wab tlic only gcnuinv fuurce of abundant
revenue, the only means uf providing for the nccc^ities of the Hate, and reiloring
that credit, which lH>iu\ving had reduced tu the brink of ruin.
lliis pioceedihg wa» no fuoncr known, than the king required the attendance of
the grand deputaiiun of parliament ; he erafcd from their rccordb the refolution that
had been adopted ; and obferved, ihough it was his pleafure that the parliament
iiiould cominuiiicaie, by itii refpe^tful reprefentatiuns, whatever might mtered the
goud of the public, yet he never would cuiifent that they Ihould to far abufc his
confidence and nieic),ns to creti themfelvcs into the cenfurs of his adminillration }
lie expelled in future iliey Ihould confine their exprellions within the limits of wif-
doni and loyalty ; he declared hinifelf fatisficd with the conduct of monfieur Cnlonne,
his coinptroller-eeneiai ; atid, more Arongly to niark his refentment againil them,
lie directed ihe dil'niiilion from farther fervice of one of their oliicers who had ap-
peared mod active in forwarding the late reiblution.
However giatified by the fupport of his fovercign, monfieur de Calonnc could
not fail of finding liiuifelf deeply mortified by the uppolitiun of the parliament. 1 lis
addrefs to conciliate that afTembly had proved inettcdual, and he experienced their
inflexible avcrlion at the critical juncture, when their acquiefccnce might have
proved of the moll ell'cntial fervice. An anxious inquiry into theHatc of the public
finances had convinced him that the expenditure had tar exceeded the revenues;
in the prefent fituation, to impofe new taxes was impollible ; to continue the me-
thod ot borrowing was ruinous; and to have recourfe only to oecononiical reforms,
would be found wholly inadequate ; and he hefitated not to declare that it would
be inipolhble to place the finances on afolid bafts, but by the leformation of what-
ever was vicious in the conilitution of the flatc.
To give weight to this reform, the miiuiler was fenfible that fomething more was
nccelTary than ro\al auihority ; he peitcived that the parliament was neither a tit
inlhument for introdiicing a new order into public affaiis, nor would fubmit to be
a paiiive irrchine for fanctiuning the plans of a minifter, even if thofe plans were
the emanations of peifett wifdom. Though originally a body of lawyer:., indebit d
for their appointments to the king, there was not an attriboie of a genuine legiila-
tive afl'embiV that they did not I'cem detirous to eagrofs to themfeives ; and they had
Ikxh fupported in their pretenlions by the pla idiis of the people, who were fenli-
bte that there was no other body in the nation who couid piead their caufe agniiill
nunilU*rial opprellion.
L udei thefe circumflances, the only alternative that feemed to remain, was to
have recouifc to fome other afVeinbly, more dignified and folenin in its character,
and compofed of members from the various oiders of the ftate, and the ditlercnt
provinces of the kingdom. '1 his proiuifed to be a popular iiKalurc ; i implied a
deference for the people at large, and might be cxpetted to prove grea f accept-
able i but the true and legitimate allembly of the nation, the liates-gmeral, had not
met lincc the year 161-4. Another affemby had occalionally been I'ublUtuted in the
room of tlieftaies-general ; this was diflinguilhed by the i..le of the Nolab':s,ox
men of note, andcoiUirted of a number of perfons from all parts of the.kin'^dyiii,
chiefly feleded from the higher orders if the llaie, and nominated by the kinj;
hnnfelf Ihis aflumbly had been convt ned by Henry the four.h aiul ag;un by
Lewis the.'l hirtccnth; and was now once more fammuned by tic aiUliority of the
late monarch. , ^ ... , , , ,.,,..
Th«
446
N
E.
The writs for calling tofri-thcr tlip afTomhly of the notablos were dntcd on fhc 291I1
of DeciMuher, 1786 ; tlioy \\v\v adilnirid to iVvcn priiici's of tiic blood, iiiiu-dulcos
innd peers of Franci*, oight fu-ld manMVIials, tvvciity-two noldcs, eight rounfollors
of ftati', four maftors of ri'ciuclls, eleven archbiihops and bilhops, thirty-fevc.i of the
heads of the law, twelve deputies of liie pays dVtals, the lieutenant civil, and twenty-
five magiltrates of the (lillerent towns ot ihe kingdom. The number of members
was one hundred and tour ; and the 29th of January, 1 787, was the period appointed
for their opening.
It was at the moment when the members of ihe notables had arrived at Paris, and
wlion the attention of all clafles in the kingdom wasfiyed upon their nieetini^ as an
important acra in the national hillor\, that the niinitler found himfelf yet unjircpared
to fubmit his fvflem to their inlpettion, and poltponed the opening of the council
to the 7th of February. 'I'liis delay was injudicious in the higliell degree ; and to
this the fubfequent revolution is laid immediatek to have been owing. Politics had
occupied the minds of men, particularly in the metropolis, to the exclulion of eveiy
other fubjcft ; and, during this interval, an opportunity was given to the members
of convernng with each other, communicating tlieir con^plaints, and t'orniing fclienies
for redrofs. A fecond delay, to the i4lh of the fame month, was oceaiioned by the
indit'polition of inonfieur de Calonne himfelf, and that of the coint de Vergennes,
prelident of the council of finance, and fnii feerelary of ftate ; and a third procrnfti-
nation, owing to the death of the count, pollpon.d the meeting to the iiA of IV.
hruary.
It was under tliefe difficulties that monfieur Calonne firft met the affembly of tlio
notables, and opened his long-expeck-d plan. J Ic began by (buing that the public
expenditine had for centuries pall exceeded the revenue, that a very confideralilc
deficiency had of couife e>illed, and that at his own accellion toofliceit was three
millions, three hundred and thirty thoufand pounds.
To remedy this evil, the comptroller-general reconnnended a territorial import,
in the nature of the I'liglilh land-tax, from which no rank or order of men was to
be exempted; an incjuiry into the polTeliions of the clergy, which hitherto had
been exempted from bearing jjublic burtliens ; the various branches of internal
taxation were alfo to undergo a Itrii^t examination ; and a confiderabie refourcc was
prefented in mortgaging tlie demefne lands of the crown.
Hefore monlicur Neckar retired from the management if the finances, he had
publilhed his Compte rendu au Roi, in which France was reprefented aspolfellinc
a clear Anplusf)f four hundred and twenty-live thoufand pounds llerling. i his per-
form anee had been read with avidity, and had been confiderCiasformiiiganew a ra in
the hiltory of hrance. 'J'he credit of this Ibitement was ably vindicated by monlieur
de Hrienne, archbilhop of 'I'ouioufe, and !)}■ the count de Alirabenu, a (Hll more
formidable enemy to ("aionne. His eiociuence, however, might have fiiccefsfullv
vindicated his fyltem and reputation againll the calculations of Ih iennc, and the iii-
vei."tives of Mirabeaii ; but the genius of the coiuptroller-general funk under the in-
fluence i)f the three great bodies of the nation. The grand and cflential objetl of
relovm was to ecjuali/e the public burthens, and by rendering the taxes general, to
diminilh the load of the lower and moft oppreffed clalTes of the peojile. '1 he ar.cier.t
iidbiiity and th.e clergy had ever been free from all public aU'eHini-nts ; the crowd,
of n.'w not)leli'e, who had purchaftd their patents, were by that Ihameful culhmi ex-
empted, both themfeives and their pofterity, trom comrib jiing projxirtionallv to the
expences of the ftate ; the magillracies likewife throughout the kingdom enjoved
their fhare nf thefe exemptions ; fo that the whole weight of the taxes fell on tlu.fe
who were lead able to bear them. 'I bus the nobility, the clergy, and the magil-
tracy, were luiited a;;ainl} the nnnirter, and the event v as fui ii as might be expect
cd. '1 he intrigues ot thole three bjdies raifed againii him fo loud a clamour, that
finding
R
N
F.
2q«li
lakes
L'Uors
>t"thc
'onty-
nbcrs
liiiuil
s, ami
; as an
spared
■ouncil
and t(i
ics liad
f cvciy
cmbiTs
dicnu's
I l)y the '
j^cnnfs,
rocrafti-
\ of In-
ly of the
c jmiIiI'k"
ridi-rahK;
vas throe
il impoft.
■n \vas til
(crti) had
iuteinal
rce was
he hu\
his piT-
w a ra in
nionlicvu'
I ill more
cefsfuUy
nd the iii-
lor the in-
objed of
eneral, to
le ancier.t
ic crowdi
iilUnn ex-
ally to the
n enjoyed
I on thofo
he inagil-
|ie expect
iiour, that
tmiling
fiiiding it impolTihte to ftcm flu- torrent, monfieiir tie Calonno not only rcfigiud hi';
place on the nth of April, but foon uftcr retired to Kngland from tlie It utn of
profecution.
'Ilio notables prorooded in their incpiiries, and it win now fnnfffefted that an af-
fembly of tin* dates Ihould be called, as the notables were not > nupeti-nt to inipofe
a ni'W lax. As th<" deliherations of the notables were not earned on in feeret, tliis
pro|>ofal was mllantly circulated through the ca])ital, and fu|)pofed to be u new
(iifeovery. The notables were foon after dilliilved.
The llamp-a^l, hovvver, was eflablilhed, and a bed of juftiee was held by the
king oi> the rifth of Augull, 17H7, at which ilu parliament of i'aris was obliged to
attend ; and the ediet was regittered. notwithlhmding their protell to the contrary :
l)iit the ]>arliarnent, thou^^h <letealei', were tar from bei.i'^r fabducd. On the day
after the king had held his bed i>f juttice, they entered a tornial protefl againtl the
loncellion that had been extorti d from them. They deelared that the I'dict had
been regiftered againll their a])probation and content, by the king's exprefs com-
mand ; that it neither ought, nor ihonld have any force ; and tiie tirii perfon who
lliiiiild prefume to attempt to carry it into execution, lh)uld be adjud^jed a traitor,
and eontlenmed to the gallie<;.
'i'his declaration left to the crown no other alternative, tlian either procei-ding to
extremities infupjxirt of its autliorit\, or giving up, for ever after, the |)owerof laiinifj
money upon anyoccalion without the confent of parliament. Painful a^ every ap-
pearance of violence nndl have jjroved to the mild difpoluion ot Lewi-, he coaltt
not confent to furrentler, without a llrnggle, that authoriiv which had been folong
(•\ercifed bv his predecefTors. Since the eommemenient of the piefent difeontents,
the capital had been gradually filled with conliderable bodies ot troops ; and about
a week after the parliament had entered the proti.tl, an otlicer of the !• rent 'a guards,
with a parly of foldiers, went at break of day to the houfe of each individuHJ mem-
ber, to iignify to him the king's command, that he Ihould immediately get into his
carriage, proceed to Troves, a tit}- of Champagne, about feventy miles from I'aris,
without writing or fpeaking to any perfon out of his own houie before his depar-
ture. 'I'hefe orders were fervi'd at the fame inlhmt ; and be'ore the citixi-ns of I'aris
were aecpiainted with the tranfattion, the jiarliament were already on lite icaJ to
the place of their banillinu lit.
But previous to their removal, they had i)refented a rv-monlhanee on the late
nieafures of government, and the alarming llaie of public atlairs. in Itating their
opinions on taxes, they deelared that neitlu v the parliaments, nor any otiier ;ui-
tiu'rilx', five that of the three Itates of the kingdom collectively alU'm'uled, coulJ
warrant the laying of any permam m tax upon the people ; and they Ihongly en-
t'ereed the renewal of thole national a'.Vemblie-, wiiich liad rendered the reign uf
Charlemagne fo iihitlrious.
So great was the lefentment of the whole nation againll the hanidiment of ihe
parliament, that alter a month's exile it was recalled. 'I'his was fcareelv done,
when they were delired to regiller a loan ; at vghich they hel.iated. At lall the
king came to the houfe, and held what is called a royal fellion. The edicts were
now regillered ; but the iluke of Orleans protefted. ji the pretence of the king,
againft the legality of the proceeiiing. 1 lu' parlip.ment protelled againfl the le-
gality of the fellion itfelf, but to no jmrpole. The d .ke of Orleans, and four
others, were baniihed ; the king called for the journals ul the houfe, dcllroved
the protelt, and forbad it to be inforted again. Great clamours were riiifed
for the releafe of the duke of Orleans, and the other members of p;uliament ;
remi'utlranees were ])refented bv the parliaments ol Paris, Bourdcaux, aiicl
Kennes ; Init the exiles were not rccalleii till tlu- fpring ot 17SS.
The parliament of Paris had not lonHned their demands to the liberation of
lliele ger.tlcmen, but had nl.ced the rcinoulhar.cis of t!ie ir.rliamcnt of Greni.b'e.
and
44^
N
E.
;iikI had loudly inveighed agaiiift the execution of lettres de eachel. So froo-
:iml pointed were the fpcothcs of two of the members, that Lewis was once more
pr* vailt\l upon to recur to iVverity; and McflTrs. d'lifprcmcniland Moufambert were
conuiiitted to feparjiff (liitc-prifoiis.
liii: r«.'moiii>ram-' of the parliament on this new exertion of dcfpotifm, exceed-
ed in boklncls all the former rcprefontations of that aircmbl^: they declared they
were !"Hv more (Irongly confirmed, by every proceeding, of the entire innovation,
which was aimed at in tin- conllitution. " But, Sire," added they, " the French
" nation will never adopt the defpolic meafures to which you are advifed, and
• " wliofe clFei'^s alarm the moll t'anht'iil of your magillratcii ; we Ihall not repeat
• •' all the unt'oitunate circumllances which atllift usi we Ihall only reprefeni to
•' joti witii refpcctt'ul firmnefs, that the fundamental laws of the kingdom muji not
" be traiipled u|)on ; and xhiiX your authority can only be ejkemed, jo hng as it is tem-
" pe'-Cil T.<.'iili jiijliii"
Language fo bold and decillvc, and which aiferted the controlling power of the
Jaws above the regal authority, could not fail of ferioully alarming the royal bo.
fom. No alternative remained now to Lewis, but to plunge his country into all
the calamities of civil war, or to comply with the wilhcs of his people, and re-
'.llahlilh the llates-gencral. In the firft cafi, he muft have expeded to encounter
the majority of the people, animated by the exhortations and examples of their
inagidrates; the peers of the realm had exprelTed the llrongell difapprobation of
his meafures, nor could he even depend any longeron the princes ot the blood;
but what alforcled moft f.Mimis matter of alarm, was the fpirit lately difplayed
nmo.ig the n)ilitary, wiio, during the di(lurl)ances in tlie provinces, had reiuttaiitly
been brought to draw their fvvords againii their countrymen ; and many of whole
officers, having imbibed principles of reliilance in America, publicly proclaimed
their abhorrrnce of defpotifm.
Yet it was not till after many a painful (Iruggic, that Lewis could refolvc to
reflorc an affembly, whofc influence mull naturally ovcr-lliadow that of the crown,
and whofc jurifdiclion would confine, witiiin narrow limits, tlie boundlefs power
ho had inherited from his predeceflbr. During the two preceding reigns, the
fiaies-general had been wholly difcontinued ; and though the t|ueen-regent, auiidft
the troubles which attended the n)inority of Lewis the Fourteenth, freijuentlv ex-
prefled her intention of calling ihem together, the was conltanti) dilfuaded by the
rcprefentalions of the ctat'ty Mazarine. It 's probable that the preient monarch
ftill flattered himfelf with the hope of being able to allure the members of that
affemhlv to the (ide of the court ; and thought, that iiaving employed them to
eftabliih fomc degree of regularity in the finances, he would again difmifs them to
obfcurity.
In the beginning of Augufi, an arret was publilhcd, which fixed the meeting
of the ftates-gencral to the firft of May in the enfuing year, viz. 1789; at the
Oime time c/ery ftep was taken to fecure the favourable opinion of the puhlii.
New arrangements took place inlhe adminiftration ; and monlieur Neckar, wliom
the confidence of the peoj>le haa long followed, was again introduced intj tlie
management of the finances ; the torture, which by a former edict had been re-
ftricted in part, was now entirely 'bolilhed ; every perfon accufed was allowed
the aliiftance of counl'el, and pernutted to avail himfelf of any point of law ; and
it was decreed that, in future, fentence ot death ihouUl not be palled on any per-
fon, unlefs the party accufed fhould be pronounced guilty by a majority at leatl
of three judges.
But the moft important confidcrati(m that occupied the attention of the fovereign
and his minifters, was the means of afiembling the flates-general. The lalt meet-
.in^, in the year 1614, had been convciK;d by application to the bailiwicks i but
o this
R
N
E.
449
this TDodc was UaUIc to fcvcral (Irong objcflions ; the bailiwicki.had,becn incrcaf-
i-d ill number and jurifdittion ; and fmcc that period feveral provinces had been
villi li'd to Fiiincr ; nor wtri- the numbers and quality ot" the memberi lefs an objefct
ot fiTiotis delil^eration ; and it was not till the clofe of the year that the propofal
of luonlii'ur Ncckar was adopted, and publicly regiftered, which fixed tnc num-
ber oi deputies at one thouland and upwards ; and ordained that the reprcfenta-
tives of the third eilatc, or commonh, Ihould equal in number thofcof the nobility
;ind clergy united.
The eyes of all Europe were now turned on the flates-gcneral, or national aflem-
l)|y, whole rc-cftabliduncnt, in the month of May, 17S9, prefented a new a:ra in
the government of France. But the moment of their meeting was far from aufpi-
cious to the court. The minds of tlic French had long been agitated by various
humours-, the unanimity, that iiad been expetted from the different orders of the
Ihitcs, WHS extinguilhed by the jarring pretentions of each ; and their mutual
jcaloulies were attributed by the lufpieions of the people to ihe intrigues of mi-
iiilh-rs. A dearth that pervaded the kingdom increaled the general difcontcnt ;
and the people, prelTed by hunger, and intlamed by rtfentmcnt, were ripe for re-
volt. The fovereign alio, equally impatient of the obllacles he incefl'antly encoun-
tered, could not conceal his chagrin ; the influence of the queen in the cabinet
was again eltabliihed, and was attended by the immediate removal of Neckar.
This Hep, which evinced a total change of refolutioiis, was followed by others
equally injudicious. 'ITie Hates-general were driven into the " Salle des Etats,"
where they held their meetings, by detachments of the guards, who furrounded
them, and who waited only the orders ot the court, to proceed to greater extre-
mities againll the obnoxious reprefentatives of the nation.
Had thefe manifcllatums of vigour been fuftained by inftantly attacking and
entering Paris, it is probable that the capital would have been without difficulty
reduced to obedience. But the delay which fucceeded, gave the inhabitants time
to recover from their firft emotions of furprife and upprchenfion. They faw the
timidity and imbecillity of the government, which, liaving founded the charge,
dared not advance to the attack. They profited by this want of exertion ; and
palling from one extreme rapidly to another, they almod unaniinoully took up
arms againft their rulers. Joined by the F'rench guards, who, from a long reli-
dencc in the capital, had been peculiarly expofed to feduttion, and who at this
decilive moment abandoned th^lr lovereign, the I'arifians broke through every ob-
llacle In which they had hitherto been reilrained. J he fupplies of arms and am-
nuiniiiuii, which had been provided tor their fiibjugation, were turned againft the
ercwu; and the " Hotel des invalides," the great repolitory of military llores, after
a faint relillance, furrcndered.
Ihe prince de Lambefc, who alone, of all tlie officers commanding the royal
troops in the vicinity of Paris, attempted to carry into execution the plan for ^if-
armiiig the capital, was repulfed in a premature and injudicious attack, which he
made at the head of his dragoons, near the entrance of the garden of the Tuil-
leries. Already the " Prevot des Marchands," monlieur de Flellels, convitted of
entertaining a correfpondencc with '.he court, and detected in fending private in-
ti llij;encc Ui monlieur de l..aur.:iy, governor ot the Ba'lile, had been ft-i/ed bv the
jKople, and fallen the tirfl victim to their rellntment. His head, borne on a
lance, exhibited an alarming fpi.ctacle of the danger with which adherence to the
fiivercign was hkely to be attended.
The lialiile alone remained ; and wiiiie it continued in thi power of the crown,
Pari> could not be regarded as fei urc liom the fcverell chaltiicinent. It. was in-
ftantly invelled cm the 14th of July, 1789, by a mixed multitude, compofed of
eitii:ens, and foldiers who had Joined the piipular b;inner. Dc Launay, who tom-
i -M iiiandcd
450
F
\i
C
F,
\
maiuli il in the caftle, by an a6t of pcrritly, uiiiuftitiablf under any circiitnflHncc»,
anil whicli rendered his fatp lefs regretted, necelcrated the capture ot' this im-
portant fortrcfs. lie difplayed a HaR of Iriice, and demanded n parley ; but abuf-
iii;^ the confidence which thefe lignals infpircd, ho difcharged a heavy fne from
the cannon and mufquetry of the place upon tlic befiegers, and made a cunlider-
able carnage. Far from intimidating, he only augmented, by his treacherous
cruelty, the rage of an incenfed po^ ulacc. Ihcv renewed their exertions with
irrelillible energy. 'Ilic Ballile, that awful engine of defpotifm, whofc name
alone diffufcd terror, and which for niany ages had been facred to lilence and de-
fpair, was entered by tlie victorious alVailants. I)e Launay, iVi/ed and dragged
to the " Place di- (Jreve, ' was iutlantly decapitated, and his head carried in
triumph through the iir-eiv ot Paris.
In this prifon wi^rc t. ind the moll horrible engines for putting to the feveroll
tortures thofe unl i) py perfons, whom the cruelty or jealoufy of defpotifm had ^.\^:.
terminef' »o d .Ibo) An iri>n cage, about twelve tons in weight, was found with
the Ikeli •.),. a man .n u, who had probably lingered out u great part of his davs
in that ' orril)!'' marl; mi. Among the prifoners releafed by its dellruttion, wc^.
major \^ I ile, .* ScO',iv,aii, lord Xlallarene, an Irilh nobleman, and the count do
Lorges. 'hii' firt" . j.peared to have his intellectual faculties totally impaired, and
had forg ten tlie uK of «"|,reeh. The fecond, on his arrival at the britilli ihore,
eagerly ji.u\po i o!it of the boat, fell down on his knees, and killing the ground
thrice, exclaimed, " tl./.l blefs this land of liberty." The count dc Lorges, at a
very advanced ] >rind of life, was alfo liberated, and exhibited to the public cu-
riolitv in the " Pi.'ais Uoyal." I lis fqualid appearance, his white beard which de-
fcended to his wa'll, and above all, his imbecility, refulting from an imprifon-
mcnt of thirty-two years, were objetls hiifhly calculated to operate upon the fenfes
and paflions of every beholder. If is indeed impolhble, not to participate in the
exultation, which a capital and a country, fo long opjirelfed, ntull have expe-
rienced, at the extinction of this dctelhible and jullly dreaded prifon of Hate.
With the Haftile expired, the defnotifin ot the French princes, which long pn
fcription. fubmillion, and military lirength, feemed to render eijually facred and
unaHailable ; which neither the calamities of ihv clofe of Lewis the Fourteenth s
reii;n, the proHigacy and enormities of the fucceeding regency, nor the llatc of
<k:',radati(in into which the monarchy funk under Lewis the Fifteenth, had ever
llwiken : that power, which apj)earcd to derive its fupport almoft as much from
the lovaltv and veneration, a> trom the dread and terrors of ilie fubject, fell pro-
lti.»te in the duU, and never betrayed a fv iiptom of returning lite.
^o many great events h.ivc arii'en in conl^\juence 't this revolution, that the li-
nuts of yiur prelei\t wotk will nut permit iis to i;ivc anv more than the im>il pru-
iwincnt features, and imporlani conlecpiences oi it. iTie next morning after
t^e capture of the halliie, the monarch Ajfipeare*' in the national alien)bly, but
uhIiouI iIh' jxiuip I'ud parade ol de1|K)tifin. His addrefs was .itfecrionate and
«\)nfolat»HA. ** lie lamented the dilturbances tit i'aris; dilavowid all confeiouf-
nefs vt any meditated attack on the perfons of the deputies ; and added, that In
had ilV.ied orders tor the iiiiniediate removal of the troops from the vicinity of ihi
nutropnlis." The tear of fympathy Itarted into every eye. An expreilivc IiIuki
Hrrt pkivaded the aliemb!-. , wkiih prelently was fuieeeded by a burll of app'.uil •
acid acclamation. On tin ibth, the king having intimated to the national alleni-
biy his intention nf vilitiiig Paris ilu lollowing day, he accordingly, on ihe niuri;-
ing of the 17th, left Verlailles in a plain drels, and with no other eipjipage ti;m
two carriages, with eight horlV's t ach ; in tlie tirll ot which he rode hinifell, ,1
part of the national allemblv in cheir robes ac^oinpanieil him on foot ; and ti.r
niilitia of Verfailles cumpoled his only guard, till the procethon arrived at the
3 Scve,
N
E.
45'
Scvc, wlirn* tliry wire relieved by tltc Poris militia, with the marquis dc la
Fayette nl tlieir lirud ; and t'ri)ni this plate, the fiiile ot" the inunarcli iiniouiited to
aluiut 20,000 men. 'I'he progrefs was remarkably (low ; and no Ihuut was to he
hoard but A'/t'c /a nation ! \lr. Ihilly, on prefentinj; the keys ot" the city, addrelfed
his maielly in a Ihort Ipeeeh, tl)e exordium of which was : " Thefe, (ir, arc the
keys wliieh were prefented to Henry IV. lie eame to reeonqucr his people j it is
our happinefs tt) have reeimcpiered our king." On receivinj; the complimentary
;id(lri'lles ot" tlie mayor, 8ic. the king exclainied with an air of pathetic ciuotion,
which Scarcely allowed him utterance—" My pe(>|)le may always rely upon my
atVec^lIon." He received tVom the hands of the ma\iir the national cockaile ; and
wlien he Ihewed hinjfelf at the window with this b.idge of pairiotifm, the jov of
llie people could no longer be rellrained ; the Ihont of T;; c k Roi ! wliiih \\\f\
fiiircely been heard in the former part of the day, filled the whole aimofpheie,
aiul refouiuied ti.iin one extremity of the litv to the other. The return of the
king to Verfailles was a real triumph. The citl/ens, intoxicated with joy,
fiiiiounded his carriage ; his countenance, which in the nu)rning bore the afpod
i)f melaiuiioly, was iidw cheerlul and fmilin;^ ; and appeared (incorel) to partake
in tlu- general fali>faction.
Tlic event-, which fi>il()vved, au- l)y the candid of ail parties allowed to be on-
vcloped ii> an alinoli iuu)eiuti.d)le veil ot nbfcmily. \\\ incident wliich octuried
af \ erfailKs ( tiiitributed to excite u moll imhapps comn\otinn. On the ift of Oe-
tiilni, an entv^rlaimnent was given by the ijardes-ilu-corps, or king's body guar<Is,
III ilie ulhcirs ot a reginu'iit of llamlers, ulio had jutl joined theui in the lerviee
ct guarding the inonarth Se\iial of llic ntlicers of the national guard, with
others of the military, were invited. At the fecond courfe four toaits were
given: " the king, the ([ueen, the dauphin, and the royal famil) " '* Ihe na-
tion" was propoled, but, acconliiig to a mnnber of witnelles, cxprefsly rejetl-
id by thf gardes-du-c(irps. Allir this, the ipieeii. having been informed ot the
gaictv ot the fcene, perfuaded lii~. majcllv, nho was jull returned from hunting,
10 accompany her vvith the heir apparent to the faloon. She appeared wiih tlie
«lau])liin in lur arms, atlectionale a<. Ihe wiu lo\ely, and carried the ro\al infant
tlirough the faloon, amidll the acclamations and murmurs of the fpethitors. Fired
wilii euthufialin, the loUliers drank th.e health of the king, the (jueen, and ih*-
<iaui)!iin, with their fwords drawn ; aiul the io\al guells bowed rel'pvctfully, ami
retired.
I'iie entertainment, which had hitherto been conducted with fome degree of or-
der, now became a fcene of entire confulion. Nothing was omitted to inllame
the palli(U)s of the mililaiN . I'he nuihe j)layed the favourite air — "ORiilund,
O mv king, the workl .ibandons thee !" the lailies of the court diltributed "ic'iile
(ockiuUi, the anti-patriot enlign ; and even fome of the natioiuil guaid, it is laid,
had the weaknefs to accept them.
During thefe tranlaciioiis, the city of Paris was atflicted with all the evils of
fainii"". .At this juntlure the news arrived of the fat.il baiuirel at \ erfailles, with
every circunUtance greatly magnified, h'.arly on tlu- morning of the memorable
^th of October, a wontan fallied out from the cpiarter of St. ICullache, and enter-
ing the corps-de-garde, and feizing a drum, paraded the adjacent llreets beating
an alarm, and exciting the people by clamours refpetling the fcarcity of bn ail.
.She was loon joineil h\ a verv lunnerous mob, chielly ot women, to the anumnt
of 800, who proceeded to Verfailles, where the king, upon hearing their com-
plaints, ligned an oider for bringing corn from Senlis,| and l.agni, and for re-
fiioviug eviMv obllaih which impelled the fuj>ply of Paris. I his order was re-
[iiirted to the women, and they retired with gratitude ai.d j.>y.
3 M 2 Ihis
R
N
R.
Thii bnnd of Amnzonn were no fooncr difpcrfcd, than it w«i fuccecded by aiH
other. The national nffcmbly conliniu'd fitting, but their deliberationj were tumul-
tuous, and interrupted by the fhouts and Imrnngun of the Parilian filliwonu-n, who
filled the galleries ; and wln)fc applaufc wm mingled with alfetUng murmur* and
complaints, the nuiltitude crying out that they were athially llnrving, and that the
majority of them had eaten noihmg for upward* of twenty-four houri. The preli-
dent therefore humanely ordered tliat provilions ihould be fought for in every part
of the town, and the hall of the aflembly wa« the fccne of a fcanty and fcranibling
meal. Indeed, futh was the dreadful famine, that the horfe of one of the gardes-
du-corps being killed in a tumult, he was immediately roalled, and greedily de-
voured by the mob.
Uarknefii and a deluge of rain added to the horrors of the night. The wretch-
ed multitudes who had travelled from Paris, were cxpofed, alinoft familhcd, to
the inclemencies of the weather, in the open iheets : within the caftle all was tre-
pidation : nothing was to be heard from without but imprecations, and the voices
of enraged multitudes, demanding the life of the queen and the gardes-du-corps.
I'owards midnight, however, all anpeared tolerably Hill and peaceable, when the
beating of the drums, and the liglit of innumerable torches, announced the ap.
proacli of the I'arilian army.
I'hc day began to break at about half pad five ; and vt this period, crowds of
defperatc nerfons, breathing vengeance, and thirding for blood, advanced to the
caftle, which, in an hour of fatal fecurity, was left unguarded in feveral places.
An immenfe crowd found its way into every part. The queen had been awaked
a quarter of an hour before, by the clamours of the women who aflemblcd upon
the terrace ; but her waiting-woman had fatisfied her by faying, " that they were
only the women of Paris, who, flie fuppofed, not being able to 6nd a lodging,
were walking about." But the tumult approaching, and becoming apparently
more ferious. Hie rofc, drefled herfelf in hafle, and ran tu the king's apartment by
a priv; "■ - '- *- - - '1 ■ 1-—- « -L -f. -r _ -:a_i _.j ^ f
which
had been brought there by one of her women ; but the king was gone. Awaked
by the tumult, he had fccn from a window the multitude prelhng towards the
great fhiir-cafc ; and alarmed for the queen, he hallened to her apartment, and
entered it at one door in the moment (he had quitted it by the other. He return-
ed without lofs of time ; and having with the tjueen brought the princcfs royal in-
to the chamber, they prepared to face the multitude.
In the nieuti time the nuife and tumult increafcd, and appeared at the very
door of the chamber. Nothing was to be heard but the molt dreadful exclania-
tiuiis, with violent and repeated blows againft the outer door, a pannd of which
was broken, and inllant death was expelled by the royal company. Suddenly
however, the tumult teemed to ceaR'— every thing was quiet} and a moment after
a ueiitle rap was heard at the door TIh door was* opened, and in an inftant the
ivate paftiigc. In her way (he heard the noife of a piftol, and a mufquct,
:h redoubled her terror. " My friends," faid (he to every perfon ftic met
vn me and my children." In the king's chamber fhc found the dauphin, who
i|iartnienls were tilled with the Parilian guard. The oflieer who conilutted them,
ordered them to <;roii'ul their arms. " VVe come," laid he, *' to fave the king;"
U e wi'll
laid he, *' to fave tht
.itid lurniiij; to luih dt the garden lili-eoips as were in the apartments,
lave you alio, i;iiulemen ; let iis iVom this moment he united."
The ro\al family now vent\iud lo lluw tlunifeKes at a balcony, and received
the tnoft lively acilaniations of refi)ect from the loMiers and the people. A fingli'
\nicc, or a few voiits, extlainu-d — " The kinj; to Paris! " and this was inftamlv
l( lldwed by an iiiii\cil'al acclamation enforcing the fame demand. The king ad-
drefiid them; " ^ ou wilh nir to go to Paris — I will go, on the condition lliat I
am \u be accompanied by my wile and children." He was anlwered bv reiterated
ucclamulioiii
ic very
(clama-
wbicli
Idcniy,
|t after,
m the
thcni,
wing ;"
c will
Iciivcd
iinglr
Iflantly
W ad-
llut I
Ictatnl
LtlioUSi
FRANCE. 45J
nci-tamntioni of f^kn ft rot ! It was two in the afternoon bcfort the proccnion fct
out. During the progrcfit, all wu gaiety and joy among the fuldieri and fpeOa-
tort i and fut h wa» the rcfpctt in which the French nation flill held the name and
pcrl'on of tlii'ir king, (hat the niidiitudo wi-rc fuperflilioully perfundcd that llie
roynl prcfence would atkunlly put an oiid to the famine *. (>ii Iiin arrival, the
king wus cimgratulalcd by the mutiii ipulity, and dcclaikd his approbation of the
loyally which llu> city of I'ariit manifcllcd.
Tl>c fpiiil of the nation was fo entirely avcrfc from the principles of the high
arillocratic party, that the king's two brothcrN, and many perfons of rank and for>
time, t(K>k refuge in foreign countries, where tliey applied themfelvcs indefati-
Ijably to the purpofe of cxcitinf^ war againll their country.
(Jreat preparations were made tor the ci:li.l)rution of a grand confederation, in
which the reprefentaiivcsi of the nation, the king, the foldiery, and all who were
in oftenlible iituationii, Ihould folemniy, and in tlie luce of the whole nation, re-
new their oaths of Hdelity to the new conditution ; and this confeileration was
decreed to take place itii the i4lh of July 1790, in honour of the takin^j of the
iiallile, and of the full re-eiiablithment of Gallic liberty. Tlie Champ de Alars, fu
famous for having been the rendczvoui, of the tr(H)ps, which in the preceding year
were intended to ovtrawt; the capital, was chofen for this folemnity. This piece
oi ground, which is alxuit 400 toifes, or 800 yards in diameter, is l)ounded on
the right and left by lofty trees, and commands at the further extremity a view of
the military academy. In the middle of this vaA plain an altar was erected for
the purpofe of admmideiing the civic oath i and round it an immenfe amphi-
theatre was thrown up, of a league in circumference, and capable of containing
400,000 fpcdators. The entrance was through triumphal arches. The king's
throne was placed under an elegant pavilion in the middle, and on each tide of
it were feats for the members of the national alTembly.
llie important 14th of July at length arrived. '1 he national guards of the dc-
partmcnts, diflinguilhed by tiieir refpeUive ftandards, the battalions of infantry,
and the different troops of cavalry, the marine of France, and the foreigners who
frrved under its banners, being arranged in military order, the king and the na-
tional alTembly took a folcnm oath to maintain the conllitution ; the armed citi-
zens repeated it amongfl the applaufes of innumerable fpetitators. They fwore
to live nee, or die ; and this oath was taken on the fame day through the whole
extent of the kingdom.
The tfcape of tnc king and iiiieen with their infant children, and monfieur and
niadame, which happened on tne 20th of June 1791, menaced France with the
tonvulfions of anarchy, and the horrors of civil war. The route of the royal fu-
gitives, which had been expctled lo have been towards the Auftrian Netherlands,
the nearefl frontier of the kingdom, was in fadt directed toward Metz, from the
prcfence of fo gallant and accomplilhed a royalill as monfieur de Bouillc in that
quarter, from us vicinity to the prince of Conde's army in Germany, and from
the prol)al)le reluctance of Leopold to hazard the tranquillity of his Netherlands,
bv perniitlinj; any incurlion from them into France. They reached St. Mene-
hould, a fniali town, about 150 miles from I'aris. The king was there rccognif-
cd by the pollilion, who laid to him, " Mon >oi, je vous cohhoi's, mats jt nt vom tra-
hirai piti" " I know you, my kinj^, but I will not betray you." But the pofl-
nialiir, montieur Uroiiet, a man of very ditlerent principles, adi>pted a different
coiuliict. lie avoided, wiih great dexterity arid prcfence of mind, betraying liis
* Thr r'Dpiil.irrnfl.im.iticn was, as t'lcy prcceeJcil along, " Wc are briii|(iiig the baker, the bafttr's
" will-, .iiid the litllc jouriuyman."
knowledjie
4U
N
knowltfdito of ihc rarik of' tl ' roynl trovi.ll.'M, bflriR mmh (Uiul wiili ifif rcCcm.
blmtrc if^liicli hU maji lly'* » luittonmuc" lw>rc l«» Iiih »iriny on lu) alliKnul oj ^o livrcn.
'IIk' fniiinm'* tukiii^ »ho mail lit Varinnr*. he wcnl ii trul>> nmd Id rfjoin iluin ;
niid ntrlviiin lu'fiiri' tlii-ni ;it \'iir>'mi.M, In- iil:irtiK'il llu- town, aixl iilK inl)l< <l ih,»
inithtiwH ciiitr«4H, wlio, noiuuhll tti<lin;{ llv* (UtiKluiunt nl luiHiirt to yr<>u< i)ic,|-
ronio, tliUi iiu'il tlicm. tiiiil rlii' kJMO \v:i< tlun niiiJi' if ftifontr ; m\i\ iit lix ./(UhIj
ii) thi^ iitU'i'iitum ot' (ho t;ih(it' \\u\\', tluir iiiajt.'lhi.'4, witli the (luu|ihitt niid inu-
iliuiio rt^alv, •rrivi'd iit i|u' 'ruilkTi^s.
'1 1. 1' iiiw ruiilJiiuiioii w IS pri'lViuitl to thf V.\\\\\ <m tlio _;tl of So|iirmlHT, 1701,
\\\w, on till* i.;tli, li^MJfi.'il hi.'. IK v.\'ptnit>\* ot' it in writinif ; iiid tlu- l>illo\vin)f iU\
lu' a|ii)(.';ii\'il in ilu* iill('<iil)li ■ iMir<i<lti> i il liy a «lf|>iiliitioii ot /ixty iiu-inluTi, and
t'ok'iiiMl) iiiiilr' riitoil till* ali^'tit >\liiil) lu- had «hoii(ly ^wmx | mid coiu ludi-d with
III) oiilh, " Tu 1)0 t'aiiht'til to tho iiutioii and tn the l.iv\, arid to rniploy the powcri
Vk'llcd ill him, for thi' ni.iinlainaiKV ol' tin- conHiliiiioii, and th>' diu* i-\i-( ution ut
tlu' law." On till- v^ih ut' thii month, tlu' ionllitiu nt national u(h-iulily tirniinnt-
d an iiiiinti.-i.u|n< d I'lllioii ot twii ycnrii iiiul four months, and i|ioi)tutu'oii(ly dil'.
li.K
illolt.
Hrtoro tlu' (onlUtiiiMit alTomidy ihlTolvcd itfolf, nu-arnri-H ouglit to have* Ikhmi
taki'ii tor alii'iiihlin^ ihi luw h^illatiiro in ronu- |ihuA- wlu-ri' itsdcliht-rfllionH wduM
Jiavi" luvn niori' tn'o and iiiili'iu'ndi-nt than they roiild he in lIu' tatliou* iiu'ii! jm-
lii; mid i1k\ llioiild liaNo joir-ctod the error into wliiih tiieir own \anitv hitravej
nuin, ot •uhnittinj' a ii'iiiKions and int'olent aiidu-ncc to I'cat thcmlclvts in tlio
I;:
ilkrios, a* iiidm's ot' iluj dehati.', which ihcy tnM|uintly dilhirbcd, hy their inlij.
Ill telliuii>nie% ot ii|t|>lanl\' or dil:ip|>rohatioii.
,\noiliiT I'erlou.s niistorliine to Kraiue was the iiifhiencc a('(|iiiri'd hy the popii.
lar toi lelies. I he Jaeohin eUil) original' d troiii a Imall and iecret ailociation of
ul)ovit t'orty j^entlemen, and men of letters, vvho united theinlelves, long previom
to the meeting of the llatei-geiieral, for liu piirpofe of diireminalinu political
kiu>wledge among the nKit" o( the priple, |i was afierwaitU melti d into ilie
|UvMimiiui>, at Verlaillis, dnrin;, tlie tnll (i'lli>>iis of the national allemhiy ; and
the loeiety heeoming numerous, on ih.- reiiiovai of the king and alh iiibly to Paris,
it obtained poirellion of the chapel of ilit Jai ohins, on the diHidution of the
nallic orders. 'I he popularity wliich it actpnied foon rendered it exceedingly
iiierous, and tliis circMinlianie pointtd it out as a proper engine to work upon ihc
nio-
nil-
)anions of the imi
Ititiul
i'>iii a vei\ ,ail\ piiioc
I of
"ft""
its in!
ire lik
1 a(t ii
uced
llitut
ution one
elv to I
prin-
'e agilaled
lipal olijett was, to dilt nfs tin I: political (|mlhons as w
in tlie national niremhly, in order that the niemhei > niii>lil aft in coiuerl. accord
ing to the del ilions ot tlie majority. 'I his plan was uduced to a lyliem, vvlun
the eliib l)e( ime imnieroi s; and a regular pnlnlcnt and leireianes were ;liol.n, and
it became ,' inrtional alKnibly in ir.ii 'aiure. Iicli(le^ the nieiiibers, an iniiiicnl'r
iniillitiideiit auditors wcie .idniitlcd inii tiie galkries who aji|iiaiHii'd or condeinned
the fpe.ikers, as pallion or caprice dicMatid Here llie n.oit ,'iiianimatory dccla-
inaiions weii> in aid with tlie moH i laniorous teliinionles ot ap]rol)aiion, and every
propotiiion in the Icall iiiiiiiiing to inoderalioii of iVniinienf, or w ildom in pojiti-
I al coikUkI, was rcpro'.iatid and condemned. In ti'W word:., it became ultimate-
ly ihe mere vehicle ot taetion, where, as alwavs happens in Inch cafes, llie
worft men, and the worll nieal'ini s were iil'iially irinmpliant. Fi u.'i-i 11,1/ focieties
(according to ihe barbarous jargon, whiili was a<lopted as the language of atiar-
rhyl were inliitnlrd in all the cmilulerable towns in t'lr kingdom ; .i..d liic oiilv
rbjeet of i innlalion in lliefe iieli^ of politic ;i| lionicts feenied to be, which lliould
act inoli nnwitely, and leall for the jjublic benelif.
Ill imitation ot liie Jai obiiis, teveral other focietii's were inirmited for the piir-
lofi- *>\' political dikuliiuii i and llms, iudepeiidcnt of the pcrvcrlion of leiitiiiienf,
an
s
E.
455
Jl
iin iittolcrnhle wafte of timk* wat nrcalioiicii to the I' Mi-r cUfTvi of Axiirty.
(TtotiUI hiivc iH'rii uiit* of tlio ^r\<at •ittjcrU of ilir ii:iii<>iiul utfi mbly, U\ (lifTolvr or
rvflraiti ihulo U'iiinii nlU*nil>l»){(.-vi, .tint u> r>'lliiri' ilu i,,iti<)n, t'runi tluil puliticiil dc-
liTioni in uliidi I'o great u rcvt/liilum imilt nwi-llaiiiy iitvulvc llu-m, tu ihc foli<-r
|)iith% of iiwIiiUi'v, u'(i)iii)niy, and pri)|ii.'r ful)or(liitiilii)ii.
W till llic iMiiltiUK-nt alli-n»hly, tli • luu of Kr^-iich lilnrty fct. With it, thf «rif«
(liiiii, ttio niixUrtiiian, tlir digi it\ nl ' iiatum wiM iliHiilvid. Tlwit tiiliil 'Ictrer,
wliiih iltpriwd llu- toitnlry ot ail tli ti tlniut- wMth ruiglit l)c (IvriMil frmit the
i'NcrliiiM 'if ilic nuill I'niliaiit liili'iilN uircd hy i-xpcrii-ni > , pLiccd in tluir U-ntt
iTii'ii incapaMo, tlilitr ti>>iu want of p iiciplc ot of ubility, tu cxcttifc the uirtd
uDil impurtani I'unCtion ol Kuiflalor*.
I A louliil ' mntliift <il till' t'lniHTor, and tho roli.^jc ami protcfHim found (in
tli' /<'rmnn fnuiiicrs li\ tlic l•nli^rlllll piinci'«, eNiitcU Krai •• to vigorous r<'fo-
luiiunN ^nd a nU-hratk-d nwiniti tin, uddiclU'd tn^ill l),ili.-s aitd nation^^, m:id<' its ap-
pi!ii«nii 'riif tnvroitic nuMfui' i purfind luui tlic itVict of intuiiidaiiun the
lii-rnian pfinivH . and (lie cniiKrauft wvtv (.onltruiiTrd to an i^noMiinnuf difpcrfiun
from thi' front! rt. Knt ihf pmlcotion of the in)|H-r(M, iUt\ the I'rtiliinn king,
alliirdi 1 thi-m atylnrus imm' nninti' and iil, iihirulivf. !rrr!,,tgti(in focnnd to
prcltdo in liic iduncilH ot tlu' I'lupomr ) a iiuitiarv.li nun iiiincril for tlic mild
virtui't of ptiuf, thai\ tor thi- cMtiiuii'» ot \Nar. Hi; li I jicknowl«.(Ii;<d iho
nutionul MH)f, Ik had dcitarod that In- regarded iho kin;;of the Freuch ni ubfulutely
frte, while the league of Pilnit/. (whith fi eined inten ' ! not unly ro feeuii-
tiern»any from Im h a revolution a^ I'ranee had experieiKcil, '>vit even to cxtin-
giiilh the dreaded fourie) aivl i!\e protection ail'irded to llie cmigraiirs, were
deeiiR'd intnllilile proulit thai i. emperor eould not be ugarded as a friend.
His fudden death, on the lirll of Marth, 179Z, excited great eonliernation niTiong
the arillocrats, and y^'orded jov and exultation to llu fuppiuter* of the new > iii-
llilution. Anotiier eseni, no left unexpected, h.>|ip(.iuil in the airalUnation ot thi!
Swtdidi monnreh, on the itjih of the i'.imo niomh ; and il\e fupi rlliiioii') siiU'ar
iin.igined that they beheld the neeuliar protection uf heaven, in tlic removal ol the
two thief foes of Kraiiee in fo lliort a time.
In the progrefs of the negotiations hetwei 1 the national nnTcmhly and the >. cnirt
of \ lenna. tiie \ouiig Huiigari<i'i king, (Miiedi> tlu* inilueiu v ot Prullia, 1 ^ati
toexhihi' more enmity, ami lo uie fever> 1 langiiag* . At length, on the 5th of April,
M. de Nu.iilles, in his difpatthes to tlu French miniiKr for foreign atlairs, explain-
ed the propolitions of the imperial court, that fatislaUion Ihouid lie given to the
(ierman priiuev, pioprieloiMit Alliiie; tli.it Avignon, which Ii. id lieen appropriated
by France, lli mhI be reflored to the pope; imd that file inUrnal i^ovcMimen:
of France thould he iiivelleil with lutruieiit elhciciii), tlnit the other powrrs niav
liavi" no a|)|»r>.lienlioiis ot luing troulikd by France. Iliofe terms priuliiced a
declaration I wui againit Francis |. king of Hungary and lioheniiii, decreed by
the allembU .uid ratified bv the Frciiiii king, on the .>4th of April.
'llic tiitl movement of the Ireiuh v .i-, ilained with ihl' ;il, and with the uiipro-
jiitidUs murder of IheobaKl Dillon, ilie leader, who t. II a prey to the liil'pieioiis
and favage ferocitv of f ' ne of the fuldiers, wiio lied from the eneiii), but altaiked
their general, liu' court uf \ ienna had, in tlie boj^innin;^ of July, piibliiheil ;»
declaration expl. lining the caufe of their hollilities, and ri torliiii^ on the Frei.eh
nation fome of llie heavy i barges cuntaimd in its decl.;ration i>\ war a;^;ainll the
king of Hungary ami hohei.ia, now emperor of (Jermauy. On the ?.'>ih day of
tlu' lante month, the t'riin an monarcli illued a cotitile expolition v\' tie nalbns
which deteimiiied him lo late up armsagiiinll Fiance. He pleads his alliance with
the emperor, and that, as Tiacreign of a V.ierni,Tn Ibiie, he was bound to interfere,
tu prevent the viulutiuti of the ri!^hts of the Geniuii princes vi A I face and
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Lorraine, and the invafion of the territoriet of others : and he honpftly coneludet
by avowing that it is his intention to reprefs the too great liberty of France, which
might afford i dangerous example to neighliouring countries. At the fame time
the duke of Brunfwick, general of the combined armies of Audria and Pruflia,
pubiiflicd at Ct)blentz a declaration to the inhabitants of France, conceived in the
mod haughty and prcfuniptuous terms ; he declared his intention of putting a
ftop to till' anarchy which prevailed in France, and of rclhiring the king to his
power ; and yet he afterwaras exprelfcs his delign not to interfere in the mternal
governmenl I It is unneceffary to dwell on the other ill-advifed parts of this memorial,
m which France is already regarded as a conquered country, and directions are
given to the magidratcs, national guards, and nihabitants at large : but the threat
that tlie city of Paris fliould be given up to military execution, in cafe the
lead outrage Ihould be oflfered to the king, queen, or royal family, is worthy
of a Hun.
The exccfles of the night between the 9th and loth of Augud, we relate with
pain. At midnight, the alarm-bell founded in every quarter of Paris, the generale
was beat, and the citizens Hew to arms. 'Ilie palace of the Tuillcries was attacked
by the multitude ; and the king, queen, and royal family, were forced to take
refuge in the national aflembly. At fird, the Swifs guards (who were obnoxious
to the people, and had been incfl'ectually profcribed b^ repeated decrees of the
alTembiy, the king not being allowed to have a foreign guard) repelled the
populace ; but thefe being reinforced by the Marfeillois, and federates from Bred,
bodies which the Jacobins feem to have brought to Paris to balance the Swifs, and
by national guards, the gates of the palace were burd open. The artillery joined
the alTailants. The confequenccs were, that, after a daughter of about four
hundred on each fide, the Swifs guards were exterminated, and the palace
ranfacked. M. de la Fayette, finding that the conditution was overthrown, and
apprchenfive that his life would be attempted by fomc alfaliin, or that he would
certainly be delivered up into the hands of his adverfaries, left the camp on the
19th of Augud, accompanied only by his daffand a few fervants. They took the
route of Rochefort, in tne bi'.hopric of Liege, which, being a neutral country, they
hoped to pafs unmoleded ; but an Audrian general of the name of Harancourt, be-
ing dationed there with an advanced party, arreded the fugitives, and fent them
prifoners to Namur. It is faid, that tnefe unfortunate exiles have ever fince been
confined in a noifome dungeon, for no other crime, or rather under no other pre-
text, than that of having been members of the national ad'embly of France. The
approvers of Fayette's political condutt regret his being abandoned by the people,
for whom he had made fo many facrifices ; and opprelfed by a combination of
kings, while his attachment to the caufe of monarchy is the fource of his calamity.
Faithful to his oath, to his king, to his engagements, he was among the fird, they
obferve, to oppofc the feditious defigns of the Jacobin club, and among the mod
didinguilhed of thofe who contended for the maiiitenance of order and civil obe-
dience. To have received with cordiality the illudrious confefTor of regulated li-
berty, would have becnnoble and magnanimous. To imprifon and persecute vir-
tue and valour in didrefs, was mean and dadardly ; but from Tiberius to the prc-
fent times, cowardice has been the uniform charaderidic of tyranny.
The month of September feemed pregnant with the total ruin of French freedom,
while the three following months reverfed the fcene, and exhibited a tide of fuc-
cefs, on the part of France, perhaps unexampled in modern hilijry. It is with
inrinite concern that we dirett the attention of our readers to, the prifon fccnc,
wliich occurred on the id and 3d of September. The horrid maliacre of the
defcncelefs piifon.rs, and other aiillocrats, which took place at that period, is an
eternal difgrace to the Parilian populate, who, in their fury, fpared not even that
7 gentle
R
N
C !•.
gentle
457
grntlc fcx, which all civilifcd nations liolil in the highcft rcfpcf). 'I'hc iniinher of
the (lain has doubtkfs been exjij^i^eratccl, ns ufiial ; yet fupooling that, by the niort
nuKlerate account, only two tthJufand pciilhed, the enormity of the deed remains
tlie fame. Could any extenuation be admitted tor the afliiir of the loth ol" Augiilt,
in which a people, who funpofed themfeives betrayed to (lavery, and all its evils,
fo recently experienced and Ihaken oil", allumed their reveiij,'e and their caiife into
their own hands ; yet fiirely no defence can be ojfered tor this latter unnecellary
crime. Had the combined armies belieged Paris, it is ditlicult to conceive what
aid they could have found from two or three tlioufand arillocrats, and many of
thefe fecurcd in chains.
A national convention had been ealKil, to determine on tlie charges brongl\t
ai^ainft the kinj^. 'ITicy met on the a.ylb of September ; and on the tiiit day of tlu
meeting, the aboliticm of royalty in iMaiue was decreed by atelamation ; and tin*
following dav it was ordered that all public atts Ihould be dated the tirll year, &c.
(if the French republic. Hut hardly was ti'is convention coiulituted, when a violent
faction appeared, headed by Marat, Robefpierre, and otiiers, who liave repeatedly
degraded its tranfattions by their fanaticit'm ; and being fupp.>ried by the Jacobins
and I'ariiian populace, have proved too powerful for the convention to punilli,orto
rLdrain as it vvilhcd. Repealed inlhmces have proved that the convention is rol free,
but muft vote as the iiKjb of Paris dittates ; tlie moderation of the mcnbers being
ctten obliged to yield to the indecent applaufes and hilies of the galleries.
So rapid was the progrefs of the Freiieh arms, and fo great were the diftieni's
in the combined armies, arifing from a feaicity of provilions, from a long rainy
fcafon, and from a conliderable mortality among the Prulhans, by the Krencn
accounts, ellimated at one half, that the Prulhans retreated from the dominions of
France, whofe example the Auftrians foon followed.
Even at the very time that Paris was in the greatefl danger, the invafion of Savoy
was ordered. On the 21ft of September, general Montcfquiou entered the
Savoyard territories, feized on the frontier polls and callles ; and two days after,
took Montmclian. Chamberry and all Savoy foon followed ; but the conoucll
not being re/ifted, was produclive of no military glory. The imprudence ot tlv
national convention, in ])erinitting Savoy to incorporate itfelf with France, has
excited wonder. After frequent declarations, that the French would enter into
no war with any view to conqueft, their conduft in this refpetl was abfurd and
impolitic. It fiibjefcted them to the merited reproach, that, under the pretence of
liberty, they maintained the deftruttive maxims of their ancient government ; anil
that their withes to incrcafe their territory, perhaps to fubjugate Europe, remained
the fame. Admiral Truguet, commanding a fquadron in the Mediterranean,
captured Nice, Villa-Frunca, and the fortrefs of Montalban, belonging to the
Sardinian king.
'J'he fubjei-iion of .Savoy was regarded as a trifle ; but when Cuftine began his
acquilitiuns in German), every eye was turned to the rapidity and importance of
iiis progrefs, till diverted by the wonders of Dumourier. Spires yielded to the
French arms on the 30th of September, and Worms foon after followed; ample
fupplies of provilions and ammunition were found in t*^ ^e cit>es. C'ulline purfu-
ing his courfe along the left Ihore <7f the Rhine, . captured Mentz, and
iiilerwards Frankfort. IL was eager to proceed to uoblentz, that noted feat
of the counter-revolutionifls ; but the Prullians and Auiirians at length Indi-
ciited a renewal of hoftilities by garrifoning that town, and encamping in the
i.djaccnt country.
The conaueft of the Auflrian Netherlands forms the next grand object.
Dumourier had promifed to pafs his Chrillmas at Urufl'els; and what was re-
garded as an idle vaunt, proved very niodelt ; for that city was in his hands by the
3 N Hh
458
N
E.
14th of November. That able general, having entered the Netherlands on the
tirft or the fecond ot' that month, with an army ot* forty thoufand men, (incc much
incrcafcd, and with a moft formidable train of artillery, repeated engagements
with the Auftrian army, commanded by thedukcof Snxe-Tefchen, governor of the
Audrian Netherlands, and by general Bcaulieu, which however exceeded not
twenty thoiifund, occupied the five firll days At length, on the 6th of November,
a great battle was fought at Gcmai)pe, which decided the fate of the Nether-
lands, 'flie contcft was very general ; all the points of the enemy's flanks and
lines were attacked at once ; all the bodies of the French were in adUon, and
almoU everv individual fought perfonally. I'hc cannonade began at feven in the
morning ; Dumourier ordered the village of Carignon to be attacked, becaufc ho
could not attempt the heights of Gemuppe, till he had taken that village i at noon
the French infantry formed in columns, and rapidly advanced to decide the affair
by the bayonet. After an obllinate defence, the Aullrians at two o'clock retired
in the utmoll diforder.
Dumourier immediately advanced, and took poflefllon of the neighbouring town
of Mons, where th*? French were received as brethren. 'Ihe tidings arriving at
BrulVfls, the court was llruck with an indefcribable panic ; and mftantiy Hed
to Rurcmond, whence it was again to be driven by the arms of Miranda. Tournay
furrendered to a detachment on the 8th of November. Dumourier, having refrclli-
cd his troops at Mons, advanced to Bruflels, where, after an indecilive engagement
between his van and the Audrian rear, he was received with acclamations on the
14th of that month. Ghent, Charleroi, Antwerp, Malines, or Mechlin, Louvain,
Otlend, Namur ; in Ihort all the Auilrian Netherlands, except Luxembourg,
fucccllively followed the example of the capital j and the boallcd conquers of
Louis XIV. were not more rapid.
Many of the priefts, who were baniflied, came to England, and were treated
with compatljon and bounty ; this was followed by the decree of the national con-
vention againft the emigrants, by which they are declared dead in law, their
ctfetts confifcatcd, and themfelves adjudged to immediate death, Ihouid they appear
>:i France.
Another decree of the 19th of November attrafled the attention of every nation
in Europe. It is in the following terms: " 'I he national convention declare, in the
name ot the French nation, that they will grant fraternity and alfiilance to all thofo
people who wilh to procure liberty ; and they charge the executive power to fend
orders to the generals, to give adillance to fuch people, and to defend citizens who
have fulTered, or are now fuffcring, in the eaufe of liberty." 'I'his decree, and
others of a fimilar tendency, fccm to inllitute a political crufadc againil all the
powers of Europe.
No fooner had Antwerp yielded to the French arms, than, in order to conciliate
the Belgians, the opening of the navigation of the Scheldt, (hut up by the treaty ot
Munfter, 1648, was proje^cd and ordered ; notwithtlanding this treaty, fo far a^i
rcfpeils the Ihutting up of the navigation of this river, has been continued to the
Dutch in fuccecding treaties, guarantied both b^ the courts of Verfuilles and
London. The Dutcn regard this meafure as injurious to their trade, fur Antwerp
might prove a dangerous rival to Amfterdam. The infrattion u( this treaty is one
of the reafons which has induced the parliament of Great Britain to oppofe the
unwarrantable pretenfions of the French.
'Jlie memorable tiial of the king commenced on the i ith of December. The
queflion which moft embarraffed his accufers was, whether the king was not
inverted by the conftitution, with perfetl and legal inviolability, and whether,
confiftently with juftice, he, whom the law had folemnly pronounced to be above
the reach of any Jegal procefs, could be brought to trial. This objetlion was
o ftran^«ly
N
E.
459
ftrangcly and moft inujuitouny overruled by the convention, wlio in this iiiftance
cliablilhcd tlic precedent, always fo fatal to liberty, of an ex-piflfjHo law, and
evinced to the eyes of Europe their inattention to thofe " rights ot man" which the.
nation had folenudy proclaimed. 'I'hc ifl'uc is too well known ; impartial hillory
will record it to the eternal infamy of the French nation. 'I'lie firnmefs of this un-
fortunate monarch during his trial, and at the place of execution *, on the nil of
• Tlic following iccount of the Uft moments of
tlii'i iinfurtunate monarch is truly intcrcllini;. It
ii extra/led from the lettem of an Engiifli Fady at
tint lime nt Paris :
" The French king received the inte lliecnce of
hii approaching fatewilliout difniav. lie itil'iilavrd
hr more lirmnefs upon tlie fcatfuid than he liHd
(lojie upon the throne; and atoned for the weak-
iicfj .iiul inconfiftcncy of his condu/t in life, by
tlir I alinnefs and fortitude of his beliaviour in deatli,
Tlie evening before his execution, his family, frnin
whom heha(U)cen feparatrdlincethecommc-ncement
of histrial, were conduced to thetowtr of tlie Tem-
|ile, and allowed the fad indulgence of a lafl inter-
view, unmolefted by the presence of hiit guards,
Alas ! when imagination pitflured the .tiiguilli of
fuch an interview, it was not necelTarv to look
Iwck u|)on the former elevation of the fiiffcrer, in
order to pity the gloomy trnnlition in his fate ! It
was not nec'ellary to recoljcc't, that he, who was the
following mornmg to fuller death upon the ftal-
fold, was once the firit monarch of Kurope, and
would be led to execution through the llreets of
his own capital ! It was enough to confider this
unfortunate perfon as a man, a luilhand, a father !
Ah! furelv amidrt the agonies of final fciiaratlun
from thole to whom we are bound by the Itrongeft
tifs of nature and affeftion— Curely, when we
fling to thofe we .)vc, in the unutterable p."ing of
a lid embrace - in futh moments, the monarch
mull forget his crown ; and the regrets of difap-
pointi-d ambition mult be unfelt amidit the an-
guifti which overwhelms the broken heart. That
iingiiini was not confined to the bofom of the kin^,
lilt queen, .nnd his fitter. The princefs, his
daughter, h.-id attained that age when perhaps the
foul is moll fufceptible of ftrong imprelTions, and
its fi.'nfil)ility moft exquifile. Kven the young
|iriiuc, only in his ninth year, caught the infec-
tious I'orrow ; and, while his eyes were bathed in
tiiirs, cried, fobbing, to Saiitcne, " Ah, lailTcz-
moi courir les rues !— j'irai aux diftriits— j'irai 4
loiitcs lei fci^iont, demandcr grace po'ir mon
i'apa • !"
" The king had fuflicient firmnrfs to avoid fee-
ing his family on the morning of his exec\ition.
He ilcfircd the queen might be told th.it he was
unable to bear the light of her and his children in
thi'fe laft moments. He took a ring off his tin-
j;fr, wliich containetl fomc of his own hair, of the
(jiiiTii's, and of his two i hildrcn, and defired that
ii miplit be y.iven to the (lueen. He tailed the
numiiiixil orfiters round him, and told thrm, it
Has his dying lequtll, that Clery, his valtt-de-
t " Oh ' let mt run tlirou^h the nrceti— I will ro the
,|{l|P,,'U_I willgniaalitbc h .tloiu, Mid beg pardon I ir mjr
J.J1U.'
thambre, might remain with his fun. He then
faid to Santerre, " Marchons \ ;" and after erod-
ing, with a hurried pace, the inner court of the
Temple, he got into the mayor's carriage, which
w.is in waiting, and wan attended by his confef-
for.— ~-
" The caliniieis which Louis the Sixteenth dif-
pluyed in this great trial of human forritiidc, is .it-
tribiited not only to the fupport liit miii'l receiv-
ed from religious faith, but alio to the hope wliicli
it is laid he cherilhcd, even till his laA ninmciit,
that the people, whom he meant to addrcis from
the fcatfuid, would demand that his life might be
fi>ared. His coiifefTor, from motives of compal'-
fion, had encouraged him in this hope. After af-
cending the fcatftdd with a firm liep, twice ilie iin<
happy monarch attempted to fpeak, ami livice
Santerr*- prevented him from l>riin heard, by
ordering the drums to beat imiMediately.
" Two perfuns, who were on the fi.art'old, af-
fcrt, that the unhappy monarch, findiiig tin; hiipe
he had chcridied, of awaki iiiiii; the co:iij)alliiiii of
the people, Iruftratcd by the iinpoilibility of his
being heard, as a laik refource, declared ih.it he
had I'ecrets to r.vcal, ot importaiice to the fafety of
the Hate, and delired lie iiiiglit be led to tiic na-
tional conventiiiii. Some »t the guards, who
heard this declaration, cried, " Yes, let him go to
the convention '."—others faid " No." — Had the
king been conduced to the convention, it is eaty
to im igine the efteft which would have Iwen pro-
duced on the minds of the people, by the fight of
their former monarch led through the ftrcets of
Paris, with his hands bound, his neck bare, his
hair already cut off at the foot of the fcafi'old in
preparation for the fatal ftroke— with no other
covering than his fhirt. At that fight, the en-
raged |)oiiulace would have melted intotendernefs;
and the Parifian women, among whom were num.
bers who palfed the day in tears of unavailing re-
gret, would liave rulhetl between the monarch and
his guards, and have attem|>ted his rcfciie, even
with the rifqiie ot life, banterre, who forelaw
thefc confeuuences, who |H'rceived the danger of
this riling difpute among the guards, called to the
executioner to do his ortice. -Then it was, that
dcfpair feiied on the mind of the unfortunate
monarch— his countenance alliimed a look of hor-
ror—twice with agony he repeated, " Je luis per-
du ! je fuis perdu i !" His confellor meantime
called to him from the foot of the f'catFold,
" Louis, fils de St. Louis, montez au ciel § !" and
in one moment lie was delivered from the evils of
mortality.
f *' I.tt m go."
♦ " I im undoiis ! I >m undoar I"
J " Luuit, fun u{ St. Loui>, alcend to httven !'
N 2 Janiiar)',
4^9
R
N
E.
Jnniinry, 17')'?. fncrpafnl tlic commifiiaiion of every iiiili(Ti,Tcnt fpef^ntor; and
ciillou* imUvil mull be llio pi rfon, uliu cUics not partnke ol" the fympailiy wliith
yvai felt tlir(itif{li all Kuropo upon this trunladioii.
" The conilcnuiation and cxei uiiuu of llic king," faiil a great Aatcfinan in th«
Britilh hoiife of commons, "is an aik as difjjraeeful as any fliat hillory reconl-i; anj
I never can view, l)Ut wilh tlv greatelt detellation, the injutliee and inhunianiry
llial luK li. > 11 ei'iiimitiiii inwiirds iluit unhapp) monari h. Not only were tlio
rules ot' eriniiiial julliee, rules that more than any other ou^^ht to hetiricliy ohlerved,
Dverthrown ; not only was he tried and condemned without any c\illiiig law to
whieli he was peifoiially anfwerahle, and even contrary to laws that did actually
rxill ; hut the defrrading eircuml'tanees of his iinjirifoiunenf, the unneteliary ami
ijiCullin;,' afperil) with wliii li he liad been treated, the total want of repuhlican
ina^nanimitv in the whole traulacHon, added every aggravulion to the inhumanity
ami injulUi'r."
It would he a tedious, and therefore an tinwelcotne undertaking, to trace mi-
nuteh and j;r;iihiall\ the prutjrefs of the difputc between France and Kngland.
Without atiixinj; any degue of ciedit to the reports which liavc been circulated,
tliat the court of (ireat I5rit;iin had early but fecretly acceded to the concert
of princes, and the luaty of I'iluit/, it is natural to believe tliat the Britilh niinif.
try I;:.d long \iewed wiili a jealous eye the progrefs of llie French rcvolutioti
towards a turhuknl democracy. On the contrary, we mull do the French nation
tlu' liiilice to eonlel's, that the unanimous voice ot that people was clamorous from
the lirft for peace and alliance v.ith Knf^Iand. A feries ot events changed this in-
vlinatlon. A hill, fur forcibly Iraiil'portmg aliens out of the kingdom, was intro-
duced into parliament. The ports of Great Britain were ihut againft the expor-
tation of corn to Iraiiec, while it was permitted to her enemies. In the end, the
amhair.idor of tlie republic, M. C'hauvelin, was ordered, under the authority of the
alien-bill, atalhort notice, out of the kingdom; immediately after which dilmiilion,
the convention (leclared, that the I'reiich republic is at war with the king of
Kng'and, and the ftadtholdcr of the L'nited Provinces.
In conleiiuenie of tliefe meafiires, general IJunio'irior proceeded with a large
bod\ of troops, to invade 1 hdland, exhuriing the IJatuviaiiS in a violent manili:llo,to
rcieci the tvrannic ariliocracy of the liadlholder and his party, and to become a free
republic. Ihe Dutch every where made tlie mod vigorous preparations for dc-
fei'.ding themfelves ; and the l'.n'j;lilh cabinet feconded their elforts, by an immediait
cmbareation of troops, to the command of wliich the duke of York was ap-
jioie.ted.
'Ihe fidijufjation of Holland was the (irft projett of general Dumourier ; and
when the eale with wliiel\ he i Ifected the coiupiefl of the Netlierlands, and the
couiage and ability difplayed by him and his army at the famous battle of
Geniappc, were tonfidered, there was reafon to apprehend that he would loon make
an inipreihon upon ihefe provinces; and the eafy furrender of lireda and (Jertruy
denberg encouraged him to boall that he would terminate the contert by a
fpeedy approacli to Amft- r-rlam. A train of circumftances, however, foon iiiter-
fiipted tiie vittorinus eaieer of Dumourier, and evinced to mankind the uneenainlv
of niiiil.'iry fuceefs.
Geueral Miranda, whohad belleged the city of Maeftricht, and fuiD'uoned the
goveraor to furrender, was attacked by prince Frederic of Urunfvviek, and defeatci!
with coiiliderable lofs. '1 lie Aulirians, after this, divided themfelves iulj three
volunii.s, two of whiih marched towards Maellricht, and tlu- (iege of that place
was inimediately ralfed. 'Ihe thi;d [)urfued the advanced guard ol the reiiublic;
and tlie abfence of feveral connnanding olhcers was fuppofed to have greath
tucilitated the fuceefs of the I'rullians in ihefe rencountcia, which may he julily
5 coiUidercd
tr i and
I in tli<:
ili; aiiil
amatiity
•crc tin:
IdiMVi'd,
5 l:i\v to
;i;liia!ly
Vary ami
|)iil>licai\
lumanity
trace mi-
Knglaiid.
rculatcd,
; concert
ilh niinif-
evolutiou
eh nation
rous t'roni
L'tl this in-
,vas intro-
he cxpor-
e end, tiic
iritv ot the
d 11 million,
,e king ot
ith a hirge
lUn
il(.lU),to
onjc a free
ons tor dr-
ininiediatL
was a]/-
urier ; ami
and the
baUlc of
oiin n\ake
(jcrtrny
till i>y a
>iun inlcr-
uncerlaintv
noncd tiu'
■ a defeated
iulu tliree
tliat ptacc
le veiniblK ';
ave great h
.ay be juftlv
coiUidereii
FRANCE. 46s
confidfrf d o« tlie commencement of a new f -rics of miifortuncn to France. Such
vns the condcrnatjiin wliitli the fiiccelVcH of ihe enemy occaiioned, tliat (runeral
\ alence hinifelf infuriiicd the coinniiliioiiers, tliat if Dumourier ihd not arrive ini-
nitdiately, he could nut anfwer for the coiili (|iience.s ; hut iiolwithltundinff ail thu
i);itt fiicceires of tlial ;;<.neral, anil all liii ai kiiou led;,'ed military Ikiil, the allies foun
iiiheld hi i hady letreat from the Nellierlands, and linai defettioit from the caufi- of
hii enipioyers. .Sooii after tliat general (juittetl Holland, and alhmied in perfDn
llie conmi.ind of the ilijVoncerted nrniies ol \ alence and Miranda, the forces of tlie
prince of C'ohourij and general C'Inirtait ati;ukid liint witii a lorce which alh)iiiih-
I'll him, who hati but a few months before driven tiie lame troop, out of I'ranie,
ii'id thi'iu;;)) the Netherlands Into (jcnnHny. ||c I'aw with mortilication and
(iifniav the laiiri'ls of (iemappe willuT on th'- plains df '1 iiii'uiont.
On the i.i.th of March, 1793, the iuqu lialills advaiiC' d iVum I'ongres toward*
Tirlenidiit, by St. 'I'ron, and were aitacki d by general iJumourier fneceliively on
tlic 13th and following days. 'I he hrit atiem|ns were attended with fuceefs. I hti
Auliiiaii advanced polls were ol»liged ti> retire to St. 'Iron, throiii.;h 'lirleminit,
uliiditlKv had already ijalled. On the iSih aj^eneral engagement took place, tlio
rrench army being covered on the left by Dormael, and on the ri'^ht by l.anden. 1 i;c
action continued with great ob(Vm;Ky on both fides, Irom leven o'clock in the
iiioriiing till five in the evening, when the French were obliged to tall back, and
tlie Aiilirian lavalry coming tip, put them entirely to iiiglit. '1 be lof:, in each
army was great. 'I he l-'reneh difplayed ciinliderable courage and addiil"-, but
were overpowered by the fnperior numbers, and, perhaps by the more legular
ilifcipline of their enemies. Dumourier himfelf, in a letter to general IJiival, fays
of this battle, that he attacked the enemy in the famous plain of iNewiiighen, and
f.'tu^ht the whole day with his right wing and centre. 'Hie let't wing not only
fought ill, hut ab.Midoneti him, and lied beyond Tirlemont, He fortunately will--
dii'w the right wuigand the centre, Ikirnulhing from the lyth to the 20tli 5 and.
ill the nighflie took a polition on the heights ot Caiinjiiteh.
Dumourier addreiled a letter to Uournonvllle the mmilUr at war, dated the if.Av
(,f .\!:.vch. in which lie gave an aciount of the retreat of a part ot the iirmv under
miurals Neuiily ami Feiraiid, who, by the defertion of a great number ot volun-
teers, were obliged to evacuate the city of Mons during the night. He added
that colonels St. Clair ai'd '1 lieuveiiot were attacked w ithoul means of defence ^
that if order and dih ipline wtre not reftored, — that if litiy aulhoiities, each mure
ril):\ud than the oilier, conti.uied to direct all political and military operation.^,
France would be li ll. " 1 I'.ave always athrmed," fays he " and 1 repeat it, that
•MC-nr/ii' can onlv be founded on virtue, and that /-(V./j/'z can be iiiaiuiained only
bv order and willlom." Such is the outline of the proceedings which preceded tiiii
tiiuil defection of that celebrated gen( lal tioiii the republicans of I'rance, v\l;ule-
C(iri(lui;t he terms rather to have dilapproved than their priiieijjles. His ambitious
mind was allVtted e\e!. to delpt ration, when he had loll the allunng epithet
of (.'i','/:v»(T oj n.stioiis, by the rallmel's of the convention and the inegularity ot niubs;
and it will j.'crliaps long n-main a doubt with fpeculative men, whether Dumourier
woiilil not liave t tiutinued faithful and vicloiious, it I'rance hatl t'econded his etioits
with liberality and wifduui, immediately alter llie retreat ot the uuke of brunlw;ck:,
wlii(h happi ned in the preceding Ottober.
The hitler end of June and the beginning of July were chiefly dillinguilhed in
the 1.01 th, by tome petty Ikirniillies between the two grand armies. 1 he latter
part of July was marked by fome fuccelles of more importance to the Aultriar.s.
1 he gariifon of Conde, atier fullaining a blockade of thiec months, fuirendered on
tl.e loth bv cajntulation to the prince of Cobourg ; and V'akncicnucs, on tiic 20th
of.
44i
N
of iIk' fame month, to the duke of York, not without fufpicions of treachery 'm
Loth cal'ik.
I'°iictuiriigi.(l by thcfe fuccpflTcs, n Iiirgi' dctathnifiit from the romkincd nrmy,
uiulir tlic lomniand of the duke of York, itrocii'dcd williout lof* of titno to a
\i^iiii)u-< attack upon iho port iind town of iJunkirk. On the 22(1 of Augufl the
diiki' of York niarthid fr<)ni Fumes toatlaek the French tamp iit (ihivelde, wlikh
wax aliiuidoned nt \m npi)roneh, and lie wus ulmull imniediulely enabled to titke
the f^round whicli it waH his intention to occupy during the fiegu. Un the 24th he
.'itiaekeii the outpofls of the French, who with fomc lofn were driven into the
town. In this adion the fiunouii Auliriun general Dalton and fume other oHiccrs
(if note were killed. 'I lie fucceeding day the (ieKe might br fuid regularly tu
coniini IK e. A conliderable nnval armament from (jrcat Britain wuti to have co>
opiruted in the liege; but by fome neghtt, admiral Macbridc was not able to fail
i'o i-arly as was expetted. In the mean time tlie hotlile army was extremely har-
ralli'd by the gun-boats of the French ; a fucccfsful fortie was efledted by the
^arrifon on the 6th of Sepleniber ; and the French collecting in fuperior force, the
<luke of York, on the 7th, after feveral fevere adions in which the allied forces
fullered very t onliderably, was compelled to raife the fiegc, and leave behind him
his numerous train of artillery. General llouchurd was afterwards impeached bv
the convention for not having improved his fuccefs to the bed advantage, as it is
allerted tiiat he had it in his power to capture almoll the whole of the duke of
York's army.
'Ilie dillutreiilion of the fouthern provinces of France was produOivc of
ferious dangers to the new republic. It is well known that the deputies and
peojile of lliefe jirovinces were among the I'oremoll in the iniquitous bu/incfs
of dethroning their king, on the execrable loth of Auguft, 1792. It is therefore
fomewhat extraordinary that the fame men (hould be among the firll to rebel
iigainH the authority ot the convention. 'I he t'ormidabic union which took place-
under the name of federate republkanijm^ between the cities of Marfeillcs, Lyt^ns
and Toulon, in the courfe of the months of June and July, fcemed to threaten
alniod the dillolution of the exirting authorities. A conliderable army was, how-
ever, difpatehed againft Lyons, and that city clofelv belieged. 'I'he Marfeillois in
the mean time opened their gates on the aj)nroacn of the republican army, anJ
fubmitted i but the people »)f Toulon entered into a nejjotiation with the EngliiJi
admiral, lord Hood, who was tin it cruiling in the Mediterranean, and he took
polledion both of tlie town and of the lhi|)ping in the name of Louis XVII. and
under the exprefs and poJilive lHi)ulation that lit is to alhft in reftoring the coiilli-
tution of 1.7^9.
We have been led a little to tranfgrefs the chronological order of our narrative
to exhii)il a connetted detail of tlie external wars, and the internal dillurbances of
this unhappy country. V\'e ihoiild othcrwife have remarked, that the incendiary
Marat did not Ion;; furvive to enjoy his triumph in the convention. On the i ^ili
t)f July, 1793, he was alTallinated in Ills own houfe, by the hand of an enthulialtic
teniale, ol the name of C'iiarlotte Corde, a native of Caen, and who appeared to
.liave foMie connexion with the deputies of the CJirtmde party.
The remains of this notorious anarehill were interred with great funeral pomp,
attended i)y a part of the national convention, and a vail multitude of citizen.'i.
There are, however, but few who will probably lament his death, except thofc
who inrtigatcd, or at leal! profited by his crimes.
The death of this execrable incendiary did not reftore the convention and the
mob of I'aris to humanity. On the night of the ill of Augud, the unfortunate
.<]uccii was forcibly feparatcd t'rom her family, conveyed from the Temple to the
Couciergerie,
N
E.
4«J
Concicrger'K', one of the prifoni (IvHinod for cominni) lunlcfatJori ( wlicrc her
tivatnii-nt whk fuvlt n% wmiUI difgrnct- a rivilifc«l people. Mu- wait roriliiu-tl in n
nnrrow room, or raihcr vault, of eight feet fcpiare i and the eouch, on wliith
di (Traded i ^.ilty wax d' Oine<l to repofe, was a hard bed uf llraw. The (iriite»
hiul nil deferted her tountcnnnee, and the marks of preinaltire old njje feenud to
pi(» Inim that repeated forrowii woidd foon have terminated a lite, wliich wait
uiiiieeeffarily devoted to the hand of the exeeutioiuT.
If nn^ at\ of phrciify could exceed the ill treninient of the jpicen (wl> >, th< ugh
her fuftering* may have expiated lier crimes, certainly cannot he euntidered as tlie
friend of France) it is the itiocking ingratitude and cruelty, wliich the ruling party
immediately afterwnrdit cxercifed totuie of the mull meritorious uenerai.t that ever
the French republic could Iwrnft. 'Vhc unfortunate Culline, after oeing committed
a prifoner to the Abbey, wun accufed before the revolutionary tribunal, of havinir
iiKiiiitained an improper correfpondence with the Prullians while he cunuiuuuled
on tlic Rhine, and of having negleiled various opportunities of throwing reinforce-
ments into Valenciennes, i'he French have no dilUndt notions of the adminiilra-
tit»n of jufticc ; they have no idea of the nature of evidence. To be fufpeiiled is
to he condemned. Tlie unfortunate general, in tlie crilis of his adverlity, lamented
that he oppcared forfaken by every friend s and the remorfelefs poptilace of I'aris,
neeuftomed to fights of horror, beheld the murder of their former defender, with
calm indifference, or with blind exultation.
The trial and c(mdemnation of the (|ueen immediately followed that of general
Ciiftinc. The aft of accufation confifled of feveral charges, many of whic-n were
lingular, frivolous, and incredible i and we mull obferve that, although on the
trial a number of witnelfes were cxamiued, few of the charges appeared tu
be fubflantiated. The unfortunate vitfiin was iirejudged ; and had the evidence
been even more frivolous, it is probable llie couUl not have efcaped ; after an
hour's confultation, therefore, the jury brought in their verdict—" guilty of all ihc
charges."
The (|ucen heard the fanguinary fentence with dignity and refignation ; perhaps
indeed it might bo confidered by tier, lefs as a punilhment than as a releafe. On
the 1 6th of Othiber, at about eleven o'clock in the forenmm, Ihe was coiuludled
in a coach from the prifon of the Conciergerie, to a fcaiiold prepared in the Place
(le la Revolution, wncre her unfortunate huiband h ' ; revioully fuffered. 'Ihc
piopie who crowded the flreets as ihe pafPed, cxhibittt' ;o marks of pity t r coni-
pundion ; and her behaviour, as her laft futVerings approached, was decent ami
(•(inipofcd. She met her fate in the thirty-eighth year of her age.
Soon after the eonventicm had brought the (pieen to the fcatfold, they entered
i.poii the trial «if liriflot and his fuppofed accomplices ; Brilfot was charged with
having fai<l ai^d written, .it the commencement t)f the revolution, thai lavcite':;
r( tiring from the public fervice was a national misfortune; that he dililnj^uillu it
liitiiielt three times in the Jacobin club, by fpeeches, of which one proNoked the
ruin (if the colonies, another the mallacre of the patriots in the Chaiup de Mar.s,
aiul the third the war againll Aullria.
I poll thele and other vague aeciifatiims, Uiiflot and twenty-one more of ih,'
c'liueiition were brought to trial bilure the Uevolutioiiarv tribunal, on the i4!li
( tOf hibcr ; a tew da\s afterwards, the jury declared all the accufed members to
1 !■ ;ac()mplicesin a confpiracy which had exifted againft the unity and indivilil)ili;v
( t t!ie French republic; and the tribunal iiiuucdiaiel) criulenined tin in all to ti;e
punilhment of death. Valaze, ;il'ter he had beard his f* ntence, (hibbtd lumliirj
iuui the remaining twenty-one were executed on the 30tli of October.
Ihf wretched and prctligate Kgalite (ci-devant due d' Oilcans) who had
u'ltd lor the dcith cftlickiug, was foon alter brought to the block, with the
highett
4«4
N
B.
i
Iii;;ln'rt innrki of infull fiom tSe furroutuliiiir muliilud .mid with iho moft uncqul.
vot'iil fignu ot'n)nlrm|»l fnttii the natioim ot Kurope.
The calalogtii* wotiM l>c ilir^iiOiiig anil even tcclioiit, were wc to fitrcify a|| i^,,
jiulii'ial niiirilkri that have (Incc riiccffclccl, .Siirol) iliofi* who ioiiu-ikI for trr«-tluin
and the lights u( man, nujjht to incltidi' ainon^; llu*m the mill (aired of duiiei,
liiliiinniiv, aiul oii^hi cs^ i lo hold liKrid the gulden maxiM). " iluit it in hi tier tmi
iiilty [KrI.ins OiuiiM 1 1> ape, than nne innniciit man |iiiilh." litii, ulut! il,^
retii h (oiivenli'in anl it.e revohitionary ti;l)inial are nut (iiHiiiri ami.
In till' fouih ot" IVir" .', neither the exertion* ot the uilieii, nor ihr fnrrender of
the 'roiiliiiufe, have prodiieeil the cxj)eited eonfeiiueniei in ellalilidiinj^ n nio-
iKiiiliieal ^;o\erninenl. On the 30th t>\ November, llu' j^artilun i>( loiilon nia-U-
:i \i(ji)roii«( I'ir'iv' in nrd t to dellroy fonie I alterie* wliieh the l"uni!i were eieffinir
upon certain heij^htx, within cannon ihot <>t llie city. The det.n hnnntit lent tor
tUiit pinpofe aeedinpiillied it \\\U (ilence and fnecefN ; and the rreneii tmopn were
f'lipiil'ed, and Hid. |''latrd I'liKirl'matelv with the laeililv ul the conipiell, the
flill.d If tpi rnliu'd for-.vnid in |)nirHil <»t ihi n ll>in|{ foes, whi n llt> \ inie,\jin-U,|]y
vnioiinieied i! eoulidernble force, wliiih was |)r<iceei!in;; to covi-r llu reliealof ih^.
fiigillves ,\f this innrnent jj'iura! O'llara, the coniniander in cliii t' ut 'I'oulim
lirrivcd upon tlie ipot ; and wlii.e he was exerlin}; liimfell' to hrinj{ ctV iiis ini.j).,
with rejjidarity, lie nceived a wonnd in iiis arm, and was made iiiiloner hy ii.j.
repubiiians. it is faid tlial niar a lliouf.tnd of the Uritidi aii.t allied I'oice.'i were
killed, wonndiil, or taken pril'oners i>n this aecahon
.S'o(i;i afri r the i :i]>tnre of the Hrililh general Ollara, the e;ly of Touhin wan
fvacuatid hy the allin. On the morniiin of the i(;th «f Decend.er, the aitaik
Ijcg.in lufoie all the reindtliean fnriei had time to come up. It was chiellv direk-Kd
ngainft an I'.nglilli redouht ^l'(.rt .Mulgraxi) defended i)y more llian thiei' iIiouCmkI
men, twenty pieces of cannon and fe\eral mortars. 'I his formiilahle pull was not
•ihle fo re(i!l the ardoiirofthe republican army. It was ntlackcd aheul live o'tlmk
in the morning, and at i\ tlu repuMitan Hag was Hying upon it. 'Iliis fueci-i*
c 'rt iho I'Vencli about 2C0 men killed, and luoie than 50J wounded. I lu' alli.'s
loft llie whole ;atiifi'n, ofw!iiih ;30 were made prifoners. ineludlMg eight oHieers
nnd a Nc-'prditan prince. Hie rejirefentatives of the people rullied a nou" the
f( veial iilinir.is, and rallied thofe who were panie-llruek for an inllant.
The town was bombarded from noon till 10 o'clock the fame e\ining, when the
allies and |)art of the inhabitants, lia\inglirll let tire to the town and lliiniiin -,
iiiei i|Hlated their fli^lit ; two ilialoups, lilled with the I'ngilives, were liuik to i|ie
liottoni by tile batteries. The precipitation wnh which the >vacnation was ertected
cau'Vd a great part of the (hips and projjeily to lalt into the bands o\' liie I'leiuli,
and was aiteiuled wiih the moH melancholy conlVipiences lo the wn'tched iiili iliii-
anis. As fdon as thev oblerved the jiriparaii.m tor Hi;;lit, tlu'v irowded |r) ihr
ihoies ; ihey ileniandcd the protestion whicli had been piomil'etl tlum on ilu- faiili
• dlhe Hrililh crown. A feene of confiilion, riot and plunder eid'ned ; nnd tlioiidi
pirat ell'orls were made totranfport thoufands of the people to Im- ilii])s, thout',in>Js
rl the people were left to all the horrors of tailing into the liaiid. of lln'ir cirageJ
« onnliynien. Many of llieni pliinm'd into ilie fi :i, and nuidi' a vain i li'ort to fwim
<n board the Ihips ; others were feen on the be.uli to lliooi themfelves, that iluy
niiglit not endure the greater ti^rturcs tliey miglit cxpetl from tiie repubiiians.
Dining all this, the Haines were f|)reading in every dire«lion; and the Ihips that JkkI
been let < n Hre, w're threatening i-very Uitiaiil to esnlode, and blow all around
lluni into the air. 'Ihis is bui a laint did liplion ot iiie ieene on ihore, and it was
fi arcely iifs dreadful on board the Ihi; s. Loaded wi;h tlie heteiogeneoii>
jnixtuie of nations, wil'i aged men an 1 nifants, as well a.s women; unh the
iick fioiu all the hof^ itals, and with the mangled foidierb from the pult, juft
delvricd,
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AND
S.
'" 'iipcct to CM-niiaiiv.
''"'"■• ^"^''-^'^^'o^-.ANoBorsu.u,
I.cntjtli
i^ivailili
Mills.
260 j
TIiov .r.. I. -^V";", 2fo3 '•^•'vviri, j •!'> •"•'! .^4 N'oiil, lat.
iniy an- hoiiiukd hv »li,. t- ' z an. ? l..,.) i
4<«
NETHERLANDS.
Inx ont/ on« rovercl|ni)r, ihey fcncrftlly go bjr ihc name uf ih« Seven Unlu^
rrovltwct.
8ITVATIOM AMP F.XTIMT or THR UNirtD PlOVINCII.
Milii. Drfrcei.
Drruilih
the
Mllii. Urfrctfi.
ih nearly J iKlwccn^^ ,„^ J^^,, ,,,„
fume. y ^ •* '
Containing 10,000 layARii MiLUt, with 275 Inhabitant* lu each.
Tlif riillowing, from IVmidornan'* fiirvcy of »h«' ({l'»l»c, U thcr niofl fullKfuOory
nciotini wi- nuct \\ilh ot tlicir gi'ogru|)lii<al Uivilioii, including llic IvKel, anj
other iilunilii.
\h^
Countriet' Naiiirt.
trd Prov Inert.
Squikrr
T
C'kirf Cliki.
*
,3 ■
J
Ovfrydrl
IIoIUimI
(triilirliiid
Kriclljiiil
/iil|ihrii
(trdiiiiigrn
I'trriht
/rtil.iiiil
Trkcl .mil other IHamb
Tot.il —
aH6
fiio
6,4
4«o
III
M
$»
4u
34
))
M
1*
*4
Drkrnirr
Amii lan*!!
\lmr|(iirn
l.cuwAriltn
/ulplitti
Cronliiirn
Utrrilii
Miittllcburg
'll.f fiibilivitiona of the L'nlti-d Provincet, with their chief towns, have atiu
been given in the following manner:
Prov. Subdiv.
T3
S
South llo!
land.
Chief Towns.
.AmlK-rtlam
kotterdam
Dilft
Haf^iie
liaericm
l,e)(!en
Dnrt
VVilliainlhidt
Naerdt'n
(loriiim
I Iful'den
Prov, Subdiv.
5 ^
North
Holland.
Chief Towni.
.Saardatn
I'.dain
lloorn
luiihufen
AilcemaiT
Montk.dam
Pucrmcrcnt
Voorn Brii'l
llUmond Hilvoetfluyi
(joreo (joree
Overtiake .SomerdyLc
I'exel Uurjj
V'lie Two Village!
Schclling Five \ illages
2. Iflands
Trov. Subdlv.
Walih«rch
.S«:howrn
N. Brvrlnnd
S. Hrvcltuul
Duvvi'lanil
N r. T H
Chkf Towm.
MiiMlcbiirg
Klulliing
TrrvriT
Knmmcklni
I /uriikCrr
I Hrrwirthavd
Oftcrgoa
Wtfrtcrgoc
St'vcnwoldpn
fironingon
i Dotktini
j rrimkrr
( Ifurtiiij^ctt
S'. ol
Ivvi, -
riic Omluiidi.Dum
inlUiutrn
R I. A N
Pmv, SuImIIv.
i' J, IfvUnd
•uJn Dn-nlc
Vclcw
Bcrrwp,
(ilitii
Hutuviu
(uKl.r
i|uurtor
llif liiwn of (ii
•lul hall) been
D 1
Chief Towfl«.
IOnvcnier
/woll .
!(N)var<ti'n
Oiiiiurft'ii
t Anlioim"'
< I^HI |)ullll-C>
(llurdt'wicktf
.Ski'iiki'M-
.ni>iunicl
, /iitplifii
; D'lfdiuru
((;r<>ll
. r.vUWr
) Vi'iili)
MtT i» fulijcc^
liiicc 1713.
m
to Pruiria,
7. UTR KCIIT in the Mi.Ullo.
Sut)itivtrioni. CJiii'f Towni.
On the (lid channel of the Rhine Utrcriit
North <it' the Old Rhine Anurlort
South of the Old Rhine Ducilnrdwyck
AlR.sr.AioNi, loiL, AND FACE 1 'T\\c('\' in<ivincc% lie oppofite toF.nglnnd, nt
OF I iiK cot'N IR V. i the (liltiinte of 90 tnilei, upon the eall (idc of
the Kn^lidi Ohanind, and lire only a narrow Hip ot low fwnmpy land, niar fhi*
mouths of iVveral creat rivi-rs, and gained from tin* d ' hy inean» of dvke», raifed
niid Hill fiipportod with intridilile Inhour. The air (>( the Uniten I'rinincf*
in iluri'fore foggy and grofs, until purifiv.'d hy the froft in winter, when the eall
wind iifually Tets in for about four nionths, freezing up their harlnxirs. The
nixillure of the air eaufes ineiaU to rul}, and wood to mould, more than in any
(itli'.r country J whiih i» the rcafon of their perpetually nd)bing and fmurini;, anil
ot the brightiu'fs and < leai\linef-i obfiTvahle in tlnir houfis. 'Ilu- foil i-> untavour*
able to vegetation i but, by tin- indullry of the inhabitants in niakine cai.alu, it h
muKred lit for putbire, and in many places l<>r til!a.;c. Iloliaiul, with all it«
loiKimriial advantages, is i\ot a dclirablc country to ii\c in. I Icrc an- no iiiotm-
Hiiiis nor riling grounds, no planlatinns, purlinq lircani-i, or cntarads. I he wlt'>le
face of the country, when viewed l'ron» a lower or lUcple, has the niipe-nancc of a
continued niarlli or bog, draitied at certain dilhuucs by innumerable ditches ; and
m;iny <if ilie canals, which in that inuntry ferve as hij;li-roads, are ii- the fumnier
months highlv oll'cnlive to tlv fincll.
Kivr.ns and iiarboi;us j 'Ilie rivers are an important eonfuleratiiin to the
Inited I'rovinces ; the chief of which aie the Nhinf, oie of the laigell and tindt
rivers in Kurope ; the Maefe, the Siheld, and the \ echt. 'I'hvie are many fniall
ri\irs that join thefe, and a prodigious mmiber ol canals; but there aie few i^ood
li.nlioiiis in the United I'rovmees ; the be'l are tliofe of Roiier<'am, I |elvo.;t1lu\s,
and Flulhing i thai of Anifterdam, though ujie of the largelt and falelt in l.iiro|H-,
i O i hu«
468
NETHERLANDS.
has a bar at the entrance of it, over which large veflcis cannot pafi vrithout being
lightened.
Vegetable and animal proO 'Hic quantity of grain produced here is
DUCTiONS BY SEA ANi> LAND. ) Hot futficiotit for homc confuinption} but by
draining their bogs and ninrlhcs thoy have many excellent meadowE, which fatten
lean Carman and Danilli cattle ton vail iizo j and they m.nke prodigious quantities
of l)iitier and ciu-ffe. 'iheir country produces turf, madder, tobacco, fomc fruit,
and iron ; but all the pit-coal and timber ufed there, and indeed many of the com-
forts, and evt n the nccciraries of life, are imported. Tliev have a good breed of
ihcep, vliofe wool is highly valued; and their horfes and horned cattle are of a
lari,'e lize. It is laid, there are fome wild boars .'nid wolves here. Storks build
and hatch on their chininies ; but, being bird< of paflage, they leave the country
about the middle of Auguit, with their young, and return the February following.
Tlkir ri\er-filh is mudi the fame as ours, but their fea-filh is generally larger,
owing perhaps to their filliing in deeper water. No herrings vilit their coafts;
but they have many excellent oyflerbcds about the iflands of theTexcl, producing
very large and well-tafted oyllers ; and the induftry of the Hollanders furnilhes as
great a plenty of the necelTaries and commodities of life, and upon as cafy terms
^except t(j travellers and Grangers), as moll neighbouring countries.
Population, iNiiAniTANts, man-) The Seven United Provinces are pcr-
NERS, ci'STOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. 3 haps thc bcft pcopIcd of ally fpot ofthe
fame extent in the world. They contain, according to the heft accounts, ii»
cities and towns, 1400 villaf;es, and 2,758,6^2 inhabitants, according to a public
account given in 1785 ; belides the twenty-hve towns, and the people in what is
called the Lands of the (jeneiality, or conquered countries and towns of other
parts of the Netlurlands. The manners, habits, and even the minds of the
Dutch (tor fo the inhabitants of the I'nited Provinces are called in general) feeni
to be formed by their litualion, and to arife from their natural wants. Their
country, which is prcferved by mounds and dykes, is a perpetual incentive to
labour ; lincc the artificial drains, with which it is every where interfetted, mull
be kejit in perpetual repair. Their principal food they earn out of the fea by their
herring-filherics ; for they difpofe of moll of their valuable fifties to the Englilh, and
other nations, for the falie ot gain, 'llic air and temperature of their climate give
to them phlegmatic, flow difpofitions, both of body and mind ; and yet they arc
irafcible, efpecially if heated with liquor. Even their virtues are owing to their
cf)ldnefs, w ith regard to every objeil that does not immediately cimcern their own
inlerclls: for in all other refpe6ls they are quiet neighbours and i)eaceable fub-
jetts. '1 heir attention to the conllitution and independency of their country is
owing to tlie fame principle; for they were never known to rifk innovations in
government, except when abfolutely neceflary.
'Ihe valour ofthe Dutcli becomes warm and afiive when they find their intcrcft
nt Hake ; witnefs their fea wars with England and France, 'ilieir boors, though
ilow of underllar.ding, are manageable by fair means. Their feamen are a plain,
blunt, but rough, fiirly, and ill-mannered pconle. Their tradefmen in general are
reckoned horn It in their tleaiings, and very fparing of their words. Smoking to-
bacco is pr:.ttiled hy old and young of both fexes ; and as they arc generally
plcdding iipiii \\i\\i, iwd nieai s (,f getting n.oney, no jjcople are fo unfotiahle.
A Duttnnian of low rank, when drunk, is guilty of e\ery fpecies of brutality.
"The Dutch have alio been known to cxercife the mod dreadful inhumanities for
intcrcft abroad, wlicre tliey thought thcmfelves free from difcovery ; but their
own country exhibits but few inltances of murder, raj)ine, or violence. As to the
babitual tippling and drinking charged upon both fcxes, it is owing in a great
6 mcafurc
NETHERLANDS.
4^9
meafure to tlie nature of their full and climate. In general, uil appetites and paf-
fions fccm to run lower and cooler here than in moft other countries, tliat of avarice
excepted. Their tempers are not airy enough for iojf, or any unufual ftrains of
plcalant humour, nor warm enough for love, which is little better than a nicchu-
nical afTcftion, ariflng from intcreu, conveniency, or habit ; talked of fometimcs
iinioiig the young men, but as a thing they have heard of rather than felt, and as a
difcourfc that becomes them rather tnan aiTe^ts them.
In whatever relates to the management of pecuniary affairs, the Dutch are
certainly the mod expert of any people; to the knowledge of acquiring wealth,
uniting the no lefs necelTary fciencc of prcferving it. It is a kind of general rulo
for every man to fpend lefs than his income, bo tnat what it will ; end when this
does not happen, tlioy think at lead they have lived that year to no purpofe ; and
the report of it ufed to difcredit a man among them, as much as any vicious or
prodigal extravagance docs in other countries. But this rigid frugality is not fu
univerfal among the Dutch as it was formerly ; for 'i greater degree of luxury
and extravagance has been introduced among them, as well as the other nations
of Europe. Gaming is likcwife pradlifcd by many of their falliionable ladies,
fomc of whom difcover more propcnfity to gallantry than was formerly known.
No country can vie with Holland m the number of thofe inhabitants, whofc lot,
if not riches, is at lead a comfortable fufficiency j and among whom fewer failures
or bankruptcies occur. Hence, in the midll ot a world of taxes and contributions
fuch as no other country experiences, they Hourilh and grow rich. From this
fyilematic fpirit of regularity and moderation, joined to the mod obdinate perfe-
verance, they fuccecded in the dupendous works of draining their country ot thofe
immenfe deluges of water that had overtlowed fo large a part of it during many
ages, while at the jbmc time they brought under their fubje<^tion and command
the rivers and feas that furround them, by dykes of incredible thickncfs and
drength, and made them the principal bulwarks on which they rely for the protcdioii
and lafety of their territories againd tlie danger of an enemy. This they have
done by covering their frontiers and cities with innumerable Unices, by means of
which, at the Inorted notice, the mod rapid inundations are let in, and they
become in a few hours inacceilible. P'rom that frugality and pcrfeverance by
which they have been fo much charatterifed, they were enabled, though labouring
under the greatcd didiculties, not only to throw oft" tiic SpaniHi yoke, but to attack
that powerful nation in the mod tender parts, by feizing her rich galleons, and
forming new edablillnnents in Africa, and the Had and \Ved Indiis, at the cx-
IH-nte of iipain, and thereby becoming, from a defpieable province, a mod power-
tul and formidable enemy. Equally wonderful was tlie growth of their military
and narine cdablidiments, mamtaining, during their celebrated conteiuion wiui
U'wis XIV. and Charles II, of England, not Ids than 150,000 nien, and upwards
(if 80 fliips of the line. But a fpirit of frugality being now lefs univerfal among
them, the rich traders and mechanics begin to imitate the luxuries of the Engliili
and French ; and their nobility and high niagidratcs, who have retired trom trade,
utfet^ fplendour in their tables, buildings, furniture, and equipages.
The diverlions of the Dutch did'er not nnich from thofe of the Englifli, wlio
fccmed to have borrowed from them the neatncfs of their drinking-booths, Ikittlo
and other grounds, and fmall pieces of water, which form the amufcments of the
middling ranks, not to mention their hand-organs, and other mulical inventions.
'Ihey are the bed flcatcrs upon the ice in the world. It is amazing to fee the
crowds in a hard frod upon the ice, and the great dexterity both of men and
women, darting along, or rather flying, with inconceivable velocity.
Dress.] Their drcfs formerly was noted for the large breeclies of the men ;
aid the jerkins, plain mobs, Ihurt petticoats, and other oddities of the women ; all
which,
1^
470 Netherlands!
whidi, addftl to the nnlural thicknefs and clumftnefs of their perfons, gave them
a very grotcfquc apj)carancc. Thefe dreffcs now prevail only among the lower
ranks, and more particularly amongft the fea-faring people.
Uf. i.ioiov.] Thi" cftahlilhed relijjion here is the Pre(b)rtcrian and Calvinifm:
nono l)ut iVihytcrians arc admitted mto any office or port in the government, ex-
cept tlie army ; yet all religious ictU are tolerated, and have their rcfpcftivc
nicoliiigs or ;illcml)lies for public worfliip ; among which the Papills and Jews are
very iiuiuorous. And, indeed, this country may be confidercd as u ftrikinj; inllanco
of the benefits arifing to a nation from iinivertal toleration. As every man is al-
lowed to worlliip God according to the dictates of his own confcience, perfons of
the moll o))polite opinions live together in harmonv and peace. No man in this
republie has any rcafon to complain of being opprcltcd on account of his religious
prineiples, nor any hopes, bjr advancing his religion, to form a party, or to dillurb
the government ; and therefore in Holland men live together as citizens of the
world, aH'ociated by the common ties of humanity and Ixmds of peace ; with
eijiiiii encouragement to arts and induftry, and equal freedom of fpeculation and
enquiry.
Lant.caoe.] The natural language of the United Provinces is Low Dutch,
which is a corrupted diaiett of tlic (Jerman ; but the people of falhion fpeak
Englifli and French. Their Lord's Prayer runs thus : On/i! FaJcr, die in tie hmclin
i-v« uwen nanm icoi ile ge/ie\/i^/il : tiw' hnimgkyyk home : uvjc wil/e gefchiede ge/yck in den
hemel zoo ook op den mden, oiis d,rj;e/ih hroot gcef ons /.eeden, cade vcrgeeft onfe Jchuldtn
Igelyk ouk wy vogeeven onfe fcliuldenaaren : ende laats ons neit in vofoer kingemaer vcrtojl
on van der hoof en. Amen.
Le.\rning and learned men.] Erafmus and Grotius, who were both
natives of this country, (land almoft at the head of modern learning. Haeriein
difputes the invention of printing with the Germans ; and the magillrates keep
two copies of a book inlitled Speculum Salvalionis, printed by Kofter in 1440. The
mcfl elegant editions of the dallies came from the Dutch prelTcs of Anifterdam,
Rotterdam, Utrecht, Leyden, and other towns. The Dutch have excelled in
tontroverlial divinity, which inlinuated itfelf fo much into the ftate, that, before
j)rinciples of univerfal toleration prevailed, it had almoft proved fatal to the
government ; witnefs the violent difputes about Arminianifm, free-will, predcfti-
iiation, and the like. Refides Bocrhaave, they have produced excellent writers in
iill branches of medicine. Gr.evius, Gronovius, father and fon, and Burmann are
ranked among their numerous commentators upon the dallies. Nothing is more
common than their J^atin poems and epigrams; and later times have produced a
Van Ilaaren, who is pofllfled of fome ))oetieal abilitiis, and about the year 1747
j)ul)lillie(l poems in favour of liberty, which were admired as rarities, chicHv be-
eaiife their aiitlior was a Dutchman. In the other departments of literature^ the
Duieh piihlieations are nieehanieal, and arife chielly from their employments in
lufn erlities, cluireh, or (late.
L MVKRSiTiEs.j 'Jhefe are Leyden, Utrecht, Groningen, Harderwickc, and
Fraiioker
'llie univcrfity of Leyden, which was founded in 1575, is the largcft and moll
ancient in all the United Netlierlanils. Its lilirary, belides a number of printed
books, contains two thoufar.d oriental manuferipts, many of wliieh are in .Vrabie ;
and a larg. fpliere adapted to the Copernican f\ Item, moving by clock-work. Here
is a'.fo a pliNlic-gardi T., and an anatomical tin aire.
'Ilic miiverliiy of Ltieeht, in tin province of the fame name, was changed from
a fehuol into an univerdty, in if^ft; but it has not all the privileges oi wie other
imivcrllties, Ix ing cn;irely fubjecl to the magiflrates of tlie city. The Thviie gar-
den here ia very curious i ai.d fur the recreation of the lludent^, on the cuil fiU^ of
5 the
NETHERLANDS.
m
:kc, and
the city, juft without the gate, is a beautiful mall, confilling of fcvcn flr:i!<'lit walk •
two thoufand pacos in length, regularly planted with limck: but tliat in tlic niiddL*
ia properly the mall.
The number uf ftudents, one year with another, is fovcn or eight Inn dre 1 in
each of the univcrfities of Lcydv-n an<l t trcilit : in the utlicr three, il,t', nro not fo
uumerous. 'ITiefe feminaries of learning have each three or four divinity pn fellors,
an many of phylic.and two or three oi law ; bclides olliers of hillory, lu:i;,un(Tcs,
and eloquence, or the he//<s Uttres, and others of pliilofopiiy, niatlKinatics, tin*
Greek and Roman antiouities, and the Hebrew and Oriental langun<Te!;. '1 he
profetVors in the univcrlitics of Holland are often men of literary eniiiiciue ; as
there is an emulation among the Hates of the different provinces, which Ihaii have
the greatcft men to adorn their univcrlitics, and attract numbers of (ludents iVom
all parts of Europe to enrich their towns: and tliereforc they are ready to allord
very liberal encouragement to able piofeflors, who are often invited from the uni-
vcrfities of Cicrmany.
The buildings of thefe tmiverfities are old, and rather mean ; the fchoois of
Lcydcn arc better, and more contiguous llian the rell. The profelfors wear gowns
when they read lettures, or prclidc in public difpulations. The lludenis
wear no diftindt habits, but are almoft always in their morning gowns, in wliii li
they attend the colleges; and it is common for them, at Leyden, to walk in lliis
drefs in the ftrccts and mall without the city. 'ITiere are abundance of youth, of
the principal nobility and gentry, from molt countries in Europe, at theft; femina-
ries of literature : and ai every one may live as he plenfes, without bein;^ oMigcd
to be profufe in his expences, or fo much as quitting his night gown for w ceks or
months together, foreigners of all ranks and conditions arc to bo feen here. Tlio
force of example is iirikingly exhibited at thefe univcrfities: for frugality in ex-
pence, order, a com|M)fed I'.ehaviour, attention to lludy, and alhduity in all things,
being the charatterillics of the natives, ttrangers, who continue among them, foua
adopt their manners and forms of living. And though the tludents live as they
pleafe, and ftudy as much or as little as tliey think lit, yet they are in general re-
markable for their fobriety and good manners, and the alhduity and fuccefs with
which thev apply thcmfelves to their lludics. No oaths are impofcd, nor religious
tefts ; fo that Roman Catholic parents, and even Jews, fend their children here,
with as little fcinple as Protellants.
An I IQUITIKS AND cu R losi T 1 F.s, 7 Thc prodigious dvkcs, fomeofwhieli are
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL, i faul to bc 1 7 ells in thickucfs ; nioitiids, and
canals, conftriu'ted by the Dutch, to prelervc their country from inundations, are
works as tlupendous as lingular. A Itone quarry near Maellricht, under a bill, is
worked into a kind of fubterranean palace fupported by pillars twenty feet high.
The ftadthoiife of Amilerdam is one ot the bell buildings of that kind: it ltai\ds
upon 13,659 large piles, driven into the ground; and the inlide is equally conve-
nient and i.iagiiilii ent. Several mufenms, containing antiquities and curiofuies,
artificial and natural, are to be found in Holland and the oliier |)rovinces, puriieu-
lariy in ilie univerlity of Leyden ; Inch as the elHgies of a peafant of Kutlia, whO'
fwallowed a knife ten inches in length, and is faid to have lived eight years af-
ter it was cut out of his Uomach. A lliirt made of t!ie entrails of a man. Two
Egyptian mummies, being the bodies of two |)rinees ol great antitpiiiy. All the
inulcles and tendons of the human bodv, cnrioully let up by prc>fellbr Sialpert Van-
Uer-Weil.
Cities, towns, and other edi-) Amftcrdani, which is built upon piles of
FicEs, public and PRIVATE, i wood, isthouglit tocoiitain »4i,ooo people,
and to be, next to London, the moll commercial city in llie world. Its conveniences
for commerce, and tl»c grandeur of its public works, allonilh every beiiolder. In.
this,,
47*
NETHERLANDS.
this, nud all other cltici of the United Provinci-s, the beauty of the canah, and
walkk uiuUt tri-t.-s planted on their borders, are admirable i but above all, we
are ftruck with tlio i\oatncls and clconlincfs that is every where obfervcd within
duors. This cily, liowevL'r, lahours under two great difndvantagei i bad air, and
the wain ot'fivlh wholef»)nie water, which obliges the inhabitants to prefcrve the
rain watei in refervoirs. Kottordani is next to Anillerdam for commerce and wealth :
its inliabitnnts are conuuitid at 56,000. The Hague, though but a village, ii the
feat lit' government in the United Provinces, and is celebrated for the magnificence
and beauty of its buildings, the refort of foreign umbafladors and Grangers of all
ditlindiiins who live in it, the abundance and chcapnefs of its provifions, and the
poliieiK I'sof its inhabitants, who are computed at 40,000. Leyden and Utrecht arc
fine cities, as well as famous for tlieir univerlities. Saardam, a village in North
Hnlland, contains about 900 wind-mills, partly corn-mills, partly faw and paper-
mills, and mills for the making of white lead, &e. It i.s a wealthy trading place,
and wiis the worklhop where I'eter the Great of Mufeovy fcrved his apprenticelhip
to ll)ip-l)uil(ling, and laboured as a common artifan. The upper part ot Gelderland
is fubjefl to I'rullia, and the capital city Gelder.
iKi.AND NAVIGATION, CANALS, AND) The ufual wnv of palling from town
MANNi u OF TRAVKLMNo. 3 to towii is by covcicd boats, called
treckfcuits, which are dra'jf^ed along the canal by liorfes, on a How uniform trot, fo
that palfeuLjers reach the dillerent towns where they are to l\op, nrccifely at the
npponited nillant of time. This method of travelling, though to tlrangers rather
dull, is convenient and cheap. By means of thefe canals, an extenlive land com-
merce is carried on through the whole country ; and as they communicate with the
Rhine and other large rivers, the produttions of the whole earth are conveyed at a
fmall expcnce into various parts of Germany, and the Aulhian and French Nether-
lands. A treckfcuit is divided into two ditVerent apartments, called the roof and
the ruim ; the firll for gentlemen, and the other for connnon people. Near Am-
fterdam and other lai;ge cities, a traveller is delighted with beholding the cffeils
of an cxtenfivc and flourilhing coinmerce. Here tlie canals are lined, tor miles to-
gether, with elegant, neat country houfes, feated in the midll of gardens and plea-
fure grounds, intermixed with figures, bulls, llatues, temples, &c. to the very wa-
ter's edge. Having no objetls tor amufemcnt beyond the limits of their own gar-
dens, the families in fine weather fpend much of tiieir time there, fmoking, reading,
or viewing the palfengers, to whom they appear complaifant and polite.
CoMM RCK AND MANUFACTURES.] An account of tlic Dutcli commerce would
comprehend that of the world. There is fearceiy a manufatture that they do not
carry on, or a llate to which they do not trade. In this, they are allilled by the
populoufnefs of their country, their indurtry and frugality, and, above all, by the
water-carriage, which, by means of their canals, gives them advantages beyond
other nations. The United Provinces are the grand inaga/ine of Kurope ; and
goods may be purchafed here fometimes cheaper than in the countries where they
grow. Their Eatl India company has had the monopoly of the fine fpices for more
than a hundred years, and, till the late war with Kngland, was extremely opulent
and powerful. 'Hieir capital city in India is IJalavia, which excels in magnificence,
opulence, and commerce. Here the vicero)s appear in greater fplendor than the
ftadtholder ; and fome of the Dutch fubjects in IJalavia fearceiy acknowledge any
dependence on the mother-country. Among the monopolies of the Eall-India
company, the fpicc-trade, comprehending the articles ot cloves, mace, nutmeg,
cinnamon, &c. is tlic mod valuable, and torms a very great branch of the Aliatic
as well as European commerce of Holland : i30,ooolbs. of cloves are amiually
fold in India, and 360,000 carried to Europe. 1 he company pays on the fpot
only eight ftivers per pound ; but the freight and other charges raife this price to
43 .ilivers> and the company fells it at no lcf:> than 75 llivcrs. Of nutmeg, the
produce
NETHERLANDS.
473
nrniluce of the idand of nantla, a5o,oooIb«. arc fold in Europe, and 100,000 in
India : tlic prime loft k fomcwhat more than one (liver per pound ; including
chnrnes, thcjjound lofls the company about 2^ ftivers, and is fold by them at up-,
wards of 50 (livers, weft of the Cape of Good I |o|h- ; and at ab(»ut 40 ftivers, eatl
of it. In India, loo.ooolbs. of cinnamon are fold, and 400,000 in Europe. The
Java coffee is the bell we know of, after that of Niicia in Arabia. Other great
branches of this trade are rice, cotton, jnipper. Sic. Hiiicles «)f great importance,
but not in the exclulive polUllion of the Dutch. They have other fettleivcnts in
India, but none more pleafant, heatliful, or ufcful, than that on the Cape of Good
Mope, the crand rendezvous for the (hips of all nations, outward or homeward
bound. VVIien Lewis XIV. invaded Holland with an army of 80,000 men, tlie
Dutch made fome difpofitions tolhipthemfelvesoflTtotheir fettlements in India; fo
great was their averfion to the French goveriuni.nt. Not to mention their herring
and whale filheries, which they have carried otV from the native proprietors, they
are dillinguilhed ft»r tlieir pottery, tobacco-pipes, delft-ware, fniely refined fait ;
their oil-mills, and (larch-manufa£lures ; their nnprovementsof the raw linen-thread
of Germany ; their hemp, and fine paper manutatlures ; and fine linen, and table
dnmaflcs ; tneir faw-mills for timber, either for (hipping or houfcs, in immenfc quan-
tities ; their great fugar-baking ; their vafl woollen, cotton, and (ilk manufa£lures ;
wax-bleaching ; leather dreding ; the great quantity of their coin and fpecie, aflKled
by their banks, cfpecially by that of Amilerdam ; their Ead-Indiu trade ; and their
general indudry and frugality.
This country affords a ilriking proof, that unwearied and perfeverine induflry is
capable of conquering every difadvantage of climate and lituation. The poffeflion
of the very foil is difputcd by the ocean, which rifmg confiderably above the level
of the land, can only be prevented by ftrong and expenlive dykes, from overflowing
a fpot which feems to be ftolen from its natural domains. Notwithllanding thefe
ditncultics, which might feem unfurmountable to a lefs laborious people, the
ftrenuous exertions of tne patient Dutchmen have rendered this fmall and fcemingly
indgnificant territory, in fa£l, one of tlie richeft fpots in Europe, both with refpefct
to population and property. In other countries, which arc nolTefled of a variety
of natural produftions, we are not furprifcd to find manufactures employed in
multiplying the riches which the bounty of the foil bellows. But to fee, in a coun-
try like Holland, large woollen manuta6lures, where there are but fcanty Hocks ;
numberlcfs artills employed in metals, where there is no mine ; thoufands of faw-
niiils, where there is fcarceany foretl ; an immenfe quantity of corn exported from
a country where there is not agriculture enough to fupport one-half ot its inhabit-
ants, is what mull llrike every attentive obferver with admiration.
The natural and political lituation of the Dutch nation may be compared with
the colonies of Canadian beavers, who, by unwearied labour and mutual alTiftance,
are enabled to build fecure habitations on the banks of rapid rivers, and to form
rocieties rendered durable and invincible by the tie of firm union: yet their won-
di'ri'ul fabric would, by dilfenlion and iVparation, foon (ink into inlignifieance or an-
nihilation. When we confider what Holland was before the union of Utrecht,
aiul when we afterwards fee the inhabitants of that fwainpy fpot become refped-
able in Europe and predominant in India, it is not without ngiot we witnels the
dicay of their power, that moll admirable inonunient of human indullry. An im-
partial obferver, however, who cannot willi to fee the benefits of aclivity confined
ti) one fpot, and extorted from the weaknefs and ignorance of other nations, will
1)1' comtorted by the conlideration, that Holland's exclulive advantages are KlLiKd
by the [general increafe of indudry and happinefs throiigliout all the dates of Europe,
anil not by any of thofe great calamities or revolutions, which have ])ut a peiiad
to the power of other commercial dates.
; 1* Puunc
4?4
N E T 11 K R L A N D S.
FiifcLtc tNAMno tfOMfANiii] Of thefe, the capital ii the Raft India, incor>
poraicd in 1601, by which formerly the Dutch Required immenfe wealth, having
divided forty {Mir cent, and fumetlinei fixty, alxmt thu year 1660} at prcfcnt the
dividends arc muth reddced ; but in d hundred and twenty-four yeart, trie proprie*
tors, on an average, one year with another, divided fomewhat above twenty-four
per cent. So late at the ycnr 1760, the^ divided fifteen per cent, but the Dutch
Weft India company, the fame year, divided no more than two and a half prr
cent. This company was incorporated in 1621. 'Ilic bank of Amfterdain it
thought to be Incxhauftibly rich, and is under an excellent direction: it is faid,
by fir William Temple, to tontain the grcateil trcafurc, cither real or imaginary,
known in the world. What may iVcm a paradox, is, that this bank is fo far from
paying; any intcrcft, that the inoiiey in it is \vorth fumcthing more than current
calh is, in eoininon payments. Mr. Andcrfon fuppofes that the ia(h, bullion, and
pawned jewels, forming the tivafiire of the bank, which are kept in the vaults of the
ihulilioiife, amounts to thirty-fix millions llcrling} but more probable conjectures
rediiee it to about one tenth of that fum.
Con ST 1 rr I ION and oovF.n nmrmt.] Thisisa very intricate article ; for though
tlic United Provinces fublill in a common confederaey, yet each province has an
internal govenmicnt or eonftittition of its own: this government is called th: States
of that province ; and the delegates from them form the St^tet Centra/, in whom the
fovcreignty of tlie whole confederacy is vcftcd ; but though a province fhould fend
luo, or more delej;iites, )et fiidi province has no more than one voice in every re-
folution ; and before that refoliifion can have the force of a law, it muft be ap-
proved of by every province, and by every city and republic in that province.
This formality, in times of (jrcat danger and emergency, has been fet afide.
Every refolulion of the ftatcs of a particular province muft be carried unanimoully.
ilic council r)f flate confifts likcwife of deputies from the feveral provinces: but
its conftitution is different from that of the ftntcs-general : it is compofed of twelve
pcrfons, whereof Gucldcrland fends two ; Holland, three j Zealand, two j Utrecht,
two ; Frie'land, one ; Ovcryftell, one ; and Groningen, one. Thefc deputies,
however, do not vote provinciallv, but perfonally. 'Ihcir bufinefs is to prepare
eftimates, and ways and means for raifing the revenue, as well as other matters
that are to be laid before the ftatcs-gcneral. 'ITie ftatcs of the provinces are (lylcd
•• Noble and Mighty Lords," but thofe of Holland, " Noble and Moft Mighty
Lords," and the ftates-general, " High and Mightv Lords," or, " the Lords the
States-General of the United Netherlands," or, " their High Mightincffcs." .Sub-
ordinate to thcfe two bodies, is the chamber of accounts, which is likcwife com-
pofed of provincial deputies, who audit all public accounts. The admiralty forms
a feparatt board; and the executive part of it is committed to five colleges in the
three maritime provinces of Holland, Zealand, and Frielland. In Holland, the
people have nothing to do in chufmg their magiftrates. In Anifterdam, which takes
the had in all public deliberations, the magiltracy is lodged in thirty-lix fenalors
who arc chofcn for lil'i- ; and every vacancy among them is lilleil up by the fur-
vivors. 'Ilu' lame fenale alfo clefts the dejjuties to reprcfent the cities in the pro-
vince of Holland.
I have mentioned the above particulars, bccaufe, without a knowledge of them,
ft is impolVible to iinderftand the hiftory of the United Provinces, from the death of
king William to the year 1747, when the fladtholderfhip was made hereditary in
the male and female rcprefentatives of the family of (Jrange. This oflice in a
manner fuperfeded the conftitution already dofcribed. The ftadtholder is prelident
of the ftate of every province ; and fuch is his power and influence, that he can
change the deputies, niagiflrates, and officers, in every province and city. Hy this
he has the moulding of the afTenibly of the ftates-gencral, though he has no voice
in
N E T n E R I, A >^ D S.
475
in it ; in (liort, though he hat not the title, he hat more real power and authority
than foinc kings ^ fur, bcfidct the influence and revenue he derives fruni the tUdt-
holdcrOiip. he has feveral principalities and large eftates of his own. At ditbrent
periods, tne United Provinces have been without a ftadtholier; but thcfc periods
were ufually verv turbulent i and whenever a war broke out, the republic Felt tho
iK-cuirity of re-citablilhing this niagiftrate. Notwithttanding the complaints of tl\r
party ityling themfclvcs patriots, it would fccm that the oftiic of tladthulder in
I'llontial to the conftitution of the United Provinces, 'llic prefent itadthulder is
William V. prince of Orange and NafTau, fun of the late lladtholdor, William
Charles, who married Anne, princcfs royal of Great Britain, and died in i7j;i.
With rcfpc6t to the adminiflration of judice in this country, every proVinec
bas its tribunal, to which, except in criminal caufes, appeal lies from tlie petty
:itul county courts; and it is faiu that jullice is no where didributed with more iiu-
partiality.
Revekues.] The government of the United Provinces proportion their taxes
according to the abilities of each province or cit ,■. Thefe taxes conlill of an alinqlt
general excifc, a land-tax, poll-tax, and hearth-money ; fo that the public rcvc-
luic amounts annuallv to about four millions and a halfllerling. Tne province
of Holland pays nearly half of this revenue. 'ITie following is tne rate at which
each of the Seven United Provinces is faid to contribute toward the public cx-
j)eiice :
Of every million of ducats the Province of Holland contributes
Zealand .....
Frielhmd . . . . -
Utrecht - • • • •
Groningcn - . . -
(juelderland • - • •
Overyfl'el . - . . •
420,000
1 30,000
1 70,000
8j,ooo
75.000.
70,000
50,000
Of the 420,000 ducats paid by the province of Holland, the city of Amfter-
ilain furnilhes upwards of 310,000. The taxes in thefe |)rovinces are fo heavy,
and fo many, that it is not without reaf<m a certain author aflerts, that the only
tiling which has efeaped taxation there, is the air they breathe. But, for the en-
Kiuragenieiit of trade, the duties on goods and merchandife are exceedingly low.
The iinmenfe fums in the Britilh funds hiive made fume people imaghie that Hol-
land labours under heavv debts ; but the chief reafon is, the dates only pay two and
a luilf per cciit. iiiterell lor money.
iVIn.nARv A.ND MAin>K STRENGTH.] Thc luimluT of land forces in the
liiited Provinces in time of peace commonly anioiim to alunit 40,000; 25,000 of
wlnim ferve in jjarrifons ; and in time of war, they liire (Jernians. The chief com-
mand <if the ufiny is veiled in the ftadtholder, under whom is the field-marlhal
;^iiut;iI. The ni.iiine t'uree of the I nited Provinces ufed loin- very great, and thi;y
tornKily filled out very conliderable fleets: but their navy has of late been muCh
ni,'lectid Tiuir late war witli Great Britain obliged tliem to increafe it; and
iln\ have great relourees for that purpofe. Aceordnij; to the lall accounts, their
navy lonlilU of one Ihip of 76 guns, three of 70, tour of 6S, live of 60, eif^ht of 0,
tniir of 50, live of 44, nine of 40, and ten ot 36, belide-* vilVels of interior force.
Ihit lluy have many lliips upon the flocks; and their fleet will probably be muili
aimi'.uni((l, and in i'uturi' be kept in better order.
Ouni H OK 'Ikt IONIC KNir.UTS.] This was one of the moft powerful as well
iiN aneiiiit orders in h.uropi', now divided into twi> branches ; the firll tor Papills,
•md tilt I'teuiiil braiah for I'rotellants. This branch hasahoiifo at L'lreelu, wheie
3 P i tiu V
47*
N R T 11 E R L A N D S.
the^ tranfa£t their bufuieri. The iii>hlci of Ifollanit, i^hcy propofe a Ton to be a
knight, enter hi« name in the rcgillcr, itml pity n largo ftim of money to the ufe of
the poor tnuintuined by the order t aiul the I'andidutc fucccodt in rotation, if ho
bringt with him proof ufhi» noliility for four eciicrationH on the fnlhcr'i and mo-
ther !• fide. The eiili^n it a crofs piitee, enamelled while, furnuumicd with another,
un II a
e croiH, \i a hull twilled, white itud black. It is worn pendent in u
The fu
fume crofk i«
black ; above the
broad black watered ribbiitui, which i« worn about the neck.
embroidered on the left breail of the upper garment of each knight.
Armi.] 'Vhe enfigns armorial of the Seven United Provincen, or the States of
. Holland, are, Or, a lion, gulei, holding with one paw a cutlafs. and with the oihrr
a bundle of fevcn arrows clofc bound together, in nllulion to the fcvcn confederate
frovinces, with the following motto, Concordia res parv,« crifcuHt,
liiTORY.] See the Aunrian Nctherlundi.
William V. prince of Orange and Nulliiu. I lereditary Stadtholdcr, Captnin-
General and Aamiral of the Seven United Provinces, was born in 1748, married
in 1767 the princefs Frederica of Prullia, born 1751 i by whom he hai ilfuc,
1. frcderica-Louifa-VVilhclmina, born November aU, 1770; married to thehcre-
ditary Prince of Brunfwick.
a. William-Frederic, hereditary Prince, born Auguft a, 177a j married Otlo-
ber I, 1791, to Princefs Krederica-Sophia-Wilhelraina of Pruflia.
3. William-Gcorge-Frederic, born February ic, 1774.
llic Stadtholdcr hath one filler, Wilhelmina-Carolina, born
to the Prince of Naffau Wielburgh.
1743, and married
AUSTRIAN AND FRENCH NETHERLANDS.
Miles,
Length aoo
Breadth aoo
Situation and Extent.
Degrees.
{49 and 5a North latitude,
a and 7 Eaft longitude.
between
Boundaries! Tl^'^'^^^^ ^^ **^*' ^"'*'-"^ Provinces, on the Northj by
■•' ■*-' Germany, Eaft ; by Lorraine, Champagne, and Picardy, in
France, South ; and by another part of Picardy, and the Knghlh fca, Weft.
As this country belongs to three different powers, the Auftrians, French, and
Dutch, we Ihall be more particular in diftinguifhing the provinces and towns be-
longing to e.uh (late.
Suhdivifions.
Dutch Brabant
I. Province of BRABANT.
Chief Towns.
■ r Boilleduc f
Breda [N.
I Bcrgcn-op-Zoom*
Grave, N. E
Lillo
Steenbcrgcn
}n.w.
Sq.M.
»374
2. Autlrian
NET
Subdivirinni.
a. Auflrian Brabant
II E R L A N D S 477
Chief Town*. Sq. M
' BrufTrl*. E. Ion. 4 dcg. 6 min. N. Ut. > .
50-^0. J '
' • l.nuvain 1
VilvorclcnSin tlic middle.
.Landcn )
a. ANTWFRPi and, 3. MA LINKS, arc provincru Indcncndent of Bra-
bant, thuugh furroundcd by it, and fubjctt tu the houfc of Auftria.
CliIcfTowna
4. Province of LI M BURG. S. E.
'Liinlmrg. K. Ion. 6-5. N. lit. 50-37 )
luLjott to AulUia. J
MaiOiicht
fubjc£l to the Dutch
Macfliitht "J
" Psilnn f
lii'muomont. or f
L \ ulkcnhurg )
3'*
300
Audrian Luxemburg
Frriich Luxemburg •
Province of L U X K M BURG.
Luxoinhiirg, E. Ion. 6-8. N. lat.
3 I 49-45
1 ( ihionvillc )o p
3 iMoi.tmcdyr '^"
Chief TowM
6. Province of N A M U R, in the middle, (uhjvti to Aullria.
V-' •» rNnmiir, on tlioSamhrcand Macfe, E.
HiNnmiir, on thoaamlircanu iVlaele, t-f
litu, 4-50. i\. Int. 5'-'-30. >
Cliarloroy on tlic hambru 3
340!
392
4»5
Auftrian Hainault
French Hainault
7 Province of 1 1 A 1 N A U L T.
■^ ^Mftns, E. Ion. 3-33. N. lat.*^
J (.Knguifn j
HValfniicnnei ■ '\
Uouchain f
Con do f
Landrccy j
in the
middle
} 640
800
8. Province of C A M B R E S I S.
Subjt.£\ to France
HCambra\, E. of Arras, E. Ion. 3-15. 1
N. lat'. 50-15. 1
Crevccocur, S. of Cambray.
'5^
Subjcft to France
9. Province o( ARTOIS.
Arras, S. W. on the Scarpe, E. Ion,"
2 5. N. lat. 50-20.
St. Omcr, K. ot Boulogne
• i Aire, S. of M. Omcr
.St. Venant, E. of Aire
Uctlmnc, S. E. of Aire
Teroucn, S. of St Onief
10. I'rovinec
990
^'
Subdiv ilium.
MERLAND8.
Chief Town*. »>■.<
Dutch Flundrri
Auflriun Flanders
French Fl.nndoM
10 Province of FLANDKRS.
Sluvt, N.
Axel, N.
Ilullt, N.
Siu van (jhent, N.
(ihont, cm the beheld, £. Ion. y^i.
N. lut, ji.
Hrugr* )
Oftcnd JN. W. iictnhefet
Newport J
Oudciinrd on the .Svlu-ld
,^- { ion the Lis
Yprc», N. v( Lille
'I'ournay on the .Siheld
[ Menin on the LIh
Lide, \V. of 'loiirnay
Dunkirk, <rti the c«)all E- of Calais
Douav, W. of Arras
Murdike, W. ui Dunkirk
St. Amand, N. of V uieneicnne.^
Cfrnvclinc, E. of Calais
Sq.M.
1 "'
' '90j
760
J
Air. son,, AHP PRODUCE.] 'II1C air ofJkahant, and upon the coart of Fl.'iii-
-dcrs, is \y,ul ; that in the interior parts is more Uealthful, and iIk* feafons ninre
fettled, hoih in winter and funinier, than tln-y are in England. '1 he foil and iu
produce are rich, efoecinlly in corn and fruits. They have ahundancc of paftiirc;
and Flanders ill'elf has ()«4-n reckoned the graiur^' of France and Germany, and
fometimes of Kngland. The moll barren parts tor corn rear far more profitable
crops of Hax, which is here cultivated to grivit ;perlittion. L'pon the whole, the
Aulirian Nclherhuuls, by llie culture, coninuicc, and induflrv of ihe inhabitant),
•was formerly the ri< heft and moft beautiful fpot in Kurope, whether we regard the
variety of it»; ni.inufaclures, the magniliccnce v>ud riihes of its cities, the meafant-
nefs of it.s roads and villagos, or the fertility oif i»s land. If it has declined in later
times, it is owint partly to the Hewlett of its government, but chitflly to its vicinity
to Knglaiid and Holland ; but it is ftill a mvll delirable and aureeable country,
There are few f>r no mountams in the Netherlands. Flanders is a tiat country,
fiarccly a fiiigle hill in it. Ihabant, and the reft of the provinces, conlift of littjj
bills and vallies, woods, inclofed grounds, and ihainpaign fields.
KiVF.Rs AND CANALS.] Tlic ( liicf riv«rs are the Maefe, Sambre, DciiU'r,
Dyle, \etlie, Cieet, ,Sanne, Ruppel, Siheld, Lis, .Scarpe, Deule, and Dendir.
Ttie jJiiiKipal canals are tbitfe ot {'rulfels, (Jliciit, and Oftend.
Mi.i MS ANP MiNERAis.J jVliiics of iroii, C(>p|)er, le "I, and briiuftnne, arc
found ill Luxenibiirgl), and l.imburuh, as are foine marble tjuarries ; and in the
|i!(iviiice of Nanuir there are conl-jiils, ami a fpceits of bituminous fat earth pro-
j)er tor fuel, with great plenty of tollile nitre.
Inuabitani6, I'OHi I. \iion, .man-1 The Klimings (for fo the inhabitants of
NRKs, ci'SKi.MS, AND u J v liH s t oNs. J Flaiulcrs aiul the Auftrian l.ow Coiiii-
trick are generally called are thought to be a beav), blunt, lioiult people; but
their njuaners are fomewliul indelicate. Formerly they were known to tmht dc-
■O fjK'iatcly
deri),
throiii^
laboiirei
liiis, aiK
Cm
Authors,
mm.
its linen
S tKHV I
but abovt
Oft.nd is
betwei ti
>7«i. it
' 'lift's, an
•tron^' ^,,1
i;i lile ,\i
l.<iiivaii
Victories
Wrullels re
<! the
pl.iif.
t- he .1
''■ri, and
A
fni
NETIIERLANOI.
♦7f>
fMr*t9tf in defence of their ctiunlry t at nrcfcnl ihcjp make no grcNl figure. l1)o
Aullrian NcthrrlarKi* are eiiremely populout t but auihor* difTrr •» lu ihcir num<
ht'r*. Prrham we may fix llietn, at h iiictiiutn. at a million nnd a halt', 'I'hi-y are
ij^nitrmil, ami fVwd of rcli^iout rKhibiliont and ^mKCAiiliL fhcir other divcrliunt
arc the fame with thof«* i>( ihr uiafaiita of iIm: m'i)(hl)ourinK roiititrici.
|)i(i«i AND LANoiiAOK | Tnc iiihuhitonl^ of KfriK h Klutidof* iriiilaie the FrencH
in iMtth thefo partitulart. 'ihc KlviniiiKu on ihc tVonticrnuf llolluiid dreU likothu
l)iil( h l>nnri, and their lan({iia|tc i^ the lame i but the bcitrr fort of iH:o|ile fpcak
KriMih, and dref» in the Krrnt-n llylf
Ki'. 1. 1(1 tow. I 'Ihe ritaltlilhfd rcliKion here ii the Kumun Catholic » but l*ro>
tcfK'inti, and other fctl*. arc not nioii-llcd.
Ai'ciiaiiMnpRirKi ANt> ■ittiopaicKi ] The archliilhoprirkft nrc Cnmhrny,
Milini'i or Mnklin i (he bi'honritki, (Jhint, Briimc, AmwiTp, Arrui, Yprc»,
rotirnay, St. Omcr, Ntiiniir, and Kureniond
LrAtMiNu, LRARNKDMKM.i IV' fiK icty of Icfuiu formerly produced the
AND ARiinri I mod iiiirnrd m-n in lln- Aullriim l.uw C'oontri>'s,
in which thi-y had many comfortable fctiUMiUiitk \Votk> ot tiK-u!i){{y, und the
livil and canmi luw, Latin piHMiis nnd pluy», were ihcir chid produdioni. Strada
ii an i-ic)(ant hiliorinn and piM't. The Kk-miih pantt'-r-i iu\d kiilpti)r» ii4vc great
mcrii. imd fornx-d an illndrioiit fchool. 1 he work« of KubonH und Vandvkv: «.)uw
not hi- lutKcieiitly ndmired. KiamitiKo, or the l-'kntin^'i niodtU for ItcaJi, pant-
uil.irU ihofc of childnn, have never yet luin e(|uulkd ; and the Tlcniing* for-
merly ongroiled tapellry-weavine to ihendVlves.
Lkivkrii riKi.j l.ouvain, L}t>uay, Tournuy, and St. Omer. The tirtl was
fniiuicd in 1426, by John IV. duke ut' Uiabant. liv a grant of uope bixtui IV.
ihit univerlity has the privilege of prefeniin^ to all tde livings in tfic Nctherlundii,
uhiih right they enjoy, except in Holland.
Amku iiiEs AND cuKiuiiTiEs, ) .Somc Koiuan monuments of templet
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ) and other buildings arc to be found in
thrle provinces. Mnny curious bells, churches, and the like, ancient nnd mo-
ilern, are alfo found here ; and tlie magniiicent ol4 edifices of every kind, feen
thr()'i8;h nil their cities, give evidence ol tlieir former grandeur. In i()07, fonio
labourers found 1 fioo gtdd coins^ and ancient luedolt ut' AuiuninuH V'lin,, Aurc*
liiis, and l.ueius Verus.
CiriKS.] This article ha* employed feveral large volumes, publilhed by dilfcrent
Mifhors, but in times wlien the .\udriuu Netherlands were far mure Hourilliin;; tliaii
now. The walls of (ihent, t'ormerly the « apiial of I'landers, and celebrated Un
its linen and woollen manufactures, contain the circuit of ten inilen ; but the ton 11
is now lliinlv ihliabited. UruRes, formerly fo noted for its trail; and manufactures,
but above all for itH tine canals, i.s now dwindled to an iiiconliderabic place.
Oftnid is a tolcrablv convenient harbour tor tradeis i and, foon aftir the rupture
bclwciM (ireat Britain nnd Hollaiul, Incanu- more opulent and p()pulous, In
17X1, it was vifited by the emperor, who guvntvil to it iiuuiy privileges and fnn.
ihil'cs, and the free exercife of the protellaiit religion. A.s to ^ pres, it is only a
itrdn^j gairn'Mi town. I'he fame iniiy I'e faid of v^harleroy and Nanmr, wliich lie
i:i the .Vuli'ian I laiiiault.
Ldiivain. the v.ipitui of the Auftri;m Brabant. inlUad of its llourilhing niami-
fiu-tories and places of trade, now contains pmtv i;aidi.iis, walks, and arbouis.
Knillels retains fomevviiat of its ancient lace nianutacture ; arid being the relidencc
I't ihc j^overnor or vin rov of the Auliri;in NiilnilaiuU, it is a pojiulous, lively
|il;ue. Antwerp, onc<- the emporium o\ the f.uropeau coiiliiient, is now reduced
til i)e a taprtlry and thread-lace ihop, with the houle.^ of fouie ba'Jter*. jewel-
kn, and painters, ailjoiiujig. One of the firft exploits of the Dutch, foou after
they
4^
N K T II K R I. A N n S.
ihty l*>f*'W n(f lUc S|)!Im1i»i y.ikr, \vb« •'» ruin ni onr* the commrrc** of Antwerp,
bjpnnkini; voflil). lo.wi.il wieh (i ii>« «, iii ihf tiioiiiK of thi* Nihfltlt llm» ihuiiniK
ii|> llic .•iiiriinn' 'if iluit ri\t r i.i ihipi of liirgc liiirtkn llii* wm ihr inorr tnu-l,
H-< iIk" pooplr itf \iilwiTp hail lt«»'n tlo'ir Irii ml-i mul ffllnw fiiiri-rrri in llic mufi*
i)f lilxTtv : l)ul they forifiiw that llic |iri»fpi'ril)r of ihi-ir own iornntert-tf wu tt
If mny ho olifi'rvod l»rrc, that rvrry grnlli-iniKr* hmifi- U * inflk or tka/ftnn
niirl ili.il til' re tiff uiori' ftron'; towtu im tho Nrtlurlnrul^ than in ull tlu- rv{\ of Kii-
flip, I lull (litiv'lluilri lliiiol ilii- Flornilh iruilr, l») the rili- nf ilii Kngliili ami Diiii li,
iJiifc towm ifc conli(|rfnl)ly diminiihcd in li/<' ; «it<l wliolo tIrviJi, imrticiilurly in
Anlwrrp. nrc In npi»«:iruiKkr uiimhul>iti«l. In tin- Ni'ilicrluttd*, tirovifinni nrr ex-
;i;'
Ironul) K'xkI and ini-.)|>. Trnwlliii^ i« fafo, rculottNlili', and dcli^litfnl in tlii
IlixnrioiM (iiunirv. Hu- nmiU arr f(cn>'rntly a Itniad «aufk-way, nnd run for fotm-
niiU-^ in a lliaixht line, till lliiy Urniinatf wiili tlic viow of fonif nohic hnilding*.
From ('allcl, in llic Fri-nch Ni-lhorland*, iniiy bo fctrn ihiriy-lwu iown», ilfcif iHinjj
on a
hilt.
(^oMMF.acr. AHD MANrrACTir«R».l 'llio ihii'f mnniifattiin-* of the KrtiuH
nn<l Aiillrian Ni-tlu'rlandt nro ihcir ornniifnl limn* and hus, in whiili, not-
wilhlinii(lin)( (III l)oall>'d iin|irovonicnti of ihcir lui^hboiim, llu-y un* yrt iiiirivul-
led i pnrtiniinrly in ihal liKiii* lalird t ainbritii, from Camhruy, lli« chief place
uf ii^ inanufutturi*. 'l\ww mnnnfaiturct torin the priiici|>al arliclr u( thi-ir cum-
nuTcc.
I'oNiri I r I ION AND covKRNMF.N r.) Till' Anrttian Nilhcrlaiidt arr (lill con-
fidiTcd a:t u t in If of tlu- ktii|iiri- *, of whit It llu- ur« hdiKal houfo, at litriiiv fovc-
ni^n of the wholf, \> the folo din-ctor and fiiiiinioiiin)( priiuc. Thi* circle ciiii-
fributcH iu Ihari- to the iinpotU of tin- empire, aixl lei)d> an i nvoy to the diet, but
it not fulije(t to the juditalo. iii of the empire. It i> under a governor-geiu-rHl.iir
parlia-
V, and
recent, uppointed by the court of Nieiitia. The face ot an allembly, or
ment, for each proviiue, it Hill kept np, and i mlilU ol the elerK), »obilit
(IcputieH of towns, who meet at Hriiirelt I'lav ti province claiint particular nrivi-
le^et, but thev are of viry little etietl : and the governor, till of late, fclduni (ound
any reliftance to the will of hit ir)urt. Kvery proviiue has a particular uovcriKir,
fubjed to the regent : nnd caufes are here decided according to the livil and ca-
tion law.
Kkveni'ms.) 'I'hefe rife from the deniefnelnnds and ciiOoins ; but fo much it
the trade of the Aiitlrian I'laiidert now reduced, ihai they are faiti not t<i defray
the expiiiee of their gnvernnK nt ; but bv the hue nduction of the garriloiit, thii
is now altered. The French NelherlaiuU bring in a coiifiderabic revenue to the
crown.
Military i r ri'.nc; rii J The troops maintained here by the emperor are
thicHy emploM'd in the Irontii-r garrifont. Though, bv the barrier treatv. the
Aiillriant were oblij^ed to maiiituin three -Ht'tlis ol thofc garrifons, and llie l)ulJi
^ftititaiiiiii »iviv «.'i'i«.kV\« i.» Ill ■■III )iiiv«'iii<iii »»i iii»»i» iL*tiiiiwi|-T| (iiivi 111^ l/ll
two i yet both of tneiii wi re inilerably <lelii lent in ihiir (juoiat, the whole re<|
uir-
le c'lli'
iiig at lead ;o,ooo men, and, in the lime of war, above 10,000 iiion . but il.
peror Jofepli demulillied the forliticalions, moll of which were mouldering to dc-
I a v.
AnM».] The arms of Flamlers are, or, a lion fable, and langued gules.
History J I he feveiiteen provinces, and tluit part of Germany which lies will
of the Kiiine, wa^ called Gallia Uelgica, by the Komaiu. About a century belurc
* Although » grrat part of ihr Aiinrian Ne-
t'lrrbiiilt liavr, at thit irifciil wriiiii^ (Aiigiill
i<<M)i liirrcnilrrrd In llir iirins of tlir Frciicli; yet
»> the cvciu> uf WW arc fo uiiccruiii, and a> iht
1
trnopt of th» nfw n piililit wrre toiiiptllfd to fv».
luairthit inu.iirv in ilie Ui(iniiin^ ul i;t^}, ii ii
iiii|iutliblr ic) fjy how lun^ imy may ritaiiiiticpal'-
fclliga ot tlitir new couqticflk.
the
N te T II l« R L A N D S.
4ti
lilt' rhrirtiMn •r<i, ike Buiik rcmav^rl fruni llofTc lo tht mnrfhjr illrtriflUxiiidcl
liy ll>« Khiiii" miU ihr M • I" 'Vhvy ({.ive iliP n*m%> u( Hulnvin In ihtir n«*w n»Mii-
try. (iencroiu iinti l»iav , du- tiittiivi«n« wrrc ti jlpfl >)y iho Koman* wlih |r»f»l
rrriH'fJ, iMirtK i-xcmpii'd (Vdm inUiir, n<iv.Tni«l l»^ ih«-ir own law*, and obhi^iii
iHilv In portiirni rnilitNrv forvin-t. Uppri j|»c ilrcliiiv of Ihc Knttmn empire, the
(iitilii, anil iHluT Nort^ii-rn |k-oi)Ic', |H)ffc(Ud r^i«'mfi'lvi'» «»»' ihofc pritviixc^ i\ttt, a*
ihoy pallVii lliMiitfli ihotM ill ihrlr wuy «u Krniu > , t»n«l other piiriv nf ihf cmiiiro,
lliiltivi.t uiiil tliilltiiKl (u't uiiu-i iiiU|u'ii<i«-iil oil (;v'rninny, lit which ihry had (h-<<ii
liii'd under mu' nl the Kruiuiruni ii|° (^harliriiagiic, in ihr lu-ginnini nf ihc lolh
III
f,
titiMry, whi'ii iht' ru|irt'Mi>' nulhorily Wiii lod^rd in lh<* ihrro iinilcu |H)W<th of n
Cotint. ihc Nublct, and ihf Towni. At latt ihoy were fwallowrd ii|i hy thi-
hiiitr>' of Hurgiindv, uiino i^\\
The cmncror i;li.irU'» V. the hnr o|' that family, iraiuferrid ihcm, in ihc yenr
Hjf, to tne houlr of Aiilltia, and riinked thrin r% part of the empire, undrr the
title of the Ciri le of Htirgtindy. The tvranny of lii^ Ion Philip II. wlio fiicieed-
cii lo the throne of .Spain, nutde the infuihitanti aitcinpl lo throw of) hi* yok^,
wliiih occaliimed ii ^ineral itifnrrettinn. The coiinu iloorniind K^inot)!, anil the
prime of Orunue, appearing at the head ol ii, and l.iitlter'H refonniition )(iiinin((
tfrmiiid ul>out liie fame linu' in the Nelherlandt, hii dift iplen were forted !» per*
Iciiiiion lo join the mal-contenti W hereupon king I'liilip introdueed a kind of
int|uililion, wliich. from the inhumanity of ilit priKreditiK*, wax called lh<- Cnmidl
tf Hli>9il, in ord«r to fuppref'* ihrin \ and many ihoufandt were put to death Ity
thai court, helidex ihofe thiil oerilhed l>y the fword. (.'oiiiit Moorn and connl
Kjjmont were taken and heheatled \ hut the prince of ()rnn|;e, wliom they elef te«l
to Im; their iladtholdcr. retiring into Holland, ihal and the adjacent provincm en-
tered into a treaty for their mutual defence, at Utrecht, in the year 157U. And
tluiii^ih ihefe revtmer* at firU were thought fo del'picahlc an to Ih< termed Hej^j^iin
hv ill. ii tyranti, their perfeverance and ctiurage were fuch, under the prince ni'
(irange, and the alliUance afforded them l>y (pieen Kli/ahclh, hoih in troopi and
nuiiiey, lliat they forced the crown of Spain lo declare them a free peojile in the
year i6ov i And afterward:* they were ucknowledired by all Kurope to he an inde-
petid«ni liaie, under the title of I'll R I'NirKti I'rovincki. Ity their fea warn
with l'.iii{land, under the commonwealth, Cromwell, and Charle» II. they jullly
aciiiiiretrihe reputation of a formidahic naval power. When tlie houfe of Aullria.
whicii for foinc age!( ruled over (•ermaiiy, Spain, and part of Italy, with wliich
they afterwards continued to carry on l»loo«ly wars, wan liccome no longer formid-
able; and when the publii jealoufy was direct) <l n^'ainli lliat i>t kiourbon, which
wat favoured by the government of Holland, who nad difpoHeired the prince of
e was fuch, that they rcviv-
W'illiam III. king ol (treat
Htitain ) and during hi> reign, and that of (|Meen Anne, they were principals in
the grand confederacy againll Lewis \IV. king of h ranee.
Iheir conduct towards Knglaiid in the wars of 1742, and I7;6, hath been dif-
culTed in the bilb>ry of lliat country, as alfo the oi i iirrenc<s whidi led to a rup-
ture between them and the Knjjlidi in the vear 1780. As it was urged, that ihvv
retiili'd to fulfil the treaties which liiblilk-d Itelween ihem and (Jreat Britain, fo
all ihe treaties vvbiih bound (ireal Britain It) thein were declared null and void,
as it none had ever exilled. By the war, tlieir trade fiifTered confidcrably, but
Negapatnain, in the luitl Indies, is the only place not rcllorod to them at tlie late
peace.
I'n)l)ably, to their feparatiim from (Jrcat Britain, may he attributed the rcciiu
diflrretu es between the States (imiral and the emperor of (Jerniany, who, Imin
the exliaullcd llalc of fevcral of tlie European powers, fccinud to have u tavoiir
Orange of the fladtholderlliip ; the fpirit of lh<* peoiil
cd it in the perfon of the prince, who was afterwards
^i
abl«
48*
NETHERLANDS.
IIOM L/LLII ailtJtVVAl III IIUIIKMIIII lllV iyillV.ll l./(llll\.l 111 111.1 Vl(./lllllllUli:V, iV/l VVIII\.1I lilt
liad tontciuloil fo dcfi»cTatt.'ly in the time of queen Anne, and now he fecmed wii
iiii{ to eni'idiuh upon their teriitories. A conference concerning the boundarii
of their refpectivo nations wm propofed to the Dates ; but before tliis could tak
place, he began to commit foine nCls of holtility, and extend his <' — :•-: -
Utile way by way of i)reliminary. Two fmail forts, St. Donat, and St.
able opportunity of accomplllhiiig his ambitious dt ligns. In the year 1781, he
had been allowed to demolith the Dutch barrier in his dominions, for which they
fecmed wiif-
Jaries
akc
L'xtcnd his dominions a
Jiliiv v\tiv liv »iiv 1JI IMl.'llllltll(tl V . I ^•^ yr iiiiiiii i«'iia, .^i. a^i)nat, ailu ot. I aUl, WCTC
feized upon, as well as fonie part of the marlhes in tlie neiglibourhood of Sluys.
As a prelude to tiie negoeiiilions, he alio demanded that ine Dutch guardlhip
tli')uld be removed from before fort l,ili<), in acknowledgment tliat one ot the pre-
rogatives of his Imperial ntajelly was the free navigation of the Scheldt. This
being com|)lit(l witli, the negociations wore opened at HrulTels on the 24th of
April 17^4, when feveral other demands of finall portions of territory and little
fums of money were made; the moli material re(|uilitIon being the town of Maef-
tricht, and its territory. Kor foine time the conferences were carried ou in that
«lry and tedious ntanner which generally marks the proceedings of the Dutch ; hut
the emperor urged on his demands willi great vigour, and matters feemed fall
ti'iuliiig towards an open rupture. On the i ;d of Augurt, he delivered in his
h'timutum to tin- conunillioners at Urullels, in which he ollered to give up his de-
mand on Maellricht, in conlideration of having the free and unlimited navigation
of tlie Scheldt in both its branches to the fea ; and in token of iiis confidence in
tile good intentions of the Hates, he determined to conlider the river as open from
the date of that paper. Any infult on his flag in llie execution of thelc purpofcs,
he would conclude to be a ilirect act of hollilit), and a formal declaration of war
on the part of the republic. To prevent the injuries which the States General
had in view to contmit, contrary to the incontellable rights of his Imperial nia-
jelly, and to leave no doubt of his unalterable relolution to adhere to the pro|)oli-
tions contained in the ultimatum, Jiis majelly could not f\)rbcar determining to fend
to fea, from Antwerp, a lliij) under his flag, after Iiaving declared long enough
bef )re in what manner he Ihould conlider all violent oppolition tliat might be made
to the free pallage of the laid lliip.
I he thip was Ifopped in its palVage, as was another ordered to fail from Oftcnd
up the Sclieldt to Antwerp. Hut the Dutch offered to difmifs the velfels if the
captains would engage io return to their refpective places, and not continue their
voyage on the river, which they refufed to do. This the emperor called infulting
his flag, and declared to all foreign courts, that he could not look on this fact but
as '* an elTective declaraiion of war on the part of the republic." In anfwer to
their conduct in llo|)i)ing the Impel iai lhip>, by which the emperor declares them
to have begun holtiiities, the Dutch miniliers at Hruflels, in a pa|)cr delivered to
that court, prolell, " I hat as their fole aim was to fupport their uncontrovertible
right, they cannot l)e fufpected of any hollile aggreliion, which is the lefs to be
laid to their charge, as tliey polltisely declared not to Hand any wa\s aafwerable
fur llie confeiiueiici's that nia\ ciifue from the particular conllruction which his Im-
perial majeliy may be pleafed to jiul upon tiie aliair. I he provinces, far from
delerving to l)e (onlidercd in the light of a power iiaving acted otrenlivciv, (till
perlill in their jieai cable difpofnioi.s ; but it", nr.torUinately, fiich difpolitioiis can
have no influence on the mind of his imperial niajUly, though the Slates Itill iire-
ferve fouK hojies to the contrary, tlie republic will find itfeif in the difagreeable
necellity ot having recourfe to fuch meiuis as the lights of nature and nations en-
title them to ; hoping that Divine l*ro\ ident i-, and tlie applauding vi:ice of the
neutral poweis, will alhll in maintaining the republic in the jutt defence of its
dtarell riijiiis."
9 Great
N E T II I' R 1, A N D S.
43.;
(Jreat preparations were niatK- tor immmliati- lioHililies againrt tlu' Dutch, ;u d
fevi'inl huiulrod of tin- Inipoiir.lills, with romo firld pii-cos, advanc inj; towards ihi*
lountcrfcarpc ol* Lillo, tlic ininmandin^ otKiccr <>t' tliat plai-c oidn-cd i' ■ 'luici-; to
1)1- ojUMied Novoinl)i.T 7, 1784, uliirli ilil'iti.'(l i'u ininidatioii tlint hiid imdi-r water
inaiiv mill's ot' Hat t-ouiitry ro'.iiul l!ic tons on tin- Sihcldt, to priTirvi- tin m tVom
ail attack. Hoth parlies exerted themi'eives, in cafe lliey tlioidd he called forlh tv)
open a campai^rn ni the next fprinj' ; Init l-'rance and Prullia inteipol'ed as nej.jo-
tiators and mediators ; and fiitcctded in l)^in^'inf:[ about a recoiiciliiitioM. I low-
ever, from the condutt of the emperor in the partition of Poland, and in denio-
lilliinf{ the fortitications of the harrier |)laces in the Xeiherlands, and der.iandint;
a free navigation of the Sclieldt, and to the Kalt-lndies, advancing from one ])re-
tenliim to another, it is apparent, that the molt folenin treaties will he no lon^n-
obferved by fomc courts and llatelmen, than till they have an opportunity with
ability to break them.
Ouring the progrefs of their contentions with tlie emperor, tlii- country was
greatly dillrefled by the moft unhappy intelline auimoiiiies, which it may be
proper in this place brieHy to ftate. The contimied feries of lolfes which they
had fuftained in the late war with Great Britain, was jiarlicularly difgraceful to
the liates. All their fettlements in the Well-Indies tell into the hands of the
Uritilh without reliftance ; their lliips were captured, and their trade ruined ; while
tiic difalk-rs of the war excited the animolity of the two factions againll each other
to the higheft degree. The patriots, or arillocratic jjarly attributed thefe defetls
to the lladthohler, who openly exprelVed his predilection for tlie Knglilh at tlie
beginning of the .American cpiarrel. To this conduct the patriots now very art-
fully reverted. They accufcd him of having advifed tlie aggretlion of the iMiglilh,
ami of contributing to their fuccefs by treachery. The evident inequality ot the
ftrugglc, the notorious deficiency of all warlike articles in the dock-yards, and'
arfenals of the republic, the frecpicnt and public reclamations made by the prince'
and by the council of rtate on the lubjett of that dt fieiency were forgotten ; and'
the wilful mifcondutt of the ftadtholder was boldly alledged by the patriots as the
folc caufe of that miferable fucceilion of defeat and difgrace, whicii immediately
followed the commencement of hoftilities. Whilll thele were the recriminations
of the patriots, the monarchical, or Orange parly accufed their antagonirts of
having involved the country in a dangerous war, at a time when it was entirely
uii])repared for it.
The alterations in the Dutch conl^itutiim projetKd by the patriots, were as fol-
lows: " 'I'hat ihc forms of the prefeiit government Ihould continue to fublill, but'
that the dates Ihould become in everv refpeH completely independent of the lltiilt-
luilder ; and that fi.r this |)urpole he Ihould no longer enjoy a feat in any of the
colleges in the republic. That the lladtholder's right of recommending candidates
lor the vacaitt magillracies in the towns of I lolland Ihould ceafe. That the charges
iif Ihidtholder and cai)t;iin-genfral Ihould, if polhble, be feparated, and coiu'errcd
on 'itferent perfons ; or that, at leall, the titles only Ihould be ufervcd to the
prince of Orai'.ge, and the otlices be executed, as in the tiiue of the l)e \\ ills, by
(le])uties chofen for the purpofe. In general, that the (ladtholder Ihould poU'els
lueh powers only as nii!.;ht enable him to execute the orders of the liates. 'I'r'.t
ihi' he.editary Ihidtholderate Ihotild continue in the prince of Orange on his ac-
ceptance of thefe terms ; but lliai in tale of liis retufiil, llie diliVuiii liates thould
he at liberty to eletl another lladtholder."
hi theaHembly of thi- Ihilis, it was found that the llaU"; themfelves were pro-
per foviTeigns of the country, that the lladlholdrr was no more than their fervant,
and that whatever powers the) might coniircnicate to him were revokeaMe at
pleafurci but with regard to the garrifon of t)-'- Hague in particular, they atfirni-.
3 Q 2 ei
484
NETHERLANDS.
cd that the provincial Aatcs had never given it into his hands. In purfuance of
this idea, it was next dircdcd, that on the commencoincnt of the year 1786, the
arms of the hoiifc of Orange Humid be taken out of the ciiligns ot the troops of
Holland, and thofe of the province fubrtituted in their room ; that the prclideotof
the provincial ftates llioiild on all t)ccafions receive the military honours, and fa-
lute the garrifon of the Hajjue, as tlie prefidcnt of the Ihites already did ; and that
no other officer of the province ihould be entitled to tliat dillindtion. The next
fleps were to difmifs the body-guards of the prince, though this was afterwards
qualified by allowing them to extinguilh thcmfelvcs, and to enlift no more in the
room of them who died.
Thefe proceedings were by no means agreeable to the inhabitants of the Hague,
who had all along Uiewn the greateft attachment to the (ladtholder, and they Toon
prepared a petition to the ftates of Holland, requelUng them to interpofe their
good offices with the prince of Orange to induce him to return from Breda, to
which he had retired on the I4lh ot September, 1^85, to the place of his ufual
refidcnce. The dates, however, fupprefled this petition as foon as they knew that
it exifted ; and the affiiirs of the lladtholder appeared to be in the moil defperatc
fituation.
The new king of Pruffia offered his mediation, but that being refufed, he ap-
plied to the court of France, to know whether they would co-operate with him
in his pacific intention. On receiving a favourable anfwer to this, both mo-
narchs united their efforts to reconcile the contending parties, but all in vain.
This unfortunate event produced various accufations and vindications between
the two parties, with a long train of negociations, refolutions, and animofities, un-
til at lait, in the month of May, 1786, the ftadtholder gave orders to feize on
Vreefwick, a port of importance to the city of Utrecht, on account of its fituation
on the canal between that city and the territories of South Holland ; containing
alfo the fluices by which both the provinces might be overflowed. This brought
on a (kirmiffi between the troops of the ftadtholder and the burghers of Utrecht,
in which the latter proved viftorious. Some other important hoflilities took place;
but while the military operations were carried on in fuch a languid manner, a vio-
lent tumult took placfc at Amfterdam, in which fcveral perfons were killed. This
was followed by a revolt of mod of the regular troops of Holland, who went over
to the ftadtholder ; but notwithftanding this apparent advantage, and fome others
which afterwards took place, the difpute ftill continued with extreme violence,
infomuch that the princefs of Orange herfelf was feized, and detained for one
night a prifoner by the patriots.
Thefe moft turbulent commotions were, however, at laft happily fettled by the
king of Pruffia, who, for this purpofe, marched an army into the territories of the
United States, and took poffeliion of the city of Rotterdam, and fome other places,
without reliftancc. This overawed both parties to fuch a degree, that they quickly
ciime to an accommodation, and a treaty was concluded between that monarch and
the Hates of Holland. By this the two contending parties were formsilly reconciled,
and the courts of London and Berlin guaranteed the Hadtholderffiip, as well as
tlie hereditary government of each province, in the houfe of Orange, with all the
rights and prerogatives fettled in the ^ears 1747 and 1748 ; by which all attempts
to dillurb the domedic tramiuillity ot the republic, by means of any foreign inter-
ference, aj)pear to be effectually guarded by the clofe union that iublills between
tliefe two important powers.
The French republic, finding that the ftadtholder of the United Provinces had
entered into a lea;;ue with tlie crown of Great Britain, agaiiilt the republican
principles adopted by the Gallic nation, declared war againll Holland, in conll'-
queuce of this declaration, general Uumourier proceeded, with a large bodv oi
■ , troops,
NETHERLANDS.
485
troops, to the inYnfion of that country, exhorting tlic Batavians, in a violent ma-
nit'fuo, to rcjctk the tyrannic ariftocracy of the lladtholder and his party, and to
bctomc a free republic. The dates-general of Holland iflfued a counter-declara*
tion, in which tliey combated that of the French commander, and pointed out
the fallacy of his alfcrtions, and the danger of liis deligns. The Dutch every
where made the moll vigorous preparations for defending themfelves, and lord
Auckland, the Uritilh ambalihdor at the Hague, was dirtded to allure their high
mighlineflcs, that as the theatre of war was brought fo near to the conlines of
their republic, his majelly, the king of (Jn at Britain, was both ready and deter>
mined to execute, with tne utmod good fiiith, the treaty of 1788.
Dumourier, having failed in all his elToiis to negociate with lord Auckland for
!>eace, entered Holland, in the beginning of 1793, ^'''^ ^^^ victorious troops, and
oon reduced Breda to a capitulation : Klunaert, VVilliamdadt, and Maellricht
were believed : and Bergen-op-Zoom, Tliolcm and Steenberg were blockaded at
the fame tune. Two thoufand Britilh guards were fent over to Holland under tlie
command of the duke of York : and a body of twelve thoufand Hanoverians were
ordered to march immediately towards Holland, to be under his royal highnefs's
command. Thefe, having been powerfully fupported by the arms of Aultria and
Prurtia, checked the proj^iefs of the French troops. The allied forces raifed the
fiege of Maeftricht, and obliged the French to abandon the bombardment of Venio,
to evacuate Ruremond and its entrenchments, Aix-la-Chapelle and Liege. Thus,
in the courfe of March, 1793, Dumourier was forced to abandon his conquers in
l^olland, in order to rally his forces in Brabant. It was the lart eftbrt which he
had to make, to retain the polTelhon of the Netherlands. Three very bloody and
obdinate engagements took place between Dumourier and the prince of Saxe Co-
bourg. The French were forced to retreat to Bruflels, and on the 24th they eva-
cuated that city, and the red of the Audrian territories. About the fame time
alfo they retired from Breda aiid Gcrtrudenberg, and wholly evacuated the re-
public of Holland.
Here we fhall conclude the hlftory of the Seven United Provinces, whofc inha-
bitants fo glorioufly exerted themfelves againd the tyranny and ferocious bigotry of
Philip II. and their brave, vigbrous, and fuccefsful druggies in this noble conteft .
will be always remembered with pleafure, whild men preferve a jud fenfe of true
liberty, which will be, it is hoped, fo long as human nature exids. They are now
called to a druggie againd a tyranny and bigotry of a diflerent kind indeed, but
equally opprcUive, and io which it is hoped they will be equally fuccefsful.
After the indopondcncy of the Seven United Provinces was acknowledged, the
Spaniards remained pofleded of the other ten jjrovinccs, or, as they are termed,
the Low CouNTRiKS, until the duke of Marlborough, general of the allies, gain-
ed the memorable vidory of Rainiliies, in the year 1706. After which, Brutiels,
the capititi, and great part of thefe provinces, acknowledged Charles VI. aftii-
wards emperor of Germany, for their fovereign ; and his daughter, the late em-
prcfs-queen, remained podelled of them until the war of 1741, when the French
reduced lliem, except part of the province of Luxemburgh ; and would have ftill
poflelfed them, l)iit for the exertions of the Dutch, and chiefly of the Knglifli in
favour of thr lioui'e of Aullria. 'I he places reiained by the French, by the peace
of .'\!\-l.vCluipel!e, in the year 1748, may be foen in the preceding general table
of diviliup.s.
It was not long :ifter the fettlement of the didurbanccs in Holland, between the
party of the ftadthoider, and that of the patriots, that the provinces of the Ne-
therlands,
486 NETHERLANDS.
iii-rland). Ivloiiginq to tho omprror, «l«eorinim'(l to nfT-it their lil)frty. As nn
glial trii'i)<lllii|) hat! fiibfilKd hctwivn llio rtnti's iintl his linpi-rial inaji-lh, it wn-t
iintural lo liippnlV that tht- <lilV()ntiiitc<l Cubjfets oF tlu' lattor would fin<( n n-ndy
alvliini ill thi.' torriloiiis ottlu' Diiiih. 'Iho qiiarnl orij^inalfii, liko ihofi- in othor
coiiiilriis, aliout tlu- prf-oi^aiivts alliinu-d by thi; rnipcior, and which were iiioro
cxtf iilivt- than his l"ii!)jcf ts wilhod to allow. A letter coiiici iiing this had been pub-
liilu'<l us early as the i ;th of Deiember, 17S7, by count 'I raiitmanfdortr, the Im-
perial iniiiiller to tlie council ot Hrabaiit ; in wliich.proviiue the difputes had ori-
L'inaliy coaimeiued. In this pertormaiue, the count look notice of the little con-
/idence they put in his mnjefty, and commanded them in titc inoft exprefs terms,
" to bold no connetlicm, relation, correlpoiidence, or keep up any uiuleillandinj;
wliatevor on public atVairs, either in a body or bv commillioners, with the Hates or
tluir deputies, without the previous knowledge, or exprefs command of his
niajt Hy, or Iiis reprcfentative." This not proving elfeCtual, and the emperor
making life of force to alTert his ufual prerogatives, the territories of the Unite<l
States became a refuge for the difconlented Urabanters. 'I'hey firll began to af-
fenible in Dutch Brabant, in the clofe of the funnner of 1789, and being well re-
ceived, took up their liead-iiuarters at Tilbourg. To this place they invited their
dilcontented countrymen to join them, and promifed them the pay of i^Msfi.r
<lav for their fupj»ort. From whatever fonrce thefe patriots derived their linances,
it focm became evident that they were well fupplied ; tor this fum was pimHually
paid, and they had great plrnty of provilions ; fo that, being protected by the
liates-geiieral, they foon became very iJrong, and in a very lliorl lime maniteihtl a
delign to alVert their liberty by force of arms. 'I'heir firll exploits were the taking
of two forts belonging to the emperor, (ituated between Antwerp and Bergen-op-
Z(V)m. 'I hey feizcd alfo M. Crumpepin, chancellor of Brabant, threatening to
hang him up by way of retaliation, for the firll perfon of tlieir party to whom the
em])eror Ihould oiler any violence.
On the i)art of liis Imperial majefty, the infurgents were not treated with lenitv.
A proclamation was ilTued by count rrautnianfdorlT, governor of Brullels, inti-
mating that no quarter Ihould be given them, and that the villages, in which they
concealed themfelves, ihould be fet on lire. General Dalton marched with 7000
men to retake the torts, proclaiming tliat he meant to become malKr of tlieiii by
alTault, and would put every one he found in them to the fword. A refolutioi)
was taken by the government of BrulTels, to difarm the inhabitants of the I.ow
Countries, excepting fuch as were in the atlual fervice of the emperor. ,\ pro-
clamation accordingly illued turth, connnanding all perfons to deliver u|) tluir
arms within twent\ -four liours, under pain •>! Inring accounted favourers of fcji-
tion. All who ihould be taken with arms in their hands, in any cafe of riot or
infurrection, to be immediately put to death on the fpot. All the nobility and
abbots who had left the country ^whicli they had done in great numbers) were
commanded to return under pain of ])erpetual baniihment, and confifcation of
eliate.
In oppoiition fo this fanguinary proclamation, the patriots ilTued a manit'efto. in
which tliey declared the emperor to have forfeited bis authority by rcafon of his
various opprelhons and cruelties, his annulling his oath, and infringing the con-
(litution. Baniihment was threatened to fuch as took part with him ; and all were
exhorted to take up arms in defence of their country, though ilricl orders were
given that no crowds or mobs fhould be allowed to pillage ; and whoever was
lound doing i"o, fhould be treated as an enemy to his country.
'ibis was dated at Hoogltraten, in Brabant, October the z^\h, 171)9. The king
of Pruflia was at that time alVembling an army, with which it was thought he ile-
ligncd to take fome active i)art in tiie prelent affair ; but he publilhed a maniterto^
declaring
NETHERLANDS.
487
a nn
rn(\y
OthiT
inon-
1 \n\h'
\v Im-
A i)ri-
L' tim-
tirms.
iiti'S <ir
of his
iij)er<ir
VJnital
1 to ill"-
A'oU rc-
■<l thoir
fdls pi'r
luanci's,
nt\iially
h\ tho
ilViUtl ii
e M\V.'\\v^
.•iiing to
hom ihi.-
th lenity,
inti-
A\ they
\ 7000
K-m liy
luKltiDIl
K- Ia)\v
A pro-
iij) tluir
of ftdi-
A riot or
)ility and
rrs) wtTi"
lation ot
lififto, in
jn of his
the con-
i\ all were
lers wiTv'
jevcr was
IThc king
Hit ho ilc-
iiianifi-'llo,
lilcclaring
iloclinng that he illd not mean to interfori: in the troubles of the Low Coiin«
tries ; 1)111 as a divittor of the ( iiele of llic empire, to take notice of thofe
uhieh had happened in the hilhopiic of Lie^;e, and V\ utzlnr. Thus the emperor
a id the patriots vveie left to decide their (|uarrcl by tlienifelves ; and in this eun-
tcll the latter difplayed u refolution, as well ns iiower to accomplilh their pur>
nofes, whieh was hy no means generally expette«l. Alinutl every town in Audriati
rlindeis Ihewed iis deterniinatioii to oppofe the emperor, and the molt cnthuli-
allie atlaehnient to military attflirs difplayed ilfelf in all ranks of men. Kven the
eecleliaQics nianifi lied their valour on the otialion ; wliieh perha|)s was naturally
to he exi)tded, as the i niperor had luen very attive in de[)rivin|; them of their
rovenuis. A t'ormidahle army \\;is foon railed, wliicli, after fome fiieeefiful (kir-
Illilll^^, made tluinfelves nii;llers of (Jlieiit, liiiijjes, 'roiirna). Malines, andOlk-nd ;
f ) lliat general Dalltm was ohlimd to retire to liriillMs. A hattle was fought be-
fiiiv the city of (»hent, in whiin the pairiots were victorious, though with the lofg
t)f one tlioufaiid men, hefide-, women and eliiUlren: for llie mtreiiefs favages not
only dillro\ed the men, Iml killed women and fucking infants. .Some ot them
plunged their l)a\onets into the bodies of children in the cradle, or pinned them
ai'iiii.ll the walls of the lioufe^. Hy ihefe nioullroiis cruellies, which reHeCted in-
delible difgrace on tlieir auiliors, the einiKror enfured fucccfs to his adverfarits ;
for the whole countries of iiiabaiil, Flanders, and Maes, almotl inlhuitly declared
:igainll him, '1 hey publilhed a iiiemorial tor their juliification, in whiih they gave,
lis reafons for their conduct, the many oppreilive edicts with wliicli ihcy had been
harralled lince the death of the em|)rcfs-i|ueen ; the unwarrantable extcnilun of tho
emperor's prerogative, contrary to his coronation-oath, and the violence commit-
ticl on his fubjects, by forcibly entering their houfes at midnight, and fending them
prifoners to \ ienna, to perilh in a iliingion, or on llie banks of the Danube. Not
CI iilent with this, he had openly nnilVacred his lubjeCts; he had conligned towns
and \illages to the tlames, and entered into a delign of exterminating people who
ciiiitended only for their rights. 'I liefe things, lliey owned, might be terrible at the
time, and ealily inipofe upon weak minds, l)Ut " tlie natural courage of a nation
rmilVd b) rei)eated injuries, and animated by defpair, would rife fuperior to ihofc
laft ellorl-, of vindictive tyranny, and render them as impotent and abortive, as
they were wiiked and unexampled." For all which realons they declared iliem-
fihes JKPKi'i.NULN I, ituil f'jt ever rclciijed frum the houji of Ai'SrRiA.
I iu' i'ni|'rror now, perceising the bad ellects ol his iruelly, publilhed procla-
nuitious ot intlenii.ilv , ike. but lliey were treated with the uinull contempt. The
piitriiiis made the i:ioll rapid eoiupielis, infonuRh, that before the end of the year,
llnv were mailers ot every place in rhe Netherlands, except .Antwerp and Luxem-
iMirj^. 'I he eiiipeior next declared liiuifelf willing to tieai with tlmfe whom he
ft'iitu'd not to Ik- able to fubdiie ; but ihe li.ites publilhed a paper bv wav of preli-
minary , wliiih let 11,1 tl to give Mry little hope of fuccefs to the negociation. In
this liny ii.I.lied, 1. that the plenipotiiitiaiy, attended by two deputies from the
ltaU■^, lliould lepair to thofe places in the town of (ihent, " where that jan^uinary
eM\iiiij'ur Dalton omK red, law, andeMCUted robbery, rape, protanation, niuider,
iiialiaere, and contlagratii'ii." 2. The corpl''s of thofe " immolated to the fury
el' the ferocious fervants of the Nero iluir n.aller, to be digged up and ixpoled
1(1 l.i^ exeellencv's view; that lie nii'^ht make a terrific report to the court of
\ ienna; iuid not only the banks of the Danulie, but the whole world might be
III ill k will horror." I.;i|}l\, When hi.-, mind was luppiUd lo be hiliii icniK- im-
IMilled wiih this dre;ullul fpevi;icle, it w;is to be notified to him in the allembly of
llie flates, to which he was to be conducted, that " it was impollible to treat or
make ;niy eonventiyns with a fovereigu perjured and perlidiuu>, who had repeatedly
\ ielated
488
G
F,
M
N
violated the moft fiu red of all Inininii tici, though fccurcd by tho moft folcmn
treaties with foreign powers."
A new atl of union was c(lal>lilli<*d between the Belgic provinces, to whieh all
thole formerly ful>jeet to AuHriii iinaniniouflv ntteded. It originated between
tliofe of Flanders and Brabant, and was to tlie following purpofe : Tliat neillirr
party ever enter into any conipronufe with their tornier fi>\creign, but Ity common
Bgreement. 'liiev agree to change tliis union intt) one common mvereigntv
between the two ilates i fn that the whole power fliouid be centered in a congrels
compofed of deputies named hv both parties. The power of this fovcreign ofl'cni-
bly to be confmed to thi' I'ole objet't ot common defence, to the power ot making
peace and war, the fupport of a national militia, the fortifications neccfl'ary for the
defence of the country, the contratting alliance with foreign powers, 84c. On
the fourth of January 1790, the ftatisof brabant were opened with great ceremony
at Ghent } they were declared independent, and the emperor to have forfeited all
right to the fovereignty of that country. On the 1 ith, a folemn and general treaty
of uniim was figned l)y the deputies from Brabant, (iuelders, Flanders, Well
Flanders, llainault, Namur, Tournay, with the territory depending on it, called
Tournclis, and Malines.
But this harty and complete revolution was haftily and completely fubverted.
The emperor Jofeph was fucceeded in 1790 by the mild and pacific Leopold,
whofe ctmciliatory nieafurcs with his revolted fubjetfs were enforced by the me-
diation of Great Britain, iVullia, and Holland; and a convention was figned at
Kcichenbach on the 27th of July 1790, by the abovementioned liigh contratting
powers, for the re-eftablilhment of peace and good order in the Belgic provinces
of his Imperial Majelly, by a general anmelty, and total forgivenefs of whatever
had pafll-d during the troubles.
'ilicir majeflies of Great Britain and Prullia, and the ftates general of Holland,
became, in the mofl folemn manner, guarantees to the emperor and his fuccelTors
for the fovereignty of the Belgic I'rovinces, now re-unitcd under his dominion.
The ratification of this convention was exchanged between the contradling parties
within two months from the date of ligning, wliich was executed at the Hague on
the loth of December, 1790.
in our hillory of the late tranfactions of the new republic of France, we have
narrated the incurlions which their forces made into thefc provinces, which will
render any repetition of thefe circumtlunccs unnecclTary in Uiis place.
E
M
N
y.
Situation and Extent.
Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles.
Length 600) , . J c and 10 Kart Ion. ) o ^
„ "1., > between i •* 1 • ■ .1 1 . m8i,6^i.
Breiullh 520) (45 and 5!; '"-th lat. 5 •'
Germany and Bohemia contain >9i,573 siiu.iiiti; milks, with 135 inha-
bitants to each.
n^.rv,.^ ....... 1 'T*'"'' empire of Ciermanv, properly fo called, is bounded by
liOUNPAniES. I .1 /■> ' i\ ' 1 1.1 I. 1 • 1x1
■■ i tlie Ueiman (kiimi, Denmark, and the Baltic, on tlii' Aurtii;
by Poland and Hungary, including Bohemia, on the Eatl ; by Switzerland and the
7 Alps,
r
R M
N Y.
48»
Alpe. w^itl> divide it from Italy, on the South » nnd I»y the dt)iiiiiil(»ni of Frnnce
Olid tlic Low Countries, on tiic Well, from which it i> feparuled by the Rhine,
MofeI!i*, nnd tin- Muelc.
Grand diviiionj.) Tlic diviflons of Germany arc vnriouny laid down oven
hy modirn writers. 1 (liail iherel'orc adiiere to thofc moll generally received.
(I'ermnny w.is formerly divided into tlic Upper, or Southern, ami the LoWvT, or
Northern. 'Ihc emperor Maximilian, predecefli)r and grandfather to the emperor
Charles V. divided it into ten great eireles ; and the divilion was eonlirmed in tlio
<liet of Nuremhurg, in 1552 ; out the circle of Kurgundy, or the feventeen provin-
ces i>f the Low Countries, being now detached from the empire, we aie to confino
ourfelves to nine of thofo divilions, as they now fublill ;
V\ hereof three arc in the north, three in the middle, and three in tlie fuuth.
1 lie northern circlei
Hie circles in the middle
The fouthcrn circle*
t Upper Saxony
< Lower Saxony
IWcflphalia
r Upper Rhine
< Lower Rhine
' Franconia
r Aullria
} Bavaria
ISwabia
I. Upper SAXONY Circle.
Divifioni.
romcrania, in
North.
Subdivifions.
,Pruflian Pomerania, N. E.
the(
(.Swedilh Pomerania, N. W.
Brandenburg in the fAltmark, weft
middle, fub. to itslMiddicmark
own eledlor the K. j Ncwmark, eaft
of I'rullia. (.
Saxony Proper, in COuchy of Saxony, N.
the fouth, fub. toJLufatia, marq. eaft
its own cIe£lor. JMifnia, marq. fouth.
Thuringia, langr. weft ...
'Saxc Meinungcn
Saxc Zeitz
Saxe Altenburg,S. E.
Saxc Weimar, weft
Saxe Gotha, weft
Saxe Kifnach, S. W.
I Saxe Saalteldt
The duchies of
1* .
V5
Chief Towns.
H Stettin. E. Ion. 14
N. lat. 53.30
Stralfund
Stendel
Berlin, Potfdam
Fraiicfort, Cuftrin.
Wittenberg
Bautzen, (forlitz
Drefden, E. Ion. r
36. N. Lat. 51."
Meiflen
Krfurt
Meinungcn
Zeitz
Aitenburg
Weimar
Sq.M.
^°}48a3
3991
\
Tlic counties of
I Gotha
Iaaxe nunacn, ;>. w. "^5 | Eifnach
Saxe Saaltlldt - J f J iSaalfeldt
t Schwartlburg, W. ^ Subje£l to ^Schwartfl>urg
< Belchingcn, N. / theirrefpcc-^ Bclchingen
iMansfcldt • •) tive couiits. CMansfeldt
iR
10910
3620
140
1500
Hm
DiviAoni
Tin* Duthici of
llic counties of
Principality uf
Uilhopriclk uf
Duchy uf
E R M
Subdivifioni.
r Holl. middle ful)jf « to PrufTm .
N Y.
Clucf Town*
Nail
iiimbiirg
( ilK own duke - J (Nni
{ StoU)crj(, nortli-wcft "t \ Stolbern
1 1 loheiilKin, well ' 5 J Norllilmufen
Anhault. north . \ Hernberg. Kothcn
Siixe llnll. weft • Hall.
Voigtiand, foulh, fubjcfl to ) .,.
the elector (.fSaxonv J « lawcn
{Mcrlbureli, niiddle, Cubical to 1 ., „ . • •• «
the elector ufhaxony | McrHuirg
8q.M.
3IO
} 966
I
696
IloliUin D. north
a. Lower SAXONY Circlk.
Kiir.nib.toTromeiii
Is ^
o ^ o
Ilolftein Proper
N.
Ditmarfli, Well
of the lilbe. \ -J •"•"'•••r"". «o"th I .^ ^
llambiirjf, a Id- >- .*^ii
veri'igl) Hate .^"u - ^
\N ai'oriaiid, eull « S £:
"^ a.
Laiicnburg Duchy, north of the I'.lbe, fubjotl to
Hanover
"D. liriinfwic Pro-j jj
per. [.:3
I). WdllVnlmtticJ's
Kiir.nib.toTromeiii ■)
Cjottorp I -
MeUlorp 1 fubjea to ('"SO
■Glutihit J Denmark. J
Hamburg, K. I,. 10-^5.
N. L. 54. an imperial city.
Lubcc, un impenul city.
Subjetfl to tlir duke
of Uriii-.fwic \Vul-«
fenbuttlc.
(". Kliiiiilk-in. foLith
.C. Hlaiukeiilinrg
SubjeiSl to the eloe (I). CaleiilKT>r
Kir ut frlaiiovt'r, K.> I), (iriibenliai'en
t(ir ui riaiiovt'r, n.s 1/.
of Cireut britaiii. (Cuttingen
( I"). <>r Luneburg Proper
tl). Zeil
Luntbiirj; I), fub
to HaiKiver.
Bremen D. and V'erden U. fub. to
Hanover, north
I Lauenburg.
Bnmfwle, I',. L. 10-'
30. \. Lat. 52-30
VVoltenbiiUlc
Rl.cii.lkin
[jiaikekeiiburg
T I Hanover
^ jflriilHiihagen
3 ' (iiittinj^en
( I.uneburg
•\Zell, K. Ion. 10
t N. lat. 52-52.
•450
860
I
ioi,
•\ r Bremen, K. Ion. 9. N. lat. 53-30. an i
[• < imperial city. 3
) tVerdeii.
Mcckleiiburg D.
D Schwerin, nortli,l'iil)jeckto"TSchwerin, F,. Ion. ii-
its duke - / 30. .\. lat. 54.
D. Gullrow, north, fubjcd to f Cullrow.
its duke - J
I
2040-
4400.
H";ldirllii-iin l)ith(ipri».k, in the middle, fubjectto its \ C Hiiderlheim, an ini- j
i)ith.)p - - it perial city. i '.i°-
Mai'deliiiri' duchy, fouUi-call, fubicct to thekintr of ) (»t • 1 ' 7
•pruHia ' . •" . j;Mago.b„rg J 1535
llulbejltadl dud y, fubjtttt to Pruflia, fouUieaft
HnlbeiUadt
450
3. W LiiT.
R M
N
Y.
DiviOoni.
N«rth Divinon.
Subdivilloni. Chief Towiu.
. WESTPHALIA Circle.
49 «
Sq.M.
' F.inlHlen, C. or I'Uft Fricfland, "
fubjrtl tu the king of I'riillin
Oldenburg, C. ) (lib. to the
DelmenhurA ) K. of Den.
Iloye ) fuhjiet to lluii-
Wcilcrn Dlvlfion.
Middle Divifion
iv|)holt
over
'Munftcr H, fiib. tu iltbilhop
l*BdorbornH. fiib. toitshifbop
Ofimhurg M. Tub. to its bilbop
lJpf)c C. ftib. to itti count
Mindun D. > r i > n r
ii^ rt ,, ) fub. to Itui.
Kavrntberg C. J
Wfftpbniia I), fub. to the elec-
tor of Cologne
Teeklenburg (J. f fub. totlieir
Kilbirrg C. > refpc6tivc
SchawenburgC. J counts
Cloves I), fub. tu the kinguf
rrulii.i
Berg I). ) fub. to the eleflor
JuliersD) I'alatine
iNfark C. fubjctt to Prudia
Liege U. fub. to iti uwn billiop
Hrntheiin C. fub. to Hanover
Steinfurt C. fub. tu its count
i
Rmbden, an Imperial
city
Oldenburg
Delmcnhurd
Move
Oiepbolt
'Munder, K. Ion. 7.
10. N. l.at. 32.
Paderborn
Ofnaburg
Ijppo, I'^rmont
.Vlnidcn
Ravenlberg
Arenlburg
'I'ecklenburg
Kit berg
.Scliawcnburg
Clevcs K. Ion. 5-36.
N. lat. 51-40
Dudlidort
Juliers, Aix
Ham
Liege, E. Ion. 5-56.
N. lat. 50-40
Huy
Henlhcint
Steinfurt
4. Uppkr KHINK Circle.
I Kilo
iHcfle CalFel, landg. N. ") fCalTcl. E. Ion. 9
l\ N. lat. 51-20.
Hcire Marpiirgh. landg. N. 1 1 Marpurgh
Jfeflc Darmlladt, landg. j I Parmrtadt
'Il.efe fubdivilions are ful)jea, each, to tlair refiictlive landgraves.
Cmititits in the
Wftteiaw, fouth.
t Wvffc Homberg
< I KlTe Kl.itiefeldt
tWonfield
rNallhuDillenburgh^ .5-^
NalFau Diets
Nail'au I ladiimar
Naflau Kerberg
NalTau Megi-n
Naflau Idliein
Nadau Weilburg
Nail'au VVilbaden
Nallau Hirilleid
NalVau Otwciler
Nalluu Ufingcn
2 2
— *^
>a o
<-• • ^
^ ij .4
o ^ .J
000
•X 1 1 lonibirg
5- < Rliinefeldt
) iWonfield
'Dillcnburg
Dict.s
Hadamar
Kerberg
Siogen
Idliein
W'eilburg
Wilbadou
Biellleid
Otweiler
Uilngen
710
. . »
614
220
3600
800
870
400
49.?
M-14
840
no
6jo
1300
989
1941
418
««4
CalTcl, E. Ion. 9-20.
180
• 1200
K z
Territory
49>
K R M
SutiUivilioitt.
Divifioni.
'IVrriiory of Krankturt, a fovonign lUic
County of I'lrpach, fut>jc(t to in own voiinl
Ridioprkk ol Spire, u fuvcrcign llalc
Dud)
ANY.
t'liiif Town*.
JFrmikrort uit ilic Muinc,
K. Ion. 8.30. N. lai.
50-10. ail iiii|K'riul ciiy
Krpui'lt fall.
( Spiic on llic Rhine, an
I imperial city
«H M
}
,1,, ..f z«, i.,.,,,,-,,. ™ i>us|„„>i.. rubjiti I „,.„„,„ i„ ,,,,. |.,,|,„,
..) tlu iliko III DiMxpont^ - ( '
County of C'atacin.;i»<';;«ii, fulijofl to llciro ('aini (iit/iiu'llingfii on tlic Uio
f \\ aitU-c, fill), to its owMioiiiil [ U uldcc
.Solint, liil>. lu it» own ioiinl
lliiniiti, fill), to Ikirc Ciilkl
Ifi-nburgilub.to itsowubuunt
Counties of - i Savn
Wied
\N itj^iMiflcin
llni/tiiltl ^'
U\ lliib.irj;
A1>1h'v of Fultlii, fulijvot III its iililiot
lliilUitclU, lulijvwt to lUlIc C'ullcl
Sulnu
lianuu
Ifeiiliure
XSavn
VVicd
M itjiiift.iii
llii/licM
[_ VVi ili'ibiirg
KuUia
lli:f<:lif(;ld
I to
MS
700
I
43»
«2t
5. LowRR RHINE Circle.
Divillons, Chief Towiif.
Palatinate of llie Uhiiie, on Imth Mc»'\ M Iciiieiherj^ on the Neeker, F.. Ion
lliat river, fubjctt to l!ie elector )
I'uliitine
Diviliont.
^Xrdibillioprii ks
and Llei^toruic!. of
^ 8-40. N. lat. 4vio
) riiili|ilhur|;, .Manluiin.and Frank-
e'ldal un the Khitic.
idil
Stibdivillons.
Cologne
Mentz
Chief Towns.
Cologne, on the Kiiine, K. Ion.
6-40. N. Ijt. 50-30.
i - 5 t J Hoim, on the Rhine.
" 5.5 I Miiii/, on liic Rhine, Afthaircn-
3
l>urii;h on tiie .Maine
[Tiii-rs, oil tlu' .M lU'llf.
4 \\ or ii.'., on ilie Rhine, an )
i iinjKTial city
Duthy uf Siininerun, fnb. tu its own duke. Siinine,i.ii
. Triers
Tiilhopriek of \V<irin>, a foveroign llate
19^,4
}i405
Counties bT
Khinegravi'lb it)
Meur.s, fuli'itct to I'niirja
^ \ elclc'iitz, fiilt'iect lu tile lilec-
I tiir I'aialiiie
.SpanlK'iin
[Leyningeii
RliinegravcHeiii
Meiirs
V eideiit^
CreulzniK li
Leyningcn.
owns.
Bithopri.k:> of
h. FRAN CON I A Circle.
Divilioiis. Cliief T
( \\ urilhiri;. W.^ fSii'ijiCl 'o W \N uiilbiiij,'
/ i)a!nl)cT^, \. wilu'ii- ntp. WKaiiibrii^
^Aichlhil, il. Wbiihop*. WAit-lillal
1%
1700
^.'ar^uifull.'k
MAN
yhtii liutc* of
Divilinn^
rCullfiihatk.
hoitli-t all
i
, Anfpttili, S. ) ( iiitirg
/Suit, hi ih«" ^ r
/ rrfiiiilik. W
( iiitirciuvi J C
Siilitllviniint.
IMiuiimlily ol' l(iiirlu'r|i, N
•'(•
?,;
i'Mvf Towni.
Ik'ltliu>.k
tfiNich
Chief Towns.
Hn..-I
KTII
Diii'hy ol (!oht)iiri, N. fiibioo) to ii< tliiko •
|)iiiliy of lliihiiigltiuirk'n, I'ultjt-it In iit diiko
l!iitt(ruvHK- ol' Nuronibfrg, S, K. mi indt p> luU-iit Huii'
('olM)ur
g
1
Ti rritnry ol' ilic crcHt-mulKr «)f ilio 'iculunic urdiT, I .. ,
Mc.*;e..thum.N, W. .... | 'N««^rgn,.l
llilliiiii{liiiuri<n
Nuriiiilnrn, un im*
poriul lily.
ictm.
t'outitiu
of
i
Rciiutk, \y.
• •iiii'iili, 1'^. I'lil), luil« own niar.
t ;i|K'tilK'itii,.S, f. lu ill uwu C
U.-rlliiiin. W.
('iiiri'l, niidilk*
Siliwart/litiig, ful)jcit to iti
rRriiiftk
IV
H
own loiiiit
olacli,
s. vv
tnwtih
ii|Knhciiu
icim
I
Villi
Ciilld
■''i Inv.irtz
iniildiu
lloluJi
liurgli)
Sti.M.
900
1004
406
640
1S8
lao
96
820
7, AUSTRIA CiRcr.r.
Tlio wliiili" cirilc bclongt lo tliu emperor, at licail "t" the houfi* of Atidria.
Divilioni.
AriliiUicliy of Aurtria Proper
Diitliii'S of
Cnimtv of Tyrol
illioprii
ksof
Slirin niul Cillt
C'urintliiu
C'ariiiolii
.Cioriiiu
lirlM'll
'I'liiit
Chief Towns.
N'ienna, K. Ion. i6-io. N. lut.
48-20. Litilk, \\m, well
(iiatz, Cillev, S. K
7160
<ooo
('luceiifurl, Kavi-numd, S. K. ;ooo
1
437*
l.iiiil):i(.li, /a I knits, 'Iricll
M. NeilN, S. \:
Corifs, S. K.
Iiifprm k » S W . 011 liu- con- r ^v^o
S Mrixen , fiius of Italy and \ "1 ;oo
\ Trent J iiwitzerlami
V
no
Subviiioni.
b'. IJ,\\AKI.\ C'lKiLi:
Diuliv nf Hiivaria I'm-
pi.')- on the Danube.
J'iiliiiinatc of IJavaria
Subii'fl to the
I kcltir
i';iliil
me
Is I'm eillnr to
Chief 'I'ownu.
"1 fMiiniili, K. Ion. 11-32. N.
I I l;il. 48-5. Landllunit, Inj'oi-
[ ^ ihidt.N. \N , Dnnawert [Ra-
the lati
of H
,lur
ivaria.
ii(h<
on,
an nn[). iily.
.\iiiberf,' [Suii/buchJ, N. of
. the Danube.
i
leilllliuen
ruillin^en, fubiiH to its bilhop
I iil.i'priek of I'allaii, fub'utt lo its own billmp, Piitlau, K. of the Danube.
Diiilu of .\euberg. Iut>jecl lo the Kkctor ) v' . 1
8sOO
240
244
Tidiii
. .Neubeig, \V. of tlie Danube. 430
Aul.biilH.oriek of Saltzhurg, fubje.t to its ) s„|„i,urg, S. E. Jlallen.
uwn anlibilliup - • ) "
1540
9 SWABIA
4'>4
O
SuImIMAoiu.
B
M
N Y.
Chi«f Tuwnt.
S-l M
9. 5\VABIA Ciaeii.
IVwIw of \Vnfl..mlK.rK (uh^cti lo r'*"l'f'" V' '"" ,^ '^ !<>..
llic U. ul VVuriciiilKtrg .Sttiignrd j[
UliuUti lla.K
l«t.
gtn,
• 1 .,• . /■ ^ iiiiiu'ii ii.iiii'ii
BIrtiopfuk of A
OVMI liilhiip
1 fiilt. to ihrir 1
>ii\Mi ri'fpri .<
* live iiiiirK- '
r'l, r, oil 9 N. ) /» 1
I Oil or lu-nr 1
(ilu Kliiiic j
MailiMi
tl;.iK'ii DurliK h
•^ • ' ^ \ lU-l, llli-micim, on or iiot»r tli«?>
( Duiiiilta* )
«5l
7'>5
Tmitoryofl'lm.iifuvfrclg.i ft«l« . j I K '•'!^«»h. l)«»uU.. un im,K.. j ^^^
Uil^'tpriiM orCmillnmf.fubjrtl to it4uwn {('oiilUiUi' oil ihc liikc of Con
billiiip utuUr lilt llAufc ut Aulln.-t
r
flillUi
Principii'
■i Miiidi'lhiiin \ Hu^fti loilirir rXtimli-lhclm, %. o( Aug<l)urg
> rurllciib«*rir > ril'iu'i live € KurlK-nlHrir, S.
iltlCI ol S ,, ,, ,.. . 1,
i I jiihoii/.oll
' l)i tint
CouilttCl ofl Koni);ri'(k
Daruiiici of j
Abbici of
Mnl
\\ aldlxir),
I
lu'iin >9ub)<<^t loilirir r
b«*rg > ril'poi live €
'.olUrn' uriiui'i C
{
km' priiuct
KurlK-nlHTj;, S.
M"hrn/i)llfiii.
fii
It
nil
ptir«
Kciiiplcii
Htulinw
l.iiuliiw
t
Imperial cilir*, or fovcrcigit flitiei
11
I
<i»tiii(,
Konif^fcik, routli<all
(icimiml, nnrtli
\\ uUlhuTg, rmitli rail
l.iriipiirg, north.
Kciiipicn, oil iho illcr.
Itiuliaw, S. of till- Dnmibc.
I. unlaw, on the lake ol C'oit<
Oaiur, imperial citicit.
Ni)r<lliii|{<n, i\. ol till' Datitibo.
■j 60
a 16
•50
} 580
Ii9
t'lnminutii. ca
a.
Kotwiil, on llic Ncckcr, nnU
inaiu iiiiiri',
IJIarkforcft,N.W.RIiinr- ( Ki,i,H,,i,ia i,„d Laiiflciiburi
Subji-n lo tlul liiUl <
hniifc of Au- { Martpiiliito of Hurnaw
Una.
11
iiriraw, ca
a
IVrritor) ol Hiifgaw.on tluM j,-,n,„ ], n„j iif\(^c,
Kliinc - i "
43o
bUfO
380
\ami; "1 Cluat part of nindiTM d rmain la;, in atuinit CJaiil. as I liave ainaily
mentioned 1 aiitl iIh' word (Mrniany iN niniUiii. .Many fam itnl derivations liavi*
lieen uivcn of it ; tlie moll proliahlc i'*, tliul it ii tomponniled of (.Vr, or dW, and
Man, wliiJi, ill tlie aiuiiiit Celtic, li;;niiie!i a warlike man. Hie (.u-niaii* went
hy varioiis oiIkt name>, fueli a» .Mlv-ni.iimi, 'revitone>, •, wliitli lull i> laid to liavc
been their moll am lent deligiiatioii 1 and llie CJermaii* tlicmUhe* call tlicif
luuntry'l'eiiti. bland. . „ ,
I'l.iMArt, •I'.AioNi ANi> loii..) n»i* ilimate ol C.ermany. n^ m all largo
tracts I't i">i»tO' •lili^^T'* ,!;i«'"t'y. ii"t oiilv on aecoiiiit of the liiiii.lion, iioiili, e.ili,
lu'iitlt, And wctt, but aceordmi^' to llie improvement of tlie l.iil, wliieli liasa>ali
Ctlect'ou llic climate'. 'I be m"ll mil'l "n^l leilled vwatlier i-. loiiiid in the iiiuMIc
.1 the c
HIV Wllillt»t* • ■ •■■ ••• •
uiitrs, at an e(]ua. dilhiiKe I'lom tin lea uiid ibc A\^», In llie nurtii, ii i«
U.ai^> , tywiir'ili ibj loulb, il i:. luoic template.
•Ihc
.1<t M
M**A
'
-i
7^5
•1
alo
-!
60
}
116
379
>M
ic.
43d
alrvaily
iiiH liuve
((',(>, and
iii\» went
tl ttl IlilVO
,ail tlicir
all Iiirjfc
II til, L\lli,
lias a xatl
,c luutdle
lortli, it it
Th* frtll of nr'rminy I* n<»l in iIk- liishcd ft4ic «»f cnlriviiM'in i iin«t rh.'fcfDre in
many plain ii i> b»tr nnd itcrilr, lhutt^)> iti diIut* it i* t\ir|iritiiigly fruitful. AgrU
\ullurc. l»iM> vif, i« lUlly imnrnving ll»' fi-ufi»n« vnry n« nuicn «« ih« fuil. In
itlltf fiHtllt and wt'Orrn tmrti, ln< v uri' mork* rrsular ll\an in Ihnfe ihul lit* nt»r rl\«
l(», or Mfi* In the tu*i^nlM>urll<l•t<i 14' \ukr% niul nt ri I he nnrthtrn aitd ruHtrn
windt src iinfiiwuiruldo to vr);^ Miioit. l'p»ti ilu- wli<d<\ ilu-rc it no Kuai dillcr*
vm*' Ix'lwrru till* fi'Hfoit^ of (•rrmmiy nnd flixfr of (inut Hriltiiit.
MobitrAiNi I The thiff ii)niiiilaiii« ol' (irrniuny nri' lh4* AI|h, wfiidi dlv!>lo
It from ItJir, •nd thofp wliiili fopnrntr SnxDny, Ituvariii, and Monivia from H<.h<»«
una llui ni.iny oihvr largo irufU nf mouitlRim arc foititd in dillcrcnt |»urt% uf th«
cim»irf.
FoHK<r« ] The viirt |»rtirn>n wliuh tl\«? (Icrman* h«vi' rorlnintinK ih'* wild lM>af
hut pri'frrvrd more wikhIi and thitrt in (irrmmiv than in moft utiur loimtrici.
'IIk- lUrijnuinforrll, wliiih iii('.iiar'» tim«' w»> nin«> dayi' j(»<irn<?y in lonnth, and
Ilk in hriadlh, i^ now iiit down in many pluioi, of |mrt'clli'd out into wikkIi,
whi»h )<•» hy partit'idnr nnnu-i Thr tri-ri aro pine, fir, onk, inul bi'cth. There i«
tt vail nunitnr of fonlUof \i\% nttio in rvofy part «)f ihit tonntry v ali«iifl every
itMUil, l>ari>n, or gi-ntlonuin, havinj; a iharr nr ji.iiW adorned with plruturi'-hoiifr*<i,
and well lluiked with ){unu', parfinilnriy ilrer, (<f whiih there ute fiven or vi^hl
loili. Hi riiehii«ki, (\\\jn*, fci. of all li/ci and rolmif*, and inaay of n vt'll (rri'wth i
iii»nly of hnres, conici, ftixci, and hoa^^. Tliey ahomnl fo tnii<.h alfn with wild
fowl, ihal ill many plan'i the iHafantt Itnvo them a« well u* vcviifun, for ihiir or*
ilinnry I'ikhI
Uivt.Ri AMD I.AKml No country m hoart a grenter ^'riety of nolile rivrr*
tlian (irtmativ. At their he.nl ll.inds tl Dnnnhe or Dim iw, fo lalK'il frntu t!\c
Iwitinil* of the eiirrent. S«inie pr l^-nd Omt ihi« in nnturiii y the lliull rivi r in the
world, From Vii.iina to lh'l;{r:u|e in Hungary, it in fo l»road, that, in llio war»lK-
twitn the TuiW* and (iMidiauH, (hipi of war fimiitimei engaged en if. The |)u«
ntibe luiitaiiis a viill ninnlwr uf tatarav:- nnd whirlponlij iti llream i« r;ipid, Hi.d
it* «' iirlV, without r^ekonini; turnings ;ind windmg^, in coinnnted to In* i(mo
iitilt t. Ihe other |irineipnl river* are th Klone, l'',ll><', Oder, Wefcr, aitd Mofcllc.
Ihi- ihief Inkit of fiermnny, not to mention many int'erlt>r one'». are tliofe of
Coiilliinie and llr.-gentz. Helidij ihife, ore the I hu-mfee, or the laki- ot tfavnriu i
ami tlic /iu,it/u III- in thi' dmliy of t'arniola, whofv watet* o|'iet\ run otfand rt«
turn agam in an cxiiaorilinary inaiirer.
Ililiil, , ihtfi- lakt ■« and river*, in louie of which nro ft>\\n'\ p.arN, CJennany ion-
tirin. lar ;«• iiiad'es of (landing wafir, wlin!» are mxt to prllitential, .ind atlitcl (lie
ttvi^hltoitring nitivi with many (I«'ploral>li- ilifordi r».
Mivr.itAt. WAii'.'»» ANH hatm* | All Kuropr h.n« heard of the Spa wafer,,
m;'(1 thofe of Si-lf/v-r iitnl I'vrinont, lliol'c of .\t\ \:\ Clianelh* are not ivfi noted.
lh.\ an- (fiviilt'i' into tin- iMnperorV llaih and the l.ittli- Hafli ; and the Iprnj^s < f
ImiIi are to hor, that they U-t them tool ten of twelvr Iiouim b 'fore they ule tlient.
l.iiiliof tliofe, and many other waters, have iheir partifan-. in the tntdieal faeulty >
.,i\d if we are to I elievi' all tliey fay, tliej cure tlifeafe;, intv rnal :ni(l < ulaiiums, i-ithi-r
l.v drinking or lia'hiiig, Tin- hatlis ami medital wai^'rs ol h.tnlm, ^N'illmdeii,
Seluvalliaili, and WiliUingru, au' h'.iwil'v' ri ported t> perform their wotulcis iti
.ilinoll all difealLN. I lie nuneial fpring'» at fhi. lall mentii nevl phiee are laid to in-
lii\ieut<j ati foon a>. wine, uiid tlKnlnic thev are inelofid. C'arllhad and Badrn
! itilis have hevn (Uferihul and re^imniendi-d In many great pliylieiani, and iifed
will) gViMt fiuA Im l>y many ro\al pitfoiiagi i.
\llir all, nuiiiy are of opinion, tliat great part if ihc falii'ary \irtnes .nfcrihed 10
lliele wtitirs is owillg lu Uic cNcrttlo and aiiiurt!:.i.iils ol the patient!. It is ihc
• 5 lutcrw'.i
490
M
W
intcreft of ihe proprietors to proviile for bolh ; and though at firft fuch cflablilli.
>im'iiis nrc atloiultd with cxpcncv, yet they more than pay thcinfclvcj in a few years,
by the company which crowd to them from all parts ot'the world.
Metals and minerals.] Germany abounds in both. Many places in tlio
circle of Aulhia, and otlier parts of Germany, contain mines of fdver, quick-lilver,
copper, tin, iron, lead, fulphur, nitre, and vitriol. Salt-petre, falt-mines and pits
•re found in Auftria, Bavaria, Silefia, and the lower Saxony ; as are carbuncles,
•mcthyfts, jafper, fappliire, agate, alaballcr, feveral forts of pearls, tiirquois ftones,
and the fineft of rubies, which adorn tlie cabinets of the greatell princes and vir-
tuoli. In havaria, Tirol, and l/iege, are quarries of curious marble, flate, chalk,
ochre, red lead, ahnn, and bitumen ; befides other foilils. In feveral places are
dug up (lones, which reprefent dift'erent animals. Many of the German circles
furnifli coal-pits; and the/tv/Y; /Ti; /'/////« of Mentz, with white, yellow, and red veins
is thought to be an niilidote againfl poifon.
Vkgktablj-; akd .\nim.vl ruonucTioNS.] Thcfe differ in Germany very
little, if at all, f/om the countries already defcribed : but naturalifts arc of opinion
that, had the Germans, even before the middle of this century, been acquainted
wiih agriiuitnrc, their country would have been the molt fruillul of any in Europe.
Kven in its prefent, what we may call rude ftate, provilions are more cheap and
plentiful in (Germany than in moft other countries; witnefs the prodigious armies
which the moll uncultivated part of it maintained during a late war, while many
of the richert and moft fertile provinces remained untouched.
The Rheniih and the Mofelle wines arc diftinguilhed by their peculiar lightnefs
ai d deterlive qualities, more fovereign in fopie difeafes than any medicine.
Tile (Jerman wild boar differs in colour from our common hogs, and is four
times as large. Their Hefli and the hams made of il are preferred by many, even
IG thofe of Wcltmoreland, for Havour and grain. The plulton of Germany is faid
to be the moft voracious «if all anin\als. Its prey is almoft every thing that has
life, which it can matter, efpecially birds, hares, rabbits, goats, and fawns ; whom
it furprifes arttully, and devours greedily. On thefe the glutton feeds fo ra-
vcnouliy, that it falls into a kind ot torpid ftate, and not being able to move, he
is killed by the hunlfnicn; but though both boars and wolves will kill him in that
condition, they will not cat him. llis colour is a beautiful brown, with a faint
ti.nge of red.
Germany yields abundance of excellent heavy horfes ; but neither thefe, nor
• their oxen, or ll.eep, are comparable to thofe of England. Some parts of Germany
arc remarkable for fine larks, and great variety of iniging birds, which are fent to
all parts of Europe.
ropcLATioN, INHABITANTS, MANNERS,) As thc cmpirc of Germany IS a
CUSTOMS, DIVERSIONS, AND DRESS, icollcilion of fcparate ftatcs, each
having a dilierent government and police, it hath been ditticult to fpeak with pre-
ciiion as to the number of jts inhabitants ; but lately the following cflimate hath
been formed of them.
Moravia — ' — .
Auftrian Silefia ■- ■ — •
High and Low Lufatia ■ — — •
Ciielc of Auftiia ■ •—
Bavaria — ■-
Archbilboprick of baltzburg — - mm
W urtemburgh — — •-■
Baden •*
Auglburgh ' ■ wm '
1,100,000
200,000
380,000
4) > 50.000
«.»48,438
250,000 •
565,890
200,000
40,000
Bamberg
GERMANY.
Bamberg and l
Wurtlbourg i % *
Nuremberg • ' »
Julicrs and Berg • • '
MunAcr - . • ; •
Ofnaburg
The Pruflian EAates in the Circle of Weftnhalia
NalTau, Dillcnberg, Siegen, Dietz, and Hadaman
Oldenbourg - -
Maycncc - - •
Palatinate of the Rhine - •' ,,
HelTe CalTel and Darmftadt • •
Fulda
Fiankford on the Maine
Hi<^h Saxony, and Circle of Franconia
Swcdilh I'omcrania
IVulVian Pomerania • • •
Brandenburgh
Gotha
Scliwartzburg, Magdeburg, and Mansfield
Halberitadt and Ilohenftcm •
Hanover - •
Brunfwick • •
Holftcin • •
Mecklenburg - •
Mulhaul'cn •
1 lamburgh ♦ •
497
400.000
70,000
260,000
130,000
116,664
550,000
74,699
79.071
314,000
289,614
700,000
7,000
42,609
1,326,041
100,549
462,970
1,007,232
77.898
271,461
130,761
750,000
166,340
300,000
220,000
13,000
1 00,000
Total 17,166,868
This calculation extends only to the principal parts of Germany ; the kingdom
of Bohemia will be noticed in the proper place, to which when the inferior parts
aro added, the n\imbcr in all is now computod at twenty-one millions ; and (hould
llic landholders become better acquainted with agriculture and cultivation, popu-
lation mull naturally increafe among them.
The Germans, in' their pcrfons, arc tali, fair, and ftrong built. The ladies have
<'oiuTallv fine complexions ; and fome of them, cfpecially in Saxony, have great
cli.Iicatyt)f Ihape and features.
Both men and women atlVfl rich drcflTes, which, in falliion, arc nearly the fame
as in France and l'-ngl;nul ; but tlie better fort of men arc excclTively fond of gold
and lilvcr lace, efpecially if they are in the .irmy. The ladies at the principal
courts dilVcr not much in their drefs from the French and Englifli, only they are
not fo excellively fond of jiaint as the former. At fome courts they appear in rich
furs ; and the wealthy are loaded with jewels. The female part of the burghers'
tamilies, in luanv oi the (Jerinan towns, drefs in a very ditferent manner, and fome
(if them inconceivably fantalHc, as may be feen in many prints publilhed in books
iif travels; but in this relpett thev are gradually reforming, Jind many of them make
<iaite a different appearance in tlicir drefs from what they did thirty or forty years
iv't.. As to the peafantry, and labourers, they drefs, as in other parts of Lurope,
aaoidini; to their employments, convenioncy, Jjnd circumftances. The floves
iiuule ufe of in Germany are the fame with thoie already mentioned in the northern
iiation», and are fonietimes made portable, fo that the ladies carry them to church.
in \\ cllplialia, and many other parts of Germany, iheyflecp between two feathcr-
3 S bedst
x
498 C K R M A N Y.
beds, with fliects Aitcln-d lo them, which by ufo bi'comcs a very comfortable
^ira^iice. 'Flic rnoft unliappy part of the Gcnnaiis aiv the tttianls of little needy
princes, who fqucezc them to keep np thiir own giaiulcur ; but, in gcm-ral, the
circinnftancc8 of the common people are more comfortable than thofc of their
neghbours.
Tliis people are natiinilly frank, honetl, hofpitable. ami tVec from artifice and
difguife. ihc higher orders are ridiculoully proud of titles, ancellry, and lliew.
ihc Germans, in general, are thought to want animation, as tlieir perfons promifo
more vigour and activity tiian they commonly exert, even in tlie field of battle.
But when commanded by able generals, efpeeially the Italians, fiich as Montecu-
c'uli and prince Kugene, tliey have done great things both agaiiilt the 'J'urks and
t)ie French. The imperial arms have feldom made any remarkable ligure againft
either of tliofe two nations, or againll the Swedes or Spaniards, when commanded
by German gcnerajs. This poliibly might be owing to the arl)itrary ohitinacy of
the court of N'ieiina ; for in the two lad wars, the Aulbians exhibited prodigies of
military valour and genius.
Indudry, application, and perfeverance, are the great c'harafterillics of the
Qcrman nation, efpeeially the mechanical part of it. I'heir works of art would
be incredible, were they not vilible, efpeeially in watch and clock-making, jewelrv,
turnery, feulpture, drawing, painting, and certain kinds of archilettine, foine Iif
which 1 Ihall have occallon to mention. The (iermans have been charged with
iptemperance in eating and drinking, and perhaps not imjiillly. Hut fucli excelTcs
a^rc now iefs common. At the greated tables, though the gueds drink pretty fieeW
:^t dinner, )et tlie repaft is fpeedily tiiiidied by coflc-e. Uut no people have more
fj;arting at marriages, funerals, and on birth-days.
The German nobility are generally men of fo much honour, that a fliarper in
other coimtries, efpeeially in iMiglaiul, meets with more credit if he pretends to he
a German, rather than any other nation. Ml the fons of noblemen inherit their
father's titles, which greatly p^ jilexes the heralds and genealogiUs of that coiintrv,
'Ihe German iuid)ands are nc i cpiite fo complaifant as tliofe of I'ome other countries,
to their ladies, who are not entitled to any pre-eminence at table; nor inde.'d
do they fcem to atfecl it, being far tVoin either ambition or {(xjuacity, ihiuigh they
are faid to he fomewliat too tond of gaining. Many of the (Jerinan nobiiiiy, hav-
ing no other liereditaiy elhite than a high-founding title, eafily enter into their
armies, and thofe ot other f( vereigns ; wliile gentlemen of property think the cul-
tivation of their lands, though it inigiit tre!)le their revenue, beluw'tlicir attention;
and deeming tiiemfelves ot a rynk fo fuperior to labourers, difdain bein" con-
cerned in the improvement of tlieir grininds.
'ihe donieftic diverlions of the Germans are the fame as in F.ngland ; billiards,
cards, dice, fencing, dancing, and the like. In fuminer, people of fathion repair
to places of public refort, and drink tlie waters. As to their field-diverlions, he-
tides their favourite one of hunting, they have bull and bear-bailing, and the like.
'Ihe inhabitants of V ienna live luxurioully, a great part of their time being fpent
in leading and carouling ; and in winter, when the leveral branches of the Uanulie
are frozen over, and the ground covered with fnow, the ladies take their reerc-
ation.in Hedges of dilK-rent Ihapes, fucli as grilfins, i\gers. fwans, iVollop-lliells,
&:c. Ikre the lady lits, drefled in velvet lined with rich t'uis, and adorned with
laces and jewels, having on her head a velvet cap ; and the Hedge is drawn by one
horfe, dag, or other creature, fet otF with plumes of feathers, ribliands, and bells.
As this diverlion is taken ehielly in the night time, fervants ride beiore the
Hedge with torclies, and a gentleman llouding ou the licdye bclund guides the
horfc.
KliLI
GION.
c
R M
N
499
pnnnilo
battle.
iiuk'.'d
i|^li tlu'y
iiy, liav-
ito tluir
tbo cul-
ttciuion;
)i!Iiar(ls,
in ic'jiair
ions, Ik'-
(l>c lik.c.
ing fpcnt
Danube
:ir rccrc-
ip-lliells,
•ni-'cl with
n\ by one
and bi-lls.
fiore the
uides the
ELIGIOS.
RnLioiON.] This Is n copious ailicle : but I fliall confine myfcif to what in
mofl m-'ccfTary to be known. Befori" the Retorniation introduced by Luther, the
fierman bilhops were polleired (as indeed many of llieni arc at this day) of prndi'
pii)us power and enormous revenues. Tluir i;,'norancc was only equalled by their
liiperftition. 'I he Holiemians were the fnit who had un ideaof reformation, and mads
fo glorious a Hand for many ywirs apainll the errors of Rome, that they were iiv
dulgcd in the liberty of taking tiie i'acrament in both kinds, and other freedoms
ni)t tolerated in the Romilh church, '1 his was in a great nieafure owing to the
ciiebrated l'',nglilhman John V\ icklilF, who went farther in reforming the real errors
(if popery than Luther himfelt", thougli he lived about a century and a half before
liiiii. \\ icklillwas feconded by John lliifs, and Jerome of Prague, wlio, notwith-
fianding the emperor's fafe-condu6t, were infaun)Ully burnt at the counil of Con-
liarice.
I he reformation introduced afterwards by Luther *, of which wc have fpokcn
in the Introiluttion, thougli it rtruck at tiie chief ahufes of the church Of Kome,
\v!i> thought in fome points (piijtieuhirly that of confubftantiation, by which the
real body of Chrill, as well as (lie elenunts of bread and wine, is fu|)'p()fed to hi;
taken in the facrament) to be imperfect. C-'alviiiif.n f, therefore, or ilu: religion •
of Geneva (as now practifed in the cluuth of Scotland), was introduced int« Cicr- '
iiiiiny, and is the religion profelled in the territories of the king of Pruilia, thu
liiiidgrave of liefl'e, and fome other princes, who maintain a parity of ordei's^in •
tlie church, home go fo far as to lay, that the numbers of proteftants and papillS'
in liie empire arc nowalmoll equal. Germany, particularly Moravia and the Pala-
tinate, as alfo Bohemia, is over-run with fettaries of all kinds ; and Jews aboiind
ill the empire. At preicnt, the modes of worihip and forms of church govern-
ment are, by the Proteliant German princes, conhdered in a civil rather than areii-
gious light. The Protellant clergy are learned and exemplary in their deportment,
l)iit tlie popilh too often ignorant and libertine.
AucMHisnoi' AND Bi sHop-SK ES.] Thcfc aro diircrcntlv reprcfented by authors,
feme of wliini r(i)refent Vienna, as being a fuHragan to the archiepifcojjal fee of
.Siit/cburg, and others as being an aichbilhuprick: but de})ending immediately upon
the pope. The others are the archbitlioi» of Mentz, who has under hint twelve
futhagans ; but one of them, the bilhop of Hamburg, is faid to be exempted from
his jurilciiotion ; — Triers has tluee futiVagans ; — Cologne has tour ;— Magdeburg
l;as tive ; — .Saitzburgii has nine, belides Vienna ; and Ikcmen three.
At ditlerent periods liiice tlie Uetormation, it has boen found expedient, to fa-
tistV the claims of temixiral princes, to feeularife the follt)wing bilhop-fees: Bremen,
\eriiOii, Magdeburg, lialbeilladt, Minden, Lubec and Ofnabnrg, which lalt goes
allenialely to the luuifes of Havaiia and Hanover, and is at prefent helil by his
I'liiiiiinic maj^tiv's I'econd fun. Such nf thofe fees as were an libilluipricks are now
(.(iiiriilered as duchies, and tlie hiih.opricks as principalities.
l..\NncAOK.] Ihe Teutonic patt of the German tongue is an originaUanguagc,
Mill lias no relation to the Celtic. It is called Higli Dutch, iuid is the mother
Iditgtie of all (ienniiny ; but varies much in its dialect in dilVercnt provinces. La-
tin and I'Veneh are the mull ulelul languages in Germany when a traveller is ig-
ii"raiit of IJigh Duti !i.
* Hr'in in Saxony, in t!ie ycrr i^f!-,, lirgnn to of church difiipline, whiiluvn'? foon alter rnibr,-*-
liilp.U tilt ilddiiiics lit tlic Kiriiiilli diiiich iji;, ced liy fevcral nations and latff, alio .ire now i)p-
aiuiJ.i.l 1546, in the 631! year ol liis ,ij;r. iiominatrd I'relbucrinns, and (roni lluir dn>'>rijial
H Iiiiin C'aivin was li;irii in the |irov nice of Pi- articles, Calvini'.s. Me died at Cienci.n, in the
car v.iii ihc north ot I'rame, anno 1 ^c6. Heitij; year 1564; and his writinyi ir.alie nine \ohinKS in
(I'li^iil in flv (roiii tliat kiiiji'loir, he lettled at iolio.
(iLi.cna. i;3'7, \,hcrt' he c.uLillliied a iietv form
^ S 2 '1 he
500
MANY.
Uitjer F(ittr, der </« biji im himmtl.
The German Pater-Noftcr is as follows:
i^ekei/igel ivcnl dein name. Znkommt dtin rtich. Dtiii -wills r(J'chehe, wit im hinimel
alfo aiiik nuf erden . Unftr tdglich irodt ^ib nns htiiie, Unavtrgib nns unftrjchuld,
ah ivir ver^ebcn unfern fchuldigern. Und* jfuhre uns nichl in veijuchuHg. Hoiidern ir.
toft tins von dem boftn. Den dm is das reich, und dit hafft, und die htrrlidikeit, en
ewirheit. Amen.
Learning, LEARNED men,) No country has produced a greater variety of
AND UNIVERSITIES. ) aiithors than Gorinuiiy ; and there is no where a
more general taftc for reading, cfpetially in the proteftant countries. Printing is
encouraged to a fault ; almoft every man of letters is an author; thoufands of thcfes
and difputations are annually publilhcd ; for no man can be a graduate in their
univerlities, who has not pul)!illKd one difputation at Icall. In this country there
arc 36 univerlities, of which J 7 are proteftant, 1 7 Roman catholic, and two
mixed ; befides a vail number of colleges, gymnalia, pedagogics, and Latin
fchools. There are alfo many academies and focieties for promoting the ftudy (if
natural philofophy, the belles lettres, .intiquities, painting, fculpture, architetUirc,
&c. as the Imperial Leopoldine academy of the mlura curioji; the academy of
fcicncesat Vienna, at Berlin, at (Jottingen.at lirfurth.at Lci|)lic, and Puilburgh, at
Giefcn, and at I laniburg. At Drcfden and Nuremburg arc academies for painting ;
at Berlin a royal military academy ; and at Auglburg is the Imperial Francifcaii
academy of fine arts ; to which we may add the Latin l()cicty at Jena. Of the pub-
lie libraries, the moft celebrated arc ihofe of Vienna, Berlin, llalie, Wolfenbutllc,
Hanover, Gottingen, VV'cymar, and Leipfic.
Many of the Germans have greatly dillinguilhcd ihcrofelvcs in various branches
of learning and fcicnce. They have vvrillen largely upon the Roman and canon
laws. Stahl, Van Swictcn, Storck, llolTman, and Haller, have contributed
greatly to the improvement of phylic ; Ruvinus and Dillenius, of botany ; Ucillcr,
of anatomy and furgcry ; and Newman, Zimmerman, Pott, and MargraatF, of
chemillry. In allronomy, Kepler defervedly obtained a great reputation ; and
PiilFendorf is one of the nrll writers on the law of nature and nations, and has alfo
merit as an hiftori.in. Hut at the end of the laft century, and the beginning of the
prefent, Germany, by her divines, and by her religious fefts, was fo much involved
in difputes about fyftcmatical theology, that few comparatively |)aid any attention
to polite literature. The language alfo, and the ftyle of writing in German books,
which at the time of the Reformation was pure and original, hecamc ridiculous,
by a continual intermixture of Latin and French words ; and though thcv were
not underftood by the people in f;oneral, were thought to give an air of fuperiority
to the writers.. For an opinion prevailed among the learned in Germany, and
many have not yet diverted themfelves of it, that compiling huge volumes, and
larding them with numlKrIefs quotations from all forts of authors, and from all
languages, was the true tift of great erudition. Their productions, therefore,
became heavy and pedanlical, and were in confetiuence difregarded by other
nations.
It w.is about the year 1730, that the profpc£ls of literature in Germany began to
brighten, l.i ihnitz and \\ olfuis opened the way to a better philofophy than had
hitherto prevailed there. Gottfched. an author and profellor at Lciplic, who Wiis
greatly honoured by the late king of Pruiha, introduced a better talte of writing,
i)y puMilhiiig a German granunar, and by inftituting a literary fociety, for polilh-
ing and rdtoriug to its purity the German language, and by promoting the liudy
of the tdlcs lettrt's. \\\: may confider this as the a;ra from which the Germanj
began to write with elegance in their own language, upon learned fubjc£ts, and
fo free themfelves, in a cnnliderable degree, from that verbofe pedantry by which
they had been characterilVJ. About this time feveral young men in the uuiverlity
of
M
N Y.
f»ff
of Lcipflc, and other parts of Lower Germany, united in publiihing fome period!-
ral works, calculated for the general entertainment of perfons of a literary taftc.
Home of thefc gentlemen afterwards became eminent autliors i and their works are
held in Germany in high edimation.
The (lyle of preaching among the German divines alfo underwent a confiderabic
change. They began to tranflate the bed EngliOi and French fermons, particu-
liirly thofe of Tillotfon, Sherlock, Saurin, Bourdaioue, and others. Tncy im-
proved by thefc models ; and Molhcim, Spalding, Zullikofer, and others, have
publiihed fermons which would do credit to any country $ though they dill retain
too much of that prolixity, for which German divines and commentators havu
been fo much cenfurcd. Nor can it be denied, that great numbers of the German
preachers, even in large and opulent towns, arc nill too much didinguilhed by
vulgar language, abfurd opinions, and an inattention to the dictates of rcafon and.
good fenfe.
Some of the Englifli periodical writings, fuch as the Spectator, Tatlcr, and
Guardian, being tranflated into the Gernuin language, excited great emulation
iiinong the writers of that country, and a number of periodical papers appeared, of
viiriuus merit. Une of the firil and hdk was piiblilhcd at tfaniburg, under thu^
title of " The Patriot ;" in whiih Dr. Thomas, the late bilhop of Salilbury, was
concerned ; he being at that time chaplain 'o the Britilh fadory at 1 lamburg, and
a confiderable mailer of the German language. '1 he late profell'or Gellert is
deemed one of the moft elegant of the German authors. His way of writing is
particularly adapted to touch the heart, and to uilpire fentinients of morality and
|)icty. His fables and narrations, written in German verfe, his letters, and his
moral romances, arc fo much read in Germany, that even many of the ladies have
ihcm almoft by heart. His comedies are alio very popular; though they are ratiier
tun fcntimcntal, and better adapted for the clofet than for the llage.
Haller, the famous phyiician, Hagedorn, Uz, Crtmegh, Lelling, Gleim, Ger^-
flenbcrgcr, kleid, KInpilock, Kamler, Zacariae, Wieland, and others, have ex-
celled in poetry. Schlcgel, Cronegh, Letiing, V\ ieland, and V\ icfe, have acquir-
ed fame by their dramatic writings, Kabener has, by his fatirical works, immor-
talized his name among the Germans: though fome of his pieces are of too
local a nature, and too much confined to German culloms, manners, and charac-
ters, to be read with any high degree of pleafure by perfons of other nations.
(Jefner's Idylls and death of Abel have been tranllaled into the Englilh language,
and favourably received.
In chemiitry, and in medicine, the merit of the Germans is confpicuous ; and
Reiinarus, Zimmerman, Abt, Kaertner, Segner, Lambert, Mayer, Kruger, and
.Siilger, have acquired fame by their philofopliical writings. Bultliing is an excel-
lent geographical writer ; and Mafco, Bunau, Putter, Gatterer, and Gebaur, have
excelled in liiHorieal works. But it caimot be denied that the Germans, in their
niniaiices, are a century behind us. Moft of their publications of this kind are
imitations of ours, or elfe very dry aiul uninterelliiig ; wliieh perhaps is owing
til L'dueatiuii, to falfe delicacy, or to a certain talte of knight-errantry, which is
ilill predominant among fome of tlieir novel writers.
In works relating to antiquity, and the arts known among the ancients, the names
of Winckelman, Klog, aiid Lcii.ug, are familiar with thofe who are (killed in this
branch. In eccleliaflical, phiiofopliical, and literary hillory, the names of Albertus
I'ahricins, Molheini, Seniler, .nnd liiueker, are well known among us. Raphelius,
Miehaelis, and VValch, are famous in facivd literature Ce'larius, IJurman, Taul)-
nian, Ueilke, Krnelli, Reimaius, llavertamp, ar.d licyno, have puLjiillicd I'onie
ol the bell editions of tliu Greek and Latin Claiiies.
50»
K
M
N Y.
It ii an unfavoiirabli' circuiTilUiico for Ccrmaii litcraturi", that the Kicmh Inn-
gua^tr IlioiilU l)(- lo tnlhionable in tin: (jcrman courts 'llu* lute lciiif{ ot I'ruilui
uriUiccI the Phjlofophical 'IranfaCtiom of his roval ft)cicty nt Hcriin, fioin rhu;
biRining of its inlliluiion, lo bo nublilhrtl in tlw trcntb tongui' ; by which, fonn-
of (lie l<ormniii think, his majctty has cud a very ui.w.eli.rvcd n-prouch upon jij^
native lan^nage.
\V ith refpeft |o the fine arts, the Germans have ac(]ultted thcnifelvcs tolerably
well. (Jcrmany has produced fonie j{ood nainters, jnchitccts, fciilfitor>,, and eii-
f^ravers. I iiey c\eii pretend to have been the firll inventors of engraviiif;, i ii liin..^
and nie//otinto. I'linlini;, if hrll invented in Holland, was foon after ^r(all^ im.
pioNed in (iLrniany. I he (iernians ate j;eneraily allowed to be the hill invnitois
of ureal guns J as alfo of gunpowder in I'-urope, al)ont the year i ;.>o. (Minianv
has.likewife produced fume excellent mulieinns ; particularly Handel, Hach, anil
Hclle ; of whom Handid llands at the head.
CiTirs, lowss, loRis, ANnoiHUR KDiFicEs.l This is a copious hen'I
pini.ic AND I'RiVAiK; wirn occasion al > in all countries, luit more
IS I i.MATLs o^• RiiVENi.-s ANO POPULATION. J particularly fo in (jermu-
ny, on a< count *if the numerous independent (lates it contains.
'Ihough Heilin is accounted the capital tif all his I'rullian miijefly's dominions,
and exhiliils pi'ihap.. the moll ilhilirious example of fuddeii improvement that
this aj^e lan l)oati ot ; vet. ibnin?; the late war, ii was found a plaieof i\o l^ren^Il|,
and fell twice, almolt wiilidut lenliance, into ilie hands of the Anitrians, who, iiad
is not been for the politem is of tlieir geneials, and the love . the tine arts, which
always prtfervi s mankind Ironi barbarity and iidiumanity, would have levelled ii
to the i;;;ronnd.
JJeiJin lies on llie river Spree, and, belides a royal palace, has many other fuperl)
edifices ; it contains fourteen lAilheran, and eleven Calvinifl churches, belides a
|)opilh one. lis llreets and fi|uares arc I'pacious, and reguhir : but llie lu)ufc-,,
thoii;,'li neat without, are ill-thiilhed within ; and the town is but thinly inlia-
bited. The kind's palace here, and that of prince Henry, are very mafrnilieent
buildintjs. 'Hie opera-lioul'e is alfo a beautiful flrutture : and the arfenai, which
is handfomel\ built in the form of a fquare, contains arms lor 200,000 men. 'I heiv
are fundry nianul'actures in lierlin, and feveral fchools, libraries, and charitable
ioundations. 'llie number of its iidiabitants, according to IJufcliini;, in 175:;, Win
i2^,6()i, inchiilinj^ tlu' i^arrifoM. In the fame \ear, and according to the fame
Jiulii'ir, tliere were no fewer tl.an 44; lilk loom;., 14(1 (t fait lilks, 28^^ foi woid-
len Ihdl's, 4;; for cotton, 24H for linen, 454 for lace work, 39 franus for lilk-
llockings, and 310 for worlled ones. 'I hey have lure inanufactuics of tapeftrv,
gold and liber lace, and mirrors.
'I'iie electorate of Saxony is, by nature, tlie riehell ctnintry in Germany, if not
in Kiiiope : it contains 210 walled towns, 61 market-tow 11s, and aboiii 3000 vil-
Jagc, aeiording to the latelt accounts of the (iernians themfelves (to wliieh, how-
ever, we are not lo give an implicit belief;) and the revenue, cllimating each
rix-ddllar at tour Ihiilings and fix jjence, amounts to 1.350,000!. I his fuin is fo
iiKideraie, wlun (oinparid to the rielIlu•f^ of the foil (wli'iii, il we are lo believe
Dr. Hukhing, produces even diamoiuU, aiul almi 11 all tiie jtreeious Hones to Ik-
lound in the 1 alt Indies and ellewhere', and the variety ot Ipleiulid nianutatfuies,
that 1 am a})t to believe the Saxon princes to have been the moll moderate and pa-
liiotie of any in (Jermaiiv.
Dieldiii, the elector of Saxunv's capital, is rervrarkabie for its palaces, piil)lic
buildings, cluirclieH, and cliaiitahle toundalions : it is heautihilly lituaied on boij)
(ties the I', be ; ai.il is il:e kliool of (jcrmaiiy for liatuary, painting, enamellii,",
ui'A carving ; not to ineiitiou iis mirrois, and foundries tor bells and cannon, ,i;!d
^ its
K R M
N Y.
503
in foroijjn commerce carried on by menns of tlic Elbe. Tlie inliabitanti of Drcf-
(I.n, by thi- latclt accniints, amount to 11 0.000.
The city of Lcinlic in Upper Saxony, 46 inilt's diOant fro. "Ion, is fitiiatcd
in a picnfant and U-rtili* plain on the Pleilti.', and the inhnbitantx . ,c 1 ' to anuniiit
tt) .nbout 40,000. Tlu'rc arc alfo liirjjc and well-built fuburbs, wi handfoniir
j;;iidcn5. Between tbefe fuburbs and the town, is a fine walk of lime-irees, which
was laid out in the year 1702, and enconipafles tlu: city. Mulberry-trees are alio
plnntcd in the town-diiche.s; and the fortitications fceni rather calculated for the ufc
dl' the inhabitants to walk on, than for defence. The ftrccts are clean, comino-
(li()\is, and agreeable, and are lijglited in the nij»ht with fevcn hundred lamps.
'liio reckon 4^6 merchants' houk-s, and 192 nianufa<-tures of diirerci\t articles, m
liriitad*.;:, j'aper, cards, Ike. Leipfic has long been dilHufjuillied for the liberty of
cniifcience in religious matters. Here is an univerlity, which is Dili very conlider-
;il)le, with fix churches for the Lutherans, theirs being the eltabiilhed religion,
(iMc for the Calvinifts, and a chapel in the callle for tliofe of the Koinilii diiircli.
Till.' iiiiiverfity library conlills of about 2(),ooo volunus, 6000 of which are fulios.
Horc \< alfo a library for tiio niagillraies, whidi confills of about 36,000 volumes,
aiil near 2000 manufcripts, ami contains cabinets of urns, antiipies, and medals,
wiih nr.my curiofities of art and nature. 'I'he exclumge is an elegant bnildinj;.
The city of Hanover, the cajiital of tliat elettt>rate, llands on the river l.eine,
nndi^aneat, tliriving. and aijiveable city. Its prelVnt name was given from :i
tiTiv over the l.eine ; the name Hanover, being the lame with Have-over in I'jig*
liili. It is divided, by the river on which it (lands, into two parts, called the (.)ld
:i!i(l New Towns ; the t'ormer but indilferently built, but the new adorned witli
iKindUv.ne Ihuttures .ind ct)ntinually improving, 'I'he llreets arc fpatious, re'.;nlar,
;n)(l well lighted with lanlhorns in tlie nii;lit tnne. It contains about twelve hun-;
ilnd licufes, among which llien- is an idecloral palace. It carries on fomc manu-
tiictnres ; and in its neighbourhood lie the palace and elegant gmdens of H.'.ren-
haiifen. I'he dominions of the eUirtor of I lanover contiiin about fi ven hundred and
fit'tv ilioufand jjcople, who live in fitiy-eiglit cities, and li.My in; liet-towie, helides
NJUages. Thecitv and fuburbs of Ibemen, belonging by 1 .f A'c to tlie laid dec-
tir, contain about fifty thoufaiul inliabitanti, and have a c>.nliderable trade by the
Wiler. The other towns lielonging to this elettorate cultivate trade and m'anu-
♦;i.-hiies. Tlie elei'toral forces are faid to be 24.000, and the revenue to be 70,000!.
;i conliilerable part of which aril'es fnrtn the lilvir mines. It may be proper to
r.i.'iiiion. on account of ils relation to our royal family, the fecularifed bilhoprick of
(.Mni'lnivg, lying betwen the rivirs \\ «-fer and I'.ms. The chief city, OInaburg.
his hoi'ii long I'.imous all over Kurope for the manut'.icture known by tJie name of
the diiiliv, and for the manufacture of tlie bell Wellphalia hams. The wliolc re-
venue if ilie biilioprick amimnts of about 30,000!.
I'lrei'aw, tlie cajjital ofSildia, whidt formerly lelongod to tlv.- kingdom of Mohc-
ini.i, lies on the ri\cr Oder, and is a fine city, wliere all feets of Cliriitiaiis and Jews
are tolerated, l)ut the maglflracy is Lulheiai. Since .Silelia fell under the I'rulhan
ilominion. its trade is greatly imi)roveiI. 'Hie manufatlures of Silelia, which prin-
ci'.iallv centre at IJrellaw, are numerous. The revenue is now computed at a mil-
lion lierling ; tliough it never paid tlie lioufe of Aullria above 500,000!. vcarlv.
Krsiikfort on the .Maine, fo called to didinguilli it from aiiotlur of thcfam'.!name
an the Oder, is fituated in a liealtliUil, fertile, and ddightt'u! country, on the river
itill mentioned, by whidi it is divided into two parts, diirmguiihed by the nanus
i)f Kranki''>!t rnd Saxenhaufen. The former of lliefe, being the largeil, is divided
into twelvf waids, and llie latter into two; and Imlli were computed to contain
about three thoul'and houfcs. 'I he I'ortiticalioiis, wiiieh are both regular and loiid,
forma decagon, or tijjure conlilUr.;^ often baftious, faced with hewn llone ; tho
ditchcsu
£
504 GERMANY.
tlitchcs are deep, and filled with frcfli water t and all the out-workt are placed
hft'orc tlu' gntcR. The govcrnnictit here, ns in liruflaw, it in the hands of the Lu-
thernni ; hut thrrc nrc alfo many Papiftt and Calvinifli. 'llie I'apiftit have the
rcat churd) ot'St. Hartholomcw, with three cunvcntsforincn,nndonr for women i
lit urc not nilowi'd to make any proceliion* through the town. The Calvii)ill<i
«re ffciicrailv merchants, and very rich ; whence it in a common fiiying, that, at
FraiiLt'ort, tnc Komnn Catholics poflefs the cliurchcs « the Lutiieruns the digni-
tie* ; niid tlio Calvinilh, the riches. The lafl, however, arc not allowed a church
ill town, hilt are ohiii^ed to go altout three miles otFt'or their worlhip, to a village
called Riikfithcim. 'I lie Jews are allowed a rynagogiie, hut, in other refi)etls, are
iniferably ill treated. 'I hey are contiiied to u particulur dillrict of the town \
obliged to we:tr a piece of vellow cloth a^ a badge of dilhonourable dillin6tion ;
and tliey fublill by felling tilings to llrangers. Frankfort is the ufnal place of the
election and coronation of the kings of the Romans, and in alfo a free and imperial
city. It i:, of a circular form, without any fiiburbs ; but the ftreets arc generally
narrow, and the lioufes are moftly built of timber and plailler, and covered witli
flaie i though tliere are fomc handfomc private llrutlures, of a kind of red marble,
that deferve ilie name of palaces -, as the buildings called the Compellel and Kron.
hot, the rriorlliof, tlie Culleiihof, the (Jerman-iioufe, an nugutl editicc, fituafed
near the biiilj;^ over the Maine, the HeUe-Darmftadlhof, the palace of the prince
<le la Tours, and the houfes of the counts of ftiolms, Schaucnhurg, and Schonburn ;
and there are three principal fipiares.
Frankfort on the Oder is a city on that river, in the circle of Upper Saxonv. It
is divided into two parts by the river, which are Joined together by a wooden
bridge. The houfes are tolerably well built, the llreels fpacious, and the inhabit-
»nts iiave a pretty good trade in woollen and linen goods, with two fairs a year,
which invite a vail number of merchants, (larlicularly Jews, from Poland. Tlu<v
have a communication with the Baltic fea by the river Oder, as well as with the
Spree and llavcl by canals. Here is an univerlity erected in 1506, by Joachim I.
iiiartjuis «)f Mrandenburg. lliere is likewife a handfome market-place.
Vienna is the capital of the circle of Aullria, and being the relidence of the em-
peror, is conlidered as the capital of Germany. It is a noble and a drong citv,
and the princes of ilie huufe ot .Aullria have omitted nothing that could contribute
to its giandeiir and riches. Vienna, which lakes its name from the little river
H'ien, which runs on the call of the city, and falls into the Oanube a little below
it, contains an excellent univerlity, a bank, wliicli is i.i the manageinent of hcrowii
iiiagilirafes, and a court of coinnurce iminediaulN fuiiject to tlie aiilic council.
Its reii^jious buildings, with the walks and gardens, oecujiy a lixlh part uf the
town ; but the fuburbs are larger than the city. It would be endlefs to enumerate
the many jialnces of this capital, two of which are imperial; its Apiares, academies,
uiiil iihraries ; and, among others, the tine one of prince Kugeiie, with his and tlie
iini)e.''ial caiiinels of euriolities. An iicadeniy was erected in 1706, tor painting,
fciilpture and a.eliiticture.
In no place of the world do jieople live more luMirioiiny than at Vienna;
and in this they are plentifully fupplied by the vail produce of the neiglibour-
iii^j country.
Anion'.; the rich convents of this city, is erne for the Scotcli nation, built in \w-
^v>■^r oi i eir CMinirv nan .St. C'oluiaii, tiie jiatron of Auftria ; and one of the (w
f;;ites of this citv is (.ailed the .Seots' gale, in remeiiibranee of foiiie notable exploit
nerloni'a there by the uoops of that nation. I'lie inhabitants of Vienna, includ-
lui; the fulvii hs, a:e coinptiled at .iboui t'.uee liuiulred tlioufand ; and the eiUDii-
r:i,i;enK lit given liieiu by their f^verei^ns has rendered this city the readezvt)iis ot
lorogiieri.
ih.
C K
R
M
N
Y.
505
The ftrceti, excenl thofo in the fubiirhK, nro iinirt.w and <!Ir»y. 'Ilic li miTi's of
this lity iirr generally of iKino, live or lis llories lii^ii, ami Hat rool'ed. Tlii'y linvc
thrre or tinir eellar» under one anotlter, with an I'pi'n I'paec in ilu- niiddU oV each
iirihfd roof, for the itmuiuniieation of air, and lioni tlie lowennoll ot all, there is
a tid)c to the top, to let in air from the llnet. Hie \vind>. often Mow fo hard, tliat
it \i tronblcfome to walk the Urcets. A ninnrkalije prerogative of the |i)veriMj{ii
here is, that tlie fetond Jloor of every houfe belongs to liiin, and is aili^md !■>
whonifoever he thinks proper j und JKiue there is no part of (iennany, where
lodcinu is fo dear ns at Vienna. /\n odd eulloin prevails hereof i)iittin^ inm l)nrs
to id! their windows up to the very tops of their hoid'es, which niakei them all l<)nk
like lo many prifons. The hoiifes and furniture of the citizens are greatly difpro-
portioncd to tne magnificence of tlie palaces, Iquares, and other public buildings ^
hut above all, the excellivc impofls laid by the houfe of Aullria upon everv com-
modity in its duniiniuns, mull always keep the manufacturing part of their full*
jcfls poor.
ANTKUriTiES Asn ci'RiosiTtES,) III defcril)ing tlie mineral and other
NATURAL AND ARTiKiciAi.. J fprings, a great part of this article, wliicli
is of itfelf very cojiious, luis been already aiuicipated. I'.very court of (jermany
produces a cabinet of curiolities, artificial and natural, ancient and modern. 'Hk'
tun at Heidelberg holds 800 hoglhcads, and is generally full of the bell Khenilli
wine, frt)m whicn llrangers are feldom fullered to retire fober. Vienna itfelf is a
curiolity ; for here you lee the greatell variety of inhabitants that is to be met with
anywhere, as Greeks, 'I'ranfylvanians, Sclavonians, Turks, Tartars, Hungarians,
Croats, Germans, Poles, Spaniards, French, and Italians, in their proper habits.
The imperial library at Vienna is a great literary rarity, on ac count of its ancient
iiianufcripts. It contains upwards of 80,000 volumes, among which are many
valuable manufcripts in Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Turkilh, Armenian, Coptic, and
Chincfe ; but the anti<|uity of fome of them is «iuelli(mal)le, particularly a New
Tertament in Greek, faid to have been written 1 500 years ano, in gold letters,
upon purple. Here arc likewife many thoufand (Jnek, Roman, and Gothic coins
mid medals; with a vail collection of other curiolities in art and nature. The vail
Gothic palaces, cathedrals, callles, and, above all, townhoul'es, in (Jermany, are
verv curious; they llrike the beholder with an idea of ru<le magnificince ; and
foiiKtimes have an ctVect that is preferable even to Greek areliitettuie. Many
callles remain nearlv in tiie fame condition, as in the 14th ceiilm y ; tluir fnrtitlca-
tions generally cmililUng of a brick wall, trenches filled with water, and baltions
or halt-moons.
Next to the lakes and waters, the caves and rocks are the eliief natural curio/i-
tics of Germany. Mention i>. made of a cave near lilackenbun^, in I lartz-foiell,
of which none nave yet found the end, though many have advanced into it tor 20
miles; but the moll remarkable curiolity of that kind in near Hanuneli n, about ;,o
miles from Hanover, where at the mouth of a cave llandsa moiuiinent which coin-
iiieinorates the lofs of i ;n children, who were iluro fwailoweil up in 12S4. Fre-
quent mention is made of two r<)cks near IJlackeiihurir, exaetly repivfeiiling two
monks in their proper habits ; and of many Hones which feem to be petrifaction!*
of tilhes, frogs, trees, and leaves.
CoMMKRCF. ANH M AN u F ACT t'R E8.] CJerinanv has vail advantages in point of
commerce, t'om its lituation in the heart of luirope, and being interfected with
great rivers. Its native materials for commerce, lalidrs mines and minerals. ;.,e
hemp, hops, llax, anife, cummin, tobacco, fatlrun, nv.uhler, trudles, variety of ex-
cellent roots and pot-herbs, and line fruits, e(iiial to thofe of France and Italy.
Germany exports toother countries corn, toliaceo, liortes, lean catile, butter, cheele,
Itoney, wax, wines, linen, and wuollen yarn, ribljands, lilk and cotton ItutVs, to\s,
3 "l" turnery
50*
K
M
N
turnery wares in wmxl, nu-t»U und ivory, gont-fliiim, wool, tin>l)c'r, both (or fltlp,
building uml lioufcii, ianiion iiiul liniU-u, IxmibR, und lionilillitlli, iron jiliitct nnd
llovci, tiiHK'd pialiH, (ticl work, i>i|i|nr, lirali-wirc, porn lain iluliiuMl ujionturlli,
rarihin wiirc, ^lalUn, niitmrii. Imn^lirillk'*, nunn, bcvr, tunur, faults, /ufl'tr, I'ruf.
fian blue, printcrS ink, and nianv otiu-r iirtivlci.
Till* riviiiflii«n otiho «di£l oii Nnnli-n, liy Ia'w!* XIV. wliich obligi-d l-'rcnch
Protrli.mU lo iVitlc in clitlori-nt pars of Kiimpi-, wa* oj'inlinilo fvivi.c to ilio Cicr-
ninn innnulatUnci. Ihcy now ni.iki- sclscf-., Iilk*, llntVi oi nil kindt, tine nnd
{•oarfc 1 lini-n and tbnad, nnd ivi-iy iliinj( nm Ihry for wiar, to griat porlVclion
The puriciain vi McilUn, in llu ikcturatc ot ..axu..). and it:t paiaiuigit, have bueii
long
I
lali- I'
t:ini
It AP
rn
imiH.
INU
COMI
iian
niaji 1
HANii i] 'Ilii' Alialic totnpiniy ol lunlulm, cnnbliflicd by his
lly, wa-., I'xtlulivi' ot tlif I laiiliMlit. Itagn> , tin.' only cuniiiu'rciul
ompany in (iiimany ; but no lliipi had bi\'u iVnl ont limi' ilio year i-jdo. The
heavy taxes that hiii nisijetly laid nn the tonipany, wat llu' cKnle of it« total
anni-
n)
hilatuin. In the great citiesi of (ierniany \ery large and extcnlive partncrliiipi
trade fublill.
(oNjrn LTioN ANP GOVERNMENT.] Aliuoft rvcry piiiicc iti Cermany (nnd
there arc about -)oo of tluini i> aibitrary with regard to the government of hixown
crtafes i but the whole of tin in form ii great confeilerney, ^overned by iHililicnl
lawH, at the heail of whieh is the emperor, whofe power in the eollettivc body, or
the diet, i» not diieHorial, but exeenlive ; but even that gives him vail intluence.
'llie fuprenie power in Cjermany ii the diet, whieh is tuinpofed ofthe emperor, or,
ill his alifeiiee, of his eommiirary, and of the three colleges of the empire. 'Ihe
fird of thefe is the eleHoral college ; the fece.nd is the college of princes ; and the
tliiid, the college of Imperial towns, 'ihe empire was hereditary under the raee
of Charlemagne, but alter this, became elettive ; and, in the beginning, all the
princes, nobility, and deputies of cities enjoyed the privilege of voting. In (he
reign of Henry \'. the cinef oflicers of the empire altered the nu)de of election in
their own favour. In the yiar 1234 the nutnber of eletlors was reduced lo fevcn.
One elector was added in 1649, and another in 1692.
'I lie dignity of the empire, though elective, has for foine centuries belonged to
the houfe «)f Aultria, a> being the moll powerful of the Germ. in princes; but. by
French man.igeinent, upon the death of Charles VI. grandfather by the mothers
fide, to I'lC emiieror Jofeph Ii. the eletlor of Havaria was chofen to that di
T
I
\m\ died, as is Uippofed, heart-broken, after a (hort uncomfortable reig
g"'»y.
Ihe elictioii </t the en>|ieri)r proieeds afl»"r the following in. inner: 'Ihe elcflof
«)f Mentz, belore the lapfe of a mmith after the vataiiey, fiiimnons, us great
thancellor of tie empire, the red of the electors, to attend tm foinc fixed day
wittiin the fp.Tee of three months from the date of the fuinmons. The elect-
ors generally fend their aniballador', to the place of election, which is held at
Fraiiklort on the Maine ; but laving the right of the city of Frankfort, it may Lc
held elfewlier<'.
\\ lien the diet of (.leelors is alTemhled, they proceed to compofe the capitula-
tion, to whiih the emperor, wlun eiecteil, is to fwear. Ihe capitulation, U'liig
jidjiiliid, ihv elector ot Mint/ ap|iiiintsa day for the eletlion.
V\ l.eii dii>. (!;•) arri\^ s, the j^aies of the city are Ihiit, and the kev.s delivered to
n z. I he eieetors or their ainliiiiradors, protellanis e\ev|)tetl, re
thv
t leilor I I
pair in great po p to mal's, and after its celebration they take a folemn (i;tih to
t lu.ole, uiibi. lieu an I iiniiithieiieed, the iK'i'f .11 that appears mull proper for the
iiiil)eiial dignity. .Afier ih's, tliey repair to the l.icriliv, where the eiet tut uf .\!eiii/,
litll, :;(ks it li.e.e li. any i'lipediiiiei.t known a;.^ainlt ilieir proeeedii.'; at prefeiit to
UU cvcliunf And next, he i/'otaiiis a piomiie ilial the peiloii eleCteuliv llie major-
ity
m
(;
p.
K
M
Y.
5«7
iiy ftiall Iw rrriivril n% cmpcrnr. 'Pic «li.Tliirii«l<nii of tlu- rlr^l.jral n>nl):iirai|i)r«, iit
rtf|H''l til ftuM'.' t\v » |i linit, nri' rciorilc'l liv tvso imtari. • >>i ili.« riiij»iro, | ho » uH
witiii-irf« wiiliilrriw i nnd llu- ilr^lur of" Mint4 collcClm^ llio fuirru^ct, wlmh uru
t'/irf fwy, niitt giving hi» own liilt, \\\v witiuiri'* nro rccillnl, itud no ti«xlnrt*« ilij
pfrfi 111 whom till' floi'tor. have ilii»fiii, Dm flu« I'lccHon i« not ci npli-li , imr itiho
ii.xN (•ini>.r(if iwoi l.iiunl, iiitlil ih^ ra|>!tiilaiioii ho fwi»rn In, cillicr Uy lit uCoil, nr
|iv hin iiiiiltallatlors, it ho hi- uhlciit.
Vtmw ihit liiiio ho U (>ylc«l kiiijjut'ihc Uottiani, imril ihocnninfiiiiin eakonolnf'j
whikh tiMcmiiny conlord llto tith- i»f"nii|HT<)r. Acionliiig lo tho >;»>l«t> ii hull • (fu
tulliil tVotti the great ^oUlon foal ot tho tMiipiror nlVix^ii to iti it ih luUl ho t. ic.
hraii'd at Ai\la-l'ha|u'llo out o\ n-l'i) •, | u, ('liaiUina^;nr, who n-liihil ihoro. Hit)
iorniialioii iit pcrtorinid hy thf urihliiihiip nt Mont/, m oio'lur ot' (olnffiu'.
I'or tho hoiiolii nf tho ompirc, ihirinj{ tho roi){u i)t uii i.iiporor, hi< idol'ii iip'ivj
fiicitirnr i!iny Iw clottoil Winu; nf tho KoinaDn. Km iliu riotliuii loiilom ui lull a
more titlo i (or, hy an oxproU uriii lo in his tapitul.ii \ thv' king >>( tlu- I'tnuai.*
f\»onri not lo inlcrtVro with tho gu»criunoni ilurin^; iho lit'o ut ilio oinp.rnri
hut, on iii* ilcccafo, thu coruiiatiun contirnit liini cinpcror without u iccimJ
cli'ttion.
bhould there not be n king of ll\tf Komnni, and the tlirone heconic vnLanl, thu
giwornmeni in ndininiltered by viinri of the empire, wh(» ore the olecl)r4MrSax) ly
and of Havurin, who have jurifdiciiun, the former over the northern, an<l tho latter
(iver the fouthern circles. Hy the golden bull it is ellahlilhed, tiiut all aits ol the
*icar» arc vulid ; but they are all fully cuntinned by the emperor j which cuiitirni«>
lion, l)y an article of hii capitulation, he is bound to give.
I he power of tho emperor is regulated by the cajtitulatioit figncd at bis eUflion
lie can confer titles and enlranchifementi upon citicn and lownn ; but u« emperor
lie can levy no taxes, ni>r make war nor peace without the cimfent of the divt.
When that ronfcnt is obtained, every prince mull contribute hit quota of men and
money, ns dlued in the matriculation rolljliough, perhaps, as an elector or prince,
lio n\ay efpoufe a diilercnt Jide from that of the diet. 'I nis forms the intricacy of
tho (ierman conllitution ; for (ieorge II. o\' Kngland was oblujed to furnilh bis
quiitn ai^ainll the houl'o of AuDria, and alfo agamll the Icing ori'rutlia, while he
tvas ti^hiing for them buth. I he emperor claims a precedency fur his ambalFadorii
in all Chridian courts,
'Ihc nine eirctors of tlie empire have cacb a particular office in the imperial
court, and tliey have the folo eJi-Clion of tho emperor. They are in order,
Fin), The archbilhop of .Vlent/, who is higli cliancellor of the empire when in
Corniany.
.Second, The archbilhop of Treves, who ii high cliancellor of France and
Aroiat, a dit^nily which, (ince tlie foparation of Krnncu t'rom the empire, is
iiKTcly nominal.
'Ihird, the nrehbidiop of ('olocne, who is the fame in Italy, u mere title alfo.
The kinj;, or rather elodor of Hoheinia, who is cup-bearer,
Tho olo6tor of H.ivaria, who is grand lewer, or otiiccr who ferves out the feaAs.
'Ilie olodor of Saxony, who is groat marllial of tho emi)ire.
ia), who is great chamberlain.
TIk elector of IJrandenliurgh (now king of Prullia
Tho elector Palatine, who is great .Steward ; and.
'llio elector of Hanover (king of (Jrcat llritain), wlio claims the pull of arch*
trcafurer.
* ThU gnlilrn bull wa* puMiflird at the diet of
N'urrnibcre, in ttir yeir i)(6, and in the reiKi« uf
Liarki IV. Ii I'culei ever/ Uun^ reiittiig to the
elcAlon tnd coronation of the cm|)«rr>r, and the
ritfhti ot the eleAort : the Latin ori|;iiuil is prefcrv.
cJai Fraoklurt oa Out ALuue.
t 1 i It
M
N y.
Il U ntec(f§rY fur th« rmprror, l>cforc h« culUaUki.lo linvc ih« •dvivc uf thuf*
m«tnhrr»
'IV ci»lf(i«ftii'«| prlticfi ari* •« nhfuluu* n« th-' «itmt>'>foi rmc* in t\u,r r<;vrri|
domiiiioiia. iW chift of tlKf<', InMuU'* iIic ilir^ >' < i > l« lullicul rU-cturi ah ntly mtrv*
lioned, art* ihi- urchbilhup ol° .Suli/luirgli, lli>- ImiIk |)» of' Lu'itc, MtutlU'r, .S^xtf,
\\(irtit<, VN irilbiiri;, htrjllxiri;, Oi'iikliiirg, Miinl»r|(, iiml I'mlrrlxvrii. Ik'iii|r«
thilo, ilicri; nri' timiiy oiliir rn tcliiilluat |iiiiU'^ (ikriiiiiny utxiuiui* with many
ubl)t)lt and •hbillf*, whod- jiirifiiK'li'in^ nr^- likiwilo itblulmc, und fiunc <>| tlinn
vrry conluli-rnldi , and nil id ibciii nr>- i huliMi hv ibtir It-virul ('bu|>ii'tt, Iho ihivl'
of ihr f>-iidiir |itini'>t atv ih>' |.uiiduruv«> u|' ilt'di', ilu* dnki-* i>t Hrunrwir,
Wirlctnbtrg, VK'tklfnliurnli, S.im' <ii>inu, iln' niari|iiillf4 •>»' Hintiiiand Ctdndnuli,
wiib Ihi- princes ot' Nulliui, y\nli.dt, h'uriti iibiirK, und numy oihi'r*, \\\m> h iw u||
bi^li tiiki, nnd uw fuvcrfiuii'i iit lb«tr own dominion*. 'l'\w (nv iii'wtur, hWiwilc
liivirii^n llitit « t iliofc wbnb iirc Inipi ritd, or coniiiol't' u purl td'ibt* du-t, lu.n ilu;
iiii|»ciiul rii)(k in ibt ir nrnit i iboli' \^lulll uro li.rifc-lown*, id wInJi wr buvc
rjioki-n in the Inirodiitliuri, bavc ttdl Kr^.u privdigciand iiiimuuiiiri, but they I'ul).
Ml no liin^iT uv II poliiiiid body.
Having tpokiM ol tilt ri^liti anil ptivilcf(t*i of iho fli'fb)r«. prhirrt, L". nf the
ftnpirc, it nui\ bf ncrcllarv hcri' to ^ivi' lonu* uicnunt ot tlir b.ni, or prolViipiion
Id wIikI) the i'icctors and llati-n ol the mipirc urc rnbji-d. 'l\w ban i» id two lot %^
the imc 14 privutory i ibo otlior provilionury. Ihi' lirll conlilU hi depriving a
priiK'o or Hate of the empire i<l all tluir li^lll'«, piivile|;i ^, diKiiiti> s, (ki . (k.i. l|,c
leeond loililK in taking av\ay the aitnal ^ovrnnn lit id tl>e ituten, and eoiinniKitiir
tlMimi til the lare ol Inine otlier, imfd it Ik.- otherwd'e ordered,
l-ivery Ibite whii h ittl" directi) or nutirectly ii^amll the t'nndarnental law* of the
empire, or tiie rt li^iou!t pome, it lubjed to the piniidnnent ot the bun. Hut ilii«
fiiitentc of profeription isdillit ult to obtain, btiaiile it i» dillii-ult to unite uil ihu
ordcm (d the empire iti ilu' lame nual'ure. I he exeiiition ol it beinn^ii in the
cnptiiin (d° the circle where the prittcc reliUes, utui eury t'eudul date ot' the empire
ik fulijett to il.
'I he Impirial i hamber, nnd that of \ienna, which it lietter known liy the name
of the Aulie lomicil, are the two lunreme court', tor determinini; the great caufe^
cf the empire, nrilinj{ biiween it» relpective niendurs. I he lm[)eriul louiicil con-
(llK fiffll't) jud>{i> or iilKiror*. The pnlldenl and tour of' thei-i are appointed by
the emperor, and lach of llie electort clmofi-, one, and the other prince* and ItnUs
the red. 'Iliiit court is at prel'i iir held at \\ etxiar, but turmerly it relidi-il at Spirt. |
und (auA's may be brought iulno' it b} appeal. I he \ulic council was oriuinallv
no belt* r liiati a revemi<' murt ct tlic dnminions ol tin houle ot .Aullria, A« llut
fumily'ii p((\^vr iiicreaftd, tlu' jurildictiun ot tlie Aidii itiuncil wasexlended; and
at lalt, tu tile griut dif^ull ot the princeisot' tin- empire, it ulurpid upon the poweri
lit the Impirial ihainlirr. and (\en ot tin diet. It nnlilU of a prelidiut, a vice-
(lianiellor, a \i(c prt-lidi iit, and a certain niwul)er ot Auiic-couticeliors, ot wiidin
I .\ are protiilants, lulidis otlu'r otiicers ; but llie eiupemr in tact is malti-r ot the
court. 'I hel'<' courts tollow the ancient laws ot llie eiiij)ire tor their guide.s, the
fjoldeu Inill, t.'n' paciliiatiuii ot I'atlau, and the livil \i\\\ .
Ill lilies ihele cotui^ it'juliice, i adi ut il;e nine circl< has a diredlor to takeearc
ot iIk' pi'. ( 1' and ouKr "l ilie linle. 'I hciV directi ii are coiniiioidv a.s |o|I<nv ;
i'or \\ cliphalia, the bilhop ot .\lunder, or duke ■>! N ubui^. I'or l,o\vi.r iiaxom,
the kief tor ot llaimMr or lUaiuienburi^. Knr I. pper Saxons, the elector id' haxoiu.
For the Lower kblne, the I'ulibidiop ot .\bnl/. For the i pper Kliine, tlieeleilor
Palatine, or biiliop ot \\ orn;s. tor Franeunia, the biiliup ot liuinbuiL', or
luaripiis ot'Cu inbit li. For .Swabia, the duki- ot" V\ irteml)erf;, or uiihup ot I'mi.
liiuicv. Fci( iiavariii, I ic cleclcr ol Uavuria, «i archUlliop ul ialubui^ ; and (or
Aiiltriu,
III
V.ll
fi,„
III!
a I'll
r \i
l.ir.;
i.'iK
th
!"'
in tl
.\
i.i I.
k.,
ot III
i.<l lu
IIIO II
eiiiji
I'
M
N
S09
AMilria, 0»t uri-hdukt' of AiiAria, >m» |m|t«rin| mnjrrtv. In rare of public rtfTtm-rt,
»|itcr iIk* Viilri i>l' iho (tit'i nrr lotLirlcit, ntnl f>'t)i
< «• |tr<)iiiMinii'ii, ilif fiitp>'ri>r
voniinili ilic cxpciilixn ot it tn* jMiriicular prime, whofu iriH>|>* liw il Ircv <|itiirtfr
U|»>ii ilu' r(Kiio lit ill. ill liMi|iu-hl
riii; t'oiilliiutiitii lit ill.' (,iriiianu IkkIv i« « rtmly nf no finall ililRctillr How*
«rvr |ilitiitibly invi*ni> •! ilu- I. vrr4l du'ik* niMtn iKt- iin|N-rial poM.r niiv l><>, ii U
icriMtti lltnl the lioiil. ot /\(iilri>i Imn more limn ono' iiKUngfriil iln' lilitriirv ot'
the i*iii|iirf. Lull ly, indtcil, lliai lioiil'>' lm« mci wiili a |Miwt-rf'iil o|i|hilition Ironi
llh liDiirc of Mr.iM(i< iiluir)(, in ionri'i|iii-ii(i' ot (he Ri^tiviiy nnd iliilitirf nt' ihc Itilu
kiii)( <»f IVnilia hi fore I liofo ilm lu.ul, n m-iv Ik- mulLiry to iiilnnn tin- rvmliT
At' the niCiininK of M ti-rm wliit h Uu% ol l.ii> Imiiuntly ii|i|H-urc«l in Itu (mihiuii
liitlory, I nu-tiii lh;tl of iho l*<a^maii. S.inilioH. Ihi* u no other tlwin 11 provilioii
nuiiU' liy till* i-n)|u'ror C'lmrln K I. t<»r pril'iTvin^ tli« iiidivHiliiliiy ot tlu- Autlriaii
il'iiiiinion* in llic |ur(on ot ih. m-M lU-liiniluiit ut ilu- lull (loil'til.ir, wiutlu-r niali.*
or ti'initlo. Ilii« proMlioii Ihu Ik en olii.'ii ililpulitl li\ oilur hriuuhi*^ of ihc houfo
of Aiiilrii, who liuvc lii-rn iKCNlioiiiilly fupporictl liy KruiUf I'roin iHiliiiidl view*
thiiii^h the pr;iffin.itic f.inttion i* Itimig v Kunrnnli-iil Ity iilinolt nil Ilu- powrri of
iC'l
Kuropc. Ilic luif I inpcror, t-UCtor ot hiivuri.>, antl llu' luie king of I'ulaivl ni
|i'iii|>ti"tl to oviflliniw it, 11^ Im iim cUlii iiiUtI Ir^un llii' tlaii;;hlfr» rt llu- vmpirof
JolVpli, elilir lirotlii-r to Cliurlc« V I. It liu« likcwifc bvi-n rt-pcatcdly up|M)icd by
llu- iiiurt of Spnin.
I-Vw u»' til." UTritnrion of ilu' Ccrm.iM priiia'i art* fo lnr(;[c n<i to \tc alTi|(m>d to
vii'croyn, to li<- opprclK'd ami llri't\d ui pU-.tliin- ; nor ;irc iluy ('t\liit ly wiilioiii tv-
dr. Ii w'un lluy f.ill-r any univuiut- ; ilu v iiiuy iippial lotlu- m lu uil <lut or grc;it
t'niiuil of tin* t inpin- for ri-li»-f 'IIk- liiliji-Cti ot tin- pillv pnm. ^ in (irrinany arc
gi-nornlly tlu- ntoll iinliuppy : for tlu-lV- princc«, ntri-ctin^ tlu' grandeur and fplcndor
tit tlu- nioff powrrfiil, III llu* mi.Mtu-r and appi-iiiatu'i- ot tlu-ir otrui-rsanddonirKii'M,
ill ilu-ir palan-i, nardm-., picliiro, cniioliiu-n, ^ii.iriU, I'aiid-i of inulu , tahirt, drcfs,
and liirnitiiro, an- olili^i' 1 m iujipori .il! iliii \.iiii pomp and pai.iiU- at llu-oxptiiii'
III th'ir vanal> and depc-ndcnts. \N iili n-fpict to ilu- llur^llcr» and pcalanti of
(onnanv, tin- fornu-r in ninny pl.icc^ i-njoy ^rv^\ privilr^cii t tlio lutli-r nlfu, in
I r.mi onia, Swaliia, and on tlu- Kliinr, an- miu rally a fiiv p.-op!i-. or perform only
Kitain ft-rviki> to tlu ir liipirior>, and pay tlu- ia\«'» ; \v!u-ri-a> in tlu- manpitfutc
lit lirandonliiir};, I'miu raiii.i, l.tilalia, Mor.iMa, holuniia, Aullria, &ic. tlu it coiiUi*
tiiin 1. varioiiN indcid, Inn nnivt-rlall^ wry fcrvilo,
Ktvr.N I' !<.».) Ilk- only rovonuc tallinj; undi-r lliiit head in that of the emperor,
will'. :is fill I1, hath an annual itu onu- <i| alioiit 5 01 (looo pounds tleilim^, ariliug
fmiii foiTii- iiuoiilidi-ial)K li.-fs in llu- l.i.uk. i'meii. Ilu- Aulliian reN.-nuer> are iiu-
iii< f>', .ind aie tlioii^lit to ainiiunl lu 7,ooo,oool. lK-rliu|{, in Germany and ital;, ^
a liim that gnis tar in tliote eounln -s. I he failurof li.e lal^ kiiij;of I'mlha, who('«
r> veiuieH wen- not near fo exlenlive an tliofe of hix fon, thoiiLjIi he niaiiilained a
lar>;e army, was fo jjuod an (rtonoinill that he litt 7,000,000!. Ilerlin^', in hi*
ii'liir.s; and .Nilelia alone yiiMs ali.ivc half a inillini llerfiii;; \i arly. 'la heliolJ
llu ln.l^.lille^•lue of many o| ilie (j.rniau eouriN, a !lr.in:;i r i>apt to eoneeiM' very
lii.;li iili-as iif ilie iiuonus i t ilu ir piinii .-. ; whuh isuv.in^ lu ihe iVarcity ot nmney
ill ih.it country, andioiifei|uently the lov price of nei ellaries nnd aceominodation!..
Diirini; tlu- two lall uats, very little re;;.ird was paij
Ml 1. 1
a iartyn:^
lAU t S I RR-. rii
II
.n on,
to it
ieiit liirnian c<i.ilhtnti'in>..
Ih
.•tor of MenI/,
kups vvhul i.sialli-d a main, ul.ilion ho.ik or re^iltir, whit h contain^ the airellinenn
nt'iiuii .iikI mom V, vvhiiii > verv i»u..<.e and iiai- who are inembi.r> ol tiu einpire,
t.» advai.ie when llu- ... ay of the empiie takt.> ilic held. The contrihutioni in
.illiil Komaii I iiillis. onacioinil ot tlu- luoiithiy alUlVme.its i)aid to the
lien llu-y \ii. -J Koine, ihefc aiicliui.uls, however, art luhje t to
uicat
m
111(1 u-\ ,iri- 1 .1
L-ni]
iciuift vv
5IO
E
R M
N
groat mutability. It is fuflkiont here to fay that, upon a moderate computation,
tlic fccular princes of the empire can bring to the field 379,000 men, and tlie
cccleliaftital 74,.soo, in all 453,500 ; of tiiofc the emperor, ah the head of the houfe
of Auftria, is fuppofed to furniih 90,000.
The clcttor of Mentz may maintain
The cledtor of 'I'riers - -
The elector of Colocnc
The bi(hop of Munuer
The billiop of Liege ...
Tlie archbilhop of Saltzburg -
The billiop of Wurtzburg
The bilhop of Hamburg ...
The bilhop of Paderborn
The billioj) of Ofnaburg
The abi)ot of Fulda - . .
The other billiopricks of the empire
'ihe abbies and provolllhips of the empire
Total of the ccclcnaftical princes
'Die emperor, for Hungary
for Bohemia, Siiefia, and Moravia
for Auftria, and other dominions
king of HruUia - . .
elector of Saxony
elettor Palatine - .
dukeof Wirtembcrg
landgrave of I lefle Caffel
prince of Baden
elettor of Hanover . .
duke of lIoKk'in - .
duke of Mecklenburg
prince of Aiihalt ...
prince of l.awnbcrg
elettor of Bavaria
dukes of Saxony ...
prince of Xaflau
other princes and Imperial towns
The fecu'ar princes
'1 lie eccleliallical princes
The
Ihe
'1 he
The
The
The
The
The
Tlie
'Jhe
'J he
'Ihe
The
'I he
'Ihe
6000
6000
6000
8000
8000
8000
2000
5000
3000
2500
6000
6000
8000
74joo
By this computation, which is far »>om bei
379000
7450
453500
empe... and empi, e ,on,. .he m,>tt powerfin";!i,SS;;r in' t^"'::^i ^
whole iorce was united and properly directed. Germany would hie'iotij^'
Icai Jiom a: y ot iis amhiliuus :h; Khbours Biit th.- .VmL,,, • . a "'"'""g to
the feveral princes of (;.rn a. y, r^.,.der'the pow of' J T p"; ^o^ i;:t'f'
ciuence, except wuh regard 10 his own Hates. 'Ihc imperiaTar. w L ^ "*!'
in 1 775. to amount to two hundred thoufand ^ ^ ^''' imputed,
Imperial,
GERMANY. 511
iMPEitlAr., ROYAL, AND OTHER ) TIio cmpcfor of Germany prct»:iid.s to be
1 1 rLEs, ARMS, ANi> oRDKRs. ) fin'CflVor tt) thc cmiKTors i)i' Komc, and has
hiiij;, "111 tliaf account, he lil a |)r( ci-dnicy on all public occalions aiiinii;^ tlic p'lVvcrs
ol kiiropc. Auftria is !<ui an an l.tliikcdoin ; nor h:is lie, as the hia i nt that hoi.fe,
a vote in the ciccloial (olkgc, whit'.i is li nitcd to Mdhemia. Inmi.niTable arc thc
tilVs of principalities, diikedori's, baroiJes, and 'he like, with whicli lie is velk-d
as archduke. 1 he arms of tie e.npiie are n black eagle with two heads, luivering
with expanded wings, in a field it' jj;old -, and over the heads of the ea^lc is feen
tl'.e itiiperiai crown. On the btall < I the eagle is iincfeutcheon (piarterly i-f ci^lit,
for Hungary, Niiplos, Jendaiem, ,\riagon, Aiiioii. (ieiders, liiaba:it, and liarr.
It would be as ufelcfs as ditrieuii to enumeiiite all the dillerent q'.iartcrinijs and
nmiorif.! bcarngs ot ihe anhdiica! fa nily. Kvery elettor and indeed every inde-
tiendtht princ't ofaii) iinpon.uice in ('erniany, claims a right of intliluting orders;
)iit till' enipeiois pretend that they are not admitlible uiilefs confirmed by them.
The emperors of Ijermany, as weii as the kings of S|>,iln. ■ onfer the order of the
Golden I'leere, a^ defeendi d from the hoiife ot Hurgund;. . The emprefs-dowagor
K'eotiora, 1662 and i '106, crejued two ordeis of ladies, or female kiiightsj and thc
hue emprefs-i t.een n,» ited the order of St. ferefa.
Tb order of the " Co/ilen Fkece' was i .liimted at Hriiges, in Flanders, on the
ti-nth of January 1429, by Philip duke of burgundy, on the day ot his ..larriage
\v:tli Iiis ihiid wite. it is fuppufcd that he chofe the badge, it being the chief of
the (I'ple nianufattiires of his lounlrv. ll at tiiil coi. filled ot thirty kuighls, iiu hid-
ing the fovereign, who Were of the firft i"c::iiilies in the l.ow Countries, and it ftill
ceiiliiuies to be clalled with the aioll illullrioiis orders of knighthood in Kuropc.
At |>iefenl there are two brar.clus of it ; of the ore, the emperor is foviieigi), and '
the king of Spain of the other ; all muft prove their noble defeent from thc twelfth
century. lliey ufuallv wear a (Jolden Fieeee, proper, pendent to a bioad plain
red ribband round their necks ; but on days of ceremony, they wear the collar of
tlk' order, which is ctimpofed of double lleel.^, inteiwoven with liinl ftoiies cu\ tt-
iiig fii.rks of lire, the whole enamelled with their proper colours, at the end
of wlucli hangs on the breall a Golden Fleece. Ihe fulils are Joined two and two,
as if iliev were double H IVs, the cy|)her of Burgundy, and alui the Hint llo.;es the
ar.cienl arms of the fovereigns of 'that duchy, wiih their motto, '■'■ Ante firit qiuim
Jianima muel." 'Ihe motto of thc order is " Pietiiim iwn vile /aboitim."
llie Teutonic order owed its origin to fome religious Germans in Jerufalem
during the crufades, who afi'unied the title of " Teutonic knights, or brethicii of
thc liolpifal of our lady of the (Jermans at Jerufalem." 'I hey wear a wl.ile manti",
and had for their badge a crofs potent, fable. 'J he original badge aliigned by the
c iipeinr I lenry VI. was a crois iiotcnt, black; lohii king ot Jcriifaicin dded
tlicreto the crofs double jioteiit, gold ; the emperor Frederic li. gave them the im-
pel iai eagle, aiul M. Lewis augiiieiitcd the bailge witli feme ut" Heur.N ile-lis on a
chief, blue. C( i.rade diiki' ot Swabi.i invited them into l^ruliia about the year
1230 : foon after they concjucred I'rull a for theii.leives, and I ecame ( i.e of the moll
Ijowerful orders in F.urope. 15y their internal cjuarrels, tluy afterwards loll their
power a:id polTell:ons ; and Albert maiquis ot Hrandenburgii, grand-mailer of the
order, on his abjuring poperv , ;ibdicaieil the graml-inalU-rlhip, Kibdued I'riilha, and
expelled all the Papills who followed not his c\ample. 'ihe oriler is now divided
iiiio two blanches : the protellant branch, who have a houfe at L'trecht, have bci-ii
iinticed ill our account of orders in the Netherlands — thai for papiils, hath ahoufo
at Mergenheim in Germany, and the nieinbers mull take the oath of celibacw
I lie eiiiign worn by this branch is as above defcribed, worn round the neck pen-
dent to a gold chain.
'Ihc
5»*
F,
R M
N
Y.
'Flic limo of llio inlliiutiim of llio " OrJer of the Red E<i^/c" is uncortain. TIic
iiKir^iiivc of H;iKiili Im fovoiTij;n tliorcof, ami it is gi-iuTaily iu'llowcd on niililury
ofliL\is. 'I In- liad^c is a goUU-ii Uiuarc lucilal i-iiaimllcd wliiti-, on wiiicli is an
ca^le difplavcd, ivd. It is worn jh ndcnt to a broad ri'd watered ril)baiui, edgi-d
villi yellow, :md w<irn fearfwife. In tlie year 1690, Jolni (ieor^e, cletlor of Saxony,
jiiid Frederie 111. ilector of IJrandenbiirg, on ternunating their difpiites, ellablilh-
cd llie '• OnLr 0/ Siiuerity." 'Hie knij^lits of this order wear a bracelet of gold : on
one fide are the names of the two priiiees w ith this device, " Amiii^ Jiiueie ; on tin-
other lide are two armed hands, joined together, and placed on two fwords, willi
Iwo palm branches eroded, with this motto, " L'uis [>'.;ir jiimais."
John (iei)r;;e. duke of Save >\'eill'eiife!s, iiiliituted the *' OiiUv of the Nohh
Pajfivi" ill the year 1704, of which the duke is the fuvereign. The badge is a gold
medal enamelled white, on which is a Ihir of eiglit points, gold, charged with a
crofs, rod, furmoiinted w illi an oval, blue, on whieli are the letters J. G. in a cyplier,
tlie whole encircled witli thcfe words, " J' aime rhowicur qui vicnt pur la vcrtti."
Fach knight of the order is to contribute to tlie maintenance of the maimed or de-
cayed foldiers in the fervicc of the fovereigii. in the year 1709, Louife Flizaheth,
widow of Fhilip duke of Saxe Merlhurg, revived the *' Ortlcr of the Death's Head,"
(\v\\ inHituted in 16,2, by her father the duke of \\ irtemberg. A princefs of tiiat
lioufe alone can be foveicign of it, and none but women of virtue and merit (biith
nnd fortune not regarded) can be received into it. They arc to avoid gaming,
theatrical amufcments, and luxuries ot all kinds. The badge of the order is
ji death's head enamelled white, furmounted with a crofs pattce, black : above the
crofs pattec, another crofs compofed of five jewels, by which it bangs to a black
ribband edged with white, and ou the ribband thefe words, " Memento mori,"
worn at the brealt.
The great' order of ^^'irteml)erg, is that " n/ the Uuhe" inftituted in the yonr
1702, by the tlieii duke, and improved in tlie year 171Q. The badge of the order
is a golden crofs of eight points enamelled, red, in the fpaces between the brandies
of the crofs is an eagle difplayed, red, and between the points of eacli traverfc a
bugle horn, and in the centre the letter V\'. and over it a ducal coronet enamelled
ill pioi>er colours. It is worn pendent to a broad fcarlet watered ribband, palling
fcarfwife from tlie left ihoukUr to the right lide. On the left lide of the coat is a
filver liar embroidered, of the fame figure as tlie badge, in the middle a green
tircle with the motto " j1»ii(i//\r,virtii/ifijiie /•ei/iis." 'Fhe feftival of this order is 011
St. Hubert's day, he being the patron ot fportfmen.
In the year 1709, th.e elector i'alatiiie re\i\ed the " Oder of Si. Hubert" firft
infiituted by a duke of Juliers and Cleves, in memory of a vittory gained by him
on St. Hubert's day, in 1447. J he number of counts and barons of the order,
who enjoyed the memorial lands annexed to it, is limited to twelve, but the mimhcr
t)f princes and private gentlemen is not fixed. All are to jirove the nobilitvofllieir
<lefcent tor four generations, and on the day of reception are to jiav too ducats to
the jioor. 'Hie elettor Faiatine is grand-malier of the order. 'Hie badge is a ciei's
of eight points, from the angle-. ilUie rays.and in the middle of a circle is enanielUd
the figure of St. Huliert kneeling before a crucifix, (ilaced between the horrjsofa
flag lianding in a wood, having in the centre this device in the Runic language,
" Conjlaiis in Jidelitatc" on a red ground. All the knights have either military em-
ploMiionts or peiilioMs.
'ihe archbilhoi) of .Salllliurgh in 1701, iiiflituted the " Order of St. Rupert" in
honour of tlie founder and ])alro!i of the fee lie held, and as the aiiolUe of his coun-
try. It is lompofed of lwel\e knights, (lillinguilhe<l by a chain of gold round tlio
jicck to which is juiKhiit the badije, which is a crofs of eight points enameUtd blue,
(> and
E
M
N
Y.
5'3
,. Tlic
iniliuiry
:\\ is an
1. edged
SaxDny,
L-fti\blilh-
(ToUl : oil
e ; on t\ii'
irds, wiU»
Ik' Nohk
is a Rold
'cd ViM\ A
1 a cyplKT,
/(/ vcrtu."
mcd or do-
Elizid)etli,
ih's Haul"
i:efs of tliut
ncrit (,l)irlh
)id giuiiin^.
he order \j
: above ihe
; to a blaclc
mcnto mori"
in the year
of the order
the branches
cb traverfe a
I'l enamelled
)and, patVins;
the toat is a
ddle a green
is order is oi\
Hitbcrt:' firft
lained by liim
of the order,
|t the niunber
)l)ility of their
lioo ducats to
(dge is a cicls
is enamelled
ihe horns ol a
inie language,
(r military em-
\t. Rupert," in
lie of bis coun-
lold round the
luim'.'Ued blue.
am'
nnd on the rontre the image of St. Rupert. As the arcliliilhon is the riiheft and
rioft powerful prince of Davaria next to the ele^lor, his order is m j^ood elleeni. In
the year 1729, Albert elector of Bavaria inftituted tlie order of" Sf. (Scor^^e ihc De
finder of the Inmnculate Conception ;" the knights of which are obliged to provi their
nobility by father and mother for five generations: the badge ihey wear is a ftar
of eight points, and on the centre is enamelled the image of .St. (Jeorge on hoife-
back (laying a dragon. I he crofs is enamelled blue edged with white. On days
of ceremony they wear the b.ndgc pendent to a collar compofed of oblong plates
with crowns at each end, and rohimns fiirroiinded with globes, each column fup-
ported by two lions holding in their exterior jiaws two fcymitars, the whole ')<iined
together with lo/enge chains, enamelled blue with white— on the oblong plates is
this nK)tto, " In fide, jujlitia, et forliltidhie"
The " Order of the Colden Lion' was inflitiiled by the prefent landgrave of
llelVe CalTel ; is ecpially a military and civil order, but molUy conferred on general
otVicers. The badge is iin otlagonal medal enanielkd red, in the centre a linn
rampant, gold, ducally crowned -, it is pendent to a broad watered irimfon ribband,
worn fcartwife. 'Ihe prefent landgrave hath alfo inrtituted the military " Order of
Mnit," the badge of which is a gold crofs of eight points enamelled white ; and
in the centre is this motto, " Pro rirtiile et fidc'ilntc ;" it is worn at the coat button-
hole, pendent to a blue ribband edged with filver.
Ills TORY.] The manners of the ancient (Jennans are well defcribed by the elc-
canl and manly pencil of Tacitus, the Roman hillorian. 'I'hey were a brave and
independent race of men, and peculiarly dillinguilhed by their love of liberty and
arms. Tbev oppoAd the force of the Roman empire, not in its origin or its de-
eliiie, but after it had arrived at maturity, and ftill continued in its full vigour.
The country was divided into a niimlier of jirincipalities, independent of each
(itlier, though occafionally cimnetKd by a niililavy union for defending ihenifelves
a'Tuinll fuch enemies as threatened the liberty of them all. At length, the Roman
iHiwer, direfclcd by policy, prevailed over a great part of Germany, which was re-
duced to the ccmdition of a province. \N hen the Roman empire was invaded by
the northern barbarians, (Jermany was over-run by the Franks, about the year 480,
and a conliderable part of it hmg remained in fubjettion to enrls and niuniuines
(if that nation. In this (ituation Germany continued, notwiththnnding the efforts
< f particular chieftains, or princes, to reduce the relt into fubjection, until the be-
"inniniMif the ninth century: then it was that Charlemagne, oneof thofeenlightcn-
ul and fuperior geniufes who fometimes Ihirt up in a barbarous rge, firft extend-
id his niilitarv power, and afterwards his civil authority, over tlx- whole of this
eniiiire. 'Ihe pofteiitv of Charlemagne inherited the en'])ire of (Germany nniil the
<ie;,ih (if Lewis III. in the year 91 1, at which lime the ditVeient princes, nfluining
il eir oiiginalindepAMidenee, rejetted the Carlovinian lii^s and placed Conratle,
tluke of I'raneonia, on the throne. Since this time, (iermaii) has ever been conlj-
(Ii red as an elef ti\e nunarchy. Princes of dilVerent tamilies, according to the pre-
\;\l. iiic of their inh ull and arms, have mounted the ihrone. Of tliefi-, the iiK.lf
uHiliderable, until the .Autkian line aecjuind the in-.turial powrr, were the lunit'.s
(t Saxony, Kraneonia, tiiul Swabia. 'Ihe rcij^ns ot thile emperors conlain nothing-
i"i>;f i\inarkable than the contells brUvvn ihem and the jiopes. From l;ence, iii
Wx lK"iiini:ig i.f ilk- thirteenth century, urut'e the tactions nt theCiielphs and (Jih-
1\ lines, ot which the t'ormer was attached to the pope, and the latter to the en;-
iHior; and both, bv their viol'-nce and iii\eterac\, tended to difquiet the empire
t.r leveral ag's. I he iinperois too were often at war with the Turks; and the
Ciir.ian pii:.ei.s nfun contended among ihemfelveii for the imperial dignity. Ihit
f dilVrvts the alli-ntion of a indicious leailer iha.ii all thele iioil\ but nn-
the pri>i;ri. ("s '1 gcvrnnieut in Genuaiix, v. hieh w;'.s in luuio
; U nieal'uif
uliit inor
i.iiLivUing (juarre
Is. is the pri>;4ri.
..in". - -^i .
5 '4
F, R
M
N
nu'iifiirc ojiprHtc to that ot tlie otlur kingdoms of Kiiiopv-. \\ !icn the empire.
I'aiU'd l>y Cli;ii'!i-in:i;^iK', toil iil'uiulL'r, all lliu dilfci'i'iil iiHli.|)L'iiil(>iit priaii's ull'iimi'd
tlio ri;^lit lit ili'Ctinii ; and tlmlV, now diftingiiillicd by tin- naiiK- ot' I'lixtois, liad
no peculiar or li ^id iiilliK'i\('o in a[)poinlinf|; a luccolVor tt) the in.pk.'ii.tl iIii'oik- : tlic)
wiTc (i;ii\ till' oliiicis of ihi' kiii;;'s lionl'tliold, liis Iccrctary, liis lii-ward, cliiiplain,
maillial, or ninlUr ot liis liorli', iVf. liy di-;;r(.i's, as tluy iivoil nrar tlio kin;; U ]iir
fm, and iiad, like nil llic otlicr princfs, iiuU'pi'ndont tirritorii^M l)elun^in(; to tlu'ni,
tlk'v iiicreafid tluir inlinciu'c and autlicriiy ; and in tl.f rii>;n ol Ollio III. ot' ll.c
lionll' ol Sa\tin), in llic \iar ytJ-f, aniuiicii \W i'olo rif;lu ot i li-iitinii; llic I'mpiior *.
'i luis wliilo, in < iIkt kini;d()ms ot Knropi-, the ilignil) ol tin- ^rcal lurd., wlid
v,\rc all oiij;inallv alloilial or imlipcndi-nt barons, was diminillu'd liy the iiwuir
ol" tlic kinq, as in l''ranci', and by tlio inllui.'in.c ot' tin.- people, as in (Jreat Ijiitiiiu;
ill (Jermany, .: llie otlur liand, llie puwer ot' tlie electors was raifed upon tl' •
ruins of the einpeior's l'u|)reinacy, and of tlie people's rights. Otlio i. havin;^, in
the )ear ijbi, uniieil Itals In the empire ot (Jerinany, jiriiemed a deeri-e \\inn ilir
clergy llml he and his fneeill.ni llionid have the powir of nnmiralin^ the \)o\)i.-
and of jjrantiiis; invelUtnies to bilhojis. Henry V. a weak and wieked prince, in
the year i izi, furrendereil np tlie rii^ht of invellitnro and other jHiwcrs, to the dil-
grace of the imperial di^^niiy : but pope IJenedid XII. refiiliiif; abfohilion to
Lewis v. <4 iuuarla, in i,;;S, il was declared in the diet of the empire, thai iIk'
majority <it fnll'rafjes of the elcitoral collej;e Ihonid tonter the iinpire without tli?
content of the pope ; that he had no fui)erioriiy over tlie emperor, nor any
right to reject or to approve of elettions. In 1438, Albert II. archduke of Aullria,
was elected emperor, and the imperial dignity continued in the male line of iliat
family for three hundred years. One of his fuccelibrs, Maximilian, married the
lieirefs of Charles duke of IJurmindy ; whereby Hurgiindy, and the feventeen jmi-
vinces of the Netherlands, were amiexed to the lioufe of AuUria. Charles V.
graiidl'on of Maximilian, and heir to the kingdom of Spain, in right of his niotlicr.
was eleited emperor in the \ear i^iy. I nder liini .Mexico and I'eru were coii-
ijuercd by the .Spaniards, and in his reign Iiappeiied the reformation of religion in
leveral parts of CJcrmany, w hich, however, was imt contirmed by public aulhoriiy
till the year 1048, by the Irealy of \\ efiplialia, and in the reign of I'erdiiiand 111.
'Iho reign of Charles V. was continually dilhirbetl by his wars with the (jcrnuiii
princes, and the I'rench king, Francis I. Though fuccefst'nl in the beginning of his
reign, his good torlnne, towards the conchidon of it, began to torfakc liiui; vvliidi,
.with other real'ons, occalioiied his abdication of the crown.
His brother, Ferdinand I. who, in 1558, fucceeded to the throne, proved a mo-
derate prince with regard to religion, lie had the adihefs to get Iiis ("on .Maximi-
lian declared king ot the Romans in his tiwn life-time, and died in 13^)4. H\ hi.
lall will he ordered, that if either his own male ili'ue, or iliat of his brother Charles,
Ihould fail, his Aullrian eftates Ihonid revert to his lecond ilauuhur Anne, wile of
the elector of Havaria, and her iliiie. Ihis dellinalion is
no
uiiil, as It gave rife In
the late oppolition made by the houl'e of Bavaria to ihe pra;^malie fanclion, in fa-
vour of the emprefs-i|neen of llungai), on the death of lier fallur Charles VI.
The reign I't .Maximilian II. was dilbirbed with inleinal cc.mmoiions, and an iii-
valion from the Turks; but he died in peace in 137'). lie was fucceeded by lli^
foil Kodolph, who was involved in wars with the ihmgaiiaiis, and in dillereiRis
with his brother Matthias, to wlK/ni he ceded Hungary and .\uliria in his life-time.
To liiin iucceeded in the empire Matthias, under whom the retormer.s, who vveai
• VV'uiiiefnrt filth, that notliin^ w:;.s (rttl^J as and made that famrns loiiltitiitinii tor the election
to the miTiil IT olclc^or?, or tht tln'toral d j>i:ity, uf rmprrun, i.dUd ilic 0't.'./<« liuli,
Idl ClurlLb IV. wlio w:ii tl'.<'.c:i tiiiiieror in 1347,
under
R
M
5'5
under tlip nninc^ of l.iilluriins niul Calvinifls, wcro fo miuh divided nn)niii» ll ciii-
t Ivos. as to tliivafi'M (Ik- i'm|iiri' with a dvil war. Tlu-ir ( Diiimon foars of iNiatlliias,
at lad, rtioiu ili-d tlu in ; l>iu tlir HoJicmiansrovDlti-d, and tlircw tlu- iin|K'rial com-
iiililarii s out ol a window at I'mmio. '[his j^avi- rifi' to a ruinous war, wliicii lulled
iliiitv years. M.illltias fliou^ht to liavi* ixtcrniinated hotli parties; hut tliey
l'(.muil a I'onfi'deiacy, called the Kiuingc/U Leii^ue, which was couiitcrbalaiitcd by
Matthias dvinj; in 1618, was fiieceeded hy his couliii Ferdinand IF. hut the Ho-
heinians otlercd their crown to Fredirie the elector Palatine, the moll powi-rliil
ludtelhmt prince in CJermany, nnd fuu-in-law to his Britaiuiic majelly, James I.
'I hat tirince was incautious enough to accept of the crown ; hut he loll it, luinjt;
tircly di:feated In the duke of liavnria and the ini|)erial jjenerals, at the haltle of
i-nl
I'raK
ui" ; and he was alfo deprived of his own elei^torate, the hell part of wliieh
was given to the duke of Havaria. 'I'he proteflant princes of (ierniany, lu>\\\ ver,
liad among them at thii) time many able commanders, who were at the head of
;;rinies, and continued the war with great firnnufs and intrepidity ; among them
were tlie margrave of Haden Dourlach ; Chriliian, duke of Urunfwick, and count
M u\srield i the lall was one of the bell generals of the age. Chriliian IV. king of
Deiunaik, declared tor them ; and Richelieu, the French miniller, was not fond of
iVeing tlie houfe of Aiiftria aggraiuliled. The emperor, on the other liand, had
excellent generals ; and Chriitian having put himfelf at the head of the evangelic
li'ague,.was defeated by 'i'illy, an imperialill, of great reputaticm in war Ferdi-
nand fo grofsly abufed the advantages obtained over the protelbuits, that thiy
tiinned a frelh confederacy at Leiplic, of which the celebrated (Juliavus Adolphus,
king of Sweden, was the head. His amazing vitlories and progrefs have already
jieen del'crii)ed, till In- was killed at the battle of I,utzen, in 1632. I?ut the pro-
lilhmt caufe did not die wilh him. lie had brought up a let of heroes, fucli as
the duke of Saxe Weimar, Torllenfon, Banier, and others, who Ihook the Aullrian
ihiwer, till, under the mediation of Sweden, a general peace was concluded at
Mimller, in the year 1648; which forms the balls of the prefent political fylleni
of Fiirope.
Ferdinand 11. died in i^'.?;. and was fucceeded by his fun Ferdinand HI. who
died in i^'.iy, and was fucceeded by the emperor Leopold, a fevere, unamialiie,
iiiid unfortunate prince. He had two great |)ovvers to contend with; France on
the one tide, and the Turks on the other; and was a lofer in his war wilh boili.
i'raiue took from him .\llace, and manv other frontier ])huc^ of the empire ; and
i!ie Turks woidd liave taken Vienna, li;ul not the liege been lailld by Jtil)n Sobiiiki,
Lin" of Poland. Prince luigene, ot Savoy, was a Nouiig aii\entuver in arms alxM'.t
the Near iuq^ ; and b.'ing one of the imperial generals, g.ive the I inks the firll
«liecks they received in Hungary ; and by the ])eace of C'ariowltz in Wu^y, 'Iran-'
IvKaiila was leded to the emperor. The empire, however, could not have wit!;-
Ilood the power ol' France, had not the ])rince of (Jrange, at!erw:trds king U il-
liaiu III. of F.ngland, laid tlie toundation of llie grand confederacy againit the
rnniii jiower, the ccnfeiiuences of whicli have l)een already delcribecl. 'I he
Hungarians, fecretly encouraged by the French, and exalperated by the unt'celing
f Leopold, wcrj Hill in arms, under the protection of the I'orte, when
t,i;i!ii;\ o
ihut prince died in 170
lie was fucceeded by his fon Jofejjh, who put lli.' electors of Cologne and Ha-
\.iiia to the ban of the empire; but being vt ry ill lerved by prince JawinoI iiaden,
tiic general of the empire, the Freneh partly recovered their alFuirs, notwiihllanding
llieu' rein
ated defeals. Theiluke of .\larli)ori
DUirli,
tiioujrh he obtained \erv fi
<licl
1 victories, had not all the fuocefs he expected ordeleived. Jofeph hinilelf
Jaipected of a dclign to fubvert the Germanic liberties; and it was plain Ir, 1
w.is
to
idiiLl
.<«6
I'.
M
N
loiulufl, lliat \w cxpcf^otl F.tigl.iiul (Imiild take llic principnl part in tlie wor,
nliicli w!is iliiill) tiirriod on t'nr Iiis Iniulit. 'Ihc Knglilli were diCfjulU-d at
his llownots and fvUillincfs ; but hi' diid in 171 1, bcfnro lie had ndiuid tli«
Hungarians; and leaving no ninlo illuc, he was I'ucccodod in llic empire by his
bnillitr C'harlis \ I. wlmiii the alliis wiii; cndiavourinK to plan- on the throne of
S[)aiM, in oppolilinn to I'liilin iluke of Anjou, grandfon to Li wis XIV.
U lien tlie peai e of L'treelit took placi' in 1713, Charles at firll made a (liew as
if 1( would lontiiuie the war i but found hinifelf unai)le, now tliat he was forfakm
'by the Englilh. I W therefore was obliged to conelude a peaee with l-'ranee, at Ua-
<'eii, in 1714, that he might attend the progrefs of the 'lurks in Hungary, where
tlay reecivi-d a total defeat Iroiu prinee liugene, at tlie battle of I'cterwaradin.
'I hey received another of ((pial imporlanee tVoni the faino general in 1717, before
llilgrade, which tVil into the hand:, of the lni|)erialills : and next year the peace of
J'aliarowitz, between tliein and tlie Turks, was concluded. Charles employed
e\erv minute of hi . leifin'e in making arrangen\enls for increafmg anil preferving \\\i
hereditary duii.inions in Italy anil the Mediterranean. Happily for him, the crown
of Ihilain devolved to the houfe of 1 lanover ; an event which gave him a very de-
eilive weight in Kurope, by the connections of (ieoige I. and II. with the empire.
Charles was fenlible of llils, and carried matters with fo high a hand, that, about
the years 1724 and i~i/i, a breach cnfued between iiim and (leorge I. and foun-
(leady w;'.s the fslKni ot allairs all o\ir I'.urope at that linu, that the capital powers
often clianged their old alliances, ami conclu«led new ones contradictory lo their
interert. \N ilhiiit entering into particulars, it is futllcient to oblerve, that the
fiifety of Hanover, and itsaggiandifenient, was the main object of the Hritilh court;
i:s that of tlio emperor was the elialdilhrneiit of the pragmatic l'ani::tion, in favour
of his ilaughtei', tlie late emprefs-(iueeii, he having no male illue. Mutual coii-
cellions upon tlu'l'e great j)uints reliored a gocid miderllanding between (ieorge II.
rnd the emperor C h.ules ; and the elector ot Saxony, allured by the prol'pect i,f
gaining the throne of Toland, reliiupiid.cd the great claims he had upon the Au-
iirian fuieeliioii.
'Ih
le empirm', alu r thi>.,
I-.ad
verv bad fuecef^ in a war he entered into with tl
ii;
'I'urks, which lie had undertaken ihielly to indemnil) himi'elt for liie great I'acri
fices he Iiad iiiatle in Italy to the princes ol the houfe of iViurb.in. I'riaie h'.ugeiie
Was then dead, and he had no general to fnpply his place. 'I lie f. Item of Trance
under cardir.al I'leury hapi)ened at that time lo be pacilie, and Ihe obtained for
him, from the 'lurks, a better peace than he had realon to expect. Charles, to
keep the Cierman and other I'.mopian jiowers eafy, had, betore bis death, giwii
1.1.> eldell daughter, the late emp'elV-ipuen, in mairiag • to the duke of Knrrain, a
]iiinci
who could biini; no acceilion of i)inver to
.\ultrian tami
ei
larles
tueU m 1 740.
He was no fooner in tlie grave, than ail lu" h.id f. long lahoureil l\ir iniifi 1
been ()\erihro\vn, had it not been lor the fiinnuls of (jeorge II. 'Il:e prag
l,.ii'
:lioa was attacked on all hands. '11
lavo
malic
y.un^ king ^^ i ruiha, Willi a jKiwerlul
irmy, cntured and conquereil .Silelia. 'I he king of .Spain and the elector of I'avaria
let up claims directly incompatible with the pragmatic fanciion, and in ttiis tliev
were joined by France; though all thole powers had foh innl\ i;uaranteed it. The
in.perial thKnie, alter a coi.liderahle vataiu\, was filled ui) by the elector (jf
l)avariii, wlio took the title ol Chailes \ II. in January 1742. Ihe l-'rench poured
llieir ;irmies into Bohemia, where they took I'lague ; and the <pieen of linngarv,
to take oli'tlie weight of I'rullia, was forced to cede to that prince the nu.lt \alii-
able [iiirt (>: the duchy ot .Silelia by a lorm.d treat).
Ihr _\oinh, her l.e.,ut\, and fnllnings, and llie noMe fortitude with which llie
bore them, touched tliC liearts ol the llunguriai.s, iiiiu whufeurxib the tlirew heil'elf
and
le wnr,
\Wd at
Lid tliir
L- by Ills
iroiic of
lliow as
fi)rrakiii
1-. at Ua-
, whcro
waradin.
I, bctoro
j)oate of
mploycil
rving liiii
>f ciuwu
, very clv'-
L- ininiro.
at, about
lul fo un-
al powiTs
y U) lluir
that llic
[illi court;
ill favour
iliial 1.011-
lilMIJ^C II.
lipl'lJCCt l,l"
1 tlic Au-
with the
at f.iui-
)|' I'Vaiui-
aiiud tor
uirli's. to
ill, i;ivv'n
.orraiii, a
Lliaiios
null liavo
ra£;niatic
Kiwirful
f I'avaria
n this thcv
I it. 'l\
rlccior of
ih jxiureil
lliinf;ary,
uuill \aiu-
wWwh llio
ixw hcilllf
M
M
N
.";'/
Jind Iu*r little fon ; and though they had been always remarkable for their difall'ec-
tioii to the houfe of Auliria, they diilared iinaiiinioullv iit her favour. Iler gene-
rals drove tlie FreiKli out of Holieniin ; and (ieorgc II. at ll.e lieatl of an l'.ii/{liili
aud Hanoverian army, gained the battle of Deltingen, in 174.1. Cliailes VII, u.is
at tliiii time miferable on tlie imperial throne, and driven out of his electoral domi-
iiions (as had been his aneellor in (jueen Anne's reign, for (iiling with I'raini), and
would have given the (lueen of Hungary almoll her own terms ; but llie llau^lltiiy
and impolitiely rejeiileu all necommodation, tiiough advifed to it by his Hritannic
majefty, her bill, and indeed only friend. I his obllinaey gave a colour for tin-
king of I'rullia to itn.iile IJohemia, under pretence of fupporting the imperial dig-
nity : but tlioiigli he lo^k Prague, and fid)dued tlie greatell part of the kin^nlnn,
he was nit fiipported l)y tlie Krench ; iiiion wliii li he abandoned Hoiiemia, and
retired to Silelia. litis event confirmed the obllinaey of tlie tpieen of llungarv,
who came to un accommodation with the emperor, lliat (he might recover
Sile/ia. Soon after, liis imperial maji lly, in the beginning of the \ear 1745. died j
and the duke of Lorrain, then grand iluke of 'lufeany, coulnrt to her llungariiin
majeliv, after furiuounting fome dillicullies, was ehofen emperor, by the title of
Francis I.
'I'iie bad fuccefs of the allies againll the I'reneli and Bavarians in the I,ow Coun-
tries, and till! I'lfs of the battle ot l''onteiioy, retarded thco|)erations of the einprels-
ijueen ;igalnll Frederick, king of I'rullia. 'I he latter i)cat the i inperor's brother,
prim
Ch
,vl
f I.orrain, who had liefore driven the I'nilliai
lit of IJohemia
and the conduct of llie emprefs-(|ueeii was t'ucli, that hi.s lb ilaimie majelly thought
proper to guarantee to him the pnllellion of .Silelia, as ceded by treaty. Soon al-
ter, IVederick pietended that he had difeovered a feeret convention between the
ciiijirefs ipieen, liie einprefsof Kiillia, and ihe king of I'uland, as eleetor of .Sa\oin ,
for ibipoing liiiii ot his dominions. L poii this he luddeiily aitaiked ihe kinij if
Polai'd m Sa\i.iiy, detValed his troops, and took polKllion ot Urefdeii ; wliiih
lie Ik Id till a treaty was made under the mediation of his Ib-itaimic majelly, by
which the king of I'rullia acknowledged the duke of I.orrain, now become great-
duke of Tufwiiiv, tor
eliipelor.
'11
le war lont
inued in the l.nw (Nuint
nes, not
iiiiK t(» the dil'a(Kaiit.i;.,e, but to the dili redit of the Aiiltrians and DiiteJ!, till it
xv;i, fmilhed by ilie treaty of Ais-la-( hapelli-, in y\pril 1748. I5y that tiv:ii\,
.•silelia was once more guaranteed to the king of I'ruliia. It was not long betnn^
that monarch"s i..aIoulKs were renewed and verilu'd; ami the empiefs of Uuliia's
liev.s falling in uiili ihol'e of the emprils-(|ueen ami ttie kiiigof Poland, \\h
luniai
th
liiially fiip|iiir!ed by I'Vanec in tliiir lu \\ tVhemes, a trelh w;ir w;i-. kiiulliM
o Were
in
e iinpire, m
til
}'
/P
I'rederiek tleeland airainll tl;e admiliion of lie
\Im] aiis into Gcrmaay, and (jeorge a,i;aiiitl that of the Preneh. I poii tlu fe piiii-
lip'.^s, all former ditVeiences between th'ifi. monardis were furgotten; and the l;ritiili
I'ailiaiiK lit agreed to pay an annual fublidv ()t 1)70,0001 to his PiuUian iiKiieli\,
iluriii'' llie coiiliiiuaiiee of the war, the llaiues ol wlTuh were now re-kindled uiiii
uu'.e till) than ever,
Pred- rick once more broke into Sa.\ony, defeated tlie Imperial general Piown
rt the battle of Lowolltz, ton ed tlie Saxons to lay down their arm>, though alnn'it
i:npri i;nal>ly foitilii d at I'irita, and the elictor of Sa\ony again lied to liis r. ';al
li'.Kiniiioiis in Poland, After this, his PriilVian n,aieriy was put to the ban i>t the
I'aiiiire ; and the Prenth pound, by oiu- (piaru r, then ar:uiis, as th.e Ri.inans did
tlu^.^ I
ii ;iuei\
anoil;.r, into the etni)ire
'Ihe coiuluct ot Piiderick on this oeealion is
iei\.il).e laiJi
to be par.illeled in hillory. He bn)ke once more into Hohemiawith iiiei;
laijidilv, aiid dele.ited an army of 100,000 Aulbians, under genera! iir.iw.
I . - . ....
wlin was killed. a,> the brave mallial Sehw.rin wa-, on the lide ot the I'nmians. IK
lliv'ii belle
dP
uid plied it with a inoll trcmcnduub art'llciv ; but i.itt as 1
J-
was
K
M
was bogii\iiing to imagine tliul \u* tnumi wore iiivii)cililo, (hoy wito «li'fi'«tcd af
(.'olin, Tiv tin- Aiilliinn Kcncral Diiun, nhlij^iil to r.iil'o tin- (ii'm", and to ('.ill (jack
iipon I'.ilVnncIi. I lio opirationH of llu' war now niulti|ilii(l i-vtry day. Ilu* Itu.
tcriiililtt, innliT count Daun, wcro I'orinvil int») cx^i-llint troopi : but tlicy wc
r,
iTO
i)catiM al til.* I>:iltlf ot° Lilla, aid ihc I'rulilniiH look Hrrllan, iiixl i>)it.iini-(l many
ittlior f»UMl advantii^jcH. llu' Kiillians, al'lir i lUirinjj (Jmuanv, f»avo a m-w turn
ii» lIiL" w 11 i anil llio cautious, yit 4'nlci|>iilin(; m luus ot' ( nunt 13aun, laid lii^
I'laliian niajillv uuilor inlinito diliiiuiii>'s, iioHviiiill.intlii i; Iii> aina/ii;^ xictoiiiM.
.\t lint lio lUtcati'il llio Kuliians al Zormlorlli liul an ali.ui inaiU' upon his army,
ill tin- iii;;lil-ilim', Uy lount Daun, at lloikkirihi-n, hid aUiuilt provi-d I'atal In
liiii aH'aii.%, i!iou;^h no rotriivod thorn with o\ipiiliio doMviitv. I lo was ohhgcd
K\-n ohfervoi
'I.
how^'viT, lo r.uriiioo Saxcav, lur llu- fal^iy ot" .Sik-lia ; and it has I
I. .11 t^w poriuds ol hiilm . iiiiord Tk 'i room tor lolloiiio'i as lhi< ( ainpai^u did;
li\ lioj;os wore rail'od aim if at tho ('anio tiiiio ; tlial ot' I'ollu n;, lis thv' Kiillian". ,
t)iat el' l.iipiic, I)) iho duko ot" Douv-I'oiits, who oomniaiuUd llio army ot' ihi;
I mpiro ; iliat ol" IJroI'don, !)y L)aun ; and ihol'o of Noils, Cot'ol, und 'lorgau, by
I ho
A nil
nans.
Man\ ( iipital foonos whi.li palll tl :ii ilio faiiu- tiiiio in (Jormany, hotwoon tho
I'roiH h, who woro ilrivoii cii. ot I ianovir. and tho l',ni;lilii, or llioir allios, mull be
[wnniil (jvor, on aoioimi of iho hri. .iiv nootllars to i)o ol It isod in this oompiiuhnin.
Iho oporalions on botli liilos woro ol' lilllo importaiior to liillory, boonuti' iiolltiiiij
wns dono that uiis dooilivi.. th()U^ll lAlromoly liuidonromo and bloody to Groat
i'litain. (iii-at was tho ini^iaiii'ido ot llio oinprors-(|iii'i'n to his Ihitannic majilh
.nnd liis alliis, w"
Kml
ian-. Ii
taki
ho woro r.ow daily ihrcauin'd with llio ban t)! tho eni|tiio. 'I'll
I'll pollollion ot" all iho kiii"dom of riulfla, and laid lio^c to Col-
borj;, iho onfy port ot' his I'rullian maiolly in tho Haliio. I ill tlion, ho had onter-
tsiinod t(() moan an opinion of tho Kul!ians ; but ho liion found ihcin by far the
moll U)riuidablo ciuinios ho had, ailvatu iu}; uiulor idiinl Soliikotf, in a body of
100,000 mill, to hiUlia. In this dilhofs ho aclid with a ooura^o and rifoluiion
that bordorod ii|)oii defpair ; but wa^. at lall, totally dt U .itod by the Uiillians,
with llio lofs of lo.oco of his lull men, in a battle noar I'lanklori. llo booanie
now tho tonnis-ball of fortuno. Siutoiilinj^ dofiats foou.vd tt> am ounoi' his ruin,
and all avetuios towards poato woie lliul up. Hi' had loii, ("lue iho lirli of t)tti>-
bir i7i;''>, ihof^nat marlhal Koiili, and forty bravo ijciii'iais, bolidts ihol'i- who
w\ro woundod and luado prifonors. At l.aiutiliut tho imporial jjoiioral 1-audohn
iloloafod his army uiukr Foucpiot, on whit h ho had ^roai doju-ndoiioo, and llioiv-
by oponod to the y\u(lriniis a ready i;aii' into ,Sil« lia. Nmie but liii Pnillian m:i-
jilly Would ha\i' tht)Uj;ht of ooiiiinuiiij; the war ui.dor I'uoli ropoatod lollos ; but
• vorvdikat ho roooivod foonud to j^i\e him fiolh I'puiis It is diHiculi to ac-
count tor iIh' inactivity vi his onomiis aflor his tlitoal near l''rankforl, e\co])t
\\ tho jialouf\ which tho Imporial t;oiiorals ontcrtaiiiod of thoir Kullian allies
'I hov liad takiii I5irlin, and laid llio iiihabiliints imdii- |)oountarv inisributioii ;
but towails tho oiui ot the caiiijiait|ii, I'rodtiik lUtoalid tlu' Imiii-rialilis in the
liattU' of I'or^au, in which count i)auu was v. oundiii. Uiit this victory {.on him
10,000 of lii< boll troops. Now rciiilorcoinents v\hich airi\.'d every da\' from
Kullia, tlio taking of Collnrq by tho Kullians, and of Nchwoidnitz by the Aulirians,
Uemod alninll to have I'oniplotod his ruin, wIkii liis moll lormic.abie oiiom\, the
il. had «!ied on tl-.
-,ih ol
iprof-i ol Ruiiia, iliod, January 5, 176^; (j
(Jdoh<-r, ijCn.
'Iho deaths ol tlioC' illuftrious porfoiia^^os woio l.)llowod by gioat confociuenoos.
TIk' Hrililli miiiillry of (Joorgo III. wi.ro foiiciious to put an end to the war, asij
i!ic now onijicror of Ru.iia nca
Ik d 1
lis arir.K'
Mis r
ruiluin m:i oliv was, i»<.i-
witlilluiidinii) fo vrry much reduced by his loll'cs, that llie e:!ij'rofb-i|ueoii, jiroba
n
R
M
5'9
ti'd af
hack
WlTO
many
M turn
iltl lu>
.•ti)lH'*.
I army,
.iti«l ill
l)liKctl,
Lilllaiisi ,
of t!vi
Hau, l»y
■I'.u llu'
viuliiim.
to (ju-at
tuaiillv,
•0. "'iVl^'
c to Col-
ad ontcr-
)y far tlio
a body of
nl'i'lulion
I KiilVians,
hccame
u<i ruin,
f Oct >•
off will)
,aii(lolni
ul tlu'io-
i;m lin-
k's; but
to ac-
CM-CJll
111 allu-.
rilmtioii ;
lis in the
i.Mt liiiu
ilay from
\iiilrians,
icniv, till"
pi -^ih of
fcqiienco.
v.ar, a'.ul
was, iV't-
fii, ].ri>b;i-
biv,
.111
it\\\ would liavi" computed liii diliruttion, had it not bci-n fur the bnikwardniTs
of the otiicr lii-riiiun prinrcs to nniiiliilato llic lioufi; of llraiukitbnii^li. Al (ir((
llu' fiii|)rclVi|UOi'H rrjitti-d all lirnisi jMopofid to lur, aiul onUri'il ;^o,coo inon lo
bi' aildcd to luT iirinifs, Tin- vililiii- unwilliuijiu 1\ of lur m'luriils to rvii ul'' lirr
oriliTs. and tin- fmuHi-H obtaimd bv his IV Lillian majflly, at lal) prcvnilid upon
hiT lo a>;ri'f to an arniilliii-, wliiili was fooi: f illi;w\il by tho tr.;ily nf ||ii!i. it'',
burg, l-'fbruary 15, 1763. wliich u;{niii fciuicd to liiii I'ruiliut) niajitly the polfclliott
III .'iili'lia.
Ipon the death of llu* i-mporor, lur hnlliand, in 176;, her fon Jof» ph, wh > hi 1
bfi'ii crowiu'd kin>{ of tlu' Unmans in 1 7('4. lucdi-il.il him in t!io inipir.-. Soon
jifor hiii attiMlion, ho difcoM-iod j^nat amiution and activity. He joinid, in ihe
(liriiicMiibiTiuint of Poland, wiih Kuliia ami I'riiHia. He paid a vilit iiu (if;nlfo, tiixl
will) nuidirate attendants, to Uume and tiu' piiiu ipal courts o\' JtaK ; aiul h.
piTlonal iiitervifw with his l*rulli.iii n aielty, tholl^ll this tlul not pnviiit hdUilitics
iVoin comnu nk.in^ between /\ullria and I'rullia, on aiount uf the futiellMii to tlu'
eleitorate of Havaria. The Autirian i lainis on this oeialion were ill tuuiuli J, ai.d
the etlbrts to fupport thein uni'm eet'sful. 'I he Kmperor next mad^- a fruitlcfs
demand on the Uulch l\)r the t'lee nasij^aiion of tlie.SehJd, eoi,irary to the t'ailli of
treaties, lie endeavoured, howeser, to picmole the i appiiuls <if his fubjefK,
graiited a ninlt liberal religious toleration, I'lippreU'ed nu'lt of the rt'li^ious orders
ofbolli fexes, as utterlv ulelefs and even pernieiou. to fiu ii i\ ; and in 178 ;, b\ :i!»
iilict, he abolilhed the remains of fervitude and villanat,e. He alio aboliilud' the
ufe of torture in his herediiarv domininns, and lemoved manv of the yrievaiitti itii-
ilir w liieh the jjeafants and » oninion people laboured I le wa.'- a priiu e that mixed
ith his fubjects with an eafe and allability that are very uiieommon tii perfons o|
w
Ills rank
He loved the eonverlation (f ingenious iiiei
11
lilivale liiiowledm'
ind appearctl (olicitous lu
iNotwitlUbmdm^; this, he was far from fortunate. I le |)ronouiK\d hi . ci\vn fatiic
in the epitaph wlucli he wrote lor himfelt— " Here lies Jofe|ili II. unh.ippv in all
his uiuU rtaiings." I nliappy, b'^eaule imrueiefstul, and uuliieeefsful Imaule liis
imagination out-ran his iudi;iiu nt. To render religion iiuleiieudent, fi ieiu e free, law s
and It i;'..'ation more peifeCt and vi^'orous, were f^reat and laudable objei'h — but I:.-
I.iikd Ul all. And the moment oelore his death, whieh happened at Vienna, on
l-ebruars, 20, i7yo in ihe 4i>th )ear of his a^e, in the idlU of his reign, as en.pefor
til the Romans, and the tenth as kinj;; of lluii^,Mry and Mohemia, he endured tverv
iiii.'ravation of misfortune: Ibabant torn from him; Hungary bi .iriu^ olf in iioilv
triumph its crown from his palace, while he lay fulleiini; the pane's of death ; lii-
tamiU conuetfion with Uulliaeut afuuder, and the \ie\vs ofand'iiion i lofed by tin
tlcaili of the prince's I'.Ii/abi th ; liis own death, too, proiiouiued iiievilabie to
tiaii before lie could vii.w the fucccfs of his arms at Helj^rade, aiul the linglc
hkcifs of his life; again, that fuccefs thrown into ful'peiici-. and reuduei!
(knibltiil before his expiring eyes, by the terrible news of the danger and ex-
iKwcd dcK.u of Coburj;. 'Ihus did he drink the cup vi' bitten'.efs r
tl
le vei\
dr.
I'v ler-l.eopoiil, grand duke of '!"iifcaii\ , fuc ceeded his brother Joleph 11. aiul en-
r,\md tlie puiilic jiriiib' by repeati d inlianeis 'it lUoileratioii, aiul folul principles,
lli.s former management of his Italian fovc.ei^niv , which wa-; |>rudent and bene-
lnut, ll.i.'w 'd thi.t he afpired to truer re-ptiation than can be ac<piired be the
laii.- fple.ulours of rovalty. — One of th biiiuips of Hungary having refiilid his
111 I :ice 10 a cailiolic fubject to many a proiellaiit woman, tlu* emperor difmilied
lii,,i from bid lee
but
p;irdoiied tiiin atu rw.irds upon coiiceliion.
ant
tleli
red tl
liitliop to c\hori his brethren to co.iipl\ with tb
buour lliould be llicwn.
e iiii'^crial erumanccs, cu
no
The
-<"
\f
M
'IIk confviroMCi' nt Filnit/, hotwccn the emperor, tlie kiii^ of rnifVin, mid iho
(Clfflor i)( .S^^x^^nv. ii llic nmlJ iiu'inontbic cvcni (inir iln- |M'n«i' with rurkrv.
A pi>>;)'>rtion;'.l iliriiiiiuriuti of rlii- dtrm of" AiiUrin ami rrnllm, th- i'xthnnj{c «»t*
the Ni-tlurliiDcU \ <r Hawiria, llu- fiauLiri/ntinn ui' many (M-miiin l>illi<)|iricLit, >iri*
f'tiitt* ot' ihi- (irtii°l('> iiiontioitfd. A more iiroliahU' oli|> ct uii> to i*||iil)lii|i uti nl-
lianfo 1). iwwii tilt al)i)\i' [xiwirn (or iiiiitiial drloiuf, uiul lor the prdirvation of
iho pi'iuv of Licriiiiiiiv. Afti'r imuh irr'foliitioo, Lfopold ffcrni '1 nt U-n^th rc«
r»!\i>tl oil war, whi'M ho i\'u't\ of a plmriti^i fo\i>r «)ii ihi- fnd of March 1791, iifiir
un il'ni'f* of four davit.
Mil I'liii Trant i^ w.it raif'fd to ilu- ioipcrial throiu' in tli>' miildK" <if July lollmv-
iii;{. I ill' poliiii ^ ol the court of \'ii una cDtiiiiiiK-d niu Imn^^id, mid h'ranci'*!
cvvn n inoro \inli'iit oiu-niv lo the Fri-iuh rovohitioii than hi« talln-r. 'Ilir i
fin
ii-nu
in
po-
I iiil><, howiM r. whofc trade will nuuh ("uircr, mid tlio cUctor of Saxonv, n
fiiiiid of pi-aco, \vi:hi'd to dvilim' tlio luiitolt. The i-straordinnry ti-niiH upon
ulu>.i\ ll.f iiiipiMin- i> (iilijrid lo horiow nioin-y, annouiuri the dilliiiillu", lu- ja-
h
iir I under in oiideavoiiring to nci'oinplidi hi^ p
Ian.
Wh
iDi'ver hriiiift (ilvcr
or
f{old to llic mint, reteise's iiti olili){ati>'ii on paper for tlie ri' payment ot it in fpeeie
fit tlie end of li\ )ears, with an interell of four and a li:ilf, ami a preininin of lour
percent, pir aiinuin Twenty thoufand niark^uf lijver, and fome '.uiulied iiiarkH
of f^'ild, have heeii aln.idv fhiaineil in coiiCecpieiiee of this oIKt
I he iii'W paitilioii iif {'.•iaiiiliia.s iiidiiee<l the einpenir, in an olVuial note, r<
rxprefs his uirprile tli;it die coiirtn ol I'eierlhnr^li ami lleilin had appnipriated ti
ihenfeives n nuuh >;rea\ir portiiin o| I'.ilaiul than was ai;reed upon at ti
veinioii at I'iinit/ ; the empentr, however, prolelVes, that he does not wiili tl
le I c)i).
lat
tl'is oiMiinj,' ihniiid i;i\. the leall uiiilnai^e to thole pc•\\er^; Init Impi s iIku tlu-y
w illliti.iali\ (\)Hl'oiiii lo ilie eoiiM iilioii wiiieh look place Ik iwi.am ilieni mi the
fiihjecl of thi-. pariiiion
1 he confuiiiption of ii'en and (imiuy, wliiiii the war with Fraiue has alnad
'I
raiif.tl, eomprU the (lernianie liody to make ihe jjreatell etlorts to pro( uie Irufi
fui'plie". lor the eontiiiiiaiue of iliis lontill, whi«li is as nosj in ii,'. kind
illue wil
De nil
iiortaiit. In Kelniiarv
i7<)4. ilK
\iill
nan invov at tlu
IS Its
iliet (if
J^iii;'.)>Mi deliveieil a note on the pan of ihe eni|)eror, to deiiiand the fi nfe of thi
(leniiaive llatesi, refpecliiin the iieeelili\ of ariiiiii:^ all tlie inlialiitaiits of iIr.
frontiers of (ier'iiaii., and llie furnilliinn of a triple contiii^'eiit on tlie part of the
laid liate-.. In this nofe tlie i;n|ieror ohiiTNes, that all I, mope kiiows the mani-
fold and jull j;roiinds wliii. li have eoinpelled the (Jermaiiii empire, iiniied imdir
its fiipiemi.' ehief, to deeiaiv a ^elK■lal war, tor the maiiitenanee of the lirictell
>-;r,
or
(ovenants. sind the iiioli fiered treaties; tor the |irefenaiion of ail foiial ord
lid moll aimrehic tyranny, talfelv t alU'd freedom ; t
iVoni a wild, (lellru»:ti
llie defenee of an acknowledged religion from prililential aihiifiii,N.i . i(,.i . '11
peror t.irlher i>liferves, that ilie jjenerid re(|uiiiiion of the lii;'iiiin; men in Kr
has ille.-ted fiich a fiip. rioiiiv . and prodnied I'neh a elian^e in tlie mod'- of mnkiiir
war, lliJ't it feeins in fi.tv.- nii'mier to call t^r a limilar nu afuiv, vi/. the ndii' ni
iii'eiii-
III' e
n niaf» of the inhaliitants of tlic tVontiers of thi- iWiherlands, and oilu'i- plac
oriler (o pioeiire lately to the loyal fuhjects of the c'lipire, a^ainll the uivajje
tlie coiiinion ei enn . IJut ihi- ali'airs of this coimlrv luini; eiitin Iv iiil
s ul
■IWOVe'l
witii ihofe of I'raiue, tluyhave been detailed in the tiaiifaetions oi tiiai peoiik'
under wliiih they will apj)ear with moie connection.
KRANeis-Josi:i'H-C'ii.\i! I. i-.s, emiKTor of (Jcrniany, and j,'rand dnke of I'uf-
t;un, was hoin I'ehniaiv ^, i jfiS ; and 'uairieil, Jaiuiary (>, 1788, Kii/uiu'tli
idiiieefs of Vv irtcnihvM^, \\!io di.d 171^. Hemaiiied, idl) , .Si^jjiemher 17, 17110,
Al;:rl:i-nKiefa oi' S^\<'.^^. his coijiu. C^ii the death of lua father, rcter-Lcopold,
.1 late
K
M
M
S««
I xhc
tWiv.
IgC <•('
», lire
III III-
\on lit'
;tli re-
, alter
ollilW-
ilVi'tn*
imjK'-
oiw, n
« upon
^ In- la-
Ivcr or
, I'pvi io,
lit r«>iir
I inurkH
nntr, to
illU'll to
tin- ion-
villi that
lull llli'V
II oil tin:
s alri-ady
iin- iVtl'i
'd, ;u its
iliet tit'
(it'tli>
Ot' till'
t ..t" till-
nvmi-
iimUr
lirict.'ll
1 onUr,
im ; hit
'lln-ciu-
l''nm'
iiuikiiii;
uliii.; Ill
>l;icv.N, ill
ivaj^ks III
lUlVNHlVfl
t iK'i'|ik',
o( '\\\\'-
Kli/alu'tli
17. 1700,
1 cupdlil,
laic
Intc fvnp^ror, \f;irch 1, 1791, h«? fiicrccdcd to the crown of Hungary mA BoW'
iiiia, mikI, July 14, 170^, waicKtIfd cmixror ol' (icrmnny.
He had no ifl'ur by lij* firl) iiiarriugc. lly ihr latter he ha* a daUKhtcf. *
Maritt 'nirrrfa, Iwirn Dccctiihcr 12, fJ<)\-
The latv cm|MTnr, IVtcrLcniiold, had tiftcctt children, the eldeft of whom i«
ilio |>rcfcnt cmporor ; the olht'r^ arc,
hVrdiiiaiid-JnU'ph, born May 5, 1769^ marriinl, September 17, I7f0| Mvl*
Amelia ot' Napir*.
(Miarlc»-Lewik , lH)rn September 3. 1771.
Alexander-L.e(,|Hld-Jnreph, born Augult 1, 177a.
Maximilian, tK).-n Dccembrr 13, 1/74, died May 9, 1778.
Jol'cuh-Anthony, )K>rn May 9, 1776.
Antnony-Vidor, b<irn Augut) ji, >779.
A Ton, ooru January 20, 1781.
KeKnier-Jerom, burn September to, 1783.
'Hierrru-Jofcplia-Charlotta-Jane, born January 14, 1767.
Maria, burn January 14, 1767} married, Odobcr 18, 1787, Anihoit/, brother
to the elector of Saxony.
Mary-Ann^Kerdinanaa-Jofcpha, bom April at, 1770-
Mary-Clementina-Jofcpha, Dorn April 24, 17771 married, September, 1790.
Francii-Januarius, prince royal of Naples.
Maria-Jofepha<lnerefa, born Odobcr 15, 1780.
A princefs, bom 03ober at, 1784.
Maria Antonietta, bom and died in 1786.
'fhe late emperor haa living two fifteri, and one brother unmarritd, Tltofe mtr-
ritd are,
Maria-Chriftiana-Jofepha, born May 13, 174a \ married, April 8, 1766, to prince
Albert of Saxon/.
Mary-Amelia-Jofepha, bom February a6, 1746 ', married to the reigning duke
of Farina, June 27, 1769.
Mary-Carol inc-Louifa, bom Auguft 13, 17511 married, April 7, 1768, to the
Mari»>
king ut the two Sicilies.
terdinand-Ch.-Antonine, born June 1, 17541 married to the princefs
Beatrice, of Modena, and ha» iffue.
Maria-Antonietta, iHim November z, 1755; married to Lewii XVI. the late un-
fortunate king of the French.
fctucTORi.] Three ecclcliallical elef^ors, called Elc6\oral IlighnetTes ; and five
fecular ones, NIoft Soreiu' Mledtoral llighncflei.
KCCLKSIASTICAL ElICTORs]
I. Frederick-Charlcs-Juft'ph, liaron uf Krthal, archbidiop and elc£lur of Mentz,
born July 18, 1774.
1. Prince Clement (rt Suxnnv, ^fon of Auguilus III. king of Poland,) born Sop-
teiiiUr .:8, 1730. Arcfiliilluip and elei^or of Treves, February 10, 176.S;
alio biihop of T'reiriiigen and Auglhurgli, by dilpenraiidii truni the pope.
3. Maximilian- Francis, brother to the late emperor, grand marter of the Teu-
tonic order, arclibilhup and elector ot Cologne, and biihop of Munller,
born December d, »756.
Sf.cui.ar Klkctori,]
1. rraiKis-Jofeuh-Cli.tiles, emperor of Gernioiiy, king of llungarv, n(ilicini.T,
8ic. born February 3, 1768.
Frrderick-Ai'.guftus IV. elector and duke nlSaxoin, horn Deeeiiiheri;, 1750 ;
niiirried, January 17, 1769,10 the prim eU Amelia- Augulia, otDeu.v Pouts.
Charks-Fredertck, elector and ntarquis of Brandeiiburgii.
3 X 4. The
I.
I-
5«i
U
I
4. The priitcr of DcuK Pont*, vlcttor palaliiir, Icc
L
. (irorgc III WinK nf (irtul Hriiatii, rliclor nl' lianovfr. kc
AiR-(<ui HA J i.riicll-L«wit. ttuko III', iii'iilii'w to ilii- Ulr urinct'C* dowager
■/,
.1:
of Wulik, borti Jaiuiury jo, 1745 t niitrriv-J. S\uy il, 17^1;. to MariifCliarlultv ui'
&ia>ic<.M(iiin|(i-n, b> whom hr na»,
I, I'riull. If.ril l'rltiu,it> i], 1770.
t, Ktiiiliu*-l.iii|>(iUI, lioiii Nowmbcr 24, >77>'
|li« liriitlur,
Aii(;iilliti>, iHtrii Auuuf) 14, 174;.
NUcKLKHHi'RuH ] iIk' houl'c ot Mi'kkU-iihurgh \% divided into twobranchei.
vix.
IK-I
I. Mi'doliiiliiirRh Siliwtriii. Krcdt-riilk, r^i){llil1^ <liiki', horn November 9, 1717;
nmrriid.ii) 174''. l."iiiU-KrKliriin, (lau^lilir ul rrr<li'riik-l.cwiii, herrdiury prime
•if Worti'itiliiiiK Stiilgiird, born Febniarv \, 1711 i iluy Iium- no iirue, liTue ot*
ibe lull' prime Lewi*, by llic pritucl't Cbarlottc-hopliiii, ol' Snxe'Coburgh-JMiael-
•Id,
Kriiliriik Franei*. born P^'niiiber 10, 175ft. (ilbr to ilie ri'i)(nin|{ duke.
I'liiKcfi I Iriiii-Si>|ilija, linrii July 1, 17^.?, ({ovi riu 1\ ol the tonvfot n|' Kliiine.
II. NKiWUnbutub Mn lit/.— AtioipliunlTedi riik. nigiiiiig duke, ^knight of the
garler.l born May s,, 17.18. I n't brolheDi and lilKri* are.
1. (.!liiirli's I.eUis-Freilcriik.ii liciittiiaMl-griuTuI in the Hanoverian fervice, Itorn
Oclobir 10. 1741 ; Mi.nrietl. .Siptend)i'r 18. 1768, to Krcderitu-CbirlotU-
Louila, ol 111 llc-l)arnilla«lt, by wlioni be bad illiie,
I. ('aroliiia-(ii.'or);ina-Louifa-l"ri:deriia. born November 17, 1769,
a. 'IbereraMalilua-Anieiia, born April ^, 1778.
i. r.rnill-(iotl'>l)-.\ll>iTi, ma)or-miuial in tlu' ifanoverian fervicc, and governor
III' /i II. burn Aiimill 7. 174^.
^. ( lirilUaiia-So|iliia-Alliiriii.», born neccnd)er 6, 17^5.
4, Cliarloite, «|ueen tonfort of (ircal Mritain, born \lay 19, 1744; married
Stpii mbcr 8, 1761 , crowned Se|)teinber li, 1761.
r III K I N c n M ..I I» R u s s 1 a, r o K M E R L Y
DUCAL 1' R U S S I A.
I.at. 52'-40— to j;5'.(50 N.
Long i6"-oo— to li'-zi E.
ContainitiK 22,244 Shj'ar f. Mii.ki, wiih (>] Imi mutants in tai b~Thc whole
DdMIMONJ 60,O00 Siy ART. Ml LI."., witll I04 InHAHI IAN U to laill.
irt
\riox, iioi'NnARii.s, 7 ''I "HIS emmtry isboiindid totlie North bv par
,Nr> i.xii.Nr. S ^ <'f .Saini>f{itia ; to tin- loiith, by I'liian,
Siii'A
ANf> i.xii.Nr. S ■*■ <'f .Saini)f{ltia ; to tin- loiith, by |'..liiii,|
Pr.i|><'r and MaTnxia; to the lall, l)v part of l.iihiiaiiia , and to the Will, In
I'oliili I'riiliia and \\w Baltic. Its ;;riairlt linj;lh i.s abuut lOo miles, and lireadth
about 112.
N \Mi.. Aiit.soii., rnontct,? The nanu' of I'niflia is probal)!y dcrivid fnnn
andnivi.Rs. Jilu- l{>.rulii, ilsaiuimt inhabitants. 'I'lu' air i,
wh >leroir.'. , and the fnil frnitfid in eorn, and al)oiii',(bn^ with pit-coal and fuel.
Its aaiiii;'! prudiklions aie holies, lliecp, deer and {^aine, wild boars and fojn>.
'J lt>
p
H
lr« rIviT* nml l«k»» »rv wril il«trr«| wlili firtn< i ami iini'vr, wMrh i^ 'hoiijif »i» tt«
liiriiud (li ttii oil iniiuuluidt v^iih \iiriol, m Imtiul gii ii» ntuli luMardi iho Ituliii'.
|ho wihmI* f'lirnllli i\\o itilitlttluntii miiIi w.ix, »ittii.), ttiid |HtiS, licliit^ t ()iiiiiiUiik*4
III ^»«»«-nllu'. 'Ik' riur* hin- foimiiiur* tin ilumag^ l>v iiuMubtiniM t ijio priii
I i|).il arc iIk- Villulii, ilii- IVigcl, iKc Mcmd «r Mminuol, il»c fullargo, uiiil ilu<
I'.ilx'
ToruiATioH, iwMAmTAMf*, MAHNmi.i Ah l*rurtlii, (imc the iK-ginni.iu
ti'«r.)M«, ,\Nr» DiVhR«it»Nv JiiOlii unfiiif liinnrj, liit U-oiu.
u moll rt ijti'ctubli' power u|Miii iIm' rintiiitciii of l.uro|><', ii m.i/lic jtroiKT lo
ili\iatf from the ufiiul idiiii, iiml to l>riMg lufuri' ihr < vt ilu' whole oi In* JVulIi lo
miijilU'i lorritoriit, whitli li.' liatliri«l in oilur iU*fli< ,i» of (iiTiniiiiv, I'ul.iu.l,
Swil/crlaiul, und iho northern king ' irn«. with their f>' ,u'*j ul| whiili will he
tviind In the rullowitig inhle,
PoUmt.
Ln. Sanoiiy.
Uiilitinm
U'rnphiU'u,
Nrlh«rUii<lt,
bwiUcrUiiil,
1 llrin>lri
< I'ltmrrinii
( Swriiiili PointrtnU
I MjuilrliiirK
} HjllMrlU<ll
( (>bi«
{silrrta
MiiiJfn
KHvciilburg
Mngtit
CIcvc*
Mfiir<
,M4rk
E«lt Fri<aand
LipiM*
Cufkh
Triklrnbur({
(icidrr
N'cutch«((l
Total->
aNiN.
hll>tii||
l'» liu
V . ilt»
Stt ■ 1
M4^j(ltiir|
lUlUrllitili
^'if<c^fn.
K.ivri<lhur|(
Lingcii
'Irvri
Mfiiri
M.iin
Kiiiiirn
l.illl)4<lt
(illl'li tl
Tri Klrii^urK
(•rlilirt
Nculcluul
Rrfliirt a vrrat part of Silefia, which ihr late king nf Prtiin.i, iiiidrr varinui prctrncts
halh wrtl\(ii from Aiillria : availinK hirTilrll ullu ot the iiitrrnal irnublrt in Polaiitl,
ljr, liv virtue of no othrr right iha.i that whii h .1 p11tv11l1.1l .irin> lonlirt tm every tyriiil,
rnxeil upon Thorn, withtl' •luiitriei on the \ iltuU, tlir Stiller, jml otlur icmturies
iipoit
mntiguoiK In hli nv,n itom'' uui, ilol'e lu the v^ali^ of D.iiitiii.,
be trai cd In the iniip
Thrfe jiqiillitiorn niuy
I niull hcfi confine tnvfilf to PrulHa as a kingdom, Ivcaiife liis I'riillian majol^y's
"thcr (liiminions tall iimler the defi riplion ot" ilie coimfile-, wlun- tluy lie.
riif iiiliabitaiUs ot' this kingdom ainne were, by Dr. huriiilii;^, eonipiited to
iiinoimt lo 6;j,Q98 perfnns eapaMe ot hearing iriiis. Siiue llie \eai 1719, it is
iiimputed that ahout 34,000 eolonills have removed thither tVoin Iranee, SvvilziT-
Imd, and Germany; of which inimher 1 7,000 were .Sa!t/hiirgh»Ts. 'I'hefe emi-
grants have huilt 400 fniall villages, 11 towns, 86 Teats, and 30 new charchet;
3 X .t and
5H
U
I A.
and have founded looo village fchools, chiefly in that part of the country named
Little Lithuania.
The manners of the inhabitants differ but little from thofc of the reft of Germany.
The fame may be faid uf their cudoms and divi-rlions.
Religion, scuunLs, ) The rrllgion of Pruflia is very tolerant. The efta-
AND ACADEMIES. 3 bliflicd religions are thofe of the Lutherans and Cal-
viniftii, but chiefly the former i but papifts, antipatdobaptifls, and almoll all other
fc6ts, arc here tolerated. The country, as well as the towns, abounds in fchools.
An univerfity wus foimded at Koning(1)crg in < j44.
Cities] The kingdom of Prullin is divided into the German and Lithuanian
dep.irtn)ents ; the former of which contain 280 pariflies, and the latter 105.
koninglbcrg, the capital ot' tlie whole kingdom, feati-d on the river Pregel, over
which it has feven bridges, is about 84 miles from Dantzic. According to Dr.
Bufching, this city is feven miles in circumference, and contains 3,800 houfes, and
about 60,000 inlinhitanis. This computation is perhaps a little exaggerated, becaufe
it fuppofes, at an average, near lixteen perfons in every houfe. Roningfberg has
ever made a conliderable figure in commerce and (hipping, its river being navigable
for fliips ; of which 493 foreign ones arrived here in the year 1752, befidet 298
coafters; and jyfj floats of timber were, in the compafs of that year, brought down
the Pregel. Tnis city, befides its college ur univerfity, which contains 38 profef-
fors, boaits of magnificent palaces, a town-houfe, and exchange ; not to mention
gardens and other cmliellilliments. It has a good harbour, and citadel, which is
called Fredericfburg, and is a regular fquare.
ANTiotiTiESANDcuRiosiTiis. 1 Scc Gcrmanv.
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. J '
Commerce and manufactures.] The PruflTian manufaQures are not incon-
fulerable : they confid of glafs, iron-work, paper, gunpowder, copper, and brafs
mills ; manufa£iures of cloth, camblet, linen, filk, llockingB, and other articles.
The inhabitants export variety of naval ftores, amber, linfeed and hempfeed, oat-
meal, fidi, mead, tallow, and caviar ; and it is faid that 500 (hips are loaded every
year with thofe commodities, chiefly from Koning(berg.
Constitution and government.] Hit Pruilian majefty isabfolute through
all his dominions, and he avails himfelf to the full of his power. The government
of this kingdom is by a regency of four chancellors of ftate, viz. 1. The great
mafterj 2. The great burgravc ; 3. The great chancellor; and, 4. The great
marfhal. There are alfo fome other councils, and 37 bailiwicks. The ftates con-
fift, I. Of counfellors of flate ; 2. Of deputies from the nobility ; and, 3. From the
commons. Befides tliefe inftitutions, his late majefty erefted a board for commerce
and navigation.
Revenues.] His PrufTian majefty, by meansof the happy (Ituation of his coun-
try, its inland navigation, and the flcilful regulations of his predeceflTor, derives an
amazing revenue tinm this country, which, about a century and a half ago, was
the feat of boors and barbarifm. It is faid, that amber alone brings him in 26,000
dollars annually. His other revenues arife from his demefncs, his duties of cuftonis
and tells, and the fubfidits Nearly granted by the feveral ftates} but the exaft lum
is not known : though we may eonelude that it is very conliderable, from the ini-
mmfc clarges of the late war. 'Hie revenue, which the king draws from Silelia,
amounts annually to 5,854,632 rix-doi.ars, .ind after deducting the expences of the
military ellabiilhnient, and all others, there is a net revenue of 1,554,632 rix-dol-
jars. 'Hie revenues were much encrealc<l by the conqueft of Poliu Pruflia:
cxclufivc of its fertility, commerce, and i-uj.ulation, its local (Ituation it of vail
importance, as it lies between his Germaa clominiuns uuU his kingdom of PrufTia.
By
ftar cm
a Tpreatl
Ult, wit
ti:cli ena
u s
I A.
5»5
tmed
nany.
! efta<
1 Cal-
other
;hools.
uanian
si, over
^toDr.
es, and
becaufe
•erg has
ivigable
des 298
\\t down
} profcf-
mention
which is
By this acquifition, his dominions arc compact, and his troops may march from
Ucrlin to Koningthcrg without interruption.
Military strength.] The PrutTian army, even in time of peace, confifts of
nboiit 1 80,000 of the bed difciplinrd troops in the world ; and during the lail war,
that force was augmented to 300,000 men. But this great military force, however
it may aggrandize the power and importance of the king, is utterly inconfiftent
with the uitcreDs of the j)copIc. The army is chiefly compofed of provincial
regiments; the whole Trunian dominions being divided into circles or cantons; in
erich of which, one or more iegi:nents, in proportion to the (Ize and populoufnefs
of the divifton, have been ori^^inally raifed, ana from it the recruits continue to be
taken; and eath paiticuhir regiment is always quartered, in the time of peace,
near the canton from which its recruits arc drawn Whatever number of fons a
peafant may havcj tht y arc all liable to be taken into the fervice except one, who
IS left to aflift in the management of the farm. The reft wear badges from their '
childhood, to mark that iluy are obliged to enter into the fervice whenever they
are called upon. But the maintaining fo large an army nccafioned fuch a drain
from population, and fuch a withdrawing of (Irength from the labours of the
ccrthr that the late king endeavoured to fave his own peafantry, by railing as many
recruits as he could from other cour.tries. Thefe foreign recruits remain continu-
ally with the regiments in which they are placed ; while the native PrulTjans have
every year fome months of furlough, during which they return to labour in their
native villages.
• Arms, and orders of kkiohthood.] The royal arms of Prliflia are argent,
an eagle difpiayed, fable, crowned, or, fn Prulha. Azure, tlie imperial fceptre,
or, for Courland. Argent, an eagle difpiayed, gules, with femicircular wreaths,
for the marquifate of Brandenburg.. To tiiufe are added the refpedlive arms of the
fcvcral provmces fubjedt to the Prufllan crown.
There are four orders of knighthood; the order of " Concord" infiituted by
Chriftian-ErnclV, margrave of Brandenburg, in the year 1660, to dillinguilh his
exertions for reftoring j^eace to many of the princes of Europe- The badge is a
gold crofs of eight p<imts, enamelled white ; in the centre a medal bearing two
olive branches pfkiTmg faltier-wifc through two crowns, andcircumfcribed with the
word " CottcorJaHS." ITie crofs is furmounted with an ele^oral crown, and is
worn pendent to an orange ribband. Frederick III. c'e£\or of Brandenburg, and
afterwards king of Pruliia, inftituted, in 1085, the order of " Generoftiy." 'Ihe
kiiights wear a crofs of eight points er.amelhid blue, having in the centre this
motto, " La Geueroftti," pendent to a blut ribband.
The fame piincc indituted the order Kjf the " Stack Ejg/e" on the day of his
coronation at Koningfberg, in the year 1700; the fovercign is always grand-mailer,
and the number of knights, exclulive of the royal family, is limited to thirty, who
niuft be admitted into tlie order of " Geturofiiy," previous to their receiving this,
unltfs they be fovercign princes. The enligu ot the order is a gold cinfs, ot eight
points, enamelled blue, having at each ai j,!e a fpread eagle, enamelled blaek,
being the arms of Prulha, and charged in the centre with a cypher nf the letters
F. R. Each knight commonly wears this pend' nt to a bro.id oriinge ribbaiid \out
of icfpett to the Orange family) worn falli-wife over the iett ihould^r, and a lilvcr
ftar embroidered on the left lide of the coat, whereon is an efculiheon, containing
a reread eagle, holding in one claw a thapiet of laurel, and in the other a thuntler-
bolt, with this motto in gold letters round, " imiirn cuiqut." On days ot coven. on v,
tlic knigl\ts wear the badge pti.dent to a collar, coinpoied of round pieces of geld,
tixli enamelled with four cyphers of tlie leiierb F. K. in the tcutie of the piece is
ict
51* I* u i; S S I A.
(vt n dinmoiitl, iuul over enrb cynluT n rc>;:il crown, intermixed nltcrnatdy wiih
I'agk's clilphiyi'il, oiiiinu-lli'd 1)1;kk, ami liolclins in tliiMrilaws thunitcrbolts ut'guld.
'I'Ik- knii;li(s' caps arc nt'hlaik viivct with white plumes.
'I he oilier ut" " Merit" was inlliliitcd by the late king in the year 1740, to re-
ward the merit of jH-rfdns either in arms or arts, willumt dillinttion of birth, rdi-
fjiiin, or cmmlry ; the king is fovereii^n, and the mmibcr of knights unlimited.
'I he enllgn is a crofs of eight point>, enaiiulled blue, and edged with gold, having
in the centre a cyplur of the letters /•'. li. and in each angle an eagle difplayetl,
black, on the two upper points the regal crown of Prullia ; on the rcverfe, the
motto, " Poi)r k Mi'ri.-f." I he biidge is worn roinid the neck, pendent to a black
r.libaml. edged witii liUcr.
llisroKY.] 'Ilie ancient hirtory of Pruiria, like tliat of other kingdoms, is loft
in the clouds of romance. 'V\\v early inhaiiitants, a brave and warlike people de-
iVended from the .Stiavonians, refuted to fubmit to the neighbouring princes, who,
on preteiue of ennwrting them to Clirillianity, wanttd to fiibjeft them to flavery.
'I hey madi- a noble Itand againll the kings of I'oland ; (me of whom, HolcHaiis IV.
was by tin in defeated and killed in 1163. Thiy continued independent, and
pagans, till the time of the crufades, when the (jirman knights of the 'I'eutonic
order, about the year 1227, undertook their converlion by tlie edge of the fword,
on cimdition of having, as a rev.ard, the property of the country when conquered.
A long feries of wars folluwed, in which the ancient inhabitants of Prullia were
alinoll extiri)ated by the religious knights, who, in the thirteenth century, after
committing the moll incredible barbarities, peopled the' country with Germans.
Alter a valt wafte of blood, in 1466, a peace was concluded between the knights
of the 'I'eutonic order, and Calimir IV. king of I'oland, who had undertaken the
caufe of the opprelled people ; by which it was agreed, that the part now called
I'olilh I'ruliia Ihoidd lontinue a free ])rovince, under the king's protettion ; and
that the knights and the grand-mafter (hould poflefs the other part, acknowledging
themfelves valfals of I'oland. This gave rife to frelli wars, in which the knights
endeavoured, but unfuccefsfuliy, to throw off their vailalagc. In 1525, Albert,
margrave of iirandenburg, and the lall grand-mafter of the Teutonic order, laid afide
the liabit of his order, embraced Lutheranifm, and concluded a peace at Cracow,
by which the margrave was acknowledged duke of theeall part of Prullia (for-
merly called, for that reafon. Ducal PrufluO, but to be held as a fief of Poland, and
to deleend to his male heirs; and upon failure of his male ilVuc, to his brotiiers and
their male heirs. I bus ended the fovereignty of the Teutonic order, after it had
fui)lirted near 300 years. In 1^)57, the elector Frederick- William of Brandenburg,
defervedlv called the (Jreat, had Ducal Prullia contiimed to him ; and bv the con-
ventions of U elau and IJromberg, it was freed, by John Calimir, king of Poland,
ixim vafTalage.
As the proteliant religion bad been introduced into this country by the mar-
grave Albert, and tlu- electors of Hrandenburg were now of that perfualion, the
jiroteflant interelt favoured them fo nuich, that Frederick, the fon of Frcderiek-
V\ illiam the (ireat, was raifcd to the dignity of king of Prullln, in a folema
allembly ot the dates, j)riielainu'(i, Jami.ny 18, 1701, and foon after acknowled^-ed
:is fticli by all the powers of Chrilt. i.dom. His grandfon, the late king of Prullia,
in the memoirs of his t'amily, is liknt concerning this firft king's talents for
ijovcnmunt, but expatiates i a thofe of bis own father, Frederick-William, who
Jueceeded in 1713. The latter certainly was a ])rince of llrong natur- ' parts, atul
greatly increafed the revemies nf his nimtry, but too often at the e.v, ace of hu-
uianjt^. At his dealii, which happened in 1740, he is faid to hi> left fevcn
millions
R
U
I
5*7
old.
ro-
roU-
itod.
iviiig
;\yf(l,
•, iho
black
is loft
lo dc-
, wlu),
avi-rv.
us IV.
t, ar.d
■utonic
fvvord,
^ucrcd.
la wire
y, after ,
L-rmans.
kniglits
ikcn the
V called
mi ; and
dodging;
ktiiglits
, Albert,
a'.d afide
Cracow,
ilVia (for-
and, and
;hors and
cr it had
Ideiiburs,
the cou-
I'oland,
I the mar-
llion, the
frcderiek-
] a f()leiTin
Uvledgcd
|,f Prullia,
Llents tor
liani, who
liarts, and
[ue of hu-
Ilcft fevcn
millions
millions ftcrling in liis trcifury, which enabled his fon Frederick II!. by his \vo;j-
clertul vitloriis, and the more wonderful dexterity by which he repaired his
defeats, to become the admiration of the prcfent ace. Frederick imnrovcd the
arts uf peace, as well as uf war, and diilinguilhed lumfelf as a poet, philufopher,
and legillatur. The urincipal tranfattioiis of his reign have already been related
In our account of the iiillory of Germany. In the year 1 783 he publillied a refcri|)t,
li^nifying his pleafure that no kneeling in future Ihuuld be prattifed in honour of
his |)i.-rfon, alligning for his reafon, that this adl uf humiliation was not due but to
the Divinity : and vail fums were expended by him in draining marlhes, ellablilli-
inj; fattories, fettling colonies, relievmg diftrefs, and in other purpofes of philan-
thropy and policy.
The celebrated Germanic union, for the prefervaticm of the conftitution, con-
cluded in the laft year of the life of Frederick ill. is faid to be in part the work of
that great man. lie conceived the firll idea of it in the year 1 784, and it was
j)ublicly concluded in July 1785. 'I'his patriotic union had no other end but to
fecureand prefervc the ancient and venerable conftitution of the empire.
It is felf-evident that the happy ftate of the I'rullian monarchy will depend al-
ways on the genius and activity of its fovereigns : a Frederick ill. as 11) led by foreijjn
writers*, was abfolutely necelTary in order to give to his new kingdom a degree of
power, which puts ii on a level with the tirll monarchies of Furope ; to alTure it a
et- •.(illence, which will be fo lonj^ permanent as the maxims of good governnieiit
are obferved ; and to make it pertorm ttie brilliaiil. although dangerous and dilii-
cult part, which it is obliged to fullain on account of ihe local polition of llij mon-
archy, for its own proper prefervation, and that of tlie balance of (jermaiiy and of
FuroiJC, Frederick ill. king of Frullia, and elector of Hrandenburg, at'ter a reij;ii
of 46 years, died Auguft 17, 1786, aged 75, and was fuccceded by his nephew the
iMilent king, who has made many wife and falutary re;;ulalions for his fubjects,
;iiul lialh ellal)lillied a court of honour to prevent the diabolical pratticc of duel-
ling in !iis dominions.
Ihe exertions of Prutlia againll France have been already related in our ac-
eount of that nation. If we credit the French accounts, tlie alliance between
I'riitlia and Aiilhia is condennied bv all the great IVullian llatefmeu; lias produced
ii puii'.leal ieliifin in the court of Berlin; and a j;eneral difeontent puvails in
Tnillia. 'Ihe war cxhaulls the treafures laid up by the great I'rederitk ; and the
recruiting of the army has become fo dillkult, that the minilteis cannot, without
endangering the interior trantpiiHity, fend the king an army of 30,00::) men, which
iu'oulered. In confecpience of this, together with tlK atlaiis of Poland reipiiring
imnivdiale attention, the Prulhan monareii has hi en oliliged to withdraw frt)ni the
great caufe of the allies. Jealoulie', ceiiainly pres;»il between the courts of Ucriin
;uul \ ieiuia.
i Ik- conduct of Prullia with regard to Polaiul we can hardly explain ; and it
Wdiild apparently have been niDie lnr the interell of the tbrmer to have eivoted
ihe latter as a formidable iiuleiieiulent barrier againll Kiiflia and .\uilria, than to
li.ive expofetl iilelf to the enormous anil inereal'ed power ot Kuilia. IVullia is no
longer guided by the councils of the great Frederick; and iliouid that kingdom
coii'.in'.ie to puiine an impolitic iXlleni of eondutl, tlio inferiority ot its extent and
relouives will eaufe it ti. van'.ih as buUlenly as it arole.
I'"rederick l\'. ki;i^ of I'ruii.a. and eleetur of iiiai denburg, born Se|)tember 2;,.
1-44 ; married, Julv 14, i 765, to the [irincefs Fli/.al)eih-Chrilliana Ulrica, of Brui.l'-
' H;sb!rm.iic(ty was tlie thiril ill, -tor ot lir.m- t'.ftii^ n-l:iu- fi.'.; if>i ; I'lcli l>y «.ir, the fecoi\,l
lit !hic.' lull (),i,» ilu- ■I'eoiul k'ui^ oI I'rii.lia ot riJi m ;t.in-. Iiiliito ti incmuirs, he (h Us hi.u-
tuc.i.iiiicol 1 rcdcrn. i<, or, ai Ik- wrote ::, t-tui.r.ciii Ivil it\l,iuk ll.
wic
5i«
H
E "M I
A.
wic Wolfenbuttle. sdly on July 14, 1769 to Frcderica-Louifa, ofHefle Oarmftadt}
fucceeded his uncle Frederick III. Augufl 1 7, 1 786.
IflTue bv the Hrd marriage.
Frederica- Charlotta-Ulrica-Catharinr, horn May 7, 1767 } married, September
29, i79it to the duke of York, the fecund fnn of hit Britannic majeily.
Iflue by the latter marriage.
I. Frederick-William, born Auguft 3, 1770.
a. Fredcrick-Lewis-Charles, bom Augud 3, 1773.
3. Fredcrica-Sophia-Wilhelmina, bom November 18, 1774) married, October
I, 1 79 1, to the hereditary prince of Orange.
4. Frcderick-ChrlAian-Augurtus, born May t, 1780.
5. Another prince, bom December 20, .\78i.
b. Another prince, born July, 1783.
Queen dowager, Elizabcth-Chriftiana of Brunfwic Wolfenbuttle, born No*
vember 8, 1715.
Brother and Sifter to the king.
1. Frederick-Charles-Hcnry, born December 30, 1747.
2. Fre''''.-ica-Sophia-W11helmina, born in 1751; and married in 1767, to the
prefent prmce of Orange.
The KINGDOM of BOHEMIA.
Situation and extent.
Miles. Degrees.
Length 478 1 u.,™„_ ( 48 and 52 North latitude.
Breadth 322 J ■»"^"" ha and 19 Eaft longitude.
n»„un*.... 1 "ROUNDED by Saxony and Brandenburg, on the north ; by
BouHDARiES.J XJ Poland and Hungary, on the cart; by Auftria and Bavaria,
on the South ; and by the palatinate of Bavaria, on the weft ; formerly compre-
hending, I. Bohemia Proper; 2. Silefia; and, 3. Moravia.
DiviHons.
I. Bohemia Pro-'
per, W. moftly
fubje£i to the
Houfc of Au-
ftria.
2. Silefia, Eaft,
moftly fubjett
to the king of
Pruflia
Chief Towns.
Prague, E. Ion. 14-20. N. lat. 50"
Koningfj^ratz, E.
>. Glatz, E. fubjc6t to the king of
Pruflia.
Egra, W.
Breflaw,E. Ion. 17. N. lat. 51-16.
Glogaw, N.
Croffen, N.
Jagendorf, S.
Tropaw, S./ubjeft to the houfe
of Auftria.
Tefchen, S. fubje£i to the houfe
of Auftria.
Miles.
Length 1(2
Breadth 142
', Length 196
Breadth 92
Sq.M.
• 1 2,060
' 10,250
3. Moravia
DK'ifioni.
O H E
Chief Towns.
M
A.
Mill's.
^29
, Moravia, S. "^ fOlmutz, E. Ion. 16-45. N. lat.'^ ^
entirely fubjcf^f J 49-40. fl-cngr)i iiof
to the houfc of^jBrin, mitldlii ("Brcadili 88 f
Aullria J Ugla. S- W. ) )
Scj. M.
'5«4*4
Sou. AND A in.] 'Hie air of Bohemia Proper is not thoujjht fo wholefonii- ii»
lliat of the reft of Germany, though its foil and produce are pretty much tliw'
fiinie.
Mountains AND RIVRR8.] Bohemia, though almoft furrounded vviili moun-
lains, contain.s none of note or dinin6\ion ; its woods are many, and the chief rivers
ari tile Elbe, Muldaw, and Eger.
Mktals and minuuai.s.] This kingdom contains rich mines of filver, quick-
lilvor, copper, iron, lead, fulphur, and faltpetre. Its chief manulatturcs are linen,
copper, iron, and glafs.
Popi;lation, inhabitants, manners,) About 1 50 vcars ago, Bohemia
CUSTOMS, AND Di V KRsi o Ns. ) was computcd to coiitaiii near
•5,000,000 of inhabitants; but they are thought at prefent not to exceed 2,100,000.
Tile Bohemians, in their pcrfons, habits, and manners, refemble the Germans.
There is, among them, no middle ftate of p )le ; for every lord is a fovereign,
and every tenant a flave. But llie emperor J' ph II. generoudy difcharged the
Bohemian peafants, on the Imperial denufno' .10m the ftate of villanage in which
tliey liad been fo long and fo unjnfty retained ; and it will be happy if his ex-
ample Ihould be followed by the Bohemian nobility. Although the Bohemians,
at prefent, are not remarkable either for arts or arms, yet they tormerly diftinguilh-
ed tliemfelves as intrepid aflertors of civil and religious libertv ; witnefs the early
introdutUon of the reformed religion into their country, when it was fcarcely
known in any other ; the many glorious defeats they gave to llie Auftrian power,
and tlieir generous ftruggles for independency. Their virtues may be confidered
as the caufes of their decay ; as no means were left unemployed by tlieir defpotic
mafters for breaki:)g their fpirit ; a mc^fure facilitated by tlieir own iiitertine dif-
feniions.
Rkligion.] Popery is the cftablifliod religion of Bohemia: but the pro-
teftants, who a^e numerous, are now tolerated in the free exercifo of their reli-
gion ; and the Moravians have propagated their villonary tenets in fevoial pnrls of
the globe ; fonie of whom a few years ago made profelytes in Great Britain ; llioy
have ftill a mceting-houfe in London, and obtained an act of parliament for a fet-
tlenient in ne plantations.
ARciiiii iiopRicK AND B18H01' luc K s.] Prague is the Only Bohemian areh-
bilhojjrick. The bifliopricks are K.oninjjf^ratz, Breflaw, and ()laiutz.
Language.] The proper language ot the Bohemians is a dialect of the Sclavo-
nian, but they generally Ipeak German.
University.] The only univerlity in Bohemia is that of Prague.
Cinr.s AND I OWNS.] Prague, the capital of Biiliemia, is one of the fincft
t'u'us in I'Airope, and tatnous for its noble bridge. Its cireuniference is fo laigi-,
lliat the grand Prullian army, in its laft liej^e, could never conipletelv invell ir.
TIk' inludiitants fearcel} exceed 70,000 t-hniiiaus, and about 13,000 Jews, h
umtains iiiiK't\-t\vo churches and chapels, and forty cloiiK-rs. It is a ]>iai-e of little
ii.diilliy, ami therefore the middling- inhabitants are not weahhy ; l)iit tin.' Jews
i,ur\ nil a large eoniinerce in jewei-i. Bohemia c<intains many other towns, foino
el which are furiilied, but they are luiiher leniarkabk- tor ftrength nor manufar-
l".is. Olnuit:-: i- the c;ipilal i)t Moi;i\ia: it i^ well tortilied, and has ii-annf';ie-
.i "* tares
53°
B
H
M I
A.
tures of woollen, iron, glafi, paper, and ffunpowder. Breflaw, the capital of SU
Icfia, hath been already defcribea among tne cities of Germany.
CoMMiRCB ANP MANUFACTURES.] See Cicrinany.
CoNiTiTUTioN AND GovEKNMENT.l 'ITie form«, and only the forms, of the
old Bohemian conftitution ftill fubiill ; but the Bovrrnmcnt, under the huufc of
Aufltria, it abfolute. Their Hates are compofed of the clergy, nubility, gentry,
and reprefentativet of towns. Their fovereigns, of late, have not been fond of
provoking them by ill ufage, as thev have a general avcrfion to the Aullrians.
This kingdom is freouently defcribea as part of Germany, but with little rcafon ;
for it is not in any ot the nine circles, nor does it contribute an^ thing towards
the forces or revenues of the empire, nor is it fubjctl to any of its laws. What
gives fome colour to this milUkc is, that the king of Bohemia is the Hrd fccular elec<
tor of the empire, and their kings have been eletied emperors of Germany for
many years.
Revenues.] The revenues of Bohemia are whatever the fovereign is nieafed
to exa£t from the dates of the kingdom, when they are annually allcmblcd at
Prague. Thcv may perhaps amount to 500,000!. a-year.
Arms.] Tne arms of Bohemia are, argent, a lion gules, the tail moved, and
paflcd in falticr, crowned, langued, and armed, or.
History.] The Bohemian nobility ufed to cleft their own princes, though the
emperors of Germany fometimes impofed a king upon them, and at length ulurped
that throne themfclves. In the year 1438, Albert II. of Auftria received three
crowns, Hungary, the Empire, and Bohemia.
In 1 414, John Hufs and Jerome of Prague, two of the fird reformers, and Bo>
hemians, were burnt at the council of Conllancc, though the emperor of Germany
had promifed them his protc6tion. This occafionca an infurre6tion in Bohe-
mia : the people of Prague threw the emperor's officers out of the windows of the
council-chamber ; and the famous Zifca, aflembling an army of 40,000 Bohemians,
defeated the emperor's forces in feveral engagements, and drove the Imperialiftg
out of the kingdom. The divifions of the Huffitcs among themfelves enabled the
emperors to keep polfeiTion of Bohemia, though an attempt was made to throw
oflP the Imperial yoke, by electing, in the year 1618, a proteftant king in the per-
fon of the prince Palatine, fon-in-law to James I. of England. The misfortunes
of this prince are well known. He was driven from Bohemia by the emperor's
generals, and, being dripped of his other dominions, was forced to depend on
the court of England for lubfillence. Since the war of thirty years, which defo-
lated the whole empire, the Bohemians have remained fubjeft to the houfe of
Auftria.
II U N G A R Y.
[ 53» ]
H U N G A R Y«
SiTVATIOM AND EXTIKT.
Milei.
Length
Breadth
Degrees.
300 >
200 5
between
( 16-35 ■"<! »6 Eaft Ion.
1 1
Sq. Milet.
44-50 and 49.35 North lat.l^*'®^'
Con»iiining 87,575 Sqjxark Milei, with 57 Inhabitant* to each.
ij-.,«nAiit.t 1 T^HAT part of Hungary which belongs to the houfe of Auftria
BoUNDARiii.j X ^f^^ jj fo,„,„ly included Tranfylvania, Sciavonia, Croatia.
Morlachia, Servia, Walachia, and other countries), is bounded by Poland, on the
North i by Tranfylvania and Walachia, £all ; by Sciavonia, iiouth ; and by Auf-
tria and Moravia, Weft.
The kingdom of Hungary is ufually divided into the Upper and Lower
Hungary.
Upper HUNGARY, North of the
Danube.
Chief Towns.
Frcfburg, fituate on the Danube, E. Ion.
17-30. N. lat. 48-10.
Ncwhaufel, N. W.
Lcopoldftadt, N. W,
Chremnits, N. W.
Schemnits, in the middle.
Efpcries, N.
Cafchaw, N.
Tokay, N. E.
Zotmar, N. E.
t'nguar, N. E.
Mongals, N. E.
Warailin, Great, E.
Scgcdin, S. E.
Agria, in the middle.
IVtl, on the Danube, oppofitc to Buda.
Lower HUNGARY, South of the
Danube.
Chief Towns.
Buda, on the Danube, E. long. 19-20.
N. lat. 47-40.
Gran, on the Danube, above Buda.
Comorra, on the Danube, in the ifland
ofSchut.
Raab, on the Danube, oppofite to the
ifland of itchut.
Atlenburg, W. oppofite to the ifland of
Schut.
Wciflenburg, or Alba Regalis, fituated
E. of the lake called the Flatten
Sea.
Kaniflja, S. W. of the Flatten Sea.
Five-Churches, N. of the river Dravc.
To which may be added Temefwar, which has been confidercd as diftin£l from
I.ungary, becaufe it was formerly governed by an independent king; and was fe-
vcral times in pofl'ellion of the Turks ; but it was incorporated with the kingdonj
of Hungary in 1778. The province of Temefwar is 94 miles long, and 67 broad:
it 1ki» been divided into tour diflriHs, Cfadat, Temefwar, Werfchcz, and Lugos.
Ttiiiciwar, the principal town, is iitiialed E. Ion. 22-15. N. lat. 45-54.
Air, soil, and produce.] 'Ihe air, and confecjuently the climate, of the
foiithorn parts of Hungary is found to be unhealthful, owing to its numerous lakes
and marlhes ; but the northern paits being mountainous, the air is fweut and
wholtt'ome. No country in the world can boat^ a richer foil than that plain, wliich
extends 300 miles from Freiburg to Belgrade, and produces corn, gral's, cfcu-
knt plants, tobacco, faft'ron, afparagus, melons, hops, pulfe, millet, buck-
wheat, delicious wine, fruiti of various kinds, peaches, mulbcrry-irees, chef-
3 Y 2 nuts.
fp
ri
u
N
Y.
mitt, nnd wood : (ori) U in Aich plciit), that it fclU fur onc-fixth part ot' in prtcr
ill l■'.^^lalKl.
KivKRi.) Tlii-fc ;\rf tin- OiiMul)i-, Dravo, Savo, TcylU', NfiTidi, and the Tcmos.
UatkkI I lunf;ar) (.ontuiiiH U'Viral lakck, purticuhirly tour ainoiiK the Car-
pniliian niouiilains ot* conlldoraliU cxli lit, and uhoundin)^ with filh, 'I nv Hunga-
rian Imtlis and mineral waters an- t (U'cnicd tho nuilt loviTiigii ot' any in Luropc j
but their mnfjniticent l)uildinK'». raifed hy tlic Turks when in pollellioii ut' the coun-
try, particularly thofe ot' Buda. are fullered to go to decay.
MotNTAiNsJ 'I'he Carpathian mountains, which divide llun;^nry from Po-
hmd on the north, are the cliiet' in Hungary, though manv detached mountains
are found in the country. 'I In ir tops are generally covcrctl with wood, und on
their (ides grow the richeft grapes in the world.
Metals and minkrals.I Hungary is remarkably well locked with both.
It abounds not only with gold and (ilver mines, but with plenty of excellent cop-
per, vitriol, iron, orpiment, (piicklilver, chryfucolla, and terra figillata. Ueforo
llungary became the feat of <letlru^tive wars between the Turks and Chrirtians, or
fell under the power of the houfe of Aullria, thofe mines were t'urnilhed witli pro-
pi.'r works nnd workmen, nnd |)roduced vaft revenues to the native princes, iho
llungarian gold and filver employed mint-houfcii, not only in llungary, but inCir-
many, and oilier pnrts of Luropc ; but uil thofe mines are now greatly diminillied
in their value.
VKGETAni.E AN!) ANIMAL n ODi'CTioNs.] I lungary is remarkable fuf 8 finc
brred of horfes, geiurally niDufe-coloured, and highly elleemed by military ofli-
cers, fo that great numbers ol them are exported. J here is a remarkable brcid
of large rams in the neighbourhood of I'reiburg. Its other vegetable and ani-
mal productions are in general the fame with thofe of Ciermany, and the neigh-
bouring countries. The Hungarian wines, particularly Tokay, arc deemed uie
inoft preciouK in Euro|)c.
Hoi'i'L ATioN, iNHABiTANis, MAN- J It was lalo bcforc llic northcm Iwrba-
NERS, ci'STOMs, AND DiVKRSioNJ. I riaiis (Irovc the Ronuiiis out of Hungary,
and fome of the defcendants of their legionary tones are Dill to be diftinguilhcd
in the inland parts. Hetorc the Turks got pollillion of CoiiHantinopic, Hungary
was one of the moll llourilliiiig kingdom>» in Kuropc ; and it the houfe of Aullria
Ihoiild give proper « ncourageinent to the inh:ii)ii;uits to repair their works, and
cic.ir thtir fens, it mi^;ht become fo again. Both llungaries at prefeiit, exclufive
of rranfylvaiiia and (.'roatia, arr thought to contain about two millions and a half
of inhabitants. 'I lie Hungarians have maniurs peculiar to theinfelves. They
|)i(|ue ihcmielves on ln'iiig defceiided iVoni thole iaioes, wlio t'ornied the bulwark
of ChrilUndom aj^.iiiilt the infidels. In their perhns they are well made. I heir
fur caps, their chfe-bodied coats, girded by a liilli, and their cloak or mantle,
which is fo contrived as to buckle uiuU r tlie aim, fo that the right hand may he
always at liberty, i^ive them an air of military dignily. The men ihave their
leards, but preferve their whilki rs on their up|)er lips. 'I heir ufual arms are a
broad ("word, and a kind of pole-a\, beli(Us their tiie-arnis. The ladies are rcck-
tmcd handfonier than thofe of Aullria, and their fable drefs with lleevcs liiait to
tlicir arm , and tluir lia\s falKned before with gold, pearl, or diamond liltle hut-
Iftiis, are well known to the French and luiglilli h'.dies. Both nun and wo:ih;i,
in what they call the iiiiiie-towii>, wear fur and even lliiep-lkin drelll s. 'I he iiu.i
upon the reads are inilirable houls, and even tliofe feldoin to be nut with. 'Ilie
hogs, which yield the rhiif animal lot d lor tlu ir peafaiits, and lluir |)oiiltrv, li\c
in ihe fiinie apartniciit with tlieir owners, 'ihe i.;ont and llie fi\er, owing to tlic
iiuwhoiefoiiuiuli ol tlu- air, are the predominant dileal'es in Hungary. J he na-
tives in general arc indolent, iii.d leave trade and nianutaclurcs lo the CireeU,.
Uiid
H U
N
K Y.
ill pricf
r Tcmos.
the Cm-
Hiinga-
Lurupc i
the cuuti*
from P().
lountiilns
, utid on
ith botli.
Ilfllt COJ)-
. Before
illians, or
with |)ro-
;ci. Ilk'
lit in (iir-
liminilluil
e for a fine
ilitarv otli-
blc l)rc(.d
; and uni-
:hc iicicli-
lemed Die
cm l)arl)a-
llungary,
HI
inguilhcd
i lungiiry
AiiUri;i
rkh, and
ixcliilive
and a halt
s. 'Hkv
bulwark
'I heir
iiiantli-,
k1 may be
live llicir
mis are a
are reek-
. Ilrait to
ittle h.ii-
\vi):ni;i,
'I he inui
ith. Tlie
iillry, li\e
^ to tliC
1 he iia-
G reeks,,
aiid
am! other (Irnn^crs feltletl in thoir country, the flntnefs of whiih render* irn--
vellinu coninu)diouit, either b^ land or water. The diverliotis of the inhabitnnlK
are of the warlike and athletic kind. I he) are in general a brave and inagiiuni-
iiiiius |)eoj)le. Their miceUorii, even f'liKe the beginning of the nrefent century,
were fo jealouH t)f their liberties, that, rather ilian be tjranniled over by the
hiiul'e of Aullria, they often put theinfelve» und.r the p'roletlion of the Otto-
man court ; but their rulelity to the late enij>rcfs-<|ue -i, iiotwiihlbinding the pri>-
votation#they received t'roni her houfe, will be ahva\* venicnibered to their ho-
nour.
The inhabitantH of Teinefwar are computed at about 450,000. There are in
thi"< country many faraons, or gyplien, fupiiofed to be real defeendaiits of tlie an-
cient Kgyutians whom they are faid to refeiiible in their iVatiires, in their |>ropin.
fily to melantholy, and in many of their manners and eultupis ; ami it is allerted,
that the lafcivious daiiee tif His, tlie worlhip of Diiiniis, many famous l.^iptian
fuperlUtions and fpecitics, and the Kgvptian metliod of hatcliing eggs by incuns uf
dung, are ftill in ufe among the feimile gyplies in Temefwar.
RKLiotoN.] The elialmlhed religion of the Hungarians is the Rfiinan catho-
lic, though the major part of the inhabitants are I'roteltants, or Cjreeks -, and they
now enjoy the full exercife of their religious liberties.
Archbisiiopricki and hisiiofricks.] 'Ihe archbilhoprieks are Prelhurg,
(Jran, and Coloza. The bilhopricks are, Great W'aradin, Agria, Vefprin, Raab,
aiul Fivc-CIiurches.
I.ANOUAOK.] As the Hungarian)! are mixed with Germans, Sclavonians, ancf
Walachians, they have a variety of dialetls, and one of them is faid to ajiproaeli
near tlic Hebrew. 'Ilie better and the middlemoll rank fpeak (Jerman, and aliuolt
all, even of the common people, fpeak Latin, either pure or barbarous, fo that
the Latin may be faid to be here dill a living language.
L'nivkrsi riKs.J In the uiiiverlities of I'irnaii, liuda, Raab, and Cafchaw, are
profelVors of the feveral arts and fcienees, wlio ufed generally to be Jefuits ; fo
that the Lutherans and Calvinills, who are more numerous than the Roman Ca-
tholics in Hungary, frc«iuently fend their youth to lliuly in the Prolelbuit univerfi-
lies of (Jermany.
ANTKii'i TIES AND cu R lost Ti KS, ) The artificial curiolities of tliis country
N All' HAL AND ARTrnciAL, J coiilift of its bridges, batlis, aiul miueN. I lio
bridge of Klfeck built over iIk- Uanuln and Diave is, projierly fpeakin;, a con-
tinuation of bridges, five miles in length, fortified with towers at leitaiii dilKinces.
It was an important pafs during the wars betwien the Turks am! I luni^a.iaus. ,V
bridge of boats runs over the ijanube, bail' a mile li>ng. between lluda antl IVit ;
and about twenty I lungarian miles dilhint from lJel,;iade, are the ri.uains of a
liridije, ereded by the Romans, judged to he tlie moll nuiijuiticeiU of any in tlu:
world.
f )ne of the moH reinarkabli natural c urioliiles ol' I Iuhkih y is a cavern in a moun-
tani near S/eiit/L ; the aperture of tlii> cavirii, wii'.eli tKuith th.' fuui.i, is eighteen
fathoms high, and ei^dit broad ; it^ fubtenamous pall'ai^is conlitt entirely ot folid
riji k, llreteliing awa> tavtiier fouih than has been yet dileovered ; as far as it is pcjf.
lihle to !^i>, ll,r hei;.jul is I'uuiid to b" titl\ failmu',., ar.il the briadiii twenty-li>..
Many wondeihil particulars are niated o\' this cavern. '.Ml'inilhin;^ n'cks are
tniumon in Hungary, and fonie of il:. churches are ot admirable aieliitcture.
Ciriis, rowNS, FORrs, ami utiii-r ) I hefe ate greatly decayed from theic
i nil ichs, I'liii.ic ANi> riuvAii;. J anei.'Jit maijuilie ;iee, but nianv of tin;
I'nrlitieatioiis are liill very Urniv.;, an<l kept in good older. I'velburi; is tortitieii.
In it the Hungarian i\gn!ia were ke[)l, till lately n iiiovrd to \ ii nnri. 'Ihe crowij
was feiit, ill the year 1000, by |M,pr SiKelUr li'. to iJIephcn kiii^' of Hunijary, and
*
114
HUNG
Y.
wa» inmlo mior that of the Orcck fmporori » it U of fKliil told, wcigliing uU\^
murk'* utui tliiccounio. orfiiimi-niod wiili 5^ fi»p|»hirc», jO runioi, oik' UirKo ••n\p.
raid. Ainl ;)jS iK-arli, n«-rul(« tlntc llonci, nrr the imagci of the a)K>lllo4 uiul the
patriarch*. Tnc popr ndded to ihi« crown • filvor patrinrchal croft, which wnt
aftrrwjrcU infcrtcil in tho armt of llimnary At flic lorcmoiiy of the (oroiiaiion,
u hilliiip 1 arrii"! it before tlu- king, hrmn thr croU ii derived the title of apoltuliu
king k iIh iiti- of uliich wii. renewod under the rrign of the cmp'cf«-»juren Maria*
ihcrif.i. I lie f> iptri- uiid llie gluhc nf tlu- kingt|i)tn are Araliinn |Sld t tlu;
Minmlf. wliiih it of tine linen, ii fai<l to he the work of (jifele, fpowie of St.
.Sfophen, one of llieir early kings ; Ihe i'm!)riiidered in gold the image of Jcl'm
(In ill ( riuitied, and many other nnaget of the putrianhs uiid apoflles, with a nunt-
her of mferiiiliitiH. 'ihe fword in two edged, und rounded nt the noiiit. lUidii,
tonneily tlie eapilal of tlungarv, rel4iii» little of i(i nncirnt mngninccnce hut itt
Itu'iigtli and tortificutioiit ( unci the fame may be faid of fell, which lie* on the
(ippulite lide nf (lie Danube. Kaab i^i likcwiie a lirong city, a« are Gran und Co<
morra, I'lilvay hai h'en already mentioned for the excellency of il> wincg.
CoMMmrr. ano m vnu fac i urki] After having mentioned the natural pro.
iluce of (he countrv, it it futKcient to lay, th.it the chief manufailurei ond export*
of the natives conldi of metuU, drugs, and fait.
CoN^nririoN and oovurnmkn r.] The Hungarian!) dilliki- the term of
qut•e'^ and even c.illed their late fovcreign king Tncrefa. 'Ilieir government
preT .e» the reinaim nt many tliecks upon the regal power 'I'hey huve a diet
or p.ii.iiiment; and a I longary-ot'iie, whieh refeml'ie-. our chancery, and wliieli re-
licit* at Vieniift ; as the iLuUholder'h council, which comc» pretty near the Britiih
privy-t'ouncil, but hie* a municipal jurifdidion, doe* at IVlhurg, Kvery royal
town liaM its fenate ; and the (jefpan eliafi* refenible our julliees of thr peace.
Ik-lides thi!», they liavc un exchequer und nine chambers, and other fubordmate
court*.
Military srRENoiii.] The emperor cm bring to the field, at any time
50,000 Hungarians in their own couniiv, but feldom drawsoiit of it above 10,000;
ihefe an ueiieially hfj't-liorfe, and well known to modern times I'v the name of
liulTar^ I'hey are \\<>i ne.tr to liirj;e as the German Imrfe , and therefore Ihe lluC-
tars Aand upon their fliort llirrups when ihey llrike. llieir expedition and alert-
iicfs ha\ • been found fo ferviceable in win, that the greateit powers in luropo
have troops that go by the fame name. Their foot are lall'-d lleydukes, and wear
feathers in tluir i aps, aecorilin)^ to the nimber ot enemies lliey pri tend to have
killed: ti'th horfe and foot form an exec llent militia, very good at a purfuii, or
ravaging and piniulering a C'Untry, but not eipial to u^jular troops inapitihed
li.ittle.
Coins ] Hungary was formerly remarkabh for its coinage, and tlierr arc ftill
extant, in llie 1 al<inets of the lurious, a complete feries of mins of their former
kings. More Cireek and Koman medals have been difcovered in this country than
perhaps in any other,
y\RMs ] 'Ihe <inpcrt.r, as king (if Hungary, for armorial cnfigns, bear* quar-
terlv, barwifi argent, and rules of light pieces.
HisroRY.! The Huns, after fubdiiin;^ this country in the middle of the third
tentury, coinmunieati(i their name to ii, being then part of the ancient I'anioiiii
TI ' I
I
rhey were fiicceeded by the furiniis (iotlis , the (iolhs were exjulled b\ the Lom-
y.iT'U, they by the Avari, who were ("llowed l)y the Sclavi, in the be^imiiiiu .,f
the ninth century
the \ olga, and ton
\t Iheclofecf 11, the Anignui), iiiii;;raU(l Iroin tin. bank's of
k poflellion of thr iiaintij. Hungary was fuiieily an alfem-
• «<ainiiy
blagc of dill'crent llale^, and the hrll wlioailumed ihetiile of king, was Steiilieii
ill llie_)car ij^-j, when he ciubiaccd CliriUianity. In hii reign, the ffitn of l'o-'
vcnuiuiit
TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA. Itc.
M
vrrnment wai cftablifhrd, nnd »hc crown remlrrfd r V*Oivc About 'V ytar 1310,
kinn t'harlr* Uobrrl Hfccndcd ihr ihiv up, \i\t\ MuUtt^ti lUilgaria, Scrvin, CiMalia,
Duliiiuiiu, Sclnvonin, and many oihrr provinces ^ hut frvrral of thofc « onqucftt
were utiorwnrd» rcdurrd by the Vcnrliani, Turks, »nd ciihcr |Hiwcr«. In «hc fif-
teenth century, Ihiniaiivi, who was guurdinit tu ihe inlttnt king l,4<lillai)!i. bravdy
rt'piilfvd the Turki, wh«n they invMlcd Hung;try ; and upon the draih o'f La-
dillniM, the llungnriani, in 14]^, rnifed Mntiliiut Oorvinut, fon of lluniadn, to
their throne. IaWii king of llinij'.iry, in 1516, wns killed in n bntlle, fiuhtjng
nu.iiiilt Solynian, cniperoi <if ilie 'lurks. 'I'hii buttle hna nimoK itrovrd Itital to
irungary i but the archduke Ferdinand, brother ti> the t inperor Ch«rl'!i V. liav
iiig niitrricd the tilter nf l.ewri, he clninud the title of llungiir)-, it\ which hr
fuiceeded, with fome dilh( ulty, and that kingdoiri 'un ever Imce bolDinJod to the
houfe of Auftiid, though by it>t conOitution it^ cru vn ouglit tu Ik* v'ic^hv«, For
the rclt uf the liunguriun hitlury. fee Girmaky.
TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, CROATIA, and
HUNGARIAN DA LM AT I A.
TIWJSV. countrici appear under one di\ ilion, for fevrrni rcafons, and particularly
bccaufr no account fulficiently v%it\, of their extent and boundHriei, hii!* yet
been publiihcd. The moll autlirnti* is as followH Tran^ylvamia licjongs to the
houfe of Auftria, nnd is bounded on the North by the Carpathian mountain's, which
dividi it from Poland; on thi' Kail by M'llvlivia tind W.ilaihia; on tlic .South l)v
Waliuliiui and on the Well l»y Upper and lx)wcr Hungary. It lies between n
and 26 degrees of ealt longitude, 111KI45 '^'^'^ 4^ "' north latitude. Its length is
extended al)out 180, and its l.readlh 123 miles', nttd contains nearly 14,400 ftiuaru
iiiiles, furroundcd on nil (ides hy liigh /nountuins. Its produce, vegetables .ind
iinirnats, are almoft the fame with thofc nf Hungary 'the air is wholcfome jiuj
temperate ; but the wine, though good, is not etjual to the Hungarian. Its chief
litv i"< Hermnnftadt, and its interior government llill partakes great I > of the ancient
feudal fy'K-rn, being compofcd of m.iny independent llates and princes, who owe
litr'e more than a nominal fubje<-tion to th>' Auilrians. Pap, lis, Lutherans, Cal-
vinifts, Socinians, Arians, Creeks, Mahometans, and other fcttaries, Ihtc enjoy
their feveral religions. Tranfylv.inia is thout;ht to add but little to the Aullrian re-
venue, though it exports fomo nulals and fait to lliingary. The other largo places
are .S..;^! war, Miilenback, and Newmark. .Ml forts of provilioiis arc vers cheap,
ant' 1 x.elleiit in tlieir kinds. Ilermanlhidt is a large, (liciiig, and well built city,
as aie Claufenburg and VVei(Teburi;li I'lie feat of government is at Hermanlladt,
and the governor is allilKd by a couiuil made up of Roman catholics, Calvniills,
and Lutheraiis. The di' t, or prirliument, mn rs by fii;ninoiis, and receives the
coiiiiii:inds of tlie foverei,i;ii, to whom ol lale I'ley have been more devoted tlian
foriiieily. They have a liberty ot iii.iking leiuonllnuK es and ii ^ lefenlations in cat'c
of grievances.
IriinfUvania is part ol the ant n nl Dacia, the inhaliil.nnts r)f which long baffletl
tlic Koiiiaii arms. It was o\er-nin by the tiothi on the tleilii e t>f ilu' Ki'inan em-
j'ire, and tli'.n by the I Inns, riii ir d'efei-iKl;uits retain tlie lame military tliar:Uler.
Ilie population of tlie country is not afcertaiiuvl ; but if the Tranfyiv.niians ciin
Iri'ig to the field, ns has been alHitcd, 30,000 troops, the \' hole miinber of inhu-
hituiits mult
cimliderabie
7
\' I'lefeul its military forte is reduced to fix regi-
uieuis
m^
TRANSYLVANIA. S C I, A V O N I A, Iff.
incnt* oi' I ^(yi mm oncb i l>ui it it Will known, that, (luring the Intl two wan m
wliiiii I: > h(»u(i> i»|' Aurtrin w«t i'Ugai(vd, iit« TrAnfylviiiiian* diil gr««l (trykfi*.
Mcrmont'taili i« itt )»nN lMili(>|*ritk t mul ilio Triittr^lvaniar\i at |ir«-f'iii (eem in
IrtMibtc iliciiiU'lvf* liiilc fitlnr alniut l><iriiiiiK or rvlitfioii, ihi*«i|(li ilio Kuman la-
iholit i» the clliiblitlicd i:hurt It hU'|>h>'it 1. king ol' lhii>f^nr\, lntriM|iit> li Chritl
i.itiilv lltcrc uIk)uI lliit M'.tt iOOO( and iK«.' ctiuiiiry w.i<i utli-rManU Knvi-nud l») ,«
lliitii(iiritiii vMivitd, or vWi'roy. 'Itiv varinui rrvoUuioiu iti ili>'ir ^'l^> miiuni |>rotk>
lltf iin|>iilioiK> i>r itic 'rrunfyivuniiitM under ttnvrry ; niid ihougli ihc! Uiuty ni'
Curlown/, in i6v^i), ){itvi- ilic rovkni^iiiy til' rmnfylvunin, nt Hlfo ot'Siliivonia, |.i
llu' lioiilV (It Ai,idriM, \v-t the n.ilivi • i-nj<iy wIihI wo inuy lull a loyal nrilliKrncy,
whiili llicir fovcrcign* d<> t\<tt lliink proper lu invndo. In (XloU-r t-jHx
T,
III) Uk-
count of* the real or I'rijincd opprclliont of thv nolnliiy, near 16,000 n(r«'nililcd ami
coininitted i(i>.Mt dciireiluliDnt oil tlioiV.' olnioxioiu to ihein. ik-vi-rul had ihfir jm.
I.ucn Imiiit, iiiul w\ri' gl.ul t'> clVapc with their livei 'llie revi>lter» were difjp.
jtiiinted in their ntieinpt on ('Imifenhurg i iiiid ut'ti-rwanU oU'ered lo dparatc anil
K>* liuinv" in jKuee, on llie term»..t" a gcnernl ininlitn. heller treaiineiit Jroin iIk'
iioUiliiy, and a trerdotn I'nnii vMir.iluge. I'he iniurrcCtion thui tcrniinulvd, withlliv
puiiiilunent ot the riit^-leader-.
.Set wuNM liet h. iween the 171!) and t\(i degreci of eart longitude, and the
4^rli uiid 4Mh of noiih latiiudo. It is thought in Ik* nlfnil 100 iuile% in Irnifili,
nod 'u ill lireudih, and eoniuinn ahoul 10,000 fotiare niile«. It is bounded liy
ihe Druve on the North, hy the Diiimlii- on the Ea(l, l»y the Save on the Soulli,
and liy Stiriu in Aiillria on th>' Well. The real'iin uhy lliin^ary, rran(\l\;tiiia,
Sc'lavoiiia, and the other n.iiiuiii, fuhject to ilie hool'e ol Anflria in thofe partn, ei)i|.
tain u fttrpiiliii^ variety of people, dilleriii^ in iianx-, laiij^ua^e, aiwl niannerii, u
hecaul'e lilieity here made its lull Ihiiul againfi the Koinan amis, whiih hy degrcci
i'orecd thereinuin^ of the ditUreiit natioii<t tluy had c<MU|uered into thofe ({uarten,
The thieknefs of the vvouds, the rapidity of the rivers, and the Hreiigtli of the c
',r
V:
lOUIl-
try, favoured their relillame; aiul their defcendants, notwitlillaiiuing the powrr
tit the Turks, the Aullriaiis, the Hungarians, and the I'oles, Itill retain the fume
pirii of independency, \\ ithnnt minding the arran;;>Mnenls made by the (iivereigns
of Knrope, they are quiet under the goMriiiiiv nt that leaves them moll at liberty.
'Dint they are 'generous a., well a< brave, appears from llieir attachment to the
lioufe of Aul^ria, whieh, till llie lall two wars, nevri was feniible of their vnltu;
and valour ; iiiloimi' h that it is well known, that they preferved the pragmatic
faiK'tion, and ke|)t the imperial crown in that family, 'ihe .Selavonians formerly
gave fo imuli wnik lo the Koman arms that it is ihouj{ht the word Jlavf V>nk its
ori|;in.'il Irmn iheni, on aciount of the ^reat numbers of them who were earritii
into liiinda>;e. 'Ihough Vlavonia yields neitlur in beauty nor fertility to|luni;:iry
and rranfvlv.niia, yet the ravages of war are Hill vilible in the face of the couiilrv,
whiih lies in a great meafnre uninqiroved. 'I'he Sdavoiiians, tVom their i^noraiuc,
iir«' zealous Kiniin tatholiis, though (ireiks and Jews are toK-rated a'lion^ iIaiii.
Ileri. we meet wiiti two bilhnprii ks ; that of I'of ^.i, which is the lapital of tlii-
<'inntr\, .oid Xai^rah, whicli lii ■. on tlie l)ia\e, but we kimw ot no imiverlltiiM.
I'lfeek is a large and (hong town, remarkable, as bet'oie noticed, for its great
wo»den bridge over the Drave, built by the Turks, V\'aradin and Peterwariidin
ari' places iiotid in the wai > b( tween the ,\iifliians and Tuikii. 'The inhal'itMiiti
(re lonipMfrd (if .Svr\ians, Ka(l,^;a;ii, Cioats, \\ al.n liians, (nTinaiis, Hun}jati;iP\
;oid a v.ilt nunibi.'r of other iiati
Ills, Wiioie names are
arc»
lyk,
mwn even to the
Andrians tliemfelves, but from the miiitaiv niiilfer-rolls. In 174ft, Sclavonia was
imiied toiJuti<;aiy, and tlie States now find reprelVntatives to the diet of llungars.
Cro\ri\ ie. between tiie 1,1!) and 1 ;tli di ,i;rei-s of lall longitude, and the
4jth uiid 47th uf north iutitad.. It is Ho iiiilc> i.i ieiigiii, and 70 in breadth, imd
1 contaiiia
POLAND. iMCLVoiwo I, I T 11 U A .V I A.
Ml
rnnlsm* ithmit i,<on ri|iiiiri> miti**. I lie matiiii'r«, f ovrrnmrni, ttUfutn, lani uiint tntl
riitkiMii* III ilic Or<>«t«, iiri' (iniilnr lo iholi- «>( ihi- .Vlavuiiion* hihI I'miilyUiiiMAni,
hIio •»(' llii'ir ii(-ij|lilN)ur4 'llii.'\ .t .' >\ IK'iil irri((Ml4r lriiii|u, aiiJ n^ fmti ar-i
litnu'tl ill niii(it<rM htflitry. timlcr itx ni i. .>r I'aiulourt, iml varioim Mhet ttdiif-
lt:itli)iH. 'Iltu Irutli i», itiv; tioiirt; iit Aiilina fiii*<i iu inUrctl in fitrti-riiig tlicni, i»(ul
llio lu*i^^h(>lltill|{ tiatti)ii«, |i> |ivi> in ihi-ir kvmi iiititiiur ilu-ir rowii> nrc filrmicil
^\irli rnth otlur, thrrr ft ami) Ihitijr any i|ii»inrli'in '•( linuMtinn.** ('•M»MM<it n
II |iluit' III' (otwr noic, bill ifngmh ^tlrcudv tm niimu'ii) it ilic c.i|iiial i»(° Crituii^.
/Ml ihr ffivrtvignfy purnifril over thiMii iiy ilu' Aultrimi* firiiM i«i cutilill in ihe
niilitury nrrnn|>riiK'nt« t'»r liringins lh>-iit oc<'ali»iiulty into ilie (ioM, \ viicroy pre<
I l>'i over Criiiiiiii, jiiiiitly wiili St luMiiii.i, uml
I liiii)^:iriiiii |)\t,M A 1 1 \ riui lic^ III i!u- uii>>''r pnrt nf llic Adriulii- ft-i, nnd ron<
I lU <)| ri\f ililtricU, in wliirli (he mnit ri-inaiknlilr plutt't arc ihi two tullnwiiig !
.S. ;;!!«, wliii I) in a rk>)al froe town, lirtificd luidi l>y initurc uml art, nud u liiutiiccl
I . ir tlu- l>:i, ill a iiiiiiinciliuiu* un'l hurrcii i'uil. 'rii>' biiliop ki iIiIh plate ii a
iutlui^.m In tho aiihliillio;) vt >S|n! iir<>. Il-rc arv tWfU ' iliurdi <. :iii.| (md coti-
\>iii... 'IIk- fjtivcrnor rotiili* III tito <»1J jMilm'i', lull d tin- Koyat (\il)U-. i. Onol-
I ;ii/, n iVniitior r>irlif'u;iiiiiii mi tin- rivor (itit/.twn. 1 li.it |>uri ul' tlu lurtrt i'^ wlure
ilii' ;;iivuriior, and ihi- ((U'titut pait nf tiio ^arritiin nTidc, it rurr<'iiiidi'd wiilm wull,
iiiul I'limi' lii\M*r-i: luit ilu- ull ut" ili- lnlillliM^•<, wtiitli aro iiu-an, arc oroclrd oii
pil 1 ill ilu' wiitiTi 111 ili.ii <»ni' Mi'igl'lKnir iuiiikiI vilit .iimilior witlm it a l»o;ii.
N'-ur .V ;;na thvill ilu' LM'i >>» h, u ji ipl', wlm, hAwf^ (•.ilkil l>v ii|>|ir( llitiii, il'taiuil
•Jill ol' Dalinati.'i, iroin wIhmkc thcv obtaiiu-il tl>o nmiu* of UlVtK», iVom the wnnl
Smco, which (igiiific» a Jij\;tUr. Flicy an* alio cnticd I'prinacrK, or lea|)otn, (roin
ill' Uj^ilily wilh witiih thiv hip, rathor than walk, ulon^ ihii rii;;'^<\l hicI iitomw
taiiion.i iiiiiiitry, Suuk' ot tluiii live in Uattir^d hiiitV-., ami oiIm« in Inr^i- \i|.
I.im». 'Ill) uiv H rouj^h, fava>;i' pi'.iplv', laijjv lioili^d, lonrag.-on*. ami jjimii lo
i;i|iini'; litit their vilihit- cniplo;. iniiit i^Lia/in,;. 'Iln-y iiro (he \\ahuhian laii^ua^'i,
and ill (heir nli^ionii iViiiinient^ uml nuKio of worlhip app'oaih iiiarrll lo (ho
(jhiL iliuith \ but I'onu' ot'theni are Uopian lalholies.
A pi.ii 1)1 W alaihia belunu.* all'i to tlie I'nip.Tur, a» well ns (o the Turk*, whiih
ill. N to the euU ul' rLkiifylvanu, and ii< principal tuwii» arc Tregonit/, Uucharcli,
and .V VI. I in.
POLAND, iNLLuniNiJ I- IT II U A N I A.
Situation and kviknt.
Milc«. Degrees.
I.rnRlh 7?-') i.,„. ..,, n6n"<' U i'^'' lon:;iin(I.-.
Ilreadtli <>S i ) Dtiweui ^,^ .^.^^j ,^ „,,^,,, l.nilnde.
Ci.int.nining i6o,Soo .Stjj'ARic Miits, with ^^ iMiMinANii Ui eaH .
, T^KKORK the cxlrnonlinnry pnnidnn of (lii* ronntry !n tin*
liofSDARtKs., XJ M-ar !77.>, and the leeoiul difon iul»<Tnient nt" it in i J0.^ tlie
kin'.;doni of j'ul mil. vvnh tin- i^reat liuiliy ot" l.iilninni.i aniu \i 'I |iari ot ami. ni
.Sarmatia*. wjis bonnded on the Niirih b\ l.ivonia, MulVow, ami tlie Halli^: lea i
on ihi- luiH, bv Vliifuivv; <m ihi? .Sontli, by llun(;ary. 'I'lirkey, and l.itde 'lai-
l;trv ; un liie \\'«ll, li\ Ciu.naiiv: and, had the 1011 n vi ii» gfneriiinent been .ns
538 POLAND, including LITHUANIA.
kingdoms in Europe. Its grand divilions were
nerfeft as its fitiiatioii was coinpaf^, it might liave been one ot" tlie mod powerful
kii
Poland.
Square
R lie,.
IT
S. Chief Citiei.
?■
Prottllunts.
(.'iHirlaml, full-
jciJ^toRuina.
4i+'4
«74
BoMitluw
1
1 fGre.it part of this diflrirt.
Litluiani,!
64,800
335
310 Wilna < is now pollefli:d l>y
l Rullia.
I'i)(lo!ia,
29,000
360
i2oKaminieck
VoUiinia,
3;,ooo
105
I ;oLvicko
Urcit I'ohtu),
li>,10U
208
lUoCinefna
Kol KuH'm,
3<;,!oo
aji
i8j Liriibiirg f Now chiefly fubjcifl
i}uCriKnw I to Aultrii.
y; Urellici
Papifts.
Little I'uUnJ,
I'olefij,
iS,}oo
14,000
2}o
186
M.ifuvla,
8,400
.5.
,o;w.«...w}^;--/-.
Sainoj^itla,
8,000
«$S
08 Ralient
Pruflia RovaiJ
or ' [
t
6,400
118
104 Elbing, now fubjc£l to Pniflia.
Pnlidi I'rutna, )
1
Polacliia,
Total—
4,000
'ii
1
42 Uielh
1
aj(.,4i4
Dantzic, Tliorr
, and Killing, in
Pruiria Ro
yal, arc ftvlcd free cities, and were under thel
protci'^ion ot
Poland; the two L
lit have been ft
ted by the king of PrulTia, and molt of
the privileges
of the firft.
.
Name.] It is generally tlioiiglit that Poland takes its name from Poiii, or Pole,
a Selavonian word, lignitying a country tit for hunting, for whicl\ none was formerly
more proper, on account of its plains, woods, and game of every kind.
("limati:.] riie air of Poland is fuch as may be expetted fromfoextenfive but
levil a climate. In tlie northern parts it is cold, but healthy. 'I lie Carpathiau
mountains, which feiiarate Poland from I lun<;ary, are covered with everlalling fnow,
which has been known to fall in the midli of funimer. U|)on the wliole, however,
the climate of Poland is teni|>erate, but the air is rather infalubrious by rcafon of
the mimerous wood^ and iiKiralfes.
Soil, hroiu ti:, and wateiis.] Poland is in general a level country, and tlm
fjil is feriile in corn, as appears from the vail quantities that are fent from tlicncc
Clown the N'iliula. to Dant/.ic, and wliiiii are bouijlit ii[) by the IJutcli, and other
nations. Thi- palhires of Poland, cfptxially in Podolia, are extremely rich. Ihre
ail' minis of fiKer, lojipcr, iron, fait, andioals; l.itluiaiii:i ab:)inuls in iron ochre,
blmk ligr.te, fe\eral fpecies of coppor and iron puitis, ami red and ^rev graniti,
t;:lfe ))ri.cious tb)ni.s, and marine petrifactions The interior parts of Poland eon-
fiiin fin Its which furnilli timber in fuch great (luantiiie^, that it !•, empKned in
houfe-lniiltliiig, inftead of bricks. Hone, and tiUs. V arious kinds of truits imd
berb>, ;md fume grapes, are produced in Poland, and are excellent when thev
meet with ciihure ; but their wine feldoin or never comes to perfection. Poland
jjroduces various kinds nt clay fit tor pipes and earthen ware, 'lite water of manv
Iprings is boiled into fait. 'J he \irtues of a fpiing, in the I'alatinate of Cracow,
which increafes and decreafes with the moon, are laid to be woiidertul for tlie
[trefervaiiiin of lite ; and it is reportid, that the neighbouring inhabitants coininoiilv
live to 100, and fmie of them to 150 years oi age. This Ipring is iiili.inimai)le,
rind by ajipK itig a torch to it, it Hames like the fub'.ileil Ipiiit of wine. I he tiaiiie,
however, iIlui ce^ on the furface, without healing the water; and if kit unextiii-
guiihcJ,
POLAND, ivcLUDiNo LITHUANIA.
519
;\foil Ot"
land lilt.:
thciue
[i\ utticr
I Uic
\\ (iclirr,
i;r;miti ,
iiul iim-
Ills 1111(1
cii tlu'V
IVuinll
)t" niimy
'r;K(i\v,
lt"t>r i!a-
luiniinlv
jiiniihlc,
(c tlaiiu-,
iiu'xtin-
giiiflu'd, it communicates ilfott", In* fiihtcrranoous conduits, to tho roots of trcos,
ill a nci^hhnuiinc; wood, which it confimu-s ; and ahout 41 years af;o, tho Haiiui.s
;uc laid to liii\e laltcd tor three years, hotorj lliey cuuld he entirel\ eMiii^^uilhed.
Rivers, I 'I he duet rivers of I'ohuid are, tliu \ ilhila vt \^ eyt'el, the Neiller,
Nei]>er, or liorilllienes, I lie l5o^, ami Uwina.
Laki-s.J '1 he cliiefof the tew hikes contained in Poland is Clopto, in the Palii-
iliKite of I'iyzeUy ; and liirals, or the \V liite Laive, whiel) is laid to il_\e tliolc win)
\\;illi in it of a fwarthy complexion.
\ i.(ii:T.\iii.K AND ANIMAL J The vei^otahlc prodiK-lions of Poland have been
I'RODif I IONS. Jalnaily ineulioncd uii.ler the anicleof.SoiL, thoiij;ii
fiine nrr peculiar to itfelf, partieiilarlv a kind of manna ^if it can be called a ve-
•;etal)!e^ wliii h in May a:id June tiie inhahilaiits fweep into lie\es with the dew,
ai'd it fer'.os for food, (Irelled various wa\s. A tjieai ijuaiuily of \eilow amber Is
fre<niintiy dii^ up in Lilliuar.ia, in pieces as iarj^e as a man's till, fupixifed lo l)o
ill,' jModiKiiiiii (It a relinous pine.
'the forelK of Warfovia, or .\Iafovia, contain i)lenty of i.ri, or biilTaloes, wliofc?
■lU'lh the Poles powder, and efteem it an I'xcellenl dilli. I lorfe^, woUes, boiirs,
the gloiiton, lynx, elks, and deer, all of them wild, are common in the Puliih fi-
i\'lls ; and tlure is •) Ipeeiis of wikl horfes and ali'e.-., and wiiil oxen, lliiit llu- nobi-
lity of the (.Ukraine, a-, well as natives, are fond of. A kind of wolf, reilnibiiug a
liart, \\ ilh fpots on liis belly and lei^s, is found liere, and alVords tlie bell furs i:i
the country. 'I'he llelli of the Polilh elk forms the molt ilelicious part of their
:;uaiell fealis. I lis body is of tin; deer-make, !)Ut much ihiiker and lontjer ; ilic
ie^^s li'.^h, and feet broad and clovin, the horns iarj^e, rom^li and broad, like a
wild "goal's. NatiiralilK have oblVrveit, tli.u upon diilectiiig an elr., tl'.ere was
lumd in its head fonie lar^e Hies with its brains almotl i-alen away ; audit is an
oblervation fullicientlv altetled, that in the lari;e woods and wikleriiell'es of the
North, this i)oor animal is attacked, towards the winter diielly, l<y a larger fort
of Hies, thai, through its ears, attempt to take up their wintercpiarters in its head.
'I his |)e!feeuti<iii is thought to allect the elk wilb the falling-lieknofs, when it n
freqiieiitlv taken, which would oilurwife jnove no cafy matter.
I'<ilanil produces a creature called bobac : it refembles a guinea-pig, but fecins
1>) be of the l)ea\er kind. 'I hey are noted fur digging holes in the giound, which
lliev enter in October, and du not come out, e.xcipt occafionall\ f >r (ond, till
Ajiril : tliev have feparate apartments fir tlieir provilions, lodgings, an : iheir d^nd ;
they live togellier bv 10 or 12 in a herd. We do not perceive that Poland cou-
tiiiiis anv fpec'cs of birds peculiar to itfelf; only we a-e 'old that the nuaiis lli> re
liiive green legs, and that '.heir tielh is reckoned unwliolefonie. Lithuania is rich
ill birds; among thofe of prev, are the eagle and vulture. The 'V'V/i, or little
fjH i ies of titmoufe, is freijueutly found in thofe parts, tamous for the woiuler-
<uis ijruclure of its pendent luit, formed in the ihajie of a long purfe, with am.i?-
iiig art.
I'oi'iLA I H)N, I MI AiiiTAN rs, MAN-I Some auth.rs have I'lippolVd P.i-
Ni:i;s. cisroMs, ano di v i.ksions. j lar.d and J.ithuaii.a to coiil.iiu la.ooo.o^o
,it' iiihal)it;mts ; and wliei ve conlider that tin I'oles haw no eoloiiies, and foiiu -
tiiius li;'.vt; enjoN.d |)eace fir many )ears together, and that not le\\er than
i,ooo,ooo Jews are lai<l to inhabit there, perhaps this calculation is n u exagge-
rated. Ikit liiice the pariitiiiii and (lifiuembermeiit of the kingdom in 177?., the
iiuiiiber was ri dueed to y.ooo.ooo of whiili 6oo,coo are Jews. '11k provniee^
ir.^en bv Rullia are the larg' li, by Aultria the moll po]nilous, and by Pruliia the
iiiiilt commercial. '1 he Ruliian contain i,:;oo,ooo; the Aulinaii :. 300,000, ami
I'lc Prullian about 600,000, amounting to about 5,coO;OOo fouls i.parated troiii
; Z 1 liicif
540
POLAND,
c L • r> f s o LITHUANIA.
thoir ancient kingdom. But noni tli'- fecond difmenibcrmiTil of tliis cftuiitn- in
1703, tin- piiptilation imill Ik- iiuk li nv>rc dimiiiillu'd.
)hli' iippiMiiinco ; tiicir conipli-xioii is fair,
Ihr I'olc
iL'ir pcrfoiis, niako :i
M'l
and tliiir liiapis arc will propurlii-mid. Ihov aio liiavi-, Imncli, and liolpital)
aiiit llicir woiiUMi fprightly, \it nincU'li, and iubinitiiw in tlicir luilhaiid.n. 'Ilx-ir
nwulf of faliiif is lo iniliiu- llu Ir head-., and lo lliik.0 tlu-ir brcall witii one of their
liands, wiiiii' tlirv liivtdi iW- oiIut tuwaids tin.' ground ; l)iil wiion ti eiMiitiion p<.r-
I'Mi inrclH a fup< nor. In- linw; hi:, luail mar to liic i-anli. aiidwitli iuslu-ad uniijica
tiic li'i; mar to llio laii ol the jKrUm to wliom lie pa\ . oUcifaiu >.•. 'linii di\fr-
(ioiiK uro warlike and nianiv ; vaidtinj;, daniing, and ridini; tlio gr>-;il iiorlL-,
iuiiiting, fVaitint;, Indl and -lioar ludtinj;. 'Ilu\ iiiually travid on liorfrl>a(k: a
I'oiilli ).;i iitlfiiiaii will not travel a ftone .s-llnuw wuiioui Ids diorfe ; and they are
It) iiard\, ihai they wi'l deep upon tlie gnunul, witlioiit any bed or ei'verinjj, in
tVnH and fnow. 'liic I'oies nc\ > r lie above Itaii ,, and their aparlnienls ari nn|
iniited ; fhi' kitchen is on one I'de, the llal)le on another, tlic dwelling lioul'e on tlie
third, and the gate in the front. 'Ihee content tlienifelves with a few hnail beds,
and if any Iodide at tlieir lioufes, tncy mini carry their bedding with them. W licii
tiu'y lit down [> ihnner or fiij)])er, tliey hiivc tlieir trnnipi'is and other nnilic plac-
ing, ami a nnndier of gcntleni'ii to wait on tlit ni at table, all lu\ ing with iKe nioll
protound refpect ; for the n.oliles, who are poor, fretjuenlly find thend'elves under
llie nccclliiy of ferving thofe that are ridi : but their patron iifualiy treats them
with civiiit), and pi rniits the cldell to cat with liini at his table, with his cajt otf';
d evcrv one of thent has his peafant boy to wait on hin\ maintained by the
an
ni
aller ot the fainil
Al an entertainment, the I'oies lav neither knives, t
"1K.S, IKir
)K-,
illK
ecpnpages i
if the I'oliih n()l)ilitv
an<
fpoons ; but cv(. rj gm-fl brings thcmwiili him; and they nof. lunerlit down to ta
than all ilie doors are ihut, and not opened till the com]>any return home. It ,s
id'nal for a nobleman to give his fervant part ot his meat, whidi he eats as he liainU
behind him. and to let hmi diiik out ol ihe fame ( up with hind'elf. Ikimpers are
imich in tmliion. It would exceed llie beuiulsot lliis work lo defeiibe the grandeur
1 the reader may picture in his fancv all
ii n
uv ;ip.-
iili
<(l \'\ an
h
;reat
tiiat is f.'diidious, ceremonious, e.xpcnlivc and ihewy in life, to have any concept
.ftl
iiir wa\ . t hvMi".
hev ( am
th
)nii) ot til
poni}
u n- attendance, when tli
pear aljroad, i\en to vidicnle ; f r it is not unnfual to fee the ladv of a I'o!
grandee, belides a ccaih and lix, with a great minilKr of fer\ants, attend
< Id gentleman ufher. an old gentlewoman tor lier govcmnnte, and a dwarf of ea^
fex to hold up her triiin ; and it ii be nigiit, her coaiii is f.nTou.,ded bv a
iiuml)cr of tlandieaux.
The I'oies jire (li\ icU^d into nobles, cii :
citizens or lujr'di
1'
ifa
are ili\ i(.' (
1 into two lori^, iliote of the cr(
iwn, ami
ing to indi\idn;;
Ih
ih I
ol.'UU
h.is Its iinnits.
und
lli.if
md b
p' alants:
the whole l)!Kb. of tin' iiobilitv are nalmallv on u f
e
aroiis
.■le
ll;a
I a;ites fiein th
d>lic polls they enjoy.
I
\et
i.ee
.■■!, exiept the ditieu'
1 ul.o iue of nobie hirili
call one anoih( r ito:ii<:is. I hey do w t value titles ct honour, but think a venijc-
ieuce
0/ I'c.jihl the liii'iitft a[.'peilation. I liiv havi.' nanv conlidirable priv
news
i;d u\ded the boaltid Polilh liberty is properls linuled to them alone, partly [y.
the
indnl
"iiii e (
( (.
erntcr
A ript
ion.
'11
S^
but
mote Lieiieianv lioin ancicnt t ult
oni and iire-
ie\
have a power ol lite ; nd death over tliur ttmauts and valials, pav
Ml taxes, aiv fuLiiect to none but tlie king, ina\ chufe wlioni they will fur tlieir
king, and lay him under what reltraint tliey pleafe l)y thi pitta com cuta ; and r.oin
but tliey, anl the burghers of fomc particular towns, tan purciiafe lands. In
(lioit, the-, aie almoli en.tinh independent
cn|o\ii;;r many o'.l'.er
j)atil)!e ulih a wi'll regulated liatc 1 In fe gicat privileges maketliel
priMieges iiuoni-
\> W!.ri,;l
a:.ii
poll
leiri'orics, v.iih a def
oiiM grKiry
potic power over thei teiiaiit-i,
whij;i\
POLAND, iNCLtroiNC LITHUANIA.
541
whom they call thoir fubjetts, and transfer or allign over willi the Innds, cattU, and
iuniiliiiv. Until Cal luir llic ( ro;it, llu: Icid tould put liis pi al'ant to deaih with
inipiiiiity, and wIk'm the hitler had no thildrfii, ctinlidcn-d iiiintolt as the heir,
and foi/cd all his ellVcts. In 1 Vl-7> Caliniir preieribed a tiiu- tor the niurdiT ot" a
pial'ant, and eiiacU'd, that in calV ot his dc'toalu willunil ill'iK-, his next heir liioidd
ini\(rit. Hut lliofc an.l other regul.itiniis have proved inellectnal again)! llie
jKuver and tyranny of tlie nobles, aiul have been either ahroj^ated or iludid.
Sciine of them have illaies of prt)di.i;ioits extent, anil ean raife 8 or io,ooo nun
in their depends til towns and viilaj^es. The houle of a j^reat nobleman is a feeure
afvluni for deliiujuents ; for none nnill prefmnc to take them Iroin tlience by force.
The noliles make an extraordinary ti;;ure when they come to the diet, lonie of
IJK'm havini^ 5000 guards and allendants ; and their lii'batcs in llic I'.iiate are often
ilclermineil by tln' fvvord. When great men havi- fnils at law, ihf diet, or other
triitunals, decide them ; yet the exeention of the lenience mull be left to the longefl.
fword, tor tlie jullice of the kingdom is connnonly too weak lor tlie granilees.
.Sonu'tiines they raife 5 or 6ono men of a lide, plunder aiul burn one another's
cities, and beliege calllcs and torts ; tor they think it IhIow them to lubmil to the
fentence of judges, wilh(<ula fa Id-battle. As to the peafanls, tliey ari- born Haves,
and liave no notion of liberty. If one lord kills t!ie peafant of another, he is not
capil;illy convicte<l, but oidy (tblij^ed to make reparation, by another peafant equal
value. A nobleman who is (Klirous of cultivaiing a piece of land builds a little
len houfe, in whie'i he lefties a iiealant and his lamily, giving him a cow,
two liorles, a certain luimlxr ot gi cle, Ih'Us, ^,:e. and a\ much com as is fullicient
ti> maintain him the fiil^ }ear, and to improve lor his own future fublillence anil
tlie iui\antage ot his f ud.
in
wool
■Ih
e I'lergy liaw many nnmunilies
th
th
(latues, ha\i' their own courts o
f iulti
■y are a
1 tree men, and in fome
in-
in ul'.ie
h tl
le canon
is prac tilei
A bilbop is ciuitlcd to all tl;e pri\ ileges ui' a lenator ; was ufuailN ajipointed by
ir.e king, and contirnied by the pope; but is now
nomm
ated by the king, out ot
tl.iei' eamlidates ihofen bv the permaiimt couiicil. '1 lu- arclibiihop of (jiufna is
prmiate,
bur;;tier:
the lirli fenator in tank, and vicerov during an interre;
;num.
Th
Itiil
lie..
Ion) am
puvilegi
the\ thufe tl
KU" own purgo
ami
I ha\e their owneiiminal
n;;iier and council, regulate their interior poliei
(fiuMs of jultice; and when protecuted at the fuit of a noble, they mull be cited
bel'iie the magilha'.e of their own i<nvns, from whence an app,a! His onlv to the
king in his a!U llorial tiibnr.al. \\ iihout ihis exemption trom the juiifdiction <f tin
i:(
ibli
tlie burghers would long lime have been uiluced to a ibue of vali ilag
Tile p( afatit-. of the crown, if oppn lied, may lodge a eomjilaint in the n
)\ai
ci.iirt of juliiee, which is fome check to injultice ; but peafants belonging lo
imiivivluals are at tlie abfoluie dilpofal of their maftcr, and all their :;.cqu;litions
li rve only to eniiih him. They are indifpenlably obiia^ed to cultivate the
!th ; ate iiu apable ot entering upon
ill
anv condition ot i.'e iIkii
ti.un tVicd'im, withcut the permiilion ot their
lordi
nut ai
lUl:
,po
oroenre
;i't.
lid to the
tijt'nia!, .ir.d tiequently fatal etiects of caprice and cruelty. One bleliing, however,
iUtenilstlie wr'te'.ied (ituation of tlie Tolilh piafant.-., which is their iufeniibility.
li.irn llavcs, and accur.omed from their infancy t(> iuudlhips and l'i:vere labour, the
'" n;raiitv of them fcarcely ciiter:ain an idea of better cireumlia.iees and more li-
Th
!• •ly.
n iMie a
u iiv, npn
I hardiv evi
ly rejyird their mailers as a lupevior oriu r oi liemgs, anc
t tliii'- iLverc lot. Chearful and contented with their condition, they are
;i even occalion, to lacrince themfcKcs and their t'amilie-. tor their mall.T,
el j)i
ciahs if the latter takt> care to Ued them well. M'-ti of them I'l'in to think
t;ui
t a man can never be virv wretched wliile
!h led German ueafants, whole ancel'turs were luuulgec
he has any thing to eat. 1 here
on feltlne
111
542 POLAND, iNciiniNo LITHUANIA.
I'nlaiul, in tlio iifi' of ilu- (lormnii Imvi, uluv enjoy iVvi'ral privilcjji-s not pofTifTd
by tlu- fji'iierality ot' I'olilli piMlants: tlu-ir \ill;im>s an- bi'tur liiiiU, tlu'y ijulliij
inoiv liUllf, |);iv tliuir i|iiit aiils bt-tliM-, ;iiul arc cloiiiu-r and iioatcr in llu'ir
piTloiis. Till-, (liTi liplinii of ilk- maiiiu'is and i>n"t'.'ni llalc ot" tl;e I'liii's has lucii
llio moro cirminlianliiil, as ilny boar a mar ri'('t'iiil)l;nuc, in many partiriilars, tu
jlioli- of liuropc in f,aMn.'ral durinj; tin; ti'udal nif.'s ; Ivit llu-ir lyrnmiy over tlu'ir
U-naiils and valliils llinis lo Ik- canii-d to a imiili ijri-alir lK'iy;Iit. Lately iiuii-i'd,
a \\\y noblos ot' riilii;!itcncd mulcrllandings, liavo vontinvd to /;ive liJKTty to tiu'jr
valials. 'I 111- tirll vvlio /{nintid this iV.'odoin, was Zamoiiki, f"(.rni(Tly gri-at cl
Irani hill (I li\
ii thi' palatinate of Mafosi
lan-
iiiid
ci'llor, whii, in 1 7(10, 111
iifU'vwards tlu' pi-afants on all his cltali
I'pon (iijiiinj; till' d All ol t nliaufliifi'invnt of the li\ villages, tin ir l)i'nc\i>IcMU
nialii'r inliinatiil lunu' apiirclu'nlions to tlic inhabitants, loft, encomagod bv il
frordoiii, thov ihonlil !all inlo ovor\ fuoi ios ot licontioufnofs, nnd
ordois iliuii \\ lion tho\ \\
uir
lonnnit nioro dif.
oro llavos.
I lio linii)lic'ity and i^ood lonfo ol tluir anl'
is roiiiarkablo. " \\ inn wo liad no otlior proporty," rolurnod tlioy, " than tlio lii
wor
whii h wo hold in our liands. wt woro doliitiito of all onoouraifomont t
o a n
,qlit
COM-
Ill-
duct; and, havin,-; nutliii g in ioli-, aclod on all oocalinns in an iiioonlidoratr ni
nor ; but as fuon as our houlos. mir lands, and our oatllo, aro our own, iIk' foar
tort'oilini; ilnin will bo a iMiiliant loiiraint uj)on oin' attioiis."
Tho liiuority of this anfwoi was nianiloltod liy tlio ovoiii, whicli hatli llicwn ll
projoct to bo no lofs judicious than huniaiio ; friondly to tlio noblos' own iiiti-rolls i
woil as ll;o JKippiiufs (if ilio poafaiits: for il ajiiKars, that in llio dillricls whoio tl
now a;rani;onK nl luuli boon iniroduoid, tho population of t!io viila^os is oonlii
abb iiK'ro:d'( d. and tho i.\onuos of tlioir oliaios auj^niontod in a tripio propoii
s as
J'rinoo Stanillaus, uopiu w to tho king of Poland, hath vory latoly onlVanohifod U
villagos noar \\ arfaw, and Iialh not only onianoipatcd his poafanis from (ia\i
bill condofconds to diroct tlioir allaiis.
Ion.
our
'lorturo was alioliihod in I'olaiul
iiilhioiKo of tho
111 I'
i)V an 01
At
lid of tho diot, imdor the
rooious irinios, (uch as nnirdor, &o. aro puiiilhod hy
bohoadiHi;, or baii;;iiig ; lollor doliiupioiKios, Iw \vhi|)i>ing, iniprironiiuiit, anil
hard labour; iho lubios an' liaiilo onlv to iinprilonnu'iit and doath.
widi
can
prilonnu'iit and doath
'Iho iiii:> in tills coUnlr\ aiv long I'lablos built witli boai<is and covered
111 aw, wiliioiu luniiluro or \\ indows ; tlioro is a chamlior at oin' ind : but none
Jodgo tlioro biiii'.ilo ol llios and olli, r \orimn ; lo that llraimors
cnerally ciioofo
rather to loop aniong tho liorfoi. 'I ravollors aro obliged to carrv provifions with
thorn ; and when foreigners want a fu|)ply, they apply to iho lord of the viiiaL'o
who lorthwiih fupj'lii^ ilioiu with neooiiarics
It nia\ b
)e jiropor lo (
fillers oil! this place, liiat, in this coiintr\- ili
!■<• aro fov oral
ilhii :
pel Ions \\itli inatted or clotlt d liair, which coiiliituiosa difordor i allod /V/c; /Vo
il roceivos that dinoniinalion, bccanfo it is toiifidorcd as pooiiliar to J'oland
though it is not untroiiuent in Hungary, Tartary, and I'ovoral adjacent nations "and
inii, lilies it it are oti;ilionallv to be louiid in otlior counir
According to the obieivaiions ol Dr. \itai, an in
rolidoni in I'olaiid, llio /',
/',
oiiious Swifs phyllcian I
nenotraiiiii' 111
to til
an , \\ mcli 1
c.vlrcmitios, and cloi> the hair together. Its fympioi
onhti Is liippoled lo proi ood from an acrid 1
is tubular: it then oxfudos eiiiior from it, /jj
ong
imiou:
cs or
CoMlmtr to
inirs
fw.'lli
liliillUi
lis, more or Ids violent, ac-
ot the patient, or inaligniu of the difeafo
upsiais, ulcers, iniormining lovers, j)ains in the lioad, I
aio ilcli-
lownefs ot l|,iii'-., rhoumatifni, gout, and fometimos ovoii convulfioiis,
iiadr.efs. 'Ilnfe fylteius giadually docroafo as tho hair jieconus alR
palA
angtior,
and
ccied
If tl
jiaticnt i. lliavid in tho head, ho rt-Iapfos inlo all the drt aiit'ui complaints wliiel
preceded llie erupiiuu of the J'/u,i ; and lie cuiuinuet. lo lubuur under liicni, nmil
t a frolli
POLAND, IKCLPDINO LITHUANIA.
543
t! t'ri'di growth of Iinir ahforhs the atrid hiiinDiir. This (lifordiT is thoiKjht hcro-
(lltiii ,, and is proved to hv l.•oma^ioll•. wlu'ii in a viniU-iit llato.
Many pliyliiul laiifes havo hron fiippdlfd to toiuur in riMi(U'iirm iIk- P.'nti more
t'ri'(|U(.'iil ill ihclc ropions tlian in otiKr parts. 'I'lic /i'J/ taiifo is tlu' nature ot*
t'u' I'olilh air, whiih is rcndcrtd iiifahihrions hv the miuKToiis woods and nioiadcs ;
;iiul DCiafionaliy derives an unconinion keeiniels, I'veii in the niidll ot'finnnicr, iVoni
ilic polilion ot the Carpathian nionnlains ; lor the loiilliern and foutli-eallerly
uiiids, which ulually convey warnitli in other regions, are in this cliillcd in the
piillage over their fnowy fiiniiniis. I'heyivoMi/ is unwholefonie water ; for althou;^h
Poland is not deficient in good fprings, yet the common people ufealiy drink that
wlncii is nearell at liand, 'I he ////></ canfe is the fjrofs inattention of the natives to
i;Kan!in<'(s ; lor es|)i'rience liiews, (hat ihofe who are not nej;ligent in their jierfons
:uid hahil;. lions, are lei's iiahle to l)e atllicted wiih the plica, than others who aio
(liricienl in that parlicular. All theCe caiiles, and particularly tlie \a\i, allift its
nropif^ation, iiilflame its fyniotoms, and protratt its cure.
hi a word, tht- P/ica Polonini appears to In a contagious dllK-mper, which, like
ilu' leprolV, liilU prevails among a people ignorant in medicine, and inattentive to
ilit'ck its progrefs i hut is rarely known in thufc countries, where proper precau-
timis are taken to prevent its tpreading.
DuKSs.] The drefs of the Poles is pretty lingular. They lluivc their heads,
kaving only a circle of hair upon the crown, and nun of all ranks generally wear
|;iri'e vvhilkers. Thev wear a veil which reaches dov. n to the middle of the leg,
and a kind of gown over it lined with fur and girded with a falh, hut the lleeves
111 tiij;ht on the arm. 'llieir hreeelies are wide, ai'd make but one piece
with their iiockings. They wear a tur cap or bonnet ; llieir Ihiits are without
uillar or wrillhaiids, and they wear neitlu'r llock nor neckcloth. Inllead of
ilioes. thev wear 'I inkey-lealiier honts, with thin loles, and deep iron heels
licnt like an hah moon. They carrv a pole-axe, and a tahre or ciitl.'if., by their
lilies. \\ hen they appear on horleback, they wear over all a ihort cloak, wliich
I-, commonly ct)vered with turs both within and without, ihe people \X the
Ixll (jualitv wear fables, and others the Ikins of tygers, le.ipard.^, &:c. ,Soi!)e of
ti.tiii lia\e fitly fuits of iluaths, all as riJi as poliible, and which defceiid fron»
fallier to foil. Wire it not for our own partiality to ihort ilnU'es, we mall ac-
kii'iuledge that of the I'oles to be picturefipie and majeliie. Charles If. uf
iM'H'.ai.d thought of introducing the I'olilh drefs into his court, and after his
ulti laliiui wore it for two \ears, ehielly for the iiicouragement of I'jiglilh broad-
tiiiiii, but difiontinucd it tliiough his connections with the I'leiicli.
The habit of the women comes \erv near to that ot the nun, a llinple I'oUv
iiail'e, or long robe edged with tur ; but foine people ot tatliion, of both l'e\es, af-
ticl tlu French cr I'ai^^iilli modes. As to the peafants, in winter they wear a iheep's-
tkin vMih the wo<d inwards, imd m fuMimer a thick coarle cloth ; but as to linen,
tl.ivwear none. I Ik ir boots aie ihe iliids ol trees wrapped about their legs, with
tl:e thicker parts to guard the foli s of their leet. 'I be women have a watchful
(\eo\er their daughters, and in the diliiiil of .Samogiiia iiartieularly, make them
u, ar little bells before and behind, to gi\e notii e where they are, and what thev arc
iliiia;^.
Ki.LirioN.] Tlie luuulK'rof I'ldti liants, confitling of l.uiheiaiis and Calvinili,,
i I ilie republic of I'oiand, is \eiy c.onlidevable ; and when ihele aie joined to the
(livik cluirih, the whole are cailul Dissipkn is. ,\t the fame lime, the Toliih
I iliiliu. .iiid tlie bulk of the nation, are tenacious ot tlie Kmiian catholic religion.
I'lie tiva!'. of ()li\a, com luded in i()(>o, tulerateil the Diilidents, and was gu;i-
d b 'Ke niincipal piA%>r:. in luirope ; but was lo lar difie^aided by tl;i
V .^ >, ilial, in the year iy~.\, ihey uuiile .i pu
ic malUicie of the I'roieltai ts al
ihu.u.
(
1^ Si
544
POLAND. iNri.iPiNo I.miLANIA.
'I'lioiii. Nuincrous proviiions uvn' nia<K' tor ilic pniti'iiion of tlu' Pioti-ftants,
>vli() woiL- |)iilViiiti'(l, wlu'ii Ji'ws, 'i'liiks, ami iiilicl Is ot" cvory kind, have lian
lolerattil aiitl iiicourasi'il. Tlif moiialhTios in l'(iliin<l arc l>y loinc writors I'aiil
|o In- s,-ji\ ami the iiniimMii-s 177, IkMIiIvi 246 (V-miiiaricH or t'ollc^os, ami ^1
jiMii'vs. I ho tlcrf^v an- poHl'lKd ot' a vi-ry laim.- proportion of llu- lands anl
riwniu's of tlu- kiii;;<lMni, Imi in f;i'nc"val, aro illitirali- ^i^oH•, and llu- monks aii-
toino (it till* nii<|} prollii^aU- ot mankind, nro olti'ii focn drunk, and K<d tu>in
Inxcrns, without apprtluiidinij nn\ difj^raco to their order, i>r <lrea lin^ tlie ici
turi" oi' ilu'ir riipcriors, wlio ntpiiu' i-cpial indidj;ehi.i". 'Ilio popiih i Irrijy h.u •
IkkI Ricat inlhu-nio in Poland at dilluMil p'-riods, notwiihllandinj; tlu- Iri'atir;
lUli-
nd lapiudaticns in t'inour ol tin.' I'roi'. Hants and llii- liicmlnrsol tlu' liri-ck di
Indnd, it has boon cliioiiv owinn to the inlliioiao and the coiuliui (»t" tlu- popnji
t'l-rgv, tliat tlu- pealanl'* In I'oland hasi- l.oi-n rrdni.\d to I'luh a Itati- ot" wn-ti |\ii|
IVIM\'.
'i 111' prinii|)!is ot" .Soiini.'niirm made a xi-ry early and conlidv-ralile |)ro!i;refs ; and
even betore Sm i
nus canu' ni
to !•
am
1. it
IS C'linpnit
that
(here \\r\\- tlnri\-t\\,
i'on;;re';atioiw in that repnldie who denied the doctrine '»f the Trinity. A tranf.
iatiun ol the llible inti> the Polilli ian!;iiai>;e was jitildilhed in 1571 ; aiul two v
ear,
id!rr, uiiiKr the tlinctioii ol" the I'.iine pul'ims, the eaie( hil'iii, or eoiit'i-llion ot'il
. mtanans, \\;is |)iil)lill
itCiaeow. It \eas latelv rrl'oUid br^wcrn the k
pnlili,
;^i
id ll:e p:;ilitii;niii;; pouirs, tliat all Diilidents (ItiuiKi lie-n'i lorili enjoy the I'roc
eNereile of' tlu-ir reiii,non, hut eontinne excluded t'roni ili di>'t, the l"enale, niul
th
e pirmaiK
nt eonneil, 'lliev are to hine ehuteh' s, but willio.it bt-jl
1i ho.
lis an<l lemniaiies n
t" tl
alii
Kir own ; tin v are tatiable
t littii,;: II
tl<
mt
e;i ir
<i 'tills ot iiiliiee, and three ot llttir (nmmiUKOii aie ad..iilted as atieliurs in tlu ii
Iniiial. to n eeive aj'peals in reliijinn.
AueniiiMioi'RieKS am> liisnofiurks.] Poland iiitrtaiiiv tv, o arehbinioprieki,
■fi
inelna aeri i.eniimr
1 I
d:ir
nu
I he arehbilhop ot (Inefiia, besides beiiij^ l);imate, ain
an inur-reiL;n, prinee-re)j;ent <it" the kinndoiTi, \> always a eanlinal, '|'l
«itlu'r l'illi"ps. I
I, \NC. f XCl'.
i)ariieai;;rK ol ( laii
iw. enjoy j^ri-at pvuiiei^vs
and innminitii
'I 111' Pnlidi lan;;u!i''" is a ilialiel ot" the Stlavi
inie,
nd
tremelv harih, ti<>ni its detieicnt'v in vc wils. 'I he l.itliuaniai
IS e\.
d I
ivoniiiiis liavc
a i;t,,i'iia''e till
(d eorriipti-d Latin words : the l\iiliia:i a:id del man li)n}.jnes are
uiuieiliood in tlte pmviiues biirderin;^ on tliufi' lonnt
I.IAH N I NT. AX1> IIAUM:!) MKN.
I
l"ll
ill r
iperiueiis,
tl
u:
tlier I
ireat relhinr ot
earned nun, were ti:iiivi>,
the true alironoini -il Cvllein, N'orliius, and liiine e
ol' Poh;i;d, x et many eireumltaiues in this eoiintrv are t'.u- Irum tvin;^ lavnurabli'
to learning. Latin is ("pokeit, thdM^h i
pidvinces. Hill the eonleiupt whiih the nobility, wlm y
m
Ih
)ow r
epnviUge.s ot llieir rank, have i
luorrei-tly, l»\ the eonimoii [le.iple in fniii'
,• nobiiit^', wlii> i)!aee tlieir ^ iiit f" nnporiaiin'
•ver ill
■,ie"i>ie
< iiPiitaiu
(h
ha\
and the univerlai li:))erliiti.)n an
ierful!
ewn tor learnint;. lb*' K-rvitnde ot" thi:
loiu
;,i'
Wf'PC
V relaiil
ill Milks <it" iTien,— thefc
and, notwiilniandini' the liberal etinri
eir-
S I't"
111- prefeni niajelly. itill eontinue to retard the proj^n Is dl' letters in this kiiu'de.!!.
L NIV !.!■ SI riKs.
I
le imiverlities ot' Pdlaiul aie lluil".- of Cra
eow,
V\
una, ai-'
I'oinu or rofeii. 'I lie tirt} eonlitis nt idev
-f.
i-n C'>llet;es,
tniirteen granmiai-ftnools diiperled llnoiii^h the eiiy. '1 he mnnbe
and has the f'lipervit'orlhii) et
Itiul
7'
lountetl to 6o3, \\ ilna was under the I'nperinK ndaiu e nt' ilu
eiits, la
Jel"uilv
I'M
lime tlie-r I'upl'veliio:', the king liaih i (tal-'ilhed a eDnniiiilee ot' e liKiition, >vl<fv:'
jioint }'p,-iti fill's, and direct their lahnies and (iudits: th.ii of J'ofiia. wa.s lailKi ;i
Jet'uitj.' fol)»f;e than an nniverlifv.
A V I ia.1 ini s ANT> 111! lO'-n li.s, ^ 'i he frc quell t iiKiirfions of the'i'artar': aii^l
t'. Poland I Tel
\ I ( i( \ I.
: I) \ ." U I K I A I,
) oiIm r bui barons na
d tl
le woni> 11 lomeiiim-. to ii
th
itoiis in
1
uir tliiiuren expnivil m tlu woovis. \vl
\u-
POLAND, iKCLUDiHo LITHUANIA.
M
wr miiA fiij)pofc ihiy were nurfi'd by bear* and other wild bi>ani, otlterwifc it ii
(litrutilt to iU'iount tor their riil>linc-ncc. It is certain thiit fiuh hcinsi huvt* Kvn
l.iuiiil in tlic woods both of i'oland and Gcrniiiny, divoHi'd of nlmoll all the pro^
liertii's of hninanity but the form. When tukon, tliey generally went on nil fonn ;
but it \s laid that Ionic ul' thcni have, by proiKi niuna^eini.'nt, attained to the uL*
ol' I'lu'eili.
'I ho lalt mine* of Poland confill of wonderful eavirns, fewral lunvlrod yard*
(li i|), at the liottoin of wltich arc n\auy intriiatir wiiulin^i and lahyriiuhH. <)iit o'i
'I, liWe ervftal ; an-
(itlur fetter, Ijut clearer j a tliird white, but brittle ; lliele are all lirni Willi, but tliu
llu le are (luf; tour diflerent kinds ot' falls; on^ extremely hard.
I'l until is fomewhat frellier. 'Ihefe four Winds are du;^ in dilierent mines, near the
I ity of ('raeow ; on one fide of them is a llream of falt-w uter, and mi the other, onu
(i| tVelh. I he ri'venue, nrilinp; from thofe and other falt-miiies, is very condder'
j,l)le, and tornied p;»rt of the royal revriiuc before fei/i d by Au(lri:i ; the annual
;iver;i>;e profit of thofe of V\'ielit/ka, eijjlit miles from Cracow, wa* about 98,000!.
fl( riini;. Out of fome mines at It/a, alioul 70 miles norlh-eail of Cracow, are «liii»
f wral kinds of eartli, wliieli are excellently adajited to the potter's uU\ and fnpply
all I'oland with earthen wave. Under the mountains adjoimin^ to Iviow, i;i the de-
leris of I'odolia, are fevnal grottos, *vheie a great numl;.r of human Ij .dies .-ire
pufersed, though buried a \nll number of years tinci,, being neiilier tii bard nor
Id blaek as the Kgvplian mummies. Anionj; them arc two princes, in the Snbiti
llu\ ufed to wear. It is thought that this prefers ing (piality isowini; to the natv.n*
III die foil, which is dry and I'andy. The artifu ial rarities of Poland are but few,
llie cliiel being the gold, lilver. and enaiii .lied velfels, prefented by the kings and
pnlates of Poland, and pivferved in the cathedral of (Jiiefna.
('iTtl';», TOWNS, PORTS, ANDOTHKR) Warfaw lies oil the Vidiila. and ahnolt
KPil'icES, riMitic Asn VRivArr,. 5 in the centre of Poland. Itisthero\al
refulence, and contain* man) magiiitieeiii palaces, and other buildings, belides
liiuiilie- and convi.'nts. It is faid to contain in ar 70,000 inhabitants ; but a great
imuibcr ate foreigners. 'lheltreei> are fpacimis, but ill paved, and the i:veatell
part of the houfes, particularly the fuburbs, are mean wocxlen hovels, 'llie eity
cvliiliits a tlrong contrat] of wi allh and poverty, as doth every part of this unhappy
uHiiitry. It has little or no commerce llie fame may be laid of C'racow, the aii-
I iiiit capital, for we are told, thit nolwilhlhinding it lies in the neighbouihood <.if
the rich tail mines, and it is faid to contain llfty ilmrches and consents, iis com-
merce is inconliderable. The cilv ibmds in an extenlive plain wati red by the Vif-
fiila, and with the fiibiubs occupies avail fpace of ground .nut both together t'carcclv
contain 10,000 fouK. It is furrounded witli high brii k walls, ftrengtheiud with
reuiid fipiare towers in the ancient lisle «>f fortification, and is j^arrifoned with
f)oo Rullians. (irodiui, liimigti not the capital, is the principal town in Lithuania,
riHiiaining ruined palaces, falling houfes, and wietcbeil liovels. with about 7000
iiit.ahitanU, 1000 of whom are Jews; and 3000 are c;iiploy< d in new numufactures
of I loths, caiublets, linen, c«)ttoii, lilk, ihitVs, &c, «rttablillKd there b, the king
ill I77''- lb h.iili alln ellablilhid in this plaie an acai'.> iiy of ph_\ lii for l.ithiij-
i.ia, in which teii lludeiils art- intlructed lor ph)lic, ;ind iwcniyfor fiir^erv, all
l..im]it and in.iintained at his own expence.
I;.ii)tzic is the capital of Polilli I'ruiha, and is (a noiis In hilbirv ihi many accounts,
iiiiilieularlv tliat ot its being tonneily at the lu ;id of the I Ianfe;iiie :'ilo(.i,ition,
ioinnionlv c;illed the Hanle-tuwns. It is litu;iird on the \ iltuhi, ne.ir li\e mill ^
fioin the Haltic, and is a l.irge, beautilul. populous city ; its houfes geiierallv aiv
five liories high ; and many ut its Itrcets are planted with chefnut-trees. It has u
fine liaibour. and is llill a mod enimcnt connneri ial citv, alth(High it feenis to be
;i>uu\shat palt its meridian glory, which was piobably about llu lim. that the pre-
4 -^ lid nt
M*
POLAND. iNOLUDiMo LITHUANIA.
litliMit lit" Thou wrnii' his njuch iMK I'tiicd Ifi/loria fui Ttmi<oris, wherein, undrr the
year 1607, lif fo hijjlily ccliliratrs itt commerce and grandeur. It it a republic,
( 'aintliii; ii fniull adjact iit tiititory .iboiit forty miles round it, which wni iimlcr tho
|<rotc^tioii of the king :iti<l tlie rcpuhlii of I'olatid. Iik maf|;illrncy, and the ma-
jority of its inhabitants, arc l.iitluTanH \ ulthoii^h the KomanilU and CtilviniOii are
tqually tolerated in it. It i^ rich, and ban lO parilhei, with many convents and
lioAiiials. The iiih:il>itant!> have been computed to amount to 200,000 1 but Dr.
niiUliin;; tells us, that in the ye;ir 175^, tnere died but i84<) perfons, ItH own
lliippinL' i» nuiiu rous \ but tlie t'ii\ i^n ihips conllanll) refnrtin^ to it are more fo,
wliiicol 1014 arrived there in the )ear 175^; in wliich year alfo ii88 I'olilli
vellels came down the \ ilhila, cliieflv laden with corn, for its matchlefs crunaries,
from whence that grain is diilribiited to many forei^jn tuitions; Poland being juflly
deenu'd the grealell niagaziiu' of corn in i'",uro|)e, and Dant/ic the grealt H pom
fnr dilliilMitiiii; it; belides wliiih, Danlzie exports great <pianlitiis of naval lb)res.
Dr. Hull hing allirms, that it appears from ancient records, as early as the yeur 997,
that Daiit/ie was a large commercial city.
'llu; iiili:;l)itants of iJantzie have often changed their mafters, nnd tinve fomc-
tiines beiii^ unler tin- pmtetlioM of the iMiglilh and Dutch ; but generally have Ihewu
A greiit pri (iileelion fur the kingdom and republic of I'oland, as being lefs likely
to lival tlienj in their tra«le, or abridge tlnm of their iinmtmilies, which reaeft
even to the privilege of coining money. 'I'iiough llrongly fortified, ond poflelfcd
o'l ij^olarge brafs cannon, the town could not Ihiiul a regular liege, being fur-
roundid with eniim-nces. It 1734, the inhaliitants difcovered a remarkable at-
laclimnit ami fidelity towards Stanillaus, knig of I'oland, not only when liis cnc
lilies, tlie Kulhans, were at their gates, but ». ven in polUirion of their city. Th;;
reafon why Dantxie, Thorn, and Kibing, have enjoNed privileges, Ixtth civil and
religious, very dill'erent from thofe of the rell of Poland, is becaufe, not being able
to emlure the lyrai;ny of the Teutonic kniglils, they put themfclves under the i>ro-
tcction of Poland, referving to ihemfelvis Ingr and ample privileges.
Thi-s eit), as well as that of I horn, was exi'inptcd by the late king of Prudia
from tliofe claims wliich he made on the neighbouring countries; notwilhftanding
which, he foi.n after thought proper to teize on the territories belongiiig to
Dantz,ie, uiuler pretence of their having been formerly part of Poliih Pruliia. He
then pioeeided to polllfs liinifelf of the port-tluiies belonging to that i iiv
and civcU'd a culiom-lioiife in the harbour, where he laid arbitrary and infup-
J ortalile duties ui)oii goods exported and importeil. 'locomple'e llie fyllcm of
opi refiioji, culloin-houfes were ereOed at the very gates of Dant/ic, fo that no
pv.if(>iis cculd go in (ir out of the town, without being fearched in the llricleft
riKiniier. Such i» the treatment whiih the city ofDant/ichas received, though lew
cities have evir ixilled, which have been cmiiprcheiKleil in fo many gener;d and
])articular treaties, and whnfe rights and liberties have been fo frc<pientlv feeured,
and guaranteed by io many great powers, and by fuch a long and regular fue-
cillion of public acts, as that of Dant/ic h.is been. In the vear 1 7^4, it was
bl- tk.nied by his troops on various preiences: by ll.e interpoliiien of the eniprel's
<f Riiiiia, and el the king ot Poland, thoy were withdrawn, and a negociaiion
( iirried on by deputies at U arfaw ; u hich was i oncluiled on the 7th of September,
by which, av now accetleil to by the iiti/<'ns, tlie |)!;.ce and tratle of the cilv are to
be ri flcKtl lo its former Ihibililv. Nolwitliiiahiling tins, in the yrar I7<>u the
PnilL^in tioops took poiH lin n ol Dant/ic ; fl:.' be.rgomaHers and council of the
«ily, laving on tlu- .id of .\i).'il, idlemb'.fd at the towulioufe, at the ruiutll of
4he king of Pruda, made known to every biirglu r and inhabitant, by publii de-
claralic 11, to ord- r evtry pi ifon to keep hi.nfelf cpii. t. to ftdlow his trade and
buliui f;. .1^ kifu.il, liud to iciiiain p.atcably in hit, huufe, v. lien the Prulliau tn.. ps
Uulll
POLAND, iNcLirDiKo LITHUANIA.
547
fliall enter lliat city. 'Ilic city of! horn wn« nllo trontit! I»y ilic king of PrtJlVm
ill t)u- fiiiiic uiijiift nnd opprelTivc manner, and in now ndili-d to liiit donnnioni.
C'oMMi.iicK AND M A N u F AC r HR Ks ] lliv cliii f cxuciris ot" I'oland iirr nil
f|)ciu'» of ){rniii, hi'mj>, Hux, iiiltli-. miifti, plinikn, oiiili iitul tar, lionry, wnx,
piit.illi, itnd lullow I ilH iniporlH arc fniiign wini s, i lollis, tlullii, nuinnriictiin-d lilkt
mid lOllon, Hue linen, liardwiire, tin, eopner, lilvir ioiil unM, gluf^ ware, fnrx, &i
.Soim
mam
la
linen iiikI woollen eloths, (ilken Uiifl's, eanihli (*, laiON, arid hard wnret, iiro
iitattined in tlie interior j)artH of Poland ami l.iilnuinia t Inil loinnieree i*
ntirely <oi)/Nied to the city or Dant/ie, nnd otiur towns on the Vilhda and tlu*
lialti
( oNHfiTUTiON AHn novKRNMRNT.J Wliole voluinen Imve l)ecn Written \ijv>n
this fubji tl. It ditFers little from an arilloerac v : lieiue |*ol;ind lias lieen called a
kiiif!<loni nnd coninionwealtli, 'ilie king is tlie iuad of the re|»id)lie, and iseJe^Kd
li) llie nobility and clergy, in the p'ains of \N arfaw. I hey elett him on horfc-
h;uk ; and in cafe there ihonld lie a refraHmy ininoiity, the majority has no con-
trol iver tliein, but to cut tliein in pieces will\ iluir labres ; but if the minoriiy
ari fiifhiienlly llrong, a i ivil war cnfnes. Immediately after his cletlion, he (igm
i\K f:ulii <o«tv'.7(/ of the kii>(;dnn\, by wliiih he en^n^es, ilmt the crown Ihall be
elet^live, that hit fuccelfnr lliail be n|ipuiiited dnriiij; lii» lifi — that the diets Ihall be
alifmiled every (wo years -that every nolile or gentleman in the realm Ihall havi;
n vole in ibi diet of eletlion, and thai in cafe the kinj; llinuid infringe the lawi
and privilej^is of tl.e nation, lii% fiibjetls llnnild be abfiived from ih -ir alleniiime.
In fafl the king is no more iluni the prelideni of the iViiaie, which nl-d to In- coin-
polid of the |>rimate, tlie ui'eliliilhup nf l.enilmrg, i^ liilhops, and i ;;o Invmen,
tDiililiing of the great ollicers ot llati', llie I'ala'ims, and Callelhins. The Palalim <
an' the governors of the provinces, who hold tin ii (j(licisl»>r life.— I he ('.Tlirllan-,'
iitiici' in lime of peace is moftiy nominal , but wluti the military or feudal firviies
ate reijuireil, tiny are the lieutenants of the I'.ilatincs, and (.ommaml tlie troops of
their iVveral diUriits.
'llie I'.iets of I'oland are ordinary and extraordinnry ; the former meet once in
two, ami foinelimes three ) ears ; the latter is fummoiK d by llie king, upi>n tritiial
tnnrgimies; but one dilleiiling voice retidei« all their delibeiations icefleetual.
'llie llarolls properJN are go\i triors and judges, in parliiul;ir llaroliiesor dillricts-,
tlioii^h fome trijoy this title without any iurifiliction at all. The Palatines and
Caftelians, lufides being fenators, are lord-lieutenants, and deputy-lieutenants, io
tlu ir ri (pective Paialinates.
I'n Moiis to a geiu r.d diet, either ordinary or e\tra( idinary, wliit li can (it but
fix wnks, there are dielines, or proNincial diets, lnld in dillerenl diOrirK. 'Ilk-
king feiuls them letters lontaining the heads ot the bulinefs that is to be tteaied of
in
a
general diet, 'llie gentry of each palatinate may lit in the dietine, and
chute nuncios or deputies, to carry their refolulions to the grand diet. 'I he great
diet I'-nlills of the king, fenate.s, and deputies Irom jirovinces and towns, \i/. tjK
f.ir I'olaiid and Litliuania, and I'eventy for Prullia ; and it meets twice at Waifaw,
and once at firodno, In turns, for the coiivenieiu / ot the Lithuanians, wli.) made
this one of the articles of their union with Poland ; but linee the f'cfeni reign
thev have been always fumttioned to W arfaw.
'i he king formerly nominated the great oflici s ot ftate, and to (>ther places, but
hv the new couflituliori, for the election of fenators, n$ bitliops. palatines, ( allellans,
and niinilUrs, the permanent council nominates, by ball'.'t, three eaiuiidates, one of
whom the king muU appoint — the fame refpeCting the commiliu tiers of war, and
<if the treafury, &c. 8ic. The kiiit; was alfo forced to niumnce the right of dif-
Jioling of any of the royal UemeCncs and llaiuUiej,. VMion the king is abfent from
4 A a Pulaud,
54l POI.Arn, iM«tvt>nio LTTIIU A MI A
Polaiul, or (load, lii« plucf \t riiit|ili> 1 Uy the tiblibiniop ofGncfna, and if iliat fc«
i* v;i< i«nl, »y tin- ImJiop ui IMolKO
IIk' irii grriti othcvri ol' lUtc iit lolanc!, who are frnatori. air ihc twn uioat
nuirlliali, oito of I'lil ml, tlic oiiirr o>' Lithuania i tliv chancellor )f ilic kinKiioiii,
Mii'l lli« cliuriCfllDr ut iIk- (huhy t the vici^H'haiueilor of iho kingdom, and the vki>.
rlitiiK'cilnr nt thu dii> hy , Iho grrnt general, the K'<'<t( trcafutcr of the kingdom,
Mini till' lul< nurlhiil, or nMrltinl of llic court of tlu ituchy.
Such arc the tuiilin* ^ i>| ilii!< motley connitutio". »vhi*h waa ncw-mAdcllcd wiiii<
almrill every ikw king, aciordin^ tn ihv /M/7a atwtnta wind) he ii obliged toligni
To thut notliing lan he l.iiil "I ii miIi crrtdinty, thcrr lacing lately a total dillolu-
tion ot ull order in I'ohiiul, through the inKucnco o> funic »f the neighbouring
power*, ititcrcllcd to foment annrchy and confndo in tlk' 1* lilh ccmntila ; and
jmniy of the lull nubility do not blurti to leceivr iitioni from foreign c«>urt»,
1 low ever, in tlii» nn|)erfi'tt Ikelch, wc lan difton the great mitlinck of a nnblo
inul free j{o\.rnmcnt. Iho pmaution* taken to Kn*!! tjic knig'it |)o>ver, and yet
jhvell imn with ww unipic prcr )gali .c, were w irthy of a wife pfopfi Ihc inffitutinnii
«jf tlie (III t anil tiiclincs are favourable to publii liber'v, itj, are i iny other provi-
iioni in tiie repui)lic : but it laUiured, <'vei\ m i> . bel) i ite, under uicurablc difor*
tlcm. The excrcife of 'he \<tto, or the trifnniitia' tuj;ativc, lliai i» vefled in every
nuMiibcr of a diet or dietine, mull nlway* he detlrj^live of oi<ier and government.
It iii fomuled upon (iotliic principlvs, ai.d that unlnnitcd juril'diction which ilic
Sreat lord'*, in tormer uj;es. iiful toeiijoy all over I'.inopc. Aicordmg to Mr. Com-,
ic privik);e m i|iietlion is not to hv |oui\d in anv peiiod of the Tolnh hillorj an
tccedeiit to the vei^n ol ./.jm C'alimir. It was uiuler \\\i adminiOration, in thc\iar
\{i(,2, when the diet ot U arfa*v wa-i debaliii^f upon iraiibCtioiik of the utiiioU in,
ItortaiKC vvltiih required a fpeetiy delcnnihauon, that Mi iniki, nuncio i>f I'liit.i jn
.iihuania, cried out, *' I Itop the procetdin;,'*." Having uttered ihef wordii, he
i|iiiticil li.e alleiiibly, and, npairini; inniuihately to the ilninccllor, pi.<telK-d, ilut
M many adi> ;• had been propufed and i arm d contrary to the conditution of ilurf.
jublic, if the diet cunlinued to lit, hi lliouid contiikr it a.s an iiifringeinent of the
aws. The mcmlier* were ihiindeillnick at a proti It of this nature, hitherto un-
known. U arm ilebntes took plate .ibout the pn |>ri<iy of coniinuiiig or diiroUiiiu
the <liet \ at l« n^'th. the venal ami (iiUi.nli nti d faciM ii, who ftipported the proi,li,
«>l)t!\iiied the ii;.i;oii;) ; and the a(?i ,iihl\ broke up in gre.i i.oiituluui. Kvrr Ijiuc
that limi'. ih<' jnivilem of every intmlur to Ibtp the j' ' ecdingj of the diet has
tiintinmd, whiili is done by the fmgic word, ir/c " I Jorbid."
'I 111 w.mi of tibi nlinaiiuM in the excculi\r , ,irts of the conftitution, and tlic
ruuliiiiif,' nol'liuieii ii 'liiieiulent and iiiKKcouiitaiile for their < Mmhitl, is a bleniiih
whiih pirhapsma^ Ik in.practu abir to niuove, as it can be dom only with llu'ir
cwn <• il^ lit. Atier ail, wlicn we examine the beft aciounts of tlit |)(efcnt um-
flitiition I'f I'olttiid, and (ninparo them wiili the ancient hiff^ry of (;reat Hritam,
and oll'i r iM.iopi.iii kiii;,'iloms, ue niav pen eisc a wonder' nmiarity between
what ilufe were It rinerly. and vxjjat I'olami is at prefeiit. 1 his naturally kads iia
to infer, lli;it the '^ip^eiiiineni ot I'olaiid lamiot be oth. iwifo improved than by the
introduviion ot ails, maiiufatlure , ai.d loimiierce, wliii h would render the com-
mon people mde[)eiidint on the nobility, and jircvent the latter from havinj; it in
their power to aunoy their fiAerti)^ii, and fo maintain tliofe uiiei^ual priviUgis
v\!.iili aie fo hurtful to tiie I'lmmuiiity.
Iiiiliid the p; riiti nir,^ power?, liUi'les difniembering the lull provinces of I'o-
Jai.il, piineed'. il to i bailee ami li\ the coiiliilution and j;overiimnii, ui der pretence
of iimemlinp it ; confirming all its deleclk, and endeavouring to perpetuate il,c
principles of nnarciiy ar.d (.ontui.ou. Ihe executive power, wh.icii was ciitrutled
tu
i;,
rOLAND, iMetVBiito LITHUANIA
I4f
fo the king and fcniii , i« nu^«' vrOcd in the |H>rnianviii < Mincil, comiHifcJ of the
king, frnatr, nnd il'- rqurUi an orilcr ;— «h« kitttf at pi ' luiriil, fbc primnK- «mt
llirvv l>il1i<i|M, nine lay Kii«lor^, t'oui ri»m '*>> ifiimury ol »*h' rc|iulilK , ilu- ninrlliiil,
Willi 17 n»uiifi'lli»fi of llir ri|ut'llrun <»fili , m all 36 Of ihi- ••inhiri;i\ foii«t<»r»,
fix from cuch piorim-r of Grcm PoUiid, Little I'))l«n«i, nd Liiliuaniu 'Ihcy in
Idled uiMin lour cardinal Uws to br mrified, whtrh wji at lad »bt: mrd. Fi'K,
" ih.»t ilif 1 rown of ('(i*Und Oiall be for ever cirthvc, and all order ai fucccllu
til
|u(i>' ribi-d :" liiiii ili'- cxrlufioii of a kit ^'« Ton and grnndfoit remove* ihc prolWi-t
of ail hercdilurv fovereignry, and rnltuls u|M)n the kinj{dorn all the eviU inK'pa-
lablr ffdin an cleMivc monarchy. Ky the ftctnJ, " thai forei)(n candidate* to ihi*
throne (hull be rxriudrd, and for the future, no p^rf 'n can be chofon kin^ of
I'm ind. •-)!< <'|>t a nuliv>- Pol' oMioblv origin, and polKnlmg land in the kingdom,"
the huilr I iiiicony, ;ind ail i.ireii(n |iriiice<i who <ii ght be likely to ^ivc woiglit
to rolviid i,i their hereditaiv dominions, and rdloi\- it* pruvint.rs totd lilx'rtie*, arts
fit u/idc n^ the ikirj, " the ({ovcriimrnt of Poland Ihttll be for ever Iree, iiidc*
piMltnl, niui of il n jiiiiiiiiun fnrin 1" the /litrum w, », and all the c\ort»itunt pri-
vilege* tif the eijii. Uriiin iTder, are loiifinned in ih'ii ulmoll laiitud'*. And by ihn
juurtk. " a luriuaiifiif council lliall In- elhiblidied, in which the excciitivi- ixiwer
rtinll he v« (f d ,' and in thi\ couni il the eejuertrian order, hitherto excluded from
the iidnii liruli«>ii of atlairs in llie interval of diett, Ihall be udnntuil. I'o that thu
prirogat ve» of the crown nre Hill farther diiuinilhod. but thi» change of the con-
nitiitioii was intended by tlie partitioning powers Jo fervc their own purpofes,
and giv< ;i laige fcupc tu inHut. ncc and futtioii over that part t>( the kingd> ni they
hail iirn iVu n.
Kr.VKMt'v.4.] Though the king of Poland i« ftinted in the political rxercife of
his prerogative, yet hiii revenue ii lutficiirit to maintain him and hit houihuuld ii%
fpltiidour, a* he pays no tri -'ps, or t>fficerH of Hale, not even hit body-guard*. The
preOnt king hiiil i .ojo.ooo .1 id a half of tloruis fitiled upon him by the eonmtiiruni
of Hate ; and ihe intnnie <if his pritleielTors jjenerally amounted to 140,000!. tier-
ling. I h«' public rrveiuH'- urofe cliiiMy ti'Mu ih<- crowiilaiuW. the lali-min k iti
the palaiinate of Cracnw, iiiw in Atiltrian I'oland, which alone amounted to nearly
loo.oool iterlii.g , ancient loliii niid culbmiii, particularly thofe of KIbing and
Dnnizic, the rents of Marietiburg, Dirihau, and Kogenhu*, ond of the govcrnnicut
ofCrncow and <iillriii<l ot Niipolimni* v
WelK-rn I'luii.a was the greauli loU to Poland, as \a- the difmnnlH-rnu'nt of
lliat priivincf, ihe navi^aiii'O ot the \ ilbila depeiuK entirely u[n>n tlic king of
riulli.'i Pruli a hafc laid fui h heavy duties on the nurchandi/e palling to Uantiiic,
.IS greatly In diiniiiilh tlio trade of that town, and to trnn»fer aconlidciubic part gf
it t.) Memcl and Ktmingtburgh.
By the difiiicinlicrmcnt in ly; '. Poland Iof> nearly half her
annual income. To fupply this deficiency, it bicanic
lucellary to in w-nuidil and increafe the taxcj. /T. Jitrl.
In 1 77 s. •'" '''C "iip^'''* ""^'"""'^'' '^ ' ■ ' 3*3'0'^ o
'Ilie neat riviinie nf thi- king is - - - 194,500 o
Out nf wSiith he only paxs hi'i houlhoUI expcnces, and
menial fervantn. It arilcii trom his royal demcfncs,
llarortics, and 74,074!. out of the trenfury.
Whole revenue . , • - 443,938 o
UeduH the kriig's revenue fcr privy purfe - - iQ4,5r>o o
o
Q
o
o
|\>r army, ftaie ofticcn, and all other charges
MlLIVAKT
>.v^.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WiST MAIN STRIET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO
(716)872-4503
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POLAND, ivcLODiMo LITHUANIA.
Military strrnoth.] The innate pride of the Polilh nubility is fueh, th»t
tht^v always iippcur in tlic field on horfeback i and it is faid that Poland can raifc
with eafc 100.000, and Lithuania ^0,000 cavalry ; but it mufi be underftoud that
forvants arc included. As to tlioir infantry, they are generally hired from Germany,
l)iit aar foon difiuilTed, hecaufe they mu(l be maintained by extraordinary taxes,
of wliii'h the Polilh grandees are by no means fond. As to the ordinary army 0^
the PoU's, it confiiled in 1778. o( 12,310 men in Poland, and 7,465 in Lithuania.
The einprcfs <>f Kuliiii maintains in the country 10,000 foldicrs, and every garrifun
is compofcd of Rullinns and natives i looQ of the former arc ilationed at \Varfaw.
']'h« I'c h )l(.l the nobles in fubjcdiou ; and the king himfclf is little more than a
viceroy, while the Kulllan ambaflador regulates tne an*airs of the kingdom under
tlie dirctlion of l\is court. The })ofpolite confi(\sof all the nobility of the kingdom,
and their followers, except the chancellor, and the tlarods or governors of frontier
places } and they niity be c.illcd by the king into the field upon extraordinary occa-
lions i but lie cannot keep them above fix weeks in arms, neither are they obliged
to march above three leagues out of the kingdom.
The Polilli liufl'ars arc tne fined and moll lliowy body of cavalry in Europe j next
to tliem are the panccrns ; and both thefe bodies wear coats of mail and iron caps.
The refl of the cavalry are armed with mufkets and heavy fcymitars. The Poles
may be rendered excellent troops by difcipline, and on various occaTions, particu>
larly under John Sobielki, they made as great a figure in arms as any people in
Europe, and proved the bulwark of Chriftendom againd the infidels. It did not
fuit the Saxon princes, who fucceedcd that hero, to encourage a martial fpirit
in the Poles, whom tliey perpetually overawed with their electoral troops ; nor in-
deed to introduce any reformation among them, either qvil or mHitary ; the ciTe^s
of which conduct have been lincc feverely felt in that country.
Orders,] Tlie order of the " fT/iiie Ear/e" was firft inftituted by Uladiflaus
in the year 1325, but revived by Augudus 1. in the year 1705, to attach to him
fomc of the Polilh nobles who, he feared, were inclined to Staniflaus his competi<
tor ; it was conferred alfo on the czar Peter the Great of RulVia. The collar is
compofcd of eagles difplaycd, and annulets linked together, having pendent to it
the badge, which is a crofs of eight points enamelled, gold, bordered white and
cantoned with a fmaller crofs, having a bead on each ptiint charged on one fide
with an eagle, white.difplayed, having over its head an imperial crown, and on the
rtveife the king's cypher with this motto, " Pro fide, rege, tt ky^e" The knights
ct)inmonly wear the badge pendent to a broad blue ribband, worn fadi-ways m)m
the right llioulder and under the left arm, and a ftar of eight points embroidered
in gold and filvcr alternately, on the left fide of their coat. 'I ne prefent king in-
dituted the order of " St. Staniflaus" foon after his eleflion to the crown in 1765,
'Y\w. badge is a gold crofs enamelled red, and on the centre of it is a medallion
with the image of St. Staniflaus enamelled in proper colours. It is worn pendent
to a red ribband edged with white. The dar or the order is filver, and in- the
centre is a cypher of S. A. R. (Stuiuflaus Augudus Rex) encircled with the motto
" Pramiando incitat."
History.] Poland of old was poflbnTcd by the Vandals, who were afterwards
partly expelled by the Rufs and Tartars. It was divided into many fmall dates or
principalities, each almod independent of another, though they generally had fome
prince who was paramount over the red. In the year 700, the people, through the
opprcflion of their petty cliiefs, gave the fupreme command, under the title ot duke,
to Cracus, the founder of the city of Cracow. His poderity failing, in the year
.850, a peafant, one Piadus, was elefted to the ducal dignity. He lived to the age
6t izo years, and. his reign was fo long and aufpicious, that cv.:ry native Pole who
has
PpLAHDt iMCLVsiMo LITHUANIA.
jii
hat be«n (ince elected king ii called • Piaft. From this period, till the accclTion
of Miciflaus II. in 964, we have no very certain records of the hiftory c( Poland,
'fhe title of duke was retained till the year 999, when Boledaus alTumcd the title
of king, and conquered Moravia, Pruflia, and Uuhemia, making them tributary to
Poland. Boleflaui II. added Red Ruflia to Poland, bv marrying the hcircfs of that
duchy, anno 1059. Jagello, who, in 1384, mounted the throne, was grand-d'ukc of
Lithuania, and a Pagan ; but on his being elected king of Poland, he not only be-
came a ChriAian, but was at pains to bring over his fubjedts to that religion. He
united his hereditary dominions to thofe of Poland, which gave futh influence to
hispofterity over the hearts of the Poles, that the crown was preferved in his family,
until the male line became extinct in Sigifmund Auguftus, in 1572. This prince ad-
mitted the reformed, with the Greeks and all other fects, to a feat in the diet, and
to alt the honours and privileges before confined to the catholics. He gave fuch
evident marks of favour to the protcftant confcflioii, that he was fufpc£>ed of being
inclined to chance his religion. At this time two powerful competitors appeared
for the crown ofPoland. Thefc were Henry, dukcofAnjou, brother to Charles IX.
king of France, and Maximilian of Auflria. The French interefl prevailed by
private bribes to the nobles, and a tiipulation to pay an annual penfion to the
republic from the revenues of France. But Henry had not been four months on
the throne of Poland, when his brother died, and he returned privately to P'rance,
whichkingdom he governed by the name of Henry III. '1 he^iarty who had cfpoufed
Maximilian's intereft endeavoured once more to revive his pretenfions ; but the
majority of the Poles l>cinB dcfirous to chufe a prince who might refide among
them, made choice of Stejuicn B.itori prince of Tranfylvania ; who, in the begin-
ning of his reign, meeting with foine oppoiition from the Auftrian fa£\ion, took the
wifeft method to cftabliih himfelf on the throne, by marrying Anne, the lifter
of Sigifmund Augiiftus, and of the royal houfe of the Jagcllons. Stephen produced
a great change in the military affairs of the Poles, by efiablifhing a new militia,
compofcd of the Coflacs, a rough and barbarous race of men, on wriom he beftow-
ed the Ukraine. Lpon his death, in 1586, the Polos chofc Sigifmund, fon of John
king of Sweden, by Catharine filler of Sigifmund II. for their king.
Sigifmund was crowned king of .Sweden after his father's death ; but being ex*
celled as we have fecn in the hiltory of Sweden, by the Swedes, a long war
enfued between them and the Poles, and terminated in favour of the latter.
Sigifmund being fecurcd in the throne of Poland, afpired to that of Rullia as well
as Sweden ; but after long wars, he was defeated in both views. He was after-
wards engaged in a variety of uiifuccefsful wars with the Turks and the Swedes.
At laft a truce was concluded under the mediation of France and England ; but
the Poles were forced to agree, that the Swedes Ihould keep Elbing, Memel, Bra-
null erg and i^illau, together with ail they had taken in Livonia. Li the year 1623,
Sigifmund died, and Uladillaus his fon fucceeded. 'Ihis prince was fucccfsful
both againft the 'I urks and the RuHians, and obliged the Swedes to retture all the
Polilh doniiniims they had taken in Prullia. His reign, however, was unfortunate,
by his being inftigatcd, through the avarice of his great meu, to encroach upon the
privileges of the Coflacs in the Ukraine.' As the war which followed was carried
on agaTnft the CofTacs upon ambitious and perfidious principles, the ColTacs, na-
turally a brave people, became defperate ; and on the fuctellion of John II. brother
to Uladillaus, the ColTac general Schmielinfki defeated the Poles in two great
battles, and forced them to a dithonorable peace. It appears that, during the
ccirfe of this war, the Polifli nobility behaved like the worll of ruflians, and their
condutt being highly comiemned by John, they as highly condemn, d the peace he
had concluded. As the jealoufy ariling from this fource continued, the Rufl.ana
came to a rupture with the Poles ; and being joined by many of the CoUacs, they,
6 la
55*
POLAND, mctoDiMo LITHUANIA.
in 1654, took Smolcnflco. Thi« was followed by the taking of Wilna, and other
place* ; and they committed liorrid ravages in Lithuania. Next year, Chnrlei X.
of Sweden, after over -running Great and Little Poland, entered into Polilli Pruffia,
all the towns of which received him, except Dantzic. The refillancc made by that
city gave the Poles time to re-niremblc, and their king, John Caiimir, who had Hcd
into Silefia, was joined by the Tartars, as well as Poles j fo that the Swedes, who
were difperfed through tne country, were every where cut in pieces. The Lithu.
nniaiis, at the fame time, dilovvned the allegiance they had been forced to pay
Charles, who returned to Sweden with no more than a handful of his army. It
was during this expedition, that the Dutch and Engliih protected Dantzic, and
the elector of Brandeuburch acquired the fovereignty of Ducal Pruflia, which had
fubmitted to Charles. Thus the latter lod Poland, of which he had made an
alinoil complete comiudl. The treaty of Oliva was begun after the Swedes
had been driven out ut" Cracow and Thorn, by which Royal PrulVia was rellored
to the Poles. They were, however, forced to quit all prelenfions to Livonia,, and
to cede Sinolenlko, K.iuw, and the duchy of Sivcria, to the Kuflians.
During thcfi: tranfaftions, the Polilh nobility grew diflatisfied with the concef-
fions their king had made to the CofTaes, many ot whom had thrown otT the Polilh
yoke 1 others taxed him with want of capacity ; and foine, with an intention to
rule by a nierceiuwy army of (uermans. Caiimir, who was fond of retirement and
i^udv, finding that cabals and faibtions incrcufud every day, and that he himfelf
miglit fall a facrifice to the public difcontent, abdicated his throne, and died abbot
of St. Gcrmains in France, having employed his latter days in Latin poetical corn*
politions, which arc far from being dd'picable.
Hie moil remote defcendants ot the ancient kings ending in John Cafimir, many
foreign candidates prelented thcmfelves for the crown of Poland ; but the Poles
chofe for their kin^ a private gentleman of little intercd, and lefs capacity, one
Alichael Wiefnowilki, becaute he was defcended from a Piad. His reign was
difgraceful to Poland. Large bodies of the ColVacs had put thcmfelves under the
motc^tion of the Turks, who conquered all the provinces of Podolia, and took
Kaininieck, till tiien thought inipiegnablc. The greated part of Poland was then
ravaged, and the Poles were obliged to pay an annual tribute to the fultan. Not-
^vithllandiug thofe difgraceful events, the credit of the Polilh arms was in fome
nieafure maintained by John Sobielki, the crown-general, a brave and adtive com-
inaiuK-r, who had given the Turks feveral defeats. Michaiel dying in i673,Sobic(ki
.was chofen'king ; and, in 1676, he was ib i'uccelsful againft the infidels, that hg
forced them to remit live tribute they had impofed U{)oji Poland } but they kept
]H)fTeflinn of Kaminieck. In i683,Sobiclki, though he had not been ivell treated by
.the houfe of Auilria, was fo pubiic-fpirited a« to enter into the league that was
formed for the defence of Cliridendom againil the infidels, and acquired immortal
honour, by obliging the 'i'urks to caife the fiege of Vienna, and nuking a terrible
ilaughler of the enemy ; for all which glorious fervices, and driving the Turks out
otlTungary, he was ungratefully rtquited by the emperor Leopold.
Sobielki jreturning to Poland, continued the war againft the Turks, but unfortu-
nately ([uarrelled wilh the (enate, who fufpctled that ne wanted to make the erowu
hereditary in his tamily. He .died, after a|;lorious reign, in 1696.
Poland fell into great diliradlions upon Stjbielki's death. Many confcdoracioi
were formed ; but all parties feemed inclined to exclude the Sobielki family. In
the mean while, Poland was iiifulted by the Tartars, and her crown was iu;i nian-
fler put up to fale. 'IJie prince of Conti, of the blood royal of France, was tin-
mod liberal bidder; but Avhile he thought the eletlion almoil fure, he was difui)-
^pointed by the intrigues of the queen-dowager, in favour of her younger fon, prime
Aiexa dcr Sobielki i for which llie was driven from Watfawtu Dantzic. Suodeniy
AugulUb,
POLAND, I NCI, uDiNo LITII U A NI A
55.1
Auguftiu, cIe6W of Saxony, flnrtcd up as a candidotc, and aficr u (ham clcflitdi,
hviiif; proclaimed I)) tlic bifliop of Ciijavia, he look i)olli.llioii (it' Cracow with a
Saxon army, and athially was crowned in that city, in 1^197. 'Ilu- prince ot'Couti
made feveral nnfuccersfid cfibrts to re-elhiblilli his inton-IJ, and pn. tended that he
liiid been aitually chofen ; but he was at'terwards obliged lo rclurn to France, and
llic other powers of luirope feemed to aecpiiefee in the eieitioM of Augullus. '[\w
manner in which he was driven from the throne by Oharli.s \1I. of Sweden (uIm
procured the advancement of Stanidaus), and afterwards nllored i)y the e/ar, IVte;
tiie Great, has been ahvady related in ilie hiftory of Sweden. It vvns not till the
yeariyzj that Augultus was fully confirmed on tiie throne, which he held upon
precarious and difa{;rceable terms. The Poles were naturally attached to Stanii-
laus, and were pcrpetualljr forming confpiracies and plots againll AugulUis, wlm
was obliged to maintain his authority by means of his Saxon guards and regiments
In 1725, his natural fon, prince Maurice, afterwards the famous count Saxe, was
chofen duke of Courland j but Auguftus was notable to maintain him in that dig
nily, againll the power of Rullia and thejealoufyuf the Poles. Auguftus died, after
an unquiet reign, in • 733. having done all he could to infurc the lucccirion of Po-
land to his fon Auguftus II. (or, as he is called by fome, III.) This occafioned a
war, in which the French king maintained the intcrell of his futhcr-in-law Staniflau».,
who was aftually re-ele£led to the throne by a confiderable party, of which the
prince primate was the head. But Auguftus, entering Poland with a powerful
army or Saxons and Ruilians, compelled his rival to retreat into Dantzic, from
whence he cfcaped with great difficulty into France. In the hiftory of Germany,
the war between Auguftus II. as eledtor of Saxony, or rather as the ally of Rufliu
and Auftria, and his late Pruflian majefty, luns been diftint^ly noticed. It is fufli-
cient to fay, that though Auguftus was a mild, moderate prince, and did every thing
to fatisfy the Poles, he never could gain their hearts: and all he obtained from
them was merely llieltcr, when his Prullian majefty drove him from his capital and
eleibrate. Auguftus died at Drefdcn, in 1 763 ; upon w .lich, count Staniftaus Ponia-
towlki was chofen king, by the name of Stanillaus Auguftus ; though it is faid that
tlie eleftion was conducted irregularly, and that he obtained the crown chieHy
through the influence of theemprefs of RuiFia. He is a man of abilities and addrefs;
hut from various concurring caufes, he has had the unhappinefs to fee Poland,
during his reign, a fcene ofdefolation and calamity. In 1766, two Polilh gentle-
men prefenled a petition to the king, in the name of all the proteftant nobility, and
in behalf alfo of tne members of the Greek church, wherein they demanded to be
re-inftated in their ancient rights and privileges, and to be placed upon the fame
footing in every refpett with the Roman Catholic fubje6b of the kingdom. " The
differonce of fentiments upon fomc points of religion among Chriftians," faid they
in their petition, " ought not to interfere with employments of the ftatc. 'ITie dif-
fircnt feds of Chriftians, although they dift'cr in opinion among thcmfelves with
refpefl to fome points of do£lrine, agree all in one point, that ot being faithful to
their fovereign, and obedient to his orders : all the Chriftian courts are convinced
of this truth i and therefore, without having any regard to the religion they profefs,
Chriftian princes ought only to feek after tnofe whofe merit and talents make them
capable of ferving their country properly." The king gave no anlwer at this time
to the petition of the diflidents ; but the matter was referred to the diet, which was
held the following year, when tlie minifters of the courts of Rufl'ia, of London, of
Berlin, and of Copenhagen, fupported their pretenfions. The diet appeared to
treat tlie complaints of the dilVidents with great moderation, as to the free exercife
of their worftiip, which gave fome flattering expctlations that the affair would be
happily terminated. But the intrigues of the late king of PrLillia appear to have
prevented this ; for though he openly profeflTed to be a zealous defender of the
4 B caufe
5.vV
POLAND, 1 N c M- P I N LITHUANIA.
caiife ol'tlic diUklonts, yet it was manifcll fioni the event, that his Krcnt aim wm
toproinoti- thi! views ot his own ambition. IIjc intervention of the KufTians in the
:i(Tairs of Poland aifo gave great diAfull to all partiei in the kingdom. The whole
nation entered into confederacii's formed in aiding provinces ; the popiH) clergy
were adlive in oppoling the iniifc of the dillidenls ; and this unfortunate country
became the theatre of the moll cruel and complicated of ail wars j partly civil,
1>artly religious, and partly foreign. The confulion and devaHation continued in
'olaiid during the years 1769, 1770, and 1771, whercbv the whole face of the
country was defolated ; many of tlie prineipal Polilh families retired into foreign
ftates wiih their efl'efts ; and had it not been for a body of Rulllan troops *\liith
atted as guards to the king at VVarfaw, that city had likewife exhibited a fccne of
plunder and malfacrc. To thefe complicated evils, were added, in the year 1770,
that moll dreadful fcourgc, the peliilence, which fpread fnmj the frontiers of
Turkey to the adjoining provinces of Podolia, Volhinia, and the Ukraine ; and in
thefe pi()viiues it is faiu to have fwept o(f 250,000 of the people. Meanwhile,
fome of tlie Poliih confederates interceded with the Turks to allill them again({
their powerful (ip])refl"ors ; antl a war cnfued between the KuHians and the lurks
on account of Poland. The condu^H of the (Jrand Signior and of the Ottonian
Porte towards the dillrelTed Poles was jutl and honourable, and the very rcverfe of
tliat of their Cliriftian, Catholic, and Apoftolic neighbours *.
In the niidll of tliofe turbulent and difaflrous fcenes, the confederates (who
ever conlldered the king as unlawfully elcck'd, and who imputed to his fatal ele-
vation ;\iiJ direction, or a])probation, all the various ills under which the kingdom
<;roaned f.om the Rulllan opprellion) planned and executed one of the moft daring
enteiprifes of which modern hillory makes mention. I mean the attempt to
alfaliinate the king, by Kozinflci and two other chiefs, whochofe thirty-fevcn other
perlons to accompany them. They obtained admillion into Warfaw, unfufpec>ed
or iindifcovcred, by the following rtratagem. The^ difcuifed thcmfelves as pcafants
who came to fell hay, and artfully concealed their faddles, arms, and cloaths, un-
der the loads of hay which tliey brought in waggons, the more cffethially loefcape
detcctiiui.
It was on Sunday night, the 3d of September, 1771, between nine and ten
(.'clock, when the king was returning to the palace from a vilit to his uncle prince
C'/.artoritki, grand chancellor of Lithuania, that he was attacked by the confpi-
rators, in the very llrcets of U'arfaw, who ordered his coachman to flop upon pain
tl.iiiTu, formed no prf tf nfions on Poland, or any
1).nrt thcrrof ; that lie renounced all cliimson tl).it
lingdoni, citliir as king ot I'niflia, elertor ot Hran-
dcnl)ui|;, or duke of l'oMuraiii:i." In the fame
iiidriiUK nt he j^iiarantecs, in the niofl fulciiuim in-
ner, the territories and rights of Poland a);aiii(l
every power whatever. 'I'he enijirrfs-ciiuin of
Hun;;ar\, fo Lite as the |inoiith of J.itiiiary, i;;!,
wrote a letter wiili lur own hniui to the king of
Pi)l:ui(l, ill wliith 111 ■■ i;,ive him thr: ftroiigift allijr-
ances, " Tint her frit-ruifliip for him and the rc>
public wa-i hrm and unalterable: tnat the motion
ot her troops ought not to alarm him : that (lie
had never ealertiiiiiil a thought of fei/ing a part
of his doniinion-, nor would even fuft'er any orlicr
pinyer to ilo i'."' — Fioni which, according to the
political creed of fome princes, we may inter, tlut
to guarantee the rights, lilitrtio, ; n<l revenues of
a ft lie, in(.iii, to annihil.itc tiiofe lilxrliis, fti/c
ii]'r>n thnfc ri.'hf, and i.ppropriatt thofs rcunucs
to their uw n .ilc.
Of
♦ In 1764, the cmprefs of Ruflia tranfmitled to
the court of VVarfaw an aft of renunciation, (igned
with her own hand, and fealcd with the feal of the
empire, wherein flie declares, " That (he did by
no "means arrogate either to herfelf, her heirs and
fncteirors, or to her empire, any right or claim to
tilt diftrict:, ot territories, which were a.tiially in
piileiiion, or I'ubjert to tl;e authority ot the king-
dom of l*oiand, or great duchy of Lithuania; but
tha', on the confraiv, htr faid majeftr would gua-
rantee to the f.iid kingdom ot I'ol.ind, ami duchy
of l.ithu.inia, all the immunities, lamU, territo-
ries, and dillri('t.s, whii h the laid kingdom and
ducliN ought by riglit to poflefi, or did nmv ai'tu-
allv po.'Iiis; and would ,.i nil time-, iiiul for evtr,
inainiain them in the lull and free cnioymeiit
thereof, agair.ii tiie attempts ol all and evtry one
who fliould at any time, or on any (uetcxt, endea-
vour to dilpolTef- them nf the fame." In tin lame
year did tne king 'I Priillia lign, with his own
iianiliUn.tit, wlitrein i.c dti^l.ireu, " tint he hmt no
POLAND, iKctv»iNo MTIIUAMA <;<
i>f inll.u\t dc;ill). Tlic; fiivil fcvcral llioi iiilo tlu- carritijjc, ono of which pa(T.<.i
tl"i)ugli tlio Ixijy «it' H In \iUii.', whii ciuliavoiirctl to tU iViiil hi-i maft(»r from t'nr
v.>)Ilm\cc of iho nlliilJiiiH. 'l lioiigli JitUcu «»r lixli-cii dtlirr pcrfcMU attriuliHl hi*
nuijorty, thoy ull hafoly ahamliiK-cl him. Mi-aiiwhilo, llio kiiij; hail openrd the
iloDi- of his carriage, with a dcligii of cflctliiin liis rfcapc under (hcltcr of the
iii){ht, which was very darlw, llcTiad even nlighti/d, when tlie ufliillinj feizcd him
liy iho hair, oxclaiining in I'olilh, wilh ht>rribl« oxecraiions, " V\ e have thee now ;
ill) hour is come." One of tliein difcliar^ed a pillol at liim fo very near, thnt he
felt the hcnt of the flalh, while another cnt him acrol's the head witn a fabre which
jienetrated to the bone. Tliey then laid hold of hisi majefty by the collar, and
iiiiii.nitinR oij horfeback, drngj^edliim along the ground between their liorfcs, ut
lull tjiillop, tor near five hmidred oaces through the llreetsi of vVarCaw.
'Ilie king, after fiifl'ering increuible hardlhips, at lull obtained from Kozinfki an
inihtitt's repofe. They fat down together on the ground, und his majefly employed
thefe moments in endeavouring to foften his conductor, in which he nio(t fortu-
nateiy fucceeded, after having given hini the llrongell afluranceK of his pardon and
fafety. Judjjing however, thai it was prudent to gain fome afylum without delay
and recolleftnig that there was a mill at fome conliderable diftancc, he iminedi*
ateiy made towards it. Kozinfki knocked, but in vain j no anfwer was given : he
llieii l)rokc a pane of ginfs in the window, and intreated for Ihelter to a nobleinan
wlio had been plundered by robbers. The niillcr refufed, fuppofing thenj to bo
banditti, and .continued for more than lialf an hour to perlift m his denial. At
length the king approached, and fpcaking through the broken pane, endeavoured
to perfuade him to admit theiu under his roof, adding, " If we were rol)l)er.s, ns
you fuppofe, it would be very eafy for us to break the wiiole window, iiitleail' nf
i.ne pane of glafs." This argument prevailed. They at length opi.iied tlic door,
.iinl admitted liis majerty. lie immediately wrote a note to general Coccei, eolo!
lul of the foi)t-giiards. It was literally as follows; •' Par une cfpece <\r miracle
•• Je fuis fauve dcs mains dis alValiins. Je fuis iei an |)ctit moulin de MarieinMni',
" N'enez au plutot nie tirer di^i. Je fiiii blefse, inais pas fort*.
When the meflenger arrived with tlii.- note, tlie aftoniihnieiit ami jce was im re-
(lil'Ie, Coccei iulUiiitly iiule to the mill, not above half a ka'jne fiuni Waifp.u
fnlloNM'd by a detachuKut of th;; i;uards. He met Kozinlki at tlie door with his
fiilni' drawn, wlio admitted him ;!•> foon as he knew liim. 'Hi.' kintrhad fimk i-ito
a llvip, eaufed by his fatigue; and was Ihelclied on the ground, toveied wilIi llie
njilK'i-'s eluak. Coici:i iminediately thiew liiuifelf at liis nia;t;llv\ t'oel, c.dlin •■ hiiu
hi-, fuVLi\igii, and killing his hand. It i>> not raly to paint or tielcribc the aitunilh-
II ' ' "
tl
(
i!ir noliility or pioplc at W'arfaw credit the evidence of their li'nfes, when tliev
lav,- him r turn. C\riainiy, ;u ilher the eieape of the kilv^' of Fraiieo fioin Damieii
1, .r <>f tlie king of Portn.^^al from the confpiracy of the duke d'Aveiro, w eie e(uiat!\
,;r.;a/'iii;^ nv iuiprubable.
I'lie mill, tendered memorable by fo lingular an event, is awretdnd I'olilli hovel,
at a dilianee iVom any huufe. Ihit the kinar has n warded the miller to the extent
,'f his withes, in building him a mill upon ilie Viitula, and allowing him a finall
I'dilion. Troin die relcntingsuf Ko/iiUki, and his poltcrior good conduct, as above
K'lated, his own lite was faved, and he now relides in the papal territories wilh an
wiiaual uenllun from the kinij. Pulaiki, another of the toiifpiiatur^, ililtinguilhed
hi-. |oVLi\igii, ami Kiumg nis nanu. ii i-> not raty to panit or tielcribc the aitonilh-
lueiit of the miller and his tamily, who inlhmtly imitated Coccei's example bv
tliiowing themfelves on their knees, The king returned to W arfaw in rciiera'l
Coccei's carriage, and reai bed the palace about live in the morning. Scarce could
tly
Ipnatur^, uuimgi
* " Uy a kind ,'f irlMcie I am ilc.i|icil from the mom. Conic ;l^ foon as uoflil.K-, and tike me frctn
1 .,11(1^ ot u'lhllii!^. I ;un now at t.'iu mill ot Marie- heme. I am wouiidcil, but not di(ii"tioufl»."
4 li 2 " himfcif
556
POLAND, iNctn iMo LITII U A NI A.
hiinli-lt' ill tlic American forvicc, and wat killed in nttutking the Briti(h. linei
at Siivaiinnli, in 1779.
'tilt rolli)win;{ yi'iir, 1772, it appeared, that the king of Prullin, the emperor
und i'inprtf!,-<|iicin, and the rniprelii ot Riilliu, had entered into "an allinncc to dif-
iiieiniK r I'ohnul i though I'ruliia was t'ormcrly il« vuilal, and KiilVin, in the hegin-
ning (if tile fevi-nleenlh eentnry, law its capital and throne poflVtfed by the Poles,
while Anlliia in 168; wan indebted to n king of Poland, f.tr the prcfervatinn ot' lit
metropolis, and alnioll tor its very exillence. The three allied powers, ntlini; in
concert, ht ii|> their tornial prelrnlions to the refpctlive dillritls which they had
nllotud tor. and gnaianteed to, each other; Polilli, or Wellern Prnllia, and fonio
dillricLi bi'uUring nimn Hrandenbnri;, tor the king of Prnllia; almoll all the foutli-
e.ill parts of ilic kingdom bordering upon Hungary, together with the rich falt-
wi'rk:> of ilic crown, for the einurefs-ciueen of Hungary and Hohemia * j and a
Iry about \iohilow, Uj)on
emprefit of Kulliat. nnt though each of thefe powers pretended to have a kgal
large dillriil of cminlry about \iohilow, nj)on the banks of the Dnieper, for the
f,
title to the territories which were allotted to them refpettively, and publilhcd niu-
iiifeftos in juftification of the meafures which they had taken ; yet as they were
confcious that the fallacies by which they fupported their pretentions were too
[rofs to iinpofe upon mankind, they forced the Poles to call a new diet ; and
hreaiened tliem, that, if they did not confent unanimoufly to fign a treaty for the
ceding of thofe |)ros inces to them refpe£lively, the whole kingihim would be laid
under a military execution, and treated as a con(|uered date. In this extremity of
dillrefs, feveral of the Polilh nobility protefted againit this violent Rt\ of tyranny,
and retired into foreign ftates, chufing rather to live in exile, and to have all their
landed property contifcated, than to l)o the inllruments of bringing their country'
to utter ruin ; but the king was prevailed upon to flgn this at\, and his exanipk-
\vas followed by many of his fubjetts.
As to the king of Prutlia, his conduct in Poland was highly tyrannical and op-
prellive. In the year 1771, his troops entered into Great Poland, and carried otf
from that province, and its neighbourhood, at a moderate computation, 12,000
families. On the 29th of Ottciber, in the fame year, he publilhed an cditt com-
manding every perfon, under the fevered penalties, and even corporal punilhinent,
to take 111 payment for forage, jirovifions, corn, horfes, &c. the money otl'ered by
his troops and commilTaries. 'I his money was either lilver, bearing the iinpreiiion
of Poland, and exattly worth one-third of its nominal value, or ducats Oruck in
imitation of Dutch ducats, feveiiteeii pir cent, inferior to the real ducats of
Holland. With this bafe money he bought up corn and forage enough, not only
to fupply his army for two whole years, but to (lock magazines in the country
itfelf, where the inhabitants were forced to come and re-purchafe corn for their
daily fubfiilencc- at an advanced price, and with good money, his comminaries re-
fufmj^ to take the fame coin they had paid. At the loweft calculation, he gained,
by this rnalKriy and /I'jinyi manu'uviv, fevi 11 millions of <lollars. Having ilrippal
the country of money and provilions, his ne.\t attempt was to thin it fiill niuic of
• TIr- ilirtrift ilaiiiieil liy Aiiftri.i, w.is " .ill
that tnft of l.\nd lyiiij; on ilie rii;lu (iilc ol the
VilVula, from Siltfi;i .ihovc Saiulomir, totlic iiinutli
of tlic ban, itnil troin lliince liy Krancpolc, Za-
inoilc, anil R .liicllbw, to ilic Boi; : from tlic Hog,
alone the frtinticr-t of Ki'd Kullia, to Zaiiras, on
the Dortlrrj of Volliinli and I'odolia ; and troin
Zabras in a ftrait line to the Nieptr, where it re-
ceives the Sbrytz, t.ikini; iji a part of I'odniia,
and then along the lioiindaries feparating Fodolia
iroin Moldavia. This tuuntry i^ now iiicorpomt-
e»l with Aiiftria, under the .ippellation of the
kiiigdoins of Galicia and l.odonieria.
I The Kiillian i laiins conii>rile I'olifli l.ivonia,
thatjiart of the palatinate of I'olotik to tlie eallot
tlic Puna— the palatinates of Vitepfk, Mitillaw,
and two portions ot the palatinate of Minfk.
This traft ot land (i'olifli Livonia excepted) is
fitiiated in White Knllia, and incliuUi full one
third of Lithuania. It is now divided into the
two governments of Pulotik and Mohilcf.
Its
POLAND, ? N e I u D I N LITHUANIA.
557
lines
pcror
<> (lif-
u'nin-
Poles,
M)t iu
ine in
.•y luul
I filMlO
fimlh-
:h fiill-
aiul a
tor tlic
n U'i;ul
led nia-
;y were
crc too
et ■, and
' for the
I be laid
emity of
tyrannjr,
sill their
' coiintr)'
cxanii)lo
and op-
jarried otf
12,000
tt eom-
ihment,
red by
prelUon
Iruck. in
ucats of
not only
country
for their
Ifaries re-
gained,
r llrippcd
more ot
tiou of the
idi l.ivonia,
tlie rail ot
Mlcillaw,
'of Miiilk.
jxteutttl) i»
■tts lull one
leil into tlic
llct.
its
itlet
i(< inhabitnnti. To peupje hii own <loniiiiion« at the cxponeo of Polaiul, had
liien his );reat aim ; tor lhi» |)iMp()fe he hit upon a lu-w contrihution i r<'cry town
ah<l villagr was obli){ed tu itirniih ii certain number of marriageable gird ; the
pareiiti to give u\ a portion, a feather-bed, four pillows, n tow, two hog*, and
three ducats in gold Some were Ixuuui hand and foot, and carried oti as crimi-
nals. His exactions fron> the al)l)e\s, convents, cathedrals, and nobles, were fo
heavy, an«l exceeded nt lalt their abilities fo much, that the priells abaiuloiitd
their churches, and the nobles their lands. I hele exactions coiuimieil with un-
abated rigtnir, iVom the year 1771, to the time the treaty of partition was det i.ired,
and pollellion taken of the provinces ufiirped. From thel'o proceedings it would
appear, that his I'rullian Majelty knew no rights but his own ; no prelenllons but
iliofe of the houfe of Brandenburg ; no other rule of jullice but his own pride and
ambition.
'I'he violent difmemberment and partition of Poland has juftly been conlidercd
as the firll great breach in the modern political fylUni of I'.urope. I'he furprifc
of a town, the invalion of un inligniticant province, or the election of a prmco,
who had neither abilities to be feared, nor virtues to bo loved, would, fome \ear«
ago, have armed one half of Europe, and called furth a!l the attention of the other.
Hui the dellruCtion of n great kingdom, with the confeipient (lifarrangement of
power, dominion, and commerce, has been beheld by neutral nations with the
moll aftonilhing indifference and unconcern. The courts of London, Paris, Stock-
holm, andCopenhagcn, rcmonftratedagainll theil' ufurpations: but that was all. Po-
land was forced to fubmit, and the partition was ratified by their (bet. held under
the bribes and threats of the three powers. In the fenate, there was a majority of
SIX J but in the lower houfe, or aflembly of nuncios, there was but one vole in
favour of the meafurc, fifty-four againlf fifty-three. This is a very alarming cir-
cutnftance, and Ihews that a tnoft important, though not happy < hange, has taken
place in that general fytlcm of policy, and arrangement of jxiwer and dominion,
which had been for foinc ages an objetl of unremitting attenlion. Our ancellors
might, perhaps, on fome occalions, dilcover rather more anxiety about prel'erving
the balance of power in Europe, than was nccellhry ; but it has luen well remark-
ed, that the idea ot ctmlidering Europe as a vatt commonwealth, of the feveral
parts being diAinCt and feparate, though politically and commercially united, of
keeping them independent though uneiiiial in power, and of preventing any one
from becoming too powerful for the reft, was great and liberal. It ap])ears to be
owing to this fyftem, that this fniall part of the wellern world has aetpiired fo
alh>nilhing a fu[)eriority over the reft of the globe. 'I ho tortuno and glory of
Greece proceeded from a fimilar fyfKin of policy, though formed upon a fmaller
fcnio. Hoth her fortune and glory expired with that fyftem. %
The revolution, which happened in this country on the 3d of iMay, 1791, dc-
fervedly engaged much of the public attention. The evils of elettivo monarchy
were indeed the chief caufo that I'cdand had almoll cealed to be conlldered as a
nation. The dynafly of future kings ot i'olaiul was to conunoncv in I'rederic Au-
giillus, elettor of Saxony, with the right of iidieritauce to his male defceudants :
ill cafe th« prelent elettor (hould have no male illiic, a hulband chofen oy hiia for
his daughter, with the content of the Polith rcprefcniativrs, Ihall begm the dy-
iiaily. Hut after this boalh-d change, Poland would only have advaiu ed to that
degree of freedom and civilization, wliieli other European ciuintrics enjoyed in
the 13th century. Her hundreds of cili/ens would have been tree, her millions
of peafants. Haves: at the utmoft, not above hvo hundred thoutaml out of fifteen
millions would liavt been free.
After a fhort and unequal llruggle with Kuflia, this unhappy country has been
forced tu abauduu ibe ik'w cunli^tutioii. The IVlitlt kijig fcems, in tlie confciouf-
neik
fgf POL AN I), iKcitfOiKo MTFIUANIA.
nff« of \u* own rc^litudr, nii<t o|' ihr jfcnrnil patrlotilm, too mucyi to hnvc »u>f5-
l<"fti"i| till" firpoiiiiiK" |);itliit i<t' |>tii<Unn* upon iliit iKCi»li"n: lh«' |)rrvif)ii\ all. iit
lit Saxotiv ihoiiid luivi' Ijoim pruruti-d, luul ilk* Gurilito of Dantxic niitl I horn id
I'nilliii, thDu^h (li)iibtlrl'» ttriiif. wu« \vt to l>c pn I'l rri^d to tlic prffint nalioiutl
muiihiialioti. 'Ihr maniriilo nf ili- liulli.in rmprif*, rcnliMi.' witli Coiitiniriiti dif,
j<iuti'l'iil to liiiniaitity, wiii» t<illu\Aiil In lomr (kirii>illK"« ; but it i»("aiil, llutt a ii-liir,
vritlon willi liiT own liatui in ilu- I'olilli kini;, in \vlii> iHlif di'< lariil lirr nroluiidti
to donlili' or triplf Iter troops, railiot ilian ntiiiudoM Iwr prrtciilioiis, induced that
*niKnant inona
I'll to prcsoiit till' turtl'or tlliilioit ot lilnod
On llu' 6lli ot" January, lyg;, tlu' kioj; of |'r\illia iHued ft doclaration n-fpi-Hing
till- iiiafi ti ot" Ills troops into I'olatul, in wl\u li lio mentions tlu' fru>i,//\ inlnli'i>nio
ot' iirr inipirial miijctly tlic rmpiils nt Kuliia in tlu' atlair* of I'nland in llio lame
llraln lil> niaji lly adds, tliaf li • liail (.-nti itain.'d frnpi-t tlinl (lu: troiibkt in that toinw
try would hav«' liiblidid wiiliouf his o:vh intortcri-iu*', rrpicially as hv wnn l"o di« p-
l\ iK'i upird in anoiltL'r tpmrti)' lit- A/wc^/Zj tlial he has hi'>-ii difiippointcd, inul
that [\\K- prn|i;i^.ili<in ot h'lViu It diniorraiy, hy nioaim ot thihs and JatoUin nnil''
ijirii's, i'l|it'i'iailv in (iroat I'oland, luid already rifcn to Inch n height, as to re.
«piiro his inolHirioiis attintioM : his majilh , howi-vtr, oIiUims, that hr has dc
torniiiu'd to aniiiipatc tlicir d(>fi;«nH, l>v I'l ndiiiff n futfiiient hody ot triMips into
tho ti-rritoriis ol llu' n-pnldii , alur liasin^; loncortrd proper nu-aliiros with ijir
trii-ndly eourts ot' IVtiTihiiri;ii and \ irnna, wlio \\\.w vipiaily inlircllod with liini
fi It" in til'- wi'liare ol the lepiildii .
'Ilie pioii'il puhlilhvil at Orodiio, in the lilting of the ^onornl cont'edoration, the
'^tl ot February, iii;ainll lliis vioUnt invalion, JiitHt ii-ntly eviiuTN llio deteilation
V hieli tlw I'olcs tiuinfelves » ntertain ot the ineat"nies ot" ihrir pretended JiieuJ.
'J lu V adiin- his niajelly, tliat a eoiuiniied i orrelpondeiue helwcen ihe military ( oni-
Diaiulers and the livil ina^ilhates had enahled tlu- cont'ederation to declare, that
pciiect traiKpiilliiy pn vailed Irotn one end nt" tlu kin)(doni to tiio other; that they
were •' adonillied at the ajjh/ivitf ot ids in.ijillv." in liis lal) deelaration! and e
t
oil-
tliide by intreatin^, that his niajetly would revoke tiie orders whii h he had fjiven
for iroops to inlei llie repiiblie. NotwithlbMidini^, howe\i'r. tlufe loUnin allur-
anees— nctwilhlbindin^' the evidenee and the lavts whii li were allej^ed in I'lipport
ol ihem, llie I'rul'aii army advanced, and one ol its detaihmenls appeared under
the walls «)t 'llioin. The iiiiialtiiaiits, taiilitui to tlieir duty, having rebiied eii-
tiame to tlu' troops, experienced an open attaik. Cannons were plantiil aj^aiult
il, I'le gates were brokeii open, tiie mnnii ipal guard were dillodj'ed from ilit ir
])oft ; a defencelefj eiiy exhibiu tl llie I'piit.u le ot a plan- taken by alFault, and
tile I'jullian reginienis enii red. while the air refoiiiuliMl with their acclamatiuns nf'
triumph 'Ihete were no foldier<i of" the republic m llucitv to make reliibuue; it
depended for Acurity «t\ pnblii taitii , and that was vicdated. At tlie I'anw time,
(htteient Polilh tiel.Kliint . Is. difpei led throughout (ireat I'ohmd, were attacked
und driven tioiii liieir poltk by ftiperior force.
Mie lonteileraUiin pr«. tilt, that, <iinH(liii;» in foloinn rn!Tnf;;enu'nts, ni.d in the
t":iii!i of treaties. ilnv rotdd uevei l;ave iiuai^tiied that ti.ey iiad oi caiion ti' appiv-
I md a I'lMjuit'e or iip'H violciue. wlieie eveiv ihini^ oii-lit u> li.ive allui' d tli.in,
ti;at tluy were to find oidv tiiendlhip and alliltaiice ; and deel.iie, liiat thev will
enter into no views wltiih n;ay tend to ddnicniber any part of the I'ldidtdouiaiiis ;
bur, (n the contrary, th.it they are uady to I'acrifice e\en thi' iali drop of tlkir
b'.ood, Jn <!' lenee ol ihi ir lilHitv and mdependeni e. 'llu y conclude with //u/i/-/;',
that even the two impui;d couits, and ail other power.s, in conletpicr.cc of the re-
ciprocity of rational iuteiells, will not In 1. old with an eve vt iiulillerenee a iii.i-
niicft violation of the rights of nations, and ihc open invalion of the domains
a neighbouring and tvieiidlv Ihit
.'1
I'h^
POLAND, IMC tun I NO 1. 1 T li U A NT I A.
55 ♦
Thir (umc gciur.il confccl^rntioti nt (irtKliin fcnt a note, clainl ihv 6tli of (Vhru-
try, (it cttiiiit <lr .Si«-Vi'r», llu' Kulluiii nitiUalluilor ut tlut |ilni-i', m|uci)ii)K him In
make liuiwn to the i-iii|)r« r<t hit tiitllrvfi, ihul (he upon oi' n new pariitiun «>l
l'()lai\(l liim fprcuil n ginnal ulurin throughout thf liiiKiluiUi that n iiulion, fo
lung ihf l'|)iirt ut' iniittortiiMi*, i« entity alnrnitil ^ ihtit lIu' rcnicnihranio ot' pall mi*
Uric* ( iiulck it l>> tninhlt- ut tlir apprnuih ot Inlh triitii>K'i \ lliat (ho inntctUrutiuii
\v;iit will) conruU'tiit' fur new airuianii'!< trou) hi r niiijill^, nt /iu'iiJ/Jiif> und guoil
will, to ipiict the ahirnik raifetl aiming titc peopli \)\ llule rvp<)rt%k and that their
upprelicnliDhH nre t oiiliiU rahly an^niiiited liy the olithielei whieh M. iKlulUrDiii,
thi* Kiillmn grncrnl, liai (ip|Xi|'ekl tnthe lri>i>p« of the n ptililic, and liifi iorbiiUling
th>.-iii thi' tile lit lanniini and, ladlv, thut ihev liuvv all fworn to maintain llic
iinii
aiu
nil
ly and indtvilihilitv ut (lu- dumaiiii ut il)>' xpulilii.
IlK lad nKiniti'lhi from the eonrt>> ut' lierlin and IVlerlhiirgh, ordering the go-
Virnorn ot* feveral provinie. ol' l*olaMd to lurreiidtr tlu ir relpei^tive diltritl*, to
he hereafter ngiilalnl attnidiiig In du a/Z/ul llivle iiuiuleri, will he regardvd bv
J'liture hilioriani» ns among thol'e fadi wldili ferve as lieaeon* or liiiid-niarki agaitilt
arliiirary power. It will be acUhued a<. an inlhiiui" liow I'utaliy the pollelhon tt'
Jefpotic authority corruptk the hearts and piiniiple<i ut liiol'c whu arc I'u uidurtu-
liate as to poll'efs it.
It may be proper fo nu'ntion two additional traits of dcfpotifm. On the jd of
April, tilt' bnrgomalferi and cmini il of ihi: tity of L)ant/.ic, alfemblcd at the
town-houfc, at iho reipullof the king of Prullia, make known to esery burgher
il inhabitant, by pnl)lie tletlaraiion, and unler every perl'nn to keep himfelf
iet, tu follow his trndr nnd bnlincfii as ufual, and to remain peaeeably in hiH
lloiite when the I'ruthan troops ihall enter tliaf « ity. 'Ihe einprels of Kullia alio
tonimanded the king of Poland to travel to (irodno, imder the efeort of Rnliian
troops, for the cxjtrefs purpofc of fanCtioning thu alienation and partition of hU
kin);dom,
Un the 24th of Junr, there was .nn extraordinary diet at (Jrodno. '1 he noted
from ihe minillers of the courts of IVlerlhurgh ami Herlin, nrgnig the appuint-
nient of a lUlegalion to dilVnfsihe propoled pariiiion of the repnblie, being read,
the king oppofed llie appointment of the delegation, contending with great
warmth and perfcvi ranee, that the only proper Kdnfe wa<, to intreat the medi.i-
tion of foreign eourts in antiiy with Poland, 'llu marlhal, on the eonlrary, was
fur ihe a|)p()mtmcnt of a delegation ; and, tlie (puflion being called for, adjourned
the diet. Ihe following day the debate was renewed, and the majurity in favour
(if llie propolition was ineieafed iniUad of biiiig diininilhed. At lali. it havinj,'
IkMi propofed, " lliat the delegation llioidd be aulhori/ed to treat rv,,'v with the
uuirt of IVterfhurgh," tl\c mainrity adopted this plan; and the ipuliion being
i)iit, it was ultimately decided, i)\ one hundred and I'even votes againit twenty-
lour, llial tlie delegation lliall tie.it uilli the iiniKiial court e\eiuli\ely.
Ihe means eniplovcd to circi-t the mock ralitii .ition of the partiiion of thit i,
furtunate lounlry, we
(
utiles
nieiKues
re entirelv charaoteriliic of the baleniMs of ilic caul'e. The
liei, in the monllt of September, was ali'ailed, for three fuccellivc days, witli otriciul
from tlie Kullian aniljall'aiior, and the I'rulllan niiiiiller, lull of threats and
i-s, prclling the tignalure of tlu- treaty. 'I he liates, Imwivn', porlilied in
their refufal. Al l.iH M- de Sievers, the Kullian amballador, lent lii^ ultimatum in
a note, which emled with the folIuwiuK remarkable exprellion.s : " Tlic lUidcr-
writun inii!i bolides inform the Hates of the republic alVend)led in tlie confederate
(lilt, llial he tlumglil it of abfolute necollity, in older to present est ry dil'mder,
to diiler /.'-a /'(rf/./;'.v'/i of _^)V«./</.V'j-, willit'our pien.b of laimon, t(.> I'urroiuid the
lalilc, to I'fcuvc the tiu.i\uiltk\ of their delilH•ralion^. 'Ihe mulerwniiin e\|ie6t»,
ll.ui llie lltliili
will not ti-inunale, uut;l il.c deiiuuidcd li^^uai
utc c
X the t
leuiv m
decidc'i,
jto
POLAND, iHctrBiwo LITHUANIA.
d<CKl>*il." Confornulilv to ihU ihr.-af. thr Riillinn foldicr* fo c |i)frl> f»rfi>iin«lr«|
IAm calUc. llmt no lurlan mu, (ntK rfil ti» ^k mil , fmnr of itio itrtin-r* l«Mik ihrir
UntUm ill iIk' tfniiu , iMiMfiuUiK^ to kilimI \v% t»»\v<\\'% |ht1>mi iti;;iiiiU »«iiif|nr.iior«.
'flicking, 1)1) ilif uMiirnrv, dm inlil<'Hi»ii<»tH'» 'In* ^•"'••••» imUiiiliilnr, tliilntiitg
thil he WDiilil not <i|wii ifii' riilioi) inilif (irfft'iuv nt ilic Kiiiluiti oHii-iTi. Iiiron-
fccnu'iui*. till \ M ri' nrdiTcd to r»'liri', »*c*f|il llif grnrral, wlin iliThifi-il ptidlicK,
thai iii> iin'tuiii r iIimiIiI !>«• in rfiiiitcil to «|iiil ilu* fiiiiil**, iH-lurr On* tunlfiii In tin
Irmly wi^^ mv.n I li>' (li'().ii»i wfr>- loim nnd viulml i niul it wm not until tl»r»i'
o'lloi'k llir inst m»rniMj(, tilU'i tUu'v I'lun-llivi' ilivilinm, thiii lliv div-t iiiinr in a
ref(»lii«i'»n, in wliirh tlioy d<'« l.irr. lu lor.- i«ll Kiiriip«', in whom ihcv ha«l froiimiuly
•)>|K'iil>'d, lli;it. nmtrory III the luilli nl' Iniilir* moH r.iircill^ ohrtrviil on ihvfr
nrl, «■• Will iiH III thill ol" till- ircaly rvuMilly iMiiind into with \\\% nmjclly, ihi-
r
I
Mijj ol IViiilia, and nt hi<i own il«lir>'. in tlif yi'iir ijun, whrrrliy iho imlo
ifiidciui
I ilic init i;ritv ol I'oland wi rr ^naranli'cfl in the iiinl) lolrinn iiinn*
rcri
;(
n that, iKinir d«'privi'«( oMrcc will, rurroiUHJid ul ihi- nioinciit of ihi- pnl
tfiil
net U\ nn arimd lorri^n forcr, iiiul ilir>.;iti'ni'd with a hirlhi r inviilioii olihc I'ruirmn
troops, tlii'v an- Ion it 1 to lominillion and iiiilhori/i: n di-pntniion appointed to
trout will) thi- laid kin^, to lii;n tho trtniv, fmh »■* it wa», pliiniii-d iimr atnciidod
under till' nii'dialioi) ol llu' Kiillini) iiniliall.idor,
In this ratilicnlion-trrat\, ixtortod Irom tl)c Po]v% at the point of the l).iyonct,
it i^ t'lirthiT di'i larid, in tho name ot' the king, 8ti'. that, in loDtradiclion to the
jall ariiili' oi iho alioM-nu'ntionoii tnaiy at (imdno, tho kin^ doos not j;ivo hii
raiiliiaiion and oonlont in hit own nnnx- and that ol tho diot, hut fo far, niid up-
on (.ondilion that tlu- lominori iai, andivorv fpoi iai nrliilr Ihnll ho niutiinlly af^rcid
to. nnd dolinitivoly li|^i)od li\ lioih ihr higli-oontratting pnrticii, undor tho iiiodiu-
lion and ^llarantoo ot ihoooiirt ol' Kullis.
It is nniarkahlo, iliai, at tho vory momonf wlu-n I'oland wni furroruloring ii« li.
liortiot to iiH dilpotii insadcrs, tho gonoioii-, fyiDpaihy o|° (iroat Itrilain ivat
rvincod l)\ a lihoral rniilVriplion, fupporiod liy all ilio inol) lihoral iliaraftors in
tho nation, ot ovory party, and ot" ovory (ot'l, lor tl)o ptirpofe ol" nllilling tho king
nnd tho npiihlii to niaintain thoir indopcndonoo. Thont^h tho honovolont dolign
was Iruiiraioil, tho latt romain-, on rooord, ns a noldo tollimony ol" thf fpirit ot" Hr
tonsi in iho oaiifo ot' Iroodoni, ot tho indignation whiih tills ovcry Uriiilh hoart
nt tho ootnn)idion ol" injullioo, and ot" tho lihorality with which thoy arc difpofod
to aliiil iholo wi\o I'lilVir iVoni tho oppnllion of tyrantM.
I hiis, in ono inllanio, tho omen of ptm({, ns it is lallod, hn^ proved fatally
victorious o\or iho oaiifo of man. I hiis tho crowing happinofs of n rcfpoctabic
nation has boon raoriliiod to tho porfonal amhilion of throo dofpolio fovcrrigns.
Thus the citi/iiis of a tior republic aro, by ono blow, roducod to bo tho ahjoM
flnveii of tyranlH. Thus tho balance of Kuropo, fo niuoh the theme of politicians,
and |)crhaps fo nocellary to tho pornnnonl welfare of Kuropo, has been facrifiotil
to private and to foltuh vii ws i wliilo thofo nations, who have on former otcalimis
(lovolod inillinnsof lives, and espondod countlof;. Amis in maintaining it, view
with frigid irampiiility iho liital incrcafe of defpotif authority.
Whatever be the real objctt of this combination, it is fiich n« no found poiiticinn
can obforvo with indill'oreiico. 'I he procoilent is fatal; the proeoedini^s are mni-
nous. If ilio nbjift IS ultiinatoly the gratilication of porfonal ambition in the |)ar-
ties conci mod ; if ilx'v have naliy, as fome aro difpofod to believe, formed a fo-
tret agrioiiioni t()(li\ide among ihonifolvos, as fuits thoir inlcreft or their inclina-
tion, »r as oppori unity permits, the territory of Kurono ; it', as in the lafe of Fo-
land, thoy may. without a ihadow of |»rotenee, without a taufc of complaint,
without anv legal claim or intoroli, invade and fubjugale a lountrv, merely be-
•caufc it is too weak to oppofc them ; then the citizens of free flatcs have indeed
t
caulc
POLAND, iMCLVDiNO LITHUANIA.
5«t
raufc to »roml»lr. Thtn tUt njmlont pari of «vrfy rnmmtinitv h«vo r mifo li» (cut
lor iluir ixilK'llioiu, liiHc tt riliMfl fur |iri)|Kriy
nrvrr l)it« Iw. n t\u' rrpril «i| toii-
(|iu'ring ili-l'iiuii 'Ilii'ti ilic rnliKhtrncil part of ninnkiixl niu w • |i iivrr it)o l<il«
III ilii ir K lliiw ir>';ttiiri"i t niuI cvory iiultviiluitl, whn wotiM not wiili loiliiiiiKc the
f;
viriuiii'iil iintlcr wliith In- liven, for ihf moll Ivruitniiai ami itii|irnlivr, may
vi' I iiiiU- lo iniprrvotc llic iiilrr|M>lilion of l*rovi((>iu<', to pul u Hop lo n fyftrm
wlilili llifi'itli'iit tlio fubvi'riion of ujl limt ii lUur or vitluubU* of lcm|KtrMl enjoy •
WMIo \\\e clrfpntt nf IVlfrfltiirffli iinil Hrrlin hn«l fomr rrnfon lo ftticitalc ihcm-
fclvi't upon ill)' liici'i-fit of tlu-ir ilcprrrlniiom, iho patrioii« gtntt.it Koft iulVow,
«A('il(*(l by u lU'Mtation of ilif true I oppnilioti whiih hit iitiliaopv counlrv <'\|h,-
ricncril, niirrod und foriilicti ilio lowti of Crni-ow, ni iho hcuil of it conlKli-rnlilc
nnmlH'r of tin- PoU-v Al Watfisv, tin* ^('tlt■rlll hiilri-<l of lyrattitv prottuccd iim
ulinod ntiivcrl.il infiirri-Hioti n^llinll tlu- fojdicri cf dcfpuiifni ()n llif i ylh of
Apt it. 1 7'U. •I>«'fi" patriots, having ritiilir<il lluinfrlvr* muft«r» of lln* (rruml uriVtial
ut \S uriuw, oliligcd llic Kullinti (^nrrifon, tonfillinM; of itirn- thoiilund irooii*,
loi'viutiulo the town, 'iliv Kullinn nnilialLnlor wai oliligi-il i>> laLi- rt'fu^o with
llti- IViiiruin army iiiulvr mni-ral Wolky, rtii ainpitl ui a Kaj;ii» 'i didatKc frotn
lli.it riipit il CiCtu-rul |^l'lllrullln, a tew thy* lu-lorc, liad given ordci > to tin*
\\lnili' of llio Riillian invulry, in garrifon llnri-, toinanli iVotu VVnrfaw, lo join
till- triHtpH whiti) liud Wren previuully detached, in order tu att agaittU the uriny
uiuli r general Kofeinlkow.
W licti ilie infiirretlion took place, on th** 17th, in tho mornin'^, general Igel-
Ornlini order.'d the only tlirre ballulion« of Knlllan infantrs, wlio remained
in llie garrifon, to lake tip annH -, at lite fame time be difpali bed a tnellage to
the king, itilorniing bit niajeliy of tbit esetil, Ibe king fent l)ini word, that ho
had already been informed of what bad happened ■, thiil his mnjelty had only lo
add a re()uell lo llie general, t
present bloudlbed, tinlil ihe t
fied. (iiner.il Igellirolitn, in 1
of a delailimeni, to proleCt tl
dready n ii<lered tbendelvet
fein
all
uin(U
of I
Ibe lilt
'.III
u> arlenal
lartern
:. .1....
of
.1...
hii troops out of the ( npital, in order In
le penj)le lliall in foiiie nuafiire be oati
time, bad fent general Ibiiier, al the lirad
; bill ibix was too laie. 'Ibe patriots luij
nil the artillery eonlaiiied in that forirefx;
iiiid ihe latur general, with bis delaebmenl, on their arrival, were foned to lay
down lluir iiinis, :iiul lo furrender as priloners of war. The patri«)ls afterwards,
pio\iilitl wiib amis from the arfenal, formed ibenifilves in order of bailie, and
nuirelied agaiiill a battalion of tlie Rullian iiifmlry. wliom they drove out of ibe
towti, In tlii-> Ibile of alfairs, general Igelllrubtn phued bimlelf at ibe bead of
llie remaii'iiii; Kiilli.ms, and took poll in a llreet, wlure be was deleriuineil to de-
fend bindVIt ; ibe Kulliaii fiddiers were fired upon wiili great vinliiite from every
window ; and, alter an engagement wbieh laibd iblrtv-iliree hours, ihcy were
tlriven from Warfaw, with ibe lofs of half llieir mimlier killed.
.Staniilaii'* .Aiigiilhis (laie eoiint I'oniatowtki^ was born in I7.;ii an<l crowned
kin'.; of Poland in 1 7^4 'Ibis |irinie, while n private nobleman, relided {otu\:
lime 111
Li'i.duii, and i^ a Klknv of the Roval hueielv.
4C
SWITZER.
C J<» ]
SWITZERLAND.
Length
Breadth
SlTOATlOM AMD EZTSNT.
Miles. Degree!.
160 1
tool
. . f 6 and 1 1 eaft longitude,
between |^^ ^^ ^g ^^y^ uutude.
Containing i3>ooo SoFAKB MiLit, with 138 inhabitants to each.
. TT is bounded by Alface and Swabia in Germanjrt on the North t
BoDNDARiis.j X |jy ^y^^ jgije ^f Conftance, Tirol, and Trent, on the Eaft} by
lUly on the South ; and by France, on the Weft.
Divisions.] Switzerland is divided into thirteen cantons, which fiand in point
of precedency as follows : t. Zurich } 2. Berne ; 1. Lucerne j 4. Uri j 5. Schweitz ;
6. Underwalden: 7. Zug} 8. Claris i 9. Bafil) 10. Fribourg: n. Soleure »
12. Schaffhaufen; ij. Appenzel.
The beft account we have of the dimenfions and principal towns of each canton,
is as follows :
Swlts«rlud.
■
Countrim' nimct.
Squart
MUc«.
1
1
Chief CidM.
f Berne
••)46
III
"57
Uerne
1
Zurich
7>8
14
11
Zurich
Calvioifit. «
Schaffhaufen
140
•J
9
Schaffhaufen
Bafil
•40
■1
18
BASIL J4^4o.N.Ia^
I 7-40.fi.L0n.
Lucerne
460
])
?l
Lucerne
Underwalden
•70
:i
SUnti
Url
611
31
Altorf
Fipifti. H
Suifle
350
*7
'J
Suifle
Fribourg
J 70
•4
SI
Fribourg
Zue
Sokure
iia
iV
10
Zug
3{3
31
»4
Soleure, or Solothurn
Calvinifit ud
Papifti.
rBaden \
370
*S7
84
31
18
Appcnwi
Claris
Baden
Bremgarten J
ai6
36
12
Bremgarten
The fubjefls
Mellingen
Rheinthal
Mellingen
of the Swit-
40
30
f
Rheinek
zen, Calvin- <
Thurgau
119
18
II
Flowanficld
ifls and Pa-
Lugano '\
Lugano
pills.
Locarno f
Locarno
Mendria r
850
f*
1°
Mcndris
LMaggia 3
Maggia
7.55J
/
r
?
Countries' Names.
Square
Miles.
n
3
Chief Cities.
Allies of the
tQ
a.
Switzers.
100
a-
62
Coire
Calvinifts. Grilons
2,370
SubjcAs of the f Chiavanna "^
Grifons, Cal- } Dormio and >
vinirti! & Pap. I Valteline )
47»
360
4a
a?
34
'9
Chiav.mna
Sondrio
I Tockenburg
168
«7
8
Liechtenfteg
Calvinifts. ■< Geneva
160
n
1 1
Geneva
( Neufchatel
320
^»
20
Neufchatel
( Valais
1,287
270
80
^0
Sion
Papifts. ^ Bade
M
16
Dclfprrg
i St. Gall
144
30
10
St. (Jail
Miilhatiftrn, in Alface
iinitrd to tlieiii.
is alfo
Total-
12,884
Air.
^.
\
SWITZERLAND.
5«3
Aix, CLIMATB, loiL, AMD FACi ) Thit bcitig t mounuinout country, lying
OF THi COUNTRY. J upon the ATpt^which form an amphitheatre
of more than loo miles) the frofts are confequently bitter in winter, the hills be-
ing covered with fnow fometimci all the year long. In fummer, the inequality of
the full renders the fame province very unequal in its fcafons ; on one fide of thofe
mountains, the inhabitants are often reaping, while they are fowing on another.
The vallies, however, are warm and fruitful, and well cultivated) and nothing can
be more delightful than the Aimmcr months in this charming country. It is fub-
je£t to rains and tempefts i for which reafon public granaries are every where
ere£led, to fupply the failure of theii crops. The water of Switzerland is generally
excellent,and often defcends from the mountains in large or finall cataracts whicli
have a delightful efie£t.
There is, perhaps, no country in the world, wherein the advantageous effedls of
unwearied and perfcvering induttry are more remarkably confpicuous than in Swlt>
zerland. In palfing over the mountainous parts thereof, the traveller is flruclc with
admiration, to obferve rocks that were formerly barren, now planted with vines, or
abounding with rich P&fture ; and to mark the traces of the plough along the fides
of deep precipices. The inhabitants feem to have furmounted every obflrudiion
which foil, fituation, and climate had thrown in their way, and to have fpread
fertility over various fpots of the country which nature feemed to have conligned
to everlafting barrennefs. The feet of the mountains, and fometimes alfo the very
fummits, are covered with vineyards, cornfields, meadows, and pafture-erounds.
Other parts of this country are more dreary, confiding almoil entirely of barren
and inacceflTible rocks, fome of which are continually covered with (now or ice.
The vallies, between thefe icy and fnowy mountains, appear like fo many fmooth
frozen lakes; and from them vafl fragments of ice frequently fall down into the
more fruitful fpots beneath. In fome parts, there is a regular gradation from ex*
treme wildnefs to high cultivation ; in others the tranfitions arc very abrupt, and
very (Iriking. Sometimes a continued chain of cultivated mountains, richly cloth-
ed with woods, and ftudded all over with hamlets, cottages above the clouds, paf-
turcs which appear fufpended in the air, exhibit the molt delightful landfcapc that
can be conceived ; and in other places appear rugged rocks, cataradts, and moun-
tains of a prodigious height, covered with ice and fnow.
Glac'.ers.] No fubje6t in natural hiftory is more curious than the origin of
thcfe glaciers, which are immenfe fields of ice. If a jperfon could be conveyed
to fuch an elevation as to embrace at one view the Alps of Switzerland, Savoy,
and Dauphine, he would behold a vaft chain of mountains, intcrfedled by numerous
vallies, and compofcd of many parallel chains, the higheft occupying the center,
and the others gradually dimmilhing, in proportion to their dillancu from that
center.
'ITie moll elevated, or central chain would appear briftled with pointed rocks,
and covered, even in fummer, with ice and fnow, in ail parts that ;^re not ahfo-
lutely perpendicular. On each lide of this chain, he would difcover deep vallies
clothed with verdure, peopled with numerous villages, and watered by many rivers.
In confidering thefe objedts with greater attention, he wo\ild remark that the cen-
tral chain is compofcd of elevated peaks and diverging ridges, whofe funimits are
ovcrfprcad wilhlnow; that the declivities of the peaks and ridges, excepting thole
parts that are extremely ileep, are covered with fnow and ice ; and that the inter-
inaliatc dcpllis and fpaces between them are tilled with immenfe HokUot'ice, ter-
minating ill thofe cultivated vallies which border the great chain.
'lliefe ipimenfe fuKls of ice ufually reft on an inclined plain : being pufljcd for-
wards by the preflTure of their own weight, and hut weakly fiipporteil by the rug-
ged rocks beneath, they are inlerfetted by large tiaiifverle crevices ; and prefent the
4 C z appearance
J<4
SWITZERLAND.
appearance of walls, pyramids, and other fantadic fliapet, obferved at all heights
and in all fituutions, wherever the declivity is beyond thirty or forty degrees.
Mr. Cuxc dcfcribes the method of travelling over thelu glaciers. " We had
each of us a leng pole fpiked with iron ; and, in order to fecure us as much as pof-
iibk* from flipping, the giiides fudcned to our flious crampons, or finall bars of iron,
provided witli four finall fnikes of the fame metal. At other times, inllead of
crampons, we had large nails in our Ihoes, which more cfTe6lually anfwcred our
purpofe. The difficulty of crolTrng thcfe valleys of ice, arifes from the immcnfe
chafms. We rolled down large iloncs into fevcral of them ; and the great length
of time before they reached the bottom, gave us fomc conception of their depth :
pur guides aflurcd us, thai in fome phices they are not lefs than five hundred feet
deep. I can no otherwife convey to you an image of this body of ice, broken into
irregular ridges and deep chafms, than by comparing it to a lake inflantaneoufly
frozen in the midfl of a violent Itorm." In fpeaking of an unfucccfsful attempt of
fome gentlemen to reach the fummit of Mount Blanc, he prefents to his readers a
mofl horrid imago of the danger of thcfe chafms. " As they were returning in
groat halk", (owing to the day being far advanced) one of the party flipped in at-
tempting to leap over a chafrn of ice. He held in his hand a long pole, fpiked
with iron, which he flruck into the ice ; and upon this he hung dreadfully fuf-
pcnded for a few moments, until he was releafed by his companions."
Mountains.] la th.s mountainous country, where nature is all upon a grand
fcali', Mont Hlanc is particularly dilliiiguilhed from other mountains, by liavin
its imnmits and lides clothed to a confiderable depth with a mantle of fnow, alnioii
without the intervention of the leall rock to break the glare of the ivhile appear-
ance. yVcciirding to the calculations of Mr. De Luc, the height of this mountain
above the level of the fca is 2,391] French toifes, or 15,304 Englilhfeetj or,
according to Hr George Shuckburgh, of 15,662 feet, which gives a difTerence of
only 358 feet. — It appears, that the Peak of Teneriff and /Etna have been fre-
quently fuppofcd to be the highcft points of the globe: but from the mofl accurate
obfervatiuns it will be found that Mout Blanc is of much more confiderable
elevation.
Fat.
• 5,662
•3.^8
'0.954
9.222
4.387
3,900
3'i5i
Mont RInnc is above the level of the fca, according to fir CJeorge Shuck-
burgh's nienfuration, which agrees with M. de JjaufTurc's obfervations,
The peak of Tenerirt", according to Feuiiie ...
yEtna, according to lir George Shuckburgh - •
Canigou, the Iiighcll of the Pyrenees - - - -
lien-nevis, the highelt mountain in Scotland - •
Vcfuvius, according to M. de Saull'ure
Snowdcn in Wales - • - ••
Hence it will appear that there arc no mountains (except ihofe in America, par-
ticularly Chimboraci), the lii^hell point of tlie Cordclleras, the elevation of wlijch,
according to Condaniinc, AiipaHes 3,000 toifes, or 19,200 feet, but accordinir td
o;hers, 20,60!] feet) whicii are ci^aal to the altitude of Mont Blanc. Some phil ,-
lophers, upon coiilidcriiig the great fuperiority of the l",allern rivers over the liuro-
pean, botli in deptii and breadth, have drawn a prefumptive argument, that the
Aliatic mountains are much more lofty than thofe of Europe. But conjectures are
now baniihed Irom natural philofophy : and until it lliall be proved from uiuioiilif
c(l calcui.iiions, that the iiiglieft part of the Caucafus rifes more than 1 ;,cco tc.t
ai)()ve tlic level of the fca, Mont Blanc may be fairly confidcrcd as moic ele-
vated.
SWITZERLAND.
sf>s
11 heighlf
ees.
Wchad
ch as pof»
rs of iron,
indead of
vcrcd our
! immcnfe
eat length
eir depth :
ndrcd feet
rokcn into
intaneoufly
attempt of
s readers a
turning in
pped in at-
ole, fpiked
adfuUy fuf-
)on a grand
, by liavin
low, almol
/lite appe;ir-
is mountain
ilh feet J or,
rifl'erenee of
ve been fre-
loft accurato
confiderablo
ns,
Feet.
15,662
10.954
4.387
3,900
3-53i
menea, pai-
111 (<f which,
iccDiilinf; t(i
Snllic phil 1-
cr the liuro-
11 1, that tlie
ijeCturcs are
iiu iiiuUnilit
1 ;,cco Ic'.t
s moie ele*
'Iho
The fummit of thii mountain was deemed InacccfTiblc before Dr. Pncard attempt*
cd 10 rcaih it in 1786, and fuccecded in the attempt ; foon after wliich, the fiinio
joiiMiey was undertaken by \l, de Sauflure, a profeffor in CJcncva, wlio puliliihwi
a very intercfting account of his journey. It was on the firrt of Auguft 1787 that
he l)egan his nuirch from the Priory of Chnniouni, accompanied by u fcrvant and
eighteen guides, to carry a tent, provifions, inllrumcnts, &c. M. de Saulfure pall-
ed tiie firlt night at the top of the mountain of la Cote, lituatcd to the fouth ot the
priory ; and 77J) toifes above the village. Hitherto there is no trouble or danger,
the afccnt is either on turf, or on rock, and it is eafily accomplidied in j or 6
hours.
Tile fecond day's journey is not fo eafy. The glacier of la C6fe is to be palTed,
which is difficult and dangerous, being eroded by wide, deei), and irregular cre-
vices, whicli frequently cannot be palled but over bridges of fnow, fometinte.". very
flight, and fufiK-nded over deep abyllcs. A guide narrowly efcaped perilliing in
one ot thefc : he went in the evening with two others to reconnoitre the pallage ;
fortunately they had taken the piecaution of faluning lliemfelves together with
cords; the fnovv ga\e way in the middle of a wide deep crevice, wherein the man
was lufpended between his two companions. At four o'clock in the afternoon of
the fecond day, they again encamped, 1,435 toifes above the priory, '.995 above the
fi-a, 90 toifes higher than the pike of leneritl. I lire tiny loon toll the rarity ui'
tlie air: the barometer was down to 17 iiulies 10 lines ^ ]. '1 liofc hardy felUnvs,
who accompanied our philofopher, to whom the feven or eight hours march, which
they had juft made, was no fort of fatigue, had fcarcely thrown up live or fi>;
fpadeluls of fiiow, to prepare for fixing the tent, before they were utterly unable
to proceed, without refting every moment. M. de Saufl'ure himfelf, who is Id
much accuflomcd to the mountain air, was quite exhaullcd with fatigue onlv in
ol)ferving with his meteorological inllrimients. Ihey were troubled with an ii'etl"-
fant thiili, wliieh they had no means of allaying but by melting the fnow. From
the midit of this plain, cneioled by the liighelt fimnnit of Sloiit Dlaiic to tj-.e
fiiuth, its lofty Heps to the call, and the dome of Goute to the well, icareely anv
tiling is to be feen but fiiow, pure, and of a dazzling whilenefs, forming on the
liigliert pikes a (inguhir contr.ili with the alnioll black Iky of thole exalted ri;^iuns.
No living creature is to be feen, no appearance of vegetation ; it is the abode of
culd and lilence.
'Ihe guides, tearful of cold, dofed the openings of the tent fo carefully, that
M. de .SiuiU'urc futfered I'o much from heat, and air corrupted by refpiration, as to
he obliged to go out during the night, in order to breathe. IJe found the moon
lliiniiig with mull allonithing briglitnefs, in theniidllof an ebony (ky, whiill Jupiter
iihu-d ail radiant from behind the loftieli peak to the call of Mont liiaiic. — As loon
as it was light, they found tlie thermometer 3 degrees below the freezing point.
On the tliird day they fately arrived at the fummit at about eleven o'clock. 1 here
i> 111) plain, Ijiit it is a long ridge nearly horizontal, in a diieclion from call in well.
Tiiis ridge is fo narrow, that two perfons cannot walk a-breall on it ; efpeciallv at
tlk' well end, where it refembles the roof ot a houfe. In this Hate of awful eleva-
tion, as .M. de Saullure was putting his inllrumenis in order, to obferve wiih them,
I'l- was obliged every moment to interrupt liis obfervation.s, in order to take bieatli.
ll we relief t that the barometer was, on the fummit, down to ib inches i line, jii.d
iinifequenlly that the air was onl) of about half the common denlity, we ihail ealily
iiiuierlhuul, that it was necellary to fupi)ly the defect of denlity by nioie liequen't
iiilpir.itions. Now this accelerated the motion of the blood, and the more, becaufe
the iirteries no longer fullained their ordinary prelfure, infomuch, that they were all
ill a fever, M. de baulVuie continued upon the fummit of Aiont lilanc till half
an luur pall three in the afternoon, during which lime he made fome interclling
experiments.
A
SM
SWITZERLAND.
cxperimenti. The travellers all returned ftfe and found, with their eye* and facet
utiinjured, which was owing to their having put black crape over their facet i
whereas they who had gone up before them returned almoll blind, and with their
(kin terribly burnt by the refleftion from the fnow.
Rivers and tAKst.] The chief riven are thd Rhine, which rifes in the chain
of mountains bordering on St Gothard, the Aar, the Reufs, the Tefin, the Oglio,
and the Rhone. The lakes are thofe of Geneva, Conllance, Thun, Lucerne, Zu-
rich, Birl and Brien.
Thti fall of the Rhine at SchafFhaufen is raoft aftonilhing. Defcriptions of fuch
fcenes arc always faint ; fomething, however, may be attempted, llie whole
river, after rimpling and foaming over feveral fcattered breakers, runs, by differ-
rnt channels, againtl fome beautiful rocks which rife feveral feet out of the water,
covered with dirubby wood : beat back from thefe, it rudies round, and, by three
grand openings, precipitates its fall, in accumulated maflfes, for fifty or fixty feet
perpendicular, raging and foaming with wonderful violence, and throwing up a
thick dull and fliower of fpray*
Mrtals and minerals] The mountains contain mines of iron, cryftal, vir
gin fulphur, and fprings of mineral waters.
Vegetable and animal productions.] Switzerland produces flieep and
cattle, wine, wheat, barley, oats, rye, flax, and hemp ; plenty of apples, peart,
nuts, cherries, plums, and chefnuts ; the parts towards Italy abound in peaches,
almonds, figs, citrons, and pomegranates } and moft of the cantons abound in
timber. Befides game, fiih, and fowl, are alfo found, in fome of the hieher and
more inacceflibic parts of the Alps, the bouquetin and the chamois ; whole a£livity
in fcouring along the deep and craggy rocks, and in leaping over the precipices, is
hardly com-eivable. The blood of both thefe animals is of fo hot a nature, that
the inhabitants of fome of thefe mountains, who are much fubjedt to pleurifies, take
a few drops of it, mixed with water, as a remedy for that diforder. The flelh of
the chamois is delicious.
The chamoifes are purfucd by the huntfmcn from rock to rock, particularly on
the Frcyberg mountains. They go in flocks, polling one as a centinel, who hilfes
when he hears the approach of hoflilc foot, llie people, who have fometimes
fcen their pifturefque lorms fufpended as it were from the fide of the mountains,
ilcfcribe them as hanging by the horns from the rock. The cottages, which are
of a dark walnut colour, have projefting roofs which hang over to protect them
from the fnow: their appearance accords well with the Icenery of the country;
and when fecn at a diftant height on the mountains, has a very peculiar eSeSi.
Stones are placed on the roofs to fave them from being carried away by the florms
of tlie winter. Winter, amidft thefe mountains, muft be awful : their lofty fummits
exclude the fun, except for a few hours, in the longed days1>f fummer.
Among the Alps is likewifc found a fpecies of hares, which in fummer is faid
to rcfemblc other hares, but in winter become all over white, fo that they are
f( iircL-Iy diftinguilhahle among the fnow. But this idea hath been lately exploded,
nor is it certain whether the two fpccics ever copulate together. 'Hie white hare
fiMom quits his rocky re/idencc. Here are alfo yellow and white foxes, which in
winter fometimes come down into the vallies.
Population, iNUAairANrs, .manners,) According to the bed accounts,
CUSTOMS, and diversions. 3 thc cantons of Switzerland Contain
about 2,000,000 of inhabitants, who arc a brave, hardy, indudrious people, re-
markable for their fidelity, and their zealous attachment to the liberties of their
country. Like the old Romans, they are ecjually inured to arms and agriculture.
A general iimplicity of rtianners, an open and unafll-ited franknefs, together witli
an invincible fpirit of freedom, arc their mod didinguilhing charattcridics. A very
7 (Irikir.^
and facet
eir facet i
with their
I the chain
the Oglio,
:erne, Zu-
mi of fuch
ITie whole
, by differ*
the water,
id, by three
»r fixty feet
owing up a
cryftal, vir
t (heep and
iples, peart.
i in peachet,
t abound in
e hieher and
vhofc aflivity
precipicet, is
, nature, that
leurifies, take
The fle(h of
articularly on
el, who nifles
|ve fometimet
le mountains,
., which are
protect them
the country j
teculiar eSeQ.
by the ftorms
lofty fuminits
Jier.
fummer is faid
that they are
cly exploded,
hic white hare
Ixes, which in
I bed accounts,
srland contain
is people, rc-
lerties ot" their
lid agriculture.
J together willi
feftics. A very
llrik-ii'g
SWITZERLAND. |i|
ftriktnr proof of the honedy of thin people it mentioned by Mr. Coxe, who fays,
upon tne authority of cencral Pfiifer, that, on each fide of the road that runs
through the valley of Muotta, in the canton of Schweitz, there are fevcral ranges
of fmall ihop» uninhabited, yet filled with variout goods, of which the prices are
marked : any paflfengcrs, who wilh to become purchafcrs, enter the (hups, tuke
away the merchandize, and dcpofit the price, which the owners call for in the
evening. They are likewife a very enlightened nation ; their common people are
far more intelligent than the fame rank of men in moll other countries s a tafle for
literature is very prevalent among thofe who are in better circumdances, and even
among many of the loweft rapk ; and a genuine and unartful good-breeding it ex-
trcmcTy confpicuout in the Swifs gentry. On the firfl entrance into this country,
the traveller cannot but obferve the air of content and fatisfaiition which appears
in the countenances of the inhabitants, llie cleanlinefs of the houfes and of the
people is nccularily ftriking ', and in all their manners, behaviour, and drefs, fome
hrnng outlines may be traced, which diflinguifh this happy people from the neigh-
bouring nations. Even th*; Swifs cottages convey the livcliell image of cleanlinefs,
eafe, and fimplicity, and cannot but ilrongly imprefs upon the obferver a mod pleaf-
ing convi£lion of tne peafant's happinefs. In fome of the cantons, each cottage has
itt little territory, confiding generally of a field or two of fine padure ground, and
frequently Ikirted with trees, and well fupplied with water. Sumptuary laws are
in force in mod parts of Switzerland. Silk, lace, and fevcral other articles of
luxury, arc totally prohibited in fome of the cantons ; and even the hcad-drefTes
of the ladies are regulated. Their divcrfions are chiefly of the attivc and warlike
kind ; and many of them employ part of their leifure hours in reading. The youth
are generally trained to martial exercifes, fuch as running, wredling, throwing the
hammer, and fhooting, both with the crofs-bow and the mufket.
The penfive fhades of the Swifs chara£ter may, in fome degree, be attributed to
the nature ofthe country in which thuylivc. Accudomed to magnificent and folemn
fcenes, they acquire an elevated, and often a gloomy turn of mind, which Ihcws
itfelf in lofty fentiments, in deep reflection, in drong national afl'edfiuns, and fome-
times in very deliberate fuicide. Their imagination is quick and ardent, and their
palFions 4re lively ; but they feldom exhibit broad traits of humour, or features of
ludicrous defcription. 'ITieir love of their country, and the tendcrnefs with vviiicli
ill other lands they cherifli the remembrance of it, is well known by fome driking
accounts. This, however, is common to them with all people who inhabit coun-
tries of a very marked and peculiar charafter ; where drong local imprellions arc
made at an early age, and attachments are Hrmly rooted in, atul grow up, as it
were, with the conditution.
CJoiTERS AND IDIOTS.] Thc inhabitants in one part of this country, particu-
larly in thc republic of Vallais, arc very much fubjed to goiters, or large excref-
icnccs of fielh that grow from the throat, and often increafe to a mod eiiortnous
lize: but what is more extraordinary, idiotifm alto remarkably abounds among
tiiciii. " i faw," fays Mr. Coxe, " many indances of both kinds, as I palled
through .Sion : fome idiots were bafking in the fun with their tongues out, and
their heads hanging down, exliibiting an afToirting fpettacle of intelloduai imbecil-
lity. The caufes which produce a trequency of ihei'e phenomena in this country,
form a very curious quedioii."
Ihc notion that fnow-waler occalions thefe c\crefccnces is totally void of foun-
(litidii. For on that fuppofition, why are the natives of thofe places that lie moll
mntiguous to the glaciers, and who drink no other water than what defccnds im-
imdiately from thofe immenfc refervoirs of ice and Inow, free from this malady?
And why are the inhabitants of thofe countries in which there is no fnow, atflided
>\ ith it ? For ihcfe guttural tumours are to be found in the environs of Naples, in
the
••^
^fiS
SWITZERLAND.
til ' illan'l of Sumatra, and at Patna, and Purnca in the Eud Indies, where fnow N
link Mown.
'Ilio Iprinj^s, that fiipply drinit to the nativci, arc impregnated with a calcareous
matter, caili'il in Switzerland tu/, nearly limilar to the incrullationti of Matlocic in
Dorhylliirc, fo minutely dilTolved as not in the lead to ai]\ti the tranfparency of the
V itiT. It h not improbable, that the impalpal)lc partick-ii of this fubllance, thus
dilFolvcd, tliould introduce themfelves into the glands of the throat, and produce
goiters, for the A)IIowing reafons ; b^-caufe /«/, or this calcareous depofition,
abounds in all thofe dillricts, wlure goiters are common. There are goitrous pcr-
fons and luucli /«/ in Uerbvlliire, in various parts of the Vallais, in the Valteline,
at l.uckiiu', I'riburgh, and heriu\ near Aigle and Bex, in feveral places of the
Pays de V aud, near Drefden. in the valleys of Savoy and Piedmont, near Turin
and Milan. But the ("trongill proof in favour of this opinion, fays our author, is
fleiivivj from tiie t'ollowing fads. y\ furgeon, whom I met at the baths of Lcuk,
informed me tliat he had not unfrc([ueiitly extratled concretions of luf-ftone from
fever 1 1 goiters j aud that from one m particular, which fupnurafed, he had taken
feveral llal pieces, each about half an mch long, lie added, that the fame fub-
Ihinee is found in the lloinachs of cows, and in the goitrous tumours, to which even
the (logs of the co mtry are fubjecl He had diminilhed and cured the goiters of
many young perfons by emollient li(iMors, and external applications; and prevented
tliem 111 future by removinir his patients from the plaies where the fprings are ini-
j)ie!;iiated with 'tuf\ and, if that could not be contrived, by forbidding the ufe of
water which was not puritied.
Children are occarionaliy born with guttural fvvellings, hut this may arife from
the aliment of the mother. It is to be prefumed, that a people accullomcd to thefc
excrefcences will not be Ihockcd at their deformity; but it does not appear, as fome
writers allert, that they conlider them as beauties. To judge from the accounts
of many travellers, it might be fupjiofed that the natives, witnout exception, were
cither idiots or goitrous; whereas, in fact, the V'^alaifaiis, in general, are a rohiill
race; and all that with truth can be athrmed, i-., that goitrous perfons and idiots
are more abundant in fome dillriots of the N'allais, than perhaps in any other part
ot ilie g'l'be. It has bee:i allVrted that the people very much refpett tliefe ideots,
Jind e\en conlider tliein as b/i'iriiij^s fi om lnunen. 'ilie eomnioii people, it is certain,
lileeni them fo, for they call them " Souls of Coil, icitliDui Jin ;" and many pareiiu
jircfer thefe idiot-children to thofe wliofe uiiderthnidings are perlecl ; hecaufe a:<
they are incapable of intentional eriniina'il\ , they lonliiKr them as certain of liaii-
])illef^ in a future Hate. Nor is this opinion entirely without its good ell'eit, as it
dilpofes the parents to pay greater attention to fueh helplefs beings. 'Jhefe idioti
are fullered to marry, as well among tlienifelves as with others ".
K1.MC10N.] Though all the Swifscantons torin but one political republic, vet
they ;ire r.ot united in religion, as the reader, in the talilo prefixed, may |)ercii\i'.
Tlude diirerenci.s in religion tornierh ereateil inan\ public loniniotions, which temi
now to have fublided; and the two fleets live together in the moll jierfedt hannoir. ;
an union the more reioarkable, when we conlider tlie fatal tpiarrels that have bcc;i
kindled In Swil/erland on account of religious tenets. In I'everal parts of tlic
cantoii of (jlarus, the I'rotellants and Catholics fuceeltively jierforni fervice in tin'
fame cluirih ; and all the olficesof Itate ari' amieahl) adminillered by the two par-
ties. Zuinglius was the apoille of proteftantifin in Switzerland. He was a nin-
derate retornier, and dillered from Calvin and Luther only in a few fpeculatiic
points; fo that Calvinifii is faid to be the religion of the proteftant Swilies. lint
ibis mull be underltood chieHy with refpect to the mode of church governmnit;
» Coxt's Travtla l!iri.Ui;!i SwitzcJanJ, vol. i. p. 585, &c.
fjl
SWITZERLAND.
H*")
for 111 (omc iloflrinal points they nrc for from bcinjj iinivcrfally (!alvinil1ir,il. 'nicr.'
i^, liowi'ViT, too muin religions bii^otry prevalent aniong tlinn i and ll)>)iif»li tlnv
lire nrdi'ntly aftathod lo the intcri-lti of civil liluTty, ihoir fcntimiMits on th.- fiihjo t
(it religious toleration nrc in general inueh lefs liberal.
Mr. (iiay gives a very interelting defcription of liis being prefent at the e.ii -
n'lony of two ^irls taking the veil : one of them appeared to he alxuit eighteen, and
li;\d a pretty taee. with ancxprcfllon fomewhat ("nllen : the other was nho it twentv-
lour, lier countenance meek, and expreflive of gentle ferioiifncfs l)y n m'lanehnly
finile. The cprem<my was extremely interellint' : the foleinnity of the (cnw, thi«
prefence of the parents, the grave and venernlile appearance of the al><iot, tiie
piDllration of the women, the tearing of the chaplets, the cutting off the linir, and
the change of drefs, fuggefted many conliderations. In a voluntary refignation of
the world, and in a folemn dedication to (Jod, there isfontewhat grand and awful;
l)iit who is not grieved at the light, when he rcHects that religion was not dt lignecl
tor feciulion, but to cpialify its difeiples for active life ; that parental authority, or
iiilidious pcrfualion ; the Hattcry of artful carelFes, tiic allurements of niifn-nrelent-
ed piety, or the delire of dillin^tion, often prompt to exertions, in which fiibfe-
qucnt rcflc6)ion will meditate with unavailing regret and heipKf'* forrow.' Who
i;\n behold, without regret and indignation, the ininilK-rs of religion pilliribinT
an oath, in which the ties of kindred are folemnly abjured, the parents niimiin;' !>/
;iih! countenancing the facrifice with unmoved features, and not a Swifsgirl prelint
llicdding a tear at the fight of two young and inteielUng perfons throwing awavall
attachments and engaments, till life thould terminate in etitnity ?
Lanoi' ACE.] Several languages prevail in Switzerland ; but the moll citinnnvi
is German. The Swiffes who border upon France fpeak a balhird French, as tliofe
iK-ar Italy do a corrupted Latin or Italian.
Learning and learned men. J Calvin, whofename is fo well known in nil
protertant countries, intlituted laws tor the city of Geneva, which are held in liijli
elK'cm by the mofl learned of thai country. The clorjucnt and popular, bin otu'n
wild and dangerous writer, J, J. Rouflcau, was born in the fame city. M. IJoniur,
and MeH". de SaulVure and de Luc, deferve to be mentioned as g(')od natiiralills.
Ilaller, a native of Heme, deferves the higheft eulogy as a poet, a phy(ioli)<riH, ;ii,(|
a nliilofoplier, to whom Michaelis, the eminent onentalitV, with ioine jultice iiit-
plics an o'jfervatioii which had been made on the genius of Arillotle ; " .Vi-w, , r'o,
i/i'tjiii' lt'n;i\ neque nuiii ijHii<iiuim vclinqucre voliiit inco^nitiwi, itidoh' piwiercit (hlo mln-' ■/,
lit ,1,1 Jin^iila Hiitiim pr.r,ipue iliias" i. e. lie left nothing unexnlored, either in iln;
heavens, on the earth, or in the lea, and was of fuch a wonderful capacitv, tliat
he feeined peculiarly born for the object of each feparate purfuit.
The Swils, who have a country of fuch peciiii.ir fceiiery to defcribe, lliouhl
tnrm a fchool of painting of their own ; l)iit it is lingular that Switzerland has as
Mt produced neither poets nor painters, wlio have much diHingiiilhed themfehe^,
'ihe fublime poem of Ilaller, on the Alps, is alnioll the only important deCeriptiiii
in poetry, of .Swifs fceiiery, by a native of Swii/erlaiul ; and, till lateiv, it has Iwul
iiii painters of laiKllVapi" known beyond their country. The natives beeonu' tai, i
li;ir with the grand and noble feenes of their coiinti,. before they have attention to
adniire and powers to imitate them ; and Switzer'aud has fcarce yet arrived to that
rL'tinement of civilization, in which a knowledge of the polite arts leads nu'ii to
llie inveliigatioii of their principles. 'Ihe foreigners who travel here for the (irii:
lime, are alhmillied at the Ihipendous character of the objects which they behold •
Imt thele they dare not attempt to copy. Tiie nu)untain, with its fnmiiii't of fnow
iiuilil not, perhaps, be introduced with harmony. The lake is too fpacious for re-
pre i'entation ; and he who thould felett only the pitlurefque cottage, or the woody
bank undermined and rugged, would not characterize his work us a defcription of
4 t) Switzeriajid.
570
SWITZERLAND.
Switzerland. Painteri, however, may ftiidy here cverjr department of the art ,
and when a b'alvator Kofa (hall arifo, lie will find malcrialt to employ hl« pencil.
Univkriitiii.] The univcrlily of Bulil, which wait founded in 14^9, hai 1
very curious phyfic-gnrden, which containH the chuiccA rxuticn ; and udjoininc to
the library, which polllllcs fume valuable manufcriptR, is u inufiuin well furnilTicd
with natural and artificial curiofitioa, and with a srcut nunibi-r of mcdult and paint*
ingi. In the cabinet! of Krafuiu* and AnicrbiK'Ti, which iiifo belong to this uni-
verfity, th«re arc no Icfs than twenty original pieces of llollnin ( for one of which,
reprcfenting a dead Chrill, a thoufaiul ducuis huvo been utVered. The other uni-
verfitiea, which indeed are cumnionly only llyied colleges, arc thofe of Urrn, Lau-
fanne, and Zurich.
Anti(u>itiks and cifRiosiTifii, ) Evrrydi(lri£) ofacanton in this mountain*
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. Jouscoutitry prcfents thu traveller witli a na-
tural curiolity ; fometimert in the Ihape of wild but beautiful profpe^its, interfperfcd
with lofty buildingH, and wonderful hermitages, efpecially one, two leagues from
Friburg. This was formed by the hands of a liiiglc hermit, who laboured on it for
15 \Tars, and was living in 1707. It is the grcatell curiolity of the kind perhaps
in the world, as it contains a chapel, a parlour 28 paces inlength, \i in breadth,
and 20 feet in height, a cabinet, u kitchen, n cellar, and other apartments, with
the altar, benclus, Hooring, cieling, all cut out of the rock.
At Shalfhaufen is a very extraordinary bridge over the Rhine, juftlv admired for
the lingiilarily of its nrchilei^ture. 'l*he river it, extremely rapid, and had already
deftroyed fcverai Hone bridges of the llrongeft conftruttion, when n carpenter oV
Appenzel offered to throw a wooden bridge, of a lingle arch, acrofs tiie river,
which is near four hundred feet wide. 'I'he magiArates, however, required that it
fliould confid of two arches, and that he fliould tor that purpofe employ the middle
pier of thu old bridge. Accordingly the archited was obliged to obey ; but he
nas contrived to leave it a matter otaoubt, whether the bridge is fupported by tlu-
middle pier, and whether it would not have been equally as lufe if formed folelyof
one arch. 'I he lides and top are covered, and it is what the Germans call ixti^t'
U'l'ii; or hanging bridge ; the road, which is almod level, is not carried, as ufual,
over the top of tlic arcti ; but, if the cxprellion may be allowed, is let into the mid-
dle of it, and there fufpended. A man of the (lightell weight feels it almoll trem-
ble under him, yet waggons heavily laden pafs over without danger. It has been
compared to a tight rupe, which trembles when flruck, but Hill preferves its firm
and ei|ual teniion. The nrchitett I'Iric Grubenman was originally a carpenter,
without the hall tin£ture of literature, and totally ignorant of mathematics. 'Ihc
bridge was fmilhed in lefs than three yi ars, and coll about 8000I. Ilerling.
At the famous pafs of the Pieiie I'er/uis, the road is carried through a foiid
rock near 50 feet thick, the height of the arch 26, and its breadth 25. 'Hic
niartalites, falfe diamonds, and otner Hones, found in thefe mountains, arc julily
ranked among the natural curiofities of the country. The ruins of Ca-far's wail,
which extenii:d 18 miles in length, from Mount Jura to the banks of Lake l,c-
man, are dilVernihlc. Many monuments of antiquity have been difcovered near tlic
baths of Baden, which were known to the Romans in the time of I'acitus, and at
Avanche in the canton of Ucrn. Switzerland boalls of many noble religious build-
ings, particularly a college of Jefuits ; and many cabinets of valuabii; manufcrints,
anti(|ues, and curiofities of all kinds. At J^ucerne, (fays Mr. Co.\e) is to be licii
a topcigraphical reprefentation of the moll moimtainous part of Switzerland, In
general Pntler, a native of this town, and an oftiter in the French fervice. It is a
model in relief, and welldefervcs the attention ol the curious traveller. What was
iiniQnd in 1776, comprized about 60 fquarc leagues, in the cantons of Lucerne,
Zug, Bern, \Jn, Schweitz, and Undcrwaldcn. The model was twelve feet long,
and
SWITZERLAND.
i7t
nnd nine tnd n halt'brond, The rompofuion it principally n maftlc of charconl
liriK*. clay, a little pitch, with n lliin cont of wax t aiul is fo hard as to be trod
upon witnout roc-civiii;{ ilic Ivall d.imugo. The whole is painted with ditferciU
( olours, rcprcfenting the olijctls as they cxid in nature. It is worthy of particular
obforvatioM, that not only tnc woods ot oak, beech, piiio, and other trees are dif-
tiiigiiilhed i but ulfo that the flr:itu of the feverul nxks arc marked, each being
Ih.ipcd upon the fnnt, and formed with granite, gravel, culcareo.is Hone, or fui K
nihiT natural fubltances as compofo the original mountains. The plan is indeed
in minutely exatl, that it compri/es not only all the mountains, laki-s, towns, viU
laj{i's, ond toreHs ; but every c(»ttagi', every torrent, i-vory road, und even every
|iath is dillinHly and accurately reprefonted. The ^i-mrul takes liis elevations from
ilio level t»f tlie lake of I.ucerne, which, according to M. de Sautfure, is about
fourteen hundred anil ri^^ht fe^t above the Mediterranean. This model, exhibit*
inj{ the njoft niDuntiiinous parts of Swit/erliiiid, eonvevj a fabliine picture of iin«
menfe Alps piled one upon another: as if thelbiry ot the I'iianswire reali/.ed.and
thevhad fticceeded (at le.ill in one fpot of tiie ^IhIh-) in he.npinm ^^"'' '»!""' f'eiion,
and Olympus upon Ofla. From the account of this officer it appears, thalthoii- iru
continued chains of mountains of the fume elevation, riling m pr>;{iv lion to tho
hi(;lteft range, and from thenee gradually defcending in the fane pr»j>>riion to
Italy. Near Koliniere, is a famous fprin;{ wliich riles in the middle ot a natural
hafoii of twelve fquare feet — the force that atts ujxm it mtill be prodigi )is; alter
n i;reat thowcr of rain, it carries up a column of water as thick as a luan s thi^h,
nearly a foot above its furfacc. Its temperature never varies, its furface is clear as
( ryftal, and its depth unfathomable ; perhaps it is the end of fomu fubterraaeou*
laKC that hath here found an ilfue for its waters.
CiTii:s.] All the cities in Swit/.erland are excellently well provided with arfe-
nals, brldj^es, and public edifices. Halil is lituated in a fertile and delightful
C(/untry, on the banks of the Khine, and the c<mfmes of Alface and the empire.
It contains two huM«lred and twenty flreets, and lix market places. The towii-
houfe, which (lands on the river Hirfec, is fupported by very larjje pillars, and its
great hall is finely painted bv the celebrated lians Nolbein, who was a nativ»' of
tills city. The (ituation of lialil is pKaling ; the Rhine divides it into the upjuT
and lower town, and it is conlidered as one of the keys of .Switzerland. IJadeii is
famous for its antiipiity and l)aths. Zuricli is tar lefs coniiderable than Hnn, but
in the arfonal is Ihewn the bow of the famous William i'ell, and in the librarv
(favs Mr. Grnv) are three original manufcript letters, written in Latin, by lady
Jane (Jray to Ibillinger, with fome elegance of ftyle, but with much extravagance
of compliment. In one hyperbolical itrain, the inconliderately enumerates St. John
ainong other exemplary characters, to whom Bullinger, in her opinion, was not in-
iVrinr in |)iety. One of the letters, however, was written in 15511 when (he was
oniv fourteen years of aije ; the others in 1552, when the was about to learn
Iliiirew.
To prevent a repetition, I fliall here mention the city of (lencva, which is an
nd'oeinte of Swil/erland, and is under the protection of tlic Helvetic body, but
within illVlf is an indepi ndent llate and republic. The city is well built and well
fortified, and contains 24,000 inhabitants. It is fituated upim the Rhone, where
it Hows from the fine lake of (ieneva. The llreets are not broad, and derive no
ciiilKllilhrnent from the lofty wooden arcades which Ihelter thein from the fun.
Ihev are chearful, however, and thrtmged with u bufy active people. 'I he houfcs
which face tlu' lake, and thofe which overlook liie parks, are very haiidlomc : the
inns are good, the walks pleafant, and much reforti d to I he environs of Cjcncva arc
MTV beautiful : the walks of the lake, with the view of the Saltve, the mole, the
glaciers, and mount IJIanc, always ailbrd pleafure. It is celebrated for the learning
4 1^ 2 of
5^«
J* W I T •/. i: H I. A N I).
of llie profi li'tir* (if it* univcrlily, iiiul llio j(im»I (^nvcriimrnt of' Id collcgri, ilic
puriiy III' it* nir, timl llu- puliti'iiilt nt' itn inliahiiaiiu. Hy iu liliialimi, i( i« u
lliuDiii^fliliirr Irmit (ik-rtiiiiiiv, h'riini*', iiiul Itnly. It iniititiiiN ii iniiiilHr nt liiu- iimnii-
lii^tuii"' iiikI iirtilUi l<i iliiii iIk' |it<it('lliints, « r|i<-i:iiill) liuli an urr nt a lilioral Itirn,
ilti-ini iln moll di li^liilii! plitio, iliil tlu' I' rnniituiMMi i<t° ihiir |i*iliiii<t, ami parii>
4iiliirU ilic iiriii|iaiinn iil llu r«iiuU', liiitli ttiviiKd llu- iiiliuiiilaiili iiilu purtii'it, uiitl
llir Ihu- l(ru|('{lo <>| iiati'K iaiiH atitl |iU'lu-iaiii had lU'Hrlv rniiud oil.
(ii'iuvn (liiiiii iIk' .KiutiDi III Mr. (iiax, \\\v\ iravflful into tlif country in 1791,
is \\.\\ |io|)iilou«. I Ih- l.iitluiaii niii^iiiM it inliTaiiil lu-io, ami llr.in){('r<t may In-
iitimiiU'tl In iho ili;liti nt l)iit;.,lu'r-<. I lit' l■,l;^lilll aii' Ik u in ((rt'at numlicrH) many
)ia\i; lioiifii. Ilic yiiuii^ nun travtl upnn u (lilnitrrclUd |>lun, ot llu'win^ llic
inunniT!! o| tliL'ir own uniniry, wliiU- tluv llmly tliorcot'otlur nHtiont. 'I licy drive,
drink, iiiid ^^ainc in \\s f^oiilliinanly and liiiiiu-d a way as in Knf(land : riimi-iimcit,
imiiMl. lluy liaw an altiriaiimi wiili ilic manillralrs ot' a (^nviMninont, wliiih,
lli'iii^li ii It I'lii' I . ,'inil \alut'<> ilii,- Imi|{IiIIi naii<'i), nuiki'-i hut lililo alluwaiiiv lorilic
diliMilorly aiid tsttniiit viviuily nl our nun of tailiiun, aiitl ha:* l)ccn known to
ptniilli, vtry lU-rnly, lii^lii tiik-mos ai^ainll iIk' rf^tilalions ot llu- town, 'ihu uluul
plan adopted hy llic youn^ l-'.n){lillnnt-n in .Swii/friand it, nominally, to hoard /««
ptii/ivt, a^ it is lailt'd, wiili I'nnu- pnilellnr, tor wliiih lar^^L* funH arc paiil hy the
p.itnit ur f;uardian, \\liili' tlu- >iinnK mm ilu-nil't-Keit, (pcnd mnih larger, ami in a
mill Ii heltiT liyle, at .Setlumnx ImU'l, luar (<ene\a ; or in viliiin)r, in expenlive
relunu't, tlic dilien nt pari* ot' the mimtry. 'I lie prolelinrs are, eerlainly, many ot'
tlutn, nun ot' learning \ hut toti iVetineiitiy it l)U|)|H-ns, that their underllanding»
iire narrtiw ; and as the u'cunomy ot a .Swils houle is not liheral, and the manners
♦ijihe .Swil's, in dnnullie lite, mull appear lonrlc and inele);ant, wc cnnnnt he lur-
pri/ed llial youti;; nu-n, aceulionu'd to the politenel's and luxuries ot genteel
fainilies in I'litKland, Ihould at an age wliieh hegiiiH to rejec't control, rather ranihic
uiih their countrymen in expenlive excurlions, than contiiu* themfelvi s for fiiper-
fitial lectures on ihe SwiCs governments, to dmiu'llic fociety fo little refined. \\ C
mull, however, except from there remarks a few enlightened men, whole judgment
tiialiles tliem to Iclecf, and whole liberal manners tpialify them to airociate with
the lull circles at (ieneva, Laul'anne, aiul periuips other |iriiuij)al towns of'.Nwii-
/iiland. Somefutli there are whole rcputalitjn are Ipreatl heyond the homuluries
II tluir counlry I he ud\untages of thele men's houles may lie conliderahle, ami
ttirnilh the uii alion tor un introduction to families, where I'ome poliih has lieer\
liioughf on, wiiliuut corrupting the (impliiily of the Swil's niamu-rs. It mull k
nblcrved only, lliat it cannot lie tilil.iinetl without great expence, and the rilk ot
tiiriniiu' altachnuiits with women, who, wiialiver mav he tluir
1 ninu'ClKHis anil ilillrreiit piiiuiples, and l.ilily, iliat it is Iliil ditikult for :i
mail to rclill the atttatlion ot a tliiliiiated l.imliili lucu-tv, alwa\
merit, have fonii
vmiii'
Sill h is the hn/.iiid of" In ini:
in
t'"J'
oil
lul as lor the general call of' houl
s witliiii reaeli.
es in
wiiicli the I'.nnlilh are phunl, lime is co'iliiiiialile rilk, and vvry little hcnelii in
l>c ohiaiiu'd, liy exporting >oung men here lor fiireign education ; while cverv ad-
\,.iitage (if I'teiiig .Swii/erlanil, ami ot lhulyin|.{ the cmiltiiutidn and manners oV liie
pf.'ple, iiia\ he lietter gained l)\ iraNellinj; leilurelv ilnoui;li ihe cmmtrv, under
■ ■ . .' .■ 1 ■ .1 ., 1 i ,. ...'. .. 1 .• . . .'
ur ;iii
tiie dir.aion ot a tutor ol known character and c
cxpeiii i.ied I'll !id
.ii.ilnct ; as a ililcreet tutor
fi
lie inhal'itahls ot' Cleiu'va have a gcncr.il kind of information, wliiil
irprue m
ai'itanis 01 iiciu'va nave a gcncr.ii kiiui oi niiormation, winch excites
llrai.'.,ers j though, on larther aci|uaiiiiaiice, it is otien liifenvered tn Iv
fuperlicMi einKi^ii. 'i hey ari' ainioll all cilucaie.l at a puhlie acailenu , wlm h is
well regulaleil, ami Cijiiiorli d at the pul<lic expe;ne. lleieihcN iinliiiu' a talie
literature, whiili every citizen is enahlcd to keep up, hy a permillion to Ixjninv
books at liic puOlic hbi;:r\ opened Ui the ni Itjr that puqujie oi.cea wevk. l.nenire
'T
lot
U'iies
S W I T Z K R L A N D.
J7>
I, llie
'\* u
nuitu-
tkirn,
|t;irii-
t, Ullll
1791.
nay 111*
; IDiUiy
1)^ tlu'
y tlrivc,
I'tilUCH,
lor I lie
uiwii to
ic ufual
uiurd /'t
I by llu;
Dt\il in a
xpoiilive
n\anv ot
laiulin);^
manner*
It be lur-
t gontcci
•r ramble
lor finKT-
i-il. Wo
jiulgim-nt
iati" witb
s ot" Mvit-
oiuulurii's
al>lo, anil
has Wen
I \\u\[\ be
bi- rilk lit
|V(.' t'liri'i^ii
|r a youii);
lin nacli.
lioiiiVs ill
bonv III III
cviMv ad-
M.r-\ <it tho
ry, uiulir
iliir, or an
Lb excites
|er«-(l to I'l;
wliiih is
a talk- tor
to bnnow
I,itiiii;y
loLiL'tlCii
focii'iii't, iboiiffb rontrtillcil by |;ovcriiinci)t, (lill iincmblc.'^'rhry vftimiiic ihr \to-
|iiilutiiiii III lbi\ (ilv »• ix,ono f'liiiU.
I.uuraiiiii- it un iricKiilar luwrt, willt iVw builiUiig» tliat lUTervc noliit*. 'I ho
lailK'tlrul it n light Ctiilbit i-tbtici* i near it llicti* i» .1 walk which toinniundi • g|(>>
riiiiH view ol' ihe hike Hnil ihe iirijcctiiig nutuiUaiiH, the toull iil' C'habluii, tkx.
Mr. (iililMiii, till- late eU>^unl hiltunuiiorthc DeUiiie ami Kali ot' the Koniaii iMiipirc,
loved thit (oiiniry iVuni hi* iiirly yuulb, and iholc lhi» town h>r hii relidence,
v\lu re he enjoy eil, iiiuler a mild j^overiiiiKMit, ainidll a l>eaiiteou» lunUiVape, u litc
ot leil'iiie and indepetideme, und ihe varied pieulurei ot relireniviit ttiid tuiiely,
Kinonff a people ol eufy und elejj^ant iiuinnerk. All the huufen in Liiurunne, that
are in toiiliiinutioii Ironi that in whit li thik philnlophir lived, border on the
lake, and have a view that no oilier eounlry lun eipial. I he c(d!i|{e is u large
luiiidiiig, whiih eiinlainNa libraiy til nnin| ihuuland volume., ol'whiih ihe lM<gliili
ni' allowed the ule, in conliileration ot many donalioii-i by Lnglilhiiien. liie
liailili'k lallle is Well litnuted. Ihc land leenery near Laulanne i» picturel'i^ue:
the town is divided bv a kind of valley ; tlie parts ot' which wunid be better eon-
iiecb'd by a bridge, like that at Kdinbiirgb, than by llep«, uk it is now. Many
r.nglilh relidu here, (fuyit Mr. (Jray, in 1791 J und funtething of Knglilli iuttiiner»
irevai
h.
I
Neut'cliutel is fweetly (itnated on the lake ul that name. It i» an agreeable
fiiwti, and has a neat appearaiue. Ihe I'riilhan governor feldoin relides here,
ihoiigh he has the difpol'.'l of the civil und military appuintmenls, with a limitation
III liie bnrgherH, or fiibjeils of Neufehulel. Nu law» tun be enacted but by the
m il of Ibite, the magitirutes of tlie town, und the people of \ allengin. liieir
lieinal immunities und independent privileges are fecured by very imporlnnt
regulations, aeieptcd by the hoiife of lirandeiiburgh belure it wan invelted with
tlie fovereignty ot Neutehalel. 'I he people enjoy u conlideruble lliare of liberty,
and are but llightly taxed. Trade, nntettered by partial rellrictioiii, tUmrillu*
mum
inui
to a eoniK
lerabie extent. Many I'Jiglilh elmofe Nentebatel as an agreeable pla
iif relidenee. Here is a gooil and well regulated foeiety ; tlie peouTe are eheaiful
and atlable; the wiimen and girls eonveife with ^reat fiankncfs and good humour j
tliev are not taught to be apprehenlive of men, tor the laws protect them fioin the
liiliiius deligns of iVtbiCtini. If a man corrupt u girl, he mull mairy her, or give
VWX'
up his Country or polieliions for ever; or if he be pievioully married, he is i
lulled to make very large pecuniary reparations. I he inagillrate> e.\ert thein-
lelves with great activity, and prevent all public piotUtutes. ihe peuple aie
iheart'ul and poliie ; amoiif; them relide?. .\lr. I)u IVrou, the editor of the pollhu-
iimus conliiiualion of KoiiilciU'i C'linfeilions. 'Ihe population of the diluict of
.Neiil'chalil ainoimls to _;'i.ojo fouls , an immenl'e number for a country not luoic
than 3<) miles in length, .mil 1; in \l> luoadell extent, the gualer pari of which i»
Inliv a
lid barren niouuiains. if princes kmvv liieir ual inteiell, they iiuili be c
on
I'ciiiiis, that the mote tree, the more llouiiihing would be their dominion
I'icm is a very hai.ill'ome town. 'Ihe llrcets are l[iacious; the piaz/as, \\Ii!j
low-archcil fronts, gise il a peculiar ciiaracter ; the llore-l.onl'cs w miv.! appear
f the areadcN wire more lottv ; the walk, likewile, wonlil in
.eir
to more advantag
that cafe be eunalh ihelteied tiom fun or rain, and there would be a tV^er circ
lion of air. 'il'e town In kept neat, but it is by felons, chained with a c-jllur and
liui.k over their lientl''. 'I i:e leiraces, panienlaily that behind the cathedral, wh'n.'ti
ii\erloo
ks the Aar, aiit id very agreeal.le walks, wl.ire the liein lad;es, v\ lui arc
verv pretty, exhibit their cliarni,^ better dil'played hy ibefs than tlmf.. of moll of
■ ' * 'Ihe iilinements ot a neb amiociacy hu-. iiurucli.ccd more
here, than ^ucvuils in il..' o'.l'.er pui'.ik <^l 6\viucrlui.d. 'Iho
public
i.eir coui.try v.o.nen.
of lie.- Frencli n:ai
574
SWITZERLAND.
(Hihllc t>iilMln|{« Ml R«*rn »te banctromf, thou|(h ihcy ft<> not lh«w any gr^at <!«•
jmrtiirr Irnin ilu- lim|>ti('ity of the* (oiiiilry, whuh (onfiillt utility rmhcr llun oriu*
nicnl in it< btiililingt, rvrn whi-ii the dawtiini* of laOe mot) nppriir Ihi' hoirl
<U' Vitir, al wl)i( h the c ountil utiii fi-niiir aifi'iiiblc, i« nn oUl IniilUinK I in il «ro
fiini« rnnvrnicnl rmim*, ■iid Tome hirtorical |iitlurr«, tiol mud) inlorrlliugM ptlnl*
ing«, hut only ni ihcy rrlatr lo the founcUlion of llrrn, and ihc origin ot thi*
4 hnrtcr of the town. The new riNim for ihc lihrnry Ihrwt Ixit little ndvaiicfmcni
in (kill of nrchilcttiirr : il i* ill tonlrivrd, and fitted tip wiili but litllo laHtf or
rcfpoft to iho mnvcnirnic of rc«d<T» : il i« rich in munufiripti.
iiihnfThnuli'M, the inpital of ihi- Iniallctl innlon in Swil/crlnnd, i*xliihii« an ap-
prariintc of rr|uihlii an i'(|iiiility. 'I lie houU* iiro plnin and fotnrwhal dirty t there
i» no contrail of ilirproportionnle folctiditur ^ no pulHi\- to cxi itr llic envy of iIk<
ni'iKhlionring lltlildlllf{^ on the other hand, there i% no edilice for llie lUungcr to
ndniire i no inoninnviit for niitionul vnnilv or tulle lo point out. Ihc tree lUti.t
of tinti<piitv. long luforc the private citizen wu> well lodged, erefled puldic
rilifieei), with eniuhtiion of ornament i and tepultliei, a>» well u« mmiarihiev, had
iiia^nifireiil halhi, tli«'»lrci, and leinnlei. 'Ilie geiiiii't of Swit/rrland i» dilferein (
tlie Swif'* are not ri«li , they are fond of liinplii itv, niiil lonlider with a jeuloiu evo
whatever indiiatei the iipprnniliof luxury and foreign talle. The fortrel'^, uinl
the iiiiioiiit hrid^'e liy LIric Urulienmnn, of I'ullen, ure the only |>ublic wurlit
ttiat engage attenlixn.
Conflaiue wai otuc n very populoui city. It tlourilhcd while the reformed
faith wai clhiliiilhed, and began lo deiline n» fooii at the Koinith religion wui
tigain fet up iiiuUr Charles tin h'ifih, in opjioliiion to the endeavour'* of the leugiio
ot Sinalkalde. I hough it ii fo finely liiuaied for trade, the repeated iiltenipK
whicli have been made to efialililh niniuifathireihave alwayn failed. The dillaiuc
from Vienna, the JeaUiufy of the fenatc of Conllaiue, the pride of the nobility, aiiil
the fuirit of the Koniilh religion, whiih is unnropitious to trade, have been eiunii' .
rated aniidll the laufet tliat have eontinued to llille llie t xerlion^ of ijie .SwiU.
'I'he town ha^ tlie appearani e of deeline : il eonlaint alioul 6,000 iiihabitanis ; but
its deferted llreets would not be loo much thronged by ten times that number i
they retain, howevv-r, fomewhat of elegance ; and the Ipiny, the ndincent wliiiu
|)ui!ding'«, n'tlected by the tranfparent waters of liie laLe ; the iieigbbouriiig con-
\entN, and tin- \ii\v of the (now) turmwed mountains of Ap|>en/el, give a Itiiking
nnd intirelling character fo the town. The view of its fnlii.irv (IrectH excites re-
Hetlions on it's hilb'ry, and lainenlaiinMs on ils cii parli»i gi mdeur. The ruotii in
wliith the couiuil was held in 1414, which luntiiliutcd to inculcate the (ulijectioii
«)f ihe pajial |i(jw er lo general couiu iU, is now a rcpoliiory tor lumber, old armour,
watermen's jackets, tiic. Ihe emperor's and ilir pope'* iliair are Hill there Vt
the Heneili^tiiie convent are (hewn foiiie c.ihiiiets of natural hilbirv ; ,\i tho
tathedral a fine altar-, and, fiom the tower, a linking view of the two lakes,
C'oMMKRCi, AND M AN c K AC r I' R Kb.] Ihc Commerce of .Switzerland is verv
Jnconliderable. Ils exports conlill of linens, miillin, hides, and the puiduie.it
their tlairies, wliich are fmall huts i ailed Chalttu built on the mountains, where
during the funiiner moiulis, their « aitle are lent to feed. I he Swifs dieefe is ex-
cellent, and tonfecjuentiy muih elleeined in the neighbouring c«)untries, particu-
larly in France, wfiere a great confi mption is made of it. 'Iheir imports are
conViderable, though a frugal |)eople, tliey being in want of corn, iron, and I'.ilt j
the latter artii !e iliev draw tVom France : ami according to the treaties ot alliaiK e
fubllAing between tlie two couiilrii s, receive amuially a lertain (piaiititv at aniiuii
more rcafoiiable price than it is frid l>y the French go\eiiinu iit lo their own fuli-
jctU. Ncverthclcfh, even in i>wil/cr!aiid it is a dear article, being retailed bv ilie
oiliccrs
8 W I T Z K R I. A N a
S7S
ofTlt-rr* of rtair, who m<>ni>poli«« ftnd draw • primipm ;>art <>f ihc (^ttbtk revenues
trim il« fair I he loUl rrteiplnl B«rn amDUiiU lo abDui 5.000I. uaA of ^Mfkh
10 a link more ih*n one half. Kxclulive ul' ihii lax on fait. th« revenue i» madt^
up ol' €urtom« ami Julie* on merchaiullie, lh« proiii* ol tU'tncdic lauilji. and lh«
liiho« of the ||«'ii«-ral tiriNlutc of ihe roiioiry ^Ou- 1 lirny Ikmmk !»*'•' ^»y g"*i'ro"»«nl) 1
lo whiih mi|l(l !»«• atUikd ihc money ihai ihv dilfenrii iariloii* receive »Vo«ii foreign
|M>weri, for ihe hire of iheir iriMi|M Ihin i> amllom whiih h«» given rife «o i
(lilli-rente of opinion among ihe.SwiU, relative lo ii^ aUvanlagc or ill ionfvi|uence.
'Ihry, who op|Hife ii. maintain ihal the ottkcrt iintl foitticr* of thcfe rvgimcnil
MiHuire the viL«« of the ditlorent loonlrieiin whi»h ihi-y fervc.aiul on ihoir relurn
lo.Swilierliind. by fprnuling them.i ormpl the poni nioraU of iu iithMhiiant*. In
luifwer lo Ihi* it ii airerleU, lh.1l, a% the reveniuH ol ihc lantoiu aro inudo(|U4U' lo
llic ixpctui* of governnicni uinl the fiiit|Mirl <•! a fulhtienl army for the iialional
tU'l't-nce, it i» lift t ifury to purfue ilii* lyU«-m IuhI down hy ihcir uiuellori, a« il givet
ihi'in nil the ii'K.iniHgev of a reKuliir nrniy, wiilioiii iheekpemc of il» mainlinuncc,
il hying tlipuLiti'd ill tin 11 lioati,>, that in lafi- of alia* k from a l'orl■l^ll intiiiy,
ihele iro i|t<t, Mt'ikH anuinni lo p.ooo, llioiild he ul liU-rly lo n-liirn hoiiu' .itil tu*)
ill iiMKcrt will) their kO'inlrynun. Holh of iluT>' (ir)(nnient« are pl.itililili- ; hitt thi!
ijuvliion it, if tluv Im' udiiiiltfd u« fjcl, wliethi r the iiiorMliiy of u nuiinii Ihould l)«
liurihicd lo ii<t i>uliiy ^ luil it iiiuy beulhrtid iiKHiii, lliut true |H)lit.y i% itiU-purahl«
from giKid inoraUi utid llill furilur, the .Swili (..ninol he appn-lu-nltvo of the eit-
iroiulitP'iiU ol any lortiKii ''"'*' "** ''*'^R ""* ''>^7 p*'>^>')vi' that the ;;^i-ncrul Him of
I'.uropf u lo pn-firve »i\ e(|iiill)rinin ol powi-r : ihii huhoiic ii ihi'ir luU, und in-
deed their only fal 'uiuird ; for .Swil/eriund, with all it» force lould never mainlnin
a defenlive wur ugainil either Kraiice or the citip.nir. 'Die Swifi and thi-ir ullie*
arc ru|ipoh d lo ainonnt to more that two inillioiu «f foiilt. I heir ninnner of living,
in intich more liuiple thitn that ol tlu-ir lui^hliour^, u\ iht y are more rollricled hy
ihk-ir refjivctive fju^ernmentk i fuiiiptu;iiy lawi bi-iiiK in lull force ainoii^ thein.uiid
no utnuremeiit, liuh ;ik garnet itf ha/anl, pniys, iiperni, or evin dancing, e\c< pi at
appojiiii'd limek l>eii>g pcriniiled. An every citi. n in a fuldior ^theckr^fv except-
ed) they on SundavH, titter di\ine fervicc, go thruiigh llie military exercifc i they
are careful of the education of their ^outh, us in evident fro.n their public feini-
iiarioii or univerlities ; the principal ol which are at lialil and Uern.
National ctiARActkR.] In giving a (Vetch of the iiatKuial charadcr, notice
will only be taken of the popular ^overniiieiils, us the Uv-opje there retain the
liiii|)er und manner of the ancicni .^wiflt, more than the other cuntoiu. Of them
I think very fuvourahly, provided 1 except ihiif«' of llu- lower J.ifs, <vho have feen
ulher countries, or h.ive any ctMiiiiunicatinn wi;.i liavelu rs, usi fiicli arc not onlv
ill this, but I believe i,i every iiiuntrv of ilie world, nieri\.iaiy aiuUleieiilul. With
rr^ard to the general iiihabit:utl!l ot tlute caiiions, tiicv feeiii to be frug.il without
iiR'.uinels i brave without vanity i and hoipiuble without otlcntaiitm : to (Irangcra^
llii-y are courti'ous and polite, without being either d •lijjniin; or troublefoine. I hey
value l)ut little iliole (iiliiiUtions nf rank, birth, ai.d tortune, which in the other
iduiitrics i)\ I'.urupe, and iiule d in the othir caniuns of Switzerland, are fo obfe-
ii|iii<>ully cuhiv.iled, a^ they ineafure the dignity of the lituation by tiic merit of the
iiiilividiial. Kvery man here knows the advantages of his own free government ;
and us he nlfo knows hiinfelf to be a component |>art of it, is from interill as well
l> principle, a real patriot. .Such is their attachnunt to their couiiiry, that of the
hwifs rej-iiiuiits in foreign ferviee, many of tlic foUliers, after a long abll nc< , pine
and licken tor their return. Should tliat liberty be refuted them ^wliich never is,.
from exjjerience of the ill confe(|uence) their death is inevitable ; as neither pro-
Biution iiur eiiiulutticnt cati diliipate the mcIaucKuly that preys upon them. Home
57^
s \y I T Z K R I, A N n.
is tho only cure of this (insular malacly, which is talK-d the Swi/s fichufs* , nnd that
lurc- is int'allil)ii'. In tlonifllif lilV lluir private virtues How from their ]nii)lie eli;i-
racter ; to tlieir parents ihev are gratetul nnd obedient ; to their families aft'ection-
ate and attentive} InHexible in friendlhip ; mild as fuperiors, and benevolent as
men.
The produHiong of the loom, linen, dimily, lace, itockings, handkerchiefs, rib.
bands, liik and printed cottons, and gloves, are common in Switzerland, and the
inhabitants are now beginning, notwithllanding their fumptuary laws, to fabricate
liiks, velvets, and woollen manufactures. Their great progrcfs in thofe manufac-
tnres, and in agriculture, gives thent a profj)ett ot being able f(ioii to make conti-
derable exports.
Constitution and covkrnmf.nt.] Thefe are very complicated heads,
though belonging to the fame body, being partly ariftocratical, and i)artly demo-
vratical. Kvery canton is abfolute in its own jurifditiion ; but thofe of Bern,
y^urich, and Lucerne, with their dependencies, are arillocratical, with a certain
mixture of democracy, Hern excepted. Thv>fe of Uri, Schweitz, Underwald,
i^ug, (ilaris, and Appenzel, are democratical. Balil, though it has the ai)penrance
of an aritburacy, rather inclines to a democracy. But even thofe arilh)crncies
and democracies dilTer in their particular motles of government. However, in all
of llKin the real interells of the people appear to be much attended to, and tliev
enjoy a «K gree of happiiu-fs not lo be exjietk-d in defpolic governments. Ivicli
canton hatli prudently reconciled iifelf to the errors of its neighbour, and cemented
■»)n the balls of aHcxMion a fyllem of mutual defence.
'I he confederacy, conlidered as a republic, 4»)mprehends three divifions. The
firft are SwilVes, properly fo called. 'Hie fecond are the Grifons, or the ftatcs,
confederated with the SwilVes,' for their common protecHon. 'I he third are ihofe
j)refeCtures, which, though fubjett to the other two, by purchafe or otherwife,
preferve each its own particular magidrates. Kvery canton forms within itfelf a
little republic ; but when any ccmtroverfy arifes that may alTetl the whole confe-
<leracy, it is referred to the general diet, which fits at Baden, where each canton
liaving a vote, every queftion is decided by the majority. The general diet condlh
of two deputies from each canton, belides a deputy from the abbot of St. Gall,
juid the cities of St. (Jail and Bien. It is obferved by Mr. Coxc, to whom the
public are indel>ied for the beft account of SwitzerlaiKl that has appeared, tiiat
there is no country in which happinefs and content more univerfally prevail among
the people. For wliethcr the government be ariltocratical, democratical, or mixed,
II general fpirit of liberty pervades and actuates the feveral conllitutions ; fo that
even the oligauhichal tlates (vvliich, of all others are iifually the moll tyrannical)
Jire here pet uliarly mild ; and tlie property of the fubject is fecurely guarded
iigainft every kiiul of violation. .V harmony is maintained by the concurrence of
tluir mutual felieiiy ; and their fumptuary laws, and ecpialdivilion of their fortunes
among their children, feem to eiifure its continuance. There is no ])art of Kurope
wliicl) contains, wiihin the lame extenl of region, fo many independent commnn-
N\ealths, and inch a variety of ditlerent governments, as are collected tov/.iher in
this remarkable ami delightful eonntry ; and yet, with fucli wifdom was the Hel-
\etic union computed, and fo little iiase the Svvil's, of late years, been aCluated hv
.the fpirit of conquell, that lince the tirm and complete ellabiilhment of their general
confederacy, they have I'earcely e\er had ocealion to employ their arms againll a
* They call it in Citrraan ilas hum u'rhr. There
.is 110 nionve lliat iiuiiicti us to rciullii^t llieplaics
which we love, more llKiiithe mi^/ic «e liuvi hc.ii<l
in them, and from this it !-> that all foiigs and uine:>
1
tli.it were popular in their country, arc (tritely
torbiiUlc'ii among the Swif» rcgiinciU!, in torei^n
firwtc.
foreign
itid tint
)lii- i-liii-
ftVotion-
■olcnt as
iofs, ril)-
ai«* the
fiibriciUi!
naiuit'ac-
kc conli-
(\ heads,
[ly dcino-
ot" Horn,
a ccrinin
ulcrwald,
>|>earancc
illocracics
vor, in all
and tliov
Its. Ivicfi
cemented
Ions. 'Ihe
■ the ftates,
d are thofe
• otherwife,
thin itlelf a
[hole conte-
ach canton
lict conlitls
St. Gall,
whom the
ared, that
■ail amonj;
or mixed,
s ; fo that
ivrannieal)
guarded
iirrence ot
cir fortunes
of I'AirojK-
\t eomninn-
toyrlher in
[IS the Ihl-
:ictiiated by
heir jreneral
lis atjainll a
~~|v, are ftriollv
Ims in torti^u
foreign
a W I T Z V. R F. A .\ I).
.<77
foreign ('ncmy ; and have had no h illile eoarnulioiii among thcmfolves, (l\at u\ie
niii ver) foon happily temiiiialed.
Kp.veni/i:s ano taxks.] The variety of cantons tliat conflil'ite the Svvlfi
eonfederacy, renders it ditlieult to give a preeife aceoiuit of lluii' levemie^. 'I iiofe
of the canton of Heme are faid to amount annually to ^^oo.oco crowns, and
ihiife of Zurich to 130,000; the tMlier cantons in proportion to thi'Ir |)roduec
;iiul m.'uuitaMures. Whatever is fav^il, alur defraying the ueiellary expence*
of government, is laid up as a coiuMinn llnd: ; and it lias lieen faid, »lial tlur
.Swilles are pollein.'d of 500,000!. llfrlin;; in the l',nj;lil]i funds, belides money
ill other banks.
The revenu' s arife, 1. Trom the profits of the demefiie lands; 2. 'Ihe tenth of
ihe produce of all tiie lands in the loiiniiy ; ■;. ('hIIdius and durks on meiehan-
i.ize ; 4. The revenues ;u'iling tVom tlu' fiile of l.i!t, and I'ome cafiial taxes.
.Military siaKsant | Ihe internal (lren;;lh of the Swifs cantons, indepen-
dent of the militia, conlills of 13,400 men, raifed aeeording to llu; population and
abilities of each. The (reonomy and wifdnin with which this force i. r.iifed and
iinployed are truly admirable, as are the anar.g.iiu nts which ;ire made by llu-
!';i'iK'ral diet, for keei)ing up that great body of militia, from which foreign dates
and princes are fupplieil, fo as to benefu the Hale, \\ ilhout any pri iudiee to its po-
jiiilalion. Kvery burgher, jieafant, and fubjed, i , obliged to exercifc himfelf in
the life of arms; appear on the Ualed days for lliooiiiiL^ at a mark ; furuidi himfelf
\. itli proper clothing, accoutrements, powder ami ball; and to Ih- aK\a_\s ready
fir the defence of his comitry. The Swifs engage in the fervice of toreign princes
and liates, either as guards, or as marching regiments. In the latter cafe, the go-
vernment permits the cnliliing volunteers, though only for fuch liates as they iU'e
ill alliance with, or with whom they have entered into a previous aj";reement on that
;irticle. But no fubjctt is to be forced into foreign fervice, or c\cn to be enliiled
witliout tlie concurrence of the inagiihacy.
History.] 'J he prefent Swilles and (Jrifons, as has been already mentioned,
arc the defcendanls of tlie ancient llelvetii, fiilHlued by Julius Cafar. Their
mountainous, uninviting iituntion, formed a better tecurity tor their liberties, than
their forts or armies ; and tlie lame is the cale at pnfent. i luy contimietl long
under little better than nominal l'ubje>:lion to the liurgundians and (Germans, till
;ii)out tiie vear 1500, when tlie emperor AUiert 1. lieaied tliem with fo much
lii^our, that they petitioned him againll the cruelty of his governors. 'I his ferved
(inly to double the hardthipsof the people ; and one of Albert's Aulhi.-n governors,
Greller, in the wantomiefs of tyranny, let up a hat upon a pole, to which he onler-
cii the natives to pay as much refpect as to himfell. Tlie famous \\ illiam Tell,
luin" ohfer\ed It) pafs frequently without taking notice of the hat, and being an
exeelleiit markfman, the t\raiit condemned liim to be hanged, uitlelV he clett an
■.t\'\tk- upon his Ion's luad, at a certain diliaiue, with an arrow. 'I'ell clett the
;;)i|ile ; and (jreller alking him the meaning ol ai.i tlier arrow l;e fuw liuck in
lii: belt, lie l)lu:itlv a^l'svered, that it was ii tended to his [Clreiler'.s] heart, if he
li id killed his full. Tell was immediately fent to piil'on ; but making his elcape,
l:e \vat( lied his opportunity, and Ihot tlie lyrant, and ilierel\\ laid the lo'jiuhnioiis
of the Helvetic lilierty.
It a|)i)ears, however, lljat before this event ihe revolt ot the Swiiles from the
.Aullriaii t\ranny had been planned by fome noble patriots among them. 'Iheir
r.Kafurt .-. were fo jutl, and tlieir courfc to intrepid, thai they loon ellecled a union
u\ llveral cantons.
Zurich, driven by opprellion, fought lirll an alliance with Lucerne, UrI, Suiflo,
and Lnderwald, on the princijiles of mutual defence ; and the frequent fucccfl'es
yf their arms againll Albert, duke of Aultria, infenlibly formed the grand Helvetic
4 K union.
578
N.
union. Tlioy fiift conquered (Jlnris.ind Zug, and Admitted them to an equal par-
ticipation of ilicir rights. Hcriu- ioimd thcin in 1353; Friburg and Solcure 130
years after; U.ilil and Srafl'liaiifiii in i ^01 ; and Appcnzcl in 1513 completed tlio
confi-'d.racv, wliitli rcddod tlif iiniii d powi-rs of France and Germany ; till by the
In-aly of Ueftphalia in 1648, their eontederaey was declared to be a free and in-
depiiulent Hate.
iNoiifeliatel.linee tliejear 1 70 7, has lieen under the prote£\ionof Pruflia, but the in-
liahitants are free to ferve any prince whatever. The king of i'rulTia hath the power
of reeruiiing among them, and of naming a governor, but the revenue he derives is
not above 5000!. \ early, great part of which is laid out on the roads and other
piil)lie works of the country. With regard to the military charadU-r, and great
iulions of tlie Swilles, I mull refer the reader to the hillories of Europe.
8
N.
SirUATION AKD EXTENT.
Miles.
Length 700'
Degrees.
Uivadth 500} ^''^^^^'^'-^" {36 and 44 North latitude.
Containing 150,763 Sqjare Milks, with 69 Inhabitants to cacli.
I ween 5 '? ""^ 3 Y'?^ longitude.
HOINDARIRS.
IT is bounded on the Weft by Portugal and the Atlantic
Ocean ; by the Mediterranean, on the Eaft ; by the Bay of
I';ifcay and the I'vreiiean Mountains, which feparate it from France, on the North;
and 1)V the Ibait of the fea at (iihraltar, on the South.
It is now divided into fourte' 11 dillritls, befidcs illands in the Mediterranean.
f^
OB
Coiin
Spain.
tries Names.
Square
A lies.
3
5-
3
a.
5-
Chief Cities.
faftil.-, .New
27,840
220
180
„ ... 5W.Lon. 4-15
Ancl.iliifia
1 6, ;oo
173
'35
Seville
C'altile, Ol.i
I4-4C'0
'9.1
140 Burgos
Arr.iRoii
i3,Hi8
190
lO^Sarajjoira
I.Orriindiirii
I j,6co
180
l2 3;llad.ijos
1
G.;lici:i
12,000
'f'S
lao'Coiiiportclla
1
l.rdii
11,200
.fi;
y6
I-eon
1
Cdtiiloiiia
<).000
■7:
1 10
Darttlona
(ir:<iia(ia
K.ioo
200
45
(iraiiada
Valencia
6,S>oo
i«o
75
Valencia
l!if ay and ipufioa
4. ;•''=>
140
55
Bil!.oa
Alliuia
4,<>D0
124
55
Ovjedi)
.Mi.Kia
3,600
«7
<>i
Muriia
. L'ljiir \:ivarrf
3,000
92
45
I'amjiiluna
"^ i
Mniorca I.
1,400
^s
40
Maiorca
i^y.
Vv.ia I.
62,
5 /
25
Vvita
In the
terrar
Miiicirca I.
Total—
520
4'
20
Citadclla
',0,7^.3
Thf town nii'l torin
(■ ut (.ib
r;ihar
ful..
iiT to fi'rr.it Brllai;i.
Spain
,1 poT-
■e 110
cd ilK>
by tUc
jrid "m-
t the In-
: power
jrivcs is
id other
nd great
\c
h.
he Atlantic
, the Bay <>t
the North;
[errancan.
S P A I N."
Spain has alfo been fubdivided m the following manner :
579
I'itle.
Prov.
Subdivifion.
Title.
Chief towns. C«Mifidcrable
towns.
E
'
CompoftoIIa
Anhbilhoprlck
[lompoftella
m ^' M
.2
'0
■■a '
Mondonedo
Lugo
Bilhoprick
Bilhoprick
Vlondonedo
Lugo ?
.3
ni
Ortcnfe
Bilhoprick
Ortenfe
%-^>^^.
U
.
Tuy
Territory
Tuy J ^ - «
1 \
Afturia
Afturia
de Ovitdo
de Santillana
Oviedo ?i:-i
Santillana r> ^ "-
a, o<
< ^
1 '<-7i
n
Bifcay
Guipifcoa
Alava
Proper
Bilboa T ri S i « ^"
Tholofa >st<l\
Vittoria J '"^ ^ (^ "^ J
S
Pampcluna
Majorlliip
Pampcluna
Olit.i
Majorlhip
Olita
60
2 •
Tudela
Majorlhip
Tudela
c
C4
i5
Mella
Majorlhip
Majorfljip
Kllella
U
Sanguefa
Sanguefa
' Burgos
Diftrict 1 Burgos
U
Rioxa
Didrid
Logronno
jj
Calahorra
Dirtritt
Calahorra
Soria
Dillria
Soria
4'^
c
Ofma
Diftriet
Ofma
o
a:
13
o
Valadolid
Soj^ovia
Dillria
Dillria
Valadolid
Segovia
<1o
Avila
Dillria
Avi!;i
a^ ro '—
^ N C
. Sij^uenfa
Dilhia
Sigiienfa
N. of the Tajo 1 Madrid
Upon tlie Tajo
'I'oledo
\\. of Toledo
Cueni;;!
On the Guadiana
Cividiid Rc.il
JJ
K. of Madrid ' Akaia do lienari /
«3
C9
Frontiers of Valencia
.Minanza
u
\. \V. of Madrid
l''.fiuri;il
'■£■
\. K. of Madrid
Ciuadalaxaru
o
'A
N. K. of Madrid
lhihu(.'ga
La Mancha S.
La Sierra V..
On the (inadiana
Cnlatvava
► Frontiers of V
alencia
\ illenu Koqiui
Vd
4t-
Kingdom
Spain
58o
Title.
to
■2
Prov.
Subdivi/ioii
SaragofTa
Jaia
i lliii-lln
1 Hiill.adro
'ranuiina
Alliaialin
IVriul
Sobarbc
A I
Title
Ariliblfliopritk
iJiiliiiprii'k
Hilliopriik
Hillioprii'k
ililliuprick
i'itluijiiitk
liilluipriik
Hilliopriik
Chiof town*;.
Saragiid'a
Jaia
Iliicfia
iiaiballru
I'aiacuna
Alharalia
IVnicl
Ainfa
ri)nruli.'rablf
towns.
a
Harcilona
Dilhiit
Harcciona
Lrgol
Diftria
Lrg.l
Halagiicr
Dilh-ia
lialaguur
■
•^t
Lcrida
Diliria
l.i'riila
.2
Torfofa
nillrict
lorlofa
.f<
75
"5
Gironc
Tarragona
Dilirict
Dillria
Ciironc
Tarragona
3
^
&.
Lamprctlan
Diliria
Kofcs
ii3
Vich
Dilirict
Vich
Cardonna
Dilirict
Cardonna
Sdlloiina
Diltria
Solfonna
I'uuorda
Dillria
Puycerda
f _
2.2-r
i
•2
.2
J ■
Xiicar
Millaros
SVgura
Dinria
Dillria
Dillria
Valencia
Villa Ilcrmofa
Origucia
Segorbe, Xati
Alicant, Den
Gandia, Mon
do, Vilareal,
Alcira, Altea.
■ I A on
»—
North of tlif I
)ouro
I'akncia, or Placcnia
Toio
-3
to
c
5
Zainora
Aftorgo
'2
Salamanca
South of ihc I)
ouro
Alva
Cividad Rodrigo
u;
On the Guadiana
.North of tlu' Tajo
i Cilwiiii 'I'ajo and Guadiana
S;)utli of till.' Guadiana
(^n till.' Tajo
,On the Guadiana
c Mcrida
( Bailajox
( Placeiitia
( Coria
Truxillo
Lenera, or Ellencra
J.Mianta
X Mcdeiia
.Miantara
iia
Kingdom
s
Title, FVov. Sul)(livi|ioii.
- O
■2 rMiircia
5 i l,<)rc:i
p; [Cartli.iqcna
4
V A I
Title.
I Diftria
i I'nuxT
i Dilhitt
N.
Chief towns,
Miireia
I,ni( a
Ciirtliit'Ti'tia
5»«
Con(id> ruble
lowtis.
^ ,« 2-2
E
-3
■3
n
e
e
o
(iruiiadii
Alaluira
Aliut'i'ia
.(nuulix
Ari:lil)illi(>prick
iiilhopritk
niiliiiprick
liilho|)i'it.K.
(■rniK.Ja
iVIiiiiii^a
Alihciia
(jiuulix
f n 3
If
i ad
-3
Si-villo
Jaen
CorcUiba
Medina Sidonia
Arelil)illiopiick
llilliuprick
Hillioprick
Duthy
Seville
Jaen
C'lirdiiha
Medina Sidonia
-^•■^=2^'^
•d
^ >
U I'l ^> l-J
ANCir.VT NAMES WD PI VI sioNs] Sppiii fDrmerlv incliuled Pdrtiigal, and
was known to the aneients in- the names of Iheiia, antl I It'i'peria, as well as llil-
i)ania. It was, about the time of tlie I'unie wais, divided inio Cilerinr and Llle-
rior ; the Cilerior contained the provinces Ivinj^ north of tlie river I'.bro ; and the
Ulterior, which was the larked part, compriliended all that lay beyonil that ri\er.
Innumerable are the Internal chanj^es that it afterwards underwent ; but they are
k-fs aeeiirntely known than thofe of any other liu'-opcan country.
CiiMATi., SOIL, AND WATKm.] LCxceptiug in the feafon of the equinoctial
niins, the air of Spain is dry and ferene, but excelhvely hot in the fouihern pro-
\inces in June, July, and AuguH. The vaft mountains tliat run through Spain
chear tlie plains by fetVcfliing breezes ; and thofe towards the north and north-eatl:
arc in the winter very cold.
Such is the moiflure of the hills, bounded on the north by the bay of Bifcay, and
ti> tlu' foulh bv fnowy mountains, that no care is fulheient to prcferve their iVuits,
ihcir i^rain, their inltruments of iron, from mould, from rot, and from rull. P)oth
ihe aatous and the putrid fernienlalion here make a rapiil progrefs. IJelides the
ri'laxiu"- hunildifv of the clrmate, the common food of the inhabitants contril'Utes
iiuieh to the prevalence of nmll difiafes which infeft the principality of AlUiria,
^ et, alihougb fubjecl tiH'uch a variety of endeinical dilVafes, lew countries cau
produce more inllances of longevity : many live to the age of a hundred, fome to
a hundreil and ten, and others much longer. 'Ihe fanu- obfervation may he ex-
tended to (ialieia, where, in the parilh of St. Juan de I'oyo, A. D. 1724, the cu-
rate adniiiiillered the faeranu-iit t.> thirteen perfons, whofe ages togeilK-r made one
ihoufand four hundred aiul ninety-nine, the youngell of ihefe Ik ing one hundred
and ten, and the oldell one hundred and twenty-feven. But in Villa de Kolinanes,
one Juan de Outeyro. a poor labourer, died in the year 1726, aged more than one
lunidred and forty-fix yiars.
'Ihe foil of Spain was t'orineriy very fruitful in corn, but the natives have lately
fiitVered much ihrotigh their indolence; the caufes of which will be explained af-
irrwards. It produces, in many places, ahnoll fpontaneoully, the richcft and
moll delicious tVuits that are to be found in France and Italy, oranges, lemons,
pnmes, citrons, almonds, railins, and figs. Her wines, efpeciaily fack and flierry,
are in hi'di reipiell among t'oreigners. There are, in the dilhi^^ of Malaga, (ac-
cordiu"- °o Mr. Towufend, the hitell traveller) founeeu thoufand viiie-prcfll-s,
° thicay
jts SPAIN.
iliii'fly I'mplovotl in making tlio riih wiiuM, which, if whito, fmm the nature of
till* iiiuiUry, i» called mouiit,iiii ; it' red, from tin- colour, vino tinio, known in V.w^-
land !)v ilii- niiiiu' of tent, (iood niountaii\ is fold froni ihirtccn to fixfccn pounds
till' l)iitt, of DiH- Innulrcd and thirty-five gallons, accordin){ to quality and ago.
It ii roi koui'd that tVoin ci.!;lit hmidn-d to a thonfand voU'cU cntor this port every
yM\ of which ahout om -u :>ili aie .Spanilh ; and the exports in wine, truil, oil
;nid (iili, are computed at almnt ^y^.oool. per annum.
Spain indeed oiler* to the traveller large trails of unpromifmg, hecaufe unculti-
vati'd ground ; hut no country perhaps maintains fueh a nund)er of inhahitants,
who luiiher toil nor work for thv'ir t'ood ; fuch are the generous «pialities of its foil.
I'.von fugar-caiies thrive in Spain ; and it yields fallVon, honey, and lilk, in great
aliundancc. A late writer, L ibriz, a Spaniard, comiiules the nund)er uf lliepherds
ill Spain to In- 40,000 ; and has given us a curious cletall of tlieir tLconoiny, their
cliaiiges of )>alhire at certain times of tlic year, ami many other paiticulars un-
known till lately to the j)iil)lie. 'I'liofe Iheep-walks alTord the tinell of wool, and
iiie a (ical'me in tlu'infeUes. Sonu- of the mountains in Spain are cloatlieil with
rich tivis, tVuit;,, and herbage, to the tops; and Seville oranges are noted all over
the worhl. No eountrv produces a gri'ater variety of aromatic lu'rbs, wliiih ren-
tiers tlie talie \\\ their kitis and Iherp ilelicimis. The kingdom of Murcia abounds
to nwH I) w ilh mu!l)eiry-trees, that llie product of its lilk amounts to iOO,oool. a year.
l'|)on l!ie wlmlc, (Vw ■. umtries in the world owe more than Spain does to nature,
niul lefs to indulhy.
'llie waters of Spain, efpeei.illy thole tliat aie medicinal, are little known; hut
many fa'ulifennis fprings are found in Granatia, Seville, and Cordova. y\ll over
Spain llie waters are I'oiind to have fucli healing cpialities, as are outdone by thol'o
(•}' no country in h'.uropi' ; and ilie iiu loling, and encouraging a rcfort to thtin, be-
tD.nc-. daily inoie pro\alent, cfpecially at Alhamar in (iranada.
iMoi N lAiNs.] It is next to impollible to fj)ecify tlieie, they are fo numerous;
tlie chief and the liiglkl't are tiic I'yrenees, near 200 miles in length, wliicii ex-
tend tVom the May of iJifcay to the .Slediterrancan, and divide Spain from France.
Over iIkTc mountains llure are only five narrow j)an'ages to I'Vance, and the road
over the pafs ihi't fejiarates Koullilion from Catalonia retleiits great lionour on the
engineer who planned it. It Inrmerly recpiiied the lircngtli of 30 nun to fupport,
iind nei.rly as many o.xen to (hag uj), a carriage, which tour hoifes now do with
v,\{'-. 'IIk- Caiital lian mou'il;:ins ,a,^ ihey are called, are a kind of eontinuaiion o\
ihi I'uciU'es, and reach lo t'.K- .Vtlantii' Otean, iouth of Cape l'"iiii|]i.rre. No l-jicf
lilhiiian oif,iit to be unae(iuainled with .Mount Caipe, now calkd tlu- Mill ^^\
(I'ibraltar, and in former linics, oui' of the Pillars of Hercules; the other, Mount
Al'vla, lyin.g (.pjtolite to it in Africa.
/\niong the ni'iuntains in .Sjialn, Mimtferral i- particularly worlliv the attention
< t llie curious traveller; one ot tlu; nuili hnguhir in the world, tor lituation, tliai)t.,
rnd compniition. It ItajuiN in a vait i)lain, about thirty iiilcs troin Barcelona, and'
nearly in the niitre of the principality of Catalonia. It is called by the Cat;;-
lonians Monte Seriado, or Mount Si ie, words whieh lignify a cut, or ("awed moiin
tain ; ;.i;d is fo tailed fiom its lingular and extraordinary fnim : for it isfo brokui
iind disided, and to crowi.rd with an infinite iniinber cf I'piring cones, or imik-
lieads, that it fecns. at a diliant view, to be the w.ak of man ; but upon a neanr
approach, appeai^to beeviilently the production of the (Jud of nature. It is a fpot
f(» admirably adapted for retirement and contemjjlation, that it lias, tor many agis,
lieen inhabited on!\ by monks and hermits, wlmfe liril \ow is never to forl'ake it.
V\ hen the mountain is lirll feeii at ;i diitance, it has the appearance of an intinito
number of rocks cut into conical tonus, and built one upon another to a prodi'duus
height, or like a pile of grotto work, or Gothic fpirci. L poii a nearer view, each
7 cum;
SPAIN. lit
rone npprnrs of iifolf n. mountain, and the whole tompofci an iiiormoiis maf^,
about 14 luilcii ill circuinferciKc, and the Spniiiurdi compute' it tu bo two Icn^uit
in hoiuht *. As it h hkc no other mountain, fo it IhnuU quite ui\eonneHe(l uitli
any, tliouijh not very dillant from foine tliat are very lofty. A convent is cretted
on the niuuntain, dedieated to our hidy of Montf«;rrat, in whicli pilgrim* refort
i.oni the tartlull parts of I'.urope, All the poor who lonie here are ted );rati» tor
three da\s, and all the lick received into the hofpital. Sonietinies, on partituUir
fellivalb, fcvcn thoufand perfons arrive in one day ; but people of eonditiun pay a
rcafoMabic price for their entertainment. On ditVorcnl parts of the mountain are
a munber of hermita<;es, all of which have their little chapels, and moll of tlieni
little gardens. The inliabitiuit of «)ne of thel'e lurmita>;e-., which is dedicated t>
St. Ueiiito, has the privilej^e of annually cnterlaiuini; Ins br;'tliren, when they re-
ceive the facianjcnt tVom the hands of the mountain \icar, .md after •livine fervitu
iline togelher. 'Ihey meet alio at this liermitajje, «in the days of the faint:i to whicli
iheir feveral liermilages are dedicated, to lay mafs, and cDimnune with each other.
Ihit at other times they li\e in a very folitary and reclufe ilianncr, perform variou*
jienances, and adliere to very rigid rules of abllii\ence, never eating lledi. Nor aru
ihey allowed to keep within their walls either dog, cat, bird, or any living thing,
kd their attention mould be withdrawn tVont heavenly to earthly objects. I he
number of profelTed monks there, is yf), ot lay-brothers i3, and of tinging boys 25,
befules phylician, furgeon, and ferxant^. .Mr. 'lliicknelVe, who has publilhed a
very particular defeription of this cNtraordinary mountain, was inlormed by one nf
the hermits, that he often faw front his habitation the iilands of Minorca, Majorca,
and Yviea, and the kingdoms of N'aleneia and Murcia.
KivKiis, LAKi-s, sru.\irs| Of rivers the principal arc the Ducro, formerly
Dmius, which falls into the .Atlantic Ocean below
AND CCRKICN rs.
!
Ojxirlo, in Portugal; the Tajo, or 'I'agus, which tails into the Atlantic Ocean be-
low l.ilbon ; the (Juadiana falls into tlie fame ocean near ('ape Kinillerre ; as does
tile
(Juad
al(Hii\er, m
iw 'I'luii), at St. linear; and the Kbro, il
le aneicn
t II
)erus.
fails into the Mediterranean lea below 'i'orlofa.
The river 'I'into, the ipialities of which are very extraordinary, rifes in Sierra
^^)rena, and einpties ittVlf into the .Mediterranean near lluelva, having the name
of Tinto given it, troin the tinge of its waters, which aru us yellow as a topa.<,
hardening the fand, and petritVuig it in a mod fuvpriling manner. If a Ihme h.ip-
imis to tall in, and rell upon anotlur, lluy buih lieiume in a year's timi' pert'iiiiy
iniited and conglutinated. Thi> ri\er withers all the plants on its banks, as \vi il
as the roots of trees, which it dyes of the lame hue as its waters. .No kind of v<.r-
dure will come up where it reaches, nor any filh live in its llream. It kills worms
ill laitU' ulieii given them to drink ; but in ^eueuil, r.o animals will drink out of
llns river, e
xcept
ats. wliofe llelh neverthelefs has an excellent lla
unn.
Tluf,
higular properties continue till other rivulets run iiito it, and alter its nature: tor
when it pall'es bv Nielda, it is not dillcrent lioni oilier rivers, and talis ir.to the
.Mediterranean tea fix leagues lower down.
.Several lakes in Spain, efpei iaily that of Henesenta, ahom.il with fllhes, parti-
cularb excellent trout. The water of a lake near .Anti«[uura is made into fait by
111. heat of the fun.
'I'he Straits of Gibralt;ir itormerly known by the name of tlie Herculean Straits)
are about twelve leagues in extent, from Cape Spartel to Ceuta point, on tlie
AtViean coall ; and from C"a]ie Tralal^ar to b.uiopa I'oint, on the coall of Spain..
At the weliern entraiiCe, tl>c\ are in l)readth about eight leagues, but diiuinilh
* Mr. Swiiilnirne tnimates its licii;ht at only 3,Joo feet, .iiul obfrrves tliat tlie vim of thecnnvrriv
arc, llic Virjjiu Wary lining at tlic lout of iio»k, halt tut ttirou-li l)y h law,
confidcrablv:
.04
I»
\.
c'.)n(i(lMnbly nlnMif tlic niiddK-, opp.^flto Tiujf.i 'n rmall tliliiiif» finvn on tlic Spaiiiilli
fi);ill, (iri>;in;i!lv a plan" n\ grrat i(Mifi'(|iinKi'\ tlii>ii>;li l1\i') wiiUii aj;aiii LclwcvU
(iiSialiar ami C'l-iita, wlu-rr ilicy mit nlintit (i\f IiM'^iuh lnuad.
l'hil>ri>phori, who have i-()inmimi(.at<Ml th'-ii' iVntiuu iit^ on the cxtrai)nlliuiry
plu'iiuuieium t»t" a ronlhuit iiirront thn>ii(;l> tho Ntraitn ot' (Jihrahar nito tlic Mcili-
I'lrnman, ditlVr widely in ncinumin;; Jnr iho ihlpolitinu of" lliat cm.tinr.al inllux
l''\vau'rs, whiiii, it is ti.itiirnl tn lii'/poli', wmihl, witliinit fuino luiifiniiptiun tn*
r. turn. i»m oviitjnw tli' hoini'lari
ihi- iMiditcTraiuiin Sea. 'Ilio hito ini
ninu>. Dr. llalU'v \\;;s i.t" uplnion, liiat i!iis piMpiMiial i'up|)ly of'watir tVoai ihcsaft
Atlaiilir Ocean was iiiteiuleil hy nature to rccniit wliat was daily eshaled in Vii-
piiiu": others a^aiii think, the wati is :hal rnil in with the i-entro tiMrcnt are re-
lumed, by two lonnter-lireanu, aloii;; the AtViean and .Sjianilh lliores. 'I'hat lliere
are two eoiiMtvi'-llreanis, is withoiil dmiht ; hut tlieii' iiipiiliiy and hreatllh iHar
lillle projiirliun to ihe i>riiH'ipal cnrriMit. A thiid ilaf:> I'.ippole a ti)initei--iiuriril
heiiealh. and m ecpial lirenj^th with the npper lireain ; and this opinion a|)penr»
« (iiifirnu'd l)\ a cireuinllaiu'e t. ialed 1>\ loloiiel Janie-i. in his deii ripticjii of the 1 Ur-
ciilean .Straits, of a Dutih Ihip !)eini;lunk in an action In a Fri'iich pri\aleer ufl'Ta-
rita, which loine time afterwards was lart np near 'lankier, lour leagues to the
ur//w'./'// of llie plaee wln're ihe difappeared, and direiily a^aiall the upper cur-
rent, 'liiis hypolhelis receives alfo additional Aipport from the repeated difap-
pointments wiiiili liave heen experleiieed hy many naval ollicors, in attiinpliii;; to
ioimd ilie deptli of the .Straits with the longell lines; for tlie op|iolition het
tween
the currents itiiglit carry tlie line in I'ui ii diieclions .ns to defeat the inlcntion of the
cNperinniil,
Ihefe fads feem flronj>ly to indicate a recmreni-y to the weflward ; which,
lhoa;.;h it m;n not lie lo rapid as the upper (Ircatn, yet with the ailillance of the
cuweiits alonq the Spanidi and Haihary ihorcs, and the neccllary exhalations, may
account for the Mediterranean ica never incrcaling hy the coiilhiiit fuppiv \\.
d tioin the Atlantic Ocean. 'I he raj)idity t)f the fupcrior current icn'dcrs
cei\e(
the pall'ape from tlie Mediterranean to tlie weflward very precarious, us i]ii|
never can llem the flrcam without a hriftc Levanter, or ciillerly wind, \circls,
therefore, are ollen detained weeks, and fomelimes months, wailing for a fa-
vourable bree/e ; in which cafe they find a comfortable birth in the iiay of Gih-
; \v s .
'Ihe chief bays are tbofe ofBifcav, I'ern-I, Corunna
commonly called
ilie CJrovnc\ N'igo, (\-idiz, Oibrallar, Carlha'^ena, Alicant, Aliea, Val
akiicni.
ut
Ki'les, Majorca in tliat illaiul, ami the harbom- of I'ort-Mahoii, in the iiland
Minorca. The lirait of (iihidtar ilisides luirope from AlViia.
Mi.rAi.s ANP Misr.RALs.] Spain abounds ill both, and in as >;rcat varietv as
lh<- (>'hir cduntrii's of h'-urope. Cornelian, agate, loadfioncs, jaiinths, turtiliuig
ftor.e,^, (juicklilver. copper, liad. fulphur, alum, lalamim, ci)lhil, marbles of
fcverjd knuts, jiorphyry, the (iiu'll jafpei-, and even diainomU, eiueiald
ilulis, a:v
found here,
Ih
Spaiiill
1 iron, next to that of Damalcus, luruiil
^, i'lul aiiic'
ICs
the belt arms in the world ; and ia foiiiier times, brMUfjhl in a vail revenue to t..v
crown-, tho art of working it being here in great perkction. I'iven to ihi-, da,,
.Spanilh gun barrels, and fwonls ol' 'Inkdo, are highly valued. Amongli ihe ai-
I'ienls, S])ain was cel'brated for gold and liher naucs ; and lilver was in fuch
])lenty, liiat Stralxi, who was contemporary wiih Augaftus Cicfar, inlonus us,
that when the Carthaginians were malters of Spain, their duincllic and agricul-
tural utenlils were niatle of that meta
Thel
e mines have now difajipeared ; but
whether by their being exhaulied, nr tlaoagli the indoleiue of the inhabitant
not witfking ihcni, wc cannot fay ; though the lalter caufe feems, to be the nioU
probable.
Animal
s
I
N.
5«5
Animal p«ooi'crios«) Tlic Simniih liorfi-si, cfpct i.illy iIkiC- of .\nil.i!ii(i!i,
HV tKA AND LAND. { trc tll()U|;llt to lu* tlli- IlilluiroilU'lt (if illl) ill Kuropo,
nnd at tho fiimo tinu* very fwift itiid ii(<'t'iil. Tlio king doos all hi- rati to inoiu>-
polili: tlio (iiKll liri'i-tis tor l>i« own ihtliiin niul rorviuo. Spiiiii fumillu'i* iikcwifc
mult t un<li)la('k cuttk- ; iiiui tli. ir wild liulU liavu Co miicl) Icrocily, lliat ihoif
biill-tcalls wiTi- tlio moll inagiiit'Kvnt fpcthKli- llu* court ot Spain i-inld oxhiliif,
nor arc they now ilifiifcd. Wolves arc the iliiel" lioalh of pn-y that pirller Spain,
wliiih it well llorod with all eaine and wild rnwl, tliat aro to l)c t'ound in ilic
iKMi;lil»oiiring counlrit* nlrcadv defcribed. 'I'lif Spanilh leas aHord ixcclleiit Inli
ot' all kiniU, I Ipcrially anchovies, which arc hire cure<l in irivat pcit'i'ftion.
Tills coiintrs is imith infolied with loculls ; and Mr. liillon t)l»Urves, that in
1 7^4, i.a Manilla was covered with them, and the horrors ot tiimine alFailetl the
Jruittid provinces ot' Aiidalulia, Miircia, and \ aleucia. They liave I'Mnotiincs ap-
pearid in the air in fiieh luiiiiher as to darken the Iky; the clear atmot'phere ot'
ii\),\u\ lias l)ecoMie gloomy ; an<l the fined I'uininer tlay ot* l'',llri'iii.ulura been reti
(Krcd more difmal than the winter ot" Holland. Their ("cure ot I'm-llin^ is fo de-
licate, that they can difcovcr a corn field or a i;arileii, at a conliderablc dilhiiie>. ;
uiiich they ravage almoll in an iiillant. Mr. liillon is of oiiinion, that the c>iuii-
trv people, by timely attention and obfervatin.i, niif^hl deltroy the c;^gs of tliel'e
Uirniiduhle infects, and thereby totally extirpate them.
Mr. Townl'end confirms the above account, and obl'ervcs, that tliefe infciE^scom
mit the grcatell devallations in the foiith of Spain, and this proceed-i not merely
from the warmth of climate, but I'roin want of cultivation, becuufe the females
never depofit their eggs in arable land, but always in the deferts. For this reafon
(Jaiicia, where agriculture prevails, is little infeiled witii the locufl. Of the lo-
cuft tribe Linnams reckons twenty fpecies. Their jaw bones are flrong and dent-
ed like a faw. Their hca«l bears a llriking refeinblanci; to that of the horfe,
and this limilitudc has been remarked in the whole jjenus. The foun<l o( tlieir
wings is faid to be like the noife of dillant chariots. They are not always confi-
(kred as a plague, being commonly feen (miy in the forells; but wlien the feafon
has been peculiarly favorable for their propagation, tliefe rapacious infeMs darken
tiie air, their alVeinbled hutls fall upon the rich palhnes, they rob the vines and
olives of their foliage, tlicv devour the corn, they enter the houfes, and lay
walk every thing before tliem, and are then jullly regarded as the fcour;;e of
heaven. As fuch they were conlidered, when, for four fuccelhve years, from
i7;4 to 17^7, they ravaged all the fouthern provinces of Spain and I'oitugal.
'iiie dekription of this gloomy fceiie, at le:iU of one liniilar to it, which a pro-
phet has given us, is fcarcely to be etpialled tor beauty and poetic lire. He calls
upon the people to lament bccaufe a nation, lirong and without numbir, whofe
teetli are the teeth of lions, had fuddenly invaded them. 'I'hen, turning to the
III rakU, " Blow ye the trumpet, &<•." which will richly compenfate the reader for
till, triuihle of conl'ulting it. Joel ii. i — 1 1.
I'oiiLA rioN, iNHABirANTS, MANNERS,? Spain, toriiicrly llio niofl pojiu-
(isioMS, DIVERSIONS, ANO PRKss. 1 lous kingdom in I'.ur' >pe, is HOW i)ut
lliir,!'. inhaliited. 1 his is owing partly to the great drains ot people lent to Ame-
rii;i, imd partly to the indolence of llie natives, who are at no pains to raife food
I ir iluir taiuilies. .Vnother caufe may be allii;iu'd, and that is, tlie vail numbers
ol nek'liauics, of both fe.xes, who lead a lile of celibacy. .Some wiiti-rs have
f;ivcn foveral other caufes, fuch as their wars with tlie Moors, an 1 ihe final e.\pul-
liiin iif that people. 1 he prefent inhabitants of this kingdom have be -n comput-
(1 by Keyjoo, a Spanilh writer, to amount to 9,150,000 ; fo lliat r.ii.^laiid is three
tjiu>'ias populous as Spain, cunlidering its extent.
4 ••' . The
3l6
I
N.
Tbf prrrnni nf the Spuniardii nrc cenerally l«ll, cfpecially th« CaAiliant i iheir
hair ami cDmiiUxiont fwarlhy, hiil inrir coutitriiancrt cxprellivc. The lotirt of
Madrut Hm* of talc brrn at grrni nnini to cli'ar their upper lipi ot' iiiutUi lion,
niid to inlroducc among ihnn the Irrnch drcU, inOiud ol tttcir black cloak*, lliort
jrrkiiK, Oriiil hrcftlirt, and long 'I'olodo fword*, which dri'ft i* now chirtly loii.
tiiu'tl III the liivvfr rnnkii. Tin- Spnniardi, Iv Ion- the accelliun of the houfo ni'
MoiirliKit to liiiir throne, atlcttcd that anlii|iialed drcN, in hatred and cunlciMpl ii|'
the l-'renih i nnil the govirnmeiit, prohahly, will Hnd fume dithcully in uIkiIii||.
itig it i|iiite. III ihc rainc I'piril i<t I'ur I'rom heitig oxlin|)(iiilhed. An old CaOiliun,
(>r ^|iaiiiurd, who fee* none ahnve him, ihiiikt hiinrelt the niol( iin|)ortutit luini^
in nature i and the fume pride \s coinniunly conimunicated to hi* defVendaiu,
I'hii i« the true riafon why niiiiiy nt' tluin an- fo t'oiid of' rmioving t" <Viiii ma,
where they can retain all itietr native itnpurtunce, without the danger ut' teeing n
fuperior.
'riiMiighiuit the whole of Spain (f«v» Mr. Townfendl I rnnnot recoiled to havf
feeii a lin){le enuntiy relidi-tue. like idofe wluch every whore aluiiind in Kn^^laiid :
the ^rent iiohility I'urroinid the fovreisn, and are nttrn^ted hv the court; the \ut-
bits vt interior tank or toriiine are either alieinbled ut Madrid, or eftabiilh them-
feUci in the great cities of the dillant provinces. 'I hi* defertion of the country
has arifeii, not ns in other ('iiintrien, from the opprellions of the great bnron<i, anil
trom the tranchifi't enjoved by cities, but from two other cnufes more extenlne in
lluir o|)erati<ins. The did of lIuTe was the dillratted condition of the empire till
the reign of rei(!iiiund and Ifabeila, divided into hparate kiiigihinu of finail ex-
tiiit, all engaged in endlel's war-t ngaind each other, which drove men of property
into the cili<.> ; the fecoiid w;m the jeahmfy of the court, led the grundeei, fup.
ported by the people, llxiuld endeavour to ref;ain their coiifequence. To thii
iiar, at the atci liion of liie prefent family, fucceeded one of a mon alarming na-
tttie ; from the attachment whieli many of the great families had difeovcred to
the hovife of Aiillria. For this leafon they were alieinbled round the throne, and
kept conlhintly in light. In !• ranee fome inhabited callles are to be found in ever''
province. Hut, in iIuh refpec), no countrv (an be compared to Kngland. If tiie
cnnfes were to be alligned for this ccpial dillemination oi weallh, whicli aopears in
the deliglitfiil manllons of the fjreat, and ihe feats of couniry gentlemen, fcatlercd
«(V>'r the face of the whole illand j of that whiih is to be leen in all our cilun,
great towns, and country viilaj^i s ; whiih meels the eye in every farni-houfe, iiiid
wliiih Ihews ilfelf in the high date of culii\ation, in our agricultural improve-
inrnts, in the fioiks, the herds, and the luxuriant crops with which our fields are
covered, the leailing caufe would probably be humd in the conllilution of our go-
vernment, not merely ns feeurint; life, liberty, and jiroperly, but as maLing it ne-
I eliiiry for the firft nobility to cultivate llu-ir interi'll in the country, if liiev will
extend their it.Huiiuc at court. By redding on their own ellates, they not only
fpend money among iheir tenants, which, bv its circulation, fels every thing in
motion, and becomes productive of new wealth, but their amufement is to make
iinprovemejits.
Ridiculous, however, as the .Sjinnilh [>ride certainly is, it is conneded with
exalt<d (pialities. It infpirrs the nation with gcnerou., hnnwine, and virtuous fui-
timents ; it being fcldom found that aSpMiiilh nobleman, gentleman, or even trader
is guilty of a mean action. During; the mod einbitteied wars they have had witii
England for near 70 years pad, we know no inllance of their taking advantage {us
they might eafily have done) of conlifcating the Hritilh pmperly on board lluir
galleons and j)lale Heel, which was e«pially I'ecure in lime ot war us peace, lliis
IS the more birpriling, as I'hilip V. was otien need), ami his minillcra were far
Itom being fcrupulou^ ofbrtaking their geud faith with Gicat Hrituin.
By
s
I*
I
s.
$97
at
:i
it
U
By the IkA antl mofl orc(lil>li> nciouiil^ ol' tho Utr war*, ii •nn<>iir« thai thn
S|>ttiiinrii'* in Amrrica ^nvr i)i<< ntoll huinaiif hikI iviIiIc rctiol In all Hriiilh riibJ«Cl«
whit vvi-ru in (lillrcU, und tell ntlo iticir hnnil->, not Duly liv ftipplying ihrtn with
lUii'lluM^'"! I'll' nioiicv , iiiiil irontitif; thoiii in iho inoll lii)r|>ilulilc manner while
ihi'v rk'Hioiiit il niiiiiiiKlt lliciii
lliiNing laid tliiu nuidi, wr atc i .in ruliy to ilillitiKuiili llii> S[i.iiiilh nohility,
qinii). iiml trndi-r*, troiii ilii- lowor r.ink« ol' SpuniiinU, who arc m nx-un iitui rn*
tKii'iniit n!t lh<>ri- ot liny olhiT iniiniry. Thi kiiiifi nt .S|iniii itt the hniirc ol' Mmir*
[xin. Ii H«' rfliloni \i iitiircd to cin|il<)y nutivr N|i;iiiiiiril» of urciit tHiiulici, a» ihcir
piitiillti*. 'I hi Ic niv ^I'lurally Kriiuhor li^limii, liiit molt ininiiionly tlu' latter,
>\h(irilV into powi-r hy the moli iiilainoiM uiIk, uikI ol laic time* from the moll
ultp'.M lliitioi)>> iieiui' It i^ lliiit tlu- Frriuli kiiiifi ul' .Spain, liiue their uci-clii<ii|
In iliai iiioiinrchy. huve liet;n hut vrry iiulilK-rentiy fervi'd in tin- inliiiiol. Alho«
ro'ii, who h;iit the grealelt ^^niu< iimoiiff Iheni, emhroileil hi* malh*r with all
Ki;r>ipe, (ill lu' whh driviii into exilr ami tliltfraii , and (irimuUli, tlu- tail ot' ih>'ir
Ituliiiii ininilter't, hu/ardid u tct>elliui) in the cupitul, by lii* opprcliivo and unpo-
pular nuiifiire*.
I III- (onimon neople who live on the loalU, partake of nil tho had (iualitiet that
, n- to he found in other nation*. They are an allemhlnge of Jew*, l-rench, Ruf-
<i:iiu, Irilh adventurer*, and Kn^lilh fmiiggler*; who hein^ unahtc to live in their
„wn toiintry, mingle with the .Spaniartl*. In time of war, they follow privatccr-
1m({ with great fuceef* 1 and when peaie return*, ilnv eni{u);c in all illicit pradices,
ntid often enter into the Irilh and Walloon giianN in tho .Spanilh fervice. 'Ilicre
ri- ahout 40,000 gyplies, who jyelide* their trade of foi tune-telling, arc inn-keep(^r«
II the fmall towns and villages— The eharaCter of the .Spaniard* i* thui drawn
Mr. Swinhurne, after hi* lale travel* through the country : " The Catalan* ap-
pear to he the mot) active Oirring let of men, tlie hell caieiilated for bulinet*,
travelling, aixl manuf. :ture*. Tin- \ aleneian* a more fullen, fedate race, better
adaiited to the oecunatioiH of hulhandmen, lels eager to ehniii;e place, and of a
Muu h more timid, fiiipieiouii call of mind than the former. The Andahiliuns feeiii
10 he the grcateil talker* and rhodomontador* of Spain. The Catlilian* have
ii manly fianknefs, and lef* apoearaiice of cunning and deceit. The New Calli-
linn* arc perhaps the leall indullrions of the wliole nation : the Old Callilians are
hi')oriou!», and retain m»)re of the ancient limnlicity of manner*; both are of a (inn
determined fpirit. The .\rragonefo are n mixture of tho ("allilian and Catalan,
riitlicr iiulining to the former. 'I1ie Hifcayners are acute and dilii^ent, fiery, and
inpatient of control, more refemhiing a colony of rcpiihlicaiis tli.oi the province
of ail ahfolute monarchy : and the (ialiciaii^ are a plodding. |).iinvt:iking rate ot
mortals, that mam over .S|)ain in fearcli of an hardly earned fulililleiue."
I he luautv of llie S|)anilh ladies reign* moilly in their novels and romances j tor
ihoiish it niull he acknowledged, that Sp.Tin produces as line women as any
loiiiiiry in the world, )et beauty is far from forming their general cli.iraiMcr. In
ilieir perfons the\ are commonly fmall and lleiuler ; but they arc faid to employ
vail art in fupplying the defeCl*' of natiiie. If we are to hazard a conjecture, wv
iniiilit nalonably fuppole ihat thofe artilices rather dimiiiilh than increafe their
heautv, etpeciallv when they are turned of ij. I heir indiUiiminate ufe of jiainf,
iiiit onlv upon ilieir faces, hut their necks, arms, and hands, undoubtedly disfigures
iheir iiMiiplexions, and ihrivels their ikin. It is univcrlallv allowed, that tlu'y ha\e
yreat wit and vivacity.
Among the many good cpialitics pollclUd by the Suaiiiard-., ilioir fobricty in
(ating and drinking is remarkal)Ie. I hey frequently breaktali, as well as Aid in
lied i Ihcir breakfall is ufually chocolate, tea being very feldom drank. 1 heir
limner is generally beef, mutton, veal, pork, and bacon, greens, jscc. all boiled to-
4 1'' i gcthcr.
jll t P A I N.
(vlhrr. Thty Hvc mut h upon fnrlic. chlvc«, fnlad, aitd ridirttr* i wliicli, ai>conlln|
lit Duc o( ihfir |iriivk'rl>«, arc I'immI for * Krtiilfmaii. 'Ih*' nu-ii drink very lliilif
wiiir I Mittt iIk* wotiirti ufc wuii-r or ihiRulair ||«»iti rfhf« iirunlly iKi'jt mi.r
itiitncr, aiul luko ili< .nr in ihf i>hiI of lh>' iviiiin|. Ilii* 14 ihr toinnion iimtlka
III H.iriit i'UtritrU-*, \n> li .m Ii^Iv, Spain, uiul I'nrintful, wlur**, tffncriill^ l|'"*^''>K.
lltit W( aOu'r I* i It .«r, iitul ilic inliulMlini* kro niulliy mi l)i>' liuoit ol rilhiK iiiiult
rarlivr limn in I'.ni^lund. 'Itiv liiinitui iHxIy tntinol Inrnilli (|tiril« lultini'nl lu rciiil
llu- ctFccli of tlur violctil Ileal llirtuigli llio wlioU- Uhv. wlllmul fcnu' rrlrrllniutit t
il It llurcforc ihc kiiiitirful |ir>i<:lKi? lo go lo lli-cp lor Imtu' Ii<iur\uii<i ilitiiur,
wliiili ill iholc iiuinlrie* i* ovt-r early, luul tlii<i lime oi rt \»iU-, v^hiili Lll« lor iwu
or tlirei' hour*, i» in S|taiii talU'il lit Si^/h, iiiul in I'urUiKil z^'' ^•'//.> lJ.iiKiii|f i«
ill iiitiili tlieir t'>ivokiriie t iiiirtuininent, tluil sou muv i«> u KuitiiliiioiJKr, iiiotiirr,
Rnd cliuiihlcfi nil in ilie Uinu tounir^-danti-. >laii> ol ilieir llKuirkal c)ihil>iiiijn»
UK' iiili|>ul aiui ri'lii iiloiH lioinlml). I lu' |iron)|>t<-r'it In ud limu liiutt n|i|i. ur« llitnucli
trtiii d<H>r uIhivo iIu' W\k\ of ilic llu^l'| inid In* roiul* lIu' |il.iy Ituiii ttioii^li u>\)
IM
ll
)C
lii'.inl Ity llic uudieiio*. (<all«tilry i» u rkilm;; |iuliiiiii in .S|i.iiii Jriilmilv, lint
itii- uicHlioti of ilu' houfv: nf lioiiilxni, luit llk'|tt in ptiui-. I lio niulitly inuluul
fcrrntidfi ui niilkiillvj liy llu ir lovirn ure llill m ufe, I lie tigliU ul llic inviilicn,
or biill-fcal)*, iiic alinutt pivtiliur to lliit tuiinirv ainl l*oriii^;il, and iiuikc a i'liiiiul
lii{nr(* in ptiiiilin^ llu: ^iiiiii^ and iiiaiiiKta nl tlu* .S|iauiaidt, On tliclo occulinui.
\><Uhj( gt llill nun liavi an o|i|>or(iiiiily < I llu'\>iii|; llioir murage and n(li\itv iKt'nrc
ilicir iiiiIIk lliH i iiiui ili«' valuiir >>( lliv lasuliir i« |iiiiilaiiiu'd, lionmirkd, uiid rv-
uurdcd, uwciirding lo tin- nniiilM' uiid liiricnfl'i til the Uiilli lie lian killed in lluf'o
t iieountert Great iiaiiit are iiliil in leltliiig tin* form and weapont nl llie eomhai,
lo ill tu uive 11 reliet to tlie ^;allaiilry of llir «.avalier i lie divt rlinn iiUif, wliiih it
attended will) eireiiiiillaiut <« i>f ^reut liarliarily, i<i of Mnuriili (irigitial, and wu»
tut'iptcd ll) (lie Spaniards vvlun ti|Min ^<>ikI terinit willi tli.il iialioii, partly llirougU
eoitiplaifaiui', and partly tll^<Ml^ll ti\alilii|).
'I 111 re \> f^ariel) u ti^wn in Spain lint luu a larg-' fiinare for llie piirpofe of ex.
Iiiliiling bull fealU ; atul it \» faiil lliat even llie poon ll inhaliitaiilt of iKe I'mallcii
villages will ufieii eliili iiij;.tlu r in cirder to [irucure uttiw or an ox, und fij-ln them
rid
n^ upon ii
tlli-H, liir want ot Imrfeit
C lt)<
Km.ioion ) Hie Uon.iili u li^imi i» tlie mily one lulciated in Spain. 'I'Iil
kpitlilioii, u tribunal dilifiaeeltd to liuin.in nature, it not )et nltm^aled ; but iL
I tcleliadiit and tlieir t)fiieer!» eatiiKit now tarry any fentenie into ia^ ntioii wiili
out the ru)al antliorily. 'Hie Spaniardn, einbruee and puutile tlie Koinan (atlxil.i
religion vvitK all its .ibj'urditie^ ; and in tliit tlu y have bo n lo Heads . that llicir Liii"-
is diiHiit;iiii!ied by tlii ipiiln 1 ut AKji Ciihviu. It appi .iis, liKum r, that the burn^-
i\\^ Zeal whiJi dilliii){iiillieil their aiuellois above the rell of the lalholie world
halh lull niui ll i>f it» aclivity, ntid (eem* nearly eMinj^niilied, and the p^wcr of iIk
ilergy hath Inen iiiiifh reduenl of late )cars. A royal edu"l has alio been illmd,
lo [irevent the adiuillion of imviiiates into the dillnint eoiueiili, wiilioul Ipei iiil
p<.riiiiilii)ii, whiili Iia» a f;iear tviuUnty to ledute the nionallic orders, it it jiiid,
that tiiere are iii vv, in the Liiii;doin of Spain, 54,000 ftiar^, 34.000 niiiis, siiul
io.ooo fecular elergy, but as little true moral relijjiun a^ in niiy country uiiiJer
hi'av
CII.
lu ( atalonia, ihe confidence of the people on llie intercellion of fainti has at all
|)trioilo been a louice <if toiifolalion to tin in, but upon fume oetalioiiN, has be-
Uavcd thmi into mifihief. I',\iry jumpaMv of artilans, and every Ihip that I'.iiK,
is under the miinidiate protettioii of fonie patron. IJelides folio viplunies, wi;i(.!i
Icftify ihc inauniuabic miiai les pirfotnud by «)ur lady til Moiitr>.rral, every
fuboidinale Ihiii e I6 luaiktl willi vntive t.ibUls. 'Ibis lias been the pnrent of pre-
fuin{'ti<jn, and among the nierchantk l.a> broiij^ht m.tuy lainiiiea tu want. 11m
cuinpaiiic*
V
I
N.
Illllv
K*li itliir
II pratlkc
tii)i( intuit
III lo nliik
riiliiiii'iii J
> I 'liiiiur,
lk« tor iwu
U>iiKin|f ii
r, iiHiilirr,
-xllilliliiiltt
111 itlt-ntKli
i>ii||(li III Ih}
ilUl), lillvtt
Illy iiiiiliial
c 4«valicr«,
f n citpiul
L> uccaluiMf,
ivily iHt'iirc
\'tl, and rv-
k'tl ill lilt tt*
III' iiiitilml,
U, wiiiih i«
I, and wat
tly ihrnugli
rpofi' i>f ex-
iIIk' hiuilli'll
' tiglu tluiit
'I'lic in-
i liul tin-
itloii with
tti * :ithi)|ic
iluir kiiijj
t liu- burn-
nlic Wdrld
wcr (it the
It n illiu'd,
lut l|i('i'!nl
It i<< laid,
luiiiS, aiitl
utry under
i has :it all
ll^, lias III''
) dial r.iiU,
Ill's, wl'.iih
trill, I'vcry
nut t)t' [iri'.
\aiit. Ill)
cuii^nuiut
romfMliili*! of iiifiirtnctf in ihe luil M^r. ti.t«lii|( ruilt ol th«'m lu fc f U riH fclllt,
fiiih itt Snti Kuiiuiii di- IViitiliirii*, U V n «;>ii di li \|irii«l. .ind iiilicrti ■(Kwillrit III
I'irii) li« t)i>' nrliilitol |i>iiin%'illiip, itinl ii>i.ii<'il tui'^i'iv |i >lit > ii|' iiil'urttiUi.', NittI
hiviitg with 1 1 tr molt firti|nil<iu» exudiK-f iiUoilcd lo ihnti lln-ir iiirril'(M>ii(lk-ii|
itividcml, lilt' l4inv ii» In attv uihur partnrr. tht'y iiimluclt.'d iIiai wiih ftith iH>wfrt'ul
nlliitlnii'^ ii wa« itm |t<>lHliU' lor litem in luli'i-r lol't, I'mU-r lliii iictftiiiriiin lhc)r
tt'iiluriil, uliiiiil^v ^i'lir tij^h lu iiil'iiri- ilic Krriith U i'il-|iidi)itii< it ui litiy |K*r
it ill. v^luii ill- ^((lilli iiiKi tli>< Diilvli )i:iil r«*liiti'il t» ilo It til aii\ [ii'iiiiuiii i uml,
Itiilt'ol. hIi'ii itinll >)| ilif iliiiit wri-n- alri'itdy in th<- K.iiglilli pi^iii, i\f lliii fniitl
Ititiki* all till' iiii'iirinif iom|)«iiii'», i'Xi'i-|ii iwo, were ruiiifd.
Ant MiiiiHoriiic-K« Aitn mttmrRictti { In Spuin tliorv Rrv eight nrcMtitliniv
ritk« uiid Ixriy-lix liilluipru k> I'hv' iin liUiili'ip it| lolrdo it llylvd ttu' i'riiiiHii' ot
.>|miti I Ik' i« grt'iii iliniiicllnr >>|' Ciililr, unil li.iili a roeittR ul loo.oool. Iti rlin^
|u'r iinriuiii, hut tlu' SiLimilt miirt hulli tititw tnuny v^uvi uf Iviriiiiii^ llic ri'Vutur*
1)1 thf ititiri'h, i\% l>v |H-tilii>ii<i, doiuiiiuiu lit lii)l|>iiiiU, lev. nod prvMiiiuin* lu ihe lu*
iiitiit ol ngrii'iiltkirc. Iliit urililiilli<iprii.k pit)* unnuativ 15,000 liuiul* lu llic
k* ot' iltc Klt'tirial, lulnU'v other pi iilioiu \ uiul it in ullt'rlcil, tliui iltcri.* it nul
nioiu
,.1'
H Uilhopriik in ■>puin Inn liatli r<itni-lM>dv or otlur tpiitrlcrvd iipun it, ttiid tho (i-t uiid*
rati' l)v III' Iter % are Iteiieved to he in llie lame predicitiiieni. ()>il ol' the riili ca-
nonne* and nnlundii arc taken the peiilioii% ol tlie new order ol kniulil\ ul C'ttrlut
I
t'ereeru. I no riihe» ol the Spanilli ditiiehe)! and eonventt are the nnvarvinij
objeiU ul' admirution to truvetler< un well u<i nulive*: but ilirfe m n lunKtirH
1(1 tliein all, except ihut lluy iliirer in lite de}{ree« ul Ireufiirc uiid jcwv!» tliuy
iiintain.
Ihc I'linii whiih are |;iMii away in tliarllv, liv the anhhilhopt, liitliop*, nnd
convenli, troin their uniple n venin 1, aie nniiieiile i Inn the etlcvls ul it utc tnoll
tieplonilile, in pronioiinn indoleme, |i<)verty,and every Ipeciei^ot' wreuhcdnefi. In
,1'
I;
traver^nl^ the Itreelt ol' Seville (l.tyii Mr. lovvnrend) I wa» tkruek vvii'i the itiiiiti'
Hide ol lii'|{^ari tlotlnd in rug* i and was at lirll iiu lineil to atirilnili' thii to llio
ileeax i>|' trade ; but upon exainination, I ttiund a more abiding euiil'e in tliv dillri-
butioii ot aliiiH nt tlu* at(hbilliop >• |ialai>', and at the Kutet ut twenty cunventJ
daily, and without dillinttmn, tu all xnIio make up[iliLutiiiii lur relict'. Siith mil-,
plaud lienenolenee in n bar to indiilliv, and iiuiltiplies the ubiccti o|' dillrel't,
nhnW iniiiil«-it bear evact propurlioti to the pruvilioii nude tor their tupport.
litis is the eale not in ouc, but in every plate, where be^^^^.trk abound, lor, bv the
iiiillakeii bmevoletui! ol ihe bilhop, ul the taimiin. and ol the convetU'., in dillii«
lutinji; nlniH tu all who alk, there iit iueh ninide piuvilion made tor l:i/ini,t\i, that
everv iheel Iwarms with vagabonds, not nterely with thule who aie proper olijecU
ill eoinpallion, but witli wntiheit, who. it compelled tu work, woiiUI \tr luiind
ahiindaiilly able to inaintain themfeheit. W hat incitement can tliere lie lieie tu
iiidulli) ? Heme it eoiiu"< to pal-., tlial wherever ilieCc iiiiliU riiiiinatc diariiK'i
thouiid, lew iraceji ot° it arc lu be teen, whillt tilth and nallincis, immorality uiid
vice, wietehediit I'k and poverty, the ineMtable eon<' ipiemes ot tiiidiliini;iiiiliiii^
iHiievoletiie, pti'xail. I losv evitletit it is Iroiii heme, tli.it he who hiiiis cmplov-
t lor till' poor is tlieir ^reatett liietid ; whilll h-- who mditctiminateiy teod$
lliiin, liioiiid be rat
kxl
anion
II tl
u'lr eiuniu'i.
i.ANr.e.\(iK.| Ihe ^ti undwork ol the .Spanilli l.ingua^fe, like that rl'tlie jta-
li;iti, is Latin -, anil it mi;,'ht be called a ballartl Latin, were it nut lor 'he terniiiia-
IJoiis, and the exotic wouU iuirodiuedit'io it by the MoofN aiul Cjolhs, tt'pecially
tlu- ttiimer. It is at prel'ml a majeltie and expnllue lain;iiaj;e : aMii it i-. rotnark-
alili, ill It lorii;;i.ers who imderli.tinl il the IhH. prize it ih',- moll. It inaki « but
['
innr li^'iire eviii in the bilt lianllations ; and C'ervuntes I'pcuks almotl at uukward
n;lilli a* bhakfpcatc doc'i Ficnch, It may, however, be ccmlid..rcd as a ftandartL
tuit^uc.
<99
I
N.
loiigiic, having retained its purity for upwards of 200 years. 'Dieir Patemoftor
runs thus ; P.ulre Huejlro, que ejlat en el nth, fanBificado fe el lu ttombre\ ve»f;a a not
<?.' tu leyiio i hd^afe In voluntaJ, ajkn In tiena romo en el delo \ el p.vt imcjlro tie cada dta
ilii not le oy ; v peiJona nos nuejhas ileiiilns njH romo nos otros pcrJonanios a imejhos ikii.
il'iies 1 110 iios dexes eair en la u-ntaciou, mas Ithra HOi de mal, poitjiie tao es le reyno ; y la
pot^nria \ y la j>lona per lojjij^lns. Amfii.
l.FAKNiNc'j ANO LEARNED MF.N.] Sj);iin liHS not procliici'il Icamcd nK'n in
piopmtiiMi to tlic cxcciic-nt capacities ot its natives. I'liis defect is afcribcd to
till ir indoli'iuc and bigotry, and tiie dcfpotic natuio of tluir govcrnnK'nl. Several
old fathers of tlie church were Spaniards; and learning owes a great deal to Ifidore,
hilhr.p of .Seville, and cardinal Xinieiies. Spain has likewil'e jjrodnced fonie excel-
lent phvliiians. Such was the jjlooni of the AuiliJan goveninieiit, that took place
wiih the emperor diaries \ . that tlie iniinilal)le I'eivantes. the author ot Don
Quixote, 1)0111 at Madrid, in 1549, lilied in a fiation little fuperior to that of a
coiiimon foidier, and died neglected, ntier tighiiiig hravi'ly tor hi.s country at llio
battle of lA'panto, in which he loll his lel't h.nid. liis fatiie upon knight-errantry,
in his adventures of Don (,^uixotc, did as much fervice to his country by curing
them of that ridiculous fpirit, as it now does honour to his own memory, lie was
in prifon for debt when he com|)ofed the firtl part of this hidory, and is perhaps to
be placed at the head of moral and humorous fatirilts.
'Iho Vifions of Quevedo, and fome other of his humorous and falirical pieces
have been tranllated into the lingliih language. He was born at Madrid in the
year 1570, and bdidcs his merit as a puet was well verfed in the oriental lan-
guages, and poifelfed great erudition, liis works are comjirifed in three volumes,
4to. two of which conlift of poetry, «ind llie third of pieces in profe. As a poet
he excelled Inuh in the ferious and burleftpie Hyle, and was happy in a turn of
humour /imilar to that which we admire in Butler and ."^wift.
I'oetry was cultivated in Spain at an early period. At'ter the Saracens had fettled
themfclvcs in this kingdom, they introduced ioto it their own language, religion,
and literature ; and the oriental Itylc of poetry very generally prevailed. Before
this period, the Spaniards had additfed theniiVlves nmch to Roman literature : but
Alvaro of Cordova complains, that in his time, the Spaniards had fo totally for-
gotten the Latin tongue, and given the preference to Arabic, that it was difficult,
even amongft a thouland people, to find one who could write a Latin letter. The
attachment of many of tin inhabitants of .Spain to oriental literature was then fo
great, that they loiild wr'te Arabic with remarkable purity, and compofe verfes
with as much Huency and elegance as the Arabians themfelves. About this time
the Spanilh Jews made a conliderable figure in literature, which was promoted hy
matters from Babylon, where they hail academies fupported by themfelves. In the
year 967, Rabbi Mofes, and his fon Rabbi Knoch, having been taken by pirates,
were fold as (laves at Cordova, and redeemed by their brethren, who ellablilhed a
fchool in that city, of which Rabbi Mufes was appointed the liead : that learned
Jew was, however, delirous of returning back to his owniountry ; but the Mourifli
king of C-ordova would not give his confent, rejoicing that his I lebrew fubjetts had
matters of their own religion at home, without bein^ under ilie necelfity of receiv-
ing them from a foreign uiiiverlity, and every indulgence was granted then) with
refpett to their worlhip. In 1039, Rabbi Ezechias was j)ut to death at Babylon,
and the college, over which he had prelided, was transterre<l to Cordova, front
whence a number of Hebrew poets iliued forth, who have been noticed by various
learned writers. The Spaniih Jews had alfo Hourilhing fchools at .Seville, Granada,
and Toledo, and from hence arofe the numerous 1 lebrew proverbs, and modes of
{peech, that have crept into the Callilian language, and form a confpicuous part
of its phraftiology. To thcfc Jews the Spanilh language is indebted for a curious
vcrliea
I
N.
59 «
ycrfion of the Hebrew Iwoks of the Old Tcftamcnt, which was after^vards printed
at I'crrara, in 1553, in a Gothic-Spanith letter.
• The vSpanifh writers alfo boaft of their Troubadours as high as the twelfth or
thirtfiMitn centuries, the Provencal and Gaiician dialcits being thenviry prevalent.
'Ilie n>ari]uisof Villena, who died in 1434, was the author of that fanious work
tiif Arte de la Gaya Sciemia, which comprehends a fyftem of poetry, rhetoric, and
oratory, befidts defcribing all the ceremonies of the Troubadours at their public
exhibitions. That nobleman was alfo the author of a tranilation of the yKneid of
Virgil into Spanilh vcrfe. Juan de Mena. of Cordova, was alfo much celebrated
as a i)oet in his own time : his poems have pafled through a variety of editions,
the rirft of which was printed at Saragofla in 1515. Juan de la Kntina wiis alfo u
poet of conliderable merit ; he tranflated fome of the Latin poems into Spanilh,
and publilhed a piece on the art of poetry, and other works, whicli were printed
at Saragoll'a in 15 16. Bofcan, Krcilla, Villegas, and other Spanilh puets, alfo ob-
tained jjreat reputation in their own country. But the moft diftinguilhed dramatic
j)oet ot this nation was Lopez de Vega, who was contemporary with our
Shakfpeare. He polTefled an imagination allonilhinglv fertile, and in iiis dramatic
works he difrcgarded the unities, and adapted all his compolitions more to thu
talk of the age than to the rules of criticifm. His lyric works and fugitive pieces,
with his profe edays, form a collection of fifty volumes, belides his dramatic works,
which make twenty-lix volumes more ; exclulive of four hundred fcriplural dra-
matic pieces, called in Spain /lutos Saatimentales. Calderon was alfo a drama-
tic writer of confiderable note, but many of his plays arc very licentious iu their
tendency.
Toftatus, a divine, the moft voluminous perhaps that ever wrote, was a Spaniard.
Herrera, and fome other hiltorians, particularly DeSolis, have ihcwn great abilities
in inveftigating the antiquities of America, and writing the hillory ot its conquell
by their countrymen. Among the writers who have lately appeared in Spain,
Father Feyjoo is one of the molt diHinj|uilhcd. I lis performances difplay ingenuity,
learnin;^, and uncommon liberality of lentiment, efpecially when his fituation and
country are conlidered. Many ot his pieces have been tranflated into L''.nglilh,and
ubiilhed in four volumes, 8vo. Don Krancifco IVyrez Bayer, archdeacon of
alcncia, and author of a difl'ertation on the Phoenician language, may be placed
in the firlHine of Spanilh literati. Spain has likewife produced many travellers
and voyagers to both the Indies, fome of whom are amulmg and inllruttive.
Should the Spaniards difengage themfclves from their abftracted metaphylical tura
of thinking, and from their prefent tyrannical torm of government, without fublki-
Uiting a worfe iu its Head, they certainly would make a capital tigure in litviature.
At prefent, it feems, that the comnuni education of an Englilh gentleman would,
conllitute a man of learning in Spain, and thould he underliand Greek, he would
be quite a phenomenon.
Some of the Spaniards have dillinguidied thcmfelves in the polite aiti, and not
only the cities, but the palaces, efpecially the Kfeurial, difcover many llriking fpe»
ciniens of their abilities as fculptors and architects ; Halomino, in an elaborate
trcatife on the art of painting, in two volumes, folio, has inlertcd the lives o£ two
hundred and thirty-three painters and fculptors, \vlu> tlourilhed in Spain from the
time of Ferdinand the Catholic, to the conclulion of the reign of Philip the Fourth.
Among the mott eminent Spanilh painters, were W-lafques, Murillo, who is com-
Bionlv called the Spanilh Vandyke, liibeira and Glaudio Cocllo, whofe ftyle ol
painting was very iimilar to that of Paul \ ironefe.
Universitiks.] In Spain arc reckoned 24 univerlities, the chief of which i&
Salamanca, founded by Alphonfus, ninth king of Leon, in the year 1200. It con-
tains zi colleges, fome of which are very niagailicent. Many of the nobility o£
b S^aia
^
|9t SPAIN.
Spain fend their fons to be educated here. 'Flic rcfl: arc, Seville, Granada, Com-
^xMK'lla, Toledo, Vaiadulid, Alcala, .Siguenza, Valencia, Lcrida, llucfca, SaragofTa,
loitofa, ()(?lina, Onata, Candia, Barcelona, Murcia, iaragona, Bacza, Avila,'
Oriuela, Ovicdo, and Palencia.
Asricu'iriKs and curiosities, I The former of thefe lonlHl chiefly of
ARTiKiciAi. AND NATUR At. J Uoiuaii aiul Mool illi anli(iuilies. Near
Segovia, a grand aquedutt, erected by Trajan, extends over a deep valley, l>etv\o<'n
fno hills, anil is l'M|i})orted 1)\ a double row of i :;i) arilies. It ivaclies iilxjut 140
yards, and where it erodes tjie valley it is fonietliin;; more iIimm (;4 tei t high. Its
lolidity, uliich has braved upwards of lixteen centinifs, feenis inexplicable, on
elofely obferving the limplicity of its conliruttion. It is compofed of fijuare thHics,
niaeed one noon another, without any ixterior ap])earance of icinent, though wc
lannot now he eertain whether lliey were really united without this aid, by being
cut and i>laeed with jJeeuliaT art, or wliether the cement has been deltroved by
time, (ither Roman aijueducl'^, theatres, and tirci, are t<» be found at lerra"!!,
and dilTerent parts of Spain. A ruinous watth-tower near Cadi/, is vidgarlv, but
I iroiii-oully, tiiought to be one of the pillars of llereules.' Near the cilv of Sala-
manea are tlie remains of a Roman way, paved wiih large Hat lloties ; it was eon-
tinned to Merida, and from thence to Seville. y\t loletio are the remains of an
old Roman theatre, wliich is now converted into a church. It is 600 feet in
length, 500 in breadth, and of a proportionable lieighl : the roof, which is bold
and lotiy, is fupported by 350 pillars of fine marble, in ten rows, formii; r i;|i.yj.„
iiiles, in which are 36b altars, and 24 gates ; every part being enriched and adorned
with Udhle and cotHy ornaments. At Mariorei, a large town, where much black
Jace is manufactured, is a very high bridge, built in j 768, out of tlieruinsofa
«lecayed one that had e\ided 1985 years iVom its erettion l)y Hannibal. At the
north end is a triumphal arch or gateway, faid to iiavc l>een railed by that general
in honour of his father Hamilcar. It is almoil entire, well proportioned, and
liniple, without any kind of ornament, except a rim or two of hewn ftoiie. Near
jMoviidro (once the faithful Saguntum) deltroyed by 1 lanuibal, are foinc Roni.iu
remains — as the ruins of the theatre, an exatt lemicirclc about Si yard, diameter
fome of the galleries are cut out of the rock, and 9000 perlons miglu attend the
exhibitions without inconvenience.
The Moorilh antitpiities are rich and magnificent. Among the moft dlftinguiili.
cd is the renal palace of the Alhambra at Granada, which is one of the molt entire
as well as the moll itately, of any of tlic edifices wltich the .Moors erected in Jipain!
It was built in 1280, by the fecond Mooridi king of (iranada ; and, in 1492, in tlic
reign of tluir cighteenili king, was taken by the Spaniards. It is lituatcd on a
hill, whicli is afcended by a road bordered with liedges of double or imperial
myrtles, and rows of elms. On this hill, within the walls of the Alhand)ra, the
emperor Charles V. began a new palace in 1^68, which was never tinilhed, ihou'di
the Ihc'll of it remains. It is built of yellow Itone ; the outlide forms a fiiuare of
one hundred and ninety feet. The intide is a grand circular court, with a portico
of the Tufcan, and a gallery of the Doric order, each fupported by thiriv-two
columns, made of as many lingle pieces of marble. I he grand entrance is Orna-
mented with columns of jafper, on the peJeltals of wliich are rcj)rel"entations of
battles, in marble batfo rchevo. 'Ihe Alhandjra iti'elf is a nial's of manv ho'jfes
and towers, walled round, and built of large Uones of dilferent dimenlions.' Alinolt
all the rooms have ftucco walls and cielinfjs, fome carved, fome painted, and fome
gilt, and covered with various Arabic leniences. Hero are feveral Ijatiis, tlie
walls, floor, and eieling of wliich are of white marble. The gardens abound with
orange and lemon trees, pomegranates, and myrtles. At the end of the garden is
another palace called (jinaraliph, lituated 011 a more elevated Ihition than the
Aliiarabra.
1*
I
N.
W3
Alliainbia. From tlic balconies of thin palace is one of the fineft profpoftn in
Kiimpe, over tlie wliolc fcrtiii- plain of Cranudn, bomuli'd by tlic (iiowy mountnini.
'Hie Moors to this day regret tnc lofs of Granada, and Hill offer up prayers to God
lor tlie recovery of the city. Many other noble nioniunents, creded in the Moorilh
limes, remain in Spain J fon)c of thcin in tolerable prefervation, and others exhi-
biting fiiperb ruins.
Among the natural curiofities, the medicinal fprings, and f«)me noify lakes, form
a principal part ; but we mull not forget the river Guadiana, which, like the
Mole in Kngland, runs under ground, and afterwards emerges. The royal cabinet
nf natural hillory at Madrid was opened to the public by his majettys orders in
1775. Every thing in this collection is rai\gcd with neatnefs and elegance, and
tlie apartments are opened twice a week for the public, belides being ilicwn pri
Mitely to ftrangers ofrank. The mineral part of the cabinet, containing precious
ftones, marbles, ores, 8ic. is very perfect ; but the colletlion of birds and beads at
prcfent is not large, though it may be expettcd to improve apace, if care be taken
to get the productions of the Spanilh American colonics. Mere is alio a curious
colletlion of vafes, bafons, ewers, cups, plates, and ornamental pieces t>f the tinc-lt
iifjates, amethylls, rock crvftals, 8ic. mounted in gold, and enamel, fet with cameos,
intaglios, &c. in an elegant tafte, and of very fine workmanihip, faid to have been
brought from France by Philip V. The cabinet alfo contains fpecimcns of Mexi-
can and Peruvian vafes and utenfils.
In blowing up the rock of Gibraltar, many pieces of bones and teeth have been
found incorporated with the ftone, fome of which have been brought to iMigland,
and depofited in the Ikitifh Mufeum. On the well lide of the mountain is the cave
culled St. Michael's, eleven hundred and ten feet above the hori/on. Many pillars
ol various lizes, fome of them two feet in diameter, have been formed in it by the
droppings of water, which have petrified in falling. 'I'lie water perpetually diips
from the roof, and forms an infinite number of llaladita:, of a whitilh colour, cmu-
nufcd of feveral coats or crufts, and which, as well as the i)illars, continually in-
civafe in bulk, and may probably in time till the whole cavern. Imooi iIk- I'.mi-
niit of llie rock, in clear weather, not only the town of (iihrallar may be feeii, but
till' ha V, the Uraits, the towns of St. Kocpie and .Altjeliras, and the Al|>'i\aira
nuiuiitains, mount .Vbvla on the African lliore, with its fiiowy top, the cities of
(Iciita, Tangier, and great part of tlie Darbary coaft.
C'liiKF cniKs, Sec J .Madrid is the capital of Spain, and contains about
V:o,ooo iiiliabiianls. it is furrounded with v.iy hit'ty innuntaiiis, whole fuinniits
are heipicntly covered with Ihow. It is well paved and lighted, and fome of llie
inrols are fpacioiis and handfome. The houfes of Madrid are ot brick, and are
l.iid out chieilv for Ihew, conveniency being little conlidered : tlins you will pals
tluoiiyli uf.iali) two or three larije apartiiieiils of no ufe, in order to come at a
riiwIlrDdin at the end, where tlie family lit. 'I he houfes in general look inoie
like prii'ons than the habitations of people at their liberty; the windows, belides
liaviiii' a balconv, being grated with iron bars, particularly the lower range, and
ruinetinies all tlie rell. Separate lainilies generally inhabit tlie fame houto, as in
r.irisand Ldinburgli. Foreigners are ver\ niiieh dilhelfed for lodgings at .Madrid,
a<, I'ae Spaniards are not fund of taking ibangers into their honl'cs, efpeeially if
tluv are not catliolics. its greatelt excellency is the cheapnefs of its provilions ;
li.it neither tavern, cotrce-houfe, nor newspaper, except the Madrid Ga/ette, are
to he found in the whole city, 'i he royiil palace Hands on an eminence, on the
well lide of the cilv ; it is a fpacious magniticeiit Ihueture, conliliing ut three courts,
and comii.ands a very rtnc prufpctt. tach of the fronts is 470 feet in length and
100 hi'^h, and there is no palace in luirope fitted up with gnater magnihcenccj
the great audience chamber efncially, whicli is 120 feet long, and nang with
4 Ci criml'uii
5') 4
N.
nimftdi vcJw'l rkli!v luibioitlLri'il with golil i ornamonliil alfo vvllh 12 luoklnj:;.
f;l;ill(.s iiuuU at JM. Ililcfoiiri), i-acli 10 ficl hijili, willi iz Inblis of the (iiuft Spanilli
inarhk's. 'Ihc ntliir royal palacisroiiiul it arc ik'ligiicil tor lumting-fi-'ats, nr lunirc,
of ii'tirc'incut tor tluir kings. .Soim* of tlicin contain liiic paintings and good
liatms. 'I lie thill' ot' tliofi.' palaces an- the" Ikicn Kitiro (now liripprd of all iti
lull |)iohircs and fuinitnrel. Cala did C'ainpo, Araujiu/, and St. lldilnido.
A latf tra\idlir has repreUntid the pahue of Aianjuez, and its gaidtns, as ex-
livmcly dLlij;hifid. 1 leiv is alfo a nark, many leagues nunid, eiit aemt':. in dillei
*'iit parts, l)\ alleys of t\so, three, and even four miles e.Ment. llath of ihofe alleys
is forrneil by two duuhle rows of elm treis. '1 he alleys are widi' enough to admit
(if four tii;n.hes a I reall, and lietwixl each doid)le row there is a narrow ihaiuiel.
llirt)ugh which runs a ilream of water. Uetween thol'.; alleys there are thick
gloves of fmallcr tries of various kinds, and thoufands ol deer and wild hoau
wander at large, belides numherlefs hares, rahhils, pheal'ants, partridges, and other
kinds of birds. 'I he river lagus runs through this place, and divides it into two
unei|ual parts. 'I he cential point of this great park is the king's palace, which
is jKirtly finrdUiuled by tiie garden, and is adorned witli hnmlains and liatues ; it
alio contains a \all variety of the moll beantifid {lowers, buili Americ.ia and
liuropean. As to the palace of Aranjue/ ilfelf, it is rather an elegant than a mag-
iiilieent building.
'I'lie palace tjf St. Ildelonfo is built of briik, plaiQered, and painted, but no
)art of the architecUne is agreeable. It i.s two (lories high, and the garden-front
thirt
\-one
windows, and twelve ri
)oms
in a fuile.
'Ih
rard
ens are on a Hone,
on the toj) of which is a great releivoir of water, called here El Mar, the k.i,
which fupplies the fountains: this refervoir is furnillud from the torrents whicli
pour down the mountains. 'I lie water-works are excellent, and far furpafs thofc
sit Virfailles. The great entry of the palace is fomewhat limilar to that of V cr-
failles, and with a large iron palifade. In the gardens are twenty-feve.i fountains:
the bafons are of wliite marble, and tlie ftatues, mtmy of which are excellent, are
of lead, bronzed and gilt. Thefe gardens are in the tormal I-'rench llyle, but orna-
mented with li.\ty-one very fnie marble ftatues, as large as the life, with twenty-
eight marble vafes, and twenty leaden vales gilt. The upper part of the |)alace
( (-ntains many valuable paintings, aiul the lower part antique liatues, bulls, and
ballo relievos. 'I he expence laid out in this palace and gaidens was immenfe;
but when we conlider, fays Mr. Townfend, that tlie whole of the garden was a
barren rock, that the very foil is brought from a great diilance, and that water is
lonveved to eviry tree; when we reliect upon the tiuantity of lead ufed for the
images, ami ol call iron
for th
e pipes, with the e.xpence of workmanlhip for both,
together witli all the other elegani ies, correlponding to Inch an undertaking, \vc
lliall not wonder to hear that this [)lace coll foriv-five millions of pialhes, or, in
Lngiilh money, near lix millions and an half,
'1 he pride ot S])aii), however, is the l-.fcurial ; and the natives fay, perlia|)s
with jultiee, that the building of it toll more than that of anv other palace in
luirope. 'Ilie deicription ot this palace forms a li/eable quarto volume, and it is
faid, that I'hilip II. who was its tounder, expended upon it li\ millions of ducats.
It cuniains a i)roiliginus number of windows, 200 in the well front, and in the
all ;(i6, and t'.ie apartments are decorated vviih an allonilhin
fcul])ture, tapellry, ornaments of gold and lilve
r, marble
jalper,
;uietv ot paintings,
iieins, and
.1 oil
ur
curious (lones. lliis building, belides its palace, contains a church, large and
richly ornamerited, a maufoleum, cluilters, a convent, a college, and a lilirar\,
containing about thirty llioufand vi luine, ; but it is more |iariicularl\ valuable for
the Arabic and (jink manufciipis with wliiili it is emiched. Above the ihclves
arc paintings in trcllo by iiarthcleiui Caiducho, the fL:biect.s of which are t;:k
in
Iroiii
I
N.
5<>,?
t'i'Diu faiTitl or profano liirti)ry, orlinvo relation to llu' fricncci of which the fljolven
In-low prcfont to iisi tlu' rknioiits. 'IIiiis tho t oiiiuil ot" Nif.o is roprcfentcd abovi?
llii- hooks wliiih treat of liicology ; tl>c<lc!itli of Arcliimi-ilos at the fii'gc of Syra-
I'ifi- indicates tiiol'i" uliiih nlaio to matitcmalirs ; unci Cicero prono\inciiij; hi«
(latidii ill favour of Kahiriiis, the works relative to elo(|iuiue and the liar. Avery
linmilar eireiiinlhmee in this library may he a^reeahle to the i urions reader to know,
wliieli is, that, on viewing the hooks, lie will lind liieni plaeed the contrary way,
\\t that the edges of the leaves are t)iitwards, and eontani their titles written on
ihein. Till-' reafon for this culhun is, that Arias .Nhmlantis, a learned Spaniard of
llie listei'Mth centnry, whole library had ferwil as a founckilion tor that of the
i.lVuriai, had all ids books placed ami inlciilKd in that manner. Hero arc alfo
Itirge api)nintments for all kinds of arlili:^ and mechanics, noble walks with
iMentive |)arks and gardens, beautitied with fountains and colUy ornaments. The
lathers that live in the ctinvent are 200, and they have an annual revenue of
u.oool. The maufoleum, or hurving-plaee of the kings and (pieens of Spain, is
called the I'antheon, becaufe it is built upon the plan ot tliat temple at Konie. as
the church to which it belongs is upon the mo»lcl of St. I'eler's. It is ;,(> feet
di:muler, incrulUd with line marbles.
Allowing to the Si)aniards their full cfiimate of the incredible fums bellowed
1,11 this palace, and on its furniture, Ihitues, paintings, columns, vales, and the
like decorations, which are equally rich and beautilul, yet we hazard nothing in
laving that the fabric itfelf difcovcrs u bad talle. 'Ihc conceit of linilding it in the
fiirin of a gridiron, becaule St. Laurence, to whom it was dedicated, was hroiKd
(in fiicli an utenlil, and multiplying the fame ligure thr»)Ugh its princijial oriianu nts,
iijiiin the doors, windows, altars, rituals, and facerdolai habits, could havi' been
lurnu'd onlv in tlie I
)ram o
fa tallelefs bigot, fuch as I'hilip II. who erected it to
comnuMiu)
rale the vietorv he obtained over the Trench iluit bv the allilhmce of i
lie
Knglilh forces) at St. (juintin, on St. l.aurenc
L'e s oav, m tne \ ear i
th
'.sy
i
le a|)art-
nu-n
t where the king lelides forms the handle of the gridiron, llie buildin
It
IS
1:1s l).\ii
,1 |iii\t; Kiiiare ol (140 tiet l>\ v''0. Hie height to tlie roof is 60 1
cmieiied and adorned bv Ills fuccellors ; but its outlide has a gloomy appearaiu e,
;ii)(i llie iiilidc is compolid of ditVerent liniclures, fome of which are maiter-piei .s
iifarehilet^ture, but forming a difagreeable whole. It mull, however, be confeiU d,
thai the pu'luies
UK
1 lhmle^tllat have found admilhon there, are e\cellenl in their
l,ind,ai.<l rnme o| ineiii karcely to he ei|i;a
Cadi.; is the great i.;ii])oiimii of .Spanilli connnerce
lied even in lialv itUlt.
wateil trom the contmuii i
1'-
narriAV 11
It liar,d> mi an iiland le-
)f Andalulia, withmit the ibails ut CJibraltar, bv a very
le
iim of the fe!i, over whidi a fortilied bridge is thrown, and joins it to t
mam
land. The entiance into the bay is about 500 fathoms wide, and guarded
IV two |o
leniptei
rts
lied the i'lmial
'Hi
en
tranee has i;e>er been of late \eais at-
1 bv the KnL;lilh, in their wars with .Spain, becaule of the \all interelt our
.Its have in the tivafuros there, which they could not reclaim from the ca|)-
llie llreet-: are r.arrow, ill paved, and lilth), and full of rats in the night ;
the lioiiirs loftv, with tiat roofs, and few are without a turret for a view <it the
I he popniatioit i.-< reckoned at 140,000 inhabitants, ot which I 2.000 ate I'lencl
Meri.1
ler>
lea.
as nianv
It:
liians.
lie lailieilral liatli I'een alieadv ;o v(
ars buiUlii
aiKl
ih
Hif is not halftinilhed. "I !
Cijvdova is now an incon
tlie jiublic or private luii'
•ii\ noils are e\i eei
inglv beautiful.
liderable
lireels crooked and dirt\
an<
but f
e\v
dim
couli>K nous
for ll
eir architecture.
he palaces
ctilie iiupiilnion and of the biiliops are e\teiiii\e ar.il well lituated. 'Ihc cathedtal
\\a>, turinerU a moltpie, divided into leveiiteen ail> s by rows ol columns of various
iiuubles, and is vorv ridi in plate ; four of the lilver candleliicks cull !i3ol. u-picco.
4 c; 2 iho
596 SPAIN.
'I he revenue of the fco amounts to ;5ool. per nnn. but as tlic bllhopt cannot cTevifc
by will, all th«y illc poUeflt'il ot" ciclii-ats to tlio kiiiu.
Neville, the Julia ot the Ronuins, isi, next U) Nludrid, tlie largcft lity in Spain,
iHit i» greatly decayed bolh in riches uiul (x.pulation. The Ihapc is circular, and
the walls feent of Moorilh coiillrutlion ; its tircunit'erencc is five ntilcs and a half.
'I'he fiiburb of 'i'riaiiu is as large as many towns, and ren^urkable for its f^iuomy
Ciothic cuDle, win re, in 14S1, the ini{uilitiou was firil elhiblilhed in Spam. Its
maniifsK^ures in wudI and lilk, which formerly amuunted to 16,000, are now re-
lUiced to 400, and it^ j;reat otlice of toiiuuerce to Spanilh America is removed to
Cadiz. 'I'lie cathedral of Seville if a tine Gothic building, with a curious Ih-epK.
or tower, having a moveahle figure of a woman at top, called La Ciiralda, whicii
turns round •vith ilu' wind, and which is refernil to in Don Quixote. 'Ibis tieepje
is reckoned one of the j;reatcll curiolities in Spain, and is liigber than St. I'aul's in
London : but the cathedral, in Mr. Swiid)urne's opinion, is by no means etjual to
York-minder for lightnefs, elegance, or (joihic delicacy, i'he Hrft clock made
in the kingdom was let up in tl.'s cathedral in the year 1400, in the prcfence of
king Henrv III. I'he profpect wf the country round this city, beheld from the
lleepie of the calhedial, is extremely delightful.
liaiceloiia. t"orinerl\ Harcino, faid to be founded by Mamilcar Barcas, is a large
iirciilar trading city, containing 1 5,000 houl'es, is fituated in the Mediterranean
facing Minorca, and is laid to be the hand*' niell place in Spain ; the houfes are
lolly and i)lain, and tlie llreets well lighted and paved, 'llic citadel is ftrong, and
the place and inhabilants famous for the liege they fullaincd in I7i4againft a for-
midable arnry, when dellrted both by Kngland and the emperor, for whom they
had taken up arms. '1 luir number is fuppofed to be nearly 150,000, and they
'■ Mply Spain with moll of the clothing and arms for the troops. A lingular cuftoni
j)revail^ among tliem on the tirll of November, the eve of All Souls; they run
alout from houfe to houfe to eat chefnuts, believing that for every chefnut
tlu) fwallow, with proper faith and unction, they ihall deliver a foul out of
purgatory.
V alencia is a large and ainiort circular city, with lot'ty walls. The llreets arc
crooked and narrow, and not paved, the houfes ill built and filthy, and moll of the
churdies tawdry. Priells, nuns, and friars, of every drefs, fwarm in this city, wliofe
inhabitants are computed at 80,000. Its archbilhoprick is one of the beft in Spain,
to tlie amount of 40,0001. fterling a year.
Carthagena is a large city, but has very few good llreets, and fewer remarkable
buildings. 'Ilie port is very complete, formed by nature in the figure of a heart,
and the arfenal is a fpacious fquare foulh-well «)f the town, with 40 pieces of can-
non to defend it towards the fea. When Mr. Swinburne vilited it, in 1775, there
were 800 Spanilh criminals, and 600 liarbary Haves working at the pumps to keep
the docks dry, &c. and treated with great inhumanity. 'I he crimes for which the
Spaniards were fent there, defcrved iodeed exemplary pimiihmeiits.
(jranada Hands on two hills, and the ancient palace of the Alliambra crowns the
il(iiil)le fmnmit belween two 'ivers, the Uouro and the \enil. 'Ihe former glories
(if this city are palled away wilii its old inhabitants ; the llreets are now (ililiv, r.nd
the aqueducts crumbled to dull, and its trade UA\. Of 50,000 inhabitants', only
18,000 are employed in labour; the furplus is made up of clergy, lawyers, children
and beggars. l he amphitlieatre, for buU-fealis, is built of Hone, alid one of tlio
bell in ' pain, and the environs of the city are Itiil pli aling and lualtiiful.
Bilboa is lituated on the banks of the river ^ baizahal, and is about two league's
from the fea. It co;it;iins about eight hundred houfes, with a large fcjuare l)\''tlie
water lidc, well lliaded with pleafant walks, wiiich extend to the outlets, oil the
bunks
I
N.
597
banks of the river, where tlicrc are great numberi of houfe* and ffardrni, whic h
form a mod plcaling profpc^t, partitularly in failing up the river; for, lufuJii the
Kuutifui verdure, numerous ol>)p6ti open gradually to the eye, and the town up-
pi-nrsBii an nm|>lutheatrc, which enlivens the landfcape, and completes the fceneiy.
Ihi- houfes are folid and lofty, and the ftrects well paved and level ; and the wafer
i.<t lo conveyed into the rtreit-*, that they n>ny he walhed ut pleafure ; which ren-
Uir.> Bilbou one of the neatel) towns in Luiropc.
Malaga ik an ancient city, and not lefsi rcniarkahle for its opulence and extcn-
(ive commerce than for the luxuriance of its foil, yielding in great abundance the
mod delicious fruits ; wliilll its rugged mountains nlford thofe
which give fuch reputation to the Muhiga wine, known in Kngland by the nainu
lulcivus grapes,
of Mountain. '1 he city is large and populous, and of a circular form, furrounded
with a double wall, llrengthened by (lately towers, and has nine gates. A Moorilh
calUe on the point of a rock conniumds every part of it. The Ureett are narrow,
and the mod remarkable buildinj^ is a dupenUuus cathedral, begun by I'hilip II.
faid to be as large as that of bt, Paul's in London. 'Ihc bilhop's income is
i6,oool. Ih-rling.
The city of Salamanca is of a circular form, built on three hills and two vallies,
and on every fide furrounded with profpe<:ts of fine houfes, noble feats, gardens,
orchards, fields, and didant villages ; and is ancient, large, rich, and popuh)us.
'lliare are ten gates to this eity, and it contains twenty-Hve churches, twenty-five
convents of friars, and the fame number of imnneries. 'I he mod beautiful part of
this city is the great fquare, built about forty years ago. The houfes are of three
dori and all of equal height and exatt fvnunelry, with iron balconies, and u
done iludrade on the top of them : the lower part is arched, which forms a
piazza all round the fquare, which extends two hundred and ninety-three feet on
lach fide. Over fome of the arches arc medallions, with buds of the kings of
Spain, and of feveral eminent men, in done balfo-rclievo, among which are ttiofe
of Kerdinando Cortcz, Francis Fizarro, Davila, and Cid Ruy. In this fquare tlie
bull-fights are exhibited for three days only, in the month of June. '1 he river
Tormes runs by this city, and has a bridge over it of twenty-five arches, built by
the Romans, and yet entire.
T»)Iedo is one of the mod ancient cities in Spain, and during feveral centuries
it held the rank of it.s metropolis. Hut the neighbourhood of Madrid has by de-
grees dripped it of its numerous inhabitants, and it would have been almod en-
tirely deferted but for its cathedral, the income of wiiich being in great part fpent
here, contributes chiefly to the maintenance of the few thoufands that are left, and
allids, in fome degree, thofe fmall manufactures of fword-hlades and lilk-dulfs that
are edablilhcd in this city. It is now exceedingly ill-built, poor, and mean, and
tJu- dreets very deep.
Hurj;os was the ancient capital of the kingdom of Cadile, but now in obfcuritv.
Tlie cathedral is one of the mod magnificent drutluns of the (Jolliic kind in l-'.u-
rnpe: its form is exattly llie fame i.^ that of York-minller, aJid on the ead end ii
an (iftagon building exactly like the eliaplor-lioufe at ^ "ik.
(Gibraltar, once a celebrated town and fortrefs of Andalulia, is at prefent in puf-
foilliin of (Jreat Britain. Till the arrival of the Saracens in Spain, which took.
piace in the year 711, or yii, the rock of Gibraltar went by the name of Mois
(,'<;/";•. On their arrival a h)rtrefs was built upon it, and it obtained the name of
(;';/'(•/ Tiirif, from the name of their general, and tl.enee (.ibrallar. It was in the
iiod'ellion of the Spaniards and Moors by turns, till it was taken from the former
l)v a coinluiicd lleet of I'.nglidi and Dutch fliips, under the c mmand of lir George.
Kooke, in 1704; and tliis rallier through aciiduit than any thing e fe. 'llic
print e uf IJelie, with i8co men, landed on »he i.lhnius, but ; n attack on that (ido
was
«o8
N.
wiH fivmil to Iv imprnifliiahlc on iuroniU «it' tin* lUvntu'l's oftlio rock. Th" flri*!
Hr.'il I ?,0 50 lli.)l witliu'it iiiakiii)^ aiiv iiupivliiDM on ihi- wmk., Co (liat llu- lortuM*
i'lViiw to !),• I'limillv im))ri'(;iuil)lr IxmIi |o ilu* Hrltiili nnil >i>aiiiiii(lK, fxifpt by f'u.
niiiu'. At l;ili, a|i:ut\ oirailors, lia^itinjjoi iiiiTiv wiili ;<i(>>;. ru\vi-(l i lolV uiuUt
thi- Ni'w MoL- ill tl)i'ir liniis, and as llios I'.w that tin- j;aiiit"'ii, who idiililli-J
oiilv of loo turn, did tiot mind lluin, tiny witc i'nioiiiaj;i(l to aitciupt u landing
ami li.i\in:^ momiti'd ilir ir .Ii-, liditi.'d a rcil jatkct an a li^nal tit' |Kilk'llion, 1 liia
hi'inj; inum iliniily ol)lVYvi.'d t'lum tlu- lltvt. nu>ii.' l)oai» and Cailor* wi-ro friit out,
who, ill (hf liKi- innnncr, haviiij; aliindi d the works, got jioliillioii of a hatlory,
and I'lrin (>l)h;;i'd tlif town |<i furik niiir. Aticr mans tVuitlrl'-. ailcmpis lo niosir
if. it was lonlirnu'd to tin- |*'.nt<liih l)y thi- Iriaty ol' i^irit lit, in 171,^. Kf|iiati(|
(.ndiaxoiirs ha\i' l)i«ii (in«o nuohtownll it troni Kni^laiid, hui without Aim-I'i:
iho lal) V. .ir hath rnadi' it nioi\' I'aiuniis than I'vcr, wlun it innhiwonl a lon>{ licj{o
a!,Miiilt thi' nniifd ton r-. ni' Spain and I'Vami' \>y hind and Ira, and was xaMaiillv
dil'mdi'd l)v m'niial I'.Miot ami hi>. sariiroii, to the grcai lots and dil)^rato of' the
Jilliiilants ! ih(ini,'li it iiuili ho granted, tin- phii i- i^ liv natnii- aliiioll iinprrt^nab!
. I'ar :oo pii».i> <
?,i
t' cannon i>t dilliiTnt horis. anil (hiilly hiaCs, whiih wi to Cuiik
bi't'orc thi" port in llir floating baltcricH, huvc hroii ruiUil, and fold, to bo diliri-
billed aniotn' tho Knrrilon. It i*. a loniniodifnis port, and r(>rin"d natnrallv tor
oniniaiidini;
th
Italia
it' tlu' Niiaiis, or, in otluT words, th
v- riiiranii' into tin
iiiv.
Mi'diliiraiuan and l,i\ant I'^as. Ihit tin- road is luithiT I'at'i- a,t;ainli an iiic
nor Kornis ; thf bay is abont twi-iity loa;;iu's in t iriuiiil'iTi-nn'. 'I lir (Iraits 24
miles long, and 1 ; inroad; through which I'lls n current f'roin tlu* Atlantic onaii
into the Sli'ditcrraiu'an. 'I he tow n w as neither large nor beaniil'ul, and in the lall
fiege was toialK deliuned by tlie enemies' bondis: bnt, on ai count of its fortifiia,
tioiis, it is eth-emed the ke\ ol .Spain, and is always tnrnillied with a narril'on well
proviiled tor its det'ence. 'I he harbour is finned by a mole, wliich is well forti.
lied and planted wii'n guns. (Jibraltar is .icccliibic on the land (ide only bv a nar-
row i>alliige between the roek and the lea, but tfiat is walled and fortified iioth hv
art and nature, and lo incloled by higii lUep hills, as to be alinnll inacceliible that
way. It has but two gates on that lide, and as many towards the fea. AcioIh
this ilUinui., the Spaniards have drawn a lorti.'ied line, chietly with a view to bin-
tier the garrilon of (Jibraltar from having an\ inter<ourfe with the tmmtrx beliind
them: noiwiihllanding whiih they carry on a clandel'line trade, partieularb in 1.1.
bacco. 'I he garrilon is, however, tcmtined within wi) iiariow limits ; and. as
the ground produio fearcely any thing, all their jirovilion-, are brought tlieni either
from i'.nglaiid, or trom C'euia, on ti.e oppolite eoalt of Harbary. Kormerlv Ciili-
raitir was eiuirely under military governnu'iit ; but that fylicin lieing proiiucti\e
of abiifes, [lie pailia'mnt thought proper to erect it iiii > a body corporate, and tlic
ci\;l powu' is now loilged in its iiuigilir;ilrs.
The chief illands belonging to Sjiain in I'.nrnpe, arc thofe of Majorca, Minoria,
and \ vica. Minorca was taken by tlie I'.nglilh, under general Stanhope, in i 7c!j,
and confirmed to (Jreat Britain, by the treaty of Itreehi, in 1713 ; but it was re-
taken bv the .Spaniard', in i!k- lali war, on I'ebrnary 1 j;, 1782. and conlirnud to
them bv the ditinliive treaty o| pe.ace, ligi.ed at I'aris, September 3, 1783. Hiu',,
.it is unw become a .Sjianilh illand ag;iin, lontainiiig about 27,000 inhabitant i.
Noiwl'.lillanding the pride and oitent.ition ot t!' • Spam.irds, lluir pennrv Is
ctiliiy flifeernible, hut their wiints ;ne lew, and th^.r appetite, ealily f;iii,l'ic(l.
ie interior oriUi>, even in
ler.
the greaielf citiis, ari' mil'ei.iblv lodged,' and tl
lol
DIIKIl,
lodgings wretclKdly furnillud. Many of the p i^rer fori, both men and w
wear neither flioe,-, nor llockings, and eoarfe bread Itceped in oil. and oeialionalU fea-
foned with viiu gar, is the common food o' ihe country people through fever.d
provinces. A tiavciier in Spai;i mull cany provihuns ami bedding with him, and
I
N.
399
ll' perchance lie niroti witli llu- nppciirnncc of hii inn, he iiinn even co'ik hi* vlfimiU,
it hi-liiff lu'iii'iilh tlu' (li^nil) ol a>ii.iiiiaril In pirlnrm llKle «itlios In (lriiii>;« rs ; hiH
l;iuly Ixiiii l(il(ral)li- iiiiit luivi' lum ii|i('ni-<l l)y Inih aiul KuiAhiiK n, in lilio, mid
upuii tin- hi^ll riKuls I lie prulf, iiuldUiar, and la/iiicfn <it llu* SpaniardH, urc
puwirtul iiuiiiccnunli to llu ir tiiorc indiillrinUH tici^lilidurn ihe I'ihk h, who ore
In be ruiiiid in all paiiH ot' llu- kin^doin i and lii-i\- u wondcit'nl roiilrall <li(lin«
uuilhcit llii' iluiiaclcr lit two lK'i^hlloullll^ iiaiimis. I lit- Spaniard (Vldnni llir^ rrotn
liiiiiu'i or piiti hi>> liand In work ol any kind, lii' llci'pH, ^ncs to tlul^, taken his
evening ualk, wliik- tlii- indulirioii^ (''riiiLlunan lii.'(oiiir.i n thormiuli doimdic ;
he is butvher. cook, an<l laylor, all in the laiiu- tamily ; lie powd> f* tlie liair, cut«
the cum*, wipes tlie ihoes, and, alter making; liiiiilVU ulVltd in a ihonfand d'Hrrcnt
llia|n N, lu' I'l inrni to lii> n^iti\i' eonniry load' d \\illi dollars, uiid laiighti out the
remainder of Ills da\s at the i'\|iniie ot hi) piunii lieneliictor.
CoMMi.iuT. ANP M ANi' F AC I iKts I I lie .Spaniard-., unhappily tor theinfelves,
iiiaki- )?iild and iilver the chiet hranelies both ot lluir esport* and imports. I hey
import it tVoin Anurien, tVom whence they export it to other conniries ut' iMirupe.
Cudi/ is the chief' emporium ot' this commerce. " llillier ,1'ays .Mr. Anderl'on, hi
lii.llillorN ot' C"oninuii.e; olliir I'.nropeaii nations tend their luerchandife, to he
llii|iped oil' in Spanilh liotloms lor A neriia, iheltered ^ur, as «inr old iMiclilh
liiral'e has it, coloured) under the names ot Spanilh tactors. Thot'e t'oreii{n nations
luve lieie tlieir agents and corrifjiondents, and the cont'iils of tiiot'e nations make
a conlidi'iiiliie lij^me Cadi/ has luen laid to have the tiiiell tlorehoul'es and ma-
i;a/iiK-« lor coinniercint' any city in JMirope; and to it the llota and galleons regularly
mipirl the treal'nres of Spanilh .\nierica. I he proper Spanilh merchandile ex-
purled from t'adi/. to America are of no ^reat value ; hut the duty oti the foreigu
merchandife fent lliither would )ield a great revenue, (and coiifetpiently the proiits
(if nurchants and their agents wduld link), were it not for tlie many fraudulent
lirac
tices for eluding thole duties
,1
At St. Ildefonl'o the glal's mamifairtuie is carried onto a degree of iierfiHion un-
known in lii^laiul. 'Ihe largill mirrors are made in a Iral's traiiie, i('2 inches
lonj;, 9^ wide, and fix deep, weighing near y tons. 'I hel'e are deligned wliolly
fur ihe royal palaces, and for piefeiiis troni the king. \ et even for fuch purpofcs
it i^ ill placi d, and provis a devouring monller in a country where jirovihons are
(li'ar, luel fcarce, and carriage exceedingly expeiilive. — I Ure is alfo a royal manu-
tacture of linen, fini)lo)ing about tilleen looms; l>) which, as it is laid, the king
i> a c(
inlidi-ral'le lotcr.
Ill llu- cilv of Valencia there is a very refpe^abk lilk manufacture, in wliich five
llidul'and looms, and three hundied lioeking-lr.iiiic^, give einplo\nienl to upwards
(if ivM ntv thoufand iif the inhabitants, without eiiiiiiui.iting thuK u Im i ai reife pro-
leliidns lelative to the manufacture, fuch as perfoiis who prepare the wnnd aiul
iiKii work of fo great a niiii'.ber of machines, or fpi;i, wind, or dye the lilk. .\t
Alioiri, in ilie iieiglibouihood of \ aleiicia, ,1 niaiir.l.u lure ot porcelain has In vii
riiciifsluIK t llabliilicd ; ami ihev vii\ niiieli iai il in paiiitrd lilt s. In \ alencia.
tiiiir bill apartments are tlcored with tlul'e, and are remarkable l^r iieatnefN. cool
III
(I elegance,
11
Holland.
^>
are
llronirer and iiiin.li more beautilul than ihofe of
.■\t t'artlKii;ena, tluv niaki- grrat (pianlitiesof the t-ffaito ropvs a.id cables, fume
di liiem I'ptin Uk • henip. ai.d others platuil. Ilolli operations are perfuiiuid with
li.iMilar raiiidily. Ihefe cables are cNcelleiit, becaule they float on thi- furface of
ti.r. and are r.ot therefore liable to be cut by the rocks on a tuul coaft. 'ihe
makes i;i'. d nuiis for I lufes, <///>.»•;■ (/.V.' or lliort trowlers and bnflvins
and iatierlv it has been fpim inio I uv- t!:read tor the purpofe of mak-
Ihr Watc
I l'i',a!o null mill
|. r iieal'anis.
i:'g cloth.
If pidpeil) cucuuiajjcd, liiere is ik- dou' t that tlie mauut'acturc may
be
too
i'
A
I
N.
l»o l)r'Mi5?w to An h porfiMion, n« to make thi« onri* uC-Uf* null a fmirci; «>f ahund-
nnt wi'aIiIi tn tlu' laiiiliirn |iiiiviiui"i dI' S|i:iiii, t'ur it i* ilic pociiliur and imtuml
|ir<)<liii'tii>ti (if all lii^li aiitl iiiu iillix.a 'd iu>"iiiriiJnH in llu loiitli.
Ah ti> tlio lKin|Kii (.iinlim.' \\lii»!i i> mini.' in NjKiin hir ilio nfo of the rnyiil navy,
M. (I>* KonrKimnncnhlVrvi'H that it I* better iiiul ninifiluraliK- thiui that ot'tlu* prin-
iijial (lt)i'k-\ar(I.H inul iiiuKa/incit in Kurope, ln'ianlV, in tinnljin^ tlic lump, all
♦ lif l«i\vv |):irt wi- Ua\i- ni ii \v.i> taken mit, and in.uU' ufi- ot' in iniilkinn. wl'*'nce
r.liitlii till' liiinliU ailMiiita^i- nl more liilid lord.ii;!-, and the lii'ttcr (aiilkin^ of
vclkli, AnoilnT ciill'nn in otir mpi-vardi, wliiih tlu' Spaniard* Imvi- aMmird
Bdoptiiij;, in the tarring tlu- cordage and k.i>'piii){ it a l'>n^ tinu> piK'd up In tliii
(liiti- tlu' tar KriiioiitH, and calt llu hemp, and tlic lurdugc ik cxtrcinvl) .ipt to
brc.ik, aftiT iH-inj^ nkd Inif a lliort fpacf iit time.
'Ilk' Spaniardi turiiuiiv <il)t liiutl tfii'ir lu'inp from lIu" north i at pnlVnt lliry arc
ahli' to <lo witliont llu- nlldtniKW in tliis arlu l>', ot any otlur nation. Tlu- kin({<
doin of (iranada already fiirnilhi"' iIhiu with llu' j^natcll part <if tlu- lu-mp tluy
till", and intafiof luxd, tiny may liave ri-iipiirfv to Ariai{on and Navain'. Ail
tlu- f.iii-rlotli and lorda^'c in tin- ma;{a/.inc!« at Cadi/ are made witiiNpanidi liemp ^
till' t< \turi of wliiili is. >v>ii, tJi-lV, and folid.
'llio moll important pruduction of this countrv, nnd tlic mnfl valuable nrtiric of
"(omtnorte, is Itarilla, a fpi'iiis of pot-alli, prmnretl by burniiif; a great variety of
plants alinoli iieiiiliar to tlie kinudonis ot Vuleniia and Miiri ia ; fuih as Jozn, at-
f^auily fii.'on, l,i\oniici,Jiiliio>nia, with barilla. It is ufed for making foap, for bleaeh-
ing, and for giaf^. All the iialioii% in Knropc, by tlie eombiiliion of variou.i ve-
f;etable fnbllaiu is, make loine kind ol pot alii ; but the fuperior exiellcnre of the
larilia has liiiherto feenied the pretereiu*'. The country producing it i» about
IJxty lea^ih's in len;{th and eight in breadth, on the borders of the Mediterranean.
The quaiilil) exported annually from Spain (according to the tellimoniei of both
N!r. Townfend. and M de i!oiir;;i>amu^ is about a hundred and fifty i|uintals, niot)
of wliicli is fent to I'rance and I'aigiand, and u finall tpiuntity tu (Jetioa, and
Venice.
iSpain is one of the riclii ll countries in luirope in fait-petre. 'I'lu' aecount of this
furpiiling manufaclure we Ihal! abridge from Mr. Townfend. *• 1 obferved," favi
hi , " a large iiii lofure, with a inniber of mounts of about twenty feet high, at re-
gular dilhiiuis from each other, 'liiefe were colletled fionj the rubbilh of tlie
city of Madrid, and the fcrapio^s of liie highways. Wwy had remained all the
wiiitir piled up ill the maiiiii r iii which I found them. At this time men were eni-
ploM'd in whielin.; them auay, andlpreading abmai! the earth to the ihii kiiel\ df
tibout one toot, wliilli others weri' turning wli.it had been previoully expofed to
the iiiHueiii e of ilie tun and air. I he preceding fiimmeri» thefe lieaj)s had hiiii
v.alhcd, and being thus expoll d, would yield the fame ipiniuity ut fait again, and,
;is far as appearii, the prodiui would never lail ; but alter having been wallml,
no fall-peiie cm be obiained wilhoul i (uiiliipient expofure." Some of this oiirili
tiiey can lixiviate once a year, foine tin y have walja-d twenty times in the lali feieii
years, and lonie lluy lia\e fubjected to this opeiation lift i en times in one year,
tud.;iiig always by their eye wlun they may vvadi it to advantage, and by their
talie it it has yielded a lixivimii of a proper Itreiigih ; fioin which, bv evaporating
the water in boiling, they obtain the falt-petre.
'I'lie other manutailiires ot Spain are i hieily of wool, copjier, and hard-ware,
Great cHorls ha\e bien made by the governnieni to jirevent other turopean na
tions from reaping the chief advantiigi- of the American commerce ; but tliefo
never can be fue(.ef-.hil, till a fpirit ol indulby is awakened among the natives, jo
as to enable them to ruiii>ly their Aineiiian polieliioiis with their own commodities
ami incrcliandife. Meanwhile, the good fuiih uiid facility with which the Knglilli,
Krelicil,
s
I
N.
orii
Trw'tiih, DiHi'i, nml nilu-r iciiion* cnrrv Dti iliU tonfriihftnil ir.nU*. ri-iwliT l!v
i^iv.itu' ^iiiitt It li) itlliMii llio Siiiiiiiiinls tlu-Mit'«-lvi'4 iiro, tin* kUiir pinliii (Vltti
aiiimiiiliiiK to U'I'tttiiiii 10 lUT «ti\t. riii< i'\iih'titl) iiinkcH it nn iin|i<)rl.iut tnntirit
ill It tliotf iiniDoiiro riili>-t lliKutd Ik loni^ to tin- .S|iui)i:irili, rttlicr iliaii in. my niiivi;
I ur.)|)>.'nii iiatiiit) : l<ut mi tlii> liil)ji'(k likrc will l>c ika uliott lu I'lKiik in llu' tucuiint
III Vincriia.
('i>N*ri I !■ 1 ION ASM e.iivmNME V r.] .S|>;iiii, iVnni lu-in^ tlio inurt frn', N imw
{III- molt (icf|ii)tir kin^ilniii in |'',iiri>|M- \ iind tlit- i)u\> riv wiiiil) in lit vilil)lk in iitoit
)i. ru nl' ll\o miniirv is in a jjii'iil tli'^rn* tlu' rifult cilit* ^l>Vl•rll^ll•nt, in tiii* ;i«|ini
i;
Itiiiliiin (iJ wliit n IK) |)ri>|iir ntti'iition in paiil in ihi" iiilcri'lN niul \vi It'iiro t,\' tl
■ci|ili', I In- iii<)ii;iii In is Inn ilii.'irx , iiiul ti iiwiK s iiii- in|>al)|i' nl fmnlliun. It
IS ovin Iki'h tjiii llioiioil, wluthrr his inlliolii- inajidv »\i\\ ii<il iHijiuaih hi'*
tri'Wii nt pii-al'iirf to any hramli o\ tlie royal lainily, It is at Ivall iciiuin, llial
til' liotirt' <>r Uourhon nuninlcd the tlirono of Spain in virtue o|' llio lall \vil| nt'
Cliiirli's II.
IIk' iiirti's ot' Spain, wliivh I'oriiK riy, ffpicially in Calliio, lind grcatiT power
;iiui pri\ilej(e« lluiti tlu- p:nliainfnt of |',nj;laini, are now aholiilnd ; but liiiiie t.iiiil
retiuiiiis of their contMlnlion are Hill difiernihic in the governnuiit, tlioii|;li all of
lluni nre ineft'ertual, and nnder tin- eontrol of tlu- kiii^j.
Ilii piiw-couiRil, wliiili is Kiinpofed ot a ninnber of noblemen or grandees,
I' iniiiiated l)y the king, (its tmly to pn-pare matters, and to digtll paprrs lor tho
(,il>imt-eoui\iil or junta, whieli cmilills of the fnil fitretnry of Hate, and three or
four more named hy tlie king: antl in 'hem relides tho direction of all theexei utisi;
jiirt of go\erninenl. The eonneil of . ar takes eognifance of niilitarv aO.iiis onlv,
ilii' eoimeil of ("aliiie is tite highell law trilmnal of the kingdom. liu' feveral
tmirts of tlic royal audiences are thofi' ol (ialieia, Seville, Majorea, the Canaries,
.Suriigoira, Valeneia, and Hareelona. Ihefe jiidi;e primarily in all eaufos within i^
miles of their refpedive cilien or eapitnls, and receive appeals from inferior jiirif-
ilik'tioiis. Iklides thefe, there are manv ful)ordii)ate tribunals, for the pulier, thf
tiinnees, and other branches <if bi'liiu
1^,
Til.' government of Spanilh .\inerit ;i form* a f\(lein apart, and is delegated tn
viceroys, aiui other magiftrates, who aie in tluir relpective dilUicU almoll abfo-
lute. A lotnuil for the Indies is ellablilhed in Old S^iain, and mnlitls of* govcr-
imr, four (etretaries, and twenty-two counfellors, belules ollicers. 'I heir dccilIo;i
is linil in niaturv relating to .\merica. 'llic ineiuiii.rs are geiur.illy iliofeii tVoin
the viceroys and niagillratcs wholiavi fervid in that ciniiitrs. 'I'he two gieat vice-
rnyahiesof I'eru and Mexico are fo tonfider;:l)le, that lliey are feldom triilied to
tlie f.iine perfon for more than three years ; and their enjoIimiciUs arc fuflitieut to
iii;ike lii' tortiine in that time.
I'lie fouij;.! poli'ellions of the crown of S])ain. belides thofe in America, an- the
lis ot Ceiita, Oran, and Mal\il<inivir, on tlie inall of Haihary in .\lrica; and
low
ilieillaiuls of St. l,a/aro, the riiilinjiines, and l.adroncs, in Alia
lUvp.scEs.] The nvenues, arifing to tli.- king iVoni Old Spain, yearly amuiint
to i;,ooo,oool. iKrlin;;, fume writers f;iv tight ; and they foiin tlic Ir.rell fnpport of
lii> government. Ili> Vii'eriean iiuoiiie, it is true, is iiiiiiunie; hut ii is g< iumUv
I'lulie/zled nr anticip it.tl beton' it arrives in Old Spain, liu- king has a filth v(
.1! the lilver mines
thai
are wmkril , Imi little of it i onu s into in;, citlci
IK
i.ills upon means, however, in cafe of a war, or any pul)lic emergeiuy, to feijueller
^'le.it part of the .\iiieri( :in ire.ifnres helnngini; to liis fiihji'cls, vx jio i i vcr complain,
IhciiiiIi tlie\ are .livvas^ pimclually repaid vviili iiitcrell. I he li'iMcccs of his pre
rill catholic majc
liv are in escelknl onl
id on a better tootin ■;, biih lor liim-
l>ifaiul liis jicople, than tiiofe of anv ot hi.s predeeell'ors.
.\s to the taxes from win nc-- the internal levennes aiif-, t'lev r.ic various, arbi*
i;ar\, ami fi inuih >! ptiid.:i\l on inu r.
4 II
s, til t th'. I iiiii;il be aiturateiv
af.
ccr-
Aoj
N.
tilionii
ruincil They full iiiHin nil kiiwl^ i>t' S'nhIi, linufi-t, land*, Umber, and pi»
Milt iho iU'rK)r iiiul iitilitury nfiU'r* nrv Tikvwiff litxifd
M 1 1. 1 1 A » V A N n M AR I M »k • tM > Nu rii. ) I'hc lituit I'liri-ri of the crown of Spain
in liiiif III |)<.ui, uri- ni'vcr IimiT llciti 70,0001 l)iit, in i
ufi- ut' war, ihi y 4
y 4m'Miii'
\\
tilioul pri'jiidicf li» llic lkill^tl>llll, to 110,000. Hu- grr4l d('Uvnd>.'iK ' <it ili
ff
lU
kiii((, liowfvi-r. i% npon lii« VNulloon or fnriixn utiiiriU, llii |ir«-u-iii tailtulK n
ji-dy wu« m grciil i«ri- und i'ii|H'nii' li> ruifi* 11 |)«»wi-rltil mnrint 1 •nd the Mjxitiiili
lt<'C( in Kurii|h> niul Amfricu at itrcfkiit cx^ccil* fi;vrnly thim ul' ilu- liiu All
ulong (111 (.D.iil . Ill .S|tiiin are w.Mi 11 tiiwi*r» I'mm mile to mile, with liKht> uiiil
K'lartU III inulii, li ilini lr<>rti Culi/ lo Itaricloiiu, nii<l from liilbuM lo IVrrol, iIk-
wluijo king(U)ni niii\ lu' tmiti al.iriMtil in tai'i' ol uit invulion
Nuluro, whiih hti<i lo lilHralls IhIIowiiI on Spuin .ill llw nccitrarif* •ml tttktiriei
of lilc, ■lilt h:n ft ariHly rctulnl thai kiiit(iloiii utiy of tlic eiijiivim'nl<i itui pcnci
pirniili lo t)c talU-il, luu Ihcii ciiiuilly l.ivilh in b< ;koWMi|f all llic inntrriiil> whiili
war iinployi u> the iiitaiii ol il llrurlion , ilu* h:ii ^iviii iron in .iImiihI.iiuc, «.<»p'
l^ii-r, liMtt, und lali|Klri-, lo that iliii (oiiiiiiy tucd nul be iniK Sicii lo iiny otiur to
lupf>ly ill urtilliT) wiili ihcfc tUlinUlivc trcnfurf*. Sjain aifo [(»)% \\ de U(>ur<
Koaiiiiv) |MilU-lU-H within hcrCi-lt' f\i-ty thitiif mccirary to hi-r n«vy, und uhor having
liintf m-alictfd ihfli- bcni-luctioiit ot nature, ihc now niakck fucccftful ili'ort* tit
rciuivr It iiuli-|)('ndc-nl of other nutioni.
KovAt Air'i, riri.i.», ho- 1 Spain formerly compr»h»Muled twelve king
aiLirv. AND ORDKRt. ) donit, all which, with fcverul others, were by
name enieretl into the roval titles, I'o that ili 7 aniniinted in all tu about thirty-
two. I bis abfiird I ulloin it llill oiealionally I oniiiuied, but the kin^ it now gc-
nerally contintcd with tlie title uf llii Catholic .Maielty 'I be kinf(» of Spain are
iii:ui);iiratrd by the dcli\ery of a fword, without bein|f erowued Iheir ligiiiUiire
never nientionn their name, but, i thr kino. The king'* eldell fon it called
I'rinc iMif .Mhjriai, and hit younger children, of both fexc», are by way uf dilbnc-
tioii called itilaiiu, i>r iiifanta>, that it, chililren.
The arniiirial llearin^^ of the kiii;;'> of Spain, like their lille, are loaded witii ilu
arms of all their kini^donit. It it now a Ihield. divided iiilo four <|iiarietii, or
which the iipperinoll on the ri^hl hand and the losvi I) on the left contain a caltir,
t'T. with three towers, (or t'aliile ; and in the iipperinoll on the left, and the Inwell
oil tlie ri;;lil, are the three li>'iis ^iiles l<>r lanni with three iilieb in the centre tor
Anjou.
1 he f;encr:il nii'tie for thofe S|)anilh iiobilii) and gentry, who nrc nninixed wiili
thr Mooriih bluod, is llidalgit. Ihey are divided into princes, dukeit, nianpiiirc!),
loiints, vifeoiints. and other inferior titles. Such as are iieated trandees, may
l!:md loviied beiirc the kiii'^', and aie iii-ated willi jirincely ililliii^tions. A rruii-
d' r ean'i'it be a|)|ir( tundeil wiilMui tliv kind's order; and earUinaN, aribbilhop,,
i.iiibaliad'iii, kiii;{bts of the (joldeii I'leece, and certaia other ^reut tli^nitanes,
both in ehiirih and iJale, ha\e the privilej^r, as well as the grandees, toajipear k
veuil b' fore the kini;.
Ilu- ordir ot the •• ColtUt F'tM," particularly defcri^K'd before in the orders (t
<#triTiany. is ^ell<■rally conleued on piineet and f ivireinn duke* ; but the .S(i,iiiiili
tru'ibot it bath in, my French and Italian nobilii) . ttuie arc no cuinniandein
«,r It venues annexed lo it
'I he oidv'; o| " St ///vci," or .S7 yu^rj iL' Co'np'ilicli'.i, it the riciicll f/f all tl
L"rs ol .Vijai
alti!!uile ils inltitiitiun to Keiiii.
uni
>\ I
yea
>•«?;
le 11
.'■I'll. Ill I.
and Dtiu'i . lo later princes, as an iiKoiira^eiiKtit lo valour in tlic Im .■
.iiuiu
e.xidi.
wars beiween tlie Llnillians and .Moors. 'Ihey were divided into two br
each under a gr; lul-inalier ; but ilu- olliics of both were given by pupt Al...
dcr \'l. to ll.c kii!-, of Spain and roitiij;.iI, as ^ra.id-iuallcrj in ll-.tir refpei'l
1
don
':n- ii^Iil
I .uid like
ill the bi:t
uiii.e:.
till a iultir,
III llu' IdwiII
ic cfiitrc iur
R
r N.
itimlnl'ifn. "D't* h«(l;{<> U • rrof* of g-'W. rnimnllvJ criiiiron, filer'. I with n<»lil,
,iii(| w>>iti roiitiil ilu' lilt k, |i> mil III in it brnml ritthami i it it i^iirgi il mi ilic ri-nlri>
with iMi cd'jl'ip ilu'll wliiti' Ihi* oritcr t* tiiKMy cltoinn-tl in .S|>!tiii, urul only ciiu.
fcrrod on ix-tfoiu itl' iiottic familit'i, The fatiir may lu' iuiil ol llio onlt-r of •• C*.
rnrti ihi'
J I' • ,
I.i'r,n,i,*' nrll iitlliliilfd liy Maiu ho, VIiij; oI Tnlc'cli); it Iciok iit ranu- t'
inrtlo of Ciitiilravii, wliiih wn» lukrn Irntti tin- Moor* ; anil l»«Tv li.'Kiiii llu- orili-r,
\\! iih hit .titu' vi-ry |Ni\vi'rfiil 'tlu'ir ntitiihi-r, inHtirtuc, iiml |><ifti'lluiiu wi-ri* l>»
iiijiliiKrabU- as lo ixiitc the jraloul'y of llu* rrnwit, id wIikIi nl kn^ih llu-ir tvst-
nil' s uiid \\w ufruc ol grnii'i-niuAfr were uiinexnt Ity |>opc htiioci'iil VIII. 'Ilirir
li.hluv it a rrofi fViiry, roil, worn ai tlio lir<-nil, pi^iidi'nt to n broml rihtuml, ilu>
wliilr ilifKriii>{ only in lolmir (Voni llu- hitilai-ol' Al<nntiirn' the n ritniiinal iiianit
11 I)
Z
\ wliii>' lilk, \wi\ uitli a iiirdoii mid tuirio, |il.<.- iliiir- id tin- (iarirr, and on
tlu- lill ami .1 «ritf'» lli-iii^, i mltriuh rtd, jjwlci I If nlrlirutrd ordor of " /lU/i'i'
I.ir4" dftlvod ill origin Irmn ihc ord'T of M. Julian, or ol ilu- iViir-irvc \ hul afur
A!»aiitara wa« laVi-n from llu- Monrx, ami iiiaiif llu- diicf I at ul' tli.' itnlr, llicy
.iiiitiiiid llic iiaiiii' ol Kni,{lu% of ilic ord>'r of AUni>tiira, and laid alido llu- old dc*
I ;i |ifar Iris- lluv Wi r« fiiltji fl lo the ordrr ol ( alatrava.iili \\w yi-ar 1411,
l)y llif fanflinn ot llii' popo, tlu'v lii-ianu ini|i'pcnd<'nt lli-v rliolc iTn-ir
when, l)y
l>\Vt
n gtand-nmlKr, and anpiirod val) pulKllion* : Inii, in 1495, pope AK-xim-
II
aiii'n
,1
Irr VI. coiilVrri'd lliv* ollici- on kitin Kirdinaiid of Arragim, uml aniujced it
un<
il)ly to ilir Spanilli irovvii, Siiici' tliat liiiw llu- kin^i of Spain liavi- cnJMVod
llu- rpvi-mu
s of llu- uratul nial)«-r, and Ou- Kiininumlcrit-s liclon
K'"l{
III llu' ordi
llie bud^'' f K^'l^l t rofi, lU-iiry, tnaiiu-IU-d i;ri-(-n, and worn priuK-nt to n broad
iiiiband nn ilu- fin .ill. On ila)«i of i crvnuiny, tluy wi-ar n inanili; of rrd liik, 011
iIk' li-fi lide of wliiib !-» cmbroidind, in (ilvi-r, 11 liar of Hve poinN. 'Iliis ordor
ii liiglily clUcnicd, and tonfomd only on pcrfons of aiuiont and illullriout fa-
liiilieu.
riic order of the " L<idi oj M*r,y ii faid lo haw hcon inllittiu-d by Jamoi I
ill
king of Arragon, about the year it 18, nn account of a vow made by him to thi*
Virgin Mary, during \m captivity in Frame -, and w.i« di ligncd for tin- rcdoinp
liuii •>
It VMl! ., _
iludcd ill if: the badae, whiib i-i loinmon lo Imtb, is u ihii-ld pir iVfs, red ami
i)f caplivci from the Moors, in wliiih ibiy cxpindcd larm- fuin-i of moiu-y.
IS at lirll conlini-d to inon, but a ladv of llarirlona afurwanU got wonuii in-
J"
id i in iliicf u crofs patuc, v\bili- in bafrir tour pallets red, lor Arrajjon, and
lliiild crowned with a lUiial mroiu t. 'Ibis order enjoys coiiliderable revonuei
pain, llu- ordvr of " Mvnlffi" was iiiditiitod at V'ali-ncia. at llu- elofi- of the
llurtLiiitli century, in llu' place of the IVniplars, and In Id tluir nolli ll
ciiii-f fi at beiii
lions. 'Iluir
ine town of .Montefa, llie order Imni tlum e m rived its iianK-.
ami iluifi' St George for patron. About a ceiitiirv attrrwards, it was united to
tl,c uideriif St. (Jeorge of .Mt'aiiia, by pope Ikiiediet XIII. and fo liatb continued
4'\er lime, llu- badge i> a plain red irnl.. eiiiiiiulUd on f;old, worn pemlent lo ,t
t>ii<ad red ribb.uul, falli-wife, and a plain red v rofs eiubrnidered on llu- left l>rea(l of
tl,e outer gariaent. In tlie >ear 1771, llie late king iullituted, ;:fter lii, own name,
tl.f order if " Charles ///." in commeinnration of the birtli of iht- infant. The badge
1-1 a liar of eight points uiamelled white, ;;iul n!v;i(l ssi;h gold : in the centre of
l!:e irrls is the image of ilu \ ir;.;in Marv, \(.limim> uhltv.- and blue, (Jn llie re-
vtrl'e, llie letter.* (.'. t'. With the lunnl'er 111. in the centre, and this imittn, I'niuti
is ShiiQ. 'llie order is conipofed ot four c'aifes •, the lull i lafs aii- ItJed Grand
Croili^, and wi-ar the badge pemlent to a ribhaiul, llriped blue and white, ovc
tlu' li^lit lliou
le
lit lull' (
kler, aiiil liavi a liar ot* li!\er, wiih th ladge einbr.'idered on tl
f ihe iiat. 'I he knights lit' the I'eeond clul's wear t! c badge ;:nd rib-
laiid like the liill, bill liiue 110 liar. 'Ihe third and t'oiirth elalfrs wear the badge
ill the butU'ii hole of the coat, peiuleiU to a narrow lliipcd ribband, ihc knights
4Hi of
6o4
I
N,
of the third clafs have prnfions on the revenues of the order. None but perfons
of noble dcfcent cm belong to this order.
History of Spain.] Mpaiii was probably firft peopled by the Celta, from
Caul, to which it lies contiguous ; or from Africa, from which it is onlv fcparated
by the narrow (Irait of Gibraltar. The Phoenicians fcnt colonies thither, and
built Cadiz and Malaga. Afterwards, upon the rife of Rome and Carthage, the
]ioneirion of this kingdom became an objc£t of contention between thofe power-
ful republics ; but at length the Roman arms prevailed, and Spain remained in
their polVellion until the tall of that empire, when it became a prey to the Goths,
in the beginning of the fifth century, the Suevi, the Vandals, and the Alani, di-
vided Spam among them ; but in the year 584, the Goths again became its niaf-
tcrs. 'I hefe in their turn were invaded by the Saracens, who, about the end of
the feventh century, had pollelTed themfeivcs of the fined kingdoms of Afia and
Africa ; and not content with the immenfe regions that formerly compofcd great
part of the Allyrian, Perfian, Macedonian, and Roman empires, crofled the Medi-
terranean, ravaged Spain, and enablillied themfeivcs in the fouthcrly provinces of
that kingdom.
Don I'elagius is mentioned as thefiril Old Snanilh prince who diftinguilhed him-
felf againft thefe Infidels (who were afterwards known by the name of Moors, the
greater part of them having come from Mauritania), ana he took the title of king
of AHuriu about the year 720. His fuccefies animated other Chriftian princes to
take arms likewife, and the two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal were for many
ages perpetually embroiled in bloody wars.
The Moors in Spain were fupcrior to all their contemporaries in arts and arms,
and the Abdoulrahnian line kept poflelfion of the throne near 300 years. Learn-
ing llourilhed in Spain, while tne reft of Europe was buried in ignorance and bar-
barity. But the Moorilh princes by degrees became weak and efleminafe, and their
chief ininiftcrs proud and infolent. A feries of civil wars cnfued, which at
lall overturned the throne of Cordova, and the race of Abdoulrahman. Several
petty principal'ties were formed on the ruins of this empire, and many cities of
Spain iiad each an independent fovercign. Now, every adventurer was entitled
to the conijucfts he made upon the Moors, till Spain was at lalt divided into
twelve or fourteen kingdoms ; and about the year 1095, Henry of Burgundy was
declared by the king of Leon, count of Portugal ; but his fon Alphonfo threw
off the dependence on Leon, and declared himfelf king. A fcries of brave
princes gave the Moors rcj)ealed overthrows in Spain, till about the year 1492,
when all the kingdoms of Spain, Portugal excepted, were united by the mar-
riage of Ferdinand, king of Arragon, and Ifabella the heirefs, and afterwa. .<s
queen of Caftile, who took Granada, and expelled out of Spain the Moors and
Jews, who would not be converts to the Chriftian faith, to the number of 170,000
families.
The cxpulfion of the Moors and Jews in a manner depopulated Spam of artifts,
labourers, and manufa61urers ; and the difcovcry of America not only added to
tliat calamity, but rendered the remaining Spaniards moft deplorably indolent.
To complete their misfortunes, Ferdinand ancl Ifabella introduced the Popilh in-
([uilition, with all its horrors, into their dominions, as a fat'eguard againft the re-
turn of the Moors and Jews.
Charles V. of tlie houfe of Aulfria, and the emperor of Germ.nny, fucccededto
the throne of Spain, in right of his mother, who was the daughter of Ferdinand
and Ifabella, in the year 1516. The extenfive poUellions of the houfe of Aullria
in Europe, Africa, and, ai)ovo all, America, from whence he drew inniieiife
trcafurcs, began to alarm the jealoufy of neighbouring princes, but could not fa-
tisfy the ambition of Charles ; and wc find liini conllantly engaged in forei^'n
wars,
I
N.
605
wars, or with his own protcflnnt fubjcfts, whom he in vain attempted to bring
back to the cntholic cluirch. He alfo reduced the power of the nobles in Spain,
abridged the privileges of the commons, and greatly extended the regal preroga-
tive. At laft, after a long and turbulent reipn, he came to a refolution that filled
all Europe with aftoniihment, the withdrawnig himfelf entirely from any concrn
in the amiirs of this world, in order that he might fpend the remainder of his days
in retirement and folitiide *.
Agreeably to this refolution, he refigned Spain and the Netherlands, with great
formality. In the prefcnce of his principal nobility, to his fon Philip II. but could
not prevail on the princes of Germany to eletl him emperor, which dignity they
conferred on Ferdinand, Charles's brother, thereby dividing the dangerous jjowcr
of the houfe of AuAria into two branches; Spain, with all its poflcllions in Africa
and the New World, alfo the Netherlands, and fome Italian Hates, remained with
the elder branch ; whilft the limpire, Hungary, and Bohemia, fell to the lot of
the vounger, which they Uill polTefs.
Pliilip 11. inherited all his father's vices, with few of his good qualities. He
was aultere, haughty, immoderately ambitious, and through his whole life a cruel
bigot in the cauie of popery. His marriage with queen Mary of England, an
unfeeling bigot like himfelf, his unfuccefsful addiefles to her tiller Elizabeth, his
refentment and unfortunate wars with that princefs, his tyranny and perfections
ill the Low Countries, the revolt and lofs of the United Provinces, with other
])articulars of his reign, have been already mentioned, in the hillory of thofe coun-
tries.
• Cliarles, of all his vaft poflt'flions, reffrveJ
nothing; for himfelf but an annual penfion of
ioo,noo crowns; and chofc for tiie place of his
retreat, a vale in Spain, of no ^i.rcat extent, water-
tci by a fmall brook, and furrounded by riling
gronnils, covered «'itli lofty trees. He gave (hi«
urders, that the ftyk- of the building wliiih lie
creded there, fliould be fiich at fuited his prefent
liiuation rather than his former dignity. It con-
fined only of fix rooms, four of thcin in the form
of friars' cells, with naked walls; and the other
two, each twenty feet Iquare, were hung with
brown cloth, and furnilhed in themoli fimple man-
ner: they were all level with the ground, with
a door on one fide into a garden, of which Charles
himfelf had given the plan, and had filled it with
various plants, which he pro^iofed to cultivate with
his own hands. After fpcnding fome time in the
(Ily of Ghent in Flanders, the place of his nati-
vity, he fct out for Zealand in Holland, where he
prepared to embark for Spain, accompanied by his
fon, and a numerous retinue of princes and nobi-
lity ; and taking an aflei?iionate and laft farewel of
I'liilip and his attendants, lie fct dut, on the 17th
iif September 1556, under ci>iivi,y of a large llctt
of Spanidi, Kleniifl), and Kiiglifli fliins. .As fuon
as he landed in Spain, he ttll proltratc on the
f^rouiid ; and confidering himfelf now as dc.id to the
world, lie kilTedthe earth, and faid, " .Naked came
I nut of my mother's womb, and naked 1 new ri--
ti:rn to tliee, thou common mother of mankind."
Someof the Spaiiilh nobility paid tlicir court to
him as he paded along to the plue of his r<trv"at ;
hut they were fo few in number, and their attend-
ame was fo negligent, tlwt Charles obfcrvcd it, and
felt, for the firft time, that he was no longer a
monarch. But he was more deeply affeifted with
his fon's ingratitude ; who, forgetting already how
much he owed to his lather's bounty, obliged him
to remain fome weeks on the road, before he paid
him the firll moiety of that fmall portion, which
wa^ all that he had referved of fo many kingdoms.
At laft the money was paid; and Charles having
difmilTcd a great numbjr of his domeltics, whole
attendance he thought would be fuperfluous, he
entered into his humble retreat with twelve do-
meftics only. Here he buried in folitude, and
filence, his grandeur, his ambition, together with
all thofe valt projeAs which, during half a cen-
tury, had alarmed and agitated Kiirope ; filling
every kingdom in it, by turivs, with the terror of
his arms, and the dread of being fubjedted to his
power.
New amuftmcntsand newobjefls now occupied
his mind ; fometimes he cultivated the plants in
his garleii with his own hand-. ; fomciimes he rode
out to tlie neighbouring wood on a little horfe, ihe
only one that he kept, attended by a fingle fervaut
on foot. He was particularly curious with rei;ard
til the conrtrurtion ol clocks and watchis; and
having found, alter re|x:atcd trials, that he could
not bring any two of thom to go tx irtly alike, he
rellc^teJ, it is faid, with a mixture of furprife and
rei^ict, on his own foUv, in having bcftowed fo
nuieh time and labour mi liie moii vain attempt of ■
brinj'/ing nankind to a i)reiife lu ilormity of fenti-
i;..-ni i.oiuer!iinj; the intricate a'ul myllerinus doc
trinesof religion. And h.re, alter two years' re-
tirement, iic was feizcd with a fever, which carried
him olf, ill tl'.c 5i>th year 01 his age.
In
nil. HIIU d IIIK' iUlll>, 111 a IIL'ilUlllwll^, U1I|UII, 'tilll I li'V Will C'l I VU t:il[>l.'(ll I IIIII
tlip Moors in Africa; and in tlu* year 1^80, Pliiiip iinited Portugal to liiu
iminions, tlioui^h tin.- Uragaiua family ot Portujjal afforted a prior right.
accniilition. Spain l)ccanH' polVclll-d ot* the Portiigucfi; ("cttlenu'iits in India,
^ SPAIN.
In Portii.f^al he was more fuccefsful. That kingdom, after hoing governed I>y a
laco i)f \vil\.' and hraw princi?s, fell to Sebartian, about the year 1557. SebalHan
Jolt his life and a tiiu- army, in a hcadllrong, unjutl, mid ill-roncertcd expedition
a^ainrt the Moors in Africa ; and in thy year 1^80, Philip \niited Portugal to hi»
own domi ' . ^ .
Uy this accpiilition. Sp
fome of whidi Ihc liill iioids.
The difci'iidcnts of Philip proved to be very weak princes ; but Philip and his
father had fo totally ruined tlic ancient liberties of Spain, that they reigned almod
uiiinolell.d in their own dominions. Their viceroys, however, were at once fo
tyrannical and infolent over the Portuguefe, that, in the reign of Philip IV. in the
vear J640, the nobility of that nation, by a well-condutted confpiracy, expel-
led their tyrants, and placed the duke of Hraganza, by the title of John IV.
uj)on their throne ; and ever (ince, Portugal has remained a feparate kingdom.
'I'he kings of Spain, of the Aiillrlan line, failing in the perfon of Charles IF.
ui,:i;« .1..1.., .,»• \. .:,... <*..,. ,...,1 f..„ ... .1,.. .1 u:_ ..r i.-
who
;iiul g
I left no ilfue, Philip duke ot Anjou, lecond Ion to the dauphin of France,
...Hi grandfon to Lewis XIV. mounted that throne by virtue of his predecelTor's
will, and by the name of Philip V. anno 1701. After a long and bloody llruggjc
with the (Jcrmnn branch of the houfe of Aullria, fupported by England, he was
c(mtirmed in his dignity, at the conclulion of the war, by the ihanicful peace of
I'treclit, J 713. And thus Lewis XIV. through a maftcrly train of politics (for
in his wars to fupport his grandfon, as we have already obfervcd, he was almoll
ruined), accomplithed his favourite projetl of transferring the kingdom of Spain,
with all its rich pofleliions in America and tlie Indies, from the houf« of Auftria to
that of his own family of Bourbon. In 1 734, Philip invaded Naples, and got that
kingdom for his fon Don Carlos, the Sicilians readily acknowledging him tor their
fovercign, through the opprelVion of the Impcrialids.
After a long and turbulent reign, which was diliurbed by the ambition of his
wife, lilizabetli of Parma, Philip died in 1746, and was fucceedcd by his fon Fer-
dinand VI. a mild and pacific prmcc, who reformed many abufes, and endeavoured
to promote the conmicrce and profperity of his kingdom. In 1759, he died with-
out iifue, through melancholy for the lofs of his wife. Ferdinand was fucteeded
by his brother, Charles III. then king of Naples and the Two Sicilies, late king of
Spain, fon to Philip V. by his wife, the princefs of Parma.
I le was fo warmly attached to the family compact of the houfe of Bourbon, that
two years after his accellion, he even hazarded his American dominions to fupport
it. War being declared between him ;uid Kngland, the latter took from him the
famous port and city of Ilavannah, in the illand of Cuba, and thereby rendered
hcrfelf entirely milirefs of the navigation of the Spanifli plate fleets. Notwith-
ffanding the fucccfs of the Englilh, their miniftry thought proper haftily to con-
\. !ude a peace, in confequence of which the Havannah was reftored to Spain. In
I 773, an expedition was concerted againlt Algiers by the Spanilh miniftry, which
1 ad a moft unfuccefsful terminaticm. 'I he troops, which amounted to upwards of
i4,ooo, and who were commanded by lieutenant-general Conde de O'Reilly,
landed about a league and a half to the eaftward of the city of Algiers; but were
difgracefiilly beaten back, and obliged to take Ihelter on board thtir Ihips, having
27 officers killed, and 191 wounded; and 501 rank and file killed, and 208S
wounded. In the years i 783, and 1 784, they renewed their attacks againll Algiers
by fea, but after f()ending much anununitiun, and loling many lives, were forced
to retire williout doing that place nuicli injurv.
When the war between Great liritain and her .American colonies had fublilled
for fome time, and iVance had takei: pan with the latter, the court of Spain was
.alfo prevailed upon to commence hostilities againfl Great Britain. In particular,
the
I
N.
607
the Spaniards, in 1779, began their firft operations, by ciofcly bcfieging Gibraltar,
both by fea and land ; it having been always a great mortification to them, that this
fortrcfs Ihould be polTcfTed by tne Knglilh.
The liege was continued throughout the war with occnfional fierce attacks on
both fides, though what the garrifon had cliieHy to dread was famine} and fo foon
did this begin to make its appearance, that about the middle of January, 1780,
not only bread, but every article neccllliry to the fiipport of life, was hard to be
Erocured, and only to be purchafed at exorbitant prices. Captain Drinkwater, in
is very intcrefting hiftory of this fiege. informs us that veal, mutton, and beef, fold
from two fliillings and lixpence to f(>ur (hillings per pound ; freth pork from two
to three ihillings ; fait beer and pork, one Ihilling and tlirec pence per pound ; fowls,
cighteeen Ihillings per couple; ducks, a guinea ; and other articles m proportion.
And though they were frequently relieved, yet the fame difficulties frequently it-
turned, flowever, the garrifon ftill held out; and though the Suanilh army and
train of artillery continued daily to incrcafe, the utmoft enorts of their power fcem-
cd to be infufficient to make the leall imprellion on this impregnable fortrcfs. So
little regard indeed was paid to the formidable preparations otthe Spaniards, that
even from the beginning of the fiege, it had been cuftomary with general Klliot,
the governor, to allow them to bring their works to perfection and then to demo-
lilli them. ITie more frequently the befiegers were difappointed, the more eager
they feemed to accomplilh their point. 1 ne molt prodigious number of cannon,
mortars, and all other drC ■ Ttivj engines of that kind, that perhaps ever were aC-
fcmbled in anyone entepi!- .•—re now brought before a fingle fortrefs, without
being able to make the I '' jirjiTion upon it. By the violence of their fire, in-
deed, the houfes were redi c - • iuins. and the inhabitants were obliged to remove
to England ; but the fortifications of the place were fcarce ever damaged in the
Icaft. The foldiers were fo much accuilomed to fliells falling and buriling near
them, that they became in a manner infenlible of danger ; and their officers were
frequently obliged to call to them to avoid them, when juft ready to burft at their
feet. Our hiflorian gives many infiances of their deftruaive power, particularly in
a wounded matrofs, when a Ihell from the mortar-boats fell into the ward of ihchof-
pital, and rebounding fell upon the bed where he lay. The convalefcents and fick,
in the fame room, inftantly fummoned up llrength to crawl out on hands and knees,
whilft the fufe was burning, but tliis wretched vifctim was kept down by the weight
of the llicll, which after foiuc ft-coiids burft, took off both his legs, and fcorchc-d
him in a dreadful manner ; he furvivcd for fomc time, and only regretted that he
liad not been killed on the batteries. W hat was more furpriling, though the ihclls,
by reafon of their fiery train, were vilibie in the air, and from the length of way
they had to go, might have been avoided, tlie fight of them was attended with a
kind of fafcination in the beholder, fo as to deprive him of motion, of which fcveral
inllnnces are related. Amidfl this dreadful ftene there were two bovs who proved
of lingular ufe fo the garrifon, the aiutcnrfs of their fight being f'uch that they
could trace the (hot diiectly (rum the mouth of the cannon, and thus give warn-
ing to the foldiers of their danger.
But llie grand attack was on tlu" 13th of September 1782, under the command
of the duke de Crillon, by 10 l-allcring thips, from 600 tr) 1403 ton;; burden, car-
rying in all 2 in brafs quiis entirely new. and liifeharginf; ll'"t ol 1(1 pounds weight,
'ihc Ihowers of Ihot and flicHs which were directed from tliem, iVoin their land-
batteries, and on the other hand iVo.m the various works of the garrifon, exhibited a
feene, of which perhaps neither the pen nor the pencil can furniili a competent idea.
It is fulTieient to fay, {\\M /mtr hmulred pierc< oi tlic hcaviell ai;illery were playing at
the fame nioine.v. ; an inltaiiee which iias feaicely occurred in ar.y (iegc (ince the in-
vvntiuM of tliofe wonderlul engines ot deltructi'jn.
The
6o8
r
N.
Tlic irrefiftible imprclTion 6f tlu* rotl-liot bnlU, which were fent from tlic gnr-
rifuii in fuch nuiuhors, aiul in fuch (lirc(:)ion!t, was Toon cimfpicnous ; tor in the
nturnoon fniokc was |)cic\-ivc(.l to illuo tVon\ the admiral's Ihip ami another ; and
by one in tlio nu»rnin{j fcvcral were in Hanjes, ami nuntbers of roclwcts were
thrown up tVoni each of iheir Jhips lis lignals of diUrefs. To rcfcuc from the
flames thofc wlio were now intapal)le of acting as encmici, could not be done
without the greatell Im/ard, 1)) reafon t)f the blowing up of the Ihips, and the
previous difcharge of tlie guns as the lire reached them. Yet, in defiance of every
danger, brigadier Curtis diilii\guilhed hintfcif in an eminent manner in this hu-
mane nndertiiking, and, witii twelve gun-boats, laved nine officers, two nriells,
and 334 men, all Spaniards, belides one otliccr, and eleven Frenchmen, wno had
lliiated in the pacediiij; evening.
Thus ended all the hopes of tlie Spaniards of reducinj^ me fortrcfs of GibraN
tar.
In other cnterprifes the Spaniards proved more fucccfsful. The ifland of Mi-
norca was furrenilered to them t)ii the 6th of February 1782, after having been
befieged for ni days. Tl>e garrifun conlilled of no njore than 269* men, while
the forces of tne enemy amounted to 16,000, under the command of the duke do
Crillon. 'Die Spanilli commander at Hrit attempted to corrupt the governor
(general Murray) ; but this being rejetled with indignation, the fiege was com-
nieiiced in form j and tlie garrifon would have Hiewed themfelves equally invin-
•.i!)ie with thole of Gibraltar, had it been poliible to relieve them in the fame
manner. The fcurvy foon made its appearance, and reduced them to fuch a de-
plorable fituation, that they were at laft obliged, to furrender, in fpite of every
effort of human fortitude or Ikill ; and fo fcnfible were both parties that this was
the true caufe, that tiie Spanidi general allowed them to march out with their
arms lliouldered, drimis beatintr, and colours Hying, while the difconfolate Bri-
tiili foldiers protcAcd that they lurrendercd their arms to God, and not to the Spa-
niards.
His late catholic majcfty ufed much pains to oblige his fubjefts to defift from
their ancient drefs and manners, and carried his endeavours fo far, that it occa-
lioncd an infurre6lion at Madrid, and obliged him to part with his mintfter, the
marquis of Scpilllace; thereby affording an inllancc of the nccellity that even de-
f])otic princes arc under, of paying fome attention to the inclinations of their fub-
jeds.
'I he government of Spain tedified much uncafincfs at the French revolution,
and watched narrowly thofe who fpoke in favour of its principles. The circula-
tion of all public papers and political pamphlets from France was fcverely pro-
hibited. 'Ihe proclanuition agaiiifl tinkers and knife-grinders, introducing l^-di-
tious p:ipers into the kingdom, and the refcript concerning llrangers, flicw all the
terror and weaknefs of defpotifm.
A ihort war arofc between the Spaniards and the emperor of Morocco. The
ctnperor befieged Ccuta i but peace is lince rellored. It was uniuftly furmifed,
that this war was entered into, in order to divert ilie attention of tlic people, who
might he iinpreifed with the attairs of France.
The fudden difmillioii of count Florida Blanca from the office of prime minifler,
originates in caui'es not difclol'ed. It is imagined that the court found this ftep
necefl'ary, to aj)p ale tlie public murmurs at fome late meal'ures, particularly the
cdidt concerniiij; liiuiv^ers, which contributed to impofe further fetters upon com-
merce, and which ha.s (nice been repealed. On the 28th of February, 1792, the
jiiinifter was removed, and count d Aranda, an old flatefman, a warm friend of
the queen and nobiiit) of France, fuccee<ied to his employments till fome other ar-
rangement could be formed, it is faid, he aboliflicd the fupeiiuteiidant tribunal
t of
O R
U G
I,.
600
from
y pro-
fcdi-
all the
of police, a kind of civil inqiiilition ; and in otlu'r liliorni nn.Mfiii-c5, niipcarcVI t<'
I'l'c ihc real intcrcft of moniirclii, whicli is ccrtninly to concede with mncc, ia ol-
der to prevent the dofpnir of the people from recurring to force. His iiiHu«'Mcc»
luiwi. ver, was but fliort ; and has Ix^en fiicccodcd hy that of the diiko d'Alcudin.
'ihc irregularities committed in I'Vance, the indecent reception of the lumiane
interfciviue of the comt of Spain in favour of tiie king, and llie indiiftry of the
confederated fovereij^ns, have at ' •nglli engaged his catholic majelly in open hnf-
tilities. His declaration of war i' lated the 23d M' March, «79.T. Hi; majelly
ohferves, that his former moderation with refpeft to France procccdeil from «
hope, that there might he a pollibility of induting them to act on a rati,>nul fyf-
tern; of rillraining ihiir boiMullefs andiiticm, and preventing the ctdaniities of a
freneral war throughout F.urop',- ; he adds, that he long flattered himfelf with the
lope of olttaiiiing the liberty of their king, Louis the With, and that of his family.
Iniprencd with tlufe fentimcnts, he had formerly ordered two notes to be deliver-
ed to the Krench minillry, in the one of which a neutrality was llipulated, and
ill the other, the withdrawinj' of the troo|)s from the frontiers. Tluu lie had iii-
liiiicted his charge d'alfaires in Paris to employ the moll efhcncious interference
in belialf of the king and his unhappy family, but that he did not liipulate their
iiilargeintnt as an cxprcfs condition, hoping that it would he fo conlLiied by im-
plication, and the omillion j)roceeded tVom delicacy, and the fear of injuring a
eaufe in which he was fo deeply interefted. lint to the great grief and horror of
himfelf and his people, they had proceeded in the moft cruel and outrageous of
their crimes, the njjojftnalion of tlieir foverei^n. Finally, that the French had declar-
ed war againft Spain on the 7th inllant, which they were already waging againd
that couiitry lince the 26th of February, as appeared by letters of marque found
oil board one of their |)rivateers, captured by the Spanilh (hip of war, the Ligero.
Charles iV. king of Spain, born November ii, 1748; afcetidcd the throne
December 13, 1788 (upon the death of his father, Charles III.) and was married
to Louifa-Maria-'i hercla, princefs of Parma, September 4, 1765, by whom he has
ifl'uc,
Charlotte, born April 15, 1775.
Mary-l.ouifa, born July 9, 1777. ■^'•* •; • '
Philij), born Augull 10, 178^. *' ' ' -
Ferdinand, born 06h)ber 14, 1784. "
Maria-lfabella, born July 6, 1789. '"
Brothers to the king.
Ferdinand, the prefent king of the Two Sicilies, horn in 1751, married in
1768 to the archduchefs Mary-Cardire-Louifa, filler to Jufeph II. late em-
peror of Germany.
Anthony-Pafcal, born December 31, 1755.
I.
2.
n
J-
->•
5-
'1 «,
O R
u c;
h.
linifter,
:his (lep
arly the
m com-
92, the
ricnd of
)ther ar-
trtbunal
of
Ho
d
SiTCATioN AND Extent. ■..^ >
Miles. Degrees. . ' •
Length 300 ) ,^^j^^.^.^,^ C 37 and 42 no,-|.h latil ude.
Breadth 100 i (. 7 and 10 welt longitude.
Containing 32,000 Sqj'ARE Mim;s, with 72 inhabitants to each.
-, T'F is bounded by Spain on tlio North and liali, and on the South
loiNDARiEi.J J_ j^j^j y^ ^.jj j,y ^jj^. ^Yilaulic Ocean, being the moll wcftcrly kin^-
lom on the continent of Europe. • ....... ■•- ••
4 I ANCllBNi
IM
O
T U O A L.
Anciknt namks and) This kiiigclom wai, in the time of the Romani, called
DivisioNH. jLulitnnin. 'llie ctyinoloffy ut' the modern name it un-
■crtain. It moft probably is derived from fome noted harbour or port, to which
certain, it moll probably is derived irum lomc noted httrt)our or pc
the (iauls (for fo llrangers arc called in the Celtic) rcfortcd. By tne form of the
country, it is naturally divided into three parts ; the northern, middle, and fouth-
cm provinces.
Provinces. Chief Towns.
° Braga
Ti. TVT .u r»' • fF.ntre Minho
The Northern D,v.-J ^^^^^^ „„j
tion contams
Douro and
Trulos Monies
Uiira
The Middle Divlfion
contains
Th-^ Southern Divilion
contains
.F.lh-emadura
iMitrc Tajo
(iuadiaiia
Aleiileju
Aigarva
«<
Oporto and Viana
Miranda and Villa Real
Coinibra
Guai'da CuHel Rodigro
Lisbon I 38-4* N.lat.
LISBON J 8-55W.lon.
.St. Ubes and Leira
Kbora, or Evora
Portalegrc, Ulvas, Bcja
Lugus
Faro, Tavora, and Silvcs
Sq. M.
6814
'12640
8397
Soil, air, and productions.] The foil of Portugal is not in general equal
to that of Spain for fertility, efpccially in corn, which is imported from other
countries. I'hc fruits are the fame as in Spain, but not fo highly flavoured. The
Portuguefc wines, when old and genuine, are efteemcd to be very friendly to
the conftitution, and fate to drink *. Portugal contains mines, but they are not
worked ; variety of gems, marbles, and mill-llones, and a fine mine of falt-petre,
neur Liibon. 'rheir cattle and poultry ar^ but indifferent eating. The air, efpe>
cially about I.ilbon, is reckoned foft and beneficial to confumptivc patients j it is
not fo fcarihing as that of Spain, being rcfrelhed by the fea breezes.
Mountains.] Hie face of Portugal is mountainous, or rather rocky, for their
mountains are generally barren : the chief are thofe which divide Aigarva from
.Mentejo ; thofe of 'I'ralos Montes, and the rock of Liibon, ut the mouth of the
Tagiis, or, according to its lateft name, Tajo.
Watkr and rivers.] Though every brook in Portugal is reckoned a river,
yet the rhiff Portuguefe rivers are mentioned in Spain, all of them failing into
ilir Atlantic Ocean. The Tagus, or Tajo, was celebrated for its golden fand.
I'ortugal contains feveral roaring lakes and fprings ; fome of them are abforl)cnt
• veu of the lighted fiiliftances, luch as wood, cork, and feathers ; fome, particu-
larly one about 4; miles from 1 jfbon, are medicinal and fanativc ; and fome hot
bnth.s are found in the little kingdom, or rather province, of Aigarva.
Promontoriks and bays.] The promontories or capes of Portugal are Capo
Mondego, near the mouih of the river Mondego ; Cape Roca, at the north en-
trance of the river Tajo ; Caju- Kfpithel, at the uuith entrance of the river Tajo ;
i\'.u\ Cape .St. V inccnt, on the ft)uth-well point of Aigarva. Tlie bays are thofe o I
(.'adoaii, or St. L'hes, fouth of Lilb«)n, and Lagos Bay in Aigarva.
Animals.] The fea-filh, on the coall of Portugal, are reckoned excellent ;
im the land, the hogs and kids are tolerable eating. Their mules are fure, and
ferviceable botli for draught and carriage j and their horfes, though llight, are
lively.
• The Port-winfs arc niade in tlie iliftrirt routid
Oporto, whicii docs not proilucc nne half the
quantity that m coiifiimed under tliut name in the
Srittih dominioiu uiiiy. 'I'^ic iiierihanti in that
t-ity have very fp.irimis wine vaults, capable ol
holding 6 or 7000 pipes, and it is faid that so,ooo
art yearly exported from Ojjorto.
PoriLATION,
FOR
U G
•ll
called
iiun-
vvhich
of the
fouth-
Sq. M.
y 6814.
'12640
(According to the beft citculation, Por-
tugal contnint nonr two million* of in-
8397
ral equal
m other
:d. The
lendly to
f are not
alt-pctre,
wr, efpc-
;nts i it is
for their
irva from
h of the
\A a river,
tiling into
(den fand.
ibforlicnt
piuticu-
loino hot
j arc Cape
I north cn-
vL-r Taji) ;
ic thol'o ol
|xccllciit i
Ifiiro, and
llight, arc
capaWt' of
llhat so.ooo
[LATIOS,
Population, iNHAiiirANTi, man-]
NKRS, AND CVITOMI.
habitants. Hy a furvcy made in the yoar ij^z, there wore in that kingdom 3J44
pariihcs, and 1,742,230 lay pcrfonx (which 1* hut 522 laity to i-ach parilli on a mo-
diuni), bc-lidcs about 300,000 eccletiaftics of both Ibxoi.
The nxnlcrn Portugucfe retain nothing of that cntcrpriling fpiiit that rendered
thi ir forefathers fo ilhiftrious 300 year* ago. Kvcr lime their hihjugation hy Spain,
they liave degenerated in all tncir virtues ; though fome noble exceptions are ftill
r^-inaining among them, and no people are fo little obliged nn the Portugucfe are to
the reports of hilTorians and travellers, 'llieir degeneracy is evidently owing to the
weaknefs of their monarchy, which renders them inactive, for fear of difrmliging
tlieir powerful neighbours ; and that inadivity has proved the fource of pride, and
other unmanly vices. Treachery has been laid to their charge, as well as ingrati-
tude, and above all, an intemperate pallion for revenge. I'hcy are, if pollihle,
more funerditious, and, both in high and contmtm life, atfect more Date than the
Spaniards themfelvcs. Among the lower pei>ple, thieving is often pratlifed ; and
all ranks are accufed of being unfair in tlieir dealings, efnei iaily with ftranecrs.
It is hard, however, to fay, what alteration may be made m the eliararter ot the
Portugucfe, by the dimhuition uf prieilly inHuence, and by that fpirit of indepen-
dency, witii regard to commercial affairs, which is now fo niucli encouraged by
tiu-ir court and miniilry.
Tlie Portiigueft are neither fo tall nor fo well made as the Spanirds, whofe ha-
bits and culloms they imitate, the nobility luiwevcr aftccting to be more gailv and
richly drefli'd. The charaderiAical diflinttion between the .Spimiards and l^>rtu-
guefe is thus dcfcribcd by Mr. Coftigan : " In Spain the [Hi/hfn") nobleman is what
he ought to be; brave, lincere, smd liberal, both in his fentinients ana a^tion^— in
tlus country he is perfectly the revcrfe. As ycm dcfccnd among the Spaniards, the
national charat^cr vitiates, and it is well known the Spanilh peafant is a proud,
beggarly, infolcnt, brutal animal— in tliis country (Portugal) the lower you defcend
in rank, the perfimal charader rifes and improves up<m you ; and you will hardly
meet with a peafant who is not courteous and alfablc to a degree hardly to bu
found in any other country." The Portu^uel'e ladies are thin and fnmll of liature.
Tlair complexion is olive, their eves black ami exprellive, and their features gene-
jaiiy regular. Ihey are ellcemed generous, modell, ami witty. They drefs like
the Spanilh ladies, with much awkwartliieis and alVeded gra\ity, but in general
more magnificently ; and they are taught by tlieir hudmnds to exa6t from their ler-
Viuits an homage, that in other countries is pai<l only to ro\al perfonages. The
furniture uf the himfcs, efpecially of their grandees, is rich to excels; and they
maintain an incredible number of dometlits, as they feldom difcliarge any whofui-
vive, at"ter ferving their ancellors. The poorer fort have fcarceiy any furniture at
all ; for they, in imitation of the Moors, lit always crol's-legged nn the ground.
Tiu Portugucfe peafant has never reaped any ;idvantage from the benefits of
foieign trade, and of the fine ami \all cciintries the kings of Portugal pollelled in
Africa and the Eall, or of t hole Hill remaining to them in South .Vmerica. 'ITie
(inlv foreign luxury he is set aciiuainted with is tobacco; and when his feeble
iiiiVc can reach it, he purchafesa dried Newfoundland cod-tilli ; but this is a regale
He dares feldom afpire to. A piece of bread made of Indian corn, and a falted
pilcliard, or a head of garlick, to give that bread a llasour, compofe his (landing
ililli; aiul if he c;in get a bit of ilie iiog, the ox, or the calf he himfelf fattens, to^
regale his \vi niched family at Chrillmas or Katler, he has reached the pinnacle of
worldly liappimlV.
Rklu;ion.] The eftaMiihed religion of Portugal is popery in the ftri£left
fciife. Ihe Portugucfe have a patriarch ; but formerly he depended entirely upon
4 I e the
I
u o
I,.
^if FORT
the pope, unlcfn when n (junrrcl fiil)(lliiil In-twi-in ilu- lourt* of Rome nncf l.\{hnn.
The power ot" his holiiu Is in I'lirtu^jiil liii^ luiii oi laic lo mu< li ciirtniltil, lliiit it
it ililticult to (ii-lcrihc iho rcliKiout llair ul tliut country : wimt in lortaiii i«, that
the r«)yai ri'\cniu'» arc (jriMtly intrialftl, at the cxpi-nio of tho religious inlli-
tiitioiiN ill till- kiii^diiiii. Ilii- |><i\vi-r of tho iiH|iiililioM is now taken out of
tlic lianils ol the eecliliallieit, und converted tu a Uate-trup for the benefit of
llic crown.
'I'he luiiKt'iil influence of tluir fuprrftiiion i«, however, too obvious; for, fnysn hit(!
triivcller, this little country prefents a Ifrikine inlfaiue how far the hiimiin mind
und liiaraCiir may be diprased and curnipteii, b) the unhappy effettst of a domi-
meriii^ and (IctitiouMiitide tif worlhip, which has nimoll fiipprelled every fentimenr
of virtue. I lire tht- pmttiie anil esercife of thofv- difpodtions ofj»iely, gratitude,
{(cnerolily. benevokiice, and univeilul charity, wiiich woidd often arife naturally in
the breads of nu>ll nun, if only U"ft to themfelves, are «liverted, and another and
mull piiniiiou.s diiettioii is f;iven to them. 1 he great tibjeCl of charily, ail over
this country and Spain, is the ielie\in',' of liie fouls in purgatory, by lavilliing
money oniliurches und cuinent.s, lor malles tu be faid «in that necount : and fuch
an inliiience lias ilu- belief of that ideal place of torment, that it will fipiee/e hard
calh from nelween the fin!.;crb (»f many a inifer, when no other conlideratioii could
tiave produced that cfVeCt ; nay, fo depraved are the undertlandings of the be(l-
iiitentioiud pi'oi)!e, by the perverfe lell'ons of their fpirilual directors, that llieir
chiiritable donations to people in dillrefs are unaccompanied with thofe liberal and
dilinteielled motives of relieving the necellitousand comforting the atfli6)cd, which
are the bell liimulatives to fuch aitions, and arc diverted of much of their excel-
lency, l)y being belb)wed from perfoiml and felfilli conliderations. As the inter-
cellions of others, elpecially «)f perfons who have once addrefs enough to be looked
on by the multitude as of extraordinary fanttity, are reckoned of the greateft avail;
fo wherever fuch a |)erfon or jierfims appear, they are frequented by thofe whofe
confciences accufe them of any deadly lins, who load fuch devotees with alms and
charitable gifts, ch.irging them at the fame time to intercede earnertly in tluir
favour with the \ iif,'in, or with their particular faint or angel, to reprefent the
charities they have done, and to reiiuell ihat, in coniideration of thefe, fo much may
be dilcounted from the degree of punilhmcnt their fins may be found to defervc
< ihiblilhing by this means a fort of account current of debtor and creditor, between
themfelves and tin Alniit;hty.or his agents. And fo uiiiverfal is this notion among
the peo|)ie, that when they give charity to a common beggar in the (Ireets, thev
chargi- lhat beggar to pray for them, that fuch charity may be admitted indifcount
of tlieir tranfgretlions, and whicii the beggar faithfully engages t«) do.
AnoiiMsuopRicks ANU Hisiioi'iiicKs.l The archbilhopricks are thofe of
Hraga, I'.vora, and l.iOum. I lu' tirll of thefe has ten fuHragan bilhops ; thi.-
fecond, two; and llu- lalt. tei, including thofe of the Fortuguefe fettleincnis
al)rt)ad. 'Hie pairiarih of Lilboii is ginerally a cardinal, and a perfon of tin-
higliell binh.
l,\Nc,iA(ii:.] The Fortuguefe language diflers but little from tliaf of Spain,
and that provincially. 'i heir raier-n(;('ttr runs thus : Puihe miJo que e/liis nos Cm,
(atulificiuio ffi'j in ncme ; vcnlia a nos liia rfyno, Jein fella » tua vol rule, ajfi iios Ctos
comino na terra. O faonefja tie nuLidia, dono lo oei nejho <//./. K petdoa nos, Jeii/ior, us
mjj'iis (ihiJns, affi como nos peril'.nmos a iios mijjbs Jncdores. E tuio ms dexes cahir m
tentiitio, mas iiur.i iio< (Id mul. Anu'n.
. _Li:ARNiNfi ANO LU AHNKU MEN.] Tlufc are fo few, that they are nientioneJ
with indi-^natidii, even by thofe ot tlu- i'oriu^uefe lliemfelvi's, wh(') have the fniall-
eft tincture of iiieraturo. .Some efforts, though very we;ik, li.ive of late been ni;ulr
by a few, to dravy their countrymen from this deplorable Ihue of ignurnni e. It is
univcrfallv
r () R
U G
613
univcrUlly nllowcil tliui tlic defcck it not (m-ing to jlir want of genius, hut of a
|iru|>ir cduialiiiM. I lie uncilJors nt" ilic prilViH i'lirtugudV- wore icrt4inly poircfTcd
lit iiiorc true kiiowKilifc, with rcuaril to aliroiioniy, ffouffrupliy, uiul muigation,
th»n iiiiy l'.urop(iii) iiulion, iil>out the middle of the lixtiontli contury, and for foine
time utter. Cumoeiis, who liimtVit wnx u grout udvcntiirrr und voyogcr, wui
liiilMled of ii true, Imt iii'^ii\tt.d |iiietic»l getiiu».
LnivkriitiksI Ihele are, I'oinibrn, founded in 1291 by king Dcnniii; niul
whieh had (illy |>rofeiror:i ; hut it liiiN hecii lately put under fome new resulutions.
I.vora, louiuled m 1559 ; and the eolle^e of the nohleit at l.ifhon, where tne youiij;
nohility have an o|>|)»»rtuniiy iof whiiii few of them prolit) of heing educated in
eviTv liraneh of polite learnini;, and the f( ieiues. All tlie hooks that did heloni;
to the han tiled Jefuits aie' kept here, which con)p«)fe a very large lihrary. I lie
lin>;lilh language is likewife laujjht in this college. Here ik alfo a collejrc where
\onng gentlemen arc eihicated in tlie fcience ot engineering, and when tjualilied,
'^et cominillion!. in that corpH.
Ci'KiosiTihs.) Ihe lakes and fountains which have hecn already mentioned,
form the chief of thefe. Ihe remains of fome eallles in the Moorilh talle are fiill
llanding. Ihe Komun hridge andacpiedutt at ( oinihra ar* almoll entiri-, and de-
fers edly admired. 'I he walu of Santareen are laid ti> he of Koman work likewife.
I lie church and monallery near Ijlhon, where the kinj-s of Portugal are huried,
are inexprcllihly magniticent ; and feveral inonalteries in Portugal are dug out of
the hard rock. Ihe chapel ot St. Roch is prohably »>ne of the fuiell and richclt
in the world ; the paintings are mofaic work, fu curioully wrought with lioiics of
all colours, as to altonilli the heholders. 'I'o thefe curiolities we ma\ add, that
the king is poUefl'ed of the largell, though not the moll valuahle diamond, in the
world. It ^v:is I'ouiul in Hralil.
C'niEF CI rius.] Lilhon is the capital of Portugal, and is thought to contain
200,000 inhabitants. Great part of it was ruined by an eartluinake, which alio
fet the remainder on (ire, upon All-.Saiiits'-day, 1755. If IHll contains many niag-
nilicent palaces, churches, and public buildings. Its fnuation (riling from the
Tagus in the form of a crelienti renders its appearance at once «lelii;htful and
fiijierb, and it is def>r\i.<lly aci ounled the greatell juirt in lunopi , next to London
and Amlleidam. 'Ihe harbour is fpacious and Iccure. and the city itfelf is guard-
ed from any fiidden attack towards the lea, by torts, which could make however
hut a poor tleleiue againll Ihips of war. All that part of the city thai was deino-
iithed by the earthijuakc, is planned out in the moll regular and commodious form.
Some large fiiuarcs and many llreets are already built. The Ibeets form right
angles, and are broad and fpacious. The honl'es are lotiy, elegant and uniform ;
and being built of white lloiu', make a beautiful appearance. Ihe fecond city in
this kingdom is Opmio, wiiich is computed to contain ;o,030 inhabitants. The
chief article of commerce in this city is wine ; and the inhabiiants of half the
ijiops in the citv are coopers. 'I In; njerchants allenible daily in the chief llrcet to
tranfact bulincis ; and are |)rotecl. d Iroin the Inn by fail-cloths hung acrofs from
the oppolite houl'es. About iliirly Lnglilh families relide here, who are chielly
concerned m the wine trade.
Agricc I. rcRE, crtWMKUCE, ) With regard to r.i^ricnltiiro, this country is in
AND MANCFAC ri'RKs. )a moll wretched Uate, producing grain lor onh
three months' confumi)tion, which renders corn tlie molt conlidcrable aniele of
iiii|)onation.
llie Poriugnefe cschange their wine, fait, tVuits, and moll of tlieir own ma-
icrials, tor foreign manulactmes. Ihev make a little linen, ami fome coarfe lilk
;md woollen, with a variety of draw work, ami are e\cellent in preferving and
uiiulvin^' t'ruits. Tlie ctmunerce of Portugal, tlioui^h fee.r.in'^ly extenlivc, proves
vf little I'olid b^nelil lu her, as the Eurupcua nations, uadinv; \Miii her, cugrofs nil
t the
<!r*
V
R T U
llu* |)rmliii5^(i(tri of Iut r«)l<>nitfii, «» wfll «« hvr own nutlvc comrTirt«litic», n« lirr
colti, (limtioiulx, jK-urlH, fugant, cuton-nuU, fine red wood, lobano, liidon, nnd
llio drufji iif HrudI j Iut ivory, chony, fpiic*. und drug* of /\tru« ami Kail India,
in i-xiliiingi- tr)r ilu* iilinotl niindu'i U lit niuiiutiitturc», und Oit' vaO t|iinnlitH't o|'
i'orn nnd (iili tilli, fiippjod by thole Kurojtcan tutioiis, aiid by tlic Knglilh North
Aiiu-riciui cojiinit'i.
'J 111- I'ortumufi" t'orcign r«tt1cmcnlii nrc, howcwr, not only of immrnfi" vnluo,
but valtly iinpriivi-ahlc : Hrnlil, the ill('% ot Cupo Vt-nl, Miulciru, iind ihr Axorci.
'llii-y \n'n\n ^olil Ironi lluir planialions on iht; cull and ucli loult »f Afriia, nnd
likcuii'c llavi'H for inanulatturinff tluir lugarNaiid loUacco in Uralil and thoir MtniiU
American fcttlcim-iit*.
U hat tilt" \niiif lit thifo may bo, m nnknown, ntrhapi, to thcmfclve* { but tlu-jr
iortaiiily abound in all tho piciioiis lb)nc>«, und rirh niincH uf gold and lilvcr, and
oihvr imunioditii'!! that aiv j)ro(liii((l in ilio Spanilh don\inioii; there. It is com-
puted that the kind's tit'lh nt ({old It'Ml Irnni Hrahl amounts annually to '^oo.oool.
ilerlin^, notwitldhuuling the \aU contraband trade, the little lhippin|{ the Por-
tuKuefe have isdiicHy cniploxed in carrying on the liavi- trader and m a corrc-
Ipondencc with Cioa, their chief fetllenient in the Kail Indies, and their other
|)oncllions there, as Dieu, Daman, Macao, &c.
C-'oNsi 1 1 1' r ION AND uovERKMKN r.| The crown of Portugal iinbfolute ; but
the nation liili preferves an appearance of itx ancient free conliitution, in tlu: meet-
ing of the curtes or liates, conlilHng, like our parliumciits, of clergy, nobility, and
commune. They preiiiid to u right of being confulud upon the iinpolition of
new tuxes, but the only real power they have is, that their nllent ih necelfary in
<-very new regulation, with regard to the fucceliion. In this the) arc indulged,
lo prevent all future difputes on that account.
Tlu- luiture of this government may be fairly pronounced the inoft dcfpotic of
nny kingdom in Kurope. The ellalililbed law i* generally n dead letter, except-
ing wliere its decrees are carried into execution by the lup|dementaiv mandates
of the fovereign, which are generally employed in defeating the purpofes of
fafety and protection which law i:> calculated to extend et|ually over all the
fubjecls.
Mere llie people have no more Ihare in the direHion of government, in enntling
lawi,, and in the regulating of agrieultuie and coinmeree, tnan they have in Riiliia,
nr China. How would an Knglilhmaii, uii\e to all the feelings of civil liberty,
tremble at reading tiie preamble of e>ery new law poblithed here! and which
runs thus, " /, //;<■ Xwf, in virtue of my own cmtiiin knuit-Ud^e, of my rosiU zvill and
p/i'iiftoe, ami of my full, fupreme, lOul ,iil/i/riiiy poxctr, uhiih / held only of Cod, itnd
fur u'hiili I itm lucoiitiiitbk lo no nutn on earth, I do in ionffi^ueine vrdtr anJ commniid,
&c. &c."
All great pntirmcnts, both fpiritual ami temporal, are difpofed of in the coim-
cil oMbite, which is coni|)oled of an etpial mnnber of the clergy and nt)bilit\,
with the leeretary ot (late. A c«)uneil of war regulates all military allairs, .is the
tualuis eouits do the fniaiues. The toimeil of the p. dace is the higheU tribunal
th:it ia:i ^el(i^e iippcals; but the C'ufu da .Supplicasao is a tribunal from whichnu
appeal can be brought. I hi' laws of I'orlugal are contained in three duodecimo
vi'iuiuex, anil haxe the civil law tor (heir toundation.
KKVLMhs AND TAXIS.) '1 lie ivveiuics of the crown amount to abov«'
g,oco,ooo and a halt, lierliiig, annually. The lullui.is and duties on goods ex-
{lorted ami imported aie t xceliise, and larined out ; but if tl>e I'orlugueli
iniiiiftry Ihould lueceed in ail liieir projects, and in elrahiilhing e.xclulive compa-
nies, lo the prejmlicc of llie Hrililh traile, the inhabilaiits will be able to bear
tliefe taxes without murnuuing. 1 orei^n inerthandire pa\s 23 per cent, on
importatiun,
T U O
•'.♦
, nnd
iiulii".
North
vnl""',
,/.t>rf«.
X, nn«l
S<.niili
lit thcf
cr, an«l
ii coin-
KJ.OOOl.
hi; For-
n I orrc-
ir other
itc , bvil
u; meet-
luy, and
litum of
rirary in
lululncd,
ifpotic of"
except-
nandtttts
rpofes ol
• .ill the
eimttinn
m Kiillia,
[l lilxTty.
]d which
(ommtiiid,
(the coiH\-
ni>l)ilit).
^s, as the
tribunal
I which no
iodecimi>
■tu ubovi-
Ijiiods I'X-
LrtiiKuelV
|e coinpa-
to hear
cent, on
jurtatiuu,
importation, and fiOi (rom Newfoundland, if p«r rent. Fiih taken in the nfif^tf
buurinK feao and river* pa\ ly per cent, mtd the
fulu it lo per cent I'he kii
I hu u u
of the large fumt he druwi out of rortugul, givei the king the nioiitfy tiriliiiji
mtd the lav upun landu and luitle that
arc fultl it lo ncr cent f'he king draw« a eontnlrrabir revenue iVotn ihe fevrinl
order* of knianthood, of s^hnh hu i« grat.d inuitt r. The pope, in conliUeratimt
f,
t
from indulgencet to cat Ncth at tinir* prohibited, 8tc. Thv king* revenue m
now greatly incrcafcd by tlic fupprelhun of the Jeluitt, and other religiout order*
and itillitutiunt.
MiLiTAav AND MARiNi irRrNOTii] The Purtuguefe ^uvcrnmeui ufed lu
depend ehicHy fur protei'tion on Kngland , and theiclure, lot .r.anv years, they
rreally ncgleacd their army and Hect : but the fume friendly conii ".lion between
ircm Britain aitd Portugal doe* not at preh iit fuhlill. In tbc lat.; rciirn, though
they received the nioll etVectual allilbince from l.nglnnd, when invnued by the
French and iipaniurdt, hi» mult faithful niajeliy judged it expedient to raifu a con-
lidrruble body of truopi, who were chu'tly difciplmed by foreign uthccrs. Since
that pcriinl the army hat been again neglected, no proper etuouragcmcnt beinc
given tu foreign utViceri, and little uticniion paid to ,hc ilifcipline of the troopt \ (o
that the military force uf Portugal it now again inconliderablc, amounting, it i»
fuid, to 25,000 men. The naval force ot thin kingdom it about Icventeen Uilp« uf
war, iniludi'ig tix frigates.
KovAi. riiLEs AMI ARMS.] The kingN titles are, king of Portugal and the*
Algarves, lord of Guinea, and of the navigation, conquell, and commerce of
Ethiopia, Arabia, Perfia, and Hralil. The lall king wu» cumplinu-nted by the
)one, with the title of liit Moll Faithful Mujelly. Tlial ut lu» cidell tun it
I'rmce of Bralil.
'I'he arms of Portugal are, argent, five efcutchcons, azure, placed cruCt-wifv,
each charged with as many befantt a^ the tirll, placed fattier-wife, and pointed,
fable, for Portugal. The (hit Id bordered, gulct, charged with feven lowers, or,
three in chief, and two in each Haiuh. Ihe fupporteri are two winged drngoiiii,
and the crell a dragon, or, under two Hunchet, and the bafe of the lliield appears
nt the end of it; two croflvi, the firll llower-«lc-lme, vert, which is for the order
of Aviez, and the fecond patee, gulei, for the order of Chrifl; the motto it, change*
able, each king alluming a new one ; but it is frequently thefc words, /'*« He^e et
ii'tjt, " Kor the King and the People."
Nobility and oHObRt.] The titles and diftinOions of their nnliility aremiuU
the fame with thofe of Spain. Their orders of knighthood are three -, i. '[hat of
.•hi), or Avid, fiiil intlituied by Alphonfns ilenri(|uez, kinj^ of Portugal, in the
year 1 147, as a military ami religious order, on account of his taking Lvora fiom
tlie Moors, in 121 ),it was fiibjeM to th«' order of Calatrava in Spam ; hut when
Don John of Portugal fei/ed the crown, he made it again independent. The hiul^je
is a irofs tleiiry, enanulKd };ieen, and between each angle a lUiir-de-lis, gold : it
i-. worn pendent to a i;reeu ribbmi round the neck. 2. 'I tie " Order of St. jamcs"
iulHtiiletl by Dennis I. king of Pmtugal, in the \ear i;ro, Imanfe iMuKr that
f;iint\ ]iroti'^tion he bec.(nie vitlorious over the Moors; he eiuluwed the uukr
witli great privileges. The knights profels challity, hoipitality, and ohetlieiue,
.nul none an' admitted till the) prove the gentility of their blood. Their enligii is
a ltd i'wurd, the habit white, and their principal convent is at Dalinela. v I lu:
" Onlir of Chiiji" was inliitiited in i.<i7, by Dennis I. of Portiimil, to engage tiiu
nobility to allill him more ['nwerfiilly a^aiufl the Moors. '1 lir kuighlN ohtaiiud.
jjreal |ioll'ellion.'^, and elected thiir grand nuiller, till 1522, w'uui Pope .\ihian \ I.
(Uiiferred that ulhce on John III. and lus fnceeilors to the crown of I'uiliigal. This.
oiikr is under the fame regulations, and enjoys the fame privileges as that of
I'alalraui in Spain; the bad^e is a ciofs paltec, red, cliar^ed w^li a croi's, 'vhite,
t «uiu>
6i4
!•
O It V I
I
W(irn pontti'nl Inn ItmnH T. nrlci rttilton rmind Oh- ri ik, unit <»n «liiv«n^ cttr
li> ■ colliir tiitTit)i>rvil lit' f)iri'i> (ii.iln'< oi f;'>l<t Hy (lie llmiiii'i, llir kiiifht« Oiottlt'
|wft>vtf lli« fiidiility of llu'lr »lrf« •«! ».>r f.mr nfnirttloiin tml iln- oMlff ii now inilif-
trhnhnU'ly f»iv»-n lo nil kituti wf i>vi»pl»' who pfUf* tin* Homnn C'tuhntic rrtlglnn,
nn«l ii *>'ry llnle rf^nnlt-l, '\^u•w oriKT% lui»' I'mnll » '>f»itu«i)<|rric« mul mrniu'*
aniit'xrd li» tln-m, tmt iin. in liniiM rfiotni. 'Ihv •• Onlcr ot' A/.«/m" liuth likiwlfi*
ajo»mmNn«l.'ri«'>i in l'>irtu<^iil.
fliti.ii(\ (»i I'tiii I ( <; \i. ] TliU kltigdom nmiprolMul* thf nffnfcrt pnrt of
the HMiii nt Lulirrtitiu, uiul lliuri'il iho luinc lalt* #iih thi> olhcr SpiiiuOi pr>>vinct «
ill till- titntoll 1 K-t»vc'ii ihi- 1 urlhugiiti.iot nml Hnftmn ; nnd in ilir tU-t-lim* iiml tnll
t»l' ih" Roman i-mitlt*', wi-h I'liccrflivi'ly «itni|iuTi't| !»♦ the Snovi, Altini, Vilitfoth
tiiul .Vf '>r«. Ill ifii.' rl.-^i 'iili «i'rifiiry, ,\l|ili'»ivfii"i N I. kini; ot" Cndilr :>n»l I.rni
rewui'tli il lliMiry, jjriiiiillii i d' Uoliorl, king of Krintrc, I'orlii'* l)rnviT\ niul iiiiirtaiun,*
ji;^niii)> lh»« Mi».»r<i witli lii-. (liuiHUir, nofl ihut p;irt nt' INirtin^nl iJu-n in th*- Imnd*
(tt lh<' (hriliiiinii, Hvrrv win riiii-i'iit »| hv lii'» fun Alplionfus II. nrv, in the yi-ur
•<m,
r'
lO^ «nIio |(iiiiii'(i II «lnili\>' vlffory liver five Mimriih kiiiy|s, in Jul) ii,?')- Hilt
victory prow<l ilic iwi;^!!! I'f ihi' mniKirrliy of Portii;»(»l,lor ,'\l|>hotifii» whn tlicn pro.
cliiinu'il kin;; by liit fnUIikTv Me n'inni'il 40 >i;ir«, nn«l »vi-, »(|oc i;«*<! for liiit foii-
rnj( • liti«l lo\i' of K-nrnin)i;. Ilii «!t lVfnil;mti» iiiiiiiiiuinr»l iIummU'Ivi*"! on ilu- thrnmr
I'ur i.Mu* I'fiiiiiiii'it I iii(Ki(l .Sinulio II. \m\* >.'\\K\k\\ lioin liin tloniin;on» for i'otvnr<
ilico In tin* yc;ir 1^41.
I)i'niii> I or l)i<iii\fnn, wa« cnllrd llu* Fiilh ''•>!• hi i Cntiiitiy; In* litiilt iiiul roliuilt
.\\ citik^ iiiid towiiH in l'ortii){al, liiiiniliit tli>- inilitar) <itil>-r of (Miril), iiml w:i% u
very fotiiiniifi* priiici*. Hi* n-ij^nnl 4') vi-nrs. I ndrr lii. fiurHlor Aljilionfuii |V.
li;ip[K-!Ui| r \*i;il i'arthciiK.kfi ai l.ilhon, wliiili lliri-w down part of tfii- litv, nnd
(Id)
iiivcu niai
u I
IVii.
)ol
111.
was iiliillriiiut for liis ((utriii^i*, pnidi-iuc, nnd n
III-
(jUi'lU in Afrun ; under liini Madvira was lirff difidviTid in tin- yi-ar 1420, nnd th
CanariiH; hi* tooV (V'lita, and aftrr h ri-ij;ii of y) yearn, diid in tlir year 14^1.
In tho rrij^n of AlplvMifo \', nhout 14M0, ih • l*<irtiif,'Mi I'c difiovirnl the roall of
(Jtiiiu'.i ; and in il.i* ri'Ijjn nf Id"* fuinlfor Jolin II. tliiy difLovfrtil tlic I'apv ui
(iood Ho])(.-, and tho kiiij^dniii of Moni-Congo, nnd iVtlli-d loloints, and huilt forts
lit Ciiiinca in Afriin.imd tin- V.M\ liidirs, l.inanui 1. fiirnaniftl llu- (Jrcal, fii((n.(|-
rd liim in \.yt-„ and aitoptc d ilu" |i!an of lii. pn (I'crtior'i, filling out lU-ots for
lU'w tliUuM rii^. V afto dr (Jama, iiiuUt Iiiin, criiifod alnn>; the coalt of Afri-
ca and lMliio])ia, arul laiidi d in ludidan ; nnd in tlu* }tar 1300, Alvarez difiovcrid
HiMli
J.iliii III, f>
•d'.d In I :••!. ;"id wliili' he loH fonu- of Ids Afriinn fittl
nr.ii
lie new aiciiiilitions in ill.- Indies. 1 1«- ft-nf llie famous \avier, as a mil)
•rni'nts,
lona
7
to Japan, siiul in the luighf of liis real, cl^alililhed that infernal tribunal, the iii-
• piilition, in I'lMtnj^al, anno 1 ^i6, npainl? the entreaties and reinonllraiues of hii
pcdpU*. .Selialtiaii, bis j^randl'm, fneeeeded liini in ^y-,1, and nnditioolv a rnirade
ai;amll the M lots in Afriea. In 157^, in a battle w'ltii the king of |'i/ and \I.'-
roeeo, 01
1 the banks of the liver l.ueeo, \\f ^^as defeated, and either llaii
1 (M-
»lro\vnid. Henry, a lardinal, and uncle to the nnfoifnnate .Sebaiiian, beiiij» tlii'
foil of I'.niainiel, fneeeeded, but <lied without idiic in the v«"ar 1 5H0 ; on wliieli,
Aiitliony, prior of C'rato, wa> tliolen king, by the Ihites of tlie kin;{doin ; but I'lii
lip 11. ot Spain, a-i has bemi olil'erved in our hillory of that lonntry, preleiul' il
tliat the erown Ix-lon^rd to him lieeaufe his nioiber was tlu' eldell dau;;litir oi'
the grandniollur of the primes of Hraganza ; and fent the duke of Alva, with a
powerful force, who fiib(Uied tlu- t«)uniry, and proclaimed his martcr king i'*'l'(ir-
tn;^al, tiie 1 ilh of .SepteniluT, 1580.
I'he viceroys under I'liilip and his two fiKceHors, Philip III. ami I'hilip IV. he-
havcd towards tlic rortugnlv with great rapacity and violence. The Spaiiilh mi-
nilkrs,
o
V o
I.
6.7
mr\ of
t«l tnll
litfoth*.
l.con.
iil>;iiK'<f
, Imd*
,, n»i'
hi'* iovi
ir cownr-
ul rchuill
ml vvn* 11
onfut IV.
lilv, mill
nn«l i'li*
o, hikI ''"■
yi-nr 1433.
M- f(»iltl <it
iiilt t'lirlH
ilKllAtl-
tli'ou for
ol' At'ri-
litVovcrwd
miilKiinry
;il. tlu- "m-
lu is of hit
a iriiCiiiU"
aiul M"-
ur llain »'f
luiiiR tlu-
on wliitli,
n ; liHt riii-
priU'iul 'il
klva, with a
;ing (>♦" IVir-
lilip IV b«-
Siunilli >"'•
nilli.i>.
nitWr« lri*«lcd ilum at \«trjili of NfMiin t •n<i by thrlr ri'n<>«tri| ii^l« df opprrflioii
uikI i)ruiiuy, ihry To kiiulKik ilic hatrol ami titurncu oi tittf l*ortii|(iifrc, h* to imu
(Ikuc « rwiili Ml l.ilboii, ihc III 1)1 Df-iritilh'r, 1640, 'lh< pi-DpIo i»lili|(i<N<i||ii
tltiko III (iriiK4niiii, iht' l('|{iiiiualc hrir In ihv iruwn, loanctit ii, ami he* lui cvriU-il
III llic ihroiti* hjr iho liilc of John IV. nimoll without lilotxIlliKl, and ihr Nirtign
fclllcmcnU alfo atknowlcilgt-d him ai «Wir fovcnign. A lunf war lithlillitl lor
many )eart Ik'Iwccii the two kingdunu, nod all llic ciruft* ol tlio .S|>uoiar(U lo rv<
unito lliciii provrd vaui, fo ihal u inaiy whi toncludid ill Kcbruary, 1668, by
mIiiiI) I'oriugiil uw» dii Uiri'd Iii1)c iVtr and imU'^H-niUnt.
'Iho I'orltiKut Ic- (.onid not have fu|>|Htrud itu-nilVhi « iindt r ihcir rrvoti from
S|min, Imd not ihc lalUr power Ixfii cnuigtit in witii wiih I'.nKlund and Hid-
l.nid ], and upon ilio ruilonilioit of Chiirlct ll. of l'.n)(ldnd, lliat itrincc, hiivoiu; ninr<
rii'd u prinii'U of |*orlo^ul, pn-vailotl wiitt the crown ol Spuio, lo givo up .ill prv •
li'iilioiu to ihc kitiKiloin. Alphoiilo, Ion to Julin l\'. w.it tlun kin^ of |'urtti|f t*.
IK' had lite ini»lortiinr lodila^iiO ul ontc wiili Im« witV- and hit hroihir IV tor '
ttiid tlu') uiiiiinj{ their inli'n tl>, not on!) tuiikd Alplioulo to r^.•{\)^^\ hit nown, lint
nblaiiu'd u diljKiiruiion Irtnn ilu< pooi- lor tlivir nuirriagc, whkh wa« uclnulty con-
ruiiiinatw'd. Ihry hud ii d:tii)jlili r i but IVivr, li\ a iViotid niatiiatfc, luut fonn, ihv
i'Mtll of whom Wilt John, liu fiuicllor, and I; liter to the late kin^ of I'ortitgul.
John, like liit Liihor, joined the ^raiut ionlederacy fuMiicd by kin^ W illiuin (
but neither of thctn were of imuh leiNiie iit liiiiiibliiiK the power of l-rante. On
the loiitrnry, Joliii nlnioll ruined the alliet, by oieulionin^ the hilt of ih<> groat
bill lie of Alniiinrn, in 1707. He <lied in 1750, and wnt fiunvded bv hit Ion
Jiifi ph, wliole rri(!ii wnt neither happy lo hiinlelf, n<>r Imtuiuite for Iiin people
'li
I
ihe faliii larihiiuuke, in 1 7 vS> overwiK'Imed In^ capital, and lliook hii kingdom
to the cuitre. Ilit fucceedint; adminillratioii wat not diliiu^iiilheit by the atVec-
liun liiut it uc^uircd at honu*. or the teputatioii which it I'ullaincd abroad. It wnt
(leepty H.iiiied witli domdiic Itiood, and rendere<l odjotis by exiellive and horrible
criieh). In September, i7>8, the kin;{ wii'< attackid by ;illulliii», and narrowly
d'cnped with hit life, in a tulitury place near bit countr> palace of Helem. 'llu*
families of .'Xvcira, and 'I a\>ira, weic di llruycd by ton
lit
coiitc'pieneo ol iiii
ncvul'utioi) exhibited fi);ainll them, of huviiig confpired ai^ainll lhe> r in'.{'» life. But
Okv were condemned without uny proper i-viileiice, and their i
imoi eiK'o
ha. I
leen
lliico piililici} and uutlHnticall) declared. Krom thi> hippot.d cohlpitacy it dated
ihe espiiilu'ii of the Jcfuitt (who wi re conjectured lu have been ut the l>otlouiof tlio
plui lh>i!i ail partt of the I'oriujjuefc dominiont.
I lie abcilitioii of tho utdcr of tlic Jetuitt, being one of the inoli important ceent«
which hnve bitlierto occurred in the eighteenth eeiuury, and it having ori^iiiau . \;i
tliocoiiit if i'"iiugal, dcleises lome nolice III ilii'> place. The aetise ^elu>.. t
tlii.i Older, whiili pcnettated ilic renmit. il countries of Mi.i, at a \ery early period
of ll
le piecoiliii','
.oiiturv, directed tlieir uttentioii to ilie exteiilivc I'ontinait of
\iiiiTiui, «t a proper objofl of their millioni. Coiidiicteil by their dili'",;uiilifd
le.iili r, .St. Ki;iiH it Aitxier, they formed a ctniliileiable I'v tlleiiieiit in lb pioviiico
ul Paiiijjuay, and made a rapid pro^refs in inliiiidin^ the Indians ' \ u., religion,
and the more liinplo ntatnibii'ture't, and uccultuPlin^ tlu in to the bleliin}.;s of leeu-
!ii\ and older. A fiW JcUiitt prelidi d «iver many thoitland liulinu ; they loon,
htwiver, altered their view*, and diieeted ihein iilto^cl! >. r to the increafe of tlivJ
i>|uileiice and jiowcr of llieii order. Iinmenio tpiantitiis of ^old were annually
iMiiliJoried to l',.iiopv' , and ir. the deli>;n of teeming lo tliemtehis aiul iiKle|)eiuU nt
empire in llielV regions, they iiubilliioully cut utl all communieiilion \vith bvnh tim
.Sj);iiiiards and the I'ortu^ruele in tin adj.ueiit prosinces, and inlpireil liie indianit
v\i',!i ll.i: iu( ft deicrmii.ed oppolliiuii to iliule n.itiinis. iiueli \\a'> lliv: liuic of u(-
4 1^
lairs.
tfti
P o
TUG
L.
fairs, when, in the year 1 750, a treaty was conchided between the coufU of Li(bon
aiul Miulriil, uliicn ufcjrtaincd the limits of their ri-fpctlivc dominions in South
Anu'rica. Such a treaty was death to tiu' projttts ot the Jefuits, and the confe«
i|iionci' was a violent co'wcil lutwi-cn ii.t" luntod tones of the two European powers,
Hiul tlie l!uliiuis or' I'ara"' av, inritcd l)v the Jeluits. The crafty and vinditlive
iiKUviiiis of I'oinhal, wlio h ii( railod liimlflf from jiertorming the duties of a com-
mon foldier in tin; elunacUr of a cadet, to be abfi>liitj minillcrof the king|dom of
I'orui'^ .!, could not ^a(i!y f')r;;et lliis refiattory vondutt ; and perhaps he niight ap-
prehend the downfall ot his own authority, unlcfs foine dccifive check was given
to the growing iulluence of thisdtingeroiis ffK'iety. Whether there was a foundation
or not for the report of the eonfi-iiaey agaiiifl the life of the king, or whether the
eiilVontented Jet lits were really concerned with the unfortunate noblemen who
fulfercd on that account, or not, is ditilcjit to determine. It was fuflicient that it
nlVordod a Ipecious pretence for this cxpAt, but unprincipled ftatcfman, to rid
liimfelf of enemies, whom he could not regard in any other than a formidable light.
In the beginning o\ the year 1759, th.-refore, the Jefuits of all defcriptions were
banilhed the kingdom of Portugal, on the plea that certain of their order were
concerned in the altemin ujion the life of the king in 1758, and their cffeils were
contileated. 'i he holiilities, which commenced not hmg after between Portugal
and Spain, ferved a little to protract the exitlence of the Jefuits in the latter king-
duni ; the ie.ilouty, however, which their '.ondutl liad excited in the court of
Madrid, lay dormant only tor a while, and wlien a fit opportunity prefcntcd, no
nation in Europe was more clamorous for their abolition.
In i-jbi, when a war broke out between Spain and England, the Spaniards, and
their allies the French, pretended to force his faithful majefty into tneir alliance,
and to garrifon his fea-towns againft the l-'nglith with their troops. The king of
J'orlugal rejetted this propofal, and declared war againft the Spaniards, who, with-
out reliftancc, entered Portugal with a conliderablc army, while a body of French
threatened it from another quarter. Some have doubted whether any of thefe courts
were in carncft upon this nccalion, and whether the whole of the j)retcnded war
\\ ;is not concerted to force England into a peace with France and Spain, in conli-
(leration of Portugal's apparent danger. It is certain, that both the French and
Spaniards carried on the war in a very dilatory manner, and that, had they been in
« arnett, they might have been inafters of Litbon long before the arrival of tlie Eng-
lilh troops 10 the alliftance of the Portuguefe.
He tliat as It will, a few Englilli battalions put an efTetlual ftop, by their courage
and manoeuvres, to the progrefs of the invadon. Portugal was faved, and a peace
was concluded at Fontainbleau in 176^. Xotwitliftanding this eminent fervice,
and liinilar I'avours dt'ten ])erlormed by the Englilh to the Poituguefe, tlie !;itter,
ever lince that periml, cannot be faid to h;ive beheld tlieir deliverers with a triendlv
rye. Tlic moll captious (liltinclions, and frivolous pretences, !»avc been invented
by the Portuguefe niinilKrs for cramj)ing the Englith trade, and depriving them of
their privileges.
His I'ortuguefe majetly having no fim, liis eldeft daughter was married, by dif-
peiifatiiin from the pope, to Uon Pedro, her own uncle, to prevent the crown from
t.illin;j into a foreign tamily. The late king died on the 24th of February, 1777,
and was fuccoeded by his daughter, the prelent (lueen. Oneof thcfirft attsothir
inajelty's reign was the removal from power tlie marcpiis de Pombal, an event
which excited general joy throughout the kingdom, as might naturally be expeded
from the arbitrary and oppreliive nature of his adminillration, though it has been
allcfjcd in his favour, lliat he adopted fundry public nicafurcs, which were calcu-
lated to promote the real intcrclts of Portugal,
6 On
ITALY. 619
On the loth of March, 1792, the prince of Brazil, ns prcfumptive heir to the
Mown, publilhed nn cditl, dii liirinj», that as his niothir, IVdmi her unhappy (itu-
ation, was incapable of managing the adairs of gDvi-rnnunl, lu* would plato his
li[;nature to public papers, till the return of her health ; and that no other change
iliould be made in the forms.
Tlie queen is difordered by religious melaneholy ; and Dr. Willis has been call-
ed to cure her: but her infanity remaining incurable, the government of the coim-
try rells with the prince of Ura/il.
Maria-Frances-lfabella, oueen of Portugal, born I^ccmber 17, 1734; married,
June 6, 1760, to her uncle Uon Pedro CI' ment, F. U.S. born July 5, 1717, who
died May 25, 1786.— Began to reign Fel)ruary 24, 1777.
Their illue.
John-Maria-Jofeph-Lcwis, born May 13, 1767; married, Marili 20, 17S5,
Maria-Louifa of Spain, borr July q, 1777.
The illue of the late king.
1. Her prefcnt Majifty.
2. Anna-Frances-Aiitonietta, born O'-tober 8, 17,^6.
3. Maria-I'rancifca-Uenedithi, burn July 24, 1746; married, in 1776, to her
nephew the prince uf Brazil, who died September 1 1, 1788.
I T A L Y.
Situation andF-xtcnt.
Miles. Degrees.
Length 600 i , 138 and 47 nurth latitude.
Breadth 400 5 "^''^^■"" { 7 and 10 call longitude.
Containing 116,967 Sqj'ARe Milks, with 170 Inhabitants to each.
THE form of Italy renders it very difficult to afeertain its extent and dimcn-
fiuns ; for, according to fome aeco.ints, it is, from the frontiers of Switzer-
land to the extremity of the kingdom of Naples, about 750 miles in lenglh ; and^
from ilie frontiers ol the duehv of Savoy, to ihol'o of tlu dominions ot" the ftatesof
Venice, which is its greatefl breadth, about 400 mile>, though in fome parts it is
fiaaely too.
riOi'NDAHiF.s.] Nature has I'lxod the boundarie
f Italv ; tor towards the Fall
liOl N UAH 1 F.S.J l>auiri iiiis n.\cii uic ouummiii.^ I'l iuhn , i<»i n'>i ui^i.^ »ii\. •..i\ii.
it is bomnled by the (Jnlf of Venice, or Adriatic lla ; on the South and Weft by
ihi' .Mediterranean fea ; and on the North, by tlie lot'iv mountains of the Alps,
wiiieh divide it from France and Switx-erland.
'1 he whole of the Italian dominions, comprehending Corfica, Sardinia, the Ve-
BcHuuand other illands, arc divided and exhibited In the lollowlug table :
K a
Italy.
(m
Y.
Italy
Countrie*' NaineJ.
a-
1
•
Chief Cities.
I'i' ! iiuiu
1)6 Turin
Sa V oy
«7
60 Chanibery
'Co t'lr kiiif^ of
^ loiilli. ir.it
4u
22 CaCd
b:>rjuii4
AU'lllindrine
S7
20 AUxnnilria
Oiir(;lia
i*
7 Oneniia
S.iiilinia I.
>ii
57Caj;liari
Totht king of
Naples
-75
100 Naples
Naples
bicily I.
>8j
92 i'alcrnio
To the Km-
jMi'aii
' Mantua
155
47
70 Milan
a; Mantua
l'^'"' I MiraMdola
■9
loMirandola
Pope's dominions
aj?
m3:rom. {li^x^^.
'Tiifcany
"i;
94 Florence
To tlu'ir re-
fpiftive a
I'arina
Modtiia
aa
1 1 MalPa
j7|Parma
39 Modena
18 Pionibino
£
]>riaccb
I'loinliino
^(Monuto
12
4|Monaco
LiK'ia
28
15 Lucca
Rcpul)lic5
St. Maiino
St. Marino
(
(icnoa
160
a^ Grnoa
To England
(\)rfica I.
yo
38lial)ia
To the re- {
pulilic of
Vcuitc
Venice
inria P.
Dulmatia P.
Ifles of Dalmatia
'75
6
'35
9 5' Venice
jalCapo d'lllria
20'Zara
Cephalonia
40
18 Cephalonia
(lanilj in the
Venetian do-i
Corfu, or Corcyra
Za.'it, or Zacyntlius
St. Mai:ra
3'
13
1 Corfu
11 Z.itit
7 St. Maura
niinioiit
LiitleCeplnlonia )
Ithaca dim j
7
3,
SUBDIVISIONS.
The King of SARDINIA poflofTcs Piedmont, Savoy, Montsf.rrat, tlic
Island of Sardinia, part of the Milanese, and of Genoa.
o
£
The fubdivifions in thtfc territories are.
Subdivifions.
Piedmont
Verceil
Mafl'eraii
Ivrea
Afti
^ Sufa
Saliizzo
Vaudois
Niee
'lende
^Aoufte
Titles.
Proper
Lordlliip
Principality
Martjuifatc
County
Marquifatc
Marciuifate
\allies
I'erritury
County
County
Chief Towns.
Turin, Pignerol, Carignaa
Verceil
Mafl'eran
Ivrea
Arti
Sufa
Saluzzo, Coni
Pragelas, or Clufon
.Nice
leiide
Aoulle
Savoy
Y.
6a I
Subdivifions.
Titlei
'Snvoy
Proper
>,
Geneva
County
o
>
Cliablais
County
A
'I'arantaifc
Maurioiinc
Valley
Koiligiiy
1 w
It
\ Monlfcrrat
Duchy
^.^
CI
Tortonefe
J3
AIclTandrine
s
Laumclin
<^
'
ri
V
s
<Oneglia
Tcrrito
u
O'ief Towns.
ChamDcry, Montmclian
Annacy
Tonor, or Thonon
Moudricrs
St. John de Mauricnne
Bonneville
Cafal, Albi, Aqui
Fortona
Alexandria
Laumelk)
Oncglia
The dominions of the King of N A P L E S.
Subdivifions.
Lavora
Ultra Princip.
Citra Princip.
Molifc
linlilicata
Citra Calabria
Chief Towns.
Naples, Capua,
Gaeta
Bcnevento
Salerno
Bojano
Cercnza
Cofenza
Subdivifions.
Ult. Calabria
Lit. Abruzzo
Citra Abruzzo
Capitinnto, or
Apulia
Uari
Otranlu
Chief Towns.
Reg^io
A(|uila
Chicti
Manfrcdonia
Lucera
Ikiri
Otranto
Bruiulili
Turenta
c
n
■r.
Subdivifions.
'Val de Mazara
'V:il (to Dcmona
' Val de Nolo
Chief Towns.
Palermo
Meliina
Catania, Syracufc, Noto.
LI PAR I ISLANDS, Nurth of Sicily.
Lipari, Strombulo, Rutie, Paiuiria, Llitufa.
ISLANUi* on tile Wusr Coast of Italy.
Capri, iftliia, Ponza, Pianofa, Sec.
Thelloufeof AUSTRIA poflfcfles the Milanese, the Mantuan, and
Tuscany.
'ITic fubdivifions and thief towns in thefe territories are.
i:
<
Subdivilions.
Miiiiiicfc
Pavcfaii
Navarcle
Comafro
I,(Kkf.
_Crin .
titles.
Proper
Chief Towns.
IMiian
Pa via
iNavara
jCoaio
JLodi
iCreinona
Floreutkia
622
I
T
A
L Y.
Subdivifions.
Titles
Chief Towni.
c
a
H
i Florcntina
S SiilllKfc
[l»ifa
■
Flori'iuc
Sii-nna
I'ifa, Leghorn, Pior
is
5-2
1 Mantua
Proper
Mantua
In Tufcany is rontainocl the republic of Lucca, and the principality of MafTi
Carara, fui)ji.cl to its own prince ; alio the coall del Prefidii, of which tiie capital
is Orbitclio, fuhjcft to the king of Naples.
The duke of PARMA (of the Iloufe of Bourbon) i!> Sovereign of the
Duchies of
Parma t ( I'arma
Placcntia /-Chief Towns,
Guartaila J tCJuallalla, Caftifilione, Luzzara.
f I'arma
s, < Placentia
tCJuallalla, Caftiglione,
The fiilxlivilions of the Genoc
'e territories, with their chief towns, are,
Subdivitions. Chief Tm ,
iS.
Subdivilions. Chief Towns.
Genoa, Proper
Genoa
'St. Renio, Territory
St. Kemo
Saviina, Territory
Sa\()iia
1 Ventimiglia, Ti rrilory
Ventimiglia
\ado, 'JVrrifory
N'-ulo
Monaco, Princijjality
Monaco
Noli, TerritDry
Noli
Kapallo, Territory
Uapallo
Final, Territory
Final
Lavigna
.Specia
Lavigna
Albeni^a, 'I'erritory
Alhenga
Speciu
Oneglia, to Sarilinia
Oneglia
1
The Duchy of M () D K N A
i>
fubjedt to its own Duke, and contains
Duchies.
C^hief Towns.
Modena
Modena
Mirandola
Mirandola
Khegio
Khegio, Borfello, Carpi.
The Republic of V K N I C E is fubdivided in the following manner:
Subdivifions.
Venici'
Paduan
Vei'Miefe
Brefeiano
Cremafeo
Bcrganiafco
Vincentiiio
Chief Towns.
N'enic e
I'adua
\ erona
I'refcia
C^lellia
lieigaino
\ iiicenza
Subdivifions.
Rovigno
I'revigiano
Belluncfe
Friuli
L dillefi-
lllria, part.
Chief Towns.
Rovigno
Trcvifo
Helluno
Aipiiieia
L dina
Capo de lllria
The
ITALY. 6*3
Tlic Patriarchate, or the Dominiona of the POPE, are Tubdividcd thui :
Subdivilions.
Campania of
Koine
St. Peter's Pa-
trimony.
Ombria, or
Spoiftto
Chief Towns.
'Rome
Tivoli
Frcfcati
Oilia
.Albano
Vitcrbo
Civita Vccchia
Uracciano
Callro
Orvictto
. Aquapcndentc
Spoletto
Narni
'I'crni
JVrugia
Subdivifions.
Ancuna, Marqui.
Urbino, Duchy
Romania
Bolognefe
Ferrarefe
Republic- of St.
Marinu
Cluef Towns.
{Ancona
I^oretto
iUrbino
IVfaro
Semigalia
{Kuveima
Rimini
Bologna
( KiTiara
iComachia
{St. Marino
Ifland of Corsica, now united to the crown of Great Britain.
Chief towns, Baflia and Bonifai io
Ifland of Malta, fubjcfct to the Knights. Chief town, Valetta.
Soil and air.] The happy foil of Italy produces tlie comforts and luxuries
otiitV in great abundance; each dillrid lias its peculiar exceiloiicy and coniiiio-
(litv ; wines, the moft delicious fruits, and oil, aro ihe molt general produitions.
As nuich corn grows here asforvos tlie inhabitants ; and were the ground properly
cultivated, the Italians might export it to their neighbours. The Italian cluvfes,
particularly thofe called Parmefans, and their native lilk, form a princi|)al ])art of
their commerce. There is here a great variety of air : and Innie parts ot' Italy
bear melancholy proof ot the alterations that aceidental eaul'es make on the taeo
ot nature ; tor the C'anipagna di Roma, where the ancient Romans enjoud llio
motl falubrious air of any place perhaps on the globe, is now almoll peliilential,
throiiijh the deereafe of inhabilants, which has oceafioned a Ihignation of waters,
and liutrid exhalations. 'Ihe air of the northern piirts, which lie ;miong the .\lps
or in their neighbourhood, is keen and piercing, the ground being in many plaies
covered with fnow in winter, 'ihe Appennines, whieh are a ridge of nmunlaiiis
that longitudinally almofl divide Italy, have great etfects on its clupate ; the coun-
tries on the .South being warm, thofe on the North mild and temperate. The fe.i-
hree/es refrelh the kingdom ot Naples fo mneh, that no remarkable ineonvenieney
(if air is found there, notwithlbuiding its fouthern lltuation. In geaeral, the air
of Italy may be faid to be dry and pure.
Mot'NrAiNS.] We have already mentioned the .Alps and Appennines, whieh
t(irin the chief mountains of Italy. The famous volcano of Mouut \'elii\ius lies
ill the neighbourhood ot Naples.
UivKRS AND LAKks.] She rivcrs of Italy are the Po, the Var, the .Vdigc, tlip
Trebia, the Arno, and the Tiber whieh runs through the city ol Rome. Ihe
famous Rubicon torms the fouthern boundary between Italy and the ancient
Cifalpine (Jaul.
'Ihe lakes of Italy are, the Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Ifeo, and (Jarda, in the
North ; the IVrugia or i'hralimenc, Uracciana, 'lerni, and Ccluno, in the
middle.
Seas,
«14 ITALY.
SttAK, (ivin on BAYi, cAPRt,) Without a knowlodRe of thofe, ni-illicr
ruoMoN I onii s, AM) siRAirs. nlie niiciciit Koiiian mitnors, nor the hillory
tinr puipinphy i l" Italy, lan l)o iiiulorftood. llic fras ot" Italy arc, the j»ulf of
\ ciiiii', or ill ■ Adriatii: fcM ; ll\c fcas of Naples, Tiifian) , and (Action ; llic bays or
li;irli(.iirs of Niii', Villa I'rama, ()ivi,'lia, i'iiial, Savoiia, Vailo, Spcz/ia, l.iuca,
J'll':!, l.^!;liorii, l'ioml)iii(>, Civita \ i-c* liia, (Jaola, Naples, SaliTiio, I'olicallro,
liliCi;i<), l^iiiiaiv, I'iiniitci, MaiitVi'donia, Kavonna, \ eniLo, liiollo, llliia, ami
I'iiiiiK'i Capo Spartavento, del Aiiee, Otraiilo, and Ancoiia j and the llrait ot
Mcll'iia, iKtweou Italy and Sieily.
'Ilie ijull's and bays in the Italian iflands arc thole of Fioreiizo, UalUa, 'I'alad.i,
Pnito Ni>vi), Cape Corfu, HonHaii.i, and l-erro, in Corlica ; iuid the llrait of IJurii-
fiiii), lietween Corliea aiul Sardiui:!. The hays of Cai^liaii and Orillugni ; Cape
(le S:M\lis C.uel'o, MoiUe Santo, and I'olo, in Sardinia. Tlio gulfs of Mellina,
Meluxzo, I'alernio, Mazan, Syraenfe, and Catania; Cape Faro, IVIclaz/i), Or-
lando, (ialln, Trapino, I'all.iro, and Aleliia, ii\ Sicily; and the bays of I'urto
Keralo, and I'orto Lonujuiie, in the illand of I'.lba.
Ml. I \f. s AND MiNKii \i,s ] Maiiy places of Italy aboinnl in mineral Iprinijs ;
CnMii lilt, I'ome warm, and many of folphuri'ous, cli.if, beale, and medicinal ipialities.
Many of its mountains abound in mines that produce great (pianlitics of emerald-.,
jal'per, ai^alc, porphyrv, lapis lazuli, aii<l other valuable tlones. Iron and copper-
mines are found in a few places ; and a mill for forcing and fabricating ilu le me-
la's is creeled near Tivoii, in Naples. Sardinia is laid to contain mines of gold,
lilver. lead, iron, fulpliur, and alum, though they are now neglected ; and curimu
crylhds and coral are found on the coall of Corlica. lieautiful marble of all kind,
is one of the chief productioi,.', ol' Italy.
\ hoKTAiii-K ANi> ANIMAL i'!«o-( Helidcs the ricli vegetable productions
in ci IONS, KV SLA AND I.AM). luionliniH'd iiud.'r the article ot foil, ||;ilv
prodvees citron.s. and fuili (piantities of ciulnuts, thcrrie^, plunitt, and other fruili,
tha; llicy are of liiile \ahie to the propiietors.
J here is little dilleirmc beiween the animal iM'odiicftions of Italv, either by hiiul
c>r lea, and thofe ol I'laiice ami (Jern.any, already ineniioiu-d.
I'ni'fLAiioN, iMi ABi rAN rs, MAN- { .Viitliors ai v gM .It Iv di\ idcd on \]k- head
M.KS, ct'siOMs, AMI 01 v I, US 1 o N s. ^of Italian population. 'I Ms may becming
to the partiality wliiih i very Indian has for the honour of his own province. 1 he
inimler of t!ie king of Saidiniii's fibjects in Italy, according to the ftatement ot"
Mr. \\ atkiiis in i ~6j, when he vihied this country, amount to i.fu^s.;;^ fouls, ot'
tv'.'iili '«";;;•!. 1 coi.taiiis about 77,000. i he city ot Milan itfcf, b)' the iu li aceourils
I o;i;.ous ;or,OuO;and lliv duchy is pi oportioiuibly populous. A.sto the other |)rovintes
' : Iialy, geogiapliers and travellers hiue paid viry little attention to the numbers of
(latives that live in the country, and inform us by tonjeitiue only of thofe who in-
h.-l'it the gieal litics. .S)me doubts ha\e arden wl eil.er Italy i» as po|)ulous now
1 .•■ .: was i.i ilie time of I'iiny, \shcn it co..iained i,|,ooo,ooo of inhabitants. I am
i j I io bclivAe that the piifii.t inliabilanls exceed that number. 'I lit Campa^na
('i Roma, indeed, and fome oihcr uf llie molt beautiful paris of Italy, are at pn'.
fent in ;, mrn'r.er ilefolioe ; but the nudein Iialians beirg in a giea't nieafuii' live
t.om ;he uiiii.Iermiitii g wais, whiih, dewn to the l;.\teeuih century, depopulated
il cir ct_unti\ , as fome eiKoi..a^^en.ci:t is ik.w given to agiiculture' and maiiulac-
t :.es oi all kiiids. population will undoubtedly IJe pr(jmoied. It may not perhapb he
e.\t:avagant, if ue allign to Italy 20,000,000 of iiihabi;ants ; but fome calculatioi.^
greatly exceed thai nuuiLcr *. 'ilie Italiai.s aie geneially well proportioned, ai.d
• M'. Swinburne faith, that, in i; 75, the number of inhabitants in ihc kirgdom of Naj Ici imounttd
10 4,249,430, (xUuCve of ihc arm/ ai a n*\A cttabliQimeil.
^ lijoe
I
T
I.
625
Iiavc futh mraning in their lo<ik«, that they h:ivc gn-atly ntriiJocl ihi- iiKas of ihoir
jiniiitcrn. 'I'lioir WDinoii lui- well lhii|K'(l, jiihI Iprighily. 'Ihc miiriiiij'c tics, ctpixially
nt'iho higher tiafs, aiv laid to In- ot littli" turn-. I'.viTy wile has Ulii ri-pivrcntcd
\<\ liaM' lur gallant or lic ilhtn, with wliom llic kiipH company, aiul fonietinics co-
liiiliiis, uiih very litlle iirenioiiy, and no otleiue on <iiliir lide. lint the repnliMi-
liitioii> wliiili iia\e lieen made ot this kiiul h\ Iravi lUrs. appear to be nuuh exaj;.
(rerated. With regaid In tlie nudes ot lite, the hcl) onalit) ot llit* niodctn ltali:ni«
i\ toluiety, and they Inhinit vei\ piiiiently to the pnliiic coveninieni, W itli ^le.it
t;i(ilurnily they dileover but litlle relleclion. 'I hey are rallie'- vindictive than Inavi-,
iiiid more ruperllitioiis ilian devnnt. 'I lie nii(hlling ranks are attaehed to llieir na-
tivv' e\iiloms, and reen\ to have no ideas ot' iniprovenienl. 'llieir tondnets tor
fruits, and vei{etal)les ot all kinds, eontributes to tlieir conlentinent and I'.i
izieiiis,
ti lac
lion ; and an llali;ni ;;i'iitienuiii, or peat'.int, can be Insurious at a verv I'niall
pence. 'Ihon^h pi'rliaps Italy does not cont.rn many del'eendants ot" il;,; anciejit
Koiiians, yet the preleiit inhid>il:nit- I'peak ut' ll,. ii'.felves as (luc ell'ors to the coii-
t\
(IIU
rors ot' the world, and Kjok ujton lb- iv\\ o|" nninkind as their interiors.
I lie drel's of the Italians is little dillerent tVo:n tliat .t' tl
V n^■l^lll)onrlll•; coun-
tries, and they all'ect a medinni between the I'reneli v ..ililit) and tin- ruktniiitv of
iIk' Spaniards. 'I'he iSeapolitans treijiiently diet's in l)lack, in eoni;>linient to the
Jjniiiiards. It e.'innot be denied that the Italians excel in the line arts ; though they
make at prel'eiil l)ut a \ery inemiliderabb' lii;ine in tlie I'liences. l boy cultivate anil
riijoy \ucal iiiulic at a very di'ar rale, by eniak iilatiiii; their male, wlu'n young; ti>
wliicli tlicir mercenary parents af^ree without ii niorle. Not one in litiy ot thcll;
wretched martyrs to harmony and avarice lucceed, but lortunatily tliey arc receiv-
1(1 as chorilK-rs by many of the religious iVatcriiitics, and arc thus enabled to gain
a l)are fubtillence.
The Italians, the Venetians efpecially, have very little or no notion of the im-
propriety of many cuftoms that are eonliuered as criminal in other coimtries. Pa-
rents, rather than their fons Ihould throw tbemlVlves away by unl'uitable marriage,
or contratt difeafes by promifcuous anxnirs, hire millrelles t'or them, for a month,
or a vcar, or fome determined time ; and inncubinage, in many places of Italy, is
;m avoweil licenfed trade. The Italian eourte/ans, or Iruiui to/xis, as they are call-
ed, make a kind of protelhon in all their cities. Mafciuerading and learning, horfe-
riicis
without riders, and conxerfations or allemblies, are the cliiel
•lIll'Ms (>t til
Italians, except religious exhibitions, in which lliey are pomiu)Us lieyond all oth
er
nations.
A modern writer, defcribing his journey thiougli Italy, gives us a verv unfa-
\oural)le picture of the Italians, and their manner of living. (live what fcii|)e voii
()1 ■;il'e to _\oiir taney, fa\s he, \ou \\ill never imagine half iho difagreeablenefs that
)iiiii;i.i hid-:, Italian cooks, and Italian naliinefs, oiler to an Knglilhman. At
Turin, .Milan, Venice, Koine, and perhaps two or time other towns, \iiii nieet
with gotid accommodations ; but no words can exprefs the wretchedncl's of the
uthcr inns. No other beds than thole of llraw, witli a matrcfs of llraw, and next
til tiiiit a dirty iheet, fprinkled with water, aiidconfei|neiitIy damj) : for a coverin",
another llieet as coarle as the tirfl, like one of our kitilicn jack towel's,
iirtv coverlet. 'I'lie bi dlkad coiililis of tour wooden forms or benclK
an
Villi Have
uilJ! a (
I'nglilh jicer and peerefs mull lie in this manner, uiilefs they carry an upholllerer
llin'ji with them. There aii'. by the bye, no fuch things as curtains ; and in all their
ym-. the walls are bare, ai.d tlit tloor has never once been wallied (iiu e it was firft
liid. t)r,cof the nn'ft iiidi lic.ito cuQonis here is, that men, and not women, make
l!ic ladies beds, and would do every otiiee of a maid-fervant, if fuftered. Tliey
!,c\cr III iir their pewter; their knives are of the fame colour. In thcfc inns they
^ 4 '' mako
62<
I
L Y.
make yoii pny largely, and foiul up trn tim«« n» much as you can rat. Tlic ft)up.
Jjkf wnlfi, with picii's of livir fwimmii>K in it ; a pintc tull ol" Imiins, fried in the
lliiipo i)( fritters; a dillt of livns and ^l/zaKls; a couple of fowls (alwayt killed
nftir your arrival) boiled to raj^s, williout any llic li'all kiiul of fauto or licrhaf-i ,
am>lhcr fowl, jull killi-d, lUwitl, as llus lall'it i iIkmi two n\orc f(Mvls, or a turkiy
roattcd to rng». All over Italy, on the yimhU, the chickcuk and fowls arc fo Ihiiigy
you may divide the brcall into as nianv lilainents us you can a halfpenny-worth oi
thread. Now and then we m't a liillo piece of niulton or \cal: and, f{eiierallv
fpeaking, it is the only eatable niorfel that faIN in our way. The bread all the w.ty
U extcedinffly bad ; and the butler fo rancid, tliat it cannot be touclied, or even
borne within the reach of your fniell. lint what is a greater evil to tiavellers than
Huy of the above recited, are the inliniie number of gnats, bu);s, lleait, and Ijcc,
which inl'ell us by dav and ni){ht.
We beir leave to add a liill more modern defcription of the natiunal charatter ot
tlie Italians, f;iven lately by the aitbe .lagemann, member of tlie Florentine Aca-
demy of Agriculture; " Conlidering tlio mildnefs of the climate, the uncumnioii
fertility of tlie foil, the fituatiim of moll towns and boroughs on hills, the excel-
lent fpring-water lioni the Alps ami the Appennines, the munber of mineral wuleij
and baths, the fpacioiniefs of the llreets and houfes, the delightful views, the t're-
«.; ..-nt relidencc of the iialians on their villas, tlio fragrancy and healthinefs of tiio
ail, the temperate diet, the facility of jjetting cured of difeafes in the hofpitals,oiic
is inclined to tliink that the corporeal trame of an Italian, if not enervated in eurlv
youth, cannot but be ftrong, healtliy, and beautiful. The liandfomett ptrfmis of
either fex are found in Tufcany. The Italians, in general, are alfo endowed
with good fenfe and difcernment; apt to defpife mere theoretical fpeculations, and
to jud^e by their own feelings and experience : but education is rather neglctted,
The chief part of their religion conlills in an external obfervance and pratbce of ec-
clefialHcal rites, ceremonies, and injundions. An Italiaji, not enlightened by re-
flexion and experience, will fooner commit adultery than eat any nelh-mcat on a
Friday ; but a foreigner, wlio withes to pafs for a Roman catholic, needs only to
itick to his window an atteliation, by a phylician, that his liatc of health re(|uircs
n Hclh-meat diet ; and he may, without any rilk, eat Helh-iiieat in Lent. 8uch at-
tertations may be purchafed in coll'ee-houfes, at Florence. The Italians are very
fenfual ; exceedingly fond of mulie ; impatient of delay in their pallions for the fair
fex ; jealous of the French ; but fond ot the naticmal characters of the iinglilh and
the Ciermans. They lUII breathe their ancient fpirit of liberty and republicanifni, and
are aveile to monarchical gournment, to whii ii thiy were fubjetted by force. Heme,
a true Ijimh Italian, nt ,nn iiulepeiuli'iii ti)rtune, feldoin courts public emplovnients ;
hence tluir bell gi-niufes li") are little known ; hence alfo their alnioll general iii-
clI.'iatiiMi to falire, and the biiiernefs of their latiies. Hence their general halrrd
and copl<inpt for the military fi-'rvice, and for the minillers and executors of eriiiii-
iKil jiirifdiction. I heir drefsund their wIkjIc conduct prove their fondncfs of liberty
;uid I ;ile. a.'ul the ir iisclinn to conlhaint, ceremony , and compliircnts. As fo gnat
a variety ot enjoy iiieiils and eunveiiieiuies are, for an Italian, fo manv necellai ie<, dt"
Jili:, he mud be !i rigid leconomill; l)ut thofe moll famous for their cceoiiomieiii
nianagemetit, are tiie Florentines and the (ienode. Hence their habitual culiniu
of cnteriiiLj imo the inoli iiiinute details and eaiculatioiis, and of llricth ailhoring in
rules. Meiiee their periiiiar talents aiid ikill for con\nierce, trade, political ircdiKj-
iny, hiianci >, their aviJiiy tor gain, and their envy ul the [)rofperity ot other peojile.
'I heir refentiiiciit liilKsonly till they ha\e produced a fatislaction adei|iiate loa wroii'r
fubftainetl; they are lets irat'cible than many otlu r nations; but when grol'sK in-
jured in their chur;'.i.ter or iDrtmus, tin', arc capable of e\ery exce's. Ot a!i uiiimI-
7 til'..,,
I
Y
A
I.
Y.
6i7
tiatii, liowovpr, :iMii'- Jnpctnnnn ncollcfi^ mily ilircc iiiftnncos !» TiiAnny, in fiMcvn
vo;u^. Troin tlii-ir itmuial (iiHrull, i\m Italimi indii'd fililoin JuiniMOJi an iiiiiinito
iVii'inl to aiioihcr Ituliaii ; l)iit tlu'i\ tlnir t;lriuliliii) pruvi* ilio more « rdial and
lulling. Nil Hiitinn in iiinro utinpiillionato to iIk* dilfri'lll'd, or nion- ready tn I'tm-
liiaiincrs; )i't letters «it rccnniiiuMulatitiii ()iii;hl imt to \»' lu^li'iK'il l)y Iravcllirs "
Rki.ioion.] 'I'Ik- ri'lij;i()u ut' tlic Itiiliaiis is Uoman-eathDlii'. 'I'lic iiniuirni'iii
Ihti' is liltli" iiKiri- tlian iilmmdi and jurfdiiH nf all rili^jions livi* unmulclK-d in Italy,
prdvidod ni) Kfif-- infnlt is oHVrnl to tlicir wiirfliip. In tht- Iijlrodiiction, \vi; liavij
itIvimi an ainiumt of tlie rife and illahlillinu'iit ot popery in Italy, t'roni whence it
Ipri id o\er all luiropc i likewife <il tlu- i aides and f\;iiptoni» of its iK-eline. 'I'lu;
I'CiK'liiiftii^'"' eovernnuMit of the jiajjaev has employed many volumes in defcrihing
it. 'I'lie carcliitals, who arc nest m tlij'nity to his liolinels, arc feventy : hut that
iiuinher is lildont or never eoniplete : they are appointed hy the pope, wtiu takes
care to have a majority of Italian cardinals, ihat the chair may not be removed
from Koine, aH it was once to Avignon ii\ Trance, the then pope bcinj; a Krenth-
nian. In proniotinj; foreign prelates to the cardinallhip, the pope regulates hindelf
{(ccording to the nomination of the princes who ijrofefi that religion. His chief
ininirt'T is the cardinal patron, generally his nemiew, or near relation, who im-
proves the time of the pope's reign hy anuilling wliat he can. When met in a con-
liilorv, the cardinals pretend to coutiol the pope, in matters both fpiritu.iI and
temporal, and have been fometimcs known to prevail. 'Ilie reign ot a pope \a
feklom of long duration, being generally old men at the time of their cletlion.
The conclave is u fcene where the cardinals principally difplay their part* and
their chnratters. During the election of a pope in 1721, the animofities ran f<>
high, that they came to blows with both their hands and feet, and threw the ink-
Ibnd'ilhcs at each other. We fliall lierc gi\e an extrad from the creed of popv?
I'iiis IV. i5^>o, before his elevation to tne chair, which contains the principal
points wherein the church of Rome dilVers from the proteftant churches. Atter
declaring his belief in one God, and other heads wherein Chriflians in general arc
agreed, he pl-ocecds as follows :
" I molt firmly admit and embrace the apoftotical and ccclefiadical traditioni,
and all other conftitulions of the church of Rome.
" 1 do admit the holy fcripturcs in the fame fenfe that holy mother-church doth,
whole bufiiiefs it is to judge of the true fenfe and interj)retation of them ; and 1 will
interpret them according to the unanimous confcnt ol the lathers,
" 1 do profefs and believe that there are feven facraments of the law, truly and
iiniperlv lo called, inftituted by Jefus Chrill our Lord, and necelTary to the falva-
Ln of nuiiikind, though not all of them to every one ; namely, baptifm, confirm-
;itinn, cuchariit, penance, extreme uiitlion, orders, and marriage, and that tliey do
i (liter grace ; and that of thefe, baptifm, cimlirmatiim, ai.d orders, may not be repeat-
1.1 without facrilege. 1 do alto receive and admit the received and approved rites
,,| the eatlinlie ehureli in her folemn admiuillration of tiie ahovefaid tacraments.
" I do embrace and receive all and every thinii; that hath been deliiud and de-
liiireil hv t!'e ImU council of Trent * concerning i.rii;inal lin and jultitication.
•• I do alto protcfs, lluit in the mat's there isoliered unto Cod a true, [jioper, and
i.n iiritiatiirv lacritiee for the (piick and the dead; ami that in the m> It Imly faera-
i;;eut of the eucharilt there is truly, really, and fuhliaiuially, the body and blood.
• \ iiiuvoiiHioM of R.Mr.Tiii ;.t
11 'bjiioi' , Ufliops aii't liiviiir
lllrnil)lrd
I ;46, ami ikvotnl to him, to (iitrriiiiiie upon cer«
^^_ _ tuiii iioint-. ot t.iiili, .mil to liipprels « liat tliey were
"t I if'r'' Vy vki'm: o't ;i bull Iroiii llie i<'['V, aiiiio pluUd lottrm ihf lUlmj lltiwiiw in llii. tliurch.
4 I. i togc-
6x8
I T
I.
a piiru;.itorv i and lli.tt tli<- fouU kept prifoncrt
•H ot' inc tintlitiil.
tugctluT w ill th<? foul and «li\initv, oi' «)iir Lord Jifu» C'lirirt \ and tlmt xUctc w »
convctlioii mudi- uf (lie whole tul>iiuiu\ »( llic bicuil into the body, add ot iho whole
rubdHiiti- uf the wine iiUti ihc l>lo<ul i which coiivcrrKin the cutholic ihunh calU
'rrutiftdiduntiaiion. I confcf* thai niidrr one kiml inily, w little and eutirc. Chril)
uiid a trill' r.icraniriit \h t.iktn and itieivcd,
" 1 d(> (iriidy b« lievi' tli.it ihui' rs
there do receive help *n the lull i*^
*' I do likewiCc be vo ihut the viittii, rei)(iiiii|{ toKv-ilur with Chril^, are lobe
wnrfliippcd ntid [irnvcd unto; and li t thry do ullcr prnyeri unto (iud tor us, mid
that tluir rclu» arc to be had in v« lu rulioii.
" 1 do moll ftriidy allot, thai ilu inm^ii yf Chrirt, of the bliffod Virgin tlu*
mother of God, and ot other Liinls, diij^ht to bo had und retained, and that dui
honour and veneralion ouuht to be jjiviii iiiiiu thi-iii •,
•• I do likewil'f aflirin, that the power of iiidulf^rncict wni left by Chrift to the
chnrth, and thiii the ufe of ihein S ver^' bciieficiui to ('hriltian people f,
*' I do acknowlid^e the holy, i.,iilioli(, and a|)ollo|ical Koninn church to he tlio
mother mid niilhels of all chun W^; atitl i do pruiuiic and Iwcar true obedionci; to
the bilhnp of Rome, tli • fiK cellar uf St. I'eicr, the prince of the* apulllev, and vicur
cf Jef-is Cluift.
" 1 do uiid'iubiedly receive nnd profif* nil otlier thing* which have been deli.
vcred, dcftned, and declared by the facrcd cuiionk and tccutncnicul cuuncili, and efpu-
• A'l Knglifli travtl!#r, fptalcing if a r«li(;u>\i
protr joii (unir yriir> nn U Klnicncr, in It ily,
^cfcribn il ai followi ; J had oicafioii, Tiini hr, lo
ttt a nroicllion, wlitrc all tut i>fil)lclI(B ot ihc > ity
Itieiiilo^ ill ilii'ir loavlii^. 1( u,). ilir uiiiiiverlary
of a tliarilal)lt iiil)l(>itiiiii In fawnir lA |iii(ir niiiiil-
rni, a certain nuintirr of wlioin «ri iKirtioiird
every \rur. Aluiiit iwo hundrnl el ilitle virKixt
walked III proicllioii, two anil two to);etlicr, '1 liey
Were preceded ami tullnwecl by an iri(L{iiUr mob of
|irnilcuts, in f.u k-iitidi, Midi li)(lit<iV U|ier«, and
■innki inrryiiiK crmiruri, ImmIIii); iiid brllouln);
the lit.^lu^■^ i but llir )>/« itrll obi'i't \v.i> llie Hzurr
ol (lir Virgin Mary, us big as tlie lile, ItaiiJi' ^',
uithiii a ffil Ir-Mitt, drrffri! in .1 f^oU lluft, witb j
kirge hoop, a grrat (|ii:intiiy nt hillr jc <n I , brr
fate paiiitt'd and paiihcd, und litrr li:<ir <ri//lril
and lurled in tiie very rxtrcniiiy ol tlie lallii >h
\ery little regard had betji paid to llic im.if^t yt
our Saviour on the i rcf' ; but wlie i the l.aily Mu.
Ilitr ippe:Mrd on the flimildris I'l three or lour
lulty friars the whole popuUie fell u|>oa tlicir
luircs in the dirt.
f A long lill of iiiilii!i;<ii(.ics, or fees of tlie
popc\ ihaniliery, may he leen in a Ixiok printed
150 years aj'.o, i'v authority ot the thru I" pr. Jt
ha> licen triinllatcl into t.ii^lilll, under the lillr ot
Ac*.' II f^rt.ii Ciijlim-lhujt Jti Sin ; truiil whii.h wc
lliiill give a tew cxtraiMt,
AIJ SOLUTIONS.
For hlin that flnle holy or confccritcil th;ii|;'^ out
of » huly plate, luv. rid.
For liim who lie:> with a woiran in the clnireh, i^i.
For a layman for murJriiit 1 liyinan, 75. 6d.
For biiii that kiilcih \\m father, nio'.her, wife, or
fafter, 10-.. 61I.
For ln\i . violeil luMil«, on » r/tT^yorrtu, fj Ji 1),
W'itho\i; itruflon of blond, io«. h\.
For a prieft thai krrpi • com iibine : at Ma hu
dirprivl.ifion for baine Irrri^tilur, 10. 6d,
Fur hiin that lyelh with lii> tvin m*ti*r, fiji,,^ y^
(■i./mtiirr, 71. 6d.
For him that *«>(». hli nel)(lil>our'4 hoi.fe, m.
For him thut lorKcth the popc'i hand, il. y%.
For him that forKfth I' llrr« apofl'lical, il, m.
For him that takct tvko holy urderi In one Jjy, it.
6^.
For a king for going to the bolv fepulchrt muIioM
licence, ;l. loj.
I) I S p E N S A T I O N g.
For a b,ift.iiil to enter all holy onlers, i8<.
For a iiiiin or womin that is found hangnl, il.aj
they lua) have Chriltian burial, il, ;>. Oil.
LICENCES.
For a layman to rli.'vnge his vow ofgoinR to Rome
to viht the apoll(>'ic churches, iHs.
To lat flelh .111.1 «liiri' meats in Lent, and other
tuning klwt, 10. <n\.
Tli.ii u kiiii; or qiietn Oiall enjov fuch indul/cnuf!,
as if tliey ueiit to Koine, 1 5I,
For a ipnen to adopt a i liihj, 300I.
To MKirrv in tinir^ (irohibited, si. 55.
To (Jt llefli in liiM ■ prohibited, il. +.s.
Not to be tir.j tri (.iifiin; (lav>, il. js.
for a town to lake out of' a ihurch them (iriir-
Jcnn) tlial h,ivc taken faiK'kuary therein, 4I ;c .
FACULTIES.
To nbfolve all the driinqiiriits 3I.
'lo dilpeiile with irreiiuliritici, 3I.
liully
Y.
Cig
Ithrr uiJiuut
clully by the holy fynod <•( I'rcnl. Anti nllnihcr (lun|;« cnntmrv ilirrrto, and nil he*
rt lir« CDiuU-iunod, rcJcMcd, uiid uiitttlioiiutirid by ibc church, I tin likcwifi: coiulciim*
Tcjctl, »nd aiiBtlu'niutifv- "
A«CH»i«HOPiiicic«.l There are ihirty-einht iirthbilhupriiki in luly, b«l ihe fu^
frn^.tnt uniioxed to tlurii iirc toe indfrtnilo «i>d itrbitrnrv (or the rcatier 10 dencnd
iipiin, th)' pcipe cn-atiiiu or ftiiiprklling ihciu hi Ik- ploiiu <.
I.ANfii' MiK ] Tlie Itiiiian iaiignugf i-. romn kalik |.ir itt rmoothiur'., and the
facility witli whiih it itUer* iiilo mulaul < 'luipitlititxis The grouiid-Wdrk «i( it in
l,utin, nnd it is enlilv nt^llcred by a f^ I cluirKul filiolar. Alinotl every Ibitn in
jiiily hui u didVroiit dinloM ; and iho itrodiuiouo pHinn taken by lh<- literary fiKietiei
tluro. iiiriv at lall li\ the Ituliaii into u Ihtud.trd language. At prufciit the Tufcaii
HvU- ami writing is iiiolt it) recpult.
'TIiv l.ord'» I'rayer run* thiu : l\iJrt nnjiro, tht fii Hi'/ rit/t, /,$ faHHi/i.-ittQ il tU9
Homt I // iHo rf^;Mo vtn^a 1 A; luu volunttt Jta f ill la, fiiomt in tUh mti 4tm:k* in Itrra i
dtiiii fljMf/' U uoflro punt lOlUiitno ; * t imdliii i uqllri iL-biui, fi, remt iioi timora rimdiittma
a' uiijlri titbit • / ; t unii inJtuii i in UnliUinnc, tft.i tibci ,u 1 J.il muli^no j />»■» dutht luo i u nr-
no, t /<« pDti'Hiti, 1 1,1 t^lnria in fcmpilti no. A lun.
I.tAKNISO ANI>'l.EAHNH> MI.N, I' MS I Kin.) In thc IlltroduOiDM, WO hnVC
iiArr ARif.*, ARt'Mi ri;cii, A.Mt) AR I IS IS 5 piirticularifid foiue i»J' die ^^e»t
nien \vhi»h am ient Italy prcMbiietl. In niiHh'ni tiiiMst, lliat is, liiuc the revival of
learning, foiu^' Italians have llmne in rontroverliai learning. The innthemaius aiul
nauital plitlofuphy i>we imuh to (JaliK.i, Turieelli, Malpi^hi, llorelli, and fever.il
(iilier Italians. Nlradn is ;m ovielicnt l.iUoiian ; and the Iiillnry of the etiuneil of
Trent, bv the celebrated lather I'aul. is a work of great imrit. (iiiieeiardini,
Hentivojjliu, and l)a>ila, base bei-n nun h comniiiided as hilloriaiis by their feNeruI
iidniirei"*. Miuhiave! 1> e(|UHlly famous as an hilloriaii and a-< a polilicil wriliT.
His tonudie^d I'erve ioiiie praile for the libeiaiily of his I'enliinenis, etiilideriu;; the
rjje in which he lived. Among the profe wrilei . in if e Italian hni-nage, IJuitaei"
has been thought oiiv nf the inoll pnro and eoneit in point of l])le: he was a very
natural painter of life and niamur.s, but his productions are too licentious. IVlarth,
who wrote both in Latin nml Italian, revised among the inoderns the fplnt and
);tniiis of ancient literature; Imt among the llaiiun poets, 1 ).inte, .\riofto, aiul'Ialio,
arc the inort <lillinguilhed. Tlnre are faid to be upw.iid^ of a iboufaiid comedies
ill the Italian language, tho\igh in it many that are excellent : but Metatlalio liaa
aetiutred a great reputation by writing dramatic pines fet to mulii . Sannazaiius,
Iracaitoiius, Hv mbo, Vida, an<l other natives of Italy, have ditUnguilhed iheinlrlves
hv the eiejjaiue, conectnefs, and tpirit of their Latin poetry, luanv of their coin-
jiolilions approaching in r>me digree to the elatVies themfelves. Socinus, who was
i) iitueh dilUnguillicd by bi» oppolilion lo thc doctrine of thc Trinii\, was a native
of Italy.
The Italian paintiMN, feiilptors, arcliitef^s, and mufieians, arc unrivalled, not only
ill tin ir iiiiinbers, but tluir exielleiieies. The reviv.u of learning, after the fack ot'
('oiilbiitiii' pie by the Turki, revived tafle likcwife, and gave mankind a relilli for
truth, and beauty in di lign and cfdouring Kajihael, from bis tiwn idea^, allilb d by
the ancit nts. ftriick (nit a new creation ny his pencil, and rtill li.iiuls al the luail
it painting. .Michael Angelo Buonar'>tti excelled at onco in painting, fculpture,
;iii(l aicliiioihire. The coloniing of '1 ilian has ^leihaps never vet been equalled,
lliuni.mte, Bernini, and many other Lallans, carried feiilpiuio and archileotinc to
an aina/ing height. Julio Koniaiio. Coneggio, Caraceio, \\ ronefe, and others, are»
iu painters, unequalled in tie. ir feveral manners, Tlie fame mav be faid of Corelli,
uiid other Itali.iiis, in iimlic. At prefeut, Italy cutiuol julUy boalt of any paramount
ti'iiius m tlic tuic atts.
ft U»1VER.
^
I
I.
t'Nlvrii«iriK«.] 'n»of.j of linly «ri«, R. »»«••, Vitiioc, Fliironcc, M»i\iiiii,
f*n«1i»n. fut\\\.\, VciiMiu, Mlhtn, Pmiu, nolugiia, Kv-rrara, l»ifa, Nii|tli'», .NhKtiio, uttd
IVriil
M.
of Jilt r1
itit It
ANriiuiTil* AHD ri'RintiriR*. t Uu}y It llir n.nlvr coim»ry
N »rvitAi. AHi> AR I'irii'lAi,, J tlii|>fni|.>ii,,;{ri'tif, orl»<'miti»'iil,rifhi'r in nil-
iii<i)t M ouitU-rrl liiiu*«, A littrnrv might Ik- tillcil by tUfcrtption* aii«l (idiiu'iilioiM
lit" nil Oiii» i'« ran* anil iiiriou* iit ilu- i»rt» , Init ilir hnuiwU i)»' lhi» work utlniit onlir
iir n M ry bri.r uitoiint <>i il»>rf ulijccU lliiti lUf in<>(l diiiinguillu'tl ciilicr tor Ariti«
i[niiv or i«x» illi'iU''.
't1ii* ampliiMu-uirct cluini ilic flrfl riuik, a* n fjiecii'* nf the mod ftrlking inngiti.
f!r«'iK»'! ihiTc arr ttl Riiiim L->HiliilfriiliU' ri-Mnuiiis of that wliitli wnt rn'^lfd h</
\ ir|i:ili;iii, iiiui riiiillivil in Dniitiiiint, (ulU'd the (!i>lilTci). I'wilvo ttioiir.iiul f< uii]|
k.ijitivA'i Wi'/t' t'litfilou'd bv \ diiitlian in tlii't hnilding, hikI it i% fiiiil to li.i\c |i, .n
rajnih'c o| icniniriiiij; i-iglity-fcvoii tlnmCaiKl I'lK'-t.iiiirt (ratfij, .itnl twenty ihou'
Innfl ItuMding. 'IW Mrtlnicfltirc of thin ainphitlu-atrc \% iitrtVctly light, anil i(t
|iro|t<irtiiiiu urr fo jtitl, tliui it iUk* not Hp|K-Hr ncnr fo largo a* it really it, Hut
II liait l» I'll llri|i|H-(i erf' all iti nuignilii iiit pitlurit niwl ornamciit't, ut varioiit
iiiiu"», and l»v v.iiioiu cf)<'inii-<. 'IW (lothi, iiti(i otlur lurhariunt, hrgaii iu .U-
tiriirtion, and nupc* and tardinnli have rndcavniiri'd to lonipli-tc it<t riiiii. Car'
iliiial rariii'li', in pariit ular, roblu-d it of rciiu- liiu- ri-niaiii* ot iis iiiurhlt* lornii
liii'Zri, &ik' and, wiili inhniti- piiiu and lalxmr, got awav what wai prntlicahl
till' outlido < aliiig of iniM'liK', wliuh lit' cinplo)c(I in building the palnci- ^^f Far
lu-i
1
I"
,!'
t"*.
If ot
fi.
inr
If. 'Ilii' aniphitlii'atii- of Verona, rrt'ftid U) the (oidul r laniiiiiiii, i% tlidiij/h.
til 1)1' ill. moll I iifiro uf any in Italy. 'I here aro forty fi\e row^* of Hen* carried all
mind, tornu'd ot line l»loik« of marble about a foot and a half hivh catli, niid
;»lu»ve two feet broad. Twenty-two llvoufand perfoii* may be featcJ liere at tlieii
c.ife, nllov^iiig one foot and a half for eaeli perfon. Thi.^ uinphilheatrc iiiniite iut
t'eft, and lia^* been lateJN ri paired with the j;rentell lare, at ihcexpcnce of the inha-
bil.inK They freipiently exhibited in it plavs, eoinbat* of wild bcalU, and other
publjt; fpcCtaeUM 'I'lie luins of thealrrH and ain|)hitlieatres arc alio viliblc in other
places. The triumphal arthci of Vrfpalian, .Se|i|iiniu<i Severui, and ConlUntiiic thi*
(Jrent, are lUII iKimliiig, though dedcaved. 'I'lie ruinsi uf the batlii, palaces, and
teiiiple", are iorref|>ondeiit to the highell idea> we entertain of the K
oniuii gran-
leiir. till' I'antheon, whiih is at prefi nt ion\eried into a iiioderiuhurth, andwhiih
trnni its einiilar (ij:;ire, is iiiiniiionly tailed llu- Uoiuiul.i, is more entire than any
other Kotnan temple now reinaining. It wa» built by Agrippa, the fon-in-law lif
Augiiliiis, and i .ilied I'antheon, fioni the uniseifalit) ot its eek llial deilicatim).
The afi lilt to it was originally bv (even Iteps, but tlie grouiul on which Rome Ihxul
boing railed from ii to 30 feet bv its ruins, for feveral ages it was entered by a
defceiit of I] liei),i but Alcxaniler the Seventh caufcd the earth that rurroundcd
it to be rcmovccl, fo that th<' exterior furt'aee is now upon a level with its HoiJi.
at III s of
riierc arc Hill left federal of the ni< lies which ant ieiiilv lontained the ft
the ikalhiii deitie'). 'Ihe oul/iile of the building is of Tim i|i freellor.e, and will
it is em rulled with marble. The roof of the I'antheon is a round il
nil,
me. without
pillars, the diametir ot wliich is a hundred and forty tour liet ; and though it 1
no windows, but only a round aperture in the nntre of this dome, it is \erv IJirli
n (Very part.
Tl,
)a\einiiit lonliits of la
rge i>\
uarr
toius aiul i»o
|"irph\r), |1,,|).
ing round low.iro. the centre, where the ram-watei, lalliii;; down through the
ii|)k rture on the l^p ot the dome, is tonvi'ved away by a proper drain coviivd
ecu
with a lloiie full ot holes. The coloiijule in the Iront, whiih coiilills of lixt..
columns of granite, thirty-feven feel hi^h, e\cliilive of the pidiihils and capital.,
cjch cut outofahn^le block, and wliiili are of llie Corinthian order, can hanllv he
>iewed
vffWfd withoul iftoni^mcnt. The rnlranrr of ihr tliurch N miontrd wlih column*
fnrlv-ri^hl Itri hi^h, und ilu' nnhitiave i* loriiud nl a IhikIi' |Mt'( c nl' Kr«iiilc. On
ihf Ifti nntxl, DM I nlrrMl^ lh«- |Mtrlii'n, \y n larK«-«nlii|Uf vu('>- nl Nuniuliun iiiarlilf t
and ill lh<' tirca Ix I'liri- lli«- t Imnh i* ii loiiniuin, willi mii iiniii|iii' liiidiii <it |iiir|)ti>r)r.
'nil* uillnrii of 'Irnjaii and Antonim-, iliv lurmrr 175 hxl luKli.und itic latter lovcr*
t(l Willi inllrutlive fiulpliirm, arc (lill rrmaining, A iruvvlkr finrgci* ih« dcvartit*
tiiinv III ihi* iiorihcrii tiurhariiini, whrn lie frf* llic rollralid rtilunui crrvh-d by
Duilliiii, ill I'lMiiniemoruiiDii ol tlu' hrll nnval victory llio Kniiiiui* Kiiiiitd ovir llic
rMrtlMgininiu ; tlir it.iliit* ot llic wolf giving liu Iw to Uomiilut un<t K>'iiui<, Millt
vililik- iiiatl'f of llif llioWc of ligliining, nicniioncd liyCuiroi the viry original
brnfi plalfi tiintiiiiiiiig tin- liiwi ot tlir twelve iiihlcii uiul n iIiouImihI oiIu r idriiiiiul
■nli(|uili(*j<, iriinfiiiittid unlimi to tlu- prilfiil tiimt i not to nutition tlio inltiiiiu
S
\uri«'ly of nifdals, rcHJi, and ittgravcd liom » wliiili iiltoiind in t)i«' tul>iiicl> ot tlio
rtirioui. Miinv palate*, all o\ct Italy. nr<- furnillud with buU« und liului* faiiii-
iHlcd ill till' liiiiuo of llic rt-pnWIic and thq liiglu-r rinpin*.
ilio AppiNii, hliiiiiiniiin. nnd /Kntilinn roailt, tliv tirik /oo n)ilt<i, the fitond ijo,
and the third 50 niili** in length, are in inniiy pliueii Dill entire : und iniigniticent
i;
ruin« of villnii, refervoirt, hridgen, and the like, prcfeni theiiileiveit all over ItuI
j'he fiihterrineoiKi I nnftru^liontof liiilv are lu llupendotmui thole nliove grotiiii]
witnefs the eloniii', und theiatUionih^.or repolitorieit tor dead lioiliei, in the luigli*
hoiithood of Koine nnd Naple*. It it not alHiv>.- tliirty yeari liiuc a puinler\ a|ipreii-
liie dilVo\ered the iiiu ient eity of I'lillnnt or i'olulonia, in the kingdom of Naiilen,
Hill lliinding ( for Co inditlerent are the louiilry people of Italy ahoiit olijekMi o| an-
[iiilv, that it wan a new diltoverv to tlu- leuriKHl Many iiiiiohtii<i are fie'iiunt'
IK I
7
da
r
ly dug out of the ruiiii of Hen tdancuin, a iity lying between Napli'ii und Vcf
villi, whiih in the reign of Nero wu» ulninli delhuyed by an eiirtlu|uake, and iif*
torwards, in the lirO year of the reign ot I itiiN, anno -jti, overwiiehurd by a llreaiii
of the lava of Vefuvint. The melted lu\a in itiinurle hlled up the llrt>-lH in luiiu-
nlaeen to the height of lixty-right feel above the topH of tlie latter, and in oihert
onr hundred anil ten feet. I ho lava \% now of a lonlideiiiy vsliuh rendent it ex-
tremely dididilt to be removed or cleared away : il it tompolvd of bitinniiioint
purtiel
es, ni
xi'd with cinders, mincrali, inetallti !i, nnd vitritied landy fiibltanies
wliieh altogrtht*r torin a clofe and heavy inut's. In the ri vniuiion ot lo manv ;ig(,s
the fpot it Ibxid tipnn wan entirely torgotttn \ but in the ^ear 171.). upon tiigxing
in tliefe part>, foniewhut of this unlortnnate city w.is dibovered, ami many wnti-
iiniticH were dug out ; l>iit the fiareh wan afterwards dileontintied, till the year
ly^f), when the king of Naplet employiil men to dig perpemlicuiiirlv eighty feet
ileip, whereupon not only the eily made its appearance, hut alio llie li. cl o| th" river
which ran through it. Ihc temple of Jiijiiier was ilieii brought to li)',ht. and ilio
whole of the lluiitre. In the teni|ile was lound a Itaiiie ol golil, ivnd llie inlVription
that decorated the great «loors ot entrance. In the theatre, the tragnu nts of a gilt
ctiJiriot of bron/e, witl> horl'es of the fame metal, likewil'i- grit ; tins had bcv-ii
nl;Ke«l over the principal door ot tntrance, Thi-y lik-ewife lomid amimg ilio ruins
ot this city multitudes of ll.iiues, bulls, iiillars, painting>, inanul'i lipi,, Uirni-
iiir>', and \ariou;. iilcnlils ; and the fe.mli i-. liill ciitinunl. 'lh<' llrecis of tin:
town ajjpciir to have been «piitc Itraight and rt gulnr, ami the boufi » W( II built, and •
much alike ; lome of the rooms paved w ith nmf.ue. other-, with fuie marbles, other*
ai'iiin with briiks, thru' leel lonn and li\ iiulu's tliitk. It appesus that the town
was not tilled up fo imexpei-ledly with tli' inclte<l h'.va. a» lo prevent tlu greatell
part of the inhabitnnls hum efi. aping with man\ <\ tlu ir rich ellecU ; for when
llie eviavations were lUHile, there were not more tliaii a dozen ikeletonstound, nnd
but little of ,i;old, liKer, or preiimis Ihnu
'I'he tliliieultv of lemovinij the rub-
bitli induced iii> niajellv to till it u^) ag.au ;« he w .u yii, ul'ter tyllccting all tlio
move
ublei
03 «
I T
Y.
movoabli's of any coiifoquonce. Tlic theatre alone is left open. It !s larj^cr than
■any in Kiiglaud ; and the ends of the lu'ums burnt to coal, arc ftill fcen ilicking
111 the walls ; but all the urnaincuts tliat withllood the eruption are removed to
I'ortiii.
'Hie town of I'onipeiii was deftroycd by the fame eruption of Mount Vefuvius,
^vl^H'h occaliomnl the diMlrucUon of Heriiihuuum; but it was not difiovered till
near forty years lator. One Itreet, and a few detached buildings have been clear-
ed ; and that with mure facility than at Herculaneum, no lava ha\iuf; ever gone
fiver the alhes which burii d I'ompeia. Tiie Itieet is well paved willi the hmif
kind o( Hone of whii !i tlie ancient roads are made, and n^Trow caufeways arir
raifed a foot and a half on each lide for the conveiiiency of foot pallcn/^ers. Ilie
llreet itfclf is not ft> broad as the narrowell part of the Strand, and is ('ii|)pofed to
have been inhabited by trades-people. The traces of wheels of carriages are to
be feen on tlie pavement. 'I'lie luufes are fmall, but give an idea of neainefs and
coiivenii'nev'. Tlie llueco on the walls is fnioolh and beautiful, and as hard as
inarhli. Some of tlie moms are ornamented with ])aiiiiings, nioliis Imgle figurrs,
r. prefenling animals. iliey are tolerably well executed, and on a little water be-
ing thrown on them, the colours appear furpriliiigiy frelh. Moll of tlie lioufes aio
built on the lame plan, and have one fmall room tVoin the palfagc, which is con-
jectured to lia\e been the llio]>, \\ ith a window to the llreet, anil a place which
fceriis to have been (oni.ived tor ihcwing the •• xhU to the greateli advantage. In
juiotlier part of tliv- t<iwii is a rectangular building, with a colonade towards the
lourt, fomething in the lisle of tlie Royal t.xeliange at i,oiKlon, but fmallcr.
'I'liib has every appearance of a barrack aiid guard-room ; the i)illars are of brick,
covered with ihining IUkco, elegantly Hutcd ; the fcrawlings and drawings tiiil vi-
(ible on the walls, are fiieli as might be nalu'ally expected on the walls of a guard-
i.iom, where foldicrs are tlie deligners, aiul fwords the engraving tools. 'I'luv con-
lilt of gladiators fighting, fome with each other, fome with wild bealis ; the games
ot the circus, as chariot races, wrelfling, and the like ; a few figures in caricatuia,
dellgiied j)robab1y by ibme of the tbkiiers in ridicule of their con.[)anions, or urr-
haps ot their otlicers ; and there are many nanus infcribed on various parts of tin.
wall, particularly di. B<i/hHs, l.u. Jun. Kut'iis, S,;c. iv:c. .\t a conlidcrable dilhiuee
troni the barrack is a temple of the goddefs llis, the pillars of which are of brick,
lluccoerl like thole of the guard-room ; but there is nothing very magnilicent in
the a|)]>earance of this edifice. Tlie bell jiaintings, hitherto touiid at I'ompeia, are
tlii-le lit this temple ; ihi-y have been ( ut out of the walls, and removed to Por-
tici. Kew Ikeletons wi're found in the Itrecls of this town, but a conlidcrable num-
ber in the lioufes Iii one apartment ^fays Mr. Sutherland) we faw the Ikeletons of
leventeen poor wretches, vvl;,) were contined by the ancles in an iron machine.
Many other bodies were tound, fome of them in circuniliances which phiinlv lliew
that they were endeavouring to ct'cipe. when the eruiition overtook them.
V\ith regard to modern curiolities inltal\,thcy areas bewildered as the remains
ot antiquity. Rome itfelf contains 300 churches, filled with all that is rare in archi-
tecture, painting, and fculpture. Each city and town of Italy contains a proportion-
able number.
The church of St. Peter, at Rome, is the mofl aftonilhing, bold, and regular fab-
ric, that ever perhaps exilled ; as neither the temple of Jerufalem, nor thofe of
Ephefus, i'.leulis, or of Olympian Jupiter at Athens, could, from what iiilhiry has
recorded of them, be ranked with it in thi-, rcfpci't. Tlu' femieircular coKuKuks
that enclofe its fpacious inurt : the l'",gyptian obelilk in the center brought troni
llelioj)olis to Rome by Caligula : and the fountains on each fide, which geiierallv
throw
I T A L V. 6;.;
throw up columns of water fufficicnt to fill the bed of a fnull river, nri* tho
crandcft ohjefcts of ,thi- kind whith the world can produce. The front of this cdi-
lice is generally thought Kfs iiohle than that of Si. I'aul's in London, \vhi( li \vns
liuilt in imitation of St. Peter's ; hut when the whole is viewed together, erowiU'd
with its mnjeilie dome of 617 feet in circumfereiue, its general fujn.rioiity will he
manifell.
'I'he Vatican, whi;li islhelargell palace in C'hrillendom, is faid to contain i ^ooo
diainhers and clofots. It Hands dole to St. Peter's, the perfpective of which lofis
much of its cllett by their junction, as the exterior of the Vatican but ill aceords wilh
llie grand and regular appearance of the church ; being an imment'e pile of biiild-
' iiig without order, raifetl oy ditferent architects, and at different times. 'I'he libra-
IV of this palace is fuppofed to contain the moil numerous and valuable collection
of books, &c. in the wurld. On going into it, you look up an immenfe room,
which had little the appearance of what it is, the volumes being ihut up in armo-
ries. It is faid to contain 120,000 in printed and manut'cript ; but this affertion h
ratlier dubious. 'Ihe houfe and chapel of Loretfo is rich beyond imagination, not-
withllanding the ridiculous romance that c<impofes its hiilory.
llie natural curiolities of Italy, though remarkable, are not fo numerous as its
arliticial. Mount Vcfuvius, which is five Italian miles dilhint from the city of
Naples, and Mount /Ktna, in Sicily, are remarkable for emitting tire from their
tops. The declivity of Mount Vefuvius towards the fea, is every where planted
with vines and fruit-trees, and it is ecpially fertile towards the bottom. The cir-
cunijacent plain alfords a delightful profpett, and the air is clear and wholefome.
Tho .South and Well tides of the mountain form very different views, being, like
the top, covered wilh bl;ick cindi is and Ihmes. The height of Mount Veluvius
has been comjJUted to be 3900 feet al)ove the furface of the fea. It hath been a
volcano beyond the reach of hiilory or tradition. An animated defcription of its
ravages in the year 79, is giveii by the younger Pliny, who was a witnefs to what
he wrote. From that time to the yi-ar 1631, its eruptions were but finull and mo-
derate; however then it broke out with accumulated fuvy, and defolated miles around.
In 1^194, was a great eruption, which continued near u month, when burning mat-
Kr was throw!' out with fo much turce, Ihat f( me of it fell at thirty miles dillance,
and a vail quantity of melted njineials, mixed with other matter, ran down like a
river for three miles, carrying every thing before it wliicli lay in its way. In i "oj,
wiieii there was another eruption, fuch quantities of cindcis and allies were tinown
out, that it was dark at Najiles at noon-day. In ly'iy, a violent eruplicn luipiH-ii-
ed, which is reckoned to lie the tvventy-fcventh from that which tlellroyed Hercu-
laneuin in the lime <>f Titus. In thi-> eruptiim the allies, or rather fmall cinders,
ihowered down fo fall at Naples, tliat the pjople in liie llreet were obHgcd h, iifc
umbreilas, or adopt fume other expedient, to guard theniLlvcs a^ainlt liu-ni.
The tn])s of the lioufes, and the balconies, were eovi'ied with llule cinders ; and
.'lips .".t fea, twenty K'agues from Naples, were annoyed by ihem, t.) the great
ii'luniilinient of Ihe failors. An eruption hap[)ened alio in i 70'), and an< ' er in
i;7i), which hns lieen particularly defcribed by lir William llamiliun, in ill Phi
iolniiMc.d Traiii'actions.
'I'liis gentleman, the Britilh envoy at the court of Naples, has been at gri .ti
jiain-. to invelHgate ihe ph.eiiomena of thi> volcano. From tlie nine ot his ;.rri/al
iii \;i]iles, in 1764. he paid particular regard to the liatj of the mountain at all
tinie>, and n'Merve-. that the fnioke is much nior': eoniidi-rabli- in bad, tlian in lair
weather; and llut the inward exploiion-. of the mountain are otlen heard at Na-
ples in bid weather, which is lix miles dillant. t)n looking into the mouth from
;v hence tiie nre ilVue:>, in fair weather the finoke h.as fometimis been fo little, that
4 .\l he
^.u
I
T,
he liasfc'on a (^roat way down, and obft-rvid the lldi-s to bo iiicriiflod with fall and
minerals of vjirious colours, vv'iiiu-, grei-n, deep and pale yellow. In bad weather
alfo the fnioke was nioill, white, and miith lefs ofIeiili\e than the lleams whi( li if-
fiied from the craeks in the lidos of the nioimtain. The (igns of an approuLJiing
eruption are an intreafe of the fmoke in fair weather; and after this huti continued
for foiue time, a piilf of hlaik I'inoke is tVeipiently feen to Ihoot up in the middle
of the white kind to a |)rodii;ioiis heiglit ; and thefe pufl's are attended with conli-
derable e\pK)(ions. \\ hiie \ Cfuvius was in this I'tate, fir William alceT\ded to the
lop. It was about tlie bv^inuin;; of Novemlx r, and the upper part of the moun-
tain was then covered will) fnow. A little hillock of (ulj)liur, about (ix feet high,
had been thrown up bv the mountain, and burned with a blue flame at the top :
but wliile our author \\as i \aminini; this ph.enomenan, a fudden and ixud report
was heard, a colunm of black fmoke ihot up with violence, and was ollowed by a
reddilh Hamc. A Ihower of Itones bll, which obiijjed him to retire ; and he in-
forms us, that it is by no means fate to approach too near to the mountain in this
ibite, as fome gentlemen, whom lie mentions, were wounded by the lioiies whivli
were thrown out by an explofion of ihi^ kind. As the eruption proceeds, the
fmoke becomes totally black in the day lime, and at night appears like clouds
tinged by the fetting fun. Afterwards it appears like llame in the night ; Ihovvers
ofalhcsare thrown out, earthiiuakes are produced, and great volleys of red-hot
ilones are difchargcd to an immenfe height in t!ie air. The lieiglit and diitanee to
which thefe ftones are thrown is generally in proportion to the magnitude of the
volcano which emits them, and hence tiie exploiions of \ efuvius are commonly
lefs terrible than thofe of .Ktna; but the eruption in 1779 from Vefuvius feems t<i
liave been as violent as we have an account of in any volcano whatever. '1 he
largeft (lone thrown out by Vefuvius, whole dimenfions have been meafured, was
12 feet in length, and 45 in circumference, it was projttted to the dillance of a
quarter of a mile from the place where it was emitted ; but much larger ones have
been thrown out from volcanoes of a fuperior magnitude; and Mr. lirydone was
alfured bv the Canon Recupero, that he liad fi.xu Hones of immenfe magnitude
thrf>\Mi out from /Etna, to the height of more than 7,000 feet above the top of tlie
iiiounliiin, as he calculated from tlie time they took in falling. Along with llufe
dreadful ]>luvnomena, the fmoke which illues from the mountain is in a highly
electrified ftate " the fmall ;inies, wliich the mountain continually throws out along
with the Hones and cinders, are attracted by the fmoke, and form with it one vat(,
and, to ajjpearance, denfe column, from whence continual Halhesof forked, or zig-
zag lir'iining iiVi;'-', iometim.s atiended with tlniiuUT, ami fomelinies not, but
ti-|uallv powerful with the ordinary lightning. 'I his pluenomciion has been taken
notice of in the accounts of all volcanoes. I'liiiy mentions it in his account of the
great eruption in 70 ; it has been oi ferved in thofe of tlie Icelandic \olcanoes ; in
ylitna ; and Sir William Hamilton lias more than once feen ii proceed from the
imoheof \ efuvi'.is
The erMj)tion of lava in 17^16 took place on tlie aStli of March, al)Out feven at
uif'ht. 1 he la\a bis^an to Ijoil over in one Itreani, but fioii aficr cii\ideil itlVlf into
two. It was pnctd-d by a paitial Laitlujiiake in ihe luiglibourhood of the moun-
tain, o'.eaiioiicd by a violent c\plolion. and a ihower ot retl-hol Hones and cinders
were thrown up to a conliderable height. 'I In lava had the ;;j)peaiance of reil-hot
and li<iuid metal, fucli as the vitritied matter ot the glafs-lioulci, on which
were larj'e floating cinders half lighted, androlliiig one over another down llie
mountain with great precipitation, forming a molt bciiutitul and uncommon cafcade.
'l"he colo'ir of tlie fire was mm h paler and brighter the liilt iii,;hi than any of the
fubleuuenl ones, wiiea il b.came ul a deep red, proliably ow mg, fa\.s;5ir W iiliani,
to
<.?>
fikhs and
weather
whiili if-
ro;ichiiig
oiitiiuicd
c middle
ith tonli-
I'd to the
lie nuiuii-
t'oi't high,
tiie toil :
ud report
iwi'd by a
viid 111- iii-
liii ill this
iiL's wh.vli
;ocds, the
k.0 clouds
; lliovvcrs
of red-liot
Jilhiiuc to
adc (it the
commonly
s fecms to
•ver. 'Ihe
fured, was
llancc of a
r ones have
ydoiie was
magnitude
top ot the
with tlule
111 a highly
out along
lit oiu' valt,
(.d. or zi^-
iiot, hut
Kill tatcn
Hint lit the
allocs ; ill
|l troiii the
|iit fiA en at
it lilt" into
I the inoun-
|nd cinders
1 it' rcd-luit
lull which
down I lie
^m cal'cade.
laiiy ot the
|r \\ iiliani,
tu
I r A K Y 6?5
10 its linviiif; lieen iiiori- iiTipre;^natcd wifh fiilphiir nt frrtf than afterwards. In tin-
<la\ linie, unlers you arc wry ncnr it, the ia\a lias no appearance ot' lire, hut its
conrCe is marked hy a thick wliiic Cnioke.
'Hie heat ot'ihe lava was fiicli, that one could not anprnach nearer than within
ten ieel ol the iireani, and ot' Inch coiilillenee illioiij;h it appeared as litpiid as wa-
ter as ahnoll to nlill the impreltion of a long (lick, vvitli ndiich the experiment
wa . made. I ,ar'.;e tiones thrown upon ii with all his t'orce did not (ink ; but, mak-
ini; a iii^^ht iinprillion, dialed on the fin face, and were carried out ot (i;^ht in a
Ihort time ; tor, noiwithltandinjj the conlilienev of the matter, it ran with qreat
velocity ; not lei"-., in nir author's opinion, than that of the river Severn at the pa(-
fage near lirilh>l. The (tream was about ten feet wide at its fourcc, but fooii extend-
ed ift'elf, diviilin>; into tliree branches, fo that thefe ri\ers of (ire, commnnii ating
their heal to the ciinlev-, (if forme' lavas, between one branch and the "ther, had
the .ippcarance ai night of a onlinued Iheet of (ire, four miles long, and in fume
places near two in breadth.
Next yesir there was a much more violent eruption of the mountain ; and the
frequent einillions of red-hot-(lnnes and cinders, which took place piwious to the
eruiition, had at lal( tonned a fniall mountain within the mouth ol the great o;ie,
by their contimially falling back into the jilace from whence tluy were emitted ;aii<l
from the top of this little mountain the fmoke ill'ued I'o thick, that ir feemed lu
have a difhculty in ctVetting a pallage ; while volleys of great fioncs were every mi-
nute tlirowii up to an iminenfe hciglir. At lad tlie wliole took tlic lliajic of a huge
pine tree, which appearance was taken notice of by Pliny in his account of tlie
tMuptioii in 79. 'Vhc column al'cended to fuch an extraordinary height, as, when
bent by the wind, to reach the illaiid of Caprca, not lei's than 28 miles from \'efu-
viu.t. I hefe violent fymptoms ceafed on tlie burlfing forth of the lava ; after which,
our author, fujipoling the danger was over, went to the mountain to make his ob-
fervations. i^ut while he was employed in tliis manner, a violent noife was heard
within the mountain, immediately after which the lava broke out from a new mouth
onlv a ([uarter of a mile dillant from where he Aood,fpringing up to a confiderable
height in the air, and rolling diretlly towards him. lie was now in extreme danger,
the earth ihaking witli fuch violence as to endanger the tall of fome of the roths
under which he mull necelV;:rily pals, while the ihowersof cinders and pumice-llune
threatened to over.vhelm him; and the clouds of fmoke j)roduced fuch an intenfe
diirkncfs, that he could not fee which way to go. 'ihe fulpluireous fmell was like-
wife very oH'enlive, and the explolions of the mountain were much louder than thun-
der, in this (ituation he ran three miles before he got out of danger, and afterwards
perceived that the lava had actually covered the road by which he retreated, and
that to the depth of no lei's than 60 or 70 t'eet. 'Ihe concullions of the air were fo
violent upon this occalion, that windows and doors of houfcs,eveii though locked,
were burll o])en. 'I'heie was likewife a continual and riuiibling fubterraneous
nolle; which lalled for feveral hours, and which (ir XN'illiam conjetlured to have
hern uwing to rain-water loilged in the cavities ot the mouiUain, ai.d meeliiii^ with
the lava.
The eruption "f 1779 was much more violent than tluit already defcribed. It
commenced in the namth of Augall, and belides tiie ufual fymplo.ns of volleys of
lionet, iminenfe clouds of fmoke, &:c. a molt extraordinary fcene was prefented by
the apjiioach of a tli'imler cloud. No f .oner did tiiis come over the mouth of tlie
iiirlaiiied vidcano, tluin the tire fru;n its boweUfpouted out in a vail column to meet
that in the cloud , boih togeiher producing an appearance not to be paralleled. Next
ni'^dit the lava, which had not liitlierto got lulhcient vent, after a molt ailoiiiihing
csplolion, fpouted u]i to the h.eight of ;it halt 10,000 leet above the fumtnit of the
jnounlaiii, while the I'myke around it, emitting coiilhiual iiuilies ot zig zag liglu-
4M i ning,
636 I T A ], Y.
iiing, j;:ivc an anpcarancc mm li more awful and liomonclous, thoiigli, nccordin{^ to
lii V\ 1,11am. Icla l.oautihil llian ibal of tlu- preceding cvei.ing. On tl\is octalioii
till- town of ()tt:ii:mii, upon wliii li tlie vokanie lliowiT was driven by tin- wind,
narrowly ifiapedllie fate of I lirculaneu;u and l'om|)eii of old. I lie vail llrcam of
la\a indeed did nol reaeli tlu'ni.ollu ru iU' it mull have been irrefilUblo.
To I he fiibtiTraneous liris by wliieb ilie vuleanoes are produ< eii, wo mull iin-
doiibudiv aferibe the frec|uency «)f eartli(|iiake.s in this ctjuntry. In the year 1783,
the fouihern part of Italy wa.s ruined by one of the moll violent cartluiuakes nieii-
lioiied in hirtt)ry. It alfe^led alfo the illand of .Sieily, but lefs violently than (lie
country already mentioned. Its (.xteut, lu)wever, was much lefs than thatoffeve-
ral others. Sir V\ illiam llaniillon fixes the centre of its force at the town of C)p-
pido ; and from the furvey wiiich he made of the cnuiiir) which had fullered, com-
putes that its violent eflects were confined within a circle wliofe circumference is
aio Italian miles, and its centre the town of Oppido ; nor did it produce any feii-
llble efleits bexond the circumference of a circle whofc radius was 72 luch miles, ami
Opi ido the centre.
The moll violent Ihock happened about noon on the 5th of February ; if came
on inflantaneoully, without am warning, and the lliock feemed to be diredcd per-
pendicularly upwards. The city oftJppido is lituated on a mountain, furrounded
by two rivers, in a very broad and deep ravine. Into this there were vail pieces oi'
the plain detached, in fuch a manner as to llop the courfe of both the rivers, and to
form two great lakes. I'art of the rock on wliicli Oppido llood wasalfo i)recipitatod
into tin- fame hollow, with I'evi ral houfes which had been built upon it. \ all tracts
of land, with large plantations of vines and olive trees, were thrown from one lidc
of the lioliiiw to the oilier, though the diliance was more than lialf a mile ; and witli
oneof thefc vail pieces ot earth a couiitr} man was tranfported along with his field
and two o.Xeii, who w ere ilraggin;^ a plough, to the diliance abo\e mentioned, with-
out nceiving any hurt. The molt eMraordinaiy circumllance, howe\er, was, that
a hill about 230 feet high, and 1300 in circuinterence, was mo\ed from its place
near finir miles tlown liiis ia\ine, belore it feilled. In feveral placis alio the foil
though ilk re was no appearance of fire iijxjn it, had run like the lava ol a volcano
and oxerliowed, like it, the neighbouring grouiuU.
At'i'erra .\uo\a,the ground on whicli ihe town l^ood was fplit under it, and ma-
ny bundled houfes, with the earth on which they llood, were in a limilar manner
thrown about hall a mile from the place where tins llood; and, what is ver\- ex-
traordmaiv, loine of the inhabitants were ilug oui ot the ruins ali\e, and even unhurt.
At C'afal Auova, the princefs (ierace Grimaldi, with more tlian 4000 of her fuh-
jects, were dellroyed in a moment. Some of the inhabitants, wlio ha«l been dii"
alive out of the ruins, declaud that they felt their houfi's fuduenly lifieil from the
foundati<in, wiihoiu basing hail the kali pre\iou> warning. -An inhabitant of tlu'
ph. ce, who happened to be on an hill wliicli overlooks the town, at that liiiv.-
turned about on teeling the Ihock, but, inliiad of the town, faw oiilv a vaflclduil
f)f white ilull in the phue where it had been Ihe whole indeeil was fo clleeUiallv
ovi'rlhrown, that no xeliige of houfe or lireel remained, all being converted intii
(iiii- proinilenoub 1k<i|> ol ruins
i\iar .Scilla, a n,(nintain lell into the lea, and ruifed fuch avail wave, as fwent
away the [iriiue ol Scilla, witn .147,; of his fubjetts at once. A great part of the
tovMi of .Meliiiia vva-i overthrown, 'ihe part ol Calabria which was molt alJectal
by this grievous cahuiiity, was that which is comprehended between 30 and 'a
degleis.
Sill li were lor.ic of tlie jinrticulais of this earthquake, remarkable not only for
its violence, but for llie uu;ubcr and cynlinuaiicc of its ihocks, which fcareelv
CC.ilcil
ITALY, 637
ri-afod f<»i n whole year al'tor itK romnu'iiccment 'I'lie luimher of pcrfoiis who I<ift
tlit-ir lives was coniputi-d not to be K fs than 40,000, and llie daniag.- in other
rel'pects was prmhgioiis.
It has been olifiived by a modern traveller, tliat thdUf^h Mount Vcfiiviiis often
lills tiie lu iglibomin^ tounlrs vviili terror, vet as few tilings in nature are fo abfo-
lulely noxious as not to proiluee fonie gootl ; even this raging volcano, by its ful-
pluireous and nitrous manure, and the heat of its fubterraneous fires, cuntributes
iioi a little to the uneoninion fertility of the country around it, and to the profulion
of fruits and herbage with which it is every where covered, lielides, il is fuppofed
that (lie mountain, being open and active, proves lefs holtile to Naples, than it
would be, if its eruptions were to ceafe, antl its llruggles eonhned to its own b»)\vels ;
for then might enfue the molt fatal llioc^s to the unliable luandution of tite whole
dillrict of lerra di Lavora*.
'riie plain of Soltaterra, i^fo calleil from the vail ijuantiiies 1 if fulphur, which are
continually forced out of the clifls by fubterraiuan tires), whi>i:h is juUly conlidered
as one of the natural curiolities of Italy, and is liuiated belwten the lakes Agnanu
and l*u/uoli, is no other than the crater ot an ancient volcano, or the hollow tVoni
whence its eruptions formerly ilVued. In the plain within the hollow, fni ke Itili
ilVues front ntany parts, as well as tront many places in tin.- liiks. From thefc
places they collect a kindot fal ammoniac, but in a very aukward manner, by hcap-
inj5 llones upon one another to collect the vapours as iluy rile. From the foil of
till' plain, fulphur and alum are ixtracled ; and our author is of opinion, that In
caiel'ul management this fpot might produce a ver\ contulerabie revenue, though at
iiiefeiit il iloes not yield above ioo\. aniuially. I he hollow fiaind produced by
'1'-
iidwing a heavy Hone upon the plain <jt .Sollaurra, leciiis tuimliiale that it is li
ported b\ a kindot vault: audit is alio probable, that there is uiidernealli it a pool
of
I'Ollll
aiH
water, wtiich boils bv the heat ot a Uibierraneuus lire. lliis luppulitiun is
rined i>y the very inoili lleam which illues from the crurks in the ground.
1 runs olV in great drops tiom a piece ot i old imn prelented 10 it. On the oul-
lide, and towards ilie lake .\i;iiano, waler guthes out ot the rock to hot as to raifc
ilie ijiiicklilver in I'ahieiilu it s tlienno,ni.ter to the boiling point. After a great
(leal ot vain, ho\\ever, the heat of this fountain is much Ids. VN hen you hiild\our
es, you hearahonid boiling nolle
near tiie roc
ks tr
nin wlieme
the water ilUi
WllR II
teems to proceed troai ilie huge cauldron that may be fuiipofed lo lu- under
the .Soll'alerra.
Mount -Uma is 10,054 feet i" height -. its afceiii by roads, about 2'> miles ; ami the
t the balls 160. From the \\\\ I'ummit of .iMna, our ad\eiiiurous
circumkreiKe a
tiiiViIler, .\lr. W atkins, for a tew feconds ga. e-.l into tlic iraier: but how great was
lii> lurprile, when, iiilKad ot a Ihallow baloii .iv that ot \ eluvius, lie law a horrid
iiiiif, not lets ll.an two miles in circumteii nie, li.u.d v\ itii iminenle r(Kk>, and tlee[)-
er ilian the eve cou
Id fathom 1 Ihisciatei w;!< the
^ra\e ul iMupeUocies, who iin-
f.iitunately forgot to leave bisinin far.tlaU belniid him, bet'oie lu- :;lteinpu'd to iiii-
pofe u])oii the world a belief of his iininortaiit), b\ throwing hiinfelf into it. /Etna
liaiul. fenaiate troin a
II oti
K-r moiinSains, iis li-uie is circular, and it terminates in a
the lower parts of it ar.' \ery fruitt'al m corn and l\igar-c:
tl
le luu:
Idl
» Sir \Villi;im H.imiltoii, in hi-, iici oiint ol tlic
f:ir'.liiiii:ikc"; in (.'al.ttuiii Lllra, ami iitilv, tioin
l-.l)ri).irv ^lli, ti> M.iy i;!)?, f^O'^ In t-ral rrafoiu,
fur ;:iiiiv;!i^ that tilt, wtiioi itlunii-il '.<) tlu- o|k--
r..tiiiii lit .1 viiUai,ii, ti;e Irat ot « juh 1 ly ilccji ei-
tl.ii- uiultrtlic boTtoni nl tin- l'f.», l)ot-.i'^fii .stKim-
l,ip|i, aii't ilie i.<i.ilt ol C'.iialiria, or uiicUr tlif [lans
(it lilt' pl.i.ii idW.irJs Oj'i ulo ami , nr.i N'uov.i. I k-
plainly ouurM'il .1 ^raaatioii in tlit (lam->jC ilunc 10
till l)u;K;iiif,>, ns alfoin «hf ilri'.iccof niovtalltv, in
p:'j(>iiiti<'ii .l^ tliv ein!iitrle^ vn r nni-eor IvU ilill iiit
troin llii> liippolfil 1 , ntrt ii( tlic evil. Out tirciini-
li.iiKf lie paiiciil.irly niiuii kcl : it two towns wire
litviaVil at an t-ipi il ililiaiicc t'luin tlii:. uMitii-, the
ont- uii u tiiil, t.i' i.iliLi on rlir pl.iin,or in a boitoni,
the hotter lail al'.'a; ■■ I'littVinl i-rcatly nuxi- hv the
l!ii)tk> ul the eari:'.')i ,,\ts iliaii tlif Itir.ner ; .i I'liiH-
citii' pi'uoi tolmiioj 4.11. i.a,ift vomin^lroin iinculi.
I) uboiiiids
6,?,1
F
Mlnmnds will) woods, dlive-tivos, mid vinos: and the iippor part isalmnfl fho whole
)car rovrrcd witli f'liow, Its tiirv iruptioiis have nlwayn ntidered it t'aiiums ; in one
ot" thi'l'e. which happciu'd in !(>'''(), tnurtti'M towns and villages wire <leftroyed,
niid there liavv liei n fiveial teirihli' eruptions lime that time. 'Iliere is generally
iui larllupiake helore .■'iiy ^;riat eruption. In if>i>3, the port-town of Cataniu was
uvertmned, and iH.ooo peoiile perilhi-d.
J he grotto dil Cane is remarkable tor its poifonoiis rteams, nrul is fo called from
its killin'j; doj>,s that enter it, if forn \ to remain there ; and douhllefs, it would
have lie fame eliict on man, or any other animal, whole head was held near to the
^rom\l, 'I his noxious vapour is no other than fixed air, which is produced pro-
hiihly from liie klVer\i.fcence f)f an iicid and alkaline mixture; and this biing hea-
vier than common air, is near the earth, and fatal to thofe animals whofe heads
a'e fo low as li l're;Ml!e it. .Seoii)ions, vipers, and ferpents, are laid to he com-
mon in /\])uli:i.
.Amoni; the n: rrnl eiirlolities i^\' Italy, thofc vail bodies of fnow, ami ice, whit h
are caM' 1 the dla '. rs ot havoy, del'erve t(t be particularly mentioned. 'I'here are
ti\e jflii. ie: . hich iiicLdi: the vale of Chamonnv, and are feparated by wild forelh.
corn-ti, ids, ni.d rich ucadows ; fo that imment'e tracts of ice are blended wiih the
hij^luH L iltiv.t'ion, u^mI per[)etuall\ fueceed to each other, in the mod lingular and
(Irikin; •']. i'iniuh All tht fe fevcral vallies of ice, which lie chicHy in the hollows
ot the , oiiul:'!ns, li vl >• lome leagues in leni;lh, unite together at the foot of
Mont Bi.tnc ( 'ne hi.,neil inouulain iti Kurope, and probably of the ancient world:
but tor a fuller d<"ferijition of this celebrated mountain, and of the glaciers that
iiirround it, we leter our rtiulel* to llie account ot .Swii^'orhind.
iJIATKS OK ll M.v, coNsrnu
riON, AND CIllKF CITIES.
11
Inis far, o
f Itab
in general ; but as th(
Italian Ihites are not, like the republics of Hol-
land, or Swit/erland, or the empire of (lermany, cemented bv a political confede-
racy, to which esery meniber is :ni<iunlable {for every Italum Hale has dilfintt
forms of government, trade, and intirelis^ I (li:dl be obliged to take a feparatevicw
ot each, to all.li tlie reader in forming an idea of tin; whole.
'I he duke of SA> OY, m. as he is now f>yled, king of SARDINIA *, taking
his nn al title from that illand. is a powerful n>ince in jialv, of which he is called
the Janus, or keeper, againii itie Krench. liiscapil.d is Turin. This noble city
whiiii Itands on tl'.e northern bank . f the river I'o, is perhaps, if taken all in ail
the belf built, Inlt fortified, ami the m"ft uniform in 1 :irope. Its for'u is oval, the
lireets are wide, and extentl in fl/aiglit lines, liom one end of it to the other.
Tliroiigh the n)!<l(l!e of which the ». iiur flrv.tm of the Horia is made to How in
lilile I li;iii!icls that keep them clean, and <ii])pl\ ilie inli:d)itants with goo<l water
'i he iruflits of ihi- lioutes in e\<'vv Itnet are liti'i'ar to each other, beiii" built of
h^.\\n flone, thiee Itories high. 'Ihe l:ite king, w'h) w e; •vluu kings (Imuld he, liie
* CHarltri-EmanucI-FerilinaiHl-Maric, king »l
Nwdiii-, anil dukf of S,,\<i\, liuiii Mi<\ i*. i ;,i ;
niarriril, ill i 7-5, li> AJ.iii.i .\ilr iliti i, (illtiln l.dvn.-i
X\'l. the l.itt liiiforuimtc king ol ti.o Fniiili.
ifrotl.cr^ ;iiul lilicr . nt i\w king.
1. iM;i'i:i- I()ftpha-l.(ini(:i, horn Sfptniihfr 2,
I7;3i iiwiriitl to tlic Count ilf i'Tiv^inf, vi<l.
1 rhiuc
2. Mari:i-'I hfrcfa, horn January 31, i7;6;
H'.arriol 10 the Count <i'.-^ri,.i>.
3. Amia-Maria-Ciiroliiia, born Decfinbcr 17,
4. \ i.'tor-F.iaamiflCaicta;', <lia il'Anfte, Imrn
Jiily ^4, 'j^^- married, April s;, yHtf, Maria
rtitrcl.1, uiivi 10 tlir [ uki.i imjieior.
^, .Maurii<-|oU|.li->1aria, ili;> Ue .Moiilfcrral,
born .Siptiiiibt r la, 1 f':.
6. M.i,!i-('li.irl()tt:i, Iwrn Jamriry 17^)4,
7. t'hawJc joltph,()iK dcCJciicNoih, Ik, ni April
6, 1765.
b. Joleph-BcmdiA, tomtc <ic Maiiricunc, [loru
Oftober 5, 1 766.
fatlier
I
6.?9
father of hiii country, bresn tluff improvi-mcrjU, and mi^ht he called tlic ficond
fiiiindir ; lor Co f;rcut is ino alteration, that it would bo iiii|io|]il>lt- for aiw pcrfon,
wlio lu\d fccn it liclorc tlu- new plun was rxicuiiil, to knovN it in the preU-rU time.
Tlio viMUTahlc iippcarauL'i- of tlic royal pal. no iniik.Lii it look like the j{ri.at antillor
of the city: its heavy and ill propoitioncd finii-ture liunds us a memento of the
rude and harbaious nf^cs of Itals. I he dm liy of >Savoy and |)riniip:ility of i'ied-
inont uic more populous than tlit y were; liy the laii returnn, the nuniber is found
to auiouMt to 2,6^5, yzy f<io!si, of whieh Turin eMiitain > about 77,000. '1 he autho-
rity of his Sariliniiiu niajclly is as ubfolute as his will, beinji; neither cuntrouled by
parliaments nor conditions of ^ovcrnlnenl. The Hoops of his inajelly, on the peace
ellablilhinent.aniouru to between 25,000 and 30,000 men, hendis a militia of about
15,000, who are called out dnrinj^ one uKinih in the year, and receive f third of
the pay of the regulars ; and four Swifs regiments, one of whiih is a protcllani
corps, and hab u minilkr, paid too IouIh ])ei ann. partly by the king and partly by
the regiment.
The MILANIvSR, belonginj; to tlu- houfe of .\urtrla, is a confiderabic (hife,
and lormcrly predominant in Italy, wiun under the government of its own ihik.es.
The fertility aiu! beauty o| the cmmtry are almull incredible. Milan, the capiml,
and its citadel, are very Itrong, and furnithed with a magniticent cathedral in tlu-
(.uthic tad.', which contains a very rich treafury, coiilitling ciiieily of eecleliadical
t'liriiilure, I iimpofiil of gold, lil^er, and precious lit. nes. Few travi-llers lonie lo
Milan who are nut foon after tlu ii arrival taken to a jdace called I. a i.afa Si-
nionetta, an uninhabitlcd feat, two n\ile^ from tlt^ liiy, remarkable fur Ut. eciio,
wliiih repeals the human voice 38, and the n port of a ])iliol 57 tiiues. It is at a
hack pai\ ot tin' itonle, and leenis no be prodni ed by llie jirojettion ot two wni/'s
from the hotly, that forms a kiiul o*' C(uirt-yard, but |)rol).d)ly there mult be fune
other unikuviwu caut'e tor fo liitgular an elfect. The military eliabliilinii, ni of the
country is from 16 to 20,000 nun, tlie population 1,000,000, including the capital,
whieh is faid to contain ii(\ooo. ihr revenue of the thichy is above ^oo.oool.
aiinualU. I he natives are lonil oi literary and puiiiiial ademblies. Witli all iis
natural aiu! ac(|uireii .'ulvanlages, the nalives ol Milan make but lew exports ; lo
that its revenue, uidels the court of Vienna IhouUl piul'ue fome other fyllem of im-
provement, cannot be much bettered. I he ducliy ot Mantua, Ixing now incor-
porated with it, the provinci: is to taki' the name ol Aullri.ni J.orubartl).
I he republic of (JKNO.A is vafllv di ijenerated tVom iis ancient power andni)u-
luiu, thoUijh the t'pirii of trade ftiil contiiuies among its iu)l.>ility atul citi/ens.
(jeiioa may lie cnlleil a city of marble palaces ; but unfortm.atelv it Ibands (m fuch
a conlined lllp of land, lietwi-en the fea and the mouiUain beluiul it, that tliefe
uuble edifices prefs upon one another. Add to this, ihi' l"tre(^ts are f > narrow, .is
to pievent tin pallcnmr from feeing their llyle of anliiti i-tuie to ad\ aiUii^e. Uie
two principal are l.a .Sirada i\u>>sa, ai\d La .Strada iiaibi, Ihe hrll lonlifls of
fourteen fuperi) palaces, that contain a profulion o*" marbles, and a line collection
of paintings, anu)ng wtiich are many nioli admirable pieces of 'I'ilian, the Caracci,
ii;;(i (luido Keiie. T his v.ily is ken from the lea to the gvtalcli adsantagt , anil foriMs
a very magnitiemt Icenc, coniprehending the city, tlic fiirrounding hills, and the
riiini.roii', villas that occm|)\ everv part ot ilu in. Anionglt its palaces as particu-
larl; u.'rihy ol notice, aie thole ol Doria ', and Duia/kio. Ihe iullab^lailt^ i>f
» Aiul't A Doii.i, tlic liciul ol tills family, f.im- ll.i'f, hut rtfiiri.'<l it, ami ^avc to \ht pfoj.lr tint
0116 liir hi- 11 ilu.'.ry exploits, aiui ilu- itclivmr i.f rriiiili|ii..iii lorM ol j;(ivvrii ik'iu i.-ij;, li Uiil lulnilK ;
i-»ti!»::. «.is 1 oni !ii tl.f UTiitory r>( dciuia, in tl.e he licil t.) li c :ij;c ot o^, uii- reluct .iml IritnJ ot'
)cjri4'j;}: l-... waj ulk-.^J luc luvtitiijuty of t!ic tlic uiit. itiiii.ac.
7 dilUuctiou.
«**
Y.
dirthrli'in <^ri'f. \n h^Ack, !n n pl.iin, it' not an iiiu-Dutb marmcr, porlmpi to fave
ixpoiui'*. 'lluircliKf manuf'.ictiins !iic Vflvi-ts, «lainalki«, ^i)l(l and lilvcr lilluis,
iinil papiT. 'Iho lity of (inioii ri»iitains about 150,000 inhaMtaiits (Imt Conic
writers ga-aily climiniili tliaf iiiiml)ri1, aiiioiiR whom arc many rich iradinj' imliv!-
dual*. It; inaritimr pnwi-r !•» (IvvimlKil down to li\ gallics. 'I he thief lafity of
tltls rij'uliiic loiidli^ i:i tin- jimIoimV nt' otlicr I'.iirnpi'aii powers, bccaufc to any (»nc
ot tlu'ii it would 1h- a moll Mihuihli' aiHpiiiiiion. I lie common people are
wretehed beyond exptvirnin.as is the Toil ot" its territory. Near the (ea ('o:Me jjarts
lire tolerably well cultivated. Tlie government of (ienoa is ariHocratieal, bi ing
Veiled in the nobility : the chief pcrfon is calleil the Doge, or Duki- ; to wliieli
•lignity MO pcrfon is ])ri)moied till he i-. lit'ty years of age, {'".verN two years a new
doge IS chofen, and the f)rmir is im .ijiable, during five yars of* holding tin- fume
poll again. 'I lu- doge gives audiiiin' to ambalTadors ; all orders of government
lire ilVued in liis name, and he is allowed a bodv -guard of two hundred (jermans.
\'KNICI' i. onrof il
i|] t il'brated repul>iies in ilic wnrM, on ati'.ounl Ii jtli
<if ils conllitntion and fornur p-iwr. It ((mnnaiids l\-vi'ral tine provinces on tli>
continent of Italy, foine illands in tlie \(lrialie, and part of Dalmatia. 'The citv
«)f Venice is tVated on -ji illands at the bottom ot the nortli end of the Adriatii
fea, and is feparated from the continent by a marih\ lake of five Italian mili s in
bieadtli, too (hallow I'cr lar'.;e lliips to navigate, which forms its principal (heiigfli,
Venice prefei\cs many vdligi's ot itsaiuient niiigniliceiice and llriellv adheres to
its ancient ti'iemonii-s. As to the eoiiltitutiiui of the republic, it was originally
• lemocratical, tlu- magitlrates being diofeii liy a general affeiidjly of the peopl ■,
and fo contiinied for one Imndred and filly venrs; imt various changes afterwanK
took p
tio":es, or (
ink.
Wi
re a|)|)oinfed, wlio were invcllcd with gnnt
power, whicli they ot'ten grolMv abufed, and lome of them were aflailinated In t
people, Hy degrees a liody ot hereditary legiilative iu)liility was formed ; and a
tumple'e arilbicracy was at length ellablilhcd upon the ruins of ihe pi)i)ular i^n.
vernment, 'Ihe nobility are (li\ided into l\\ clalles, amoimiing in the whole lo
250^, each ot whom, when iwenty-tive years of age, h.is a right to be a member
ot tin- gran<l council. 'Ilu'fv' elcot a doge or chief magillrate l)y ballot, 'jlu' d-i".-
is invelted with great Ihite, antl with emblems of fiipnine anihoritv, but has vei ,•
little power, and is not permilled to Itir from tlie city without the pirmillion of the
graiul council. '1 Ih' government and laws are adminitlcred by dillereut tnuiicils
(il the nobles.
The college olherwife called the feigniory, is ilie fuprenu c abinei council of the
liate, and alfo the reprefenlative of the re|)ii!ili4 . This court givis and
leiice,
to th
delivers anfwers, in the name of tlu; republic, lo foreign anibalT;
puties of towns and provinces, and to the g<iieralsot the arniv. ft alloreceivi
r((pi<lKaiid memorials «in ftateatlairs, fummous the feiiate at pleafurc, and
and
e de-
tl
le lilllinel', t(
dit'culfed in ih : alll mblv. Ihe eouneil often tak
iirranue
es c.)''ni/anei-
ot liate ( riuies, and !ias the power ol fei/ing aecul'td pcrfuns, examining iIumii i
prifon, and taking lluir anlweri in writing, wilii the evidence againll them Mm
the tribunal of Date impiilitors, whuh conldh only of three members, and which
is in the lii^hell degne del'potic in its manner of proceeding, has the power o\ de.
tiding without appeal, on the lives ot every 1. ili/en belonging to ilie Venetian
ftate ; the liiglielt of the nohiliiy, even tlie dogi' himt'elf, not being excepted. In
thefe lliree iiujuilitors is given the right of cmploving Ipies, ami illuing m leu
to fei/c all perfons whofe words or actions tiu'V think repiehenlibie, and attelv.al•d^
trviiig them, and ordering them to be exetuti (1, when tin v think proper. 'Hhv
have keys to e\ei\ aj)artiMeiit of the ducal palai.e, mkI (an, whenever iliev pleale,
peiietiat.'
I
r
L
(m
|iriiclr«ro into rlic very hod-chamlH-r of llic Anf^c, o|hmi hi* cahim-t, atui cxninine
nJH |)ii|UT!(. 'Ilioy t'oiiiiniic in niljco only (inc yciu, hut aru noi ri-Ciujulilili- iiMcr-
\\:miIs tiir tlicir ion, liKt wliilli iluy Wire in iiutlioiity, Soinuili ilitlnil) inul jcul-
(iiity iiri- <lil'|i!.i\c'il l>y lliit ^nvorniiUMit, that llic milili- Viiutisi'is ili'< lino having
uny intiTimirlV \Niili foreign iiinNiill.ulurs, or wiili lolll^nl•rll wiiovilit thoni.
All llif ordiMN <>t' Vcni'Umi nnhiliiy nrv drcHld in hiai k gowni, iat^o wigH, nn>l
CiM)s \vliii.li tluy lidM in tluii iiamU. 'I'lio « or* nii>ny of llu* (Inge's ni.niying ill'*
Aniiatif ontv n )\.u, tVom lii* luici-ntaur or Uati'-liarfji', atlcntUtl hy tlvifo of' all
tlu' rioliiiity, is tin' nmlt I'liiurl) cxIiihitiDn in N'i'ni( c, and mcordini; lo Mr. Wut-
kiiis. inuih nmrc rpL n<lid than thai ot'onr lord Mayor. Wlu-n ihcmui-ntaur prn-
iTrdi to n tortnin diltanic, on n lignal j^iven, a gi-ncral (ilcncc cnfur*. The doge,
Icanin}; over thf water iVoni the lli-in ot" liis nuptial viII'lI, extends his riglit arm,
hnldin}; in hii hand a rin;;, and pronouncing aloud, Tf, mare, di'f(>o'i/,imHS ih _/ipiiim
'.iri /'tf;/i7«/'yf<L' 1/ "/'/// •, dropt it into the hofiun ot hi» Uiido. Ihis pageant wan
itillituled in tin dnj^ediip of Sehallian Ziani, hy Pope Alexander the 'I'iiird. The
naval tone wliieli V eniie then maintained in its gulpli, the MediiiTranean, and
Art hipelajjo, ^xwv it foine lountenaiue; hut time has ell^cted Imh a oliangi*, that
in the prelent a:{e it is hoeome (piito ridiculou-.. Tiie inhahitanlii ot' Venice are
(■;\i(l to anioin\t to 200,000. 'The grandeur and lonvenienee ot" the citv, pai-
tiiularly the puhlie pahues, the tre;i("iiry, and the arfenal, are heyond expreliion.
()\er the feveral canals ot' Venice, are laid near 500 hridge<, the greatell part of
\\liieh are Ihnie. 'I he Venetians dill have fnnie nianulacLures in I'earlet cloth, gold
;uul lilver duds, and ahove all, tine looking-glalles, which hring in a conliderahlf
reviiuie to the owners ; that ot" the date annually i. laid to amount to K.ooo.oooof
Italian llorins, eacli valued at twenly-penrc ot our money. Out of this arc de-
fra\ed the expcnces ot'ihe date and the pay of the army, which in time of peace
conlids of 16,000 regtdar troops (always commanded hy a forei;;n general), and
10,000 militia. 'I'hey keep up a finail Heet for curhing the inf(dences of the pira-
tical dates of Harhary, and they iiave ainoni^ tlu'in fouic orders of kiii<;hlhnod, the
iliief of which are thofe of itie .V/oA/ </'o>o, fo called troiu the roi)e they wear, which
is coiiterrcd only on the firft i|UHlity, and tlie nulitary order of Mt. Mark; of which
ill the proper jdace.
In ecrliliadical matters the Venetians have two patriarchs ; the authority of cm?
reaclu> over all the provinces, hut neither of them have much power; and hotli
of tliem ate chofen hy the fenate ; and all religious fccts, even the .Mahometan
and Pai;Mi, excepting Protedants, are here tolerated in the free cxercife of their
religion.
'['he N\ neiians rue a lively, ingenious people, extravagantly fond of public
aiiuirini ''Us, \\itli an uncommon relilh for humour. 'I liev are in general tall and
well made ; and many tine manly countenances are met witii in the Itreets of Venice,
relend)lin;j[ thofe tranfmitted to us by the pencils of Paul Vcroin-le and Titian. Th<*
\\(jmen are of a fne dyle of countenance, with exprel'.ive features, and are of an
cal'v addrcfii. The common i)eople are remark.a!)ly fohcr, obliging to drangers,
ami gentle in their intercourfc with each other. As it is very much the cullom to
go ;i!)oat in mafks .nt Venice, and great liberties are takon during the time of thi;
can.ival, an idea lias prevailed, that there is much more licentioufnefs of tnan-
n^'s here than in other places. Great numbers of ilrangers vilit Venice during the
carnival, and eight or nine theatres are tiien open.
The dominions of Venice coidill of a conliderahle part of Dalmatia, of four
towns in (ireece, and of the illands of Cortu, Pachlu, Antipachfu, Santa Maura,
• Thcp, O Se.i, \vc efjioviff, in token of our true .inJ perpetual Jomiiiion over tlitf.
4 N Curzolnii,
%. v^..
l4« I T A I. Y.
rurrotiifi, Vnl di Compflro, Crphllni.lii, n»u! /ante?, Tin? ^'<?l\<»tlon f-'frtlorfoi (n
Italy contain tl\«.- duiliy of Viiiiio, tlio l'«t|iiiii,ot'»', tin- jHiilnliiltt ot' U">vi>;>), tlio
Vernnfff, tlio trrrit«)ri< s «)f' NUaii/.i and llr< Iv i.i. tlie dillricU ot' lUM>;.mi<i, Crc-
nmfco, utui the Mariii I nvii^iiuin, uitli part ot the imuitry of I'ritili. llic i'lili-
')vtit ot' the \ I'Ktian ropubln urc not oppn-iU-il ; tlio t'cimti- hni t'lUiiul, iliiit luiM
ircntiiK t\t iii'd .i^ooU ul'agc urc the belt pulit y, unci more clFcctual tlmii uriiiiv« in
pi\ v(fiuii\g rcvoiu.
Tlio primipul ritv of TUSCANY ii riorctuc, wliiih i-» now pofTolU'd hv n
V(Miii(;rr braiKli of the hi>iil'o of Aullria, uflor IhIii({ luii;; lulil by tlu* illulhioui
IxmlV of Midii is, who niiulo iliiir liifiiial tin- tabiiu't m' uil ili,\t is \aliiali|c, rii li,
Hml miillirlv in im hitocturi', liioratiiic. and 'lio arl», (.lin'i iaily tlioli' nf paiiitinif
•inl riulpturi'. It !•> tli(pii;^lit to ci>ni;i;i\ abmi' 70,000 ioiiabitaiit't. 'I'lio ocaiitiiH
Bnd ricJici of tin* ifiand duko's painti s jiavc bci'ii olttn d^luilKil ; but all ddirip-
tinn fails ihoM <it thiir I'Mcllcnie. 'I he teUbrutod Wnim of Medici*, juitJv
ilccnu'il ihi' thrtdiird of t'einalc biaiilv and proportion, rtands in 1 I'win lallcd tlio
'I'lilnnial. Ilu inUriplinn «'n its bafo ii'iilion> its luinx made l>y <'li'onu'n( •., ii.l
Athenian, li'eliin nf Apidludnius. It is i.t' white nuirlile, and fiirrounded by ollur
nuilier-pieci N nl iVnlnlurt., funu' nf wliii.ii aie laid 10 be llu- W(irk:» nf I'laviiiU,,
«nd «ither (Jreek nialU m. Anumi; the proofs of the ^^niu* of Michael An^ lo, m
I'lorenee, may be particularly nntin d the anlicliamlnr and liair-cafe lo the library
ot St, I,(iren/ii, linni a delii^n iif llnit j;rcat ailill : liny are nmoinninnlv i!c;,'aut.
as appears Irnni th.' calal);'ui'
'II
le libiurv itielt is w> II cniniiNed, ami enntain
made hy tlu' prefent librarian, a very saluablv collectinii ot books; ainoiij; wlueli
lian, in two lar;;o voUnncs, written verv tairl) on parch-
nre the I'aiu'cets of Jnlln
incnt, and in the fame Hate as tlies vseie bron'^lil troni Anudphi. lAery come
of this beanliiul citv. which Hands between niounlains tosercti with oli\e-trees,
vineyards, and dilii;l',ilnl villas, .and divid' d l>y the Arno, is tnll of wonilers in the
ts of j)ainlin^, Itatuaiy, and an li't. eture. It is a place ot limine tlrenj^tli, and
ill
contains an ar', l.bilhop's lee, an \ an iinivcrlil) . The inhabitants l)oall of the im-
jirovemmts they have made in tin' Italian lon^juc, by means ot their Aiadeniia
ilella C'riili.a; and feveral other iuad'-ir.ies arc now clhibtilhed at i'Moreiiee.
Thouj;li the I'lorentines alfect ureal Itatc, Vit tin ir nobiiiiy and (;eiilr\ drive a re-
tail trade in wine, vvliiih ihev tell fioin thiir cell; -window^, and t'onu limes ilicv
fven hang ont a bp'ken tlalV, as a fi),'n where it may be bought. 'I hey deal,
beliilcs wine and fruits, in f;olil and lilver lluli^. IVlcr Leopold, the laic emperor
if Germany, win n he governed this dniliy, by his mii<l and wife ri t^iilations pro-
inoteil a (;reat lerormation in the government ; and improvid the inanuratliin ,,
to the threat benetlt ol tli/ linaiices. It is thought thai tlie great ilnchy ot I'lil'c
niv
cciild bri'.e into the lield, ni)oii occaiiun, 30,000 li;;hting men, and that its |)rt feiit
fi venues are above ?oo,oool. ii year. I he other principal towns of Tnlcany are,
I'ifa, l.(;;^horn, and .Siemia ; the (iril ai,d lad are much decaved; bnt Leghorn is a
vi ry handfome city, built in the modern talie, and -villi fuili re;^nlarii) lli.ti b jiIi
jjaies are feci) trmn the market-place, it is vvi.ll loitiiied, has in'; two torts towards
the fea, belides the citadel. Ilu- raini)arts atioril a v^ry agieealile prufpett of llie
fea. and of many villas on the land Inle. IJere all nations, and even ilie .Malm-
nictans, have free accefs, and may felllc. Ilu- number of inhabitants is cum-
piited at j^'),'-ijo, among wlumi aie faid lobe 20,000 Jews, who live in a particular
tpiarter of the cit\, have a handloine I'vnagogue, and, lliough fubjicl to ver\ Imivy
iinpolls, are in a thriving condition, a conlidcrable part ot llic tummcicc of llii>
CI
'yK
Olll'
th
rye.
ll
1 Ilu ir iiat
kU
Tlic
ITALY. «4j
Tlir iiilinhilant* of l.l/CCA. a fiiull Tree commonwca'tli, t^lng on ihtf Tufcin
fiA. ill u (ti'li)^)itriil plain, arc the niolt jiivlullrioiu <>! nil tin- Ittiliuni 'lliey haw
iiitpruvril ilii'ir muiitry iiilo :« lK-aiitil\il g.irtKn, In iluii tl)llll^|| iluy it<t not cxcrcd
11^,000, ilii'ir iiMiuial n-vdnu* imouiil* to Ho,';>ol it^rhn
.1
7i
ic r la
piini
u
LiUiO, wliicli idiilnitu about 40,000 inlialiiiuiiK, who dittl in nu-rrcry goodn.
niiwi, Bi)(t fViiiU, ('f|u'iially olivoi Sonic vcfligt-t of ilio f|il* ntlowr (if l.ucca. in
fanner uav^, mo Hill to lie Ucn. An iViiurimn and a <iiu'rnriuni wi-rc (lift wcrcd
in i'"yj. ()> uhiili it ii|)|Karnl, iliat {\> |in>i)ji' wcri, I. rmiriy, Imrii-d and lunnt
witliin til' w.ilN ot till' town, nmlrai) ' a law of the l\«.rlv«- laliloi •, which On*
li'poDikiit fpiril of the j^iniplc jlifrrg^n led, lis woll u% to nil fatittary rvgulat; ;nn
IIK
I
'lUc ioiuuint ul' ii. ina);niiK' lit uniphiiluutri--, into wlikh whole fori tti and o( .ant
yi><.:\\ <ti>'nl\%»m\lv inlrodnciil, and which Wiu allcriuitt 'v filled with lli<- hiaHii of
Aim . >ui AfriiH, and with tlio \Wcis nnd moiilUr^ nf ilu deep ire now cmnerted
into ihi %ull» of a jtiilDii Hill to rwerherati' v\ilh the fuitnds ui guilt and inifery.
'Ill iWHIi I iaU (irihi> ainpliillii aire have lieen einiil ived in ihceredion of eliiifilu s,
in honuur if that ii liuion wliiih fiippreiled fiie naikiroiis f|H:tt>U'le» ther.in txhi-
lilted. 'Ihi> ri'|)i'l>lic it muKr the protection of the emperor. The viviniiy of thi;
-luiul-il'ichy t>f lufiany keiji* the people ot L.u«ia loidlujlly 00 tlieir m»ard, in
I rder to pn fi rve their Ireedoin ; for in fm h a liliiation, an mi^^ rf.il comord and
h.rin my ean alone unable lliein to traiifniit tn pollerity ti ■ I . .ngk of their dar-
liiii; liherty, wliot'o name the^ In'ur on their ann^, and uholi uagc is not onl\ iin>
irdlid on their Coin, but alio on the i ity gate-., and all their piihiiv hiiildiiii;!«. It
It ilion o('
iniiui)|{
as hi II remarked that the inhahitai is of this little repiihli ' i
freedom, ap|H'ar with an air ol i lueiiuliicl!) and plenty, fcldoiu (
thufe of the neighbouring counlii'ik
s in poll.
Mc fouiul
Hie repuhlie of St. MAUINO is hero mentioned a» a political curiofity. If«
teriiloties eoiilill of a i.igh era^;;y inmintain, willi a few eniineiues at the botto. 1,
iiiid tiie iMliahitanis bualt of Ii.imii^ prif>.r\ed tlicir liberties, as a republic, tor 1300
years, it is under the protection ot llie pope ; and tlie iiiollenlive maniurs of the
inhabitants, wiio are not alime ;ojo in all, with the fmall Viiluc of their territory,
have prefervcd ito coniUlution.
llie (Iiu hy and city of I'AUMA, together with the duchies of Plarentiu and
(iualiaiiii, iu,w form one of the moll llotjtilhiiij; llaus in Italy, 'llie foils of Pnriiia
i.i.d I'lacentia arc fertile, and |)ri'<liii ■ the lichell fruits and palluiages, ami cun-
t lilt conlulerable manulai;tureH of lilk,. I'armu is a bilhop's fee, and has an uni<
\,rllty ; and fniue of its imi^iiiliceiit chimhes are painted by the tanious Correggio.
'llie prel'eiit duWe t t'f rainia is a prime of the hoiife of r.nurbun, ami fun to the
lau Uoii riiilip, the king of .Spain's jouiigiT Inother. This couiury was, fome
ic^rs pall, til teal of a bloi'ily war between the .\nllrians, .S|)aniards, and Neapo-
litans. Till , iiies of I'arma and I'lacentia are enriched with ma^^niticent build-
iiii-s , but liK cailmlie imiiili}, >'ii his acceliion to the throne of Naples, is laid to
have cntried with him iliiiln r the moll • > niarkable piitiiresancl moveable euriolities.
'Hie duke's court is ileeineil imU' of tlu- puliti il in Italy, and his revcmies are com-
[uiied at loojoool. lleiiin,:; a }ear. 'Ihe city of I'arma contains 30,000 inliabit-
aiits.
• In t'rl't- rif iirito nrvo ri|K'lito.
•( lirdii .iiul >liikcof P r :ii.i, Ixirii fill. 50, i-^i, rnrr'iii 'n the artlii'lliiiefs Ma;ia-.\nieIh-Jofi.(ilij,
Jui,. i;, 17'||>. Tiiiir illuc art, a iiiiiKc ami twii |)iiii iiii-.
4 N z . MANTLA.
4
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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1.0
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UiUl 12.5
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ut lU 122
£ Ufi |2.0
Mut.
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flioliographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
%'^2-i''
^^1^^
V
«iW*
gC T
Y.
MANTUA, formerly a rich duchy, bringing to its own dukes 500,000 crowns
n yi'ar, is now much decayed. 'I'hc government of it is annexed to that of the
Milancfe, in uoflellion of tlie houfe of Auftria. The capital is one of the ftrongetl
fortrelTcs in Luropc, and contains about 16,000 inhabitants, who boaft that Virgil
was a native of their country. By an order of the emperor in 1785, this duchy is
incorporated with that of Milan into one province, and is now to be called Aullriun,
Lombardy,
Tlic duchy of MODENA (formerly Mutina) is ftill governed by its own duke ♦,
the head of the houfe of J''llo, from whom the family of Urunfwic defcendcd.
Modcna is a very elegant town ; its flreits are regular and remarkably neat : the
winding arcades which are feen in fome of them have a good elVecl. The town
is not large ; it m.iy contain about 20,000 men. 'Ihe duke is abfolutc within his
own dominions, vvliicb aie fruittul. The duke is under the protection of the houfe
of Audria, and is u vaiTul of the empire. His dominions arc not Hourilhing, though
very iiuproveablc.
The ECCL1vSIA.STICAL STATE, which contains Rome, formerly the ca-
pital of the world, lies about the middle of Italy. The bad effetls of ropilh ty-
ranny, fuperlHtion, and opprellion, are here too vifible. Thofe fpots which, un-
der the mailers of the world, were formed into fo many terrertrial paradifes, fur-
rounding their magnificent villas, and enriched with all the luxuries that art and
nature could produce, are now converted into peililcntial marflies ; and the Cam-
pagna di Roma, that formerly contained a million of inhabitants, alfords a fcanty
fubliltence to a thoufand miferable peafants. Notwithfttinding this the pope f is a
confulerable temporal prince, and ibme fuppofe that his annual revenue amounts
to above a million fterling : other authors rate it much higher. When we fpeak com-
jiarativcly, the fiim of a million llerling is too high a revenue to raifc from his ter-
ritorial poflefllons; his accidental income, which formerly far exceeded that fum,
is now diminilhed, by the fujiprelllon of the order of Jefuits, from whom he drew
vafl fiippHes, and the meauires taken by the popirti powers for preventing the
jjreat ecclcdallical ilVucs of money to Rome. According to the latell accounts, the
laxe;' upon the provilionsand lodgings furnillud to foreigners, who fjjcnd imnienie
films in viliting his dominions, form now the greatcft part of his accidental reve-
nues, aiome late popes have aimed at the improvement of their territories, but
their labours have not been attended with much fuccefs. The difcouragiment of
induflry and agriculture feems to be interwoven in the conftitulion of the papal
government ; but the poverty and lloth of the lower ranks in Italy do not j>roceed
from their natural difpolitions.
Modern Rome, which Hands on the Campus Martius, &c. is thirteen miles in
circumference, and was fuppofed, in 1787, to contain (according to Mr. W'atkins)
160,000 inhabitants. Within its circuit there is a vaft number of gardens and vine-
yards. It fiands upon the 'I iber, an inconfidcrable river when compared to the
Thames, and navigated by fmall boats, barges, and lighters. 'Ihe caftle of St. An-
gelo, though its chief fortrcfs, would be found to be a place of fmall ftrength, were
It regularly bclieged. 'Ihe city flanding upon the ruins of ancient Rome, lies much
higher, fo that it is diilicult to diftinguilh the feven hills on which it was originally
• Hercules-Renaud, duke of Modrna, born
Nov. 22, 1727; ni.'j-ried April 16, 1741, to the
|)rir.< ek of Mall'a Carata. 1 litir illiic,
Mary Btatrix, Ixirii y\pril 19, 1750; married to
FtrdLuaiid, archduke ot .Auftria, 177 1.
+ His iiolinefs, pope Pius VI. (formerly count
Brafi.hi) was born at Cafcena, Dec. 27, 1717;
created a cardinal in i7;3i and cicdcd pope, Feb
'5. =775-
buih.
ITALY.! 645
Luilt. No city, in its general appearance, ns the loft mentioned traveller ohferveii,
can unite mure •nagninccnce and poverty tiian this ; as adjoimn;; tlie mufi fiiperl)
|)ulaccs, we fee the mcancd hubitatiunt ; and tcnij)li's, tlie boalk-d ornninents of
antiuuity, choked up by flieds nnd cotlugeii. From tlu* drawings of this city, Mr.
VVatkins exported to (be the iircett at leaft as broad as in London; but was difap-
[jointed. li Corfo, the principal and mod admired, is little more fo than St. Mar-
tin's lane ; but thii motlc of building their lirccts fo narrow, is done with the view
of intercepting as much as polltbic tlie fun's heat. 'Ihcri; is nothin<r very par-
ticular in the ])(>i)e's temporal (government at Rome. Like other i)riiH es, he has
liis guards, and Ibirri, who take care of the peace of the city, under projier nia-
giilrates, both ecclefiaftical and civil. 'Ihc Cnmpagna di Koma, wliirh lontuins
Rome, is under the infpedion of his holinefs. In the other provinces lie {viverns
l)y legates and vice-legates. He monopolifes all the corn in his territories, and h;is
always a futficient number of troops on foot, under proper t)rticers, to keep the
provmces b awe. Pope Clement XIV. wifely difclaimed all intention of oppofnig,
any arms to the neighbouring princes, but thole of prayers and fn|ipli( aiiv)i)s.
Next to Rome, Bologna, tnc capital of the Uoiognefe, is the moll conliderahle
city in the ecclefiaftical ftate, and an exception to the indolence of its other inlia
bitants. It is faid to contain 55,000 people. Though in the chuixlu's and paliues
we have feme fpecimens of noble architecture, its general appearance is unplea-
ling, from the prevailing cuftom of building all the houfes with piazzas or uor-
ticos before them, which, however ufeful agninll the inclemency of the fealons,
clofe up and disfigure the flreets. Bologna is, above all other cities, Rome ex-
cepted, remarkable for its collu6^ion of paintings. It was the birth-place and
fchool of the Caracci.
The public mufeum, or Irtiluto, founded by pope Lambertini, who was a Bo-
lofjnefe, is a noble collection of every thing tnat can promote and facilitate the
Itudy of the arts and fcicnces ; a library of 100,000 volumes, apartments for che-
millry, botany, and furgery, full of anatomical preparations in wax : a cabinet of
natural hiftory ; an obkrvatory : fchools for the ptilite arts : a colletUon of genuine
and counterfeit medals for that fludy; in fliort, it ia a complete prattieai encyclope-
dia, with appointed profeflors for each refpedtive branch, ibe government is
under a legate a /atere, who is always a cardinal, and changed every three years.
'Ilie people here live more fociably and comfortably than tlie other fubjcds of the
pope ; and jjerhaps their diilance o[ near two hundred miles from Rmnc has con-
tributed to tht'ir eafe. 'Ihe reft of the ecclefiaftical ftate contains many towns
celebrated in ancient hiftory, and even now exhibiting the moft ftriking veftiges of
their Houriiliing ftate about the beginning of the (ixteenth century.
'J'he grandeur of Ferrara, Kavknka, Rimini, Urbino (the native city of
the celebrated painter Raphael), Ancona, and many other Hates and cities, illuf-
trious in former times are now to be feen only in their ruins and ancient hillory.
LoRU TTo, on the other hand, an obfcure fpot never thoujjht or heard of in limes
of anticjuity, is now the admiration of the world for tlie riches it contains* and
tlie prodigious refort to it of pilgrims, and other devotees, from a notion induilri-
outly i)ropagatcd by the Romilh clergy, that the houfe in which the Virgin Mary
is faid to have dwelt at Nazareth, was carried thither through the air by angels, at-
tended with many other miraculous circumftances, fuch as that all the tices, onthe
arrival of the facred manlion, bowed with the profoundeft reverence ; and great
care is taken to prevent any bits of the materials of this houfe from being carried
to other places, and expofed as relics, to the prejudice of Loretto. 'llie image of
the Virgin Mary, and of the divine Infant, are of cedar, placed in a fmall apart-
ment, leparatcd from the others by a lilvcr ballullrade, which has a gate of the
fame.
646
I
L
Y.
fume metal. It is impolTibIc to dcfcrihc the ^old chains, the rings and jewels,
cMiu-ralds, pearls, and rubies, wlicrcwith this image is or was loaded •, and the
angels of (olid Rold, who are here placed on rvery lide, are equally enriched with
the moft precious diamonds. To the fuperftition of Koman catholic princes, Lo-
rotlo is indel)ted tor tliis mafs of treafiire. It has been matter of furprize, that no
attempt has yet been made by the Turks or Barbary Hates upon Loretto, efpeciallv
as it is badly t'ortlfied, and Itands near llu" foa ; ^but it is now ]t;enerally fuppofcil
that the real trcaluru ib witlidruwn, and nictuls und llgnes of Icf^ value fubliitutcd
in its place. ^. . ■
The kinp of \AI'I,F,S and SICILY, or, as he is more properly called, the
King of the Two Sicilies (the name of Sicily being common to both), is polletn-d
of tfie largetl dominions of any prince in Italy, as they comprehend the ancient
countries of Samnium, Campania, Apulia, Magna Grx'cia, and the illand of Siiiiv,
containing in all about 32,000 fquare miles. They arc bounded on all (ides by tin-
Mediterranean and the Adriatic, except on the north-caft, where Naples terniiiiatis
on the ecclelialtical ftate. Ihe Apennine runs through it from North to Soudi.
and its furface is elhmaied at 3500 fquare leagues, ihe air is hot, and its foil
fiiiitfiil of every thing produced in Italy. The wines, called Vino Greco and La-
chryma Clnilli, are excellent. The city of Naples, its capital, which is extrenulv
fuperl), and adorned with all the profulion of art and riches, and its neighbourhood
would be one of the mofl delightful places in Kurope to live in, were it not for
their vicinity to the voliano of Veluvius, which fometimes threatens the city
with deUruction, and the foil being pellered with infetts and reptiles, fomc of which
are venomous. I he houfes in Naples are inadequate to the population, but in ge-
neral are five or fix (lories in height, and Hat at the top : on which are placed
numbers of (lowir vales, or fruit-trees, in boxes of earth, producing a very gay and
agreeable edect. Some of the llreets are very handfome : no llreet in Rome equals
in beauty the Strada di Toledo at Naples ; and Hill lefs can any of them be com-
pared with thofe beautiful ftreets that lie open to the bay. 'ihe richell and mod
commodious convents in Europe, both for male and female votaries, are in this
city ; the moft fertile and beautiful hills of the environs are covered with them •
and a fmall part of' their revenue is (pent in feeding the poor, the monks dillri-
huting bread and foup to a certain number every day before the doors of the
convents.
'I hough above two-tliirds of the property of the kingdom are in the hands of
cccIelialHcs, the protellants live here with great freedom ; and though his N'eapo
litan inajelly [)relents to his holinefs every year a palfrey, as an acknowledgment
tl'.at his kingdom is a fief of the poniiticate, yet no inquilition is ellabliilkd in
Naples. 'Ihe prefent revenues of that king amount to above 750,0001. llerlin" a
year; but it is more than probable that, in confequence of the new fyliem purlued
by the princes of the houfe of Bourbon, of abridging the influence and revenues of
the clergy, his Neapolitan inajelly's annual income will confidcrahly exceed a mil-
lion IKrling. The exi)orts of the kingdom are legumes, hemp, anifeeds, wool,
oil, wine, cheefe, fi(h, honey, wax, manna, faffron, gums, capers, macaroni, fait,
pot-alh, Hax, cotton, (ilk, and divers inanulactures. The king has a numerous
but generally poor nobility, conlilHng of princes, dukes, mar<iui(res, and other
high-founding titles ; and bis capital, by far the nioft populous in Italy, contains
at lead 350,000 inhabitants. Among thefe are about 30,000 lazaroni, or black-
guards, the greater part of whom have no dwelling-houfes, but lleep everv ni.Tlit
in funimer under porticos, pia/zas, or any kind of Ihelter tliey can find, and in the
winter or rainy time of the u-ar, which lafts feveral we«:ks, the rain falling bv p.iil-
I'uls,
I
Y.
647
Aih, they refort to the caves under Capo di Monte, where they flcop in crowd^i lilcc
Iheep in a pentoid. Thofe of theni who have wives und children, live in ilm fuliurbu
ol' Naples, near I'nulilippo, in huts, or in caverns or chanihi-rs dii^ out of that
mountain. Some ^ain a livelihood by filliing, others by carrying burlhens to and
from the (hipping ; many walk about the llreets ready to run on errands, or to per-
form any labour in their powir lor a very fmnll reconipence, As they do not meet
with conftant emnloyment, their wages arc not futViiient tor their maintenance } but
the deficiency is Tupplied by the foup and bread which are dillributed ut the doors
of the convents.
'I'hc Neapolitan nobility are cxceflively fond of (hew and fplendour. This ap-
pears in tl\e brilliancy of their equipages, the number of their allendants, tlie ricn-
nefs of their drefs, and the grandeur of their titles /Nccording to Mr. .Swinburne,
luxury of late hath advanced with gigantic (Irides in Naples. Mxpence and ex-
travagance are here in the extreme. Ihe great families are opprelled with a load
of debt ; the working part of the community always fpend liie price of tluir la-
bour before they receive it ; and the citi/en is reduced to great parlimony, and al-
moll penury, in liis huufe-keeping, in order to anfwer thele demands of exlernal
lliew: lliort commons at home whet his appetite when invited out to dinner ; and
it is (Varcely credible what (luantities of victuals he will devour. The nobility in
^iiicral are well ferved, anil live comfortably j but it is not llieir cudom to admit
linuigers to their table ; the number of poor dependents who dine with tliem, and
cannot projjerly be introduced into company, prevents the great ("amilies fron) in-
viting loreigner-s : another reafon may be, their (leeping after dinner in l"o regular ii
ni.iiuier as to undrefs and go to bed ; no ladies or gentlemen tinilh tlicir to let till
the afternoon, on which account ihey dine at twelve or one o'clock. 'I'he great
utVuers of Ihite, and minilKrs. live in a dilVerent manner, and keep fumptuous
tables, to which (Irangers and others have frequent invitations.
Through every fpot of the kingdom of Naples, the traveller may bo f.iid to
tread on dallic ground, and no country prefcnts the eye with more beautiful pro-
fpicts. '1 here are Hill traces of the memorable town of Cannic ; as fragments of
altars, cornices, gates, walls, vaults, and under-giound granaries : and the fceno
(if action between Hannibal and the Romans is Itill markeil out to l)ollerity by th.'
r.inne of fn'zzo Ji /litij^tie, " tield of blood." TaraiUo, a city that was once the rival
(t" Rome, is now reniaikable tor little elfe than its filhciies. Sorento is a cilv
p'aeod on llie brink of ileep rocks, that over-hang the bay, and, (\f all the places in
the kingdom, hath the moll delightful climate. Nola, once famous tor its aiiiphi-
theatrcs, and as the place where Auguftus Ctefar died, is now hardly worth obfcr-
\ at ion.
Ilnmdufnnn, now Brindifi, was the great fupplier of oyfters for the Roman ta-
lihs. It hath a fme port, but the buildings are poor and ruinous ; and the tall of
t!ie (Irecian empire under the Turks reduced it to a llate of inaiEtivity and poverty,
triHU which it hath not yet emerged. Except Rome, no city can boaft of Co maiiy
uniains of ancient fculpture as Uenevento ; here the arch of 'IVajan, one i\f the
molt magnificent remains of Roman grandeur, creiled in the year 1 14, is Hill in
u !L':.ible prefervalion. Rcggio hath nothing remarkable but a Gothic cathedral.
'l!n tt)wn was deliroved by an earthcpiake before tlie Marlian war, and rebuilt by
Jiilliis Cxfar ; part of the wall (UU remains, and was much damag^ed by the earth-
iiuake in 1785, but not dellroyed : only 126 loft their lives out ot i6,ooo inhabi-
tjnts. 'I'he ancient city of Oppido was entirely ruined by the earthquake of the
i;ih of Kebniary, and the grealert (orce thereof feems to have been exerted mar
ihiii fpot, and at Cafal Nuova, and Terra Nuova. From Tropea to Squillace, moll
i.j the towns and villages were either totally or in part ovcrtluown, and many of
the
64H I T A I. Y.
the iiili:il)ii;ii\t» hiiriml in the ruins. To nfccrlnin the extent of the rnvagcn, fir Wil-
liam Hamilton, who rurvk-yid it, gives the t'ullowinj^ clcfcription : " If on a map of
Italy, and with your compalkn on the fcnic ut Italian milcH, you were to moafure
nil If., nnd tlion fixing your ctntrni point in the city of Oppido (whic h appeared
to me to he the fpoi on which the carth(|uukc had exerted its grentell foree) torm a
circle (the rudii of which will be, n« I jull faid, 22 miles) you will then include all
the towns and villages that have been utterly ruined, and the foots where the created
morlaliiy has iiappened, and where there have been tiie moll viiilile alleiatioin on
the face of the earth. Then extend your compafs on the lame fcale to 72 milcH,
pret'ervini; the fame centre, and form another circle, you will include the whole of
the country that has any mark of having been alfe&tcd by the carthquulce,"
'ITie ifland of SICILY, once the granary of the Roman world, (till continues
to tiipply Nfii)les, and other parts, with the commodity of corn : but its cultivation,
and conleciuently fertility, is greatly diminillied. Its vegetable, niincral, and
animal produtlions, are pretty nn;cli the fame with tliofe of Italy.
Ilnlh the ancients and moderns have maintained, that .Sicily wa.i originally joined
to tilt.' contii-.ent of Italy, but gradually feparated from it by the encroachments of
the fea, and the (hocks of earthquakes. The climate of Sicily is fo hot, that even
in tlie beninning of January the Ihade is refrelliing ; and chilling winds are only
felt a few days in March, and then a fmall tire is fulllcient to banilh the coUI.
The only appearance of winter is found towards the fummit of Mount il'^tna, where
fnow falls, which the inliabiiants liave a contrivance for prcferving. Cliurches,
convents, and other religious foundations, are here extremely numerous : the
buildings are lunuH'ome, and the revenues ctmdderable. I here are a great num-
ber of hue remains of anii(|uity. home parts of this illand arc remarkable for fe-
male beauty. Palermo, the capital, is computed to contain 120,000 inhabitants.
The two principal lireets crofs each other, and are exceedingly beautiful. This is
faid to be the only town in all Italy whidi is lighted at night at the public cx-
pence. It carries on a conlideiable trade. The dead at Palermo are never bu-
ried ; but their bodies are carried to the Capuchin convent, where, after the fu-
neral fervice is performed, they are dried in a Hove, heated by a compofition of
lime, which makes the (kin a<lhere to the bones. They are then placed eretl in
nitlies, and falUned to tlte wall by the back or neck. A piece of coarfe drab is
thrown over the ihoulders and round the waiil, and their hands are tied together,
holding a piece of paper with their epitaph, containing their names, .ige, and
when they died. " VVc of courfe" (fays Mr. Sutherland) " vilited this famous iv-
pc'litory, and it is natural to fuppofc that fo many corpfes would imprefs one with
reverence and nwe. It was near dulk when we arrived at the ct)nvent. U e pallid
the chajiel, where one of the order had jull finilhcd faying vefpers, by the gloomy
glimmering of a dying lamp. We were llien cosuluttcd ihroujjh a garden, where
the yew, the cyprcfs, and the barren oranjje, obfcured the remaining light, and
where melancholy lilence is only ditiurbed by the hollow murmuring of a teebic
water-fall. All thefe circumltances tuned our minds for the difmal fcene we were
going to behold, but we had ftill to defcend a flight of fleps impervious to the fun(
and thcfe at laft conveyed us to the dreary inaniion of the dead. But notwithlland
ing the chilling fcene we had gone through ; notwithlianding our being in the luidlt
«f more than a thoufand lifelcfs bodies, we could not help finiling. For the phyfi-
ognomies of the deceafed are fo ludicroully mutilated, and their mufcles fo con-
tracted and diftorted in the drying, that no Krench mimick could equal their grima-
ces. Moll of the corpfes liave loll the lower part of the nofe— their necks are gt-
nerally a little twided-^their mouths drawn awry in one dircttiou — their notes in
& iiuuihir
I
Y.
649
anoilior— their cyoi funk and |.ointrd tlilfirent wnys— one car pcrhapn turned up—
llio olluT drawn down. 'I lio rclntinnH ot* the drM-al'id arc bound to fend two wax
tappr% every year for the ufc of the ronvont ; in default of which ti>e corpfe is tuicvii
down nnd tlirown into the chnrnel-iioufe. Women are dried as well as the mciw
but are not rxpofed. Nnblei are Ihut up in chells.
Molhna was formerly a place of conliderable trade, and before tht earthquake
in 1713. wns a large ond well-l)uilt tity, containinf^ many churches and convents,
generallv elegant tlrudures. Uy that enrtluiuuke n great part of the lower dillriit
of the city and of the port was deftruyed, and confiderabic damage done to the lofty
uniform buildings called the Pa/azza/a, in the ihnpeof ucrefcent, which extended
ulon^' the water fide, for above two thoufand yards, adorned with pllallcrsand ptdi-
PR-ntu, nnil a grand efplanadc open to the fea, which ut once formed a noble pier,
ami a delighttui public walk, flanked by a fort at each end. 'I'hehoufes were built
with great tallc, all four llorics high, and nearly alike. Of tliis beautiful and mag-
iiificent range, only the outlide Ihell remains ; the reft, with all the town, except
one or two churches, was entirely deftroyed ; but of 30,000, the fuppofed popula-
tion of the city, only 700 are faid to have perilhed.
The ifland of SARDINIA, which gives a royal title to the duke of Savoy », lies
about 1 50 miles fouth by wefl of Leghorn, and hath feven cities or towns. Its capi-
tal, Cagliari, is an univcrfity, an archbilhoprick, and tlie feat of the viceroy, contani^
ing about 15,000 inhabitants. It is thought that his Sardinian majelly's revenues,
from this ifland, do not exceed (oool. fterlin^ a year, though it yields plenty of
corn and wine, and has a coral nlhery. Its air is bad, from its marlhes and high
mountains on the North, and therefore was a place of exile for the Komans. It
was formerly annexed to the crown of Spain, but at tlie peace of Utrecht it was
given to the emperor, and in 1 7 1 9 to the houfe of Savoy.
Tlie ifland of CORSICA licsoppofltc to the Genocfe continent, between the gulf
of Genoa and the illund of Sardinia, and is diftinguilhed by the noble Hand which
the inhabitants made for their liberty againil the Genoefe tyrants, and at'terwards,
though unfuccefsfiilly, againft the bafe and ungenerous meafures of the French to
enflave them. Though mountainous and woody, it produces corn, wine, figs, al-
monds, chcfnuts, olives, and other fruits. It has alfo fome cattle and horfes, and
is plontifully fupplied, both by fea and rivers, with tilh. '1 he inhabitants are faid
to niuount to 120,000. Balliii, the capital, is a place of fome llrength j though
other towns of the illand appear to have been but poorly fortified. liaftia, and
foon after the reft of the illand, furrendered to the arms of his Hritamic inajefty,
in the fuinmer of 1794. to whom the ftates have picfented the crown of Corlica. '
CAPni.thc ancient Caprea, is an ifland to which Auguftus Cafar often came
for his health and recreation, and which Tiberius made a fceneofthe moft infa-
mous picafures. It lies three Italian miles fmni tliat part of the main land which
ino'iects farthcti into the fea. It extends four miles in length from Kail to V\ eft,
:iiul about one in breadth. The weftern part is, tor about two miles, a continued
• Fcrilintnit tV. king of llir Two SlcilifS tliird
pMi ut hiii ble catholic niajclly, the kiiij; of bpjiii,
Viini J.ui. li, 1751; afcentlcci the ihn.iie Oil. 5,
i;;')i ,iml 'married :\y)iil 7, 1768, to the .irtli-
dmlicli M.iria t".iri)hiial.iniifi, (iltcr to the late
cin;triir; liy whinn lif h.i~ h.iil iiUii- 1; iluliirci,
icii ol whom art- liviiij;; among wlioin ^re.
1. Marla-'l'licrcfa, prcfcnt empivrs of Gcrniiiiiy,
burn juiiL' (>, yyi.
2. 1 henfa C'ltnientin.n, bunt Xov. 2J, 177;;
m;irrir(l Sijit. 17, i 7()0, the aii 'iclnkt- I'Vriliruoiil.
j. Fiiiniis lamiiiMOs, prime inv.il, Ixirii Aog.
'7' 1777' 'i-i'iifil .M.inii-Liciiitol'.oj, tl.e arm-
Uiulii(>, btjit. 1 71^0.
4 O lock,
«|0 I r A L Y.
rock, tii^h.niul nliriDrt iiinccflliWIi* j yet Ano Capri, the Inrprrt townofilie iflnnti,
in lilunlcd htri' ; aiid in thiit psirt arc fivcriil pliiic i lovorfd will) a vi-ry t'riiittiil
fiiil. I lie ctllirti (11(1 of llie illiind M> rilri up in precipios thai nrc iii-nrly uh
ln;;li, 'hoiinh imt (|uitc f«» long an llii* wilKrn, Hi'twirn flu- rmky inoiintiiiiH, nr
I'lu h ciu. ^ t II Hip lit' liiwiT ({niuiid rllllnill^ aciols tlu! iliaiul, and one iit the |)lca-
fiinti.ll (|)oi» Kiiuiivalile I cvivcrod willi myrtles, nlivos, nlimitids, ornngcii, fi^,,
\iiic\nnfs, and reirn-fii-lds, wliich afliird a mdll dfiiijhtt'ul ianiiliapi!, when vii-wid
fniiii the tops lit' tlic iU'i;;hliiiuriiiK niniintaiiiH. Here in litiiatcd the town ut (!».
prta, two or thrco convents, an«l thi- liilhop'ft palace. In the niidll ot' this* tVrtilc
Ira. t riles a hill, which in the niKn ot" riheriim wm prohalily covered with hiiiUi-
inK*^. Ii'nie rrniainii ot which are Itill to be leen. Hut the inott cimliderHble ruins
arc at the veiy extremity ot tin- eallern promontory, from which there is a very
niilije pnilpect ; on one lide ot it the lea extendi larlher than the eye can reach ;
juli op|iolite \» the green prumontury ot Sarentuin, and on the ulher lidc the hay
ut Napicii,
IsciiiA, i>nd foine other idaiuU on the coaft of Naplei and Italy, have nothing
to dilliiif^uilh tlieiu hut the ruins of llnirantiipiities, and tluir luiiig now heautifiil
fummer retreats for their owners. I'.Lii a hath heen renowned for its mines from a
period beyond the reach of inl>ory. Virgil and Arillotle mention it. It lies ten
miles S. W. from Tufcanv, is 80 miles in circumference, and contains near 7000
inhabitants \ it is divided between the king of Naples, to whom Forto Longonc
l)el(ini{s, and the (iieat l.)uke of 'I'ufcany, who is mailer of I'orto Ferraio, aiul the
prince of I'ioinbino. The t'ruits and wine of the illund arc very good, and the
lunnery, tilhery, and fait, produce a good revenue.
I lliall here mention tlic Klaml of Malta, though it ii not properly ranked with
the Italiim iflands. It was tormerly called Melita, and is lituatcd in 15 de^'rccs
li. Ion. and 45 degrees N. lat. 60 miles foiith of Cape Palfaro in Sicily, and is of
an oval tigurc, 20 miles long, and iz broad. Its air is clear, but fcorching: the
whole ilhmd fecms to be a white rock covered with a thin furfacc of earth, pro-
ducing e\cellent fruits and vegetables. This illand *, or rather rock, was given
to the knights of St. John of Jerufalem, in 1530, by the emperor Charles V. when
the Turks drove them out of Khodes, under the tender of one falcon yearly to the
viieroy of Sicily, and an acknowledgment of the kings of Spain and Sicily for their
protettors : they are now known by the dillinclion ot the Knights of Malta. They
arc uiuler vows of celibacy and challity ; but they keep the former much better
than the latter, ihey have conliderable polVellions in the Roman catholic coun-
tries on the continent, and are under the government of u grand-mailer, who is
I lecUd for life. The lord prior of the order was formerly accounted the prime
baron in Knglantl. The knights are in number 1000: 500 arc to relidc on the
illand, the remainder are in their feminaries in other countries, but at any fummons
are to make a perlbnal appearance. They had a fcminary in England, till it was
fiipprell'ed by Henry VTIl. They were conlidered as the bulwark of Chrillendoni
againrt the Turks nii that fide. 'I hiy wear the badge of the order, a gold crofs of
c'mht poiiiis eiKimclud white, |)eiuUmt to a black watered ribband at the hreiifr,
and tlie bnd^v: !s -lecnrated fo as to dilHnt^uilh the country of the knight, Ihw
are mnerai.v of noble tainilies, or fuch as can prove their gentility for lix deficnts
and are ranked according to their nations, 'lliere are 16 called the great croflVs,
out ot wliom the olliLcis of the order, as the marlhal, admiral, chancellor, &e. arc
Tiie ifl.iiul ol Milt I is govcriicU by a grand maRcr.
thofcn.
li
ll
! T A L Y. f<i
When tlio (jrcat-maftcr «lici, they fiiftcr no vodll to go out of the ifl;in«l
II aiii>t!u<r i» chulcii, to prcviMit the |kiik> Irom iittrrt'criii)^ in the cirtliDn. Out of
w i() Knitl crull^'H, llu! );ii';it-iuiifli>r in cIcdcil.whoCc title ih, "The moll illuDrioiiit,
iiii<l niiilk revori-iid prince, ihe lord triur A. II ffieut niulUr of the liofiiitui ot'Sl.
Join) i)t Jeiufiileni, prime of MHlta, ntui (Su/a.' All the kiUKlils ure fworii to do-
t'cliJ tlie church, to tibey their rupniurs, niid to live oil the reveiuje* uf their order
only. Not only their thiet' town Vuleltu, or Maitu, and iti harbour, hut their
whole illand in (o well tortilied, an to he deemed impregnable. On the 8th of S<-p-
tcmber, there is un annual proccllion at Malta, in nuinory of the 'lurks railing the
liege <m ihut day, 1563, ufler four mouthn uH'uult, leaving their artillery, (tic.
beiiiiid.
Arms and oUDKlti.] The chief armoruil henring<t in Italy are ai follow ; Tlic
pone, ns fovereign prince over the land of llie church, hears for his ercutcheon,
^iiles, conliiling uf a long headeape, or, furmounted with a crofs, pearled and gar-
nillied with three royal crowns, together with th« two keys »)f St. I'eter, placed in
iallier. The arm* of Tufcany. 01, five roundels, gules, two, two, and one, and
in chief, nicure, charged with three tieurs-de-lis, or. Thole of Vi
t)nc
' enicc,
azure, a lion winged, fejant, or, holding under one uf his paws a book covered,
argent. 'Ihufc ot (ienoa, argent, acrofs, gules, with a crown clofed fur the illand
of Corlica ; and tior fupportert, two grillins, or. The arms of Naples, are, azure,
fcmee uf Heurs-de-lis, or, with a label of five points, gules.
The order of " St. JaHuarm" was inllituted by the i)refent king of Spain, when
king uf Naple.s, in July 1738. The number ol knignis is limited to 30. 'I'hcy
tnult prove the nobility of their detcent for four centuries, and arc to be addrclVed
by the title of excellency, 't he badge of the order is a crofs of eight points, en-
amelled white, edged with gold, aim in the centre is a bilhop holding in his left
hand a book and crolier, and below his waill is ihis motto, " In jim^mnt fundus ;"
on tiic rcverfe it a book, on which are two red pillars furmounted with |)aln>s,
enamelled in their proper colours. Ihe knights wear the badf^c of the order pen-
dent to a broad red ribband, worn fcarfwife, and a gold Aar ot eight points with
tleurs-de-lis nt the angles embroidered on their outer garment. St. Jaiiuarius, the
celebrated patron of >iaple8, is the patron of the order. The order K^>i " Annun-
ciatm" was in^itutcd in the year • ..;r, by Amadeus V. count of Savoy, in mo-
mory of Amadeus I. who bravely . >■ ided Khudes againll the Turks, and with
thi'le arms which are now home b) ;lie diike of Savoy, gules, a erof>, ar;.;ent.
It at tirtl ciiiilifled of 15 knights, hut alterwards the nunilar was enlarged At pro-
lent their number i;- finall, limited by the will of the prince, fuvereii;n oi the order.
ji i> cuuntcd amongll the mull refpettuble orders in bur(>])e ; the knight mull nut
till) he of a noble lumily, but alio a napill. 'Ihe colour of the order i^ conipofcd
uJ'pililen rules, enamelled red aiid white, with lovers' knots ot the fame, 'lu the
end til the middle role is pendent the badge, which cuntilU of three chains ot gt>lil,
cm ircling nn oval, and difpufcd in knots. On the oval is rej)ielei\ted the falui.i-
tion, as defcribed by St. Luke, enamelled in proper coluurs. In ihe year uyi,
Kmaiuiel I'liilitiert, duke of Savoy, inllituted the order uf " S^ Aikm/m/j," and re-
vived and united the obfulite older of St. Maurice to U ; wliiih was confirmed by
tlie pope on the condition of maintaining twugallies ak;aii,ll the luiks. 'llieliad';e
ot tlie order is a crofs ponielte, white, upon u ciufs ul eight points, green, and is
worn pendant to a green ribband.
In the year 8i8, it is pretended, that the body of St. Mark was removed from
AKxainliia, in I'.gypt. '<> \ eiiiie. Aceorilingly this faint ha> been taken tor tluir
tutelar luint and giiaidian, ai\d his picture was furmerly puialed on their euli,i;as
4 O 2 and
«J*
I
I,
and hnnnrr* Whrn M\r nnlrr nf " bl Mirk" w.ii Tirrt iiirtitntpH, l» iinf*rtnin»
litil il i% iiti i>rili'r t onliircil |iy ili<- it<'f',''i or (inkr iil V'ciiui', and llic Ifrinlr, on |K'r-
iiiiioil (■itiiiicni «|iiiititv, nr wliii liiiM' «li>r)r r>Miii' ItuDitl li'rviii' lo tl>e r(-|Mililtv.
'I he kiii);ltlt win ti itMilc, il prrt'i'iu, int* iliiM«*i| wiln h (word mi ilu'ir ihiiiildcrii,
iho duke lioini', " tui'i mi/fi jii/>/ r' (>»«• a liiiihlid fuldiir i) nlif«iil imtAiii* nro in-
v> Ittd li\ Irllt Is piitiMil \ lull \\wtf liilc, " Ki)i);liM iil M. Murk," it miii Iv linmi.
riirv . ilii'v 1,'ivr »»• rt'vi'iuir, imr arc lli' » imdrr .my olili^.iliDiis liy \nw^ ti\ oilu r nr-
il> \t Tlic |i!idi;>' i< II imtlal ■ I K>ild, pindiitl I > it f;>>ld i li.iiii : on oiu- lid<' it llir
ciiilili-Mi 1)1 St M irk, II uittv;> d li'Hi I't 'mil unli* lv<\i)ii d uiiiai, ll'lldln^ in lii* linillcr
|iiMv ;| driiwit r\«<Md lit i.'t, mid in lits ri^hl im iipeii Imnk >Mtli lliv woidi, " I'.iy t/ht,
M".,- /■.'. .»/i,, '.«',» "'•wi i" >n till 11 Mill', ill. iKiiii.iii 111 iIk- r^ijjiiiiij; dngf, wiili iliv}
iiii.ii,k' i>l Nl M.iik, d> Ihi linj; ii il.iii'l.nil in liini.
Ali'iil llti- < .ir I4h', iTidiiir III. >iii|tcriir "I (icrnmnv, Inrlituli-d ihr ordi-r
(il* " St. <n'»jif," iiiid lU'diiaiiil il III Si. (fl'•lr^<■, liitcliir riiint nnd imtion nt'
Cirnoii. 'I In- ilnnr is |>iT|ir(ii;il f;rand inalliT i llu' hadm" a pinnu rolt, rnium'llrd,
f,iili N, |u'iidi nl to a ^old ( li.iiii, iMid >M<iii alxiiit lli> ir tucki. I hi' « rofs ii alio
niil'ioidi lid i)i) t)u-ir i'l<>,ik'>. In llir M'ar M'lt, Cut'inonl' Mi-dnit, lull f^nind duke
ol I nil iin , inlliliiitd tin- onU r <il " St. .V.;^,*«''/," in imiiuny ot' « viclnry, whuh
fci nn-d to liiin tlic rovi-rci^ntN nl tital proviiuc. IK' nnd liit Inccrniir* wore to be
^land nialKrH. Tin- kiii|;lit-< ;ni* allowi d to inairv, ami llicir two prim ipal ((ui.
vi-ntnal lionl'cx art- at I'ila. Il \» a iilii;iiuii ns \vi II an a niilitaiy iirtUr, lint llu*
kiii>;lits ot' Jiilliit' and the I'.i tltliallit t arc olili^i-d to iiiako proot of nnliiliiy 14
ttMir tlt'l'tiMils. llii'v wi-ar a nd iiolt with light angles, orlid or, on the kit lidc
ollhcit haliit, ami tin llu-ir niantlo.
I lif oidor t>t' ihf " //' V (ii I" wn* t'oiimltd with llioir chirt' A-at, iho hurpiin!
ol that nanu- in Konic, In popi- Inniutnt III. ahout tin- yi'ar iii;8, 'I'hcy huNca
grand malKr, and |>ui|fl:t oludiinii', t liallily, and povcrly. Tlicir rcvoniu- it i-lli-
inalfd al ;4ooo tliitatt daily, \\iili whiih they i-ntoit.iin nrangi-rii, ri-liiM' tjio
poor, tiain np dtlirtt'd ihiltlr.n. K:i-. I hoir iiiligti i.s a while patriorchal rrnU
with twflvf pointN Ifvvfd on tin ir hrt-alt on llu- lilt lido ola hiack mantle. 11
oiilii' ot ** 7<'/.v» Ch)nl," iiilliiiitt-d In popo John Wll. was rctormod and
pioM'd In p<|>>' I'aul \ . I 111" itij^nink; ptipi" wan lo lit* always rovoriMf»n ot' it, ;ind
It w.ts (li'lit;n>tl a^ a tn.nk tit° dtliiiitlion lor the popi.'« linliun iiohilily, but on ai-
loiint lit it<> iVt'ipuMit prollitnlion, it hath lalk-n into dilt lodit. 'Iho order o|° ihu
u>
iin-
iiilihn Sv,r" w I'aiii to haM- Immi inllitiiiid hy pope I'iiis IV. 1559. and to ha\i
litvn
i'oniii'ctcd wi
th II
!u* ordfi o
,.t I'iuv
in
liitiit
fd a \var al'tcrwards ; hut tl
l<ail ;f> \Mif tliirdinl. 1 lu- knif;liiM>t Tins an- liippnllid, and all that tlu" klli^llt>
«i| tin- (Jnldfii .Spur have pnlirviil 10 thfmfi Ivts, is ihc tilli- ot counts of the faired
p.ilaee of the l.ateran. I he biid^e it a lUir of ei^ht points, white i luid between
llu- two Inntoni piiints, a Ipiir, j;o!il.
llu I on Y 1 Italv w.is proh.itilv fiti> pt-i>pli'd iVoin Crccer-, as we have mciy
tinned 111 iIk- Inir.'dnKlion. to whuh we refer the leader for tiie am ient hillorv ot'
lhi« countiy, wiiieh, lor many ages, j}a\e law to the then known world under the
|\tiniati!i.
'Ihe e.npirt' i>t' (''h;'rli-niai»'ie, who diid in S14. fiion CNperieneed the fanio fate
Willi tli.it i^i Alivander. I luler his liieeellor* it wa.s in a lliort liau- eiitiielv i\\'^
inenibereti. His Ion, Lewis le Dthonair, fiucieded to lii.s doniinioii.s in liaiuf
a 111 lienuanv, while Heni.iiil, tl'e v;i;:r.dl"oii of Charlein :ii,'ne, iei_i>iied mer ItaU ai.d
tlu- ,itliaieiit iiiands. Hut Hernard having lolt ills life hy the enieltv of his litielo,
aguiiiSt wlioni he l-.ad levied war, and Lewis himfelf d> ing iii 840^ hit doiiiiiiiopj
WtlO
I
Y.
«53
wfTf Hiviclrj) amnnff hi« ('>n%, l/)«h.irlo, l.rwU, inH rtinrlri, Lothotin, wllh lh«
liilr i<( I ii(|>vr<ir, nlaincil Itnly, I'lovciU'', nnil ilit- ti riili- tcuinlriri litti.iit-d tifiwrcn
till' >Miihf and ihr K))in<* ^ l,rwii IiimI (irrninity \, nn<l h'ruiu »■ ft-ll ii> i)i«i fitare of
( liiirli', iIk' yniiiii^rfl i>( ihc ihrrc hrolhcr*. .Sliorllv nlli r tlii*, hnly wai ravRKcil
Itv niaiiv tiMiii'iulinK |)'i""'>t )'»' )» o^^li ri'-iiiiitxi l>v Oiho ilir (ircal In the
liiijH-niil il'tiiiiiiioiis |t.tlv afu'rwaul* fuMrrtd iiiuli l>v ilu- roiU'f) Ikm wrrn the
iiii|ir<i mill llic t Mi|) 'riir% i it wiii hnrriiiriil by w.irt uikI iiu> mul (liviiiim* ( atul nt
[iiij^tli Miriiuis pMiii iiiiilitif^niul lliif* wire I'rvttiU uuiIit diilcrciil lituiU.
,S:iMi. iiiiil I'ii'ilinntit, ill liiiK', flit to tlir* liil <<|'tlic I OMiil^ iif MMiiilinitic, llic an*
i^llHiN lit' his |i-i|i-i)l iSaiiliiHim inn;' Oy, whuU' t.illivr Ik-iuiiic kiii;^ ul .Siinlinia, iii
virlui' 1)1 llu' i|tiiHlrii|i|i' itllutiuc iuiiiliuli-ik in 171U.
'Iln' jjn'iit iliii liv nf 'rnl'i :iiiv lt«*li>ii(»r(| in the rmpfrnr* of (Jirrnnnv, 1^•llo »/>.
Vrri cil il l>V <lt'|tilli> Id iIic yi.it 1 '40, v^Ikii iIk.' Iitinoii^ (lilliuttioii* ot' ||
(iif'l>li*i u'. ' Wire ilu' jiiiililu s ol' tin- p<'|»t;, iiml (»ilnlliiu'», wlm «ir»' in tl
VI
le
rni['< ii»r'« iiitrnU, inik piarc. I'Ik- I'opfi ihni prrrmitU-d ilir inipiTJiil j^ovi rnor*
U)
lilU'
liilVany In p'li lli'n.i iri'<« iin(!.-r llir unitiflioii nj' il'o t lint* li ; Inn tin- Kliiri,i
III a III
ml liiiii', {• 111 il ll'i'p/'lvi'> in* ) a I
r<\- I'liiiiniiituvt alili, mul liruvi
Iv
di'li' iilt'il lliiir lilii'itic. .i^ai'ill loili paitii'. l>y Iiiiiih. IiiMI' ti al lall lh< < k llair
Irirdi'i'i » "ii'l ll"' lainilv < ' Mi-iiu i, •' 1; l-ilorc ilwy w-w {kiliKil riilur |.riiKiN
iir iliiki's, ill intt ^ovciiu'd llnrriu'c, lliiuif;h lIu- iI'jIiIn mid priviliKtH nl ilu pniplc
laimd llill III fxill. l lif N!oiii< i. pailii iilar! . ('1111110. \«li.» ua> di I'l 1 miIK lallid
llii' I allur III lii> Coimlrv. luiiij; iii llir )(inl, li.au-d willi llu' Nciu'liai.i in lliv.-
iinim-Dl* prnfit'' "I lln' I'.all India iradv, lut.in ilu- diti .viru >- ni.ido h\ ili- I'oii
II-
>rinc»r
III
Ic. Ills ri'Minu", 111 riady mmu-y, wliitli iMii-' d iliat nt any riiMrci^n t
laimpi'. iiuiblcd liin fiiinHi)r» In rili' lo I'lVi-ninii ptiwori un<l p'ipr l*ui» V
;ivi iiMi' lit liis di rn'iuiaiils, ("ul'iin", illii- >{"•'' p'iti"n ut ilu aiii, ilic liiU of
fiiviil Diikciil riiriaiiv. in 1570, wliii It ccmliniiid in liii laniily lo ilu- dcalli of
(ialloii di' Mi-diiin in 17 </• willionl iliiii-. Ilio ;;i\al dm liv was llun ilaiiiml hy
tlu' iinprmr I'harli's N I. as a lir|' lo iIk- inipin,-, and t{ivi n to Ins I'mi in-bw lla*
(liiko ot Lorriiin, (at'ui wards ciiipiror, and lailuT ul Jofi-pli II) in li.'ii of llio
(liivln oi l.oit.iin, wliiil) \\a>. iiiUd Inl'iaiui liviriau. I.' opuld, lii, fui umI ("nn,
(lirnllKT .111(1 t'im.tlli>r m iIk- fm|irriir Jol'tpli II.) npoit ilic diMih o|' liis ("allur, !)(••
taiiii' liiaiid Diiki'. Wlmi lu' l'iui\-idi»l lo llic ini'Krial imwi, lii^ Ion Kirdi-
luiiid inuiid upon ihc |osiTii^;nly ot llic f;ri.at dm liy ot I'liliaiiv, who has \w\v
(mniiUd his tailur in the «'nipir»! ot (icriiinny. I,ff;horn, whitli lu'kin^;s lo ihc
rnal dmhv, lariiis on a ^n at liaiK' ; and I'cNcral ihins ol wr, loiiluliiald'- lurci'
ill,' imw li.ilionvd on tin.' I nUaii cualLs, to puMui liiv di pmiali'iLs ol liu' Uailiaiy
i.ivi'r^ •nul [lir.itis.
No loiinlrv ha> nndiMijoiw f;ri.nU'r viiillliiuKs ol govornimnt than Naplv. or
Nuilv, iliii.tly owin^; to ilu- incoiitlaiit y ot iIk- uativi-s, Ihritiians and Saraci-iis hv
tUIMS lOIll
ilicii loniu V
jiUfid il. I III' Nurniaim imdir 'I aiuii'd droMMuit llio Sar.uciis, ami hy
uvlior.s \^illl till' (Jnkks, rliahlilhi d lIuTr, wliii'.' thi' rill ol I'liropv wan
•jluii';''d in inoiikilli if;norain.c, a mod iitpiiMaldi' nmiianliy ||i«iii iihim, in aiis and
Miniil llio y»'ar 1 lOn, the popi-s luinj; ll.cn allpowiitnl in iMiinpi', ihcir
id iNapUs and .Siiily at lall
iiriu-i.
I)itri 'lU's
lirokc the liuTv'llion tit" himnds line
r;iiii,
inio the ])0lUllion ol the riviuli ; and ihr hoi'lr nl Annul, wi.h ("onii* iiitor-
iiniiiiiis. aiitl liai;ital hamIiiiI
lii'ldit tilhl
il \Na> llun anr.i'M.*! to the tiown tif Spain.
paiuaicU Uiosc tl.<:in oiii in 1 J04,
Hu
.M'li.iiK'nl ot" tliL- Snaiiaids uiickr tl
.Auil
nan inu' wn^
f,
> rpi
•rcll
IVf
ll.at il jjavt iiW' lo llic laiiioiis* tvstdl, htadvd l>y .\laliaiiii.'llo, a wi'''iy hilu'rinan,.
WlklluUt
§f^ I r A t. Y
wlih'>ut f1i<x^« or fl'KkinKn, in ilif >c«r 1647. Hit (ucctd t>i>ltf««l i\w hauKhi)r
}i|Niiiinrd« to alioliih i)|iprtMiiv<- Uis^t, mmiI lu loiilinii ilu* titu'riu* )»l llii* |>'-<)|ilo.
Kt-tnri' thi-fv t'oulU Ik- re t l(.tliliilM •! |»vrtff lljr, he lurix U (Ivliiitiitt, llirou^lt lit* tmi.
tiiiual HCiimiim* ol bo«lv mui iiiiiiU. mul hf wu put to d««lh til lltt> hi'ttd nt lii«
own mi)l> Nuplrt ntui Sirll^ rfiiiuin>tl lit ihc .S|tiiitirtr<l» nil t\vf yctir 1700, when
iht* VXlilitliDii )>t till- .\>itlM.tii liiif ii|ti tied u iirw Citiirt r ol ItliKalioii. |ti 1706,
IIk- arthiJukc ( iitiric*, ittiirwattU i'tii|i> mr, lotik itoiltihon iii lite kitiKtlniti. l\f
virttu' III vuriottt irculii'ii. wltith hu<l iiitriKlutid l)«)ii Curln*. ihc kiii^ it Mpnin'i
full, lit iho ji.illi'llioti III' I'tiriiiti mxl I'tud'tiliai u luw wur hntkr titil in 17 VI) lx'-
Iwk-k-ii the lioiirfii III' Aiillri.t uiiil lliiitrhiin, iitxiut iIk- |tollilli<iii oI' Nupici ^ aiuj
))<Mi Curio* wa« rcii'ivi'il iiil<t iln* t.ipiiul, whcri- hf vmi^i tinK Uniiitl kiii){ ni IhhIi
hii'ilici ! ihi* wui liillowi-il liy n vir) lilooiiy ( iiiii|iiiiKii, whii li irrititinticil in n itrnici
ht'lwofn Krtiiu'i' and the otii|ifri)r, M whu It the (ntirudl Mudrid and Naplti nr
firii donuirrcd, hni arirrMiirtU mn-deil In 17^1,11111! Don C'urln* rrmtined kini(
III Nn^iIii I |)<in hi* iiiitiliitn In lliv irnwn ol >|i.nii, in tjnn, it \wmf^ fuund, hy
llu- iht|K-ctii>n i)|' |iliyliciitn>, iind oilu-r iri.il*, lli.ii In* clihll Ion wtit Ity iialure in.
i-aiKuititti'tl r<ir rl■l|;llin^, unit hit lit mid l<>n In iii(( luir Mp|ti(rini In the Spaniili
iiioiiart.liy, III' reli;(iu-d thi- 1 niwn ul iNapki tu liii third fuiit K'tdiiiniid IV. who
limrrii'd un un hduchcf* ot' AulUia.
'Vhp Miinncff, the fain-li portion ol' llnly, went through fcvcrul hnmU 1 ihit
\'iriiiiili« \vi re liueeeded liv th>- (ialea//i>* und the St>>r/nt, luit h II ul lull into the
haiuU ol ilie emperor Charie* V altont the year 1.^15. who ^nvc it lo hi* Ton Fhi-
lip II. king ot'Siwin. It remained wiih that crown till the Krcneh wrre driven oul ul
Italy, in 1706, fty the IniperiaiiiU. Thev were difpoireired ot it in 1741 ( but by
the cnipernr'ii cellion ol Naple* and Sieily to the prefeiit king ui bpuai, il rcturovd
to thi* nuufc ot' Auilria, who govern* it by a viceroy,
M.tntiia, with it* diiehy, wn* formerly governed by the family of (lonzaga, who
adlieiing to rrtincv, the territory wat loiliiieil, a* a tiel of the empire lo the houfe
of Aiitlria, which now poUelli'M it, the lall duke dying without male ilfuc ^ but
Guali.illa wu* feparaled fioin it in 1743. and made pari of the duchy uf I'arina.
'Ihe firll dukr of Parma wni natural fon to pope I'aul Ml. the duchy havinv
In-en annexed lo the holy fee, in I ^45, by popi- Jiiliut. II. 'I lie defcendant* of the
honfe of |-'aitit Ic terminated in the 1,'ite i|uien dowager of .Sp.iin, whole fon, hiv
pn II nt Cailiolic niiijeliy, obtained tliat duchy ( uitd hit nephew now hold* it, with
the duchy of Flaccntia.'
As a maritime power the Venetian* were formerly tlie mod furmidubic in Europr
In 1194. tiny ei>n(|iiered ('onllantinople itfelf, and held it for u Ihort time, tih
jjelher will) valuable provim is in I'.nrope and Alia, I hey were more than oncc
lnniglit to the brink of dillrnttioii, by the confederacies funned againll theiii
amonj; the other poweis of iMiropc, i'1"|iecially by the le;ij;iie «if (ainbray, in 1500,
but Will- .Ts niicn fiivrd bv till' (liriinion of tne confeilerales. 'I lu' difniviry ot n
palliigi- to India, by the ( a|>c of (;ood Hope, j^avr tih- liil) blow to tluir greatiiel'ii,
HS il loll lliein the Indian trade, liy dej;iees llir Tiirk.s look from thiin tluir btll
poflcllions on the cimtinenl ; and l\) late as the year 1715, they lott tlie Morea.
'Hie CJeini fe ofti n dil'piited tlie eni[iire of the .Meiliterranean fe:i with the
\ eni'tiaiiN, bat vvi-re IcMi'iii or iiimt able to ni.iiiitain ihiir own iiulcpnulciuv
by land, bciinj generally proteclcd, ai.d lointliinc^ fubjccUd, by the I rench and
illllfC-
I
I Y.
«i5
titip^rliitiDt. TTti'tf Aistt, nr ffrO mugillrnti*, ur>'<l to Itrcmwnrd ling of
|hoii)ili II tlitri iiiH vli'uriy Apitrnr ti)r Mhul li'l'' Du' riM«rr«l\il ■ irorl t
lei tliiving the viHorioti* Aullrlmu ihiI ii|' ih< ir t.i|irt,il. tlniuii^ ihi' wur which wa«
IcrinitiiiU it by llio |ii'a>i' o( Aik U-ChaiK'Hc iii 174H, li>u Itw pnralliU in hlllo^,
thil IVrvf* ii) tlii'w iltf (ll>ct« ol ilil'imir iinil>-r i>|i|)ri'llii>ii. At |>trl>iii ilicy ire
|M<lU ll> il lit rc^i'iiiir l)iirrly liillit iriit In prvfi^^rvc llu u|i|M-Mriiiic« ol u fiiu-riiirn iltilo.
Willi the hill'iry ot ('lirilti-ndiim iifi-ll', ihai til ilu- l'a|Miiy it (oitifi l>'iT. Iho
inoli foliil fitimilalion* fiir ll« Irmixinil |N>wvr Wk-rc laiil l>y ihi- i.ini.ui^ Maiitdn,
t<iii>ilrf« of 'riirranv, iiml htlrrf* lo llio grinta-ll |»Mrl <>l llilly, wlix lu ijiumiIk i| n
largf |><irliitti nl hrr iliMiiinioiit in llit' I.imiimix |in|K' (tri'irnry \'|| (wlm, li< I'lrc lii*
ii>ii'liion in 107), Wii« it) Will kitoHii 1)^ ilii- name ol lliliiiliriiiiil ) li \m>iiIiI tio
tiHi It'ilioui iitrr In cnu-r into a (Klail n| llic ignnranif n| lliv luil>, uml tin- nihfr
iniil'c* llul ojK'iatod In llic U)(KruniIi/fnit-iil n| ihc papai v, prrviniM In llu* Ktf<
turinalion r.vi'n lime lliul Krii llic lliilc nf l''iir>>|i( tim Ixcm I'mli, iliitl llu* |iii|k>«
liavi' had iiinrf lliari <>iuf ^rl-nl wcii^lil in ii^ |uililic allairt, cliully llkrniij^li lli
wiMkiu'l't and Wignlrv •>! ti'iit|i()rnl prituri.
I la- papal pnwir i««\i(Uiillv nnw ii|inn ihv df( line. 'Ilii' ordiT of* jcftu, uhit'h
\\a% iini iin|>rnpi'rly railed ill iani/aiiii, hat luin cMi'miiiiuU'd in rrnnic, hpain,
NitpliH, inid I'nritignl ■, and i> IkiI jtill ifvltTiiitil in ciIut |Hii>ilh tniuiirit'*. I In-
|iopi' hiinlir ii Inaird hv Uonian laiholii print 10 with m ry liitlt- nmri < "ronimiv
,1'
I
ilian in diK' In him a% l)ilh'i|i nl Knint-, nn«l pnnfili d nt' a ii'ni|iiir:)l ptiiu ip.iliiy,
'lliii hniiiiliatidn, it i^ rt alonahlf in lulit m, uill u rniinalc in a loialdparalinti
frnni the holy fee ol'ull itt forii^n I'lnoliiimntH, which, t-von linic llu* In ^innin({ nl'
thf nrt'ffnt crnlnry, wrn- imimnfi', nml in iln* ri«liitlinn nl liii holiml'i m ilic cx«
tnilf (if hi« ••cell (lallical fiMutmni .i> lirll Inilmp nf Chnll' ndtini.
A vi hftnt-nt nu-nmrinl h"« hcfft fi-nt hv ihf pnpo tn in"(| Knntponn miirfM, aj^'iiiilf
tlit'iDiiiliifl III llu* rniitti uli>'nd)ly, in rt luniin^ ,\vi|;ni'n, and the (nniiat Viiutiil.n ;
but the pontil)"* tniMnnriaU ntc nnw a% little rcgnrtud a» hi» hulli t nnd the papal
p(>wt'r i* tallini; with incrcnliiiff vdocitv.
Ihf invali.)h of tlu' .Sardinian dominittrm l»y Franrc, nnd thr upprnrnnic of a
i-'rinth iKfl in llu- Mfdiforranian, have ilirnwn Italy into the ^ri'atih alarm*. The
ipi" htltl a ft.lif> conliUnry, aiul n iniuniil llu- j»arrilnn at tlivita Vet.ihia with
nie huntlrfdn nf mt ti, ^"1 the fame time viftiiallinjj hii enpital. An army of Ur»
iliiMkland men has Ixt-n r.ufvd tnr ihethft'tui' of the papal dnniiniotis. l.ninhardy
iinlln alatnu'tl, :aid a ilread prt'vaiK, that tlw I'rtiuh will invad ' it hy liu' way of
(Mima. The Milantfo territory has '<<< llrung linldt, antl wnnid calily fall a prey
to the Oronger army. Amid the panii. rnfeany alone remainit irnniptd.
LortI llervey, the Brililh andmiiador, having Riven notice to the fecretary of
lliite of the (irand Duke of 'lufiany, of the anival of the ctiinliinetl iirititli and
Spanilh Heels in the Mediterranean, and exprdfed his iVruplex refpetting tlu iii u-
trality atltipletl by tlie (jranil Duke towartU the InlligiTent powers, received \\jt
luifwer from the feeretary of Hate, tliat the Granil Duke would not depart from
the neutrality he had hitfurtn t>l)ferveil.
'I he int afures taken tt> intUu e the fmall repuldie of (Jenoa tn declare agnitift
I'laiue will perhnp> retpiiie fume ileiail. On the ^ih of ( )Cttil)er, 17').?, the Kn^-
liih admir.il (Jell entereil the port of (nnoa, antl mptured ilu' MoJ'-,'it, a rniuli
lii^ate, wliiJi wa!< fullouttl liy ih.it oitwo triuili laitatiK, uhit.hliad been aluuw
tinned l>) tlitircreWN. I liel'e, widi itlier attx t>f heOiiily, ineenfed all ranks o|'
ptople ai^aiull the l'.nj;lilh. liul altlimi^h the mir.tU of tlu" (iencele nppe:ir lo hy
iilienaietl from the l.n^lilii, it is liopid thiit tluy will nut rulh into the oppolite e.\^
treme
anil liet nine the p.iiizans tit the French
John An^elo hrafihi, born in 1717, wa^ circled pope i'.\ 1775. and tt)ok upon
liiiii the tiaine of ri>ib \ 1
7
T U R K. I. Y.
{ 6i6 1
r U R K
c
Tlic Grnnd Signior's Dominions arc divided into
Sq. M.
I TURKF.Y IN EUROPE. ^
2. rURKKY IN ASIA. C 960,060
I. TURKKY IN AFRICA. )
r U R K K Y IN E U R O P E.
SlTl'ATlOV AND KxTENT.
Miles. Degrees.
Length 1000) , . r 1 7 nnd 40 call longitude.
IJrcadtli 900 3 "^''^''^<'" \ 36 and 49 north latitude.
Containing 181,400 Sqj'are Miles, with 44 Inhabitants to each.
Boundaries! "D^^UNDED by Ruflia, Poland, and Sclavonia, on the
'■' fl North ; by CircalTia, the Black. Sea, the Propontis, Hclle-
fpont, and Archipelago, on the Eaft; by the Mediterranean, on llio iJouth; by the
fame Tea, and the Venetian and Auftrian territories, on tlie VV^cll.
Divifions. Siibdivifions.
'Crini and Little Tartary,"
and the ancient Tauriea
Cherfonefus *
On the nortli coaft of
the Black Sea are the<
j)rovinccs of
> <
lUid/.iac Tartary
r Uelfarabiu
Ninth of the Danube 1 >f ' 1 • r f^ •
„ ., ^^ Moldavia, olim Dncia
are the provinces of'
lie provinces
Soutli of the Danube
are
Wnlachia, another part of
the ancient Dacia
Hulgaria, the eaft part of
tlie ancient Myiiu
Chief Towns.
Pretop
Brachiferia
KiUl'a
M
, Oczakow
Hender
Belgorod
Jazy
Chocziin
Fulczin
Tergovifc
Sq. M.
f 26,200
1 2,000
8,000
V 26,000
'VVidin
Nicnpoii
Siiilira
Scopia
1
10,500
« 7,000
• Thf RutTmns, in 1783, feizcd on the CrimM, ban which is boimdcti by th? river of tli.it n.iine.
the principal part ot this divifioii, .iiiil l>y a tre.ily, The Turks ]\\\r iio.c only ihc Tartar ii.itions tw-
figiicd famiary yth, 1784, the Tiirkj ceded it to yond the river Ck|ban,.iud trom the lilack bea.
tiirin with tlie ille uf Tuinan, and thul part of C'u-
South
ia, on the
tis, liclle-
h i by the
}
Sq. M.
26,200
12,000
8,000
26,000
10,500
17,000
tint name,
nations be-
lack bca.
South
Divifioni.
Sou th of the Danube are '
TURKEY iir EUROPE.
Subdivifioni. Chief Towns
Belgrade
SerTia.the weft part of My-
fia - . .
Bofnia, part of the ancient
lllyricuin
On the Bofphorus and (,, ,■ ti
Hcllefponl - - -j Romania, ohm Thrace
Macedonia
South of Mount Rho- '
dope or Argontum, ! ThefTaly, now Janua
tlicDurth puit of the 1
Semendria
NilTa
i Seraio
}
r Conftantinople, \
'jN.L.4i.E.L.29.i
^ Adriaiiopic
Strymon
Contclfa
ancient Greece
Achaia and Boeotia, now
Livadia
"Kpirus
Albania
On the Adriatic Sea, or
. Gulf of Venice, the^
ancient Ulyricuni
In the Morca. the an-
cient I'eioponnefus.
Dalmatia
Ra^ufa republic •
Cornithia
Argos
Sparta
Salonichi
Larifla
Athens
'I'hebes
Lepantn
Chinia^ra
Burtinto
Scodra
Durazzo
] Dulcigno
Zara
Narenza
(^ Ragufa
Cornith
1
Hf
22,570
8,640
»''200
18,980
4,650
3.420
7.955
6.375
4.560
Argos
Niipoli dc Romania
Laceda!mon,now Mifitra,
on the river Eurotas
» The republic of Ragufa, though reckoned by
g(onr.i|jhers part ol Turkey in F.urope, is not un-
iliT the Turkilh government. It is an ariltoerati-
i;il rt.ito, formid nearly after the model of th.it of
\cnioe. The govcrnniont is in the hands of
t!ie noliility ; and tlie thiif of the republic, who is
iKled re.'lor, is changed every month, and cici'ted
In iWtitinv or lot. During his (Uort adnunillra-
ti 111, lit lives ill the palace, -uid wears a ducal ha-
bit. .Xs the Rauvifans are unable to I'rote.'^ theiii-
I'elies, they make ufc of thtir wealth to procnre
thim protestors, the thief of whom, for many
M-, i-.wa-. the grand (ijjnior. They eiuleavmind alio
to .keep ii|)i)n ^ood terms with the \ enetiaiis, and
iitiicr neiijhbouring Hates. But in the year 1783,
ii ciilpiiic arofe between them and the king ol .\a-
I'lis, hCiinting a claim of rigiit to his appoiiuing a
ri>ininiii<kr ot the Rigufun troops. It was ternii-
n.iled by V.\e republic's puuing itfclf under that
king's proteftion. The city of Ragufa is not above
two miles in circumfere.icc, but it is well built, and
contains fome handfome edilices. Tlic ancient
Kpidaiiriis was (Ituated not far from this city. The
RaguCans profefs the Romifli religion, but (Jree ks,
Armenians, and Turks, are tolerated. Almoft all
the citi/.eiis are traders, and they keep fo watchful
an eye over their treedom, tiiat the gates of the
city of Ra;;\ifi ,;rc allowed to be open only a few
hour-, in the day. J he language chiefly in ufe
among the Ranufans is the .'si.hfoiiian, but the
greaieil part ot liuin fptak the Italian. They h.ive
many traiiini', vell'tls, and .irc gre.it carriers in the
Mcditcrraiieaii, being conHantly at peace with the
piratical Hates ot Uarb;iry. 1 he city of Gravofa,
and Stagiio, 30 miles \. K. of Ragufa, are within
t.'ie territiiries ol this republic, aiul there are alfo
ti\e fniall illands helonguig to i:, the principal of
which ii iMrlida.
In
4H
6j8
TURKEY IN EUROPE.
Divinons.
In the \forca, fh? nn-
tiiMit IVIoponmfub, I
I'ciii;^ the Coiitli ilivi-'^
li>'ii ul' Gicctc, iiic
Siibclivillons.
Olympia, where the
CJaiucs were he!d
Areadiu
KlU
Chief Thwni.
Olynipia, or Longinica,
uii tlic river Alphcuii
Moiloit
►CoroH
Partus
l-'li-., or Belvidori.', on the
ri\er Pencils.
.7iii
Son., Ain, si: \soNs, and waihu.] N';iUire hiis lavilhod upon the inhabitant;! ot'
Tiiilvey ail lier i)!ellinjrs, in tlioi'e t'niir particulars. 'I'lic foil, tluiu;.;Ii iininiprovecl,
is luxuriant beyond deleription. The air is falul)rious,and friendly to the iniafrii,;i-
tion, luilefs when it is corrupted iV.ini the niii;hbourin;j; countries, or througii tiiv-
indolence or uncleanneu of the 'rmkilh i'.:aiuu'r of living;. I'he feafons are here
regular, and llie ciinialc luis been ce!i.I)rated from the reniotell anti(iuitv. 'ihe
Turks arc invited to freipunt lnuhiii!^>^, In the purity and wholelbnienels of the
water all over their donijiiioiis.
MouNrAiNi.j 'Ihefe are llie niotl celebrated in {he world, and at the fame time
the mod tVuiil'ul. Mount Athos lies on a peninfula, runninj; into I'-e Kjreiin Sc.i;
the Mounts Tiiulus and Olympus, celebrated in (Jrecian fables, feparate 'Ihen'aly
from Kpiriis. ParnalFus, in Achaia, fo famous for l)eing confecrated to the MufL's,
is well known. Mount llaen\us is likewil'e often mentioned by the poets: but
moH of the other mountains liave changed their nanu's ; witnefs the iiiountairs
.Shun, Witolka, Slaras, I'iamina, and many others. I'.ven the moll celebrated
mo.ntaiiis abovemeutioned have nv>dern names impofed upon them by tiie 'I'urk.,,
their new mailers, and (>!hers in their neighbourhood.
.Sr.As.] The Kuxine or lJl.uk .Sea ; the I'alus Mxotis, or S.a of Af(i|)Ii ; the Sea
of .Marmora, wliicli iVparates Kurone tVom Alia; the Archipelago; tlie Ionian Sea,
and the Levant, are fo many eviclences that Turkey in l*lurope, particularK ili;;t
part of it wliere Conllantinople ftands, of all other countries, had the bell claim
to be millrefs of the world.
Straits ] Thofe of the flellefpont and Rofphorus are joined to the feaof Mar-
mova, and are remarkable in mudern as well as ancient hillory. The fi)rnier, vi/.
tb.e I iellelpont, or Oardanelles ', is only two miles and an half in breadth, and is
f.inioi'.s for t!;e palViige of Xer.ves over it when about to invade (jreece, and of .Vlex-
aniler in his expedition againll Alia. Xerxes, for the more oafy tranfportalion
of Iiis numerous tbrces, laid a bridge of boats over it. It is alfo celebrated by tiie
poets in theftury of two lovers. Hero and I.eander, of whom the latter f\va;n .".erofs
it to his millrcfs ; but one niglit was unhappily drowned. The I'olphorui is about
the lame breadth, but has not been fo much celebrated by hillorians and p<jei^.
Rivers] The Danube, the Savi;, the Neiller, the iSleiper, and the Don, an-
th>, heft known rivers in this country; though many others have been celebrated
b\ p'lets ami hillorians.
I,AK IS.] 'I lu fe are not extremely rcmark;d)Ie, nor are they mentioned with any
great applaufe, eitiier by the ancients or moderns. The Lago di Scutari lies iii
• Tlir n.iril.-.U' lies arc f.vo nncinit ninl ftrnng ly c.illed the Hclltfpont. The nioiuh of tie canal
raftU'; of Tiirkc y, i>rie ot whii li is in Romania, is four milvs and a halt over,
tlv. olhir ill i\ itoUa, tmcaili liilt the »..iiial, lurnier-
S Albania.
T L' R K I', \ IN K U R O P K
659
llh of tl c canal
iMbniiia. It conimimii.'His \\itli ilu- l,iij;o(li Plavo niul llio l.nftodi Ilolti. '1 lie
.s:vm|)liiiliis, lo laimui-. tor ii ; liai|)ii'» and ravenous birds, lio^ in llie MoriM ; and
IVncus, from its t|ualiiics, is iliouj-lit to be tin.- lake tVoiii wliich ih' Styx illucs,
loiu lived by the aneients to be ibe Wallace into bt.ll.
MiiiALs ANi> MINKIIAL8.J 'rnrkey in Kuiti])'.' contains n variety of all forts of
miiits, and i!s niaibUs are elieemed tlie fnull in tiic world.
\ i;cL JABLK niouucTioNs.] 'I hefe are excellent all over tbc Iv.iropcan Tur-
key, efpecially wlien allilled by the fmalkll degree of indultry. IJelides pot and
gauKn lierbs of ainioll every kind, this country produces in great alv.nulanee and
peitection, oranges, ienioiis, citrons, poniegranales, grapes, figs, alintuds, olives,
cotton, and many drugs, not coinnum m other parts ot I'.urope.
.\ni.mals.] 'I'lic 'i'hcflTaliaM or 'I'uikilh liorles arc excellent both for their
beauty and fervice. The black cattle are large, ef|)eclally in (Jrecee. Ibe goats aro
highly prized tor the lujtrition they all'ord, botli of milk and flelh, The largo cag'cs
wiiieli abound in the iicighbouiiiood of Badadagi, furnilh the bell feathers f<n- ar-
rows for the Tnrkilh archers, and they fell at an unconnnon price. Partridges are
very plentiful in (Jreece ; as are all other kinds ol fowls and quadrupeds all over
jiiikey in luuiipe ; but the Turks and Mulionietaus in general are not very fond
of animal food.
Antiquities and curiosities,) Almoft every f|)ot of ground, every river
NA I I'R AL and autiiici al. J and every fountain of (ireeee, prcfeals llio
traveller \Nith celebrated anticinili-s. On theilllmuis of Corinth, the ri.ins of N'cp-
tune's temple, and the theatre where the Klhmian games were celebrated, are Hill
>ilil)le. Athens, which contains at pi efent above 10,000 inhabitants, is a fruitful
JDuree of magnificent rulr.s, among v,liich are the remains of the temple of Miner-
va, built of white marble, and cnconipalli d with "forly-lix lUited columns of the
Doric Older, torty-two leet hlt'li, a;nl leven feet and a iialf in cireuinlercnce : the
architrave is adorned with ball'o-relievos, admirably executed, reprefenting the
wars of the Athenians. To the fouth-call of the Acropolis, a citadel which defends
the town, are feventecn beautiful columns of the Corinthian order, thought t<j
W the remains of the emperor Adrian's jtalacc. 'I hey are of fine white marble,
aiioiit filly feet high, including the capitals and bales. Jull without the city Itands
the temple of 'Ihefeus, furrounded with Ihiled colunms of tlic IJoric order : the
portico at the weft end is adorned vith the battle of llie Centaurs, in balVo-ri lievo ;
liini al tiie call end apjiears to be a continuation of the fame hillory ; and on the
iiiii!'uU- of the porticos, in the fpaccj between the tris^lyplis, are reprefonU'd iho
esploiib of Tlufeus. On the fouth-weft of Athons is a beaulilul llructure, lom-
nioiilv called the Lantern of IJemolilu nes : tl;i; is a fmall round ed.tiee of v.-hitu
iiuuble, the roof of which ii fiJp|)orleil by lix liuted columns of tlie Coriiitiiian
iiKii'r, nine feet and anbab' hi^h ; in tlie fjjacc bv'twecn the columns are pannels of
111;,; b!e; and the v. hob; i> covered with a cupola, carved with the refcmbhmce of
f ales ; and on the frie/e are beautifully reiirelVnted in relievo llic labouLs of
Ijenules, Here are alio to be feen the temple of the Winds: the theatre of
|l;;i(h'js ; tlie magnificent aquedutl of the emperor Adrian j and the temples of
Jiijiiier Olvmpius, and Augutliis. The remains of the temple of the oiacle of
.Apollo are ilill vilible at Caliri, on the fouth (ide of mount I'arnafl'us ; and tlie
J
]'""' "•*' - ^ » ' — - •• — » '••*
.nil'.' Heps that defcend to nleafaiit running water, fuj)pofed to be the renownct
.iliulian Ipiing, with the niches for llatues in the rock, are Ilill difeernible. 'Ilu
i.uii')Us case ot Irophonius is Hill a natural curiolity in Livadia, the old Uccolia.
Mi;unt Athos, wliicli has been already mentioned, and which is commonly
t.ilkd .M)nte Santo, lies on a peninfula which extends into the /Kgean f.a, and i'»
i.iaccJ a chain of inouiitains, reaching the whole length of the peninhila, iicww
4 1' i 'iuikiih
«6o
TURKEY iM EUROPE.
Turkilli miles in length and three in brrndth ; but it is only a finglc mountain that
is pr()|icrl]^ i-alU-d Athos This Ih (o lofty, that on tlic top, an tho ancicntii relate,
thi' fini-riliiiR was beheld fmir]hours fodiu-r than by the nihal)itant8 ot the coall j
and, at the folllice, its Ihaile ivailied into the Acora or market-place of Mvriiui,
n town in Leninos, which Klaiul was dillant eif»nty-feven miles caftward. TherL*
were twenty-two convents on mount Athos, betides a great number of cells and
crottos, with the habitations of no lefs than fix thouiand monks and hermits ;
tnongh the proper hermits, who live in grottos, are not al)ove twenty ; the other
monks are anchorites, or fuch as live in cells, lliefe Greek monks, who ciil!
themfelves the inhabitants of the holy mountain, are \'o far from beinij a fet of
flothful people, that, belidcs their daily offices of religion, they cultivate the oliv(»
and vineyards, are carpenters, mafons, Ibme-cutters, cloih-workers, taviors, &c.
They alfo live a very auftere life; their ufual fcMid, inllead o( flclh, benig veget-
ables, dried olives, figs, and other fruit ; onions, cheefe, and on cerlam days,
Lent excepted, filh. Their fafts are many and fevere ; which, with the healthml-
nefs of the air, renders longevity fo common here, that many of them live above
an hundred years. It appears from /Elian, that anciently the mountain in general,
and particularly the fuminit, was accoinited very healthy, and conducive to long-
life: whence the inhabitants were called .Macrobii, or long-lived. We are farther
informed by Philoftratus, in the lite of Apollonius, that numbers of philofophcrs
ufed to retire to this mountain, for the better contemplation of the heavens, and
of nature.
Cities.] Conftantinopic, the capital of this great empire, Is fituatcd on the
European fide of the Bofphorus. It was built upon the ruins of the ancient By-
zantium, by the Roman emperor Conllantine the Clreat, as a more inviting fitua-
tion than Rome for the leat of empire. It became afterwards the capital of the
Greek empire, and having efcaped the dcllru6tive rage of the barbarous nations,
was the greateft as well a.s the moft beautiful city in Europe, and the only one
during the Gothic ages, in which there remained any image of the ancient elegance
in manners and arts. While it remained in the pollellion of the Greek emperors,
it was the only mart in Europe for the commodities of the Eaft Indies. It derived
great advantages from its being the rendezvous of the crufaders ; and being then
in the meridian of its glory, the European writers, in the ages of the crufades,
fpcak of it with aftonifliment. " () what a vaft city is Conflantinonle ! (exclaims
one when he firft beheld it), and how beautiful ! How many monaltcrics are there
in it, and how many palaces built with wonderful art ! How many manufaflurers
are there in the city amazing to bt-hold ! It wouhl be artonilhing to relate how it
aitounds with gold, (ilver, and (lulls of various kinds; every hour Ihips arrive in the
port with all things necelTarv for the ufe of man." Conftantinopic is at this day
one of the fined cities in tfie world by its (ituation and its port. The profpetl
t"rom it is noble ; but the traveller who vifits Conftantinople is almoft as much
(lifappointed at the internal, as delighted with the exterior appearance of it. The
houfes are wooden, low, and mean : the ftreets narrow, hollow, and dirty : in
every objefl he beholds the little progrefs the Turks have made in tlie liberal arts,
and laments that its beauty ftiould be confined to its fituation.
The capital of the Turks being, like its parent city Rome, fituatcd upon foven
hills, is divided in four parts; — Conftantinople, calKd by the Turks Staml)oul, I'era,
Cialata, and .Scutari. The fecond and third divilions are feparated from tlie fiiif
by a branch of the fea, called the Port, near half a mile acrofs, and the lall on
tiie Aliatic coall, is divided from thefc by the Bofphorus, which is not lefs tliaii
two miles in breadth. The circumference of the whole is nrobablv, including the
water, from 17 to 20 miles, and the population in time ot peace, about 750,000
fouls.
TURKEY IN EUROPE.
Mn
fouls. There is no city in Eurmu* — perhaps in the world, that contains fiichn vii-
riety of inhnl)it:ints ; — Turku, Greeks, Armeriiiin , Franks, Jews, Sir. &c. Th«
throe firft o( thtfe nations are fcuttercd over the whole, thouuh the Circcks and
Ar-m'iiiiiMS have lUllintl places in which the hody of lliein reliues. The moll rc-
mihir i>arl is the Ikfirtin, inclofed with wails anil gates, where tlie nieri hauls havi:
their lliops excellently ranged. In another part of the city is the IlippiKlronie, an
ohltnig ripiare of 400 paces hy 200, where they exerciCc on liorlVback. 'llii;
Mei'iaii, or |>arade, is A large fpacions fijuare, the general refort of all ranks. (.)t\
thc(ipj)olite lide of the port are four towns, hut conlidered as a part of the fuhurbs,
their dillanie being founall, a perfoii n\ay calily be heard on the other lide. They
are named Pera, (Jalain, Pacha, and 'I'ophana. In Pera, the foreign anibaffadori
and all the Franks or flrangers relide, not being permitted to live in the city : (ia-
jata alfois mollly inhabited by Franks and Jews, and is a place of great tracle. 'I he
city abounds with antiquities : the tomb of Conftanline the Great is (till preferved.
The inofnue of Santa Sophia, once a Chrillian church, called bv the Greeks "H ayi»
ij^.a, it having been confecrated by the emperor Juftinian the lirll, to the Divinu
Wisdom, is thought in fonie rcfpeds to exceed in grandeur St. Peter's at Koiue.
It is very advantageoully lituated in the fmeil part of Conllantinople, upon an
iniinence, with a gradual defcent to the fea. It is of a lim|r fijuare form, about
100 paces in length, and 80 in bn adth, but in the inlide it is round. A portico,
or piazza, about 36 feet in bicjidth, fupported by marble pillars, extends the whole
length of the front. This communicates with the body of the cluirdi by nine
folding-doors of brafs, the niiddlemoft of which has fome remains of Mofaic work
and paintings. 'ITiis portico is joined to another which has (Ivc brazen doors. The
body of the church is ahnoft covered by a cupola of admirable llruclure, at tlic
footOf which runs a colonnade fupporting a gallery of nine yards broad, t'orinerly
fct apart for the women. Over this run two balulha<U s, jutl bioud enough for one
pcrfon to pais; which, in the time of their Rainalan, or Lmt, are adorned with
lairps, and make a tine appearance. The dome is 34 yards from lide to lide, and
rclts upon four vart pillars, at lealt 15 yards in circumtereiue. It is a perfett he-
niiljihere, illuminated by 24 windows placed at eijual dilhuiccs. In the inlide are
upw.irds of loo pillars of various kinds of marble, fome of which are porphyry,
and others Kgyptian granite. 'I he wliote dome, and indeed all the walls, are cu-
riotilly lined with marl)le, and the incruftations of the gallery are Mofaic, generally
done with finall glafs cubes, which are continually loofening from their cement,
hut the colours are unchangeable. The Turks have added tour minarets, or tall
(lender lleeples, fomewhat refembling the monument in London, and terminaiing
in fpires, with gilded crefcents on the top.
'I lie city is built in a triangular form, with the ferajjiio ftaiuling on a puin* of
one of the angle;, from wIkmico there is a profpcit of (lie deliglittui coall vi the
l.eiler Alia. When we ("peak of the feiagiio, we do not mean the apartments
nuTcly in which the grand iiirnior's women are coulincd ; but the whole iiaiofuro
»)f the Ottoman palace, whie-Ii mitjht well I'ullice for a modeiate town. The wall
wl.idi furrounds the Seraglio is tliirly I'eet high, having buUlemeiUs, embrafures
a;ul i<i\\ers, in the llyle ot ancient fortifications. There are in it nine gates, but
(inlv two oi them magnificent; and from one of thefe the Ottoman court takes the
naiiie of the Por/e, or the Sid'/inw Poite, in all public tranfacUoiis and records.
The town is furrounded by a high and thick wall with battlements after the Ori-
ental manner, and towers, defended by a lined but fliallow ditch, the works, of
which are double on the land-fide. 'I'he befl authors think that it does not con-
tain above 800,000 inhabitants, three-fourths of whom are laid to be (irecks and
Armenians, and the reU are Jews ar.d Turks. The city lutli been iVcciucnilv af-
lailcd
66 s
TURKEY iM EUROPE.
faili'd hy fiivs, either owing to tlio narrowncfs of ihc ftrt-cls and tlit fli ii£^iirc of ilw
lioiilVs, or iIk« nit* of llii- Juni/'ariis. In Aujjul), 1784, a fire lirokc out in llic
quarter ntiinli.(l towards tlu- hurh^tir, nnd fprcad into otlu>r qunrtfrn, and al).iut
10,000 liuulVvs ^inoll of wliicli hud hcon rebuilt fincc tiie fire in 1 78 z) were con-
fiiinod.
Oppofito to iho fi'raqllo. on ilu* Aliatic Mc, and al)oiit a inilo aiul a half (Iill;int
a^'iol's ihi.' waliT, i^i Siiilaii, aiiorned with a ro)al nioliiiu', ami a pKaluii-houlc 01
llu t;ian(l (i;','ii')r. On iIk' Ihow of an adjacont iiill i» a f;iand |iiorpt.'cl : in inw
\ ii'W aiv llu' liiii'i of ("oiiliantiiioplo, CJahita, and IVrn, tlif fniall Uas ut th^' Hoi-
ph'Miis aiul IVoponti'i, witli tin.; alinccnt countries on each Ihore.
A.s lo till.' population, manners, rclijjion, guverninent, revenues, learning, mi-
tarv flrenf',lh, eivnmene, and niaiuitai-tures ut' the 'I'lirksi, tlafe federal Ikad.,
<l( pending; on the fane piineiptcs all uver the em]iire, lliull he mentioned under
Tni K 1. ^ in A'li a.
('RiM-'r.\rt I Auv, or the Cuimf, a, is the ancient TaLiii<a Clurfonefus, and is a
piniiifiila, l>!iiK on the Kuxine or Ulock Sea, l>v which it is bouniled »)n the Wilt
ami S.uiili, ami on the I'.alt ami North Kail, by of that Ato|ih. It is between 44
jind 411 (K;;u'es of north latitude, and 34 and 37 degrees of call longitude.
'ilii> IVninlula was elieenied a part of 'I'urkey in Juirope, until it was ceded to
Knilia in confeqiience of the peace in 1784. Man\ cities were built on ii by ihc
(I'r'cks, ])ariieular!y tl.ofe of Kherfun, 'Iheiidolla, I'antlcapcuin. and fonie oilier.s,
>Mmli carried on a
on
l!
le t (i:
nat trade with the Sc) ihians, as \\cll as with the (iri'i
itinent. It is iiri bable, howexer, that tlie modern towns of thij coLmii
citie-
Sire not lituated e.\actl} in the fame places with tlmfe built by the (Jreeks. j'.iipa-
toria, now Kofleo, is but at a fniail diltance from the feat of the ancient luipatoi iti
if not esi'.H!
the kherfon of the flrei'ks; the niin^ of which lall are Dill extant. Strabo men-
Ml,
OlM
tioiis a pirce, I'.aiiRd I'ortns Symbolon, which is piobably the fame with that nanied
Sym/)?/ hy the (Jenofe, and in ntore modern times Hiify.'diui ; Janikale is the i'anti-
c.'ptMiio of the ancients ; and Theodolia, lalel_\ called kaflii, has now recei\cd its
inuiint appellation of Theodofia again
e nioli CO |i(U labii' rivers in tlie ("rinua are thufe of Karafu and Salaglr, both
%vhich, taking an eafterly couife, and uniting their lireanis, at the diliance of more
than 20 weill> from the fca, run into the gulf of the fea of Al'oph, which is ia-
terjiof<'d between the main land of Crimea, and a long nanow |)cninfula
Of the towns in this part of the world we have but vcr\ llighi defcripl
an
d indee<l \\here tlie Kninlrv has be mi fo fiften the feat of v
am
1 tl
ons
le iiiliabit*
iiiits ;iic Iiill lo ri.di , very little tan be expected from their IniiUiinijs. Lady Cra-
ven, now the margiavinc of Anfpach, who, without doubt, had accefs to the hell
!ndf,',ings in theco',.ntrv, int'orms us, that " a Tartar's lioufe is a very (light buikiiii"
cf onlv one llory, without any ihair, talile, or j>iecc of wooden t..niitiire. l.^uge
!iioii> are raiured roan
dtl
le loom
fir f 'alN ; l):it wliat
IS extrciiiclN cunveiiuiit,
there is more than double the f])ace of the room behind the wainfi oat, which draws
back in mod places; fo that in a j)lace where the room anpeirj ixceedinglv fiiiall
d confined, there is yet every conveniency to be nut w ith. A Tartar houfe has
an
ilwavs another Imih
It a fiiall dilhim e from it, fur theconvrnier.cc of llr.i
iiucrj
I r travellers, whom the noble Tartar always treats vviiii ilie greatcll li(;fpltaliu.
'I he palace of the klian at jJacziferia is an irregular biiililiii;^ , the grealelt part of
jr is of one floor, laifedupon pillars of wood, arched and gilt in a fa.icilul aiu! livelv
manner ; the aicli, or lall dooi-way, is finely proportioiu d, and i.i adorned with Uii
rimr
caukj
i.jlVri])'.io,i i:i letter;, of gold. The whole was ciiliicly in rui;i3, but the gover
TURKEY iM E U R O P E.
66}
,irc of \\w
lit in llio
iiul al>>>iit
were toil"
\\{ ilillant
I'-lioulc oi'
I : ill Kiu'
t tlu' Iiul-
'lal luad'.
iicU under
>, niul is a
I tlio W dt
i,twti"ii 44
ii*.
s cctKil to
II il b) tlii:
line ollk'is,
I'l'ck. cities,
lis toiiiiUy
is. I'.iipa-
ii|uitiiiiuni,
• way tVoin
irabo iiK'ii-
iliat named
till' I'i'.nti-
cteivcd itii
iigir, liotli
oi more
licli is in-
rniilVd if to be repnind, nnd now giltnnd pnintrd for the recfption of the ciflprcfs.
(.'ourt within court, and unrdcn within ganUn, make a variety of apartments,
where thi- khan walked from his own rehdence to tlie h::ram, whieii is fpacioii.s,
mid lii^lier tiiun the reli of the buildings, Several of the ripiare places imder his
apariinent weie paved will) marble, and have in the centre fuuiitaini which play
(uiiilanlly.
Amonj^ tile ciiriolitios in this country, wc may reckon the foiirce of the river
K-'rufii, which is lituated amoni^ rocks, in a verv roi<iaiitie mntiiier, and ril'ei in a
coi'lidcrahle (inam. It was vilited by l.ady Craven in i7S(), No lif-, uoiulirfiil are
llolc lalvis \s liii 11 receive the rivulet-), willioiit aii) s iliblc oiitirt. iliii eilebraled
l> mule traveller mentions u houl'e, near Seballopool, liliiated in a very roiiiuiitic
niamier, at the loot of fome works, from wliieh ili'iu! many clear t'prin^s tliat amp-
ly fiippiy the hoiifes and baths witli water. On the fiiiii'mit of tliefe rocks, llure
are places where immcnfe cables have certainly palled and been tieil. I he l ariars
infill that the fea was once dole to the foot of them, anil ihips were I'alkiied there.
Near Bac/ifcria there i.s a mine of earlii, exactly like foap, which is reekoi.ed very
8ood for the Ikin, and vail (|uantiiies of it are confnmed by the women at Coii-
aiilinople. Our fair traveller bellows the greatetl enconiinms on the llieep, which
ill this peninfiila are innumerable, and atford the moll beautiful and collly Heeces.
'I lie Iheep arc all fpotted ; the lambkins very beautiful, and they kill the ewes to
have them before birth, when their Ikins have fmall fpots, and are fmooili like the
liiielt and li^'Iitill fattins. Coats lined with thefe Ikins are called I'elilfes ; andus'ii
jjreat number of tliefe fmall animals mull be killed to make the lining of one coat,
this is one of the fincll prefents the emprefs can make to an aniballiulur. Ihrough-
oiit the whole of this peninfula, there are many ruins of ancient towns, particularly
one at Soudak, which was rebuilt by the Genoefe on the defeent of lUep rocl^.s.
'file fiimmit of thefe overlooks the fea ; and here there is a chapel, with a granite
pillar, lituated in fuch a manner that on the firll Ihake it mull fall perpendicularly
into it.
llie peninfula of the Crimea has a conliderablo trade in what is called .Morocco
leather, of various coh)urs, which is to be had very cheap, and like fattin. .\'
liaezilVii.i tlure is a great tradeoffwurd-blades, knives, and hangers, many of wliieh
are not to be dillinguilhed from tiiofe made ut Uamafcus.
.riptions j
iuhal)il<
,adv C'ra-
the bell
buildiii;^
Large
iiiveiiieiit,
lich draws
;>!> fmall
loufe has
' llraii^ei'.!
jfpltalii_\.
■It uail of
iiiil lively
.(1 with a,i
governor
cauled
ISLANDS BELONciNo TO TURKEY in E U R O P E.
E i: 1 N o F A R r OK Ancient G REEC E.
I
Sluill mention thefe Ulands chiilly for the ufe of fucli readers as arc convcrfaiit
with antient hilluiy, of which they make fo dillinguilhed a part.
Nix.Roi'ONr, the ancient Eubira, ft retches from the fouth-call to the nortli-weff,
and lies on the ■ .iitern coall of Acliaia or Livadia. It is 90 miles long, and 15
broad, and cuntaiiis about 1 500 ftiuare miles. Here the 'I'urkilh gallies lie. The
lilies on its cualts are irregular; and the illand itfelf is very fertile, producing corn,
wine, fruit, and cattle, in fuch abundance, that all kinds of proviliuns are extremely
cheap, 'liie chief towns are, Negropont, called by the (Jreeks, Egripos, (ituaied
on tlie fouth-well coall of the iiluud, on the iiarrowell p;atof the llruil; and Callel
Rotlo, tlie ancient Caryftus.
Lii.MNOi,
664
TURKEY in EUROPE.
Lbmnoi, or STALiMKNiJiciiii the northern part of the y^^ean Tea or Archipe-
lago, and is nlmod a fquarc ot'25inilci in length and breadth. Ihnugh it producei
corn and wine, ^ct it« principal riches arife iiotn \\» mincrul earth, much ufed in
mcdicini', rometiruci called una l,*mti(i, or fifillniM, bccaufe it ii fealed up hy the
Turks, who derive from it a couliderHbic revci\iii*.
l'r.NF.Dos is remarkable only for its lyinK opimfitc to Uld Troy, and its being
mentioned by Virgil as the place to which tlieOroi'ks retired, and left the Trojani
ill a t'utal fecurity i it hath a town of the fame name.
ScYRos is about 60 mile* in circumference, and is remarknble chiefly for the re-
mains of antiquity which it contains : about joo (treck families inhabit it.
L.ESBos, or Mytklkne, is about 60 miles long, and is famous for the number nf
philofophirs and poets it pitKluied. llie iiiliabiiaiits wore formerly noted for their
prodigality. Formerly Jt had many citicii, tiu' ruins of uhicli arc ilill extant, and
was fo powerful by foa, as to difpiite the empire of the /K>;;i'an with Athens.
Among Its illullrious cliaracli-is were I'ittacus, one of the fovin wile men of Greece,
Sappho, the poet Alcicns, and Arion, who, they tell yon, was fo (killed in nuilick,
that he even won the aire£tioii!> of a dolphin. It was in this illand that Pompcy
Ict't his Cornelia when he went to difpute with Cx-far at Fharfalia the power of
rnllaving his country.
Scio. or Chios, lies about 80 miles weft of Smyrna, and is obout 100 miles in
circumference. This illand, though rocky and mountainous, produces excellent
wine, but no corn. It is inliubited by 100,000 Greeks, to.ooo Turks, and above
'^,300 Latins. It hath ;o3 churches belides chapels and monalleries ; and a Tur-
kilh garrifon of 1400 men. The inhabitants nave manufatturis of filk, velvet,
gold and (ilver Hulls. TIk- illand likewife produces oil and lilk, and the leniifk-
IrtT, or tnallic, frt)in which the government draws its chief revenue. The women
(it ihi>, and almoll all ilie other (ireek illamis, have in all ages been celebrated for
their beauty, and their pcrfons have been the ihdII perfeift models of fymmetry to
j)ainters and Ihitiiaries. A late learned traveller. Or. Richard Chandler, favs,
"The beiHitirnl (Iieik girls are the nmil liii!-.in:; ornaments of Scio. Many'of
till fe were lilting at llie iloors and wiiuldw.s, twitting (oiton or (ilk, or enipioytd
ill ("pinning and needle-work, and aceotled ns with familiarity, bidding us weleotnc,
SIS we palled, 'i'he llieeti on Sunda\s and holidays are (ilKd witli them in gioui)»;.
They wear Ihort petii nats, reat!iii,'> only to their knees, with white filk or cot-
ton hrle 'lliiii- ln;i'l-(lrel's, uliiih is peeulinr to the ilhiiul, is a kind of turban,
the linen fo \\ liite and liiin, it feiiiietl ("now . Tlii'ir llipju rs are cliielly yellow, with
a kr.ot of red fringe at the heel. .Some won them falteiud with a th(»ng. Their
garments were of (ilk of various idloursi ai'.d their wlioie appearance fo fjintalhc
ami lively, ai> to alFonl us inmh eiitertainnunt. The lurks inhabit a I'liiaiate
<|i.;;rter, ar.d t'l.t ir woiiku are (.olci :iied." .•\in<iiig the peels and liilhirians tnid lo
In- horn lure, tin' ititiaiiiiants rcikoii ilomer, and lliew u little I'quare houfe, wliidi
tliev tali I lonier s U luml.
Samos lies ojipofiie to l.p'u fns, on tl:e eoa(l of llie I.eirer .\(i:i, aI)oiit fmeii
miles troin till- eoiitinent. Ii is 30 miles long, and 15 broad. 'I his ill.ind "ave
birth t'l IMhagoras, aiiil i. iuliahited by Cireek Chriltians, who are well tiv;.ted hy
tlie Turks, ilieir malters. The miireadine .Saniian wine is in high re(]iir(} ; juh'I
tlie illand alio prud'.ice.-, wool, wiileh tliey (.11 to the French; oil, point "i;;-
9 iiaie!,,
TURKEY \u EUROPE.
665
nntiM, niul filk. T1ii« \(\mn\ \% fiippofcd to have 1»coii the native coiinfry of Juno
niul fonti* tritvolU-n ttiiuk ihni tlio ruin* of hrr (cmple, and uf the uiiciont city of
11109, nri' the HiiiMl rcniuint of unti(|uily iit the Levant.
To ilu- foiith of Snmon lies I'a tmoi, nhout 10 mili*« in circiimfcronc >, but fo
Imrri'n and drrnry, tliiit it mny lu* inllcd n roik rntluT than an iliniid. It \y,\H, how-
1'Vi.t', ii convcnirnt hiivrni and the few Greek nionks who nrv upon the illand Ihcw
u lave where St. J«)hn it fu|>pofal to have written tlic Apocnl)pfo.
The CvcLAPBS ifland* lie like a circle round Delo», the chief of them, which
U foutli of the illand!) Mycone nnd 'I'irfe, and ulmoll midway between the conti-
nents of Afiannd l''.uropc, 'Ihoinjh l)clo« is not above (ix miles in c ireumferencf,
it is one of the moll celebrated ot all the (irccian illands, ns bein(^ the birth-pliue
of Aiiollo and Diana, the mn|rniti( ent luini uf whufe temples arc liill vilible. 'Ilii^
illaiHi \> almolt dellitute of imiabitunts,
I'aroi lies between the iflands of Luxia and Melos. Like all the other Creek
illaiuls, it contains the moll llriking and magnitieent ruins uf antiquity ; but n
iliieliy renowned for the beuut) and whitenefs u( hi marble.
CF.nioo, or CvTiii'.RA, lies fouth-eart of the Morea, and is about 50 miles in
rircuniferencp, but rocky and niountainous. \\ hen Venus was born of the fea,
llie is laid to have landed at this illand, uf wliich llic became the prcliding deity,
and was from it called Cythcri.
Santorin is one of the moft fouthern iflands in the Archipelago, and was for-
iiurly called Califta, and afterwards 'I'hera. Though feemingly covered with pu-
niice-llones, yet, through the indullry of the inhabitants, who arc about 10,000,
it produces barley and wine, with fome wheat. One third of the jK-ople are of the
Liitin ihurch, and fubictl to a popilh billmp, Near this ifland another arofe, of
the f;ime name, from the bottom ot the fea, in 1707. At the time of its birth there
\v;is an earthquake, attended with mull dreadful lightnings and thunders, and boil-
]up ol tlie fea tor feveral days, fo llial when it role out of the fea, it was a mere
NdKimo, i)ut the luirning fnon ceafed. It is about 200 feet abovi- the fea ; and at
the time of its tirll emerging, was about a mile broad, and five miles in circumlV-
renee, but it has lince increafed. Several other illaiuls of the Archipelago appear
to have had the like oriijiiial, although the fea in tlivir neiglibourliooJ is iu deep a*
jiot to lie lalhomed.
'liie famous illand uf Kuoni.s is lltuated in the iSlh degree of call longitude,
and 3^ degrees 30 mimites north latitude, about io miles foiith-well of the couti-
iH'iit of Lt lUr Alia, being about 60 miles long, ami 2; broad. I his illaiivl is
iKiilitilul and pleatiint, abounds in wine, and main of the lueellariesof lite; but the
inhiilitants inipoit their coin from the neighbouring country. 'Hie chief town, of
till lame name, ibuuis on tlie lide of a hill troiiiing the fea, and is three miles in eir-
cumlVrence, inteifperlVd with ganleiis, minarets, eluirehes, and lowers. 'I he har-
hniir is the (I'raiid Signior's principal arfenal for Ihipping, and the place is elleem-
1(1 iiiiioiig the Itronijell fuitielfes l)elon:.;ing to the I'uik;,. 'Hie eolullus ot" brafs
wliieh aneieiilly ftood at the mouth of llie ha; boar, was 50 fathom wide, and
(lelervedly acouinted oiu' of the womlers of the world : one foot lui!!!; placed on
(lull lule of the harbour, ihips palling between its legs; and it iield in one hand a
liijhi-houfc fur the diivilion of mariners. Tlie face of the culoilu* iVjuefentcd liie
4 (i fun.
tu
T U R K K Y I M E U K () r V.
fun, to wlinin iliit iiiu-iKc w(t« (K-ili( utcd i ami ilo liiichl wm iiltoiil i ^^ fit-r. The
inlitMlaiiik i>t iliik ill.iixl wen- luritu'ily titiilK-ri« ol' tlif ft ;i ; uiol llic Klioitittn l.iw
\Mii till' «liti'vl<ir\ III (III Ki'iiiitit iit iii.iriiiiiu- alLiirn. Ilii* kl>i^lll^ •>! M, JuIim ^,\
Jtriiliilfiit, iilur liilin<{ ralkiliiu', t 'ok llii'< illuul tiim ilic 'I'litki in t \nii, luit lult
il !•> tht III ill I ^ii iiiui ii Itiiivk iK'!i-iuA-, aiiil uHi r>%ititU ri'tiriil l>i Vtultii.
Can DM. tlu- amii'iit CrtU', i« itilt rciiowiKtl for il» liiitulri-«l litii-t, fui il» lie-
iiig llii* liiillipliiii' til Jii|)Iivr, tiiiil tliv ItiiiiiMiii of IfuilliilitMi Inr ult (tU'Ctc, It
lu « luiuiiii ^s, iitiil tdiU'^Kit III iiuiili laiihulc, lii'iii;^ ico inil>'« lou^, uml Cio
liinail, .i|iii>>ll I'liii.ilU ililiaiii li.iiii l',iiiii|>f, Alia, and Attui, ami lontaiiii f.'jto
fi|iuii\ niili'H, ('hi' laiiitui't Mount Idu llaiidi in ttu- iiiuldlt.' ot iliv ill.tiid, and u
no luitiT iliaii a liarikii loik , iiiul l,clli>. llic rivtr of oMivioii, iit u t<ir|iid liriani
Soiiu' of the valhi't tif this ill ind |irodiUi' wine, friiil», and vtirii ; all of ihiin n-
iiiarkalilv i-Mtlliiil in llu ir kiiidn. 'l'\\c iu-^i; of ('aiidia, llu' ('a[iilal of llif ilLituI,
in niudcMi tines, was far innri' woiuUrlul and lilotidy tlian that of Iroy. I ho
'links iiivi lUd il in tlit- In ^innini; of tin- year 1(14^, and ili, Vtiu-tian ^ariilmi,
ufti-r liruvi-ly dt fending ill. It a^ainll ^6 llorniH, till llu' latter end of St|iti'iiilH'r
1669, made, ui lall, an ht ixniraliU- tapittilation. ihe luge toll the Turkii 180,000
tiK'ii, und ilio \ ciK'tian* iio.ooo,
CvPRi'i lies in tlu' Levant fen, alnuit ;,0 iuile«dillant froiii theeoal) of S\rianiid
I'aleliiiit*. It in 130 miles hm^, ami 70 broad, and lii'^ at aliiioll an eijnal dillancc
from Kiirope and Afriea. It was fonnerU famous for the worlhiii ot \ iniis, llu-
C) priaii goddi Is ; and, dm in^ ilie time ot the Crnfades, was a rii li lloiirilhins king-
doiii, inhaliiled l>y Clniliians. Its wine, (fpet ialJN thai width urows at the uottoin
of the I til hralt (I Momit ( )lMn|ins, is ihe mnii palafahle and the rii hell of any
that );rows in the (ireek illands. I ieolia is the eapital, in tlie niidii of the euun>
try, anil ihe fee of a (ireek aiildiilho|) ; iiideetl moil part of the inhabitants of the
illands are (ireek.s. Kama^ulla, its aneient i apital, han a );ooil harbour i and the
iiatm.d prodnee of tlie illanil is I > rieh, that many Knropean nations tind their ue.
. ;.. I : i'..i. ...r. 1; :. 1 1 ....
iiiiii.o |iriMiiiie III iiie iii.inii is 1 1 ni 11, iii;ii many |-.iirii|ieaii iwoions iniii ineir ue«
ount ill keeping eonfuls relidiii^ upon il ; liut the opprellions of ihe lurks
ave depopulattd and impoverilhtd it to fuel) n fiiriirilinf; decree, tliat the revenue
ihey gel from it does not exeeeil 1 i^ol. a year. 'I'lu' illand prodnees treat iiuan.
lade, and aifo eotlon o| a very liiu:
(juality , and nil, lilk, and turpentine. Its female inhabitants do not de^etierale
bom their aneeilois as devniees to \ enus ; and I'aplms, that aneient feat of pie, |.
fure and etirruptioii, is one of the ilisilioiis of the illand. Kit hard I. kin^ of j'.im.
lanil. I'uhducd ("'.prus, on aeeount of its kin;;'s treaeli ly ; and its loy.il title was
ti.uisftiietl to (iu\ I.uli;;nan, kini; of Jt luLiiem, limil whence il palled Id the
\ eiietians, wlm Hill li 'Id liiat i iupl\ honour.
'I he illands in the Ionian fea are, .Sai-i Ksz.v, Sriv a m, Zantk, C'hriiALoNi a,
S \s I AM.\i K A, CoRH , Fa.nm', aiitl others of fmallir note, partiiularlv Isola
PKL CoMTARK, wliiih Would not ileferse mention, had it not been the am ii'nt
llliaia. the birth-pl.iie and kingdom of L'lylTes. 'Ihefe illands in general arc fruil-
tul a. id belong to the \ eiietians.
Zante l.as a populous capital of the fame name, and is a place of conllderalile
iKulf, efpi dally in imrants*, f;i,tpes, and wine. 'I here are but few ihips bound
to the Adriatic that do not toueh here ; fome of them Like in a careo of i urranls.
'lliis rich uiul whulefome article of confumplion is the dried biiilol grapes, which
• So istleiJ IroMi A corniiition of Coriiitli, from w laiKC llic » iiK-» were i)rlj;iiwlly iiiiiioruJ
arc
I
fiftj
MM" pcruliiir lo n ("rw of ilu-fi- illnnili, «ii<l i<> |>nrl ol' the Moron 'I'hrv »rt n* in-
Krior in U/v n» fii|icrior in llavnnr lo nil nilirr ; nud prrhnp* llu- nmil tlolltioiit
r\ir tulK'il. 'I Ixri- nro Iwo forft, iho hlnik nml llu* piirplr, hmh of wliiili ure
ri|><' in Jtily \ Inn ilic inliuliiiiinii do not ^tlllll'r tlu'iii till \tl^lllt, wIu'm iIu'v atv rx*
|MiK'(l to till* tun till ilrii il, iluti |)iil iiitu IimjIh.iiIi iim'I tiiNliltn tlnVMi liv nnkid
ici't to ioiiiitrcli tiiid prk'li'rvt' tlirni llii' lu'tlrr. Xaiilt (ri'i^liti lix or U'\\t\ ilnjtt
nnnunily, mill Ct |>hiiliiiiiii lour, ilic Kit-aiii iiiinilur ot wltith nrc Knaliiii. I he
titiiiUI JH cutliil on till' to|» i>t n l.itm' liill, Itroiii; hj naliiii'. I>iil mnv liiilo liotror
llian u lu'a|) ol rtiiii<i I Itri' i« a |;arrilon o| f. > incii, luit lluii iliicl dipriiiliMii o
in on itu-ir tli'it hikI tin- ill.iiid ol Corfu. I l!i- inliiiliiMiiis <<t /unto au- almiit
;o,ooo, tuolllv (irii'k*. and liiiiiillv lo lirnnmT^. Cuvdi, wliiili it tlir ( ;ipii,d ot*
ilk' mnii'iit I orivrn, and ilu- ri lidnut' ol llic ^oVl■rnor•|;l'nt'ral ovt*t all ilu- oihor
illaiuU, i» u plao- ol' ^n at llri-n>;lli, inid itn rin iinih-rt lui' aliout l"oiir mlK"*. '| he
Nriirlian. arr faid to (nnnTn iIumhU Uih very liilii- alxnit tlu- widlarc or j^ovrrn-
nil lit ot ilu li' illiiiuis, lo that tlic lnli.il>ilaiil>, who art- m'tu-rally (irvrkt, Ixar il
\irv indilKrinl tharacUr I hiir niinilKr ut Cortu lit vltinuUcd ut jo.ooo, and their
iii.iiiiuTH more fi'\eri' tlian at /anli-.
I
A.
AI.ONIA,
tlv Isoi. \
an( ii'ut
I arc triiii-
ilidoralilo
>■> hound
|( uriant'^.
.>, wlin-li
S Aliin'xcivds I'lirojK and AtVita in cxtiiit of territory, it is nifo fuprrinr to
_^ tlkin in fon-nitv ot air, lertiiity of foil, the diliiioufnefi of its fruits, the
trti^raiuy and balfainic (|uulities ol it^ plants, fpiies, and ^uln!« ; the faluhritv nf
ilsdruj'Si till' tiuanlity, varitty, luauty, and value of its ^eins ; the ri< hnefs of
its metals, and tlie linenefsof its lilks and loitniis. It was in Alia, aieordiii^ to the
faired records, that the all-wife Crealor planied ilio j;arden of I'.iieii, in which he
formed the firll man and lirl) woman, from whom the race of mankind was to fprine.
Alia heeame a^aiii ilu- mnfiry ot the world alter the lUhi^e, wheiu i' the <lefci iidintjt
of Noah dlfperfed their various eohmies into ail the oilu r oarl-. of the jjlniu-. li wan
in Alia thai (lod plaeid his once favourite people, (lie llel(ri.w.s, whom he eniii^ht.
I In leMlalioiis ileliveieil hy the puipliets, and In whuii he ("iive the Ora
ile>i
as ae
MU
.f Tniih. It was here that the j;reat and nu riiliil woik of our roUiuoiinn w
lompliihed l>v his (limine Son ; and it was from heme lluit the lii>lii ut his u|oi
cofpel was carried with ania/iiit; rapidiiy into all the known iMiioiu in his difci*
pKs and tuiliiuers. Here ihe full C'liiilii.m i luiielies wei\- fvumdeil, and the C hrif-
tian faith niiraculoully propagated and i lurilheil even vviili the hluoil uf innnimr-
able marlMs. It was in Alia that the lirli edifices were reared, and tlie firll
pin's toniidi'd, while the other p.irts ut the ^lohe were iulialiiied only In wild
inals. On all ihet'e aeeounis, this ijuaMer i lainis a tiipeiiorit\ tjver the rill; Inn
Il nuill he (<w iied, that a >;reat i haii^e hilli happened in thai p:;rt of it called |
ko, which halh loll imu h of its am lent tpleiulour. Ihe mher partK of Ali.i
li.iiii iiiiuh in their former condilion, the foil heiiij; us remiukalde lor its '.rtiiiiv,
lis iiKill of the iiihaliilaitis for their iiulolenie, clleminaey, ami ki\ury. This elle-
is iiiiuli owiiif^ to till vvaiiiilh of the cliniiite ; v\Ii.iH e ilie TaiLirs, w Jm
iiii-
ani-
111-
COil-
iniiiai )
li\i' near
the f
line
atitnili-s Willi us,
aie as hiaxe. hanK. thowi,'. and vi^oro u, as
iiiu I'.uropean nalinii. What is wantiii); in tin- rohull tiaiuem iheii hodies among
i! e ("hiiiile, Mojjnl Indians, and .'dl the inhabitants of llie more fouthern resions,
1 a ^real niealine i oiiipv iit'.iied by the \isaeily ut tluir minds, and ingenuity
ill various kiiiils ol woikmanlliip
4 li ^
•n
ii«
«A|
I
Thi* vrA f xirni nf li'rrllory w.i« riicivfnvrty gnvcrnt>«l in pilt llmtf* hy ihr Airy.
rl.iiM, lilt- Mi-tl>-4, |lu |Vrltitn«, nmiI iIk- (Srcik* i Imi lliv i iniitiirt.' rvKlmi* ol IimIm
uml ('l)i'tN w>it (tnriv'lv ktinwii i<) \loktin<ltii or ihc ii>ii<|iiriiir* «i| ilu- iiiu ii m
wnrlil. L'|uiii iht- (U'iliiic ut llmtf i-inpirr*. griut iiari i>l Adu i'liltiiiiilftl lo ilic
UtMiiuit Hrnu; niul uMtrwiinN. In thf miil<lli* iigc*. llu' fuivll<tr< »l Muhoim'i, i>r
•> ihcy nrc tiAiitlK ihIIoI, >KtriKiii«i r<iiiiuK'il in Alin, in Alriiu, iimi in l'iiri)|K>,
R iiiiir«' ••Mmli\«' tiiipit*
ilinti lliiil t>l tSrtit, Alt'kaniU-r, or t vi<n tlu> Koninii wli
III ii» li<'i>;lii I'l I' 'Wt'f. I III .Surtiii'ti ^rrnnul'* tiuUil wiili ilu' diiiilt dI Lihui
ml iht' I'lirk*. i'>iMi|UvM>rH tni vvcrv lulf. look |»>ll<ilioii ol llio iiiiil
.1 H
I
ri'Kioii* •>' Alin. wliitli llity Hill enjoy, OcIkU'^ iI)c i oiinlrii'i itollt'tlid l»y ili^
'lurk* niul Kuiliuni, Afm lotii.ntio iil |trv>fi*nl llin-o liirffi' tMiipirtK, lIu' ( IliiiulV,
ih^' NIoctil, iind llio IVrli.iM, upon \xlili)i llu' litUr kiniftionuaiul lou•U'i^nli(■ktli'•
|tkiiil. riu' pn-xiiliiiK lorni ol uo^criniunt in llii* iliMlion ol ilif kIoIh' u iiltf'iiluti'
iMoii;ir>tu. Il liny o| ilu'tu I ini Itf I'liiil lo (ii)oy lonif lliaii' <i| liliirh. il i« ilu'
v^.iiiilt'iinK liiltrt, UH llic I inliir* nnti Arab*. Miiiiy o| ilw \liulii naiioni, wIumi
liii- Diiuli hill i.inic (iiiioii)^ ilii'in, lonUI not coiuiivc liow ii wai poliilitc lor any
luoptf to list iiniKr any oiln r loini ol ^ovcrnnunl lliuii lliai o| aiUljioiit nioiianlis,
I'tiiktv, Atal'ia. IVili.i, p.irt ot latlarv, anil pari ol' jiulia, proKI* Malio lui.iii
ilni. '|lu' IViliail niiil Imlian Malionu'tani arc of lli>- iVct o| Ijali, uiul llu- I'lirkt
ot ihat ol' Omar I Inil boili aiknovvUtl^i* Malioiiifl tor llu ir tuw-Kivi r, ami iIk*
Koran tor ilii ir riil«- ol' l.iiili and liU- In lIu' otiur parU ol I ariarv, India, (.'liitwi,
Japan, niid tlio Aliaiic lllandi, llii-y arc gcncriillv lualluiio and Idolalcni. }v\\»
lirs' to hi' loiind i-vi'ry wlurc in Alia. Clirillianilv, ihon^li tilanud liiro witiiwoif
lUrfnl iapidil\ l>\ llu' n|<o|||i'Nand piiniilivi* lailur^, liitKiidan alniolt total tili^iU'
by lIu" tommi ll ol tlir Narairn*, and altirwardi ot llio 'riirk<t. Iiurcdibic inilcul
liavi' lu-rn llii' lin/ard*. pi-rii*. and IntKrings ot popjih inillionarici, to propiigatc
tlti'ir iliittrino* in llio nioti ilillani n-^ioni, and nin<>n); tin- ^rolUll idotutrm ; but
lluir Ial>oni'> liavo liitluii.i laitnl ot rmnl'it, ovvin({ in a f-riat incal'urc to ilu-irowu
iivariii". nnd llu* iriivliy and injiilliio ot' llu- I iiopcaiiN, w bo n tort llnllu r in fiarili
i>t'\viallb and iloininion.
I lu- prim ipal Ian|»iia(5i's fi»okon in Alia arc, tin- mod* rn (Ircck, llio 'rurkilli,
t!u Unllian, llic Taiiarian. ilio IVrlian. tbi" Arabii , llu- Malayan, llic (liiiKli,
and till" J.ipaiulc 'Ilii- I'lTinj^mlc and oUur luiropian laiignagc* arc alfo
(poison upon tlu- loalU ol liulia and Cliina.
Ibi" I'onliiunt ol Aba is litnaicd lu'twi-iii 25 and iHo di-jjrri n of i-all lonj{ittalc,
nnd lu-twii-n i^^ «U'j;rii's ot I'oinbiTn, and Ho difjrris ot" nortlurn latiliuk'. It i^
iiliont ^740 mill's in bngili, Irotn tbi- DardamllcH on tlu- U'cll, to ibc lalUrti
tlmri' ot I nriar\ : andHbont4;Ho inili-s in I'Tiadlh, troin llu- inol) routhctn part
ol Malaiia, to till' moll nortlurn i ape ot Nova /I'lnbla. It is botindid In ila
Kronen OiiMii on tin- north, on ilu- will it is t'cparaiid tVom AtViia by llu- Rid
hva, and from Kuropc by tbo l.i'\nnl or MidiUrraiuan, tin- Aribipilaj;o, the lid-
Irl'pont, the (ra of Marmora, tho Hofphonis. tht' lllaik Sia, ilu' rivir Don. am! u
liiH' drawn from it to llu- rivir I'obol, aiul from thnui- to ihr ii\ir ()b\, wliiili
fall> into till- I'ro/in (Xcan. On the lall, it is boiiiulid In tin- I'ai il'u linaii, (f
.Vuitli Sin, whiih fii)aratis it froni Anuriia : and on tin- lonth, by the Indian
On an; fo that it is ahuolt furroiindcd by the fca. 'ihe i)riiitipai ngions \vliii,'a
iitsidc thik country are a!> follow ;
■f!
r
\:
11m
tl
11
Tl
<■
K
(rr«i
Nattoni,
Atff
Ktt!d>H.
RuiSiM
rhfrt»f»
Mi>Kiili.|it
i%* tMNii»]« el
tiiillintitrf,r*i h
I' ft,,.,/.
■Hid- '•■'
It tir I I
Cwif vNn^
I'Mbi IIHf.^
' PWI^> fWfH Hw# 'f Oft
I tmilMii
•!«• K. K
I rintltin
t f9 M
RtU|l«M.
ChtiA. * r*t
I- n) III til <«■* ni, pi I* 4
I 1I4 4«ifl I
,5
"1
Ml. unit
tllllll ItHVUIt't
ilir (iiii^fl
l'.i(,«
I'.irl III Arii*il«| • |d«i
->vii.i I 170
Holy 1.1 "I"
lliirli.ilk or
Mr|i>|M>4ilinl«
ItM , iir C'h*l
il<i
ruriiiiii.iiii.t,
■ ir AriitfitU
( i< ikkU • "*
I iirilillJii, »r
I'i I I Milt
N !■ ili
; ' I iii'ili ni
I, I,. '. Hull I ..I
i7,'>vol)Urlmk
4 MO »X' t;'»« Q.
k 44 kef
H» fto », ts
I'li'j ». FT
l»0 s
"IT
io«* ». K.
,VU>|' A I
v'.VJJi
f (,«oe Kmnim
a),()og Mmifiil
iaA« H. v..
!i*to K.
>Mi. * PiK.
J 10 T»f ]^f.iliMrii»i*mr
i O (■•■t \t Jliiilnl.iti..
t I , )'• I > Nnil. A MuK,
I i| 1.1 ( lirilt & M*l>.
I 4S .1 M iliiiniflillH. I
» •! Iwll ! Itiiswith
/ I'liiir It w
a 44 hi- 1 1 I Clirtlli,uu.
3 00 Uf M<thi>iiir<.iiii,
1 7,00 i
Ml till' illiiiiiU of Ali:» (cxcrpl Cyprin, nircndy «l« li rilicd, iit tin- I,i'v;mt, Ih-Ium^.
ill); lo tlu' 'riiiW^i) lie in till' I'iu ilic or luilUrii Oti-.in, ami llu' Imlian Si',i>, ^,^
wiiiili llu- primi|ial, wlicrc llir l'',iir<ipi'!ui>i iriuK- or h.\\^• (iiiK uuiits, arc
IMjnili. T iiwiH. I Sil M Triili' ullh III lirliMiff III.
Vlic |ii|Miitfr ill«» ■■ r«iKl.i, ^Triiro —1' I tl*,uuu ffiitTh
Till l.inlri(iir» ——
Koriiiiif,! I •
Aiiiiil — ^
Till' I" li|>|iinfi
hr Mi'ltiitn, or Clnvr lltri —
Tlir lUiuU, or Niiiuir)i, Illr* .—
AiiitMiMii 1 liirroiiii.iiii^ thr 1 AiiiUoynii •-
C'rlcliCI > MnliKiil aiitl ^ .Mji.ilfcr —
CJlliilo, 4l. J H.llnllillci ^.(illnU — —
illiiriirn — 'Horiiro, I'.iytonRrf
Siiniiitr4 ^lAiliiM, llrnccitili'ii
Uv.i.Jkc. Il;it.i\i;i, Itunuin •—
Th<- Andamjii aiul Nuulur ilU» Aniliiiuii, NuuUur —
Tulim - — c.iinlv —
'I'lir Malilivr* — ^ t'uriilnu —
UihmIi.iv — • — — IHdinli.iv — —
TiiwiH.
• iKl.i, ^Traio —
Himii — —
T'i-oiMn lull —
Kiuiililiruw -
,M.inlll.i _
Vii'»i»ri.i Fort, Trriiiiir
l.:iiitor » —
68,4'jo
S|Mill
I'liiim
Siiiln
l)i>l.li
Dutch
IJiikK
DuiJi
rill- kurilr il1r<, ,iiitl tlinlc ill tlit' I'til iil K4iiili.4tk.i, I tidy ilifi'O
vrrril hy tlic KulUaiii ■ — — . _____
io>40oJ)iitili
iiH.uoo Ml ii.itiiini
iig.oou'l.ii^lilli .iiiJ Dtitib
jU,«so Diitkli
All iMtiunt
ly.'j'iiDiitJi
jAII lu'lon*
Kn.'lilli
Ruma
* (icui J* 4 lulh l4icly iLinu I iiitltpftiJctuc, tii>t put i'-Mf uri'I, r ihf }«rote,')inn uf WulTti.
TUKKJiY
[ f>7<^ ]
TURKEY IN ASIA.
Situation and Kxtent.
OS.
between
Degrees. Sq. Mi
f 27 and 46 cad longitude. \ q
I 28 and 45 north latitude. 5 5^°'^^°
Miles.
Len'jth 1 0001
Ureadtli 800 i
„ -, TJOL'NDF.l) bv tlie IJlaek .Sea and Cireallia, on the North;
the South ; aiul by the Arehipilago, the Ilellelpont, and l'roponti.s, which fepa-
rate it from I'.inope, on the W ell.
Dividons.
The caflern
provinces are
I
Subilividons.
1. Kvrara Arabic or Chaldea
2. Diarbcc cr Mefopotamia
3. Ciirdillan or Allyria
4. 'I'urconiaiiia or Armenia
5. Georgia, including Mengreliaj r
antl Imaretta, and part of> <
Circatlia ) t
Chief Towns.
BaHbra and Bagdad.
Diarbee, Orta, &c.
MouCui and IJetiis.
Krzerum and Van.
Teflis.Amareliia, aiulGonie.
I. Natolia proper
Natolia, or the
Leder Ada.-I 2. Amafia
on the wed. | . • ■ ,-
3. AhuUilia
Eaft of tlie Lc
vant Sea.
L4. Caramania
fvSyriawith Palefline,
j Land
1 fBurfa, Nici, Smyrna, and
3 I Ephcfiis.
1 f Amalia, Trapcfond, and Si-
S I "Ope.
Ajazzo and Marat.
Satalia and TcrafTo.
or the noh-M^'^rP?'^>"'''^'^>.^'7"^'"'--"S
- > < I yre, Sidon,! ripoii, Scan-
J t deroon, and Jerufaleni.
MovNTAiNs.] Tliefe are famous in facred as well as profane writings. The
moil remarkabli- are, Olymi)Us ; Taurus, and Anti-taurus ; Caucafus and Ararat;
I^ebanon ; and I lermon.
Rivers. J Tlie fame may be obferved of the rivers, which are the Eupliratcs;
Tigris; Orontes; Meander; Saraliat ; Kara; and Jordan.
Air and climatk.] 'lhou^h both are dclightfid, and naturally falubrious to
the human conllitution, yet fucli is tlie eciuaiity with which the author of nature
has difpc'ifed liis benefus, lluit Turkey, bolii in lunope iuul Alia, is olteii vilited
by the phi'^ue ; here doubly deflructise, irom llie native indoienee of the 'I'mks,
and their fuperlHtious belief in ])rt.dellination, wiiich prevents them from taking
any pretinnions againtt ihis calamity.
Soil, AND ruoDL'CR.] y\s tiiis I (luntrv contains the moft fertile provinces of
Alia, I need k ;nci ly inform the reader thai it produces all llu- luxuries of life
in the uiinufl abunciaiice, not\\ ilhliamliu.; ilie iiulolenee ol its owners. Raw lilk,
corn, wine, oil, honey, fruit of every fpecies, coll'ee, inyrrli, frankincenfe, and odo-
riferous plants and drugs, are ])roduced here with little culture, which is praclifid
cliieiU by fjreek and .\r ;,rni;'.n Chrifliaiis. Tlie olive^, lilrons, Irnions, oranqcs,
hgs, and dates, are highly dtlieioiis, and in fueli |>lenly, that llu'\- toll the iiili.i-
bitants a mere trille. I lu ir afpaiagus is uiiconmionly large, and their grapi's
far exceed in lize lliofe ot other ci.iiintries.
9 Anim.m.
TURKEY IN EUROPE akd ASIA.
67.
Ics.
20.
Nonli ;
Sea, on
Animal productions by | 'rhcbrcftloftlicTurkilhandAnibinnhorfcs.thc
SF.A AND LAND. Hatter cfpocinlly, nrc viitiialilc bcvoiul any in tlic
world, aixl liave conlidcrably improvid that of tlur I'ji^lilli. W'c know or notjua-
ilrupc-ds tliat arc peculiar tu ihcfc countries, but they contain all that arc necelUiry
lor the life of mankind. Camels are here in nuieh recpull, t'roni their Hrongth,
their a^fility, and above all, tlieir moderation in ealin}.' iiui drinkini^. 'I'lieir ma-
nvifa(::ture, known by the name of camlets, was orijri > ly made l)y a mixture of
eainels' hair and filk, though it is now often made with wool and liik. Their kids
iiiul llieej) are ex«)uilite eating, and are faid to fur|)afs, in flavDur and tafte, thofe of
I'.urope ; but their butchers' meat in general, beef particularly, is not fo fine.
As to birds, tlicy have wild fowl in great porfeition: their oftriches are well
known by their tallnefs, fwiltnefs in rinuiiiij>;, and lhi|iidily. The Roman e|)i-
ciires prized no filh, except lampreys, mullets, and oyfters, but thofe that were
found in Alia,
MiiTALS AND MINERALS.] Thls Country contains all the metals diliovcred in
tl)e richert kingdoms and provinces of I'.urope ; and its nKilicinal fpiings and baths
exceed thofe of any in tlie known world.
idGonie.
ma, and
J, and Si-
. The
^l Ararat ;
uphratcs ;
Or THE TURKS in E U R O P F. and ASIA.
Popfi.ATioN, INHABITANTS, MAN-l'T'HF, population of this great country
m;ks, customs, and diversions. ) A jj |,y 1,0 means equal either to its
extent or fertility, nor have the beft geographers been able to afcertain it. It
certainly is not fo great as it was before the Chrillian iera, or even under the Ro
man emperors; owing to various caufes, and above all to the tyranny under which
i!k' natives live, and their polygamy, which is undoubtedly an enemy to population,
lince the Clreeks and Armenians, among whom it is not pratlifed, are inconipa-
ral)ly more prolific than the Turks, notwithllanding the rigid fubjection in which
tliev are kept by the latter. 'Hie plague is another caufe of depopulation. Yet,
alter all. the fubjetis of the Turkilh empire are computed at 49,000,000.
As to tlie inhabitants, they are generally well made and robull : when young,
their complexions are fair, and their faces handfome ; their hair and e\es are black
«)!• ihirk brown. The women, when young, are i"onietimes handfome, but they
;^\iicially look old at thirty. In their ordinary demeanour, the 'lurks are grave,
ficiiite, and pallive ; but when agitated by paliion, furious, raging, ungovernable ;
hig with diilmuilation, jealous, fnfpiclous, and vindictive ; in matters of religion,
tiiiacious, fuperlliti<ms, and morofe. Intereft is their fupreme good, and when
that comes in competition, all lies of religion, confanguinity, or tVieiulihip, are
with the generality fpecdily diflolvtd. The morals of the Afiatic Turks are far
pret'eiai)le to thofe ot the European. They are faid to be charitable to one an-
itl)i r, punctual in their dealings, and hofj)iia!)le to (tiangers. 'lliey have no inns
in Turkey, but houfes called Kans, or Canwanlerais, erected by charitable pcrfons
!i.r the aecomniodation of the pilgrim or traveller. 'Ihele are fcpiare buildings,
not diliiniilar to the fmaller ipiadrangles at Oxford, with galleries, into wl.ieb tin*
;i]iartnients open. With the fame laudiMc view they fearch out the leli fprings,
iiiul dig wells, wliich in thote countries are a luxury to weary travellers. '1 he
Turks lit crols-legged upon mats, not only at their meals but in compaiiv . 'J heir
ideas, except what they aecpiire from opium, arc (imple and confined, icldom reach-
iiii; without tlie walls of their own houfes; where they fit converling with tlieir
UDiiUii, drinking eoliee, fnioking tobacco, or chewing opium. 'I'hey have little
i uiiulity to be intorined of the Ihite of their own or any oilier country. If a vilier,
baihaw.
(?7i
rURKF.Y IN EUROPE and ASIA.
biiflinw, or otlicr (iiru-or, is tiinicil out or ftrnnglcd, they fay no more on tho occa-
lii)n than tliat tluTi- will lie a new vilicror governor, iVldom enquiring into the rci-
fon of the difgraee of ihe former. They are perfect ftrnngcrs to wit anil agreeabK-
converfatioii. 'Ihey have few printed books, and fcldom read any other than tin-
Koran, and the eomnunts \\\)on it. Nothing is negotinte<l in ruricty without pre-
fi'nls; and lieu- julliee nia\ commonly be bought and fold.
The Turks din^' about eleven oVIoek in the forenoon, and they fup at five in tlie
winter, and lix in tlie fununer, and fupper is their i)rintipal meal. Among tiie
great people their dilhes are ferved up one by one ; but tliey liave neither knite
nor fork, and thi.y are not permitted by their religion to ufe gold or lilver fpoons.
'ITieir \icltials are always high-feafoned. Rice is the common food of the lower
fort, and fomelinus it is boiled up with gravy ; iiut their chief dilli is pilau,
which is mutton and lowl boiled to rags, and the rice being boiled quite dry, the
fiuin is highly feafoneii, and poured upon it. They drink water, flierbet, and
eoljee ; and the only dehnuch they know is in npinm, which gives them fenfatlons
ufemliling thofe of intoxication. (luefts of higher rank fometimes have tlieir
I'cards perhimed bv a female Have of the family. Tliey are temperate and foher
from a iirii\ei[)li' ot their religion, whieli forbids them the ufe ot wine; though in
private many of them indulge themfelves in the ufe of lirong liipiors. 'J'heir com-
mon falutation is by an inclination of the head, and laying their right hand on their
breall. iheydeepin linen wailicoats and drawers, upon mattreHes, and cover
ihemfilves with a quilt. Kew or none of the conlideraljle inliabitants of this valt
<'nn)ire have any notion Of walking or riding either for health or diverlion.
'i he mod ri'ligious among them find, however, fullicieiit cxercife when they con-
firm themfelves to tlic frequent ablutions, prayers, and rilis prcfcribcd them by
Alahomet.
'I'heir ai-Mivi' diverlions confill in Ihooling at a mark, or lilting it with darts, at
which they are very expert. Some of their great men are fond of hunting, and
take the field with numerous iquipages, which are joined by their inferiors j but
this is often done tor political purpotes. that they may know the fhengtli of their
dependents. \\ ithin doors, the chel^ or tlraught-board are the ufual amufenients ;
and if they pin) at chance games they never bet money, that being prohibited by
the Koran.
Dri.ss.J llie men fhave their heads, leaving a lock on the crown, and wtar
their beards long. They cover their heads with a turban, which they never uike
oil' but when llu-y Deep. 'Iheir ibirls are wiiliout collar or wiiliband, and (jvi-r
them tin y ilirow a long vel't, whiili they lie with a fath, and over the veil tln-y
wear a loote gown fomewliat Uiorter. 'Iheir breeches, or drawers, are of a piece
with their liockings ; and inttead of ihoes they wear flippers, which tluy put oil"
when they enter a tenqWe (^r hoiife. i hey futler no Chrilfians, or other i)eiip|i-, to
wear white turban-;. Ihe drel., of the women dillers little irom that of the men,
1 nly they wear ftili'ened ca])s u|)on their he:i'ls with horns ft)melhing like a mitre,
j'.r.d wear th.eir hair down. \\ lien they a])i)ear abroad, they are fo mufiled up as
not to be known by their rearelt relations. Such ol the women as are virtuous
Uiake no ute of paint to luigliti-n iheir beautv, or to dit'guifc their comiilcxion •
lilt they often tinge their hanils and feel with /iriiiui, which gives a deep yellow.
'ihe men make ufe of the fame expedient to cohmr their beauls.
Mauriaoes.J Marriages in this country are chieliy negotiated by ihe ladiiy.
\\ hen the terms are agreed upon, the bridegroom pays down a fum of nioiiev, a
licence is taken out fiom the cadi, or magilliate, and tlie prutich are marriid, Tli,;
laigain is c.lebraiid. as in otlur nations, with mirth andjollilv, and tne mom ,•
is geycraily eiJio|o\ed in turiiil'iiing the lioiife of tlie young ei.Hipie. ill. , aie n<it
^ alluu.
TURKEY IN liUROPli ahd ASIA.
67 J
nllowed by their Inw more than four wivrs, but they may have as many roniubinofi
as they can mahitain.
Funerals.] The burinU of thcTurkH arc decent. The corpfe \» attended by
the relations, chanting naflaffcs from the kornn ; and after bciii^ denofited in a
inofquc (for fo they cull their temples), they are buried in a tiold by tlie iman or
prieft, wno pronounccii u funeral fcrmon at the time of tlic interment. Tltc male
relations cxprefs their forrow by alms and |)raycrs ; the women by decking the
tomb on certain days with flowers anil gnen leaves ; and in mourning for u huf-
band they wear a narticidar head-drefs, and leave ofTall lincry for twelve months.
Krlioion,] 'I he elbiblilhed religion is the Miilionicdun, fo called from Maho-
med, the author of it ; fomc account of which the reader will t'lnd in the following
hirtory of Arabia, the native country of that impollor. 'I'he Turks profefs to be
of the fe6tof Omari but are fplit into us many fubdivifions as ilicir neighbours
the Chriftians. There is no ordination among thiir clerL'v ; :ai<l any perlon may
be a prieil that choofes to take the habit, and perform tlie functions of his order,
and may lay down his office when he pleafes. Their cliief prielt, or mufti, enjoys
great power in the ftate.
EccLHSiASTicAi, iNSTiTiTTioNs 7 'Ihcfc arc tolerated becaufc they are
OP cHRisriAMs. 5 profitable I but the tines impofed on the
Greek church arc fuch as muft always dirt)ofe that people to favour innovmtioir.
Conftantinople, Jerufalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, arc patriarchates ; and their
heads are indulged, according as they pay for their privilege, with a civil as well
as an ecclcfiaihcal authority over their votaries. The fame may be faid of the
Neftorian and Armenian patriarchs ; and every great city that can pay for the
privilege has its archbidiop or bilhop. All male Chriftians pay alfo a capitation
tax from feventeenyears old to fixty, according to their llations.
Language.] The radical languages of this empire are the Sclavonian, which
feenis to have been the mother-tongue of the ancient Turks ; the Greek modern-
ized, but ftill bearing a relation to the old language ; the Arabic, and the Syriac,
a dialett of which is ftill fjmken. A fpecimcn ot the modem Greek follows in
their I'ateniofter :
Pntfr /:emai, opios ij'o ees tos ouratiom .• hngiajihito to onoma/011 : na eiii he baftUa fnu :
lo t/ie/ema fou »n y^cnctez itzon fu in pe, us is ton ouranon : to ptfuini lieinas tloze /ir>iuis
femoren : /('<«* ,// chornfe hemos la tilmiUa liemon if zone, ktt liemns Jit honifomen ckiii^ms
opou : inns itJiivuiiLr men tones he^nnis is to pirajmo, alia fjfon hcmas apo to kaxo.
Amen.
LEAHNiNr. AND i.r.ARNtn Ml- N.] Till Tiirks till of late profefTcd a foven-ii^'-n
contempt for <»nr learnipp;. (Jroe'Ci', \vlii(l\ uiis tlio native country of jjenius, arts,
and fciencos, prodiic»-s at prilVnt, bclidi-s Tmks, nmuoroiis l):inds of Cliriftian
bilhops, priells. and monks, who in gniernl arc as ignorant as llio lurks thcnifelws,
and are divided info various ahfnrd k-cts of what tiiey call Clirillianity. Tiu; edu-
cation fif the Turks frldmn eMciids lartlier iliau reading tlic Tnrkilli lanf^ua^e ai I
the Koran, and writing a connmn letter. Some few of them underliand alho-
noinv f) far as to calculate the time of un ei lipfe, and are K)oked upon as extru-
orditiary perfous.
As noj'iri I'.s and c cr losi rir.s, 7 Tli'ie arc fo various, that the\ have tur-
NAMMiii, AND AKiiKiciAi.. i nilli^'d matter fiM inany vohiaiiniuis puhli-
cations, and others arc appearing every day. I liele countries contair. d all that
was rich and niagniticent m archite>'ture and fcidpture ; and neither the ne^lcft
of tlio Turks, nor the depredaiiims they have fullered from the Kurojvai.s, teem
to have 'limit'iiiicd their number. Many of the linell leniplc> are cuuveried into
Tnrkilh molipies, or (.ireek clunches, and are more disligured thuii ihofe wiiich
4 K rc.nain
■'**.
674 TURKEY IN KUROPE and ASIA.
rcmniii in riiinR. AmulQ fiich a plcnititdc of ciiriolities, wc iliali (*i\c£t the mott
Itiikin;;. ^
Ikilboc is fituntcd on a ridng nhiin, between Tripoli in Syria and Damafeus, nt
the foot ot' Mount Lihnnus, niul h the ileliopoiis of Cu:l<> byriii. Itn remains of
)inti<|iiiiy difi'liiy, nccording to the bed jiulifes, the buldi.ll plan tlint ever wus ut*
tempted in arehiteiliire. The portico of the temple of llciiopoiiM ii incxprellibly
praiul. iliough disHgiirpil by two Tiirkilh towers. The he.saj^onal tourl behind
It i.s now known only i)y tlie inai;nilieence of its ruins, its wails were adorned
uitli Corinthian piiaitvrs and ttatues, and it opens into a (|ua(lrangular court of
tile fame talle ami grandeur, 'I he great temple to whieii tliis leads is now in
ruined, that it is known only by an entablature, fupported by nine h)fty columns,
each conlilting of tliree pieces joined tt)gether, by iron pin.s, without cement,
home of thufe pins are a toot long, and a toot in diameter ; and tiie fordid Turks
are daily at work to deltroy the eokimns, for the fake of the iron. A fmall tem-
ple is Ihll lianding, witli a pedcilal of eight cohinms in front, and fifteen in Hank,
and every where rulily ornamented with figures in alto relievo, e.xpretling the heads
of gods, heroes, and emperors. To the well of this temple is another, of a cir-
cular form, of the Corinthian and l(Miic order, but disfigured with mofques and
houfes. 1 he other parts of this ancient city are proportionably magnificent.
Various liave been the conjectures concerning the founders of thefe immcnfe
buildings. Ihc inhabitants of Afia afcribe them to Solomon, but fomc make
tliem ft' modern as the time of Antoninus Pins. Perhaps tiiey are of different
a'ras; md though that prince and Iiis fucceffois may have rebuilt fome part of
them, et tlie boldnefs of their architecture, the beauty of tlieir ornaments, and
tltc All ; endous execution of the whole, feem to fix their foundation to a period
before he C'hriflian aTU, but without mounting to the ancient times of the Jews
or il:e iMia-nicians, who probably knew little of the Greek ftylc in building and
ornamenting. Balbee is at prefeiit a little city, encompalVed with a wall. Ihe
inhabitants, who arc about 3000 in number, chiefly Greeks, live in or near the
circular temple, in houfes built out of the ancient ruins. A frec-flone quarry, iit
tlie neijjhbourhood, furnilhed the Hones for ilie body of the temple ; and one of
the ll'iues, not ([uile detached from the bottom of the quarry, is 70 feet long,
14 broad, and 14 feel five inches deep, and, reducetl to our meafure, is 1135
tons. A coarfe while marble quarry, at a greater dillance, furnilhed the orna-
nieiual parts.
Palmyra, or, as it was calleii t)y the ancients, Tadmor in the Defert, is fltualed
in the wilds of Arabia I'etrua, iihout ;3 ik:.;. N. lal. and 200 miles to the foulli-
tn'ft of .\lcppo. It is ai'proailud thiough a narri>w plain, lined as it were with the
remaias of antiijuity ; and, opening ail at once, the e)i' is pufented with the itk.H
li.-iking objects tiiat are to be found in the world. 'Ihe teiiij)lc of the Sun lies in
rui.is; but t)ie aieefs to it is ihiougli a vafl iuiinl)er of biautil'ul Corinthian co-
liiniiiN of white marbh', the grandeur and beauty of which can only be known by
the plates fit, publilhed by Mr. Wood, who, with his friends, vilitcd it fonie
years ago, purpofely to prelerve fome remembrance of fuch a curiolity. As thol'c
drawings, or copies tVoiu them, are now common, we nuili reler the reader to
them, clpecialiy as he can form 110 veiy adequate ideas ot the ruins from a printed
relation. .Superb arclus, ania/.iiig columis, a loloiiaile extending 4000 feet ia
length, tcrniinated I'V a lu.ble niaufoleuin, temples, fine porticos, perilhics, inler-
colunniiations, and entablature^, all of them in ilie higlu It 11) le, ai.d finillud with
the niotl beautiful materials, iippcar on c\ery fide, but fo dilperfed and disjointed,
that it is inij)i;llib!e ficni theiu to loim ;ai idea of the whole when perfect. 'Uieio
flrikinjr
TURKEY iH EUROPE and ASfA.
f>n
fli Iking ruins are contrulk-d by the miferublc huti of tho wild Arabs, who rcfiUc in
or nciir tluiii.
Nothing but oculnr proof could convince any man. thnt fo I'uprrb a city, for-
nicily lo miles in circnmfcrcncc, loukl cxift in llio miillt cf ii I'aiul/ <l Ivit No-
tliini(, howi-ver, is more certain llum that I'ulmvra was tonnfily tlic c.i<ui.il of, a
gnat kingdom ; that it w.ih the pride as well us the emporitini of tlie eaflern uorld,
ami tlml its meriliants dealt with the U«)mans, and the weftern nations, t'ortli • mer-
(.liatidilcs and luxuries of India and Arabia. Its prcfent altered litiiution, tl < r--
foiv, can be accounted tor only by natural caufes, which have turned llie n, le
fiiliU- tracts into barren defiTls. Ihe Aliatics think that I'almyra, us well as iJ.il-
hic, owi.» its original to holomon ; and in this tliey receive foine muntennnte
iVuiii fai red hiHory. In profane hillory it is not mentioned before llie time of
Ma.i Anthony ; and its molt fuperl) buiklincs are thou;i[ht to be of the lower em-
nil-, .ill lit the time of Gallienus. Odenataus, tlie \M\ king of l\ilm}ra, was
liij^I 1\ eanired by that emperi)r, and even declared Augullus. His widow /enobia
n.i),'ne>.l in f;re.it glory tor fome time, and Longinus, ilit celebrated eiiiie, was lur
lurelary. Niit being able to brook the Komun tyranny, the declared war ai^ainll
llie emperor .\ui> lian, who took her prifoner, led her \n triumph to Uonie, and
luitehered her principal nobility, and among others the excellent Longinus. I'hat
emperor alio dellro)id her city, and maHacred its inhabitants, but expended lurge
funis out of /enohia's treafures in repairing the temple of the Sun, the majellic
ruins of which have been mentioned. None of the I'almyrenc infcripiions reach
above the Chrillian lera, though there can be no doubt that the city ilfelf is of
much higher anliquiiy. 'I'he emperor Jullinian made fome efforts to rellore it lo
its ancient fplendour, but without ell'ett, for it dwindled by degrees to its prefent
wretched date. It has been obferved very jullly, ihat its architecture, and the pro-
portions of its colunuis, are by no means equal in purity to thofe of Ijalbee.
.Noiiiing can be more t'utile than the boatU-d antiquities Ihcwn by the Greek and
Armenian priells in and near Jerufalem, which is well known to have been fo often
razed to the ground, and rebuilt anew, that no one fcene t)f our Saviour's life and
fulK rings can be exattly afcertained ; and yet thofe cccleliallics fublill by pretend-
ini; to guide travellers to every fpot mentioned in the Old and New 'I'ertament.
'liuy are, it is true, under fevere contributions to the Turks, but tlie trade llill
goes on, though much diminillied in its profits. The church of the Holy Sepul-
chre, as it is called, faid to be built by Helena, mother to Confiantine the Great,
is llill Handing, and of tolerable good arehitcclure ; but its dilfeient di\ilions, and
the dilpolitions made round il, aie chirllv calculated to fupporl the forgeries of its
ka()ers. Other churches, built by the lame l:ul), are found in I'aldtine ; but the
country is fo altered in its appearance and ()uaruiv's, that il is one of the melt dc-
rpicable of any in Alia, and it is in vain for a modern traveller to attempt to trace
in it any velli^es of the kiiigdu.n of David and Solomon. IJut let a tVrtile couiilry
bv iiiuler the trosvns ot' heaven, aud abandoiied to tyranny and wild Arabs, it will
ill lime become a del'eit. 'I'luis opineiiion fomi thinned llio delicious plains of
lt:ily ; and the noted countries of Greeie, and Alia the Let's, once the glo:y of the
woilil, are now r.early dcltitu'e of learning, arts, and people.
Mecca and Meilina are cuiiolit; ^ n.iiy iluouj^h the I'liprrllitiun nf ihe Maliome-
d:iiis. Their buildings aienic.ni, win ii conip.un.i to luuo]K;in lioells or churches ;
and even the temple of .Mecca, in ponit of architeirture, makes but a lorry appcat-
anci', tlumgii crecud on ti.e fpot whe;.: ilu. -/.cat puphet is f lid to have been born,
'llie fame may h: f'aid of t'.ie muhiue at .Mei.iua, where d.at impollor was b'jr!;/! ;
Iv. that llie va'd funis fpeiit \earl) i>\ Mali.mie.i.i.i piij^rn.i., in viaiii..;- ihol'c p;;:te.>,
u;c uiuioiibiedly coiiveried to leiupoi.d iiles. 1 ihail not wuuiv il.e rcider with any
4 U i ue-
«7«
TURKEY It* EUROPE and ASIA.
arcountt of thr fpot which it faid tn have formed Paradifc, and to have hern fitii<
atcd Uvtwtfti the riven Ruphrads and 'i icrif, whrrc there arc fume traits which
unduuhtcdiy defcrvc thni name. The dif^rent tuiwn, fome of them iiicxprellihlv
ni:'!jtuiicent, that on- to be found in thofc immcnft* rt-gioni, cannot bcalligncd witn
or iiuraccn ; but uil other intorma-
'I'he neiirlilxiiitliood of Sttivriia (now lalied Ifniir) contains many vahiabic anti-
quitit's. 'ihf famo niav be fnid of AI<])po, and a nunibcr of other places ccic-
)•;
•nv certainty to their original founders. It is indeivl cafy to pronounce whether
the rtyle ot their buiUliigs be Greek, Roman,
tion muft come froi" ilieir iiifcriptions.
.•igliboiii!io<
The fame ,, . . ,
United in aiitiipiity. llu' lile of OKI i toy cannot l)e dillinguinied by the fmalkll
veftige, and i^ known only by its biing op-uifite to the ide of Tcnedos, and the
name of a brook, wbi»b the poets nKi!.;nified into a wonderful river. A tem-
)le of marhli' lutilt in honour of Aujjulhis Cxl'ar, at Miialio in Caria, and a
'ew drufhiresuf the fame kind, in the neiglibourhood, are among the anti(piities
that are Hill entire. Three theatres of white marble, and a noble circus near
Lnodicea, now l.atichea, have fiilfered very little from time or barbarifm ; and
foiiie travellers think that they difctrn the ruins of the celebrated tetnplu of Dinna,
near Kphcfus.
Chief cities, mosqjtes, and 7 Thefe arc very numerous, and at the fame
OTHER BiMi.DrNc.s. itinic Very inlignificant, becaufe they have lit-
tle or no trade, and are greatly decayed from their ancient grandeur. Ncanderoon,
(lands upon the fltc of Old Alexandria, but is now almort depopidatcd. hu-
f)erb remains of antiquity are found in its neighbourhood. Aleppo, however,
lolds a rcfpettable rank ainong the cities of the Afiatic Turite^. It it ftill the
capital of Jtvria, and is fuperior in its buildings and convcniencics to moft of the
'J'urkifh cities. Its houfes, as nfual in the Rait, confift of a large court, with a
dead wall to the rtrcet, an arcade or piazza running round it, paved with marble,
and an elegant fountain, of the fame, in the middle. Aleppo and its fuburbs are
fevcn miles in compafs, Handing on eight fmall hills, on the higheft top of which
the citadel or caftle is creded, but of no great llrcngth. An old wall and a broad
ditch, now in many places turned into gardens, furround the city, which contains
23^,000 inhabitants, of whom 30,000 are Chrillians, and 5000 arc Jews. It
is furnilhed v, ith nioft of the conveniencies of life, except good water, within the
walls, and even that is fupplied by an aqueduil diftant about four miles, faid to
have been cretfcd by the emprefs Helena. 'I'he llreets are narrow, but well paved
with lart,'e fipiare Hones, and are kept very clean. Their gardens arc picafunt,
being laid out in \ineyardb, olive, tig, and piltachio trees ; but the country round
it rough and barren. Foreign merchants are numerous here, and tranfatf tneir bu-
fmefs in caravanferas, or large ftjuare buildings, containing their warehoufes, lodg-
ing-rooms, and toMipting-hoi.fes. '1 he city abounds in mofques, public bagnios,
and bazars, or niavket-places, which are formed into hmg, narrow, arched or co-
vered Ilieets, with little Ihops, as in other parts of the Kaft. The coflee is excel-
lent, and coiiiiilered by the Turks as a high luxury; and their fvvcetnu ais .ind
fruits are deli'.ious. Kuropoan nurebunts live here in greater fj)lendour and l";«fi'ty
than in any other city of the Tnili'iii eiv.pire, wliich is owing to particular capitu-
lations wiih the Porle. Coiithes or carriages are not ufed here, but pcrfons ot
quality ride on liorfe-batk with a number ot fervants before them, according to
their rank. I he iMig'iiIi, Trench, and l)ut( b, have confuls, who are mucii rc-
fpefted, and appear abroad, the liiglilh Lfpecially, with marks of d'ftintlion.
J h< ill .11 ot the country makes it convenient for the inhabitants to Ucep in ll;i>
open air, here, over all .Anitjia, and many other parts of the T'.atl, for which na-
lon their houfes arc Hat on the top. ihis j)racti(.e accounts for the early actiuaiiit-
9 aiRc
iv
TURKEY IM EUROPE and ASIA.
677
ance thofr natinnH had with anrnnumy, nnti the mntiuni of the heavenly bodicn,
and i-xplaini) funic parts uf the holy fcripiurc. Ai the Turks arc very uniform in
their way of living, this account ok Aleppo may give the reader an idea of the
other 'I'lirkilh citici.
Ikigdad, built upon the Tigris not far, it is fuppofed, from the fite of ancient
Babylon, it the capital of the ancient ChaUlea, una was the metropolis of ihe cu-
lipliate, under the Sarueens in the twelfth century. TIuh city retains but few
niarlcH of its ancient grandeur. It ix in the form of un irregular ftjuare, ami rudely
fortitii'd : but the conveniency of itii lituation renders it one of the featH of the
Tiirkilh government, and it has flill a conliderable trade, being annually vifited
bv tlir* Smyrna, Aleppo, and welhrn caravans. I'lu- houlett <>t tiagdud aregene-
ralK larije, btiilt of bnek and cement, and arched o\er to admit the freer circu-
lalitin <>t air: niaiiv of their windows ore made of elegant Venetian glafs, and the
II ilmg oruainemed with cheiniered work. Moll of tiie houfes have alfo a court-
yard lu'forc Miem, in the middle of wliich is a fmail plantation of orange trees.
*lhe luiii her of houfes is coni|)iited at 80,000, each of uhich pays nn annual tri-
bule to the Halhaw, which it calculated to produce 300,0001. llerling. I heir
ba/ars, in whit I. the tradefinen have their (hops, .ire luiiiilfome and extcniivc,
filled with Ihops of all kinds of meichandi/e, to the number of 12,000. 'I'hcfc
wii criCted by the Periians, wlun they were in polleni«m of the place, as were
alio their b.ignios, and ahnolt every thing here worthy of notice. In this city
are five moApies, two of which are wen built, and have handli-nie domes, covereti
with \ariiillied tiles of dilkrent colours. Two chapels are pennitted for thofe
of the Komilh a.id (jieek perfualions. On the north-well curiierol iho city ftands
the c.llle, whi< h isof w'liie Ihme, nm\ coiniiiands the river, conlilling of curtins
and boltions i onwliiih loine large cannon are mounted, with two mortars on
each bartioii ; but in the year 1779. they had become, through iiegletl, altogether
unfeiviceable. Uelow the calUe, by the wai.;r-lide, is the palace of the Turkilh
goveniur; and there are leveral funimer houfes on the river, which make a tine
appearance. Mie Arabians, wlio inhabited this city under the caliphs, were re-
markable ffir the purity and elegance of thtir dialett.
y\i:eient A(l\ria is now called the 'rurkilli Curdillan, though part of it is fubjetl
to the Periians. 'J lie eapital is Curdillan ; the ancient Nineveh being now a heap
of ruins. Curdillan is faid to be for the nioti part cut out of a mountain, and is
the relidence of a viceroy, or beglerbeg Oria, formerly b^della, is the capital
of the fine province of Mefo|)otamia. It is now a mean place, and chieliy fup-
ported by a manulatture of Turkey leather. Mouful is alio in the fame province,
a large pl.ice, lituated on the wellern Ihore of the I'igris, oppolite to where iNineveh
foriiierlv lloctl.
Ceoigia, or (jurgiftan, now no longer fubjed to the Turks, is chieHv peopled by
Cliriltiaiis, a brave, warlike ran- ot nun. I heir capital, Tellis, i.s a handfome
eitv, and makes a tine appearance : all tl<f hoiife> are <>i" lloiie, neat and ele;in, with
Hat roots, which iVrve as walk>. (or ilie \Nomeii, iuit the lireeis are dirty and nar-
row : its ndiabilants are iiboiit ;o.ooo. It is litiiainl at the toot of a moimtani,
l)v the lide of the river kur, and is luroniuled by llrong walls, except on the lide
ot the river. It has a large fortrifs o.. the d>.eli\ily ol the mountain, wliieh is a
i)laee of reliige for criminals and dvblors. and the garrifon conlills of nali\e IVr-
linns. I lure are thirteen Cueek chiirihes in leltis, (cvvn Armenian, and one
Roman catlhdic church : the Mahoniedans who are here, have no moApies. In
ilu' IK ii^hbourhood of the city ar" many pkaf,.nt houfes, aiul line gardens. 'I'he
(iinrglaiis are laid, by f< trie travv ll<i:,, io be the haiulfoniell peo])le in the world}
unci Ionic think that they owe their beautv to the long ufc of inoculation for the
fmalU
'if! TURKK Y !M KI'P.OIM, A«n ASIA.
fmall-pox. Tlu'y mako no Icriiple in i 11.^ nml drinking wiiu-s in tl)rir capitnl,
and oiIat towns; and tluir vain ir Inii pr <^ i-od thoni n>any tlillin^(iiilliing IIIkt-
tics and priviK'u
l.atily ilu V ti>nni'd an .iiiiinn.' willi Hnlliu, undur ilu- brnve
jirimo lunidius ; as Intli tin c/ar or pilruo
nun, riiViMiij^n nt linincictta, a
didrict iK-lwoi-n the C'al'pian and Uiai k Seas, wJmi , diOinKuiilud iVuni hit ful>jcCt»
(all of ilic (Jrii'k religion) by riding on an iil'^, iind ^'nring hoots.
The ancient titics if IJainalVus, I'v r< , and Sid n. .ill retain part of tlu-ir former
trade. Danialuis is called Sliain, and tlu- appro i U lo it 1>) llie river is liighly
riy u ('iniltian iluircli, it
iititnl
It
ciint;iiiis a line nioljiu', wlin.n was !■
Jh dill lamous In. its IL-el woiki, IulIi as (\vuid blail >, knives, and the like; the
cxecllcnt temper of which is faid to be owing to n mialiiy in the water. The in-
|ial)itants mannl'a.line nifo tliof • hcautiiul (ilks. c.ukil D.injalks from their city,
inul carry on a conhdeiahie tiatlick in law and wurkkd li.)^> rufe-watcr extracted
from llio fanions d.un.ilk rofcs, iVuit
.Sidon, now Said, which lies williin il
a. Ill wme.
le aiu'K
nt I'honicia, h is ilill fonjc trade
nnd a tolerable haibour. 'Ihe town is furroundod wiiii a llone wall, n citadel on
the
land I
Kle, am
I another towards the fca. 'I'lic In ml
cs uu limit cliK
•Hy of II
one.
Hnd are twi) dories liigh. 'Ihe iidiabilants are abonl 16,000, iliielly C'lirilUans, of
the (irei-k church, and the place is tlie feat of a biihcj) of that i)crfualion. There
an: in the town two public baihs, and two moOiues. Il llands on u neck uf land
over againll Tyre, and both form a bay of about lO ntiles in breadlli.
'I vie, now called .Sur, about 10 nnlcs <lillant iVoin Sidon, lb tamous formerly
for its rich dye, is now inhabited by fiarcely any but n few fillicrnien, who live
in the ruins of its ancient grandeur. 'I'here are lirong walls on tlie land lido, of
llime, 18 feet high, and feven broad. 'Ihe circunderence of the place is not more
than a mile and a half; and CbridiansanU Mahomedans make the number of 500.
Some of the ruins of ancient T^rc are Hill vilible. The pavements of the old
c ity, Mr. IJruce tells ns that he (aw, and obfervcs that they were 7 ', feet lower th
the 111''
)und upon which the prefent city Hands
iin
I'aliine; b^ 1 \ re (fays our aullior, who deferves much praife for fomc happy clu-
cidaiioiis ol fcr'ntaie) I came to be a mournful witnefs of the truth of that pro-
])l,.'cv. That 'l'\re, the queen of .Nations, ihnuld be a rock tor iilhers to dry iiu-ir
"eis > : *. 'I'w.i wietclied lilhennen, with niiferable nets, having jnll giviii over
their < . ipati'iii with very little fnccefs, I enijag-'d tlieni, at the expenc of their
;iv.ts, to di.'g i.i ihofe placis wliere they faid lliell-lilli might be caught, in liopes to
ha-..- brcnn'it out ime of the famous purjile-fnh. I did not fucceed, but in tliis
I w;is, 1 believe, as lucky ..s the old tlihers liad ever been. The purpk'-liih at
1' I;: feenis lo ha\e been only a cuiueahnent of their knowledjje of cochineal,
!,.i, lii.d tl.ey depended u])on the lilli t'm- their d\e, if llie wlioje city of T\re aj)-
pliit'. lo nilliing eife but tidiin^, they would not iiave coloured tsvc-nty yards of
ciitii in a ye;
if tlle.n
N.i'olia. or Alia Minor, ciMupiehinding the ancient provinces of I-\(lia, I'
I'ilidia, !.,}eannia, C'ilii ia, Cappadueia, am! I'imuus, or Am;
lenitorivs ci Itbrated in tlie (J reek ami jioinan hiliory, are now, dirough Imloicncc
and tvriiiin
ther forfaken, or a theatre of ruins. 'Ihe iites of ancient cities
lire
liill difeerniblc , and fo luxuriant is nature in thofe countries, that in nianv phices
ihe triumphs o\i.j" the follv and cruelt} of 1
nan.
'Ihe fellilh Turks cidtn le 1
10
more laial than nianitanis theiidelves ; anil their gardens and luninier-houles till
lip the circuit of their nioit ilourilliing cities. 'Hie molt judicious travellers, ii|
)on
an attentive furvey ot thofe counUies, fully vin licate all that has been faid by f.i
• ElcL. tlup. xxvi. J.
7
I lirucc's Tiavds, vol, I. Iiitrodiidion, p. lix,
cred
TURKEY IK EUROPE and ASIA.
679
crod iind prnfan • writcri of ihcir hcaiitv, Dronfftli. frrtility, nnd population. Even
I'iiit'fiiiic 1)1 Imu I. the moll di foil al)lc lit prvii-nt o)'' them all, lien burird iindi-r
the luxuries oi uit own (oil. I lii' I'lirk't Iccm |i:irticiilnrly t'luid of rrprcfviiting
JikU a ill tlu' iiiiiU (Ircndlnl coliiurH, and hiivo l'>>riiii-d a lliouruiid laifohoodg con-
ttriiiiiK' it, \vliit li liciiiff iiMtiilly propu)j;utcd li\ rmiic uiiKnif; uurrdvcii, liuvc iin<
poU'd upon woIn. ChriKiiiiis *.
LiuliT the miviiii iint ol' Shoik Diilicr, tlu* nlly of thi' famntid Ali Hcv, fomc
|i;irt of ri'k'lliiic revived, ilo eiilar^^cd tlu- huildin^M nnd wiills of St. John do
Acre, loniu'ii I'loieniniM, and lliewed ({rial indiilfjenee to tlie C'hritliaiis. Its in-
liiibitiinlii were lately coinpiited at 40,000. C'ait'a, whiclj IhnuU on the declivity
ul tuo,.iit ('nriiicl, dillant nlioiit 10 miles from Acre, was alio new built and en-
l;ii^';id Dv Dalier. I he ancient Jnppa, now Jalla, 50 mileit wi ll from Jcrufalcin,
U,)ii(i-> on a rocky hill, hath an harihuir for finall vclfeN, and it^t citcumtcreiu e ii
iilio t two miles, the niinti)er of inhabitants is 7000; ihr vvelbtn part of ilu;
liiwn is tilled witii C'hriDians. Ilu- prefeni liate of Kanwdi is deplornbie, its walls
ill decay, and molt of the honfes empty, thoni;h the miinber of iidinbitants is
Hill between 3 nnd 4000. Not a hoiife is llandin^ of the once magnificent citv ol
(Vliie.i, but the remains of the walls tcltily its former grandeur. .\/.otus i.i about
two miles in circiimferriice, tlie inhabitant!! are near 3000, and nuilUv \lnh'>-
nu'diins : an old Druclurc is (hewn licrc, with tine marble pillars, which n laid
to he the hoiife tiiat Sampfon pulled down, wlicn infulted by the Philifliiics. lliizn
\> IHII refpectuble ; it extends frtim call to well three miles, and is a mile in breadth,
(iivitlid iiitt)theold and new town. 'I'he lall is inliabited by the inferior Turks
:nid Aaibs; amounting to 26,000. It is about live mihs from the fca, and with-
out the walls is u market for the country people to difpofe of tlieir commodiiies
to tlic iiiliabilants, tor they are not pernntted to enter the town. 'I he country
iiiouud is very lertile, in corn, oil, wine, honey, bees'-wax, Hax, and cotton.
Wluilier inofe countries of Alia could ever bo relbired to their ancient gnmileiir,
triide, and population, may be a (pieOion with fome -, but it is mod likely that it
would now be im|)olld)le ^let the lurkilh government be ever fi> iKneticent) to
divert cimimercc ^without which all atteinpis of that kind mull be t'ceble) from its
luiropeaii channels. There can, however, be no (pietlion, that a f^overnnienl iifs
biiilal and bij^oted than that of the lurks, mij;ht make the natives a powcidil ns
well as a happy people, llie mistortune is, that the (ireck.s, Armenians, and
(iilkr lefts ol ealtem ChrilUaiis, partake but \oo much of llie Turkilh dupiditv.
'lli()iij;h lliey arc not fullered to wear white turbans, or to ride on horfeback, .nid
lire liilijetted to a thoufand indii^nities and miferies, and aie even, in manyp'.,ces,
laniioie numerous than their «ippiillurs, )el foabject istheir fpirit, tli;it tlu\ niake
110 ilforts tor their own dcliveiance. If they are k(s in(l<ilcni tiian tlieir opr
piilllns, it is becaufo they mull ollierwife llarve ; and tliey dare not cnii,y
iveii the properly they acquire, lell it Ihould be difcovered and fci/ed by tlieir
t) rants.
* Tlic l;itc revcrfnii Dr. Shaw, prnOiror of
(.'tuk .it 0»!okI, will) ficm> to liiM- c\.imineil
111 I (.. iiiitrv vit!\ nil iintoitinioil licurtr 01 :iici|.
Mn, iiiul «.isqii.il'ilinl In the touiiilrtt pliilolopliy
to I Ac jiiU olilVi-vatioiis fiiyn tliai Wfre the
ll.il) l.md ;u ».ll 111 li\;it>ct ;!•> in linincr tiiiu">,
iviirulil l>e iiioK' itrtik- 1I1.111 lilt wry I'rlt |aili)f
'■ r„i i.il I'hanicia, hrmiifo tlio fi>il i'. luiurilly
11 lU n 1 ii lier, ami, rvcry lh'i»j; conliilirnl, yii-Uls
l.ir;c.iu-.ii"i. lliiTiliMC tie tiariiiiiieiV 1.i>-' i.f,
1.1 « \ih li luine .uilliuri (.0111) Itt'ii, iluts nut (iroii-i U
from the natural unfiiiitfiiliuf, of tlif country, but
frxiii tiic u;iiit III iiihaliitaiitH, tl.c IiiiIhIcirc whi< U
(ircwiil-. aiiiunj', the tuv who pofl'd's ir, aiul ilic
ptrjHtii.il ililViinK ami diprcilalion-i ot the pttly
iiriiucs uholliarr tliii lint' lountiy. liulcrd lliif
iMJialiitaiit', III) have lait l:ttle iiii. liiialiiui toctil-
tiviitr lilt i.irlli. "In raliltiiif, la) > Mr. \\im;iI^
" wc have (ilten ff< n the luifhaiuliiian (owing, ac
" luiiipaniitl I'v an amuil iricml, to prevent hit
" btiiij; rtibbeU ul llit- Iced."
Cokm
Me
TURKEY iM EUROPE and ASIA.
•
CoMMHRTK ANn M \)(r r AT M'R Kt ] 'Hit- niturc of the 'riirkiOi gfivfrnment
tli-nri>«« that lia|i|iv l(!iiirilv wliitli i* ilitr niolhrr n( arU, indullry, mid (.oninicrcr.
Till' ndvanlaffi-i of Tyrr, Sidon, Alixuiidria, and oil thufc rounlrirt which lur-
rird uii the roinnirrcc o( i he ancii-iit world, arc overlooked. 'I'hr 'lurku toin-
mand tlu< iiuviKuiion ol' ilic Ked .Si-:i, which opetiM a cotntnunicalion to the foiiih*
cm orcnii, aixi iinlViil^ iluin wiili nil ilu' riilun of iht- Indivit. Whoever liHiku
on a iiia|i oflurkcy mull luliiiirc ilir litiiutinn ot° iii ttipital, tipon a narrow Oriiii
tliiit li-|iarHli H I'liroiH' troin Aliu, mid (iiniinuinialc* on iIk- Inulli with the Medj.
terrniicati loii, tin reov ooeoiiiK » piilln^o to all the Kuropean naiiont ai well :ik the
coulU ot Alrii a. 'I nv Unw Inait.ccMiniiiiniinliiig northward* with the Bluck Sea,
openi a pairu|<;i', by mkhmk o|' the Duiiuho and other great rivem, into the intc*
rior purtx ot (iirniuny. I'niiiiid, nixl Kullia.
In thi» e\teiili\e i-ntpiiv, where nil the loniin'Hlitieit tieeeilnry for the liirgel) plan
of iiuliilli') and conitnert e are prcMliited, the Turk* eontent tlunirolves with tun-
niiladiirinff eottons, carpelit, leather i id foap. 'Hie mttrt valuahle of their eom.
niodilieii, fitih ah lilk, a variety <if :>ui <t, and dyin)( IhiH'it, they f^enornlly extMtrt,
without K'^'"K tlii'i'i "■>> additionttl \ulne from their own lalxnir. 'I'he internal
connncrce of the empire is extrein:-i\ (mall, and managed entirely hy Jew* hihI
Anneniann. In their trnlHc with Europe the Turku are altogether pullive. I he
Knglilli, Freiuh, Dutch, and other Kuropeanii, rcfort thither with their comnuH
diticH, and hring hack thofe of Turkey in the fame bottonii. The Turk* feldoni
undertake diOant voyagex, and ooll'efi only a few coalling vefleig in the Aliatie
Turkey ; their chief royal navy lying on the (ide «>f Kurope. 'Ilic inrttention of
the Turks to ohjettn «)f eomniercc ii perhaps the bell fecu^ity to their government.
The halance of |m>W) i Itahlillied among the princcK of Europe, and their Jeuloulies
of each other, fecure 'o the InlideU the pofTellion of counlriei, which In the hands
of the Kiilliaiis, or any active (late, mi^ht endanger the cummcrce of their neigh-
l)Ours, efpecially their trade with Imiia.
CoNMiii'MOK AND (iovKRNMKNT 1 The Turkifli govemmcnt is commonly
rxliibited as a [licture of all that \>. thockingand unnatural in arbitrary |M)Wer. lint
from the late accounts of lit Jam* s Porter, who redded nt the I'orte in oiinlitv nf
anilnilitulor frnm his niitiuiiiic niiiii.'liy, it a|i))enrs that the rigours of that defpiiiic
ijoverniiieiit are eoiiliderably nuKliiated by the iiiHuence of ielif'i(m. F(>r thnnyli
in tliis empire llure is tto hendiuiry fmeellion, the pr»)pcrty ot families niiiv he
fixed and perpetuated by bein^ annexed to the church, which is done at an iiicon-
fideiable expenie. Kven Jews and C'hrillians may in thig maimer fecure tie en-
joyment of till ir lands to the lati ll poileritv ; and fo facre<l aixl inviolable has lliis
law been lieUl, that tliere is no inllance of an attempt on the lide of the princ( to
tril'|ia('s or reverie it. Neither does the obfcrvanceof this inltilution altogether de-
peiid on tlie fuperllition of tlie I'ullan ; he knows that an attempt lo viojiitc it
vonid ll.ake the foundiilioii of his llimiie, which is folely fiipported by the lau^it
reli^^ii'ii. ''In' laws eiiavted in ilie Koran liavin;; all the lnui- of reliuious nriiii-
diccs to fiipporl them, are iii\iiil.il)le ; and In them the civil rif{lils ol the \|,ilii).
medans an iiijiilated. Kven the conuiieiis upoti this book, which explain tlif
law where it is obfciirc, or extend and c()m;)!ele what Mahnmed had Kit iniixr-
fect, are coiueivrd to be of e(jiial validit. \\;ili tlie till! intlilulioiis o|' ih, projitki;
uiid no number ol the foi iety, nor even its hi ad, can iranfjjrefsi ihein wiiiniut ini-
furc, or violate them willumt pimilhmeiit.
'Ihe AIJMlic Turks, or rather bibjecls ol tlie 'I'nrkill e-npire, who hold their \i><(-
felVioiis i)\ a kind ot militarv ten. le, on londiiion of iii..ir Ur.inj; in' the lii Id uiili
a partii '.lar luimber ot iivn, think ihenilVlves, winle they perform that ai,'rreniii,i,
ahnoll independent of tlic emperor. The moll unhappy fubjefli of the Ttirkiili
goMrii
ivfmmcnt
•ommcrcr.
vhii'h lur-
urkit loMi-
(ho fodtli-
M'vor l(N>kii
irrnw Oriiil
thf Midi-
well :\% tliv*
liluck Sra,
u the intc-
^
Tl'RKKY IV F.UROPF. AUt, ASIA. Hi
>\crnn»rnl, nrc ihofp wlio aliniii ihi* liighi'U ili^nilii'* nf rtntr, nitd whofc fi>rlimi'>
I |iiiid (Ml itu' lirinih ol ihiir nuiltir i licrr i^ n Krtiilutioii nt' (^t^at otlit i-r^ in
'I'lirkty, ul' Mhiitn llii* gruml vilir, ilii' prime iniiiilter, llic il)iu)u, fiionil in |Hiwcr
Id ihc vi/ir t lite roi* illvixli, iir fecri-tiiry ol Itule t niul (he ugu ot ilu' jiini/iirii'4,
nrc lliL* mod coiitidcriihli'. 'I lielc, ii* well a« ilii* miil'ii, or high |)ri«l), the hiiihawt,
or )(ovi>i tiori ol' provint'in, the civil iinlKCi, nnd inuiiy oihcrii, iiii mittinoDly iiili'd*
hy ihfir tipplit ulion iiiul allidtiiiv, Iroiii the nuanilt Ihitioiiit ii\ liti', itnd nn- ol'lfii
llu' iliildren o| Taiiiir*, or I'lttilli.in lliivf* tnkt n in wur. 'riitonil in the lihooj i>|'
MiiviTlily, und urri\in^ lit prfviiiiiuiue ihrnii^li ti ilninfiind ditHi nllift iiml dun-
1, lh> If nifii art- ^l'nl■rallv ii> didin^iiidicd lor oliilitik i, nn di-fii ient in virtui*,
lii^ polKTu all the dilliinufaiioii, intrigue, and corrupiinn which ol'liii nc
innj*
u_
iiaiiu'H aiiihilioti ill a hiiiiihli' rank : and ih' y hnvc tarilu-r rcafoii (or pliindiT<
iiii{ till' people, lii'iauit' tlicN arc iinccriaiii how loti^; lh>'V lliull enjoy (he di^'
iiitiei lo wliuh ttiey have attained. I he ndniinitlratioti of jnftiee, thereiDre, in ex-
tniiielv eorriipi over the whole empire i luii thin proijed% iVum ihe iimnner* o|'
tlie indues, mid not Iroiii the laws ot the kiiigdntn, which are louiided upon very
e(|irilaltlc' principles.
Rrvlnili, I The riches drawn from the varioim provliiers of this empire mull
l)k iininenfe. According (o Hnron de Tot, the revcniifn eltiniated on tlie rretirtU
aiiioutil to 25,400,0001. hut produce illectiNely tml) ),ioo,oool. to llie pulilir
Ireafury. The revenue* aril'e (roiii the cullonii, and n variety of tii\e» which fall
chiefly on the ('hriliiann and other fulijeftii, not ot the Mahometan reli){ioii ; the
ridi pa> a capitntioii t.i.x ut ;o lhillin|{s a year; tradefmen 15 Ihillin^s, and com*
iiion ialMiurerk (1 |]iillinf(s and 10 pence hall-pennv. Another hraiich of tlic re-
venue arilVit from the aniiuul triliute paid hv the Tartars, and otiier nations hor-
•kriiig upon Turkey, luit goveriieit hy their own jirincen and laws. All ihefe,
however, are triHiiij;, when compared with the vali luins extorted by the governors
ol jirovinces, and otlieers of ihiti-, under the name of piij'fuii. Tlnfe iiarpies,
Id indemnity themfehes, exercile every fpeeiesi t)f opprellion, till, hecoming wealth
ffiiiii the Mials of the iomitry, their riche-. Jreipiently give rife tt> a pretended till
piiion of dilloyaltv or milVoiiduct, uiul the whole fortune of the olfeiider devolve!*
ti> llie 1 Town. liie di voted victim is feldom ac(piainted with the nature of tlie
oik ni e, or tlie iiame<< of hi-< acciifers ; hut, without giving him the lealt opportu-
niiv of making a defence, an otilier is difpatilied, with an imperial decree, to take
oil Ins head. 1 he unliuppy lialhaw reieives it with the hi^hell rifpeCt, and alter
lie has riad it, fnys. The tvi'/ of ISod iniJ ihc einpciur he dune, or fome fiich cNpreliion,
lvtiit\iiii{ his I'lilire reli^natioii, I'Ikii lie takes the (ilken cord, whiili the ollicer
li.i'. Ill Ins hofom, and havint; tied it alxnit his luck, and laid a ihorl prayer, the ot!i-
ur lVr\;inis ihrow him on the tloor, and llrangle him l>y drawing the cord lir;ut ^
;i!u r which his luad is cut oil, and carried to court.
I oachs.) The militia ot llie Turkilh empire ik of two forts: the firrt has ccr-
t iiii III i|.s appoiiiteil tor lis miiiiitetiaiue, and the other is paid out of the tr(.a-
I
llllN
Ih
1
lit
that have letiain lands amount to about 2(>S, <oo ellectiv
e men.
I;. Iitle. till fe, iliere are alfo certain au\iliary forces laifed bv \\w trihiitaty
i,;uM.i> 1 a» the lartais, \\ alacliiaiis. Moklaviaiis, and, till of late, llie fieori,jians,
\vr. ) .ne coiHiiamied bv their rilpective princes. The Kan of the C'rim I'aitnrs,
In ire his •ouiiiiv was fub|ecled to Kii^lia.wa-. obliged to funiilh i 10,000 men and
liive ii pi l'"i. wh n the j;r.n:(i-li>;!iiur lonU liu' held. In every \\;ir, belides the
;..io\u foii\. , 'here jiiv j;rcai laimbers of vcmiiileers, who live at their own charj'c,
i,: c pv'vlii'iOu of fucciediiin llie olhcer-.. Tliefe adventurers not only proiiiifc
tlu.nut.^s an ellaic it ilicy fuivive, but arc taujjbt, that if tiiey die in tho war
4»
ugaiiid
Ml
TURkRV IK rUROPF. avb ASIA.
■gtind iIm nirilltur)*, llu-v ihnll !(•> imnHtlUlilv i>> iMnt.ln. 'lit* ftirCft wtlMI
Iti'tflvtf ihtir |Hi) liHiu itii* irciiUiry, nrw liilUil llu- .S|ialii«, or lt.)rrt'-|pianl», mii MM
Iti iuiiiiUt mIiouI 11,0 }0t •lul ihr )iini4iirU» or riMii-KUAriU, mIio nr^' tfli-viiit d tlt^
Ull fiililK'M In ihc 't'lirkllli nrmii't, niniiiintini^ Ut .itM»iil n.nofy imn, vnhn nrr
i|iiiirlt'ri il in nnd tuiir ('<inltniilin<>j)l«'. 'Iluv IrcijnriiiU grow mtiiiittiii^, niul linv«
nlicii (triKci'dctl fo Mr lu In (K|m>I' tlic .SMiian. Ihiv ark. niticulot in llii- firuKlirr,
Rinl Iraiiu-tl ii|) lo tilt' tAvnifi Klnrmv trom iluir iiirutuy t unit ihi'rt* nrr tin left
lltiiii 100,000 l'>M»t fti|«lii'r<t, li'nili'rvii owr cviry |>r»vim«- of' the rinpiri-, >%tiii nre
ri'KilK-rcd In il)i-< I><kIv, iiml cttJMy ihf |>rivilrgri nl' |nni/iirifi, who nrc I'uWjccI Id
no iitrifditlion luii iIihI ot' tluir in;»,ot iliirf i-onim.(ndi-r.
/\RM< ANn rir(.r.*.) 'I he 1 n)icror\ lilK-H nrr Iwi-IK d will* nil the n^^mii nf
rullcrn iiittniiificiiKi'. Ho I* lhl»d liy lii» liiliictli, //t»' .V4/</'i.v «/ (»W, d (rW
•i« hilifA, H>'>l'l*t In ikt ShH tllj Mdoh, />»//••/•'» «/ '»/^ titrikh fivWHI, tfit. 'I'lic
fUratxl ligtiior'n iirnit nro, virl, n trrfirnt urKt-nt, in'thd wiili n lurbiin, cliiir^i-d
will) llircc Idutk pltiinm nt' licron'k i|utlU, with lhi« ninlln, Pnu, toittm imi'kiu
trbtm.
Coi'iiT ANft tKRADi.io.') Grrni i-:iri' ii« inkrn In tlio fdurnlion oflhr vntiilit
(i^-liiiK'd III iiti|)loyi)u-iit(» lit llu- llaii', tlu' nrniy, or iho navy i liiii lli< y un* fi-Ulom
pnlVrrtd till al)oiii 40 viar» ol" am*, aiul iluy rifo by thiir tm-rit. 'I'Ikv nn* nmc-
rally llu- i.liiUlr('n nt Clirillian part.Mii't, i-iilu-r taken in war, luinhnft'il, or prv-riMl*
linin ilii' AJurnys anJ i;us»rniiM nf dillaiit iirnvimii, tlu' nv^\ bcatilirul, woll
iu.kIo, niid f|>ri)^tiilv vliiMrcii tliai tan lu' nut with, and nrc alwa\i r>>ioMcd
uiul iiojimved i)y tliv ^ralul•li^ninr, btlnn' lluy an- IVdI |>) llu- (.)lk-|fo» or fo*
niiiiaru'N, wlicrc iKcy ui\- idiuuiod tor ciuiiloy nu'nt* ncrording to ilu-ir geniui and
uliiliiii'i.
I Ik- ladiis ot' tlu- firngllonrk- n rnjU-illnn ot hi-aulirn! Mnin'; woim-n, rhii-tly
i\-iil ai |iri'lot)ti trntn llu- provitui'-i and ihiCinck illaiids, ninfl ot iluin ihv (hildrcii
ot' C'liritliai) imrintn. Tlu- liravr jirin» i- l|i-i!u liii> Imfli lor Inrm- yonr^ pali abo-
lil)u-d the intanuxis trituiU* ot 1 bililii n of boib (°t>\i'<«, wbii I) (nurj^ia tnriiu-rlv paid
evrry yi-ar to llu- I'orli-. 'I'lu' nimilu-r ot wnnuii in tlu- barctti dt-pt-iuK on llu;
t;illi- nl'ilu- ri-i^jiiintjinonari h or tiillin. Siiim bad lono. Acbnu-I bad but ;oo,
aiul llu pn r<.iit liiltaii liaili marly idoo. On iluir admillion llu'\ ar^- tonimittvd
to iIk* tare ol'oid hulits, tan^bi in Irw and rnibrnidi-r, nxilii-, dancing, nnd oihcr
mioniplilliini-iiU, and tiiriiilhril with the riclu It i loatbs atul ornanu-nts, 'ITivv all
liLi|) ill luiarafi- bi-tU, and ln-twi-i n rvir\ hlili lluro is a pr»-( cpirv-ls 'I'lirir ( liiif
piUiriuU 11 rallid Kit.i Kiiif.i, or >;nM-rn< I-, nt" the iinbjf vmmj; liuiics. 'Ilurc ]<,
lint nm- Ik'rsanI anmn^ tlani, tor tlu-y arc nbii^od to wail on onr anntlur bs rotii<
linn ; llu- lali ibat is i iiu-n-d ti rvcs lu-r who pri-i'cd»-d lur. 'Iht-fo huiii-s nrc fi-arco«
ly cwr tiiiii-ri-d III i(o abroad, cxci'pt wbin tlu' j^raiid-li^^ninr n-iii'iws from one
plaii- In anntlK-r, wlu-n a Iron]) n| blai k i nniu lis t nnvcs s tluin In tlu- Imats, wliii h
arc imli'lid with latins aiid liiu-n iiirlaiiis; and ulun lluy i{o b\ land ihi-v arc
p-it in tlili' ll;a^int^, and ti^nals arv; madi- at rirtani ililianccs, In jjjvi- luitiii- thai
iiniu- uppMa«.li the ronds ihi'oii^Ii whiih ihi-y iiiarrh. 'I'lu' boats of ibf bari-m,
wliitb liirry th" fjriiiid-liijni'ir's wiw -,, aro nianiu'l with 2.|.rnW' t- and basr wliiii-
covi-rcd tills, (liiit alii mat l\ by \ iiulian blinds. /\iiinng tin- » miurnr's alti-nd-
unls, ari- a lunnli. r nt nnilt s, wlm ai.1 and t uiiwrk- by lii;iis wiib !;n-al tpiickiiL-l's,
itnd tonic ttw.iilj who arv t'.sliibit. d tor ih- dist-ilmn ot his niMJilly.
U lien lit- pi-rmitH llio wnnuii to walk in ihc gnrdt-n tit" the t"t.-rat;lio, all pt-ople
nro ordori-d lo ri.'tiri', and on t vi-iy lidr ilun- is a i^nanl ot biat k tiiniu lis, with 1 1.
bri s in llu-'ir haiitls. It uiMmtiiiiali'ly aii\ niu- is tnuml in ih.- LMidi-n, t-M-n tliroiiuh
ignorance ur iiiudvcrU'ii(.i.', lie i^ utuloabicdl) killed, und W\* iicud brought to thc
t«vt
II pl'..l,It.
, Willi I i-
n tliroiijjii
'it !•• tllf
Tt'RkKY IN FIROPK amd A.sr,\.
Mj
ti-vt of ih<> |r»nii-f)[|nior, who ri-HitnU ihc vljKitanl nu»u\. Somrilmc« ihc |{rnn«l-
li)(rii'ir piillv^ ihio iKf i^nntrit^ Id 11111111 liiMiri-il. wlirn tlu' wunMnira llirrf: uml il i«
llii'ii ilirti itu'y nidki- itii* of ihcir iiiiimil < ilnrl^, U\ ilitm itig, linglng, fvtiuiirig Kvlliirf«,
nti'l iiiiHiroti^ lil.iiulilliiuf(il<, lit rtilMurf ihr NfK-(lton« tH' lh« nunmrili 11 i« not
|><riiiiildl ihiil ihi' niiiiumli llioiilil laki' tt virgin lo hU bed t>iirf|>l iliirinj^ llu- fo<
li'iiiti IfllivnU, Hiiil oil iKciifiiiM of fonitf ixtrMonlinur) rcjoit iiig*. or ihc nrrivnl of
folllr uontl lliUi I |)<i|| (mil iH(Hli'H1«, if the flllllllt (IXHlfoi U n>'XV < niilptlMinil to
liii U«l, III- inlrri Miio llu- iipiuimnii of llu **tiiiun, who nrc rmi^nl in liUi l»y ihtf
govtriu'lh'*, to whom lie fix uks, ami tiiiini.itt'^ ihi- iHrfiin \w liki 1 \wi\ : ihc ifre*
iiiiiiu III the hiiiKlktrrhii'l whiih Ihi* KriiiiciliKnior i^ fiiiil In tlirow lo ihf i^irl ihiil
hi' I'li'Ct*! U an iilU- Inli-. A<i loon n<i ihc graml limmor hiitdHifii) itu' ^irl tluil
hi* h:i< ilclhiifd lo Ih* ihc parlncr '•! \u^ luil, ul| ilic uihi'it follnw hi r l<i ihf Imlh,
wiilhing iukI iHrliiniini; ht-r, tiiul ilrflliuif hi'r fii|i('rl>ly, « <iiiihu-liii^ hir, hn^iti^,
il;iii( in^, anti rc|oiiin)(, to iho Itvil ihitoilu r ol Uu- ^nirul |i|{nior, who it gciu'rully,
ml filth an o«tulion, alriM>ly in l»««l, No (imiimt h;M ihi- iifw-i'ln-li'd luvotiriti' in-
irrt'il thi' ihatiilKr, inlriHlut i-<| hy the );riini| ciiiuKh who i« upon unanl, tlian Iho
km I'll (town, and Mhni iht I'tiltiiii caIN hir, the trii-p* into lu d lo him ni tlu' loot
of ihk- hod, if llu- fiiltiin d<K « mil ordiT hrr, \>\ < fpci iid ^fiKr, In appro.uit tiv ihc
lull': nfliT a ii-rlnin linic, upon a (i^^nai ^iviii )u ilic ftilian, thi- ^ovi•rtll■l^ ot tin*
^irls, wilh nil her fiiiic, rniiT ihi- np:»rliiuiii, imd laki- hir Itai k auaiti, loiuliicling
tier with llu- fiinii- i»rcmony lo ihi- wmiu'it* .-iparliiu-nlt ; ami if liy miod foriuno
(Vif iKionii's pri-)|;nnnt, ami ii drliviffd o> 1 hoy, the i>» lallnl ii/iiki fii'iiinf/<, that i*
to lav, fullani'ft-nioihrr i for ihi- HrU foil, iho hat llu* honour lo liv irowiu'd, ami
Iho \\-\> the lilu-rty of forming lii-r lonrt i> In fori' iiutilioiu'd. I'.iiiiiit hi an' alio
allium d ftir lior guard, and for lur jiarliv-ular forviii'. Noollii r ladii's, ihotiuh di'-
IJM'rrd of hoyi, an- I'ilhi-r rmwiit'd or niaiiilaiiuil wilh liuh I'lillly diliinCtion lu
the liift : howrvir, ihoy havo tin ir forvii v apart, and liaiidfoim' iipoiiilnuiiU.
Allir till- iliatli of till- fiiliaii, tlio imilluri of llu- niali' t liildriii an- lliiil up in the
old firaglio, from whciu'r ihi y laii iii'vor nniif out any niori', unli'ft any of tlioir
f iiH aftciid till' tliront'. Haron do Toll iiifnnni 111, that iho loiiialc liavo who l»o-
iirius iho niuilur of a fultaii, and livoi Imi^ onoiigh lo \\i' hir foii mount iho
throiii', is tlio only woman who, at that pi riotl alone, aiipiiros tlio dilliii
Siiliinui MmIkt; ihc is till thon in tho intoiior of lur inifon, with lur Ion. liic
iClloil
n. '11
lior's h
d, ihir
lillo of H'liht Kiiiliin, primipal woman, is iho firll dijjmty of iho grand-li^nior's ha-
ri lit, and llio hath a l.lr^or allowam o lliaii tliofc wlm liavo thi" tillo of fiuii
anil fiiiilh woman, wliiih aro tlio tour froo woiiu'ii tin- Koran allows.
OmiiiN AM) I'Rocniss 01 mik 'I'irks ] It lia.s W\'\\ tlio fato of ilio moro
fMuilurii and lorlilo p.irlsot Alia, at ditlorml poriods, to ho lompurod hy that war-
liki and hardy raoo of men, who inhabit tho vaft oouiitry, known to tho aiuionlH
h. tl.o iianu' of V ythia, and amoii^ ilu- modi ins l)\ that of Tartary. Oiio triho of
lliofo poiipio, lalloii I'lirk-, or TurKinians, wliiih name (i)^iiitios H ,iul>'icn, oxii'iuU
III its lompiolis iimlor various loaders, and duriiifj (ovcral t\ntiiiii ■«, lr"Mi tli" ilmro
lit' tlio ('afl)ian to tho llraili ol tho Dardanollos. lUiii^ loiifj roluKnt in tho oajui'
III
i\ of holly t;iiariis. ahout iho oourls of tho Saraions, ihoy oinhraood tho doctrine
of MalioiiU't. and actnl for a loiijj timo as imroonaiiis in ilu' armii'-, of ooiitonding
;iiliii>'',. 'I lioir ( liiof roliiloiioo wa-. in tho noij;hlioiiihood of .Mount Cauoafus,
li.iiii whomo lli'V roiiio\i'd to Aruiouia Major, and atlor hoiiu^ omployed as nier-
Oi'I:il
ii'lt
rii 1 hv ihi' fiilt:ii A of I'lrlia, tluv loi/id that kii udom almut tho your 1037,
d fproaif ilioir i.nvat^s ovor all tho noIi;lihiMuiiii; oiiititrios. IJound hy their re
iii;ii"i lo niako I oiui ii^ to
IIIV
.Mil
loinriaiii
I'm, ll
u N \\r\ ,'1 woro
will
lout a piotij'iioe
for
iidiii;' and ra\a,^in,ij tho (hmiinioiis uf tho (ho> k onporom, utid were fomctiim*«
4 S .
cum-
6S4
TURKEY IN EUROPF. and ASIA.
(onimnndiil liv very able gfiu-rals. V.'y^)\\ the dcclciirimi oJ" ilio culiijhatc or cm-
jiir«. ufil.i.' SiinuiriN, iIk-v made tln'inlVUc* maftois i>l l*aK'l>iiK' ; ami tlic viJitJuj;
tlu- Jm'y City nt' Jfnil'aliin, \k\\\^ ilic.i part of the Cluilliaii I'xeriili^, in wliitli
till') liad l.i'L'ii tdlciutcd l)v llii' .•'uraroiis, llu' Turks l;u(i llif I u:-npt'au pil;;riH»s
iinili r Tui-li lieavy coiilrilmlioiis, .i. d ixi-rcilVd I'ucli lioiribic ciuilucs upuii ilic
Cluilliaii iiiliabitants (if tin- voiintry, as gave riCi' to the tamuus Crufades, wliieli
w^' liave iiit iiiidiietl more t"idl\ in the Introiluitioii.
It imrortuiiately liappciied, that i.ie ^J reek emperors were gi lerally more jealoiw
of ihi' prnj^ul\ i)t' tlie ( liiiliians ih.iti ot the I iirkh ; a. id thtnigh, alur uceaiii of
blniiil \\iie fpilt, a CMirilHaii kiitgdmn was erected at JerulJem vl t CJudfiey of
houl<{,'iie, iieitlKT lie i.or lii>. fueeeirots were pollelled of any lu.lici' U uuwer for
iiiaintainini; it. 'I he 'I'lirks, about tlie year 1299, had e\tend>.d their donjiiiiuus
on every llde, and polVelled thenifi. Ives, under Otliman, of fome of >'ie timlV pro-
vinees in Alia, of Niee, and I'rula in llithynia, whieh Ofhman made Ins eapitai:
from Oihman iluy took the name of Othmans, the appellation of lurks, as it iig.
nifies in tlie original, wanderers, or banidied men, bein^j eonliilered by tlient as a
term of re|)roach. Otliman was fueceeded by, a raee ot the moll warlike princes
mentioned in iiitlory. About the year 1357, •''*^' ' ^'rks palled llie Ilellefpont, and
got a looting in luirope, and Ainuralli fettled tlie feat of his empire at Adrian-
ople, whieh he took in the year 1360; imder him the order of janizaries was
ellablilhed. Baiazet 1. afier toiujuering Buls^aria, and defeating the (ireek em-
peror Sigifnuind, laid liege to Contlanllnople, in hopes of fubjecting all the Greek
empire. His greatneU and infolente provoked Tamerlane, a Tartarian prince,
who was jull then returned front his eallern concjuells, to declare war againll iiim.
A deeifue battle was fouj^ht between thofe rival conipierors, in Natolia, in the
plain where Pompey deleated Mithridales, when Bajazet's army was cut in
pieces, and he himfelf taken prifoner, and Ihut up in an iron cage, where he ended
nis life.
Ihe fuccelTors of Tamerlane, by declaring war againil one another, left the
Turks more powerful than ever ; and tlumgh their career was checked by the va-
lour of the Venetians, I liingarians, and the famous Scanderbeg, a prince of lipirus,
they gradually reduced the <loniinions of the Cireek emperors; and, after a long
(iege, .Mahomet II. took Coiilhmtinople in 145.?. 'I bus, after an exillence of ten
centuries, from its lirft commencement uniler Conftaniine the CJreat, ended the
(ireek empire; an event whieli had been long forefcen, and was owing to many
caufes ; the chief was the total lUgeneracy of tlie (Jreek emperors thenifelves, thcfr
courts, ami taiiiilies ; the dilliki thiir Cibjects had to the popes,, ajid the weftern
tliurch, one of theii j'.iiriarchs deelaiing publiel) to a Koiuilli legate, " that he
would rather fee a turban than the po]U''s tia:.i uiioii the great altar of Ccmllan-
tinojile." But as the lurks, when tliev extended their conqueits, did not exter-
miiiiite, but reduce the nations to fubjection, ihe remains of the ancient (ircekslbll
exili, as we have alrindy obferved, particularly in Coullantiiiople, and the iieigli-
bouiing illaiids; wliire, though under giievous oppri llioiis, tliey I'.ofefs Chriltiaii-
ity ur.cKr their own patiiarclis ot ConllantiiK pie, .vlexamnia, Autioeh, and Jeru-
falem. The Armeiii.u.s have only thue patriarchs, who arc richer than thulc
of the Greek chLin li, the Armenians being licher than the Greeks, and more coii-
verfant with trade.
The tor.cjuell of Conflanliiiople was fill wcU with the fubmillion of all
Greece; and troni this time the Turks have ceeii looked upon as an Kuropean
power.
Mahomet died in 1481, and was fiucevd.d by Bajizet II. wlii carried on war
agaitift the Hunjjarians and Venetians, as wJl as the Perhans and Egyptian-^, lia-
ju/el
TURKEY IN FUROPK and ASIA.
685
jazct fnllinjj ill n( tlic ^nut, became iiuloloiit, was hiirrnfll-d liy family clifTonfioiVi,
and at lall, by onliT ol In. iVtDnd fnii, Sclim, lu' was pdil'diiid by a Jew phyliiiaii.
Si:liiii atlcrwardi urtlmed ins eldell i)iulber Aeiiinet to be Ihanyled, witli many
olber princes of' llie Oibn\an race. I le deleatid ibt? Peiliai\s and llie nrinee of
Mdimt 'I'aiirilM ; but I)t4iig unable to penetrate into IVrlia, be turned liis arms
a^aiiill ICgvpt, wbieli, after ntany blo<Kly battles, be annexed to liis own domi-
nions, in tbe year 1517, aj he did Aleppo, Aniioeb, 'Iripoli, Uamafcus, Ga/u,
and many other towns.
lie was fiiteeeded, tn 1520, by his fon, Solitiian the Ma};niticent ; who, takinj;
advantajje of the dilVerences whieh prevaileil ainou'^ the Chrillian powers, took
Rhodes, and drove the knights from that illand to Nialta, whieh was given ihem
bv the emperor Charles V. The reign of .Soliman, after this, was a continual war
with the ChrilHan powers, and generally fueeefstui, both by lea and land. He took
Bulla, the metropolis of Hungary at that time, and Helgrade, and carried otVne.ir
200,000 captives, A. 1). 1526, and, two } ears atterwards, advanced into Aullria
and belieged Vienna, but retired on the approach of CharK s \ . He mifcarried
alio in an attempt to take the illexif Malta. 'I'his Soliman is looked upon as the
•jixalell prince that ever tilled the throne of Othman.
He was fucceeded, in 1 5(16, by his fon, Selim II. In his rii<;n, the 'i'urkilli
marine received an irrecoverable Mow tVoi\i the C'liriliians, in llie battle of Lepanti>.
This defeat miglit have proved fatal to the'i'nrkuh power, had the blow t)een |)ur-
facd by the Clirirtians, efpecially the Spaniards. Selim, however, tooktAprus,
fiom the Venetians, and i'unis in Africa, from the Moors. He was fucceeded, in
1 575, by his fon Amuralh III. who forced the i'erlians to cede 'I aurus, 'IVills, ami
nianv other cities, to tlu' Turks. He likewife took the important tortrefs of kaab,
in lAmgary, and in 1593, vvas fucceeded by Mahomet ill. The memory of this
prince is dillinguilhed by his ordering nineteen of his brothers to be llrangled, and
ten of his father's concubines, who were fui)p()red to be pregnant, to be thrown
into the fea. He was ot'ten unfuccefsful in his wars with the ChrilHans, and died
of the plague in 1604. His fuccellbr Achmet was beaten by the I'erlians, but
forced the Aullrians to a treaty in 1606, by which he retained his coni^uells in
Hungary. Ofman, a prince of great fpirit, but no more than lixtcen years of agi ,
being unfuccefsful againll the I'oles, was put to death by the janizaiies. .\lor.id
I\ . luccceded in if'i.?, and took Bagdad tiom the IVrlians. liis brother il)rabii\i
fucceeded him in 1640; a worthlefs, iiuictive prince*, and llrangled by the janiza-
ries, in 1648. His fiiccelVor Mahomet IV. was ixccllentiv well l"erveil bv his
grand vi/ir Cuperli. He took Candia from the Venetians, alter it had been bi-
lii'ged for 30 years. This coiujuelt coll tl»e \ enetians, and their allies. So, mi
uKii, and the Turks, it is faid, 180,000. A bloody war fucceeded between the
Iniperialills and tile Turks, i- which tlic latter were fi> fuccefsful, that tiny laid
lii^'c to V'iemia, but were forced (,as has been alr-.'ady mentioned! to ruife it with
great lofs, by John Sobielki, king of l*oland, and other Chriltian generals. Ma-
iKMiiet was, in i'jS;, lluit up in prifon b\ his fal>jects, and facceetUd "by his bru-
llicr Soliman II.
The lurks continued unfuccefsful in their wars Uurin^ thi*reign, and that of
his brother and fuccell'or, Achmet II. but Vlultapha II. who mounted the throne
ill 1694, headed his armies in pcrfon ; alter tome brilk campaij»ns, he was defeated .
h, prince l-iugene ; and the peace of Cailowit/, between the ImpcrialiOs and
'links, was concluded in 1699. Soon alter, Muliaplia \\ as depoli:d, his nuifti was
luhe.Kled, and liis on)ther -Vchuiet 111. mounted tiie throne. He was the prince
who ga\e ilielicr, at Heiider, to Charles Xll. oi .Sweden; and ended a war witlv.
the-
666
TURKEY !N F.UUOPF.. asp AvSIA.
till- IliiiViiins, l)y a pivui." roiulucK-d at I'rutli. VVluMi tlio Kiillinn army wns fiir«
iiv,ii;(U'(l w illiniit liDDi's of I'l'iapi', llw (Vai'ma iiu liiu'il llii- ;^nin(l vi/ir ti) [u-aci'.
I)\ a pvi'Tnil tit' all ilio mniu-y, plau-, ami "n'Wi Is that wiiv in ilu' army ; l)iit iIk;
Uiillia'is (Irllvoiv'il iip to ill!' I'tirks. Alupli, KaMiinii'tk., ami 'rai;;nni'i);;, and ajjri-i'd
t.i t'vaiiiato l'i)laiid. AclniK't al'lcrwaids madi.- war Dir tlic \ i-iu'lians, wiiicli
alarnu-d tlu' Cliiiliian powois. 'Iho fconc ot atkion was cliaiij,'<'il to lUmi^ary,
wlu'ic tl\( Imperial ^oiu'ral. |)riiu'o I'aim-no, <^i\\\' fo many rcpiMlod di'tcats lo ilio
iiiruii'l>. lliat llii'y \wn.' t'lirnd loromludi- a ilil'^rai I'tiil pi-aco, at I'aiiinowit/, in
171!). An untnrtnnalc war witli tin- l\'rlians. niulcr Konii Ivhan, Aiccidinj,', tin-
pMpiila''- di'inaiuKil the luads ot' tlu' vi/ir, iIk' ihii't admiral, and fccri-lary, wliicli
\M'rv' accordiii!;!) Ilruck dH'; but tlu- Cultan alio was dcpolVd, and Malionu-t V.
a'Uami.il to tin.- tlnono. Hi- was imfutHi-^t'iil in bis wars witli Koidi Khan, and
at lali iil)'ii;od to nin^nifi.' tlial ufurptT as kini; of Pcrlia. lie was, at'tt-r liial,
cn;;aj;v.'d in a war wiili tlu- Impi-rialitis and UuHians; ai,Minll tbo fornuT be was
\iv'torioiis ; l):it tin.- riirci.'iri's ot iIk- latter, wliiib tbreatcncd Conllantinopio itfelf",
Inrci'd bim lo ii/iiilnde a inniy witb tlie cm|K'ror, and alter that anotber witli
ilie Utilliaii-;, Mahnmet died in 1 7 M-.
I le was l\uee '1 (1 by bis bnitlur Ol'man II. wbo died in 1757, and was fue-
.'ded by bis brmlier, .Vliilta|)li:i III. who died on tlie 21II of January, 1 77.1., wbilll
con
i-'ai'dl \<i an unruecel'st'id war witli tin.' Rulliai
In the courle ot' this war, a
lidi-rable Kiulian lieet was lilted out, wbieli let fail from the Haltie, witbavitw
of lliakin^ the remote i>arts of the Arebipela'j;o. This lleet bavinj; arrived at Mi-
norea, drparlid iVoni thence in the be^inniny of February 1770, and lbaj)ed it
mrle for the Moiea. Count Orlow having debarked fuch land t'orces as hu bad
with bim at Maina, wbic lilies a little to the wettward of cape Mctapan, and
about tO miles to the t'oulb-wel't of Mililra, the ancient Sparta ; the Mainotes, de-
iVendanls of tb • l.acediemonians, and Itill |)otrellint; the country of their ancellors,
under fubjecti n to the i;ran(l-lignior, inunediately tlew to arms, and joined the
Kulhans by thoufands, from their averlion to the tyranny of the Turks. The other
(jreeks immediately lolbnxed their examjile, and the whole Morea was in com-
motion.
11
e ripen countrv was (luicklv over-run, and Militra, Arcadia, and W
v\ral other places, as fpei'dily taken ; while the Rullian ihips, that had been fe[)a-
rated, or that put into Italy, arrived fuccellively, and landed their men in ditlerent
•piarters, where every fmall detachment loon fwellcd to a little army, and the
Turks were every wbefi- attacked or intercepted. In the mi'an time the (Ireeks
and llaimbteied the Turks wiiboiit mercv ; and the ra^c
<:raiilied Ilu ir reven'-e,
aiu
1 tury wiib whii b the iiilnibilants on the contiiunt wire feized e\ten<led itfelf t
the illaiuls, where alio the links were mallaered in threat numbers. 'I'bey were,
indeed, unable to make head a<;ain(t the Rullians and (ireeks in the field : their
onlv protection \\as tound within their tortrilUs. The malcontents had fo much
increal'id liner the tirii (Irli.irV.iiioii of the Kriiiaiis, that tbe\ iiuelied .\apoli di
Komanla. C'orinih, and tii.' callle of I'.iiraN, wiili feveral other places of lefs luite.
liut wbilft thev were einj)Ioved in thcl'e enterprifes, an arinv of liiirtv ihoufand
' '' ' ■ ■ ■ led
immanc
men, compufcil chieliy ot .Mbanians and l-'piroles, entered the Morea, ci
bv Seralkier, balbaw of Hofnia. 'I'bis Tiirkilh i^i ncral (piieklv n covered all tl
hI the (ireeks that were lonnd in arms, or out
northern part ot the ptiiiiiLi!
r.f their villages, were inltaiulv put to death. 'I lu' Ruliians \^■er^ imw driv
to their Ihips ; but aiiout the fame time another Uullian I'tj'iadion, i (imniamied
admiial I'.lphinfton,
en WmK
)V
irriveil tii>m r.M'.'liMid, to remlorce < omi
It Ot\
ow s armament.
le
'Ihe Turkilh Heet alio app -.ned, ami an olniinate en^ai^rinent was fnii^Iu in 1
channel of Scio, which divides that iilaud from Naioliu, or the Leiler Alia. Ih
'1
lllr
TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA.
687
Turkidi fli'ot was i.onlldi.'ial)ly fiiijorior in t'orco, conliftinc; "f fifteen fliips of the
line, tVom IImv t<> iiiiuly miiis, luliiKsa number of i1k'1k(|iiis and ^allies, anioutit-
inj; in llie \\liole lo ne;ir lliirty fail ; the Rulliiinshiiil only ten Ihijis of the line, and
live fri>,Mli's. Some of the Ihip-. eiif^aijid with jjieat refolution, whiill others on
boll) fidei found various eaufesfor not ;ii>proaihinj{ fiilheiently near. Hut Spiritof,
;i KuOian ailmiral, I'ueonntered the cajitain piuha, in tlu' Sultane of ninety guns,
\ard-arm and \ard-arm ; they both foi;'.',ht with (lie i;reaull fury, anil at length
run fo tlofe, tiiat iluy loeked themfelvis toj^elher wiili grap))lin^ irons and other
laiklin;^. In this lituali<>M, the Kutlians, b\ throwiiiji; hand->,'ranades from the
tons, let the 'TurUilli Ihip on lire, and ari they eould not now be dil'eutanc[led, botlt
lliips were in a little time eipiall) in tlanns. 'Ihusdreadtidly eireumllaiued, witii-
iiut a iiollibiliiy of fui eour, they both at lenj^lli bliw u|) with a terrible expluliuii.
'I he eontmanders and prineipal otVuers oiv boili fides were laved; but the trews
wcrr almoU totally loll. The dreadful fate ol thefe Ihips, as well as the dan'^er to
lliole tliat were near them, produeed a kind of |iaufe ; atter wliieh tiie action was
reiuwed, and eontinued till nif^lit, without any material advantage on either lide.
V\ hen it became dark, the Turkilh lleet eul tlieir cables, and run into a bay on
till' eoalt of Natidia: the Uullians furrounded them thus clofely pent up, and in
till' iii'.;ht fome fire-lhijjs were fuecefsfully conveyed among the Turkilh tlei't, by
the intrepid behaviour of lieutenant Dugdale, an I'.nglilhman in the KiilVian fer-
\iee. who, though abandoned b\ his crew, himfelf directeil the operations ol tlie
lire-lhips. The tin- took place fo eirectuall\, that in live hours the wholi. lleet,
e\eej)l one man of war and a lew gallics that were towed otVby tlie Ruffians, was.
tdtallv dellroyed ; aflir wliiih they entered tlie harbour, and bomi>arded and can-
nonaded the town, and a calile thai protecled it, with fueh fuecefs, that a lliot
ha\iMg blown up the powder magazine in tlie latter, both were reduced to
a 1k;ip of rubbilh. 'I'hiis was there feareely a veltige left, at nine o'clock, of
a town, a callle, and a line lleet, which had been all in exitlencc at one the fame
morning.
Some of the principal military tranfaclions by land, in the war between Ruflia
ami Turkey, having been alreaily noticed in our account of the tornier emiiire, wo
tliidi here only aihl, that, after a moll unfortunate war on the lide of the I'urks, peaco
\\;isat length concluded between them and the Uullians, on the 2 lit of Jul\ , 1774,
;i lew nioiilhs at'ler the accellion of the late grnnd-fignior Aclimet IV. 'I iu'
iiuperor, .\hillapha III. left a Ion, then only in \nt, 1 ^th )ear; but as he was too
\(imig to manage the reins of government, in the then critical lituation of the
Tiirkilh allair^, Mullapha appointed his broihrr, the late emperor, to fueceed
him ill the throne: and to ihi 1 prince, under the llrongell terms ut recommendation,
\w idiilided the care of his intaiit fon.
llie jierll vi raiu i- of the Turks, fupplied by their niiinerous Alirilie armies, and
llu' implicit fubmiuion to tin ir otlieers, rallar than any e\eelleney in military dif-
iijiliiie or courage in war, have been the great fpriiigs of thole fueeelles which
lune rendered their empiri' fi> formidable. The eMenllon, as well as duration of
tlv.il I iiipire, may indei-d he in fome nuafine owing to the military inliitution of
iIk' j.. Tuarles, a corps originally compoled ot theihildren ot fueh Chriflian pa-
riiiii as could not jiay their taxes. 'I hefe being cullectod togoihcr, were formed.
Ill the exiriile of ariiiM inuK r the e)es ot their otlieers in the feraglio. They were
i'ei.iviillv in liiimber about 40,000, long deenu'd iiuineible: and are Itill the
iiii\M.ioV theTurkilh arinie-. ; but the (Jltoman power has been long on the dc- •
dine. 'I ])■■ polifu al liate ot luirope, and the iraloulie^ that t'ublill among its princes^.
ii i.'iV. il.e furell balls of this eiupiie, and the piiiii-ipal rcalbn why thcfincft pro--
68«
Tl RKF.Y IN F. I ROPE Asn ASIA.
>imi>s in tlic wurlil ari' fufllivil lo rcnmiii in tlic poflinion of tlicfc ignorant and
ll.Ulgllly illlidrls.
IVfotwidilliimliim tlu' \)c;ur uliiili was oflnhlillir«l in 1774 In-twccn Uulliu and
llio I'ortc, various Itnirn* ut liilv okI were Mt dpi-n In-twi-iii tiii-ni. I'or an ai -
count of tlu'lc wi- ri i\ r mir iiiuius id our liillorital narrative of the for'Ufr em-
pire. Towards tin* laltcr t iid of tin.' \>.ar i ySh, the Turks feem loliave u'lopted .1
re;;ular l\lK-in ut' indirect holt i lily a,i;ainii the Kullians, who were eontinuaily making
fuih iiuTdailiineiils as made llu' I urks relolve to tempt again the fortune of war.
Si :iri.«;ly hail liic emprefs returned Imni the fplendid Journey which (he made to
Cherron. before a declaration of Tuikilli lioliiiiticii was announced at Peterlhurg
W ii;ii part the emperor of (Germany woidd lake in this war, was not at firft known.
'IJK eaprici uifnefs of his iharaeter kept tlie fpirit of curiofity in fufpinfe tor funic
little time ; lull he loin declared himfelf determined to (upport all the ehiiins
which Kuilin hid 'ijion the I'orie.
Inliead of hein;.^ ililhearieiied at tl\e formidahlenefs «)f tlie confederacy that luul
liroken out aijalnli tiieiu. tlie Turl s applied tliemfeives \\ illi redouhleil ardour tu
prepare for niilhmee, Dul an event lliat feenis fjveatly to have contributed to
the bad fneiifs e\j»eiieneed li_. the crefeent in the year 1789, was the death of
Achnut the h>urin, >^ran<l litjnu.r, on the 7th of Ajiril.
This |)rince, if we make fuilable .iili)\vances for the dil'advantagcs under wliieli
he laboured as a difpoiic monarch, and the prejutiices of his country, may lie al-
lowed to |ioi1>is luiiie ilaini to our loleralion. lie tilled the throne of Conllanti-
nople wiliiout rellecting dil'j^race upon human nature. His temper appears {o
have been njiid and liumane. lie not only iierinitted Selim his nephew, fun of
the late emperor, to live, but even pid)licly acknowledged him for Ids fuccelFor.
Mis ri iqn was not flained with to mniy arbitrary murders as thofe of Ins |)rede-
(i llors, nor did he think it at all necelfary that a difgraced miniller llioidd part at
once With his otlice and his lite. He fulfered his countrynun to improve bv the
arts and n.ililarv dil'cipiine of luirope Ylfouf, liis prime miniller during tlie three
lart years of his lite, thougli by im means coniillently great, mull be allowed to de-
ferve our applanfe; and will be better known to pollerity as the patron of the
Turkilh iranlhaion of the Kncyclopedie, than as the victorious and Ikilt'ul rival (if
tlio Auftrian arms in the i^annal of Traufv Ivania.
Aclmiet died at the unenti rpri/.ing age of li\tv-four, and Selim the Third fiic-
reefied v-X twenty-eight. In the vigour of youth lie thought it necelVary to diltin-
•^uiih '.in'fei; !n I'l'inething e\tr;iordiii.iry ; and at lirlt puvpofed to put himfelf at
ilu head <t his f 'iCi's. I li' was ei'lilv, a.s might be e\|)i ilel from lii.s I'lleniinaie
I <i'.;cali')M. <!i!hi..ded Irom this ralli a'lii ridiculniw pntject. lUit hi- conceived that
;i! leali it becacu' him to flikonntciiiiiue ll;e miiiilters ot his |)redeceiror, to cuii-
found their plans, :\nd reveile all tlieir proceedings, 'ilufe minillershad ac(| ured
in f me nigtei- ill' contidi'iiee of tiiofr vvlio aclvd uii'K r iheir co.nniand ; .nui it
appiared in ll; !> tpirl, that tlu- tantairic fplr.idi'.ir of a new and jmcnile fnve-
reign could n"; cumpeiii.Me Nir ilie cipiicioiis and arl>itrar\ ehan^es witii wiiich
his acceliion wai accnipa iied.
In the vear lybiii Choekzim aii.i ()c/ai;ow furrendi led ti i!n arms of Rufliii, ;is
will be found in tiie liiit'iry i,.'iiiat »i>mitr\ ; and on i!ie 1.1, !i m .Sept. ndt,, ih.-
Auftrian turces fat d'.wn bet'iv i>el^uu!e, and witli that good I .rtm.e uhiih leeai'
ed altnoll conltantiy to attend their prettnt commander marliial I., idoh.i. ili-.-
place, together with its mi;i!enM:s garrilLMs, fiirrendei'd, alter a vigoious !■ iiil.nue.
on the 8tli of October. 1 In lelt (jfthe campaign was li'.tle elfe tlian a l'iic*...iui!i
of the moll important fuccen*.., and .1 k.:rcu.iiii...Kc ili.it did 11,4 a htiie oiiii.i-
huiii
TURKKY IM KUROPK Attn ASIA.
6$9
biito to this, was the (vIUtii ndoptrd l)y ihr Aiirtrinnsnnd Riiflmm, of AifT-riiii* tin?
'I'lirkilh troiips to niartli mit (if the fovrrul |ilaci's ihoy garrirom-d wiihoui m'>lill.i
tioii. Hiicharoft, thi- capiial ot' VVala<hin, toll without oppolition into the haiulii
(it prince Coi)oiirf{ ; while Aki'rn\au on the Hlaclc Sea was rediued Uy tlu* Riilli-
an>»; and ll( ndi-r i'lirrcndered to prince I'otcntkin, not without fiil'piciou of liiiilhT
praHiccii, on the 15th of November. One only check prei'eiUed itCelt' to the allied'
arms I he garrifon ot Orfova difplayed the nuiil inHexible connnncy ; and rrar-
thai l.audohn watt obliged tu rnife the liege ot this place in the middle of Decem-
ber, after having remained before it for a period of lix weeks. In a lliort time
alter, the liege was renewed, and Orfovii was reduced on the i6thof April, 1 7gj.
After the reduttion of Orfova, the war was carried on with languor on the part
of Aullria; and in the month of June a conference was agreed upon at
Keichenbath, at which the n\inifters of Prullia, Auftria, Kngland, and the United
Provinces allilled, and at which alfo anenvov from Poland was occalionally piefent,
Alter a negocialion, v/hich continued till the lyth of Augull, if was agreed that
a peace Ihould be concluded between the kingot Hungary and the Ottoman I'orte,
that the balis of this treaty ihould be a general furreniler of all the conoiiells made
bv the former, retaining only Choczim as a iVcurity till the Porte lliould accede t(»
the terms of tlie agreement, when it was alfo to be reitored. On the other hand,
the king of Pruliia gave up the Helgi>- provinces, and even promifed his allirtaii'. ir
in reducing them to the domini«)n ot the houfe of Auftria.
The king of Prulha was lefs fuccefsful in his mediation with Rullla. Catherine
had not, like Leopold, an imperial crown at llake, which, unfublhmtial as it is,
has always its charniH with thofe who are educated in the habitual adoration o(
rank and dignities. Her coiupierts alfo (m the lide of Turkey were too important
to bo ealily relinquilhed j and the coiilidered her dignity attacked by the infolent
llyle of Prullian mediation. The fubftanco of her anfwer to the Prulfian memorial
was tlierefore, " That the cmprefs of Ruilln would make peace and war with
whom Ihe i)leafed, without the interference of any foreign power."
The campaign of lygi opened on the part of RulVia with the taking of Mac-
/in, on the 4lh ot Aprd, by prince Gallitzm ; and in a fubfequent victory on the
lith bv the fame general, in tiie neighbourhood of Hrailow, the Turks loll not lefs
than 4000 men, and upwards of 100 olliccrs, belides many pieces of caimon On
the i-ith the Kullian arms experier.eed a check, l)y wliieh they loft about 700 men,
iind were obliged to reliiu|uilh the iiitent-oii of licllei;ing hrailuw. After reiii-
torcing this place, the vizir proceeded to the batiks of the Dnniibe near .Sililiriai
.111(1 bv means of a bridge which he threw ticrofs the vivi-r. his advaiKwl juills wcio
inahled to make incurlu)ns on the oppolite fide. The ability of the vizir, and iho
valour of the Turks, were however exerted in vain againll the (lifci|)line and ex-
perience of Kuropean armies. In the month of June, 15,000 Turks were defeated
hv a party of cavalry under general Kutufow. On the ;,d of July the fortrefs of
Aiiape was taken by general (iudowitfch, and the narrifcn to the amount of 6,000
nun made priloners. This event was tollowed on tlu 9th ot the lame month by
a jii'iial victory which prince Repiiin obtained near Mac/in over a body of 70,000,
the tlower of the 'I'urkilh army. 'I'he Ottomans left upwards of 4000 dead upon
the field of battle, and loll their entire camp eipiipiige, oloiirs, and 30 pieces of
tannon. Hie Rullians are faid to have loll onlv 1 , :> nieti killed, and between 2
uml 3C0 wounded.
W hile the war was thus vigoroully carried on, tbi- meiliating ])owcrs were not
inactive. CJreat Hriiain and I'lUliia, in pariieiilar, deel;iied them felvcs determined
to lin'porl the bulajice of luuopo, and to t'on^e the cmprefs to peace upon tbv bafis
A l of
of a/
;/«(
TLRKKY IN F.UROPt' ani> ASIA.
(It' the intcrfirriMi" of Uritain in tliis ditimtc, wi- liiivi- tivali-H more
Iiir;;ily in iitiollu'r pliico. I'o lliv fiilt Mpplicalions of llu' I'in^lilli minillci tlu- rm-
pii'l's iiiil\viM(.il i;i nearly thf (":Hnf terms in vvliiti) Ihe liad lii-lnre replieil l<i (lio
menuirial of I'nillia— " Tliat ihe Uritilli eourt wduM not l)e [urniilted to (iicUit^r
tlie terms nf |)eaie." In llie tn>irl'e of the nefjoeiation, however, Iter lUniands be-
came more modi rale i and as the northern powers, and partienlarly Denmaik, he-
f;an to evert llii'mfv. Ives tor tlie prevention of hoUilitiis. the lonllned her v ii ws to
the piiileliion of ( )e/nko\v, with il\e thltrif t extemlim; iVoni tlie lioi; to l!ie Nii IK r,
ami v\en tlun |iiMvuriii; tor the iVei' navij^ation of the Jalli'r river. I he lU'^nij.
iitioit was protuicteil to the i ilh of An^nll, wlien at length peaee was i on( liukd
between the i/arina and the Tone, neailv upon ihefe terms : — terms, whieh, tin,,
fideriiif; tlie ill fiieeefs of the war, lannot i)e aeeoimli'd vi'ry difadvanlaj^eoiis to iho
i*ort.', who his loll a I'ortret's more nfel'id for the pnrpoie ot amio\ inj; Kiillia, ili;ii|
lor ileleiidinm \\> own territories; hut iert;iinl) of eonlidi'rahle importame to Kui.
/la, wliieh, liy this lelilun, has fieured tlie peaeiahh- poll'ellion of the Crimea.
It is eompiited that in the lall war 'I'mkey loll ioo,ooo foldiers, Unllia loo.ooo;
the Anilrians, who fell in battle, or in the luihealthy ni.nthes, arc ftippolld to e.\.
cec'i 1 'o.ooo.
'I'iie new divilion of Poland i-. not likely to pro\e a,^;ri'eal)le to tlu' I'orte ; il
fertili
inovMue (1
I the I kraine, Irom its heinj; in llie vieiniu of the Turkill
10
1 eiii-
penir's domiiiio is, and beiiij; one nf the dillriil?. lately feized l)y Uuliia, mull in aiu'
tulure war become very convenient to the latter court, tor the pnrpolV df forminL'
cllablilliments and maca/iiK"
Hie poliev ot '"e court o| Con
ll.mt
moplc p
voiia-
biy niav viivv tlKte ap|)roaiiies a> preliminary t..ps to a limilar attack upon tin
tiilViples of Maliomet.
Intelligence was received at Conliantinople in Hecember 1793, that Giat'ar Kh.m,
fovi.r.Mj.;n of the Chiras, o.u- of tiie moil powerful princes ot I'ertia, had been dc-
ihidiied by liis brotln r, M.diiiiiU'l Khan, who t'litired into the polVellion ot his do-
minions. I'his new i'ulian ufmper i-, now tlirealenlnj; the I'lirkllli dominidus
with a powerful invalion. A lar more formidable enemy has lately arifen in ,Vra-
bia, who menaces the Sublime i'orte with no lef~.than a total fubverlionof the .Ma-
hometan relif-ion. This eiu'my is a Scheiih I jujabi, who is at the head of a im-
merous Arabian tril)e, eniamped between Mecca and IJalli.ra. Me profelUs to
<leny the divine million of Mahniiu t, tii*' faiictitv of the Alcoran, and all the reli-
f^ious ceremonies of Mahomelanifm. He and ins tribe adoie the Uivinily in ilic
ojien field, defpilliif^ tlie intlitutinu of mol'ipies or temples. 'Ihefe new fettarics
teem to menace Mecca and Minlina, whiili contain imnunfe trealure.
'I'lie divan is at j)reK iii I'o tar tVom takinj; any lleps inimical to the new repuhlii,
of Fiance, that it teems to have more predilection for its caufe than avowed amity
for that of tlie powers combined aj^ainll it.
Selim 111. Grand Sij^nior, iiorn in i7()i, fucceeded to the tluoiic of Turkey on
the death uf hi^ uude, the iutc faJtan, April 7, 17S9.
T A R-
I ^")« 1
r A K I" A K Y IN A S I \,
Situation and Kxtknt.
k*'
Mill*.
1 4000
l)i\':uhl) 2400 )
Di'f»rcc«.
I.niRth 4000) ,,,.,.„,...„ { .^o anJ 1 50 oaa longitutlo.
'■' - ' "'■^wicii J^Q.,m| ji „„,il, laiitmlo.
Kaintftliatka Is a great jK'iiinf.ila, uIuiIu'Mi'ikIs iVoin Nurih tn Sontli aluuit fc-
li'Tifs ihirly mimitis. It is disiiKd ii\ii> tour tlilliivis, I'l/lilk'nlk, 'I ii,^!!-
K.rilH.ll, Nmliiu'i nr l'pj)i.i' kamiU liaikui Ollrug, aiul rsi.liiui ur l.owir
VOIl ill
lk;ii.
K„n:iUatk«'i Olirug
MoiNTAiNs.] I'Ik- principal iiU)iuUaiiis aro Caiicafus in Cirrallia ami lhi.|V
(t laurus and Ararat fo contimioiis to it, tliat llii-y apjJiar like a conlinuatinn nt
laini' nuii
mlaiii, wliii ii crolirs all Alia, tVom Muni;rv.lia 10 llu' I
llilk'
nd th
iiii'iin
Si AS
it;iins ot'Stulp, in iIk- Nurtl
llaU- arc i1k' rro/iii Ocoaii, llic I'aiitii' On'an, and iIk- ("afpia'i Si-n
..niRs"! IIh" ])rini'ipal ri\cis aro, llic \\ uli;a, wliiih run-, a courlc vt two
llmuranil mill's ; tlu- Obv, wliich diviilis Afia iVtun I'.nropi- ; tic I ahol, Irtis ,Gc-
iil-i or .Kiilka ; ill'.' liinianipiioti-r, tlu- Lena, and the Ar/^un, v. Inch divides the
Ri.lii.in and C'liiiu'fe empires.
AiK, CI. IMA rK, sol!., ( liie air n| ilii.s counlry is \ery diilermt, by ri*afon of
AM) I'RoDi cm:. J its vail extent Ironi north to ruith ; the northern parts
hini^ heviind the arctic polar circle, and the roiillierii being in lj»e lame lavi-
r.'rii
tutle,^
With Sjtain, Franci-, llaK, and pari ot' 'I'urkev
4 'i' ^
Nova
69a
T A R T A H Y
I V
ASIA.
Nova /i<inl)ln, ntui RulliuM I.nplMiul, art* ni'>(l (iruonifiirttihU- rt'){ti)iin ; the cnrlli,
whi» li it iiivori'il with Iudw nine iHiiiillis in llii" yi-ai, l)i'injr cxtri'iiu'ly iKirrcn, iind
rvi'iy wlurc ii)ttiiul)ort'tl wiili uiiwlKilcfiitnc Minrllua, uniiiniibiii'd inoiintuiDi, ami
Impi'iii'tiahli' tliiikiu'lU's. I lie cliiiiiKc ot Siluriu is cokl, but tlu> air wiiri' uml
wholcfomo I aiul Mr. rooki.- dbfervos, that its inhubitniilN in ail pniUaliilio wduIiI
]ivc Id an i-xtri'iiu- dIiI a^>', it tlu y witu imt fo nuiili addiftid to Ipiriliiouh li(|ii(irs.
Sil)i'ria produn'n ry»', oali, and harky, almoll t«i ilu mili dcj^rio ot nnrilKrii lu>
titiuK'. C\tl)l)a^i'.s, radillu'), turtii|);<, .nid iiu 1 iiliiii, tlirivc hero lidcral>ls woll :
but iVnrci'ly any otla-r prvcui. All ixpuriiiuuts t(» hriiiu Iriiii irocn to lu-ar, have
liiili.ilu proved vain : Imt iIuto is rcafon to hiliivi- tliul iiulullry and [)atiriict'
may at kii;^ili ov» rimui' tin- rtuknil's ot the i limalc. Currant;! and lirawhcrriii
ot" fi'\iral Inrts ari- laid to grow licrc in a>. great ptrtrctiun as in the I'.ngiilli
gardi'iis. Merits, i\.i well iiiedieinal as eoi.nnon, together witli various ediblo
tools, are fouiul very generally l\ere ; hut there arc no been in Liberia. Allra-
tan, and the (nulhern pans ot' I'artary, arc cMreniely terlile, owing more to
nature than indutlry. '1 he parts that .ire cultivated pri>duie i\eellenl truits ot d-
nutll :ill til" kinds known in l'".u;ii|n', efpxially grape.i, wliieh are reckoned tlii'
lai^ell aid liiuil in the sMirld. 'I'heir fuinuiers are very dry 1 and tV.imthe end ur
)iily to the begimiinK ot (Jctober, the air is nollered, and the foil Contetinics luiiied,
l)\ meredilili' i|uaiuliies .1* lociilU. Mr Bell, who traNelled with tlie Uiillian aiii-
balliidiir to Cliiiia, reiuvleiii^ Come parU ot 'laitary as delirjible and teitile coun-
tries, the gral\ ,i^ro.\i,ig Ipontaneonlly lu an ama/ing lu'igh* I lie country of
'lliibet I-, the highell in Alia, and forms a poition ot iliat elevated region, which
gives rit'o to tiic rivers of India and China, and thole ot' Siberia and other parts
of 'I'artary.
Mi.iALs ANi> MiNi.rt Ais] It is faid tliat Siberia comains mines of gold,
filver, copper, iron, Jafj)er, lapis la/iili, and loadlbmcs; a fort tif large teeth found
here cieaies difpute among tlio naturalills, whether tlicy belong to elephants or
filhes.
land
Animals] Tbefe are canuN, dromedaries, bears, wolves, and all tlie other
;ind amidiibicus animals that are (oiiii.ion in the northern i)arts of \
h
Mirope
The horfes are of a good li/e for the faddle, and very hardy ; as thev run wild till
they are five or lix years old, tiny are gem rally headllrong. Near Allraian there
is a bird called by the Kullians /".//i,;. of a grey colour, and fomething larger than
u fwan ; he has a broad bill, under wliicli hangs a bag that may contain a (piart or
more ; he wades near the edt^e of a rivii, and on feeing a Ihoal or try of fniall fillies,
fpreads his wings and tirives them to a Ihallovv where he gobbles as manv of tliein
jis he can ])ut into his bag, and then gning alliore, eats them or carries them to his
an.
young. Some travellers take this bird to lie the pelic
The forelh of Siberia are well liock' d with a sarietv of animals, fome of which
aire not to be found in other countries. Ihefe fupply the inhabitants with food
and cloaihs ; anil, at the fame time, t'uriiilli them with commodities for an advan-
tageous trade. Siberia may be conliderid as the native country of black foxes,
fables, and ermines, the Ikins of whiih are Kiperior to thofe of aiiv part of the
world. Ilorfes and cattle are in great plenty, and fold at low pi ices.
The Bos grunniens of l,inna.-us, or gr'mtn.g ox, whiili inhabits 'i'artarv and
Thibet, hath a tail of uncommon beauty, t'ull and ii.twing, of a glolly and lilU
texture. Thefe tails are a conlidv'rablc article ol exj,.)rtaiion fiom ■|liil)et. Ilu;
Indians faften fmall bundles of the hair to ,, ha-idl'', nlil( h thes ufe tor llv-llaps ;
the ChiiK'fe dye tufts of it with a beauiifil fe:iri,:r, to cU\:oiate their caps, and the
Turks employ it as oniameius to their Uaudaids-, by I'ome er.oneoully called
hurfu-tails.
I'o
fv-
T A R T A R Y
I N
ASIA
<93
PoFCtATiON, iNiiAiiTAKTti, MANNRHi, ) Wi.' «iin fiirm no prolinhlc con-
( CttOMI, UlVr IttloNt, AND l>KI.<lt.
jiiliiro iiH tit tlu- imiiilar of the
hiihiliitWN lit riirlar) ; but fruni man) Liri.iinilt;itU(H tlity an- lur rriiii\ l>(.-iii)( |i
111-
ro-
tidiiiil Id ill i-xU'iil. Tboy arc, in ^iiuial, ^\r(<t\^^ made, Umit nieii ; tlic-ir faiit
(triiad. 'h« ir wnfvt tiattiHi, ttu-ir vycs triiall anil l)lut.k, litil vtry i^uick ) their Itcardt
nn* fcnici.!) viliblo, U!t tlik) toiitiiuiaHy ihin tluiii \>y pulling iiii the h:iir> hy
the ri)ii!
I lie I • iiiiy ol'tho Cinanian women i« n )ia|ilc loniiiindity ; T r iiarcnis niakc
no fcruplj III llinu tlieit thiiiuhleii In rcrniil llu I'liajjlins, nr ralhir LmiHs, of
the (juiit nun ()t"luilkey ainlT'eiliu. 'lheyii,e piirelt.iUil, whin jouiig, hy mer-
t'liants, niul ta. ^ht fiicli aeioinplil) icnta at> fuit their (apuiititii to rentier th
em
in(
ire vahiahle ;i 'linft the (ln\ ot liil
Anortliiij{ I Air. Iriite, tl.cCirt. uan \V(»inen are extremely well lliaped, witli
r\cee«lii g Kne fi aliires. finuotl', clear eomplexiuiih, and heiuitirul bliu k even, w iiieh
with their black hiir haugini; in two treO'est, one on em h fule the I'aee, ^ive them
a moll lo\rl\ appenrame. tlicv wear a hhu k ^ if on lluir heaiU, envried wilh i\
liiu* white cloth lieil under the chin. During the lummcr they all w 'Ur only a
Inn
ariuent ot i!ivu'» «ol"\ns, epei. f" low bilori, lh;if (
•lie ma) Ke beliiw tlmr
navels : this, wilh llu!r bcauiit'iil i,u es alv .■;. s iiiuovtred, '.oniraiy to the i nlloni
(if nii'ft of the oth( r pruvioees in thi '\ parlii), theii |,'i«id Uumoiir and live!) treedoiii
rfation, lontributes to rt iider ihi m very drliral.l< • they ha\e the r. puta-
in i<>n\'»
in (I' hi. ed poml ot Kodd manners aiiuiiiif
• ■ •• til ■ • ■
lien (if being very ihalle, allhdujjl
tliiMi, that IS fdon as an) p' rfoii loires t'l lp> ak I < ilic wife the hnlband gius out
(if the houfc. 'Ilieir language liuy h.^ve i,i t.on)'.;!(iii wliii i! • otli. r neighboiirinif
Tartars, although the elm i' pei'ple .di'iig them are alfo luu igiMrant dl the Rul-
fian i the ap|)arel df die men ot ("Ireallia is much ilu '.'ame with that of the Nagay-
1 tl' !'■ eliaks being liki wile of coarVc
with a llring. and as thev arc
un-;. iinly tiieir taps are iomeilni
rgi
Ml I
tlolli or lluep-fkiiis, are fi'lleiied onl;. ai ihe
nnt lar^^e I'liough to cover tin wliule biidy, tl.i . lurn I'.iom r> uiuT according lo the
wind and wealiier.
Ill
I'he laiiars are in general j;ieat wanderers ; in tlnir pt reg:l;ialioiu liny fet out
body biing Ik- ,iieinly n,oo . Mreeeded b\ their
tlie fi
.ring
nd h
tl
leir nuniher in nn
Hoeks and herds. VN hen they i onie to an iiui'.i.g fpot, the) live upon it till th
verdine is (onfimied, 'I In \ have liitle nidiicy, ( sn pt what lluv ^et tVom tlieir
hliiiiirs the Kii dans, I'erliaiis, (r I'urks, in exchange tor callle ; wilh lliis they
iin
Hiiiluife cloth, Inks, lluirs, ;.nd o'
ipjiarel lor iheiv \\v<men.
11
ie\ ha\e t
ew
nu> • .inics, e.M ept ihiife wlio make amis. 'Ihcy avoid ill labmir as ihe grtaUll
llavery; their only employnieni is leuding ihiirliiuks, huniing, and maiiai;iii
tlieii l.i.ifts It iliey aie angry with a [lerfon, they wilh he ni.iy live in one tiw
3
iihiee,
nd woilv liki: a Kuliian. An
tl
enili
.St!
are 1(
aiu
lext
remelv
iiofpi'abli- to Ihav'^ers and travehei ., ulio eonhileniiall. put ihemfelves uiuler their
I (itviiion. 'I hi) are naturally ^^ an eaf\ »luart'il • ipei, always difpofed to
iiuii;hti!, .md f'(l<(.;i Ut prelVed with ca-eor nudaiuiiol) . Ihere is a lining refem-
I'l. : I e hi twci 1. theiionluiii and indi pendent i'urtars and fnme nations of Ca-
in .North Amrrica ; p.irlicularly, v.lun any of their pe ip!e are iiilirm through
e, tl.i v I'lakc a fmall hut
ii.i'
gn..! agi". orfeizidwith dilleniper^ mkoned inen
le paiient . var foiiie riwr, in wlmli Tuey leave hii.i with lome provilions, and.
or never return to \ilii him. C i luch occa; iiis thev fay they do their pa-
ri i. Is , good titlice, in fending iluiii to ,i In'tter w rUl. Notwiihrtaiuling th
iii.i.iy naiiiiiis of tin larKas, ifjicially towards the fi.iith, arc tractable,
ind It ft eptible lit iiioi > and \itluous li ntimeiUs. 'their atfection for
ti.u; lathers. .:i.d their fubiiii'.lioii lo tlu ir authonly, caimut be exceeded i and
this.
<>14
T A M r A U \ I
\ S I A
l>ii. Diilitf qimttly ntliliul Ixvo hiif tliOini'iiilliiil llu'm in all uj(>'« lliltur^ IctUiu,
lli.it Miiriii<, kiMj; i>» IVili.i, li,i\iii); iii\ .i'ImI iIp iii w iili ,il| lln t..it ft iil hit t'liipii. ,
iiiol ihr .S> \ llnaii^ n liiiii^ lit liltir mi)l iillli , l).iiiii , I. iil .tn aiiiliiiflit«l>ii Ih iK iii.iiiij
ulu'ii' ii WHS ilii-y itrii|Mi|ttl |i> iniii Imtc llnir itlitiir, uixl wluii llu-y iiilfiiilnl |.|
Imi»iii fij'hihn' rlifv rt'tiininl liir aiilwi'i, "I hat tli \ li.itl icniiii . or ntlliviit 'it
tirliU, hir i)i> ili'I'i'iu I' III wUn li till \ llmnil ^Im liini li.itlK , Imi v«|u n mtt c lu' witi
iiMiit' til thi |il.M . fiMlhii l.iilii r^' iiiiiiiiiiiK'iiH, iu' IImuiM llii'it iiiultrllaiiil in \s\m
iiiatiiii I till' St tlliiaiit iilitl |i) li;;lit "
rh>' I'iiriarH ate iiiiitnt to liMtri'iiMi)llii|> iVitiit lli> ii inlaiit v ; lluv ti'Moiii a|itH'iir
")i tiini. I ht'\ an' ili'MiDii'i ill lli<iiiliiii> al a iitaik, ii)l>Miiii> li lli.il .1 lariar, wtiilt-
ill lull ^alli'ii, \mII I|iIii a |iiili' wlili an aiiuw, llioii^;li al >i > onluli lalilf tliilaiiic.
I lif ilrrl'-. I'l llir nil II ii \iiv liiii|i!i', ami Ml j.a .Uli.ui , il ^iiniall) umiIiIIs ot j
r Ikm, Ills 111^ iliv' liii iMiiwaiil,
lliiiii
I'll
I, Willi •lati.txv III > \i', iiiai
IK
li.' Ill lU
liovvlcr't aitil Imit' hI llu' lanu' kiinl til (kin, Imlli <il mu' |iivti', ami ti){lil to ili,
liihli. I Ik* I. mars li\i' in lull. Iiall' liiiik iiiulrr f;iiiiiiuh tli' v liavc a lire in llu
niiilijli', mill a tmli- in tlu' tup In Id nitl llir Ininki', .tml luiu lii -• loiiiii! tlu' liu- i,,
III III lit' ii|i.<ii I Ins |. rill'. 1(1 Ik- ill. I .iiiiiniiii nil iliiiil 1)1 living aniniin all iju'
III itlinii ii,ili.>iis, Iti'tii l„i|i|,iiiil r.illu.inl III ilic l.i|i,iiii !>' nil .iir In lli> i'Munu
ii'>tilu'in prnt iiiit*^, timing llw wlnhr, cu'iy laniiU Imrinw^ itl> It tiinlir ;;iniinil ;
ami \>t' arc Inlil, lliat In fiiiiatil.' ate liny in lluit ilit|i>ilitinns, lli.il lli>'\ iii.ikc I'ul
li'iiaiirniis rninniiiiiit alimis with cat It nllui , In llial tlicv niav ln' l.iiil In Ii
i<
u' in ail
in\ iiil'lc ( it\ . 'I III I .III,
.III'
mill' >il> Mil K Imiil nl llnllc Iil ill, I ill! t i.illv In 1 1
tniii^, ,111(1 a little t.iiiili il, \%liicli iiiaki -• till il ( aliiiis i'Mrciiu'l\ ii.iiiltniiH. i )inii<>l)
Imrli'-llclli lu- prcfcrri'tl raw li\ Inmc iinrtlicrn Irilus, ilic nciural way nrciitiii)' it \^
after it Itah Item rninkcil and ilrit i|. 'Ilic r.ir|ai> (mrcliarc tin ir wim •« with lattU',
In Ih
ir nianiitrcs tlu \ aif iml wr\ (Iilnalc
l.itili
nr III) (hlh ii'iuc i> III, Ilic Ix
IWi'i'ii the I li:lil nf ,1 iniii iihiiii' or llavi', ami th.il i<\ the wile , hut .iiiiiiiii^ tin hi .uj.,
Ill" trilto the will \ ("nil isalwa\s picfcrnil to the hm cirinii, Alter a wile isturiinl
ol r<Mv the is nnphiyeil in menial ilnliesii.H anollu'r (VrvanI, and an fmh iiititl attend
ihe ymint; wit'c who Ciut ceils to lier plaic i nnr is it inn niiiinnii, in Imne nl the
HUM.
I>,nl<
111 tiiht s, lni' a lather In 111,111) h\> i>\mi ilaii>^hi
ihe (h'i'i . lul.'.iits nt llie nl<l iiiii,i!'ii,iiil < nt' .Siliei ia are llill nmll nl iheiii iilulatcrs.
Till y liinlitl nt main iiatimis, entirel) dil'erin^ iiniii i ,ii li nthi r in their in, inner nf'
liviti;^, reliijinn. Inn);iia',',e, ami t niinlcnaiiies. Hut in liii> they aj^rei , that imiie nt'
ih
«'i!l UlllnW ii-l
iiiiltiie, w'inli i^ I .irried nii |i\ tniiu' 'I'aitiir tiih
lliul'i' I i»n. tied tn I'hiiiiiaiiitv . A f 'W nt llieni hued »attl>
Uellv
nd ntlieis tnlli
hinifilt!'. The pnj'.ilatinii III' Siheria has Ihvii nun h initialed liiiei ilheiaiii
KlKl
lan i,r"\ i!u '
tnr t.ii
Uri
iiaiii have Iniiin
led I'
i\V
e ;i
leieiii a iiiinilier el tnwiis, lor-
ireire.s and \illai;e». Nnlwithll'indin^ wliieh il pu I'eiits Imt a veid ami deli ri vi.wj
liiut.', ,'iv its iv.iiit it is vnp:;l>ii m' I'uppnninj^; 1. \eial inilliniis iimrc than it ,it pre-
■'•i^iujj In the
I' nt rnnfatiii
For il
I' ii',;innei:
li I 'itl'iiis nt' tlu nilu r Tarlats In I
Iviiiliaii empin", wr rei'T !■» oui .ii i niiiii nt thai miiiitr)
K
Kl. If.HIK
I'h'" relixi'iM nt'the Tartar-, is \aiinii(|y nmdili 'd U\ that nl' i!
leir
nclghlvniirs ; till' it partakes nt the Malmimlan, ilie (leiitnn, thi- (;iv»lv, ainlivcn
Vw.
I'nl.ill
I reii'M'iiis.
.Si nil' ot I
leiii are iitnl, tiers,
lid \\>e ihiii little riiiK
muii'i .
dielii'd nil in r
,I"S.
I'.ai h l;a . liis n\vii deits, uiihwh'im he
luak
matters do not m> ai mrdm
ml
cs veiv Iree v. Imi
IIS 111
iiiil.
The Cirealli.niis .•'»v
I'
t.'i iintwithlt.nulin;; ilev ul'e i ireiiim ilinii, tli, \ Ii,
I'.vei) li.ids hell nil. ! . his i.wn laeriiiv.
plcafin ■, ror\\liiili, Iiowcmi, he li.is lertain il.iss, i llahhlh d latln r liy euii
ncitlier prijfi, aicnian, or iiu'Ii
tl
lan aii\ p.ilitne e
iiiii
iiand : their in ■tir.ile.iin lairiliic is nlleied al the d alli i<t'
their ncaicll iViciids, upon which luiiifi m If/ih .u ii a.ul wmuich iiieei in tiie li. M
« lu
T A K I A N Y IN A S I A.
^S
V* W |>r> T> itl 1)1 ifi'* oiVi riiu;, \«lii< li i^ II li>- i;'int t niid tinvliiK killtil il, llii s lliiy il,
,\-m\ llri'l' Il ill' ll^iii VMili llic It' .mI iiihI liiiiht iin, ii|iuii a k t> !> ill llii' lii|t i>\ ,% Imig
l> Ji , III. II I il I i>iiiiii)iiil\ in a i|nii ll'ii In <l^l■, (Id k> ■ |i iIk' i iiMIi' Imiii ii , iiml i\^,>v
ill. |il.ui' llii' fill rill. I' i<i iitl*i>t| It) l)iiiliii|( uimI nulliii); ill'' Hill), wliitli llu) nI**
ii iwiimU t'lit. \\ til II till' ImiA Wmvi'I, iIiv iiiii) rilr. iiikI I iimii^ |iiii*I iln ir tulo*
III ill! iVin, .iiul iiiiitl> liii'^ trrt.iiii |irii\irH, llu- wiiiiu n williilutw, .iikI lli.
t .'iiiii
II'
It I Mill luil> llu titrninhv uiili llllllkltl^ II iiri'iil i|tiuiilil; nl iljili Sll.i , UII>1 iilu n
V iili II i|ii.irii I
It'll llu Kli;;i'iii iiiul ^'M\( mill lit nf' ilii- kiii|{iti)m nfriiilii'i. iiii'l LifTii, n \i\tf^c
li.iil III liirliii), liiiriti riiit( ii|Miti (liiiiii, iitc moll wurlli) ff ^iili'iilinli, 1 lie lliiU •
liiii^ iirt' |>,HVi'riiril liy tin (ttiitul l.iiiiiN. nr Driiii liiin.i, uImi i« tlul mily fiiliiiiilli'il
t ., .itiil ii'liiK il liv ill' III. I>iil It .ill'i ill ,i> III iiliji I lit .)il<it.iii"ii liii tin N.iiioiii
I ,'.i , III I II ,l<ll' tl t .ill.ll-i, \nIii I". nil llll^l|^t) iIk' v. ill lll'l I I t "lilil.i III uliii II
l.u 11 III' . 1111111 till' Itiiiiktiirilii \\ "t:;iii III Knrrii <>n llir I'lii i<l Ji'|i.tii, I h' l< ii.it milv
llu rnvrri'i^ii |Hiiilill. iIm' vi) <'^i'r> III nl' llic l)iiiy mi riiillii Imt, a> l\i|iiilliliitii i.s
,v( I llu llii'iij'i'll wlirrr it is iiH'll ri'iiH'Mil Imm its iil>j« I'l, lli- lunio ivmnU 'laf-
Lii-, ..'ilnliH' I' ti j;.inl liiii ;is llii' l)iii> linnrill, 'llu ) Icli' \i- liini Id he jui-
f (111, 1 1, iiml 1 ni|ii\s I I Will, .ill km w I' il;;i iiiiil vittnc j.vriy \i " '''♦',' idiiu' m|i lii'iil
•lilli nnl |i<irl>, !<• \viiril,)|i iiml iii.>k«- lu li ■illrnii;;s iil lii-< llnint ; i m n ilu' k iii|Hiiir
i.i ( liitiii, ^^ll•• i> II MiiiuliDii TorLir, (Iihh imi linl in lu kMii\\Ki|;;i)u iits lu tmn ii»
III'. r> t';',i<)i>' • •>|")^ i'S lti""K'i ''"' l.iiiiwi i> tiilmt.irs In tlu (M|uii.r, iiiut actiiiillv
I nil (l.iii'N. ill .» >;ri ill < * |«ii' •'. i" tlif [lal.u r i
I I'l ki
iiiu, an iiili I iiii l.,t I il, <!i iiuti .1
I'
iii'ijl III '
liK iiiiiM ill iniiii I lull. I 'llii i>|>ini<>ii i>l tlinir w Im air njniUd t
tliiiil'is aiiii'iiu lli«' I liilii tiaiii i-<, tli.il win ii tin- <iiaiiil l.iiiiia lit in. to iltr, litl
nl nlil iif;( iir iiiliniiilv, l>ii» rmil in laCt mily «|tiil<> ii itii/\ lialiilatitiii, Id lonk I
I'.iii
urMin
nr
tlirr ^llull^l I <ir In Mir, .iiul it \^ ilifi dm ri'tt a^ain in tin lioilt nl Imiiii i Juiil, liv
li.krii'< kiiiiVMi I'lilx III ilii' l.iiiKK I'l |>iirli ., ill wliii 11 onli 1 lu' alwav . ii|i|
n-arn,
II'.
Ill l''7-^ 'I'*' (iti*i<*l I. ill! I'l Wiik iiii iiil.int, \\ llii 1 1 liail lu i n ilil'\ii\tmi tntin' inin.' I
lure h\ till' TiiMiilniD l.niiia, wlni in .iuiIidhi) ami laiiciily d iliaraklri is lu'si lo
llu (ii'inni l.aiiiii, iiikI (lining liis iiiinniily tuts i\» iliiil'. 'llu- l.niiiis, wlintiirtn
ll.c tit'll iiiiiiii rntis, as Will .i> lln' mull powrilnl ImuIn in the ll.it..', Iiavi' tin' piii li
iiiii'it I ' t>'> l> m till ir liaiiih i iiml, Ik lull ^, Ml np iu.iii\ muuallik nnlii ., wlinli
»n' li' 111 III lii^'-'iil v< iii'iiilioii iimi'ii^ llnni. lln n li(I> in r nt' tli (>t.'iinl I. .una is at
I'atnli, a ^all jiiilin i' on a niDnni.iin in .ii iln- li.inks nl tin.' Itnrr:iiiipuii|i i, al'init Irv. n
mil'-, riuiii I. .ilia. I III' I'.n^lilli 1 .ill linlia (nmpaiiy niiiiU- ii tnaly with {\,^.• L.mi.i
iiii"".(* 'lln i< lif;iDii nl I liil'i I, tlniii};li in m.niN nlpnliil ililKi . In. in lliui
(if i'lc liulian lUaiiiih'', M't in olluis lia-i a >;itat .iliinity in il. I lir 'ILidtliaiiv
ha'., a I'jciit MliiTiiliDii liif tlif I nw, ;nnl .iUd Iii;;IiK rrfpiil tin.' w.iUn i.|' |
(i;iiii.'i
tin- innrtr i>l wlinli llnv Inlii \r Id lie in Inavin. I lu' .Sniiiiiall.
-r 1 1
,1.111 |ii!<'iiiMs. iittcii vilit lliilu-l .is at) Imly |)!iut', iind tin- latini aUviivs i'iiti.'riaiii
|i. (ly III IW" nr till' <' liihiilii'tl in lii . pa\ . Ili liil li: . nli^i'.tr. inllinni •' iitnl .-n
thi'Utv, tin.- (Iiiinil l.um.i rii|«M ^ unliinilril pnwi r l!ii"M;;lnnil Ins il nniniuii., wliii.li
i\<: \»rv i-Mi'iiliM'. iiinl II" •» l» '" l'"''ij;al.
,\iiiiilii'r i» liniDii, wliiili is Miy picMilnil amnii;; tin- Tartars, is tluit of Silia*
liu. Mil ptiililiDis lit tlis ri'lieiiuis li'ct luli(.';i' in nin' liipn-iin- (nnl, ll
•;ilii
I ri.ilii nl'iill lliin;;s.
IIUN I
K'lll Vf
'!i'
10
It In- I
usi s III . I M'.itiDii, ainl all Ins i riMtiiroi
ili;il Ia kiiuW'' i'\< r\ lliiii^, ami i'. .ill pDWiilnl, Imt ll.. i In- jiay, nu allcntiyn to
ll.c iKirmiilar iutitms nt mcii, Inin^ too ^nat tur tin m Id Lc ubic lu ollcnd ut
• llr i.ut 111 FVlUmiolf.i, wliiili roinniaiidfil the |>iliiii|i,il isif ilimitnU thr rl.lf.e of (he OooMn
,i.Mii.'..,n», rtuMjkrnl'V tlonu l>y l.lJH.lll» Ji lu», ill 17:1, ;iiul tlu' fiiiliv uf tllill Xl^li'lt lunle the Thi.
UiMiit tuc tur hmx.
pleaf*
*90
r A U I* A R V
I n
A K 1 A.
picuft- him. Dm iWy •Ifn mHlotuht, ihiil Ibo .Su|ir.'ru(> HciM|{ h«» (livuKtl tin' go.
VcrnnMrnl ol' ihi' Murlil, iiml (h>- ililtuty of tncM, ititiunij u i^rv.)! miriilvr ol' (itlxilh rii
divlnltli'i, uiiiKr hit I oinntiiiKl atwl uMiintl, l»iil mIio iicvl ulu't^rt Kmcrully ufl ut-
(•inliiiK lo llit'lr DMii l.iiKU'4 t niul rlurclork' tiiiMikiinl (miiint <lil|)>-r)(V wiih ulitig
«tl ihi- iiu'itrH iti iht'ir piiwi-r fit olMuiiung lln'ir I'uvtuir, Itu-y lik, 'wiU (^^l}\H)^\■,
thill, lor ilic iiioit purt, thvl'i* iiil't'ri<»r (U-iiii.'« alKMiiiiitiif unci |>iiiitili prtimffiutiil
>ill:iiiiv, rr.iiiil, ami trtullv. 'l\u) tiro till tiritil^ ik il'itiitli il ut m riiltirc txilUiu^',
btit llu'v ttikvf iiiiiiiv l\i|ii>rilitiiiii<i iioiiiitii mill piaitin <. Aiiumi^ all llu' St liiiinuiua,
mMiii't) tin* I'otititlirt'tl tu Ik iiigi xillty iiilirinr Id nun, iiiul arc ili<)(i(;hl (<• h(i\i<
I'li-M tri'iiic'l oiilv I'ltr ik'ir iViiriial pIs.iUuk-, l<) |K'iiplf lla- Morlil, uiitl lo liHik uftir
hiiur>-liii|it !illtiir<: niiJ in ioiilt'ipK-itvi' ol lIuU* prinupKi, llif) ttrv tri-uicil wiili
fk vi-ritv or K'urciiiiii,
l.k ARNiKO ! ihi> Ti'tuU'r ma) lu> fiirprtl'iHl lo ilitd thii arlulc in riifukiiig <,(
1'tirtarii i )i'l iiolltin^ ii iimro iiMlain lliaii tli.it, iiiulii /{lll^i> Kliuii and Tutiivrluiu,
mid ihcir curly di-l'cviidiinti, Alluuaii ami ilic iiv'i|;lil)ituuiig ioiiiitrlci m n- ilu'
liutH ol' li-ariiii)({ a« Wi'll iit cinpirv. ,MiHliiii tii\i>iy, lii' it i-vcr fo Ipli'mliil, lull,
Ihoii iitilii' in.i({nit!icMn' III* tli'il |>iiiut'.i and Inni' rvniiiiii'^ of llii'lr lull*' in artjii.
Irvliiri'iirt' liillr^ Mill, lull in IpotH lo di'lolati' lliai tiny atv alninl) iiiuiii'ildilc. Ihc
riu'i>iira)(i'im'nt III liMinin^ \v.i> till' lirll tar«*ol ilic priiui-, ami it wu^ ((I'luriilly
(iilil\aii-il l>y lii<i own rtlaiions or iiriiuipal Krandctii. 'Iluy wroii- in ilu' IVrluiii
il /Vraliii tonuint; and ihi-ir liillorict, in.ni) ol' vvliiili arc Hill cMmit in lumm-
iim
;,i
liripl, larry witn lluni tlir llron^rll niaiks o| iiutliviitii ily
(iRioii MM { Till It' .iri' loniprolunilid in llu- ninaini ot' the l)tiildiii)rn Ict'l
by ihi- al)ovi' iiifnliotud ffnat ioiii|iii'roM«and lluir rnmllor*. KiinaiiiK ot'ilitciict
ami rainpartH an- trciiui'nily nu-t with.^wliiili lurrlol'ori' ciilicr furrouiulcd town*,
now iiuiti' drii)olilhi-(l, or diUndrd i atnpi, t'orl», or lalllii, tlu' vi Ilij^iN ol' vvlmli
i\rc oficn to Ik' dilioviTi'd, 'llu' llalnuU', or Tarlarian fiil)iirl> o|' kalnnot'
"11 (111-
Olia, I'lriiw to have hcin tlu- rcrnlriui- ot' a khan In lIu' iniilll ui' ilu.' rmiu of
lli.it Illy i« n round nml rloviU'd tovvi-r, iallid in lluir lan^iiajjc Mijijim, n I'ort ii|'
Ifinplo, I lin- art- ull'i) llic remains ot tliv NvalUol'a pal.ue, ami in mu-ot' itu m.i.
Cints, ot Inirial plaik's, ii u vi'r\ ionluK'ral)!i inanloli'uin, iill \\lnili i-dilins aic
bni't 111 lu'wn llom- and brnkv I'Voin an Araldi iiil'i lipii.ni \m' Karii, thai tlu' kliin
,Srli:i};ali \*as huMid tlnH' in llu- i/wd yi ar ol tlir linjiia, or llic ijictli ot ilu-
('hiiriiiin ara. Near Mount Canial'iin an- llill viry ionluK'ral)ii,' rcinaiii!! o|' Miuj.
fi li;ir. a nirlirntid cily ol'l. rn.iT tiim-s. N'l-ar IXrhi iil arc niniuiniis iond)>no\irri|
will) I \ litiiliii .'il lluiu s, I'M I'l'iiii)^ till' iil'n.il ll.itiiiv- ot nu'H, vviili Aialiii' infiriplioiii.
Id till' I iniintiN of" Allr.n .in thi' ruin- "t am ii m AlUai iin are very >ilil)le ; niui iju:
rnlil)ilh u>id ranuMrts of' another 1 1 ■roetlahK town llill » .\ill near T/.uit/
1
ill
<iii, mi
the left lliore of the \N ol);a. A liitU' helow the ntoiilh of the Kama whieheinpius
iti'i It'ini" the ahove nii nlioiud ii\ir, au- inanv fii|)A rli nionnnienti ot'the aneieiit ciiV
lkil;»:nia, lonl.lliii;^ ot loui-rs, itinlnMi's. hoiiles ai.il I'epiili liie». .ill huili ut' lloiic i.c
hrii L I he olil. Il ipitnpiiN l..i\v hi i ii there more th.ni eleven eeiiliiries, and
the mnit nioilern at le. Il to ir li'.iidrid yvais. Not t.ir troin luiue, tm tlie It'elic-
reintlihain, a little rivir ihut rini* into the Wolira, arer>'und niiiis foniewh.ii
iTic
iiiiirc
injurid hv the d^ pred.ilioi % i>| tii.ie: tlu'y are iTic.lV of lloiils uht, an aiuii.,it ;iii(l
very lonlider.ilili' uty ot' t!ie linl|ianaiis. The '^alta^^ li.ive eucled up mi it> lite
.the liiiail town ot hilwiiilk
In the forlrefit ut kaian is a niumnmnt ot' the .iiu i'lit I'urtaiian kiiigd iin ofihut
iiatiie. Its lot'tv walls ate lo hioad, rliat ihey Trve .it piel'nt I't iain,.ai|>: tlio
tiiiret> ot which, aswilitii the old p.il.u.i. ot ihe kLin, au IVihl m| hewn lione.
Ai'cemlin^j the liver kiiianha, wi mr< t vsiiii the lironi^ ia.iipait.'> ol the oid kaUii.
Ncur the Uula uic cvihctiiie* lull ot imuinieiahle inUiipiioii'^, and Icvcial I' [iii|.
7
UiKli
T A K r A K Y IN A .1 I A.
tt till' Rrt"
(ulittlurii
|v uft at-
fiij»|)<il'.',
\t i(t linvf
uud wall
teaking (if
'uiiu'rlaiu ,
;ii(lul, lull«
k in Hrclii-
llihlc. Mio
iIk' l't.iii;iii
I ill iituiu-
lililingi Icl't
iiUd losvni,
.'N of vstiuli
not", im llic
iliL' riiitit <if
ir, 11 t'lrt iir
c III ttu ma-
(.'(.liliiiii arc
At il\o kliiin
oili ot'ilio
N Ol Milll-
>->iii\ori'tl
firi|)liiins.
; aii'l tliu
tlit/lll, nil
1) I'lllptict
nciciiuikV
t' li'UIC of
iiriis, iihil
\\w \k\w
wll.lt llldK"
lAiviit mid
<\\ hi liio
.11 1> ; the
icwii itoiiv.
t>ul kaUt).
\cial r \n:\-
t.liui
6fff
ritrni voult*. 'I In
r«m|>«rl« of Nilxr, lh« niirti^nl t A|iiul ul' Turinrv, nrc Ailt fwvi)
uhoiii lolhtliV upon ihr Irlifili. 'I he I'tl'iy wulU ul rmtloiirn tt|»|tr(ir y^l In llti*
Jlitrilm, M lillU' fftilf i)f ihf liver Out ^ ami tu-ar llif iMoittli of iIk* f)urttt iir>* it.^
tlitilic* ofllu- liiv Snrnlfiltik. Thfrc nii> mlicr rtiiiu in .Silu-riui mxl ilu' dt It rl ul'
Kicx'ii* uhouiiilt III ri'lit'« III' i)|iiil< III I iiii-« H<iiiik' ^oW un<l lilvcr luiii* Imvt; Itfcit
f.ikiiiil ihcre, willi ffvernl mtiiiulVri|ti« lu-tiily wrilivn, wliiih Wfru tnrricd lo IV-
t> rllttirg, In 1710 ihi-n' wrrv r»umt in Kuliiuu: Ttiritiry r raliicrruiu-'ni* houlw dI'
(loiii-, l»mi* iiriw, Itittipii, niul cnr rin^;*, iiii i'i|iii'l)rian lluiiic, iiit Oriental prime
Willi II iliii'U ill nil liii hi'Uil, lw<i witiiu'M r>al«it 011 llir *ii>«, uiitl A roll •>( iiiaiiii-
(1 rittU, wliuli wii« r>'iit liy IVli r llif (trial lo llu' Ai adiniv <il Infi ripltuii« »l
I'urit, ami tiroMtl tnU' in llie lungiin^o ul Ihilici, Atioiil Ho niiK'% I'roiii l^tU
i\ llu- liike i'lilti', iir Jnngfit 1 of futli ixlenl, niAordiiig ti> llic iiuii>\-«, lluil it re
\ti-% 18 «luv» lo wnik round it. In the niidilli' of it iiri- illinul
««nk'
«i|' wllik ll \i
llii' fenl "f ilie l.ami^i Trnxfifiii, or llie ijri'.// (nj/i/iTr//.', in wl">in the 'I 'iilivii.itu
lliiiik II diMiH' fiiiiii iiiluihiti iiH in llie (ireal l.aitiu. I lie iiuniitiiv ulgotd iru.i-
tii> niH I'liiinil ill till' I'Hiilx of .Silu'tiii, iiiid ol' eU'i^aiil wo'V.iiiaiillii|i, m hrtuvleU,
ii>llari in till* rtiaiif 1)1" ferpenlt, \iif»n, cro^MM, rings, InulUi'*, I'.ilire*, liuiirw* •»!'
pri/iiiff, ll l» riiitpornl iliai iliil'i luiiial-pliii
imlil-t khan, iimt llial the I'liiuMliMon iirev ailed
(i:lltn
Wi
iN. 'I arlar idoN, fcr. u fur
r>' niaile ali'Uil llu* liiiu- of /in^l
III
iIikII parti, of dcpartrd fouls follow in^ llii.' faiii<- Wiiul of liu' lll'^ did in llii
wofld. and llnri'for«', on llio (Katli of a iiriiui', ilu) fi> rilind lii« f.i>oiirili' wifv,
Ki' and Iniri.'tl with him hu arms and otlur \ahi.di|t' iliiiigv
t'lMi* Avn IOWN1 I Of ilufc w«- Itiiow lii'K- hut ihe iiaiiu 4, iird llial tl'.oy
nri- ill j;inirul no heiur than lixid hordes, llu y may lu' faid In In- plaiis of abode
rtitlurtliaii towiHon ilion, lor wv do not lindthat they are under luiv regiihir (;o\irii-
nuMt.er tliai lliey lan make a deU lui- aj;aiii(l an enein\ . I lie lew phui*, how-
ever, that are nuiitioncd in the pm e«liiig divilions of lliin idiintry, merii notice.
'I'nhollk and Allraeaii arc lonluUr.ihte cities ) llie full lonUins 1 ^.ooo, uml the
latiu" ;o.ooo inhuhitnnls. Torls, vill.if;es, and lown», have alf > Ik en laiviv ericUil
nil
-- - ■ . ....... 7
LlVai nt pails ot ^il)elia, for i.i\ili/in;; the inlialiilanls, utid reiKU'riii{{ liteni ul
ilieiil to the Kulluin j;oNerniuenl
Teki, till* ii'pitnl of (linalfiun Tiirlary, is fealeil in a fpaeimis plain on nn iluml
fiir;:' d l»v th' li.crji 'IVki and Ihilli.w, ami is tarrifmed hv jijjo ri\;ulais, and
i-:d C'dlfatk*. It is foriitieil wiili r.imparts imd (lallioi sin idc nn'^lerii ii\le, \\\\\
\\ >\\'i\ witli i:\nn";i, ;ind has alwavi a tonlide.ahle ^arrii'oii in if, n ,d 'i the eoiii*
inaM! of a j{ovi'rn..r. 'Ihi' I inaliian priiue wlio relide> h, re, i« :iIlow..l liw Inn-
lirid Kiilli:m» for Iiii i^uard, hut none of his iwn f'.r')ieki> ;ire per,ii:ited lo dw.-ll
wit! '.n any part m llie lorlilii alions. I'.ver lime the rediutiuti of lh ife part* lu llio
•.luiliiiui' of Kntlin. tluy have pul, in ail pl.iees of' nren;;ih, iMl only luiii.an {{ar«
"piielU for llie I N Ti '.le (if till t"ni\liiaii
lifuiv. and governors, li'ii ni:i'.;i
llrai
ami
..r-inn ; yet tlie Ciriallian i.nl.iis are p,o\.'ii.ed 1>\ tlieir uwn pi'ir.ees, lords, a^ul
)ail,'esi Inn ilul'e .nihninilii r jniliee in iliennineol tl\' einpiif-. and in inalle:»i)f
Viipiirriiu e, not with lUl the prefiue 1 f tlie Uiilli.iii j; iveraots, beiii;; idi obliged
to t:ike the oath of alle);i.tm e to her Imperial majell^,
liirku is tlu' capital of I)a;;el1an, and i<)iit:iiis jjoo lionfe-t. Iv.o lloriiS hijjh
pliU.irnu 'I ai t"p It
w.il
Ihe'laitars ot thi . proviiue iu\' iui:nerou.s, SMid
\l,iliii;nt'tans, };overned by a tlufkal, whof.- (.'tl;ei is elective. 'I Lc c.j' ot* Dcr
li.i I iv litiiated on the ('afpian llioie, and called llie froiilier of I'lilia. It is faid
III have been firll built by Alexamhr llie (Jrv.il, i-iid that ho liero leceivcd ill- v;li't
fn'ii till- Aina/oiiian ijiieen Thaieiiris. It iiiinw iiulofetl w ith a l.'oa.i ftrt rg wall,
liiiiil with lar;;e fijuaie llmies, h.nd as marble, lituii tiK' tpianies in C'ae.cafus. LutU
i> a finall cits, but the liyufc* a'.c of ll ue, and are fpatious and IwUy.
4 ll Cjm-
69t
T A R T A R Y
I !»
A S I A.
CoMMF.RCE AND MANUFACTURE J.] This lioncl makcs no figure in the hiflory
of Tartary, their chief fralHc confining in c:ittlc, tliu fine ox fails, ikins, bea-
vrrs, rhubarb, muflc, and filh. The Aftracans, nolwiihUanding their interruptions
by the wild Tartars, carry on a conliderable tratlic with IVrJia, to which they ex-
Eort leather, woollen and linen cloth, and fonic liuroi>ean nianufaitures. The
ucharians alfo arc a very commercial people : their caravans travel thrunqh a
great part of Afia, and trallic with Thibet, China, India, iVifia, and Kiillia. j licir
principal marts are Toni(k and Orcnburgh Cold dull is often found in the fand
tf the rivers of Hucharia.
Hiitory] Tlioujjh it is certain that Tartary, formerly known by the name of
Scythia, peopled the northern parts of Kurope, and furnilhed ihofe amazing fwarms
of warriors that conquered the Roman empire, )et it is now but very iliinly inha-
bited ; and thofe fine provinces, wIktc learning and the arlurclided, are now fcenes
fif horror and barbarity. 'J'his muft have been owing to the dreadful malfacres
inade among tlie natives by the two above-nuntioned conquerors and their defcend-
■nts ; for nothhig is more common in their liiftories tlian their puttiiTg to the fword
three or four hundred thoufand people in a few da\ s.
The country of L'Ibcc Tartary was once the feat of a more powerful empire
than that of Rome or Greece. It was not only the native country, but the fa-
vourite refidence of Zingis K.han and Tamerlane, who enriched it with the fpoils
of India and the eaftern world. The former, about the year 1200 made hinUeit
matter of thefe regions, which form at this day the Aliatic part of the Kullian em-
pire ; and his Ion Batou Sagin concpiered Southern Kiillia, and peopled it with
Tartar colonies, which are now contoundt d or blended with the Rullians. Loiiij
and heavily did the Tartar yoke gall the neck of Rulila, till alleviated by divilioiKs
hmong the contpierors. Hut not till the time of Ivan 111. who afcended the Ruf-
fian throne in 1462, were the RulTians delivered from thefe warlike invaders.
Ivan repeatedly defeated them, fubdued the kingdom i>f Rafan and other pro-
vinces, and made his name refpetfed in all that quarter.
'Tamerlane's fame hath been more permanent than that of Zingis Khan. Mis
defeat of the Turkilli emperor Haiazet hath been before noticed in the hillorv of
that nation. 'The honour of being allied to him is claimed not on'v by all the
Khans and petty [)rinees of 'Tartar), but by the e!npi.:or of Indofhm himfelf. 'The
ca])ital of this country is Bokaria, which v.as known to the ancients by the name
of Bucharia ; fituated in the latifide of ^;i) degrees 13 minutes, and 13 miles dif-
tant from the once fam us city of Sama.cand, the birth-place of 'Tamerlane, who
died in the year 1405.
The prelent inhabitants of this immenfe common compofe innumerable tribes
who range at pleafure with their flocks and herds in the old patriarchal manner.
'Their tribes are commanded by fi-parate Khans or leaders, who, upon parti-
cular emergencies, ektt a great Khan, invelled with a paramount power over
lirangers as well ns natives, and whofe forces often amount to iwO.cjo iiorfenien.
I lis j)alace is a military llation, which is moved and fliifted according to the chante
of war, and other occalions. When the vafl dominions of Zenglns Khan fell to
Iiicces under his fuccefTors in the 1 6th century, the Mogul and Tartar hordes, who
lad formed one empire, again feparated, and have Imee continued diftinit.
Bcfidcs what may be learned from their hiitory and traditions, the liandard or
colours of the rcfuettivc tribes form a diflinctive mark, whereby each 'Tartar knows
the tribe to which he belongs, 'i hel'e marks of diliinction conlift of a piece of
Chinefe linen, or other coloured ItuH", fufpeiided on a lance, twelve feet in length
among the Pagan 'Tartars. 'Tlie Mahometan Tartars write upon their Itandurds
the name oiGod, in the Arabic language. The Kalmues and the Mogul 'Taitars
tliftinguilli
Tut EMPIRE OF CHINA.
699
(liftlngiiidi theirs by the name of foine animal ( and su all the branches or divifions
(if a trilK prefiTvu the figure drawn upon the ftandard of that tribe, adding only
the particular denomination of each branch, thofc (landards anfwcr the purpofc of
u gciicul(>((ic8l tree or table.
1 liu lartars urc bounded on every fide by the RuHlan, the Chincfc, the Mogul,
\hc Tcrlinn*, and the 'I'urkith enipiret ) vacn of whom arc pufhing on their con-
(jiufl* in this cxti'niive, and in fume places, fertile country. The IChans pay a
ti il)i't(-, or acknowledgment of their dependency, to one or other of their powerful
nei^libdiirs, who treat them with caution and lenity ; as the friendlhip of tncfe bar-
barians ill ot'ieii of the utmoll confuquence. Some tribes maintain total indepen-
iK 'ic\ ; and whon united ftirni a powerful body, and of late have been very for-
niidalilu tu their neighbours, particularly to the Chinefe, as we lliail mention in
our account of that empire, 'the method of carrying on war by devallatiun is
very iiiK'lent among the Tartarsi, and pradifed by all of them from the iJanube
callwurd. This circumflance renders them a dreadful enemy to regular troops,
who mud thereby be deprived uf fublillencc ; while the Tartars, having always
many fpurc horfcs to kill and cat, arc at no lofs for proviliuns.
»Thb empire of china.
/
Situation and E.^tent.
Mil
es.
Length
Breadth 1260
'4501
between
Degrees. Sq. Miles.
20 and 42 north latitude. 1,105,100'
and 123 eait longitude.
Chinefe Tartary. 644,000
{20
98
-, TTis bounded by the Chinefe Tartarv, and au amazing ftone
I50UNDARIF.5.J J^ ^^..^„^ ^j- j^^.^ hundred leagues in length, on the North ; by the
Pacific Ocean, which divides it from North America, (m the Kaft ; by the Chinelinn
Slu, Soutli ; and by Tonquin, and the Tartarian countries and mountains of Thibet
and Uiilliii, on the Weft.
Divisions.] Tlie great divifion of this empire, according to the authors of the
Lniverfal Hiltory, and the abbe Grolier, in his general Dcfcription of China, is
into lilteon provinces (cNclulive of that of Lyau-'long, which is lituated without
ihc (Jreat VV all, tliougli uiuler the fame dominion) ; each of which might, for their
laigenefs, tVrtility, populournefs, and opulence, pals lor fo many diftinct kingdoms.
We have the following account of the divilion of this kingdom from the beft au-
ilioiity. It will be of ufc in confulting the map.
4U»
I*rovincc8.
700
H
I
N
Provinces.
Chief Townn.
IV-idu-ll
l\k!i,
Kiaiig-r.an
K.inii<;-iiing-f()U
Ki:mg-(i
Nan-tdiang-foii
Fo-kii'ii
Koii-tcheoii-fou
IVIic-kiniifj
1 hn^-tclicou-fou
1 (')ii-(]iinng
Vou-tcliang-fou
1 Jo-nnii
Cai-fonq-lou
Chiing-tong
Tli-nan-tou
Cliaii-li
■|'ai-viu'ii-fou
Clu«n(i
>ii-ni;an-t'r)u
Si'-tcliiit-n
IVIiing-tou-fou
Qiiang-toiig
Canton
t^iian li
(^uci-ling-fou
Yun-nan
Y ionan-fou
Koci-'IVIU'DU
Koei-Yaii'f
hiutcs tributary tu China.
Cori'a
roa-kintj
Cuchi'n China
riiibot
Vhc country- of Ila-mic
I Ik- iflos (it Lli'Dii IJiou
CHINKSK TARTARY.
This is bounded on the north by Sibe-
ria ; on the eart by the Gulf of Kamtf-
ehatkn and the caltern fea ; on. the foutl
by China ; and on the weft by the countr)
of the Knlmouks, who arc cftablilhcd be-
tween the Cafpian fea, and Cafghar.
EASTERN CIIiNliSE TARTARY
Extends north and fouth fronv the 41(1
to the i;5th degree of north latitude, and
eaft antl weft from about the 137th degree
of longitude to the caftern fea. It is bound-
ed on the north by Siberia; on the fouth
by the Gulf of Lca-tong and Corca ; on
the eaft by the eaftern fea ; and on the well
l>y the country of the Moguls. The coun-
try is divided into three grand departments
Provinces.
Chen-yang
K.iriii
Tritcicar
chiv r
Mougdor,
Kirin
Tritcicar
WliS.
But it is nccelTary to acquaint the reader, that the information contained in Du
Ilalde's voluniir.Diis .nccount of Cliina, is drawn from the papers of Jefuits, and
other monks fent bilber by llie pope, but wliofe millions have been at an end for
above half a century. Some of thofe fathers were men of j)enctration and judg-
ment, and had great opportunities of information ; but their accounts of this em-
pire are juftiy to be fufpetled. They had powerful enemies at the court of Rome,
wliere tiiey endeavoured to maintain tlieir tooting by magnifying their own labours
and fuccelles, as well as the importance of tbe Chincfe empire If their accounts
are to be received with mucli caution, much more are thole of fuccecding travel-
lers, who have feldom penetrated farther into the empire tlian was nccellary for
tiie purpofe of trade.
Navi..] It is probably owing to a Chinefe word, fignifying MitlJle, from a no
tion entertained by the natives that their country lay in the middle of the world.
Moi'NTAiNS.] China, except to the north, is a plain country, and contains no
remarkable mountains.
Rivr.Rs AND wATKR.] The chief are the Yamour and the Argun, which arc
the boundary between the Ruliian and Chinefe Tartary ; the Croceus, or W hanibo,
or the Yellow iii\er;the kiani, or the Blue River; and the Tay. Common water
in China is ofteii io bad that it mull be boiled to make it fit for ufe.
I'avs.] The tliief are llmfe of Nankin and Canton.
C\NAi,s.] The ccvnmodioufnels and len'^th t)f the canals of the Chinefe an*
wonderful. The chief of tlu-m are lined with hewn ftone on the lides, and thev arefo
deep tliat they carry large veilels, and fimetinus extend above looo miles in lengtli
Tliat is a moll celebrated canal which extends from Canton as far as Pekin,and which
8 furiiis
n
I
N
A.
f»
forms a communicntion between the fourthern and northern provinces. This work,
wliicii is cnllfd 7V« Kovft/ Canal, is li\ hmuired leagues in length; and its n;ivij{a-
tinn is no where interrupted hut by llie mountain Milling, where paflengv^rs :iro
()l)lij5v'd to travel ten or twelve leagues over land. In this principal canal many
others end, which (Wretch out into the country, and form acoinnuinieation between
the neighbouring cities, towns, and villages. The greater part ot' ihofe private
canals have been made by the induftry ot' the inhabitants tjf thefe cities and
towns, who have fpared neither labour nor expenee to obtain an vwU' conveyance
ot their goods into all the i)ro\inees of the empire. The velTels which navigate
thefe canals are pr(»vided with all the convenicnciesof life ; and it has been thought
by fome, that in dhiiia the water contains as n\any inliabitanis as the hind. 'Iho
canals are furnilhed with rtone quays, and fometimes with bridges of an ama/ing
conllruction, '1 he navigation is (low, and the velVels fometimes drawn hymen.
No precautions are wanting, that could be formed by art or perfeveraiue, for l!u»
fafety of the pafl'engers, in cafe a canal is crolled by a rapid river, or expol'ed to
torrents troni the mountains. Thefe canals, and the variety that is (<x'\\ upon their
borders, renders China delightful to the c^ye, as well as fertile, even in places na-
turally l)arren and (lilagreeal)le.
I'oREsrs ] Sucli is the indurtry of the Chinefe, tliat they are not enenmbeivd
with lorells ; but no country is Ijctter titted for producing timber of all kinds.
Tliey futl'er none to grow but for ornament or ufe, or on the tides of mountains,
from whence the trees, when cut down, can be conveyed by water.
Am, SOIL, ANn iMio»t;cK,] ITie air of this empire varies inucli, according to
local lituation. Towards the north it is iharp, in ilie middle mild, and in the f )Utli
hot. All travellers a^ree in their accounts of ihe fertility of China, and of the
extent and beauty ot its plains. Neither inclol'm,', hedges, nor <litches are (\:\;n
in them j fcarcely is there to be found a tingle tree: fo careful is the hulbandman
not to lofe the fmallctl portion of his land. Ihe jiiains of the northern provinces
produce wheat, thofe t)f the fouth, rice, becaufe ilie country is low, and even co-
vered with water. In feveral provinces there are two crops in a year ; and even
in the interval between theharvells, the people fow feveral kinds of i«iilfe,and other
finall giiiin. The culture of the cotton, and the rice fields, from which the bulk
of the i'lliabitants are clothed and fed, is extremely ingenious. The rare trees,
and aroMiaiie productions, either ornantental or medicinal, that ab(,und in other
parts of the world, are to be found in China, and fome are pei ullar t > iifelt".
Tlie lOl/oii-lree, the produce of which forms one of the moll eonli'loiable branelies
of Chinel'e connnerce, is cultivated with fuicefs in the fiutliern [irovirites
I'.ven on the very day that the labourers have reaped theii grain, ihey low cotton
ill the fame lield, after having turned up the earth lliglitly with a rake. When the
i„in or dew lias iiioilleiied the ground, a Ihrub is teen iiifcilihly f]>rin;^ing up, which
rifes to the height of two feel. The Howers appear about the beginning, or to-
wards the middle of AugulK 'Ihey are generalls yellow ; but lometiines red. To
the lloWi-r fucceids a button, which increafes in t!ie torm I't a pod, till it uci|uiro;?
tile li/.e of a walnul. Ihe fortieth day alter the tlower has ai^peared, this I'.i.d
h'lrlls, divides iil'eif into three parts, and iiifet)vers three or four tniall cottun liall ;
of a bright white colour, the hgurc of wliieh is almott like that of thofe produced
1)V filk-wornis. Thi fe finall downy balls, wliin treed from the feeds by an ingc-
iiiuis proeel's, is then eardeil and fpun ; and atlerwaiiU n.ade into cloth.
lite /((//vTi'-Z/tV has a Ihort trunk, a ('iiidutli bark, ciooked branches, red leaves
ihaped like a heart, and is about llie heifju of a common cherr\ -tree. Its tVuit
liMs all the (lualilies of our tallow, and when manutaetmvd with oil ferves the
natives as caiKlleb ; but lor want t f puvit'ying, as we purify tallow in Europe, it
fmella
H
I
N
A.
fiiiclU nrong, ror is tlic light clear. Ot' the other trees peculinr to China, arc
foiiiL* wliiil\ yiild a kiml of Hour ; fonic psiitakc ot' tho nature ut' pop^icr. I Ik;
gum of foiuc is pt)ifi)nous, hut aflorils the fincll black Jupun in tiio world. 'I'lie
('hiiA'fc, iiothvvithllandinK thiir indunry, aic fo vvcdded to thoir uiuicnt ciifloinit
that titcfc trees arc very iiitlc, if at all, meliorated by cultivation, llx* funic niny
be faid of their richcll fruits, which, in jjcncral, arc far from bcinj; fo dclicioii' a'»
lliolc of Kuropc, or indeed of America. 1 his in owing to the nc},'lett of graft ,;,
or inoculiitiim of trees, and other branches of e\|)crimental gardenin}{.
It would be unpardonable here not to mentiim the raw-lilk. which fo much
ai)omul& in China, and above all, the tcti-p/iini, or Ihruh. It is planted in rows,
...vl prunrd to prevent its luxuri.uii v. Notwiihlhinding our long intercourfe wiili
China, writers :irc Hill divided aUmit the dilleient fpeciesand culture of thi.s planl.
It is j;ciK rally thought tliat the green and bohea gr«)ws on the fame llnub, but tlmt
the latter reeeises fome kind of |>reparaiion, which takes away its raking (|ualitie>.,
and gives it a deener idlour. 'I he other kinds, which go by the names of im|)eri;il,
Congo, fniglo, ami the like, probably owe their diH'erences to the (pialities of the
foil iin which tliey refpecfively grow. It is thouglit that the linelt, which is called
the flower of tea, is imported ovci-lai\d to Riillia ; but there leenis to be little dif-
fi reiue in the ellects ot different teas on the huiuaii body, ihegrealell is between
the b'lhea and the green.
'I'he i'ortugiieie liiid the uii.' of tea long before the iMiglilh, but it was inlroducid
among the latter In tore the Uelioiation, lince mention of it is maile in the lirll ;ict
of parliament, that fettled '.he excite on the king tor lite in 1660. Catharine of
l.ilhon, wife to Charles II. rendered the ufe of it common at court. The gm/oi^,
I'o fatuous among the Cliinefe as the univerfal remedy, and luonopolifed cvin b\
their einpeiors, is now found to be but a conunon root, and is plentitul,,in Noitli
America. \\ hen brought to liurope, it is little dillinguilhed for its healing qua-
lities ; and this uillaiue alone ought to teach us wiih what caution the tornur
accounts of China are to be read. 'Ihe ginfeng, however, is u native of the Chi-
nefe 'larlary.
Mi:rAi.s AND MiSKRALs.] China (if We are to believe naturalifls) produces all
metals and minerals that are known in the world. VN liiie copj)er is peculiar to ii-
(elf, and i.s fo pure ami line that it approaches near to liiver. 'Hiofe who are dc-
firous of preferving its fplendor and beautiful colour, add to it a fitih part of liiver.
'Ilie gold mines are but llightly worked, for fuch is the pt)licy of the Chinefe,
that tlic) h;:ve always feared, tliat if their men Ihould he expofed to the tenipia-
tit>n of thefe artificial riches, the) would be induced to forfake the more ufeful la-
hours of agricidture. 'I he currency of gold is jirincipally f'upplied by the grains
till" |)eople pick uj) in the land of rivers and mountains. 'Ihe liiver fpecie is fur-
iiilhed fiom the mines of llonan.
Iron, lead, and tin mines mull be \ery conmion, fincc thefe metals are told at
a low rate tliroughout the empire ; ;iud it appears trom very authentic documents,
that the ufe of iron in j)articular was very ancient there. (Quarries, and coal-mines,
abound in ahuolt every province. Coals are found in great plenty in the moun-
tains of the provinces of Chcn-li, Chan-li, and I'e-tclieli ; iliey are ufed by workmen
ill their furnaces, in all kitchens, and in the flovcK with which the Chinefe warm
their apartments during winter.
J'oi'i LATioN AND 1 N M A Bi T A N Ts.] According lo foiiie accoUHts, there are fit'tv-
cight millions of inhabitaiUs in China ; and all between twenty and lixty vears '<■{
age pav an animal tax. Hut ai cording to father ^Vniiot, who was at gieat pains
to invtillgale this point, it would feem that China contains, at prefent, two hundred
millions of inliabiiants. 'lliis enormous population the abbe Giulicr endeavours
III
rf
H
W
A.
are
'lite
'Hic
lolUH
luny
t'l .',.
uimli
rows,
.• Willi
jilaiil.
.It ihnt
aliiii's,
iporiiil,
(it llic
i iiilk'd
;tlc tlif.
(ftWCCU
rodiKi'd
: lirll act
liirini' ot
in NovUt
lin^ qua-
le iiirnuT
iho Chi-
)dv\i'cs all
ar to ii-
aro dc-
(ilvcr.
C'.hitu'fv;,
tumpla-
ulVl'iil lii-
lu" grains
cic is t'ur-
■irc fold at
iiiinu'uts,
oal-n\in(.'s,
Ik- niDuii-
worknun
licfc warm
K- arc fifty-
\\ vcars ( t
Ju-at l)ains
lolumdri'd
lndi.a\(.>uis
70J
, 111
lo prove, by a detnil of the numbers in each of the fifteen provinces, to be by no
means exaggerated. The extreme populoufnefn of Cliina often occniions dearths,
and foinctinies famine. Parents, who cannot fupport their female children, are al-
lowed tu cull them into the river } hut they fallen a fjoiird to the child that it mnv
lluat oathf l^^^ttT HjnA.(0n)l?2llJ5''^'^ people are often moved by its cries to favc it
from death. The (Wnrfe,*nPTBihf<fterfen«s are niiddle-lizcd, their faces broad,
thi;ir eyes black and finall, their liofes rather (hurt. 'Iliey have peculiar ideas of
iH'aiity. 'Ihoy pluck up the hairs of the lower part of their faces by the roots with
twetzers, leaving a few ilra||;glinu ones by way of beard. 'ITieir Tartar princes
tompii them to cut ofl'the hairof tneir heads, and, like Mahometans, to wear only
a jock on the crown. 'Ilieir com])le.\ioi) towards the north is i'air, towards the
foiitli fwariliy, and the fatter a man is, thoy think him the liandfomer. Men of
<iuality and learning, who are not much expofed to the fun, are delicately com-
plcxioned, ami they who are bred to letters let the nails of their fingers grow to
an enormous length, to Ihew that they are not employed in manual labour.
1 lie women have little eyes, plump rofv lips, black hair, regular features, and
a delicate, ilioiigli tloriil compkxitm. The finallnefs of their feet is reckoned a
jiriiuil'al part of their beauty, and no fwathing is omitted, when they are young,
to ;;ive tliein that perfection, fo that when they grow up, tliev may be faid to
Iciller rather than walk. This fanciful piece of beauty was probably invented by
llie ancient Chinefe, to palliate their jealoufy.
lo enter into all the llarch ridiculous forntalities of tlic Chinefe, efpecially of
their men of (juality when paying or receiving vifits, would give little information,
aiidkl-> anuifement. It isfuflicient to obferve, that the legiilators of China looking
ii|)iin fiibniilllon and fubordination as the corner-lioncs ot all fociety, devifed thole
outward marks of refpec), ridiculous as they appear to us, as the tell of duty and
nlpcct from inferiors to fuperiois; and their capital maxim was, that the man who
w;is deficient in civility was \oid of good fenfe.
Ilie Chinefe in general have been reprefcnted as the mod diflioncft, low, thieving
fit in the world, employing their natural tpiicknefs only to improve the arts of
iiie;itini; the nations they deal with, efpecially the l"".uri>peans, but they obferve that
none but a Chinefe can cheat a Chinefe. 'I'hiy are fond of law-difputes beyond
any people in the world. Their hypoerify is without bounds ; and the tnen of
properlv among them practife the moll avowed biibery, and the lowelt nieaiulVes
to (il)l:iiii preferment. It lluniUl, however, be remembered, that fonn' of the lau;
iiLeouius of China have been drawn up by tliofe who were little actpiaiiUed wiih
iinv parts of llial empire but the lea-port towns ; in which they prt)bably met with
iiKiMv knaviih and deli^niiig people. Piut it feenis not jull to attempt to charaiterife
a rial nation by a few inllances of this kind, though well attelled; and we a[)pear
11(11 111 he luilii ientiy ac«|u.iinted with the interior i)ai ts of China to form an accurate
jaiiiiiiu'i.t of the manners aiu', characters of the inhabitants, liy fome of the Jefuit
mi nonaries the Cliiiiele feem to have been too much extolled, and by the later wri-
k;-, t'H) much degraded.
Dki ss.] Thi^ varies according to the diftintticm of rrmks, and is entirely ur»
liiT the regulation of the law, wliich h.ns even fixed the colours that dillinguilh
the irnleieiit conditions. The emperor, and prince, of the blood, have alone a
n hi lo wear \ellow, certain mandarines are intitled to wear latin ot a red ground,
i. 11 onlv upon days of ceremony ; in general, they are clothed in black, blue, or
Mmt. Tile coliinr to which the common people are confined, is blue or black ;
'.i;ul iheii drefs is always compofed of plain cotton cloth. I'he men wear caps on
ihcir lit;ids of the falhion of a bell ; tliufe of ijuality are ornaniented with jewels.
Ihe rctl of their drefs is eafy and loofe, ctmliliing of a veil and a fafli, a coat or a
gown thrown over thcui, filk boots quilted with colioii, and a pair of drawers. 'Ilie
ladies
•*fl,V,\
704
l|(
N
lailic* toward* tlio foutli wear nottiinf^ on their hrnd. Sometimes tlu-Irlinir i* drawn
ii|) in aiH't, ami foiiK-l lines ii is dillievclKd. 'I'luirdri-fs difTcrs Ixit littlo from that
oj till' men, only their jjown or imper garment hni \ery larj^o open fleeves. 'I hi
I'liinete mullle lliemfclves up i loUly in the morninj^ ; iis the heat iiitreafes thi
(gradually throw oil' tlieir toveriu);, and aijaln wrap thcinlelvcii up at the upproue
«»r evening
{
Marriaofs,] The parties never fee eaih other in China till the har/^ain is
eon-
eUuled hv the parents, and that is (generally when the j)arties are penect eliildren
Next to heing barren, the grentell leand .1 is to bring temales into the world ; und
it a woman of a poor family happens to have three or four girls fuecellively, it not
imfre(|ucntly happens tiiut the will cxpufu them on the high roads, ur call them
into a river.
J''i'NE[iAi,s.] IV()j)le of note caufe their toflins to be m.ide, and their tom!)s to
1)e. built in their life-tnne. No perfons are buried witl\in the walls of a eity, nor
oun-
mes
is a dead eorpfe fullered to be brought into a town, if a ^lerfon died in the c
liy. K\ery Chinefe keeps in liis houfe a table, upon whieh is written the na
' ■ ■ ■ th
I his father, grandfather, ami great-graiullatlier, before which they tiii|uently
burn huenfi', and prollrate ihemfelves ; and when the fatlur of a family dji-s,
the name of the great-grundlather is taken away, and that of the deceafed is
added.
LANcrAfJi-.] The Chinefe language eonlains <mly three hundred and Ihirlv
words, all of one fyllable : but then laeh word is pronoumeil with fuch various
inodulaiions, and eaeh with a dillerent meaning, that it becomis more eoiijoiK
tlian eould be ealil) iniagiiu(I,and enables them to exprefs themfehes very Well on
the common ocealions of life. The millinnaries, who j'dapt tin European charac-
ters, as well as they can, to the exprellion of Chinefe words, have deviled eh ven
tliirerent, and fome j)f them very compounded, marks andafpiralioiis, to (ignil'v ilio
\a:ious moiliilations. elevations, and (leprellions of the voiie, whiili diltingMilli the
feveral uKaning', ofilie fame inonolyllable. 'I he Chinefe oral langii;ige beiu" thus
b;inen ami coniractnl, tlieir literature is compiifed in arbitrary eliaraclers, wliiih
are ainazinj;Iy comi)lieated and numerous: according to fonu- writers llu-y aniount
to twenty-ti\e thoul'and ; to thin\ or forty tliouraiul, aecordiii;; to others; l)ui \\)^>
latell aeeounts fay they a",iouiit to eiglil_\ llioufaml. tliougli he is reckoned a vetv
hanied mail, v. ho is m:ill,r ot fifteen or twenty tl;oiil"aiid. Ilils language beip''
vvliolly addiellld to llie e\e. :.ik1 having' no alliuity wiili ilie oral, the latter hath
liiJI continued iti its original uncultiwited Itaie, while the foriiier has received all
|u)|1ll)le iinpri'vemeiits.
'I he Chinefe ciiaraclcr^, Mr. .Mile obferves, wliiili are by li'iiglh of time bc-
» oiiij lVml.(;Iii', were originally imit;:tive ; liny lliil partake I'o much of il
•iu:il liicrog!;, pliic nature, llial tin \ do no; eomlii^'e into wmiis like letteis
leir on-
or m
lur fountU ; but v.e lind one mark lor a man, another for a horfe, a third fur a dr
ul in lliort a feparate and diliiuvt maik for each tiling which has a corporeal 1
irks
'Ihe C'lii. ,vfr alio life a gieat lumilKT of marks entiicl) of a fvmb >li
iju|).el» on till' i_\e llu' ciiucptions ot ll:.- iiiiiid, wl.ieli lia\e no corporeal fori
Ol II.
e natiir*-, to
IKS,
lUiuls or
li'V
ihough the) d'j iiul I'oiiiMiie thefe lalt iiiai!.'i ir'.u words, like marks for 1
letleis ; but a iljjarate mark is made to repivfent or (land for eaeh idea, and fl
ufe them i:i ;h;' lame nia.i'iei" as they do tiieir ;.b:idi{e'.l pici;ne-cha;;ulers, wliiJi
V. re origiiuill) iniiiative or hien.glv pliii .
The C!iuiicl"..' book;, be.;iii tVoni ihc rigiit liaiul ; their le!tci.i are pl.iced in nor-
j)cndieular cohtmns, of which tlu re are generally ten in a page. '1 l;ev are re.ul
lijwaw.iicU, l).'gin:il;i::^ fro.n the righ: h.md (ide of ilie pa|).'r. .Sonietihies a title is
ulatfd li..»i^.o.:lalh, iij.d llils likewill leud fio..! l!:j ri^Jit l:.ii:d.
(
ji:.Mi$
I>
H\
•90$
Cknivi AMD HARnmo.] Thc teniui of the Oiincfc in peculiar to themfclrei,
ilu-y linvc no conception ot* wl>nt U uouuiitiil in writinn, regular in nrcliiti;6)urei or
natiiriil in painting; anil ycl in Kaiik'nin;;, and plitnninj; lliiir ^roinKln, they
hit upon ihi- irui" fuhtimc and hvHutilul. 'Ihry iicrttiiiu all tlu' opciiuions of ariili-
niilic \vitl\ prodifjioun quickmlN, hul dilRiciiiIy iVoni llir I'liropi-aui. 'I ill t)i<*
latiir came among them, tlicy were i^nor.ui ot' niatlieinaiiial learning, and nl! iu
iK iH iiding arts. llioy liad not anv ^;.)iid jmiiaraiu^ tor allrDiioniica! odfiTvaiions j
inul ilie nictnphylicnl learning, wltiili ixilUd antoni; tlieiu, was unly known t<)
their philol'opliers; but even tin- arts iutrodund l>) the Jefuits were otlliort dura-
lion, and lailed little longer than liie rii';h <'t' (.'aii<j-hi. wlio was eMnlenipD-
rarv with our Cliarlcs II. nor it it ver\ prohalile lliey will eser bo revived. It (i:t»
Ik ell generally faid. that thev underlh)od printing before the ICuropians ; hut that
(an he only applied to block-printing, tor the tutile and moveable types were nu-
(loiihtedly Dutch or German mventions. The Clhinele, liowever, had almanacks
wliii h were Ihimped from plates or blocks, many Imndred year* betorc printing wa»
ciifeovered in Kurope.
The dit^lculty oJ maftcring and retaining fuch a mnnher of arbitrary marks and
characters, as there are in what may be called the Chinefe written language, greatly
retards the progrefs of their erudition. Uul there is no part of the globe where
learning is attended with fuch honours and rewards, where there arc more*
nowertul inducements to cultivate and purfuc it. The literati form thc only order-
(it nobles in China. If their birth be ever fo mean and low, they become man-
darins of the highcft rank, in proportion to thc extent of their learning. On thfi
other liand, however exalted their birtli may be, thev quickly fink into poverty
and obfcurity, if they ncglcttthofe rtudies which raifed their fathers. It has been
ohierved, that there is no nalitm in the world when; the firft honours of the Jhitc
lie fo open to thc lowert of the jKople, and where there is Icfs of hereditary gnat-
ncf*. The Chinefe range all their works of literature into four claffes. Thc firft is tins
ciafs of King, or the facred books, which contains the principles of the Chinefo
religion, morality, and government, and fevcral curious and oblcurc records, rela-
tive to thefe important fubjetts. Hiftory forms a clafs apart ; yet, in this firft
tiafs there arc placed foine hiftorical monuments on account of their relation to
religion and government, and among others the Tikuii-tficou, a work of Confui ius,
nhieh contains thc annals of twelve kings ()f Low, the native country of that il-
jiiflrioiis fage. 'I'he fecond clafs is that of the 6'h, or Che, that is, of hiftory and
till' hirtoriaiis. The tliird clafs, called 'IJu, 'J)'e, comprehends philofophy and the
pliildfophers, and contains all the works of the Chinefe literati, the productions
alio ot foreign fetls and religions, which the Chinefo confider only in the light of
nliil()foi)hicaT opinions, and all books relative to mathematics, aftronomy, pin he,
military feience, thc art oi divination, agriculture, and the arts and feiences in' gu-
ncral. Tlie fourth clafs is called 'I'di;, or MijiMmia, and contains all the poetical
liixiks of the Cliinefe, their pieces of eloquence, their fongs, romances, tragedies,
.iiKJ toniedies. The Chinefe literati, in all the periods of their monarchy, have
■ipnlieil ihenifelves lefs to the Uudy ot nature, and to the rel'earehes «)f natural
iiliilofophy, than to moral innuiries, the practical feience of lit'e, and internal
loiitv and manners It is faid, tliat it was not before the dvnafty of the Song, in
tlio I'oth and 11th centuries after Chrill, that the Chinefe philofophcrs formed hy-
potliefes concerning the fyftem of tlie univerfe, and entered into difculhoiig
lit" a kholallic kind, in confequence, perhaps, of thc intercourfe they had lone
kii't up with the Arabians, who ftudied with ardour the works of Arillotle. And
liiKi' tlie Cliinefe have begun to pay fome attention to natural philofophy, thcij:
■ 'las been much inferior to that of thc Europeans.
4 X Tltt
he
progrefs in it
M
I
N
A.
tlif Invpfitinn »>f RMPpowdrr i* jiiftly claimed by the Chinrfc, who mid** iifi- of
it Bgninft /ingi^ kliaii and rutiuitaiH-. ituy rcciii to havi. known nothing Mtl'inall
flr<--nriiu, nnd to hnvi' lK*i*n iiLi|iiiii lUd only witli i :iniu)ii, wliii li llioy (hII iIu' liri'.
|);ni. Their indtifiry in (htir miniiitiiiturc^ of Aurt't, |M)rcLlanc, ja|)unnin|{, and tli,;
iki* ri-diinarv trmlis, can hi- i'i|iiallcd iH)ly hy their lalxiun in tlu- lit-ul, in
(hvii jiinki nnd tniikiiif; i»niiU, k'v<.-llin{{ niounlaimt, railing; gardi-ni, aiul navigniin^
bonts.
ANri(jj'iriF,i ANH crRio»iTii«.] Fow natural curiofKltMi prcfciit thomfflv,!!
in ChinH, ihal have not luon conipri-hondcd under foruign artiik-s. Simw volia-
not'H, and riven* and lakes ot jiariu nlur miahlieH, arc to be* found in dift'rrent puru
ot iht.' empire ; the volcano ot 1jii< lung is laid fonielinie!! tu make fo t'uriou« u dif-
iharce of fire and adie*, nslooicaiion a tein|H.'ll in tlie air i and fonieuf their lakr«
arc (aid to ptMrify filhen when put into them. Ihe nrtiticiu! curioiitiei ut' China arc
ftnpendons. The great wall, feparating China from Tartary, to prevent tiie in.
curiums ot' tlie 'I'urtars, is fuppofcd to extend from 1200 to 1500 miles. It jj
Ciuried over mounlaiiis and valleys, and reaches, n< (ording to Mr. Grolier, from
the province of Shcnii to the Whang-May, or Yellow Sea. It is in moft place*
built of brick and mortar, which are fo well tempered, and built fo clofely, «■ not
to admit the lealt cutrnncc for any intlrument of iron, that tliough it has rtood
for 1800 years, it iinH fnft'ered but little, and in fuch a dry climate may remain in
the fame ctmdition ft>r many ages, 'ihe beginning of thiH wall iu a large bulwark
of flone raifed in the fca, in the province ot I'etcheli, to the eaft of Peking and al-
nioll in the fnmc Intitiide : it is built like the walls of the capital city ot the em-
j)ire, but much wi«kr, beini; tarraHed Hrnl cafed with bricki, and is from twenty to
twenty-five teet high. It is flanked with towrrt, two bow-4hots diftant one Ironj
the other, which add to its (Irength, and render it much oulicr to be defended.
One third of the able bodied nn 11 in China were employed in conOru^ting this
Willi, which, it is faid, was bemin, iMul eomi)letely finilhed in the Ihort fpace of
hve ycTirs ; and it is farther reported, that tno workmen ttood fo clofe for many
miles, that they c(nild hnml the nialerialii trom one to another. 1*. Kegis, and the
oiJKT f,'( iitlrmi n, who took a map of tlu (e pruMnces, often (Iretched a line 00
liie lop, to nieafure the bnlis of triangles, and to lake dillant |K»iiits with un
inlti umer.t. 'I hey always found it paved wide enough for tivc or lix horfemen to
travel a-bn ;ill with eafe.
The anili< iai mountains prefent on their tops, temples, monaflerirs, and other
rdifii es. Iht Chinefe brid^'cs camuit he fulhcieiitlv admired. Tiiey are built fonie-
limes ujion bar;;i s rtrongly chained together, yet {o aK to be parted, and to let the
vetli'Is pafs that fail up and down the river. Stnne of thoin run from mountain
to mountain, and < onlid only of one arch ; that over the river SatlVany is 400 cubits
long, and 500 lii;;h, though a (ingle arch, and join* two niuuntains ; and foine in
(he interior parts of the eiimiie an laid to be liill more llupcndims. The triumphal
arches raifed in honour of iluir gi.at men, form the nest fpecies of artificial curio-
fitk's. 'I hough they are iu)t built in the (Jreek or Roman llyle of architecture, yet
they are fiiiH-rl) and beautiful. 'I hey are faid to be eleven hundred, in nuiiikr
two hundred of wiiii li are particularly mngniticent. Their fcpuichral mtmuiiients
make likevvile a great figure. The towers, the models of wliich are now fo com-
mon in Europe under the name of pagodas, arc vatt cmbellilhments to the taeo
of their country. They feem to be coiillriuted by a reguhir order, and nioft of
them arc linilhi d with excpiilite carvings and gildings, and otlier ornaments. Ihat
;it Nanking, which is 200 It it high, and 40 in diameter, ik the motl admired, h
it called the Porcelane Tower, becauk- it is lined with Chinefe tiles. Their lem-
ple» are ciiii !ly remarkable for tlie faiiciful talle in which they arc built, tor their
9 c;n);i-
H .1 N A. 707
(•linciournrft, *lirirw))Mtirictl ornaments aixI iIk- u((liit(*r*oi' the i<toUihi-y iniUuuu
'llu' Chiiivlu urc rcniurkablv Imul ot h«'ll», wliii li f;ivk* rtiiiiu' tn itnc ol' (heir prm*
cipal I'rIkiviiU, A Ull of iVkiu^; wcigli* lio.ooo pouiKl*, l)tit !t» t'oiiiid in (..iirio
Ik diruKrceabli*, 'Die \aH curiolity 1 (lull incritioii, i^ lluir firc-w<>rkt, wliii.li in
Cliiiitt, vxccril thufc of ull ott)«r naiiotm. 'IVir buililiii^i, cxcipt llitir yi\^' ilns
IkIiik ioiifiiicil lu tu) ordtT, uikI fu(°ci-i>til>lc <>t' ull kiiulN ol urnuincntit, linvc u wiUl
vuricty, mid u plvHlinK flegincc not void ot' nrnKniliii'iac, iii{rcriil)lc to the i'\o hiuI
till- iinaginttti(Hi, und pnlcnt u Uivcrlity of objocti not to he found in l'.nro|icuii iir-
iliiloituro.
tiiiK* ciTir,*.] Thi" empire i* fui«l to toninin 4403 wnlU-d litio* ; tlio diii-f of
wliicli urc l*ckin){, Nanking, und Cunt(»it. IVkinK, llu- capital ot tin- wiiok' em-
pire of China, und tlie ordinury relidente of the emperor*, in lituatcd in a very fci-
tile plain, twenty leugues dillunt from the great wall, it in un oblong I'liuan-, u,:d
i» divided into two citict : that which contains the empeior\ pulace is lalliii ilu'
Tartar citv, bemnfe the houfet were given (o the I'artai 1 when \\v prefeiit family
came to tnu throne -, und they retuling to fuller the ChiiH-fe to inhul)it it, f ircect
them tu live without ll>e wulU, wlure they in u ihorr time built a new citv ; vvhii I1,
by being joined to the other, renders the wlw)le of un irregular lorni, fix Lu^iu < in
i'um|iafH. The walU and saleH of IVking arc of the forprilmg height uf tifty cubits,
ft) (hat they hide the whoie city ) and are fo broud, thut eentiuelk arc plaij-d upott
them on horfeback ; fur there ure I)o|m;h within the city of conliderable length, by
which horfemen n»ay afcend the wull» ; und in feveral pluceit there are Itnufe*
built for the guard. T'lie gates, whicli are nine in nnntber, uie neither embelliiK-
ed with l);tliH*!i, nor carvingt, till their iMruuty conlilUng in their prodigioe height,
which at a dilluncc gives llieni h noble appeurunce. Iho arches of liie ^atos ure
built of marble, nnd tlit* rrll with large bricks, cenu nted with excellent mortar.
Nh>tl i)f the llreetH are built in a dirett line ; the largell ure about 120 feet bro.nd,
and a league in length. 'I'he (liopi where they fell litks ami China-ware generally
take up tlie whole iireet, and alhrnl a very ugreeabk' [HDlpcct. Kuch Ihup-keep^'r
placcN before his lliop, on u fniull kiivd of |K'dellul, a board about twenty tec t
liii;!), painted, viirnilhed, und olten gill, on vvliich are written in lart{e cliaracterii
the nameti of ihe feveral coinmcKlities he fell*. Thele, being placed on caoh (iile
of tile llreet at nearly an ecjiial dillance troin eacli othir, huve a very pretty ap-
pearance ; but the hollies are poorly built in front, and very low, moll of llie-n
having only u ground lliM)r, an«l none exceeding one Ihiry above it. Of all the
buildings in thi> great city, the nmll reniarkuble is the imperial palace, the gran-
deur of which doe.-, not conlill fo imuh in the ntiblenefs und eleg;ince ot llu- archi-
leclure as in the nniltitude of ils biiiUling.i, courts, and ^ard.ns, ail ie,;alarly dif-
jKifed : for williin the walls are nut onl\ the em[uror\ lioiiie, but a little Jnwn,
iiiliabited bv the otheers of the cmirl, and a nudtiuide of artilii.ei> employed ai,d
kept by the emperor ; but lite houlVs of the courtiers and artiiicers are luvv
and ill contrived. F. Attiref, a I'rciich JeUiit, who was iiidult^eil with a li-ht of
the palace and gardens, fays, that llu- palace is iiuire than three iiiiKs in circuni-
trrence, ami that the front of the Iniiidiiig lliines with gilding, paint, and \ariiilh,
while tiu' iiilide is fet oil and fiirnilhed wiih every lliinj^ diaj it, iiiuli heuutit'ul and
piecious in China, the Indies, and Knrope. Ihe gardens ol this palace are lar^c
tracts of grounds, in which are railed, at projier diilatues, artiiicid luounlaiiis, fnun
.10 to ')0 trit high, wliiih form a miinbi r of I'luall vailie.s, picuiilully watered liv
canals, uliiiii ^lnitill^, form i.iki s and »u-ir\. Ueantitul ai;d nuimiifiieiit Inirlv's
lail on llicle pieces ot vvai.r, uud ihe banks are oriiaiueiited with ranj^es of baikl-
ini^s, iu)t any two of whieli aie laid to have any reUniblatue to eacii otlier, which
iiiverlitv produces a very piealini; ctVe.t. Kveiy vail.} has it;, houle iA plcafure,
4 X :^ lifge
/
7ot
It
f
S
A.
Inr^c ifiinifjh tn }n,\<^- one of our ([r<ralfl> lor»U in luiropc with nil hU rrtlmiffi
many ot llu'lc h<>iiKi arc built vviili ci'<liir, brought with « VNik «x|K*nt'i' lh« dill*
niu c of' foo lc»guir>t. ( >t' ib('f«- tuiliu ('<i, or lioufo* ot' (>l«!iti\ire, ilu'ro are mtiro than
too in tniit vult cmlofuK:. In tli>' midiilc of a lake, whith i« mttr halt' a kagiur iti
(lianioii-r vvcrv way, 1'^ a roiky illiin<i, on which ii btiili ii |)u!u(i*, containing ntorc
thnn (I hundred ii|iiirtiiK'ni<«. It hits tnor tVnnt*, and i» a verv clegiml and niagni-
Hi kill llruMnri', I Ik- niountuini and bilU nro mvirrd with Ireci, |)articiilarlv
luili iiH proiliui' Ixaiitiliil uiid aniinatit Itowcrit i ami the runali arc cdgtfd with
ruilic pivieil uf rwk., tlil'iu ll-d Milh lui h art, an i saclly to refciiiblc the wildi)cr» tit'
tuiliirc.
Iho titv of IVklnt; ii romjiulid to contain two millio.M of iitbaliiinntH ; thi»
llrcelft lire not oaved \ liic Inn^vll ;ire iihoiii lix inilex, irolhiiif euili other at right
Miiglct, 11* iti l'hilndi'l|>liia. uiid troin 90 to 1^0 teet in breitdtli. I he houfv* aru
«tniy one ttory high. I he walU ot the titv arc of an iiiinienle lu-iuht, and the
prineipnl llrect* ferniinate at the gaten, whii li are wrv inagnirtenit. Nanking alfo
IS faid to be every large lioih in extent and |)opul(Hifnels I ienliu i» lituated nt the
tniiHiicnee of three large rivers, nnd is a plai e ot extcniive commerce. U% popu.
Iiition [from the ncconniii of the late embally) ii not to bv reckoned by ihoufandi
but bv milliont, the birying-ground only, un iiiimenfc plain, extendi farther
than t)ic eye can rcacli, and appenrn only boundi,.! Iiv the hori^imi. Other cir*
ciimlhmces relating to this place would ap{)ear incredible were they recorded here.
'Ihc greattd port in China, and the only one much frecjuented by Kuropcans, iit
Canton. The city wall in about five milen in circumference, with very pleafant
walks around it. Fruni the top of fomc adjacent hilli, on which fortii are built,
you h,ive r fiiu- profpett of llie country. It is beaufifully interfpcrfed with iixiun-
ti'.ins, little hills and vallies, all green ; and thefe again picafantly diverfified with
fmall towns, viilnj;. s, hij^h towers, temples, the feats of inandariiiM and other great
men, which are \\atcre(l with delightful takes, canals, and fmnll branches from the
river 'la ; on \vhii li are niimberkfs boats and junks, failing different wavs through
the mnll fertile |>arts of the country. The city is entered by feven iron gates, .uuj
withiiiirde of' aili there is a guard-hmife. The (Irects of Canton are verv Uiai)flit,
but PjCneraliv narrow, and paved with fiHi»-ftones. There are many pretty build-
ings in this city , i^reat nuntbersof iriiiini)hal arches, and temples replete with iniai'en.
The ftrcets ot C aiiuiii aie fo crow<le<l, ihat it is dillicult to walk in ihein ; \ei wo-
men «)f any falliion are feldom to be feen, unlefs hv ihance, when coiuini; out of
their chairs. Iliere are ereal mnnbers of marketplaees for tilli, Helli, piuiltrv, ve-
^efables, ami all kinds ot prii\iliniis, wliicli arc fuld very ch'up. There are imuiv
private walks about the Ikirts <if the town, w lure thofe of the lieiter fort have their
imull >, which uie m iv linle tVeipieiitid by Kumpeans, whole biiluiels lies ihietlvin
the tnaiing purls of the ciiv, when- iIkiv are only limps and warehoulls. Kew of
ti.e Chiiiele traders of :iii\ I'libltahee ki'p their (an.ilie-. in the houle where ll.ey du
l>iiliiK(>, but (Itiur in th ■ liiy, in ihe more remote luliinli», or tartlur up in tlu
«(iiiiitr\. 'I li' \ liase ail fuch a rej,',utl to prisacy, that no windows aie made In-
wards the IU< ets, but in ibops and places of public bulitiei^ ; nor do anv ot tli< ir
\\iiidi ws look ti-w.irds thofe ot lluir luii^hboiirs. Ihe tliops of iliofe thai ileal in
(ilk are very it it, inak'.' a tli;e lliow, and are all in oni' piace : tor tradilnien, or
dealers in one kisul tif ^immU, hi nl together in the fanieltreet. It is couipuli-d that
there arc in this city, and its fuliurbi, 1,200,000 people ; and there arc often 5000
tradi'i" vetii-!s fying in its harbour.
Tii.vni; AND M AM F AC n KKs. j China is fo happily lituated, and prinluces fiuli
a Tiiriei) ol n.Mtciiais lor iiuuiufuCtarLS, tliat it may be faid to be the native luml
C W f IV A. 709
of irnluflryi but tf U til iiidulWy witlimil l«lh' «»f rlc«nncr, ihoii^h carrii-'l on witli
V4lt art HfMl itvnimU. 'Ihry riiaki! paiH-r ul iho hnrk ol ImiiitKM, uiiti utlicr lrcv«,
111 well im •'! coiion, hii( mu 1 omp«riii>l<*, lor rriuitlH or |triiiliiiB, i<> iIk- I'.iirttpcHti.
'I lii-ir ink, tor rlic ufo ot ilriiwinjj, i« \%t'll known in I'lnglmirl, anil i* faiil lo U- nutU
ot oil and luiiip-hliick. i Ik •iiiM|iiiiv ol ilu-ir printiit);, wlik h ilicv lurlurni, by t ut«
tiii){ ilu'ir I liur<i£lrr«on hlotkHot wcxul, hu^alnu'tv iHrnnitniiuviod llu niumitav*
luio of tli:tt iMrtlwn ware, Keiitriill) known l>v itii- name ot (lui' ., Mn> long 4 feirvl
in l'.iiri<|ii-, iiMil iMrrir<l iiniKiile i'uni> Ironi tiu-nit-. Ihi/nKh the ClIniKlc atli-ct 10
iu't'|) that iii.iiiul'attnre Itill u fvcrct, yet it i» well known itu( tlio |trlnii|ial inau-rial
i, a j<rn>iire«l |Milviri/iil earili, and lliaf li \tial Knri>|)i mi rffljntrivi tar i \«.i»*l llid
()<iiuli* in III ii<iluctiiiin)( rliisioniinaliiy *. Ihf (.'liiiufi hlkk aro gotuTallv |>lniii
ami ilwWired ^aufcii, ami lluy uri laid to Inivi- [mcii oii)(inally luliriialfd in tliat
iiiuniry, wIktc llie art ol K.ninK Idk-vvotnu wan firU d Itt/vcrcd. liny inmiuiiti-
liirt- lilkR liki-wifr ul' u morr durable kn d, und ilicir cullk^n, and ulbor clulh*, iiru
laiMi'ii^ lor Inrnilliiitg n liuhl w.iiiii wear.
llihir trade, it is well knoxMi, » o|kii to nil tlu* KiiropoAn nation*, with whimi
tliiv <liiil tot roady nioii'-y i lor ("mil [s tbc priile atui aviitUc ot" the ('hiiK'k', tliat
tlu'V think n» inuniiUtdure* equal to ilteir own. Hut it is ceiuiii that liiuc ihu
diU'ivcry of tlic tHiiveianc nianufatluf\!«, and the vail improvvnunt* the Kuro-
peans have made in the weaving brunchi'ii, the Chiiiefc (.iimmercc hua been un the
dcilino.
t'oNjri 1 1 rioM Ann r.ovKit nmf.nt] The oriuinal plan of the riiiiu li- ^^iy■
verninent was patriae lial, ainioli in ihe lirictvli UnU ot the word. l)u(v and
olH'dieiue tu the father of eaih family wux reeoininended und enforced in the
molt rij-urous manner ; but, at the lunie lime, the » nipernr wa» conlidired an tlu-
full rof (he whole. Hit niand.iriiu, or i;ieat ofhiers ot Hair, were liMtked uptm us
his fiililiiliiles . and ilie dv|;rK h ol ridiiinllioii wimli wrre due from the inferior
rankN 10 the Inpcrior, wer<' fellled and I'lifi ivitl with tlu nmll ferupulou.>i preci-
lion, and in a inanni r thut ii» un feenm lii'Mily ridiculous. Ihik lonpic claim of
(iludii'ie inpiiieil ^leul iuli. I'm and knuwlid^v of hunrVii nature to render it
itieClual; a.itl ilie (.'luiiefe Wy,i. mis, Ci nfiicius particul.irl\ , app, ar lo have Ik -ii
incii of vvotuhrlui aliiiiiirs t Ik ;, enveiopi-d tin ir niaNini!! in a iiumlii r of nivKi-
eal appiaiames, lo as to lit ike tin iieopjc .villi awe and vrneraiion. Ilie niainf.i-
rins had inodeN of Ipi.iking lUid writing; dillereul troni tlud'e of otiier fubiecls, und
iIk' people wire l;inhl to Ik la \ i' thut lluir iniiuis [laiiuok of di\init\, 1. that
tlii'v Wire leldiiin lien, and innri' lildoin appmiit lud.
■[hiiu);h I'lii"* lylifin pnieivnl the pnitlii iiiiii'piillit\ tor a i;riat luiinber ol
m;iis. Ml it hii'l .1 Uniil^iiiKiilal diuet lli.it <'ttiii v<>iiv >iifi«i, and at lull pmved l'a>
iai to the (late, becniife tiie fume uttctition wait not paid to the military uk to the
u\il duties. 'I lie Chiiul'e iiad paiianis like o!l...r inei,, and f mielinu , a weak or
v\ivked adiniiiiiiraliiiii d''o\e ihein ialo amis, and a revulntion ealily fticieeded,
whiih this inldlied \i\ f.iviiij',, that tin ir f. vi iei;^n l.a<l nafed tu U' their father.
13aiiii){ thiile eommotioii.^, 01. e ot the parti> s iialuralU ii.vited lluir ne;,!.;lil)oiirs i\-:
'laitais to tlieir ah tl.u.ei', who, polUlniijj f;ieai fji^aciiy, lu'ian.i' aii[naiut.<l wi h
lie weii
thi;ill
ik lii'.e of ilieir iiiiiOitutioii, iiiviiil- d and ci.iiuiuiTeil the empire, but uu
V lonlniii.iii t<i the C hiiiele ;i nili:li'>iiN
111 I. lies the jjrcut duCtrii.e *>( paliiaiclmi obedience, tlie ("liiiule had I'umpinarv
Tlir Ki'j'.lifli ill pailik'il.ir Invc i.irrinl th''> t' *l :i mni'it.i^tiiri-, fo i/rinrnll) nl'il'iil, uil| rncit
braiuh 10 ;i
Iri'in ihe ui,
U-^rrc ol ()i-rfi."tliiii, ai .i|i|ii.ti» « it'i riuuiiMj,cun.iil Ironi iviik uiif j .it iui uii
illuiin vthii h li'vr Ixcii rn ;i ril lit oaifelvd.
Ulr li >ni fctrr.ii |irliiic:. ul Luro|<ri 4iiu mc Iioj e
luwa
?««
Iaw« nnil rrKuluiltm* for ihr mth ncc* ni nil iUktiw »I CiibjrcU, wtiltli wrrr vrry
ufi'ti'l III prt'fi-rv tni^ llic |Hililit' lnini|iilllt(Vt <•'•<( prrvrniiiiK tlir rilctU «>! n'liliv-
ilMI
nil
Hv ihrir nillludion* likowito tiu* tn«nct«rin« tui ,ht r\'itiinilti4ii* l>t llit r
|Mr<>r, Ktii ill ilir mull (iit»nuil)v>- ii>ari>««r, it|K>ii ihv >'rri»i« ol hU Kitttrtuiuni ^ hiuI
whi II (k* w:u a virtiiiMu priiito, ilii« trt't'ilini vvm* itttrn uiii-iulctl with i\\< mull U-
liiturv rrti-tU. Nu coiinlrjf tit iIh* w>»rM t* fo well |>.i»viilc<l with miiKillriiic« i<'ir
tht' ilifiliarKC of jitrtitc, iHi'h In ii\il nmiI crlmlnRl mnlii'ra, aa 1 hinu ^ liul lltc^
iiri' oltcti iiiflVccltiul, rtirMiii{li wntii ot |i<ililu virlti' lit llio oxti tiiinit I lu* k'iii<
|MTi)r it rtyli'ili " A^/v •*#« •/ Ht,t^'Hi, A#.V Untrtm »/ iht Harlk, Urtii Falktr »f hi,
•• I'nptt"
KkLlotoN.j 'llii* iirriilt' in wm\) t>)itii«'fl('it with llu- |irrcrtliiig, 'llimi^li the
nnrii'ni fhiiud- w«M(hi|i|i>''l i«l il», hI iltoir |»hilof>i|)lur^ und If^iilnlor* hud jiilltr
tt<ilii)n« or the l)i'il«, uikI iiidul^rit tin |m'ii|>ii' iti ilio Mi)rllii|i nl r<'iili'iK' ultjvtu,
(iiily It) Mitiki' ilxfti niori* I ihinih \i> t» ^itvoriiiuftit I lit' Jvlitii> tiunU' liillf <<|i|hi
lili'iii to ilii'<, \\li< n lilt V .iu> ii<|tt('il lo i..iivfr( llh' C hiiiflct uiitl liillfrt d ilinr priii
\yWs III worlhiji Tirn.prfli'mli''; ilmi il \vii« no «*ttur rhdii the iiunit
Iriilh i«, Conl'iii iut, tiiul thf ('liiiirl'.* I..«j;illini»f«, ml <><|iiiit| u iiim|| r
ot° iiiiiriih iininnf^ ihc |ifn|ili', in'it i'ikIcivihiuiI i Iii|)|>Iv iIio whiiI i
a liituic t'.ilf, liy |»rt('(.ril>iiij; t'l ihrm tlu woiilinml uiUTior •Ifiiut. 'f li> ir itii>r;ilh
ly np|iri>MiiiNt<"« lu lli:il ot C'hrilli;'i;i<> i hiil ii* wi* know Itiili' of ilu-ir rrlivnit),
iiitiy lhriiii)(h tho Ji-luitit, wc t iitiixit iiflnpi I'ur Im h ihf iuiiiutimi* iitllititui wliith
III (iii(|.
xiciii'iit r
A JUlt l«l«
n
th«;y ti'll IM "I iho tonlnrmiiy ol ih • C'hiiuMV (<i iho rhriilian religion. Iluiii
liiliicri, il null) lie (iwiii'il, w> ir me ■ >if ^rt'nt hI>' nii'^, iiiiil ttiiulf a womlfrUil pri».
grt It llll•<^«• A I i-nttiry ii^n in tiu ir i .iiverlKjii^ ; liiu liny tiiili'iitk llu* triu' iliuructvr
•it" thf iitiptror. who Wit"! llu-ir jmlrnn i u,. \w no fiiiuirr roimit ihul ihey wiri- in
I'litl tilpiiinK Id the itiricli'ii of the mwiin ,ifnl, il'iin lir i'\pvllo«l ihim, li'Vciicti
Ihfir I iiiirilicH with t^o uronnd, iiiul pi< hiWit'it tti«' fXiTiilo ul ihcir rclij^ion ^ lnni'
\
wliiili lini>' (iiiillianilN li.n tniidi iwi li'itit' in ( tiiiiii
r
iniif no MM.
I he diiiriu III' iriiM I.th, .tml ii » ral'v mode o| cunvova
Ike
Inr |)iilliit;^«r>i nnd iiicnhaiiili/o ol i viiy i.iiid, iiro ohucK \u whuli paiiiiiilar ut
l> niii.ii tc( IDS to haw Iktii paid hy the i;iivi ritiiuMit in ('hina, The niiiniu r iiiwhiih
liic pulilii roaiU lire iimnum il ;;n'ntly i.oiiiril»iilf» lo iJu lornuT.
I lii'li iciaiN arc in ({cncral \ir\ brnad i llu-y arc piiv> d in all the lotilluTn pro-
*ii)irs, ami liiiiu- III' tl
u" nnrllirrn
\
Hlli'Ni IiaV(' licfn
hlU'd
up, and pallagi^ lia\,'
Ikimi k lit tlirnn^ii loik.n aid inmintaiiii. in ordt-r to maki' lointiindiDuii IukIiwum
d to pri fcrvr llu in u.<i i.iarly iix pollihii' on a li-vol. 'I hey urc ^nuTnlly lionii-rKJ
iiti
mIiIi vtrv l<irr\ licis, and fnnuiiims witli wnlis ijtjht or Ini (> rt in lii'ii^lit, t
priM lit traNtllifN Irum ntniin; into tin* lulds. Upiiiiin»s »rr l« M in lliiiii at ut-
lain iiilirvaiN, wliii li nivf a paliaj"!- inti i rol^ mads that tondncl to dilKtint vii-
ia);c>, On all llic I'riut maiU. lOMrcd liaU an- ircctid at |>ropi'i dillaniis, s^htrc
the travtiii-r may iTu'lKr liiinlflf trom tin- iiii!«nii*iK y of wintor, "r the ixiiiiivi'
heats .i| rummer.
I III a- i> iio WHnt of inns on thf print ipnl lii;;I)\vnys, and ovt-r the iTof* rnatU,
Till' lunnfr ai-' ^riy Ipaiioiis, Imt tin \ art' hadly lupidml \vi;li provilionx. Pi-oplr
aro iviii obliuftl l' iarr\ hcdn with tlu'm, or to llii \> on a I'lani iii.it, (Joverii lUiit
rii|iiirii«ot tliofi- wlio inhaliit tlK-ni, to }jiv(* Iml^ini; only lo tlmk who alk and
ia lor It.
\\v iin\"l with many tiim'ts(favN Mi IK II , i aili'd ) ili-hoiifis, in-i trd at
lain dillaiu'ii <>n«' tVoin aiiotlur, vMth a lla^•ltad, on wlhih is hoiih d liu' inipiiul
pi ndai t. I'livlV plans nrv j^uaiiiiil liy Imdiirs, wlio lun trom oiir poll to aiioiliir
witli)^uat fiii'i'd, cairving iilkr:i wluth coiurni iIk' i'mpi.iiir. Ihi' t
rriis arc m
light
I( w
A.
7«»
liKhi of ivnuf Aimthcr, anil hy ligti*!* ihty ran r<H«vi*y tntcMlgvnrr of any rrninrk*
•bU' I'vrtil. lU lit !<' ntt •n» t\u' tourl i^ in(tirmo<| io ilic |jtfriii«tl tnnnmr <>f Vkhal*
rvir (tiAnrlHintt' mav )iji|i|i<>ii in itir nviil rr>ii<>'<' purl of Inc nii|iir>v
KnvRNi't* I ri)<r>' .ir ' Ui>| Uy ('< iic !•< aiiiiLiiii to iwt'niy niillioni, or amtrtt-
iliitK l*> •(«« •ttlM< (imlur, to hiri)'i>n(> mill nn* l)rriln|i(, a y«ur t but ibit lanDoi U*
imiitil in inoiicy, wbich ibirt noi grm>rall.v alNuinit hii'bUia. 'Ihe inKf* tulk*tlrd bir
ilif lift' <)f gnycriinM'nl in rii<', an I otb<r i n.itiniMbiii'*, art- rrriaiiity vfry grrui,
aii«i iiM) )h> i*«lily im|Hir<-<l wtili ri|iinliiy, «• nn acionni of rvi>ry iiiati'* latuily ami
(ubrtancr i* Mnitnully I'lintlUil \ u'i«l niiiH aiiioiint to a iffar liiiii,
f^^\ cnipirr ihtiii it wt«« iK'bire it* loiii^ih ' liy thr cnllrrn lariar* in 1644. I hit U
nwinn to til'* i'onf iiimnif iMiluy u| ('* iin-iibi, ibi- Hrll 'I'artitriaii ii«|»rriir of
( liiiirt, %vlio Dl^btfiMl ' ii» brr<-<li|ary fiilijv U tomnforin ibtnifVlM > in iliv ( biiufc
inNnncr't mid polKy, tnil the C'liin Ir l<> vtrar ibr lartiir ilril'> ;iii(l uriim. I In-
two tiNlioiii wi'M' tliri'l>y iit«'t)r\Mtri«tt'il Ibi- ( biiuif wrn* u,>|ioinic*d lo all lb«
civil o|Vki"« of ihr eiii|»irt'. 'V c ^)«ror ninelo |>rkin|f llu* ft-al of bit lovoniiiicitl,
nml «br Trtrtar* «|iii«'ily filrtnincd 'o r cbaDir*- of tl, r country andcoitJition whith
W'St lo iiiiirh in tbi'ir ta/our.
Tbi^ fi'inrily, bowi-vrr, nf tbo C'bincfr m »bi» Tnrl.ir*. inkct from ibi-m nil
military obji'ft% i tbo fiirtur powiT iiln, I- inu f<>ri(iidMUIe to ibni i-inpiir. I'Ut
ittiU (|atif;rr tbai tItrcnicnH it ut i»r«-ri>nt, « t'tu- (iifub <\' iirmt. 'I be Iroopn of tbi*
rinpiri' ninoniii 10 inorv iban f< ' iindrtd ilutiirnn 'lb;* niimir<>ti<« army brin^i
III Kiir rtnu'mbrtuur vvbiil bift. irmo' '>'ll \\t n>ni«niifi|^ Ninii- ..ml Scinirunii^, nml,
t(i liiitt'tid to liittf timi'>, of tl I' biinn of \ir\f, iind I J.iriii» '' tbii mi.ltifiido
will iipiK'nr till nOonilbii.i; m Cbina, wbin wr ixtilKUr ibc > \i ni ot liif rmpirc,
unil iiH i-norm<Mi>t population. Mnnv iliniifim<l« arc «Mnployi-tt in the cntlrk'tum of
llic ri'vnmc, imtl On- |iri'(i rvutioii of ibi' latiiiU, ilic guiit roatU, and lli>- ptiblio
n«'»«r llir im|KTi.il u'lnnlt amounl Jo alioul jo.ooo. Si. In tin- maimL- lour, ii j^
i«ini|hifrd rliiHiy <A tin- itmkN, ilrr.idy mrfitioiwil, and oilu'r lintill lliipi, lliat Itnde
i,,;ift-wa\<i. or to tbc iicigl«lK)Ui,ii>j lountrics, or wbub are ciiipioyid to pu'Vcnt
liiildi 1 drfoful*.
At rralif"' on ib<* mililary art, trnnflali'd from tbo Cbinvfi* into tbc Tn tK-h Inn-
cuani', WMH piiMilbtil ut Ttiri-. ir\ 177.. tVnm uliiib .1 appoam that tb.- Climt-ro arc
wtl' virli'd m iIk" ibt .)iy ot tb»' .in »t v/t\r ■ l.n tBulioji, ai)<< uiro, and circimi-
fjKition, lire mmb rfio>nmciidf«l li» tliiir j',iiu.'ralii ; hiuI ti ic* dI ibvir iiiaxiinv
\>, ni'MT lo li^lil witii i'lieiuu^ cither lunre nunurou* or tH;ttrr arnu-d iliait
jlKitltVUcH,
lliMoNv} 7V t.'hinrfr prffcnd to nn iinti«piitv boyond all nu'iifitrr of rndi-
bilitv ; nnd thiir iii.ntil> bnw Iki-ii mrrird Ix-yoiul ilu- period to vvlmb ill' I'lrip-
lull I iirou(>lo;^y nllij;ni tbc iTinuion i>f llii' world. I'oan Kou .% fan! li\ iiumi to
|i;iM Ixin ilw iirii man ; and the mlcrvnl of timo lutwivt bin) and tbcdi-aili of tbe
iiM lii.iu'd « oiifiiius. wbiib \va> i» tb>- y»'.\r Ui-lori- ("lirid 471). balli lu»n n-ok-
(iinl t'n > 476.000 lo ./),i)fM.7.p \iMrs Ibit up III an ai • m.iu- iMVi-(li,;.iiIon of
tii^ iilijffl ii nppv.->rs, tb;ii all ibr I'liMu I'vbiHorinil n l.iiioi,., of ovciits, pt.or to tbe
rii'ti of tbr itiipi-ror N ao, wbo livotl .-o;; scurs lioron- Ciirill, arc intirttv fdm-
|.>iii, loiiipofvd ill modem times, inifiippirled l>v aiillifiitic ri'c<)r(is, and f'lil of"
, niir.id'nii IS. It al>jllal^ alUi, tb.it tlio oilirin of ilk' C'bii».'('>' «'i\ipii,' i mnot l»c
iilaicd bii;hvr tiiiui two or thrtv* <'fii«.ratioiis Inlort' Yao. lint ev i ib>>. i'. carryi.ig
liic i-npi "I CliMUi to a vtry b -ii aiitiouil\,an<l it i^ ivrtain 'but tin.- mitii'riii's for
I'lii'ii'fi' birtorv a'l" ••xtrnuily aiTtpIc Tin* jjrand aiiiiaU ot tu- empire are < oin-
IMtlieiidni ill 668 \oluiues, aiul cuulirt of liie pivrcn that liave been coinpwlUl l»v
7t«
ri
I
N
A.
the tribunal, or depirtmrnt of hidory, eltabliflicd in China for tranfmittinr to pofte.
riiy llie public events «»t" the cmi-iire, and the lives, charo^tcrs, and trnnra<:tions of
its (ovfrtipiis. It is laid, tiiat all the tads, wiiith concern the monarchy fmce it«
foundatidn, liavc been dopolitid in this department, and from age to age liavc been
arranged actordinj» to the order of lime, under tlie infpeition of government, iind
>^ith ail tl\c precautions aqainO illufion or partiality that could be I'u^gelled. 'Ihefi;
precautions nave been carried fo far, that the billory of the reign of each impcriiil
family has only been publilhed after the extinction of that fnmdy, and was kept a
profound fecret during the dynally, that neither fear nor Hattery might adulterate
the truth. It is alferted, that many of the Chinefe liillorians ex|)ofed tiiemfelves to
rxile, and even to death, rather than difguit'e tlie defects and vices of tlie fovureign.
liut the emperor ('hi-hoangti, at whofe command tlie great wail was built, in tlie
>ear 21; before the Chriliian xra, ordered ail the hilloricnl books and records,
uiiich contained the fundamental laws and principles of the ancient goveriunent,
witi) the medals, infcriptions, and monuments of anticpiity, tu be burnt, that thev
might not be employed by the learned to oppofe his authority, and relift the
changes he propofed to introduce into tlie monarchy; and that there might re-
main no larlier record, date, or authority, relative to religion, fcience, or politics,
than thofe of his own reign. Four hundred literati were burnt with their books:
yet this barbarous editt had not its full eflPedt ; feveral books were concealed,
and efcaped the general ruin. After this period, Ari^l fearch was made for the
ancient books and records that yet remained ; but though much induftry was
employed for this purpofe, it appears that the authentic hiilorical fources of
the Chinefe, for the times anterior to the year 200 before ChriA, are \ety
few, and that they are ftiil in fmaller number for more remote periods. Ijut
iiotwilhflanding the depredations that have been made upon the Cninefe hiftory,
it is ilill iminenfelv voluminous, and has been judged by fome writers Aiperior
to that of all otner nations. Of the graud annals before mentioned, which
amount to 668 volumes, a copy is prefervcd in the library of the French na-
tion. A chronological abridgment of this great work, in one hundred volumes,
was publiflied in the 42d year of the reign of Kan{j-hi ; that is, in the year 1701.
This work is generally called Kammo, or the Abridgment. From thcjc materials
the abbe Cirolier propofed to publilh at Paris, in the French language, a General
Hiftory of China, in 12 volumes, 410. Some of which have been printed ; and a
fmaller work in 12 volumes 8vo, by the late Father de Mailla. mitlionary at Peking,
liath been lately publilhed.
Hut the limits to which our work is confined will not permit us to enlarge upon
fo copious a fubje6t as that of the Chinefe hiliory. 'J'he original form of govern-
ment was probably monarchical ; and a fuccellion of excellent princes, and a du-
ration of dometlic trancpiiility, united legillaticm with philofophy, and produced
their Fo-hi, whofe hiliory is wrapped up in myfteries, their Li-Laokuin, and
above all, their Confucius, at once the Solon and tlic Socrates of China. 'J'hcir
long ftnig<;!e with the Tartars, uliich lalied feveral centuries, and the violence of
dometUc tadions, produced bloody wars, and many revolutions ; fo that thoudi
the Chinefe empire \^ hereiiitarv, the imperial fuccellion has been ot'ten interrupt-
ed. L'pwards of twenty dynaftles, or different lines and families of fuccellion, arc
enumerated in their annals.
Neither the great Zinghis Khan, nor Tamerlane, though they often defeated tlic
Chinefe, could fubdue their empire ; and neither of them could preferve the coii-
queiis thev made. After their invalions were over, the Chinefe wiiit to war with
the Manchew Tartars, while ;'.n indolent worthlefs emperor, Tfontciiing, was ujxm
the throne. In the mean time, a bold rebel, named Li-cong-tfe, in the j)rovinti' (>f
J>e-tchiicn,
11
I
N
7>3
pofte-
3US of
ICC its
; been
it, iind
'Ihcfo
kept a
iltcratu
■Ivcs to
crciRii,
in tlio
ctords,
riitncnt,
at thov
.-lift the
light re-
puliticsi,
r books ;
nccaled,
for the
ftry was
turccs of
are very
ds. tlut
e hiftory,
, fupcrior
d, which
ench na-
volumes,
ar 1703.
materials
General
; and a
t Peking,
irgc upon
if govern-
land a du-
1 produced
lum, and
ha. Their
liolcnce of
|ut though
I interrupt-
tclVion, arc
Lfcatcd the
I c the con-
b war with
was upon
Lrovini'c ot
Itie-tchuen,
Sc-tchucn, dethroned the cmporor, who hanged hitnfelf, as did mod of his courtiers
mid women. Ou-fan-quey, the Chinofc general, on the frontiers of Tartary, refufed
to recognifo the ufurper, and made a peace with Tfongatc, or Chun-tchi, tiie Man-
chew prince, who drove the ufurper from tlie throne, and t(H)k polTcllion of it hinj-
fclf, about the ycnr 1644 The Tartar maintained himfelf in his autliority, and,
as has been already mentioned, wifely incorporated his hereditary fuhjetls with the
Cliinele, fo that in effert Tartary became an accpiilition to China. He was fuccced-
1(1 by a prince of great natural and acquired abilities, who was the patron of the
Jciuits, but knew liow to check them when he found tlienj intermeddling with the
aTairsofhis government. About the year 1661, the Chinefe, under tiiis 'I'artar
fiiinily, drove the Dutch out of the illand of Formofa, which the latter had taken
from the Portugucfc.
In the year >77i, all tlic Tartars belonging to the nation of the Tour-
gouths, left the iettlemcnts which they had under the Kullian government on
tlie banks of the Wolga and the laick, at a fmall diilance from the Cafpian fea,
and in a vail body ot fifty thoufand families, ihev palled through the country
of the llafacks. After a march of eight montiis, in which they furmounted
innumerable difficuUies and dangers, they arrived in the plains that lie on the
frontier of Carapen, not far from the banks of the river I'y, and offered them-
fiives as fubjc£U to Kien-long. emperor of China, who was then in the thirty-lixth
year of his reign. He received them gracioully, furnitlied them with provifions,
cloaths, and money, and allotted to each family a portion of land for agriculture
and pailurage. The year following there was a fccond emigration of about thirty
thoufand other Tartar families, who alfo quitted the fettlemcnts which they enjoyed
under the Ruffian government, andfubmitted to the Chinefe fceptre. 'ihe enmcror
taufed the hiftory of thefe emigrations to be engraven upon ftone, in four different
languages.
'1 he liopes which were lately indulged of the great and manifold advantages to
1)0 derived from the embaffy of lord Macartney to the court of Pekin, have ended in
liilappointment. Never perhaps was there a charadcr better qualified for the
management of an embaffy of fuch delicacy and importance, than lord Macartney ;
1)11, notwillilhinding his lordlhip's adroitnefs, he found it utterly impoilible to carry
liiln'f of the two points he was fo deliruiis to eileC:!, Nay, indeed, to early in the
train of ne<;oeiation was his lordlhip convinced that tlie idea of obtaining pcrmillioii
Im ilie lolidence of an Eiigiilliinan at tlie capital of Cliiiia, as amball'ador, conful,
(ir in any oilier cliaratter, was not to be acconipHtlud, that lu- abandoned all hope
it iti I'uetofs, alter the fecond or third inters lew ; and, in anl'wer to the applica-
tion for an (.•xehilivc fettliMiient fur tlie luii^lith wiiliin the Chinefe dominions,
I'wn on a temporary grant, and folely for thi- inirpuli s ot trade, the Imperial nega-
ti\i\va.s moll (Iceiiledly peremptory. According to a tumlanu-ntal principle in Chi
ixU: pulitiLS, innovation, of whatever kiiul, is held to be iiuvitably prignant with
iiullhitf and ruin. AiulliLiue, while the doctrines ot nlorm and regeneration are
f) lalliionable in the h.uropean wurld, the Chinefe gwvcrnnieiit would eonlidcr its
ji liiical exilleme at an end, were ihey to allow any eneroathment, not only on
liifir laws, but on ellablillieil prrjudiccs, wliich with them are licid equally \ene-
ra'iK', and jiDllif-. the lame (nice as politive uidinanies. On this principle alone
II ib that tlie cmporor declined to admit a loreign relident at the court of i'ekiii, or
1.) txpaiul the priiieijiks on which our conmuriial intercnurfe with this country
u:c at pult'iit ngulated and conlined.
llK'tiiibaliy ;u lived in the ri\er 'I ieniin, in the bottom of the Ptcheli Ciil])]i, on
till 2OII1 July 171J.V '^' Taeao, and Toiig-C liii, alxmt 10 miles from IVkin, they
luiiiiimed till An^ull i 1, when the aml)allador and hisfuite fct out for Pckin, wliieh
4 'It they
7»4
INDIA IK OENXRAL.
tlicy readud nbout 9 o'clock that morninc. They remained here till the begin<
ning of Sij)temlHT, wht'ii they were concluded to Jchor, one of iho emnfior's
country ri lidciiccs in Tartary, diilant about 40 or 50 leagues iroin Pckin, '1 hither
tluy proceeded by cafy Ihiges, and were fun\|)lu()uUy accommodated on tljc war
in the emperor's palai is, ot which many intervene between IVkin and Jehor.
Had the emperor aH'ented to tlie proposition of a Britilh anibafl'ador or rcfidcnt
at I'ekin, lir George Staunton was to have remaini d there in that cliarai;lcr, with an
nllowance of I2,oool. ilcrling, per atmum. Lord Macartney in to receive
30,000!. for the embaffy,
'I he piefents that liave been given by the emperor are immcnfe, both in point of
quantity and value; two of wlueii are fo lingular, as to claim particular notice.
The one is an epic poem, addrelTid to his Urittninic inajelly, the compoliticn of the
emperor himfelt, and in his own hand writing it is lodged in a black, wooden, carved
box, of no great value, but as an antique — to which character it has a jull claim, hav-
ing been 2000 years in puffelhon of tlie Imperial family of China. 1 lie other prefcnt
is a mafs of ci)ftly agate of unecpialled fize and beauty. It has always been tha
pra£lice with the emperor to hold litis agate in liis hand, and to li.\ his eyes upon
It whenever lie fpokc to a mandarine or any of liis mini/lers; as to look upon a
fubjefct is conlidered as not only derogatory to the Imperial dignity, but to confer
too much honour on the individual addrcflv-.d.
'1 he failure in this bufuicfs cannot be ealily accounted for. It is, however, fup-
pofed that the want of luccefs is chielly to be aUributed to fome evil imprcllion
made upon the Chiuefe court by fome of the native princes of India telling tliein
to bewaie how they allowed the Engliili to obtain a tooting among them ; and
ftrengtliening their admonition by talfely Hating, that the fame people had firll, as
friends, obtained a fmall fettlement in India, which they afterwards increafed by
repeated wars, driving man)' of the original owners from their dominions, and cfta-
bliiliing upon their rum an iaimenfe empire fur themfelves.
INDIA
I N
GENERAL.
Situation and i 'T^HIS vaft country is fituated between the 66th and
BOUNDARIES. J J. i09lh degrees of liaft longitude, and between i and
40 of North latitude. It is bounded on the North, by the countries of Lllxc
Tartary and Thibet; on the South, by the Indian Ocean; on the Kaft, by China
and the Chinefe Sea; ai.d on the \V eli, liy IVrlia and the Indian Sea.
Divisions] 1 Ihall divide, as others have done, India at large into three
great parts; tirll, the Peniiifula of India beyond the Ganges, called the Fartlur
Feniniiila; fecondly, the main land, or the Mogul's empire ; thirdly, the I'eniti-
fula within or on this lide the Ganges; all of them valt, populous, and extcnikcl
empires. But it is necelUiiy, in order to fave many repetitious, to premife an ac-
count of fomt pariieulais common of thofe nimierous nations, which ihall be ex-
tracted from the moll enlightened of our modern writers who have vilited the coun-
try in the fervice of the liall India Company.
PoFCLATioN AND INHABITANTS.] i\lr. Omie, an excellent and an authentic
liidorian, comprehends the two latter divllions under the title (>f Indodan. 'llif
Alahometans (fays he\ who are called Moors, »' Indolhin, are computetl at ten
millions, and the Indians at an hundred millions. ,bove half the empire is fiibjcct
to rajahs, ur kings, who derive their defeent tVoi the old princes of India, and
cxercile ail the rights of fovereignty, only paying a aibute to the Great Mognl, niui
z ot>ki\i::g
INDIA IM OIHItAL.
7'5
,)l>ffr ing tlic treaties by which their unccftors rccognifcd his fuperiority. In other
,.f,>cil8, the jjovernnu-nt of Indodan is full of wife thciks upon the overgrowing
gri-atntfti of any fubjcfct ; but (as all precaution* of that kind depend upon the ad-
iiiiniAration) the indolence and barbarity of the moguU or emperors, and their
great viceroys, have rendered them fruitlefs.
I he original inhabitants of India are called Gcntoos ; or, at others call thorn,
I iindoos, and the country Hindoolhm. They pretend that Brumma, who was their
Kgillutor both in politico and religion, was nitorior only to God, and that he ex-
ilied many thoufand years before our account of the creation. 'Ihis Brimnna, pro-
i>ably, was fdme great and good man, whofe beneficence, like that of the pagan
Kijiliatdrs, led his people and their polterity to pay him divine honours. 'Ihe Bra
uinis ^fol fo the Centoo priells are called) pretend that he bequeathed to ti\em a
book called the Vedam, containing his dottrines and inlliititions; and that tlioiigh
the original is loll, they arc dill pullefll-d of a facred commentary upon it, called
the .Shiilillah, which is written in the Mianfcrite, now a dead language.
'I he toundation of Brumma'sdodrinc conlifted in the belief of a Supreme Being,
vlio civated a regular gradation of beings, fome fii|)«ri()r, and fome inferior to
nian ;andof the immortality of the foul and its tranfinigration into dillereiU bodies,
according to the lives led in a pre-cxiftent ftaie. From this it appears more than
probable, that the Pythagorean motcmpfycholls took its rife in India. '1 he necof-
lity of inculcating this fublimc, but othcrwife complicated dodrinc, iiito the lower
ranks, induced the Bramins, who arc by no means unanimous in their doctrines, to
have recourfe to fenlible rcprcfcntations of the Deity and his attributes ; fo that tl;u
original doctrines of Brunnna iiave degenerated mto idolatry, in the worlhip of
ditlercnt animals, and various images, and of the moll hideous figures, delineated
or carved. Wooden images are placed in all their temples, and on certain feltivals
are cKhibited ill the highroads and in the ilrcets of towns. '1 he human tiguns
with elephants' heads, which are the obje&ts of their devotion, have many hands,
and arc eiiornjoully corpulent.
'Ihe Hindoos have, from time immemorial, been divided into four great Irises.
'Hie fiili and molt noble tribe are the Bramins, who alone can ofliciate in the
piiililioud, lik«' the Jewilh tribe of Levi, ihey are not, howevi:r, excluded
Iri'in government, trade, or agriculture, though they aie llrictly prulii'nited
from all menial olHfes. 'Hie letond in order is ihe hiltri tribi.', wlio, atcordiiig
til their original inilitutioii, ougiit to be all militaiy men; but they tiviiuently
luliow other prt)|ell,ons, '1 he third is the tiil)e of Ikile or Bhyl'i', who are chieliy
inercliaiils, biuikcrs, and l)aiiias or lluip-kiepers. 'Ihe fouitli liii'e is •(hat of
Sii(ii'.i-r, v\h« ought to be menial ferxants ; and they are iiicapable of rail. ng ilieni-
ftKis to any fuperior rank. Jfan\ (ientoo ihould iie exeomniunicated tVouianyof
11/. lour tribes, he and his ixvlterity are lur ever lliut out from the fotiety of every
lr;il\ ill tin- nation, ex. tpi that of tlie llarri c;ili, who are held in utter dclelia-
li.'ii \i\- all ihe otlu-r Iribrs, and are emplo\ed onl\ in llu' iueaiull and \iIoll oll'ices.
'1 1 :^ ciuuuiliai'.ie iviideih excoiniuunii. alion to du ailliii, that air. (itntoo wi'l
f,:!lLr torluie, aud e\en tlealh ili'clt', rather than deviate from one article of his
l.iiih.
Helides this divilion into tribes, tlu* (leiitoos are alio fubdivided into r.v'ls, or
fiuiliir chilks and irilu-s ; and it ha-, been computed that there are eiiility-lour of
il,> 'r c.ilis, thougli I'nine have liippol'ed there was a greater numbi r. '1 ho orderof
I'le-eniiiii nee ot all the calis, in a particular city or province, is generalb- indif-
jiiiiui'iv diciiled. 'llie Indian of an interior would think hinifelf honoured bv
;h1 )ptiim die c ulloms ot a l'ii[)erior call ; but this lalt would give battle foonor ihnii
i.wl wr.dieate its prerogatives: the interior receives the victuals prepared by a fipc
4 ^ i rior
7i6
INDIA IH OlKltAL.
rior cart with refpcfl, but the fiipcrior will not pnrlakc of a meal whicli lias been
prpp:irocl by ilic namU of an inforior laft. Their maniam-s arc circumfcribed by
thf lame barriers as the rell of their intercourfcs: aiul hence, belides the na-
tional phyll(>,i;nomy, the memberi of eaih cart prcferve an air of flill greater rc-
firinblarice to eacli other. Tlure are funic calKs remarkable for their beauty, and
tithers as remarkable for their uglincfs. I'hc moll Hriking features in the thurac.
ter of the Hindoos, are their fupiilUlion, and veneration tor the inllilutions and
tenets of their aneellois.
'Hie members of eaeh cart, fa)s Dr. Robcrlfon, adhere invariably to the pro-
fellion of llieir forefathers. From generation to generation, the fame families have
followed, and will always tontimu' to follow one uniform line of litb. 'lo this may
be aferibed that high degree of perfeition eonfpieiious in many of the Indian ma- ■
nufai'tiircs ; and though veneration for the practices of their ancertors may ehcek
the fpiiit of invention, yet, by adhering to tliefe, they aecpiire fuch an ex'jwrtnefs
and delicacy of hand, that huropeans, with all the advantages of fupcrior feicnee
and the aid of more complete inllrumcnts, have never been able to eriual the ex!
quilite execution of their workmanlhip. While this high improvement of their
more curious manufatturcs excited the admiration, and atlraded the commerce of
other nations, the feparation of profcllions in India, and the early diftribution of
*'ie people intoclailes, attached to peculiar kinds of labour, fecurcdfuch nbundancc
of the more common and ufeful commodities, as not only fupplied their own wants
but minirtcred to tliofe of the countries around them. '
To this early divifion of the people into carts, we muft likewife afcribe a ftrikinit
peculiarity in the ftatc of India, the permanence of its inftitutions, and the immii^
lability in the manners of its inhabitants. What noiw is in India always was there
and is (lill likely to continue: neither the ferocious violence and illiberal fanaticifin
of its Mahomedan concjuerors nor the power of its European mafturs, haveeffedled
any contiderable alteration. The fame diiHntlions of condition take place, the
fame arrangements in civil and domeftic fociety remain, the fame maxims of reli-
gion are held in veneration, and the fame fcicnces and arts are cultivated. Hence
in all ages, the trade with India has been the fame; gold and lilverhave uniformly
been carried thither, in order to purchafc the fame commodities with which it now
fupplies all nations; and from the age of Pliny to the prefent times, it has always
been conlidered and execrated as a gulf which fwallows up the wealth of every
other country, that Hows iiiceilimtly towards it, and from which it never returns *.
Rkmoion.J 'ihe inftitutions of religitm, publiekly ellablilhed in all the exten-
tenfive countries tbetching from the banks of the Indus to Cape Comorin, prefent
to view an afpect nearly Imiilar. They form a regular and complete fyllem of fu-
pcrllilion, flrenglhened and upheld by every thing which can excite the reverence
and fecure the altachnieut of ihe people. 'I he temples, ctmfecrated to their deities
are magnificent, and adorned not only with rich otleriiigs, but with the moll cx-
tjuilite works in painting and feulpture, which the ariills, higheft in elliniation
among them, were cui)al)le of executing. 'Ihe rites and ceremonies of their wor-
Ihip are |»omi)ous and fp'eiuiid, and the performance (if them not onlv mingles in
all the traiifactions of common lilo, but coiiftitiites an ell'ential part of iheiii. The
Dramins, who, as minlllcrs of religion, prelide in all ii;, functions, are elevated
above every other order of men, by an origin dienied not only more nohlc, but ac-
knowkdged to be faeivd. 'liiey liave eftali.'ilicd among thenifelvt's a regular hier-
archy and gradation of ranks, w iiich, by fecuring fubordinatioii in their own order,
adds weight to their auilunity, and gives tluui a more abfokite dominion in the
minds of the people. 1 his dominion they fupimrt by the command of the imnicnie
• Dr. Robcrtfon'i Ilillorical Dif<i lifitioa concejiiin^ India. Aiij'cndix, p, 261, j6i.
revenues,
INDIA IN aiitiiiAL.
7'7
n been
boil by
the Ha-
uler re-
ity, and
cnurac-
ons and
the pro-
lies have
this m»)r
dian ma- '
ly chctli
ikjwrtnofs
• fcieiHO,
il the cx-
t of their
imercc of
bution of
bundance
wii wants,
a driking
the iinmu-
was there,
fanaticifin
ve cffcded
place, the
ims of reli-
1. Hence,
: uniformly
lich it now
lus always
h of every
returns*,
the exten-
in, prefent
llcni of fu-
reverence
heir deities,
le moll cx-
ertimation
their wor-
mingles In
lem. Tlic
V elevated
|ble, but ac-
irular hici-
i)wn order,
luon in the
10 imnienfe
262.
revenues.
revenues, with which the libernlity of princes, and the zeal of pifgrimi and devo-
tees, have enriched their pagodat.
We (hall not enter i«to any minute defcription of thii vaft and complicated
f\ftem of fnperftition. An attempt to enumerate the multitude of deities which
lire the objects of adoration in India ; to deferibe the fplendour of worfhip in
their pagodas, and the immcnfe variety of their riles and ceremonies; to recount
the various attributes and funClions which the craft of priells, or the credulity
( t the j)cople, have afcribed to their divinitieii, toiylher with the numerous and
otten fanciful fpeculations and theories of learned men on this fubjeil, would too
luuch extend the limits of this work.
In the various fuperftitions which have prevailed in different parts of the world,
tlic invilibic beings, who arc the firft ohietts of our veneration, have every where
;i near refemhlance. 'I he powers of man in the nH)re early ftages of his progrefs
iire very limited. I le fuppofes that there is u didinct caufe of every remarkable ef-
Kcl, and afcribes to a feparate power every event which attracts his attention, or
excites his terror. He fancies that it is the province of one deity to point tlie light-
ning, and with an awful found to hurl the irrelilliblc thunderbolt at ilie head ot ilie
guilty ; that another rides in the whirlwind, and, at his pleafure, rail'es or liills the
ti.iii;Kfti that a third rules over the ocean ; and that a fourth is the god of battles..
We may here recognife a ftriking uniformity of features in the fydein of fuperrtition
ellablilhed throughout every part of the carin ; more particularly, among the Greeks
ia Kuiopc, and tnc Indians in Alia, the two people, in thofe great divilioiis of the
earth, who were moll early civilifed. W hat is fuppofed to be pert'orined by the
jumer of Jupiter, of Ne|)tune, of yF.olus, of Mars, of Venus, according to the
nivthology of the Weft, is afcribed in the Kaft to the agency of Agnee,'the god
ol' fire; Varoon, the god of oceans; Vayoo, the god of wind; Cama, the god ot*
love ; and a variety of other divinities.
But it is well known that in Greece, although the generality of the people enter-
tained thefe grofs ideas, men of rcHetting minds, in proportion as fcience advanced,
thought more jurtly concerning the great full caufe. Accordingly, fome philo-
fophers among them difcerning the wifdom, the forelight, and the goodiiefs dil-
plaved in creating, preferving, and governing the world, perceived that the cln-
viitiers of the divinities which were propolVd as the objects of their adoration in
their temjiles, could not entitle tin in to he conlidered as the preliding jxiwers iit
nature. 1 hev, therefore, formed ideas comeniing the perteclions of one .Siipreine
Ining, the Creator and Ruler of ihe univerfe ; as jiill and rational as have ever been
aiiained by the unalhfted powers of the human mind.
Iffnuii JMirope we now turn to Alia, welhall find, that from the progrefs whicli
the moll eminent perfons of the Ikamin ( ail made in the various branches of fci-
( lice, tliev formed fuch a juft idea of the fyliem of nature, and of the pnwer, wildom,
;;iid goodiiefs, difplaved in the formation and government of it, as elevated their mind*
;il;(i\c the pojiular I'lipertiition, and led them to aiknowlrdge one .Sujiu'ine Being,
" the C'nator vi aW tilings (to ufe their mvn expreliion), and tVoin whom all things
1 » '*
j)r.)i\'eu .
In India, the dominion of religion extends to a tiioufand particulars, which
in dilkr countries are governed either by the civil laws, or by talie, culhun, or
t.iiliion. Diifs, food, the common intercourfes of life, marriages, protellions,
in- all uiulor the jurifdiction of relij^ion, which pveferibes rules ot coiuluct in all
liuiiuiftaiues and all fituations. 'Ihe original government of ll;e lliiidoos, was
in reality an hierarchy; tnr among that religii us people, the highelt authority was
pfklVed by the prielthood, or the Hramin cull. Nor is it in this inltance only, that
* Biglivat-Geeta. f. 84.
Wt
ytl INDIAlNaEMBAAl.
wc find a re fcmblance between the natives of India nnd the Jew*. Not only were
tlic ^ovi-rnnK-iitH ut ixitli nations hierarchical, but in both there wai a vail variety
of rt-lif^ious obfervanccs nnd ccrom»)nie» extending to many particulars, which in
other coinitric* arc mnttcr* of choice or vf indifference (and both entertained the moll
profound refiu'i't and veneration for their ancellorv. All the caflsacknow ledge the lira-
n\ins for their priclU, nnd from them derive their belief of the tronfmigration ; wliich
loads many of them to at^lict themfeivcs even at the death of a (iy, although occalioned
by inadvertence. Uut the greater mnnber of call* are lefs fcrupulous, and eat, al-
though very fparingly, both of filh and Hvlh j but, like the Jcw«, not if all kinds iu-
(lill'erently. I lie food ot the Hindoos is fnnple, conlilling chielly of rice, ghee,
which is a kindof impcrfett butter, milk, vegetables, and oriental fpicesof ditJerciit
kinds, but chieHv what is called in the Kail, r/ii/Zy, and in the Well, green or Cay-
enne popper. The warrior call may cat of the Helli of goats, mutton, and poultry.
Other fiiperior calls may i at poultry and filh; but the ulterior calls arc pmhihitcd
from eating lielh or filh of any kind. 'Ihcir greatell luxury conlills in the ufe of
the richell fpiccries and perfumes, which grow almoft fpontnneoully in their gar-
dens. 'I hey clleein milk the purell of footis, becaufe they think it partakes of (onie
of the properties of the neclar of their gods, and becaufe they ellecm the cow itfcif
ninioll like a divinily.
'I heir manners are gentle; their happinefs coiifills in the folaces of domeftic
life ; and ihey are taught by their religion, that matrimony is an indifpenfable duty
in every man, who does not eiitirelv feparate himfclf tVoin the world from a prin-
ciple of devotion. 'I iieir religion alfo permits ihem to h:wc feveral wives; but they
feldom have more than oni'; and it has been obfeivcd, that their wives arc dif-
tinguilhed by a decency of demeanour, a folicitiidc in their families, and a fidelity
to their vows, which might do honour to human nature in the moll civililul coun-
tries, 'llie uiiuiienients of the Hindoos contill in going to their pagodas, in aliill-
Ing at religious Ihews, and in fulfilling a variety of ceremonies prefcribed to thtiu
bv the Ibamins. 'Ihcir religion forbids them to cpiit their own lliorcs *, nor do
they want any thing from abroad. 'Ihey might, therefore, have lived in mu' h
traiKjuillity and happinefs, if others had looked on them with the fame indillerenco
with which they regard the rcll of the world.
The foldiers are commonly called Kajah-poots, orpcrfons defeendcd from rajahs,
and relide chietly in the northern provinces, and are generally more fair-complex-
joned tluin the people of the fouth. 'I liife rajah-pnots are a robiill and jjiave
people, and ferve faiihrully thufe who pay them well; but when the leader I'alis iit
l)attle, tluy think that their engagements to him are finilhed, and they run oil' the
field without any llain upon their reputation.
Customs an'O oukss] The cutloni of women bnrnin"; thcmfelves. upon the
death of ihcir hulbands, Itiil f continues to be practifed among fomo of high call
and
* The (Jcntooi arr pfffiiarlcil, t'mt the waters
of tl.r tliitv grtat rivtis, (i.ii^ts, Kif>iia, and lii-
«lii>, luve tlie facriii virtue ol iMMiiviiij} thole u ho
li.ithe ill llum, ftdiii .ill ;inll\itifiiis ami liiis. This
rilinimis iilia rteni> to lie loiiiulctl on .i priiuiple of
iiulity, ami inttnHnl to rtllniii the natives from
nri.;riitiiig into clili..nt loiintries: tor it is remark -
jiliie, tli.it t. t facred riverb ure In iitii.iltil, that
th<re i» not nnv p;irt of India where the inlia-
hitanls may not havraii opportunity ot uadiiiij; a-
«av tlieir'fins. Tie (■'.iiigis, w!iii li rifts in the
n.oiintihiH of Tliihi l, «ith its ilitfereiit lir.mihev,
ritni through the kingdomi of Ueiigil, LJaliar, and
Orixa, nnd the upper provinces of Oiide, Rohil-
ciind, A^ra, Delhi, and Lahore. I'hc Riftna dl.
viiies the C'arn.itit from (iohoiul.i, ami nm
tliioii;;h the \ifi.iporr into the intnior part, of the
Deeaii. And llie Indii'., hounding the (iuz.ir.it
proviiiers, liji.irales Indollan troiii the doniiiiiuiis
of IVrlia.
t Wliile I «Mi purruiiij; (fays Mr. Modyc) iiiv
profellional lihoiirs in ller.iies, I reeeivid iiilor-
niation of a eerrmony uliirh «a. to taKc plaec on
the banl-.s ot tiie river, and w..iili j,ieatly exiilnl
iiiy luiiolity. I hill otieii n.uland re|icattilly
heard ol that moll liurrid lullu.ii amoujjft, pcrh i) >,
the
INDIA IH eiNERAt,
r'9
urifl condition, tliouj^h njiich lefs freouently than formerly j and it is Tald, that tho
Urnmins now do not encournge it. One particular ciafs of wotm-ii arc ullowcd to
In- opi-nly proftiiiiii'd : thefc arc tlio famous daniiiij^ Ririn. Thiir attitudos and
iinivfrnfiits arc very cafy, and not ungrnccful. 'I'heir i)erfi)ii»aro delicately formed,
gaudily decorutL-d, and highly perfumed. By the cuntiuuatiun uf waiUun uttitudest,
they
the mnft mild iin<l K«ntle of the hiimin rxcr, the
II ii.luiiH ) llic r.ii.ririi:e uf (lie wile on llic itralh
III tlie linlliitiitl, itnj (hat by .1 incatii trom which
11 itiiu' fceiiii 111 Oiriiik wiih (hi; iitrnoll abhorrence,
hv tiuriiiim. Many inftancts nf this (irurti^e have
lio'ii ){iveii by tr.ivclleriii thofe whom I have
met with, only mention it a< taking place amonc
ttie hii(hell clalU j ol locitty, whnfc vanity, united
vidi InpcrHitioiiH prrjiidiccs, mi^lu have dictated
tlif ciicnmftiititc 1 and I tonfeh I could nn( en-
trrtiiiu any I'lhcr idcan, when I ohfcrved (he
ilif.iiric.il (larailv that iVcmed to adcnd it. Mr.
H'iKmII, ill lii^ t^liiioui Wdi'i, intillcd fliAifrii^al
Kvciif; relitiM! to Imlia, thus acconnH dir thii
more than inhiniian iir.ii'ticr ; " At the deniife of
'■ the 111 rtal |i,>rt or the Hindoo >;rcHt lawgiver
" and |)r(i|i|iet, Dr.iinali, hi» wivts, incoiifolalile
>' Tm' lii» l<>r>. I'clulvcd not to l'iir< ivr him, and
•' iiltirf ' tlicinli'lvek vulimtary vli'linis nn hi. Iii-
" iH'ial ('ill. 'I'.e wi> s ot tie ihiif rnj:it.s, the
>■ iiilf oil er> el tlie tiatr, bcint; iinwllliiit; to
•' h.ivc it th<' 1,'ht liiut thiy were delicent in iidt-
lirv .Hid '.iridiiM, fiilliiwcd the licrciic example
•' lit them iv tie uiviH of Hr.ii
The
lira-
• ' ini'ii, n li'ie 1' 'ii n wl" cliahlilheil liv llnir
" );it'.it le ill.itor, pron.i ini-cd and dtclarnl, that
" thf l'()irrstit tl.ofe h rcnnes ininiediattly ceiled
•• frn t^K .r tr.inl'i li^ralKins, aiiJ li.id entered the
" fiiit bn 'oon of piiriru tion : it olIiHcd, that
<< iIk ii .ivc'' 1!'. lied : li.'Jit of ni.iklii}; tlir (ame
" r.icn tc ol :!iiir ' ort:il f rni'i to Uod and the
" man. s ot ilicir lUxcalVil In .liaiuli. Tlie wive
•' ol iverv Hindoo caiij;!.i the mtliiili illii (now
" pi(lll^) Ham.'. Tim- die li.'ioii acts ol a few
•' Miinun biiMi'/l i,l)(mt a jineral ciilloni. The
<« Hi,, iTun .'ill'' ^iven it t e ftiinip ot relif.ion, and
" ii liiti.tril the fori', u.d . e;eiTionials that were
'• t.i aiio iipaiiy the fatrilice, fuhjecl to rcflri.''i-
" oils, HJiiili leave it a vchintary art of glory,
•' I'iin, and fortitude." The author proceeds
ti, llfiti- exprefsly, that he has been [irrfent at
iiKiiiv of th'IV fjcrilices, ami p .rtii iilariy and ini-
iirlelv rcioriis one that happtud on the 4II1 of
ftliriiarv, 1741 — 3, near In t'nniiv.biizar, of a
\o;iiu; « Idox, benettii fueiitreii and eighteen
ve r~ ot ajH-, Icaviiij; at fo early an .ige three
tiihrlrrn, two lioys, and a ^i.l ; the cMeft lie nien-
Uv::-. .is not tin 11 lieiii'j lour years of age. This
iiil.,!irited heruine was It oni-ly nrncil to live, tor
the (iituir care ot hi r infrits; but nolwithlland.
in:; tlii-, tli'iMj'.h the .i^>,oi:its .il death .\ ere j-ahitcd
to her in the ltronj;clt ami nioft lively terms, Ihe,
with a I aim and lel'nUeil nninten uue. pi't Ik r
liiuur into the lire, ami liclil it there a loiifiderahk
ti:iie ; (he then witli one h.inJ put hrr n the palm
»i( liie other, fprinkrd uueiile on it, and liMiiig:.ted
th'- I) nmliis. Ml- \>:is then j;i»'en to iind rliuiid,
bv i'.mu- o( liir iii'-:uls, thrt file would not be
jiciuiitled to burn lurkll ; and this ijilimatioii ap-
peared to give her deep alllirtlon for a few itio»
Micnts I after which Ihe reroliilrly replied, that
dentil was ill her own power, and that If (lie wa*
not allowed to liiirii according to the jiriiiciplet
of her calf, (lie would ftarve herftlf. Her frieiidt
finding her tliiii peremptory were obliged at laft
to coiifent to the dreadful f.icrifice ot lliii lady,
who wa« of high rank.
The perfoii whom I faw (ohfervc« Mr.
Hodges) was of the Hhyfe (merchant) tribe ir
cat> ; n clafs of |>eople we (lioiild n.idir.illv fiip-
pole cxemp( from tlie high nnJ i iiprtnoua pride
ol rank, and in whom the ratnral dehre to pre-
firve lile (hould in general predominate, undi-
verted from its proper coiirfe by a profpert of
polihuiiioiis fame. I may add, that lliofe motives
are grcitly (Ireiigtht nd by t'le tKeinption ol thia
clal't Iroiii that iiilamy with whkh (he rcfufal ia
iiiivitably br.inded in tlitir t'.ipeiinrk, l'p"i> "</
rep .iiiiiji, to tlic fpot, oil the banks of the river,
where the cireniony was to take pi ice, 1 foiina
the body of the man on a bier, and covered with
linen, already broiii'lit down and laid at (lie tdge
of tlie river. At this t iif, iliout ten in the morn.
ini», oiilv a ft .e people were airciiibUil, who ap.
pe.ired delliliite of leeling at the cataOroplie th:K
was to take place ; I may even fay that tliiy dil-
played the niolf perleiit apathy and inditlVrence,
.Alter w.iitiii' a C'liifnhrable lime, the wile ap-
jHMred, atteinlid by (he Hramtns, and niiific, with
Ionic low relalionn. The procelliin w.is (low ami
I'.ileiiin J the vi.-lim moved with a lle.idy and
Hrin Itepi ami, a(ipareiit;y witli a [lerfert compi>»
fiire of covintenaiue, .ip|>roachcd clofe to the bidf
of her hiilhiind, where for fonie time they halteil,
tihe then uddredeil thofe who were near her, witik
compofure, .and without the leali trepidation of
voice or change of countenance. She held in her
left h.and a cocoa nut, in which was a red coluir
mixed up, and dijiplng in it the forc-fiiiger of her
right hand, Ihe marked thofe near her, to whom
(he widieil to fliew the lall a^f of attention. As at
this time 1 (tood i lol'c to her, (he oblcived me at-
tentively, and with the i olour inarkeil me on the
(oreheail. She niijijit be abmit twcnty-lonr or
five years of age, a time of life when the blooni
of beauty his i;encrally Ifed the cheek in India (
hut ftill (he pieferved a Ciilhiieiit (hare to prove
that (lie MHift have uen han.Hoiiie ; her tl^iire was
(mall, but elegantly turned ; and the form of her
hinds .'.nil arms was paniuilailv beauiil..!. Ihr
drels wa.s a li'oCe robe ot white llowing drapcr\,
lh;;t extended from lur hc.id to tlie Icet. The
pL'.ee of f.u rilice was l,i^;!ier upon the bank of the
river, a hundred y.irds or more (lom tin (pot
where we n"H Hood. The piic was . Kinpol'e.l of
drieil br.inihts, leaves .in.) rullirs, with a door
on one tide, and .iiclud and covered on the to|) t
by the lidc uf the dour lloud a mui wiili a lij.diied
% brand.
il'-i
INDIA IN (i r. M » R A f„
tlu-y ncquirr, ait they nr»w warm in tin; il;iijcc, a fruntic Inrcivioul'iK'fs, and com-
tiitiiitk..iic, l)y a itatiiial contiigion, tlic moll vuliiptiuiiii dcliroi tu tlio hcholder*.
'Ilic (JciitDoi nri- a* caroUil ot' tin* cultivation ut' tluir laniln, imd tlu-ir pul)lic
vvorkn und con\i.iiii-na'ii, lu tin* (MiincU- ; and uiiiHtlvalily hoiicll uiul liuniuiic:
ilu-rc lcarri.ly ii an iiiOaDco of a robhcry in all indo.lan, though the diamond-nirr-
iliaiit'i travi'l willimil doti-iilivf wiaponn. Accordinj; to a late writer, the Hiiuloos,
as well Bh llu' IViliaiis, 'I'arlarn, and adii)iiiiii({ nations, wlio have inhabited Indul".
tan tinci- it was invaded liy Tanu-rlune, thoii)(h ot dillerent nutiont, religioiii,
laws, and i ullonis, jioirel's neverlheiif*, in cijual di-grcis, hoCpitality, p()litener<t,
and addril's. In nlinenjint and eal'e ot" manners ihey are fuperior to any neopjc
III tile wdlward ot' tlioin. In politeneTs and uddrcfs, in ^raceridnef!* ot deport*
nniit, and fiueih, an Indian is as inui h fnperior to u Frenchman ul raihioii, hn he
is t-i a DutLli l)nr^on\HlK■r ot Durt. A I'renchinan'i eal'e in mixed with forward
t.iiniliarity, with t unlideiue. and lelt-conceit ; hut the good hreeding of the liiii<
decs, efpccially thole ot' the hi(jhcr caliji, is releivcd, model!, and relpetlful.
'I he lomplexidii ot' the (ientooii is black, their hair it long, their perl'onn are
l^rai^ht and elegant, iheii- limbs finely |>ropr>iiioiicd, their , ringers long and taper-
ing, tlieir comiienances open and plcataiit, and their features exhibit the moll de-
licate lines of beauty in tlie females, an<l in the males a kind of manly foftnef*.
Their walk and gait, as well an their whole deportment, is in the highcll degree
gracelul. 'I he diels of the men h ii kind of clofe-bodied gown, like our women's
gowns, and wide trowfers, refeinbling petticoats, reaching down to their tlippers.
.Such of the women as appear in public, have ihawlsover tlieir heads and dioulder«,
ihort clofe jackets, and tight drawers which come down to their ankles. Hence
the drefs ot the nun gives them, in the eyes of Kuropcans, an appearance of effe-
minacy; whereas that of the women appears rather mafculino.
'I heir houles cover much groniul, and have fpacious galleries and accommoda-
tions ut various kinds. IliC apartments arc fmall, and the furniture not very ele-
gant, if we except the rich IVrlian carpets. The grandeur of their palaces cim-
lilU in baths, pei fumes, temples, gods, and harems. 'Hie harems or /ezanas, that
is, the rcddences of the women, are removed from the front «)f the houl', and
li;^1ite(I onl) fioni a fi]nare fpaic in the centre of the whole bjilding 'I he apiiarel
ot the women is inconceivably rich ; lliey have jewels on their lingers and about
braiiii. Troiii the t'mr the woman «p|'cartil, to t! c
t.ikiii^ 11(1 ol tlie lio'l) to loiivty il ii.to tlic pile,
tlurc tl.ipfcil ll c r|'.iii III \,At an limir, v liiili u^t
riii|>:o\rJ in }>ia\rr \«.tli thr lir:iiiiiii>, in allcnii-
oil'. Ill il^ol'c u l>i> llooii nrar hrr, aiul lonvcil.itiiiii
u itii hcT rclatii.iiii. \\ lirii tlit: I'liily vi.is i:ikcii ii|),
fhc Idllowed 1 ioCe to it, attci;i'.cil I'V llie tliitl
lir.iniiii ; .iii'i sthcn it » a> dctiililol in liic pile,
<).(' liowdl to i'',\ ar>-aiiul litr, aiul riiti.riil ui:iiiiii(
Ipiakin;;. Tlic- num. tut llic tiitiuil, tin- iloor
va» iloi'iJ ; thi tire \\m put to ti.e luinluiftililci,
vll.tli iiiftaiitly riaiiiid, anil iniiiicnl'i' qiiantilirs
( t drieit wiieil ami Mlicr inatUi ^ » itr tlirou n upon
it. '11. ij tail p.iit ol llie ( rri iiioii) » :i< ai.i oiiip.i-
liU'J villi llif iLoiil. ot the mult. tiiilr, ulio now
ha.>in.' iiuiiitnuib. aiul the vvhule lixiiie'l i ni.fii
of loniufii! njuiv iiij;. For my |ail, I felt iny-
l.if ai'ti.a't I h\ Miy ilitlritnt feuliiiitiitM ; tlie
rwi t II. .;t I liail li.en uitiujji to uai ftit li, that
(ht MiliK tcl) ( .11 iiinllaiii.e atler.ilin^ it lo'iM l.nt
be iiaUil !r ni ii;y iiieiii iry ; ar.il when the iiuiaii-
1 h'liy w I. jell hail ovcra henieil me «a» loiiie*li;.t
al'areil, I inasle a draw inj; ot the fiihjei't.
la nilur partk of liijia, a^ tiie (.'ariiatie, th's
dreadful (.ufluin ii accoiii^anicU in the cxc^utiuu
of it ttltli ftill j;rMtfr horror. It i, alH red that
tlley dig a pit, III tvliiih it dcpolilrd a lar^e ipMii.
t'.ty i>t coiiilmlliblr nutter, uiiiili U let on liie,
and the limly liriiig let down, the vn'tiin thimvi
lierlelf into the Haining mat-. In utiiir pUees a
pile 'f> railed exlrenirly hij;li, and the body witli
the wife i. I laied upon it, and the u hu!e h fct on
fire. \Vli.iie>!f le ilie iiicanN, ic.ifin and imture
lu revolt at the idea, that, ueie it not a well
knoun and uell aiiti.enlii..l>d eiriiimltani.f, it
uoulit haidly olitain iiedit. l.i truth, 1 caiiii'it
but toiittl', thai I'oii.e dcj;rtt ol iiureiiulity wai
niingUd with eiiriolil) on tliii o> mlion ) .liid t'le
dtlire ol ali.ei'taiiiiiii; to exir.uiidii ury a tact wit
my t;reat(li indut-iiiuiil to Ic a l|KCl.ilor. see
Hodntj' 'fr.ivcK 111 liidia, duriiij; ilie yean i;b..,
17S1, lySjand 1 ;Hj. p. 7'>— 114. w here the rc.i.Ur
uiil tiiid tins alieclni^ kene upieleiittd, irom a
p.iintiiin by .Mr. lluiij,:.-, in t vtiy tiej'.aiit piiii!,
— I. .11,1. .Moor, ill liJt .\,na;ive ol lue 0,0.1.
tiling id L'apt. Liitle't Uct.Kliii.eiil, p. i3],rel.t(t
aiiatiouni oi another vi^ltim (o iliib ho rid In-
perl^iiion, in UotuUcr 1771, iu iiie laai^ ol I'ur-
ftraiu iihowi
7 their
INDIA IM ORMIRAL
7««
\hv\r ncckn, nnd nifo in fluir cur* and nolhili, wilh ImKcIcH on ilu'ir wrilN aiitl
iiiiiiH, antl iirouiul llicir unkKii.
I'AiiuUAi] riio lcni|ilt-i» or pttgmlas of lhp(irntnni arc- Itimimloiik Itiit (lifi;iil')<
till lltMic buiUliiii;», cri'Clctl in vvcry capital, and under llic uitcclioi) o\ ilic lUn-
I'.iinn.
'lo tliii. liKw.viT, tlioro arc funic cxieptionu for in projwrlion to tin- piogi' l«
(if till- (litrcrciii (oiinlrii'tof Indiii in opnIiMirc uud roliiu'iiKiit, tli.' tlrtictuit i,( tin ir
li inpUtgrndiially iiuprovvd. From plain h ;ilding» they In-i'unir higlil) oriiununt' <l
lHl>iii», Jind, both by llu'ir I'Xtcnl tiiid magni i' cn»i', arc nionuiiiint ; uf lie powtr
iiiul tiillf of tlu' pcopli- by whom tin v were crotlrd. Id ihii lii^liiy fiiiilhrd ll\ |i*
llitri' uh' pngwdiik of f^nnt iiiitiipiily in dillc'roiu ))Rris ot Ind'illiiii, pirtii tiliti iv in
lie ff'iilhi'rn niiisint i*!», wliiili were n'^t e\|i<if(d t<» llu' «!».'tlnitlivo vioKnii' ot Sla-
lioineduu xi-iil. In order to alliti ni) readers in forming n pMpcr idea of tlii-fi- build-
ings, 1 lliall lirii'il) deluibe two, of which we huve the niull aci urate auouiilt.
'I lie i^ntry to tiie pa^odH <>f Chill>inibruni, near Porto Novo, on ih^' CoroiuaiuK I
toull.held inlii^h \enerution on tu'count of itsatititpiity, leads through a llaleh ^ati*
iiiuler a pyrunwd un luuulred nnd Iwenly-two tW-t in height, Imilt \\ itii l:)i^<.- Uonrt
above foitv feel lonu, and more than five Iret fipiare, and ull < overed with plate,; of
e..[i|ur, inioriudwitn an iinmenfe variety of Injures neatly ex'; iiied. 'I he vhnlc ftru; •
ture extends one thoufuiid ihrcc hundred ami thirty-two I'nt in one dirictiin, and
nine lumdied and thirty-lix in another, home uf the oruiiinental part« are linitliid
will) an ele);anee entitled to admiration.
The pagiKlu of Seringhaiu is fimerior in fan^tity to that of Chillambruin, and fur-
palfes it as much in f^randeur. 'liiin uaguda is lituatcd about a mile from the weft-
I rn extremity of the illund of Scrinqiiam, formed by the divilion of the gtoat river
("averi into two channels, It is com|M)fed of feveii fipiare enclofures, o-ie within
the other, the walls of whiih are twenty-five feet hi^h, and four thick. 'I'hefe i ii-
elofures arc three hundred and ftft\ feet dilbmt from each otlur, and each has four
large gates with a Apiare Itiwer, which are placetl, one in ilii' middle of each li<l<-
of ilie eiiclofurc, and oppolite to the tour cardiiuti pointx. 'the outward w.tll i. near
ft.iir miles in circumt'crence, nnd it!« gateway to the Couth ir, ornameincd \\i;li pil
hiri. feveral of which are (ingle Ibmes thirty-three t'eet long, and nearlv tive in ili.;.
Meter; and thofe winch form the roof are tiill larger; in the innioli eiiclofurcs aie
tlie chapels. Here, as in all the otlur great pa;;od!is uf India, the Hraininv live in ii
fubordinjtion which knows no relilhmce, ami tluuiber in u volu]>tu(>'at'icrs which
kiii'ws n<> wants.
'J licii is ii beautiful flrikture, at Triple Cane, two milis fouth of Madaqafcar.
It is of ciiiiliderable nuignitude ; and as the t«>p of the buildiii;; rife? conliderably
above tlie trees, it is feen all t)ver the country. .Vdjoining to the temple is a lari'e
tjiik. wiih Heps defcending It* the bottom, filled with water. '1 he whole is of"
Itone, and liie niaf.inry excellent. On the furface of the temple are mkuiv bailii re-
liev()>, ubieli probably relate tn the religion of the lliiidoos; but whether they
;uv mnni vted with the riu> and wi>rlliip of Bramah, or not, it is not enfv to fay :
tii;,ie of them are tif the innd indecent kind *. .Nlr. Hodges has given a very
ill •^;mt print ol the gnat p;i!;<'da at 'I'anjore.
If the Ibaniin.s are m;ilKisul an\ unconunon art or feienee, ihey freiimntlv turn
it Id the |iurpnles of prolit from llieir ignorant votaries. ,\lr. ,V i;ii'tni» lavs, that
till \ know how to calculate eclipfes ; and that judicial ;itiri>li>i,'v i.s to prevahin
;illum^ lliein, that half the year is taken upwith unlmky «la\>. i' i- hei<l ;>!irol,im'i
Lwii^ always toid"ij]ted in their councils. 'Hie MahoniLiaiis likewlfe * luuuriice
* ILodeci' Travch in India, from i;^.: u> i -S;. p.
4^
tlu.fc
7'.«
fNDIA IM ORHEBAt.
ihnfr fuprrftiiinini, »ntl ln->'« ij|jon all ilif fruit* of iHt (Jfni..M liuliiftry *« bctor.j^iHjj
l<» itKiiilVlviit- I he (ivrUixi* ure iiiiirvly pailiM.' uiulrr all their i)p|irt--iliitii», Iiiivim){
link' of tliat rtriiilninit in their nntur^ thai animair* the rv(l ot iiunliirid,) vvr
llu y uri' falVi ptiMr oif ivarnc, nmi Iniiiffinu'* hury the-ir nuNU'v, aii<l ruiln'r ihun
llilvOVcr if. lllll tllrMMll IVH to «Uull» llV |M>ll<»U Of u» lu'rwiriV '| lll« [ililfllli, wliu 1|
il It oini U iiu( imcotiiinoii, tuuunli fur the gnal Unniiy nf lilvcr thut till t>t' latt>
|iri\ui!i.-(| in iiul'iiian.
iMrLUfNi t' or pono AK» r AR I. V MAHRiAoiti I 'I hc ronfona above mrntionr(|
All "tint lilvtwil..- for thrii' bcin)( Uf'ii tiitcivr ilu- inllm i.c o nt' ihoir pallmni iliun tho
iiihaliitiinti (>r (itlu-r (ounlriist. llu- pir|M-iiiiil ulV i>f° rici', iheir ( liiit' t<Ki>|, gi\C4
llicrn Imii liitU< i)<)iirillinii.'iit i nrul iltnr tiiarr^iiiK ourlv, llu- lu.ilc li> inn lourlci'ii
htul ihtir wotii^:') Ht ton or cLvui yrarit of' am-, k»«p-i ilu'in |n\v oiul liohle in their
iivrtuiu. A tiuin i» in ihc lU'ilinc ot lilc ui ihirty, uiul tlik* tK>auty ot the wiimeii
(K■^ill■ to (^rcny ut eif(hrfen: sit twi-nty-livv.' thi-y have nil the inaik* ot old airo.
\Ve nrc not tluTitori- to woiuKt at tlu'ir Iviiii; loon llnuij^iTii lo till p»rtiMiali'Kcai(it>
Hr\(l vifTourot mind : and wliativir may In* tlu- < anl'o, n riccnt iruxillir among iliein
ohAiMs, it i» lortuin, llut dcalli it. ri^artiid with lc(^ liorior in Indi.i ilian m any
'tJlhcr country in the v.<iil(l. lite- origin nnd tlii: end <>( all tiling*, lay th>- pjiilo.
roj)lu'!»ot India of' till prclVnt linns, is a vaiiium. A llatt* of' rvitol'v; >» thi' link*
of gi\aU-lt peril ^iion ; ai.d tins i^ tlu- llute utti-r whii li a wife man alpircn, '■ It i>,
hettcr", r.ty liie Hindoos, '* Irom a lavonritc liooic, to lit than to walk, to lie down
than tu lit, and to lliip than to wake ; but donlii i* ili> IkI) of all f". AicoidihX
lo the (iciiloo liiWK, criininnis I'l-ntcnrtd to jK-.ilh «ro not lo In- liran^lctl, I'liUDCiu-
f(|, or ptiifoncd, but to Ik- lut <>tf by the Iword ; bctaufi-, without an elliidon of'
blood, tnalcfat'ton an* riipp(<lVd tn dii- with all tluir liiu about tlu-in -, but loo
rtu'ddiiij} nl thi-ir blood, it is tlio;i<;ht, expiates lluir iriine*
'I hi- M.ilio,;i(lan», who, in liulollan, aro tailed Moom, an- ihictly (»f I'crl
I
iinii,
Tuikidi, and Arabic eMiaclion. I hc-y early bij^an, in ihc n-i^is ot tlie laliphit ot'
Ua^dali, to iiuadi- lndo;bm. 'I hey penetrated an tar at Delhi, whiih they made
thiir tapiial. I lu-y liitUd eoloiiien in iVveral plan %, whole defecndauti* are ealKd
I'ytaiis ; l.ut th'.ir en, pin- was overthrown by lanu-rlane, who foiindid the Mo'jid
nincvs luing ibitt Maliometans, retiued
o\erni)i' 111, wini li
lllll biblill
hnt'
Z
under liivii' proteiMion all that prolelUd ine t;ime riligioii, and who being ji bravo
tittivo ])e('ple, counterl)alaiin 4 tlu- numbers of the natives. 'Iliey are laid to havi
introdui.etl the (ii>ilion ot provinees, over wliieh tiiey appointed I'ouiiahs ; and
thi.t'i
boblh
I' iiiovii.ii s, V ai
Il of* wliieh iiii;;ht be (1) It d an ( m|)ire, W(T<- Aibdividcd into
ii)S ; ea
c'h nabob beioi; iniiuediatelv at < ouiUabIc to his foubali, win
na-
I in prti
ce
I in
r» ol linn.- beeamo ainioll uidependi nt ot'tfie dieat Mogul, e.xiepl in paying Iii
an annual liibute. i he vait ii fort ol I'erlian and I'aitar tribes ha-> likewili- tfreiigih
rued th< Malinnielaii goveinmrnt : but il is ohlervahle, that in two or tlui-»- gene-
rations, the piu^eny ot all tin le advenurers, who brought nothing with thciii hut
iheir holds and ih< ir fuords, d<gnierated into eartirn iiukklence ai.d fenl'u ility.
(;f all thole triiies, the Mahratias at jirefeiit make the greatell ligure. llu\ arc
a kind it iiK-rtcnaries, vviiolive on the mouniulns between Iml'llan am
IVrlia.
'Ih
ev e<>;
.ino;iK ferve tm hdrlebuik, and, when well commanded, thev have bc^
en
fknown to give law e\i.ii t'> ll'' ccirt of" Delhi. 'I hough lli v arc origlually Cnn-
loos, \et lliey are of' bold active Ipirils, and pay no gnat nlpeCt to the prii.eiples
of' their religion. Mr. ,Si raltou lays, that the Mahometans or Moors are void of
ever) p.iiu iple e\ n of their «iwn religion ; and if they have a virtic, it is an n\i-
uciuancc ot hofpiuility, but it is an appearance only ; for wluie ihvy arc tiiiiikiiig
f KcHv'^ioiii, Hirii/tca, p. 17. Dtnitii lotlia aiiAl>fcd, lutroUuAioii, p. £5.
with,
INDIA IN
fl I V I R A H.
7*S
with, nn»f <>mlniiring n frlrriH, ihry will rt«l» Wm lo thr hrwrt. But i< i« pr(il>iil>U»
ihnt ill')'" rc|>r<'fon»iili'>n» i>f lh<'ir moral dejiiavlf - iin' rxntfgrr lej,
Till' ntiinnfr of dtiiikinff iinwing ihc GrnK'»»ii i% rrmnrkuhk. Ih- / relij#ioufty
«i\oiil tiiiiihiii); ih<< vrtn I iTiat conuini thr lintmr with ihcir hp«, ttixi pour ii inUts
Jln'ir nwMiflu, holding ihr li«f»Hr, »»t <rtht'f v(k-I, ar n f"ii<ir\ ilittancc. 'I heir id'H
is that ihry *M>iild h«' polhilrd l>y Oagnnling Wiilcr I licy will tlrink from a piimpi
iir <»t (iny runiiir^ rtrcjitfi, hul iidf ouf ol « p<x>l.
I'oin ir Al. roNi I 1 1 I' iroN AhD KORM ( Ihrfc will uAuril a vrry nrikiiii; (irnnf
or (lovniKMrn r. J if fh«" «*trly nn«l hi)eti iivili/niion of
tlif jM'f)plc of liidin. " '\)\c Indinnn trar« hai k «ltc hillnry of ln*ir own tixintff
llit<ni'>li iin imtiunff fin ccHnm ot agm, tiixl ;(iriTt ihiit a'l Alia, from i'.- momli of
(If hiduion tlic wi(l, In ilir confinci of (liiii.t <m flu- ohA, ami trwm th* fnountaina
r\ Ihilu't on ihc north, to ('n|)o Comoriii "•» thi- fi>utli, (oinr»d n vail t.tipirp, ( jb-
iitttoriK iiiigluy fov»ri'ign, iiiidi r v\hon\ nilid (cviTnl |. rtilrinry piimc^aiH) ra-
):ilii, Hul Ihfir « hroiio' )){\, wliith m.-ifuivn ibr lifi* of iiinii m aiuicni lim«"« l>v
llifiiifttiuN of yrnrit, aiut toiuputr* ihf longth of ilio fcvrral |)cri»KU, during wlu< h
it lii|'pol'i-i lhi< World to h.ivt* cxiiK'd, hv rniliioiiK, in fo wildly t-xtruvaf^Hul, n» not
iu itiiiit uny fcriouN difviillion. V\t* mull reft fitti^ftcd ihrn, luiiil fonio niori- iirtuin
iiitornmtion iioliMim'<l nmiIi rcfiM'^l to ihr amcii-nt hiftcry of India, with iiikini? the
firt> IU"."!!!!!"! cl that iDiinlry, which ran !>«• decm<*«l uuihi-iitii , from llic (iu ks,
whofi'r»cd nntirr Ali'xnndcr lhf(Jri'at. rheyfouixl kingdom'* ot tonfidornhlc niag-
riitudi- tftiddilhod in ihut <ounfty. 'Iht* territorin of l'oru«, ond of liixiU's «'\)iii«
|ii( luMuU'd n >;rc-at part of ilu- I'^nj ili*. one of the moll firtilr, nn«l lull » uhivatid
I oiiiitrici in India 'I hr kiuJ;tl^^n^ of the I'rnlij, or (faitgaritla-, lliv 'i hid to a grt at
I'xtiiit on hoth fides of the (ianKr.H. All the thfir, M jpfKarb Ironi the Hitcieiit
CJrerk writcra, were pow< rful and popuh)U»,
"'Ihi» dcferipti(m of the partition of India into flatM nf fuch magnitude, is
nione a eoiiviiieing proof of itn hn^ iMi» advanced far in tivilifalion. In witarever re-
gion of the eardi tliere h:is hern , r- opporlimily of «dtl'erving the progrefn of men
in foeial life, they jippear ; ' firfl in ('iiall indeprtulent triheH or eoi^\mnniliei. I heir
common want;* proi'ipt tln/n lo unite ; and their mutual jiHloulies, »<t well ns li.c
(leceUity of fecuring fid'ldh'tm', compel ihint l«> drive to n dilJanee every rival who
niisjlit eiieroai h on ihofe doni;iins «fiieh they tonlider att their own Many ii;;e<i
eliii'fe hefore they loalefie. or tucjiiire lt'lVKi''i\t fonli^ht to provide tor the v-ants,
or tiilfieient wifdoin to londuvt the .itlniis of a nimicrmis i xiety. I'^^•n ui.dir tin;
mnial tliiiinte, and in the rich toil ot India, n.orp favoiiralile peihaps to the uniMi
;.nd imnafe of the hiinnn fpeeies than niiv otlur pail of the ^IoIk-. tli • formation
"t luili eNfeiil.ve (iatis, asweie i liahlitlutl iu that lountry when firll vilitefl hv hu-
n)[H'(in.s, mull have heen n work of Ion" time ; and the menihet . of llieui mull have
he. '11 loiij; .Teeulloined to exertions of uKful indullrv.
" 'lliinii;h nionnrihit al i;overnnu'i\t was illahlidied in all the countries of Indin,
to whi( h the ktiowledge ol the am ients exleiuhd, the foveriij;n< wvro lar trotn
pi'lii ilin;^ ui.eoiitrouled or ('■ I'potic power. I he moiiar< hs of India, who arc ad ta!.i n
(i'"it ilie ficontl of the four eiall'es fornu'riy defuihed, which is iiiirulled wiill llic
fiini'lloiis of ijovernm'Ut and exercife ol war, behold amciii}» their (iil'i''tls an iird'T
<it men far fup'-rior to themlVS's in <Hgnity, and Co < (»nfeiovisof iheiv own pie-imi-
luiKe, hoth m rank :ind in I'.inctity, tliat they won!'' ueen) it <lejjratlaii<in ii^.d p"!-
Iiition. if tin y were to eat ol the fame food witli tluii lovereign.
"Willie the (:>erid riles of the Hramii's oppolVd a harriiT n'^ain'l t'c ei»-
troavlinientsof re;;td jx'wer on one hand, it was* tircumlVrihed on ilie titlu i oy the
rir.>. term im.im the rotinrry watrrcd by th« fiveftfttrii branches of dio luJii,.
4 Z 2
ideas
7»4
INDIA tv eiiriAt.
W»'(»« *»lti»h iIm'C' wim (MMipikil llic Muh'-ft rt.uio»i In finWly fnl^rfufn^ nf thftr
owiiili^iiitv iiikI jMivili gt'», — Nor Wi-ttf lli> Imiu lit»<it ilu I'l- rtilraini* \i\y<n i\w |m»w
rr ill' ttu' luvvrri|(ii vonliiu'd wliolly l<t iIk' Imo ('tt|» nor or«1><r« iti On- tUu- ^ llirytK*
liMiili'tt, ill fi>4iH; lU'griV, III ihi) iliirililuU vtii|il<iycUitt ugrituliiire *.
I.^Ht AND it'UiriAi. rK<»i'»».tM»iu» I IiiiIm' v«riy aiiUruUtacrtof ftaloty.ilNf
fiw «lir|Miii'ii v^iih nriN'cl I'l |m)|H;riy wliuli Arif*. nrv U'rimnalrti liv ilu- inii-'r|i<)(|.
liiiit of ilu- tilil iiii-n, nr by llu' nuihnril) ul tlio ihit-ft in every fitiuli Iriho ur ium<
niiitiiu I ihtir «ltiilMMi> ari- ilKlulrtt t>v lluir own iliritclimt, or I'liiimU'tl uii |ilniii
•ml iifivimiK iii.tMiu<i ul t. [iiiiy. lint a* loiitruvi'rlic^ iiiiitli|)ly, mrii liiiiilur loruili
M liuvf Ihcn lormrrl) lU'iirniitinlnuitk recur, ami ihv uwurtUu|H)ii iluli' Krowgr.)
duully into prvifdcntu, wlm li fwrvi- in ngitluti' futuri' juilumciiit. Ihiu, l>iii^ U>
ion- llu- iiamn- ul priipcKy i« tUtiiuil by |Mil'itivi- tl.ilnt
juila
•«. ill
u;ri,'i»Kra«liiully fiitiiud,
iii oviry Ihiti, u liuiiy ot culloiDiiry ur viudiidmi Iuw by wbuh juuitial |>itM'i*i'iUii^«
«rv dirctlvd.
In lhi» lliiik' ihc udininllYralinn of jurtitc fictn* lo liuvo Ix^rii in liulia, when Hrll
vilitt'il Itv Knrii|K'anii. Ibnu^li llu Ituliun*, Mimriling lo liuir aiioinit, liiul im
written luMk, Imt iKicnnnuil ony (niititivertid |H)inl, by rfciillrtliiiK wlmi huil
U'cn iurnicrly (tci itU'il t tlu-ynllut tltiil juttuewnii diriKiilfil .uiumu llutn wiiK
nul acruriit y, nnd llml i rinuk Men 'CiVtrily iinnillud. Ttmiirdii lli« middle ol
le lisu-enili tenliirv. Aklnr llu .Sixth, in deliLnl Iroin I'uincrlani'
nuiiiiUed the
ii'ii-
R . .
llitone ot Indollun. A» in every |irii\itue ot hit extenlive empire llu llindiuit
iornud the gr>nl ImkU ot lii* lulijecli, lu* hkbonnd lo tu ipiire u perfect kiuiwledge
or their reli^Kiti :nul inliiuiii>>n> i in outer to lllr.nl^o every p>irt nt hit goverinneni,
pnrtit ulurl\ the adininillruiion ol jnlliee, in a manner 'he bell aec-oinnuuiuted to
their own uteai. In thin |;eiu-rou<t niuUrlakiiiK he w-ini licoruled with seul by hi«
vi/ier Abnl l.i/el, a niiniller wluil'e uiuU rthinding wui not lefi rnlighteiu-il lh.in
that of lii» mafler. Ky their iiruliii>n» refenri-hcs, and lonlnli.ilion ot learned M)eii,
dull inliirmation \va» obtaiiud ai etiubled Abnl KaiCel to pnblilh a briet eoinpi
diiiiM 1)1 lliiul<io jurilpiudeiue, in the Ayeen Akberry, wbiili nuiy be eonluUred
tilt tird Pennine iiin.inimicalinn ol ii% prim iple!> to perfonii of a dilFerent religion.
About two t.eiitnriis al'terwurdu, the illutlrioUHexamtde ol' Akiter wan imitated and
furpailed by Mr. lla'HuKi. llu ^overnor•general ul tfie Itrililli fetllenunti in India
l)\ hi> anihiiiity, and under hit iiilptvlion, the moll emiiuMit I'uiuiilH, or Hramin%
learned in the laws nt the prnvinti* over \Nhii.h he piilided, were ullendilcd iit
("aleulta; aiul, in (he eourft ol' two \e,irs lompiletl, (rom their inoft aniirnt and
a|rfii(>ved luiihois, a lull code ol lliiulnn la>\ s , wliiihi;>, undonbiedlv, the nioll
valuable and autheiiiie clueidalien ot Indian policy and manners that lia» been hi-
tlnrto ( iimmuniiated to l'Airi'|ie.
Aicordin;; |o ihe I'uiulit*, lonu- ot" the wrilcrn upon whofe authority they found
till' decrei^ whiib ilu-y have mfeitedin the code, lived feverahnillion»of jtar* Ih:»
fore tht ir lime. \\ iihont entering into any examiiiaiiuii ot what ia fo exirnvu-
Kiint, we niuy conclude, that tlie llindooi have lu their pofUliion treutilck imuerii-
iit^ the la\\> and luril'prudcnce ot their country, ul nmre renuite antitpiily than ai
!•• lu tuaiul in any other nation. '1 he truth ol lliin depends not upon their ow
teltinu>ii\ alone, Imt a is put beytiiul doubt by one cireumllance, that all thefe trea-
tiles aie written iii the ^iiuulkreet laii){ua^>-, which ha;* not been Ipoken tor inaiiv
a^c-t in any [lart ot liuloltan, and is ui,w undertlood bv none but the molt learned
l.iaiiiins. I hat the Hindoos \m re apiople hi^;hlv civiii/id, at the time when th
laws were eompolid, is moll clearly cll.iblillud by internal evidenee contained
thu CoUu ilfclt. Ainun^ nations bcgim>itig tu emerge fruni barbarifni, the- rej^ula*
111 are
II
eir
ill
Di'. Rul>crtfui)'< Dif4uiliuun ^ouccrniiig IntliAt Ajij>cnili\, p. a6}'— i66.
bunt
INDIA iM ••»■!* t.
7M
lliin* of Imw nn tuirfmcl) fimiilc*, and apiilicabl* «hiI/ lu a fvw ohviiHia cafi-t uf
(litil)r <)iitirit'ni.t'. Mrii inuA ha*# been Utt^ uiiiirti in a fiHi«l fUiir, ilivir Iraiil'tti;*
lioiu mull haw Wvn nunu-rixu and tomplcs, ami juilgr* iiiuK Hmvc lUtrrniiiiftl an
iiii'ttcnre vtitii'iy i>l iiHtiruvvrlui to whKli ih<*re gave iiU', In-forc the lyitmi ol Inw
Im'i ihiu'i voliintiiiotu and lomprahrnlive. In thai carlv tgc u( llic Homan rcpublir,
mIumi llii' Uv\ f III iIm lwtlv« tablet were prumulgalra. iiulhiiie nnitv w«t rotiuiriil
limn the lai «Miu injunilitNii which ihry t onlain for u-KulaiiiiK tiii.- dci ilion« ol' coiiria
lit' )ullici' t but, III 4 Imcr pcruKl, tht- Unly oCiivit law, anipli' ai lU konicni* aro,
Milt roiiiiil liurdU I'uliiiirni (or ihul luirporc, 'lo ihc jniiiii* bruvitv ul llif iWklv.'
lubU'". tl't* iinuioo iinli* lia» no rt-ri-inblaniA* ( but with r'llJK-fl to inc nunilx-r und
varioly ol |Kinit» it tonlidc-rt, ii will Im nr a loinpariron with the cfU-bralcd digi'll nf
Jiillitiiuni nr with ita* tyltcnitol lurifpriidviicc in iiuiinnt iiidlMiiKhly liviliriiT I lu*
rtilii lc» (it which tliu lliiidtio mile i» L'oni|Mifvd, are airuiigcd in nuliiral mid linni<
niiu« imUr. 'i hoy un- iiuinciout und iiinipri'lu'nlivi', unirinviiligauil wiih ull iliut
iiiiiiulc iMU-ntion and diricniMu-iU which uri' natural to a |H-oplc diltin|(uilhcd l»r
HcutriK'Cii and lulilility ol'uiulcillanding, who huvo bt-iii hmg utiUlioiiK-J to iht- ai-
lurmy ol Jiidiiiul |iriK.-ii*diii)(ii, und ait|iiaiiitcd with all the rclincnu-iiU ot K-gul
iracliiC. 'Ihc (U-iiliuni luiu t ining rvL-ry point, with a h w ixccptiont (Kialioiu-d
ly liual prijiidiii'i and |K-iiiliiir cultonii, arc tomuUd upon ihc great and iininui-
uliK- print ipli'i ot' jullitc whuh the huniuii nund uc knowledge* Mid tdpcfla, iit
o^ry ug^'' *"*'' '" *'" |*i'i* *>' i'>^' t'urth *•
llic Aluhomcltin inllitnict prtvail only in their great Inwni and their neighbour*
h(HMl. 'I III' i'in|iire ii heriditary, und the emperor i» heir only to hit own otiiceri.
Ail laruU go in the hereditary line, and continue in ihul lUle even down to ihi*
liiliU'iianli. wliilo the lord can pay bin laxex, und tlie latter tluir rcnli both wlii^U
lire iiiiiiiuuiblv lixeil in the piililii IkhiLi ol° eaih ilillrict. The iiiiperial deniedic
liiiiiU ure llmlV ol the great rajah luiiiiliit, which lell to Tanierlane and hi» ruccil'-
liir^, Certain portion* ot them arc culled jaghire I iruU, und uiv lieihiwed by the
trnwn on the greut loriU or cmnihi, und up<in iluii di.'ntii revert to lite eniperur ^
but il>e ri|{litH even ot the liiliunatitit ot tlH>l'.' laiitU are iiidetealible.
A(.<uriliiig to till- (.ii'iiloo loi.llitutiiiii, land ^lioulen and garden* extepied) k
not private propertv, but liciongs to tlie coinmuiiily, in the feveial village* ( which
ure lupplied with their refiieclive public oHicer*. a* the hcadiitan, to execute jiil-
li (■ ; llie coiucopoly, to keep the accuniit* ol' the villajrc i the eorn-tneter. tiiiith,
liaiinr, d'iclor, alirologer, &.c. Die ground* »re cultivated by the coiiimmiity.
Olid the produce ihareti out in certain |iroporliun<i to all. One !'% allotted to the
na;odiis uiid ilramiii*, one to the government, (mother to the public otfieers, oni;
to ilie repair <•! tank*, or relervoir* of water, and the rcll diUribuled amoii^ the
coinnuiiiity : but we uiidcrtland that the MalMimelan government, und the mtru-
Imn of Kiiropeans, l>uve introduced lume iiinovnii'His in thi^ ancient cunllitution»
particiilarU, h\ taimiii){ the cirear, or governmenl lliares.
I.I I hH A I IRK.) I lie evidence which we have of tlu; literature of the Indians i*
rn.iUud more iiitertlliiig bv being derived from a fource of knowledge which
tJK' l.iiuialiie ciiiiorny ot our couutryinen has i nencd to the people ot Kurope
wiiliin ihel'e few veats. That all the fciencc ai.d literature imirellcd by the Iti.i-
lnill^, were cimlained in bonk* written in a language underitond by u tew onlv
of the iiiolt learned uiiioni^ tliein, is a fa^t which luu long been known ; and all
the I'.iirxpii'i N fettled in India during three centuries, have complained tiiat
llie BKimiiis obliinately reluled to inUiiitt any perfoii in thi* language. Bui at
kivili, l)yaddr^.l^, mild treatment, and a perfualum ilut the eajiiellutf* wiih wliicli
• Dr. Robcrtl'oni fiAiuiltiion, Appctidix, p. 170-175.
inftruiHiuit
726
INDIA tN O E N C R A L.
inftniiflion wn« folic iu-d, prococdodnht from any intrntion of turning their rcJigioft
into dorilion, but from h dclirc of tuqiiiriii^ n pcrfett k^iowledgc ot tlicir fiicnces
niid liti'raturo, their fcriiplcs haVe In^n overcome. Several Hritilh gentlemen are
now eonipielely malti rs of tlit» Mianl\rret Inngnngc ; and in the tourfc of five
years, tiu- 1 niiolity of the pnhlie lias been gr.ttiHed by two publications, n» lingular
as they were nnexpetled. I he one is a tranllation, by Mr. Wilkin's, of an Kpifodc
fioiu the Miihdbiviitl, an epic poem, in high ellimalion among the Hindoos, com-
pofcd, according to their account, by Kreelbna Dwypayen Veias, the moll cm i- ^■'
nent of their hramins, above three thoufand years beh)re the Chrillian »rn. 'Him
other is SaioHlafa, u dramatic poem, written about a century before the birth of
C'lirilf, trandnted by lir \\ illiam Jones.
The Mahabarad is a voluminous poem, confiding of upwards of four hundred
thciifand lines. Mr. \\ ilkin** has tranllated more than a third of it ; but only a
fhort epilude, entitled Haghvat-Cjeetn, is hitherto publilhed, and front this fpccinien
we n>uft 'orm an o|)inion with refpett to the whole. 'Ihe fubject of the jwem is
a tamous civil war between Iwo brandies of the royal houfe of Hhaiuat. When
the forces on each tide were tormed in the field, and ready to decide the conlell
by the fword, /Vrjoon, the favourite and pupil of the god Kreellma, who accompa-
nied him in this liour of danger, re(|uelied of him to caufe his chariot to a<lvaiue
1)1 tween the two hollile armies. He looked at both armies, and beheld, on cither
Jide, none but graiullius, uncles, eoulins, tutors, foiis and brothers, near relations
or bofom friends: and when he had ga/ctl for a while, and faw thefc preparetl
fur the light, he was feized with extreme pity and com|)unttion, and uttered his
forrows in the jollowing words: — " Havin<j beheld, O Krecjhna! my kindred thus
waiting anxious for the tight, my members fail lue, m^ countenance withcreth, tlie
liair Ihmdcih an end upon my body, and all my frame trembletb with horror !
Kven (.iamleev, my bow, efcapeth from my hand, and my ikin is parched and dried
up. — When 1 hi'se deftroycd my kindred, (hall 1 longer look for tiappinefs ? I wilh
not for victory, Kreejlma ; 1 w:mt not dominion ; I want not pleafurc ; for what vi
(ioniinion, and the enjoyments of life, or even life itfelf, whei\ thofe to whom do-
ntininii, pleafurc :ind enjoyment were to be coveted, have abandoned life and for-
tune, iind Hand here in the field ready for the battle. Tutors, fons and fathers,
graiullires and grandfons, uncles, nephews, eoulins, kindred, and friends! although
they would kill me, 1 wilh not to light them ; no not even for the dominion of the
three regions of the univerfe, much let's for this little earth •."
I he drama of Saeontala mull be deemed a great literary curiofity ; but from
this the nature of our prefent work will not permit us to give any extract. We Ihall
therefore refer our curious readers either to the tranllation above iiKiitioned, or to
feveral quotations from it, which he will tind in Dr. Kobertfon's elegant Api)endix
on the manners atid inllitutions of the people of India; to which we (hall add one
remark, namely, that it is only to nations conliderably advanced in relincmenf, that
the drama is a favourite entertainment. The (Jreeks had been for a go'id time a
polilhed people ; .Alcieus and Sappho had connxifecl their odes, and I'luiles and
Anaxiinander had opened their fchools, before tiagedy made its firll rude elVort in
the cart of 1 hefpis ; and a good time elapfed before it attained to any conlitlerahic
degree of ext ellenie. From the drama of Saeontala, then, we mull form an ad-
vantageous idea of the (bite of improvement in that fuciety to whole tafte it was
foiled.
iielides tin- two works that have been already mentioned, we (liall enumer.ite
fume other j)ieces which have been tranllated from the Shanlkreet language.— i. To
• Bsghvat Geeta, p. 30, 31.
Mr.
INDIA IN ORHERAt.
727
Mr. Wilkiiis wc arc indebted for Heeto-parlts, or Amicable lii/lniniou, in n fcrics of
tuiinedcd fables, interfncrft'd with moral, prudential, and political maxims. — 2.
In the firrt Number of ttic New Afiatic Mifcellany, we havf a tranllation of a ctle-
i)r:itid comjxifition in the Kail, known by the title of the Five Gems. It conliDH of
llan/as by hvc poets, who nttei\ded tlie court of Ai)ilVura, kinj» of Bengal. Some
of tlicfo llanzas are fnnple and elceant.— 3. An Ode tranliated from VVulli ; in which
that extravagance of fancy, and tnofc far-fetclied and unnatural conceitK, whicli fi>
often difgull Kuropcans with the poetical compolitions of the Katl, abound to<»
miui). — 4. Some original grants of land, of very ancient dates, tranliated bv Mr.
VVilkins. It may feem odd, tliat a charter of legal conveyance of property ihould
bo ranked among the literary ctimpofuions of any people. Hut fo widely do this
manners of the Hindoos differ from tbofe of liupipe, that as our lawyers multiply
words and claufes, in order to render a grant complitc, and to guard againll every
thing that may invalidate it, the Pwuii/i feem to difpjitch the legal part of the deed
with brevity, but, in a long preamble and conclulion, make an extraordinary dif-
pl;iy of their own learning, eloquence, and j)owers of compolition, both in piofe
ami in vcrfe. 'Ihe j)namme to one of thefe deeds is an encomium of the monarch
who giants the hnul, in a bold llrain of eaflcrn exaggeration : " V\ hen his inim-
nieiable army ninrched, the heavens were fo tilled with the dull of their leet, that
the birds of the air could reft upon it. His elephants moved like walking moun-
tains, and theearth, opprelTed l)y their weight, mouldered iiitodull." — 5. Thetranf-
laiiiiii ot part of the .Shaller, publilhed by colonel Dow, in the year 1768: taken
from ilie mouth of a Urumin, wliu explained the Shuller iu I'orliiui, and tlie vulgar
liiiif;Uiige of bengal.
I (iMMKRci;.] Ill every age, it has lx:cn a commerce of luxury rather than of
noceliily, which has been carried cm between Kuropeaiid India. Its elegant nianu-
f;utiives, fpices, and precious ftones, are neither objetts oldelire to nations ot liin-
j)!e maiiiieis, nor are fueh nations poli'illed of wealth fuliiciciit to |)mcliafe them.
'1 he tliree great articles ot geiKTal impurtatioii trom India were Ipiees and aroiiialies,
precious Hones and peaiis, ai.d filk. — i. Spices and aromatics. From the mode of
religions worlliip in the luatheii world ; trom the incredible number of the deities,
and of the lem])!es confecvated to thi-m ; theconfumption of frankincenfe and )tlier
aromatics, wliieli were ufed in every laered functiv-»n, mull have been very great :
hiit the vanity of men ocealioned a greater confumption of thefe fragrant fublhiii-
ces ilian their piety. It was the culloin of the Romans to burn the bodies of tlicir
dead; and they deemed it a ditplay of majjiiiticenoe to cover, not only the body,
but tlie tuiu'ral pile on whiib it was laid, with the moft collly t'piceti. — 2. i'recious
lloue,'), togellu r witli which pearls may be elalVed, feem to be tlie article next in
value iuipoiud tVumthe l.aft. — 3. Another produttion of India in great demand at
Koine, was lilk.
Ill two panic ulars, however, our importations from India differ greatly from thofe
(>f the aneients. The diel's, both of the (ireeks and Romans, was alinotl eiiiirelv
woollen, which, by their lVe(iuent life of tlie warm bath, was rendered aluiiuiantly
i()iiitoiiai)le. Iheir eoiiruiiij)tioii ot. linen and cotttHi cloths was much interior to
thai ot inodern times, wlun thefe are worn by perfoiis in every rank of lite. Ac-
cordingly a great branch ot modern importation trom tliat pan of India with which
ihe ancients were accjuaiiitetl. coiilitls in pece-y^' jds -, compreheiuling iiiidei' that iiier-
c;ui!i!^- term, the i . leiilV \.iriety ot tabries v, tiicli Indian ingeiuiitv lias formed oi
(Dtioii. lictides till ie, ^\e import, to a conliderihle cxti nt, variou > couimodities,
which are to be conluleri'd merely as the materi ils of our domcllii manutaf tnres.
Such arc the colton-svot-l of liidoilan, the iilk of China, and the falt-pctrc of Uen-
V\
•jiS
I ^- D I M #iYoi(n Tire Oanrf. s.
Wo hnvi- ali<:ui divert rti- nitlincs of th«- povenuTient hy which tliis great empire
long riii)lillttl, uii,.' .1 ainuilt ihe fi'inliiniu*.' of' v irtiur among i{> gri'at (iIHiitm, ci-
tiicr livil t>r inililar It wiis iimkon, iiowi vor, .ittcr tin- oviTtlirow of Mahomv:!
Shall, by Kouli KLIii whii li was attoiuh'd Uy To gfat ii iliinimition of tii • iiujif
rial autlioriiy, iliat tli fi)iil)iilis ;iiul nai)obs bi-iaiiK* ahfoliitc in their own govirn-
nionts. Though tlu-y could nut alter tlie fuiuUmonial laws of propel ty, yt they
invented new taxes, which heij^ared tlie people, to i>ay iheir armies uiul fupport
their power; fo tliat many of tlie people, a tew years ago, alter bein^ ii nncrciluliy
plundered by collectors and tax-inallers, were left to pcrilh tlnnngh want, 'lofiuu
up lite mifery of the inhabitants, thofe foubahs and nabobs, and other Maiioinetan
governors, employ tiie (.nuios llienifilves, and fome cwii of the liraniins, as the
niiniib. rs of their lapatioiifncl'. and cruellies. U()on the whoiv-, ever lime the in-
valion of kouli Khan, Indotlan, bum being a well regulaud government, livTiune
a (Vine of mere anardiy or Itratocrai y ; every great man prt)t».'Cting bimfelf in
liis t)ranny by liis foldiers, wliofe pay farexceeiit d the natural riches of liis govern-
ment. /Vs private all'aliinations and other murders were here cumniitled with iinpu.
nit\ , the people, who knew tlu'y could not be in a worfe itate, concerned tlu mft-jves
very little in the revolutions t)f government. To tin- al)ove caufesare owing; the iiite
fuccellcsof the hUglilh mlndodan. I'lii' reader, from tliis reprefentation, may j.t rceive,
that all the I'jiglim have .i<.(|i<iMd in jioint of lerritorv, has been gained trom iifurji-
t'rs and robbers ; and tlu-ir polieliion of it being guarantied by the prcfent lawful
emperor, is tinis founded upon the laws and conilitutions of that country.
'1 lie i' E N 1 N s u L A of I N D I A bevond the G a n o e s, called the
FAuriiKR Pkmnsila.
SiruArio.v and Extent.
Miles.
I.ingili 2O00
Breadth looo
between
Degrees.
I and ^o north latitude.
92 and 109 call latitude.
Sq Mil
les.
741,500
„ -> ' I 1 f 1 1 .S peninfula is bounded bv 'riiii)et and China, on the
Boundaries.) j^ N..rth; by China and the Chiiufe fea, on the Kail ; by the
fame fea and the Sirails of .Malacca, on tlie South ; and by the Hay of Heii<'a|
and the Hither India, on the WelK The fpace between Hengal and Chiiijus
now called the province of Mecklus, and with other diltritts, is fubjccl to the
king of Ava or Burmah.
Grand Divilions.
On the north-weft
On the fouth-wcft
On the north-caft
On the fouth-caft
Subdivifions.
(Arracan ) (
Cliief Tow
ns.
ecu
I
.Martaban
Si
M:
iiyn
Canidara
Ava
,\rrracan
Pegu. K. Urn. 97. X. lat. 17. 30
' Martaban
I
180
,000
.50,000
CToiujuin ^ (
( Laos J I
! Cochin China J (
Cambodia s. J
Chiampa \ /
iSiam, ]•'.. Ion. too. 55. N. lat. 14. 18. 170
(.Malacca, K. Ion. loi. N. lat. 2. 12. 48
Cachao, or Keccio, E. Ion. loj. N. j
lat. 2 1-30
Laiu ha
rhoaiio:<
Kamlnidia
Pad rain
,000
,000
"K
}
1 12,000
59,400
6 1 ,900
60,
203
Namf,]
^"^A^ «
INDIA
n /; V o w D 1 n f.
A N (1 r. s.
19
Name.] 'I'lic name <>( Iiidtn is tnkcn from llu; river ludud, vrh«h cit" all oiIu-ts
w.ih lull ktiowii to il:;' IVriiiins. '1 lu- wlioliol this peiilnfula wa» iinlciiown to tlu-
aiuivnls, and is pnrliy I'o t»i tiu' luntUTiis.
Air and climati'.] The air ol \\w lijuthern parts ish«t and dry, luit in fomo
nl;ui'i moid and lonfi'iiueutlv unhealthy, I hi- elinuite is ruUjt'it lo hiirriciifie-.,
li^iitniii^^s, a:i(l iniiiidalions, Iti that the p('<>|>l(' huild llu-ir houles upon hi<rh pil-
lars to deleiul ttiem from llouds ; and fhe\ have no oilur iilea ol I'ealons, hut wet
aiul dfv. I'^alierly ami VVeftirlv /■;'i::/wiii<, or traih-vvinds, |)ri'vail in this eoiinlry.
ivl**!' STAINS J, 'I'iiefe run trom \orlh to honth ahnod the whole length o(
the eountry ; but the Unids mar the lea are low, and annually overilowed ni the
r.jiiv leal'on.
I<i\ IRS.] 'I he chief are Sanpoo ' or IJurraiupouter f l)o;nea, Mecon, Menmi
iiiid Ava, or the j;reat river Non kian.
Of thefe tlte Uurramjjooter, ealled Sanpoo, in the uppi,*r part of its courfe, is by
|':ir the nioll eonliiL rahle. This risal liller of the dani^rs iti'iies front t!ie fan.c
iimiintains ; but takini; a contrary, i. c. an eallerly direclion tinou^h Thil>et, windn
1(1 the foulli-wert through Allani, antl enterini; liutoiian. (lows to t'lel'nuth, alliinus
ill' name
-f M
e^na, and joins the wellern braneli ot t
Ga
nges w itl) an luniiei
biidv of water, ecpial if not fuperior to the (iange;; itiell
'Ihefe two noble rivers. when they appmiuh tlie fea, divide iiitoruch a nuiititude
ot elianiiels ; and rceeivc fiieh a iuind)er of navi^;able llreains, that a tract of countrv,
luailv eipial to (jreat llriiain in extent, enjo\s by their means an inland navi<;a-
lion whicii gives eonthmt emi)loyment to 30.000 boat-men. 'I befe ehanmls are
Co nmncroiis th..t very few plaees in that Iratt are i ven in the dry iVafon 25 miles
tVo;n a navigable ilreain ; and iti the leafon of the periodical rains, they c^erllow
llvir banks to the depth of 30 feet, and form an inundation that tertilizes the foil
10 the extent of more than 100 miles +.
Hays anp straiis] '1 he bays of Hengal.Siam, atid Cochin China. The ikaits
of Malacca and Sincaporr, The |)romoiitories of Siam and IJanfae,
bolt, and I'RODUCr OK IHE
niKIl.RF.Nr NATIONS.
countries contiguou
s to the Can
The foil ot this peninfula is fertile, producing
all the delicious trnits that are found in the
ge,,. Ava alVords falt-pctre, and the bell teek-
liniDi.'
r, or liulian-oak, which for ihip-lniildiug in warm climates is of much longer
duration than any Kiiropean oak. Teek Ihips of .p years old are not uncom
moil
in ilie Indian feas. 'Iliis |)cninfula abounds likewife in lilks, eleifhants, and (pia-
(liiipcds, both domellic and wild, that are common in the foiithern kingdoms of
Ali:i. I lie natives carry on a great trade in gold, diamonds, rubies, lopa/i s, ametlnlis.
lui otl
I'.r precious Hones
oil'iur
idiK
little or no corn or v. inc. but is the
ti luallhl'ul country of all the iiemnfula. In tone places, efi)eeially tovvard*
im
tin' iiorlli.
th
le inhabitant-, have iweliin^s in their threats, taid t b^- owing to th
bar'iufs of the wall r.
Isil.MM TAN I s, cisio.MS. f ' ! i'.e Tolu ,lii..efe
excelli'iit i.'.ec'nanies aiul fair
AND niVl.HSIONS.
jrnat lord-.. Ilismajeil) en;.
) iLiders; but gri'all\ oiiprelled by tluir king and
itVes the trade, :md hi-, tactc; -. tell bv retail to the
l),.t( h and other nations, 'Ihe 'loncjuinele are fond of lacker houles, which are
111
,\\ iiolclonie and poiloiious
'I he
peo]
He in
the louth are a favage race, and
iio
linoli naked ; thev wear large liKi-r .-ind gold car-rings, and coral, andier, or iju-jl
kaceiets. Ill loiujuin and Cochin Cliina, the two fexes are fc;ircely diltinguilh-
• Sanpoo, ill 'In- l.iin;ii,inc o( 'I'liilitt, imair /'/,<
; The ortlio-Taj.hy ol this word, a* ijiven here, is
♦..orilinj; to tiic <.oinnioii |iroiuniciatloii 111 Htii-
fjal ; liiit it is fa ill to lie writ'cn in thc,sh nfirit
alienage, luiiliniii-fvctm, « hith iigiiiliei the Jo* if
B' ihma. I\I.iit)r Kmacl's iViiinuir, J 5 5.
Reniitl
5-^
able
7J0
INDIA B E Y O N' n THE C A S E J.
.nblc by tliclr daf-v whiih rofomhlis tlisit of the IVrlians. The pi-npli- of qiinlltv
a;v fmul of Kii^lilh bnijul-cloth, nd ur jjri-iMi ; ;iiul dhi'is woar a clark-toloiiri'd
I'llttOIl (.'IdIIi.
ill Azrni, uiiic
li i-. t
ii)ii;jlit om-f.f ilio l)ill coimtrii;:; in Ali.i, tin-
111-
Dill
l;al)it;mtN prcUr dot^i-lK-lli to all DtliiT animal I'lxul. 'i'lio people of iliat kiiii;ii
pay no t;i\i.'s, Ivxaiill' llu- Uin;^ is foK- p.'opriolor of ail ihi' gold ami liKcr, and otIuT
niotalH, foind in his lviii!»'lon». 'I'lii-y livi-, liuvvcscr, wry comfortably. Alniotl
evi-ry houfo-kiipcr lias an i-lophant ffir the conwnitmcy of his wives and wornon,
polynamy bo'iix practifd all over liulia.
is iincnn liionalile iliMt thole IndiaiM, as well as the C'hinefe, bad llic iilV of
It
gnnpowil. T heloie it \\.i!.uno\vn
1m 111
no
(1 ilie iiivenlii)n is iienerallv alVii i d
to the Azenu'fe The inhabitants nf tlie louthcindivilion of ihispeninfula go und^T
the name of Malayans, from the i.eij^lt'iouiirin- eonntry of Malaeea.
'I hoii;!;li the f;iperliiiioiis that jneval in this piniiifub are cxtiemcly fl[rofs, vet
the ])eoMle Itelii \e in a fntnrc Hate ; and when iheir lilwj^s are interred, a mini!
«if aniinais are Iniried wi
ii'i'
ill them, anil fneli veii'els of g'>kl and /ilver as they tliii
can be of ufc to thcni in their future life. The people in lliis peiiinfula iire coiii-
inoiily very fond of Ihow, and often make an appearance be\oiid tlieir circiimllanees.
'Ihey are ileliiatc in no part of their dnfs but in their hair, which tliey buckle iiji
in ;i very a .;ri i able manner. In their food they are loatbfome ; lor bciide dogs, tliev
eat rats, mice, ferpenis, and liinkini; lilli. '1 lie people o^ .\rracan are indelicate i,i
their amo-irs, and value their wnmen moil svhen in a liale of prej^nancy. I heir
treatment of the lick ia to ininmian that when a patient is Jad.^jed to be incurable, he
is often cxpofed on the bank of fonic river, where he is either drowned, or de-
voured by birds or bcails of pn v. Notwithtlar.dinir the threat initiipiity of niDil
Indian nations, it is conlidently allerted, that on the contines of Arracan and lV(^ii,
there is a piuple (if foliiary favai^es, roamini; throuj;h woods in ipiell of prev,
deferve the name of people) that appear to be in the \ery hrtl itage of fucletv.
They go abfolntely naked, without the fmallell covering on any part if ilu:r
})odies. 'i lie\ li\e on fruit, which grows fpontaneoiilly, in the uncultisauil defert
they inhabit, in great abundance ; and on tiie llelh ol' animals, which liu\ tear
alive and tlevour raw. Ihey lit on their hanis, with their legs and arms difpofed
in the manner of monkeys. At the approach of men, iluy Hy into their woods.
'1 lie) take care of tlieir otl'spring, and li^■e in families, but have no ideas of civil
gdveriinient.
'ilie di\ertions common in this country .ire fifiiing and hunting, celebrating fefti-
vals, and acting comedies, bv torch-ligiit, Irom celling to mornin'.
L.\Ni:c.\(i
h.J 1 1
le lamruaiie of me court of Delhi is Ferlian, but in ih
pe-
ninfuh; it is chielly Alalayan, intert'perled with other dialects.
LuARNiNG ANU LHARMU) MEN.] l he HraiTiins, who arc the tribe of the |irii.<l-
hood, dilcend trom thole I'rrithmans mentioned with fo much reviTc
l[UltS
am'
I altl
loiigh much inlirior, either as philolop
)hei
or nil II o
lue
f lear
nin
,iti-
, to
the repulalion ot tlieir a.ncefrors, tiicir religinus doitriiies are Hill implieitiv tnl-
lowed by the whole nation; ;nid as pieceptors, tlicy are the foiirce of ah :lie know-
ledge which e\ilis in Indolian. lUit the iitnioll llretch of iheir math<-matica! kn(j\v-
iedge feeni^ to be the cilciilation of ecllples.
but it dues not appei.r that thevhave any treatil\
it' we mav
'I liev have a "ood idea of
rhet
one : their iikasot inufic.
indite ironi tiieir practice, are harl-arMus; and in med
icine
ihev d
no alhliance tioin the knowledge of anatoni), liiice dilieclioiis are repugnant
erive
to
their relii
I he I
"0.
)oetrv (ii tlie
til
alies IS too tiirn-id
,f their
hill.
nans
verbofe : but though the i;
d full of conceits, and the diction
laiiiier ol calieni C()m|)olitioiis dill', r
tiom tiie correct tafle of Europe, there are muii) lliinjj.s in the writings of Aliatic
iih
las
INDIA BEYOND THE GaNOSI.
73
.•iniluirs woiihy the nttoiition of lircrary men. Mr. Dow obfiTvcs, that in the Shan-
li lit, or kariud laiij^iiaL'c ot llic Hramins, whicli is the grnnd ro|)olitory of the rcli-
);inn |ihilol'o|)|iy, and liiltorvof ihi* Hindoos, thiTL- arc many hinuinil volumes in profe
wlilili trial of tlu'ai\iirnt Indians and llioir hiilory. The fame writer alfo remarks,
that tlic iShaiifiTil reeord.s contain aeiounts of the alTairs of VVellerii A/ia, probably
)ri' authi'iitic tlian tliofe >:;i\en iiy the Arabi;ins
nil
princes in the world I'ver i)aliiiniz4'd men of letters with more generoflty
imd rifpecl than the Malioni.lan en\]ierors of inilollan. A literar)' fjeniiis was not
cnlv ilie eertaiinneans toaeipiirc a ile!,'ree of wealth which mull alioniih Knropeans,
l)iit an infallible road for riline to the liril oflices of the (late. The tharai^iT of
the ie.n'ned was at tlie fame tnne fo fiicred, that tyrants, wiio made a pa(lim<- of
euihniiiiij tluir hand-, in liie blood of their other fubjei'ts, not only abllained from
mtcrini:
violence to men ol !;eiiius, but lb)od in fear of their pens.
A!anikactimu;s am> commirci; J 'Ihefe vary in the dillerent connlries of
liiispLMiindda jbut the diief brancheshavebeen already mentioned. Thi' inhabitants,
in I'oine parts, arc ol)liij;ed to manukictiire their fait out ot allies. In all haiuliciatt
trades, that they uiukrlland, tlie pei)|)!^: are more indullrious, and better workmen
than iTioli of ilie Kuropeaii ^ ; and in weaviii;.^, fewing, ciii'jnrKlerii:;^. itiul foine
(iniiiar employiiunts, il i^ faiil that tlie Indiaiis ilo as minh work with lli ir I'eel ii<t
tlu'ir han<ls. liicir paintin,£f, thouffh tin y are unliillid in dr;nvir.g, is ama '.in;^ly
Mvid in its colours. 'J'he linencfs of tiiiir linen, and the lilliijrcc work in gold and
liivcr, arc uniivallcd. The commerce of India, in (hort, ii; courted by all tradin_:j
liiiiions, and probably has been fo I'rom the earlielhiges ; it was not unknown even
in Solomon's time; and the Cireeks and Romans drew from thence their highell
materials of luxury. 'I'he !;reatell tliare of it is now centered in l'",n;;laii(l, thouijii
that of the Dutch is dill very conliderabie ; that of the French has for fome liiiic
iL\lined, nor is that oftiie Swedes and Danes ot' much iinportaiu<
'oNSi I ic iiON, (ioVKHNMK\i, ) Tliis art icle is fo e.vtriilive, that it re
(iiiires
RARI I IF.S, AND tllirs.
S a flight review of the kingdo.iis that forin
this peninfula. In Azem, it hath been alread) obfcrved, the kin;^ is proprietor of
c:ipiial isi
(i
or Kir
ami.
W e know little or nothing of the kingdom of I'ijira, but
lh.it il W.1-; ancient Iv fubjeot to the kings of Arraean ; and that they lend to the C
r.elt
Id and lilk. tor whiih llu'v reeei\c (liver in return. Arr;u'an lie, to thefouiji
ut lipra, and is governed by twelve princes, fubiecl to the chief king, wlio r,'lides
ill l:is caj)iial. (lis palace is very large, aiul contains, as we are told, iVveii itlols
e„li in gold of tv,o inches thick, each of a man's height, and covered over wi;h dia-
iiKiiuls and other precious Hones. I'egu is about ^50 I'aiglilh miles in length, and
nciilyas niach in breadth. The riches of the kingJom, wlien an iiid,'|)eii(!. ui linte,
were almoll incredible; fome id. -Is, as big as lil'e, beir.g of niall'y gnld and filitT.
.111^ s re\eniu
s aiofe from the rents of lands, of which he v.. is f de |
■)iii:)r!cior,
;un! iVotu duties on merchaudife; fo tliat fome thought him the rieiiell mnnarcli in
ll'.e uorld, e.\ee;n the Chiin le i iiiperor. I le was faid to be able to bring a million.
ct o''i ocCiilion A inillio:
d a li;ilt", of foldieis to theiield, welN loth^'d aud .•■.rmed;
d to I
)e mailer ol tioo i.;;i!
I'lepliMts
with a ealiie on liis '.ai '^ h ih
dill''
timr loldiers. 'J he conliiuition of this empire is of the feudal kind, lor ilie ])i;i
ue
giis lands and towns to his nobles upon military tenuri's. In tf.e yt ar 1 751, IVgii
\v;i'5 reduced to the Ihtte of a dependent province by the kinguf A\a. .Mae:'.o i, the
j^rwit niair of trade in llitit [irovnice.
We know little of the kingdom of Avn. M)nehal)n,> was the relidi-nre i>l'i!ie
king, and not Ava, in 171,;- It is faid, the honours the king ali'iuiics are next to
{jis'.ne. 1 lis fabjccts trade ciiielly in mulk and jewels, rubii-s, and fapphires. In other
I'l.rilcalar:-., th.e" i.ilnbiiaals ivle.nblc ihofe ot'lVgu. in lliofc kii.gjnni: , and iudced
;Ai i»
73*
INDIA BETOKD TilR fiANnll.
in tlu- gri^attll jyart <it" iliis i)i'niiifiila, llic ilotlriucs of ilic (Jraiul Lamn of 'riiilnrt
[)rt.'vail, as \s>'li a» tliok- nl' tl)c Urainin>.
'II. kiiii{iii>nnit LuosDr l.ahos, t'liiiiu-rly iiicliuli'd tliat olJaiifjiMiia or JaiiKomav,
but lliat is now Inhjict to Ava , wc know U-w pailii iilars. ol' it lliat can l)c tUpiiulJil
upon. It is la^d to hv iiiiMU'iilVly itopulons, to aixiuiul in all llu' rii'l\ Kinnuudnici
lis Will as the ^rois liiiji'iliilions ol tlu' call, and to la' divKKd into a nunilii r ot'
poll)' kingdoms, all ot tlu'iu lioMin^ ot onv loNcrii^n, wlio, liki' his oriental ln\-
thrcii, is ahljlnU'l) di I'pntii.', and Iini-s in incxpnllihk' ponip and magniticciicc (
bnt is ol' tlic Kama rcli);ion, and oluii ilio Ihui' of iii.^ priilLs and ininiltcrs
I'Ik' kingdiini of .Slant is rich and Hoi.rilliing, and appmacliON, in iti (rnwrn
nk'Pf.
polic\,aiid iIk' ainliiK I"-, of its ir.liahiiants, \iiv noarl'. tn llic t.ini.' "l" C hina. 1 1 _
kiiijjiioiii cf .Niani ii furi'iuiiKkd liv lii;;h nioiniuans, wiiiili on iht.' l.•al^ liiU- l'>'paraic
n iVoin ihc kingdoms of (ainboja and Laos; on the wi'li, limn i\');;ii ; and on the
iioilh, fronj Ava, or, mor..' properly, from Jan,i?i>nia i on ihu fouih it is walhed Ik
the river Siam, and joins ilie pcninlula ot Malacca, the norib-v'.ill part whereof
under its duiuiiiion.
'11
tu' extent ol the countr\
hnw
IS
ever, is v .'ry inuei lain, and it
i . lint inilillcrenlls popLd. 'I'he inhabiiantr. uf both feses are diilin;rii;ilici| 1,^
their moilei't.'. (i real care is taken of the edncalum of children. Marriages art.
Inni)le, antl jk rformcd by taiapoins, or priell;., fprinkliiij; holy waler upon il
couple, and repeating fomc pray
•rs. The j{ovcrnn>ent is defpolic ; fervants mull
ate
iippear befiie their inalier> in a ki.eeling poilnrc ; and the in.nularins are pnjlii
belure the king. Siam, the capital, is rcprefented as a lar^^e city, but fcarcelv a
li\th |)art of It inhabited ; anil the palace is about a mile and a half in circuit.
I'jankok, which Hands about iS leajjucs to the foulh of .Siani, and li nnles from
the lea, is the only place towards the coall that is fortilied with walls, haiierjcs,
and brafs cannon ; and the Dutch have a faolor) at IJgor, which Hands on the call
tide ol the peninfula of Malacca, btil belon^inj^ to hiam.
'I'he peninlnia of Malacca is a larj^e eoLuUry, ..md contains fevcral kinJ;d(^nls or
provinces. The Dutch, however, are faid to be real mailers and fovercigns of the
whole peninfula, l)einj{ in polfedion of llie capitai (.Malacca). I'he inhabitants are
iimple, or rather i^rofs, in their ntaniier ol livinj; ; and yet the Mala>an lanjjuaj^e
i.i reckoned the purell of any fpokeii in all ihe Indies. V\ i' are toki bv the latell
travellers, that its clmf prodiur i> tin, pepper, elephants' Uelh, canes, and gums.
'Ihe excellent liluation of this country admits of a trade with India ; fo when it
was lirll difcovercd by tlie l\)rtu/{uefe, who were afterwards expelled by the I)
Malacca was the richell cilv in the ealt, next to (ioa and (J
utui.
rnnis bein
,1 ih,
•C-h'
tlie J;
:i|)an, tlu
valuaole is that w nii
Ihe C
.\b.li
liiiiele.
.cas, and ihe .Sniula trade; of which th
This de!{c;uiacv of ih.' .\lala\;n\s, win
!« the k
moll
iio weiv
formerly an induliriou-; anil ingenious iicopU", is cahly iiciounlcil for by the tyr
of the Dutch, whofe iutereli it v.i that ihey lliould never recover from their preiuu
iiuiv
liati' ot i'Mionmce ;i
;k1 (1
liver'.
ihe i',!i;;!illi i arry on a fnm;;gling trade in their country ihips, from theco..lt of
Coroman'Kl ;ind the Hay ot lleiij;al, to .Mahicia. 'I hisconiinerce isionnived at In
the Dull h governor aiiil coimcil, who little regard the orders of their fuperior;,,
provided tliey can enrich themfelves.
Candioiba, or C^unbojii, is a country little known to the I-.uropeans ; but, accord-
ir.i; to the belt iiifonijat loll, ils ^nalilt length, troni nonli lo louth, is about ij.i
Kiiglilli nules ; and its greatelt bre;idlh, from weft to ealt, about 39S. '11, ..^
kinmioni has a Ipaciou:, river running throu;^!! it, the banks of whii h are the univ
liJibltablc })artsof the country, on account of ils fultry air, :nid the pelltferous gnats,
oil, miiiniodilie.-,, iiaik,
oduT
K
el penis, ai
.d oilier ;inimals bred in the woods. Its I
t;i.i:als, and products by feu and land, are much the fume voih thufc of tl
kingdunii,
Ill of Tliibct
r Juii^dinay,
III- dipi'iuUd
i(iiniiiti(|itic»
a luinilu r of
oiiriitiil ln\-
vigiiiHccncc I
Clii.ui. 'l!-.-
I liili- l>'|)aiuie
1 i unci oi) tlie
i:t wallu-d 1)\
;iil wlicrodt' is
I (.'I'Uiin, and it
irni;{iiilliril I)/
Mairiam's aio
aUT 11})- m ilii-
iVrvaiUs mull
IS aiv proltraii.'
but Itarcelv a
lialC in I'iri'uii.
1 i nulfs troiu
alls, ball' rici,
mdti on tlic vaU
al kin^diwns or
)v>.rcit;ns ot the
iidudiitants aro
la>ai) laii^uajrc
lUi U) \W. latcll
iiKs, and mmis.
lia ; In vvluii it
(1 by tlie Dull, li,
N bi-iiig iIk' kiy
wliiih the moll
ans, who wcru
by the tyranny
n their pnl'uit
(Mil the coult ot
I oimived at by
tlieir biperiorb,
,•, , but, aetord-
I, is about 5^0
)(>ut 30^- "''>"
^i( b are the onlv
I liiterous finals,
,i...ditie.-„ iKuk.
.ole i)t' the othtr
kingdunii)
INDIA wi T H r hf THE G A N n ■ I, 7';;
Viii^^tl'ims of this vail peniuAda. The lu'tfl, a tncijinj; plant of a particiilur
ilavou., and, as tliey (ay, im e\ielient reinedv for all tliorc dileafes that are com-
num to the ItihabitantH of the i'.all Indies, is thf hi({hell luxury of the Cambodians,
fr(»ni the kinj; to the peafiml ; but is very unpalatable and difagreeable to the Kiiro-
pians. I'etween (Cambodia and ('ii(biu ( luna lies the little kingdom of Chianipa,
tiu- inhidiilants of whieh aie faid to have gained in civility by tlicir commercial in-
teiTouile with the Chineli-.
Cm hiivChiiia, or the welK'rn China, is lltuated under the torrid zone, and ex-
lends, acci>rdin^' to f )me anihurs. about 500 miles in lenj^th ; but it is nun h lefs
extiMlivi- in iis breadih frinii ealt to \selb Laos, Cainbudia, and Chianipa, as
\\ lia.loiue other l";iialler kill, donis, are tributary to Cm bin-China, whofe kiiif{
is laid to be iininenlely rich, hi. kinj^doin enjuvinj; all the advantages i>f eonimciee
that are found in tlie otlu-r parts of the fall Indies ; but this mighty prince, Oit well
as the king ot Toiupiiii, are fubject to the Cbinele I'inperor.
TIr' goveniini'iu ot Tomjuiu is parti*, iilar. I be ToiupiinelV had revolted from
the Chinel'e, whit ii oeialioiK'il a civil war A ei)Ui|)romil'e at lall took place be-
l\v>.ii the chiet nt the revolt, and ihe reprellntaiive of tli' aiu'ii itt kings, bv which
it was a.;reed tliat the former Ihould liave all the exi'cutive powers of the govern-
iiu'iit, iir.der iIk- name of the Clmiiah; but tliat the Hua.or king Ik birth, Ihould re-
tain the royal titles, and enjoy culiomary honours within liis i)alHee, from whieh
neither he nor any of his family can liii without ilie perniiliinn oft'' chouah.
Ilie diouah relides generally in the lajiital, C'achao, whiib is (ituated near the
centre of the kingilom. llie .'.ua's palace is a vali llructuie, and has a tine arfenal.
Tlie I'aiglilh have a very liourilhiiig faitory on the northlide of the city.
1 N li i A wiiliin the (iANoi-s, in the lunpire of the (iiti:.\i MoficL.
Situation and Ivxtkn r ; includnu; the IVninfula well of the Ganges.
Miles. De;;recs. Si|. Miles.
Lcni'th 2000) , ^ f 7 and 40 north latitude. > ^.^^ ,
Breadth I _^oo} ^''^''''''' W,., and 9^ ^""ft longitude, i "70.Vo.
, ripjlis empire is bounded bv I'lhec Tartarv and Thibet, on
),ui NPAuiKS.J 1^ j,^^, \,„th; by 1 hiliet and' tlu l',ay nt He'ngal. on the I'alt ;
\n the Indian Ocean, cm the .South; In the fame and IVrlia, on the Well. I he
iiiiiiii land luiiig the Mogul empire, or Indoltan, properly fo calleil.
Provinces. Chief Towns.
r llengal I'roper
(irand Divilions.
The nortli-cali divilion
of India, containing tlu'
proviiues ot IKngal, on
t!ie months, f the (;aiiges-{
i'lul iluileul ihemountaiiis '
( I Naiigracut,
N'augractit
Jefuar
I'alna
Necl>al -
(yore
Culcutta
Toit W illiam .
Ilooglv [•Knglirti
Dae. a' )
M.i!da, l'".nglilh and niitili
i Chaligaii
■ H Calliuuba/ar
Naugrac .1
Kaiapoui
I'atiia
j i Necbal
I (iore
J I Rotas
I Ihc
and on llio livir ot Irulii*,
Till- miildli" tlivifiun,
A«ra'
III!
I* Jau;iiiiil
I Jillflincrc
734 INDIA wiTinv Tirr. Canaki.
(JriinJ Divifioni. I'roN iiicf*. Cliict'Towin.
rSori't
I ./I'U'rlilU'lV
Tlu' north-wcfl jlividun | I :i'ii, or .Siiulu -
on till- triinliiT* of' IVilin, ^ lliukiior -
Mmiliun •
I la. I ;iii
C al)iil
"Cuulilh -
litrar
Cliiiiir
Kaii|)ur
N.'i'.ar
(iiialiMf
I,:ili(ir, or lVi\t all
IllhdoWIIS
("alliiiKTi'
Ji'iii;a[)oiir
AliiKi, or Itaiuli)
litin
\,uiilian
I .;iit'aii
(aliul
Mttiipour
lii-rar
C'liiior
l<)ui|K)r
Navar
<<uiilc(»r
U A^ra
f j hi. I. II I, I'., lull. 77-40.
\. lat. 2'J-40.
I aliiir
1 1' iidowns
< ill:.llH.ri'
J* iit;:i|)our
Aliiicr.
The Britiih nation i.-ifl'iflls in lull fovcni|;nty the whidc Touhah ot' H<nj»al, niul
tlu" fjivali ll j)art ol liali ir. In Oiilla, ur Oiisa, oiiU tln' diilricts of Midnap iiir.
'ihc ulioK' ot the l!;iiilli puirillioiis, hit'oiv the toniiinaiion o|' tliu late war in India
wi'iv, accoidii);; to Major KiiiiK'l f. *-'"'iip"'^"'' '" ^'^' '•'^-.lii fi|liaiv miles +, con-
taining lu•arl^ oii'Viii millioi'-, ol piopk ; tlir toial nel ri'M-nne, iiuhidii'" |!^..
iiaivs, was alH>iU 2^7 larkh ot' Siita rupivs, wliicli mav ho ivi koiied iiiuul in
^.o^o.oool. Hut n loiilidi raldo addition, hoih to the teiriiorv and revenue of tlic
r.iill India i(ini|>aiiy, was ohtaiiied hy the cellion in the late treai\ of peace wiili
'lippoo >idiaiiii, to the iiniount of i.v,^74 Itjuare niiUs, alloidin;; a re\eiiiie of
I,;, 1 0,765 Kooiiteary pamidas^; vipial 10411.450! '| ^\ iili their allie;< and irihu-
lariis, they imw octiipx th,' w liole iia\ i!;ali'e eonH'.' ot the (ianj^ts, I'mni it', i;i(i/
on the plaiiw to the fe.i, wliieli, hy its windinj; conrfe. is inmc than 1 ;-o miles.
Air Asn si .a'iONs.] 'I lie winds in this eliiiiale L;eiierally bl'W tor lix niiiitlw
from the I'oiith, and lix from the north. Apiil, May, ami the he^ii'niiiL' of June,
iire eseeiiivele liot, l>ul icfrelhed by lea hrec/es ; and in t'onie drv feafons, the liiir-
ricanes, whiv li te.ir up tie faiiiU, and Lt them fall in iliv ihov.ei-., aie e\cei.i\ilv
ti'l'.iijreeahle. 'Hie l-.n^'iih, and luiroinans in general, who arrive at Imjnftan, are
coinmoiil\ feized with fotne illiufs, fuili as llus or fe\er in th.ir diiierent ajipear-
niKi's; hut \\hen j)ro|>erly treated, efpceially if the jiatieat.s are al)lteiiii(;iis, lluv
reeovir, and afterward-, prove In alih\.
,\!oiN 1 Ai Ns.J 'llie ni<:li rui.aikahle iiionM.iins are lliofi- of Caiicafus and
Naiifjraeut, whith iliviile India tVoiii IVrli.i, L Ihee I artarv, and Thihet, and :irf
inluihited In .\lahraltas, .Afghans, or I'atans, a!id o'.lr.r people m nv warlike thiiii
the Geiiloos.
* 'I'lii' i-:,Ai.rn [i.nrl .Vj^rn, 1)1 tu nn ||!<(iHii;'is nnd J Thi-; Is to.ooo n.'irc tli.iii ,irc ront.iiiH''l in
Ji'.niiU, !■> cuUtil till.' iJ.i.ili, (ir I ouiitry Lxtutt 11 the (m-ii' |!rit.iiii ;itiil lii-i;iiiil.
two rlvcii.. f K, iiii(.ll\ .Mi.i.dir ut U'n 5I.iji oj' the IViiijifi.I.j
t Kri'tifli'- Mfini)ir u/ l.io .>I.n> i>t Mill lult.in, ol liuli , |>. 34.
Iiiuodili'tioii, j) i.'.iii. i' lliiil. p. 3 J.
2 The
+
111' 1
uh-i
tl.C
luir-
ari.
vdy
'linn
aw
ihrv
INDIA WIT HIM Tit« GANnri.
?n
Thi' mountnlii iiami (! llio(ilinuii, (inlfrs, i»r Indian AfiT.NiNR.nnd wlilili ia-
tii'il t'loiu One Comoriii to ihv 'htiity, or Sunn rivi-v, un- iiHi» lallvd H,i//ii-(ii<iut,
llriM!,t .tut llii'ir \vli.)l»' oxlinl : imitninf;, liliTuIlN, tlu- ^\/(tr or ti^^frCJi.'iiti *. lit
tin' luhinf'ilii V iiliin ilic (iai»f;rs, tins u rm i-* uppiiul in Mimrn'lilliiiCliiin to I'ttvrn-
(, limit, <ir lliu /fii(\r (i/i.mh ; \nn in llif Drdiiii, ii iiiipoaf. tn Ik- ilnl .mly u> a \no»
|i r iKiiiu', niul iKJi a.> u lurrclativc \ wo having iKscr luarii ui ihc Ueccan, i'a^cn*
(.1 am
'Iliat \all (l\ain (if imninlainH in fi<<)iK'nlIy in ftjjlit from tlu" wcftorn fv-a at fliv?
d'lhiiH.' i)f. tiiin iNMUl}, anil k !•», In li\i\ itiili s ; ilio cfuniry in ;»v'i>' rat l>i't\M.tu
t'l. Ua aii(i liu (iliauiv i>> lull) : aliiiM' ||u- (ilianu ii i<t lallril ll)i' taMo laiid, lutt
limit niit 1)1' uml'-nloDil ai a U-vi-l Hat ifuintry \ tin llic tonirary, niaiiv jiari:, of it
nu- MTV moimlaitiiuiH. It tlic tahli' t.iml, or ii|)|ipriiiiintry, is f, j)|)jifi(( to Inr Irvcl,
ji i, iMilint lliiio iniill hr an at)ru|)t d iVi-nt to thi- laltw.ird, prnportionar • to ilur
I \\i;ilnii of till' willirii ranm : llu>. lu)\vi'\iT, is not tlu' ( al'i , ai ilw fiirt'.ui- ot' llm
|;mu1 iii'iiiin.'s to till- I'aliwaiil, wliitli \% provuil by ihu rivers, v\itli pariial c\L\'p<
t,"ii
all lakiru: that (lin'i,llon
Major lU'imi'iJ, Willi happv hoiilncfs, talli tin- upper tdunlry an inilincii plane i
tlu- inlinalion ot" llie plai.c it, liowi-viT, M'ly irllliiii;, ami \s iuti'irnpced I >, raiii;i'-«
it' hi'ls of ii!>.iipl ('.(.r.i'iil, niiiiiinn paiaiU-l wiiii tiio willorn raii;{i' ;— hnw in.iny
t!uTi' nia) he, canii'it, puliaps, hum llu-ir iiri:;iilaritv, lie alViTl.iiiu'd. Ah tlu*
IJiaai.tllii'nilVlvesari- iioi oi.inli'rriiptitl, major Ucmull iiit'i rn; , us iMi-nii'irs.p i-]<y)
tluri' is a broali in their it)iiiiniiii\ oppoliie I'anianv; !'o thele interior (Jliauls, in
('
iHe.i, ail
liiiit livers to wind ihrouuh tlieiii ; in others thev are
prtei|«i
tatej
tn ii. >Iie nppi r lonniry to the lowvi.
A tr.i\eller joimu'vliij;, let i.s ruppolo, iVoin M:'l'iilip;tlam to (Joa, would have to
nfni il the whole way troin the laltern lea to tlu weliern Cillant^; Innuilnu'i hy
j^eiitle aeelivilies, f'uneiiines hy nbriiiit rahjjes ; tiiea to defietid llie dhauts ab-
ri.j.tiv, aiid by u j;eiii|e deili\ils leaili the willern tiiove: this \\ill bo f'aither e\-
1
lii:ni
it b'. an aiiuiiiit <it" the v ..taiai t to the \\i (Isvard nt (loeaiik t
llie faino I'. Appi nine, whuli inaiks, with more prei ilioii jHiliap'* linn any
other tioiiidary whiUi ver, the line ot l\imniei ard v, intrr, i)r raiiier ot'drvaiul wet,
e\t< nds I J degrees ot" tatiinde ; tliai is, I'roin Cape Ctunnrin to Snrat (with the e\-
npiion ot a valley or bleak in ihe eont'inuity ot the rid;;e ot' ti.efe inount lirs, np-
ti i.te lo I'anianv) ai niieipial dillaneis I'loin the eoall ; leldom more than Istaiiy
ir.'.'i.s, i'.i d enmmniil) aboat lurty: and wnliiii oiu- ihorl I'paee onl\, il ;ipprn;uhis
within li\ miles. Ahhou^h iIk- allitnde uf thel'e mountains is unknown, yet it is
lutiiiMitlv j;real to preset. i the j;ri at l)odv ot clouds iVom pallinjj over theni ; and
.uiDiuiiinly the alieiiiate .\. K. anil S. W. winds ^l ailed llie iiionloonsi ocealion u
rainv iVal'on on oik lide ol' the iiimmtains only ; that In, on the windward I'de It
won
1<1 appear, howevi r, that i loiids enon^li do pat\ over, to oeialion a raiii\ (
e"nlidei.il>le dnianee lo ktw.ii'd, uh<ie iliole elouils deleiaid; as wo mav
t'appol'e dieiu to rlo, ultlioagh at the time they palled over at thedluiuts, thev iuu<t
uieell.uilv liave been [.o hl^h, and ol vouit'e t< i) li^hl, to eoiulenl'e and tall in rain
there, i ins .ippeirs Itom l.ieui. I'.w.ni s atiount ut the weather at .\.ii;pour, in
,1' \er\ e
litre ut india ; where the leadnis I'llKr but Intle trom their ntiial eomli
lleniial, and on the weliein lide ot' Imlia ; that i>-, the .S. \\ . ..loiil
I'on oeealion.-. a
|>iit.aiu''i m
I'ftlillflil.X
• (i.mt, nr (ih.iiit, fi^iiilin liilicr a |wf» liy ri^l^^r^ of iiimailain> abciiiuruiT uitti p.iirit .thJ
ihrm.^li iiuiuuliiiii^, i)f laiuliii; -iiliiti on the I'.iiik. lUlili.',.
ol ^ rivir. In Im' lotiinr Itiid', the Irriii Ii»h j l.iciit. iVIourS Narritive of llie Optniliiiiis of
ixui U|!|'!.('>1 lu the Lainutii., wUti:li is iliviUi.tl Cajt, LitiU's Dctat-liinrnt, ]>. iCi.
rainy
\\^
t N l> i A >v I I ii I N I ti K
a A w
u » *
raiov CtfMfttn: U.it ilic rami arc nol (>t violciti, it«|r oi Tuclt long rontinuar.ce ii«
ill iliDtV |»l,!»fs. At Uu" nio\iili of \\w CJikIuviiiv river iihd iu tu'i;;Itl»<i irlii nl, il^.
N, \V, iiit)iir<Hiri iHi iiliimii 't riluv Ual'oti (ilfo i ami (lie (jixiuvctfy U tlun rw)lii otiil
•>viT(low»i aiul (liiit |>ari id nlv-if .iftl'iir in k'vW.inlot ttw CItauit, u« Nugj out i,. \\
m») ciMU'Iii"'.' tlivM, iliiit the rUI^'c ni lU' (»liiiiiii llu'ltn* a purliiulm tract oi.l^ .
lwr»M(l wliii li the li^lii iii.tl fli'vati'il ».l<iinU iliiit pitt'n over it «1. ki-iul in iuki.
Miulncs i» VMfliin tlu- liiiiii> nt' iliv lli> Iii-umI (rnc). tl"Hinli iii U-iiO tlii>\- fittndn'il
mikv. lo Ui'waiil ot' llu (iltiiuu. Kiij.iimiiiiiiy ,ii.';ir tin- iimhiiIj i-l ilu' G(hI ■^vtt\)
iniiv Ik* iiluiut tivo luiiulrcd. it wmiid lit i uiittut tu kiiuw llu cxuci liuiit ul vvct
and '
'Ir^
I iitil liilvly it Win a gi MvrAl ojtinion, tlial llu- ( ,iiiu cMotidiAl from tlu' tiorthcnj
MiiDli
11) niiiiial.MiiH III C a|)i' C oiix
orii
I, iiiid II. wiilit>'H'd a «liMT(ilv »f dud
(III.
>.a>
v.*"
vwc anil tlu' foiiu- tiiiK', lluaii^',li*i>i( .ill Indi ' Uul tlu- litiili is, iImi dilil ri>nl I
louH I .ill ;it the faiiu' iiuimkiiI, oiiiy iuu piti'if ()i»' pciii'il'ida : I'nr llu- mule tialV*
ill llu- paralli I (it' .Suraf ^ \\ licr*- llu •». \N . u ni"!. n<» Um^- r o|nni('i d hy u xvull of
tiiciiiniains, tarrioH it . rup|)lii> nt' lunirtiiic umnt. rriipti-dly hulli lur and lu-ar, ov
iFii ^ w liiiK" I'aio lit' '111' ( \:\\\r\ .
K1V1.R1.] 'I liil'k- an- llu IihIii> iiml tin (Jan-v ■«, I'l.ili of' iIkiii Wmovmi in ihe
niuiiiit^, and lu Id in ihr liij;lu,ll rltiiin. ami u'i» viiiii M'Hi, I'> tli^' innd* rii iidia-
l>itanl«. 'llu li.diiN \^ In lliv t iti\> • calUd '^iixlc t nr ^iiidvli. and i<i turiiud of
iilioiii ten piincipal flrcani!* whuli dolt iid t'nnn t^o IVrliuii luiU I'arlarian nmuti.
taiiu on tlu- iioitli ( afl and imitli will. I'mni llii' t it) nl Attoik tliiuti to Mnidi.in,
it i> iiiinnumly llylid llu- Uimt AMmk; li.lnw Muullan ii is otl»ii iianml tlu-
Si't'i, until it (ii\i(k > ill'i'll' inin man\ i li.iinul .nrar 'I alia, win ri' ilu' |)riiKipal liniiuli
takes till nauii' nt' Miliran, 1 lu ic LliantuK torni and inlirricl u lai;;i' iri. angular
illaiid, which liny t'lrlili/.i' by ihoir prriodii al iinnulalinns. The ptiiicipal imi'u
it riHi'iviH an- llu Uiliat, or I lydal'pi!., am! tiu' llyphadi, wliidi t'lirnicil 'hi. lulU'fti
Ixii.iidary nt' thr miupu'lK nt .\N.andir,
'I 111' (;an;;i > t, oiii' ol' llii' liiull riuTs ut' llu- \Mirld, ill'ms fiiiii krnlaiiro, niu' of
till' ' all innuntainsnl'i liilK'l, and at'tir a«(iiirl'o dI aluint ^ ;o niilis, lliniugh inoiin-
tainitus rc^pnns litlk- kiidwii, inli:r!t Indodan at (lie di-tilo nf Kupik-, fupporid Uy
tlu nativis to In- iis fuiirn- rrnni lu-iin- this tim- rixir (wliii h is n-virttl liy tlu*
Hiiul '"> .'isatK'iiy tlial is tu walli away all llu ir ll.iins) tl<i\vs iltnuiuli dili ^lilt'nl pl.iiiis,
\\iili a fnmoili navi^alik- llriatn, Iriini om in lliioi milrs wick-, dnrinj^ tlu- niimin.
iWr of its iDiirfi', wliiih is alnmt 1 ?;o uiiks, In the bay of !Jnij;al, iiuo wliiiliit
I'.ills by iwd lar)r(.-i-, and a niiiltilndi-oi k-iri-rcliin neU, that form and iiilufiCt uiar^u
le
no
trai);,Milar idaiid, wlinfi' b.il'i' at tlic f.'.i i.s lu.i. :co niik s in ixtcnt. 'Iho inii
nrk- 'if tlu- (iant;is is 2 100 iniks, aii'l is lo lliai of tlu: 'llianu's as i>', t(ii,>^ 'I
ii.nii^aiinii nf llu- ralUrii biaiu li briii^^ vlaii'^Tnus, is link- Irfipunird. lhe\\,(Krii
bii.iitli.calkil tlu- l-itlk- (jan_4i.s,nr Kiwi- oi liuogly, i . i..ivigalilc by l.u-i' lliipi, .i,,i|
tuoll
• Major RrniirllS Mrinoir', p. a n, j 14.
- .iianir nrnnrii ■> mrinmri, |i. a i \, i 14. u( lliiiili" '^m (or Imlonnil\ U /*»,/,/.-, Of Pt.l.'.t.
■( Tl e n.iinr <i( Simlc «as iml imknowii to tSr It i« til(<> < ■ .1 llui't il^m.' or Ihr (iiut Kivrr •
Jtrinuiii' I /«./«i i/Mj/zj .V;»./«j iiffillaiki. I'liiiy, .11, M <<'o».,i t ic river, l>> w*y ol riiiiiHtuf . iiul Imni
iJoiili \i. til. , tliiul'litrt, llic huro|'iaii ii.iiiii.» III ilu' Kivrr
; Tl i |irii|Hr nnrii( 111 tlii' liiir, ill till' lanjiiiiif^c .iic iieti»cil.
Kinncl » MiMi .r, aj;.
{ The jiroiKirtjoinblc Iriigii. ■ ot miirfr, of luiii'-of tlir moll iinlnl riicr-. ia llir worKI, .irf (lit w 11 iH:irIy
liy thf l()llo«ing miililiirii
( T.'i.lilirii _ — _ .
1 i.r.pMti river. — J,y^ , _ _ _ .
(U.,|.:. _ _ _ .
I
7
A£«tii'
INDIA WlltllW THi (lAMflft*.
?"
nwirt gcnffiiMv rrfi>rto«4 to. Thi' CJunn^ r^ertvc* ti rivrja, (mido of wluch nr'-
iMjiial to lit-' liliint, uml noiu» inf.'rof li '^<« Th«tt»f<.
Hi*liHr<i ih.ftf rlvYff. mnny otttiTh wnirr thisiin-iiry.iM ili^IW»>t», or 'fliyhim, '«')<•
Ily<li«<"|»«'<'i| Alrv:tiidrf)th<' 'ondnor thou \rKtit \i i lini*i,lti'* H' ydb, Vlin*-, JmnnM,
iinil thr Kmtvco, I trttterly llic lly' aotc«, uu tho I niih huiik <*< whith II '^kU lK<«i'ily
«»!' |jih«>r.
tfn' giilfof" (* n>h!»vs •, til- (lijiii > «il' l< iM\nnnlvi> I . <';»|t •« C ■iintriii ni <l Din.
Inmaiii t 4N II, J Towhiits* il.iiilid tlHirrpligiitoniidfi'M^, in thc>gi-»irriit rrvicw
i>f llii* great iT^jpirc, we inj»vu«i<l, thn» the lukit"* nro it kiiulot' MiilKiini'tttn nirnili
tiiMti or bi«;ft;i»r«, who tnivcl ;ih<»iit, |)raMllii»j* t;>i» uroafrft niil)<'riiiriti but niituy ol"
tlicm iiiv in.it'tit' t^, '|1i«'ir niiinhrr I* faid to 'w 8oo/»'>o, Ani>th«*r fvf ot" nii-iuli-
tonu iiff tlf i'lf'lt' •. who nrr iilotiitiT*. ntid inn. h itiore niinvMiin, Imf it\i»ft of" thftii
nr< vnKulioh'U unit iii)|>ortori, wlio livr l>v ainiilinf^ thi> < rodiilmii* (Jci<t.i<i« with
lu.*lilh tn lions, I lir h.-miiiiiH, wlio :\r<" fo i;illcd Irorii their iniu»cvnce of lilo, fTVo
as ((foltiTH, iind pri'trfs thr (Jrnto.) r<'li|<ion.
'Iho l':\iffs arc lh«" principnl itativi- inhahiitnitu of ih** i(Iiiti<l of Homhay, in r*.
j»ard t.» xncalllt i»iul ni\ml>fri: no* only the moll vnlii.vlilr ilhitf*. hut ii vrty i.mli
di-rnJilv' jmrt of thi* lli'[>p»ii|» of tin- pdrt, Itrlon^ to ihiinj niul ii-) nUTihiifit^
tr»'' Ip >i't llifir j;<M)j|s in liii'T lhip> lli.iri ilu* H.Mulmy inrrchiintt, not i'»o'ptiti^ rvcti
'V luiM'inrnbif ICnll l»uli;i C'oinimii;. 'Ilif ro:>c|»'r will h.iv • ;.n id'ii of ihf i-innmer-
• iiil oiMilcntr of liiis litfli- iniind, wlhMi he Icarni, that UIkI'M the grr.tt number of
lhip< u"m Kiii'i"' tiiid Amcrit'a, tluif ycnrly ili*ar from ihc < wlV>n» hrtufe, then- arv",
iki (.iirpi'iittri" mfa1iir«'m«nt, brloni^inj^ to tho port and illsmd, ly ?o<5 " toniot Ihip-
ptt\j conlhinu'y nnploycd traiiin:; t<> cvcrv part of Alia, iiaviija-'d liy Kti;»lilh of.
i'w^-.i. iU iiiUs ibi>., thiu; itrc toiiniiy Ihip*. vtlUU ami boiit>, loan imm'iin- amount
in lonniinc, ^oinj' lonnd fro.brtwot n iloinbny and the Urd S«a, I'crfian (IiiH, &i', <icc,
To ri'linii t'l fit" l*nrf«*t't«.— w hiuo obf^Tw*! tlicm as the tavoiiritiM of turtiitu* ;
1, t 11, at!<l, liicy ; dil'orvodl) I', t^r wi- liiul ibein doing vory cxtonHvo aits of
thiirity ninl bt-riLAoIcnie. In ilu- Honil>Hy lloiald of tlif 41b Ofl'iher I70'^' wi* read
tlic I'tillowinj; parn^rnpb : " \\ c .irr baj);n in thr opportimiry of pointinj; out tho Ii-
'• bcrality of hotiv.'^lijiv Mnmdu'ric •, wKulV conduct d'K's lioiiotir to Nijiuanity : d;.
" liiii; ihi' pti'fent ic an it)' "f pro\iliiiti'i be daily tcrrloipwardsof two tboul'imd poo-
♦' pI«*of dilf'Ti'iit i.r'<\*, «t hit o\Mi fxpriKi- " CifbiT pulilii iidbiiu > "lii^iii In* givon.
,>ornc of thrin alfu lia\c [lour l'',uiop>aiis o'l llu'ir pvMili.'ii iill, tn uiioin are jjivcti
a wceltly allow ancf, nnd food tnid rloathinj;. To tb'ir private cliarity and lu-ne.
vokiui, 111 •) ;idil ;ili lb'- ]o)blio Ibow ;ini| rypnu-e iiceeirirv to pive dipnit\ to their
riihes. .S'linc (.r them have two or tbri»e fmilitrv houfes f\iniithid in all tlie ex.
fi'iilk (ivcit
.\iit.an river*
,\.i>eiicaii rivrr»
_ J MiH.
f iiui... ^ijoUjIiIi; —
Kii|>lir:iit ■> —
(»niii"'-s — — •
B'lriadipool T —
i\.iii Kiau,<ii Ava Kivcr — •
^ Jc;iiulr4 —
{J!.> —
AiiMor — —
Ltiu — — •
Ill'^llllO (if I 41111.1} i>-
^^Ki 'iilvcu (ul iJilto) —
6<
«i
"I
91
'^;
t r
ll>
ni
'-;
Ucatii'U'i Miiiioir, p. 3 j|,
Tlirtuntuij^c of the poit of LouJouii about 1 76,030 ton ^ of t!>c ai.'rt.'.i.tat tUiju j; (Jirtt Hiit.iin.
5 U tuvaj^aiK'o
^
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGI-T (MT-3)
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
4
23 WEST MAIN STREIT
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80
(716) 872-4503
jt|| INDIA WITHIN trbGaitoki.
travagancc of European taftc j with elegant and extcnfive gardeni, where Euro*
penn gentlemen are frequently invited ; and where they are always wvtcoinc to
entertain their own private parties, and retire to enjoy the rural picafurcs of tlm
country, free from the noife and buftic of a bufy dirtv town. Purfce merchants
give balls, fuppcrs, aud entertainments to whole fcttiements i and fome of thcin
ride in Englim chariots, fuch as a nobleman in England need not be afliamed to
own, drawn by beautiful animals, that every nobleman cannot equal in his (lud.
The Parfues have been often known to behave to Englilh gentlemen, refpcfting pe.
cuniar}- concerns, in a manner highly liberal ; and although inilances might he
given to the contrary, and inllances might alfu be given, where individuals, elated
by their riches, have forgotten the rcfped due to the Englifli, Aill they arc
but inftances, and arc not mure reprobated bv any than thcmfelves.
A Parfce beggar was navcr known } and tneir women, who are as fair as Euro-
peans, are proverbially chalk* ; fo that a harlot is as rare as a beggar. Upon the
whole, they are a very handfome race of people.
An inquiry into the hidory and cuftoms of the Parfecs would we think be cu-
rious. Tneir hiilory commences at the period of the troubles caufed by the Saracen
conquerors of Perfia ; when, perfecuted for their religious opinions, a few Perliaus
took refuge in the ifle of Urmus, whence, fome time after, they failed for India,
and landed in Gudjraat, where they found an afylum, on condition, that they Ihould
reveal the myfteries of their creed, fliould renounce their own language and drefs,
that their women ihould go abroad unveiled, and their nuptials oe celebrated in
the evening;. Thefe rcAri<:tions were all complied with, and the Parfeet' drefs is
nearly theTamcwiththatof the Hindoos, and tney ufethenagri chara£ter. So far is
their own language forgotten, that perhaps there are not ten Parfees, we know not
of one on the Ifland of Bombay, that can fpeak it.
Tavernier in his Pcrfian Travels, p. 163, gives a long account of the Guars, by
whom he evidently means this people ; but he is fo unfortunate as to err notorioufly
in a number of particulars *.
Worship and funerals of the Parsees.] They never intermarry, nor
have they any public places of prayer ; like their progenitors, the puritans of the
fn(t, they do not think temples, as places of worihip, at all neceflfary, merely as fuch :
they pray in the open air, and make their protellations to the fun, as the grandcft
einblciu in nature of the Deity, whofe temple is the univerfe, and the all-pervading
element of fire, his only fymbol.
iVIoll of their original culloms are, however, fomewhat altered. No one, per-
haps, is fu Hngularly curious as their method of fepulture.
I'he defunct, after lying a proper time in his own houfe, for the purpofes of
mourning, is carried, followed by his relations and friends, the females chaunting
a rctjuicm, and depofited in a tomb of the following conftru£lion. It is a circular
building, open at top, about fifty-five ftct diameter, and twenty-five in height,
filled to within five feet of the tup, excepting a well of fifteen feet diameter in the
centre. The part fo filled, is terraced with a flight declivity toward the well. Two
circular grooves, three inches deep, arc raifcd round the well, the firft at the diftancc
of four, the fecond at ten feet from the well. Grooves of the like depth, or height,
and four feet diliant from each other, at the outer part of the outer circle, are car-
ried ilniij^lit from the wall to the well, communicating with the circular ones, fur
the puipofc of carrying off the water, &c. The tomb, by this means, is divided
into three t ircles of partitions : the outer about feven feet by four ; the middle, fix
by three; the inner, four by two: the outer for the men, the miduie for the women,
the inner for the children ; in which the bodies are refpe£lively placed, wrapped
» Lieut. Moor's Narrative of the Operations of Capt. Little's Dcuchmeut, p. 383.
9 k>of;.ly
INDIA wtrmM t«s Gamobi. f
73f
loofely in a piece of cloth, nnd left to be devoured by the vulturei v which ii very
ifooii dune, a» numbers of thnfe aninialii iirc always fcen hovering and watching
about thefc charncl-houfcs, in expectation of their prey. The friends of the do>
ceafcd, or the perfuns wliu have charge of the tomb, come at the proper time, and
throw the bones into their receptacle, the well in the centre t for which purpofe
iron rakes and tongs are depofited in the tomb. The entrance is clofcd by an iron
duor, four feet fquarc, on the eaftern fide, as high up as the terrace, to which a roa<l
is raifcd. Upon the wall, above the door, an additional wall is raifed, to prevent
people from looking into the tomb, which the Harfees are particularly careful to
prevent. A Perlian infcription is on a (lone inferted over the door, which wc once
copied, but have forgotten its tenor. From the bottom of the wall, fubterranean
p.iirages lead, to receive the bones, &c. and to prevent the well from ftWin^.
Men of great property fometimes do not chufe to be depofited in thefc indifcri-
niinate receptacles, and caufe a fmall one to be built for their own families. Soor-
abjce, a rich merchant formerly of Bombay, is laid in a private one in the garden
to his houfe on Malabar Hill ; and we underhand his tomb is grated over; if fo, it
is the only one on the ifland fo covered. 'Vhc public tombs arc, we think, live in
number, but not now all in ufe, lituated about three miles north-wcllerly from Bom-
bay fort : the largell (for they are of dilTerent lizes) is that here defcribed. We
have feen accounts of this cuftom of the Parfces, and defcriptioas of their tombs,
but never any correct •.
The nobility and pe«>ple of rank delight in hunting with the bow as well as the
gun, and often train tlie leopards to the fports of the field. They love fhady walks
and cool fountains, like other people in hot countries. The^ are fond of tumblers,
mountebanks, and jugglers ; ot barbarous mufic, both on wind and (Iringcd inOru-
ments, and play at cards in their private parties. Their houfes are mean, and gene-
rally thatched, which renders them fubjea to fire i but the infide of houfes belonging
to titc principal perfons are commonly neat, commodious, and fomt* magnificent.
Commerce or Indostan.] To what has been already given on this article,
and the manufactures of India, it niay be added, that the Mahometan merchants
carry on, in a particular fpecies of vellels called juiiks, a trade with Mecca, in Ara-
bia, from the wellern parts of this empire, up the Red Sea. The largefl of thefe
junks, befides the cargoes, will carry 1700 Mahometan pilgrims to vilit the tomb
ut their prophet. At Mecca they meet with Abytlinian, Egyptian, and other tra-
ders, to whom they difpofe of their cargoes for gold and nlver ; fo that a Maho-
metan junk returning from this voyage is often worth zoo.oool.
Provinces, cities, am© othkr ) The province of Agra is tlie largcft in all
Buii.uiNGSjPCBLic ANDPRiVATE.Hndollan, containing 40 large towns and
340 villages. Agra is the grcatefl city, and its callle the largell fortification in all
the Indies. The Dutch have a factory there, but the Knglifli have none.
'llic city of Delhi, which is the capital of that province, is likewife the capital
of Indoflan. It is defcribed as a fine city, and contains the imperial palace, which
is adorned with the ufual magnificence of the Iiall. Its ilubles formerly contained
12,000 horfcs, brought from Arabia, Perlia, and Tartury ; and 500 elephants.
When the forage is burnt up by the heats of the feafon, thefe. horfes arc laid to be
fed ill the morning with bread, butter, and liigar, and in the evening wiih ricc-
niilk properly prepared.
Tatta, the capital of Sindy, is a large city, in whiih a plague in 1699 carried
off above 80,000 of its manufacturers in lilk and cotton. It is ilill fsunoiis for tlio
manufacture of palanquins, a kind of canopied couclus, on which the great men
* Lieut. Moor'* Narrative, p. 384.
5 Bz
•U
740 INDIA wiTitiir the Camcf. «.
nil over Itidiii, Muropcnnt an well ai natives, repofe when they apjiear al)rr)«(f.
'ihoy tiro curried bv tour men, who will trot nimijf, morning and evening,
40 ntilis II day ; 10 (HJiig ufuully hirrd, who carry the palan(|iiin l>y tiirnH, four Ht
a time. Though a palanquin is dear at firlt coll, yet tiie porters may be hired tor
nine or ten Ihillinii^s a month each, out of which they mamtaiii themlelveii. 'Ihe
indiiM, at Tatta, is about n mile broad, and famouH for its iinc carp.
'lliough the nrovincc of Moultan is not very fruitful, yet it yields oxcrlleiit iron
nnd cane); and the inhabitants, by their filuation, are cnitbled to lUal with the
Pcrdans and Tartars yearly for above 60,000 horfes. The capital is .Moultan, aborit
boo miliH, hv the courfe oi- the river; from the fea.
I he province of Callimerc, being furroinided with mountains, is ditriciilt of
aeti fs, but wlien entered, it apjwars to be the pariuiiro of the Indies. It is (aid to
contain 100,000 villages, to be ftored with cattle and gjinie, without aiw Ix'afts of
I)rey. 'I he capital (("allimiTe) ibiids by a large lake \ and both fexes, tdc women
specially, are alnioll as fair as the Kuropcans, and are faid to be witty, dexterous,
Jind ini^eiiioiis.
'Ihc proviiiie and city of Lahor formerh- made a great figure in the Indian
liiftory, and is ilill one of the largcft and fined in the Indies, provlwcing the bejl
iLigars of any in Indoftan. Its capital was once about nine miles long, but is now
much decayed, V^'e know little of the provinces of Aynd, V'arad, liekar, and
l^Jallabas, excepting that they arc inhabited by a hardy race of men, whofeem nN
vcr to have been concjucred ; and tliough they fubnrit to the Moguls, live in an
eafy, independent ftate. In fomc of thole provinces many of the European fruits,
.pla'nls, aiid Howers, thrive, as in their native foil,
British power in Intia.] The relation fubtiWng between Greftt Britain and
its Aliatic dominions, has been explairtcd under the article of the Eaft India
Company of Kngland.
In ancient times, the commerce between Eui^pe and Afia was carried on, partly
hy land, partly by the courfe of great rivers and a clogged coalling navigation. The
I'.allern (ilks, fpiccs, aromatics, and precious ftones, were in the hrghdl eftiina-
tion among all the nations of antiquity ; but the conquefts even of Alexander, in
India, were limited to the I'anjab, while thofe of the Romans never led their le-
gions beyond the banks of the Ivuphrates.
At the time when the modern Europeans began to aflume a civilized cliarafler,
they alfo imbibed a tafte for the kixin ies of Alia. 'J lie Ihips of the Italian free Hates,
lor this end, took up the Indian goods, which by means of caravans and the navi-
gation of rivers had reached the Ihores of the Mediterranean, and diflFufed thcni
<iver the northern kingdoms of Kurope.
Towards the clofe of thelixteenth century, the minds of the Europeans, in gene-
ral, began to take an adventurous turn. This bias was ftrengthened by thcflifco-
veries which had been made in thofe natural fcienccs that are fubfervient to the
iifcful arts, and it terminated in exciting a general delire to make difcoveries and
to encourage trade.
In this new and bold career, Spain and Portugal unexpectedly took the lead :
both courts patronized fchemes for exploring, not only thofe parts of the world
•wiiieh hitherto hul been concealed from the Europeans, but f(jr linding out tracts,
which lliDuld be better I'ltited to the purpoles of trade, tlian thofe which had hitherto
been purfued.
Under this imprcflion, Columbus fought a new route to the I'aft-Indies ; but,
bv an accident, was driven to the continerrt of America, there to lear a new pillar
i>l tlie world, on which the cr.;wn of .Spain was to lean.
\ afco do Ca.ua, ioou ai'terv.'ards, on the original plan of Columbus, of finding
u pallaj^c
INDIA W I T II I M T H I G A M r. 1! S. 74I
n palliige to the countries in tlic ICurt which had been tU fcrik-d l>y Marco Polo,
(liuliltil the CaiK! v( Guodllopc; failed alonp the coall vt AtVica, aiil rcaclu-d
tlio i^rt-nt pei)itil"ul!i of Alia. Gania, by this diiVovcry, jjave to l'urtuf;al a tiiulc, ♦'
more valuable tliaiv that wliicli Coliiuibus hud cuiifcrnid on Spain, thoui;!) ha
luuld not annex to his country, either territories fo extciilive, ur u trade i'o imiiie-
ili;itcly i)rodu6Hve.
J he Diilih had already thrown off their ilcpendenco on the crown of Spain, and
^vcrc ilru^gtiivg to cUablifh their civil and religious frecduui. '1 hefe new repul>-
liians had motives to induftry of every kind; they polleircd a country which did not
alloril proviiions tior a third |>urt of its inliabitanls, and they had no other refource,
l)ut in thfir induilry and maritime Ikill. I'atient hi their tempers and peilevc-rinj;
ill their purpolVs, trained too in a country, where navigation, if not the only, was
certainly the principal purfnit ; they cuui>ht, at once, the fpiiit of enlerpri/e, Ik-
caule it promifed them, at the fame time, power and amp]e gain. i'or thefe
purpofcs tliey font their armed Ihips to. llic call, ollablilhed taclories, became the
ii\als and fupolantcrs ot' the power and influence of the I'ortuguefe, and, at lalt,
tretled ilieir feveral, but connefted, Eaft India companies..
I lie Knglilh nation had, during thefe events, neither been infenfd)Ie to the value
of this commercial objett, nor How in its etVorts to extend its trade and navigation :
pudelled of more national ardour, and yet equally perfevering with the Dutch ;
emerging too from civil and religious thraldom, it determined to participate with
the Portugucfe and Dutch commercial adventurers, in the profits of the trade to
the liart Indies. In confequence of the wife mcafures adopted by thole who
governed the affairs of India, the adminilhation of our poffellions and trade there has
iK-conie regular and efficient ; the credit of our Kaft India Company ha.< increafed j
the price of India (lock rifen higher than the mud fanguine of the proprietors
could have cxpeiU'd ; the trade of the Company has been almoll doubled ; trun-
(luillityfor a courfe of years maintained ; and a war, not lefs ncccffary than poUtic,
fupported with dignity, and happily terminated with fuccefs and honour.
As Mr. Dundas 8 late bill is to be henceforth the great regulator of our Indian
concerns (fee page 248), the reader will be pleafed to hnd tlie following abridge-
nicnt of iltat moil benelicial act :
'I'liE toNTRouL AT HOME.] Tlic a6\ providcs for the conthiuatLon of the
hoard of cimtroiil lor the atlairs of India in all its parts, except that, inilead of
the fecrctaiy of llate being the prelident, tlie perfon Hiil named in the king's com-
million is to be the pretident ; and, inilead ot the commilhon being limited to hx
privy counfellors, llie number is indetinitc, retting on the king's pleafure ; of
whicii, however, the two principal fecrelaries of llate and the chancellor of the
exchequer are to be three : and his majelly may, if he pleafes, add to the lill two
LuniDi^nioners, who are not of his privy council.
Uv the former atl, no falaries were given to the commiirioners for India ; and
thole of their fecretary and other ofHcers were to be paid out of tlie civil lill. By
the new ai^, the king may give 5,0001. a year amoiigll fuch of the commillioners as
he pleafes ; which, togethi*r with the falaries of the fecretary and othctrs, and other
ixpenees of the board, are to be paid by the India company, and not by the civil
lill. The whole is not to exceed i6,oool. a year, the conimiiiioners' falaries in-
cluded.
■|»E GOVERNMENTS ABROAD.] 'i he prefcnt forms of government over the
prclidencies of iiengal. Fort St. George, and Madras, are continued in all tiieir
eli'eiilial parts. For bengal, by a governor general and three menibv-rs of council.
For each of the others, a governor and three members. '1 hefo hiiier, in relpect
to treaties with the native powers of India, levying war, making peace, collecting
and
74*
INDIA wiTiiiM fin Oai»oei.
and applying revenuci, levying and employing t'orccii, or other nuttcri of civil or
military government, arc to bo under thv controul of the gntrnmeni general o( Ben-
gnl ( and are, in all cafe* whatever, to 0IH7 it* order*, unlefs the diretlorn Omll
have fcnt to thofe fettlement* any c>r(ler» repugnant thereto, not known to the
government general ; of which, in that cafo, they arc (o give the government gc<
iieral immediate advice.
I'he court of diredhtrs are to appoint to thefe feveral government* ; namely, ttir
governor general, the two other ^nvernorH, and the metnhert of all the counciU, and
likewife tne commander in chiet of nil the force*, and the three provincial com-
mander* in chief. None of the coinmaiuiers in chief :ire, txoJSdo, to be of the coun-
cil ; but they are not difquaiitied from iK-ing fo if the direflor* (hall think fit toap>
point them, and, when ihey are niemberii of the council, they are to have prece-
dence of the other counfellors. 'I'he civil memberi of council are to he ap|M>inti'(|
from the lill of civil fervant*, who have refided twelve years in the fervice in Indiii.
Patronaoe and RirtE OF PROMO rioN.] The direciorH are to appoint {o
many cadet* and writers only, a* to fuppiv vacancies according to return* from
abroad. Their ages ihall not be under fifteen, nor exceed twenty-two, unlefs
any cadet lliall have been one year in the king's fervice, and then Itis age i^ not
to exceed twenty-five yenm. All ihall have promotion by feniority of fervice only.
'lluee year* fervice qualifies a civil fervant for a place of cool, n year ; li\ years
for one of i,jool. nine years, ,^oool. twelve year*, 4000!. a year or upwards.
None to take two offices, where the joint emoluments Ihall exceed this rule. All
collectors of the revenue are to take the oath prefcribed in the ai\ againtl the ac-
ceptance of prefents, and for faithfully rendering to the company all they (liall
receive.
'I'liE TRADE.] 'Hie company's term is extended for ao years, from the itl of
March 1794; fubjctt to be determined at, or after that pericnl, on three years
previous notice by parliament, lignified by the fpeakor of the houfe of conmions ;
fubjett, however, as to the trade to and trom India, to the following limitations in
favour of fuch private merchants as may choofe to trade thither. In other re-
fpeds, and to and from Chiua and other places beyond the Cape of G<K)d Mope,
the former rellridions againll private traders are continued in force ; and if the
exclufive trade thus limited, fliall be hereafter difcontinucd, the company arc Oill
to retain their corporate capacity, with power to trade with aioint Hock in common
with other people. If, however, any new fettlement Ihall be obtained from the
Chinefe government feparate from the continent of Afia, an export trade thither
is refervcd .to private merchants, under certain conditions and regulations , and
there is alfo a claufc to preferve the fouthern whalers in the benefit of their carrv-
iiig trade into the Pacific Ocean, by the way of Cape Horn, to the northward of
the equator, limited to 180 degrees weft longitude trom Lx)ndon ; and (hips from
Nootka Sound are to be licenfcd to trade from thence with Japan and China, but
are not to bring any goods of the produce or manufaiture ot thofe countries to
Great Britain.
LlMITAnONS ON THE EXCLUSIVK TRADE TO AND FROM IkDIA.1 All por-
fous may export and iniprrt gmuls t«» and from Imfia in the company's fliips, t\.
cept that thev (hall not export military (lores ammunition, malls, fpiirii, cordiK'i-,
ancliors, pitch, tar, or copper ; nor import India callicoes dimiiiei, nuillins, or other
pietegoods, made or manufactured with (ilk or cott<m,or withlilk or cotton mixed,
or with other mixed materials, unlefs it be done by leave of the companv. if the
or
market Ihall not he fufHciently fupplied with the excepted articles of import cir
cxpi rt, with an exception of military liorcs and copper, the board of controul ni.iv
open
INDIA WITRIK THS G A N I I.
941
ivil or
• Hon.
I (bull
lo the
nt gc-
ly, tlic
Ih, and
I coin-
! coun-
t to ap-
pri'ic •
K)intotl
I Imlin.
oint Id
18 from
, unk'fs
•y is not
CO only,
ix years
pwards.
lo. All
\ the ac-
^y (liall
ihc ill t)t'
rcc years
amnions ;
tations in
I otluT re-
)(l Hope,
\m\ if the
y arc ftill
common
from the
le thither
ons i and
eir carry-
hward of
ip» from
hmu, but
ntries to
All Phi-
llips, t\-
cordago,
or other
Ion mixed,
\\y. If the
limprtrt or
Itroul m;iy
open
cp«n that trade alfoto individunli. If the company (liould not export t^oo toni of
copper annually, private iradvrt may export cojiper in the coitipany'i (h'\p%, to the
amount of the defieienc^.
'ITic comiwny are to turnidi private traders, till 1796, with 3000 tons of (hipping
yearly, computed on the fame principle nt the compaiiv'.s own tonnage is computed.
The quantity may he. incrcufcd by order of the boaru of controul, to meet the dc-
iiiunds of the private traders ; and if the board order more than the company up-
pruvc, they may appeal from the order to the king in council. And the com*
pany arc reftri«ed from charging any higher freight than 5I. per ton outwards,
and isl- p*:i" ton inwards, except in time of war, or in circumlluiiccs incidental
to war. or preparations for war. when they may charge an increafed rate of
freight, in a due proportion to the rates at which they ihall take up their own
t),i|)|iiiig, but the propofed increafo can only be made by the confent of the India
board, before whom the directors are alfo required, in 1794, and in every third year
afterwards, to lay a ftatenient of the affairs of Ihipping, and to abide by their
order, touching any continuance, increafe, or abatement of the rate of freight on
private trade.
Private traders are required to notify to the company's fecretary at home, and
to the proper officers in India, at a time limited, the cjuantity of tonnage wanted
by them for the enfuing feafon, with the place of deftination, and the time when
the goods will be ready for fliipping. At home, this notice is to be given before
the 31(1 Augud for the fhips of the enfuing feafon ; and before the icth Septem-
ber, they are to depofit the fum for the tonnage, or give fecurity to the diretlors
for payment of it. Before the 3otli of Ottober, they arc to deliver a lift of the
forts and quantities of the g(X)ds intended to be fcnt. In failure of having them
ready by tnc day fpecified in the notice, they are to forfeit their depofit, or the fe-
curity, and alfo their tonnage for that turn. Similar rules are prefcribcd for fliip-
ping, &c. goods in India ; but it is left to the governments there to fix the times,
and to name the olficers, to whom notices are to bo given. The company is to
have the benefit of all forfeited and vacant tonnage, and if more is demanded for
private trade than the quantity limited, every perfon is to have his due propor-
tion; and notice is to be given him thereof, fcvon days before the day for making
tlio depolits. All private trade is to be regillercd in the company's books, and in
(li.t'ault of being rcgillcred, it is to be contidered an illicit trade, and punilhable
Miordingly.
Ai'PBOPRiATioNS.] Firft, in India. The territorial revenues arc to be applied,
\ ilic firrt place, in defraying all charges of a military nature. Secondly ; in
avmcnt of the interell of the debts there already, or hereafter to be incurred,
.liirdly; in payment of the civil and commercial eftablilhments. Fourthly; in
tiaviuents of not lefs than one million per annum for the company's inveltments
(.r'>;oods to Europe, and remittances and inveftments to China; and the fuiplus,
it any lhall remain, is to be applied in the difcharge of debts, or fuch other pur-
pofes as lhall be dirctkd from home.
Secondly, at Home. The net produce of the company's funds at home, alter
payment of current charges, are thus appropriated: Firlt ; in payment of a ten
per cent, annual dividend, on the prefeiit or any increafed amount of the capital
Ihick of the company. Secondly ; of 500,000!. per annum to be fet apart on the
firll March and the firft September, half yearly; and applied in the difcharge
»>t" the before-mentioned bills of exchange, for the aforelaid reduction of the In-
dia debt. 'ITiirdly ; of a like annual fum of 500,0001 to the exchequer, to ho
ai>plie*i bv parliament for the ufc of iIk public, and to be paid on the \i\ of Janu-
ary
111
\
74+
I N n I A w I T M I ^• T fc r. (] a m o k <
•ry ntt'l t'irll of July, Imlf yonrlv, \>y oitiHl iiiftaliiUMits. Ami, IntUy i the fiirjilu*
iiiay Ik- uppliL-d in tlio iixirt; lixi-Jy rciliKtioti ol° ilic iiiUin del)!, till rctlucvU lo iwo
inillioiis ; or in dil'clKir^ing clubt:i at Itutiu-, fo usi not to diminilli the bond debt bcluw
1,503,000!.
lUiii>al ot'all the liidiiin provinces, i< pcrlnips ihi- moll intereniiif^ ir) an Kn^lilli
iviui^i. lis ri;iiiiral litniiiion, (ua <li I'cribcd by Major Keniu-l, latv lurvw'ywr i^ciifral
in IWngitl) Hi Iniqulitrly happy with rvlpcd to fccurity iVuin the attack o|° Imciipi
riuniieii. On the noiih and util it huth no warlike iu*ii(hl><)ur», and h.ith nioieover
II t'oiinidahle bunicr ot niounlunH, rivers, or fxtvnlive NSiilU'» luwartl» lliole t^iiar
lers, Uunild an enemy llait U)>. l)i\ the I'otitli is a lea-coult ^uitrdi'd by lltullow> dud
impenetrable vvoo)l.i, :nid v\nh only one |K>rt, which is of ditlKuU Hccclf, in un ti\-
lent of' joo miles. ( Jnly on llu; wcrt can an enemy he iipprchendtd ; hut theje i|i«
naluMJ hairier i-> lltong ; ui.d witli its popniatioa and reionrcca, and tin- iifual pro-
portion of I'rtihii tr.i.ips, i'ni^al niij^ht hid delianct: to any power ul IndulLn. (t
H the (h>rc-ho;it'e uf the l.alt Indies, and, in (ertilit^, exceeds Kgypl. Ihe pn^
duce ot its I «il Lonlill* ot rice, fugar-eanes, corn, tel'amum, rniall inulhnry and
other trees ; heliiles callieues, (ilk, I'alt-pelre, lakka, opitnn, wax, and civet, are
fent to the moil dillanl countries. Frovilions are incredibly clxrap, i-lpeciuily
)iullel>;, ducks, and ^eel'e. I'he country is interi'eCted by c:iiiulii iUl out ot tj,,'
(ian)^;es tor the beneht ot' commerce } and extends near 100 leagues uii both (ides
that noble livei, tuli oj' cities, tovvim, villages, and calUea,
In Uen^ul, the wnrthip ot° the C<entoos is pra^liled in its greatell purity; and
tlieir lacred ilver ((ianges) ia hi a manner lined with inagiiiliccnt pn^udas or ivnt"
pies,
(lencrally Ipeaking, the derciij)lion of one Indian city is a defcription of nil j
l>oiii<<; all buill on one plan, with exceeding narrow, cuntincd, and crooked theets;
will) Hii ineredihie number of rcfi.-rvoirs, ponds, and gardens. A lew of the Ihecisare
))aved wiih hiiek. 'Ihe lioufe.s are varioully built : foine of brick, others with
mud, and a llill greater pruporiion with bamboos, and niat.s: wliich liandiiig inter-
mixed with caiii olhu-, t'ornt a motley appearance. 'J lie bamboo huufet arc in-
Nariali'y of one t'toiy, and covered witii thatch. 'Ihofe of i)rick feldom exceed
two lio'ir-., and lia\e Hat, teirated roofs, hut are often fo thinly fcattercd, that fires,
vv'iiieli often li,ipi)en, do not fometimes meet with the obllruttion of a brick lioiife
ihrouj^li a wliole Iheei.
C'aUntia is in ]';nt an exeeption to thii rule of building, the (piarter inhabited
bv the I'.iig'.iih being compofed entirely of brick-buildin;;s, many of wliieh ha\ ■
more ll;e app. luance of palaces than o\ private houfes ; but the reiiuiinder of lii-
city, and by nuu'li the greateli part, is built according to tlie general deferiptimi
of Indian citie.. W iihin 20 ur :l; years, Calcutta has been wonderfully iinpr.ned.
both in appearance and in the lalubrity of its air ; for the llreets have been pro-
perly drained, and the p inds tilled up ; thereby removing a vail furfacc of (lagnaii!
water, the exhalations from wliich were ])articularly luirtful. (Calcutta ij well
known to he lin' e;up niuin of IJeni^al, and the feat t)f the governor-general of In-
dia, ll is I'.ippofeil at prefent to contain, at leall, 500,000 inhabitants. Its locil
lituation ii, not fortunate ; for it has fome extcnfive muddy lakes, and a vaft forcit,
clofe to it. It is a modern city, having rifen on the hlc of the village of Uovind-
^)0i:r, about 90 }eais ago'.
it i-) ab"ut ICO nijle.s from tlic fea, htnate on the well orn branch of the Ganges,
•vlrch is navi^u'>le t;|) to the town, lur the largell lliips that viiit India.
ihe city of C/W.cui r.\ extends from the wcliern point of I'ort William, along
• Rtiincli'i Mtmoir of li'. Mjj' of Iin|jl'r.ii, jn 58, ^j. i
I N n f A w I 1 ti I N T H r. O A M R «,
745
tlio li.iiik:* of till- river, iilniodto tlu* villnt^f of Coll'ipoor ; thnt ii about tatir .md ;•
halt Kn^lidi miliM. Tlu" broadfh in many p«rti i» incniili'lirablo. 'I'lio tlrri-ts ar<'
broad ; the line of buildiiigii, fiirroimdiiii,' two lidcn itt iho cfplanadi* of iho fort,
is ma';niHc(.'iit \ mid it adds grvaily to tlu- fuprrl) np|)i*uraiico, tliat the li(iii(\'s arc
dttathfd from i-ath ollii-r, ami iiii'iilutccl in a great Ipaciv 'I'hf l)iiildiii({t an* nil
on a larfjf fcnlf, from tlu* notollity «>t liavini; n iri'i* liniilation ot air, in a t liinatc,
the lunt of wiiii h it i-xfri-nu*. I hi" m-nrriil upproadi to tho hoiii'ci it l>v n Hig'it of
lK'|ti, witli j;rt'nt projritin^ porticitoi, or fiirroundcd by colonnades or uriadi-ii, whiili
jrivf tlii'in tin- nppi'amnci; of (Jrciian ii inpiiM \ and indeed every houfo may
\h- eonlidired a^ a teniple dedicated to liufnilality.
Calcutta, from ii final! and iiiionliderablc fort, which yet remain* fand in
\v1\ii:ii is the famoui black-hoto, fo fatal to many of uiir lountrymen in 175')!. and
a few wurelioufes, wai foon raile<l to n great and opulent city, when the govern-
ment of the kingdom of Hrngal fell into the handi ot the Kn){lii1i. Kor its innirni-
liceiite, however, it is indebti-d folely to the liberal fpirit and exeellent talte of tin*
late governor general ; and it ntull be confelled, that the firll houfe was raifed by
Mr. 1 ladings which deferves the name of a piece of iirchitei tiire ; in fa^ I it in irveii
in a purer llyli than any that has been built fmce, although it is on a fmallcr fcak*
than manv others.
The mixture of luiropean and Afiatic manners, which trtay be ohforved in Cal-
cutta, is curious— coaches, pliaetuns, frngle-liorfe chaifes, with the pallankeeni
and hacknries of the natives— the pBllin>{ ceremonies of the Hindoos— the dif-
ferent appenrances of the fakirs^form a iij^ht pi'rha|>s more novel und extraordinary
than any city in the world can prefent to a lirancer •.
In \]',fy, an unhappy event took place at Calcutta. The nabob or fouhah
" ' ■•' -"^ ' ' .1 I "-I . !.i. .. 1. _ i_ 1^ of black
irew thcm«
;V who ro-
.._ , , — „.iition being
The foubah, a ca|)ricious tyrant, i:i-
Iion 01 iree uii. i iivii 11111t.-11t.-3 utoiii(j iiii. iii{^iii >veii.- tiitj;v(jit
morning no more than twenly-three were found alive, tlie reftdvinjr i>f fuillu ation,
which Wilt, generally attended with a horrible ph ■.'".. Amonij tlujfe faved, \v;is
Mr. Hulwcll liimfelf, who has written a moll alfctiiv account of ilic catalbuplie.
Ilieinfenlible nabob returned to his capital, after plui.derin>; the place, iinai^iMiii({
he had rooUd the Kiiglilh out of his dominions ; but the feafonabic arrival of
admiral W'atloii. and colonel [atterwards lord) Clive, put thein oiuo more, witli
lonie dithculty, in poU'ellion of tlic place ; and the war was foon concluded by tlu:
battle of I'hiHy, gained b^ the colonel, and the death of the nabob .Suraja Dowla,
in whole plaeo MhJpJalfeir, one of his generals, was advanced to the foubahlhip.
'ihe capital of Bengal, where the nabob keeps his court, is .Muxatlahad, or
M.jorlhedabad. Benares, lying in the fame prtivince, is the (Jentixj luiiverlity, and
celebrated for itsfanttity. 'iliiszemindary, which includes alfo the circars of (ia/v-
pour and Chunar, conlUtuted a part of the do!iiiiii(>iis of Oude till 1774, when i;s
trihuie or quit-rent of 24 lacks was transferred to the Knglilh.
Dacca is lituuled in the callern quarter of IJengal, and beyond one principal
llrmm oi ihe (janges, while another runs lo the call ol it. l\\v hiuaiions arc
Hodtfft' TuveU in Iiidia, from i 78^ to 1783, p. 15.
bctt
er
Hi INDIA w I r II I N T if I O A it A I 1.
hvtWt CAlctilali-il for iin iiiluiid cmitoriuin ol" trail.', tli;in tlii«, n* ilw Dncrii fWer coin.
Ituiiiii.iiti'^ Willi ill! ilu* iiilur iiil.iiul iiavi|{;iiioiu •, tiiut ili:it mil Ity t> tin uiiom, bii|
liy a«lirc(l t Kniituiniiiilion. It is tlu* lliixl uty ot ikn^ul iii |iiiiiit t)t cxifitt ami \hh
tiuliiliiiii, t lul liui u Mat tr.uL' ii) iiiiilliii^. uiul lit lIuiU' iuunuluC'tiirt.'!«iit tlic iiiuit dc
icnlk* kiiul», uliitli iii<' (o iiiiuh rmi^lii at'ltr in l'Airii|H'. 'Hk; cultoii it pnxliuiU
wiltiii) tilt' |iriiviiu'i'. Diui'u li.i» in ii:« turn l>>'cii iho ciipitiil ot IUmi^iiI, hiuI iIi:ii
\viiliiii till' iiri'fi'iu ci-ittury. 'Ilicro urr llic rciuaiiii ol" u viry llroiig lorln-rt in it -,
iiiiil, witliiii ilu'tV f'l'vv yi'iint, llivri' \v:h noar it u cannon ol cxiianrdinary W(.'i^llt aixl
diiiirnlioan *i but it liua liiici.' tallon into the liver, tof^cthor with tlic hiiiik uii whicU
it ri'llcil.
I lie (ity of Agra h litualcil on tlu' rnutt) TkIc ol'ihc river Juinitn, wliieh nl lliu
]ilaee is nol turclalile. Il it ruP|>>)lVvl to lu' a pl.iee tit high untii|uily. i lie prt I'tiit
( ilv, litiwt'Mr, was raili'il by llif etii|ieii)r Ai t)ar, alioiii i^Of), untl iianicil rrnin liim
Ael)arabail, and was tlie jiriiKi|ial leal <>t lii. j;i>Viriiiiieiitt
Til the louih-tall nt (lie city nt Ai;ra i» a beaiililul iiitiiiuineni, raifitl by the eni-
ncrorShah Jehan, torhi:* beloveii witeTiije Muliel, whole luiine it heart, aiul itealj-
■ 1 «■ ....: ,. .1. -I'. ■ . \t .1. .1 III .1.: , i...:i.i:.... : . ..; ..i i'. .i
iJviiii kfiiiiii i#v 11,111, iiM lilt tiv li'V I ti » Iii tiiiv tii«iii\i| niii'it iitiiiiw It i>i,iin, tiiiti ltiil||>
I'tl, by way ot eiiiineme, the Taje Mah>. I. V\ hen thin buililinj; it vieweil Iroiii ilu' t»p.
|ii)lile litle ot' tile river, it poU'ellet n ilej;ree ol' beauty rniin the |iertectiiini)t the iii«.
till. lis and tiiini the e\(i'!leiiee of the workinanlliiji, wiiiih is tmly I'lnpaileil bv itn
/^raiulenr, extent, niul general magnilieeiae. 'llic bal'etl inuteriai tliat enters int. »
tile eeiitral part ot' it iii white ntatble, and the oriianieiits ure ot various cojuureii
iiKiibles, ill whiili lliert- is no glitter: the whole together apneam like a nioK per-
fect piail on an a/urv- fjrounil. the etlei-l it fueh, uhI eonfefs (lay* Mr. Hodges) I
lu \k r I'speiiiiit I'd ti nil any work of art. The line tnalerialu, the beaulitul toriti,
iind the l\iniuc!iyot' the whole, with the judiciuut chuice ot' litualiun, I'ur rutpallKi
u.iy tiling 1 ever lieiu lil |.
J he city ol Liieknow is cxlenflvo but meanly built : the houl'es are cliiedy mud
>vali.s, covered with tiiateh, and many omlill ciitirily ot inatM uiul bamlmos, and are
liiatclietl witli leaves of liie cocoa not, palm tree, ami fomelime» willi llruw. Viry
few, indeed, nf the lioufes of tile natives are built with brick ; the llrects ure crook-
nl, narrow, and llieworllour traveller, Mr. Hodges, f.iw in India. In ilio dry
feafon,tiie dull and iieat are intoleraiile ; in the raiiiy I'l afnii, the mire is fo deep, as
to be fcarcely palialiie ; and tliire are a great number ol elephants, belonging to
the nalioband llie great men of his court, which are lonlinually palling the llreets,
t illier to llie palace, or to tlie river, to the great danger and amioyaiiie of th': foot
pallingcr, as well as liie inferior clalsof llmpkeepers.
I he palace ot tlie nabol) is on a iiigh bank, near to the river, mid commanding
im c.Mciilive \ lew li'itii iif liie Goomlv and tin coimlry on tlie eallerii litle. A liiiall
Iiiirt of it was railed by the late Nado!) .Siijaii ul Dowlati, tiie fallier of Afoph ul
)owlali. it lias litAvever been greatly e.xliiideJ by llii' prcfeiit prince, who iias.
*icctcil laige courts wiihin llie wallv, and a duil-ar, wlicie he receive* piiblicklv all
]: lions that aie prclciitcd. 1 liis durbar is a laiige ot three arcades, parallel to
if! S|'f'c.ir.i.iir \v.isc<iii.il to I'lc lull csciiti-il pittc }J jioim.icrs.
tit biiifi Oiiliuiuir, »ItlK)ii};li lis [iri>jiortloMs ttire 46, |'i)iinil!i.
Uuay. f notices' Travcl> in Intlu,|>. 117.
\\ li.ilf IcMnlli • - - jj frit 10' iiul.cs. { IL'.il. ji. ia6.
t)ijnntir .<l till- IncLh • j J ■;
«"".
each
caih
INDIA WITIIIH THI Oahcri. f0',
^n(h other, and fupixtrtcil hy rolumDi in tbi> Moorilli Hylo; lli(> i'i>lliii/f, unit itnf
vvImK' III' ihi*, i-« iM'nuiitully i^ilt, hikI iminicil wiili ii'tuiinfnt^ iiiul llowiii. Ir i«
tlr'ttil'tl liy iK'pt Iroin ii llowi-r gnrdcn laitl out in tin- l.iiiu' in.iiitirr m wc Ire in
inilinn iiiiinliitK^, wliuli iiro nil in ri|iinrr |>l;it>, in whu It arc iil.inifd tlovvi-rt ollllit
.,1'
|li'>n|ftil It ont I lo Dntitu, iutiriil, ni Id Ih* nfK'nlivi- iit tirl) In llu> lurvri ni' itn Kur
iiisin. The «-\ti'rior nl tin* building ii not to lie t Diittnotiiicd , licin^ liinilnr t«
wliitt nii^iit Ih* iIiv llylc ol ;i liiiron\ ( ullli' in l''iirii|ii>, nliotit itu; twolltli itiitiiry *
riic Illy o| Kyxalinil in ol" ioii(i<l»Tiihlf fMint, iin<i ii|)|»iarH t* coiilain u ijr.Mt
iuimIktoI pooplf, liiiolly ol" tin* lovviH i laU ; tor tlio toiirt Ivinj; ri-iinivi-d to I.ik k-
ii.iw, ilrvvv tiltiT it tho griiit men, uixl tlu- moll « miiicnt ol tho nt>-ri limit, biinltrrs
.111(1 lliruirt, or inonoy cluingrm. "Hi. !"«• lull iin- porfoiu in all tlio town*, and even
\k\\a}^|•^, will) mnko lar;»i' funit hy tlicir knowU'd;^!' ol the oxi liangi', wliii li in IndTn
I, in a llatc of cunllaiit lluctunliim, to tlic great injury ol llic potir unU iliu inUuf*
ttliilW.
|1u' romainit of llie palace hiiilt liy tlio lair nnltoli Sirali ul Dowlali h n vad
liuildinK, lovcrini; a great rxtcnt of eround, liaviti^ fiverui ur< ,i% or (.onrts, iiml
ninny foparati- l)iiildinf;<« in them. In llieiiiiior eourl are tlir rein.iini of iln- liiirl) ir,
nf liall (if public audience I an rlefrant Imildin^ on tlio fame pl:in a-i lliat alr>Mdy
i!ifnti<iiii'd in the palncc at l.ucknovv, but nuuli rnlieri the painiini; and gilding
•.,re.Hly gone to decay. 'I here are many other biiildinf{>i deli;;iieil lor oMites, or
iiilicr aeiommoilaiiomt. Within an interior court i» u lar^e ixtent of building, tho
jirint ip.il front of which it on the bankt of the river ; and, when it wat lirll r.iifed,
Mi:i!l have been very liandfome. This wat the part deligned for the domcliic hnbii.
;iriiin of the nabob. Adjoining are other buildings, deligneil for the Zenanah, or
fT;n;Iio, and in which arc the remnants of the garilent. 'I he grand entrance to tho
|i;ilace in through a large and hundfome gate, the fupernriittiire of which was ;i
|i|;ue of nrniH, and there it Dill a guard kept in it. On the top of the gate wiu the
Miiiiiioii of the nobut ^a great drum), which it an appendage of royalty in India, and,
whin beaten, it heard over a great city. The nobut is ufualiv beaten at fun-rife and
t.iii-fet. Nearly adjoining Fyzabad are the lemaiiiH of the very ancient city of
(Jiid, which is faid to have been the lirli imperial city of jjindoolian, and to have
litiii built by their hero Krilhen. In colonel Dowe's tranllaiion of Kerillita's hif-
iiirv, it it mentioneil as the capital of a j;reat kingdom, one llidulaiul two hinidreil
:i:ul nine years previous to ijic dirilUan a;ia ; afid it is fuiiueiitly iiKiitioiied in the
faniinis Hindoo work in Mianfcrite (the lenriud lanmiiage of tlu* lirainiiis) the Ma<
imiiiTi r, under the name of Adjudea. Whatever may have been faid of its tor-
in.r ell i^ance and magnilicence, no tracet of them are now left f.
('lia!ulinai;iire is tin- principal place potU-ll'ed by the Kreiub in Ilengal : it lie*
li-lurup the riser than Calcutta. Hut, though llrongly t"orlitied. finniliied with
^.irnlna ot -ioo
i',uro|
leans, an
d 1 100 Indians, and defended by ii] pieces of
aiinon and three mortars, it was taken by the I'.ngliih admirals Watlun and Po-
loeke, and colonel Clive,. and alio was oblij^ed to furrender in the bill war, but re-
ftond by the peace. Hoogley, which lies fitly miles to the north of Calcutta, npnii
ilk' C»:uig>s, is a jilace ol prodigious trade for the riiheft liulian t uninuMlities.
llie Dull h have here a weli-fortitie<l factory. The fearch for diamoniK is earned
(i:i liViil>niii io,ooo peiij)lc from Saunielpour, which lies lliiity ieamies to iIumhjiiIj
i; lliinjjiey, for about fitty miles farther. The other chief towns are Call'iiniba/ai,
( iiiulnira, Haniagua, and Maldo ; bolides a nimiber u( other places ot lets uotc,
i .1 :>ll ul'iheiu rich in ihu Indian luuuufucturcs,
U'lli^t.)' 'rr4vtl> ill Iiiillt, p. 100.
f Ibitl. 1'. I J J.
5C2
w,
74«
INDIA WITHIN TIIK GaN0II.
W'r know liiilc lomrrniiic the provtmr i>r foulxili of tVUIva, hIiiiIi It*** tu llie
Wi-rt t>f Mi-dgal, of witii'ti Nihtlta aiiU llolkur ilivitlv lh« UrKrd |mri t Imh itul ii i»ui
frrlilc •« ihc mhcr pruvincr*. niut liml il* iliict tiiut wrr Kutilpur, (>uu> in, anU
liiiloiir 'I )u' |iriiviiKt' III' CuiiiUiili iiu liidi'i ilml ol' llcmr uiitl pari •>! OrilL, whulu
to|titiil ia Hr;iiii|iiir. or ItiirltamiMHir, a lloiiril)iiti|i; < iiy, wliith iarriix mi a vail tratk'
ii)iliiiil/>.i, iiitli(.(>i-i, iiiuUiiil>ri(i(Ur)'i| lliilli ('.tllHtk wtlie tttpti.tl nt' OrilLi, mikI
lilt ill ttiv (itit) fiiutl Ikiw. til IKiiuiil uinl ilic Noitlifrii iiriur«, uml bvl<iii|{>t ii> ili«
Hcrnr Kiijali MmiduikA lltMilIn, ysUniv (ltiiiiinl>iii» urv vrry cxictilivi'. (>l ilio >ivc
Norllu-rii tiriuro *, C'k;ii<>Ii-, Kaiiiiiitiiulrv, I'.lluit , uiul Citmlupillv un- in ixillcllion
• if llic I'.ii^lilli, mill (iuiiti)r it ill lilt lintiil* nl ilu' Nixiini. 'l\w Ituir lint uti up) tlic
ft'h'iiinll Irmii tlic (tiilWa lakf on llio t tiiiliiK « ot ('altui.k, to tlic luittlifrii ImiiI i>t
iliti Killiii livir 1 i'tirniiiiK, ii)iiiparalivcly> a long, iiurrow liipuri'uuiiliy, jjo iiiilci
loiiu, niid from lo Id 71; wide f.
iiu- iilxivc art,' llu' pri>\ituit lic-lmiginK lo llu' Mo);ur» i'liittiro to llic iiortli ut
nliat i» priip> riv i.illtti llio I'l Dinliila wiltiiii tlif (iaii^t't. 'Iliurc lliul liv tu l)i>>
(niilliu aid tall tiiio iht dt (t liplioii nl the pfiiiiilida iilcll.
lliSToiiY ] 'I lidiilt iiiv.iilt r ot liiitia wliult ixpitliiion i<i iiniluniitully nt urd, d
wan llic t'atiioiu AU'xandLTtit Maii-doin and wlitrf tlit,- toiirtliot Kota* imw ibiuU
(III tlitf l)aiikii of the Ucliur, ho it I'nppoltd to Itiivo put in ixctution lti« lirutafrrtn
for ( ru'liiij^ tliL' rivvr, wliilll lIic oppulii • lliurr was polV«;llid l>y I'orii*. i<iiinhit
kliiin iillo dirc(tfd lii« loui* tlitri' in tlicytiir liii, and inad<' ilic iin^n-ror torl'akc
111* inplial. TIio iVat ol' };i)Vkriiiiifiit was, indcotl, ojitn liuni^td, ai»l'roin(;a/nat(i
Delhi, to Kalioro, to Aj^ra, uiul to C'utiii|^t.-, Ihi* liilt jdaii.' wuh, in llu- n ign ot*
I'orui, und ioii|{ at'tcrwurtlt, the lupitul ot Indullaii, but ii now rvduccd tu u iiiiU-
dling town, tlioiiuli tht' mint arc of great extent [.
'laiiKTlaiK- eiotii'd ili^' Indus nearly ut the lame plai'c with Al-xander: but, Ions
heftirc raiikrlaiie, Malumiedan priiuet had t iitt retl, niadi' eoii(|iit't)<., und |ilaiited
eo!onie». N'aiid, the tixtli ot tlie laliplit, named OniiiiiuiUs, who ul'eciided the
throne in tiie 70iith u-ar of tlie ('lirilliun uTn, and in the (;oth of the I le^ini, nude
< inquedi in liulin: to that the Koran wiih inlioilm ed veiy tarly into tlii<t (uuiitry.
Muhiiuiiid, I'iin <it St liei^lei hin, piinceot (ia/ni, tlu' t .ipilalot a proviiuefeparated
t)y niunntain:i tid;ii llie nortli-well part . ot liulia, ami titiuited mar kandaliur, larri-
til the Koran Nsitli thefwoid into indolian in iiie)ear looo or luoz ol tiu-Cliriliiuu
lira, lie treated tlu- Indians with all the ri|;our of u coiupieror, und all the liiry
t>f a zealot, plundi rin^ treafarts, deniolilhni^ temples, and nuirdiiin^ idoluii-rt.
'Ilif wealth toni'd oy luin in bid >li.in is repti tented a» iniiueiire. llie I'ueeeHi.rjof
this M:ili;nii.Kl an tailed the dynaliv of the (ia/.na\ides, und niaintaineil tlieinl'elvts
in a ^M at part of the countries which he had t oiupiered in India until the year i m,
or 1 1 (7, when Kofrnu Schah, the 13th and lalt prince of the (ia/navide race, was
i!et)>>lVd by kiilVaiii (<anri, who founded the dynally of the (luurideit, which liir-
iillned five princes, who iwilKlftd nearly the fa ne iloniinioiii ah their pretleiellurs
the (Ja,.n:iviiles. Scheabiieilin, the tourtU of the (iauride emperors, dnrini; the
life of tiis broiher ami predecellor (iaiathedilin, contpiered the kin>;doinH of Sloul-
tail und Delhi, and tin w from thence iirodi;:ious treafuren. Hut an Indian, wl
ID
had bun rendered delperate by the pollutions and infultii tu which he faw hi!i);<i(K
• TliiTf rirf,ir» <>r |>rot imc^, were orlpmllv
ill nointiut'il from till ir (■oCiti'm in n-ff^rt lo Mi- , ., , „ .-.,..»,.,,.
iirJ", im will' t» ih's ilrpiml ; an, I liir trriii av/h- In tin li\ili 1 miuiy if tuii'.iinr'l p,ooT lliops in
{ Su|ipofftl to ho the I'.iliolMiiIirJof fh«anciiii|i.
4ir.r, (in wlm n in-s iirprml ; ant liif trriii tvf/i- in tni ii\iii 1 miuiy ir toiiMinfl p,ooT lliops m
r>« I- >,,(M tij.v at l<'u)'lli t'crii :i>liipirtl lit the Kii- ttliiili li. it I mil tvJi lolil, uiiJ ilicrr trrrr illo
klilli ill )'.< iiitjI. Mjji'( Knincll'* luUtitliii'lioii tv> 63iOJ3 iiiiiliii.iii> unit fingirs, ttliu |i:iiil a l.u tu
Li^ Mt.i.t'.r,! 134. I'.tisiiu 1 tiu.
and
INDfA WIT HIM TNR CaNAII.
749
nnil tcitipli'« cximfi'il, mmlc n Vf»w lo »C[»i\]nntc St'hrrtlili««IIr), nnA rKcriilrd It.
I III- iiiifol (Smiridin rtuUil in t)w ycnr uii. In tin* iirrfonut MiiKiicutil, fucirffiir
nitd lu'plicw lo .SthcalilK'ilIn, who wn* nlfo ml ofT b^ udMnin^. S vvr^t rrvoliitiniii
|.illii\si-(l till lli>' iMiif iv|' 'rMiiicrlnnr, whoft* lroo|M ittlirrd liulin ni ihr cn«t t»f
tin- )i;ir i,<<)8, «l«fvrnijii)j^, nmii' icrriMi* ihnn ult if» I'urmrr iniiinlniion*, frum ih^
ii'nii>- iif thi! Iiiiliuii CuiiiaCiM, llii^ inviniiltli' littiltiiriaii mcl wlili ii'i riliOiinic
tiillu li'iil lo jiiOily, v\K'n l») llu' iiiilii.iry iimnIidii of Tariar*, llu- rrut'lti' « with
mIiuIiIk timrki'l hi* way. Mm, itf'ur uti irninrnfi* (iRUgtiirr, he tit Irnglh riti-
(liftU liinirill' lord ut' an uiipirk' wtikli cxlniJcil Iron) 5ni)rna lo ilif b:nikt v(' the
I hi' fuctr(ror» of Tnmi'rinnr, wlio reign •<! over ln»!'ift«n with liitto liifrrrupiiou
mull' limn _<^o )uiri, wrn* inngiiidicnl :iiul itff|i'<ii«" jiriiuvn, itnd «ommitlvil llu"ir
iitountLt, ui lull Uvn iilrcutl) oliicrvctl, in ratmt iou> f;ovi'rnori, or lo ilkir own
liitio, l>y wMth llu'ir iiupirc >^.iiot'lk'n milVrubly lorn to iilfi'o*. 'I ho provinn*
III' |iii!i'thin have rt'l«li>in tontimuil under one liiu'd dnrin;; u |u>rioJ ot' twent\ venro,
IroiM tlie eiirliill liillory ilowo lo ihc rei^n ol" At liar in llio iMh •eiitiiry. Ilingii
(mi/vi:ii, an
toll
Kt iit'iviiice*, Mi're in turn iii'liiuiideMt, iiiul C>n>eliin«'"» \\w iin
ife <>l' liiiliid.m \\i\t eoiilined witliin \hv pruper linut'i ot' llic |>ro\iiuc ilKlt'i lh«*
. illorv ol' wliiih fiirnillus an i \iellcnt U (Ion lo jirinie* not to gral'ii ut too cxien.
(ise ifominion*. At length, the I'amoux Aiircnff/ehe, in the year l^^7, thoiich llu*
viiuii^kll among many \u\\\ nl the reiuiiiiig iMn|)etor, aller dvli'ttiih|; or mmderine
iill lii'> hrethreii, moimtid llu' tliicine of liurillan, niid may In.' lonl'uknd n» the ral
founder and UciMator ol* the einpirc. He wiis a grent and piditii. juime, and tin*
lirfl mIio extended hi« doniinioo over the Peninfula within the (ian^e^, He livi.(J
{\, late i\% tlie year 1707 -, und it i« fuid that fonie ot' ht« great tillicer* wt' ftatc wen;
;ilive in the jear 1 730.
In 171;,! i"nr of his grnndfoni difputed the empirr, which, after n hlooily
riruggle, iell tti the ehlelY, Maiiznldin. who tmik the name ol' Jeh.mder Shah. 'Hiis
prinei' was a (lave to his pieal'me*, and \vb« governed by his millrefs, lo nblolutely,
that his i;reat Omrnhs conlpired againll him, and rail'(.d to the thrntu- une ut' his
iii'pli< ^'' 1
w
ho (Irui k iifV his mil If'', t'.eiul The ne
w
emperor, whole lume wui
I'uirukhdr, was j^uNirned, and ;it lalt u.'la'.ed b\ two liiother»i'f the nanw ot'Seyd,
who iilurpeil hi> power I'o abCnhiiely, tliat. Ik ng atraid to puiiilh them piihliekly
I
he ordered them both to be privately adathnatitr Dilcuwiing hi;* intention, thvy
(titliioiied the emperor, iti whole plaee the\ raifed a giioidlon dI Aiii'ii;;/ tic, ly
|,i> da.iuhter, a south ot fesmteen sears ol !i^>e, alter impiiloning and llrunglinij
I iirrukhlir. '1 he young unpitur priced t'.ilajfree.dile lo the brutheis, and being
lovi\ poiroiied, ill' y railed to the throne his elder btother, who took, tin. title ut'
^huh Jehun, 'ihe lajahi of liuhillan, whofe alienors had eitit red into lUpulationu,
er what may be taljtd /^tt^Jii >uHWnlit, when they ailmilted the Moi;ul latnily, took
llie III Id againft tin- two brothers ; but the lattei weie victorious, utid Shah Jeliau
was put in trancpiil polleliioii of the empire, and died in lyii^ He \\;\% I'utcevd-
eJ by another prinee of the Mnj-nl rai e, who took the name of Mahummed Miah,
.iiij entered into private meafures with his great lajahs for dvlhoying the Se\Js,
who wcie declared enemies In Nizam a! .\Iiihuk, one of Aureng/.ebe\ tavourite
j,eiieial;'. Nizam, it is laid, was privateiv uitoma;;ed by the empemv to deelaii."
kimlilf af^ainti the btolhir^, and to piuclaiin himfell fuubah <>1 Deccan, wliieh be-
leiiged lo one of the Si-yds, who was ali.illmaleil liy ihe tmpeior'i order, i he
• i'omr |MrM of tlif rmpirr wrre 1000 milr*
iliftii ,1 Ir-'m llic Irat ot govtriinifiit. Ti r l"i',
lilli ki>nr|iirlh in Iridi.i mri ttiofe ii( TamrrLiiir ut
u pgiiit (((iiidiltiiiil Iruni tlic iliuutli» ul Itii (jAii^ct
jfiil Iiulib, In thf VfW i;;4 ! for lliry clofnl tlirir
i.imp:ii,;ii tiial )CDr at LulUoiij;, ii«o inilci truai
V.'.iKultu.
younger
'.;o
INDIA WITHIN THE GaNOR 1.
yi)ntis;»,«r Soyd no fooncr undorftood wltat liad happened, tlian he proclaimed ihe
fuliau Ibialiiin, another of the Mogul princes, emperor. A battle enfued in 1730,
i:i wiiicli thi' emperor was victorious, and is laid to have ufed his lonquefl with
great nioderntion, for he remitted lbr»ihim to the prifon from whence he had heen
tnken ; and Seyd being likevvife a prifoncr, was condemned to peroctual conflne-
nient ; l)ut the emperor took poflellion of his vail riches. Seyd diu not long fur-
vive Ills confnicment ; and upon his dentli the emperor abandoned himfelf to
till' fame courfe of pleafures that had been fo fatal to his predecelVors. As to
■Ni/iiMi, he became now the great imperial general, and was otten employed againft
the Mahrattas, whom he dek-ated, wnen they had almoft made themfelves mailers
of ,V,L;ra and Delhi. He was confirmed in his foubalilhip, and was conlidered as
the fitll ful)jetl in the empire. Authors are divided as to his motives for inviting
Nadir ^liah, othcrwifc Kouli Khan, the Perfian monarch, to invade Indollan. It
is tluiught that he had intelligence of a ftrong party formed againll him at court j
1)iit the truili perhaps is, that Nizam did nut think that Nadir Shah could have
fiiecefs, and at lirft wanted to make himfelf ufeful by oppoling him. The fuctefs
ii\ Nadir Shah is well known, and the immcnfc treafures which he carried from
Indollan ia 1739. Beddes thofc treafures, he obliged the Mogul to furrender
to him all the lands to the well of the rivers Attock and Sind, comprehending
tin* provinces of feyflior, Cabul, and Cagna, with many other rich and populous
principalities.
1 his invalion coH the Gentoos 200,000 lives. As to the plunder made by Nadir
iShah, fome accounts, and thofe ftrongly authenticated, make it amount to the in-
credible fum of two hundred and thirty-one millions llcrling. The mod moderate
lay that Niidir's own fliare amounted to confiderably above feventy millions. He
that as it will, the invalion of Nadir Shah may be (bonlidered as putting a period
to the greatnefs if the Mogul empire. Nadir, however, having railed all the
money he could in Delhi, reindated the Mogul, Mahommcd Shah, in the (ovc-
reignly, and returned into his own country. A general defe£lion of the provinces
foon at'tcr enfued ; none being willing to yield ooediencc to a prince deprived of
the power to enforce it. The provinces to the north-weft of the Indus had been
ceded to Nadir Shah, who being afl'allinated in 1747, Achmct Abdalla, his trcii-
furer, an unprincipled man, but poflelfed of great intrepidity, found means, in the
general confufion occafioncd by the tyrant's death, to carry off three hundred ca-
nicls loaded with wealth, whereby he was enabled to put himfelf at the head of an
army, and march againll Delhi with (it'ty thoufand horfe. Thus was the wealth
drawn from Delhi, made llie means of continuing thofe miferies of war which it
had at firll occafionctl. In this extremity, prince Ahmed Shah, the Mogul's cideft
fun, and the vizier, with «)lhcr leading men, took the field, with eighty thoufand
horfe, to opj)ofo the invader. 'Ihe war was carried on with various fuccefs, and
Mahommt d .Shah died before its termination. His fon, Ahmed Shah, then mounted
the impel lal throne at Delhi ; but the empire fell every day more into decay. Ab-
jdallah eredled an independent kiugdum, of which Candahar is the capital
ilie Mahrattas, a warlike nation, polTefling the north-weflein peninfulaof India*,
had, before the invadoJi of Nadir ^Shah, exiitted a cliout, or tribute from the em-
• M.ilwn, Brr.ir, OrifTa, Cmdcifli, .irij Vifi-
noi:r, tin* priiitipal part of Amcdiuigiir or I)ow-
j.'itubad, halt ol (iuzcr.ir, ami a I'liiuII part of
At;iinrrf, Aj;ra, aiul Allaliabad, are <.oiiiprized
ujihiii thrir I'lnpirc, uiixh CKtciids Iroin fea
40 fea airoit tlir wiik-ft part of the iK-iiiiifuU,
•.jid from the luiitiiicb of A^ra northAard, to
tlic Kiftna foiithward, formiiig a trat of aljinit
1000 iiiiki long, and 700 wide. This cxtcniive
country U divuled among a mimbcr of cliirfs,
whofe obedience to the I'ailhwah, or Head, \% mere-
ly nominal, and thry are often at war among thcin-
felvci, and alfo witli their head. Tluir power
hath beca on the decline for the lad tuciity years.
.1 pile,
INDIA WITHIN TRI GaNOKI.
i5i
I 1720,
l\ with
(1 W^w
lonfmc-
1113 fur-
ifclf to
As to
iniirtcrs
lorcd as
inviting
liin. It
t court i
Id have
: fuixels
iod tVoin
uriondcr
jliciiding
l)upulouii
by Nadir
to the in-
moderate
ions. He
a period
.>d all the
the (ove-
provinces
prived of
had been
his trcii-
,ns, in the
jndrcd ca-
liead of an
be wealth
which it
[ul's eldeft
thoufand
cefs, and
mounted
ay. Ah-
.1
if India*,
the em-
|'\ of aliiHit
Vis cxtciilive
(jf cliitls,
L-ail, h mere-
|i)Oiig ihcin-
[luir powtr
pile,
pire, arifing out of the revenues of the province of Bcncai, 'vhich being with-hcU
Ml confeqnencc of the enfeebled Uate of the empire, tlu- Mahrattns became cla-
morous. Tlic empire began to totter to its foundation ; every petty thief, by coun-
tirfciting grants iron) Delhi, hiving clnim to Jaghires * aiuf to dilbicts. The
country wa» torn to pieces by civil wars, and groaned iiiidir every fpecies of do*'
jiieilic confufion. Anme<l Siiah reigned only feven years, after wliich much more
dilorder and confuliou prevailed in this country, and the people fuflered great ca-
iiimities. At prefent, the imperial dignity of Indoflan is vetted in Shah Allum or
Zadah, who is univerfally acknowledged to be the true heir of the Tanievlanc race ;
but the city of Delhi, and a fmall territory round it, is all that is left reinnining to
the houfe and heir of Tamerlane, who depends upon the protettion of the tnglilh,
whufe interett it is to fupport him, as his grant to the company is the bed legal guu<-
rarnoe of their poflTeilions.
We fliall now conclude the hiftory of Indoftan with fome account of the Britilh
tianfafctions in that part of the world, lincc 1765, when they were quietly fettled
ill the pofl'eflion of tlie provinces of Bengal, Uahar, and OrilTa; not indeed as ab-
folute fovereigns, but as tributaries to the emperor. 'Ibis ftate of tranquillity, how-
ever, did not long continue ; for in 1767 they found thcmfelves engaged in a very
dangerous war with Hyder Ally, the fovereign of Myfore This man had origin-
ally been a military adventurer, who learned the rudiments of war in the
French camp ; and, in the year 1753, had dilUnguiihcd himfelf in their fervice.
!m 1763, having been advanced to the command of the army of Myfore, he de-
pofed his fovereign, and ufurped the fuprcme authority under the title of regent,
in a fliort time he extended his dominions on all iides, except the Carnatic, until
at lall his dominions coualled the ifland of Great Britain in extent, with a revenue
o'not lefs than four millions ftcrling annually. The difcords which took place in
various parts of Indoftan, particularly among the Mahrattas, enabled him to aq-
giandife his power, but rendered him an object of jealoufy to his neighbours ; and
in 1 767, he tound himfelf in danger of being attacked on one lide by tlie Mahrattas,
and on the other by the Britilh. 'I he former were bought oft" with a funi of mo-
iiiv, and the latter were in confequence obliged to retire. Having foon, however,
afltmbled all their forces, feveral obftinatc engagements took jilace ; and the livi-
tifli now, for the firft time, found a fteady oppolition from an Indian prince. The
\v;ir continued with various fuccifs during the years 1767, 1768, and part of 1769,
wlu'ii llvder, with a ftroiig detachment of his army, pall.ng by that of the Brililh,
aihaneed within a little dilhuice of Madias, where he intimidated the government
ir.td !i peace upon his own terms. The advantages gained by this peace, however,
wore quickly loft by an unfortunate war with the Mahrattas, from whom, in the
\car 1771, he received a moft dreadful defeat, alinoft his whole army being killed
(ir taken. Hyder was now reduced to tlie necellity of allowing his enemies to de-
liilati tlie country, till they retired of their own accord ; after which he retrieved
liis atfairs w'th incredible perfeverance and diligence, fo that in a few years he bu-
laiiic more formidable than ever. In 1772, the Alaluiittas made various attempts to
gft poUtllion of the provinces of Corah and fome others, but were oppofed by the
liritilli, who, next year, defeated and drove thcni acrofs the river Ganges, when
tlnv liad invaded the country of the Kohillas. On this occalion the latter had
aital only as the allies of Sujah Dowlah, to whom the Rohilla chiefs had promifcd
to pay 40 lacks of rupees for the protection afforded them; but when the money
tame to be paid, it was under various pretences rcfufed; the confequence of which
oetuily ti
hire means a grant of land from a fovcre'};n to a fubjcil, tevocable ludced at plcafure, but ge*
u'U lui' lilc.
fathire
was,
75^
INDIA wiTBiM T«g Gakoii.
was, tliui tltc Kohilla country was lU'Xt vcar (1774) invaded and conquered byttie
llriiilli, a> Will Us fcvcral other large tracts ot' territory } by which incaud the boun-
dary of Oudi' was advanced to the wellward, within 2( miles of Agra; north-well-
wnrrl to the upper part of the navigable courfe of the Gangcti and foutli-wcrtward
to the JiiiniKi river.
In 1778, a now war commenced with the Mahrattas ; on which occafion a brigajir,
coiilillini^ of 7000 Indian troops, conmianded by Uritilli ortkcrs, traverfed the wholo
einpiiv ot ihc Mahrattas, from tlie river Jumna to the wellern ocean. About this time
the war with France broke out, and Hyder Ally, probably cxpeding aififlance from
the Frcndi, made a dreadful irruption into the Carnatic, at the head of 100,000
men. For foiue time lie carried every thing before him, and, having the good for-
tune to defeat, or raihir (leflroy a detachment of the Uritilh army under colonel
Baiilie, it was m'licraily imagined that the power of Britain in that part of the world
would foon be aiuiihilated. By the happy exertions of (ir Kyre Coote, how-
ever, to whom the management of affairs was now conunittcd, the progrcfs of this
/onuidable ailverCiry was (lopped, and he foon became weary of a war, which wat
sittcndid witli incredible cxpence to himfelf, without any reafonabic profpcit of
fucccfs. By llio year 1782, therefore, Hyder Ally was linccrely defirous of peace,
but died before it could be brought to a conclulion ; and his rival, fir Kyre Coote,
4!id not furvive him above five months ; a very remarkable circumllance, that the
commanders in cliief of two «rniies, oppofed to each other, ihould both die natural
deaths, within i'o ihort a fpace of time.
To llydcr Ally fucceededhis fou'l'ippoo .Sultan, whofe military prowefs is well
known. Of all the native princes of India, Tiijpoo was the moll formidable to ilic
Britiili government, and the moft hollile to its authority. '1 he peace of Mangalore
in 1784 had, it was fuppofed, fecured his fidelity by verv feeble ties: and the
fpleiidid enibad'y which, not long after that event, hedifpatcned to France, affoiclcU
much icafon to apprehend that fome plan was concerted between the old goviini-
ment of that country and the tyrant of Myfore, for the annoyance of Great Britain
in its Indian pofl'elhons ; but this plan was hapj)ily defeated by the French revo-
lution.
'1 he increafing power of Tippoo was not lefs formidable to the Dutch ; and the
viciniiy of Cochin, tluir moft ilouriihin(» fettlement on the continent of India, to
the teriitoriis of thai afpiriiig monarch, made them tremble for its fafety. 'I'liat fu-
gacious people, however, have feldom been without their refources, Bilidcs
Cochin, till- Diitcli were pollelfed of two other forts, which were lituated helwivn
Myfore and their lavourite fettlement ; and one of them, Cranganore, had km
taken h\ I Iviier Ally in 1779, or 1780. When the war broke out in 1780 betwtui
llyder and ihe I'.nglilh, he was obliged to evacuate his garrifoiis on the Malai)ai
eoall to employ his toice in tiie Carnal ie ; and 1 lolland and France being foon al'ui
united with liydir againll the linglilh, the Dutch embraced the opportuiiitvot
claiukitimly taking poU'eliicn, and regarrifoning the fort ; a meufure which ^rtiaii
otieiuKd ll\der, and of whicli he loudly complained. By the inedialioii, huwtvi:,
of Fraui e, a coiiipiomife took place, but upon wlial terms, is uncertain.
From the vicinity of Cranganore and Acottah to his boundary, and their fitiu-
.lion within the territory of an acknowledged tributary to M\ fore (the raj;ili oi
Cotliin,', tiie polllliion of tlieni was a moft delirable objetl with I'ippoo. in tin
luoiilh of June 1709, lie marched a lorinidable force towards ('ranganorc, wjilu
prot'effed intenlion of making himfelf mailer of it, upon a claim cliiclly foiiiuid
upon the traniactioi!;. we havejull related. Unable therefore lo retain tiic |h:-
fel'ion of tlie forts tliemfelves, and tearing for a fettJement of nuicli fuperior vj;,' : .
iki: Dutch j\.adil) eiileicd into a negoeiatiun with the lajali of 'I'lavaiu.oiv f-iri!:'
8 puiiliafi.'
fNDIA wiraiw r nt Gauoxi.
751
fwrchafe of them. Tbtt politic jpoople eafiljr ftw. that, by placint them in hit
lands, ihev crcftcd a moft powerful barripr, no lefs than the whole force of Great
Britain (who w«s bound by treaty to aind hiin) againft the cncroachmentt of their
ambitioui ncit^hbo'jr upon their fettlement at Cochin. The imprudence of tht
rajuli, in eiitermg upon fuch a purchafe while the title was dlfputed, drew down
upon him the heavieft cenfures from the govemmrnt at Madras ; and he wai re>
peatedly cautioned, both by fir Archibald Campbell, and Mr. Holland hit fucceflbr
in the government, not to proceed in the nrgociation. Such however wai the ar«
dour and temerity of the rajah in making this acquilition, that he not only con-
ciudi'd the purcliafe with the Dutch, but even treated with the rajah of Cochin,
without the privity of Tippoo, thonqh he was the acknowledged tributary of that
])rince, for foiiie adjacent territory. 'Ilie bargain was concluded in July 1789,
tliough it was not till the 4th of Augud that the rajah informed the Madras
•ruvernment through their reiident Mr. Fowncy, that he was on the point of making
the purchafe.
It was not probable that Tippoo would remain an indifferent fpc£tator of tliefe
trunfuctiuns. He infilled on the claim which he retained over thefc forts, in con-
iVqucnce of their being coni^uered by his father, and in confeauence of the fubfe-
quont comproinifc. He alFcrted, that, according to the feuoal laws, no tranfr
for of them could take place without his confent, as fovereign of Myfore } and
on the 29th of December, he made with a conliderable force a dire6) attack upon
the lines of Travancurc. On receiving a remonllrance from the Britifli govern-
ment of Fort St. George, he defifted and even apologized. From the 29th of Dc-
conil>cr to the ift of March, Tippoo fultan remained perfectly quiet, ftill aflcrting
liis claiin.s to the feudal fovcreignty of the forts, but (it is confidently afhrmed)
ulTcrins; to fubmit the difpute to any impartial arbitration.
On the I ft (if March 1790, the rajah's troops made an oflTeniive attack upon
'J ij'poo, who had continued quiet within his lines from the 29th of December.
An engagement took place ; and the Britilh G;overnmcnt conceived themfelves
lx)und to lake an attive part. No period aj/peared more favourable to humble
'1 ipiKU), it" that was the object of the Uritilh admiiiillration. With ail the other pow-
ers ot" India we were not only at peace, but treaties of alliance cxiftcd between
(iivat Britain, and the two moft powerful ftates of India, the Nixam and the
Maliiattas ; and both declared themfelves in perfect readinefs to exert their ut
moll torce to crulli the riling power of Myfore.
Kvents of fuch magnitude as the clofe of this war in India, by which the
Hritith power is more than ever cftablifhed on the continent of Afia, naturally ex-
cite an eager curiofity in all the fubje£ts of the crown of Great Britain. We with
to be minutely intbrmcd by what ftcps fo great advantages were fecurcd, what
obllacles were furmounted, and by what means ; how far the glory of our coun-
try is increafed by the manner, as well as her iiitereft promoted by the nature, of
the tonciuert. We arc li:ippy, therefore, from a narrative drawn up by major Di-
roui Irom journals and auiliontic documents, to lay before our readers the moft fa-
tiitactory intormalion upon tlielV fuhjecls.
It flidiild be remembered, that the campaign here recorded was the third of onr
\\:\r v\ilh Tijipoo fultan. '\\\vft/i coninionced in June 1700, and concluded wiili
tl'.at vear. It was c;;iricd on below the (Jhauts. 'i\\c Jecond cciiipdig^n continued llic
tiijitiire of Han,i;;ilore, wliicli li\^'d the feat of war in -the enemy's country, aiid
iDiRludi-d with the n treat of lord Cornwallis from Soringai)atain, towards tli^'
(lul ot .Mav 170 1. Ihe third commences alnioft from that point, and termiiiate.s
ill March i'7y.;- Obfivviag, however, as the author very properly llatcs, that, in
D
tiie
t54
INDIA WITHIN THE GAMOKI.
Hir> fine climate of Myforc, campaign* arc regulated rather by plant of operations,
thun by ri'tifoiiH.
'I'ho narr.itivo commences with unfavourable circunitlnnco i the retreat of the
two ntiiiii-!! uiuUt gonoiai Al)crcr(>ml)y and lord Cornwallis i the lofn of cannon
hi both i nn epidemic diforder among the cattle ( and n dreadful fcarcity of
grain. 'I liefe evils, however, vanilh by degrees •, the juntlion of the MahrattnH
affords n fu|)p!y of neceflurieti, arrnngcmcnti are made for obtaining in future the
moll ample aiui regular piovilion ot bullockH and grain, and for replacing the
bat'ering guns. On the relurn of the army to the vicinity of Bangalore, the opura-
tioi s began, which were to fecure the communication with the Carnatic, and
rediui- the power ot' the enemy in thofc parts. The Britidi force wa» immediately
and fuccefslully emplnycd to reduce Oufl'oor, Rayacotta, and tlie other hill-fortt
commanding the I'olicodc I'afs. The next objed) was the 4ort» to the north-eallnf
Bangalore, which interrupted the communication with the Ni/am's army and with
tlie C'nvnntic, by that route. 'Ihefe being foon reduccti, Nundydroog, built on the
futnmit of a mountain about one thoufand feven hundred feet in height, a place of
greater magnitude and tlrength, was attacked, and, after being befieged from Sept.
2 2d, was carried by allault, on the i8th of Utiober, in fpitc of oCftacles which
might rcafonably have been deemed infurmountable.
Ity means of difpolitions made for that purpofe, fupplies of all kinds now came
ii\ from the C'ariwtic. Pcnagra was taken at the end of Odtober ; and Kiftna-
};lieri attacked on tiie 7th of November: this was almoll the only enterprife that
was not completely fuccefst'ul : the lower fort and pettah were taken { but the up-
per fort maintained its defence, and the attack wsis relinquiflied. It fecms that
ii ( ould only have been carried by n coup de main, wh^ch unluckily failed. Un the
id i>f llie fame inontii another inftance of ill fuccefs happened to us : the relict
ot' (.Inimbetorc having been prevented, that garrifon was obliged to capitulate to
C"\iinnier-ud-IX'cn C'awn, on terms which Tippoo did not afterwards fulfil.
Savendroog, or the rock of death, bore witnefs, in the month of December, to
tlie ardour and perfeverance of the Hritilh troops. This fortrefs, Handing in the
way between Bangalore ainl Seringapatam, is tnus defcribed : It is " a vaii moun-
tain of rock, and is reckoned to rife above half a mile in perpendicular height,
from a bafe of eight or ten miles in circumference. Embraced by walls on every
lide. and defendeil l)y crofs walls and barriers, wherever it was deemed accetiibic,
this liii_s;e mountain had the l;iiilur advant'ige of being divided above by a cliafiu
which leparate.s the upper jKiit into iwo hills, which, liaving lach their detenccb,
tunii two eit;idels ea|ial>le ot luiiig niaintained independent of the lower works;
and, alhutling a fecure uluat, tliouid encourage the gairilbn to hold out to tin;
lati e.Mieuuty ;" J). O7. It is no tel;. tamed for its noxious almofphere, occalioned
by the fiiirounding hills and woods, than for its wonderlul li/c and tlrengili.
I Unci- it tleri\es it.^ lorMiidable name.
'lie iulian is i'aiil to have iiatteied himfilf, that before this place " half the
I'.uii pcaiis would die i f iicknefs, the other half be killed in the attack." He was,
I., uivcr. luiliakcii. I lie garrifon, fwinmatelv for us, tiulied nuire to the Urengili
ot the pi:iec ilian to their own exertions, anil on the 2 ill of December, onlv tin
iiiii ila\ ot llie iKge, this Idrtrel's, hitherto deemed impregnable, w:is taken by
a iliuill 111 Ills tliaii an hour, in upen day, without the lofs of a man, only one pri-
vate loMii-r having been wouiid-d.
Outredioi.g and other forts fell fuccellively after this brilliant fuccefs. 'Ilic
fiuies of the allies were nc t etjually fortunate durinc^the fame interval. The arniv
ot the M/am, alter a Ion;; lii j^e ot Gurramcondah, drew off to join our forces, and
t,uj) left the place blockaded. To make aiiieiids lor this failure, the Maliiiiiia
I uiiiiy
INDIA wtTiitM THR Ganori
7H
urmy undi'r l*urffrnm Hhow, v(\'uV' I by our engineers, to(»k Hooly Onorc, Baiik'i-
•poor, Simojjn, nn»l other pliiicH. I5y llii; laUiT cml «it Jiinuary lyyi, «lii: wlioirt
allicdtorro, excepting the Uontbay urmy, wuh aflcnibkU in the vicinity of lli)<i-
lin<ln)on.
We eonie now t«» the ojierationH ngainll Si-rinciinatnni. On liie ill n\ Kehni.n/
iy()i. llie iilhen hejjnn their niareh, and by Iwu u clock on llio jlh, wcro i!neiiun»nJ
aiKil's the valley ot Mil^otah, only lix niileti from the polition of 'lippoo iK'tnre.
SiiinK'T"*"'"' It could not well Ijccxpotked by the fultan, that l\e lliould rereiM;
to early an attack as lord Cornwalliti deliined for him. His camp wa» llron^iy
(itiiated and fortified by n bound hedge • and fevcrai redoubts. Nttvorthclefn, af-
ter cauling his onlition to be reconnoitred in the morning of the 6th, the com-
iuan<ler in chief illucd orders for the attack that very cvmiiifj;. The urmy wa.>> i»
tiinrch at night in three divilions, and without cannon. " I lie plan of utinck, lay)
niajor Diroin, was indeed bold beyond the expedation of our army ; but, liko 4
dileovery in fcienco, which excites admiration when difclofed, it had only to ha
known, to meet with general applaufe." The outlines of litis great enterpri/.o are
generally known j the particulars cannot be detailed in this place, but arc related
with threat clearnefii by the liiUorian, and lo illutlrated by llie attendant plans, that
tlie ciieumftanccs cannot be miUaken.
The refult of this operation was, that Tippon was driven from his camp int<i
5^.|-ingapatam, all his redoubts taken, and a lodgement cllablilhcd in the iilund, in
a Urong nofttion, where lieut. Stuart remained polled. All polVible preparations
were made, from this time, for taking the capital by alVault : and they were fmh
as probably would have been crowned with full fuccefs. On tlic lOth of February,
the Hombay army, under ecneral Abercromby, after overcoming various obllacles,
joined the main army, and remained pulled to the north-wcil ot the city. On the
19th it was (lationed on the fouth lide of tin* (.'avery, in a fituation that fecmed to
oive the fultan much unealinefs. However, after attacking the advanced p'llt
of this army on the night of the 2 ill, 'lippoo made no farther effort ; and on the
■ii\\\, when the prcparatiims for the general affault were in great forwardnefs, it
was announced that prelintinaries ot peace were fettled. 'I'hc conferences ff>r
this purpofc had begun on the 15th j but the operations on both lides continued
till the »4th. After the ccflfation of arms whic-li then took place, the coududl of
Tippoo Sultan was fo equivocal and fufpicious, as to make it neceffary, on our
part, to renew the preparations for the fiegc. Overawed, at length, by the firin-
nefs' and decifion of lord Cornwallis, and probably alarmed by the difcontent of
his own people, the relu£lant fultan fubmitted to all the terms |)ropofed ; and on the
Kiih of March, the copies of the definitive treaty were delivered in form, by hisi
foils, to lord Cornwallis, and the agents of the allied princes. The Nizam's fun,
priiue Secundcr Jah, and the Manratta plenipotentiary Hurry Punt, thought it
lieneaih their dignity to be prefent on this occalion in peribn, and were re
prefeiited by their vakeels.
I he fubftance of the treaty was, id. That Tippoo was to cede one half of his
(lominions to the allied powers: 2d, 'i hat he was to pay three crores and tliirty lacks
ot rupees ; 3d, That all prifoncrs were to be rellored : 4th, That two of the fultan's
three eldcft ions were to become hollages for tlie due performance of the treaty.
• A ini'id l>e<ke is s broad flrong; belt o» pUnt-
iiiK, iliitH> '!>« l>a"'l>"" "■", the prickly pear, and
Inih othir trees and flirubs at form the dolrft
fciKC. Molt of the forts and villaget arc fur-
rounded with fuch a hedge j and the Urge fort*
have a bound hedge that inclofeii a circuit of feve«
rat miles, ai a place of n'ruj^e to the inhabitant!,
of the adjoining country igainO the incurfioni of
horfe.
Major Diron)'« and Lieut. Moor's GIoTarirt.
D 2 '1 ipp(x»
73<
INDIA WtTRIIT TMI OANOt*.
Tippoo i* fnid xo have bren prcvailcti upon with infinite ilirticulty to fubfcri be
tn the tiTinN lit' peace ; and mow that nil whs fettled, the unealinefh in the fera);li4
In-cnmc extreme in pnriing with the hoyi, wim were to be fciit out an holb^i-s.
'I'hc fiillan Willi again iiitnated to miiull ihcv niif^lit he allowed to (lay niioihcr
day, in order to make fuitulilc preparations for their departure, and lord Corn-
wallis, who had difiienfed with ihcir coming at the lime the treaty was lent, Imd
■gain the goodnef^ to grant hin reqiiell.
When the princes lett the tort, which appeared to ho manned as they went out,
and every where crowded with people, who, from ciiriolity or ad'e^tion, had tonur
to fee them depart, the fultan hitnfelf was on the rampart above the gateway.
'I hey were 'fainted by the fort on leaving it, and with twenty-one gims troni tjur
park as they approached our camp, where the part of the imc they pnlUd wau
turned out to meet tlicm. 'Hie vakeels condutted them to the tents, which had
been fent from the fort for their accommodation, where thev were met by (jj- Jojn,
Kennaway, the Mahratta and Ni/ani's vakeels, and Iron) thence accompanied by
them to head quarters.
The princes were each mounted on an elephant richly caparifoned, and featnl
in a filver howder, [a canopied feat] ond were attended by their lather's vakeels
and the perfons already mentioned, aifo on elephants. The procellion was led by
fcvcral camel harcarras, [meHengers] and fcven llandard-bearers, carrying fmail
f;reen flags fiifpendid from rockets *, followed by one hundred pikemcn, with
pears inlaid with tilver. '1 heir ^uard «)f two hundred fejioys, and a party of
horfe, brought up the rear. In this order they approached head quarters, where
the battalion of Heiigal fepoys, commanded by captain Welch, a])pointed for
their guard, formed a Itreet to receive them.
Lord Cornwallis, atten«led by his llafT, and fomc of the principal oflicers of the
army, met the princes at the door of his large tent, as tiiey difmounted from the
elephants; nnd, after embracing them, led them in, one in each hand, to the ((.Mit.
The eldeH, Abdul Kalick, was about ten, the youngell, Mooza-ud-Deen, about
fight years of age. When they were feated on each hde of lord Cornwallis, Guj.
Jam Ally, the head vakeel, addrellcd his lordlhip as follows : " 'Ihefe childnii
* were this morning the fons of the fultan my mailer ; their lituation is nt)w
• chanfjed. and they muft look up to your lordlhi|) as their father."
Lord C>>rnwallis, who had received the boys as if they had been his own fons
anxioully allured the vakeel and the young princes themftlves, that every atton-
tion polhble would be Ihewn to them, and the greatell care taken of their peifom.
Their little faces brightened up ; the fcene became highly interefting ; and not
pnly their ottcndanis, but all the fpettators were deligiited to fee that any fears
tliey might have harlMiured were rcnnovcd, and that they v\ ould foon be reconciled
to their change of lituation, and to their new friends.
'I he princes were diellld in long white mullin gowns, nnd red turbans. Thev
had fcvcral rows o\ large pearls round their neck-., from which was fufpeiuitd
an ornament conlllting oi a ruby and ancnurald of conliderable li/e, furrouiultil hv
hirge brilliants; and in their turbans, each had a fprig of rich pearls, ilred iiii
from till ir infancy with inlinitc care, and inllruttcd in their manners to imitate
the referve and jxilitenefs of age, it allonilhed all prefent to iec the corrcttiiefs and
pnipriety of their coiulutt.
1 nc operations of the Mahratta army commanded by I'urfcram Bhow, and the
Bombay brigade of three native battalions, which afted with it, conunandcd by
• Rtciti h » miflTile weapon, confiftinj of nn iron tube of about a foot long, and an inch iii dit'
■Xttr, iixeil tu a bamboo roU of ten ur twelve fitct lung,
capt.
INDIA WITHIN Till Gavoii.
"W
cri be
uuhcr
Corn-
t, liuil
nt out,
COIl\R
tfWiiy.
1)1)1 t)\e
III wait
ich lia<l
lir Joliu
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l foatod
viikrcls,
s K'tl Ity
i)» I'miiil
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paitv ol"
S, WIKTC
mtcd tor
irs of the
from the
the ('.-lit.
en, al)mil
illis. Gul-
: childivn
\ is now
iwn fons,
lery attru-
r pcifinn,
uikI not
any fiars
otoniilcd
They
Jfiifpfniitd
l)Uiulfd hv
bred vi|)
|to imitate
tlnofb and
L-, nnd thi>
landed by
linch iiidi*.
capt.
rapt, Little, arc related in a rcry judicioua narrative by iieut. Moore ( iwhich ia
not to l)c climated from the inferior ini|K)rtant-c of the fa£ta it contaitu, when
bron^lit into compnrifon will) the operations of the grand army, under lord Corn-
walhH, fo ubiy detailed by major Dirom i hut it i» a recital at unce curioua nnd
inllru6tive, containing a variety of matter well digrfted, nnd seogruphical informa-
tion of lii^h importance, if ever the arnu of Uritain fliuulu again be funmioned
to uti above tlie Gliuiitn.
The Mahratta chief, I'urferam Uhow, in confequence of a treaty formed with
lord Gornwalliit, for the purpofe of fiumbling TippcN) fultan, moved from I'oonnh
;it the liead of ao.ooo horfc and 10,000 foot, with the defign of invading Tip-
|)(io's diMiiinions on tlie North, while lord ('ornwallisadvnncetTfron) the tall : both
iinnii's were to meet at Seringaputnm. A detachment from Bombay was to join
the lUiow on his march. Ihis detachment conlilled ui 1600 Scpoy&, commandul
by ibitiih ortieers, one company of native nrtillery, nnd one of lirililh. It joined
tlic Mahratta army at Durwar, and was afterwards increnfed by the id rejjiment
nn ilie Hoinbuy cllal>lilhn)ent, nnd a battalion of the ^th ; the whole under the
loinniund of col. Frederick. Upon the death of col, Frederick the command
iK viilved upon capt. Little, who at the head of this linall force contributed elleU"
liaily to the rediidion of Uarwar, a t'ovtrefs of importance, bravely det'ended for
lix months; and in December 170'. defeated one of the largeU armies 'I'ippua
Ii.kI in tlie lield at (Jadjnoor, inducing a lol's which the fultan never recovered.
riie armv of I'urferam Bhow, it is well known, did not reach lord Cornwallis.
till litter his retreat from Meringapatum in lyqi ; but it faved his army, by the
fiijiplics it aH'ordtd. During tlie Moiifuon, while lord Cornwallis continued nt
ll;iii!,Mlore, the M;ihralt;is returned to the North, and never joined hiiu again, till
the iieL;oiiiitioii with 'I ippoo w;is apijroaeliiiig to its conclulion.
'I bus eiiiled a war, whub, as the nullioi- Cuius it U|) in his conciufion, " vindi-
cated the honour ot the nation, has ^isen llie ad<litional pdHillions and I'cuurity
to the fettlements in India, which they recpiired ; has ellected the wilhtd ("or ba-
liiiice amoii.nll the native powers on the peninfula ; has, beyond all I'ormer exam-
])!(•, railed the character ol the liritilh anus in India ; and has alliided an ii,llaiu e
,,t" iM)od taitli ill alliance, and moderation in coiu^nelL Co eminent, as ^)ll^Ill to
cniiVtilute the I'inglilh arbiters of power woithy ot lioldinjj the fuurd luid Ccalcs
(,( iiillice in tlif Kall."_
llie general view of advantages };ained by us in this war, may be hrlelly dated
tliijs: — I. Our moil tormidablr eiu'iny is Co reduied by it, ;\a to render our poC-
fcllidiis in India both prolilable and Cecure. — 2. Mailras is fecnred Irom iiualion
bv iicHeliion of the iialles, and covered by a territory detended by llron;; torts. —
{. I lie value ot" Pioinlir.y is greatly enhanced b) polVellions gained on the .Malabar
co;iO, piotei-ted by l*oiiri«utchcrry and the tronlier of the Coorga Uajah. 'I'htCe
;\(|vai!tai;efr, it may be preCumed, will tar overbalance the expences ot' the war..
\\\ a It.iienu'nt of ninj«r l>in>ui, it appears lliat '1 ippoo loil in this war 67 forts,
to\ cannoiKi, ai'.d 40- .",40 men.
It is utterlv impotlible. fays major Kenne'l, in t!;e prelVnt imperfect llatc of our
l r( wled;;e ot" the J^'ogiuply of the northern part of tlie penii,fiila 1 iiotwiUilianding
tlitprefint improvcincnts), to «k:lcril > , wi»h any degree of aeenracy, the boun-
ihirirs of the new cellions to the Msihraitas and Ni/am ; or even the pulitiuni of
•A\ the princi|)al places lituatcd within them. A very good genn'a,' idea may,
liowtver, be collccled from the map, tm which the countries ceded will be parli-
uilarly marked.
li would howevef be unjuft to withhold our approbation from lord Cornwallis
in every thing that rcfpefts the coiidu6l of the concluding camjiaign. NoOiing that
1. nnd judgineut could devife, or activity etl'e6^, appears to have been omitted. The
humaniiv
75'
INDIA wiTtiiN rriR OAKnill.
iimnnity niv! Kooclncfs of liit |«irtllliip woro tonrjiiciinii* <liirin({ tlir wliolf ortlte
nfcrprirc I nnilhis mo
I c too highly f xli)ll(*H.
rnffrprirc i nndhis modorutioii niid fiuiiiil jioliry in the coik
hi(lit){; Tc
fee
iio» cannot
Hv H letter from lord rortiwalliH, tlie Hritilli miniflrv were informrd that Mr
Hnidwin, his iiiajelly'ii tonful nt AltNnndrin, fi-nt iiitillljjriicc to Fori St, Georjjc
<if the wnr with France, which rradied thnt pluce on the liiondof June 170^,
and declared liiinfelf refponlihle in his imldii cliiu!i<-tir for llic truth of the intoV-
nintioii. Hislordlhip ndds, that upon the receipt of this intelligence all the fmall
factories belonging to the French on the rnntiiient of Imiia, as well ax their Ihiiis
in the ports belonging to the Knglilh, were taken poiredion of tor hi* mnjefty of
Crcat Britain. Moon aflerwardM, the government ot Fort St. (Jeorge nroceeded to
make preparntionii for the attack of the important fortrefs of |*oncTicnerry. Lord
-Cornwallis lu-ing dclirous of giving his perfonal aliitlance in carrying on the lall
piece of fervice tliat was likely to occur during his (lay in India, fet fail for the
fcene of a^fion ; but a few days before his arrival, the mutinous and dullardiv con.
<\ut\ of tlie French garrifon in Pondiclierry had obliged the governor t<» furrender
the forts to the Britim colonel Braithwnite, with all tiic troops and llorciin the gar-
jifon of Pondicherry.
'Hiis intelligence reached Kngland in the month of February 1794, f<K)n af-
<ter which his fordlhip arrived in perfon to receive the congratulations of the nation
i'or the eminent ferviceshc had rendered his country.
The emperor of Indoftan, or (Ireat Mogul (fo called from being defcendcd from
Tamerlane the Mongul, or M«)gul Tartar), on his advancement, to the throne,
fllfumes fome grand title ; as, " TAe Conqutior of tkt IVorld, ike OrnameHl of tit
'ikroHt, Uc." but he is never crowned. *
The peninsula within tub Ganors.
<jcand divifions.
I'rovinces.
f Madura
Tanjore
Kaft fide of Bifna-
gar, or Carnatic
TTie foulh<eaft coaft
of India, fituate on the
Bay of Bengal, ufually
called the coaii of Co-
roniandel.
Golconda
Oriffii
Chief Towns.
[Madura
Tanjore
Traiu|uebar, Danes
Negapatam, Lnglilh
iiifnagur
Porta-nova, Dutch
Fort St. David, Knglifli
Pondicherry, ^ r. .
Conymcre/ l^''''''^
Coblon
Sadrafpatan, Dutch
St. Thomas, Portugucfe
y ^ Fort St. George, or Ma-
drafs, F.. Ion. 80. 25 N.
lat. 13. 5. Englilh
Pullicate, Dutc^
Golconda
Gani, or Coulor, diamond
mines
MafTulipatam, Englifli
and Dutch
Vifa^apatam, Englilh
Bimlipatan, Dutcn
Cattack
.Ualafure, Englifli
Sc|. M.
1 6,400
■ 33.55«
62,l«0
On
Tliefo
of India,
the cuall
RrvKRs.
fraced ; the
1(1 a facre(
wiiliin ^o
lacrc'd nvei
Ill'HUI C.i
mill' farila-r
liill, and a
iirtcr},','iiiiiii
|iiiil>a river,
iV' cxtiiit (1
liiit-N, iIm\ ri
liio;i(|, \\h\c
>iiiiy fdiir fi
CtiMAri;
* Ni'pr:i.
I'«f'vti'ii lie |,.l,
Siiiit IjiirciKc,
(I't; it L .illl.-t
Grand
Thi peninsula wiTBUf tkb G a n o i i.
Grand Uivifioiis.
15$
Provincrt.
Woft fide of BiTna-
gar, or Cainatiu
'I'licfouth-wcftcoaft
nfliKlia.ufually called
the cuttfl of Malabar.
DcccantorVinapeur
Cambaya, orGuie-
rat
Chief Towiu.
Te|apalan, Dutch
Anjengo, Eingliih
C»Khin, butch
Callicut, 1 „ ,./.
rellichcry. } ^'"K'''*'
Cannonure, Dutch
Mangalorc, ) Dutch and
Harcfloff, J l*ortu)jucfc
Ranlconda,diamundminv
Cawar, linglilh \- 83,050
Goa, Purtugucfe
Raja(M)re, French
Dabul, Engliih
Dundee In. f
Shoule, { Po"ugucfe
Bombay, ifle and town,
Kngiifli, 18.58. N. lat.
71-40 K. lun.
Baflbon, Portugucfe
Salfettc, ICngliih
Damon, Portuguelo
Surat, E. Ion. 71-50 ,
N. lat. ai-i I
Swallcy I
Barak, EngliOt and Dutch
Amcdabad
Cambaya
Diu, Purtuguefe
Rivers.] The Cattack, or Mahanadn, the mouthii of which have never hccn
traced ; the Soane and Nerhudda; the Puddai and Godavery, which lall i% elK'cni-
i({ a facred river -, and tliu famouii kiflna, a princi^ial branch of which puHls
witliin ^o inilcs cal\ of Puunah, where it is numcd IScurnh, and aifu ellecnicd a
ikrcd rivor.
('ATARAcr OF THE GuTPiTRBA RivKR j .\ iiiilo wi'ftward of Gocauk, the
Iliion ('.iH'-v river, from a fuulh-wellirly ilinttion, lalls into tlie Gutpurl)a : a
mill' tariliir wellward Jthe road afctnding) loiimu ii<.\ ^ a IK 1 1) winding |)afs up a
liill, and iiltliough aliilled by pretty ^^ood Hips, it is a vory laborious walk. Soon
iil'ur i;;iinin^ tlic fuminit, a nioll (hikin;; I'eenc prelents ilfilt' of tlic whole (,'ut-
imiiia liver, ])ir|)endicularl\ inlliiif^ from tin. upper to the lower eumitry. Krnni
ihf i\titit ot the rocky bed, and pieees t>f weeds and ilie like, Icfl on its i)iilhy
liiiis, ttiis river, in the rains, wo louiul to lie one 1" ludred ai:tl lists nine )a ds
bniiiil. which volume of water is preiipit;itni iier|ieiidi> ul:iriy oui- hundred ai d le-
\rmy tour feet two inilies *.
Climate, 8i;asons, and pnonucK ] 'I'lio cluiiii of mnimtaiiis alnady mcn-
♦ Ni'pra, llir fimom c.iMrrul in rannila, ttnnis .i lit niititil appcnr.iiut like .1 r-iinbow, .iiij
I'ltvifii I, e lul'.t^ I'.rif ami Ontario, 011 tlic rivrr nnn In- (t-iii .nt tin- ililk.imr ol liMttii milfj.
hjiiit l.aiirciiir, t ill'' niir luindrcd anil futv two |- l.iiut. Mctir's .N'arralive uf the (}|icratiuns of
lull it u allVittd 1l1.1t the milt arifini'. iriim it Cijl Little's Uctai limi-nt, p. ibt.
t Uilur <(«.'.>utt ni>'>v At Ml, cl N>'>k>>u t < be ijo («t ytrrcijui ui.
tiuiicd,
•jho
Thi peninsula within tiik Ohnait,
tinned, running from north fo foiith, rrndcri it wintsr on nnr Me of ihit pcnln*
ftila, white it ii fumiiMr on the other. About thr end of June, u fuuth-we(l wiixt
i)ei(ii)H Id blow tVom th« fca, on ihv cuatt of Malalwr. whii h, with continuul tnUw,
laltft tt)iir monthx, during whith time nil i« forciie upon the conll of Cororniindrl
(the wcllitrn and caflcrii « oath hiiii^ Td di'tioiniiiiititd). Towurdi the end of ()i
tuber, the ruiny fcafon, und the chaitKe of the inunfoon, begin* on the ('ororniindfj
coafl. which being dettituleof |^uo<1 harbour*, rendcri it cxtretnr ly dani^eroui (or ihitx
to remain there, during that tune i und neielfarily (K-calionx the periodical returiu
of the Knf^lidi (hipninif to Bombav, upon the Malalmr coall. 'lite nir i* naturaljv
hot in thii peninfulu, but i* rcfrrtned by brci/e«, the wind niterint; every twelvi-
hours I thut is, from inidniglil to noon it blows otT the land, when it Ih inloieriibly
hot, and during the oiher twolve hour* from ilie fea, wliiih lal) prove* a ({reat re-
freihmcnt to the iohahilnntt of the coalK 'I he pnKliue of the foil in the fame with
thut of the other part* of the VmA imlii-i. 'Die like may be faid uf their ({uadriipcd^,
liili, fowl, and nuxiou* insature* nod infctls.
I he 'leek forerti, (obferve* major Rennell, in his Memoir, n, i8o, i8i.) from
wheiue llie marine yard at Hond>ay it t'lirniiliid with that rxielfeut fpccie* of (hlt>.
limber, lie along the wtllcrnlidc ol'ihr (iliiiut mountains, and other rontiijiioiis rideo*
♦ it'liills, oil the northandnnrth-eatlofnallien-.tlienunuroiis rivulets that mlVrndlroui
llicm, iitfiirdiii); water-iarriage for the timber. W eeannot help remai king llii; uiipar-
ilonable n<'>;li'^> neewe are guiliy of, in tli'lavinjj to build teck ihipsof wartorilii.'ul'i;
t)f llie Indian leas. '1 hev mi^ht Ih! freij^lited li<iiiie, willioiit the ceremony "t rejruliir
«M|uii)MKiit, UN lo mnlis, fails, and fumiiurc ; »vhich might be caUulated jiill to an-
fwcr the purpule of the home oaliaj^v, at llie bell feafon* ; and eiews could be pi,;.
vidcil ill liuli.i. Tlu' letter tuojoinoil in a iioti-, aiitl wliiili was written with iIil-
bell intentions nine or ton years ago, will explain the i iicumlhmccs of the cafe *.
'leek lliips of forty years old and upwards, are no uncommon objeils in the Indian
fi'as, wiiile an I'.uropean built ihip i« ruined tliciv in live ye:irs. | he lliips built nt
Ituinbav are the belJ, both in pt)inl of workmanlliip and materials, of any lliat au-
<(iiil'inicte(l ill India ; and altlioiigli 4th vales only are mentioned in the leller, tluii!
is no d iiibt but that ;,d rates may be ti.nllruttod, as there is a choico of timber,
'llie Spaniards build capital ihiju in llieir foreif^nfettlements. I he Kail India com-
pany have a leek ihip on her fourth voyage at prefent ; which ihip has wintered
111 Kiigland : ihiTefore any objection founded on the cll'eas of frolt, on the IVek
timber, is done away f."
I5ilf.ib, which is nlinoll in the heart of India, ufTords tobacco of the mod dclicati*
kind, tiuoitglKdit tiie whole region J.
• •' Frf iiufiit li»v«- Wtn llic nppnrtiiniiifs I h»ve
hail.ot obferving how very ta|iiii ilir tiecav ot lliipt
l>iiilti)( !■ uropcaii linibrr i«, iiitlic hall Imlifs : ami,
nil till- iDiiirary, Iiow lUii jI)Ic tlic liiip'« iiie lliat arc
l)iiilt III tlir w'licd lit ttat (oiiiitry. t\aitiplv, tlie
'I'l-.i'K, wliiili may not iiii|'i()|nTlv br llylnl It.-
iii.vN.()/iK. Tlif iinnibcr ol llii|)« ot «»r that
wcrcniiniil iiill-.n ifiMs, liiiriiin'l"" l'''<" "="■ ('7^7
Id 176:) may bi ailiiiiitnl as a proof ol il,f (ariiur
riiiiaik i aii<j'lli«' j'/'af nyr ot'ilii- llups built in In-
dia, ni^y firvrto piuvi tin lilK-r. Wl.at I inran
t'l iiilcrlri'm ilin, for \oiir lordlliipN iifi-, i% that
lliiiis ot war, imilir iliinl rali>, may be lonftriu'Uil
III India ; aiul,«ith iiHiiirrat'- rrpairs, lal) lor t^t'- :
ulicrra^.n lb i pot 1. in opra 11 loiilt 111,^1 ion i an remain
tiitrc but a vrrv IfW ytars; lo » i.iili ililadvaiit.mi-
max be aililiil, Ilia; of iofiiip, in tl;i mean linu-, tlie
ftrvii .'.ol t!.r llii|i lliat art Itiil tor»litvi llicwora-
out I'llti.
" r.cn^d prniliicri iron ami lientp,ind the nrliih-
bnuriiig loreOs, pinr nialU: nothiiiK U wtnied id
briiif all tilde into life, tiut a ht oppoituiiily, .iiid
projH r emoiiragrmrnt.
" ,'\ll({llll 20, 1781I."
t The majnr, in 1 note, mlds, tliat tie (liip wii
llirn (when tlic Icionil eililion ot tin- Meiriiir«»,
Jiriiitiil in I7.>i) on litr (ixtli voy.ig..'. Memoir,
J'. j'lO.
1 A tlilTrreiu'e of opinion fermMo li«vr arifcn
aiiioiij; il'.e ieai luil, whttler lobai i o (.anie ori;;iiui v
Ifiiin .All 1 or AiiKiiia. it wa. polliM) iiiii j;f;im,,
III both c ontiiiciiu. It i^ iin.vtrlally >liliiiiiiii)ti.l
over lml(i(laii,ilii>l Cliiiia : aixl IppearMoliivt I'an
ill tile fo lon^s in the loriiirr, that it is nulrigardiij
a- .1 i.eiv plant. It is thiro iianial t',i 'ih .1 pmn ;
tiiat 1', the topper, or cnf ptr-colourcil leaf,
IXIIA-
The peninsula w i
7*i
pcnbv
\ wind
\ rRii)%,
luaiuWI
ofOi-
miindol
or ihipi
ri'turiii
luturall/
y Iwclvi-
lt)li'r;ibly
great n--
kim> with
idrupudi,
}i ) from
•^ of (U\\>-
ous ri<l|5oii
ii'uJtrDiii
lu: utipar-
t'orilicvil'o
(it ri'miliir
jurt to ar-
il J he pi .
I) with tlu-
\\w mfi; •
1 the liulii(i\
ips built iit
L'.iy t!);il ;i!v'
(.'Iter, llnui
III tituU:.
liiiliii com-
ui wiiitcK'd
)i) ll\c 'l\.ek
iioll dolicati"
ii wimcd ID
l''()(iiiuiiity, JiiJ
ut tl-r fli'p w»
Ik- Mtiniir «'■••
.^•.•. Menidir,
, to li«vt arU'cn
.a'ncori^iMji )
IliM) iml nt""'"
jUv irilUi\iii\»ti.l
(nisUilmtliaM
Ills luitn^aiiltJ
il i'ii •i/''jpMid;
lurcit li'»^
Is II A-
In timet nf peace thi« cniitttry abniind« in nxrn nnd ihc^-p, ih<* Utti-r for fooil,
ihr liiin>*r for the piirpofe of InbiMir, lor tho ('Btiiirrcr*' rat no Ufi-l'or fwir>r«H Holh.
<;ritiii mid l<i\\li lire alio in uliiiiMl.iiu'i- ( but ixi Xi'cf-, turkfyt, or (nmr diakl,
'Ibt* iun^lei und hilU urr inhabited Ity tigrn, heart, and otbi-r tMrnivoroim imimulit
III ibo « lit kind 111 well a^ tlic li[;ir, b.-ro uro li'iipard*. i bi-ciai, arxl Wf bclirvr, the
Ivnx i» fonu'lirnca fcni, but no lioni. Of lb'- fiimiu- l'f»c«i«'«, widvr*. hyttnnii, jtii k«
ali, und toxc% ar< on every bill, und ullt<ril giKxl Iport hi ilmfe \ the nntelojM' nnd
I'ovcrnI other kind* of derr, in an open lounlry, are feen every dny in herd-* , foiin*
of ibein arc very large and beaulitnl, buving I<hik brniiching itntlrrt, and bluek
lk.iii!t fpottrd whitu: tbcy are fo Meet il i« in vnin |;ivinj{ cbacf i nnd wiibiil
U) lliv, and keeping inollly in a elciir emintry, it i«t diftieiilt to (boot them Kil »
utv Uid lo be in thin cinintry, but we novor faw any ( and u fprvie* of derr not
unii^ e the elk, lulled in liitliu ibc fiiinba.
Kor the Klin here arc (Miuotk*, partridgirt, i^iiiiiU, fnipt^n, dovei, plover, and
othir dclii ate hirdn : the pbeafant \% not entubie, and bu4 not the Iwatitifnl pb|.
mage of tlie Kngiilh or Cbinefe phrafjtit i but tbf jungle lock ii, in cvfry refpeft,
but little iiilerior. 'I'lie kuinioa, or Horakin, in highly rftecmrd ; nnd here i<» nrv
ollur bird, whofe name we cannot retollctt, larger than the turkey, nnd for the
Ipii eijuiilly good : it llien llowly and heavily, and lu-ini; ihy, and lighting only in
tUiir iipen pliiceH, indilKcult to llioot. Hart i are in plenty, but no rnbbitn. ilie
l.uik* abound in diiikj, teal, and widgeon, of the tirll a variety, nnd fomc very
lar^e. lilhiiig nlT"rds but indilicrcnt r|H)rt i for although tlie river* und tanks feeiii
to liave plent\ of rilli, they will not tiikr bait •.
hi time* of plenty, the orditiaiy priie of provilions ii in this proportion ; a bill-
Jink I'lad of jowary (guinea lorn) for a rui)ee, tir fn;ir Ibeep, or twenty fowls ;
(hit |i, ire freijuently at half a rupee eatli. A liulloek load is eighty puika fccr,
wl
w
<r . ... ... . ■. . .
liiili, at a lilitral allowtnice, will br\e a family ol (i\ piTl'iim a nutntli
Fruit and vegeliit)U'-> are neither in fui h vaiiefy or ipiality a« migiit be expend,
liere tliov form fo eonliderable an ariielo in the diet of the people: plntitains
lliDiild. lioni their utility, and perhaps llavour, riink fiiil (»n the lirt of fniit«i man-
iToi's are in abiiiuhuue, but very inferior to many kiiuls of that CNquilite fruit in
IJoml av, (ioa, and uiber places on the Malabar coaft. Mangoes when green give
a reiiih ii> the liinple food of the native* ; they are alfo failed and iifed as an acid,
the only one indeed the Oanareelc have, excepting tantarinds; for they make no
ir, although it might be fo calilv procmed, in it is in mnfl parts of India, bv
vine'
fiilKiing the juice that exudes from the cocoa-nut, or ibite-tree, to lerment a few
(la\s in tlie fun, witli a little coarl'e fiigar mixed in it. 'Ibis li<iuor, culled by na-
tives in dillerent parts of India, tariee, nei-ra, or lindee ; by the l''.nqlilh toddy, is
proeurfd by hanging an earthen not on a Item wheiue the enibiyo tniit has been
It : v.hen'drank belore fun-rife it is fvveet, of delicious liavour, ai\d of medicinal
cut; v.iUnvir,lnNl'iioi^iLiii'iiiviii^i*->vvi,in I1VII1IIMI3 iKivwiii, iiiuii't iiu\iivtii
nniiiorlies ; ketpiiv' the body cool and fohible. In a few boms, bv violent fe
ineiitatiun. it beionies in
toxicating, and is drank lo excels by tlie lower chillis of
people in molt parts of llindoollaii : a fpitit is nlloextraiiteii from it by diltillation
'Ihe liiiitor is gulhered twite a day, in the ciunntity of half a pint, aboui the time
of fim-rilint; or fcltinj,'.
llu- oiiu-r iViiiis iue nuiHc nnd water-melons, nomei^ranntes, grapes, pine-apples-,
limes, cultaid-aiiples, jacks, guavas, and a few nilur interior kiniU comii
throii;
dates are in ;;ivii _
IJcrclofore it luis been a rcceivvd opinion, th.at the cocoa-irjl live would not
non
hoiit liidiii; ;;rapch and pines iVldom come to market. Cocoannts and
t abiindaiuc, and arc fent t<» the conft a^ an article of merclia.i-
Ji/:e.
• Lit ut. Moor'i Narrative, kc. p. 178.
Houriih
•♦
;Vr« i» m»i |KThH|»«t>n record ait InlUiu'e of nnv |rrr, or imiiitnl imKludion of
kiixl, that t.iri \w, aiul i% npplii'il •« li» nMny uu-lul piirpoU'i, »■* tlip locua nut
.|li TiiR PENINSULA wimm rMn GAwaki.
fl.iurlih Itiil mmr iho fi-ii » ih*rc «»• howvVi'r very «'«tifHlivii gf.)»u«, or ruihtr furcAii
ot tli«tii, »lx>ut ihti ciitiit- of tlic |H'itiofula « huttUruJ aiiU ntiy miU« iroin lli« fuNt
III u^ hue orili r a« any tm llu> loitll
Hu- \i|;«nil)U« an' liviuly*, Iwinjuls porflnio, lUcumlK'rt, ntdiilira, lurrut*. y«m»,
fwii'l iH»iatuf«, Ait' •.
. Hu
.•ny
lrc<*. Not liuviii^ puiliciilnrly ioiitukritl llu' Aibitct, wu urv nut likely to t'iium«<
rau ImII iHi' |tiii|><>lt'% lot' witii li it i^ riMiiU'tcil ftivii'i'ublc.
lilt- inink of itii* lilt' i<i nil it ill huit(Jiii((, iK-ing, ulior fomf ycnri fcafonitig, a
foliil liml)«ri very linril uiul diiiiililo, nlllioii^li in h gn-'ii llaii- noi vi-ry lit for iluii
i)ur|K>r<- from iK-iii^ prinii|tully tmnpolVil of piili mul brittle lihrv*. Witli ihu
liMSi'., llu* grcator piirt nt iIk' IkhiI'i'* in lnili:i iiiv I'ovcrctl : llu'y grow to fix or fcvcii
fill Imig, iiiul iito t'oriiifd pripcr fur uU'. l)> plaiting tin* iiarnm llip« lliut iiinipofu
tin- Iciil. whuli projitl II foot or two u\\ carli liilf the tintn- (Iimii Not only
till' lioiif>'« of llu- poitn-r pi'opli' nro ttitm covered, hut alio tlic country hutifci uf
(HonlliMiiii, who prefer a Lail)aii roof, U!« being cooler lluin any other. It reipiirci
•ling reiu Will every year belore the peiiodicil ramn, wliii h, alllioiigh fo fweri',
do not luiietrate a roof (ompofid folely of thefe leave-.. I wd leaven plaited to.
giilicr fieiiiienlly ferve to iKep ii|)oii, and are Very cooling and rcfrellimg in hot
weather: they are ulfo formed to fcrve an a iU fence againll rain. The variety of
life* In which the fruit i» applied, iit indeed great : the outlide hulk \» a lonlukr.
able lime foakeil in water, when fibrous Ihredi are drawn from it, of which rope
of every kind ii iiiadr, from the li/e of a jiacklhread, to a iheet cable for a le-
venty-tour. The llaiuling and runriingriggmg of the country Ihips in chictly of
koinar, which in iti general name, but in what language we know not. Ih,-
lid koiaar cables are made on the Malabar coall, at Anjengii and Cochin, of ihi*
I aekaihvy nut, from which illandi they are nn article of eKtcnIive trade Thi'
Ihell of the eoco.n-nul is well known in I'.nglnnd ; in India il i», as may In fuppofi'ij,
nia«le lubfervient to numberlel's nfes. Two ihirdM of a Ihell makest a cup, llie re-
maininj; third, with a piece of Hick, a ladle, &e. ike. 'I he kerml of the fruit ii
an article of fublillence aiiKmg the native*, and the water it contniiu given the
tiiiidiing /ill to the repall. \\ Idle the nut is green, nearly a pint ol milk, llun
riear as water, is lontained in the young fweet pulp, and is, in u hot day, a inoll
deliciouit and lu.\urious draught. A ililli well known in the l.all and \\ ell Indici,
tailed the curry, ii favourite among h.urnpeami, and in univerfal elleein with ilic
natives, cannot be prepared without thecocoa-nul, which is alfo dried and ufed fur
v.irious culinary purpofen. The oil univerlally burned, the bell and cleared in In-
dia, is extracted Irom the kernel of the cocoa-nut by espreliion : nor in llu;
remaining ai/'Ut mortitum, if it mav be fo called, ufwiefs ; for it is fine food fur tat-
telling pouiuy, or bcalls, and is lometinus, in fcarcities, eaten by the poortr peo-
i)li'. Cocoa-nut oil, as well as for the lamp, is medicinally elleeimd, ami to iliat it
Is that tlic leiiuiles of .\liaowe their coklinty tor hair, uiie<iuaili.d in blaikiiel's iiiid
bcaiilv. In its natutal (late however the oil is ill feinted, whuh caules the nmre
di litaie to mix };r.tlet'ul and lliniulating perliime* with it, lutoic applying it ly
their perl'ous. Amom; the inferior clalles, this is not much ultendcti to, and h
dt ul)ii< Is a jud ciulV of complaint ajjaiiill their fwertiufs, cfpecially by llu Ic who
base iiite ii.ilal lii r\es.
Ihe eiu!)iv() tiiiit being cut from its ftem, a fweet pleafaiit liipior e\ud< s, wliich
il aultccd i'\ the name ot lariee, or toiUly : this when gatlieied and duuk> bwluic
» Lifiit. Moor's Xarraiivf, in., p- »79.
7
Am-
Tni FKMINSUI.A witnin tnt Ganoii.
7«J
fun riff, 1» hlahlv fHlufsry ttnA |i.af''! ' ^ «n«l • pi'ff'm of nr<liit«ry huhii, who wmiM
|i\.' iinnU'r«l.'lv rfculnr, #'"1 drink hali .^ pint <•• It Iwii • • <»»ik, woultl ill ihu
tliii) 1 • \\ ivi< I,,;* h\\\v cn\\ for -j Dhylitinti. Itiiy, wJu'tn !■ |«rr>o i «lr.iwn, pro-
ilti 11 » Iniii, Jhc I M' e* iH'inn ol Oiifl"'.' oyh.»iilli«l ihnl llumUl nnuiilli tlic ki'inct.
'|h«' •inly It'Avcii iilcd Uj the i)«kor» in liitlld !<> ihe larrrr.
|ii<l>'V(l lu futh • vnrivty /if putjiofr* In »'vcty ii.tff of ihi* Ucf upplipil, th«l it
>viiiiUI he worth iiii< pHin« nf an ii)ii-tll|;iM)t iirrlim lo mnkc |)>irii( ulnr rmpiirir*
into ill hiMory. It u vi-ry lung-livnl, iind dop» tmi ionu- to i" rf«-Uitii» Hy whi»U
irit'Tion every lliiiiK aniniiil or veget.ililr mdy he lafdy )ii(|;{i'<l »% (» it« lon|(('Vily)
for • coiiliUrruliU- iininltrr «i( v«'«ri, tni or twcUo ul Irnll. A nHon-mil he.
iiig pill two fret in ilu- KMuiirf, will in n yriir or two put forth iho U'»Sf* lo
til. ir full kiigih, Ih-forf any of thv' irtink nmki > il« uppcnrunic, which ronio*
ii|i ,ii IK iiliiitl (li.imcti'r, iiixl loniinuct iiu'r('iilint( in luight only, tiniil lh«<
iiiiirof iiii tuaturity, whi-ii ttu- iriT i<i fifty i>r lihiy licl \*\^\\ , iiiul, if uninterrupted,
I, piTti'tlly tlrui^lit, williDUt itny eM n-fiiiK*', ixupt nl iIk' li>p, whrre llii" liuve*
,ir<- lili<'en or twrnly in iiiiinhor, uiul (Ik> fruil, whtih grow* mi u iK-m, u% iliick
.iiiil liini{ tit « inan'Rjirm *.
\llllln^() the trcc« in Ini|i;i, the mult fiiinono in titnt ciillril kiiltlti-cr-lnirr, liy the
limlilli ilu' hitH^'iii Dtt I liiiliiiltrilu'cihy Mr. VViilrt'n print, it im lui ill.nul iiitlu- riviT
Nutlniihia, ten niiit't iVuni llic uly of Hiirniuh, in llic provinit' •'! (lUtljr'iiit, < itliJ
III M;ula|ic Si-indiii hv the gDVornnunt of licngal, lit a treaty ot pcan- loncluded
vsnii the Muhruttai in 17KJ. The tree it fiippofed tn he the largell, and iiiuftcx-
iiaiirdinary in exideme \ nnd it alluredly h niull Ihipeiidont priKluHimi
Kroiii \ir. Mauriee't third vidunic of Indian Antnpiiliet, pa^c 41)3, the follow-
iii|f anount of the huiiyan tree it taken " 'Ihe hanyan, or Indian rig-tree, it per-
|i:i|)t the niofi heautiful und ftir|iriling pr(i<lnHion of nature in the vegetahle king*
iliiiii Some oi llicfe treei are of nn ania/ing It/e, and nt they arc nlwayt intreuf-
iii),', tluy may in fome meafure !)«■ faid to he exempt from deeay. I'.very hramh
pnivei'iling Ironi the trunk throws nut it'; own roott i firll in fniall tiliret, at the
iltlhnue lit fevernl yardt from the ground; tlnfo eontiniially hecoming thiikcr
when iIk'v approach the earth, take root, and Ihoot out new hraiuhes, whiih in
tiinc IhiuI downwardt, take root in the like manner, and produie other hranchot,
wluih continue in thin date of progrelliun at long ui they find foil to nourilh them.
" riiit tree, called in India Cnhfifr Hurt, in honour of a lainotis faint, was mucli
|,ii);i'r tlian it it at iircfent -, fur high >lo<idt liave at ditVerent tiinot carried away
llio hanks of tiie illand where it grows, and along with them fiu h parts of tlie tree
io Iwid eMi'iided their roots thus far ; yet what Dill rcniuins it ahmt two thoufand
t'n't in circumference, ineafiiring round the nrim i|ial Uenis ; hut tlie hanging
kanilies, the rcmttuf which have not readied ilie ground, cover a nuu li larger ex-
tent. Ihe chief trunks of this lingte tree amount to three hundred .nid litiy, all
tutierior in li/e to tlie generality ot our I'.nglilh oaks and elms ; the finallcll iicnis.
loiniing into ihuiigcr liipporli is, are mure ihan thiee thoulaiul ; and from each of
tlul'e new hianches, hanging routs are proceeding, which in time will form trunks,
aiitl hecome purents to a future progenv.
•' LirMr Hutf is famed throughout I Inulouftan fui its prodigioii'* extent, antiquity,
iwul ;;reat lieaiilv. 'Ihe Indian armies often eiuanip round it ; atui :it cirtuin fe;i-
Idiis, fiilenin Jattras, or Hindoo tellivaU, are held liere, to which tlioilaiiUs yt vo-
l;iru s rep:iir honi various pans ol tin NK«<;ul empire. ,Sevcii thunt'and perluns,
ii i> laid, miy ealily repole unUei its iluide. 'Uieie is a tradition among the na-
t.u ^, ihut this tree is three tlioufand years old ; and thut this is the umu^ciiig tree
• Liriit. Mgoi'i Narrative, &c. p. 40a.
s L i
which
764
Tjie peninsula within inn Ganoei.
wliich Arrian dcfcrilxs, v licii fpcaking ot" ilic G)innofi)j»liiib, In hi» book of In-
iliait iitHiirK *."
Inii All! r ANTS.] Thc iiihalilfiitits of tl. is part arc more hlark in coinplo\ii)n
tlian tliufc (>r lliu tilluT piiiiiiriila of India, tliough l)iii)j iicait-r to tlio I'lpiator,
wliiili lUiikf f')ii>i! fiilW'ct tlu'iii to be tlu" ill Icciulaiits ol an amiviit olmu' tVmn
I'.lliiopia. 'Ilic gri.aliu part of iluiii lia\o InU a Taint iiotiuii nt any allegiance ilK:y
«)VVC to llic cnipiTor of liulnllan, wIidIl' tril)iito from Iumuc lia'^ hccn, over liiico tl
at:
10
invaliim of .shah Nailir, inti r( t|iticl l)\ ilicir fuubalis and nahdis, wlio now oxort ifu
an iinK'ponde'nt pnwcr in the t?()M'runu;i1t : l>iil bclldis llioli tmibaiis, anil oiIht
iiii-
p.-rial viLtTiiys, many ctlatcs i;i ibi.s [x air.faia bilon'i; to the lajah,, or lords, wlio ;
the difecndaiits of ilu'ir old piiiie^s, and regard thcmlclves as independent on thu
Mogul and Ills authority.
NuMERors foi. LO'.VF.ns \ 'I hi" nnnibi-r of iollowers to a i'ritilli armv in In-
■lOAN AiiMV IN Inoia. j tlln, Would, in l''.nrope, be deemed very >;reat ; hut
to an army of natives the conipii.ilise proportion i^ tar j^realer. 'lliis fnbject, with
llic variety of tradefnieu and nuAlianies, that are aluays the appendaj^e* to tlu I'e
armies, has been liandled by feveral writers.
Major Dironi, in pai^c 24^ of his Narrative, makes an eflimato of the nuinhrr (if
followers to a Ihiliih army in India, which lie reckons at four to one ri<;hti
this is, «c think, very modcral
wmcn ne rciivons at tour 10 one ni;iuniif uiini :
As the major's ohfervations on this head are
ingenious, anil 1 .'late to fouK' [);u'is ot" our work, we j;ive tluni in his own words
he followers of an army, in India, on bi~ing reckoned at tour titnes the number
jiar-
" ol fighting men, uill appear to ho a moderate clUmale, on conlKlerinc; the
•• titular circumlhuice.-., and culioms of tlie coimtry. 'i'he number of black peop
" cmployeil in the public department is immenfe, particularly in charge of i|
" cattle thai carry ti\c fupplies tor the army, tor which is required at the rate ( f
" one man for cvi ry two or tlnee bullocks. This article, including tlie public ;uul
" private cattle of the confederate armies, and of the brinjarries, imercluints iMl-
** iiig chielly corn] thc whole probably an\ounting to half a million of cattle, niav
•' be reckoned to biing into the field one lumdrcd thoul'and tollowers. 'Ilio ele-
" jihams, of which there were (everal liundri.ds, and the camels, feveral tlioutinuls,
•' liad alio many attendants: and every liorfe in the cavalry, and in tiie army, bc-
" lilies the troopers, or rider, lias two attendants, one who cleans ami takes care
*• of him, called tlic horfe-kecpcr, and the other the grafs-cuttcr, who pros ides his
*' fora(;e ; and a number of hulloi ks with drivers, is, belides, requireil to c;
" grain lor the Iud li
'Ih
le i)a;ankecn
and dool
ev-Dearcrs,
" the lick, are alfo a mimerous clafs of tollowers.
ivrv
tor the conve\a;ue (if
l'"ield-of}icer,s, including the peo]>le who carry, or have charge of tlu
ir
iM".
gage, cannotl : vi; lets than I'orty ; captains twenty; and fubalterns ten Icrvriiits.
'I'he foliiiers liave atfo ilieir allemlants, j>articularly a cook ti) every inefs ; and
the fi
poy;
mo
ti of whom are married, base manv of them, a
s wet
thc foi
JoWi rs, thiir familie.> in laiiij).
'I lie IJa/.aar people, ur iiicrcliants and their fervants, are alfo vcrv
numerous :
iU
" nor arc tin, adviiiturers liw who accompany an army, with no other view tli;
•' to iihmder in the enemy's countrv ; and even they, tar trom being a luiil'ancc,
*' fc.iieh for. and dig up the pits ot'grain in the fields and villag. s, whii h would
•' otherwifc remain undilloviicd, and bring in uumbers of cattle that could hv nu
" otiitr means be collected in the country.
" liarly in tiic war, many (it the fepoys v\ere prevailed upon to fend back tlieir
" fainiliea, aiid otlicr arrangeiiKuts were made tor reducing the number of follow-
Licut. Muor's Narrative, p. 437.
crs;
Tmb peninsula witniw tur GAKofi*.
jSS
" CM 1 hut thdfo meafures teiulod to create drfertion, and Incrcafe dirtrcfs. In
*• lliort no man will carry his t'ainily to camp wlio dofs not find his convenience
•' and advantai^e in doitig fo ; no perlon will pay for fervants he does not want,
•' nor will followers attend on an army without pay who do not earn a living, which
•' thcv can do only by contrihuting to its fupport. There are no towns to bo dc-
«< jK-hdod on lor fiipplies, and an army in India not only carries with i* mod ot'llic
•' means of fnhfinciKe for feveral months, hut a!fo a variety of neeeffai" ■;, which
" are cxpofed diiily in the bazars, like merv-hamlizc in a fair; a fceni" itogetlier
«' releniblinj; more the enii^ralion of a nation [guarded by its troops, than the mardi
«' of an army tilted out merely with the intention io fubduc an enemy."— The ma-
" ]or's idea of likening a country army to the emi;^'ration of a nation, guarded by its
""tp'ops, is very luippy.
Speaking of llio Bliow's army (in page loMlio major fays. " 'I'he Mahralta c-iinp
" was at the dill.mce of abmit lix milt s from ours, and, on appiuai hiiig it, iiad
" tlie appearance of a large irregular town ; for the chiefs pitch their Ihmthirds
"• and lake up their ground around their general without ord'.r-, and tluir lenls
" l)L'ing of all li/es, and of many dilhrent colours, at a diltaiice refemMe IkuiIVs
" more than cativafs. — I he Iheits to > ol their camp crt)llii,') and windini; in every
•' (liiettion, dilplay a variety of mei-clumdi/e as in ;i great lair. 'I'liere are tjirotrs,
" ^hankers) jewellers, fmiths, mechanies, and jieoplctif every trade and defcriplion,
•' as biiliiy employed in their oeeupatioiis, and attending as minutely to their in-
" terefl, as il tlie\' were at Poonali and al peace."
Orme, in his " llllh>ry of tl;e Military TranfactlDns of the Hritilh Xati.ms in hi-
dort.'.u," a work which we linetrely wllli may he coiitiniied, notices tin- numbv'r i<f
women and followers to an eallern arniy : lie fa\s every "common fulilier in an
" l.ulian army is accompanied either by a wife or a comubinc ; the otlicen) Ir.ivo
•> feveral, and the generals wlioU- feraglios: belides tlut'e, tin- army is encumbered
'• 1)\ a number of attendants and lervants, (.■xceeding tli;it of the Ili^liliiiL; men ; and
" to fiipjtiy the various wauls ot the enervated multitude, deakrs, pediars, and re.
'• tailers (^f all forts, follow t lie army, to wliom a feparate cpiarter is allotted, in
" wliich liiv-y daily expofe their ditleri.nt commodities in greater cpiautities, and
" witli more regularity, than in any t'air in l".uro[ie*."
,', 1 N c; c I. .A R ci'sro.Ms.) I lie beetel is in miiverlal ufe throughout all India,, rer-
luiiis thnuighout .Alia, from the pauper to the jirince. 'I he proper nanvj of i]>Is
compounded quid is, from the ingredients of which it is compouiuK d, called paan-
funn,''uee, or a beiee. It is an artiel;- at all entertainments and vifits: at the latti^r.
a hieii'C li'.ing prefeiite
(t, IS ciiin
\alent to a licence, or what in b'lighnul w i
hould
call a hint for taking leave. 'I'lie becree is coiiiixifed ol the looji;i;u\e. tdnimiMib-
i;i!led beetel, cut by an inlhumeut tor llie purpofe into thin llices, two or three of
wliii-h, v.ith a cardamom, and a very fmall ipiantity of chuna, is inclofed in a p.i;;n,
(ir le.if, and fallened by a cl"ve in a triangular t'oviu.
Althou,i;h the beeiee is at Ihit unpleafanl to I'.uropeans, a little inlercourfe with
cuimtry people will loon f.miiiiarife it fo as not only to be tolerated, but detirable
and grateful. On c.ienionious vilits the beoree, as bet'ove noticed, arc diftributed,
ready made, nrovio.ifb to the guefl's departure ; but on familiar occalions, the
iiaa: 'Ian, leat-h.'h.ler is early l>rougli{ into conip.iay, anil i-ach perfon helpihim-
klf; or Ihould ladies he introdueeil, the luxury is enhanced by tiieir preparing the
Lfi ri e.
There are, perhaps, few praclicos in any part of the world more cxtenfive than
ll'/b of chewing bcutel in India, and in many parts it is douc lu a degree bordering
* Lkut. Moor's Narrative oftiic Ojierat'.uns of Ca^^t. Link's Detachment, p. 84...
on
766
Inn P i: N I N S U I, A w i t it i m the G a n o r. I.
du (lifgiill. Many of ilu; iuliabitants ot* tlio poniufulii ore Riiilty of this cxci'fs,
paiticiil.irly on the Malabar coatl. Tlio Malays, and inhabitants ot' the lmIUtii
i'u'c ot' llif May of Ik-n^ai, the Sumalrans, and all thi: pco])!e in the Stroifjhn
ot' Malacca, llu' illand ot' IJuiiico, Madagal'car, and others in Al'iiea, it U I'aid.ahnl'vj
it to a thanuM'ul degrco i and mixing too mueh chnna, or fomc other corroding in-
^rcdivMit, tlieir t'-ein decay, and their mouths are extivmely lilthy. What lew
people our traveller faw on tlie illand ot' Sumatra were I'd witlunif exception *.
Tobacco i^ 11(11 fo nuK h ul'ed by tlie Canareet'e as by moll ealJcrn nations; in
tliol'e parts, however, where it \i ul'ed to excels, fo much attention is paid to dean-
linel's, that it is lefs diriiqreeal)le than the fmaikr quantity more grol'sly ufed hy tlur
Caiiuie. I'-. The worn ■ii feldoni fuioke, but ilie interior people chew a fniall cpmn-
tit\ ot'liliarco with their btctel. It mull lie obl'erved, that the ladies, or t'eniaK-'*
abiive the common clatVes, of India, ahlioujjh accullomed to both fnioking tobacco,
and diewing beetel, do tlieni with, fo much attention to deanlinefs, as not toolVend
the moll punolilions nicety. The extreme elegance of tlie fnioking ap|)aratiis not
ieaviu;; the fniallell iiuhiieacy in the breath, and the beeri or beetel, in moderation,
is l;i;;lilv elieemed as a fwoeiener of it. Notliing indeed can be a greater proof
of their uiilily, and a^jrceahle elTects, than being grateful to the ladies of Indoltan ;
for no females on earth can be more attentive to their perfonal attractions, nor
readier to rejeil aii} thing lliat might have the moll minute tendency to lelleii
theiii. To an l''nglilhmaii, il may polhbly be a llronger argument, informing him
thai his own covmlrywomen, fo tamed for delicacy and fweetnefs, do not fcruple
to partake of the refined luxury of inhaling tobacco in the callern llile; nor do
they defpife tlie beeii, ahliough, perhaps, it is not in fo much, norfo defcrved, cfti-
niaiion as the hoykah f.
AniiKRENCK TO A N CI I, N T rsAGK.] The bigotry with which all fe£ts of
Ilinduos adhere to their own culloms is well known ; Hill when tlicfe culloins are
Itrikiiigly injudicious, and totally abllratted Irom religious piijudiccs, perfeverancc
degenerate.-, into obftinacy, and iimplicity into ignorance.
The t'arriers travel about the camp, and, wherever they arc wanted, do the bu-
fincfs on the fpot ; as they carry [a dozen ready made Ihoes, with nails, and all
their implements in a bag. The anvil weighs live or li\ pounds, and is driven into
the ground; a hammer or two, a pair of pincers, and a clumfy knife to pare the
hoofare all their toolsj. They ufe no rafp, but jiare the hoot to fit the flioe.
LANCir \0Ks SPOKEN IN THK I'ENiNSULA.] Oil conlideriiig the advantages
that a traveller coiiveifant in the languages of the tcmntries in which he
nirs the metal in the cru(il)le witti a pair of pin-
irii in till- Dtlier ; lii.; iruiible is of iMrtli b.iktJ
ill the fun, .tikI refills tlir licit tlirfc (iniplc fur-
n;irts .ire i:ipal)ltof atfoiiling; tiis anvil ii knocked
in llic ground, and a Ittlr wattr, in a < ocna nut
flitll, IctMb to tool liis luctal. His tools arc not
ir.cn' luinHTjii'. than the turpi ntir"?, a hiimnuror
two, a;, many filci iiid polilhinK inltniintiils, and
a plate 'or ilrawiiij; u ire, .iri' all with whith tlitfo
I __t. r .1.. *i'] .1 1. ■...:.!. ... • .
* 1.1' lit. Moor's Narrntivo, ir, p. 37;,
t ll)id. p. :v7.
J Jilt hiiiK liiiall nurrlier of tools iifid liv all
tlic iiHih.iniis ill Jiidiaih leiiiaikahle. A larptii-
ttr larricb hii whole ftotk about with liiiii, and it
is iiHliffcrtiit to hitii whe-rc he workM I'.f has no
work-lliop or bciiih, but ((pints 011 the j;roiinil
ulitieiL-r his job callii him. .X loiiplc ot ham-
nicis, .IS nian\ > hilUIs, a jilaiic, a l.iw, a drill, iiltd
:;■■' a "jnibltt, ;iiul a tool with a Ihort handle, otlicr-
wiffitot unlike r.n adze, itshtad lorvini; asa iiaiii-
iiier, .Tit his whole rtore. With tlicfc the iar]ien-
ti rs Hork very «'cll, and iicitly.
A jMildfiiiitli is ill the f.iiiif itile : his furnace is
a broken earthen |"it, i imtaiiiiii^; two or three
[>oiinil': ot ehareoal ; his bellowN are his o«n
< lieeks, and a pitec of nnifqiict barrel, or a bani-
b(;o tube, \vhii.h he holds in one liaiid, « liilc he
pe'>ple work lo lie :tly. Tlie )(oldlniilh too h in-
dilterent « Ik re he works; he i» read) to work in
his employer's hoiife, w hen , b) kiiov kin^ hi^ anvil
into the jm-oiiiuI. his ap] ar tiis is prrparnl. At
licriie tliei j;eiii^ally work in open viri da.s .ind
remove their t^ols into the lunile at nii;ht. W'c
are not now ficanini; of camp p ;rlii.iilarly j it is
thus ill Ho:iiba), I'oima, Ti'llii herry, and every
where in India. Lien!. Moui's N.irralivc, p. i);.
travels,
The peninsula within the Ganoks.
767
n
lie
in-
i;\v
ii)
;aiv
x\v
.i;»n-
iiiU'i
irco,
Vend
H not
nion,
l)ro()t
)Uaii ;
s, nor
IclVoii
ig \iim
icruplc
nor do
;d, cfti-
[cBs of
Dins arc
jvcrunci;
thi; bu-
and all
iViii into
pare the
llioc.
]vantagcs
fhUh Iw
■air of Jim-
lartli bikcJ
llim()U- fiif-
liAiiockeil
1 locoa nut
lols arc not
1 h.imiiur or
ImiMs, anil
Ivhichtlwfe
\\ too ii m-
1 to work in
Jiij;hlb anvil
lji;lV(il. At
lias, .inil
jvilarly 1 it «
aiul i-vory
|livc, l>. 93'
travels,
travels, has over his unintbrmcd companion, wc arc induced to ^ivo our opinion
on tlic fubjott of the iaiijjuago.s fj)i)kcii in the pciiinfula, and whiih ot" tlicuj will
be i)t moll utility to a prrfoii in hu peregrinations there. 'I'hat wliich is commonly,
but incorrettly culled Moors, is the firll that a perfon vititing India will, hi moll
parts, obferve to be in practice ; but ithe has oeealion to go about the centre of
the peninfiila, he will rretpientlv be in (ituations where tli;it language will avail
him but little. Northward ot' the Kriilna, and between the 74th and 79th degrees
of longitude, the Malnatta tongue is generally fpoken. From the K.rilhia fouth-
ward, to i)erhaps Cape Comorin, the Canareele prevails, with the exceiitious
of the Mulabars between the Ghauts and the wellern Ihore, and the I'anuilic, ge-
nerally alfo called Malabars, fpoken by the inhabitants of the eaikrn luall of llic
peninuila : both thefe languages, however, as we have noticed in another i)laee,
bear flrong internal evidence of having originally been the fame with the C anaiiefe.
hi the low country north of the Krillna's latitude, on the wellern lide, a corrupt
jargon is in ufe called Koonknec, or K.ooknee, coinpofed of Moors and Mahrattas.
The liluation in which a relident may be placed, will of coiirfc, in a great meafure, re^
gulate his application lo languages; but in almoll every place where Europeans are
likely to be called, the Hindoi, the tongue juft called Moors, is tirll to be recoinmeiid-
cd, and farther his lituation and inclination mull determine. In the l.uiro|)ean fet-
tlenients on the Malabar coarts, particularly in 'I'ellicherry, Cochin Anjeuga, &c.
the Portuguefe is a good deal fpoken, fadly corrupteil.
On the fubjii-t of I'erlian, we fpeak with the dithdence wliich but a eonlinej
knowledge in that beautiful dialed renders becoming; and from that knowledge
in the practical part being fo confined, we draw the conclulion that it is very little
known in the peninfula 1 for in journies of feveral thoufand miles, I rarelv, favs
Mr. Nh)or, although they were fought, met with opportunities of converling in h.
Its iUidy is, neverthelels, llrongly lobe recommended; and (hould the iludent
have no other inducements hut gratifying his curiolity and talle for polite literature,
that gratification he will find very fatisfactory : if his avocations or amufenients
tall him to courts, he will, if ignorant, be unpleafantly fituated, there being no
other language ufed where we have connexions, at any court in India, Poona ex-
cepted : (we do not mean to include the petty fovereignties on the Malabar coall,
&c.) indeed among the Mahometans, IVrlian is reckoned neceflary to a gentei-l
education, bearing" preeifely the fame analogy to their other languages, as French
does in Europe *.
CiiAR.\crERS AND MATiuiiALSi The charaflcrs ufcd in writing by the Ca-
I'siD IN WR I riNO. jnarcefe and Malabars, appear, as well as
tlicir dialett, to be derived from the fame fouicc : they write from the left, as we
do 1 the Malabars, with an iron ll^ewcr, on leaves of a fpecies of the palmyra, com-
mimlv called the brab-tree : the leaf is about two inches broad, has many folds,
ftriin" loofely by a loop at the end, and is held in the left hand, the thumb-nail of
wliicli, in ihofe who profefs writing, has a nick in it to receive and direct the
l];iwer: the writing is pi rformed with inconceivable quickncfs, and not only tri-
tliii" occurrences, but public records of diiburfements and events are thus written
;i:;ii jirefeived.
On piiblii- or i:iiporfant matters, the Canarcefe, wc iHlIeve, write on common
piiiKf; but their orilinary accounts and writings are d>nie with a white pencil
(i;i l)l;uk p.iper, or raiher a cloih, which is prepared fomelhing like car Hate ii:;;)er,
ar.il the pencil is a foUil \ery limilar to French chalk. A l:irge Imok has but one
p: vtc of ihis paper, which is folded backward and forward, and will open out to
♦ Lieut, Moor'i Narr.itiv(', ]•. .;:6.
tea
763
The peninsula wit him thi Gances.
tun or twelve yards in length. We are not certain, fays Mr. Moor, if tlioir re-
cords are written on common paper, for in a pajjoda at Dooridmo!,', and in other
phices, we faw a quanlity, perhaps a waj^gon load, of the nianufcript liooks ; two
or lliree fmall ones we i>rought away, but ihey contained little elfc tli;iii atcounts
of funis expended for the fcrviccsof the pagoda ; the whole, however, could hardly
be on the tame ful)je£l*.
The mi: rnou oi-- reckoning time.] This is the fame as in other parts of In-
dia, by p'liaurs and gurries ; but tlie manner of ineafnring it in Ciiiltledroog and
otiier forts, is foinewhat curious. It may be called a liydroUatic meafmv, l)eing a
fmall cup with a hole in its bottom, floated in a vcllel of water, and wiien a cer-
tain quantity of water is received into the cup, from its gravity it (inUs, and points
out tlie e,\])iralion of a particular portion of time. The water being kept (|uite
unrnllled, this may perhaps be a very accurate method of ineafnring time, as it is
evident no other nicety is required but exactnefh in the hole of the cup, wliieli
ay be ealily determined. At each gurry, or half hoiu', the cup links, and thi
centinel who has charge of the time mealurer, llrikes the nmuher upon a gong
and emptying the cup, immediately lets it alloat. After the p'haurs, that is to fav
lit three, fix, nine, and twelve o'clock. In.
e makes a clattermg on the gonq;, and
begins gurries a^ain, limilar to tlie bells on Ihipboard. A gong is a i ireuiar pii'i.,
of brafs, or fonoious metal, plane on both lides, three or four tect in ilianieter, and
a (piaiter nf an inch thick; it is hung up by a thong, and being Ihuck with a
piece of hard wood, is lienrd to a great diliance f
Mausoi. KCM.] lielides many other elegant buildings in the citv o
.)f n.
"j a poor,
Mr. Moor gives a very curious delcriplion of the maufolenm of Ibrahim Padiliah.
in the following terms: " fronting tin. niolque, at the diliance oft'orty yards, hav-
ing a jiiece of water and a fountain between, Hands the llately maufnieum of the
king (Ibrahim I'lidlhah) and his family. It is a room of 57 feet fquare, inclofed
by two virandas; the inner 13 feel bro.'ul, and n feet liigh, tlie oarer 20 feet
broad by .30, fiqipurleil by ("even arches in each face: tlie intriliices i.f the flones
at top are lilled with lead, and clamped toL^eiher by ponderous bars of iron, fonio
of which have been wrenched from their holds by the deliruttive Malnattas, fup-
poling, peiiiaps, that they were of a metal more precious. 'Hie llones are I'o
neatly joined as to appear all of one piece in tlie inlide, where the tops of the virandas
iiie ornamented with beautiUiI fculptures, cIiieH) pailages from the Koran ; but
)fi elaborate ftUe: it is indeed woiidcrmilv fo.
the luie
)ftl
le room are in tne 1110
th
A black tlone, but not we believe marble, is the chief material, on wliicli chan-
ters of the Koran are railed in maimer of ball'o relievo, and poliihed cfpial to a
mirror. '1 he part ( ut out to gi\i: a due degree of prominence to tiie letters, has
on the northeiii (ide been heautil'ully gilt, and adorned with llowers on a bliK!
ground, in imiliiiion of enamel. The (iooi.-., whiJi are the only piece; of wood in
the building, are handfome, and Ihulded with gilt knobs; around the door-'.vavs
in each tace, are a variety of ornaments e\(pii(itely executed. There is a window
on (.aeli lide of the tour doors, and over li
lem arches of ooimi woi
ik, f
> c<'i!tn\(
tl.iit what is not cut out exprell'es pali'ages from the Koran. Around the foiiiliriu
diKir ii a teiraflirh, cont.iining an account of the cxpenfes of this buikling ; by
*♦ Ornif, in tlie xxvtii note tn liis fra.;nieiits, on
the amiiority of M. Aiu]\it.til il.i I'liroii, fiiys, tl.c
M,;lir.-.tt;.s and Caiiin-ffc " Morattor-s ainl C.niia-
ii:is," ml the faiiir ih.iKU-tcr, .''ikI rtijiil.'lc tlitir
< lii<.iU)I(i;:\ 1)\ tilt lair.c c<. til.-. .As UiUuir i liiono-
Icj;';! al KTiiiLuiinib wc muiiut I'pc.ik; bm ilnii tiia-
ra.'^crf, fn u-, apjiear to dilTer mate rially ; (h.it iifcd
liy till- M:ilir.itt.is fi-fii,s very (iiiiilar to the Na.'ri,
tl.e (iHliuiiry ilnra^t'.T toirim-ii to liiiulo^o.
1 itnt .M..(irS \:Mrativc. $il. v. 2-y.
t JbiJ.)!. i;6.
wliiiii
1
river
pour
from
Mm
the
«idc
beloii;
Glint
'ihe.
trv, uj
the K
to din
Kteiiel
as ot'u
Bn'iiii
for
Kn-lil
taut e.
The
and
The peninsula w j r » i n tui G a n c k i.
7ft^
which it nppcars to liave cnft fonrtocn Incs, and thirty-one thoiifaiid pn/rodai : i*
i« mit thus exprclli'd, hut in n iiiyllii- niMiuicr, to bring in at otuii as poilihlc ili"
nunihcr nine, which is ot virlitc in aflroloj^itJil r:ilculations ; tlio liiici ciuirlu'Jid
thus:— one iiundrcd and fitiy-niiie tlioufand pagixias nine tinu>i told, i'.llinuiiing
the pagoda at its highcit value, the amount is nearly I'cven hundred tlioutand
pounds lleriing, whiili Turn we were inforimd wan expended on tlic tomh alone;
out wc apprehend it includes the inoGiue ami adjacent building!*, and evk'n tlien
is an enormous fum in a country where labour is i"o cheap. Six thoufand live hun-
dred and thirty-three workmen were employed on this elegant llructure, thirty-lix
)ears, eleven months, and eleven days." I'age 312.
I'lioviNciis, en IKS, AND OTMER BUILD-) Froui what has been faid above,
iNGs, pi;hlic and piuvate. 3 this pcninfula is rather to be divided
into great governments, or foubahlliips, than into provinces. One (oubah otten
engroli'es fcveral provinces, and fixes the feat of his government nca)rding to his
own conveniency. I (hull fpcak of thole provinces as belonging to the Malnbav,
or Coromandel coaft, the two great o!)jetts of Englilh commerce in tliat country ;
and tirtl, of the eallern, or Coromandel coalt.
Madura begins at CajK* Comorin, the fouthernmoll point of the pcninfnla. It is
aiiout the bignefs of the kingdom of Portuijal, and is faid to have been governed
|)\ a fovereign king, who had under him leventy tributary princes, each of them
iiiilcpcndent in Ids own dominions, but paying him a tax ; now, the cafe it much
altered, the prince of the country being fcarcely able to protect himfeif and his
people from the depredations of ins neighbours, but by a tribute to buy them ol^":
the capital is Tritchinopoli. The chief value of this kingdom fecms to confill in
a j)eari rtlhery upon its coaft. Tanjore is a little kingdom, lying to the eaft of Ma-
dura. The toil is fertile, and its prince rich, till phnidored by the nabob of Arcot,
and fomc Britilh fubje6fs connected with liim. Within it, lies the Danilh Kail In-
dia fettlement of Tranquebar, and the forlrefs of Negapatam, wliich was taken
from the Dutch the war before the lull, and eonlinned to the Englilh by the fuo-
ceeding treaty of peace, 'llie capital city is lanjore, governed by a rajah under
tlie linglilh protctUon.
'Ihe Camatic is bovmded on tlic eaft by the bay of Bnigal, on the north by the
river kiftna, which divides it from Colconda; on the weft by \ il'apur, or \'ili.
pour; and on the louth by ilie kingdoms of Mclfaur and Tanjore ; being in length,
from foulh to north, idmut 34; miles. If 'lanjore, Marrawar, Tritchinopoli,
Madura, and I ine\elly be inciudod, and ihey are all appendages of the Camatic,
tlie length thereof, from north to foiith, is 570 miles, but no where more than 1 10
wide, and chieliy no more than So. '1 he capital of the Carnatic is IJifnagar,
l)i.longing to tlie nabob ot Arcot, whofe dominions commence on the fouth of the
Giinloo circar, and extend alon^ tlio whole coall ot Coronuuidel to Cape Comorin,
Till' country in general isefteemed licalihfLiI, fertile, and populous. \\ ithinthiscoun-
tiv, upon the Corcjmaiulel coaft, lies Fort St. David's, or Cuddalore, belonging to
tiic Knglilh, with a diftrid round it. The fort is ftrong, and of great importance
to our trade. Five leagues to the novlli lies I'l^ndichcrry, ihc emjjorium of tiic
KkiicIi in ttu- l'".aft Indies, which halli been repeatedly tak.u by the I'aiglilli, and
as ot'ien rcftored by tlie treaties of p'.-ace ; but has a:;ain lately furrendered to the
briiilh arms.
Fort St. (Icorge, better known l)y tlie name of M:'..!ras, is the capital of the
Fu'lilli I'.all India C'oiupan\'s dominion^ in l!iat pan ol the Fall Ihili..s, and is dif-
taiil ealtuard from London about 4S00 miles.
Ilie Fnglifli town, rilini; iVom wiiliin Fori St. George, bus t'n>in t!u' tea a rich
and beautiful appearance ; tlie houfes being covered wi'Ji a Uucco called chunam,
3 I'' Wllicll
770
Thk peninsula within tih Gakoei.
which in itfclf k nrarly ns compndt as the fiiicll innrbic, and, a% it heart as high
n polilh, is i-(|ii:iily Iplciuliil witn th:it cii-uiint tiiatcrial. The ftylc of the biiildingi
in in ^cnorui handfdnu- 'I'hcy conlili of long colonnudni, with open porticocN, and
H:it roofs, and offer to the eye an appearance iiniilar to what we may conceive of
a Grecian city in llie ajje of Alixamlir. Tlie clear, blue, cloudlefs (ley, the po-
lilhi'd white biiiUlin}{»i the bright faiidv beach, and llie dark ^recn fca, prefent a
combination totally new to the eye of' an Knglilhrnan, jiill arrived from London,
who, nccullonied to the lii{ht of roliine niallcs uf clonds floating in a damp at-
niofpliere, caiiiiot but contemplate tlic difrercnce with deiif^ht : and llic rye being
thus i;rntifii-d, tlu' mind fooii nHumes a (;ay and tran(|uil habit, analogous lu the
^lealin); objects with which it is furruimded.
Some tiiiie before the thip arrives at Iter anchoring ground, (he is hailed by the
boats of the C4)untry hlled with people of budnefs, who come in crowds on board.
'Ihis is the moment in which an European fecli the grcate(t ditlin^tion between
Alia and his own country. The rudlmg of fine linen, and the general hum of
unufual converfation, prefents to his mind for a moment the idea of an adembly
of females. V\ hen he afccnds upon the deck, he is Aruck with the long muflin
dre(res, and black faces adorned with very large gold ear-rings and white turbans.
The (iril falutation he receives from thefc (Irangers is by bending their bodies very
low, toui liinf; the deck with the back of the hand and the forehead three times.
The fi'ttlciuent of Madras was formed by tlie Kngli(h at or about the middle
of the laft century, and was a place of no real confcqucnce but for its trade, until
the war fo ably carried on by general Stringer Laurence, from the year 1748 to
1752 ; and which originated from the claims of Chunda Saib, in oppofition to our
ally, Mahomed Ally Cawn, the prcteiit nabob of Arcot; from which period the
Knglilh may be confidered as fovereigns. in the fchool of this able officer the
late lord Clive received bis military education.
In Fort St. George arc many handfomc and fpacious ftrccts. The houfes may
be coiilidered as elegant, and particularly fo from the beautiful materia! with
which they are finilhed, the chunani. 1 he inner apartments are not highly deco-
rated, pri'fenting to the eye only white walls ; n liich however, from the marble-
like ajjpearnnce of the ftucco, give a frelhnefs j^ratefnl in fo hot a country. Ceil-
ings are very uncommon in the rooms. Indeed it is impollible to find any which
willrelill the ravages of that dcllruclive infedt, the white ant. Thefe animals are
chieHy formidable from the iniiiiendty of their numbers, whlcli are fuch as to de-
(Iroy, in one night's time, a ceiliui; of any dimendons, i faw, obfervesMr. Hodges,
an inllance in the ceiling to the portico of the admiralty, or governor's houfe,
which tVIl in Hakes of twenty feet l'i|uare. It is the wood-work which ferves for
the bafes of ceilings, fuch as the latlis, beams, iiic. that thefe infetts attack; and
this will ferve to explain the t ireumllaMce jull nuMitiuned.
i he houfes on Cluniliry Plain arc many of them beautiful pieces of architec-
ture, the apartments fpacious and n\aj;iiiliceut. I know not, lavs Mr. Hodges,
thiit 1 ever felt mure di'lij^ht, than in goini; on a vilit to a family on C'lioultry
I'iaii). fnon after my arrival at Madras, m t!ic cool ot the evening after a veiv huV
ilay. liie moon llione in ils lulled lulire, n^t a cloud overeall ilie Ikv, and eviTv
li'ua'e on the plain was illuir.i;iated. Kacli ia:i:ily, with tluir Irieiids, were in the
.'p.Mi porticoes, enjoying; tli. breeze. Sutli a fteneapt^ , r. more like a tale of cii-
ili.iiilnunt than a reality t-i the iniagin;i;ion of a llrai.. 1 ',iill arrived*.
ral iiih.ibii-
s an KiiL'liili
1 111- foit protect.-, two towns, called, Irom the connilr \i(.ii> of their leve
riiili, the \S liiu- and llie I51atu. The \\ liile'i'own is lorlilled, and contains
* H.'jI^c*' Tf-i'tl.. in laJij, in '.lie yiar> lySa, 1 ;8i, i;Si, aiiJ i783, p.ij^es 1, 8, .ind 9.
7 Cur-
Til K P F. M F N S U I, A w i t if i m t ii r C a n n r i.
77»
I orporntion nf n mn< or nnH nlilrrm<'M. Noihinj; ha* been omitted to mend the na-
tural l)ndiirl\ ot' its iitiiaiioii, wliirli iVcms (iri;;inally to \h' owin^ to thi- nci^liboiir-
li.iud ot'llii- (I air.'Hiil luiiKs, tli;it iiro liiit n work's journey dillant. 'I licfi- miiioi
aio umk-r the liiret'lion ot ii in 'i:;nl ollici-r, \vlio lets the in out hy ndnuMfnrcnu'nt,
cmlolinjj till' contents by pnllifiidoes ; all diamonds above n lertain weight oritji-
nallv bilont^ed to th*' enJif rur. 'I he ililtritt l)eloni{in}{ to Madras doth not i-Nteml
mm It more tlian loriv miks romid, and is ot" httic vahie for its prodncl. I'jf;)ity
tliniiland inliabiianis of variou'. na(i >ns are fnid to be dej)eiident npoii Madias ;
liut its fafety ronlilis in tlie Tipirioiity of the I'.nglilh by fea. It carries on a coii-
fiderable trade with ('W\u:\, I'eriia, and Moi ha.
Inimenfe fortnnes l\.ive been gained by the Knglilh upon tltis mart within thirty
years; ai\d the Knjjlilh Kail India Company, thron;;h the ditlradions of tlie Mojjul
empire, the enterprifmj; fpirii ol tluir military ollicers, and the allillante tif the
Fni'lifli navy, arejuired an iiiiume in tliis peninfuhi, and in Indortan, that is fupe-
rjor to the revenues of many crowned lieadi. llie rijjht hon. Henry IJuiidas, in
Ills fpeech beft)rc the lio ife of commons, Keb. 23, 1793, has provid from an ave-
raL'c of three years, i;^;-^ to 1 789-00, that the net revenue of the company i.
1,614,013! to which is to l)e added the incon\e ariling from llie countries ceiled
by 'lippoo sit the termination of ihe war, of about 400,000!. from wliicli llic ex-
jiences attending it nudl be dedudcd. But he cllimates the future revenues at
1,971,050!.*
(he kingdom of Golconda, hcfides its diamonds, is famous for tlic chcapncfs of
its provifions, and for malting white wine of grapes that are ripe in January, It
is uibjefe^ to a prince, called the Nizam or fouban of the Dcccan, wlio is rich, anil
can raife 100,000 men. 'Ihe famous diamond mine, Kaolconda, is in this pro-
viiue. The capital of his dominions is called Bagnagar, or Hydrabad ; but the
kingdom takes its name from the city of Golconda, and comprizes the eailern parr
of Uowletabad. Kaft-fouth-eart of (Jolconda lies iVIafulipatam, where the Rnglilh
)utch have factories, 'llie Knglilh liave alfo I'aftories at Ganjam and Vifaga-
patam, on this coaft ; and the Dutcn at Narliporc. The province of Orifla, from
whence tltc Englilh company draw fome part of their revenues, lies to the north of
Golconda, extending in length from eaft to weft about 550 miles, and in breadth
al)(iut 240. It is governed cliieHy by Moodajee Booftah, and his brother Bembajee,
allies to the Mahrattas, In this province ftands the idolatrous temple of Jagernaut,
wliicli they fav is attended by 500 jniefts. The idol is an ii regular pyramidal
black Hone, of about 4 or 500 lb, weight, with two rich diamonds near the top,
to reprcfent eyes, and the nofe and mouth painted with vermilion.
Major Rennell obferves, that tliere is a void fpace between the known parts of
Bcrar. Golconda, Orilla, and the northern circars, of near 300 miles in length, and
2i;o in breadtli, and that it is not likely to be filled up unlefsa great change takes
iijace in I'.uropcan politics in India. Our poireliions in the northern circars extend
only 70 miles inland, and in fome places not more tlian 30, wliich forms a flip
(f 350 miles in length, bounded towards the continent 1 y a rid{;e of mountains.
Within thefe, and towards Berar, is an exteniive traft of woody and mountainous
(ountrv, witli which the adjacent provinces appear to have fcaicely any com-
muniiaiion. Though furrounded by people highly civilized, and who abound iu
iitVt'iil mamifaftures, it is laid that tlie few fpecimens of the milerable inhabitants
if this traft who have appeared iji the circars, ule no covering but a wifp of ftraw.
'I'liis wild country extends about 160 miles, and the full civilized people beyond
tlnui are the Beriir Mahialtas.
fall- the Heads of Mr. Dmul.is"-' Sptci h.
5 !•' ^
IK
771 T II r. P K N 1 N S U 1. A w i t ii i m t h « C a n a it i.
'till <>ri;;iii uiiil li^iiilii .itioii iif iti>- «Mti(l M AiiR M 1 A (tir MdHArnit) linn of
lull-, iilHi ivi» iii.ijiii Ki iiiK'll *, liii'M M I V iiiiii li (III' riil>|>\l III iiu|uiry ami tlilViiiliuii
III liiiliit i iiml \aiimi> lain iliil niiiiiiiiMi'* Ii.im' bcrii iiiiiijc i'iiiiCk'riiiii;{ il. VN ,•
K .itii Iiuucni r, tmni I'liillitati tli.it M viuiai \\aH tlic nnnu- ot u |ii<>>iiu'>- in |lu'
Diniiiii and iti.il il i<>iii()kIu iiiIkI l(<i>;Uiiia or (Hnuilaiia) and utlur dilhiaji,
wliiili .11 |M>l'nit hi III llu' iiK'll n-iilrai pail nl' the ,\la)iialU tlmiiiniiiiH. llie
nii^inal Mil anin;^ nl llic ti ini Mailiat, likr lliat nl nicill utlur |)ri)|)i'i' n.iiiu's, is tin
n , I'lii dial till' iiiiiiu- ot till- nation in iiniliion i<> a ticiivativi- Ini
ni ir, luii-
not Ik donl'lid: Idi (lie tilliniony of I'l lillitu may bi- iidivid witlioni tli< finalklf
rnl'iMi i<in i>r error, or nt'di'li;;M to illalililh a tavoiiiite i)|iiiiioii, wlicii it i-> lonlidiKil
thai III wrote at a |ieriod. when tlie inlial>itants ot the |iroviiK'e ot Makiiai diil
not e\i|) at an indi|ien(li'iil nation i hut wete liU nili d with iIil- other luhjcctekl
iniliios II
t° llie Deveaii. |]eliiU s the telliinoin ot IVrilhta, there is that
alli) nl
III
II
*si/ani ul-Deen |, an nullmr who wiole at an earlier perioil ; niid who relates
his general liillory ot' I lindoollnn, tliat one ol llie kin^ii ot Delhi made uti cxcurlioti
Iroin l)e«,};nr ^l)ow lalahail) i itj ihc Hci\lil>uutiti\^ fiii-iiiuc o/'Mauiia i^
liiinc
Iheionntiy ut the Dei laii || eoni|)iehend!i leveral large proviiiecH, and fi
lar
kin(;il(iins . partieularlv ihole of I5a';lana, Halauale, Teleiifja, Uiid tlie kingdom ut
\ iliaponr. Modern ^eo;{ra|iheii> an not a^ieed npoii llie cxad tiluatiim and ex-
tent ol tliofe eoiiiitries: luit hy llie ailillaiue ut major Uennell'it late Meninirs ot'a
map ot Indollan, and his new drawings, we have )>ralilied luir rcader« with u new
ina|i, whiih we liope will In- tmind i lear and accurate. Tiic principal towns are
Aiiningaliail.aiulDoltaliad orDowlalah.id. The latter is the llrongcll place in all In-
dMiiaii. Near il Hands the t'ainons pa^od ol I'.lora, in a plain ot about two leuDues
(([luiir. The loinlis, chapels, temples, pillars, and many ihonfandliuurcii that rurmuiul
il. are laid to he cut out ol the natural roik, and to turpal'sall llieDtlitfrellortiioriniiniiii
ait. leleii);.! lies on the e.ill of ( Joleonda, and ils lajiilal, Heder, contains a ear-
iil'iMi ot" ? \'o lueii. The inluil'itaiits III' ihi-i prnvinee i'peak a language peculiar
to ihemrelxi s.
(I'u/ir.it IK a m.irillme proNince on the gulf ot" ('amhaya, and one of the (liicll in
India, lull iiihahited l»v a lierce rap.u ious people. It is faid to contain ^5 eiiies,
Aiiud.ihah is the lapital if the pioxirue, wheie tiiere is an Knglilh factory, and is
* Il troili.i'^ifiii rl lii-. ^^flmlir', p. Iwik
t I I rillil;!- Hirtmv ii( tl't Dn i mi, \r. opt-in In
•i(ir view ilir kiioM Icilf.r ol Hit tinpirr tli.it llll^
fi«i.il) I'fiii limnl lit ill Kuiiii>». Ill fiii|)t'ri>is
ol tl.C MtMISIMI ll'.ll.lll) ^l«llil.ll I DllllllCII. ( >l
"i:li ll.,llaii» uo, A. P. I t47\ .ij'pr.ir 111 hiiir i'\-
If I ilril il piiMir mill ri-lriiiioiir, llioir ol tVliii,
f I 111 it llir ni 'It llniirilliiM); |irnoi|v ot tin ir liillnrv.
'I'll- (i .It ol j'lii ( iiinu III iiii^ ,it lall'i-rn* (.Sir
('riiif'> llift'iiiiil l>.i);iiii Ml-. |i. I «\ \\ i.) » lili II
V. j> . riei I .li t(i till iri u l>oil\ ol lIu nii|iir(- ; ainl
i» m lliii il.iv ;i lOMliili-r.ililt lilv. Likr olliri our-
^r.iwii i:ii|iirrs, it (dl Ici (m->i-i witli ilv omi
>iiij;lit iml out ot it wire loriiiril Imir (ii>li at
kii<^>l.':i -, Uhili r tl.r iiaiiu- >'t \ ili.i{>oiii ^|<ii>|>i tly
|«i.i 'luic . Ci.'I on '.T, liitT, Kiul Aiiiiilimcnr ;
n Iml- pail ii'l.ir li nits niiil luUiinr iinmli<T< uc
ill not iK'll iiilorriit'il III. Km II ol lluli- tiihlillnl
«ilh .■>ioiiUiK'r..liir ilij;rfr ol j (.«cr. iiiilil tlir iMo-
yiil loiujiirtl ; ami tin- t» o (iilt pri lrr\ i-tl llii-ir lii-
•liprmtoiii y until tilt- tliiif "I ■Xnrriiy'lilif If ih
V .'rll.v »>t ifiiiaitv, tliit tlif frtir inoiiau li-. ol llirlV
Xai(.iuil)«. I:li( Itic Cir Uirk iiul I'loli iiilcs LjJ<t 1 .u li
of iHriii ,1 iimiif or till*, common to ihr (|\ nj(lv ta
\i liii II li|. I'r|i)n;^r«l , mil wtili h wi re ilcrivnl ti-nm
till rilpr.livr liiiinitrri. ITIiiM llii- kiii^,* ot Vili-
iipoiir, wc-ii- It) lilt Auilil (or Ailil) .Sliali; thole nt
(icilioiul.i, C'littiib bhali ) aiiil tlioCc of Dcrir and
Aiiuilnagiir, Ni/.ain Shall, aiul kaiiiul bliah.
J Ni/am-iiM)rrii was an ortiorr In thr conn of
Ai liar 1 and «Totf a gcurral hiftory ol Hiiiilooll,in,
wirKli III' liroii)',lit iluwn to the 401I1 ji-ar ut that
riiipi lor.
§ 'I'lilv aifo occurs in I'Vriflita'j Hiftory of Hio.
ilnonaii. It was in llir rrij',11 of Alia I. .\. I).
I |ii. .^ri' .illi) p. lii, ot thr iiitriHliu-tioii.
1 Tlic ii.iiiic IJiicAN li);iiitii's the joetH, mul,
ill ii» moll rxtriilivr (ij;iiilii Jlioii, iiuluiici tlie
whoir priiiiifiila loiith ol Iniloftan Proper. Hom .
ruT, ill its oriliiiary acirplatloii, it means onlv
llicioiiiitrirs litiulrif bctivrcn lixlollnn l'ropfr,tlir
l'aiiiatii,aiiil C>, ilia ; that is, the proviiiickotOaii.
iliilli, Ainrilii.i(;iir, Vifi.ipoiir, (>olroiu|.i, and (li»
Millnii part ot Mcrar. Rcniirll'j Inlroilui'lion lu
liik iMraiotf ol his Miip ot luUutttii, p. ixii.
faiii
H R
r F, N I N S U L A W I T II I M THE O A N ■ I.
ia» of
in ll\>.'
ttiivls,
il« IIU
t, liUl-
iliiU iv'tl
A I lliil
ill It I «>t"
laU's in
Kcurl'um
nil foiuf
I iiml ix-
uiirs of R
ill U IKW
owns iuo
.' ill all In-
I funoiiiul
Minunniin
lins ii ^iir-
;o j)ccnliiir
ic fincrt in
I 35 tiiikS,
or} , iuul is
ihf lUiufty !>
(Irrivfil trom
lull : ihtilc nt
ot Herat .inJ
111 bliah.
|i thr court of
it llintliiolhn,
u-iir III thai
JiOorv I'f Mil-
lAlb I. A. D.
sol) tH, mi'l.
iinluilcs the
■roprr. Hiw.
Tit nif Jns Or.lv
\m\ I'roixr.tlif
HIHli»tC>ll-
limib, anJ ill*
lniroiUi>'lt"ii tj
V (>. txii.
isia
77S
tiiil. in wcilllii to vie with ihc rithrft town* in Knropi'. Almnt 4^ Frnuli Ii-agni'*
(lilliuil Iks NuimI, when- ilic l''.iij;lilli hiivo 11 Himiilliiiin fnihiry.
\ iliiipoiir is H liir^c pmviiici', llir wilKrii pnrt i, lulhil konkan, wliiih ii inlcr<
ij;ii'il Willi llu I'liituuiiifc |KilUllioiis. liti' riij.ili <>t V iliapour ii I'aiil to luiv
mill
»
had n yi'arly nvcnuc of lix inilliont Itcrlin^, and to Iiunc bioti^lit into the (ii-ld
I co.ooo foldioiM. rill' i'n|iilal it of the fatin- naiiio, mid tlic country very fruiN
I i;o,oot»
luiiial itiuit'N on iiii-> Loall aro D.iniao, ISallaiin, 'liaiior, or'iarnt)or.
Inl. I In- prnuipal |
( tiawl, Duiuti-Kajalipnr, I)ul>ul*Uajali|)ur, (ilimali, and V introrla. Tlic I'ortii-
utii fc liuvi- loll fi'vcral vuluublc polU-lliiini on thin coall i nnd tliok- wliiih remain
uic on till' ilirliiu'.
Ainonu till' illaiuU l)inf{ upon tlic fame coaO h that of Honiliny, bclonginu to
till.' ImikIiIIi I'<hII India (!oinpaiiy. Its liarlxmr ( hii lonvcnicntly < ontain 1000 lliip'i
at ,1111 lior. rill' illand ilfi-lf iit about ffvcii inilcH in length, and twontv in i ircinit-
ft ri'iii'i* \ but its (itiiatioii and haiboiir uio iii ( liiif rcioinnnndations, bring dolli-
lull' iif ulinotl iill till* convi'iiit'iu lis of liti-. llu- town i<i about a mile lung, and
tKKirly built ; and tin- cliinatc was fatal to Kiiglilli lonlUtnlioni, till cxpcrienrc,
laiilion, nnd ti'inpiraiui', tauglit lluin pnfirvalivis aguiiill itn unwholctoinoncfs.
'Ilio bill water llieii; is prefirved in tanks, wiiiili receive it in the raiiiv feafoin.
TIh' fort is u regular ipiadrungle, und well built of (lone. Maiiv black mer-
dianlH relide here. This illand was pari of the portion paid with tiie infunta of
i'orliigal to Charles II. who gave it to the I'.ali India C'ompnny ; and the illand is
Hill divided into three Uoniancalholic piirillu s, inlialiited by I'ortugiiefe, and what
are called |)Ol)ilh Melli/os and ('annriiis; llie fnriiK r being n niised breed of llur
tiiilives and I ortiigiufe ; and the oilier, aborigines of the country. 'I he I'jiglilli
have fallen upon inelhodii to render thih illand and town, under all their difadvan-
tages, a {iii\', if not an agreeable relidenee. The governor and council of Hoiubay
have lucrall\e pods, as well as the olliccr. uiulcrllKin. The native troops or le-
I
)iivs on
II
I lie
llie illand are coinniandid by l'".ii);lilh otVu ers. The inhabitant!) of the
laiul amount to near 60,000 ol ditlereiit nations ; e.u h of whom enjoys the prac-
iie of liis religion unmoleded. Ileri', bilides l.urop^aiis of ail countries, you meet
with Turks, IVrlians, Arabians, Amu niaiis, a nii\ed rare, the vileft ot their fpe-
(iis, di fceiuled from the I'ortuguefe, and the mitcalls from the (Jentoo religion,
itc. and alfn c.iplivis that are llavi's to evii\ other lril)e, Ihe Turks that rel'oit
1(1 lliis place on ace
otin
I of traile, arc, like the rell nf tlicir eoinitrvnien, llaleiv,
rave,
an
liiiiu'lt 111 in
d referved. Ihe I'crlian.s are iiinri. j^ay, li\ils, iiikI coiiverlible. but lei's
tire, .m
litters tif trade, than llu' lalurniiic lurks. The .\ra!iiansare all lite and
id when they treat with you on any fubjefl, will make you a rine oration In
(1*1111: iiuini
J
Iters, and a mulical ladeiice ; but tliev are the molf dilhoiiill of all.
II, ^
Tlu A^iiii> "ii'"'' ''*'^' generall) handfoine in tluir tv.ituies, mild in their tempers,
kind and lieneticeiit, and prnfefs llie C'lirilli.iii religion.
Near I'ximbay are feveral other illands, one of wliicli, called Kleph.Tnta, contains
the iiiotl iiiexi)licable aiitiiiuily perhaps in the world, A figure of an elephant,
of t'lic natural li/<', cut co.irfily in llmie, |)relents ilfelf on the landing-place,
near the bottom of a iiiouiit;iin. .\ii eafy Hope then leads to a Ihipeiidous teiiii)le,
lu'wn out of the folid rock, ei'^lity or ninety feet long, and forty bmail. riic
100
willi ea
f, which is cut Hat, is fupported by regular rows of pillars, about ten leet Iiij-h
... h lapilals, refembliiig round mihions, as if prelVed by the weiglit ^.^( llie m-
lualteiil moimtiiin. .\l the tarllier end are three gigantic figures, which have
h\'ii nui
lilaud bv the bliiul /.'id of tlie I'ortiigueje. Befides the teiu
art'
vininis images, and gro'.ips on each hand, cut in the done; one ol the latter be.ii
ill' a rude icicmblaaCe ot the judjjiueiU of iJoluiiion ; alio a colonnade, with a door
vt
774
T M R P F, N I N S U I, A w I T H I w t h r. A N a 1 1.
of rfi{iil.ir archifofture » bul iho wl»c)l<' bear* no maimer of rcrimhinncc t » any of
llic (niiino work*.
The illiind and city of Oon. ihc rnpital of th« Portnquffi' fi'»tlcin''t)H in ihi>
r.iill Imlicit, lict ulviiil lliiitv iiiilcs I'd iihot' Viii!;nrlii. I'ln- illiiiul is ii'i iin twenty,
fovcii niilci ii) coinp.ilV It h.i. oiu* ot' tl>o ftMrll and lu-ll I'lirtifii-d port* in tin* In.
tlio«. I Ins v\a» lurnurlv a mull l'ii|iril> tVltU-nii iit, l'iir|ialli-il in linik nr Ix itiilyhy
tcw of till* I'.iuop.'un ciiii'H, It is ilio r'Midoncc of a raptnin ki ncntl lont fViMii i'or>
tiiqnl, wild li\t'« in i^reat fplondonr. Tlu' tiiy ll.uuN upon the Imiik"* of n rivor of
llic fame namf, alMiit tvvrlvo iiiili'i ilillant from tlir rnirunif of ilio liarbo ir; tliv
y'ww up llii> riser i-i truly <K'lii;litliil, tlie bankt <>n iiilu'r lid.- Item'; iidornnl with
tlinrclies and vouniry feati ot ilie Pnrinnneri', inlrn'pctred wiili proves and vallio-.
llu-liilii Ik bind rile to an aina/io'^ liei);lit, aiul add ^{randeur to the prol'poct.
'Ihe t'lty of (>oa iit'clf it adorned with nianv fine einirclu-i, nin;{nilieenlly decorated ;
and has fevi-ral handlomc ( nmenti ; the chnrih of St. Au;{iilliiie i-* a noble (true-
tnii', and i<t uduriuil in the inlide by many fine pictures ti Ibindi on the top of ^
hill, wliiih coinmaiuls an exuiilivc view of the city and adjacent country : it ii u
circunidaiue that bai alw»\-i been obferved, and very jntlly, that the I'ortUKuefe
havf ever chofen the fpots for their conv«nt<i and church • in the moll deliJiitful
htuaiions. Ihe (hurch has a convent adjoining to it, in wliidi live a fct ot reli-
f\\nui monks, of the order ot St. .\ni;udine: fome of the broiliers of tint convent
liave ;;iven |iop<vt and cardiiiaU to liie Koinuii fcci as a^tpeur* by their po(truiti
wliich are hung up in a neat chapel.
(Joa, at v\ell as the rcll of the Portugnefe pnlTelfions on this coaft, is under a
viceroy, who will not futfer any Mulliilman or (Jentoo to livir within the jirecintU
of the city. The Portugncfe dominions have dwindled alnioH to nothing through this
bigotry and opprcliion i yet tiie court cannot be prevailed upon to alter its mea-
tures, although the Hourilhin^ lituation rt' the Englilh and other Kuro|K<an fe'lic-
nirnts ^and ot which one caiife is certaii <v tlie mild and tolerant principles exer-
cifed in point.s of religion, provided it i>.u:rferes not with government) is conti-
nually before their eyes. 'I ippon Sultan lately lliewed an inclination to att.ick
tliein, but was fiiddenly called off by the Vlahrattas. There was lormerly an in-
(juilition at this |)lace, but it is now aboli hed ; tlie building Hill lemaiiis, and, by
its black ontlide, appears a lit emblem of the cruel and l)loody tranfattions that
palK'd within its walls! Ihe rich |)eninfula of Salvett is dependent on (ioa. Suiuia
lies f >ulh ot tlic Purtuqiiefe turilories, and is governed tn a rajah, tributary to
the Mn^'ul.
("aii.ira liet about forty miles to the fouth of fJoa, and reaches to Calicut. It,
foil is tamons for rice, th.it fup|)lies many parts of luiroj»e, and fome of the Indies.
Ihe Canarefe are faid generally to be governed by a lady, whofe fon has the title
i)t' riijali ; and lur fubjects are a( ( onnted llie bravell and moll civilized of any in
tliat priiiufnla, and remiirkably givin to eonmierce.
llie eelebiHl d llvder .\ily is fiid to have been a native of Myf«>rc, which lies
to the fonth-well ot the Cainatic. He was a very active and powerful prince;
but upon ills de.ith in lyH^, his dominions lU (Vended to his fou I ippoo -Sultan.'
'Iliey have been diininillied nearly one half in confcipieiice of tlie late war; at tlu«
terniinaiion ot which, and as ihe price ol pcaie, Tii>poo was obliged to cede fume
very cMeiilive and prolitablr diitricts to the IJritiih, to the .Vlahrattas, and to ilic
Nizaiii. The territories that dill remain in his pulVeiiutu will be fully llaicd at the
end of lliis account of India.
'Ihoujjh .Malabar gi\es i,.ime to the whole fonth-well coall of the peninfula, vet
it is confined at prefeiit to ilie country Co called, Kin;; on the well of Cape Coiii.i.
rill, and called the dominions of the Samorin. 'Ihe .Malabar language, however.
^y
of
Tmi peninsula within TNlOAN«lf,
77J
n llu»
cnty-
10 I ti-
ll V l<y
i\ \'nt-
iViT "t
r ; tin-
I with
vntlian.
iraii'd i
llruc-
()j> of a
it ii u
tiicucfi'
lil^aful
ol r^li
IdHVCIll
po(truii^
imilir a
ough this
r its mca-
•nn fi-tlc-
j)les cxcr-
) is conti-
1 to att:ulc
rly an in-
, and, by
tions that
,\. Sunda
ibutary to
liiut. hs
ilu- Indii's.
as the litlo
of any in
Iwliich lies
lol prints ;
V)o Sultan,
ar 1 at the
J i idi- 0>n>c
land to tin-
lucd at llic
rinfnia, yet
Lipc C'o'iii'-
|, however.
i<
U cointnon in ihi' ('urtmtic -, and the country ilfcif i« rich anUfiriilc i but ncflrrril
with grt'i'ii nthlcrx, whofi* poifon i% incurablr. The tnoft rrniurkiihir ulaici in
l^lalubtir an* (!rllM^nn■lrc, cohiuiniii){ a i)iiu h failory and t«)rt i and 'I'vllichcrry,
Mlu-rr thi- Kn^lilli havi- a finall fctilt-nn'nt, kfi'iiing a c'oiillant ^urril'>>n of nno bat-
ilioii ol r>'i)()y», It i(>iii|)any ol ariilicry, niid iuiDciiiMCK n coinpuny of Kurupvan
V ..... - . .
intaiitr)r I lluy utc alio nblc to raifo ulxnii thrci- thoufHini iiiilivo inilitiit. Ihi
f irri'i^iilar hill*
i|ip<>lito lidc of
VIl'W
Ulll,
w of the ciiiintry round 'IVIIiihirrv iit vrry pUafnnt, I'onlilhiig oi irnuiila
I vulliii, ilif lioiin' ricN of ilu' Kiiuhlh an* tcriitiiiulcd bv llir unoolito I
I'i
the rivi-r, iind »i a vcrv I tiK* dilhiiict* in u OrotiK fortrofx of Vippdo, I itliihcrry
it flii'ciiifd liy all wli" t lidc there one of tlio Walthitll place* in India It I*
mm
h rcforti'd to by tiiuvililVcnli. I obfi rved, (tay« Mr. IrankliiT in ihi' n
>ni
puiiN » garden, tin; pi'pptr vine, which urown in a cnrioii* manner d lllnn•lhin^
liniilarlolhc grape, lln' pepper on il.wfien til to^atlnr, appcar^ in Iniall buiicheiti
it II in li/e fonuiliinf^ l.irger tliun tin- head of a linall pea \ the pepper, however,
fill t'lie (lunpuiu's lliip«' cart;<>< s. i^ biouuht fioni fnine dinniue in the country.
■l\;llit.herrv pnxuice* the collic-lree. Calicut alio dclcrvei to be mentioned, where
liu- Kieiich and I'ortuguefe have fniall factorie*, belidi* vnriotii other diltini-t Icr-
rltiiric» and cities. Cape ('miiorin, which in the foiiilu rnmol) part of thi« peianlni.!,
th 'Uj;h not above three leagueii in extent, it famous for uniting in the f.inu j;ardei»
the two fcafons of the year \ the trees beinj; iuatled w ith blolloms and Iruit on llic
one (ide, wiiile on the otlier fide tliey are lirippcd of all their leaves. Ibis fur-
priling phenomenim is owing to tlie ridge ol nuiuntnins fo often nwntioned, which
traverfe the peninfuhi from fouth to north. On the oppolite lides ut (lie Capo»
the winds are conlhmtlv nt variance, blowing from the well on tlie well liUr, and
from the eaft on the ealtcrn lide.
In the didritf of Coiliin, witliin Malabar, are to be found fome tlunifands of
Jews, who pretend to be of the tribe of ManalUh, ami to have records engraven
on copper plates in Hebrew characters. I hey arc faid to be fo poor, that many
of ihcin embrace the (Jcntoo religion. Difcoveriesof Jews and thfir records have
likcwife been made in China, and other plaiTs. of Alia, which ha\e occalioned va-
rioiii (pecul.ilions among tlie learned.
(IKIOCJ ISSTANCK OK ORILNTAI. A I. L I (I O fl V .] IVw COUrtS in Illllia, pci Iiaps,
affcrd fo many inllances of f(dlv and olkntatioiis ndnlafion as that of Hydtabad.
During the war, the nizam, it ftcms, w.is dclcrmiiud to take the field in perfon,
ai, it \s;i^ clearly proved at court lli.il nothing <lccili\e could be ellctled iigaiiill
liiinoo, wiilionl ihe influence of his highnefs s piel'cnce and wildom ; and he ac-
tuallv moved with his ctuirt to I'aungtil tm his way to the armies. One of his
uiiiiiuri., Ktiing forth the inadoiiuacy of the objec-l to the inc onvenirnce it mull
iK'cilT.nily liili'icct hi^ highnefs to, ci'iiilinhd his oration bv lavini;, " that, fo t'.ir
" troin lii> picfcnce beinn necellary, were oneot his hij;lini Tn's loyal llinpt is hurled
" airainll the gales cf .Sciingapatam, it would wrench litem from their Imlds."
\\h;it can more fully fhew the hypeiboliial adulation of courtiers than this huiaiigao
i.c'.ilrtllid til une whofe inipnitiH) in the field an! indKcility in the labinet arc
uiunlN notcrliuis? 'lipp<"t w>uiKl witli as much contenijit fee the united furce of
us
i;ati
s he would tlii' romantic ej^pcrinunt of "his
'Hie full li>i> e of thi courtier like rhaplodv does imt ap
t!u' Ni/.unitt s really at I
l.ii;hni.fs"s rosal Hipper"
iiiiriii a tranilatiiio ; in the Kali, being llruck with a llK)e or llipper, conve\h an
U.U01 ills' ii.oU il<gKHliii^ kind *.
Funeral
• Tht F..fi I' rirt.iiiilv t!if ftut cf »!!f^',riry an I to 'In ft, ui of i!ir !»nr,ii|?*!, arc fomclirnn (lap-
• Mui.NC II iiliri 1 »l i*-!' Ikii't I'ttuliaily tuitc t j n) luiKtivtki mA u.^.mU uj jil.iJ. lor ll.i;
" ' ' teiiJit
n^
TiiR Pf. NtN'AUI. A wtrntw tri GA«a>».
KvNKnAi. ciniRMnNiRi IN ('^nnra) Wo liaii an Diiporltiniiy (fnyi Ikiif
Mitiirj ol uiiciuliitK till fiincritl ul >» ('Annrtr*,*, i^liuh Hn« |m rtormnl nnufi in lh<
luiMf ntMiiiici 111 \M' hmt l>flMt>> ulil'irvnl tmrlh <il' \\w Killti*, \%lu rr wr luw
Ull nil]
Hoin.iti lutri>il, wItiHi) ihrv lifouglii in ti fori of liner to « holt* iltiK nlimit Imir
I'lel l«|iiari- nihI H«>'|>, in whit It, wiili grt Mt itirv', ihf wii« prcU-rvdl in n lining |mi|.
Iiir^', v^illl hi'r t.i '' •> tliL' I'Ull Mciig rii|i|>i>it' 4 in tlii* polltlon vviMi r|ii(|« ni'
t'lii), ami lonii. ul.iiit.uin untl lif 't>-l piit iti lur i>ip, llu* v.a% msi-rril witli <|iri, ul|
bill httr hi'uil, wnrit n munifiK' Itiil wu* pnl in hi-r nionili, mttt h lilllf wiilcr |Hitirri|
ti|H>n il I oii<- i)i' (III- utitnitiittM ItawlitiK .itiil llrilkiiiK lii* motith iluriiiK ilii« purl ol
lilt! cori'moiiy. 'Ilt>' ((riivi' who tUti niiu-iliiiiilv tilltii, iiikI i.kIi hI iIio inicnij.
oi>l« luLing II h;iii'!riil ot' iiiiini(i<c l> .!.'■•, loniiiuitil niliitiivt' whili-oru iirntKiiint'cfi
M lliort nrHiiiiii, wlicii tluy Huttf ilu-in nn ilu' j^rnvi*. trit'd haru ' ilirite, mul lU*.
parted, riu-ri* wen* not iiior>- tii.tn ii|(ht uttirtiaiiK, iiikI in none ol' ihrni inultJ
bo obforvi'd uny li^niot g''icr, ruiht r ot niicoiuorn uml iiidilK .cncc:— ptrhap* iht«
were nol rrliiiiont
Al I iirfiilki'irii, till' (li'tnii.t wnt a \oi:n!^ miin, who \\:u niirndtii in hi< jjrnvi f
liii I'.ithcr, inollicr, wiilow, and halt ii do^ciii oiIut rclutintu, molt nt' ih
»r
in nmltinij
hidi-oiiinottV^t allwliiih iippviir^d t>i Ik- nut linnit-al.Niul not the Kt'XiiinctthilioDtcit'
I'ltrrow: thf tnlHt r pliiccd iIumIi-i i-uftd inhixgruv
he Will lili'iit ; llio inollioi \\... ti.oit \iji it'rroiH, and
very liHiidloino youiii; i;iil, t uiif iiiuidoriifd, with di
Icinul li){n'> ol wot' i iiiit iIk' iii rtniiiud ||>r p:irl <it
- ^• ■
and appt art'd
(.•It
tlu' llillk
llll'Vl
llt'd li.iir,
the
tcrfinon
nuuh at(i^ii'(|_
, till' widiiW, 4
iind :ill tl
11' rx-
. >• prilihtin^
platiiuiiiii, Ix't'tt'l, &(.'. lo luT liutbiiihl's nniuiiM, willi lo niiu h liiidicil and niirii-
iIm' Kiutt', and ht.-r lanuntatiinn WAro lb cK^anliy niodiilati'tl, thai ilic Li'in,,!
\t inning a Inxorto hti ariiiv ratlirr tlian hcwailin;; the lut't Ihr hud lort'ivnilf
fiill.iiiK'il — I hii luiicial w.is .ititndfd by nnilir •.
Htloft' \M' I lull our acoMiiit ot Indnlhin, il niny he proper todi'rcrilH- it* itrcfi'iit
ili\ilion attortlin^ to tlu- dilK rt ill powort lunmi^ vvlunii it \^ flian-d ; niid thi» in the
niofi' iii'tillai Via-i il may lii\» lo mvf tlu- ri'iidir a «-!«.' it r idcii ot' tin. Ic i\ti-nli\v r .
j^ion>, and at iIk- fame time ihtw liiin how very conlidcrahle a jmrtion bcloiiu* t^
the Uiililii and llivii aliic*.
iniilrr clfiiriiiiM ot ml riuniniircd kcirr, ihf Prr*
fiiii il |>rrli.ii>'' iiiirivalird ; nntl Im I'lc IkiUIvi' tli^lit^
ol l.iiii), ill riurjiy is iiitciim In t««. 'I'Nr (ul
InwinKjeu d'rfprlt u.ii iiMii>Titiiii<.nl<'<l l>y ii |lr,i-
milt, niKJ it aililed a^ nn miljiic nl tl r tainiliil
liirn I'uiiitilmf" (iivtii I') Himcrj Oriciiulv Tlie
liirnrs ul ric i oiirl^ virrr iicrlui|'« ippliril liy nit*
llratnin, tint (lie ancnlntc i> imt, wr .i|i|>rrliriiil, »
lirw line: ^ will loir mtii II I'V tlir (rmilliitioii,
more li\ t'pr rr.iiilUnir. A ultrrl troni TiI'Ixki
tn tilt' louii ot tl\ilr,itM<l, alit'r llatiii); tin- ri)a)iiii-
turn » anil I'oiviT of 111 innftcr, mlii iKhI in .m-
f.i rr 10 oiu' of the courtiir^, that Ti|'|"io umii-
i>;'rutivrtv w<t> Itiit the new iiiuon, uhtri'HH \'f>
{iii(liii> (• Ma'> till' tull-or)»d |ilanc , i>i the | Iinilittlc
(it it< Iplciulour, .' ,4kli -1 llMlttiiii)^ loiifillioii,
(.'iiivi \ril i.i fo ••irj.atll ;i U'oii/irnnit to tin Ni-
jtaiii'« um.itrv, ({.iliml tht am i;i '.iIt t'lr intire
I oiiiidriKCot the court 1 ami the I'liii-r. ol tin tin-
li4llv liinirl liii fiipirior aililrrl . |< iloM* of
llitir invirrijir. 1 ivoiir, riit i mi pi i foui . I Sirio-
^, i|.t.VM pri'trird tlirrrcil niiil iiii|irat liim in of
tiip vakirl, mIio lioiiotir:ilily a>i|iiilt(J Inihlill nf
fviry aiti<.t« prctrrnil iii(.iiiill hiiii; whrti liii riic*
9
niln, ai tliHr lifl r>f<iiirif, (h.ir,',n| jiim ulth tht
rufiill tlut had Ijrrii loRratrliih'oihf \./amilr-,
tin l.iriiin tlut .1 toiitidi'iilial fervjut, wh,, i„„,j
lo tar torj;(-tlii. iliphniniu th.iraf>rr, .n to f,,|j
ttif vanity ot a torrijio priiirr hy Ui hiimiljtiyw
■ 11*1 'Il lialiiig liii own, iiicriliil Ihr molt (ifinpUrv
pill lliimiit.
I'lu aiiilwlTi'lor, liv :u knnMrlrilj(in^ tlie eaprtf.
fioii Ik u j% ( li.iri'.rd wlili li.iviii({ utiirril, fjij h
V4» .III r<ipolitioii of ilir iiii)K)trnir and igmiranu'
ot hit rofitiirs. " Tlir lull moon," laid hr, " rt,
"«lii(li I likfiitd Ihr Ni/ain, adinii nom, realt
•' ill hxc, or jiiy,iii«iititiiii, 1,1 Ipleiulour: the new
•• moon, the f\iiiliol ot mv royal niafter, I, di,:.
" •ddiin to it'. Iiiilri', and tirami on the idmlrin ■
" World ill ioiitiiiii.il Ull mind itioii, cviJrnti» cm-
" Mnii.itii ol lii, rxlciiiliiij; i.vrriiiiirnl."
'Ihr riiviom miirtirr, «,,,• . oi ruiindid, fl>
wavirin,; nioii.inli (unliriiinl in hit lrrv.int'i i,..
ti>vit\, who, ill ihf favour ol hit lo^trrgii, wu
amply rrw.udi-.l tor hi. iiddrtls .ind iiyn.uilv.
Liiiit. M.'or's \'arrati%.- id the Oj cratioiu of tani
l,itlk-'» iM.uliMiciit, p. I ii^,
* Ibid. p. 111.
Tn R P F. N I N S t' I. A w 1 1 »t I N t N • n A N n ■ I.
J77
III 1)14
I Itnir
ijtU t)l'
ill, all
|)iirl of
atlfiul-
(illtlt'C«l
mitt •It'-
ll lOtlltl
i|.>k ih. y
^rnvi li»
mnkiii);
lillunitot'
lliM.il—
k\ lllllW , i
1 til.' fX-
iTilVulinn
liul Bttrii-
ic I.Aimil
k> K'CClIll*
il« |>Kfi't't
. tliu i» t(>i'
ktcniive ri •
liim with tli«
Nittmiit't
III, «llo ll>" I
, .11 Irt «« lit
|u> liiiiiiilitin;
|n^ t!ie t«p"i'-
Vuif.l, U\i i'
ami inri>f*iii-«
lii.l hr, " 10
tiiv no iiurtJit
lloiir; the nr«
laftff, i' 't'l'T
III the idmitin;
cviJfully «ni-
iiirnt,"
III tdiindiJ. Il'
i^ iVrvslit'* III-
llintrrRn, w"
1,111(1 iii/ri.iat.
IciJlion oll'l'l.
uiitt ptipulaliuii, Iti nioft of the kingilunii of
'Pic cvlfltrali'il IVrtiitii tifurprr, r)i<Hni« Kouli Kltaii, haviiin in lh« ve«r 17)!
(I 'fraU'il llir ('iD^trrtir VlulKiitiot Mmw, |ilinuli nil Ddhi, ami pillui^ril llir niiplin
til tr"'ururi! Id tilt! •iMtmnI ol iituro limn 70 imiIIiuii* Ih'tlinif, rt lKir>'il lo llic tin-
li iri|' iirinii! In* iralUrn ilmniuuMi** but KiuicxtiJ tu I'i'rli4 iill the muittric* wvlU
V I > iiMhr lliclua.
I Ilia iln-atll'iil ititiirriiMi fo wrnk^'firil 1)10 •ulhorlly of llic rmpcrnr, thai ihc vlc<>.
riiy4 lit ihr iliirrrcMl |)riiviiitt'i tiilitr tlin-w off iht'lr all>'Kiaii« f. or uiltiiii\\lkti|(i-il
u very prn urioiiH (|> iK-itiU'iKi- ) uiul rii^a^itig in \v>iri with r.uh mlur, tiilUiliii
n^ ulliv* tlic KmII liulin tiiiii)mhi> -• ul' I'ruiuc uiul Imi)(Iuii(I, Mlmhdil !•• ■ n oriKiiinlly
iK'rmitlvil. a* triuK-rv, toioriti i-llulilillimi<nla 011 lli« cihiIU. 'Ihcfc tmnpuiiiri, owIdk
Id th<r great fu)M>riorily ut l''.uro|ic4ii ilirtipliiu*, rrnin ullic* Int 4111c in u ihorl tiiiiu
pnii) i|mU in nil ulilliniilc iiiiilrik, tlitit ut It iiglh icridiiiHtol 111 iK < x|iullioii of
till- h'rt-iuh Iroiii liidnlluii ; nnd ihui uiiini|iiiiis <>l lliiiilh iin m liiiiiti luivf Hii|tiiitil,
tartly l>> (cllM>ti% Irom iht- (imntrv ixiwrr*, and partly li) t.oii(|ui II, titriioricH ii|ii il
III extent, Mttl fupcrior in wtallli a '
Furtipe
lilt- Mahraliai originally pi>irffri'tl fevi-ral provimc* of Imlnllin, front wlu-nca
lliiv wi-n- driven hy tlic ntnix ol tin- Mogul toiujucrori i tlu'\ wirt- luvcr «vholly
fiiliitiifd, liul retiring to the northern pun of tin- (iluiitti, made Ireiiueni iucurliona
troiii theft* inaccrtlibie mountuins ; taking advuiiiHge of llie anardiv il I'ne empire,
tilt V have extended their frtintieri, nnd are nt prefent pollelUd tit a li'i> . of toiintry
lojo Hritilh milci long, by 700 wide, lielidet the lerritoriet thiy a.v quired by ilio
|.itt' partition treaty ligned by 'I'ippou Mulian, in Manli I'j'ji.
Ilvdcr Ally *, a foFdier of furtiinr, who had learned the art 1 Mur from the
r.iiriincann, having pudeired hinifelf of that part of the ancient Cat nalie, tailed ihu
kiniriltim <if Mylore, within a few yearn gained, by idntiminl toni|iielU, u imi-
liiliial)!*' portion of the foulhern part of the peninfula. 'I'hi* able and active print e,
the moll torinidable enemy that thv Knglilh ever experirneed in Indollan, dving in
i;ij, left to hit ft>n 'I'ippoo Sail* the peaceful polfeliiou of lii» duntiiiioiigt, fiiperiur
in extent to ihc kingdom of Knglond.
Ihil'e extraordinary revolntiniM, with «ithers of left importance, render the fol.
lowing aiemint of the pretent divifion of property in thelc imnicnfe regiona oblo«
lulil) iicei'flary, ht order to iindcrn.iitd their modern hillory.
r R K !i K N r DlVIIION nr iNnoSTAK.
.Vioh il the inllability of human crenlncfi, that the prefcnl Mogul, Shaw Aliiiin,
i: (I, r, iiuliint of ihi- i»riat lamerlimc, in nierelv a nominal priiiee, of no iiiipur.
i.,:ic in llie polities ol liuluftim: be is permitted, uj we betoie oblerNed, to relido
• Tlir (lurai'trr o( the Uii- llyiirr Ally »p|)fir-
,, tiMiir (14)> iinior Kriimll) in Ik- I'lil li"lt iiii-
ilrrtlctnl in Ihii |iari ol idr HorM, I tiavr vriiiurfil
II a"rir|it ill nulliiir <i| it. Hi\ mililnry lucirl,,
viniifU oil the im|iiovcmi-iit ol Jilt inliiif j atifn-
Veil ii' mrril of tviry kiiol; coiirilliilioii nt ihr
...llutiil trilri that Irrvrd iiiiilcr lii> Itami'T- ; ci>ii-
;.ii|il I'l lUtc and irrrmoiiv, i-tupi what iialu-
I.; I ifulr tiom ihr iliy,iiiey iil Iim i harai'tcr ; aiiJ
III fiilfqiiiiil emiiomy 111 (irrlDnal cxpfmr'
' I i.ltcrii't Iial'itt til »lii<.li loini ihu xrcat ilif
' .t.i.n iilttl.il i'l lalli'il i.liaiJ>-trr :imiiii|)( unli*
.'I |i>uii»' tii^ithtt Mill) tiik llliiiutc alltJiliuii tu
inaliiri tif (in.tiuf, ami ilu- rruiilar iiaymriit of hit
,11111V I all thrd- liij;ftlirr r^iifeil llyilir ai tar aliivc
thr |lrill^t•^ ii| liiili)l>an, »■> ihc grraf i|ualilir« nj the
lair I'l iilliaii nionari h riilnl hiiii atmvr ihr vrnc-
rality lit Kiiriipcan print rt: hriitr I havrrwr ton.
liilrrril Ihiirr It Ihr I'lkUkt ir ul thr hall. Cm*
dly wat the tiie of H»>lri ; Ihii \»t ,»rv tn cim.
fitirr lliil llvilrr's iilratnf iiii-ri v wrrr rrgiiialril l>v
an Aliaiii llainlaril: anil it i> not inipriil<al>lr tli.it
h« niinht rair liit nwii rhar.ii'tir for Mioilrr.iiioii
anil iliniriiii, a» tar al>ovr llmlr of 1 ,11111 rinnc,
Niillr Stiali, aiiil .\biiall.>h, at Itr latril !iit iliii j.
pliiic .iliovc tlicii>.
i U at
TU
^
778 T 11 1 P E N I N S U L A w 1 T H I M t >i e G a n e s.
»t Delhi, which, with a fmall adjacent territory, is all that remains to him of that
vaft empire which his anci-ftors governed for more than 350 years.
The principal divilions of this country, according to the treaty (igned at Serin-
gapatam, are as follow, viz. The Britifli poflcllions ; flates in alliance with Bri-
tain j Mahratta ftatcs and their tributaries i the tcnilorics of the foubah of ihc
Dcccan; and the dominions of Tippoo Sultan.
British Posskssions.
The Britidi poffelVions contain about 197,496 ftiuarc Britifli miles, (which is
90,327 more than is contained in Great Britain and Ireland) and about 10 millions
of inhabitants. They conlill of three diftintt governments, viz.
Government of Calcutta
or Bengal,
Government of Madras
Government of Bombay
r Bengal Soubah *
Bahar Soubah
I Benares Soubah
Northern Circars
The Jaghire
" erritory of Cuddalore
of Dcvicolta
of Nagapatam
Districts ceded by Tippoo Sultan in his late
patam, on the 18th of March 1792, viz.
Calicut and Palicaudcherry, yielding a revenue of
Dindigul, INalnv, and Verapachry
Salem, Koom, Namcool, and Sunkaghcrry
Ahtoor, Purmutty, Shadmungul and Valoor
Barra-Mahal, Raycotta, Darampoory, Sec. -
.On the Ganges.
On the coaft of Orifla.
[On the coaft of Coro-
' niandel.
OnthcGulfofCambay.
treaty, figncd at Seringa
Koontenry
pagod;is
936.765
90,000
88,000
68,000
134,000
1,^16,76^
At the rate of three rupees to each pagoda, and the rupees "reckoned at 29. id.
each, the annual value ot the late Britifli acquiritions will be 411,4501. accordiii"
lo major Rennell in his Memoir of a Map of the i'eninfula of India, p. 33. For the
revenue of the other Britifli poflcfllons, fee before p. 734.
Government of Bengal.] This government is rich, flourifliing, and popii-
Idus. It is finely watered by the Ganges and Burrampootcr with their numerous
navigable channels, and the fcveral navigable rivers they receive ; it is fcrtili/id
by their periodical inundations; and by its natural fituation is well fccurcd againii
to large European kingdoms. The foiibahs \vm
again divided into ciican, and tliefe fub-Jivided
Mto /inrgunnah. If Knglilli names wef to heap,
plied to thefe divilions, they might he ftyled king-
dom, (or viteroyahits), coiiniics §, and'hundrtil..
Rennell's Introduiftion to his Memoir of a M.ip c!
Hindoflun, p. ex.
* As the terms Soubah, Circar, and Pl<r-
ui'NNAH frequently occur in writings and f}>eeches
upon India concerns, it n-ay be ufefiii to explain
them. During the long reign of Acbar in the i6th
century, the internal regulation of the empire uf
India was much attended to. Acbar began by
tlividing H1NU008I AN I'ltOFER il\t(\ e\evtH /ckia/ii
or provinces, fume of which were in extent equal
i Few circars arc of left extent than the Urj^cll E.iEliPu counties
foreini
T H E P E N I N SU L A w I T H I N t h e G a s o i; ». 779
foivif^n enemies. Hut for a more particular dcfcriptitm of tliis proviiu 0, we refer
our readers to the account wo liave already given of it.
(iovi.RNMKSr oi- Madras.] 'I lie f- cat defeit of thi.s ROvernnuMit is rot only
the want of connection between its narts, wliieli arc fcallered along an exten-
llve toall, and feparated from each otlier by Hates frequently hoftile, but tliat it \t
totally devoid of good harbours : hopes however have been entertained of fupplyingj
this hill defe£t, by removing the bar as the mouth of that branch of tliL- Caveii
« idled Coleroon, which falls into the fea at Devicotta. 'llie capital and feat of
L'overnment is Madkas in the Jaghire, called alfo Fort St. Cieorge. It is iil-fitu-
atdl, without a harbour, and badly fortified, yet contains upvyards of zcooco in-
habitants. — Fort St. David in the territory ot Cuddalore is rich, tlourilliing, and
lontains 60,000 inhabitants, — MASUtiPATAM, in the northern Circars, at oik- ot
the mouths of the Killna, was formerly the moll ilourilhing and commercial city
on this coall, and, though much declined, is (till conlideiable.
'I'he northern Circars, which are denominated fnmi the towns of Cicacole, Raja-
nnindry, Klore, and Condapil, are defended inland by a ftrong barrier of moun-
tains and extcnlivc forclls, beyond which the country is totally unknown tor a con-
liderabli: fpace.
GovERNMKNT of Bombay.] This gnvcriiment is watered by the Tapcc and Ner-
budda. Its capital and feat of government is Bombay, in a fmall ifland and an un-
j.euithv fituation ; but it is well-fortified, and has a fine harbour. — Surat on tin;
iapee', which forms an inditferent port, is one of the moll rich and commercial ci-
ties in Indollan. Tkllicherby, on the Malabar coall, is dependent on Bombay
ALLIES OF Tin: BRITISH.
Dominions of tlie Nabob
of Oude,
Dominions of the Nabob
of ArctJt, comprehend-
ing tlie ealtern part on-
ly of the Ancient Car-
iKitic,
Tirritory of Futty Sing
(J nicker, in the Sou-
l);ih ut Guzeiat,
I'l rritory of the Rajah
of (Jhod,
Fyzabad.
l.ucknow.
Arcot on the Paliar is the capital, though the nabob
ufually refides at Madras.
(lingce, the llrongell Indian fortrefs in the Carnatic.
Trifchinopoly near the Caveri.well fortiriud in the Indian
manner, was rich and populous, containing near
400,000 inliabitants, now almoll ruined by tlte nume-
rous fieges it has fullained.
Seringham I'agoda. in an illand of llie Cavcri, is famous
throughout indollan tor its fanitity, and has no lefs
th n 40,000 priells, who conllantly relide here in vo-
luptuous indolence.
Chandegeri, the ancient capital of the empire of Nar-
finga, formerly rich, powerful, and populous; near it
is tlie famous pagoda of Tripetti, the Lorctto of In-
dollan: the oft'erin.,s of the numerous pilgrims who
refort hither, bring in an immenfe revenue.
T;injore, Madura, andTinivelly, are the capitals of fmall
Itatos of the fame name, which, wjth Klaiawar, arc
(Kpeudent on the nabob of Arcot.
J Ami dahat.
(Cambay.
I Gwalioi;. a ceKbialed fortrefs,
G
MAHRAilA
780
Trb peninsula withim the GANoit.
MAHRATTA STATES and their TRIBUTARIES.
Tliis cxtcnfivc country is iliviclcd nmong a number of chiefs or princes, who have
oni- common head calk-d the Parifliwa, or Nana, to whom however their obedience
is merely nominal, ns they often go to war againd each otlicr, and arc fcldom con-
federated except for mutual defence.
Southern I'oonah M;di- f
ratt;is, or the territories j Satara, the nominal capital of the Mahrntta ftatcs; tlie
of Piiiiliwn, are naturally J I'arilhwa at prefent relides at Poonah.
UrouKi being interfered | Aurungabad, Amcdnajiur, and Viliapour, arc in Jus
by the various branches I territories,
of the Ghauts. \
Tlie Concan, or traft between the Ghauts and the foa, is fomctimcs called the
Pirate Coali, as it was fubjetl to the celebrated pirate Angria, and his fuccelfors
whofc capital was the ftrong fortrefs of Gheria, taken by llie Knglilh and Mahrat-
tas in 1 755> By the acquitition of this coad the Mahrattas have become a maritime
power, and dangerous enemies to the government of Bombay.
By the treaty of peace, Tippoo fultan ceded to the Mahrattas
Koontcary
pagodas.
In the Dooab, being the circar of Bancapour, with part of Moodgul, i
ftc. affording a revenue of - - - j '>30o.666
In Gooty, the diftritl of Sundoor, .... 10,000
1.3 « 6,666
Territories of the Nizam, or SoirpAii of the Deccan, an Ally to the
British.
Tlie poffertlons of the Nizam or Soubah of the Deccan (a younger fon of the
famous Ni/am-al-Muluck). comprize the province of Golconda, that is, the an-
cient ])roviiuc of Tellingana, or Tilling, lituated between the lower parts of
the Kilhia and Godavery rivers, and the principal pan of Dowlatabad ; together
with the weftern part of Bcrar, fubjc6t to a tribute of a chout, or fourth part of
its net revenue, to the Hcrar Maliratta. The Nizam has the Pailhwa, or Poonah
Mahiatta, on the weft and north-well ; the Hcrar Maliratta on the north ; the
norlliern circars on the caft ; and the Carnatic and I'ippoo fultan on the fonth
I am not perfedly clear, fays major Rennell, in mv idea of his weilern boundiirv
wliieh, during Lis wars with the Mahrattas, was ("ubjetl to continual Huitiuilioii '•
but I underlland generally that it extends more than 40 miles beyond the city
of Aurungabad, weftwards ; and comes witliin 80 miles of the city of Poonah,—
J lis capital is Hydrabad, or Hagnagur, lituated on the Mouli river, near the
laiii'Mis fortrefs ofGoIeonda.
I 111' (liliriiMs of Adoni and Rachorc, which were in the hands of Bazalct Jung
ihri)thi'r to the Ni/am) during his lite lime, are now in the h uids of the Nizani.
llu' Souiapour, or Soilapoor rajali, on tlie well of the lieemah river, together
with lonu' ullur rnjahs, are his tributaries, 'llu (•iintoor circar a Ifo belongs to
1)1111. I'lobaiily, fays the major, tliefe doiiiiiiions, including his tributaries and
fiiuliitarics, arc no lei's tiian 450 mil's in ieii^tli, from N V\ to ii I',, by ^00 wido.
7 ' 'lo
Thi peninsula within tuk G a n o i i.
78,
10 have
idieiuc
»m con-
tci ; the
s in his
ailed the
iccoirors,
Mahrat-
inaritimc
kOontcary
pagodas.
1,306,666
10,000
1,316,666
To the above we hove now to odd thofu which Tippo fultan ceded to him in
the treaty of peace, ligned March 18, 1792, viz.
Koontcary
pagodaa
Kcrpah (or Cuddapah), Cummun, Ganjccotta, and Canoul, afTording 1
,revemieof .... "] 97«.390
111 tJDoty -...--. 5'i78a
In Adoni (Mooka) .... i2,i6z
In the Uuoab, being parts of Rachore, and Muoilgul - - 281,331
1,316,666
BiRAR MahRATTAS.
This country is very
litilc known to Euro--
pcans.
'Nngpour is the capital.
BaialYore has contiderable trade.
Cuttack on the Mahanada, an important pofi, whicli
renders this nation a funnidalile enemy to the RritiOi,
as it cuts off the communication between the goveru-
ments of Bengal and Madras.
Northern Poonah Mahrattas.
They arc governed at
prcfent by Smdia, Hoi-,
kar, and fome other lefs
confidcrable princes.
Ougein, the rcfidcnce of Sindia.
Indoor, the relidcnce of Holkar.
Calpy, the relidcnce of Gimgdar Punt.
Sagur, the rcfidence of Ballagec,
ly to the
fon of the
is, the an-
r parts of
i togethtr
|rtli part ot
or roonali
|iorth i the
the fouth
boundary,
|u<btuaUon ;
^l the city
Poonalv—
near the
Ixalct Jung
llie Nizam.
1, togcthtT
Ibclongs to
Varies ami
^00 wide
'I'o
Ttppoo Sultan's Territories.
Have been greatly diminifhed in confequence of the late treaty of peace, in
which he confentcd to rclign half his dominions to the Britiih, the Mahrattas, and
the Nizam. His remaining dominions are
Provinces.
Chief Towns.
Kingdom of Myforc Scringapatam on the Caveri.
Bednore - - Bednore, or llydcr Nuggar.
Canara - - Maiigalorc.
Chittcldroog,Harponelly,Roydroog,&c. arc the capitals of territories of the fame
Country of the"Abdalli. This government, which includes the foubah of Cabul
and the neighbouring parts of Pcrfia, was formed by Abdalla, one of the generals
of Thomas Kouli Khan, when on the death of that ufurper his empire was difmem-
iH-rcd: its capital is Candahar in I'eriia.
Country ot the Seiks : they are faid to confift of a number of fmall ftates inde-
pendent of each other, but unitid by a federal union.
Country of the Jats or Gotcs, very little known to Europeans.
C.untiy of Zabcda Cawn, an Afghan Rohiila.
IVrriturv of Agra on the Jumna.
Fcrrukabad,
Jit V V. K S I A.
Frrrukaliad, rtrrountry of the Patau Kohilbs on tin- GangiM, furroundcd l)y the
cloniiiiions ot Ouilc.
Hiindelcuiul.
'lravans"otv, lu-ar Cape Oimorin.
i:
u
I
Sn I Alios AND l-.Xir.NT.
Miles. IV-vees. S<|. Miles.
Jxii^lli I joo ) , . (44 and 70 onll lonuifiule. f „
lhc;rdll. .looi '•^•'"^^^•" [ T3aMd44'H'r'l«l"''}iit».le. 1 "^'''^
1,000
It
<>t'Nn An U.S.
^M
()DI",R\ IVrlia i> bounded Uy tlie mi)imtaiiis vf Aniirit, or
_ _ l^aj-liilhiii, uliich tlivide il I'lDm Ciriallian 'r;irt;iry,i.n the
N()rlli-\\'i (1 ; by tin- ( afpian Sea, wliich divides it IVdiii RiiHia, on the Noith ; by
the riviT ()\iis,'\vlilili di\idvs it t'rom I tbei 'liirtaiv, on tlie Noilh-eali ; bv Ind
(!ia,
on the l'",ali ; b\ the Indian oeeaii, and tlie j,'!iil.> ot" IVilia and Onniis, mi |),,
Sontl) ; and \>\ Aral)ia and 'I'lirki'}, mi ilie Wilt.
'Iliis kiii!;di)iii is divided iiilo the tnllowin;^ innvinees : on the frontiers of Iruliii,
are Clioralan. part of tlie ancient I lyre ania, intluding Herat and I'-lierabad ; Sa-
bliiilan, iIlclw(^in^ the ancient ihictri:ina and Candahor; and Sij^illan, llii- amieiit
Dranjjiana. 'Mu- fouthern divilio-' cimlains Makcran, kernian, tlie aneient Cc
drolh.
d {■■arlitlan, tiu' ancient IVrlia. Tile I'miih-wcli divilion, on the fr
caiUT'.
ei!i.
<^i 'i'uikey, conlaiiis tlie provinces of C.'luifilbni, tiie ancient Sidiana.and liac-,\g
tlie ancient i'anhia. 'I'he nt.rtli-well divilion, l}in>; between the C'alpian Sea aiuj
the frontiers 'f Turkey in Alia, cnnt.iins tlie provinces of ,\derluit/en. the ancient
.Media ; (ian;;ca, Dai^hillan, |)art of ilu- ancient Iberia anil Colchis; Cihilan, p;i:t
of the aiuieni Ihnania ; Shirvan, and Ma/andiTan.
.\.\Mi;.j IVriia, accordinjr to the jxictN, di'rived its nanic fioiii I'eifeus, the |m;i
I.efs tabnious authors fiipi)ofc it derived troni I'nras, whieli
.f J
iiiutir ami
I)
llc;iiifies a horfenian, the I'erfians beini; always celebrated tor their Ikill in hdrie.
iiianlliip.
Air.) 'Iliofe parts which border \i])on Cancafns and Dagliilhin, and tl.o
mountains near liic C'alpian lea, are cold, a» I) in;; in the nei^hbourhooil ot thole
mountains which are comnionly covered with fnow. 'I he air, in tiie inidjaad
pi<)\inces ot I'erlia, i.s I'erenc, pure, and eshilaratinq ; but in the foutlurii ii
j> hot, and t'oiiK times loinnnniicates no\i(jus blalls to the midland parts, wiiieli
.iu'c fu oltcii mortHJ, that the inhabitants fortify their heads with very thick t
111-
bans
Soil, vi-cikt aiii. k and ^ The foil is tar from beini; luxuriant towards
.\MM\i, I'Roiu'c 1 IONS. J Tartary and the Cafpian Sea, but with culiiva-
lion it inifjht produce abundance ol <()in ami tVuits. South of mount 'I'auiiis, the
couniiA abounds in corn, truits, wine, anil other lu.xuries of life; with oil,
feiia, ihubaib, and the linell druj^s. '1 he fruits are lUlicious, efpeciallv dates,
oranges, pillaihio nuts, melons, cucumbers, and f-arden-vegetables. Silk is alio
the |n<)duetioii of iliis country ; and the gulf of I'aliora formerb lurnillied "n.it
part ot I'.uri'pe and .\lia with very line pearls. Some parts near il'pahan 1
llOlll.Ci
ilmoii ;ill t
s that are x.dui'd in I'.unipe ; ami trtim fmneof iluin, the roli
clpciiall), tlie\ exiracl waiers ol a faliibrimis and (>iloiilic kii.d, wliiih form
ilul art id
ui
tradi
n lliort, tl:.' Iruit-
\c
■tabl.
s, and lii)\\ers ot I Vi
ot
K R
I A.
783
of a mod exalted flavour ; and, had lUc naiivcs tin- art of horticulture to as great
jK'rft'rtioii as fomc nations in Kurope, by tranfplantiiig, i-ncrat'ting, and «)llier nu--
liorations, thcv would add greatly to the natural riihes of flic country. The IVr-
lian alfa-fuctiua Hows from u plant called hiltol, and turns into a gum. It is ei-
tlur white or hlack ; and the while in fo much valued, that tlie natives make very
rich fauce of it, and fomctimes eat it as a rarity.
No place in the world produces the necellariesof life in greater abundance and
perfettion than Shirauz ; nor is there a more delightful fpot in nature thitn the
v.ile in which it is fituated, cither for the faluhriiy of the air, or for the profu-
fion of every thing neceflary to render life comfortable. The fields yield plenty
(if rice, Nvheat, and barley, wliicli are reaped in the month of May, and by the
middle of July the harvell is compleated. Moll lY the Kuropean fruits are pro-
duced here, and many of them of peculiar fize and flavour, parliculiarly the apri-
col and grape. Of the grape of .Shirauz there are feveral forts; the large while
^rime, which is extremely agreeable to the talle ; the finall white gra|)e,
as tweet as fugar ; and the black grape, of which the celebrated wine of Shiran/
U made. This grape is preHed by the Armenians and Jews in the monllis of
(Ktulier and Nttvembcr, and a vali deal is exported annually to Abu Shelir, and
other parts in the iVrfian gulph, for the fui>ply of the Indian nuukel. 'I'he pome-
granate is good to a proverb ; tiie I'eriians call it the fruit of I'arailife,
The breed of horfes in the province of l-'ars is at prefent viiy indilVerent, owing
to the ruinous ftate of the country, but in tlio province of Dulhtillaan, lying to
the foulh-well, it is remarkably good. The iheep are of a fnp.rior llavour, owin^
to the excellence of the paiUirage in the neighbourhood of Miiraii/, and are alio
ci-iebrated for the finenefs of their Heeces : they have tails of an extraordinary (1/e,
luine of which 1 have feen weigh (fays Mr. Kranklin) upwards of thirty pounds:
but thofe which arc fold in the markets do not weigli alxjve (ix or feven. Their
oxen are large and ftrong, but their llelh is feldom eaten by the natives, who con-
fim tliemfelveschielly to Iheej) and fowls.
I'rovifions of all kinds are very cheap ; and the nciglibouring mountains afTord-
iiij^ an ample fupply of I'now throughout the year, the meanell artificer of Shirauz
may have his water and iVuits cooled with little expence. This fnow beinj^ ga-
thered cm the tops of the mountains, and brought m carts to the city, is fold in
ilie markets. The price of provilit)ns is regulated in Shirauz by the daroga, or
iuJge of the police, who fets a fixed price upon every article, and no thop-keeper
dares to demand more, under the fevere penally of lofing his nofe and ears.
Moi'NTAJNs.] Thefe are Caucafus and Ararat, wliich are called the mountains
of Daghidan ; and the vad chain of mountains called Taurus, with its ramifications,
wliicli run throucli the middle of the country from Natolia to India.
Kivi.KS."! It lias been obferved, that no country, of fo ;;reat an extent, has fu
frw navigable rivers as IVrlia. The moll conliderable are the Rur, anciently Cy-
iii>; and Aras, anciently Araxes, winch riles in or near tlie mountains uf Ararat,
Aud joining tlie Cyrus, lall« into the Cal'pian Sea. Some fmall rivulets tailing
n.ini the mountains, water the eoimtrvi but are to inconliderable, that few or none
(if tlicm can be navigated even with iuiats. Mu- Oxus can fcarcely be called a
rirfian river, tliouoli it divides I'eifia from I I'oee 'I'arlary. i'erlia has the river
bi'ltis (in the call, and the luiiilnates and I iji'is on the welK
\\ ATI K.] The fcarelty ot rivers in I'erli.i ocealions a fearcity of water: but the
(iilect, wliere it prevails, is admirably well fuppliod by means of refervoirs, aipie-
liiids, canals, and other ingeniius mellu'ds.
Mi:rAi.s AND MiNKRALs] IVilia Contains mines of iron, copper, lead, and
alvAe all, tunpn'ife ftones, whichare found in t'hoiafan. Sulphur, fall-petre, and
antimony.
7«4
V.
R
S
I
• nnfiiiiony, are finind in tlic mminlnins. (Juarrios of red, white, and black marl)Io,
have alfo been dilVDViTi'd ncur Tiuiris.
Population, iniiahi i an is, man- I It isimpofl'ible to fiicak with any err-
NKRj, crsroMs, ano nivERiioM. J tainty conicrniiif; tnc pupiilation of a
nvnitryfi) little known as i'erlia. It' we are to judjjo by the vnll armies, in modern
as well as ancient times, railed there, the nund>er» it contains mull be very ^reat.
I he Pcrlians of both lexes are generally handfome ; the men being fond ot'niarryin){
(icorgian and I'ircadian women. Their complexions towards the ft>uth are fonie.
what t'warilu The men thavc their heads, but the yoimg men fiilTer a lock of hair
fi> jjniw on eaeh lide, and the beard of their chin to reach up to their temples ; but
rili;^ious people wear lonj; bearils. I hey have a maxim to keep their heads very
warm, fo that they never pnll oil' their caps or turbans out of rcfpett even to the
king. Their drefs is very limple. Next to their ikin they wear callico fliirts,
over them a veil, whieli reaches below the knee, girt with a farti, and over that a
Joofe garment fomewhat ihorler. The materials of their cloaths, however, are
fommonly very cxpenlive ; conlifting of the richeft furs, fdks, mullin, cottons,
and th'" like valuable ftutfs, richly embroidered with gold and fdver. 'I'hey wear
a kind of loofe boots on their legs, and dippers on their feet. They are fond of
riding, and very expenfivc in their equipages. They wear at all times a dagger in
their falh, and linen trowfers. The collars of their Ihirts and cloaths are open;
fo that their diefs upon the whole is far better adapted for the purpofes both of
heai.ti and activity than the long flowing robes of the Turks. The drefs of tlie
women, as well as that of the men, is very coftly ; and they arc at great pains to
heighten their beauty by art, colours, and walhes ; particularly by nibbing their
tyc-brows and eye-lids with the black powder of antimony callct ""urma.
The Perfians accuftom themfelves to frequent ablutions, which Uicthe more nc-
cclTary, as they fcldom change their linen. In the morning early dicy drink cof-
fee, about eleven go to dinner upon t'ruits, fweatmcats, and milk. 'Ilieir chief
meal is at night. The/ eat at their rcpafts cakes of rice, and others of wheat
flour ; and as they cfteein is an abomination to cut cither bread, or any kind of
meat after it is drcfled, thcfe cakes are made thin, that they may be ealily broken
with the hand ; and their meat, which is generally mutton, or' fowls, is fo pre-
pared, that they divide it with their fingers. When every thing is fet in order be-
fore them, they cat nuickly and without ceremony. But it is obfervcd by a late
traveller, that when the oldell man in the company fpeaks, though he be poor and
(it at the lower end of the room, thcv all give a drict attention to his words
Thej- arc temperate, but ufe opium, though not in fuch abundance as the Turlcs,
'I'hey are great mailers of ceremony towards tlieir fuperiorj, and fo polite, that
tliey aceoiiimodate Kuropcans who vilit them, with llools, that they may not be
forced to fit crofs-leggcd. 'Iliey are fo immoderately fond of tobacco, which thiy
fmoke through a tube fixed in water, fo as to be cool in the mouth, that wlieu it
has been pnmibited by their princes, they have been known to leave their coun-
try rather than be debarred from that enjoyment. The Pcrlians are naturally
f<ind of poetry, moral fcntences, and hyperbole. Their long wars, and their na-
tional revolutions, have mingled the native Perfians with barbarous nations, ai;d
are faid to have taught them diliiinulation; but they are Hill pleating and plaufiljle
in their behaviour, and in all ages have been leinarkable for hofpitalitv.
The Pcrlians write, like the Hebrews, from the right to the left, are iieat in tlieir
feals and materials for writing, and wonderfully expeditious in the art. Tlie num-
ber of people employed on dieir manui'eripts (for no printing is allowed there) is in-
credible. Their great foible fecms to be ollentation in tlieir ecpiipages and diell'es ;
nor are the^ Icfs jealous of their \vi men than the Turks and other ealleni nations.
They arc toud of niulic, and take a pleafure in cuiueiliii^ in large cvjnipiui.s ;
but
P F, R S I A. 7Ss
l)iif their chli'f illwrfions nrc thofo of the (ii-M, hunting, liawklng, horfc:naiiflii|»,
and the rxiTi ill- (tf iirnis, in nil whiih thi-y ;n\' vi-ry doxtrioiis. llu'y t;xifl, iu
thi'ir anccllors tho I'arlhians ilid, in arohoiy. 'I'licy an- t'ond ot ropc-damors, jii^»
fjliTs, and Hghting ol wilii l>calli ; and privatoly play at canu's ot chaniiv
'IhiTi- an- placi's in Shiran/ (Mr. Kraiirklin iibliTvi's) (lillin^niiihrd l>y thi" name
(if /oor khiina, the lunirc nt Itrongth or oxiTiilV, to whicli liio I'orlians rcfort for
tJK' fake of" exi-rcilinf; thi-mfoivos. Thcfc houl'is lonlilt ot'onc room, with the floor
fiiiik nbout two ti'ft hoiow the furtace ot the earth, and the lij^ht and air are nd-
niittiil to ttie apartment by means ot (everal I'mall apv rtnns made in the dome.
In tiie centre is a large fquare teirai e ot I'mooth earth ; and on laeli (ide are fmall
aU "ves railed about tW(» feet above tlie terraee, where the nuilic ians anil fper-
l.itors are fcalid. When all the competitors are allembled, which is on ever\'
Friday murning by day-break, they imn\e(liutely lUip theinfelves ti the waill j after
wliieh each man puts on a pair of tliick woollen drawers, and takes in his hands
two wooden clubs of about a toot and a half in lengtli, ami cut in the Ihape uf
a pear ; thefe they reft upon each (houlder, and the nuilic tlriking up they movo
tliem backwards and forwards with great agility, (lamping with their feet at ihu
fame time, and ftraining every nerve till tliey produce a very nrofufe perfpiration.
After continuing this excrcile about half an hour, upon a lignal given they all
leave otF, quit their clubs, and joining hands in a circle, begin to move their feet
very brilkly in unifon with the mulic, which is all the while phiying a lively tune.
Having continued this lor fome time, they commence wrellling, in which tlu
niullcr of the houfe is always the challenger ; and, being acciillomej to the cx-
crcife, generally proves conepieror. The Ipetlators pay each a lliahee in monev,
tijualto three-pence Knglifli, tor which they arc rclrclhed with a caiean to fmoke,
and cotlec. Ihis mode of cxercife mull contribute to health, as well as add
llrength, vigour, and a manly appearance to the frame. The Perfians, wiihrefoect
to outward behaviour, are certainly the mo(> poliflird people of the KatV. W'hilrt
a rude and infolcnt demeanour peculiarly marki the charaftcr of the Turks to-
wards foreigners and Chrillians, the bi h iviour of the I'crfians would, on thu
contrary, do honour to th.c moll civilifed nations, they are kind, courteous, civil
and obliging to all ilrangers, without being guided by tliofe rcli -'ous prejudices
fo very prevalent in every other Mahomedan nation; they ".rr nd of enquiring;
after the maimers and culloms of Kurope ; and in return ver^ readily afl'ord any
information in refpett to their own country. The prailice of hofpitality is with
them fo grand a point, that a man thinks himfelt highly honoured if you will
cntir his noufc and partake of what the family affords; whereas going out of ;i
liiiufe, without fmoking a caiean, or taking any other refrelhment, is declined, in
IVili;i, a liigh atl'ront ; tliey fay that every meal a llranger partakes with them brings
a bulling upon the houfe.
llie I'erlians, in their converfation, life extravagant and liypcrbollcal compli-
nu■^t^• on the moll trilling (iccalions: this mode of addrefs (which in fafcl means
iiuthing) is obferved not only by tliofe of a higher rank, but even aniongft the meanefl
ariitiicrs, the lowell of whon\ will make no fcruple, on your arrival, of offering vou
the citv of i>hirauz, anil all its appurtenances, as a peifhkudi or prefent. Freedom
of conveifation is a thing totally unknown in Ferlia, and that walls have ears is pro-
verbially in the nu)utli of every one. The fear of chains, which bind their bodies,
lias alfo enllavcd their minds; and their converfation, to men of fuperior rank to
tluiiilelves, is marked with ligns of the moil abjeibt and llavith fubmillioui while,
on iIk' contrary, they are as haughty and overbearing to their inferiors.
In iheir converfation, the IVrlums aim much at eleg;mce, and are perpetually re-
pcalin" verfes and palUijjcb from the works of iheir luoll favourite pucls, Hat"e.-,
5 11 buui,
)I6 P i: K S I A.
hii«li, iiiul Jiiiiii ; ft |»iiii[liic uniycrf.illy pri-vuli-nt frmn \\\v lii>;Iii-(l lo liie lovrrd ^
lii'iuiilt tliiili' \vlit> have iml llu- tiilx.ml.iLi iiil iiuiliii^; niiil wrilini;, nr llu- iitlurltr
iii'lils iiiilni); tiiMii < iliualioii. yi't !>> llii lu'l|t ul iIkii iiuiuutirs, vvliuli tiic very re
l»Miri\f i>t wli.ilivi I iluy li.ivi- Itniitl, iin' .iKvavh riMily Id Ikjit llii-ir pari iii ntiivir
l.iti'Mi llu> all>> ill li;;lil iuii> li in JoIm « .iiul i|iiaiiit i H|ii(-lli<iii>i, ami ttrr Imiil ,i|
l>l>iuiiu II [toil I III ii ollai, wliit li llii s liiiiii liiiu M il'i Willi Ki> al I'll ^aiKr and irniiv
riii'ii' i!i Dili' lliiii); unit li U> I'i' ailiinu'il in tlicii i miu ilalioiiit, \>lii(li ih llir Ilii>'(
ulti'iiliiiii iIk) alsN.ivs pay (>• tin |iiiliiii l|H'aLiii^, wlmni ihry ii« vir inUiiiipt i,n
ail) at « <iunt.
Kl A HI I Mil t I \\ III n llu' pail III '< III a mhiii^ niiiii litivi' il<-li-i'iiiiiiril iipitn iii.iirv
ini; linn, liny t;t> in tlic lumli wlhU' ilii' li'iiialt' tlu'v inlciul to lii'iiiatid, Jiu'i ||
llic lallivi ul'ihi" wiHiiaii iipprnvim, In- niiimtliaii ly uiiIith Ivvtrliiifatii In In- liroii^ln
III, wliitli lb laWiii ai a diinl ii^ii ul uunpliaiu o. AlU'i iIiin, llu« iiliiul pn-rnii^
oil lilt pail ol liii' liiiiU';;ri>i>iii an* iiiailt', uliicli, il llic iutIoii Ih- in iiiKltllinu (jr.
i iniiilaiit I •, );i'iuially chiIiII ul UMi « iiiii|ili'l>' Inits ul apparel til (lit* iu-ll Inn, 4
liii^;, a liiiiMii'; ^l.il'<. and .1 Ini.iil tniii in it.iily ninnry, iil abtnil ton or twi'lvc in-
liiiiiitK
iIikI
I I'. Ill pun 111
lui ll
II' \\ III in t aU' III iliviirci'
It)
ifif in allii
pri)<
Mdi'tl a tpianiil) ul linnri imlil lltili til all luiH, liit li hh t Hrprtii iiuls, haliiinr
iiUiilils Jul dii-lliiif; viMiiaK, t<i:i . I'lif t iMiUaCl it wiliit'lioil liy llir cadi, nr innuiC
liiU' I lu' widdin^ iii^lil Ill-Ill^ (iMiii', till' hiidi' i.s lintuulit Itirlli ttiviri'd Iroin
/;
licad lu ii'ol ill a m ii ul ii d lilk.m paiiiliil nuillin ^ a Imrrr ii* llirii iiri'lfntt'd tor
lur to muiiiil, wliiih is liiil llnllnr 1 xpnlily l>y llic l)iidi'^ri«>iu ; ami wlu'ii llu* in
iiuitiiitt'tl, a lai^f Utllkitl^ ^lal. is litid lu Inrc lii r hy tint' tit llir briilf-maidM, all tlw>
was to tilt' liuido III lii'i Inilliaiul, as an admuniliitii lo lior, that it ii llu- lull iini,>
llio will liiulv inlu till' ^lals as a virgin, liiiii^ imw ahuiit to nili-r into tlic lart'H of'
tlii' III. mild llati' 1 Ilk- piiKclliuii linn Iris lurwaid in llit- lolluwiii^ urder ;— lirl),
till, nuilii. anti tlaiuin^ ^nU, alliT wliuli tin' prvli'iils in lra>i iHJrnc upon nu'ii's
lluiuldci^ , iit'M iiinii' lilt' ulaliuiis and liirndi ul the liridt-^rooin, all llioiilin^, iiiid
making a f;ri'al iiuilc, who aic lullnwiil l>y llir luidi' lit-rltll, liirnniniU-d hv all hi r
li'iiialc tiiiniK and ri-l.iliuiis. uiit'ul wiiuin It ads llir liorif hv llu- liridic, and li'Vcrnl
uilit'is iin liuilt'liailv ituli- llu' piix I iliiiii. Ki'|uii ings iiptin lliii oci'alion ^riirrally
iiitiiuu' light or till days. NIrn may many lur lilr, or lor any drtcriniiu'il I
iiiii",
ill iVrlia, as wi II as tliiuu;;h all I arlary ; and Iravtllcrs or nurrhanlH, who intciul
to rilitli a liiuf ill any iit\, mmmunl) apply to iho ratli, tir jutljjf, lur a wilV diir-
iiii; ili.ii ihuii pciii'd. lilt' taili, lur a ilalril ^laliiiix, prudni'i's a niiinhi'r ot |{irls,
\\ liom lu tit t iaii. s lu he huiii'll, and lirt' liuiii dili'ali's ; and hr hi'ciiiiii'i a liiri'lv lur
llniu A ;;tiiilriiiau who lalt'ly atltnilcd llif Kullian t-inlmlly to IVrlia di>t Inrcs
iluil, .iinun,i; ihunlands, lluii' has nul Iktii tino iiiltaiui' ol thoir ililhomlly tluriiiij
the tinii aj;u.fd up .11
I'
IM M A IS
I lu liiiu I al
It llu
IVtIi
iiinldi' llioli' lit' iitlii-r Mall
mini'
ila:is. On th* t'.ialliol a Miilinlman, llu- iilaiiuiis anil Iricnd . ul llic tlcccidcd
bcinj; allcnihUtl, make loiiil lanunlalions over ihc t orpl'c ; alter wliiih ii is
wadiiil ami laid out tin a hicr, and tarried to ihc plate oj inicrmciit wiliioiil ilir
<it)iU.i!ls, atlei'.ded liy a ninil.ih, ur priril, wliotliannis pall.iges liom llic kuum
dl ll
u \\;\\
lo ll
lUM'. It any Miilinlman llioidd t liaiuc lo mcil ihi
■pi.
tlnriiij; ihe piiiee'.lioii.hi i> tililij^etl by ihe precepts ot his relij;ion, lo rim np In ll
l>i,r, aiulutler liis alidlaiuc in earryiiij; il lo ilu i;ravc. eryinmmt at the lame lii
/..ii/ l;.,iL lit Liiliih ■' llu If is nu {'.iwl Imi (iod. AlUr inicrnnnt, the rdali
llic,
UMlt
• A tin'miiil il ati iin.ij;marv imiiiry, wMJi jl. ^s. Sij. Si'e llir i.iMr ol rr,i| nnd iiiiiniiury
• iiciol l>r uprifiMlnl Imii I>\ riirralntlur piiit. iiioiiic) at llaiiulul lliiiHUlk.
(a\ » I'uunil lUrliiifi Jilt ) »iiil i'' in rau ■ ivfi'fi
9 of
llllUMlcil
ill) it IS
]li(nU till'
lie Kdmii
Ic I'lirpl •
fiji I') ill'.'
jinr liiiii',
r.'latii'iu
iiiii|;iii.it)r
of
l» I. U S I A. 7lf
.i' ilir ilneulKl return lirtini*, mid Ou« womi ii nl' ilv ("iimilv mnVi n mixiiiro nf
inIk .il, limuy, niul l|iii «•■», \vlin liili'\' > ,it in iiii'mnry t>( llic ilci iiiti <l, (rnilinj; ii |i:iit
I II
lit ll
II ir hii'iiili Mill
I III
|n. mil. III! I', Ihiil llu'y iillo may p.iy nun .i
ll
liki- I
I'll 11)111.
I Ills t iilloni l'i'«nii ll) !)«• «ii'ri>«'il troiii vcrv j^riiil iin»ii|iiilv, n» wi* n.iil in llnmi-r
it •.iiriliiri iinil IiIi.iiimiih lniin> tniiiunili maili" lo tin* iiifiiKiry ol ilcpartdl
|atil>i.
I< I.I.II.IHN
I lif I'lili.iii'. .in- M:ili"iiii il.iHMil till- fvvhif All . liir wliu ll rcif'
III
ll«
I'liikH. %^ III) liiiliiM till' liii I I'liiiiii III ( >i)i.ir iiiid Aim Hckr, i.tlltln-iii licM'lii s
llitir r^li^ilMl in, il pi>liit)lc, ill liiiKr lliiii(;> iiiiiri' {.itiliillu ill iiml l<-n<it.il lliaii tli.it
I (in Ttiiks. lull III iiiiinv |)iiiiili It it miiii^I< d with l>r;iiiiiii Inporllitioiii. \Vh<Mi
lll> V »u-
lll>.
I nil
liiMil liv till- (drill
ins null ilriiikni){ ilrung lii|iiiirs, ai luiiiiy ol llu'tii
ilii'V rttuii, " \iiii (lirilliiiiH wlmri- iiiiil jm i (liiiiik, tlimij^li yon know yon iiic
Hiiillni); liiis, wliiili is till' \t ly i til<- vmiIi iis." Hiving; niriitioiicd llu- luaiiiiiii,
ilii- imiipiiiilon liriwi'<Mi tlieiii iiiui ilir I'nliaii <nK'l>n'i nr /(.mri, wIid prrtk'iiil to l)i^
till' illl* ipli'H mill liiKi'llois III llir iim ii'iit iii»;;i, llic I'Dlliiwrrs nt ZornatliT, ini(;lit
h> lii^lily ni'iili a Icariii'd (lir<|uiliti<>ii: tliai lintli nl' iliiin lii-lit ori|;iii.illy pun* uiiil
liiii|ili- iiiiMii ot a SupriiiK' lU inn, iiuiy lir nilily pnivfd , Iml llu- inilian liraniiiit
,iiiil pai lit), arc Ilir llir ^;rt«M, wlio Hill worlliip tlu- lirr, ot'lmviii^ fiiiliialift il llioff
lilriiN, and intiiKluri'd an «'vil piiiu ipU' into lli> qovcriinu-nt ol thf world. A »oiii-
liiilliliU' Kr*""i^l> alioul ten iiuU-h dillaiit Ironi ItaLii, a lity in tlic norili ol' IVrlin, it
iliiliriu' "I lli«" yjicl"C «lrvoli(iiiH. 'I liis nmuiid in iiiipri!>;iintrd willi iiiHanima-
liiiy lulillaiKi '<, und luiitaiiis i>'vrral old littlr ti'iii)itcH, in one ol wliidi \Uc iiHibnt
iiriii'iid to pri-lrivr tlic iiiiiod llaiin <i| tlir iiinvi-il.il tire, wiiitii iili'i hmn llic nid
III a lar^i' liollow i uiif Itiuk in tin- ground, n rnnlilin;^ a lamp l)iiriiiii(r with very
piiic l|>iiils. Hk' Mahoilii'daiis ;iti- tlir drrl.ind iiirinics of tin- ^w/i; i, who win!
Iiiuiillnd out ol IVrlia bv .Shah Aldiais. 'Ihi ii li'M is I'.iid to I r iiniiKious, ihoii^ii to*
lii.ilid ill vrry t'l w pl.uis.
Maiiv li'Ms art' roiiiid in IVrli.i thai rvidfiilly liavi- Cliritiianity Tor tin- m-oiiiul.
work ol their religion. tSonu' ol tlnm, (alU-d .Soiillcc:«, who art* a kind ol (piicl-
l,iiii'i«i' lliiir pallioiiH to Ciod, and prnl. ts thi- moral duties. 'Ihi- .Snl
nan
( liiilians have, in their rili^'.ion, a niixline ol liiiiairni and Mahoiuelaniriii , and
are ininu'ioiis towanls the I'll liaii friiU. The Aniieniun and (Jeor^ian CliriHiaii't
are veiv n
inneroiis in I'eriia, as well an in liidoli
III.
I he IViliaiis olilerve llie lall diitiiif; the inonlhof Kainazaii (the ijlh month of
ilu' Malioineilan vt ar| with ureal liriLlneli. Alniut an lioin helorr-day liti;hi, tli.-/
lat a meal whn h is k .illeil .Si'lne, and linin tliat lime niitil the n''\t ( venimr at Inn-
III, they iieilln r eal inii drink In llii' i n\ii I' ct llii' diy, lliuuld th' liiioke of .1
t.ileaii, or the InialU ll drop ot wati'r, reai h their lips, ihi' lall i . deemed nj' no avail.
I rein fiin-l«t nnlil llie next lnornil>^ liny are allnw.'d lo relrelli iheiiifelvcs.
Ilii.. tall, when the iiiniilli Kaniaxaii tails in the middle ol' fmnincr, a, it I'ome-
liiiii's mull do ;llii MahtHie ilaii \rar liein;^ lui.ar), is eMiemely (e\ere, efpeeially l'>
llinle who aie oMi^ed hy tlieir m eiipalinii'i lo ^o aiueit dining the d.iv-tinie, and
Is riiuleiii
d Hill
move lo, IIS
111
aie alio lev( ra
1 n
u;;liis (liiniij; its coniimianei
^^llilll they are enjoined to Ijn ml in prayer. 'I ho I'erliaiis pariienlarly ohl'ervi'
iwii, the iiiie hem;; lli.it in wliuli llieir picpliet \li died tVoin a wound whirli Iir
mined tioiii the li
I Kama/Ill,
I the h.mds i.l mi allalliii time davs In loie ; whieh iii(»lil is the .'.lit
the dav ol' wliuli i. ealli d In llu' nalivi s the day of murder.— The
iillier i'. the nielli ol the .'vl. in wliith lliey aflirin that ihr Koran was l)roiiL;lr,
iliwii Iroin liiaveii hy the hands ot the nn;; 'I (Jahriel, and delivered lo their pro-
it M.iliniiied; wlieuluri' it is drnomina
hd ll
e lunllt ol now
K \Ni.i' Ai.r. I 'I he I'oimiiod peoph', elp''( ialiy luwanii thi- lonlhern eoafls of
tlie Calpiaii lea, Cjieak 'rnrkilh; .niid the Arahie pmh.ihlv was introrhiced iiiin
Tirlia under the laliphali', wiien learning lliurillud in lliulc (.ouiUiie.s. Many
-.Hi ol
^
783
r.
i
A.
of ilir U'nrni'tl IVrrum* havr wrillon in tho Arubii:, niul pfopfc of »|Malilv hav«
piloiti il ii n^ ilu- tiiutlirti l;inj{iiaj;c, ii» wo ilo ihc Ktviuh I Ik- pirc IVrlii is fiti(J
III I i'
rjH)ki'n ill till- fotillu rii |i.irt«, on ilic null) of the I'l tliiiii f^iilt, nnd in If-
I >) un ; but many of iIk- proviiut >> ({khIc ii liarliiiroiit mlviiirr ot the 'I'ltrkilli,
\< iitinn, ami otlur lunffiia^t h 'lluir I'atir-ncillcr \% of the toHciwiiiu tciunir; £/
i'.i.liW w,i kih <Ui vfiioHi , A/i /I'/i/v./ rn.lm In \ i,i\tt\t-fi f>ii,li,'fi Imhi tH\ fikw.iil (hxvi-
f[llt til ktHtJMi.iiiiikih lUr iijuiuH iii^i Ji-i ^-.tmin i ln'h miita fmrou- mtn k if, if tutu, nuira ,
%(.,iihn\rh.il,if nun.i kuii>ili.in ihi .jiimiiikHima uir. mirfai.m oiimin mam \ Uittiior e^mt.
/,/.// miiu/.h.»iii>.i I iikiii thul.is kiiii nun.i a. elch/rn. Amri).
l.KAnNiNG AND I. K A R N K u M K ■. | I lu IV riiaiiii, ill uiH loiit tiiiiM, wcrcfamoiiii
for hariiing i ami iluir pjit» r<.iiowiii«l nil ovir the K«rt. 'I here i« a miiniif«ript at
Osfiinl, conl:iiiiiiij{ the lives of a liiimlrid and ihirtv-tive of the Jiiirll Prrliaii
Jioets. Keriliili aiul Satli wcn aiiioii^ the moll lelchraied. The furiiirr toni.
prifed the hilU>ry of IVrlia in a ferien of epit nocniit whi( li employed him for near
thirty yeais, and which arc laid by Sir W lliani Jonci, to be " a glorious montinient of
J'.allern Kt-niiin and learning." Sndi wan a native of Miirau/, and Hotirilhed in the
thirteentn lenturv, and wrote ninny tine pieces, both in profe and vi rfc. .Shim-
feddin was one ol the iiuilt eminent lyrie poetn that Alia hat produced ; and
Naklilbeb wrote in IVrlian a book lalied the " 'I'nleH of a I'urrot," nnt unlike
tlie Deiamcron of Hoecace. Jami was an elegant poet, who il')uriihcd in (he
middle of the fifteenth eenturv, and whofe beautiful eompolitiunii, on n grrnt va«
riety ot fiibieclsi, are preferved at Oxford, in twenty-two volumes. Hariri torn-
poled, ill u rich, elegant, and Howery llyle, a moral work, in fifty dilfcrlotions, oa
the ilum^es of fortune, and the various eonditions of human life.
1)1 [\i\W/., (he fprightly and voluptuouH bard of Shiraui;, the name and charafle;
"rientalills.
at tne t)ia
of an olleiulcd empiror, lis the delieaey of his wit, and the elegeme of lii» verfes
ore fatl'.ciently known to Orientalills. It mav, however, excite the curiofity of the
l'.ii^;liih reader, tliat the poet here introilueed to his notice, conciliated the favour
that the iiiol) powerful nionarchs of the I'.all fought in vain to draw him from thi>
enjoyment of literary retirement, and to piirchale the praifes of his Mufc byalllho
honours and fplendour of a court ; and that his woikit were not only the admira-
tion of the jovial and the gay, but the manual of myllic piety to the fiiperliitioiiH
Miiliciiiiedaii, the oiadewliuli, like the Suita l'in(i/uiu,r, (leteriiiined the coun-
cils of the wife, and prognoliicated the late of arinii's and ot llates Neveiitreii
udes have :ilrea«ly been tianllated into Knglilh by Mr, Nolt. with which he lii,^
pulililhcd the uiigiuals, for the purpofe ot promoting the liudy of the IVriuir
ia";;uago.
I he t'iMib of this celebrated and defervedly atimired poet flaiuU about tv^'o milcj
diliaiit from the wails <>f the city of .shirauz, <iii the iiorih-<uit lule. It is placed in
a 1.1 He gaiileii, and under the Ihadc ol lojiu cvprels trees of extraordinary li/r and
beauty ; it is compofed of tine white marble from Tauris, eight feet in length ami
four in breadth: this was built by Ki-iiin Khan, aiiil (overs the original one; on
the top .iiid lidts ol the lonib are Kleft piece-, troiii ilu- port's own works, nuill
beaiitil'ullv tut in the I'erliaii .\iiil ilcek charaiitcr. During iIk' Ipiing ainl liimiiicr
fcafoiis, the inhabitants \ilit hen', and anuife theniiebes uitli fiiioking, pl.ivinirnt
cIkT:. and other games, leadiiii; alio the woiks of Nate/, who is in greaiciilh.Tiu
with them than any ntlur <if their poets.
At prifeiit, Karniiig is in a low li;ite among the I'erllans. Their Ivialled (kill
In iiUroiii'iiiy is now redmcd to a mere f;r.atteiing in iliat fcionce, and terniinaicn
in judiiial iilirohj^y ; fo thai no people in the world are iiiore fuperltitious. 'Ilu;
Kaiind prolellion in greatill elleein among them is that of medicine ; which in at
pci'i)- lual \aii.mcij with alliiiic^'v, bccaul'c cvcrv dyl'c mull be in ll.c luckv iidnr
p r. R !t I A. ^
Axed t>y l1>c nflniliiKcr, wliiih ot'trn (IcfiAU tlir cruU of l)if prrrcri|itiiin. Ifirir
tlrii)(i >ur i-xit'lli'til, mill r<>in>- oi llicir phylii iano urc iid llriiiigtrit lo llic worku i>t'
(iuli'ii iii)(l Vvit I'iMui. I hf pliiKtK- 1* liul liilli' known in tlii» ttmniry. 'I'hi'y arc vtr)
i^n(lrllnl iit rnri^ery, wlmh it i-xtrtilcd by ImrlnTi, \\li>>(V t)iii'i' iKinpikiitMi i« in
kiliriK hiniiili t>ir thcv Irnit the li< Mlinf( ot f^rvvix woiindt lu ll)c cuvvlU'iiiy of (hu
uir, und llu' ^t>l)d li.tt)it t>t ihc paiunl'^ Imdy.
Am ri<UM I iKt ANti ci'iiioii I iH », t IlK-'inonnnunli iif anli<|iiily in IVrliu aro
WAIURAL AND AmiflCIAI.
1
niiiit' 1 1 Ii'Imii. (llDrllu'ii nwi^iiitu ni >', nnd
('X|>«.MUf, tliini llu'ir luiuily or inllt: No in<>rc than inncUrn rolnninx, whulilor*
nurly lii-l()nK>'<l l'> ll*^' Imnotu intluco ot l'rrli'|i<i|i<«, urc now rcinaining Imk h ii
ii))out tittOiit K'cl hi)(li, imd «oin|>ot'cd oi° cxct llinl I'ariiiti niarlilo. I lu- mini of
(iilur am ii-nt huildniuH iir<- tonnil in inuny p:trt«ol I't 1I14, hui void of tliai cituMiii
UIHl
'S
r
'^1
t t)t KUly wliicli in dilidayi-d in llu' (incw art liiti:vUiri'. I lu- lontln ol ilu' kin);i
I I'lfliu urc lUipcndou» vvorkni beiii^ ciit out ot' 11 rork, nnd ht^lily orniitninud
willi I'l nl|)turi». 'llu- tliict oMiu' niodi-rn idiric».'»i« a pi ', tolh' |iiii«t lip.i'ian,
lixiy (i.\t lti)(h, conlilUng of llio IkulU o( luartM, crctKil l>; Miah Aliljat, aitt r lint
|ap|tr<'liion uf u rclK-ilion. Al)bu» liud vowed to it^ti \\k\\ a (oittnni of Iniiniii)
ti.tilli . but upon the fubniiliionoi llu- ri-lu'U, be pcrlonned hii vow by fiiblliiutiuK
lliofe of brules, eaeli of the lebel-i fufinlliiii^ oni-.
llu- ballu near (iombroon are niediiinal, and ellrrnud anion^ the natural eu*
rioliiies «)f IVrlia. The fprinfru of the fanioiw Napluiia near Haku, au- often men-
ttmu'd in natural billory for ttuir ^urprilil\^ ipialitict ; luit llu- iliiif of llu* natural
curiolilies in ihii country iit tlu- burning pluenonu-iioii, and itt iiillaiuniuttn) iit.i;^lf
liiuirliood, alre-idy nienti»>ned uniler llie article ol Keli^ion
riu" lioufis of men of tiu'ilitv
III
lloCSKf, CirlES, AND FUBLie kDII-'U'Ka.
IVrtia, arc in the fai.ie talle with thofi- ot tbo Aliaiic lurk* already dilirilud
IIkv are feldom above one llory lii(;b, built of luieks, with tlal root-, for walkiii
on, and tliitk walls. Tbe ball is an bed, ibc doois aie tbnnly and narrow, a
tlie room:*
have no eoinmuniealiiUi but will) ibe ball ; llu- kite
kens aiu
I ofl
lU
u'e-
hmif'-s boiiij; built apart, lew of tlu-in bave etiim'U-ys, but a round bole in tlic
miildle of tlu- room. Ihcir lurniiuro cliioHy eonlilU of larpet*, and llieir be(i^
are two ibitk cotton ipiilts, wliieli ferve ibc.n likewife a» eu\erlidj, wilb larpd*
under tbem.
Ifitalian, or Spabawn, tlie ( apital of Pcrlia, is, feated on n line plain, witliiu a iniic
nf tlie liver /eiulerliend. vvbuh fupplietit wiib water. It inlaid to lu' tw ■\\r uiiKs
in tireuinlerenec. I be llreet* are narrow and erookcd, and tbe » bief aniuf.inent
of llu- iidiabitaiits ik on ibe Hat nx is of ilu-ir boufes, win re tlu y fpeiul tbcir fuui-
men vcuings ; dilierent fainihes al^oeiatia^ tO|»etber. 'I'Ik' royal lipiare is the il.ird
of a mile in lengib. and aboui half as muib in bie.ultbi aiul wi- ari- luM, tb.it llu:
to It, )S tlui'l-
mile
il(-.s 111 en-
nival palaee, witb ibc buildini;.! and gardens l)elunj;in;;
luiufereiue. Ibcrc arc in Ifpabau iho inofipies, idoo earavunt'eries, -ido publio
lallis, a prodijiious number ol line fcpiares, ftrei ts.and p.dates, in wbiib are eaiials,
a;iJ tree.s planted to lliadi. and better aeeonumulaU- llu- people. _ 'Ibis capital is faul
furiiierlv to ba\c contained (ii;o,coo inbabitantb ; but M;Noftui di pupulatvd by
KiHiIi kban during bis wars, fo tbat we may calily fiipi>"l'e, lb. it it ii„^ loli ;^re.it
part of lis ma^^niticente. In 1^44, when Mr. Ilaiiway ua.s ibere, it wa.s thought
lliat not al).ivi; 5000 of its boul'is w.-re iuluibited.
.Siiirau/. liv> abo.il iic, miles to llu- (outb i all of lfi);diap. It is an rpeti lovvii, but
itlibouibood is inexpreiiibly rieb aiul l)i.aiitit'iil, beiiij; laid out b'r many mili-.s
idens, tlie tlowers and fruits of whieb are ineomiiarable. 'Ibis town is the
I of l-'ailillan, or IVrlia Proper, and luitb a eoliej^e t'or ibe I'tudy of eafter
itiii
iiij;:
eajjila
tt
arumg,
wj
■I'c llic aru and icuikcs
were tauiihl ; and i> the fame as ll.at
7
n-en-
tiUicd.
7*)9
l»
I
tiioircl l>y (it Jotin Chatilin, v^ttu viliidl thl« city in ilii> U(t irnlury. It ii ntvw,
)i.it\«'vrr, (itiityiitj^ v«-r^ lull, Imi ilu'n* arr llitl iiiiitlalt« niMl rrltKiou* m«n ivHit
ittft ill il t ni pri'lfiil it ui)« « liv ilip iiMni« ol Mutltuib Khun, t^r tlif Klian'»ri>|«
U-^y \ hill li»> riiliiro iiiuriln* U uiitii lit»*»' \'<v% Ir** U-tn iirj^UYrrd ut Shiinuy,
aiul llu- prcl'cnt litiiiilinii «tl'iln' f>»iiitr> «l'"'» not i. • m ix prDitnu' u l|UTi|y rrvn.i|
'llii» lily tontuiii* nil uni'Dnitiinii mititlKr til \\\nii\^\K%, uml U udornrd iiy inuny
mihio Imlltllnn^. Ihii ii» llri'»'l» arr narniw nitil Inccmvriii.m, 4it<t not utxivi- 405^1
(i|' \\% liiiiili 1 nri' inlmliilrcl. Milrniix li>i< ninny (;(i<iil \>»t\\i* and 1 Hr.t\iinrt'rui ,
Ihal (lillin^iiiliu'il liy l^u' n|i|ii'lliiii<iii nt ilic \ iiku r> \mf\kr In < iill<-i| from \\%
hfiiie liiiili l>y K«riin Kh;in) i' h\ l.tr llir IiiukIIihiu II It u u long llrcrl, i)ii.<r„|.
Inu imtitit u t|kiiirtfr nl ,% itiili, litiill nilircli <t| Initk, iind niolfil Inmclhiiig in ||„.
Ihio ul' llic l'ii>//n* ill r.iviiil (iarilrii i il \% ioiiv iuhI u.II mink , on vmh UiU- arr
'■ a
•n/iir is II
llii' lliii|>Mp| llu" IracU'lnun, mcrilwiiifi, innl oiIkii, in v^(n^h ^rr oxihiI,!! |,ir ),,|
\.iiu l\ lit ^1(1(1* ol nil kinilt . ihi'li' llioiit tin ttu' prc)|)<'rly nl ihr KIwin, hikI h
••d f'l ilu' uuTihiinit lit a \vi\ lidV iinnillil\ r.iU' I.Midni^ imii nl iMi l>n
fj)iiri(Hi» tariivuiiliTny, nl nu •itlantiii lonn, linilt t.t Itiuk i ilii- (-nliniiic iliriii|u|
iiandf'tino nrilu-d Kntc-way ; in llu* unln- it n pliuo Inr ilu- biiRKtHf und nwrrlii
difo, and nn tlio liiUs nl«>vi' und lit'lnw minniiidioui npaitmrnf* l«tr l!ic nunli
IIIK
I IraM llv't^ • t^»'l« all' all** rented at a ininl>'ratc iixinllilv Ciiim. .VIhuiI iI
iMn>
int«
II' loiiirw
r till' aliiisv iiu ntioiud h.tznr, i%aii<>tlirT ('|iaii«iu«irnr.i\,tnU ray «»l u li|iiurc|iirm, ih.
from ol' whii.^> !■♦ ornamcnlid with a Idnr and wliitc ciiunK-licd wott, fi pti'lVniinji
C'liina wan, and lia* a i>lialm)5 HFitl lo llu* v)
- - - " ■' ^^^^
urn-
I lit- 1 iiicH vi Orniiit and <ioniltr«Kin,«iii llu- iiiirrow part of llu- IVrrtun fJnlf,
'ornuul plaic- cf ijriat »oninirit<' ami iniporlniu'i'. 'Ihr l'.nj»lilli in\d oili, r I
pcani I' ivf facloru* at (J.inilniiun, uluri,' tlu'v tmdo willi tin- rm
f.
Knn
v»ii«, Armenian*, Turks, an
<l I ariarN, ulm
i'onu' liillicr wi
Ih itir
"""«, Arahiario.
inravan* wliich
fi't out from varionN inland t itiii ol Alia, under tin- ennvoy of t^uiird^
Mo^Q^iM Avn ii\(iNir»'» ' I •l"<"i;;li» |"'"I'"''"P'"^ '''''"' '"f* "<i«!irnj»piirml
lund, a» tluir ariliilicUire ii» pretly niutli tlu' lamv all over the Malmmedan cciin-
liie*.
Mof(iiici« nre reliRimis bu'ddiuRs, fciuare, niul generally of ftmic ; before the
« Iiief ;'.ile ll;iie is a lipiare i mirt. pavi-d w itii wliiie inarMc, nixi low gnltcrics round
it. uliuie root is I'lipp'iiinl by maiMc pill.iis. Iliolc fjalKries fervf for p|;ucs of
lere
iries.
;»ldnlion lufon tin' .Nl.huim d;in ;^'i into the inofipie. Alxnit iM-iy niofipa- tl
iiie fix liiuli lowifs, ealUd lu'inants, «;kIi of wlii. Ii lias llinc lillle'i pen /;allii.. .
ono «lio\e aiiotlier. 'Hiele ti>wrrs, as well as the mofqm a, arc lovcu-d u]t|, |,.„,|
.'Mid adoriu'd willi ;;i!d''n>^ aiu\ otiur ornaments ; and from Miriur, niliiuil ot ;i ii,'||
llie piupie .nri tailed to ptaser by eeriain otVieers appointed for llial purpoli-. \',|
woman is alloued to enit r t\ie uiofiiius : ii<ir lan a man with lii% iIkk , or lio( k
in;,-.
lis;
fill. Near moll mofipies'isa plaie of entertaiiimeni for llr;iiif;ersdiiriiiif ilin^. ,|
.111(1 the totid) of the founder, v ith eonvenieiu ies for reading; the Koran, and prayini;
'file eil\ of Miiraii/. is adoni.-d (jiieordinR to Mr. 1- raiuklinUviili maiiv iIik-
e Olir.
lor-
murip' s, parti* iilarl) lli.il bu'dt by the late Klierim klum, whiili is a imhl
Ihing very wi 11 dif^nill d. fa)s our traseller, in my I'crlian divl's, | li.ul .m opt
tuiiiiv of eiUeriiif; ihi' l).iildini{ iii'.i)l>fer\ed : it is of a fi|iiaie form; in the ecni
II Itoi'ie iefer\o:r of water, made lur pertormiti^ the neeellary ablutions previous t
jiraMr ; mi the lour lide^ of the Imildin;; are aitlied a|)arlnienls ailuiicd for <i. \,
tiMii, fitne ol' i!je fmnis of vshieli ait- oivered with l."hina tiii-. ; hni Khiriiii KIk
<l\ing before the work, was eomidi tid, the reitiainder has been made up with
blue and while enainelKil work. W ilhiii the apartments, on ila- walls, (
iitle, are enjriased various fciituices from the Koran, in the Nulliki charact
Kilt
'^. Oil i.ul
iT ; and
jt the upper end ol the fjiiure is a Iar;;c dome with u cupola at top, which is x\v
particular
n
s
w
[MrlirtitAr p)ac« upproprUinl lor ilw Ui-voiion *t( \h<a Vakeel, or f<ir ihr fim'rrign
li nrcll ihii i< liri' d ihroiiKliiiiii wild wtiiio inarl>lf, i)ru,iiit> iDmI wiili tli<' vuri'tut
Miic ami gi>lil ariih> i.il lit|M* lu/itli, aiul lia« ilirtv lur^v liKor laiii|>« titl'iu iitl^-d (mm
till' riM)l ut ill' iliinr In ilif (iiiirc nl ilu- \)iy )• anoihi'r iiiiil>|iii*, wliti It itto
lVrli.iii« iull ihc \tii<ji>ll NiMJ, i*r ilif Ni*w MoIi|mu \ liui iu il.iu- n iicjrly iih-vhI
hIiH lh« I'iiv ilfdl, ui Ivvll Itiicc il U»» Ih-i-n inli4l>iiril Ity MHtii>ni'>i|tiii« i ii i« u
li|iiari- liuiltliiiK ul' a iiolilf li<c, hikI hat ii|iuriitu-iii« lor tir.i)i*r uii cuclHuU' i in
llicni art* iiiuny infi ri^)iiont in ilu-oUl C'aluL tliuiJcUr, wliikliol'llu iiil'vlvt't tUiniic
llitf niili<|iiil)r of rbc pi
UlC l)U;{lUi)l III ill
Siiiiictirm* iluy ntv (i\
or ninrblc. I*..uli l>n)^iiin <iiiiiaiii« ilitcr r<MMit>, ilu- lliil lor ilriliin,; iiixl iiiiilnlt
.It ■■
Mil
lom
iiatc,
inii 1
«'ilni» iiHiiitrii'« are wiiiiiU'rCiiII)' Will i-itiirtructfd.
)t'Mu'r ciri'titar, ImiIIi oI' wliitf wi'll|ii>|iitK'i| itDiur
m| i ihtf rci'<>iii| iiiniiiii<i lli>- wiilfr, iiiiil ili>> iliir<l lli>- li.tlli i nil t>| llit-in pawtl
Willi hl.ti k uiul whiv inarliii-. lli<- ii|ii'ttiiioii nl iIh* Imili i« wrv cuiiiiti>, but
wliiiMomf I tliuu>;li ti> lIuMc imi iiitiilloiiitil lo ii, it i« |)i«infiil. Iiiv wiiili r niht
the piilicnl with gri'.il vigour, iIumi |iniitlU"> situl lti< tilu-^ liii linilxi u« it lio w.t«
ililliuntiiig t'vcry bmic in tlio liody ; nil winch c^^'rviU-t nri-, in tlniiV inm warm
trie*, vrry rivfuliitivc to liriillh, In unblit Imgiiiun, ilu iiiiti liatlif riniii
COUIl
inornini to lour in llio altcrnoon ; wlicn .ill nnli: ntirn l.inii Ik-iii^ roniovcti, ilic
lutlii't luci'ioil, iinl ii|ititi coniit))^ out nl ilio liaili ilitplay ihcir hmll cloallit.
I rnijjhf lurr aiunipl to tlfftrilir ilif rnlli'm I'truglio* or liurum<<, llu' woiticn'«
iiparmicniN . wliicli, trom llio moil ctctlildc act: .niiii, art- tnnlri\.\| tm.nr{|inf{ to
lli>' tnllt' 'Dili (oDwnitMK'v ol tlicowmr, and (tivi(U-d into a ci rtain iuitiil<i'r(>r apart-
nuiiK, wliii'h art' rddoni or lu-v^-r i-nti-rid liy liraiii(fn< i uiid ilu-ic is no luuntry
winrc woinon art- (<> llricllv i^narditl us nitioiifj ilio ^rcnt imn in IVrl
III,
I'oi. let; ] 'lilt' iKiliio III .>liiraiiz, as «i'll as all ov.t I'tMlia, is vory ({ooil. At
I
lull Itl ilii" ^ati'sotilui iiy art- lliul i no|Ki(on \\l.aiov>'r it pcnnilltd i-itlicr tort
»im'
III i>r i^o ojt durin;; tin- ni^;ll^ llu- ki'y» ot tin" dilliriiil i^aics iKiii^ always lint lo
ilif liakiin or Govirnor, ami rtinaminff wiili liiin unil mornin;;. Durin-^ llu*
iii^lit. tlirti- tihias or tininis arc Ikmioii at tliui- ililltrtiit tiiiust the liill at i-i^lit
,,\|.Hk, till' iViond at iiiiif, and the lliird at li:ill pall ti n. Attor tlic third tihia
h.is fi.iiiiil d, all pfrloiis whatfocvfr toiiiul in iht,- llrifis liy tin- Dai.iga, nr jud^c ol"
iIk- |i.iliif. I r by any ot' his |'('"pl«*. nrf inllaiilly laktti up, and (nn.f.rd to a plaic
(il'nintiiiciiKiit, wli't-ri' th«.y un iKiaiiuil until next iiinrniii';. wlnii iluv arciarricd
iKJi'ii' tiic Hakim ; and il ihoy cannot f-ivi- a \v'iy j^tuid attiuiiit ol thcmlt Ives, ore
|.i;iiiili(tl. fitluT b) ihi- b.illiiiaiii). or a liiic.^
Civil UKittirti lire all ditfriniiitil b> llu* Ca/i. and fnIflialHi.;!] oius >p:irtinilar-
|v il;\orcis) by tho MifiiK al Si-llauin. (>r luatl ot' llu' 'ailli, an otl'nf aiilwi rinj; to
[hiittl Mvd'ti inTurkiy. Jullitf isiarritd on in Pi rlia in a viry rmniiiary iiiatii.or ;
lie iVrtiiu'i", whativir il miiv In*. biini{ ahva\s put into i*\i'ciitioii on tlu- fpot.
Iltt't is "iruralU punidiftl \\ iili thi- lots ot' noli" and cars; robbiin^ on tlu' road, by
ri}'|iiiir,'iip ihi- I'l'iK I't il'.' I timiniil, in wliii li litualiiin In- is ispukd upmi a i^ibbi't
ill ir'fi
a I
.. . it the moll public parts ol llu' i itv , and lliiTi- hit umil lu-i-Npirfs in tonnont ;
riadt'iil puniilmu-nt. but il n-ndfrs roblx riis in I'lrlia vi-ry uiKominon.
Manikac I i'Hr« ANt> «''>MM;,RrK ] riif IVrliaiis fipial.it' not ixiL'od all tin:
tiircrs in thf world m lilk, woolU-n, mohair, larpils, and U-ailur. 'Ilieir
I'.MMllt.lC
y iirks in
tlu-f.
V join lam\
lalit
an<
1 iKuaiui". lo rii hiul's, luatiul^, and (1
low,
lliiir «!\inR cmiIh that oi b'.uropi'. Tlu'ir IiImt aii<l );old l.'.i-fs, and ilinadi, au*
ibic lor pnlVrviiiK ihiir lurtrc. Tluir iinhroidi ri.s and htrl'L- ruiiiiturt.- arc
llrd ; n'T an- lluv iKiirrant ot* tlu' pott, ry and wiiulow-'^lafs mamilacturt
;,ilir.ir!il>tc lor prrU'rvniK
im;\;\
Oil il
iVani'.v
. thir hand, tin. iV lari'cntvrs aiv ui.lkiliiil, wliiih is laid to bi- owin;; lo tlu;
V of timber all over IVrlia. 'Iliiii- jowcllcrs and goUll'miths aiv ilumly
.C o
work
nu-ii
?9*
E
A.
i\'orkiiicn ; and they arc ignorant of lock-making, and the manufufture of lookng«
glalles.
llic trndc of the Pcrfians who have little or no (hipping of their own, in carried
on in foreign bottoms. That with tlic Knelilli and other nations, by the gulf of
Ormus nt Gombroon, was the moft caiiifuT thoy had j but perpetual wars have
ruined their commerce. The treat filiL'me of tlie Englilh, ni trading with the
Pcrlians through Rullia, promiiod vaft advantages to both nations, but it has hi-
tlicrto anfwered the expettalions of neither. I'crhaps the court of Petcriburgh la
not fond of fufVering the Englilh to ellablilh themfeivcs upon the Cafpian fea, the
navigation of which is now pollefled by the Ruflians.
CoNSTiTi'TioN AND oovKUNMENT.] Both thcfc are extremely precarious, as
reding in the bread of a dofpot. The Pcrlians, however, had fome fundamental
ruK s of government. 'I'hey excluded from their throne females, but not their
male progeny. Biindnefs likewife was a difqualitication for the royal fuccellion.
In othi.-r refpedls the king's will was a law for the people. 'ITic inUanccs that
have been given of the cruehies and inhumanities pra6lifed by the Mahomedau
kings of Perlia, are almoll iiuredible, cfpecially during the two laft centuries.
'J'he rcafon given to the Chriilian anibatfailors, by Shah Abbas, one of their nioil
celebrated princes, was, that the Perllans were fuch brutes, and fo infenliblc bv
nature, that they could not be governed without the cxercife of exemplary cruel-
lies. But this was only a vvrctchL'd and ill-grounded apology for his own barba-
rity. The favourites of the prince, lemaie as well as male, are his only coui:-
K'llors, and the finallell difobedience to their will is attended with immediate
death. The Perlians have no degrees of nobility. The king has been known to
prefer a younger !'on to his throne, by putting out the eyes of the elder brother.
Rkvenuks.) The king claims one-third of the cattle, corn, and fruits of his
fubjcfcts, and likewife a thud of (ilk and cotton. No rank or condition of Perlians
iti exempted from feverc taxations and forvices. The governors of provinces havu
particular lands alligned to them for maintaining their retinues and troops; and the
crown-lands defray the exp^-nces of the court, king's houlhold, and great officers
of flate. The water that is let into fields and gardens is fubject to a tax, and
foreigners, who are not Mahomedans, pay eacli a ducat a head. The revenues
of Peilia are therelbrc very great, but have never been afcertained with any tole-
ndile accuracy.
Military strength.] This conliftod formerly of cavalry, which, in its pre-
fent (late, is thought to exceed that o*" the Turks. Since the beginning of this
century, however, their kings liave rai(e<l bodies of infantry. The regular troops
of bbth brought to the field, even under Kouli Khan, did not exceed 60,000 ;
but, according to the modern hiftorics of Perfia, they are cafily recruited in cafe
of a deteat. I'hc Perfians have few fortified towns ; nor had they any lliips of
war until Kouli Khan built a royal navy ; but fince his death wc hear no more of
their fleet.
Arms AND Ti TLF.s,] The arms of the Perfian monarch are a lion couchant look-
iii'^j ;it the rilinj; fun. His title is vShah, or the Difpofer of Kin^ Joins. Shah or Khan,
and .Sultan, which he alfumes likewife, are Tartar titles. 'I'o afis of (late the Per-
(i.in mnnarch does not fubfcribe his name, but the giant runs in this manner. This
(iN is ^hcii i'v him ivlwm the iiiiivetfc ohcss.
History.] 'I'he Perlian empire fuececded tlie Allyrian or Babylonian ; Cyrus
laid its foundation about 556 years before Chrift ; and relfored the Ifraeiites, who
had been captives at Babylon, to liberty. The fird dynalty ended in the pirfon of
Darius, who was con(]ueri'd by Alexander ^zij year-> belore Chrill. Aluxuiidii's
empire was divided among liis generals, whole delceiidants in Ids than tlirei' nii-
turiis
R
?«i
tiUKS wcr^' conqiicrc'l by llu* Rduwhs. TIkTo lafl:, howi'vir, iicvrr t'lilly fulnl'iiM
iVrliii, ami tin- nativis hud ini'iii's of thrir own, tVoin Arfai
( .«i
.1 All'.
ulioniorc than oncodi-ffiitca tlu'* Kduiaii K'^^ioni, 1 Ik; Ciu-riMlnrsor tliolV prim cm
fiivivi'd the Uomiiii I'mpiie illVil"; hut \\\u: luljdiicd l)y llu' fnninii. 'I aukrliino,
wliolc polk-rity wcro fupiilniiti'd hy a iluilnf of law, ("lu-ki Adir, llio niucdor of
til'-' Soli or Sophi family, ami who prciemlcd lo he dclccmh-d from MaliniiK't liiiii
K'lf. His fiicirflors, named Sopliis, ihoujjli forni' of tlicm wcii; valiant and
politic, and ndarjui'd the cini)iiv, rendered tiundVlves odious by th^-ir tnili tv ',
I'morance and indolence, whieli bronoht IIumu into fuel) difrepvito with their
fubjccts, barbarous as tiiey were, thai ilafl'ein, a prinre of the Sefi race, who
f.ieeeeded in i6(;4, was ntunlered by Mahniiid, Ton and fnceelibr to the I'amoni
Miriweis; ns Mabmiul himfelf was by Mlref, one of his general otlicer*. whoufurp-
1(1 the throne. I'rince 'i'ahmas, tiie reprefentativo of the Seli family, had eftaped
from the rebels, and alVemblinj^ an army. look, into his Icrvice Nadir Shall, who
.feateil and killed I'.fref, ami re-ann'.'\ed to tlu IVilian monarchy all the pl;ice'i
lifinembered fron it bv llu- 'I'm-ks a.i.l Tiinars dm in"; their late rebellion
At lalf
tl
le name o
f Tal
nn<ii
llie feeret ambition ot Nadir bloke out. and alter alfmiiiiif:
Kouli Ivhan, and pretemlin'; that his iVrviees were not fnfficlentiy rewarded, he re-
belled againll his fovereij^n, made him a prifoner, and, it is fuppofed, put iiim
1(1 (leatli.
'I lii;. ufurper at'terwards mounted tlie tlniMie, under the title of .Shah \adir,
I lis expeditiim into Indiillaii, and tlie ama/.in;; booty he made there, have been men-
lionetl in the deferiptinn of thai country, lie nest conquered Ulbec Tartary ;
but was not fo fuceefsfid a/^ainll the Ua,.;hell.in 'I'ariars, whole country is almolii
iiiaccellible. lie beat the I'mk-. in leveral en,';.i;,'e;nenls, but was unable to take
r)i;;;dad. The (j;reat principle of his govt-nimeiii wa-i to lliikc terror into all h
IS
l;il),i
:1s by the moll iruel executions, llis conduct bectune fo into
erable
that
it was thoui'ht his brain was touched; and he was alVallinated in his own tent
is ihief otlicers ai
i<l h
ivlaiioiis, in tlie vear i 7.1
47-
M;
ny preteiidors upun
liiMlcath, i'.arted up ■,■.\,\^\ the ccni'ulion which prevailed ilirou.di the wliole co.mtry
from the deaili of Nadir, until the fettlenunt of kerim klian, prevente.l all at-
tempts of literature, aits, and fciences. Duii:i^; this interval, the wiiole eiiipire
of iVrlia was in arir.s -, dilVerent jjariics in dilierent provinces of tlie kingdom
llru^^^qling for power, and e.K-h eideav I'lrin;; to reiub-r himfelf ir.depe.ulent, tor-
\\:\\> of blood v.ere ihed, aiul tiie moll lliockin.' crimes were commiltetl. 'I'lic
\Mll>
lace 111
th
COllilli'V.
Iron (ion'ovoo.i to Ruilia, prefents to tl
)-• view tlion-
th
f;
\iuis ot imiances o
f tlie niiferv ar.d di. v;.liali <ii vvl.ivh v.eiv occalioned bv thcf.:
tommotums.
l'"rom tlie act
Its we have lie
■n I'.b'e to
thn
>f Perlia, from the d-.aili of Nadir .Sh:
.1, til'- feries of ])ret:Mul"!s to tl
ii 11
riui ishan'
/.iliui \\ .IS
s irovernimiii wa. no
,is tb.iM r.ine,
tae 11
,1
•tlabliiliment of Ko-
nii.arMii'.'; liiijUe
J>.eriiii
Rl
lan
avouri'ic I
ilii;crof .\r.(:ii Shiih, ai.d ;it ll.e lime of his dv ail
1 was la
♦ Tlu'in l.TV.csnf >v;i;'rni', inidl; , nid (hr ir'-it
fi\;i';r b.irlnir.t) , a\oriitil '•( fn;' e "f tlii? kiii.'.s ol
1'. rfi!i, ;'.!<■ 'li(i.:klnn to hviiiiaiiil' , aii.l a ltri-.i.i;_^
(M iiliiui' ot thi- ihI.ii')! its 111 ciili iiieil liy itiijiotii
10, 111-. S ah Abba'., I'luiiai uil tlic (iavt. Ii.iviiij;
t :U'e Ions, caiiiVcl tlic laps oI tlie twi> ycr.njitll
t.i be jHit out, ami ;;l!fr«T.r.l-. jnit ilif lUUll to
di.ith. lie «:is I'lieiirdc!! ny his j-raiull'iii, wlio
l.Hiviii 111-. i':i:.;:i li\ i|i|)rivi!n I'is oi.ly lu'Diliirdt
1,! r\is. Ill- .lil'i) 1 lU Ill-Ul .1 rn( li W.> two lliuiis,
»ii() liail before bmi b.inieJ by order ot SIuili
AM'.'.'. T!;- '.•ifl.-'nre'; nf Iiis erve!ty wirr ■nini.
i:ur;;Mr ; l.f I \iri'.t.l ;iiivc I'ovly.tur.r H-nin;';i ot his
If.rani, tlii.i:;.; ', wlu-n b'-' \vai not li'.intiii,;, or over
liK er.ps, \:r iili-.l ! i i a'.'s l.ii time iviili tliuu.
iMiii:-, or ;•■.!'!, iini', ■.vlio af^eiuleil t'.'c llitniio of
Keifia i-i flid:, aivl ua. a brutal tyrant, \v\\r:\ be
\v,.H iiitox'eatvil eitl.cr \vi;l\ wiiu- or aii;;er. oltiu
ordered 'be ImmIs, feet, larf, and note, oi ttiol'j
iii-.ir idiii Id >-.c cut olK, their con to be j-Uiusi.l
out, or (litir il.ej to be iaCiilitid, as it it were It'i
|>..iiiiiie.
; I the
794
B I
Ihe foiithern provinces. Shirnuz and other places had declared for him. He
loiind means, at laft, after various encounters with doubtful fiicrWi, completely
to fubduti his rivals, and finally to cftablilh himfclf nj ruler of all Porfia. He
continued in power about thirty years, the latter part of which he governed Perfia
under the appellation of Vakeel, or regent ; for he never would receive the title of
bhah. He made Shirauz the chief city of his relidence, in gratitude for the aflTjfl-
ance he had received from its inh.ibitants. He died in the year i 779, in the eigh-
tieth year of his age, regretted b); all his fubjecls. His diaraCler is moft duferv-
cdly celebrated for the public buildings which he erected, imd the excellent po-
lice which he maintained, fo that during his whole reign tliere was not in Shirauz
a lingle riot produfiive of bloodlhed ; belidcs thefe merits, his averfion to fevere pu-
nilhments, liii, liberality and kindncfs to the poor, his partiality for Kuropcans, and
Iiis encoura-jement of trade, together with his great military abilities and per-
fonal courage, rendered him not only beloved by his own tubjeifs, but greatly re-
fpecled by toreign powers.
From the death of Kerim Khan to the prcfent time, a variety of competitors
have been delirous of filling the throne of Perfia. Of thefe we Ihall only mention
the two principal. Akau Mahomet Khan keeps polTeflion of the provinces of Ma-
zanderan and Ghilan, as well as the cities ofifpahan, Hamadan, and Tauris, where
lie is acknowledged as fovereign. Jaafar Khan has pollellion of the tity of Shirauz
and the provinces of Beaboon and Shufter : he alfo receives an annual prefent froni
the provmce of Carmania, and another from the city of Yezd ; Abu hlhehr and
Lar alfo fend him tribute.
Jaafar Khan is a middle-aged man, very corpulent, and has a cad in his right
eye : he is very irild in iiis difpofition, and jud in his government. In Shirauz he
keeps up a moft excellent police. He is very kind and obliging to llrangers in
general, and to the Englilh m particular. Of the two competitors who at prefent
contend for the government of Periia, he is the moft likely, in cafe of fuccefs-
againft his opponent, to reftore the country to a peaceful and liappy flatc ; but it
will require a long fpacc of time to recover it from the calamities into which the
ditferent revolutions have brought it : — a country, if an Oriental metaphor may be
allowed, once blooming as the garden of Kden, fair and Hourilhing to the eye;
now, fad reverfe ! defpoiled and ieallefs by the cruel ravages of war, and defolating
contenticm.
Intelligence was received at Conftantinople in December 1793, that Jaaffar
Khan had been dethroned by his brother, Mahomed Khan, who entered into the
polfeflion of his dominions This new Perfian ufurpcr is now threatening the Turk-
ilh dominions with a powerful invufion.
ARABIA.
Situation and Extent.
Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles.
Length 1430 1 !,„,,„-„„ 5 ■?5 and 60 eaft longitude. )
Breadth liooi ^'^'"'"" 1 12 and 30 north ladtude. } ^oo.ooo.
Boundaries.
1 "DOUNDED by Turkey on the North ; by the gulfs of Perfia
■■' X^ "■■ BalTora, and Ormus, which feparate it from Periia, on
the Eaft ; by the Indian Ocean, South ; and the Red Sea, which divides it from
Africa, on the Welt.
Divifions.
R
B I
A.
7«5
m
Divifioni. Subdivifions.
1. Arabia Pctraia, N. J — — — —
r '''^SS'"^ °^ Mecca •
2. Arabia Dcft-rta, la thcj ^
middle, '
Tehama
Mocha
3. Arabia Felix, S. E.
Hadramut
Calleeii
Segur
Oman or Mufcat
Jnmnina
L Buhara
Chief Town*.
!f Suez, K. Ion. ^^-zy,
I N, lat. 2 9-50.
'Mecca, K. Ion. 43-jo.
N. lat. 11-10.
Sidcn
Medina
LDhafar
Mocha, E. Ion. 44-4.
N. lat. ia-4C.
Sibit ^
Madramut
Caflcen
Segur
Mufcat
Jamama
Elealf
Name.] It is remarkable that this country has always prcftirved its ancient
name. The word /Irai lig;nifies a robber. The word Saracen, by which one t :ibe
is culled, is faid to fignitV both a thief and an inhabitant of the defcrt. Thcfe
names j lilt ly belong to the Arabians, for they feldom let any merchandife pafs un«
diiiiinilhed'throui^h their country.
Mountains.] The mountains of Sinai and Horcb, lying in Arabia Petrsa,
call of the Ked-lea, and thofe called Gabel el Arcd, in Arabia Felix, are the moft
noti'd.
KivERs, SEAS, 1' IKS, AND CAPES.] There are few fountains, fprings, or
rivers in this country, ixc-pt the Kuphratrs, which waflies the north-ea(l limits*
ofir. It is almoft furroiindcd with foas ; as the Indian-Ocean, the Red-Sea, the
nulfs of 1\ ilia and Orauis. The chief capes or promontories are thofe of Rofalgato
■.['.•A Miidedon.
Ci.iMAiK, AIR, SOIL, AND PRooicF..] As a confulerablc part of this couiitry
liis under the 'I'orrid Zone, niid the Tropic of Caiuer paiVes over Arabia I'Vlix,
tlie air is excellively dry and fultry, and the country is fuojedl to hot, noxious, and
(li a(iiv winds, like thofe on the oppofite fliores of IVifia. The foil, in fomc parts,
ix iioliiin.i; iiioie than iniinenfc fands, which, when agitated by the winds, roll like
the troiihied oecan, and foinetimes lonn mountains by which whole caravans have
Ikvii Inirird or loll. In thcfe deferts, the caravans, having no tracks, arc guided,
;is at fea, by a compafs, or by the ftars, for they travel chielly in tlie niglit. Here,
lavs Dr. Shaw, are no jiaftures clothed with Hocks, nor vallies Handing thick witli
e'irii ; liere are \\i> vineyards or oiive-vards: but the whole is a lonefome defolate
wiliUinels, IK) utlierways diverfified than by plains covered with land, and iiioun-
i.Mis tliat are made up of naked rocks and precipices. Neither is this coiintry
ever, unlets foinetiiiics at the equinoxes, refrclhed with rain ; and the intenfeners
<■: the cold in the night is almoll equal to that of the heat in the day-time. Hut
I'.e riiuiliern part <jf Arabia, defervcdiy called the Happy, is blefled with an oxcel-
1. Ill I'liil, aiui, in general, is very fertile. There tlie cultivated lands, wli ch are
uiielly about the towns near the lea-coatt, produce balm of (» dead, manna, myrili,
lallia. aloes, tVanUinceiife, Ipikenard, and other valuable gums; cinnamon, pe|)per,
liiulaiiuai, uuin^.-,, lemons, pomegranates, tigs, and other fruits; honey a.id w;i\
5 1 -i wi
7«6 ARABIA.
ill plenty, witti a fmall nuantity of com and wine. Tliis country is fiimous for it*
coll'ci' and its daUi. 'Ihirc aio tow irt'ts lit tor timber in Arabia, and liitlc wtioj
ot any kind.
Animals] 'I'lie m(>rt ufol'id animals in Arabia arc camels and (iromodarios; ani.
jnais>ri»tornieil, tliat tln-y can throw nij tlu'liiiuor troni tiii'ir lloniath into lluir throat,
by which means tluy can trmi ilu' piuxlKd <U'tlTts (i\(>r eight days without vvaler.
'I he caiiulH nl'naliy carry tiooib. weinjht upon their i)aelts, wliicli is not taken off
<luiinf; the will '!e journey,' for they natnially kneel down to red, and in due tiiiu!
rile with tin ir luad. 'I he droMiejary ij a fuiali camel with two bunches on ii>
l)aek, ai.d reiiiaiUably fwil'r. It is a;i nhftrvation anion,;; the Arabs, that wlurevir
llure aie trees, iln; waler is \\n\ \:>r oil ; and when they draw near a pool, iheir
laniels will i'w' '.. u at a dittaiue. and fet up their ^;reat trot tiil they come to it. 'ihc
Araiiian horfes are well l.nown m luirope, and have contributed to inii)rove ihr
lined ul'tlie l''.iii;liih. ili.y an- o.ilv lir tor the Caddie, and arc admired for their
make as inueh as ( <\ their fwitiiuf. and hii;h mettle. 'Hie lineft breed is in llu-
kiiij^doni iif.Sim.iaa, in wliicli Mo^lia i„ liiuateil.
Imi Ani r AN IS, manxkrs, i 'I he Aral>ians, like mod nations of Ada, arc of a
cfsroMS, AND Diuiss. jiiiiddic Ihiture, thin, of a I'warthy conii)le\ion, wiiii
black hair and black e)es. They are fwit't of foot, excellent horfemen, expert at the
b>iw and lance, and, linee they bteaine accpiainled with fire-arms, good markfinen.
'I he inhabitants of tlie inland country have in all aj^es lived in tents, and removi'd
Jrom place to place with their llocks and herds.
'i he Arabians in fjeiural are I'uch thieves, that travellers and pilgrims arc llruck
with terror on ajiproachin^ ilie delert. 'I hole robbers, headed by a captain, tra-
\\\(l' the country in conliderable troops on horfeback, to all'ault and plunder tlii:
laraSfins ; and we are told, that fo late as tlie _\ear 1730, a body of 50,000 Ara-
bians attacked a caravan of merchants and |)iljrrims returning from Mecca, killed
about 6o,ooo perfons, and plundered it ot every thing valuable, though efeorted
by a 'I'urkilh army. On the fea-co.ilt their piracies are well known, for they mak.'
prize of every veiVel lliey can nialter, ut whatever nation, unlcfs they receive a
fublidy cither in money or commodities.
I he habit of tlie roving Arabs is a kind of blue fliirt, tied about them with a
white fall) or girdle ; and fome of thini ha\e a veil of furs or lheej)l'kins over it ;
they alio wear drauers, and foinetimes lli|)pers, bat no llockings; and have a cap
(T turban (Miiliiir luad. Man\ ot the:ngo alnioli naked ; but the women, as in eall-
cin countries, are fo wrapjied up. that nothing lan be difccriicd but their eves.
Like other Mahometans, the .Xi.ibs lat all manner of llelli, except that of lums ;
and prefer ll;e iielh of c.inieK, as we ])reler venifon, to otlur meat. Thev take cure
to diain tlie blood Ironi tlu- llelli, as the Jews do, and, like them, refufe fuch lillias
h.ive no feales. C'ollee and te.i, water, and iherbet made of oranges, water, and
fiigar. i-, ih.'ir uKial drink : the) have no lirong li<pio!s.
Ui I, K.iiiv " .\lan\ of the wild Arabs are Hill I'agans, but tlie peo|)le in general
protein .M.ihonietanifin , of whit h the reader will liiid an account in the followiii'
llilio.)
l,KAi!MS« Axr> i.Asr.i Ar,K.] Though the Arabians in former a!;es were I'.i-
mous for thv'ir learning ;!nd Ikill in the liberal arts, there is fearcely iuountry at pn-
liiit wiure the jieople aie lo univerfally ignorant. The vulgar language ufedinilu:
tui'ee .\ralii-s is ihe ,\rabilk, or corrupt Ara'oian, which is likewife fpoken, with
fiine \.trialion of dialect, o\er gieat part of tlie I'.aft, trom I'.gypi to the court ot'ilio
(.real Mogul. The |)ure old grammatical Arabic, which is laid to be a dialect nt'
ihe li-brcw, and by tlie people of the I'.all accounted the lichell. moll energetic ami
o CdPiuiu
for it»
: wood
,'«•, uiiU
thto'.it,
; wiiUT.
ken off
Lie tiim;
s on \\s
iKK'Vcr
1)1, ihoir
it. ■II..'
•OVO ill'
for tlu'ir
s ill tlK~
, arc of ii
ion, with
crt ;\t tin-
arkfiiicii.
rcmovi'd
\xc lliiick
ptaiii, tra-
judcr llu'
,000 Ara-
ca, killi.'d
\ ufcorti.',!
tlicy mak'.:
■ receive a
:m with a
over il -,
ave a cap
IS in I. ali-
leir e\is.
of Ih>j;s ;
take cure
"ueh fillias
aler, ami
in giMK'ial
foiiowiiii;
.'s were la-
ntry at ini'-
ul'ed ill il'..'
loken, wiili
eoiirt (it ilio
a diak'Ci u\
K'i;.;etic and
eii;i','.i';i
B I
A.
m
eoiiiotis!nngun;»c in tlic world, is taught in tiieii fi hools, ii$ Greek and I.atin is nmong
I'.uropeans, and ufed by Mahometans in tluir worlhii) ; for as the Koran w as writ-
ten in this language, they will not fiitVerit to be read in any other: tliey h)ok upon
il l<i have been the l;',nqua;;e of I'aradife, and tliii k no man can be mailer i f it
wiilionta miracle, as eoniilting of feveial millions ofwuids. '1 he books which
tieat of it, lay they have no fewer than a thoufaiid terms to exiuefs the word
i(i)»('/, imd five bundled for that of /ion.
In the temple of Mecca, or fufpended on its walls and gates, are fevcn Arabian
poems, calli'd llie Mon/aiiif, a line fpecimen of Oriental pcilry, iis to the dra-
matic palh>ial, which has l)een lately tranllated into Kriflidi by lir \\ illiam Jones,
'ilie following Ihmzas of one of the poems are t.Mif ribed, as they ferve to gratify
)i;i rary curiolity, and alio difplay a lively and eiiteilaiiiiii^ view of llie Aiabii.u
cullonls and modes of living :
i. " Dcfolate are the manlions of the fair, the flations in Minia, where they
relied, and tbofe where tliev llxed their abodis I Wild are the hills vi' Goul,
lo.
1 1
i:
and deferled is the fummil of Uijaa
iin.
■i. The canabs ot Rayaan are dellroyed : the remains of ihem are laid bare, and
fmoothed by the Hoods, like characters engraved on the folitl rocks.
•}. Dear ruins I manv a vear has been clofed, many a month, hoi
V and unliallow
ed, has elapfed fince I exchanged teiulef vows with the fair iuliabiiants
'I he rainy conliellations of fprini; have made iln-ir hills green and luxuriant:
riie drops from the thimder-clouds have drenched iheni wiili profule as well
as with tjent
loll
lowers :
IV-
5. .Showers from every nightly cloud, from every cloud veiling th«' hori:<on at d;
break, and fromc\ery ivening cloud. nTixnilivf withhoaile murmurs.
(., Here tlie wild eringo plants raife their iieiid ; lun- die antelopes bring forth
their yomig by the lidesot the valiey ; and Ik le the otiriehes drop their egt*-).
7. Tlie large-eyed wild cows lie fuckling tlieir young a few days old: their
voimg, who will foon become a herd on the plain
8. 'I'he torrents have cleiired the rubbilh, and difclofrd tlie traces of habitations,
;,s the reeds of a w riler reilore ellaced letters in ii l;ook :
<i. Or as the black dull, fprinkled over the v.iried marks on a fair hand, brings
to view, witit a brighter tint, the blue llains of woad.
I llood alkiiig news of the ruins concerniiv' their lovelv habitants; but what
;i\ai
I mv (iiuliions lo die:ir\ roiks, who ar.fwer them onlv bv their ec
!io >
\'.\ the plains, whiih now aieii;d.ed, a populous city ome ilwelled: but tlicv
deiam|)eil at i-;irly dawn, and nothing of iliem remains but the camels which
eiiiiiclcd their tents, and the l lir.;iia,un-plar,ts, \yitli wliich ll'cy were re-
p:,Ur(
How
V. i.t. n
re thv tcrder ;itreetioiis rriifed, when th." danifels of ilie tribe iK parted ;
tlies hi.l llu uifeKes in lania-
lit I'Olioll,
lik
e aiitelo
in
th
eir lair :
■|1
(1 tin' teni:., ;:v lhe> \\ * re llruck, ga\e a piercing founl
lev Were coiutaleil in vehicles, who
)fe lid
es were wml covereO
1 wit!
1 awn-
ings and carpets, wiili liiie-fpuu curtains, and pii^ured veils.
I..-. A. eompanv of maidens wvw leah d in tlieni, wiili black-c)es, and ijr.nceful
'tlO
ns, like the wild heifers of Tuda, or the roes of S\ e
:ei;i, lenderlv
[a/ing on their \oun
1;. ll'.'V haliened llieir cjianN. lill iIk' rultiy vapour gradiuilly llo!t them iVoiu
lliv liidit ; and tliev feeni
•<l h
I |)al < turoii
:i \iile
loigh witii large ftor.e, like tlie valky ut iiiijlui-
wild with tamaiiiks, luul
TU:
79« ARABIA.
The Patpr-noftcr in the Arabic \* as follow*; /Ibuna tlladlii fi-flnmwitf ; ifiltariilfn
tfmJe I tnii mnlacMlac ; laoiiri mufihiatic, rnma Ji-j]'iima ; ktilhaUt aln litrdh aatnif^ ,hnh-
ztna ktfiitHti iijum beiaum ; tvii^for Itrnt Jaiiiil>eNa, wachalaina, camn nnji/ur tiui/iiia Umen
aea tloina \ xvald tajjlhchaliiajihajarib j lakiH meijina me Hnefihtriy. AnKMi.
CliJEF ciTiRS, ciTRiosiTiC!!,) Wliat is ciilkcl the Dcfcrt of Sinai, is a hcau.
AM) AR ri. 5 tiful plain near nine miK-H long, and ahovc tlirci-
in breadth : it licH op<.Mi to the north-call, but to the fotithward is cloll-d hy i^m\^i
of the lower cniini-nci's of Mount Sinai i and other |)arts of that niountiiin make
fnch encroachniiMits upon tlie plain as to divide it into two purtb, each fuliiuuiitiy
ciipnciouH to receive tlie wlioie camp of the Ifraciites.
Vroin Mount Sinai may be feen Mount Iloreb, where Mufch kept the flocks of
Jptliro, Ills fallier-in-law, when he faw tlie burning bulh. On liiofe utountains,
nre many chapeU and ceils, polVeired l>y the Clreek and Latin moiks, who, li^e the
religious of .lerufalem, pretend to lliew the very fpot where every miracle or tianf-
attion recorded in fcriplure Imppened. The chief cities in Arabia are Moeli.i,
Aden, Mufchat, Suez, and Jiddah or (ledda.
Mocha is well built, tho lioulVs lofty, and forts covered with a chinani or flmca
tliat give a dazzling wliilenefs to them. The harbour is femicircular, the circuit
of the wall is two n\iles, and tin re an; feveral handfonu: mofoues in the citv. Sue;^,
the Ailiiioe of the ancients, is furiounded by the dcl'ert, ami but a mean iil-l>uilt
!»lace. The (hips are forced to anchor a league from the town, to which die
lading channel has only about nine feet water. Jiddah is the place of the great-
tlt tr:ule in the Ued Sea. for there the commerce between Arabia and Kuroi)^
meets and is interchanged, the former fending her gums, drugs, colFce, &e. and
fiom Europe come cloths, iron, furs, and other articles, by the way of Cairo. Thi!
revenues of thcfe, with the jjroliis of the port, are Ihared by the grand-fignior and
the xeriffof Mecca, to whom juintiy this place belongs.
Mecca, the capital of all /\ial)ia, and Medina, deiervc particular notice. At
Mi'ccn, the birth-place of .Mahomed, is the moil magnificent inofcpie or temple in
the Turkilli dominions : its lofty roof, raifed in fafliion of a dome, and covered with
j^o!d, willi twj> beautiful towers at the end, are confpicuous at a great dirtunce.
The nKifque hath a hundred gales, with a window over each ; and the wliojc
l)niiding within is clicoraled with gilding.s and tapellry. The nunil)er of pilgrims
wlio yearly vidt this place is |)r<uligious, becanfe every good mulhiiman ouglit to
»-on)e hither oner in his life-tinn', or feiul a deputy. At Medina, about fifty miles
from the Red Sea, the city to which Mahomed tied w hen he was driven out of
Aletia, and the place wliere he was buried, is a llateiy inoOjiie, fuppnrted hv
.yjo [)il!ars, and furnilhed with 300 /ilver lamps, which arc contiiuiaily hurniiv'.
It i.s called tlic M.Jl H-.ly by thr i'lirks, be( aiife in it is placed tlie coliin of tlair
prop'.icl MaliMiiieil, covered with cloth of gold, under a canopy of hlver liHin.-,
wliich the balliaw of I'.gvpt, by order of the giand-lignior, renews every year. I jiu
I ainel w liieh carries it, (Uriv> s a I'oit of fani'tity (mm tliis offiei , and is never to d-.-
iiiud in any driid;.;ery aliei wards, (J\er tiic foot uf llie coflia is a ricii giddru
crefceiit, lurioully nmou^Iii, anil ;.d'.irned wi;h preciu.i.-. llic.^s. 'Ihitlier tlie pil-
_t,iiius I' flirt, as lu Aieica, but not in i"iich numbers.
(jov j.H sM).;. r. { 'llic inland country of Arabia is uml. r the government uf
iii;!;i) pelt, pr.u' I '.. wiio are fi;. ieii xi rills i>r imans, iiiiludiuL; the ^.iLees ot kii:'
and prieli. in the fame ir;aniier as liie calits of the Saraieus, the fui.1.1 li(,r.s of .Ma-
lionied. 'I hele inonarclis are uLljIine, hoth in fpiritual.s and leiiip.irals ; i! e
iuixeilioii is hereditary, and th.ey have no other laws tliaii lliofe lound in the Koian,
yini llie comiiicnls upon it, 'ihc nujthern Arabs owe fubjetlion to the 'lurks, ami
arc
B
I
709
ihnli-
Uciiu-
Uiroi-
lUiikc
;iciitly
tckti of
ut.iins,
ilcc tl\e
r Uiiiil-
MiK'lia,
r lliii'co
; circuit
u Suez,
ill-hiiilt
hiili ihc
AC grcat-
i b'.uri)i)o
Sic. uiiil
ro. "nu"
jnior and
ticc. At
icnililc ill
iTcd with
diftiiiKi".
he wliolc
f piimiiiis
ouj;ht to
[fifty ni'ilts
Vn out of
[pur ted \>y
hurnin;,'.
in lit tlK.r
Ivcr lillui.',
,i'ar. Hk-
(ever to ii'-'
,1» [^ulJl'U
i-r tiic inl-
Irnmcnt ol
]b otkii-.^;
!,:>, ol NUi-
inals; lie
|V.c kotaii,
Jiirk.!., ami
arc
(Jl^-. ailW 4lll»>'«tli«. *l\tv.viivi*, VI ll\llll ■lllllll»vi,if| >iii\F|v k>\/|IVIIl^ Ik >T(IJ|ir|l,l1l|l||
hat they Ihoulil l)e invineible, " have tlieir hand afjainli every man, and every
iHin's hand againil theirs." 'I hey are at nrcfent, and liaw n nniincd iVom llie rc-
iire gorrmfd hv linlliaws rcl'ding nmong thrm i vet rct'civc Inrgp prafuitics fronn
the prand-li^nior tor protii'tiiij; the jjilf^rinu tfiat pals ihrou^h their coinitry,
'I he Aiahians have no (hnuhnj; regular militia, hut llieir kiiii;s (ir.nniiiud h th the
i)riro!is and tl»e innfes of iheir fnhjefts, as the neeellily of alf.iirs ri'i|uirr.
I Ik I otiy] I lu- hiliury of this (oinitry in fonie nieafnrc dill'.rs from that of
al! oiliers; for as the llavery and fuhji-flion of otiier nations make a j{reat purt of
tlicii hilhtry. th it of the Arahs in entirely compofed of their cuiupiells or iiidepen-
il nie. 'Ihe Arahs are defcended from Khmael, of wliole pollerily it was foretold,
tha
ma
nvjlcii; ages, diirini; the various eomiuells of the Oreiks, Romans, and I'artars. a eon-
\iiitinf? proof of the divinity of this pn ih^rtion. Toward the north, and the fea-
(oalls ot Arahia, the inhahitants are, .lulei d, kept in awe hy the TiirkN ; but the
^vandorinj; tribes ii\ the foiithern and inland uarts acknowledge themfelves fiih-
u\ts of no tifreign power, and do not fail to liarrafs and annoy all Itran^'ers who
iiiine into their country. 'Ihe coni[uells ot the Aral)* make as woiiderlul a parr
utiUir liiihiiy, a-, the independence and iVeedom which th^-; liavc ever cumiaiird
ti) eni'iv. 'I'hefe, as well as their religion, bei^an with one n>an, whole charatt< r
t'.'rnis a very fingnlar phenomenon in the hillory of mankind. This was tiie fn-
nums Mahomed, a native of Mecca, a city of that divilion of Arabia, uhich, for
\\x hixuriancy of it- foil, and mild temperature of its climate, has ever lieen el-
tamed the loveliell .nd fweetelt region of the world, and is diltinguiliied by the
fpithet of Happy.
Mahomed w us born in the year 569, in the reign of Juilinian II. einperor ojT
Cotilhmtinople. Though defcemledof mean parentage, illiterate and poor, lie was
endow, d with a fubtilc genius, like thofe of the fame countrv, and puii'elll-d a de-
irrtT of enterprize and ambition pfculiar to hiinfelf, and much beyond his condi-
tiim. lie had been employed, in the early part of his life, by an uncle, Abutclcb,
ir, and had occalion, in this capacity, to travel into Syria, I'alell
fador.
th
.■llinc, and
l.'r\|)t. He was afterwards taken into the fervice ot a rich merchant, upon whofa
4"iih he married his widow, Cadiga, and by her means came to be polVellcd of great
wtaltli iiid of a numerous family. During his peregrinations into I'.gypt and the
tall, I.. I>ad obfeived the vaft variety ol fects in religion, whole hatred againlt
mil oil- . was Urong and inveterate, while at the fame lime there were many par-
titulars in which the greater part of them ai^rced. He carefully laid hold ot tnefe
uariiiuhirs, by means of which, and by addrelling himfelf to the love of power,
luhis, and plealure, paiVions univerfal among men, he expected to raife a new fyf-
um of religion, more general than any which had hitherto been ellahlilhed. In
thistlofign he was alhfted by a Siirgian monk, whole libertine difpolitionhad made
Mmforiake his doiller and profellion, and engage in the fervice of Cadiga, with
whom he remained as a domeftic when Mahomed was taken to her bed. 'l his
ii.unk was perfettly qualified, by his great learning, for fupplying the defetls whiclr
ti» mailer, for want of a liberal education, laboured under, and which might other-
wife have proved fatal to his deiign. It was necelVary, however, that the religion
ihey purpofed to ellablilh Ihould nave a divine fanttion, and for this jjurpofe Mu-
huiiid tamed a calamity, with which he was altiitled, to his advantage. He was
I'lttii fubjcct to tits of the epilepfy, a difeafe which thofe whom it atlhch are de-
Uous to conceal ; Mahomed gave out, therefore, that thefc tits were trances, into
wl.iih he was miraculoully thr«>wn by God Almighty, during which he was in-
I'liudal in his will. By this Grange llury, and by leading a retired, abl'temious,
4I11I aulUre life, he ealily acquired a character for fuperior fanctity among his ac-
i[tLiiitain.e and neighbours. When he thought himfelf fulScieutly fortified by the
tt nuiur^
809
n
n
A.
nuinlKT* ;iii.I llu- vntliiiliafin ol" ln> t'o'l.iwi r*. lu- Imldly ilofliiri-il hiiiifi'lf a |>ro|)I .r.
iVii' ly (ioi liitu the w.iikl, II )t only to t.-acli liin will, but to tunipol niaiikiiiil i.i
((bi'v It.
,\<. wo liav>' alriiulv imMitioiuil, Ik* did not lay tin* fo'iiulation lA' lii«. l\lli'in fi
iiariKW HiKiily to c.Miii)ti.In.'iul iIk- i;;itiw.% it Iii*nwii romitiy. Hi, iiiiml, I'mi, i!i
Ic ami I'lilliiilialHi . was L'iil.ii;;ivl 1)) fravi-lliiij; into diliant la ult, uluifi- ({chi'ii.
nil
iiiid inamuTi la.' had iiiad'' a |) i di.ir Ihidy. IW propolVil iliat liis rilijjiun tlio.jd
I \liMul oMT all tlic iU"ij;ld)ouiiii^ nation*, to wlmfi' dncliiiK-s iiiul picjiuliiv-, ||j.
Iiad laki'ii laiv to iidi|it it. Many of* tin.* inliahitants of ilu- l';alUra cuiinirii ,
WiTi' at i\tU linu- nuuli addiJcii t > tlic o|>iiiioiis ot' .\iius, w lo doni^'d tliat Ji'fi,
Clirill \Mi • I I r(|iial wit!) (Ii'd llu' I'ailuT, as ii doi larcd in in*. Atlianalian civul,
l';;;viit and Aralii.i wcm" lilli d wilh Jews., wlio liad Ik'd into llufe coriKTs ot'il, .
Will Id tVoin ilu' |>k'il'nitiiin nt" tlu- i'm|)i.'n>r Adrian, who ihrc.itcncd the total i'\.
linclion ot that }k'.)|»!i'. 'I he oduT iiiha'iitants ot' ihofi' coinitriii vvrri' paM! .
'I Ik IV, liuvwwr, h.id little atlaclini>'iil to tlu'ir doiayi-d and «Kiidv\l idolalr\ ; anl
liki' uu-w wlin(Vri'ii;;ious |)rincliilf is wi'al%, h.ul ;,'i.in thoinrKi, owr to |>k'ai'uri.'aii 1
Irnl'iialily , or to llu' ai(|niininn ni liLlus, ilu' »li iJkriiiO i t' pndi-liir.ation cuaiix.ji, i
tlu' loll' prim ipk' of tlu-ir plii olopliy. Mahoau'il » fylU'in i'xactiy luni-d tliilc ilnv"?
kindi ol'nu-n. To frailly ;1k' two t'onniT, ho doilarod ilial tfiorc wa.i oio d,]
who civaii'd iho worUl, and govcrni'd all iliin(.^s in it ; lat lu- had tent vari^.^
pniplu'tN to tiaih hi-) will to mankind, amonij; whom .\|m •, and Jiuis Cluiil \wr.-
tlu- nioti iMiiiiu'nt i luit ilk' indoavouisut' lluli' havin;,' p od iniili ctual. (Jud Ii,i,|
theri'toii' now fint his \.\\\ and i,i. atoll prophrt wuli .. oomniiilion iiioro atinl ■
than oitlur .MolV's or C'hrid had in'. -n onirull'd willi. Ilo liad ooninandod
not onh to pnliliili his hiws, ])nt to I'nlxlno thofo wiio woro unwillin ' i
or olio\ iho'ii ; and I'lr ihi> end to i ll.i!)lidi a kin^<Iom ti|)on oarih
llliM
j)ropa;;alo llio divin ■ law dn'i>ii'.;lioiil th. w.irlil ; tliat (Jod had (k';i;;iK'd U!t
(nd (k'liiuction lo tliok' who dio ,ld rot'iil'.r to lahmil to him ; hut to his t
t'ollowiTs. Ik- had ^ivi'ii tlio fj
po.is ail
d poHi'liioiis of all till' lailh,
o IV.k'W
*Nnii ii mould
liiliriil
thi-- lito ; and had piovidod l'< r th.'in hoioaflor a paraihfo ol'all fonfaM
lliilV. to,;(,';lur uiili tlu' prokiliiiion ot' <hniki;i;,' llniiij;- liipioisia nliraint
o 111 jiii di lii.iaiioo, Wiro tlu' cai
s a IV ward '..\
ij'i}ai.':;t,.
rcMTo in w .uni i InnaUs
ai.d iho di/i tri
.'k's ot Mahoinod's cn'od. llu', woro nofojnor pnhliiliod than a vail
i:l;i
many i>t Uu
lonntrymon omlnatod thorn will; im|)lioit t'aiili. 1 hoy woio writton h\ tiu' nrii
wo rnrnurly monliomd, and i-oaipolo a book oallod tho Koniii, or Akoran, In w;
of omiiunoi'. as wo fay tik' hildo, whiidi moans ilio ikiok. I ln' pi'ifoii o>
hoinod, howovir, w.i. laniliar lo th.' i.ihahilants of ,\loioa, lo that iho Toatv
.\I:i.
p:..t
of thorn wo,o fniru iinily ioiivi,.cod ot tho d.'Ciir. 'i'lu' nioii' onlii;litoiicd ;ii
load
mir nu
n cnton (I inlu a ck'lurn to inl him oil : but .\1;
tlioir inlontiun. Hod l.o n hi.s nativo oify to Modina lahmaol
onuil. K>-'""S iiotiii; (if
tho I'r'ph. 1. i ho la no of Ins in
i:.i'. I.
'!■ tllo OIK l,t
•. ami doctriiio was, aooouuii'; t> cult
j^nakli ai a dil..inoo, and iho inhaliilants of Moilin.i roooivod hi.n wiili
arms l''rom lhi> Hi.^ht, whii.h happi nod in ihof.iid yoarof I'iniil, thotifivl'
J oar of Maliomod s a;^o, and tho loni'i of his iiiiiiiliry , his lollowors, thv ,\i;L_.,
ilans, (ompiilo thoir luno, and tho a la is oaliid in Arabio, I iojjira, " ilio liifilit.
Mah":m d, by iho ailitt.iiuo of tho inha!)ilaiits (4 Modina, and of
his inl.nn.ni'in and addn (s daily aitai hod lo him. bio'ij^Jit ovor all 1
0,11,
Ojll'll
■luii,;li
oai^j-
olIl.'LS V,'i.o:!l
to
boli.'f, or at kali lo an aoduiofcoiioo in Ins dottrin
11^ oouutrM
piody
It aniii
;;aliiiii of his fylU':ii anionj; tho .Arabians was a lu'.v ar;;nnivnt i,i its holia
tho inhabiumts ot l'-,i;>|>t a.id tho kail, who won' provioini\ difpukil to it. A
,low-., and (jontik^, ail k.ilu.ik ilnir am lont t.iilli, and boiaino .\1.
ri.iii-
noiiU'da;
word, tho co.iia^iou fproadovor Aiabia, Syria, I'lgypt, and IVrlia ; and Sk
mo
kin
dio(
h'th
Ara
niuc
Ihrii
thi'v
of th
'iTr«
(m
<iue/l'
to a \
T!.
virnod
kin^.
to the 4
giliido.
.jO'h of,
, f ''^' <"'
China : ;
"f" Japan]
;".d lonif
'll'J Jap;i
tliat it
flioy jio
in tlio n
aro \^^^r\
l/liii,d of
|''<'.\iuii
I'l^'a, ar
S I
lai' Cliiii
»iila)ly
oinijiro,
li'liion of
liny .;,„,
''i'"i'lo of
^^ 'iMon t
ill id havo
''■'■ (liiir.
'ihoir h
J'''ii.lOiO(| I
"'"■'OS; hill
"■'■'''' I'aiuiJ
'■"■II tho i^r
The Impian amd Orikntal Iilandi.
I
01
U'tn f >
Vu V-. Ik'
oaiittii'.
.;it Ji'fii.
•rs nt'lli'.
tiiUil ox-
U\ ; iwl,
Jlirill w.i"
u'liv i(«>;)l'
.r to l)C.K-Vv'
I'llil il iiiuuid
I'd uitv'V niiii
, h'.s i.iiil'..'i<l
i 11 vcwiivJ '..»
iiiu't iu>t vcr)
■ iiniiuil iivii-
i iniiii) III !■''
l)y tlu' I'r.c;
.■iir';\n,ln_w;\y
K'll'oii of M:i-
IK! -roaUT iv.r;t
li;;'>lK'lK'd ;>ii>\
|lUil!T llOtitv: 111
,r iiu' tiiy i!
I'm^ t" I'ulto.ii,
i,a will* '■'i''"
l\,,. titivt'uu.^li
It" i)l\KT> v.'i.u.n
li, cDiiiitr) !•..■■'•
s iH'huit .111101,4
ll to it- Ari.iii'.
lOllK'llilll!-- Ill
la ; and M"'' :
mrd, from m deceitful hypocritr, became a powerful mou«Tt?h. lie wis proclaiiivl
king at Mcdinn In the yi-nr 627, and, after fubduiiig part of Anil)in and Syria, tic
died in 6;i, leavinjj two brnncnos of bin rnco, botb cllei-incd divrm- by tbeir i'ld)-
\\.'t\%. 'Ibcrc were tbc caliphi of Pcrlia and of Kgyi)t, under the lul\ of wliiih
Aral)ia wan included. 'ITic fornu-r of ihifc turned their arnin to ibe lialt, r.iid
made com|ueO« of many countries. The raliplu of K){)pt and Aral>in diuvtcd
tbeir ravnge* toward* Europe, and, under the name of Saracens or Motirs (wlucb
they «)btaii\ed Ixcnufc tbey entered Kurope from Mauritania in Africa, the country
of the Mour«) reduced mull of Spain, France, Italy, and the iilands in tbc Medi-
terranean.
In this manner did the fucccni>r8 of that inipoftor fprc.id tbeir religion and con-
(]uells over the greateft part of Alia, yXfrica, and Europe ; and tbey Uill f;ive law
to a very cunlidcrablc |Kirtion of mankind.
The INDIAN and ORIENTAL ISLANDS.
IIIE JAP.VN ISLANDS, Japan or Nipbam, Bongo, Tonfo, and De/ima,
form togi'lluT what lias been called llie empire of JAPAN, and are go-
willed bv a umll defpolic prince, wlio is fometimes called emperor and fometinied
king' riiev are litiiated aI)out 150 nuie>. call of China, and exten<l from the 30th
III i1k> 41II degree of iiorlb latitude, and iVoin the ijotb to the 147111 of eall loii-
giliule. The ibief town is Jcddo, in llic 141 ll degree of call longitude, and the
jfjili of north latitude.
The foil and produtlionn of the country are pretty mucb the fame with tbofe of
China: and tlie inhabitants are faiiMiis fnr their lacker ware, known by the naimr
(if Japan. The illands thenifelvi's are very inaccellible, tbrougli tbeir high rocki
ai.il tenipelluous kas ; tliey are fiibjefled to earthquakes, and liave fonie voli anus.
111'.' Japanefe are the prufTi ll of all idolaters, and \o irreconciieable to Cbriilianity,
tli;it il is commonly laid the Dnteb, wlioare the only l''.nro])ean peojiie with \vho;n
tlitv now traile, priteiiil ilu-iufelses to be no C'brillians, and hinuoiir the Japainfe
ill tlie moll ahl'iuJ fujierltitions. Notwiilill.iiuling all ibis compliance, the natives
arr \ery lliy and rigorous in their dealings wiili the nulth j and Nai^afacei, in the
lil.ii.d of Diziinn, is tlu' only place where they are fullered to trade. 'J'he com-
|ilr\ioiis ot ;he Japaiiefe are in general yellow ilh, although fome lew, chieliv wo-
nca, are ahiMll wliile. 'I heir narrow eses, and lii:;li eye-liiows, are like tlioi'e of
i;u' Cliinelc and lariars ; and tbeir nolV.^ aie iboit and thick. Their hah is uni-
xcilally black ; and fucli a fimienefs of i'alhioii reigns throughout this whole
1 iiiljire, that the beaddrefs is the fame t'rom the emperor to the pealiiit. 1 ho
tatliion of their cloallis bas alfo remained the fame Iroin very high a!iti(|niiv.
Ilii , eoiilill of one or more loofe gowns, lied about the middle wiili a I'.iih.
IViiple of rank have them made of lilk, but the lower clals of cotton ll.ills.
Women ge.ierally wear a greater number of them than men, and nuie!i longer,
and have ihem more ornamentod, often with gold or lilvcr (lowers wos en into
tl;i" nntV.
Their boufes are built with upright pods, crolTed and wattled with bamboo,
p'ailiered both without and witiiin, and while-w.iihed. 'i hey generally have two
liiiries; but the uppennoll is low and feldom iuhabited. 'ihe roof:, are covei\ lI
wiili ]iaiiliLs, large and liea\y, Imi neatly made. 'Ihe Hours are elevated two leei
fro.n die grouiul, and covered with planks, on which mats are laid. 'Ihe)' have
110 lariiilure in their rooms ; neither tables, chairs, lluols, bcnc)ic.->, cu])buai\U, or
s K. even
tM
iNDtAM AND OrIKMTAL ItLANPI.
<v(.-n bi'ili, l>rir (iiUum ii to (ii tluwn <u» their hvcit tipon the mnti, w^liult art
bU\ uy» fol't nnU cU un. Tluir viciiiitli urc I'crvcd \\\t to thiiii on a low Ixiard rnifvU
but 4 few li.<.ta-.t fioin ttic llii«ir. and one dill) only iit a I'uxw. Mirrun llu'v have,
but ni'ver \n\ tlu ,ii up ni tlutr h'tull-o •)t ornumciital tuniitiiro ; ll»y nrciTtudc ota
tompDUiid imliil, mid ilVd only ul tluir toil* Ii. No'witldhnulin^ ilu* foverity ot'
llioir wiiitorH, \v|ii> Ii obli^ii tluni to waiiu tlu'ir houlf) front N<)vcntlH-r to Murili,
llK-y huvc nciilu r liri.'-|tl.K\'t nor i\u\v% : nillcatl <>( tht IV, ihcy ufc lurgf cupp' r p >i«
ntiidin)^ upon lc)X<t. Wud' ino liniit in tlu- inruk with lonni, on whiih ullu-i .no
laid tu lonif di-pi|). aiul iliiiitoal ii^'J-tid upon ilicni, wliitli i) prcpiircd in fuili ii
in inner that tin* Kiiiu'<> <>t it >ri' n<<l dan^ rous, 'i']w tint < oniplintcnt ollired to
ii llianifi't'. in lluir huuk ., io a tlilli >>t lea, iind u pipe ol' tobaei o. Tuut are ufed
by iKitii I'exen t«|uallt ; and are, wii.iin ur without dourx, their infi'imrahle eoui-
panidiK. F.very liunr , whilher pid)Iie or private, hu<i ti luilh, ot wlueh eonllunt
tiiid daily ufe is made. (Jhedicnee to paientt, and refpeCt to funerior*, are ihc
ilnra.ti rilliei of this nation, 'lluir Calutalions and lonveir.tlion* oeiwien eipiaU
al) >iind nllb with poliu'iul'o ; to wlueii ehildren are early aceutionud hy the ex-
iip:e ot" lluir parenls. Ilieir penal laws are very fevcre j hut piniilhmcnt» are
idi
:j
reldoni inllicteJ. IVrhapi there ii no eounlry where fewer crimes aj^ainft I'oeicty
arc eoinftiitted. Conunereo and manufactures llourilh h.-re, though, as ih fe people
have few wants, they are not lariied to the extent vvhieh we fee in iMirone. Auri«
culture ik fo well underllo.id, tlu.r ihe whole country, even to the tops ot the hilU,
it cultivated 'I'hey trade with no foreI>;ners hut the Dutch and Chinefe, and
in hoth cafes withc(iini>ani> > of privije^ d merchants. Itetides the fu^ar:*, (pices,
und manufactured fronds, >shich the Dutih fend to Japan, they carry thither nii<
iui;dl\ upuariU of ico,ooo de.T (kins, and more than 100,000 hides, the greatell
part of whicli they get from Siam, whi 'e ilicy pay lor them in money. Tlu- nier-
chandife they export from tlufe illand^, bold i'or InHfjal an<l r-uro|)e, tonlills in
Qooo clulli of copner, each v<eif;lnn;, no poun<ls, .md front 25 to 30,000 weight
ot lamphor. Their profits on imports and exports are valued at 40 or 45 percent,
v\s ihe Diiteh company do mil pa\ duly in Japan, either on their exports or imports,
lliev fkiul an annual prefent to tile cn[>eror, coulitling of cloth, chint/, fuceutUj,
i'uttons, Ihills, and trinkct».
'Ihe I.APUONE Island*, of wliiih the chief town ia faid to he Guam, cart lon-
gitude 140, i:nrth laiitiidi- 14: they are ahout twelve in number. The |)euplc
took their iirinie tVom tluii pilletinj; ijualities. W'l- know nothing of lliein vvcprili
a patticniar mention, e\ce|)t that loid .\nfun laniKd upon one ol them ('I'inian;,
where he foand great refrellimiiit for himfelf and his crew.
FoRMfliA is 'ikewife an (Oriental illaiid. It is (iiuated to the eaft of China, near
fh<' province of I'o-kiiii, aiu! \-> di\ided into two parts by a chain of mountains
v\lii( h runs tIirou;^h tlu' middle, beginning; at the foiilh-enart, and ending at llu'
nortli. Tin's is a very tine illaiid, and abounds with ail the neeelVaries ol lil
I hat part oi' tlie illand which lies to the well of the mountains belongs to iIk^
ChineA'. who conlider t!ie inhabitants of ihe e.illern part-, as favages, ihoiigli tlicy
are faid to he a very inoli'iiihve penjiU'. '| lu' inhabitants of the cultivated paiii
arc the fumi' with the C'hiiK fv . already defeiibed. The Chinefe have likevvife nuid:
tli-'infelvcs mailers of feveral other illaniN in tliol'i- leas, of vvliich v\e feareely kii^w
the names; that of .\inan is between li\iy and feventy Uagues long, and belwicii
fifty and (ixty in breadth, and but twelve n'iles from the province ol (,'anton. The
original inhiibiianls are a <hy, cowardly people, and li^e in the moll unwliulef)in.'
part of the illiiid ; the eoall and cuhivaled parts, which are very valuable, han^
p'jITeired by tin.- Chiiicfe.
Vk
NNDflll
iiuiui;,
i;i, noar
nmtaiiis,
at llu-
(.1 lit
s in tlw
i^ti tliL-y
I'll pari'.
ilV lu.ul;
ly klloW
lRlNVt.i:u
... '11.0
\uU'f)iiv'
iMDttN \sa OlIKNrVk IlLAMOI. |t|
Tlic PiilLlpnKki nrc fui<l lo he iiooln niimt»f r, h inn ''^ '*•'' (lilncf • fin jpjul
«>r iIk- I'uiilic Oiruii', iooiiulr^ (nulh-^ull t>f Cliinn, i)r>\liii h M.u>itl.t. or Luidiuh,
tll«' chiii, it 400 lllilt« lull;;; U!i<J iOO hrONil. lllO llll)lll)|ti«n<« oihlllk Ot ( lllllOU ,
|',iliii)|iiaii«, Nlnlay*, S|iai)iur(l<t, I'oriuguclV, I'intiiiio* i>r |):iiiti>'<l pt'oplc, nn\\
Mclli'», uiitixluii'*)!' till tlkotV. 'Ilif iir»|Hrt\ <>(' ih«U> IIIuikU hvlon^ct to llu* king ot'
.S|miii, iIkv liaving U-cit tlifiONi-tid l>y Nlit^i llaii, and iilt«Tvv.ir(l« i-iiii>|u<-ri'(l It) tl.o
S|iuiiiar(U It) till! r>i^n oi' I'liilip II. Inmi ulumi ilii y tiiko ihrir iiiiiiif. Ilirir litif
ntioii i» tiikli, l)i'l>^ktii iliv i-ull>.r(i and wi iKriuoiitiiu-iiln, tli.ti tlif inli.iUitatit^ trado
with Mi'xiiii mid IVra, t\% wvll n't with ull tho itlatidi mid |)!ut i-t of ilu- Kuli Itulii'i.
Two llii|ti I'loiii A( «|n ill', ill Mfviio, i.iuyoii tlu' t umnurio t-ir tin- S[):iiii,i»'(l«,
uiio iimko 400 jur till". |r«»lit. 'Ilu' coinim i^ trniit'iil in alltluMifi irah>.»ot' lilV,
und iioaiititui to llii'i-yi-, i ciufoilul ull kinds, Itiiliidoin, lio|{>, llicij), gniitN, nnd ii
|mrtiiiil«r iHrgc f|K't:ii'» of nionkcyi, urc tuiiiHl luro in j(rci»t pliMily. Ilu' ivcit of'
ilic bird rali^aii alfordi* that dillolviiig jrlly, wliich 't% Co vuiiiptuoiiit u rarity at
Kuropi'uii taltiit. Many I'.iiroiu-an iVuits and fiovvir* thrive furprilinj^ly in tiiofj
illamls. ir ii ijirij; of an oran};i- or Kninn tn* i>. plantrd tluTi', it hi-i mil '1 willilit
till' yi'ar a iViiit-lu.irin;; trie i pron»"nt' ilu- xordiit^' and ln\iiriain) ot'ilkrloil. Uk!
irn' aiiul iiippliiv. till' iiiitiM'i uilli watii , and tlioro i^ a Hi a kind of tano, whuh,
if cut, vieUU fair wator i-nongli for a draught : thit abounds in tho mouiituinN,
whiri tlu' water is mull wnntcd.
Ilio lily of Manilla lontaiiit nhoijt ^000 inhabitants; its port ii Cavitf, lying
III tin; dillaiiii' of llin-i* liai;nis, ■,\\]t\ diliiuhd bv tlu' lalllo of St I'liilip. In tho
)iar n^i, Manilla was roilnnd by tho I'aiglilli iin<lor ni'iiiisil Draiin and admiral
I'oriiilli, who took it by llorni, and humaiioly fnllond ibo nrilibilliup, who wan
tlu' S|ianilh viicroy at the fanio liiiu-, to ranfiin tin- place lor nixuit a rtiillinn
lUiiiiijj. 'I 111' bargain, liow.MT, was iiii^i lu'ioiiliy difowmd by liiiu and thi'touii.
iif.Spam, fo that gnat part of tlu- raiifnni is liill unpaid, 'I lu- .Spanflli j;(>vi-riiiiii'nt
i> liitlid ilii'iv, and the liulian inhabilant-. oa} a i .i|)iiaiion tax. riu'(riln.r illaiuU,
p.iiiiiularly Mindaiioa, the largill iiivt to \laiii,'l,i, arc governed by petty printei*
vi lluir own, whom they call fuliaii, 'I lir fultan if Mindanao is a'M.ilionicdan.
I pull the wholi, ihoiigli il'.ile itiands are eiuiclKd with all the piol'ijuni nf na-
t th( y are fiibjivt to iiu it dreadtnl eaii!i(]iiake>, thunder, raiii>., and li^lil-
d ihe foil i!.|ulKre'l with ni.nn iio\inii, and venomous « reiuure>, tiiid c\en
lure, M.
iiii'K
aiK
herbs and Itovvers, wliolV piMfonkkili afinuli inliantiincuully. Some oft!
leir inuun-
laiiis are volcaiios,
'lie Moi.i ccAs, cnniiiionly cille,! tin- .Siici; «ir Ci.ovr. Ist. wns. Thefe are
not out of Uj^ht of I'.u h other, and lii' all within the coni;)al", of tweiitv-five leajjiies,
\n the fouth of the l'liilip|iines, in izjy degrees of call longitude, and betwieii ono
(Ui^iee fouth, and tuo north latitmle. They are in mni'lior live, vi/, IJaehiaii,
Maihiam, Mtityr, 'l\ mate, and ryduro 'llufe illaiids ji.Kiluce neither corn nor
\'a e, III that tile inhaliliants II\e iipi u a bread made < f I'ai;!.-. 'I heir ehi.. f produeo
I ijilis ot' clostN, iii;u e, and iiutmr^>,, in \iiii i|uanlitie. ; \\l;ieli are iiicniopoll/ed
|iv ilie Dutih with fo much jealouly, that they detlroy the plants letl the iiaiivcH
lliniild fell the fupeniumcrary fpices to (itlnr n'.itions. 'Ihele ilhiinU, nlier beiiK;
fi!.,i.i.'l to \ariou~> ji.iweis, are i.ow >;ovenuil by tlir>e kings, (nbordinale tu the
Diiiili. 'IVriiati- is the lar^ell ol thite illaiid-.. lluiu^Ji no more than llrrty
iiiiLiIii circumferenie. 'Ihe Uutili have here u lort called \ ittotia ; and aiiother
I ailed Kort Orange, in Machlan.
Amiiovsa. This ill;, lid, taken in a larj^e feiil'e, is one of the nii:|l conlitler-
abik of the Molucca.-, which, in fact, it coiii,iumd.s. It is lituaied in the Arehi-
j; K. 2 pelag'i
'II
••4
Inpiam and Okiimtai Iir.AMDI.
fclafA of St. Ijisthii, briwrcn ihr ttiinl anil fuurlti tU'^rrt* of fiuillt Inllltitlc, unj
li) IviiKU'* to the cullvvMrit of DuntvlH. ArulNtvivt i'* ultotit iVvcttiv mito* in tir*
Ciimfrrrnvr, ntiil «Ul'in'lci| bv n DittJi ffiirril''*n of ; or Hi'i rtivii, lu'li<|i« fnuM furl*,
whiilt protrM ihr ilovtf |)brilHiiorii, M i» wril known, Ihtit whrri iIk- l'ortU|;itrf«
Wk'ri< itrivcn off llii* illnnit, iht- irxU' of ii wmcnrrii'ii oii liy tlio Kni^liih »m\ Diiti h ^
and ttti* I iirlmrili('« of the lulirr, in firit lorlnring uiul ilion iiiitnlirinir ihr l-,ii);lii||,
mill ilii'it tty cngrodtng tlir whole trttli*. nml ihtti of Hutul.i, t an iirvcr )«■ torf^>>iu-n »
but niiilk lip irHnfiiiiiicd n* » mrnmrinl of Dnii li iruvit^» ul ihul iMrriotl, i>i k|J
portrrily. I hit irugital event hu|>|H'ne(l in lAli.
The ilJnnd of Citt rurv.or MACMtAR.iit niiinlnl under the rr|imlor, tietwecnihe
illuiid >it llotiui) itnd the Siiue tllaiidi, ut the thlliimr of i>>3 liM^ui*<t from Hatuvin,
mid I* 500 inilet loiif;, and loo l>r<iud. Iliit ilhind, notwitlithindiiiff it« heuf, U
reiideri.d liuhitalile hy Itree/ii from the nortli, and periotlival rain*. In ihiif prr).
duel in |ie|)j).'riinil o|Hiim ; and the nHtiv»» aro ex|Krl in the Ihidy of ixtifnib, with
n variety o| wliii li nature ha<i I'urniihed them. The Dim I1 have » forliricaiiori on
thin illanil; hiif the infernal p-»rt of it in ((ovrriiid hy three kin^'<, the ehicf of
whom relides in ttie town of .Maiallar, In tliii, and iii>i> I'd in alniolt all the
Oriental illamls, the inhaliitaiiti live in houfeN huilt on I irije po|N, whiilj are
uevellihle only hy ladileri, whitli they pnll nii in liie iii'.^iil-tiiiie, for thi ir fp.
I'urity n^ linl) venornont unim.ili. They are laid to he holpital)U- and failhl'ul, if
not provuketl. I hey earrv 011 a l;ir>,'e traiie with tlie (Miiinfe ; and if ihoir diiefi
were not p^ rpetnallv at w.ir with eaili other, they ml^ht e;ilily «lrive tlie Dutilj
Irom ihiir illand Titeir port of Jampoden is the iikiI eapaeioui o( uny in thut
part of the world.
TIk- Duteli Iinve jikewifi' forlilied fjiiut.oand Cm* am, two «)ther fpiee illands,
l\in^ miller tlie eipwitor, and will llnW •iiiv ihip. lli.il atleiiipt to trallie in lluile I'caii.
The Sirvp \ IsLANO*. Thefe are fituateil in the In<li,Tn Oeenn, hetwetii Qjand
I to ilej^reeH of eaft lon^itiule, and Inlween eij;lit de^r<'es north, and i ii,'ht di^rei*
("oiiih latitude, eomprelundint? the i (land-, of U(>nu(i,.Siiriialra, Java, llally, Lamhee,
llaiua, <^r. I lu tliree lull, from their {^reut extent and importance, rvijuire to be
fiparately deferihed.
HoRNRo is faidtobe 8o3 mile^ I""."' "'>'! 7<50 l)road, nnd, till recent direnverie^,
was ihon);lil to he the lar^ell illand in the wnrld. I he inland part of tin eimi.-
try is rnarihv and unhealthy ; and tin- inliahitaiits live in towns hiiili upon tloatsin
the middle of rivers. I he foil |)rodiKes rice, cotton, cane«,, pejiper, caiiiptwr,
the tropical fniits, j{old, and excellent diamoiids. The laiiKnis onran-oui.ing !•,
u native of this country ; it is tiow liuniU hy Dr. Camper to have th'- intennaNJI-
l:iry l)one, in coiniiion with niln-r (iiiidrnpeds, heliil.vs .1 hone in iis |)i,'iii". : ai.d in
many oiIkt partii ulaib t > diiier Iruui the liii nan form, whiiii it was tonir fiippnlc.l
,■ .1 r..r.....i,i.. '11.. i:.m ... ^li ,.»■ II... :.. 1 1... \i. 1 1..!. . .:..
Jo ncjrly t»> rcfeinblv.
; - ' o ■■■(■j.-.v.,
III.- fea-cc'ait ul Uurncu is yovcrncd by Multyniedaii prin-
ce-
fNDIAM AND OillMTAI, fllAWDI. $9$
re* I iho rhUYport o( ihii iilunU i» H«nji«r«^fMir' n, wUkh (■•vrrki on tn tKlvnliv*
vwiiniiirci'.
Sir MAT! A hn Ntntitcci itn ihv north, Hontfuim ihi* r*(t, iduI Jnwi ort lliefntiih*
rnit, Iriini witlrh it U (IKitU-cl l»v llic .Sirnli* ot .*iuMilii i ll i» (livlil.il inli>lwo riiuvl
I'-trtu Itv ihrTi|iiatt)r,i*Mifit(li)ii{ (ivf itt^rrtM, HiKdiinvnrtl^, n'trlt>-w»"rt uHl, Hiwlnva
,,n lt)c l')Miili-«Mt( I ami i» lOon milt'<i Un\^, nnil lOO brnuil. 'I'hi* illiiitti priKlutct
tit niiidi K*>l'l' i'*"' i' I'* itioiii^^i liy (itmr lo ti« llio Opliir mi'iitinnctt in llu* firip*
turci i bill Mr. MnrUlrii. in lii^ Inti' hillorv ot iIk* illunii, tliiiil^i il wn> tiiiiknuwn lo
lilt' uMi'ifitl*. 'h»v hinhi-il ni(iiiiiinin in SuiitntrA iiiDlli-il Ofkir hy llif Kiir>i|icAtii,
will I.' fiimmil nbovv' lli- li v«'l ui" ili.' fiii i* ij.841 I'rrt, t-Mci ding ih«' iiiinni ihe
jViik •>!' liiurilli.* I»y 577 Usit. 'Ilu I'lirlti^tui'-- wrrr ili> Hrit ilittuv^i .ri wiul fcl*
tli-rn, l»il met will* ilit^iitik* ill ihi-jr utlntipl* HKiiinlt Aihfn), Ilu- tiilt Kn'^lilli
ll.vJ thui itHiil'- Hi i»ii|>«tir«iui' in liiii pm, "|' iln- rtorld. uiitl • til ilir t.im.lrriun ot'
iM'nmttu'ri'c ititit wiiitto riliprc* ihm uf'rv .y utticr luir<>pi-nii nuto, \iliifil .Vtlu'<'ii,
ill tin' y»'«r ihoj. uiuU-r tuptain LiiinutU-r who < nrri»'«! Ivllvr from tpiicii Kliii;**
lutli I') ilu i^iiii^ oi timi pl.uc, 'Ilu* hti^lilli I'.iil^ l.uli.i uinpany liuvi' \\m> Ictllo*
iiiiiiti li>'rf, Uv iiiviiilin, iMitl Kiirt-Maillmrou^li i •rmu ulunii.' llu*y ' liii^ iluir
ilii.f cnrgiH't u» popprr. Th*- kin|; of" A' 'nvn l« l'. inii-Cti'* >n? M.i lomcijau
primi'* wli'> p«>ilil» ilw fru-toMlln. 'Ihi' iiiU'rit>r pnrtt uro g •rnfd l>y I'ng.m
nriiii'iii, wi)nf«' >,">»<'rnmc'nt> iiri' imlrpcntiiTt, ami llii ir liin;»"", ..ful mminvrm.i.
noils, rill' iiiituriil priuKift« ot Siii\iutrii tin' iiuidi tlh- ('uiit.' ^ti.i tiuifc n*' tlic .vi>
j;uriit iilnndu . I>iit tl>i'» iliiuul it tvirpnlKtl l»y low i" fk , pfpp« r, ntui nplmr,
iiinl til'' lioiiMiitiil iiului^.'iur of n.itufi.'. l'"ron» tlx i'.i iioil o| tli ■ i, :lii (Vnt tii
KiirojK' i» proilmrd. I he tiillia tree grown to Ht'l -or . '.ty tVvt. \si«h 11 llivn ot
;il).>iit two left tlinitu'trr, «n»l :i Itriuiiitul niul re; ilar fpriMifini^ lu;iil 'I'iu' i|imn'
tiiv ot popptT produced in the K«l) liulia iMnipaiiy't dillrictt on .Siiniutia i» iituiu*
:ttlv tioo tons i ot whitli Ilu* gnuti'll part lomcn to Kumpr, ami ihc rcll t* fcnl
lo Cbiiia.
Kiiiu i< very tVetpu-nt horo : fonu-timoH viTy heavy, and almnft nlwoyi nitcndcd
willi ilimiiler and linliti\inj{. I'.artlnpiakt •, are not i 1 iniinon, and tlurc uro iVvi-
ijI \. , ■inoi''' on it'i' illiind Ihi' people wlio nili;iliit tin- to.itl arc NLiIrn s, wIik t .iiiic
liilki irom iIk' poi)iiilul:i ot \lalana, lint tlio intirior parts are nili.iljitcd !)y very
ilitliTv-nt poojilf, and who liave luiliurto hud no connfftion with tlio luiropoai):,.
Iluir limguii).;!* niul ihara^tcr dilU-r mni h trom thotc ot' the Malays j the iaiitr
iiliiv; iIu" Araliii i Iwratter, a«t do llio Ai hionrlc. 'I hf prim ipnl intirnal lani;iiagi »
III nil' illand an* llx' Ki j.ii>K and Datlia, i-aih idiitainiii'^ iliarnclcrs tiliiiliallv clit-
tcroiit from the oihi r. I ho iH-opIo hi twoon tin- ilillrivts nt the L'.n^liili io;iipan\,
and iholo ot' llio l>uich at I'aloinlinm;. • u ihc othir lulo tho iliand, wiito on loii^
iKirrow Hips of* ihc hark of" 11 tree, w .1. a picci* of bamboo I hoy hi k^in at the
I). It 111, and troiu ih.' Ii It hand to tho rii;hi, lontrar) to llio onlhim ot tlio olhor
r;i||. rn naiions. 'Ili< !'• inliabitantsof iho inli-rior parts of Sumatrn aro a fioo pi
I
d 1
ivo in till
fiiiall
sillam^s, ■■ dioil doolon'i, jjovcimd oadi hy its own i iiiot.
All ot tluin havo laws, fonio '• ..itrn ono., hy which ihoy puniiii 6fl'ond<is, and
t. nuinnlo difpntos. Molf a\' tiioni, parlicniarly tho wonuii, haw Inr^c fwollin^s
il noilss, liko tho (Joitros o| tho Alps. I hat p. at ot ihis iiiatid, wliuh is
111 III
la
lloil the C'allitt oonntrv, is wi II Inhabited hy a pcopio lallod Hatius, wlio ditli,r
froai all tho oih>'.' inhabitants of Sninatra in lamrna^o and c.ilhmis. 'ihoy have
r.okiii!,'. but livo in villa;;os, indopondont ot oath oil, or, and ;;onLial!\ at \.iriaiao.
Iluv tortilv their villa^;os \ory tironi^ly wilh double feiitos of eamphor plank
iinin'tod, niid plaord with tluir points jmijoCtini; outwards; aiul boiwo- n tlulc
Kiiios ihcy place pieces of bambou, hardoind by tiro, and liucwile poinud, whivh
«o6
Imdiam and Oriental Islands,
nrc concealed by the grafs, but which will run quite thr<nij;h a man's Tool. Sucli
ot lliiir em-miis whom thcv lake priloiiers, thev put to cleath and rat, and tlu ir
Ikulls ilioy hang up as trophies, in the houfcs wncre the inimarried men and Ixijs
cat and (iei,). J'hey allow ot' pol\ gamy. A man n^ay pun liafe as many wIvls ;is
lie pieafes j but Mr. Marfde;i ublerves, it is extremely rare tiiat an inllanee or-
curs of their having more than oi\e, and that only among a tVw ot" their t hiifs : hut
this continence is attributed to their poverty. 'I he original clothing of the Sunia-
trans is the fame with that of the inhabitants of the South-Sea illiinds, geneially
llyled Otaheitean cloth. 'Ihe bullalo {airi>ctu) conltitutes a principal part of their
food, and is tiie only animal empU>yed in their domellie labours. The Sumairan
pheafant is a bird of uncommon beauty.
Within about ninety miles of Sumatra is the illand of Enoanho, which' is very
little known, on account of the terrible rocks and breakers that entirely furround it.
It is inhabited bv naked lavages, who are tall and well made, and who generally
api)ear armed with lances and clubs, and fpeak a dillerent language from the inha-
bitants of any (jf the neighbouring illands.
Tlic greatcfl part of Java belongs to the Dutch, who have here ereded a kind
of com.ncrcial monarchy, the eajiital of which is Hatavia, a noble and prpulous
city, lying in the latitude of i\\ degrees fouth, at the mouth of the river Jucata,
and furnilhcd with one of the linell harbours in the world. 'I'he town itf«!f is built
in the manner of thole in Holland, and is about a league and a half in circum-
ference, with five gates, and furrounded by regular fortifications ; but its furburbs
are faid to be ten times more pypulous than ilfelf. The government here is a mix-
ture of Kallern magnificence and ICuropean police, and held by the Dutch governor-
general of the Indies. W hen he appears abroad, he is attended by his guards and
otiicers. The city is as beautit'ul as it is llroiig, and its fine canals, bridges, and
aveiiuci, reiulir it a niol] agreeable relidonce. The deiVription of it, its govorn-
nient and pui)lic editices, have employed whole volumes. '1 he citadel, where tin;
governor has his ])alace, commands the town and the iiiburbs, which are inliabiiccl
by natives of almoll every nation in tlie world. The Chinefe reliding in ihisillaiul
sire computed at ico,ooo ; but abtnit 30,000 of that nation w«re barbaroiilly maf-
facred, without the Iniallell otliiice proved upon them, in 1740. This maf-
facie was too unprovoked and detellable to be defended even by the Dutch, who,
when the governor arrived in I'.uropL', lent him back to be tried at liatavia ; hut
lie never has been heartl of lince. A Dutch garrifon ot 5000 men eonllaiitlv re-
lides at I'alavia; and about 115,000 trt)ops are quarti-ri'il in the illand aiul llic
neighbourhood of the city. Their governnunt is admirably well calculated to pre-
vent ihj independency cither of the civil or military power.
The A.NDAM.w and N'icouar iHands. Tliefe inaiid;; lie at the entrance of tlif
hay of Ijingal, i\\n\ t'uinilh pro\ilion, confilling of tropical truits and otlnr 111-
Cillarles. tor the ihips that li)uch there. 'I hey are otherwife too inconliderable to be
mentioned. The) are inliabited by an harmlcfs, inolieiilive, but idolatrous people.
Ckvi.on. This idand, though not the largeft, polTefils great natural advan: i^ci.
It ii (iiiialed in tl;e Imliaii Ocean, near Cape Conioiin, the fouthern estremiu ol
the Hither IVniiiliila of liulia, being feparated from the coaft of Coromanuei hv
a narrow lirait, ai.d is iz^o miles loi;g and 200 broad, it proiluces, belidi.'s exeej-
lent Iruit^ v.f all kinds, Iciig pi pper, fine cotton, ivory, lilk, tobacco, ebci \, ervf-
tal, falt-petre, I'ulpluir leiid, iion, Iteel, copper; belides cinr.amon, goici, aiul
i.h\i', ;:n(l ;.ll kinds of precious liones except diuuionds. Fowls and lillies abev: d
y here,
Indian and Oriental Islands.
807
here. Every part of the iilnnd is well wondt-d nnd wafrrcd ; and bcfidcs fomc
curious animals peculiar to itfcif, it has pkiity ot" cows, buH'alocs, goats, hogs,
deer, hares, dogs, and other (luadrupcds. I'he Ccvloii elephant is pret'orrtd to all
others, erpecially it" (potted ; but feveral noxious animals, fiich as forpents and ants,
arc likewife found here. I he chief commodity of the iliaiul is cinnamon, which is
by far the beft in all Alia. 'J'liough its trees grow in great proftidon, yet the bell is
found in the neighbourhood of Columbo, ilu- chief fettleinent of the DLiteh.and Na-
gambo. The middle of the country is mountainous and woody, fo that the rich
and beautiful vallics are letl in the polfellion of the Dutch, who have in a man-
mr Ih'it up the king in his capital city. Candy, which Hands on a mountain
in the middle of the illand, fo that he has fcarcely any communication with other
nations, or any property in his own dominons. The defcendants of the ancient
iiiliabilants are called CinglalTes, idolaters, who value themfeives upon maintain-
ing their ancient laws and culloms. 'I'hey are, in general, afobcr inotfenlive pco-
jite, and are mingled with Moors, Malabars, I'ortugucfe, and Dutch.
It may be here proper to obferve, that the einnaiuon tree, which is a native of
tills illand, has two, it not three barks, which torm tlie true cinnamon ; the trees
i)f a middling giowth and age alTord the bell ; and the body of the tree, which
when ftrippcd is white, ferves for building and othu- ufes. In 1656, the Dutch
were iiwited, by the natives t)f this delicious illand, to defend them againit the Pot
tui^uefe, whom they expelled, and have monopolifed it ever lince tn themfeives.
liiiUed, in January 1782, Trinconomaie, the chief ila-p )rt of tlie illand, was taken
by the I'Jigliih, but foon afterwards retaken by the Trench, and rellored to the
jjutili by the lall treaty of peace.
The Maldivks. Thefe are a vail duller of fmall iflands, or little rocks, juft
ahave the water, lying between llie eiiuatur and eight degrees north latitude, near
Cape Comorin. 'I'hey are chieHy retorted to by the Dutch, who diive a pro-
titable trade with the natives for couries, a kind of fmall Ihells, which go, or ra-
ili.T formerly went, tor money upon the coalls of (Juinea ;md other parts of Africa.
The cocoa of the Maldives is an excellent commodity and medicine. " Of this tree
lUv-. a well-informed author) they build vell'els of twenty or thirty tons ; their
iiiiils, malls, fails, rigging, anchors, cables, provilions, mul tiring, are all from.
tliis uft-t'al tree."
We have already mentioned Momhay on the Malabar coall, in fpeaking of In
ilia. With reguid to the language of ail the Oiiviital illands, nothing certain cau
be U'.i'l. Kacli illand has a particular tongue ; but the Malayan, Cliiuefe, Portu-
I Md'e, D'.itch, and Indian words, are fo frequent among then), that it is dillieult
1 >r ail I'.uropean, who is not very expert in ihofe matters, 10 know the radical lan-
'.ui'^es. The I'.ime may be almolt laid ot their religion; tor lluuigh its original
us ceitainlv l';igan, yet it i-- intermixed w'.ih many Mahometan, Jewilh, Chrillian,
aid oiluT I'orcign t'uperlUlions.
The fea whicli feparates tlie fouthern p;>int of the peninfula of Kamtfchalka front.
Ja'ian conl.'iiiis upwanls of twenty illaiu!^, in a potition from north-north-eall to
fouili-louth-well, which are called the K.r a 1 lk Isianhs. They are mountainous,
and in feveral of the 11 are volcanoes and hot fprings. The principal are inha-
bited; bat fome of the little ones are entirely defert. The t'oiells in the more
ivirtliern ones are compofed of laryx and i)ines ; thofe 10 tlu> foulhward produce
eaiies, bain!)oos, vines, ^e. In fonie oi them are bears and toxes. 'I'he le;i-otter
;i[)[)ears on tiio cuaUs of all thefc illands, as well as whales, fca-hoifes, feals, and
other
SsS
The Indian and Oriental Islands.
other ampliihioiis nnimals. Some of tlu; inhabitaiUs have a great likencfs to the
Japancfc in their manners, languagf, unci j)crfonnl appearance ; others very much
Tclemble tlic KamtlVhadalcs. 'I'he northorn IHands acknowledge the fovercignty
of the empire ot Rullia ; but thofc to tlic foulh \>ay homage to Japan. The Kuri-
linns diicover much luimanity aixl probity in their conduct, and are cautious niui
iiofpifabie ; but advcrlity rcndiis them timid, and promptH them tofuicide. Thcv
reverence an old man whoever ho be, but have nii efpecial afleftion for thofe of
their refpe6\ive tamilies. iheir language is agreeable to the ear, and they fpealt
and pronounce it ilowly. 'llie men arc employed in hunting, filhing for whales,
8ic. and catching fowls. 'Iheir canoes are made of wood that their forelfs ])io-
duce, or that the fea caWs ujjon their Ihores. 'Ihe women have charge of the
kitchen, and make cloaths. In the northern illands they few, and make diflurent
cloaths of the thread nettles. The fouthcrn iflandcrs arc more refined and poliih.
ed than the northern, and carry on a fort of commerce with Japan, whitlier they
export whale-oil, furs, and eagles' feathers to Hedge arrows with. In return,
they bring Japanefe utcniils of metal and varniihcd wood, (killcts, fabrcs, ditfe"
rent llull's, ornaments of luxury and parade, tobacco, all forts of trinkets^ anj
fmall wares.
A I" R 1 (" A
( 8o9 1
J I
1 ., If
R
I
A.
AFRICA, llic third grand divifion of the j^lobe, is jjenerally rppreffntcd as
bearing fume rcfemblance to the form ot a pyramid, the bate bcinff the
northern nart of it, which runs along the Hiorcs of the Mediterranean, and the
pint or tne top of the pyramid, the Cape of Good Hope. Africa is a pcninfula of a
prodigious extent, joined to Afia only by n neck of land, about fixty miles ovcr^
iKtueen the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, ufually called the Ifthmus of Sues,
ntid its utmoft length from north to fouth, from Cape Bona in the Mediterranean,
in 37 degrees north, to the Cape of Good Mope in 54-7 fouth latitude, is 4_;{o<j
miles ; and the broadeft part from Cape Verd, in 17-20 degrees, to Cape Guards-
tui, near the ftraits of Babel-Mandel, in 51-20 call longitude, is 3500 miles from
c:ill to wed. It is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, which feparatei
it from Europe ; on the call by the Illhmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian
Ocean, which divide it from Alia -, on the fouth by the Southern Ocean i and on
the weft by the great Atlantic Ocean, which feparates it from America. As the
wiuatoj divides this e.xtcnfive country almoft in the middle, and the far greater
purt of it is within the tropics, the h.at is in many places almoft infupportabic to
an l-'.uropean ; it being tliere increafed by the reflection of the fun's rays from vaft
lUferts of burning fands. 'Hie coafts, however, and banks of rivers, fiich as the
Nile, are generally fertile, and moft parts of this region are inhabited, though it
is far from being fo populous as Europe or Alia. I'rom what has been faid, the
reader cannot expett to find here a variety of climates. In many parts of Africa,
\]w\\ never falls in tlie plains ; and it foldom lies but on the tops of the high moun-
tains. The natives, in thefe fcoreliing regions, would as foon expert that marble
llioiild melt and How in litpiid llreams, as that water, by freezing, fliould lofe its
flui(lit\ , be arrefted by the cold, and, tealing t(» How, become like the folid rock.
That the geography of Africa has made a Hower progrefs towards improvement
than that of every other part of the world, during the lall and the nrefent century,
is to be attributed to natural caules. Formed by the Creator with a contour and
t'uriace totally unlike the other continents, its interior parts elude all nautic re-
icarch ; wliilll the wars and conimeree in which Europeans have taken part, have
boon confined to very eircumfiribed j)arls of its borders. To the lovers «)f adven-
tiirf and novelty, Alriea difplays a moll ample tield ; but t'ne qualification of local
manners, and in funie degree of habits, muft in this cafe be fupcradded to that of
janijiiago ; and this umpii llionably renders the undertaking peculiarly arduous.
As both EifRoi'K, and its adjacent coniiiicnt, Asia, are fpread over with inland
fias, lakes, or rivers, of the moll extended navigations, fo as colletlivcly to aid the
iriuilport of bulky articles of niereliandil'e from one e.Mrenic of them to the other;
;iii(l to form (like iUppiiig-ibmes over a brook) a more coir.modious connnunieaticni :
:*) likewife the northern part of America appears to havv: ai\ ahnoll continuous
iiliuid navigatiim ; whieli muft prove of infinite advantage to its inhabitants, wlien
tiillv peopled, and contribute meanwhile to their fpeediereivili/ation. But Ai-Ri-
t A hands alone in a geographical view. Penetrated by no inland feas, like the Me-
diiirranean, Baltic, orlludfon's Ba\ ; nor ovfifpiead with extenlivi- lakes, like
lliofc ot North America ; nor having, in tonunon witli the other continents, rivers
5 L runnui^
I
8io
F R I
A.
running from the centre to t!ic extremities ; but on tlic continry, it^ regions lipa-
ratcil from each olhor by the leaft pradliciible of all boundaries, and dofcrts of
fiich formidable c\ti-nt, as to threaten thofe whotraverfc them, with llie mull lior-
rible of all deaths, that aiifuig from third! Placed in fuch circumlUiiees, can vvc
be furnrifed either at oir ij;iioianee of its interior part, or of ilio tardy projjii-i's dt"
its civilization ? I'olliblv ihc dillitulty of conveying minliaiidlfi.' to the eoalls, un-
der the above circunithmces. may have given rife to the tratHc in men, a eomnjo.
dity that can traiifport itfelf !
Notliing can evince the low ftate of the African geoginpliy, more than ^^,
O'Aiivillc s having had rceonrfe to the works of Ptolemy and Kdrili, to eomporc
the interior part ol his map of Africa (1749). It is well known that thofo author"!
wrote in the fecond and in the twelftli centuries of our x'ra. Moil of tin- |)ofitioris
in the inland part of the great body of Africa are derived from luhili ; atid it is
wonderful how nearly fome of them agree with thofe furnilhed by the latell oh-
fervations.
But the public are not iocxpe6>, even under an improved fyftem of African tfcci.
graphy, that the interior part uf that conliMent will exhibit an afpecl fnular IcmIk-
•fthcrs; rich in % .ety ; each region alUiming a diltiiict charader. On ilio roiur,i.
ry, it will be meagre and vacant in the extreme. 'I'lie dreary expaol'^-s of d' lirt
which often furround the habitable fpots, forbid the appearance of the ufual pro-
portions of towns ; and (In- paucity of rivi-rs, added tu their being eidier abforljcd
or cva]>orated, inileati of being conduttcd in flowing lines to the ocean, will give
a lingular cart to its hydrotjr.-iphy ; the diretlion of their cnurlcs, being moreover
equivocal, through the want of that information which a communication with the
fea ufually affords at a glance.
The fociety for promoting the difeovcry of the interior parts of Africa has been
fortunate in collecting much geo;;raphicnl inf<irmation in fo early a ftagc of the
African refearches ; and there is little «tiiul>t that, in a few years, all the gteat fea-
tures of this continent (within the reach of their enipiiries) may be known and de-
fcribcd. But to accomplifli this, it will be necellary that intcllig-nt Kuropeans
flunild trace fome of the principal routes ; as well to apportion the dilhmces, as to
clhiblini fome kind of criterion for the parole information derived from the natives.
.As } et, in the w ide extent of near thirty degrees on a m.'ridi.in. between Hoi, in and
Tripoli, not one celeiiial obferNalion has been taken to deterntine the latitude •.
I he nioft eonliderable rivers in Africa, are the Niger, which falls into the At-
lantic 01 vvelkru ocean at ,Vnegal, after u courfe of about /iioo miles f. it in-
creaies
• M jor Reniull's Memoir i)f his Map of tfie
Northern Parts of Atriia, printtd by tlic Atricaii
Alli)..laiii>n, at lilt cud lif their t'roicciliiij's.
I 'i'nis i> cxtri'iui.!\ difficult, it imt iin|H)|Iit)le, to
atcirl.iiii. For (u.i' riling to Mr. Lucas's coiiiniil-
nic.itioiis to thr African Allociatiuii) both ilic rite
and tcriiiinatioii ot the Nij^rr are unlinown, tint
UiC courfe is troiii ealt to well So gicat i-, its r,i-
I>idilv, ihjt no vcilc I can aCtcnd its tfrr:ini : and
fuch is the w..iit of (liill, or f'm h the alifince of
cciniineiiial inducenunts amon^, the nations wtio
inhabit it'< bordcti, tiidt even with the current nri-
tl,er vtllels nor !>u;i;s aic 1 rn 10 iiavii>.(te. f 11 one
jt cc, iiulecd, tue iraMlUr hnd-. acconnnodations
for tlie p.illiii'.c ot liitnCell and o( his goods ; but
even there, tnouj;!! tin tcirymcn, by the iiuiuijjeme
ut liie tiilt.in of C'allina, aic rxmiptcd troni alt
taxi', llic boat whicli ci.nvcys the merchm dize is
iiuihiiig mure tt)<in an iUcunflrucUd r.di, tur the
phnks are faftencd fo tlic ti.i.fxjrs U'ith rapt,, and
tlie fca-ns are doled, t)oth within and witln.m, by a
plaift<roftouKhil.iv, of wliicha large (iroviiioi, ..
aK\ays cairiid on the raft, for the purpofc of f,.
eluding the llreani wherever its entrance ii oii-
fcrvi'd.
Tilt ilcpth of the river at ttie place of palliijro,
wliicli \, more than a hundred mile- to the (null*
of tlic city ot C";;llina, the capital of the cinjHn cf
that name, i rltiinaled .it twenty. tiirte or twentv.
four leet iinglifti.
ft, uidth ibluih, thate>en at the iflnnd of (Jon-
gcio, where the ferrymen re.ide, the found ol tl,c
loudeft voice from the nortnern fhort Is ftanf;,
lirard ; and at Toinliuitou, where the name 1,')
(infw.a, or Mac k, i . j;iven to the ffreaiji, the wiiltii
i. dcicribt'l as l-uiij; ih.it of the Thaniei at U'dl-
jninltcr. fii the riiiuy feal'on it fwelU almvc- n,
banks, and 1101 o.-ily Hoods the adjactut Luids, h t
olttn
r
I
A.
8il
i- pa-
ts of
lior-
n wc
•I'l. of
», Ul\-
min(H
111 ^T.
m\v lU"
iilhor<;
ilhioiis
i\il it is
tell oi>-
an m'o-
ir ii> 'IK
ri'vntva-
if tl'lVrt
i'lial I'lo-
»blor!)ed
will give
noroovcr
with tlie
has been
ige of tiie
gifut fi'a-
n ami ck-
[Uiriip'^-ans
Kcs, as to
10 natives.
IV'i.in auJ
ituck' *.
. the At-
t- It m-
trcafcs
IwiUii'ii'it') »
If (irovillmi .;.
lurpofc "I <^--
Itraiice ii oU-
Le of palVago,
I. to the lnutli
Vce or iwciitw
|n»iid of (ion-
fmmJ ot llii:
pre i» ftaritly
the name iit
lam, tlie wiilili
lanie^ '.it W'tll-
IvflU above us
Iccut Unils, 1' ■!
dun
lIUMc or Morru ucona, or inu inouniains ot tne i-ioiis, diviumg iMgriiia rrom
(Juiiiea, and extending asfar asKthiopia, wcrcftyledby tin- ;mciciUstho mmintains
o( (fod. on account ot their buin^ fuhjc(5\ to thunder and liglitning. The Peak ol
Teucriiic, which the Dutch make tlicir tiril meridian, rifcs about two miles high tr
crcafvs and docreafei as the Nile, fertilifet the country, and contains f rains of gold
intermixed with its fand. The Gambia and Senegal arc only branches of this
river, 'i'hc Nile divides l^gypt into two parts, and difcharges itfelf into the Me-
diterranean, after a prodigious courfc from its fource in Abyliinia.
'I'lie moil conlidcrable mountains in Africa arc the Atlas, a ridge extending from
the wellern ocean, to which it gives the name of Atlantic Ocean, as far as Egypt.
It had its name from the king of Mauritania, a great lover of aftronomy, who ufed
to obfcrve the tlurs front its lummit ; on which account tlic poets reprefent him as
bearing the heavens on his Ihouldcrs.' The mountains of the Moon, extending them-
fclves netwecn Abyliinia and Monomotapa, are dill higher than thofe ot Atlas.
Ihofe of Sierra Leona, or the mountains of the Lions, dividing Nigritia from
tains
)f
gh in
tlic form of a fugar-loaf, and is fituated on an illand ot tlio fame name near the
coall. The moll noted capes or promontories in this country are, Cape Veul; fo
called, becaufe the land is always covered with green trees and moiVy ground ; it
is the moll wefterly point of the continent of Africa. The Cape of (jood Hope,
lo denominated by the Fortuguefe, when they firft went round it in 1498, and dif-
covered the paflFage to Afia. It is the fouthern extremity of Africa, in the coun-
try of the Hottentots ; at prefent in the pofleilion of the Dutch, and the general
rendezvous of fliips of every nation who trade to India, being about half way from
Europe. 1'here is but one Urait in Africa, which is called Babel-Mandel, and joins
tlie Red Sea with the Indian Ocean.
The lituation of Africa for commerce is extremely favourable, (landing as it
were in the centre of the globe, and having thereby a much nearer communication
with Europe, Alia, and America, than any of the other quarters has with the rell.
'1 hat it abounds with gold, we have not only the leftinioiiy of the Fortuguefe, the
Dutch, the Knglilli, and the French, who have fettiemcuts on its coatls, but that
ot'ilie mod autnentic hiftorians. It is, however, the uiisfortuno of Afrlea, that,
t';,()Ui;h it ha:i 10,000 miles of fea-eoall, with noble, largo, deep rivers, it fliouUl
1,. inhabited by barbarous or favage nations. At tlu- mnullis oi many of iu risers
■Mc llie moll excellent liarbours, deip, fale, ea!m, ami tin liered frnm tlie wind, niid
capable of being made peitectly fecuie by ri)rtili( aiions; hut ipiite deuiiute nf lliip-
\)]n", trade, and mereliants, ex en wlierr theri- is pleniv of nn'rchiimlite. In lli<irt,
\friia, tliougli a full (juarter of the glulH.liiired with an inexliaullible Ireal'ure, aiuj
I ..piihle, imder proper improvements, of produrinq; lo many things deli^litlul, iis
Will as eonvenient, witliin itfelf, has been neglected llrnngriy both by the nati\es
ami the Europeans fettled in it, partieularly tiie J'()rtii:;iiere.
VtViea onee contained fcveial kingdoms and Itates, eminent for the liberal arts,
for wealth and power, and the molt iNienlive comnn'ice. 'I"he kinj^dnms of l\2;\pt
iiiul I'/lliiopia, in partieiihir, were iiuuli i.:elebrated ; and the rich and powerful it;iie
cf Carliia'H". that onee lorniidablr rival to Konu' iifeit", extended b.ei commeree to
fverv part of the aneienl world •. even the Ihiiilh ihures were vifiied by her tleet^,
iiil Jiiba, who was king of Mauritania, but iribiitar) to the ripublic of (arthag,-,
i/triif«r<T' ^'^^'"''' '' '''^ '^"''" "' *""'^'''" "* ''"" 'e'lly otfered to tlirir nccfptaiue; forr-.!ili !■ t!.e
Ihoil r. 'Iitfil, "f Im) conrtilc !it iiiliabit.uit-. Tint w^nil ot 'kill, or Cm h ''ic icttlul di'Iikf i>t tiu jnoji.f
,),£ ,,^,„l„r who live in tlie mij^lilioiirliood of the to t'liiiort ot|iroviiioii,that tlie rilh witlijwhiih t ,e
M ifi- llidiilil rt'tiilc to profit liy it-.iiavij;utioi\, may rivfr aboiiiiil-, «rc kit in uiiitihirlvd jioirdlion of
H.itlv tiiiiirilc tlic tiavi-ller; iuit much griMtiT is its watci^. I'roitcdiii;^^ .it'ti.c Alrican A.ijci.i.
Jii- ailoililliiiuiit, wlicii lie liiidi that even the food tioii, ji, iS j— iS'J,
uliiiii ilic Douniy ol the llr(.;uii would give, is ulf.
5 L 2 unhappily
Iii
I
A.
unhappily called in the Romans, who, with the affiAance of the MauritanUns. fuK-
dued Carthage, niid hy degrees nil the neighbouring kingdoms and (lutes. AtlL-r
this, the natives, conduntly plundered, and confccjuently impoveriflicd, by the g(^
vcrnurs font from Rome, negleAcd their trade, and cultivated no more of their luiidt
than might ferve for their fuhliftence. Upon the decline of the Roman empire, in
the fifth century, the north of Africa was over-run by the Vandals, who contributed
ftill more to the delUudtion of arts and fciences ; und, to add to this country's ca!».
mity, the Saracens made a fudden connuell of all the coafts of Egypt and Barbary,
in the feventh century. Thefe were fuccceded by the Turks ; und both being of
the Maliomedun religion, wliofe profeffors carried defolution with them wherever
they came, the ruin of that once ilouriihing part of the world was thereby cuin-
pletcd.
The inhabitants of this continent, with refpcdl to religion, may be divided into
three forts } namely, Pagans, Mahomedans, and Chrilliuns. The firfl are the moll
numerous, poflcirmg the greateft part of the country, from the tropic of Cancer to
the Cape of Good Hope, and thev are generally black. The Mahomedans, who are
of a tawny complexion, poflefs Egypt, and almoft all the northern (horei of Africa,
or what it called the Barbary coaii. The people of Abyflinia, or the Upper
Ethiopia, are denominated Chriftians, but retain many Pagan and Jcwilh rites.
There arc alfo fome Jews, on the north of Africa, who manage all the little trade
that part of the country enjoys.
There are fcarcely any two nations, or indeed any two of the learned, that agree
in the modern divifions of Africa ; and for this very reafon, that fcarcely any tra-
veller has penetrated into the heart of the country ; and confequcntly we mud ac-
knowledge our ignorance of the bounds, and even the names of feveral of the in«
land nations, which may be Hill reckoned among the unknown and undifcovcred
parts of the world ; but, according to the bed accounts and conjectures, Africa may
be divided according to the following Table:
Nation!
c
•'J
Dllt-iiidlH-r I)i(f. of tunc u.ii-i-,,.
JroiiiLondon (mm UnUon, •"»"""
Worocco, )
Tifilrt, &c. ]
Tuiiia
Tripoli
Hirt n
il
Nmioni.
Hyy}
IlilrdiTTKeriJ
/iura
NtRroUnd
f7uiiic;i
L«ii|tli Brctd. Sq. Milc>
480'
IbO
•40'
J01I
119,4 t
l4J,6o
54.400
lOOO
M,4
N'\it)ii
Ab) 111 Ilia
4«J
a 10
7-0
_.'♦'■-.".
Aool
S4-3oj 66 •! 7'(ij.i^'>
»aoo II40 i,oi6,o« o
1800 560
f)00
800
140,700
TiTJooo
«40
l\l)CX
900
;io,o jO
164,000
J 78,000
l)o iOo,oao
Chici Cilici.
IVi
AlKicri
Cuiiii
Tripoli
I'olcinein
(trind L'^iro
rr)(t'(rii
iMiidiiiK«
Benin
\ubi»
(ioiiilur
^oucaia
loBo S.
910 S.
i;(jO S. K.
ia6oS. li.
1440 H.K.
1910 h7\C
n6<s:
o 14 aft.
o 1} btf.
o )i» bcf,
$6 bcf.
1 36 Iff.
• 1 1 b«l.
1800 a .
1 ;oo S.
1700 S.
ni8 s. t.
188 S.K.
ijTo's. t.
o ti al(.
o 14 a(t.
o iM alt.
O 10 bri.
a ti bet.
a ao bet.
a )6 bet.
Mahoiii.
Mahom.
M.ihc>in.
Ma horn.
Mihom.
MaTiuiii.
Paitliii.'
I'lKini.
l'a.;i»n<.
I'agans.
mSTkK.
Cnuiiiani
vbTiTTt
'i''<e middle parii, culled (he l.uMtr Ktliiopiu, are very little known to the European!, buC are
tomptited at i,aoo.ooo (qiiiire niilet
riio principal iflands of Africa lie in tho Indian fcas and Atlantic Oican ; of
which the following belong to, or trade with the luiropoans, and ferve to re-
ficih their Ihipping to and from India
^i^allil■..
Uabd Mardeli'at ilic emraiiCi- ul t!ie
Uui Sm — — —
Zocotra, in the Indian Ocean —
Till Loiiiora Illev, ilitio — —
M.i(l;i.',.ifi..ir, ditlo — —
Alauriuus ditto — ^ — |
Bourlmii, ditto — —
S. Hileu.., in tilt .\tlainl(. Oi.can —
•VCirnlioM, ditto ' ■ ^
St. Matthew, ditto — —
St. Thomas, Aiwboa, Princei I j,,,,,
ilVind, Fernandopo J
Cape Vrrd Uhndb, ditto — —
Gdrce, liitto
CiiLiric:, ditto ~~~ "~
Mailciras, ditto
riic Ajores, or VVeftcrn Ides lie
nearly ataneoualdillancefrom V ditto
Eiiropi
ras, (lino '
j.)re5,orVVeftcrninesliel
y ataiieciualdillancefrom > diti
pe, Afriia, »nd America \
Town's.
'Uabcl Mandel
3,600 Calaiina —
1, 000 Joanna ■
i68,nooSf. Aiiflin
1,840 Maurilins —
3,100 Hon rboii —
Si. Helena
TraHc with nr bilong to.
All naiioui
Ditto
Diiio
niito
— Krriuh
— iDitto
— Knglirti
t'ninlubited
Ditto
St. Thomas, An.tbo.i
I'ortiisiiefe
3,000 St. Doniiny;o — Ditto
Kort S;. Michael |Kreiuh
!l>alma,St.Chrirtopker>!S|ianifli
i,;oo Santa Cruz, Funchal I'ortiigucfe
3,000 Angra, St, Michael
Ditto
Ilaviug
fi4 R C Y I* T.
Ilnving given the reader fnme idea of Africa in eenerat, with itt principal king-
\\», wc ihiill now coiilidcr it under four grand diviliont : tirll, Kgypt ; ri-iondly
donifl
the llalCH ot' Harbary, Ihctching along the c-oafl of the Mediterranean, from Kgyyt
in the eali, to the Atlantic Ocoua, welt i thirdly, tbf kingdom* of Ah^lliniii, Fe/znn,
Uornou, und Calhna ; and, lullly, the inuntrvof tlie I loltentotK.Canrraria, and that i)urt
of Africa, Ik'twei-n the tropic of ('anccr ana the Cape of Good I lope : the lall of thrfc
diviliont, indeed, is vallly greater than the other three ; hut the nationn which it
contain* ure fo little knowiii and fo barbarous, and, like all hnrbarout natioiu, fu
rnnilar in moll rcfpi'fls to each other, that they may, without impropriety, be
thrown under one general head.
Situation and Extent.
Mil<^'si. Degree*. Sq. Miles.
I.ent'th Ooo ) i , ( lo and ^i north latitude, l
breadth i5o 1 "^ '"'•<■•" i i8 and 36 eaft longitude. ; '40.700.
a . 1 T '' '* hounded hv the Mediterranean Sea, North j by tho R,.,|
BouKDARtES.J 1^ ^.^^ Ealhby Abylhnia, orthc Upper Klhiopia. on thcjioulli
and by the defert ot Barca, and the unknown parts of Africa, Welt , '
Divilions.
Subdivilions.
r <
Northern divllion contains-; Lower Kgypt
Jjoudicn. divilion contain. { Upper Kgypt } { gyjlj;"" '^'''^"'^^'^
Chief Towns.
Gk.and Cairo, li. hti.
\i. N. lat. 10.
Bu'lac
.'Mexandria
Rofetfo
Damiitta
.A I R.J It is obfervfd by M. Volney, that during eight months of the vear (from
March to Noviniber) the heat is almoll infupportabic to an Kuropcan. '" During
the wliolc of thi.s feafon, the air is iiiHamed, and the Ikv fparkling." — The oih'?
njontlisare more temperate. The foutherly winds which ftimetiinesldow in Kgypt
are l>y the natives called poifoiiom winds, or the hot xvinds of the dej'nt. They arc
of fiii-h extreme heat and aridity, that no animated body expoled to them criii
withliand their fatal inHueiue. Dnring the three days wliiili this wind •generally
lalh, the llreets are deferted ; and woe to the traveller whom it furpriles remoie
from llielter; when it exceeds ihrei- davsit is infupportable. N'erv freciuenflv tlic
inhabitants are aimoft blinded wiili drifts of fand. 'i'hefc evils arc remedied In the
riling and ovcrllowing of the Nile.
Soil and PRODt'CR.] The vail fertility of Kgypt is owing to the annual inun-
dation of the Nile, occalioncd by the rains which tall during Mav, June, and Julv
in AbyHuiia and the neighbouring countries of Africa. According to M, Volncv^.
2 tu'
EGYPT. itg
thr commcncempnt of the Inundation ii not entirely afcertnined, thoath the
roptfi Hx it at the 19th nf June. At the height of itn Huod in the Lower Kgypt,
no(hin;( ii to be fccn in the pinina, but the touit of forelU and fruit-lreet, the luwna
Olid villiitji'it being built upon eminencei cithrr natural or artificial. When the
river iit lit itn proper bright, the inhubitnntu celebrate a kind ot' jubilee, with vari-
(iiiH rdlivitir*. The banks or inoutulu which confnic it are ' ut by the Turkilli
|),illiii, atteadcd by hii graitdi-eit ( but, according to optaiii N»rdcn, who wai
pivl'otit nil the occniion, the fpct'lliiclu i« not very mngii'Hrcnt. 'Vhen the bnnka
iiic cut, the water is let into what thev cull the Chulis, or grand canni, which runt
tli.'iiii;li Cairo, t'roiii wl\ciicc it is diltributcd into cutn, tbi fupplying tiuir field*
n<i(( gardeni. This being done, and the waters Ur^inuing to retire, fuch is the fer-
liiiv ut liic foil, ihut the luliour ot' tiie hutbandinan is next to nothing, lie thrown
lii; wheat and hurlev into the groiiixl in UMoberand May. He turns his cuttle out
t I graze in Novenmer, and in nhout (ix weckk, nothing can be more chariiiiiig
iluiii the profpett which the lace ot" the country prcfents, in riling torn, veget-
;il)li'S, ami verdure of every ftirt. Oranges, lemons, and fruits, perUmu: tlie air.
'Iju' (iilliirc »)f piill'e, lemons, fugarcanes, and otijer plants, wiiich re(|uiri;
inoilhire, is {.ip|ilie(l l>y fiiiiill Init regular cuts from cill<ri)s and rcfervoirs. O.itos,
l>!:mlanes giap« s, figs, and palm-trees, from which wine is made, are lie(e plenti-
ful. Mr,i\h and April ar<- tlu' luirvill months, and proihice llnve crops; one of
Itltiiees and ciicniMhi rs (tlie laifer Ining tlu iliief food ol ihe inlialtilantji, one or'
1(1111, iiiil one of melons. Tlie l'.;;y|»lian paliurage is cipially proliiie, lUull of the
tiu-.ulnii'eds producing two at a time, ai.d the llieip loin lambs a \e.if.
ANivAt.s.J I'^gvpt abound:, in black cattle ; uiid it is faid, that the inhnliit.ints
enplov every dny 20,000 oxen in railing water for their grounds. They li.iv.' a
line liir^' bleed of alles, upon which the ("hrillians ride, being infolently de.
buried by the Turks from riiling on liorfeback. i he Kgyj)tiaii horfes are verv
fine ; they never trot, but walk well, and galinn will) gre:ii Ipeed, turn lliort. Hop
i!i a moincnt, and are extremely traclalile. llie hipin.p'ilanuis, or rivcr-liorfe, an
;iiiiphili;,ius aiiir al, refemhling an ox in its hinder pails, witii the head of a luule,
is ccnii'.on in Ipp'T Kgv])!. Ivg'r>, hyenas, camels, antelopes, ajies with the
iiiM-' like a chig, and (he rat, called iilnieumon, are naiives of I'.gypt. The ca-
nieiion, a little animal fomething rel'emliling a lizard, that clianges colour as yoij
fi,;ii(l to look Ujx'ii him, is I'ouiui licio as well as in ni'i-iriioiuing countries. '\hn
tr.ii'dile was formerly tliougln peciili.ir to I'.gvpt. but there iloes not feem tt) bo
iiiiv ni.ilerial diii'eience betweui it and the alu-alors ot livlia and America,
'liiev are both ;. nphihions animals, in the form nf a li/.aiil, iiiul grow till tl.iy
iire about twenty feet in lengih, and hii.e four lliort le^s, with lar;,c feet armed
wiili claws, and their baiks are tovered with a kind of impenetrable fcales, like
iivinour. 'Ihe crrncdile waits for his prey in the ledge, and oilier cover, un the
(i('. s c'fthe rivers ; and, pn ity much reU milling the trunk ot an ol<l tiee, fonie-
ti in s fiiprifes the unwary traveller with his tore j)aws, or beais iiim down wiih
Ms lull.
1 his iduntrv produces likewife great irimbers ot eagles, hawk-;, pelicans, and
water-fowls (if all kinds. 'I he ilns, a treaturi' ,accouling to Mr_. \oiden) foiiic-
vhat lereinbling n dtick, was dciliitl by the an.ienl I'.gyptians t'or iis deliroyiii|r
frpeiits and peltiferous infecls. 'Ihey were thought to_ be peculiar to_ I'-gypi,
I. Ill a fpecies of them is faid to have b»en lately difeovei ed in other parts of Atrica.
(iihiilics are common here, and arc fo limng thai the Arabs foinetinies ride upon
ti.iir luieks.
'ilii' Ceralles, or horned vip< r, inhahii . the '^re.iletl pnrt of the eaftern continent,
ilhiciidly the defert fandv parts of it. Ii .iLound-. in 's\iia, in llic ihiec AraLias,
and
Il«
R G
T.
«n<l ill Afrtra It \^ llmncht to have 1>«'rn llii* f|v« ir« of »ip«fr wlilili CWop«tri
i'litliloyi'd lit priKtiK* li«'r tlraih. Akxaiidrin, picniiliilly l<ii)|>|icti hy w.itcr, iiuiK
lliii'ii liuvt- liiiil trtiit i>l' ull kind* in iu i^artlriu. 'I lio bulki-u of liKi mull havi*
ctvmc I'rom tltcncr, and ilu- itfjiii , or ciralU'*, thu( wu hitl iu tlioni, fruitt ihu
adjKiiiiing liufvrt, wluro ilirieare plenty In thi'« diiv Mr Bruro, in liii Travcli iit
Abytiiniii, hut given a vory riiriou* wcrouni ot lUo power which the nulivct Imvt;
over tiu'l'i* reptil'W, l>y whit It ihoy iH'cumo quite humiK !» to them i but he mtdd
Irarn no oilier realoo for ihii exemption, than their r.iyiun rliul thev were Inirii lo.
VVhiUevcr bo the cAufc, tlic fa(l Iccnti pUiti both Irom I'uvrcd * and profuacf
writrri,
Purut. \Ttny, mannrri, cvi- ) \* the population of Egypt in nhnoO confin*
TOM«, AHO niVRR«ioNi S I'd lo the b.inkii of llic >Jilr, nnd the rrO of
the country inhabited by Aral>s, and otiier nutiotii, wccni) fiiv little upon ti)i« head
Willi pre( iliun. It feenis to It. certain that t.({vpt ii* at prelcnt nut near fu pu|)u<
Iuu9 an forrnerlv, nnd its depoptilalion ii owiii^ to aniirihv and tlcfpotifm. Ac*
cording to M. Volney, the number of inhabitants may uiniuint to x,j')i,ooo, of
which Cairo contaimt ubout 250,000. 'Ihi« country is inhal)ited by four ditferent
race* of |Kop|e 1 the 'lurk* who pttieiid to be mallei « of tlic country ; the Aralii
wh«J were con«pieretl b> the I'lirku ; the Cootci, wId are dcfccnded from tlie an-
ciont Ki^t I'' '•>«!*• ntiscd with ilie Peruana, (ireeks, uod Komun<t, who fuceellively
''■K)l" i ""*' '''^' Mainaloukx, who were
i, and bein{{ tlie only military force, arc
: oMuiiially (Jircalliun itud Min-
irc the rtal mallerii of the cuuii-
•6.'
comiucit'ii
grclian (!>•'
''>:•
riic Turks, who relide in Kgvpt, retnhi all their Olt<»nian pndc and iiifolencc,
and wear the 'rurkiih habit, to ditlin^uilh tlicmfclveit from the Arabn utul Copter,
wh(» dief- very plain, their ( liiel finery being an upper garment of white linen, and
Finen draw^rii ; I'Ut their ordinary <lrefs is of blue linen, with ft loiii' (.loth toat,
either over or under it. The t'hrillians nnd Arabs of the meaner kind content
theinfcUes witii a liiicn or w Hilkn wrapper, which they fold, blanket-like, muikI
their bodv . I he Jews wear blue halher llippers, the otlu r native .f the cuuii-
try wear red, and the foreis^n L'hrilli.in.s yellow. 'I lie drefo of the wuinen is very
unci;iceful. which in llie liijjlier ranks, is of lilk. Thole females wlu) are nut ex.
poled to lie fun, li.ive tlelnate tomple.xions and features. I he women are not
admitted to the focietv of men even at table. V\ hen a rich Kgyplian i^ deliroiis
of dining wiili one of his wivi-s, he ;;ives lier puvioiis notice ; who .iccordiMijK
prcpan-K the nioU di (licitedillus, and receives her lord with tlu gieatilt aitteiitioii
and refped. llic women «)f the low* r clafs n main Ibiiuling. or Ualcd in a loriier
nf the room, vliile their hulhand is at diniKr, and prefcnt him with water tu
walh, and help him at the table. The Copies arc generally excellent aciiiin|i-
tants, and man) ol them live l>y teaching the other iiativc& to read and \\riii.'.
Their exercifes and divcrlioiis are much the lame as llinfc made ufe of in iVrliii,
and other Aliatit countries. Ug^pt abound.-, with jugglers fortune-tellers, and
iiiountcbanks.
Rhi.ir. ION.] To what has l)cen already faid concerning the religion of KL'vpt,
it ]•> |)ri.t» r to :id(l that the bulk of tlu Maliuiiiedans are enthulialls, and huvc
among Hum iluii >',:,itc', or lillows who pretend to a fuperior degree of holinefs,
and wiihoiil any leremony intrude into ihe beft lioufcs, whence it wmild he ilai •
^eroiis lu turn ituiii out. llie Kgyptiaii 1 iirkt pay little uttention to religimi
• hrein. v'ii. 17. I'laL Iviii. 5.
( All (|iiuitiiii ciiikkis niiic!> jjiutir ii-rallx. bil. leal, lib, iii.
9 i!i<r
itiult
have
rt lliu
cl» ill
I liuvtt
irn ii»,
tfttlkC t
contiii-
rcrt of
\* lu-ad
I. /Vc*
000, ol'
litrcri'iU
tllO 111)-
i.OlllVi'l»
uU Mill-
lU COUII-
ufc>lciH\',
I Coptrs
iii'i), and
Dih tinil,
I cDiilonl
f.c, roiiuil
• cmiii-
is very
imt i\-
ai'C nut
tli-liron*
irilini;l\
iitttntiiin
.1 mrnvr
v.iKr to
uiionni-
uul \\r\W.
in iVrliii,
Icrs, and
of Kjiypt,
anil li'.uu
f lioliiicfs,
Id Ih' (Ian-
\M
I O Y P T. . Iiy
nor woulvl li lie enfy to fay what r|>r«.iei of Chriftimiiiy i% M\,fv^'i\ h) iIk- Clirif-
li.in Ctiplm who are here numarnu* i ihry hc^cvcr proffCit tU itilclviii to \> m|
llir (iroek t'hiirih, and tiuiiiir . to that of Konw'. In HliKioiH. and iikdiid nuiiu
«ivil iiiaiter«, tlwv iire iindor flu- jtiril'diftiim of ilic |i iirianh oi AI«'x:indrM, *vli i
liy cafy pi-eiiiuMry ioHucnrt* jjotKrally obtain* a piotri mdu it ilio ()tt>)ni.iii loiin,
IwAN'ttr AUK.] rh« CditlK is the tniill iituii-nr laiigiia)t«- of Kgypi. 'ihi» wti«
fnccfi-(l« <l liy the flrfk, nlxnil I'lc linn* of Alcxiind rtlu (Jrcar . ami lliat lis llif
Aiiibic, u|,ion the lonimcnci'mciit of tji«*«alifnti', whoo tin- Aruli^ dif|)<)lli Hid tin?
(iri-ckt o( I'^vPl. I'hc Artihic, or Arnlu'l<|Ui-, an it ii (allc-d< id tiill ihciurrt'iit
|,in{{tuigi', 1)111 tlic ('nplie and inodv'iii (iriH'k idntituio to lit' fpokcni.
Lrarnino and t.KARNKn MRN.J 'Ihuiiah it I* fup|iofi-(( that the (irrcki dO'
rived all ihi-ir kiiowKMl|re from the ancifiit P,|^yptimii>, v«i fiarii'ly a vi-rtinc of jl
rcniniiit nnion^ thiir di-uendiints. Thin i-* owiii^ to tin* lii'^itry and if!;ni»run<T of
flu'ir iVIul\'»midan niadrrs i hut hen* it in propor to inakr oi,"' olirt-rvation wfiic It i*
of gcnvi.il uff, Ihi" ("iilifs or SararmN who fididiicd l'.i?vpi wort* of ihric kindi,
'Iho firrt, who were the imou'diati' fuccclTorit of Mahonud, inadc wnr, from con*
fi iviKO and prituipal, upon nil kiiuU of litcrntnrr, except tin" Koran ; uiid In luc it
>x;(«i, that wIkii i.ny touW pcilU-lli"H nf AUsandria, whiih cunfaim-d tlir nmll ni!i;^-
iiirKi'iii lihnuy tin- uorld I'vi-r I • held, iu valiialilo iiiunnli riptn wi-rc .upplicd (or
fiimi- iMonlhs to lookinj; ihoir \icluali, and warming llnir !> riii*. 'Ilu' janic t'.ti>>
iitti'ruU-() upon the othot mngnihitiit K^ypliati lil>raru-s. Ihc Calilx of the fccond
r;iic wirr nun of talU? nnd loarninj^, hut of a pc* nliarllruin. 'Ihry l)onc;lit up nil
llu- niaiuifvnpti, tliut fiirvivotl tlu- gcmral tmirlagratioii, nlatinf^ to adroiiomi ,
MH-diiiin.', nnd I'onu" vdih'f* pari* oi pliiinruphy , l)ul tlioy had no talfc for tlio
(irician arts, fciiMKcii, hiftory, or putiv, and Uaniinj; wan Knitiiu d fo their own
court* and rolletf-.'s, without ever fiiulinm its wav hiiik to Kjfvpt. Hic lowor
r.u o of C-ulifn, elpoiially thofc who lallod llKMidVlvi-* Califs ot K^jvpt, difgraecd
Inniiati naiun- ( and llif Turks have riveted thi* t'lins of barbui.i'is ignorance
wliich tla-y iuipofi'd.
All the li'arning therefore [xinVllid by ti v' nioder\i Kgyptians ioi\lifts in arith-
meliial inlculations tor the «ldpateli of bulniefs, the jargon of altrolugv, a few
niillrunu in iiirdnine, foinc knowlcdm' of Aiibtftpie, and ot the Mahoinedaii
nlif^ion.
I I IU01I I ii-s Kun AN rioj n ir.s.] Kgypt ahi.undi more with thefc t' ;ni per-
liiipi any other jiiirt ot' ilir world. Its pyramid'! Iiuvi- luin often deUrib(.H> I lieir
aniiipiity !!> beyond the ivfearchei of hiltory itielf, mid their original ufcs are Dill
uiikiiown. 'riu:y are eleven in n iiiiIkt, and d;ihint four Icijuen fnii;i Cairo. Ilie
halis of ihe largert covers eleven acre* ol groniul, ar.d its perpeiidieular heiglit i<
500 fevt, but, it nieal'uied iil)li»iin'ly to llio li'rniin.uim; ponif, 700 i'eet *. It eoii-
lains a room thirty -four feit l"iig, and li ventecn bro;id, m wliiih is u maihie ehetli
hut without either cover or contents, fuppofed to have been (lelii>,ned for the loinb
of the found :, who, uieording to I ler(»doiiis, was Cheops, the l'",;;\piian king,
who immediately fiicteeded I'loteiis, in tlie linlh eeiitnrv Ixtoi'e Chnil. In flnii,
llie pvi.iin'.ls of I'.gypt are the mod llnpeniidas, and In .lopcaraiice, the moll ufe-
lei's. liniOtmes thai ever vveie rail .d by ilu,' hands o! men.
Ihe nuimmy pits, fo called for their containing the inMmmies. or enibnlmed b >•
(iir, of the am ieiit Kj;v|)tians, are rublerrane lus vaults «d'a prodigion . extent; but
the art of prep.irini; tiie niiimmii's is now lull. It is (aid tha, foii-.e oi the budies,
lliiis embal.iu il, aie pertict a.ul dillm^i at lliis d;i), tlioiij;!! hinied 3000 yeats
• Mr. \'c)lnry C.iy*!!;'! :i I lie infiiliir.itimi ulli'.'ii* nnj its | ;r; cii .\.ul.ir luij.lit K-ur liuiulrcd ,iii)
(I cilIi U\.ii ol lUc ^rc.a {lyriUnid, lix lititidrcil Kct ; ri.;!.t\ -tec.
? .Nl a- ).
Ii8
»f(ty 'r>ii> tuhyrinih in Upper Rfypt i« N tutloftiy ihouf(hl tn hti mi>r« wondi'ifij
Ihuri ilitf iisritniitli ilMm(t«ivt*«,
7
III
ti
IKiillv uiitU r urtittntl, tinJ lul oul i>| martilti
ji '
rock i'onlimiiK of tv Ivc |)ii|iii<«|iin«t looo hnurtt. liu lukriiut i>'Mil whit h timiiMtn
h* iioinc, iliv luki- Matk waa dog by urUvr ol' ait l'.t;)j»liiiii king, lu currcfi ilt«
irrrgiilMriti««of ihv Nile, tnd lo c-utTiri)itiiicitte withlliai tiViirJtyiiiiiuUomlditvlio
whiih Hill riihflil, nnil are cvitUtut.'* »l' llto uUiilv u« Wkll jt KruiuU-ur ul' iIh! tvurk.
UiMuKrtuI Kr<)iiii« And p\(ii\ulitiii», iiuiiUy urithtiiil, mI)oiiiiJ in Ki(v|it, lliv wliolu
i'Miiilry lowiirdi liruiul Calm i« n t'i>iiiiitui'<l fii'iu- <it uiiliijuiiut, •>(' \>ltiili ilic (»!({•
ell nto ihtf moll liiipi'iiilouf, Im( itw murv iiioikrii ihv iiiuU l>vttutitui. Clcu|Mirii'i
nrcdli*. Aiul ili fi ul|ilnrf», »r\> udnuiuUlc.
IViiipoy'it pillttr, wliiih i» lituitU'ii on n rock, ntmut • mile without the gatt'i i>(
Ihr iily oV Alckaiultiii, u >i t\\w ri uoliir ikIomim nl iIu' Corinilnun ortlcr, tlio Ihariot'
wdiili II one lloiir, hi'lou ciKlily-vi^lit liit nine hu lir» in Itci^lil, or Uri (liuinrtcn o|'
till* iiiluinn t tlif ulioU- lii-ighl i» 114 tni, iiRludtng the lupitHl und iii<ltilal. 'Ihc
whole olthr |>ill.ir i» gruniti., Init tlu- iiipiiui lo oi another Itone. Tltu inagniliceni
iiioMUiiii-nl n|>|itur», in talle, ^r.i)t Mr. hniev) to Ik* the work ot'thul period between
lliiiliiai) iintl Vvi riii ) but, tliouuli llu- I'onner erected feverul luruf l>uil<lint{»iii the
rail, it it obl'irvi'd o(' him thut iie nwi r put iiiliri|itioii<t iiimhi tiifiii. tin, |ii||i(r
hni had n («reck iiiiVriplton, tind I lliink, tnny vcrv probaitly Ik- iiltributed to ihr
time of thr l.ititr, 111 n inonnmefit of the ^rutltlldc of ihu city of Alexandria for the
brnelitii lie coiifirrtil on thcin,i'f|)ecinlly liiiee no nncik nt htllory mention* it» Lxjf).
fncc lit an earlier period. I If eonietturi'i thut it Wii.i brought in 11 block front ilie
'rheliiii<i in L'pper l'.g)pt, l>v the Nile ; though lniiu' hiive imagined it wuh un dl^i
obeiilk.hewn to the round t'orin of 11 pillur. I he Sphynk, ut it it tailed, i» no more
than Ilk- head and part of the llioufders of a woman hewn out of the ruck, uiiil
aliout thirty leet high, near one of the pyramid*.— I he manner of hatching chick-
(IIH in oven<t i^ coniinon in I'gypt, and now prUiMiled in fome pnrtu of F.uropr.
" I he papyru* (which is oik' of the natural curiolities of Kgypt, und lVr\ed the
aiU'ients to write upoiij ii u ly penis, calUd by tlie (ireiks hiblu». I'liny fays thot
Vnrro wrilet that tne |)a|iyru!i came not into general ufe till alter the conijuell of
Kgypt by Alexandei i yet it U plain from Anucreon *, AIcu-uh, ilifihylus, and the
I iiinic poets, that it was know n in their time. I'luto and AriHotlc fpeuk of it nllo,
III do Herodotus, and llieophralhis f. W'v alfo know it was of old in ufe
umoiig the lonians, who probably brought it in very early days direttly fmin
I'.gypt. Numo, too, who lived .^oo yeum before Alexander, is faid to have left a
iiumlier of booki written on the pajiyruH, which tt long time utter hisi death were
fouii'l at Kuine.
" Willi .\iillntle bi ;,'aii the llrll arrangement of a library. AIexnnder'iieon([ucft,
und the building of Alexaiulria, laid open Kg>pl, its trade, and learning, to the
world. Fupyriis then, or the paper made from it, was the only material made iil'e
if tor writing upon. A \iulent delireof nmalling books, und a library, iininediuicly
t'.illowed.
" I III Ctolemies, ami the kings of IVrgaiiiiis, cuiiteiulid who lliould make the
largeli cullecliui). I lie rioleinus, inalUrs ol I'.gypi, and ot the papyrus, a\ai!' U
tlti.Miifi-lvcH of tliia nioiiopoly to hinder the multiplication of boiks in (irecec. '11 c
o'.ltcr princes prohahiv liiiugi;le(l this plant, and prupagauil it wherever it would
grow out <pf l',,i;'.pl. Ami I'-uiiiein s king ut IVrg.iimis tei al.oul biiiigiiig lo perltwiini
the inanuracture ot panlniient, wluili, lung lieti>re, the biiiiuns bail iilcd mi .ii-
count ot the Icarcity ol papi r ; fur wliatv\er releinblam e there intghi be in namc.-.nr
vshutcNcr may be inferred from them, writing upon lkii)» ur parchtiieiit was luucii
• Aii.c. Oili i/.
I Tlienpli. Jlin. I'liiit. lib, ir. 9.
more
It alio,
ill vife
tlly from
f Icfl .i
ih wcrt
to lilt
mule ii'.c
iiWi- the
ic. Tic
it woiikl
^Krkct'n'U
vjil (.n .11-
was ii'U(.li
K O Y P T. 119
rune •ncl<'nl llun any clly or rtmr In Grrrco, ■ml in ul**- prulmbly l»fr>»fi» Crt><fi't
««ii% inhnhllt'il, Thr Jew* »>■ Lmtw nintU- uiW oHl in ihf titrtiin ii|;i"i, Al iMt
Vi ry timv whiitt we nrr now iJK>aking of*, wo kurn frmn Jitfi-pKu* *, lh«l lh«
fl«t(>r«, by nrilcr of thi* liigh pri> lU, inrrird a lopy of the luw M I'tolcniy l*hilti(ii!l*
|ilm« ill li'llcr* ni' K'llil uixt'i ikitu, ihc pirci** ol which wcri' (<> nril'ttlly |mt lt>|^u<
itu-r ihm ihc joitiiiiav «lui mtl u|)|tfiir.
" III n \nr^i' nnu viry pfrfifl mnniifiripr in my pti(Trl?'on (f.tvi Mr nriiir>,
vhkli will ting tip lit lliilui, liu- liouriliari- nt piipvnn root, iovcr^^-'l hrll wlili tlu.'
lontht plk*rr» ot till* p>|" >. ml ihrn with lonthcr in ilu' fiimi* iniinncr u« it wouhl
|. iliiiu' iii>w. It ii II Itniik (Mi< would titll n ritiiill tuiio, riithcr than h) nny oihi'r
iiitn<', iin<l I nppn lu'iul thai tin- Ih ip'- ii|° the 1iih>Iv \vlii-r>' pnpyrti'« i<tciiipt<iyc«l mii*
iilvvny* «)t ilii' l.imi' turin wiili ilmd- ni ih<* iinidirtn. 'jhn Iflti-f* un* llrmin, tifcp,
til It k, mill niipart'titly wriltrti witli a roil, ni ii pravtilVil hy tlu> l',K)pliuii» nml
Al>>lliiti<i>i* liiil' ll I* writtin <m Imth liili'i, I'li mvif roiild he rolh d up nn punh*
iii.nt \va>, nor would the britllcncf* ol' the iitulorlaN when dry, l'iip|>ort uny ftuh
tri'iiiunt unrolling f"
CiriRi, TOWN*, ANn J Kvcn n flif?lit rex iiu <if thi-A* would nmouiii toaUrtfi*
pi'tLic KPiKKKi ) viiiunic, III iiKiry pliu(>«, not only f innln, hut tli»
vMilU t»l'titici, huilt iK-t'ore the time of Ali-xaiiiKr the Great, arc Kill entire, ntid
iiinny of their ornnnunts, partiiuliirly the tolouri ot their pninlingi, ore u» ficlli
uiul vivid n<i whiii tirii laid on,
AU'Xiindrin, whiih lieion ihi Levant cotdl. wat on< e the ennwiriiiin of the wmlj,
und hy the mcnni of the Kcd Sea furnilhed I'.urope, and ^rcut part of Alia, with
the rii'heH of India. It owet it« nainr to ltd founder Alexander the fireat. It OaiuU
tiirlv iiiilis weft from the Nile, and U n huiulred ami twenty iiorihwell of Cairo.
Il rnfv upon the mini of 'lyre and ('aiilinj^e, and it fanioiii for the liglit-hoiifi*
iretted un the oppolile ilhitiil of Pharos, Im- ilie direction of mariners, clefervitlly
olleemed one ot the wonders of the world. 'Ihe mole whiih w.is litiilt to I'orin u
Ckmuniiniiation with the iilaiid of IMuroi in looo yards in length, and tiiouffhnear
?ooo years old, the exeellenee of its materials has r« filled, in a x'l'i't meafine, the
\ii»leiuc of winds and wave* ever lime All ihe parts ofilio eity were ina;;iiiliii iii
in pio|iortioii, as :ippiarH from their ruins, partikiilarl) the i illerns and mpudutis
M;iiiy of the materials of the old city, howesir, have heen employed in huildiivn
New Alexandria, which nt prefent \% a very ordinary feajiort, known hy the name
(if Scanderoon. Notwilhnandinj; the poverty, ignorame, and indoleiieo of the
iiiliahiiants, their niofcpies, hagiiios, and the like huildings, erei'led within thefe
ruins, prcfervc an ineNprellihle air of majelly. " It is thinly inliahited, and theu' in
il tradition among the natives that, more than onie, it has Im n in agitation to aban-
dim it altogether, and retire to Koletta, or Cairo, hut that they have heen witlield
hy ilie opinion of divers faints from Arabia, who have aflured them, that iMeeeu
Inini,' dellroyed, (as it nuitl be they think by the Rulliaiis) Alexandria is then to l'>>
iiHiic //;(' fio/\ pliiw, and that Mahomed's body is to be tranfpnrted thither; wlun
that eily in ileltroyiil, thr tam:lilied relies are \o be tranfporled to Canuian, in the
kingdom of I'unis: lallly, from Carmian they arc to eomc to Rofctta, and there tD
reiiiain till the ii'iil'imiiuation of ail things t."
Rt liHa, or Kale hill, Hands twenty -tivr miles to thonortli-weft of Alexandria, and
is Kiniiu.iendid by its luautilul litiiu'ion, and the delij;h'tul protpcvM* wliith coin-
nv.ii'.d the tine country, or illand of Delta, I'ormed b\ the Nile, near its nioiitli. It ii
likivvile u place of greal trade. I he length of the city is two miles, but it is only
Jufijiti, til), xii. i>. 405. I DriM-'» Trivi'h, 4(0, lol. v. ]<. r, a, j, j, it
; M I
i IbiJ. vol. 1. {I. i(.
l.ulf
it<.ore
U» EGYPT.
liuH'a niilf broiul. In ihe environs are many country lioufcs Ijolonglng to ChriC-
tiiiii iiariliants, with line gardens, procUicinf; the cliuiteft fruits of the Laft. '|1
ic
Miiliniiieilaii iiili;ibilaiits are liere alfo particularly civil ami polite.
Cairo, now Mafr, tlie prefeiit capital of Kgypt, is a larj^e and populous, but a
(lirai:reeable reliilence, on account of its pcftilential air, and narrow Iheets. It is
liivided into two towns, ilie Old and ilie New, and defended by an old callle, the
uoiks of wiiich are laid In be three miles in circundercnee. 'I hii calile is faid to
liave be<n built bv Saladine: at the well end are the remains of very noble apait-
nients, foiric of wdieli are covered witli domes, and adorned with pictures in Mufaie
Wurk ; but thefe tipartnieiiis are now only ufcd for weaving cnd)ioidcry, and pre-
l)aring the hangings and coverings annually fent to Mecca. The well, calk\l
Jofepli's Wi II, is a ciulous piete of methanifin, about 300 t'eet deep. 'I'lie ineniory
<il' tliat paiiiardi is (lill revered in I'-g} pt, where they Ihcw granaries, and niaiu-
I'thcr wdiks of pid)lic ui'lil)-, that go under Iiis nanK\ 'J'liey are certaiidy of \alt
nnii»)uity ; but it is very i|ueliionable whetlier they were erected by him. One oi'
liis granaries is lliewn in Old Cairo, but captain Norden fufpects it is a Saraciu
work, nor does lie give us any higli idea of the buildings of the city ilfeil". On
tlie bank of the Nile, facin;; Cairo, lies the village of Gize, whicli is ihoi.glit |.)
be ilii' anciint Memphis. Two miles well, is liulae, called the |)ort of Cairo, 'l\\^i
Cluiliians of Cairo pradife a lioly cheat, during the Kaller holidays, by pretending
tliat tlie lind)s and bodies of tlic dead arife tVom their graves, to wliich they return
jieaceably. The llreels of Cairo are peik-red with the jugglers and fortune-tellers
already mentioned, (^ne of their favourite exhibitions is their dancing caniels,
whicli, v\hen }oung, they place upon a large heated lloor: the intenfe heat niakei
the poo'- creatures c;n)er, anil being plied all the time with the found of a drum,
the noifc of that inilrument fets them a dancing all their lives after.
The other town.s of note in ligypt arc Damielt;., fuppofed to be the ancient Pe-
hillmn ; Seyd, on tlie will banks uf the Nile, 200 miles foutli of Cairo, faid to be the
am lent I''.g\plian '1 lubes ; and Colliar, on the weft coaft of the Red Sea. 'Ihege-
neial practice of fti.ingers, who vilit thofe places, is to iiire a Janizary, whole au-
thority commonly protects them from the iiifults of the other natives. Suez, for-
merly a place of giCat trade, is nnw a fmall city, and gives name to the IlUimus,
th;it loins Atrica with -\lia. 'I he chiklreii i.l Ifiael are fuppofed to liave niarclud
near ibis city, wlieii ihey left l-gypt, in their way towards the Red Sea. 'I'his fea
appears to have certainly derived its name tVom Kdom, long and early its powerful
mailer, tiiat word (igiiifying lied in Hebrew. It tormerly went by the name of the
f<.;\ of l.'".(Iom, or idumea. Almoft every ubjecl and village in this country prefeius
foriic amazing piece of antiijuity.
Mauiu,k qj'aR^ "•-*■] " It I'.as been a wonder Tays Mr. Bruce in his journcv
;icr(jfs tlie delert of the '1 liebaid from K-enne to Coli'eir! with ail travellers, and with
myfelf aniong the reft, where the ancients procured that prodigious quantity of
fine marble, with wliic h all their buildings abound. That wonder, however, aniung
many others, n'lw ceafes alter liaviiig palfeti, in four days, more granite, [)orph\r\,
marlde, and jafuer, than woold build Rome, Athens, Corinth, Syracufe, .\leiiiplii>,
Ai< xaiidiia, am! half a dozi n fuch cities. It feemed to be very vilible that thole
n(»eningt« in the hills, whicli 1 call defiles, were not natural, but ariiticial, and that
wboK- momitaii.i. had been lut out at tlirle |)laces.
" The p.iiph\r\ il.ews ittl.if by a fine purple land, witliout any glofs, or glitter
tm it, and i.. c\cee(.ii.igly agreeable to the e)e. It i.> mixed with tiie native uliiie
faiid, and (ixid gra\el of the plains. C.reen uiivariegated marble is generailv
feeu in tUe fame mounluin with the porpliyry. Where the two veins meet, tuo
marble
E
Sst
marble is for fomc iiiiln.s brittle, but the porphyry of tlic fame liardnefs as in
hiIrt places.
" 'I he granito is covered with faiicis, and it)i)ks lil;c rtoiic of a dirty, brown colour.
l)Ut this is iml) the chaDLre and impieiiioii the fun and weather have made upon it ;
fiir upon breaking it, you fee it is grey granite, with black fpots, with a reddilli catt,
1)1- bliilh owr it. 'Ihin red feenis to lade, (>r fuller from the outward air, but, upon
worlviiig or i)o!illiiiig the furface, this colour again appears, it is in greater cpian-
tity tlian thi- porpliyry, and nearer the Red Siea. I'ompey's pillar feems to have
l)een from tlii-> "piairy.
" Ne.\t to the granite, but never, as I obferved, joined with it in the fame monn-
tiiin, is the red marl)le. It is covered with fand of the fame colour, ar.d looks as
if the whole mountain were fpread over wiili brick dull'. 'J here is alfo a red mar-
ble with white veins, whicli I have often i\-.-n at Rome, l)Ut r\ot in prine!|>al ful)-
yih. I have alf) feen it in llritain. 'Ihe common green (called fer|)enliiU' looks
;;s if covered over with Brazil fniilV. Joined with this gieen, 1 faw two famples of
that beautiful marble, they call Ifubella ; one of them wiili a yellowilh c;\ll, v. hich
v't' call t,Juaker-c('lour, the other with a blueilh, which is commonlv termed thjve-
enlnur. In this green, likewife, it was, we faw the vein of Jafper ; i)ut whether il
was abfohii "ly the fame with this, wliich is the bloody jalper, or blood-lkme, is
what we had not time to fettle.
" 1 ihould fnlt have made mention of the verde antico, the dark green with white
irregular fpots, becaufe it is of the greatell value, and nearelt the Nile. '1 his is
produced in the mountains of the plain green, or ferpentine, as is the jalper, and is
not difcoverable by the duft, or any particular colour upcui it. Kirli, there is ;i
blue lleaky Hone. After lifting this, we come to the beds of tfte verde antico ; and
here the cpiarrying is very obvious, for it has been uncovered in patclies, not al)o\ u
twenty-feet lipiare. Then, in another part, the green Hone has been removed, and-
another pit ot it wrought.
" 1 faw, in feveral places in the plain, fmall pieces of African marble fcattcred
about, but no rocks or mountains of it. This prodigious (tore ui marble is placed
u|i(in a lidge, whenci- there is a defcent to the call, or welt, either to the ISile or
Kid Sea. 'I he level groui;d, and hard-fixed gravel are proper for the heaviell car-
riaL;os, n.d will eafil\ and fninothly (.'onvey any weiglu whatever to its place ot em-
barkation on the Nile ; fo that another wonder cealid, how the ancients iranlportcd.
tlii'fe vatl bUnks of mar!)!e to Tlubes, Memphis, and Alexandiia *."
Masl"' \cifRKS AND CO M M 1'. Rc K. i 1 lie I'lgvptiaus export prodigious quan-
tities of unnianufatturcd as well as prepared tlax, thread, cotton, and leather of all
forts, callicoes, vellow, wax, fal anmioniiiv , I'alfron, fug;ir, fena, and caliia. They
ti;i(le with the Arals tor coliee, drugs, I'pices, callicoe:., and o'her mere'.r.mdl fes,
which are lan;led at Suez, fro:n w'.ience they fend them to harope. Several liii
ruiiean Itatis have confuls reliileiu in I'gypt, but the culioms ot the Turkilh go-
vernment are managed by Jiws. A number ot I'.nglilh velfels arrive yearly at
Alexandria ; fome ot whi(.h are laden nn account ot tlie owneis, but moil of il, • a
iire hired and employed ;■.!> carrier.i lo the Jews, Armenians, and Maliometlan
traders.
Constitution and covi.RXMf.NT.j A viceroy is tent tu i:.gypt t'rom ll.o
I'lirte under the title of the pallia or '., 'uivv of Cairo, and is one of the ;;reate'l
iitiiters of the Ottoman e:n|)ire. But u.iCe the revolution of Ali Bey, the power
(it the Turks in l'g}!>t is inoie precarious than in any other province. the g.jve'-ii-
boih nn>iiartl\ical and rei)ublican. ilie monarehical is exec, .led
iiiunt of I'^gypt IS
Driici'i Travi'i?, .(to. vu
['. 1=6, !»;, i£3.
by
ill EG Y ^ T.
by \]\c pallia. The ropiihliciin, or rathr the nnllncTiUical part of tli<- ;^^overnmcnt,
(.onliils (if a divan, compoioii ot" iwoiity; mr fap^iiH-ks, brjs or loids. Tlie hciul
ot tlicm is called tlie llioik belief, \vlio is choffii liy tin- divan, and tonHrmcd hy
tlie pallia, livery one of tlie faiigiatks is arbitrary in bis own territory, and exerts
fovoreii^n power'; the inajnr ])ait uf iluui lefide a» Cairo. If the ^rand iif^nior's
pallia acts in oppolition to the iVnfe of the divan, or atlcnipts to violate their \n].
vile^es, they will not fuller him to conliiuie in his poll, and the I'orte is ohlif^cd lo
fend another. 'I hey havi.' an aiilheiUic grant of privik'gcs. .ialed in the year 131-.
in whieh year .Sultan Selim coniiuered Kgypt fioni the \iainaliikeb.
RuvKNi'KS.] Thefe are very incnnfiderablr, when compared with the natural
riches of the country, and the defpotifm of its i;ovi rnmeiit. Some fay they amount
to a million llorling, and that two thirds of i'^;' whole is fpent in the country.
Mii.i i.\uv srRKN<;TH.] '^Ili^ conlinsin the Mnmalukes, fome hodiesol whon,
are caiiti>ned in the villages to exat4i»'l'bute, and fuj)port authority. 'I'he greaur
pait are ali'eml;led at Cairo. They amoiinl to about eight ihoiifand men, attnclud
li> the diirerent hey-^, wiiom they enable t ' contend with each other, and to lit tin.
'J'mks at defiance.
I lis 1 OR v.] It is generally agreed that tiu* princes of the line of the Pharoalis
fat on the throne of Kg\ pt, in an iininterrui)tcd fucceliion, till Camby Ics, the ficond
king of IVrlia, con<|iured the I'.gypti.ins 320 years before tin birth of Clirill ; and
thai in the reign of thole princes, the pyramids were railed ; flruttures, wiiicji
cannot now be slewed wi'liout allonilhment. I'-g) pt continued a part of 1 lie Pcr-
lian empire, till Alexander the (jreat vancpiilhed Darius, when it fell under the
dominion of that ])rince, who foou after built the celebrated city of Alexandria.
The cominells of Alexander, wlio died in the prime of lite, being fei/ed upon hy
his general.s, the ])rovince ol I'.gyiit fell to tin- Ihaie ot Ptolein\', by fome fiiiinofcil
to ha\e bi-en a hall-brotl.er of Alexander, when it again became an independeiU
kingdom, about joo \ears betore Clirill. His fuccellors, who foinetimes exieiul-
C'd their dominions over great part cf Syria, ever after retained the nameofl'io-
lemies, and in that line I'-gypt continued between two and three luindred vcars
till the tamoi'.s Cleoi)atra, the wife and tiller of i'tuleiny Dionylius, ilu- lalt kiiiij'
affciided tlie throne. After tlie death of C!leopatra, who h.id been luiUrefs fuccel-
llvely to Julius C.efar and Mark y\nthony, l'-gy|'t became a Koinan province,
and thus remained till the reign of Omar, the (econd Calif of the fuccellors of
Mahomed, who ixpelled tlie Komans, after it had been in their hands too vears.
'■ ■ • famous library of Alexandria, faid to coiilili of 700,000 volumes, was to!-
lectxl 1)\ I'loK my I'hiladelphus, fon of the tiill Ptolemy; ;ii',d the fame prince
caufed the Old Teftamenl 10 hi; tranllated into Greek, but whether by feventv-two
interjui tirs, and in the manner commonly related, is julUy (|uellioned : this trans-
lation is known by lie name of the Septuagint. Om;ir fiibjeded Kgypt to the .Ma-
homed. in ))oner, about the year 640, ;m(l the CaliN ot Habslou were foserei^iis of
the coiMitry till 870, wlu u the l^gyptiaiis fet up a gosoriior of tlieir own called the
C.'ilif of Cairo.
About the time of the crufades, l^etweeii tV.e year t i ;o;ind 1 ii;o, i'.gvpt wasci-
verned 1)\' .Nornhlin, the Siuacen falt;in of Dauiatcus, wliiii\- llm, the lainoiis .Sala-
tiine, provid In tnnnidalde to thofc ('hriliian .■uUenttui r^, ;iiul reu ok from tln'iii Ji-
rufalcm. lie inllituted the miliiar)- corps o( M.im ilukcs, like the J;inizarn.s o\
Conliaiilinople, vim, about th;- yriir 1242, ad.aiued one of ihelr own ollieirs to
tlie throne, and ever after ( hofe their [irince out of their own body. i'",gypt, lor
fome li.ne, mad<' a lisnirt' uiulL-r iliofe illufirloiis ufiirj)ers, and uiiide a noble lhin<l
;i|,Miii(l the prevailin;^ pjwcr of the Turks, till under ik-luii, wlio, about llie \i.-.i!
'51;.
%" JIT
E G Y V T. ffjj
Ht7, after giving tlie Matnalukcs fcvcral bloody defeats, reduced E;{ypt to its prc-
fjiii it;>i>-' "f fiilijicrioii.
U'hile Si-lini wns tVitling the govcnuiu'nt of I'.gypt, great miniln'r.s of the an-
cient inbaliiiants witlidrcvv into tiic dtferts and plains, utuUr /iiigancus, froni
wlionce tlu'v attacked tlie citie-, and vilhigcs of tlie Nil'-, and iilinuLied wliaievcr
It'll in tlieir way. Si!i .1 and lii; nlliccrs pcicuvin^ tliat it would lie u matter of f^reat
ditficuity to cxliii)ate iholc marauders, left tluin at lilaily to i[iiit tlie linmiry,
which iiiey did in gu.ii numbers, and their pollcriiy were known over Europe and
Alia, by the name of (iiplirs.
An attempt was made a few years fnice to deprive tlie Ottoman I'oite of ils ai!-
lliority over Kgypt by Ali Hey, wliofe father wai a prirll of the (neik cluiieh. Ali
turned Maliomedan, and being a man of abilities and addrefs, rendered hiiufelf cx-
treinelv popular in I'.gypt. A falfe accufalioii having been madi: ai^ainll liiin to
llie ifrand li'jtiior, liis head was ordered to be lent to Conllantino[)le, but lieiiig ap-
iiii/ed of the delif^n, he feized and put to deatli the melTenger who broiii^lit the or-
,K r, put liimfelf at tlie he^id nf an army and taking advantage of the diiirefsful and
(|an"^erous lituation to which t!>e 'I'urkilh empire was reduced, in confeciuence of
llu' war with Kullla, lioldly mounted tiie llirone. But not content with the kinc;-
iloin of I'-K^pU ''*■' "'f" ''''^ clami to Syria, I'aleftine, and that part of Arabia which
liiid beloni;ed to tlie ancient Sultans. He marcheil at the liead of his troopx to
fiiiiport tliefe pr* teiilions, and attually fuhdued fi'ine of the neighbourinj^ provinces
lioih of Arabia and S)ria. At tne fame time tluit lie was engiiged in thele f;reat
t'literprizes, he was not lefs attentive to the ellablilliing of a regular government
jn a country that had been long the feat of anarchy and cont'ufioii. His views
were ciiually extended as to commerce ; for which purpofe he gave great encourage-
,miit to the Chrillian traders, and took olV foine Ihameful lelbaints and indii;iiiiies,
to which they were fubjected in that barbaious country. He alfo wrote a letter to
the republic of Venice, wiili the greatcit alfurances of his triendihip, and that their
iiKiThants Ibouid meet with every degree of protetlion and fafety. His jjreal delign
was laid to be, to make liimfelf p.aller of the Red Sia ; to open the [)ort of Sue/,
to all nations, but particularly to the Kuropeans, ar,d to render I'.jrypt once more
the Rreat centre ot commerce. Ihe condutt and views of Ali IJey Ihewed an
extent of thought and ability that indicated nothing of the barbarian, and befpoke a
mind equal to the founding of an empire. He alhiined the titles and Hate of the
ineieiit Sultans o( Hgypi. and was ably fupported bv Sheik Daher, and fonie other
Arabian princes, who warmly efpoufid his interells. He alfo fucceeded in almi<ll
all nis entcrpri/.os againll the neighbouring Aliatic governors and ba.has, whom
lie repeatedly defeated ; but ho was afterwards ruined at once by the bale and
uivruteful conduct of his brother-in-law, Mahoiiieil Hey Aboudaab, his troops
lici^i" toially defeated on the 7th of March 177,;, and himlVif wounded and taken
Dril'iner: he died of his woinids. and was buried at (irand Cairo. Aboudaab after-
wards governed l^g\ pt as Sheik Ik-llel, and marched into I'aleliine to fulv'.io
Sb' I'fv l^aher. After li.having witii great cruelty to the inhabitants of the jjlaees be
im.k, he was found deacl in his l)ed one nioniing at Acre, fuppofed to be lii angled.
Mmk iJaher accepted the Fortes full amnelly, and trutiing to tlieir alfurances, em-
braced the captain pallia's inviiation to din.' on board his ihip, when the captain.
nriiduceil hi^ orders, and the brave Daher, Ali Bey's ally, had his head cut olV in
the 8i;th vear of ids age.
I'Vom that time Kgypt has \<cn tin 11 by a civil war, betweeii the adherents of
Ali and o-.ier In vs <.r iiriiuv',-., who rofe on his ruins. Of thefe the princip.il arc
Moriul and 'I bra'him, wlto having driven their eneniics into banilhiiKiit, l.e-an lo
824
TiiL SrATi-.'* or II A R II A R Y.
<|iiari>,l aiiKin.c; ilKiiikhis. Allcriiincly expelled trom Cairo, tlicy fiiiully agnvd
to a rdiiiproiiiiCr, Mnicli, !7f>v
'I 111- I'oiti- fllll retains a pallia in l•'^^l>l ; l>ut this pallia, coiilinod and watclu-d
in the lalilc of Cairo, is. railicr the priloiii.r of the MaiiwiukL'.s, iliait the rcprcfcii-
tativc- ot' the bultun.
u
TiiK States ok HARBARY*.
NDl'.R this head arc included the eountries ot, i, Morocco and Fez; 2. Al-
J fliers; ^. Tunis; 4. Tripoli and Harca.
The empire of Morocco, inriudinj^ Fez, is bounded on the North by the Me-
diterranean fea ; on the South, by Tahlet , and on the I'.alt, by Sefjelinella and llip
kini^ddin of Algiers, being 500 miles in length, and 480 in breadlli.
Fez, which is now united to Morocco, is about 125 miles in lenjfth, and muili
the fame in breadth. It lies belwe-n the kingdom of Algiers to the Eall, and Mo-
roceo on the South, and is ("urniiinded in other jiarts by the fea.
Algiers, formerly a kingdom, is boinuliMl on the l'',ail by the kingdom of Tunis
on the North by the Mediterranean, on the South by Mount Atlas, and on the Welt
by the kingdoms of Morrocco and 'I'afilet. According to Dr. Shaw, who relidcd
12 years at Algiers in (piality of cliaj)lain to the Britilh factory, and has corn-itcd
many errors ot ancient and modern geographers refjiecting the Hates of Barbarv
this country extends in length 4S0 miles along the coallof the Mediterranean, aiid
is betwicn 40 and 100 miles in breatlth.
Tunis is bounded by the Mediterranean on tlic North and Eaft; by the king.
<loni of Algiers on the Well ; and by Tripoli, with part of Hiledulgerid, on the
South ; being 2;'o niiic^ in lengtli trom .North to South, and 170 in breadth from
J'.all to W eft.
IVipoli, including Harca, is bounded on the North by the Mediterranean fia •
on the South by the lountry of the Heribcries ; on the Well by the kin"doni uf
'I'unis. liikdidgeriii, and the teriitory of the (jadainis; ar.d on liie Kait i)y Kgvnt;
iMcndiiig ab(jut iioo iniks along the lea-coalt ; and the breailth is from 100 td
•iflo miles.
i"',aeh caj'ital bears the name ot the date or kingdom to whieh it belon"-;;, bat
the ca])ital of I'ileduigerid itlie ancient Numidia! is Dara.
'I he Baibaiy liates lorin a great politieal lonfedcracy, however independent lai h
may be a-, to the exen ife ol its internal jxiiiey ; nor is there a greau r diliereiicc
than liaj)i)ens in diti'erenl inoxiuces ol the fame kingdom, in the cuftonis and man-
ners of the inhabitants.
Am Asn SEASONS.] Tlie air of .Morocco is mild, as is that <>f Algiers, and in-
deed of all the other Ibites, exci pt in tlu' nurntlis of July and Auguli.
Son, \ r.(;i; rAiii. !•: and ammat. ) 'I his country, under the Roman empire,
PRoneci IONS, jiv ska and i.and. 3 was jnlily denominated the garden of tin-
vorld ; and to hawa n-lideiue there, waseonliden d \\s tlie higiieli Hate of lu.\un
'1 he produce of tlie foil formed tliofe magazines, which furnithed all Italy, aiid
great jiart of the Roman eivjiire, with corn, wine, and oil. Though the lands
are nosv uneultivaled, through the opprellioii and barbarity of their coiiltiiutie;!,
• Tills territory w-'i crillfd D.iImiI.i liy tin- fi;',riif\ iiigy/f/Vr,/, which vvastlit orijniialo(Cii|i;i':(jri
tiitiJi.' i.iiJ Kouiai.-, Iruiii ti'-'ihtr, m tac ()iij,;aal ol the iiiliabit;iiit5, liru«cS Trjvti^^, vcl. i, |i. 304.
The Statei of BARDARY.
8»5
vet ihfy nre flill fertile, not only in the above mentioned commodities, but in
(latcs, fij;s, railiiis, almonds, apples, pears, cherries, plums, litrons, lemons, oranges,
pomegranates, wilii plenty ot routs and herbs in their kitchen gardens. Kxccllent
liLiup and flax fjrow ov tinir plains; and, by the report <>t" Kuropeans who have
lived there tor Imnc lime, the country abounds with all that can add to the plea-
fiires of life ; for the great people find means to evade the fobriety prefcribed by
the Mahomedan law, and make free with excellent wines and fpirits, of their own
j/rovvth and manufatture. Algiers produces falt-petre, and great miantilics of ex-
tillent fait; and lead and iron have been found in feveral places ot liarbary.
Neither the eli:phant nor the rhinoceros are to be found in the dates of Bi.r-
bary ; but tiicir dcferts abound with lions, tigers, leopards, liy;cna», and monftrous
Icipents. 'I'he IJarbary horfes were formerly very valuable, and tliought equal to
the Arabian, 'Ihougli their bleed is now faid to be decayed, yet fomo very fine
(iiKv, are occafionally imported into Kngland. Dromedaries, ades, mules, and
kumraiis, a moll ferviceablc crca'ure, begot by an afs upon u cow, are their beads
ot burden.
IJut from the fervices of the camel they derive their grcatcft advantages. This
iifcuil quadruped enables the African to pertorm his long and toilfoine journies
acrofs that continent. The camel is, therefore, (fays NIr. Hruce) emphatically
tailed tlu- jAip of the defett. He feems to have been created for this very trade, en-
dued with parts and qualities adapted to the office he is employed to difchargc.
The dried tliiftle, and the bared thorn, is all the food this ufeful animal requires ; and
fventliefe, to fave time, he eats while advancing on his journey. As it is his lot
tocrofs immcnfo deferts, where no water is found, and countries not even moiftened
bv tiie dew of heaven, he is endued with the power, at one watering-place to lay
ill a dore with which he fuj)plies himfelf for thirty days to come. To contain this
enormous quantity of Huid, nature has formed large ciderns within him, from
whieli, once tilled, he draws at pleafure the quantity he wants, and pours it into his
lioiiiach with the fame cffett as if he tlien drew from a fpring ; and with this he
travels, patiently and vigorouily, all day long, carrying a prodigious load iq)on
liiin, tlirough countries infected with poifonous winds, and glowing with parch*
iii;r and never-co4)ling finids.
liieir cows are but fmall, and barren of milk ; their Iheep yield but indilTerent
flcaes, b;it are very largo, as arc their goats. Bears, porcupines, foxi s, apes,
liares, rabbits, ferrets, wealels, mole-;, camelions, and all kinds ot reptiles are found
hire, iielides vermin, fays Ur. Shaw ^fpeaking of his travels through Barbarv),
till' apprehenlions we were under, in fome parts at lead of this country, of beinij
Iniicii or dung bv the fcorpion, the viper, or the venomous fpider, rarely failed to
iiiti.rni|it our repofi' ; a refrelhment fo very ijiatot'iil and fo higlily neeelliuy to a
wiarv traveller. Partridges ai\d (luaiis, eagles, iiawks, and all kinds of wild-fowl,
ar found on this cnad ; and of the fmaljer birds, llie eapl"a-f])anow is remarkable
fni its iieautv, and the fweetncfsot its note, wiileh is thought to exceed thai of any
oihcr bird ; but it cannot live out of its own climate. 'I'he fcas and bays of Har-
larv abound with a variety ot the lineii tith which were preferred by the ancients
Ij iliwle o\ luirope.
I'oi'L'LATioN, iNHAniTANis, MAN-'j Moroceo was formerly far more po-
M.RS, CUSTOMS, AM' nivi-.RsioNs. jpuliuis than it is now, it, as travellers
f.!v, its capital contained loo.oco lumfes, wliereas at prefent it is thouglit not to
loiii.iin abo\e 23,000 inhahitant-- : nor can we iliink that the oilier parts of the
omiitr) are more populou-., ii il is true that tlieii kini^or emperor has 80,000 horfo
aiiil toot, 1)1' toreign negroes, in his armies.
Til' cit\' ol -Algit-rfc ii faid to c<.>iilain 100.000 Muho:ncd:ins, 15,000 Jew.s. and
/
N
icjo Chriuian
tif> Tirr. SrATF.j of B A U n A R Y.
cooo riirlftian (lavi's -, but no i-ftiinnti- lan In- ('ormcd iis to tlio jir.piiioiiflnfs of if«
territory. Some travoIK-rH report, llmt it is iiih.ibiti'ii Uy a tiiviully liol'iiitiiUlo
pcopli', who arc very diU'crciit in their maiiiiLrs and charaittr from thufc of' tlu'
nuiroiiollH.
'I'liiiis is tho moft polilhod republic of nil the Ibrhary ftates. 'I he capital, wjij, |,
alfo bars the naim- ot'Tiuiis, is a large and tlourilliitif; city. Tlje peoph-are more
livili/fd ihiui ill .\lt;iers, and the j^overiinieut milder, but the ( limate is vi-rv far
from lu'iii!' lb i^ood. Tunis is low, hot, and damp ; and dellitiite of good water,
with which (accordiiif; to Mr. Uruce) Algiers is t'lippiiid from a ihonland fprine '
It contains 10,000 t'amilies, and above 3000 tradeluun's (hops, and its fuburiis eon-
fill of looo houfes. 'I'lie 'I'uiiiliiies are indeed exceptions to the olhcr liates of
Haiharv ; for iven the moll civijifetl ol the i'.uropean gnvcrnmcnis niii;lit iniijrove
(idin their manners. Their dillin^tions are well kept up, and propi r r> I'pett is m\i
to the mililary, mercantile, and learned |irol'ellloMS. 'i hey cultivate frioiulilnn
willi tlie luiropean ilales ; arts and manuf.ictures iravc been lately inlroduuil
ainoii'jr tluvn ; and the inhabitants are faiil at i>refent to be well ae(]uaintc,| wjil)
the \;nio;is labours of the loom. 'I'he 'i'uniline women are exci.edint;lv l)aiidli)iin;
in tlieir perfons ; and though the men are I'un-burni, the complexion of ilie ladiii
is very delicate, nor are tliey lei's neat and elegant in thiir ilrefs ; but thev injprovt;
the beauty of their eyes by art, particularly the powder of lead-ore, the fame u'n'.
ment, accniding to tlie opinion of the learned Dr. Shaw, that Jozebil niadt' ^^(^■',\'
when (lie is laid {1 Kings, ihap. ix. verfe 30.) to have painted her face; the words
C(f the original being, that Ihe let olT her eyes with the powder of lead-ore. 'J'he
gentlemen, in general, are fiber, orderly, and clean in their perfons, their hchavi.
our genteel and complaifant, and a wonderful regularity reigns through all the
llreeis and city.
Tripoli was once the richeft, molt jwpulous, and opulent of ail the thtes on tlio
coall ; but is now mucli reduced ; and the inhabitants, who are laid to amount to
I/. 'tween 4 and 500.000, have all the vices oi" tin. ,\lgerines
lluir maimers arc much of a piece with thole of the Kgvptians already dcfcrili-
cil. I lie ltd)jetts of the Uarbary itatcs. in general fublilimg bv piracy, are allow-
ed to be bold intrepid ni.uiiKis, anil will fight defperately when tliey'meet wiili ,1
pri/e at fea. They arc nntwitlilhinding i.ir interior to the luiglilh, and other Kun^-
j)ea') Ihilcs, both in the onliruction and management of their vellels. Thev an
11 we except the Tunifines, void of all arts and lileraturo. '1 he niifciy and povi riv
of the inhabitants of Moi>'CH), who are not immediately in the cm|)eror's frrvuc
are bevond dcK ription ; but tliofe who inh.ibit the inland parts of the country ,"rc
Jm holpi'able inoli'enlive pimple; and indi-ed it is a geiuial obler\ation, tliat liif
t> ore uiihmt tlie inhabilants of thofe liates are Iroiu tiie teals of their goveriuiieiil
their ituinners arc the more pure. N'oiwithllanding their poven\, thev have a livi-'
lii.cf' about them, cfpecially thote who arc of the Arabic defceni, that gives tlicm
an ar of ■ ooientment ; and having nothing to lofe, thev are peaeeahjc aiin'ii"
tiieiiiielves. 'I he .Moors are bijipoted to hf the original inhabiumls, hut are now
bleiiUed Willi the Arii's, and both are cruelly opprell'ed by a handful of inl'olent
doiniicering iurks, the refufe of the llreets of Conllaiitiiiople.
ORI'.bS j I'he drefs ot thefe people is a linen thirt, over which thev lie a i'k
or eloih veltment v, i'.ti a talh, and over that a lool'e coat. Their draweri are m-Mw
«'f liir. n Ihe arms and leg:, ot thew.'aier are bare, but tlie\ have liipuirs ca
tiiei.' teet ; and perfor.s ot condition lumetinies wear bulknis. Ihev ne^er nunc
iheir turban, bit pull olf their llippers when they attend religious duties, or li.i.'
jHil'on of their fuvcrt ign. They aie foiul nf llriped and t'aneied iiiks. ihe iluu
ff the women is not very dilfcj\iit tioui that ol the men, but their drawer. ;,!c
"i luiiijir,
Ts of it*
"c ot' tl\J
\l,\v\u<l>
;iri' n\oi\r
t >(.Ty I'.ir
mI wator,
(I l'i>r'inp
>Ull>S I'd.l-
r Uatcs ot
it 'mi\>ri)vc
oil is I laid
triciuilluii
intiDiluuA
iint^',1 sviili
■ liaiiJIoii'.i'
it' llic I'.alii i
K'V iiujirosc
10 lame pii:-
luailo iifo ' \
; \\\C \V(ir»'.^
,d-i)rp. 'llio
Lboir behavi-
)Ugh all <lio
Uatis on the
to amount lo
roady dcfcrili-
;•, , .iro allow
y moot \v\lh a
ul other Kviri'-
jls. They arc,
rv and poverty
leror's Icvvite,
[lie eoimtrv are
ation. tiiat llio
ill jrovcn\ineut,
[u'V liavr alivv--
ihat J^ive^ tluin
tteuble aini'iiv
|s, but ari- now
[.ll'ul ot inl'olcnt
li tbev tie a 1 'k
lasver-. are iiv.ka-
liavc llil»pi '■>'■>
liev ne^er iihaj
L 'duties, or li.c
Ilk*. 1 he dub
.ir drawer^ ■''■<:
loiiji'-t,
Tim Statki op H A U B A U Y. Ij7
longer, and ihev wear n fort of cnwis on their headi iiillead of ;i tuil)an. 'I In?
(liief furniture of their hi)ufes conlidn of carpets and niadrelli's, on which Ihey,
l,t and lie. In lalinj;, their llovenlinefs is Ihotkin^. 'I hey are prohibitiil fr^ld
:iiid liUer vellels ; untl their meat, which they fwallow by liaitdt'ids, is iioiied or
iiialied to raf-s.
Uiuir.io.s.l AM t'oreijijiiers are liere allowed the open protellion of their ri*-
li.'lon, hut the inhahilantsi of thefc tlatcs are Muliomeilans ; and many fubjeeU ol''
Movocio follow the tenets of I lamed, a modern feetary, and an enemy to tlie
inieient tloelrine of ihi" Cahts. All of them have mmh relpect for idiots ; wliofe
iiiiiteclion in fmie lafes fercens oll'enders from pnnilhment. 'I lio Moors of liar-
\[.r\, fo tailed from Mauritania, the ancient name of their coimtry, liave adnpiid
the very worll parts of the Mahoniechm religion, and feeni to have rctalneil only
as much of it as countenances their vices. Adultery in the women is punilhed wit It
(Kaili ; but thouj^h the men are iiidiil'^rd with it plurality ol wives and ioncubiiie-.,
tlnv commit the moll tnmatural crimes with impunity.
l,\NorA0B.J As the Ihites of Ihirbary poli'els thofe countries that tormerly
went by the nunio of Mauritania and Numidia, the ancient African lanj^ua'^e is
liill fpii'ken in lomo of the inland cuuntries, and even by fome inhabitants of the
iltv of iNhirocco. In the fea-port towns, and niaiilime countries, a corrupt kind
(if Arabic is fpoken : and fea-farini; ix-ople are no dran^ is to thai medley of living
iiiul dead lani>;iia);e<, Italian, Krench, Latin, ii^c. that is lo well known in all the
iKirls of llic Meciiurranean, by the name of Li>i\^ua hiiurii.
ANriqj'iriKs and curiosi riK.s, ) This article is well wortlt the tUidy of .m
NAi iKAi. AND ARTiiitiAL. J aiitiqu.iry, but the fubjedsof it are dithcult
(ifacci'fs. bein^ fcaltered over a wide extent ot country, inhabited by ignorant and
iiiliolpilable barbarians. The reader can learccly doubt that the countries which
contained Carthage, and the pride of the Plui-nician, (ircek, and Roman works,
are replete with the moll curious remains ot antiijuity. Some memorials <)>" (he
M;iiniiaiiiiiii and Numidian g-'eatnels are llill ty be met with, and many ruins of
lilies wliiili bear evidences ot their ancient grandeur and populoufiiefs. Julia
Celarea of the Romans was little intirior in magnitieeiice to Carthage ittelf. A
few of the acpieducts of Carthage are laid to be Uill remaining, but no velligo of
in walls*. The fame is the tale of Ltica, tainous tor the retreat and death of
Caio, and manv other renowned cities ot antiipiity ; and fo (wer-run is the country
will) liarbarifm. that their very lites are not known, even by their ruins, amplii-
llieaires, and other public buildings, which remain Itiil in tolerable prelVrvatioii.
Bclides thofe of cl.illical iuiliquity, many Saracen monuments, of the motl llupen-
i! HIS ma',niticence, are likewile tound in this vail trad; thelo were crctled unc.r
ilv C'alil^ ol liagdad, an<l the ancient kings of the country, before it was fubdiied
In ihe lurks, or reduced to its prefenl t'orm ot government. Their walls (orm
the i)rincii>al fortifications in tlie country, liotli inland and maiilime. \\ c
know of fi \v or no natural curiolilies bel
)ek>ngmg
to this coimtry, except its falt-
iis, which in Ionic ])laccs take ui) an area ol li.\. miles. Dr. .Shaw mentions
Ipiin^s found heie that are fo hot as to boil a large piece of mutton very tender
ill a tiiiaiter of an hour.
• Mr. ht.Tiilcv, h.Av'mj; Ind frequent opportimi-
I'i-ipl jioiii}; iivt.T till' rciiLiiiis, ib I I ( inniim llut
\\\\ .clibr.itcil 1 ity vv.is iil)oiit littrtn ii'ilf. in tir-
iumt(rii:i.f. Ttiirc aic three inuniims wMlIi
arrlo n-ai \ 1 fap ot Hue niarlilr pounded ti>KiiluT,
a-.l were in all piob:il.ilit.v, the litt •^ nl tt mplis, and
ctUf liiftinguilliid buildinp. He oliKives, lli.it
the prefint biiildint;«nrc not tlwr remains nftlu' in-
c'liit (.ity dcllniytd liy i ic Roniaiii, who intinly
r.iilcd it, und plmiphcd up the very foiiiidnti(.i:'.
'I'licv Me tlir ruins ot the iit\ which «as luiilt on
the luc ot tlie (orilier, .Tnd wliiih was dtltroycd l y
tilt- .Siiraiiiu iu I'le bti;in;aiig ot the Uveiith tiii-
tin\ .
; iS 2 Ci i I us
tiS The Statu or B A R B A R Y.
CiTiF.t AMD PTiMC BviLDiKoi ] Mention hni already been matte of Moroc.
CO, thecH|iilal dftliat kinf;tli>m, Imt trnw iiliiKid in ruint, itic court having rcinovcJ
to Mc«juiiu'z, n lity of IV/, ;^o mil* h dilliini, nnd viry popiil-iiii. Iiicn-diblc thinej
arc rctorili*! oJ' llu- niii({iiitit».iit palacci in bolli '•'•••- ' > - • ■
ill n (lirtv IIdvi'dI
il viry popi
citifi ; but tliu common people livj
in n dirty lloviMily niiiriiur.
'Ilic city «)f Al>;iiT» is not nbnvc n mili- nnd n lialf in circuit, tliough it ig co^i.
j)iit«tl t) i'onfain mat lao.ooo iiili;ibiliiiits, i ^,ooo houCt-i, and 107 m()f(|ius, '\']\^.\f
puhlii bntb', iui' liirgv niul liamlfoiiu-ly |.avi'<| witli marble. 'I'ho profpctl of tlio
country mid lea from AlK'crH is vorv Itiaulit'ui, being built nn ilu- dulivitv ol" n
inoimtiiin ; but tin- city, lluMij.'ii tor Icviral ages it lias braved fome otijie grealijl
luiweis ill Cfirilti lulom, eould nuike bit ii taint detencc acaiiilt a regular (icjr,.
llif >|i,iiiiar(U bovvi viT all K keil it in tlii; year '775.l)y laiuland by lea, but wen-
repulli.cl with gieat lnl%, ilioiit;li tliev hail near io,ooo foot and aooo liorfe, nml
47 kui'^'s llii|)K <if dill.niii rates, niul ^46 tranfporls. In the year 178} and K4,
tiie\ iiiRvveil till ir attacks by lea to ilellroy the city and gallies, but alter fp.ndinw
a quantity ut' ainnuinition, l)onil>s, {JiC. were forced to retire without cither iu eni).
turc or extiiu'tion. 'I'he nmle ot i1k- iiailimir is 500 paces in length, extending from
tile continent lo a finall illan<l where tliere is a calile and large battery.
'I'lie kingdom of' Tunis, whidi is naturally the lined of" all thele llates, contains
the remains of' inanv noble cities, loine of' them Kill in good condition. The cini-
tal, about 30 miles louth ol" old Carthage, has fortifications, and is about three mile»
in circumterence. The ftreets (lays Mr. .Stanley) are narrow, as in moll hot coim.
tries i and, not beinjj paved, they are dirty in winter, and dully in fuininer. 'liio
lioul'es arc not magiutieent, but neat and commodious ; moll of them have a porch
or gateway, with benches on each lide, covered with mats, where the mailer of tlii;
houfe iranfatts his bulincfs, and receives his f'rieiuls ; no perfons, except on fome
extraordinary occalioiis, having any further admillion. Heyond this is an open court
paved with marble Ibnie, or gl.i/ed tiles, according to tbe ability of the owner co-
veicd over, and Iheltered from the fun and weather, by a cloth which by means of
pullies may be folded or uiifoKled at |)leafure. When entertainments are given
the company meets in the court, which is always kept very dean, The public ex'
tiiange for iner.liants and their goods is commodious.
Moll of the water ufed in this city is rain-wafer, preferved in ciftorns, info which
it is ccmveyed l>v pipes I'roni the rooU of the hoiifes, which are all flat. Thefe cif-
terns are fo large, that thej hold enough to ferve the f'amilies live or fix months
Alniofl every ciliern has the bafe of a narble column hollowed out to cover the
mouth ; th'iiifands of them beinr; put to this ufe all over the country.
Mtifa, two ihort miles I'lom ( arthage, and eievi'ii from Tunis, is a very pUafant
litualinn. Here tlie b(>\ has two country-houfi's, one of which has been a colHyr
work, built by llallan Hey, t'lirnamed llic (iood. From thele houfes are oraiiui."
gardens, reaching alniolt to the fea-lhore ; on the edge of which is a famous w,. '11 of
fweet water, elleemed the !'eft and lighted in the kingdom ; and tlofe to this a
C'liree-hoiife. Numbers o| people from the neighbouring places, rt.fort here to
drink coffee, and a glafs of this nati'ral luxury, fo preuliarlv enjoyed in the ciliiri
to. mines ; (cw perfons, cxeejU ihol'e who have lived in hot climates, kiiowin" \\[v
bicirmg of a good fpring.
In the midiile of tlie i (unt is a large niulbcrry-tree, under the Ihade of v. hii h i!ic\
III and fmoke, and pla_\ al eliel's, iiiiuiling the comforlabie lea-breeze, liiat reliellk's
this V harming fpot. .Noihing can be move picturefque, than to fee tiic .\Iuors "al-
lantiy mounted, with their atiendanls, c<i,n|)liiiu'uting each other.
'I'he water is drawn up by a camel, with llie IVilia.i wheel, and diftributeii lu
llie neighbuuriiiij countries.
7 'fi..;
Tut Statei or nARRARY.
9<9
o whii h
Iffl' cil-
nxmihs.
.-over the
lilcaf;iiit
nis Willi "t
to litis a
ll luiV t'l
If ratiiTl
•.lliill tlli'V
,t ri'liillKs
TtiP city of Tripoli CDiidrts nf nn <i!tl and new Idwn, the Inttcr hcin(j ibo nmft
flourilhing ; bul ncvrr can luako niiy tonrirlirubii' f'li^un*, on luioiint of the inton-
veiiicntii'ii lUtcndinj; its lituation, pjirticulurry the want of fwict water. The city of
(Jian, l>iiij( upon tins ecinft, i» ahout a inili- in (.irciimfircnti . and is fortified l)oth
l)v nrf ai\d iintiiri'. It wax a plait- of lonliilirahie tradt , mid the olijotl of man/
bloody dirpiili'i Ik twion the Spaniard', and the Moors. CoiUluntina was the ancient
C'irta, and one of the llrongell cities in Nnniidia, luin^; inacccliibic on ail lide:i, cx<
topt the foiilh well.
nclide< tlie ahove towns and cilie*, many otlurs, formerly of great renown, liu
fiallered up and down this inn\ienfe trail ot' coiintiy. I he city of I'e/, at pul'ent
the capital of tlie kingdom fit called, i> faid to contain near joo,ooo iiihahiiants,
beddes nurchants and foreigners. Its niofcpies amotml to ^ooj tine of them mag-
nificent beyond defcriplion, and about a mile ami a half in circumference. M«.
(jiiinez is elUenud the great emporium of all I'arliary. Saiiee was formerly tamoui
t ir the piracy of its inhabitant-.. Tangier, fitualed about two miles within the
lliaits of (Gibraltar, was given by the crown of Portugal as part ot the dowrv of
i|iii"en Catharine, confort of (liarles II. of Kngland. Hut the niifimderllanding*
between that king and bis parliament occalioned the deniolition of its tortificati.iiH
iiiul harbour ; fotliat tVom being one of the lined cities in .Africa, it i'. now little bet-
ter than a tilhiitg town. Ceuta, upon the fume llrait, almoll opp ilite to Gibraltar,
i. Hill in the hands of the Spaniards, but olien, il not aluays. In heged or blocked
up by the Moors. Tetiian, which lies withii\ twenty miles of Ceuta, is now but
iiii ordinary town, containinjj about 800 lunifcs 1 but the iiduibitants arc faid to be
rich, .and tiderably civilized m their numners,
Ihe provinces of Suz, Tatilei, and (iefiila, t'orm no part of the Hates of Barbary,
llioiigh the king of Morocco pretends to be their fovcrcign : nor do they contain
any thing that is particularly curious.
/aara is a defcrt country, thinly peopled, and nearly doflitute of both water and
pro\i(ions.
Manufactures AND COM MF.RCE.] 'Hie lower fubjefls of thefe dates know very
few imaginary wants, and depend partly upon their piracies to be fnpiilied with necei-
fiiry utiiilils and manufadures ; lo that tlieii export-, coiillll cbietly of Uather, fim;
mats, embroidered handkerchiet's, fword-knols, and carpets, whiib are clu aper, and
flitter than thofv in Turkey, though not fo good in other refpects. As they leave
almod all their commercial aflair-, to tlie Jews and Cluillians fettled among them,
the latter have cllablilhed lilk and linen works, which I'lipply the higher ranks of
tluir own fubjei'-ls. They have no ihijis that, properly fpeaking, are emjiloNed in
Kimmerce; fo thai the I'reiieh and h'li^lilh carry on ihr ;.;reatell jiart o;' their tra<le.
'llu-ir exiiorts, belides thofe already nuationed, conlil't of elephant's teeth, otbieb •
featlur>, copp.-r, tin, wool, hides, honey, wax, dates, railiiis, olives, ahnoiuN, gum-
amine, and laiubac. I'he inhabitants ot Morocio are likeuife laid to carrv on a
eoiilideiable trade b) caravaiu to Mecc., M' diiia.and foiiie inland ji.irls of .\fiiea,
from whence they bring back \,itl niiinbeis ot nej^roes, who ferve in their armies,
iiial arc ll.ive?. in tlu ir honfe-, and liekU.
In return for their exports, the Kuropeans furnifli them with timber, artil!er\ o*-'
Jill kind., gmipowder, ami whatever they want, either in their juiblie or piivate
lapaeitie . ; the pariienlars of which are too many to Ipecity. '1 he dutie-. paid by
the l'ai"lilh in the ports ot Morocco, are but half thole paid by ntlier hairopeaiis.
It is a genetal obfirvation, that no nation is fond of trading with ihelo liaie>, not
oiiK on account of their capricious defpotifm, but the viliaiiN of tluir individiu.ls,
hit'li nati\es aid Jews, main of whom lake all opporiunilieb of cheaiai;;, and when
ilcn;cled are ft.klom punidied.
Tiir. Statu nr BARBARY.
Ill- <iiiu|iulK imill Iv tLclimiH mitl |iri.iiiriiiiis.
('o>f«»ri M' I ii)N ANi> Okvi.hnmi.n I,] 111 Moroci'ii, ^oviTiinuiU caniioi l»cfai,|
Jo f\il>. Tlu' rmiH'for'* Imvo I'lr fimo ;ik«h Ii. cu parlii s, jikI>,"h, ;iit>l \vi\ ixnu-
lioiii rn with llkir own IniuU, in :ill (.rniini;)! mattcr't, tuit i* tlicir liuitality iiiurtt
im ridiliK; iltiii ilic fiiltiiiidi'in witli whiili ilicir I'lilijcflit l»< ir it, In the tthfi-titt of
ilir I iii|KT<)r, cvt-ry niiliiary iillu.r Ii;ih tlu- power of litV aiul tl .tfi in hi, Jiaml,
Vi^itwt t.'ilitwxB )i.iur.tt/i*r 111 lKi» f'filiL'ili> ifMv i>ritfiii<iil (III I'niitii itkr in t.
cnii)m)r.
Thoii^li AI^il•rs, Tiini-", ntvl Tiipoli, Ikuc i-iu h nf |l i;iii a 'I'uiLiili pnilia or lUv,
who j;t>virn!» in tlu- nanii; of tin' (;iaiiil .Si^inor, w I viry liltio n-^aril i;. paid i>i Ihh
„...u — «t in,|, 3 viiiuniv of till' jjovorinm-nt liiippnist, wbitli it toiiiinonlv il,a',
i: .. :.. '.\ I :.. . 1 i: .1. . j'. I' . ' I
tiiith
I'lllV.
\\
, '■: ••' ••'• «■■■' ..,.|....-, ...... . .■ ............1., «i,i-,
liy nmiilir, ivcrv folditr in ilu- ar;ny lias a vote in ( liooline tin- riiccccdinjr ,^ .
nml iImiij,!) llu- iKclion is oHoii allin»li'ii with Mooililucl, \it it isi no foonVr
fi\c(l than till' iu'\v lUv is ilu'crtuliy ri (.o^iiifctl aii<l oluji'ii. It is triio, In niiili
■' "■- ' '•'■ '■ '■■■•'■ - -■ - '■ Tlic
MMII IMilll lltv IH^^ iiv* I-* %iiltllllilj i.v>'i^in»»»i tiMil wi.\j\ii. 11 i:* lilll, IIL[|I1I|
If kcnlirniiil l)y the I'urtc ; but this contirniatiun l> a iiialtir m{ nicn- form, 'llu
power of iIk' iloy is difpoiir ; and tlu- iiuonu" of ilu- /Ky of Al^jicrs amounts t(
;il)oiit I so.oool. n year, without jjn'ally oppri-llinf; hi. fuhiccls, who arr \ir;, ti'
naiious of thiir pn'|ii'ity. .\ driai linuiit of tlu- army of iluir (tati-s is aniuiallv
fi-iit inli) i-aih priivirui- to (olli-i'l tlu- trllniti- Ironi thoMo'iis and .\ralisi anil
llu- pri/L-s taki-ii at fi-a, fonu'tinu>; rcpial the taxes laid uiinn the luitives. 'lliL-fo
«1i\s pay ".ii,'lit annual tributes to the I'orte. When the Grand Signior is at war
w'i'Ai a Chrillian power, hi" retpiire* their .Tirnlam e, as he dois that of the king of
M I... I,.. :. ,.1... ,1 ...,!.. ... •).... iMi.L- i.r, r v-,.1...... !:,...• ... .t... .T .
Monneo ; but he iso!u\vd only ai the\ think jirdper. Siihordina
iiie ollici-rs, bi th military and ii\il ; and in all niatii is of inipoit,
king ot
to the (k'\>
, llu- di-v is
ilie oilicirs, III in nnni.MV iinovMiii •mki hi .hi mi.iiiiis i>i iiopoii, v', liu- (U'V Is
t\petted to t;d.e thi advie.- of n eommon louneil, which I'tililis of thirty [latlu^.
'Ihefe palliai; feldom fail of forming iiarties amonj; the foldiers, ajjainll tlu- rii^jn-
in;; dis wlioir tlu v inakv no iVrnple of allaHinatiij^', evi ii in Cduncil ; a: d the
hioni;»ll landid.'.i- ilun lilN his itiaee. Sometimes he i-. di-poled ; funuiink-s,
•hou^h but NATS fel'.'oin, be reliijns his authority to fa\e hi> iile,
Ki.\ i.Sfi-.s j 'ri'.ole of .'\lj,Mt.rs, already meiitioiu-il, areimw faid to I exce
)v 'ruiiis. 'I hev ei'iiiill of ii certain pr"portioii of the juizes taken ir(jm (
1 pri'portioii ol the inizes takeit ir(jm ( hrif-
tiaii-., a ftiiall eaii'tati<;n tax, and the eulionis paid l)\ tlie l'",n;,'lini, l-'rencli, and
other iKiliniis, wlio are futiired to tradi- with thofe liates. As l.» the kiiij; of Mn-
roeco, we i;in form no ideas ot his n-viiiiu ■,, betaufc none of his fubjccis i;i!i ho
faid to p)liefs any property, l-'rom tin- manr.i r of hi., living;, Ins atti ndaiue at;(l
appearai-.ce, we may cimtiudc he doi-s not abound in riihcs. The ranfonis of Chrif-
tain llavi's are hii iK-rijuilites. lb- foimlinies lliares in the \eflels nf the otlur llai.'s
which entitlis hi;ii t'/ a part ot th.ir pri/c. Ileclai.iisa tc-ntb of the jjoods of iiis
MuhoineJaii fubjecfs, a^.d li.\ cri.»Wiis a y^ar from every Jew inerthaiit. lie ! li
Jikewile
?l
Tmi SfATM or D \ W n.V R V.
Mkonift' conriilorn'tK* pnifit, itt tlio Ni'srolnml «n«l otlwr CttrttVRiH. rr|)ri'lally tlw
lliivt'<lt;uti' titv^ ixU till' ItMiili. It I . ihiMi :lii iliui thv wliotc of liU or^lii.urx rcvcutu',
ill iiumiv, iloi'i nftt I'Mi'tfl i6;/) I u j.iir.
MiMiAin »tutNn.ii> ^Iho l-ini; oj' MoroCH) »ti hriiit{ to tlur Hv'til lor>,ooo
Ai M\ am> i.ANit. S nii'ii I bill t>ii- ft'i'">mh ,ii ilii-j nriH) i' il.lh i>f ( iivalry
inoiiittdl I'v liitmi^ro (l.i\\'<. 'nii>f<«\vri>t(h<'imc lirT)U);lif Mtitn^ In Vlnniiio, kn«Nv
t)i> otiii-r llatc Wilt lirviuuk-, iiii'l ii<> uiImt nialjit Inil llitii' l>iii|{, »iul jiruvt' tin-
fiiiuoll rup|Hirt lit' hit t)i;inii\ Aliout the ymr i/i;. nM the naval ftirt" •»»' M«i«
rocto umlirtol only «H" three fnimli ihip*. wh'kh l«y at SnIliT, ntul, hi'inj; t'lill o|
itii'ii, f(in\i'tiiii' • l>n)ti){lit III j>ri/< i 'I ho Al)(<.'riiu-s ni,iiiit:iiti iiUoiil t^^oo loot,
(imlillm(t ol TiirL^, iitiil lolnj^lu'ii, , ilu- fun* of folilicr'*. I'l'ii .t' lli. Ji fcrvo ai
iiMiiiHMon hoard their vcircU. Alumt looo of thom do ffarrilni iliitv, and part
an- <'mployi , in loi'u-iuinj; ditUn-im » amontt tho in i:;lil)(»uriii^ Ai.i') iirinicx.
Ht luiiH thcfo, iho di' lun l»iin)( looo well tliCuplitu'd Mooriih hurlV into tm- fitld,
a, id the di'V* ot' all the other Harhary ilaii-* ki'< liiii'^ up a propdrlioual forcv, iIhv
havo vi'iitiircd ioinily ti> n-fufi- f^-iu'lnj; any trilmtf to \\w Tuikiili impi'in.r, win*
fciMiis to |.«- fatisflid wiili til • r.iail<i\v iil'olH-difiuc wliiili iluv ji.iy I. int.
It h virv rcmirkflbk', that thonj;li thi- Carlhaginians, \vln> iiihnl)ili.'d thin virv
imililry *>{ Barlmrv, had grcati-r Hoct» ntid a more txlcnlivi' roniniorto than any
other nntion, of tl m all Tho pcopio upon tho lace of tlu- earili, wlun iliat lime
tloiirilhod, tho pii iir inhaMtants have fiarcely any inon liant lliips iKJonKins; to
lloni, or indi od ir iiil' r than vKat Salloo, M^icr>, l■lmi^. and Iripuli tit oui for
pirney ; whieii il i; i uureafed tincc th- latl attat k of tho Spaniardi, are now hut
few and fmall, anti (omc ycari n^o did not exrood li\ Oiins from lliirty-(ix to rtfiy
}»uns. Tho adniirnl's rhip bcUmes to the govtrnniorit , the othor taplains arc ap-
pointed liv private owners, but (iilijedt to niilifarv law With l.n i> a etimoniptibli
tU 1 1, tliefi' intidols not only harr;\U tho natiunii ot l.iiropo, but i.blijjo thoni to pay it
kind of Iriliiito by way of prefont"!.
llnroKV.J I'ndor tho Uoman emporori, the Uatcii formed llir faireft jowd in
the imiurial diadom. It was not till the feventh t'-niury that, alter thoto llair^
had been by turns in polli llioii of thi Vandals and the Ciruk iiuporors, tho Saui-
loiie fubjocU of H,<;;dad Kimpiered ihoin, and from iIhik > becanio mailers of a!
moli all Spain, from whtiuo itioir polh rity was tni;illy drivi n al'out tin- i4i>-i wlion
the exiles feltlod ann nj; their fri^n(^ and <ounirvinon on the l'arb;\ry > 'alb 'I his
iiaturalU boi^ot a perpetual war lulw ( < n thetiunul the Spaniards, wlm piolVod llioui
1(1 hard, that ihoy ealloil to their allilbmee the two fanuius brothers HarbaroH'a, who
were admirals of the ■lurkid\ fleet, and who, ;dter breakini; the S|)anilli yoke, ini-
polld upiii the inhabitants of all tliofo ftates (eNee]>iinj; Moroem) tlu ir own. Sonio
atlenipts were made by the emperor ('harles \ . to retiiuo Alj^iers and Tunis, but
thev were ur.fuev efsl'ul , and, as already obl'orvod, tho Hdiabitanis have in fai.1
lli;iki-n oil' tho liirkilh yoke likewife.
Ihe emperors or kiiifijs of Moroeeo arc ii ■ lueeeirors of thofe fovoroi^ns nf that
lountrv wlio were all ealled xerills. and w hole jxiwors rifond)led that ol the i alitato
of tho SaiaLCiih. I hey have been in general a let of bloody tyrants-, thouj;h tin/
haM' had ainoni; them fonie able prinois, partit ularly Mul« y NIoliu-, who defeat, il
;mu1 killed Don Sebailian, kinjj of Piutui^al. I luy havi- lived in alnK)lt a continual
ttate iif warfare with tin kin^s of Sp lin and other Cliriltian prinois ever linee ; nor
does tho criiwn of <i real Britain fouiolinics dilibui, as in the year ijOg.to punhal'c
their frieiulthip with prcfeiils.
A U ^' S S ! M A.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
//
^/
ks
1.0
1.1
11.25
K* Ui |2.2
£ us 110
lillH
■uuu
p|^
^
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. USSO
(716) S72-4503
[ 83i ]
ABYSSINIA.
SiTUATtON AMD ExTSKT.
\filfs
l,cngtl> 90^
Brcudth 900
[ between <
Degrees.
6 and 20 north latitude
z6 and 44 call longitude
I]
Sq. Miles.
378,000
TT is hounded on the north by the kinj^dom of Sennaar, or
Boi'Ni'ARiEs.] ^ ^fl,l,i^. on tlie eaft, partly Ijv the Rcti Sea, and partly by
Dancala ; on the well by Gorhani ; and on the ruutn by the kingdom of Gingiro,
and Alabn.
It contains (according to Mr. Bnico, from whom the fubfequent account is taken)
the following provinces ; viz. i. Mafuah ; 2. Tigrejj. Samen i 4. Bcgemdcrj 5.
Amhara; 6. VValakuj 7. Gojanii 8. Damot; 9. Maitflia; 10. Dcmbeai 11. Kuara;
12. Nara.
Air and seasons.] The rainy feafun continues for (ixth months of the year,
from April to September, which is fuccceded, without interval, by a cloudlefs (ky,
and vertical fun ; and cold night.<i, which as immediately follow thefe fcorching days.
The earth, notwithftanding the heat of thefe days, is yet perpetually cold, fo as to
feel difagreeably to the foles of the feet; partly owing to the fix months rains, when
no fun appears, and partly to the perpetual equality of nights and days.
Quadrupeds.] There is no country in the world which produces a greater
number or variety of quadrupeds, whether tame or wild, than Abyflinia. Of the
tiimc or cow-kind, great abundance prefent themfelves every where, diflfering in
the, fome haying horns of various dimenlions, fome without horns at all. flie
female bufTalo is the only animal kept for giving milk in Kgypt. And though
apparently thefe are of the fame fpecies, and came originally from Ethiopia,
their manners are fo entirely changed by their migration, dinerencc of climate or of
food, that without the exertion of any art to tame them, they arc milked, conducted
to and fro, and governed by children of ten years old witliout a^)prehenfion, or any
unlucky accident having ever happened.— Of horfes alfo there is a fufficient
quantity in this part of the continent of Africa.
Among the wild animals are prodigious numbers of the gazel or antelope kind ;
the bohur, fafla, fecho, and madequa, and many others. Ilya-nas arc dill more nu-
merous. There arc few varieties of the dog or fox kind. Of thefe the moft nu-
merous is the deep, or, as he is called, the jackal ; this is precifely the fame in
all refpe£ls as the deep of Barbary and Syria, who are heard hunting in great num-
bers, and howling in tne evening and morning. The wild boar, finalTer and fmooth-
cr in the hair than that of Barbarv or Europe, but dilVeriiig in nothing clfe, is met
frequently in fwanips or banks of rivers covered with wood.
The elephant, rhinoceros, giraffa, or camelopardalis, are inliabitants of the low
hot country ; nor is the lion, leopard, or faadh, which is the jiantliur, fcen in the
high and cultivated country. The hippopotamus and crocodile abound in all the
rivers, not only of Alnllinia, but as low down as Nubia and I'-gypt. There nie
many of the afs kind In the low country towards the frontiers ot Atbara, but no
zebras ; thefe are the inhabitants of Fazucio, and Narca.
But of all the other (luadrupeds, there is none exceeds the hyxna, for its mer-
cilefs
B Y S S I N t A.
8.13
or any
ifficient
|)e kind ;
lore nu-
Inoft nu-
fame in
tat num-
fmooth-
is met
the low
In in the
In all the
I'here arc
, but no
its mer-
cilcGi
cilcfs ferocity. They were a plague, fayi our author, fpcaking of thefe animals, in
Abyllinia, in every fituation, both in the city and in the field, and, I think furpatTed
the Ihccp in number. Gondar was full of them from the time it turned dark till
the dawn of day, feekinq the different pieces of flaughtcred carcafcs which ilii^
cruel and unclean people cxpofe in the flreets without burial.
It is a conftant oblcrvatiun in Numidia, that the lion avoids and flics from the
face of man, till by fome accident thejr have been brought to engage, and the beall
has prevailed agamdhim ; then that feeling of Aiperlority, imprinted by the Crcatir
in the heart of ail animals for man's prefervation, fecnis to forfake him. The lion,
having once tafted human blood, relinquilhes the purfuit after the Hock. He repairs
to fome highway orficquented path, and has been known, in the kingdom of 'liinis,
to interrupt the road to market for fevcral weeks ; and in this he periiHs till hunters
or fuldiersare font out to dcQroy him.
The hunting of the elephant, rhinoceros, 8ic. being one of the amufemcnts of
the natives, we (hall give the reader a brief account ol this dange>'uus fport. Two
nK-n, abfolutely naked, get on horfeback ; this precaution is fiom fear of being
laid hold of by the trees or bulhes, in making their efcape from a very watchful
enemy. One of thefe riders fits upon the back of the horfe, fometimes with a fad-
die, and fometimes without one, with only a fwitch or Ihort ftick in one hand, care-
fully managing the bridle with the other ; behind him fits his companion, who has
no other arms but a broad-fword, fuch as is ufed by the Sclavonians, and which is
brought from Triefte.
As foon as the elephant is found feeding, the horfeman rides before him as near
his face as poflible ; who, chafed and angry, feeks to feize him with his probofcis, and
follows the horfe every where. After having made him turn once or twice, the
horfeman drops his companion ; and, while he engages the elephant's attention
upon the horfe, the footman behind gives him a drawn ftroke juu above the heel,
or what in man is called the tendon of Achilles. If the fword is good, and the
man not afraid, the tendon is commonly entirely feparated ; and if it is not cut
through, it is generally fo far divided, that the animal, with the llrefs he puts upon
it, breaks the remaining part afunder. In either cafe he remains incapable of ad<
vancing a ftep, till the norfeman retumine, or his companions coming up, pierce
him through with javelins[^and lances ; he then falls to the ground, and expires with
the lofs ofblood.
'Iliough the rhinoceros runs with furprifing fpeed, confidering his bulk, he is, in a
very little time, transfixed with thirty or forty javelins, which lo confound him tha
he fometimes runs into a ditch, without outlet, breaking about a dozen of the jave<
litis as he enters. Here he is caught as in a trap, having fcarce room to turn ; when
a fervant, with a gun, ftanding dire£lly over him, fires at his head, and the animal
is thus killed.
Birds.] The number of birds in AbyfTmia exceeds that of other animals be-
yond proportion. The high and low countries are equally (lored with them : the
firil kmd are the carnivorous birds. Many fpecies of the eagle and hawk, many
more Hill of the vulture kind, as it were overflock all parts of the country. Tliat
fpecies of glede, called Haddaya, fo frequent in Egypt, comes very punuually in-
to Ethiopia, at the return of the fun, after the tropical rains.
The NilTer, or golden eagle, is not only the larged of the eagle-kind, but one of
the largcll birds that fiies. From wing to wing he is eight feet. four inches. The
black eagle, Rachamah, Erkoom, Moroc, Sheregrig, and Waalia, are particularly
(lelcribed by the hillorian of AbyfTmia, to whofc celebrated work we refer the
rcadci who is dcfirous of information concerning them.
5 O 'llii re
t34
B
I N I
There is no great plenty of water-fowl in AhyiTnila, cfpccially of the wcbfootcd
kind. Vaft variety of ilorLi cover tho plains in May, wlien llu' rains become ton-
ftaiu. All the deep and anxtiy bogs have fnipcs in them ; and Iwallows there arc
nf many kinds unknown at Europe; tliofe that are common in liuropo appear in
paffiige at the very fcafon when they take their flight from thence. Tliere aro few
owls ; but thefe are of an immenfe lizc and beauty. There are no gecfe, wild or
tame, exceptinjj what is called the golden goofe, poofe of the Nile, or goofe of \\]f.
cape, common m all the fouth of Africa: thefe build iheirneft upon trees, and wliea
not in water, generally lit upon them.
Inskcts] l-'rouj the clafs of infers, we fliall fileft tho iiiof] remarkable vi/
the Tfaltfalya or fly, which is an infeit that furnilhes a (liiking proof how Valla,
cious it is to judge by appearances. If we conlider its fniall |i/.e, its weaknefs
want of v.Triety or beauty, nniliiug in tlie creation is more conteniplihic or inljenili!
cant. Yet palling from thel'e to his hillury, and to the account of his powers wj
mull confefs the very great iiijiillice we do him from want of conlideiiition. '\\\,
are obliged with the greaieft furprizc to acknowledge, that thole huge aniinaJs, ijie
elephant, the rhinoceros, ilie lion, and the tiger, inhabiting the fame wood, are' (till
vallly his inferiors, and that the appearance of this fmall inlccf, nay, his very
found, though he is not fcen, occalions more trepidation, movement and ciiforder
both in the human and brute creation, than would whole herds of thefe monllrous
animals colletled together, though their number was in a tenfold proportion greater
than it really is.
Thi.s infe6\ has not been defcribcd by any natnralift. It is in flze very little
larger than a bee, of a thicker proportion. As foon as this plague appears, and
their buzzing is heard, all the cattle forfakc their food, and run wildly about the
{)lain, till they die, worn out with fatigue, fright and hunger. No remedy remains
)ut to leave the black earth, and halten down to the fands of Atbara; and there
they remain while the rains lall ; this cruel enemy never daring to purfue therii
farther. '1 hough the (izc of the camel is inmienfe, his flrength valt, and his body
covered with a thick Ikin, defended with flrong hair, yet 11111 he is not capable to
furtain the violent pundtures the fly makes with his pointed probofcis. He nuilt
lofe no time in removing to the fands of Atbara ; t'or when once attacked by this
tiy, his body, head, and legs break out into large bolles, which fwell, break and
putretv, to the certain deltruttion of the creature.
Vegetable productions.] The Papyiits, which is a plant well known ir.
l",gyj)t, appears to have been early brought thilher from luhiopia. It is alio found iii
Ab'yilinia. Huiifiau, Bii/i'i, or Balj'am is alfo a native of this country. 'I he great
value, fet upon this drug in the call, remounts to very early ages. \V c know iunn
feripture, the oldell hiftory extant, as well as the moft infallible, that the llliniiie-
lites, or Arabian carriers and merchants, trafficking with the India commodiiits
into Kgypt, brought with them balm as part of the cargo; for we are told that
" a company of Ithmaelites came fiom Gilcad, with their camels, bearing fpicery
" and balm, and myrrh, goiiijj to carry it down into Egypt *." At this time it
probably acquired its name of Halm of Gilead. — I he Eiijele is an herbaceous i)lant
which grows and comes to great perfe£lion at Gondar, but it molt abounds in that
part cf Maitlha and Goutto weft of the Nile, where there are large plantations cf
It, and is there, almoll cxclufive of every thing elfe, the food of the Galia iiiliabit-
ing that province, 'Ihe Teff h a gram commonly fown ; and it feenis to thrive
cqiially on all forts of ground ; from it is made the bread which is commonly ukd
I
Gen.
as-
tliroug!..
or 111
above
thdi!;;
llifccl
(li/ferei
j'art
line of
•So I.' i
tlU'V
not I'liri
llic m,((
I'f' a eir
I'ari'iiil
lUflw
V'licJs \\
lilies, ;ti
pans ol'^
'ii'Ml ||;J
Ten II
l;iin, II if
S S I N I
83<
tliroiiglioiil tliis country. The Abyflinians iiulecd have plenty of wheat, anil fonie
(if it of an excellent (|unlily. They likewife make a» fine wlu-at-Uread as any in
tlie worli!, both Vor colour and tafte } but the ufe of wheat-bread in chiefly confined
to people of tl)e liilt rank. The acacia tree h very common in Abyllinia, as are
r viral other cnrioiis produ6lion8 of the vegetable world, many of which are de-
fcrilK'd in the Appendix of our author, and illullrated by many elegant engiavingii,
which will afford a very great entertaintment to the cnriuuH botanilh
Lak ES.] The lake of Tzana (not to mention tliofc of CJooderoo, and Court Ohha)
is by much the largell expanfe of water known in tiiis co\mtrv. Its extent, liow-
(ver, has been greatly exaggerated. Its greateft breadth is thirty-five miles, and
its length is forty-nine. 'Ihe Nile, by a current always vihble, crofVes the end of
it, In tljc dry months from Ottobcr to March, the lake (brinks greatly in fize: but
after that all tliofe rivers are lull which arc on every (ide of it, and fall into the
hike, like radii drawn to a centre, then it fwells, and extends itfelf into the plain
muntry, and has of courfe a much larger furface.
'Iliere are about eleven inhabited illands in the lake All thefe illands were for-
nk-rly ufed ns prifoiis for the great people, or for a voluntary retreat, on account of
fome difgiift or great misfortune, or as places of fecurity to depolit their valuably'
clR'tls during troublefome times.
Cataracis ok niii Nile] Omitting thofe of inferior note, wc (hall here give
the reader fome account of tlie great cataratt of Alata, whicli was the moll mag-
nitieent fight that Mr. Bruce ever beheld. The height has been rather cxaggeratecl.
'Hie milhonaries fay the fall is about fifty feet. The mcafuring is, indeed verv' dif-
ticult ; but, by the polition of long (licks, and poles of different lengths, at diHerent
Ik'ijjhls of the rock, (Voin the water's cd^e, Mr. Urucc thinks he mav venture to
jay tiiat it is nearer tbrly feet tlian any other meafure. The river had been confi-
ticrably increaCed by rains, and fell in one flieet of water, without any interval,
al)o\c half an Knglilh mile in breadth, with a force and noife that was truly terri-
ble, and which ftunned, and made him, for a time, perfeftly dizzy. A thick fume,
or liaze, covered the fall all round, and hung over 'he courfe of the (Iream both
above and below, marking its tratl, though the water was not fcen. The river,
though fwellcil with rain,preferved its natural cler.rnefs, and fell, as far as he could
ilifiLin, into adii'i) pool, or bafon, in the i'olid rock, wliich was tull, and in twenty
dilKivnt eddies to the very foot of the precipice, the llream, when it tell, feemiiig
)>art of it to run back with j;reat t'liry upon the rock, as well as forward in the
line i>t its com le, railing a violent ebullition, by chathng againit each other.
.Soii'CF.s OK THii Nii.E.] Tlic Agows of Daiiiot pav diviiic houour to tlic Nile;
thoy worihip the river, and thoufands of cattle have been ollercd, and Hill are ol-
iWed, to the f|)irit l'',i])pofed to lelide at its fouice. The village of Geelh, though
not farther diliaiit tlian 6o3 yards, is not in tight of the fources of the Nile. In
ilio muldl.' of a iiiarili, near the bottom of the mountain of Geelh, arifes a hillock
of a eiiiular form, about ihive feet from the I'urface of the inarlh itfelf, though ap-
|Kirenli) lounded much deei)er in it. The diameter of this is fomething ihort of
twelw fict: It is furionnded by a (hallow trench, which collcfcts tlie water, and
\oids it ealiwnrd ; it is firmly built with fod or earthen turf, brought from the
lilies, and coiilianliy kt])t in repair; and this is the altar upon which all their reli-
gious cirenioiiiis are perfornieil. 'I he mouth, or opening of the fuurce, is fome
parts of an inch lefs than three feet diameter, and the water (lood about two inches
from the lip or brim. 'Ibis fpriiin is about (i\ feet lix inches deep.
Ten feet dillant iVom the firll, a little to tlie well or fouth, is the fecond foun-
iiiii, ;.boiit eleven inches in dianu I'-r ; but eight teet three inches in depth. Ar.d
.ii))iil twenty I'eet dilUuil iVuni the liill is the third fourcc, itsiiuulh being fomethii.k;
i; O 2 more
836
u
I N I
more than two feet large, and it it five (Vet eight inches deep. With a brafi qua«
drant of three tVot radius, he found the latitude to be 10" 59' 15" in round nuin-
bi-rs, for the cxa6t latitude of the principal fountain of the Nile, though the Ju.
fuits have fuppofcd it 12° N. by a random guefn. The longitude he afcertaincd to
be ■?6" e,!,' 30' i-a(t of the meridian of Greenwiih.
Oausk* of the inundation > The fun being nearly ftationary for foinc days
(iK THF. NiLi. 3 in the tropic of Capricorn, the air there be-
t-nmcs fo much rarcticd, that the heavier winds, charged with watery partidot,
mill in upon it from the Atlantic on the woll, and from the Indian Ocean on the
t .ill. Having thus gathered fuch a quantity of vapours a* it were to a focus, the
fun now puts tlicni in motion, and drawing them al'ter it in its rapid progrefs north-
ward, on the 7th of January, fur two years together, fccmed to have extended its
Sower to the atraofphcre of Ciundar, when, for the Hrft time, there appeared in the
;y white, dappled, thin clouds, the fun being then diAant 34" from the zenith,
witliout any one cloudy or dark fpcck having been fcen for feveral months before.
Advancing to the line with ihcTcafed velocity, and defcribing larger fpirals, the
fun brings on a few drops of rain at (jondar the fir(l of March, being then didant
5° from the zenith ; thefe are greedily ubforbed by the thirAy foil, and this fecms
to be the farthed extent of the fun's influence, capable of caufmg rain, which then
only falls in large drops, but lads but a few minutes : the rainy feafon, however,
begins mod ferioufly upon his arrival at the zenith of every place, and thefe rains
continue condant and mcrcafmg after he has pafled it, in his progrefs northward.
In April, all the rivers in Amhara, Be^emder, and Lada, nrd difcoloured, and
then beginning to fwell, join the Nile in the feveral parts of its courfe neareft
them i tne river then, from the height of its an^lc of inclination, forces itfelf
through the dagnant lake without mixing with it. In the beginning of May,
hundreds of dreams pour themfelves from Goiam, Damot, Maitlna, and Dembea,
into the lake Tzana, which had become low by intenfe evaporation, but now be-
gins to fill infenfibly, and contributes a large quantity of water to the Nile, before
It falls down the cataradt of Alata. In the beginning of June, the fun, having now
palfcd all Abyflinia, the rivers there are all full ( and then is the time of the greated
rains in Abyllinia, while he is for fome days, as it were, dationary in the tropic uf
Cancer.
Immediately after the fun has pafled the line, he begins the rainy feafon to the
fuuthward, dill as he approaches the zenith of each place ; but the fituation and
neccITitics of this country being varied, the manner of promoting the inundation is
changed. A high chain of mountains runs from al)out 6° fouth all along the middle
of the continent towards the Cape of Good Hope, and interfecls the fouthern part
of the peninfula, nearly in the fame manner that the river Nile docs the northern,
A drong wind from the fouth, dopping the progrefs oi the condenfed va))ours, dallies
them againd the cold fummits of this ridge of mountains, and forms many rivers
which efcape in the diredtion either ead or wed, as the level prefcnts itfelf. If this
is towards the wed, they fall down the tides uf the mountains into the Atlantic, and
if on the cad, into the Indian Ocean.
Cities and towns.] Gondar, the metropolis of Abyflinia, is Htuatcd upon
a hill of conliderable iieight, the top of it nearly plain, on which the town is pL-iced.
It coniills of about ten thuufand families in time of peace ; the houfes are chiefly of
clay, the roofs thatched in the form of cones, which is always the condrudlion with-
in the tropical rains. On tlie wed end of the town is the king's houfe, formerly a
flru6ture of conHdcrable conlVqu» nee. It was a fquarc building, Hanked with
fquare towers. It was formeily four dories high, and, from the top of it, had a
nuigiiificeiil view of all the ci untiy fouihward to the lake Tzana. Great i)art of
this lioufe is now in ruii.s, having been burnt at dillcreiit ti:ncs ; but there is Itill
7 ample
is litt
of thi
M
the f
and
of don
3<>' 30'
Mafua
vernm«
capital
toinmc
Con
c-ittle,
Afjovvs
which
.Ag(;w.
ul wit
B Y
I N I A.
«J7
Ample lodging in the two lowell floor* of it, the audience chamber being above one
hundred and twenty t'cet long.
The palace and oil its contiguous buildings are furroundcd by a fubftantial (lone
wall thirty fi-et high, with battli'inentt upon the outer wall, and a parapet roof be-
tween the outer and inner, by which you can go along the whole, and look into the
ttrcct. 'Ihcru appears not ever to have been nny cmbrurures for cannon, and the four
rules of the wall arc above an Englifli mile and a half in length. Gondnr, by a
number of obfervations of the fun and (lars, made by dny and night, in the courfe of
three ycais, with an aftronomical (juadrant of three feet radius, and two excellent
tclefcopes, and by a mean of all their fmall diilcrences, is in N. lat. ii° 34' 30" {
and by many obfervations of the fatellites of Jupiter, efpccially the firrt, both in
their immernons and emerfions during that period, its longituae is 37° 33' o" call
from the meridian of Greenwich.
DiXAN is the firit town in Abydlnia, on the (Ide of Taranta ; it is built on the
top of a hill, perfeftly in form of a fugar loaf j a deep valley furrounds it every
where like a trench, and the road winds fpirally up the hill till it ends among tlm
boufcs. It is true of Dixan, ns of mod frontier towns« that the bad people ofbotU
contiguous countries refort thither. The town confifts of Moors and Chridians,
and is very well peopled ; yet the only trade of cither of thcfe (ttU is a very ex-
traordinary one, that of felling children. The Chriftians bring futh as they havo
ilulcn in Abyllinia, to Dixan as to a fure depofit ; and the Moorsreceivc them there,
and carry them to a certain market at Mafuah, whence they are fent over to Arabia,
or India. The priefts of the province of Tigre, cfpecially thofe near the rock Damo,
are openly concerned in this infamous practice. Dixan is in lai. 14° 57' ^j" nurtlir
and long. 40° 7' 30" eaft of the meridian of Greenwich.
AxuM is fuppofcd to have been once the capital of Abyllinia, and its ruins are
now very cxtenlive ; but, like the cities of ancient times, cunfift altogether of public
buildings. In one fquare, which feems to have been the centre of the town, there
are forty obeliflcs, none of which have any hieroglyphics upon them. They arc all
of one piece of granite, and, on the top of that which is Handing, there is a patera
cxccedmgly well carved in the Greek tafte. Axum is watered hy a fmall ftream,
which flows all the year from a fountain in the narrow valley, wheic (land the rows
ofobclilks. The fpring is received into a magnificent baion of 150 feet fijuare,
and thence it is carried at pleafure, to water the neit^hbouring gardens, where there
is little fruit excepting pomegranates; neither are thcle very excellent. The. latitude
of this town is 14" 6' 36" north.
Masuah. 'Ihehoufes of this town, which is fituated upon an illand bearing
the fame name, on the Abylimian Ihore of the Red Sea, are, in general, built of poles
and bent grafs, as in the towns of Arabia ; but belides thefc, there are about twenty
of done, lix or eight of which are two ftories each. N. lat 15° 35' 5" E. Ion. 39'
36' 30".
Trade and commerce ] There is a confidcrable deal of trade carried on at
Mafuah, narrow and confined as tlie illand is, and violent and unjull as is the go-
vernment. But it is all done in a flovenly manner, and for articles where a fmall
capital is inverted. Property here is too precarious to rilk a venture in valuable
commodities, where the hand of power enters into every iraiifaCtion.
Gondar, and all the neighbouring country, depend for the neceflaries of life,
cattle, honey, butter, wheat, hides, wax, and a number of fuch articles, upon the
Agovvs, who inhabit a province in which the fources of the Nile are found, and
wliieh province is no where lixiy miles in length, nor half that in breadth. 'llicCe
.A;riiws come conrtantly in fucceiVion, a thoufaud or fit'teon hundred at a tin'.e, load-
ed with thel'e commodities, to lliC capital.
It;
8j8 F K Z Z A N, B O R N O U, AND C A S 11 N A.
It may nnfiirally occur, tliat, in a Ion;' cnrriugc, fiicli ns that of « Juindrcil tniloi
In fuel) a climate, ImiU'r mull nult, i.ml l>c in a llalc oj' I'ulinn, confctiuirntly vcrJ
near |)ijlivrattioii : tlii-* iit pri'M'iiti il lis ilic root ol" an licrh, called Mtu'ijiiuo, y.|.
Itiw in colour, and in lliapo nearly rv'U'iiil)lin){ it carroty iIuh ilicy hrnifc niid'inix
with their butter, and u voi) linall quautily prcfcrvcs it trclli tor ii conlidernldo
lime.
Kf.moion.] Mr. Bruce informs us from the nnnal* of Ahyinnia, that, in ||„.
lime of Solomon, nil tlii^ coniiliy wan convorifd to Judaifni, and the Koveriniiint of
the church and Ihitc modelled aeconling to wli;it was then in ufe at Jcrufaletii.
JJcHnc ecclcliadical wrilerst, rather I'rom attachment lo particular fvlleum, ili;,,,
from any convidlion that the opinion they cl'poufe i» truth, would pcrfuade us ih'ai
the converlion of Ahyllinla to Clirillianity hapncncd in the days of the Apollles'
hut it appears that this w.is etlected hy the laliours of Krumcntiui (the apjllji; of
the Ahylinnans) in tiie)ear of Chriil ]^\, according to our account.
'Iluir firll hidiop, l-'runienlius, heing ordained about the year 3^3, and inlhueled
in the reli';ion of the (IreeUs of the cluirch of yMexandria, hy St. Athanalius, then
htiinc in the chair of St. Mark, it follows that llie true religion of the Ahylli'nians
uhich they received on their convcrfion to Chrillianity, is that ofthe CJreek church'
'1 hey receive the iioly facrament in hoili kinds, in unleavened bread, and in the
grape hruifed with the hulk t<)f,'eiher as it ;^row.s, fo that it is u kind of ntannalade
tmd is ({iven in a tlat fpoon. 'I hey ohferve alfo circunicifton. '
I lis I oil v.] As the accounts uf kiiij;s and princes of remote ages are much in.
\olved in table, aiul as the hillory of [\> barbarous and uncivilifed a people will w •
])refuine, allord but fmall amutemeni, we Ihull therefore make no upolojiv fer
omitling llic annals of Abylhnia, but refer our readers to the fecond volume of
Uruce'ii i'ruvels.
FEZ Z AN, BORNOU, and C A S H N A.
IT having been long a fiibjea of lamentation that Kuropcans know very little if
any tliin;^, o» tlie iiii<->hr Ji/iri.ls of Atrica, we arc happv to find that a number'of
learned and opulent iiuiiviiluals have formed themfelves'into a fo( iety for the piir-
pofe of exploiing tliein. 'I he allociati(>n was formed on the ninth of June, in the
year 1788 ; and on the fame day a committee of its members, viz. /«/,/ R,m^on, tht
bijjiop of Liwd.ift. Jii Jojcph Hanks, Mr. iii.\iujl\, and Mr. intunt, were invelKd with' the
diredion ol ii'^ tuiuU. tiie management v\ its corrcfpoiKlence. and the choice of the
|)erfons to whom the geographical million was to be alligncd. Perfuaded of the
imi)ortance ot the object w..ich tlie allociaiion had in view, their conunittec lolt
no time in executing the plan which it had formed. Two gentlemen were rccom
mended to them; and app.;iring to be eminently t]ualilied for making the pioieaed
releaiehes, they were elu,.;ii. One wun Mi. Le,h,i,<t: the other Mr. Lucas Mr
lA-d\ards hiiiorv. which pointed him out to the fucietv as a proper perl'on for uii-
denaking tb.e Alriean adventure, is too curious to be (<initled.
Mr. Ledyaid was an American by birth, and feenud Uom his voutli to have f \\
an invmcibic_de!.re lo explore ihe ui, known .,r iiiiperiecilv dileovcred regions.,!
the ;;Iobe. I or level al jeais he had lived with the Indians oV America, had Ihidial
their mnniieis, and had piaotiled in their I'choul ilie means of obiainiii
tection, and oI recommeiuliiig liimfelf to the favour of favag.s. In ih
tl.
.• pro-
iituati(m or a K-rjJoral oi ni:iii;ie->, lo wliieii he fuhinitted, lallier tli:in leihuiiiilli I
purlait, lie had made, wiii. tapudu Couk, il.e vowi-e of liie world ; and I'^eliii" <,ii
e li;iiiii)lc
IIS
■Jli
to Ya
hoard
the ei
Fn
hum
liarki
tlldll
hv th
the
Sue
ed.
luiiiie
(lie (I
oil ill
As
W ha
liiiit
In
nii'iits
nut f
rE;!7AN, DORNOU, aho C A S H N A.
•39
liii rfturn nn nnxioin di-drp n( ptriclritinu from ihc north-wirti-rn lonft "f Ami*,
rim, whidi Cook had pnrtiv (>\|i|nrc(l, to liic i-ullcru coiill, uiili \vhi«.h he liiiiifcif
w»t pirl'i-^tly lainiliar, lie lU-tiriuitud tu travcrfe thu \u\\ continent t'roni the I'u-
tiric to ihc Atlaiuic Ocran.
His firlt pliiit lor iho piirpofc wnH tliut of embarking in ■ vrfli'l, which wai then
pn parii)f( i<> fail on a vov.i^c of comimrciul aclvrnluro to Nootka Souiul, on tlic
wi turn loalt ot' Ami liiai aiitl with lliisvii-vv he ox pc tided in finllori'i ihc grtatcll
pari ot the inom-y which his chiot h<'ii«ta(Jt()r, lir JoCcph Hnnkm (wlinfc Hiticrnii*
coiidudt hi- ut'toi) uikiiuwicdgi-d). had Hhcrnlly fupplitd. Uut tlio I'llu-iuc hoiiiu
Irullratod hy the rapacity of a ciiUoni-hoiirc «)tficcr, who hud Toi/cd and detained
thf vcllcl, l'>r riarmi*, which, on li'jjal incpiiry, proved to he t'rivoloiit, lie deter-
iiiiikd to travel over land to Kaintfcnatka, from whence, to the wdhrn coart it(
America, the |)a(l;if;e is extremely ihort. With no more than ten i^iiiiieas in his
purlV, whicii was all that he had' let't, he cnill'ed the ikitilh ( hamn-l to DtU'iid,
and, by the way ot' Denmark ami the Sound, proceedeil to the capital ot" Sweden,
tidin which, as it wan winter, he attempted to traverle the j{nl[>ti "f IJothnia oti
the ice, in order to rench Kamtfchutka hy the Ihortell way ; but tindinfj, when ho
came to the middle of the fe.i, that the water was not fro/en, he returned to Stock-
holm, and taking his courfe northward, walked info the arMic circle; and palling
round the lieud of the gulph, defceiuUd im its eallern (ide to Peterlhuij^h.
I here he was noticed ns nn extraorilinary man. \\ ithout llocking'>, or flioe«,
and in too much poverty to provide hinidlf with either, he received ami accepted
an invitation to dine with llic Portu^uefe amhallador. To this invitation it was
probably owing that he was able to oi)tain the fum of twenty gnitieas lor a bill on
lir Jofejdt Hanks, which he confeired he had ni> authority to tiraw, but which, in
conlideration of the bnlinefs that he had undertaken, ami of the progrefs that he
had made, lir Jol'epli, he believed, woidd not be unwilling to pay. To the ani-
ball'ador's inteiell it might alfo be owing that he obtained permillion to accompany
adetachiiunt of Uores whicli the emprefs had ordered to be lent to Yakutz, for
the life cf Mr. Hillings, an Englilhman. at tliat time in her lervice.
riuis accommodated, he travelled lalUv.ird through Siberia fix thoufand milcsi
to Yakutz, where he w:n kindly received hy Mr. Millings, whom lie remembered on
hoard captain Cook's lliip, in the litmiiion of the allroiiomer's fervant, but to whom
the emprefs had now entriilUd her fchemes of northern difovery.
From ^ iikutz he proceeded to Oc/akow, on the coall of the Kanitfchatka fvii,
fiiiin whence he meant to havi' palled over to that peiiinfula, and lu have em-
burked on the ealK-rn lidi' in one of the Kullian viHels that trade to the wellun
lliciies of America ; but tiiiding that the navigation was compU tely obltructed
hy the ice, he returned again to ^ akut/, ijt order tu wait for the conclulion of
the winter.
Such was his fituaiion, when, in cdiifequcnce of fufjiicions not hitherto explain-
eil, or rel'eiitments for whii h no reafon ib alligncd, he was feiztd, in the einprefs's
ii;ime, by two Kullian foldiers, who placed him in a Hedge, and conveying him, in
ilie depth of winter, through the deferis of the Northern I'artary, lell liiiu at lall
on the frontiers of the I'olilli dominions.
.\s they |)arted, tlay tolil him, that if he returned to Rullia, lie would certainly
1)1 hanged ; but that, if he chofe to go buck to Kngland, they wilhed him a plea-
I'aiit journey.
In the midit of poverty, covered with rags, infeftcd with the ufual accompani-
nu'iit-. tif fiich cloalliing, worn with continued luudlhij), exhaulled by dil'eafe, with-
iiiit f. iinds, without credit, imknown ar.d lull of niilery, he found his way to Ko-
uiiiglberg. — Tlicie, in the hour of bis utiuoll dillrcf;., he rcfolvcd once more to have
U lecuutfe
1*49
FRZZAN. nORNOU. amp C A SUN A.
fi'conrfo 10 hi« old J)cnefi»^or, ■lul hiilily lie (niiml u naf.m who wat willing \t%
tuk,t' l»ii (IrnU fur Hvr Kuinctit, un the pn-lulrnt ot' «ho Kityal Sot idy.
Willi lliii mlilUiico he urrivrd in iMiginmi, and iiiunt.'(liali'l)r waited ntt Or
Jiifi |»h Hanki, who lold him, knowinm h^ limiKr, that he hcliivrd h»* coiijd re-
comnu'iid him lo »n •dvciiturr almolt at ^)priluii» n* the our Irtim whi»h h« hmt
rrtiirnoil i and rommiiiilcnli'd t.i him the witlu* uf the Airotiitiim for dircuvrring
the inliiiul coiniiru-'i of Alrien.
I.«(i\jul ri|ilii'tl, that hi? had alw«y« deti'rmin'il to trnvcrfc the coniinntt of
Alricaj itK fijoii «H he had explored the interior «»»' North Amcrii« ; and ni lir
Jofeph huii ofVered him a letter of" introdutlion, he eainc diredly to the writer o(
ihel'e nieiin>ir» *. Ik'l'ore I hnd leiirnt from the note, tiic name and huliiu-ri of my
vilitnr, I was flriirk witli the manlinei« ot hit perfon, the breadth of hi» cheO, the
opt niier^ <»f liis countenance, aiul the incpiietude of hi« eye. I furend the nun. ">
Afriia hefore him, and tra(.in){ aline from Cairo to Sennaar, and from thence well-
wnrd. in ihe latitude and fiippofed direflion of the Niger, I told him that was the
roun' l)v which I was noxious that Africa might, if poihhie, be explored. He faid,
he ihould think himfelf lingularly fortunate lu becntrulled with the adventure, j
alkcd him, when he would fet t)Ut ? "To morrow morning," wan hi)* anfwcr. |
told him I wati afraid that we Ihould not be able, in fo Ihort u time, to prepare hi:t
inllrucUimSt and procure for him the letters that were requitite ; but that, if the
committee (hould approve of his propufal, all expedition mould be ufcd.
Mr. Lucas's hiflory, being lefs lingular than that of Mr. Ix-dyard, is told with
more brevity : but enough is faid to futisfy ever^ reader refpcaing his qualifica-
tions. He nad been fent, when a boy, to Cadiz, in Spain, for education as a mer-
chant, and having the misfortune on his return to be captured by a Sallee rover,
was brought as a flavc to the imperial court of Morocco. Three years of cap-
tivity preceded his reAoration to freedom and his confequent departure from Gib-
raltar, where, at the requell of general Cornwallis, he accepted the offices of vice-
conful and charge d'alTuircs in the empire of Morocco, and had the fatisfntlion to re-
turn, as the delegate of his fovereign, to the very kingdom, in which, for a long ptriod,
he had lived as a tiavc. At the end of tixteen years, he once ntore rcvilited Eng-
land, and was foon appointed Oriental interpreter to the Uritifh court; in whicn
fituation he was, when he became known to tne committee, and cxprefled his wil-
lingnefs, with his majedy's permillion, to undertake, in the fervico of the AlTocia-
tion, whatever journey hit knowledge of the manners, cujloms, and Itinguage, of ike Arabs
might enable him to perform,
From two fuch geographical milfionarics (obferves a vciy refpetUbIc literary
joumalifl f ) much information was no doubt expected ; and, though the views nf
the fociety are not yet fully anfwered, the communications which it has received,
arc of u nature which will excite, though not fully gratify, the curiotity of geogra-
phers.
Mr. Lcdyard undertook, at his own dcfirc, the difficult and perilous ta(k of tra-
vcrfing from eaft to weft, in the latitude attributed to the Niger, the wide(l part of
the continent uf Africa. On this bold adventure, he left London, June 30, 1788,
and arrived at Cairo on the 19th of Augult
Such was the information which he collcOed here from the travelling flave-
merchants, and from others, refpe^ting the interior dillricls of AlViia, that he
was impatient to explore them. He wrote to the committee, that liis next com-
munication would be from bennaar, (600 miles to the fouth of Cairo): but death,
* Mr. Bcauiioy.
f Monriily Review, New Series vol. ii. p. 63.
attributed
VV.ZZAS, H O R N U, and C A S II N A.
•41
g\9
\ (it
I rc.
tin<l
rring
'itt of
nt lir
tor ()»■
1)1" my
\. t»u;
\tt\i oi
wert-
UH th(*
c faid,
irc. I
vcr. I
>are hii
, if the
Id with
aalifica-
k a mer<
ic rover,
of cap-
jni Gio-
) of vice-
on to re-
igJHriod,
ted fcnK-
in whicn
1 hi» wil-
Aflbcia-
tht Arabs
literary
views of
I received,
If gcogra-
L<k of tra-
•ft jiart of
l30.«788.
|ing flave-
tluit lie
Ik'xI tom-
>ut death,
lattributud
Rttrihtitrd tn vnrioiu caurri, arrtltcti Itim at the lommrncrmoni of l)i« rerorchc*,
an<l ililii|)p<iitui(l tlic h(t|u-« wtiit li wtrc (MUoriiiiiuil ol liio projitlcd journr).
Kndimrd wiili 11 foul for difiovrry, «i»d furmod, l»y tiNtiiro, fur alcliiiViHU'tU*
(if liardihoud and prril, the deitili of l.ed>;iril iiiiill In- coiilidered a* n public tiuf-
fortune. l.ndiiH, at well iu philofophcrt, will lament liiin i rrpeciiilly, wheti they
rciul III* clmracler <>f the fex, wliii h.eiiiuiiving it to he jiill, we ihall norr infeii.
" I have nlwnv< remnrkeil that wiiiien, 111 nil eoiiiitrieH, are t ivii, ohliging, teiidiT
iu)(l humane) tliat they are e\i-r im lined to he g.u anl eheerful, tiinoroiia aiid
ntiidcll ( and that they do not helitate like men tu ucrforni a gencrou* action.
Not hatighly, not arrogant, not fupcrcilioiu, they are tu'l of cuurtefy, and fond of
fix iety ; more liahle, in ffeneral, to err than nian, hut, in general, alio, more virtu-
ous, and performing more good aftions than lie. To a woman, whether eiviliT il
ur favagc, I never adtlrelKd myfelf in the language of deeem y and frietutlhiii, with*
out receiving a deeeiii and friendly anfwer. With men it ha^ been otlu rwil'i'.
" In wnnileiing over the btirrtn plains of h/m/pi/ab/e DtHnjrk, through h m'jl A'ctv*
Jfit, and frouH l.iiplitnJ, tuJc nttil tkiirli/h FiiiftinJ, Miifirimifi/eJ HnJ/i<t, and the \i</f-
jp\'iiil rt'^iniis of the iviitiiliriiit; Tioliit \ if hungry, dry, cold, wet, or liek, the wo-
Mien
have ever he> 11 frimdl) to me, and unitornilv To; :iiul to add tothi%\irt
1.) wortliy the a|)|Hllation of benevolence) ihefe aClioim havi- been performed in lo
trei', and fo kind a manner, that if I was drv, 1 drank the Iwectcrt draught, and if
liiiiii;r\ ,
I eat tli<- eoiirfe morfel with a double relith
" VN ill) a mixture ot regret and difap|)oiiitment, we turn from poor Ledvard, to
ii'iiiie Mr. l.ueas's « Dimnunications, whieli oe( npv the greati ll part of the voluiiu!
iiuhliilied by the Afliiciation. lie embarked for 'iripoli, October iH, lySS, with
niiiructions to proceed over llie defert of /ahara to le/zan, to colled and to trani-
I by way of 'I'lipoli whatever intellii^encc the people <>f l'\ //an, or the tratliT<
iiiilur, iiiii;ht be ai)le l(» nllord refpecting the int<rior of the continent 1 and to re
turn by ihr w.iy uf (ianiliia, or the coal) of (luinea.
'• Inlbuttioiis to muleitake great enterpri/es are more ealilv given tlwiii e\.
editeil .Vj Mr, I.ueas found; and fo tlie reader, to liis difappointmeiit, will fmd
liU'H ill'. ( h\\\ a |)art of tin- plan was tliis geographic millionary able to carry info
I'MiMiinn. lie feti out, indi-ed, mounted on a hanillome mule piel'ented to him
|i, the Uey, the balhaw's ehUll fon, in eompaii) with llurec-fs, for the kingiloni of
I'l.'/nn i rel'ilveil, we will fuppolV, to penetrate tVom Iripoii even unto (iambia:
bill l■i^ peregrinations, which began Feb. i, 1789, terminated at Mefurala,on I'Vb. 7.
" l)i|)ri\c(l of viliting iV/zan, and the other inland dillriils of AlVi(.;i, Mr.
I.iica". lolieiis the iiihrnialioM of his fellow traveller^, and tr.uilinili to the fociety
tlio rel'idt of his eoiit'erenees. A memoir comi»iled in this way, from the rvp'iits
i,t a Sherecf Iniiammed, will not be deemed very fatisf.Kbjry, iuul yet it certainly
imrits conlideration, as it is, in part, corroboiated by other tetiimonies f.
" I he Shereef ni";^ht not mean to deceive ; and yet, in confeipn nee of his cdur.n-
1! .11, a!id particular prijudiies, on account of the lan;;u:i'^e whith \\: ul'ed, ;iiid of
ii |iro|ierlv ililiin!;uilliing between vague report nml alt. lied fiuts, uemay Ik' al-
(I to (jueliion w
heilier tiling's exactiv aecord uiili ilis lelatian before i:s. '1 ho
\j;a Mohammed toM Mr. I,edvaid, " i hat he would fee in his travels, a peo]
,vii(i had till' i)nwer of tranfinutiiu; llKinl'elve-, into tlie firms of ditl'ercnt :inimal
:ci ; and hence it is fair to infer, that iioahfolute dependence is t.) be p!;'.ec.l
• IVuxi-.llnR'i ol the African AiroiLition, [>. \\.
\ Tlir I'.uvtriifir ut' Mrfiiriila, ami llm Alii, a
'.'iciil .\Ioi(Kio. 'I'lili, hiiwiv.i, ii tlio iJinc
; rtiif (viiliMM-. No I'.uriii'Citii l.in )tl idii.itimil
,1; iihl as I'lr tlie )',iiviTii»r <it .M.(ui..i 1, Ik- wni
;iui iqiaratily iiitcrrnjiitcJ, but only li.i>l ilic inc-
on
nioraiiiiiiDK, wliiJi wori- \.\\fn froni t!ie Sliercf f',
ri'.(i| til liiiii ; till tiiitli of nliiili, lituv.vir, lio et>ii-
/iiin-i. .A-. I If lUn .Mli'i ttitiiivmy, it i, ^im-u
toMi rctolLitiuii, i 11; .iiri\l li) ill. U\U y; tviiuy
ymr».
I'
t.iC
«!• ' FEZZAN. DOR NO U, akd C A S II N A.
th^ nrrurary of itic MohammctUn narritive of <U« iiitcriur ilifkriili of ihU quirttr
of 111.- ul«)»)c •."
MaviiiK no other fmirrr* of information, howcvrr, wc muft. f<>r the prcfrnt, c«>n.
Irni ourtvlvr* with ilirft tornmunicaiinni. Front itic variitu* tunl'i'rrncci uf Mr,
Luca* with the !>hrrrr( Itiihamnird, ihr t'ollowinK iiaraliv« it ioiiipofrd :
" It ci(-ririht'« the kina<li)iii of Kciian to be a iiriall iiriutar ilnniuin, placni m
a vart wiltiirntTt, at tin illnod in the niidlt of ihi- o«(uit,ti)niainttig near anhiiiiilr<<|
liiMiu ami viftuKi'*, ot' whiih Mouriouli it the mpitul , (lill.inl, tmilli, from M> in.
rata, uk>oiit ^go tiiiU t. In ihi* kingiloin arc to Uc Iccn loiiu' vrmruliU' rnnitiiM of
iiiicionl nia^;tiiliccn(«>, foinc diiUicU of ri'inarkablc frrtiliiy, uml nuniorou* rmniik*
iii^ laki'H, pnxliK ill^ a liiviitt of folDt ulliali lullrtl Irtita. Agriiulltin* aiuj paf.
Iiirugc arc ihi* priiKipal otciipntiiMu nt ilio hVxaiini'r« : tlicy do not appear to liaso
nny coin i iht ir nudmni of ioMumrn- i» ^old-dult : ilii-ir hoiifcn, or ralhir huti,
mc Imilt of I lay, uml aie msirod with l)ri»Khi^ of tni*. on whii h earth i* liijj,
A* rum novcr full* at W-tuw, thin covcrini; ii j fulKcicnt iiroli'tlmn. Their drrfi
rci'tiiililt^i that of till- Moor* of Harhaty : but, during ihr luatH of fumnu-r, wliuh
nri* iiili-iifo, ihoy only woar drawiri, and n tap lo pnilcct thfir head* fmni tlu<
iiinni-diiiti' atlion ot ilu- fun. To tlu'fi-, nuui) partit ular« ari- addrtl of tjitir iH-r>
fonH, diUafi's, and niodo of cure; of tlicir religion, ^oviruimnt, taxi'n, animal
ond viKt'tabli- productions. 'I heir fovercign, who \% a tributary of the bjiliaw of
'i'lipnli, adiiiiiiilK i> impartial juOiie.
•' I ln' natratisi' protei<U to llate, that fonthcart of Mor/ouk, at ihedidame uf
I jjo niileii, it a l°un(l\ deleft, 200 niiiefi wide ^ i)eyond wliiili, are the mouiiluiiK
oi 'rilielii, inliabiletl b\ fiTociims favaget triliutary lo Ke//.an. 'lli.' valijc, |, .
Ivveen tlie mountain'* are faid to be fertilized by innumerable fpringn, to abound
with eom, and to be celebrated for their breed of camrU. I he tribute of iJiv;
'I ilieilins to the king of Ke/zan, i^t twenty camel loads of fenna.
" I liis kingdom is iiieonliilerable, when lompari'd with the two great enipireiof
Dornou, and ladma. ulmh lie fouth of Kc/./an, occupying that vail region wliuli
fprea(U itfelf from tlie ri\er of the Antelopes, for 1200 iniieit wtllward, and in.
iliidisa great part of the Niger's courle. Calluia, we are informed, cont;un> a
tlii/ulaiid towns ami villagi's ; and in liornou, wliiili is Dill more (onlidirnMe,
thirty languages are faiil lo be fpoken. I he i.ittir is n prelenled ni a fertile iiiid
beautilul country ; its capital being lituated witlnii a day's journey of the rivtr
tt'oJ il-ii.uf/, which is loti in the landy walles of the \all delert (»f IJilma, and u
inhaliited l)y herdi'men, dwelling, like the old patriaidi^, in tents, and uIkiI'c;
wealth conlills in their cattle t. illnriiou, or Uirni'.i. is a wnnl lignil'viug tju- IhiuI
i>i Noali ; tor the Aiahs lotueive, that, on liie rcliring of the jieluge, its mniiti'
tains leieivcd the ark ) Ihongh thev cultivate various forts of grain, the iile of
the piiiu^h is unknown; and the hoe is the only inliruinent of hulbandry. llnv,
grapes, ajiriiuls, and puimgranati's, to;;eilier with iiines and lemons, and twn
ipeciis ot nu'l'iiis, tlie water and tlie mulls, ari' producid in large ahiind.uice ; Init
oiii' <'t tlie moii xahuibte of iii vegetables is a liee lallul i..{l(yi.a, wliieh, in furni
and hciglit, rcfembles die olive, is like the lemon in its leaf, and bears a luit, <if
which the kiriul and the llull are both in great eliimalion, the full as a fiuii, the
hill on ari'i'iiit of the oil which it turnillu's, ulun bruifid, and whi«h I'uppliis
the lamps of tlu' people of Loriiou with a lubllitute lor the oil ofolises, p. 1 ^y. Ikes,
• Wiitii the |irrl'<>n in »hnm Mr. I.iir.is ron-
fAt*, p. 158, «c)iiloiin(N tlir ikiii «>( Oic liiipopo.
t.iniill wiiii t!<at (It ihc i.>iii.liip:it<l:ilih, iii.iy wc not
tut'pcA that ho cuutouniU nuii)' other xlw^s i
I Horfti aiul hornril caltir, fri;\X% llirop, ami
riintiA, are tite conmion aiiim.il) ul tlic iuun-
If).
It
Tr./.z\s, no R NO If, and casmna
•41
It U ni)do<l, . iirr To niimrron*, llmi ihc wan U ofU'it llirmvn n\%»y »< nil nrtli'tc i>il
ho vaIim! ill ihr innrkci. Miin)r mli.-r pnriiiulur* un- mlilctl, tur wliitS wo iiiiill
ri'lVr to ihe ynotk. 'Ilii' |><i|iiil.itiun n di li riln-il l)y til.' > Hkirfllion, * oMx/V/r mwA
r
/('«.//, Wt' llitill po^ovkr lite tiiiiiiri' itl'tlii'ir rk'liKi<m, wliuh i« MiiliHiiiiiti'<l;tti i of
llii-ir giiwritiiuni, wlikl) i« un i-li\tiw tuimnnli^ » mut ilif litiKnUr tiimlc ol' ilirir
iiti'kliiig n new kiiiif tri>ni iiitiotiu tin- ilnMivtt nt the cliii-nliU lovvrrigti . Iiul \\w
BiCoiiiil ot' ihi- |irili'iil Uiltuii, 1111 wtvi'4, uttd hi* iliiMriMi i|>. ti-j.) \% lo'i rtiriout
iKil III Ih; I'xitiliiti'il,
" iliu |iri'lti)l I'lilliitt, Hltofc itnnii i« Alii, i» n tttait ol' nit iiniiili-niiiiiniii, nluiit
ti|i|K'uriiiu<' I liir It" toliliiiti Wi'iir» iiiiy oilier drcU lliuii tlic iiiiiiiitnti Miif Hurl ol'
i'litUiii ur lilk, uiiU llio lilk or imillin liirbun, wliiili I'oriit tlio uf'iial Klidf of' itie
munliy. Siicli, titmi-Vk'r, i» llio itiuKitiliCiiui.' of hit iVrnglin, iIdI llu lailu« mIio
iii)i:iliil it iifi' f>ii<l to 1)0 400 in iiiiiiilK'r, ittui \w liiiiilVit i» ilch rilKil iti ilu' ri'|niii'<i
taihk'r ot' '^{0 ttiilthfii, i>l' wliuin \oo urc iiinic* t » ilir|iri)|i>>riioti whiih iiiittiruiiy
|ii^k;k'lU llii* iilt II ili>ii lilt' iiiotlu 1, iiri'lVrritig in ilio ^ititiruiiiioii ot' tiaiuritl utli-c
limi, llic joy ot li-i'ii^ liirli'lt llu* Ittppori'd iiaroiil ot a rutiiri' kamlidatf lor iho
Vi1l|)ir«'i toiili'litti<"« i'\illiiiiKi-» liiT 1. male iliilil lor llio ii;alt iill^priiig ot' u llian^ir."
•• \\\' are loM tlutt tirc-urm«, lliotigh nut unknown (o tlie iKoplc nt Horiioti, urc
not |i<)llilUil liy ilivin.
'• .v<uili>i'alt trout Komon, lii-* llic CKlcnlivc kingdom ot' lUgnrntrr \ nnil \w'
\iiiid iIiIk kiM^doin, ari' laid lo be I'everul triltc* ot Nt grot n, idoialt ri, and tt tden
ill) luiiiiun tlclli. I hel'e, we ure lold, ure nnntiully invndi d h) the Urgurnieii'e: tind,
wlieii liiey Ituve Inken Hi niiiny priloiun ui their |)urpore may reipiire, tht'\ dtive
iIk laptiveN, like lallle, to llegurnue. It ii turlliii laid, that it uiiv ot° tluiii, « \-
liiuilled by taligne, happen to Unger in tiieir pu«\ , one ot tiu' liorlkiiu n lei/et 011
iheoidel), niid, cutting oir jiii ami, nl'e<« ii as u i liib to drive on tlu' ril).
■' We are iint inueh dil'pol'i'd lo ^i\e endil to tiiii relation. liiat the Negr(K"4,
who are (old lor llavei, are tlithrent troni theoilur AlViiaiii, ii not pmlialile ; iiiul
iliat they lliould be driven ulung willi the mangled limbi ot tliv ir ulluciaun, iillerly
iMi'i'iK belii't.
•' riie empire ol'Cailma bears n great refeniblanee to that of' nornoii.
" Atur peruling what is here relatnl ol the e\tiiit, p'lpulaiinii, lirtility, niiinif*
t'iidiiu's, and iiiniineree o| ilu't'e regions, «e may be piiniitted to woiulir at iluir
li.isiim remained alto^nlur iiiikiiown to l'.iiinpiaii>. We eaniuit but lul'pi'v'l mii-
luli-ralile e\ai;^eralioiiN. liiat llu' iniiricir jiarts of' Alriea are peopKd, ilu' eara-
tain whieh ^o Irom Cairo and Tripoli, and wliieb ate otten altlent tinee yeais,
f'll'iei.nllv esiiiie : that they are divided ii.lo n };nLir and livili/etl llatei, may be
ii (iialiioii. W ihoiiftDiil t(jti'it (iii.l viUiiy/i in one i inpiie, and l/t,in i/iftn'm /mii^iiin-t
•l
i.'Keit II
1 the oilur, nianili ll it dilpolition in tlie .*>li le t Imhamiiml lo enlari
IIH'I
t, or, at leall to ulail ImW ripoit>. liiat lluy
d lie aetpi.iinii d wiili,
Ml not polli I's lire anus, nor make any aitviupl t«» iia\i;;aie ilie Ni^^.r, imr even to
L'iiiih the lilhes thai aliound in its waters, but lilile aeeunls with the hiltury .it
tlii-ir I'omiiKMee, and ol' tluir progrel's in iiiMuit'ailures.
" l.it n-i, howiver, make all puiiibli' ij. diicli iii>, and 1 e ever Co incredulous as
111 I'liiiA' pailieiilais, llu' prol'p.'ct vvhieh this nairalivv opeiii to lis, of the inurior ot'
Atrita the jiieiitvi' pan ot vvliiili we havi' been aei nlioineil to eonjider as lonli^^iud
\>\ iiiifure to perpetual llerility and lUl'olaiion' mull all'ord gri'at pleahire ; and
111' "k'i ' ' '
we have altiailv remaikid, ii is lart'iom beiiii; lUlistactor), 01 troiii liav-
aiilvvi ri
d th
.1 ol the million, it niav be reijauled bv the I'oeietv a-* liiat
I'lil it' eviiienn' whieh lliould eneoinai^e llu'ui to pul'iveie, :iiul oitj;lit to jiuh
ue
l.iir ipeitns, VMtltoul delav, actually l.i expioie ihc central provinces ol the Aliiian
loUtllU'llt.
S I K Ii !< A
[ 844 1
SIERRA LEONE and BULAM.
ASFTTLRMENT, from the piircft motives of humanity, was formed at Sierra
Leone, upon tlie coall of Africa, (in 8° iz' N. lat. and about 12° VV. Ion.)
under tlie patronace of a very refpettalile focicty of gentlemen in London, in the
year 1791. 'Ilie benevolent jnirpofes for which it was intended, arc to introduce
the light of knowledge, and the comforts of civilization into Africa ; and to ce-
ment and per[)eti:ate the moft confidential union between the European colony,
niul the natives of that country.
'I'he company has ordered experiments to be made, concerning the growth of
fiigars in their fettlements, which have met with fuch fuccefs, as to encourage a
liope that the prefent high price of this commodity may be foon reduced, by a ri-
valry with the Well India merchants. 'I'his benevolent colony proceeds with di-
ligence in clearing of land and building of houfes. Some delay was occalioned in
obtaining the united confent of the furrounding chiefs, which was at length ijro-
cured, and the difpolitions of king Naimbanna appear to be very friendlv. 'ihi*
climate is found to be more falubrious than was expetled. VVc with fucce/s to this
fettlement, etlablilhcd upon principles that do honour to humanity.
A fettlement of a Hmdar nature was formed upon the ifland of Dulam, on the
fame coaft, to the eaftward of the ifland of Uilagos But this is now entirely relin-
quilhed. A great part of the colonifts were maflacred by the natives of the fliorc,
at the mouth of the river Gambia, who were accuftoined to make annual planta-
tions of rice in Bulam. The governor being obliged by bad health to return fooa
to England, the colony was preferved for two years, and the company's property
faved by the manly exertions of lieutenant Beaver of the royal navy, who thereby
merited the thanks of all copcerned.
In January 1793, "il^'^^'S were received at the Sierra Leone houfe, from that
fettlement, dated Oiilober the 20th, giving a favourable account of the farther
j)r()grefs of the colony. An amicable meeting or palaver had been held with the
tliiefs on the fubjetl of the diHribution of the lots of land, of which a regular fur-
. vey was begun. The rains had ceafed, and the health of the Nova Scotia blacks
was much iinproved. It appears alio by the returns, that the mortality among
tlicm had not l)cen fo very great as was apprehended, only ninety-eight American
Hacks having died, the chief of whom were of the lower order of thofe who lived
on Ihore. 'Ihe company's accountant, who returned for the recovery of iiis health,
died un his arrival in England.
The company's brig Catharine, of one hundred and forty tons, which was dif
patched home with foine of the adventurers to liulum, and brought the difpatchcs
of the 20th of Ottober, had been loll otl ISideford in a ftorm, and one bt)y perilhed.
The fettiers had been atflitled with an intermittent fever. Out of the one thou-
fand one hundred and ninety free blacks embarked at llaliliix in Jaiuiarv 1792,
the return of tluife wl.o died before the 2d of September 1792, amounted to one
hundred and fixty-four in men, women, and children, including thofe who died
on their jianiige. In September 1794 a rrench 50 gun thip, with fonie fmaller
armed velfels, aliifted and j)iioied by two American llave traders, landed at Sierra
Leone, piunderetl the town, anil deltroyed the public buildings as well as the
company's ihips lying in the river. They alf) captured and pilla,i,u'd the faciorv
at I'aiHe iOand. In little n.ore than lltuen days, the French Icjiiadron loft t
colon), all, lieu bv llie fiafonubie arrival of a ihip from I
lOll
ii!{l:ind,
parts ; and the
began to recover from this diialier. At ',he tin.e wlien it was molt dilbelled, no
want of order liad prevailed. Tlie IS'ova Scolia fettlc^s had fullered but little.
'iheir
COUNTRY or tmb HOTTENTOTS.
«45
Tlicir farms arc well ftockcd ; there is a fufficient quantify of rice in the co-
kmv i and as the company will doubtlcfs fend out proper fupplics, there is reafun
to nope that the fettlcment will again Hourifh ; efpicially us tiie principles on
which it is founded, entitles it to the prute£tioa of every nation tliat venerates the
names of humanity and liberty.
COUNTRY OF THE HOTTENTOTS.
DURING the thirty-fix hours which I fpent (fays monficur Vaillant) with the Go-
naqua Hottentots, I had time to make fcveral ohforvations concoining them.
1 remarked that they make a clapping noifc with their ton<;ue, like tlie relt (if the
1 lottentots. When they accofl any one, they ilretch forth the hand, faying 7</i/, I
falute you. This word and ceremony, which are employed by the Calhees, are not
ufod l)y the Hottentots, properly fo called.
This affinity of cuiloms, manners, and even conformation, their being fo near
Great CaflTraria, and the accounts I afterwards received, convinced mo thete /tordes or
Gonaquas, who equally rcfemble the CatFrecs and the Hottentots, mull be a mixed
breed produced by thefe two nations. The drefs of the men, arranged witli more
fvmmetry, has the fame fljape as that of the Hottentots ; but as the Gonoquas are
a little taller, they make their mantles of calves indead of Iheeps Ikiiis ; they are
both called kro/s. Several of them wear hanging from their necks a bit of ivory, or
very white (beeps' bone, and this contraft of the two colours produces a good eilett,
and is very becoming.
When the weather is cxceflively hot, th'" men Iay«aride every part of their drefs
that is fuperfluous, and retain <mly what they name tV'iryV/f/tflA. This is a piece of
the (kin of the animal fo called, with which they cover what nature bids them
conceal, and which is fa(tened to their girdle. This veil, however, negligently ar-
ranged, may be conlidcred as an ufelefs appendage, and is of very little dirvice ta
their modelly. 'I'he women employ more care in adorning their perfons. ITiey
wear a kro/s like the men, but the apron which conceals their fex is larger than
thofe of the Hottentots. During the great heats, they retain only this apron, with
a Ikin which defccnds, behind, liom tluir girdle to the calf of the leg. Young
};irls, below the age of nine years, go perfectly naked; when they attain to that age,
iliey wear nothing but a fmall apron.
Whatever may lie the extent of the deferts of Africa, we muft not form any cal-
mhitions rofpecting its population from tliofe innumerable fvvarms of blacks
wliieh are toiind on the wi.lt, a. id wliieh border all the coafts of the ocean,
troin the Canary Illes lo tlie environs o':" the Cape of Good Hope. There i.*
iirtainly no proportion to enable us to hazard even a conjetture; fmce by a trade
a})prove'd bv a tew, and held in doli.llation by the greater number, the barbarous-
tuuigators of Europe have iiuhieeil thele nei^roes, by the moll villainous attradtions,
to give up their prifoners, or thufe who are interior to them in ftrcngth. As their
nauts inereafed, they have bieonie equally inhuman and per(idious; the prince has.
uiM his I'ulijetts ; the mullicr lias fold her ("on ; and nature, as an accomplice, has>
iiiulered her proliiie.
This difguliing and execrable tratlic is, however, ftill unknown in the interior
parts of the eontinvnt. 'I he defert is really a defert ; and it is only at certain dif-
tanees that one meets with a few /icrJos, thai are not numerous, and who live on«
tlie fruiti.of the earih, and ilie produce of their cattle. After finding oiiC horde, one-
846
COUNTRY OF THE IIOTTUNTOTS.
muft travel a great way to find anutluT. Tlu" licat of the climate, tlic dryncfs of the
fands, the l)arrciincfs of the earth, a fcarcity of water, rugged and rocky mountains,
ferocious animals, and, befides thcfe, the humour of the llottentots, a little phiog-
matic, and their cold temperament, are all obllacles to propagation. When a father
lias fix children, it is aecoimted a phenonienon.
The country of the Gdnaipias, into which I penetrated, did not therefore contain
three llioufand people, in an extent of tliirly or forty leagues. Thcfe people did
not ivfemhle thofe degenerated and miferable Hottentots, who pine in the heart of
the Dutch colotiies, conleniplible and defpifed inhabitants, who bear no marks of
their ancient origin but an empty lunne ; and who enjoy, at the expence of their
liberty, only a little peace, piirehafid at a dear rale, by the exceliive labour to which
tiiey are fubjetled on the plantations ; and by the defpotifm of their chiefs, who
are always fold to government. 1 had here (continues M. Vaillant) an opportunity
of admiring a five and brave people, valuing notliing but independence; never
obeving an_\ imptilfi' r>ireij;n to nature.
'1 he nuts, conliructed like thul'e of the llottentots in the colonies, were eight or
nine feel in dianu'ter, and were cowreil willi ox or liieeps' Ikins, but more com-
monly with mats. 'I hey had only one opening, \er\ narrow and low ; ;iiul it was
in the middle of their .Hit that the family kindle, I ll\eir fire. The thick fnioke with
which thefe kennels were filled, and wliieii had no other vi-nt but the door, added
to the ilench which they always retain, would have Hilled any liuropeaii who might
liave had the courage to remain in tlu'in two minutes.
The two colours for which thefe lavages ihiw the greateft fondncfs arc red and
black. The rirll is compofeil of a kind of oehiy earth, which is found in feveral
places of the country, and which tliey mix and dilute wiih gieafe: this earth has a
great refemblance to brick-dull, or tiles reduced to powder. Their black is no-
thing clfe than foot, or the charcoal of tender wood. Some women, indeed, are
contented with painting only the prominence of the cheeks; but in general they
daub over their whole body, in compartments varied with a certain degree of fvni-
melry : and this part of their drefs recpiires much time. 'I'hefe two colours, fo nuieh
admired by the Hottentots, are Jilwa)s |)erfumed with the powder of the bomhou,
which is ollenlive to the finell of an Junopean. But the /'«/(i;7/c/« has over our rou'^o
aud pal'tes the advantage ot not being pernicious to the Ikin or the lungs. 'Ihe
men never paint their faces, but they ul'e a ])r(j)ar,ition made of both colours mixed,
to ])aini the n|iper-lip as tar as the nolhils ; by which tluy enjoy the advantage of
contiiuiallv inhaling the odour of the fubtlance einplo\ed for this purpofu. \ ouh"-
girls fometimes favour their lovers lo tar as to apjjfy this paint lor ihe.n under ilic
nofe ; and on this point they Ihew a kiiul of copietry wliich has a very powerful
intiuence over the luart ol a Hottentot novice. J he reailer, howevir, mull i.ot in-
fer, that the Hottentot women pay fo much attention to diefs as to n<''^li.^i iliufc
daily and ufet'ul occu|iations to which nature and tiieir ulages call tlieiu.
'I hey are remarkably fond of hunting, and in this exercife they difplay great dox-
terity. Helides gins ae.d fiiares, which ilicy place at convenient fpots to catch lai"e
animals, they lie in wait for lliem alio, .itiack tlu ni a- f M,n as tlicv aj.'pear, and kill
them wiili tiieir poifoncd arrows, or their aflagays, wiiich are a kind of lances. On
the flrll view of their arrows, one would not I'ufpect how delhiittiu; weapons tluy
are ; their fmallncG ri.iiders them fo muili the more dangerous, as it is impolliole lo
perceive and follow tiicin with the eye, and confcquenlly to avoid ihem. The flight-
ed woui'.d which they make always proves mortal, if the ])(»i('on reaches the bluod,
and if the ilelli be torn. 'Hii- fuidt renicdy is to ainpulate the wounded [)art, if it
be a limb, but if tlie wound be in die body, death i> unavoidable. Tiie allagay is
generally
COUNTRY OF TMt HOTTENTOTS.
847
'I he
W.v^c lit'
(k-r llio
oworii'.l
i.ot 11:-
. a iholc
iL
md kill
Rcs. On
(lis tlky
illlblc U)
lie lllj;!u-
ic hlodil,
pavt, it' it
■•,gay is
gcncrall/
generally a very feeble weapon in the hands of a Hottentot ; and its great length
making it vifibic while it cleaves the air, it ma^ ealily he avoided.
The Hottentots have not the lead notion ot the elements of agriculture; they
neither fow nor plant, nor do they ever reap any crop. — \\ hen they choofe to give
themfelves the trouble, they make an intoxicating liquor, compofcd of honey and a
certain root, wnith they fuller to ferment in a certain quantity of water. This liquo.-,
which is a kind of hydromel, is not their ufual beverage, nor do they ever keep a
ftock of it by them. Whatever they have, they drink all at once, and frequently
regale themfelves in this manner at certain periods. They fmoke the leaves of a
plant which they name <Ja^^/ia, and not daka, as fomc authors have written. '1 his
plant is not indigenous ; it is the hemp of liuropc. There are fome of the favajjcs
who prefer thefe leaves to tobacco j but the greater part of thctn arc fond of mix-
ing both together. They fet Icfs value on the pipes brought from I'.urope than
on thofe which they fabricate themfelves ; the former appear to them to bo
too fmall.
Though they rear abundance of flicep and oxen they feldom kill the latter, mi-
Icfs fome accident happens to tliem, or old age has rendered lliem until for fervico:
their principal nourilbment, therefore, is the milk of their cwcs and cows, helidcs
which, they have the produce of their hunting excurlions, and from time 10 time
they kill a (heep. To fatten their animals they employ a procefs as eliicacious as
it is barbarous. They bruife, between two Hat Hones, tliote pans which wo cut «)ft"
by the knite ; and when thus comprefled they acquire in time a jirodigious bulk,
and become a moft delicate morfel, when they have refolved to facrifice the ani>
nial.
'Ihofe oxen which they intend for carrying burdens muft be broke and trained
VL-ry early to the fervicc ; otherwife they would become abfolutely untratlable. On
tliis account, when the animal is ftill young, they pirrcv the cartilage which fepa-
rates tin- noHrils, and thruil through the hole a piece of Hii k about eight or ten
inches in length, and almoll an inch in diameter.— I he talk of milking the cows
and the ewes belongs to the women : and, as they never beat or torment them, they
arc fnrprilingly trattable.
(Jt tluir Iheep and kine each village hath one common herd ; every inhabitant
taking it in his turn to be herdfman. This charge requires many precautions, bealls
ot prey being very numerous and fierce in the fourtnern parts of Africa. Lions,
indeed, are not very comn\on ; but there are elephants, rhinocerofes, leopards, tygers,
hy.enas, and fevoral kinds of wolves, more deltruttive than ours, together with
many other furious animals that abound in the forells, and occafionally make excur-
lions towards the Cape, and dellroy the tame cattle. To j)revent theie misfortunes,
it is the bufmefs of the herdfaian to go, or fend, every day round his diftrict, in
order to difcover if any beall of prey be lurking in that quarter, in which cafe, he
;iilend)les the whole village together, and makes his report ; when a party of the
(toutell among them arm themfelves with javelins and pointed arrows, and follow
nic perlon who may have difcovered the bealt, to the cave or covert where he is
lodijed. lleie they arrange themfelves in two lines; the herdfman entering the
ciive, and endeavouring to provoke the beall to follow him out, where he is mevi-
tiibly deliroyed.
l hefe favages meafure the year by the epochs of drought and rainy weather. This
(livilionis common to all the inhabitants ot the tropical regions, and it is fubdivided
into moons ; but they never count the days, if they exceed ten, that is to fay, the
number of their fingers. Beyond that, they mark the day or the time by fome me-
morable epoch ; for example, an extraordinary Uorm, an elephant killed, an in-
tlctioub diibrder among the cattle, an emigration, &c. '1 ho dillerent parts of the
day^
843
COUNTRY OF THR HOTTENTOTS.
(lay they diftiiigiiilli In- the coiirfo of tlic fun ; niul they will tell you, pointing with
tluir fiiir^i-r, he was tlwe when i tli'|)nrtc(l, and hen when 1 arrived.
A fonic of (Icliiacy makes llio Hottentots keep themfclvcs foparntc from others
when they are fiek. 'riuy are then felUom fcen; and it would appear that they are
ulhamed of having loll their liealth.
When a 1 lottentot dies, ho is buried in his word krofs, and the limbs arc difpofed
in fuel) a manner that the whole body is covered. The relations then tranfpoit it to
n certain diftance from the horde, and difpoiinjj it in n pit dug tor this purpofe, and
which is never deep, cover it with earth, and then with (loncs, if any ore to be found
in the ncighbourhiwd. Such a maufoleum proves but a very weak det'cncc aguiml
the attacks of the jackal and the hyiena : the body indeed is foon dug up and de-
voured. However" badly this lall dut;^' may be difcharged. the Hottentots are not
much to bo blamed, when we call to mind the funeral ceremonies of the ancient ,iiid
celebrated I'arlis, (or I'erfees) Hill attached to the cuftom of cxpoling their dead on
the tops t)f liij^h towers, or in open cemeteries, in order that the crows and the vul-
tures may feed upon them, and carry them away in morfels. The children, and
failing them, the nearel^ relations of the deceafed, take polfelTion of wliatever is
left ; but the (piality of a chief is not hereditary. He is always appointed lij the
horde, and his power is limited. In their councils his advice prevails, if it be judged
good; if not, no regard is paid to il. When they are about to go to war, the/
know neither rank nor divilions -, each attacks or defends after his own manner;
the mod intrepid march in tiie van; and, when vidory declares itfelf, the whole
nation triumpiis.
or ail the people whom I over faw (obferves our author) the Conaquas are the
only nation that can be confidered as free ; but they will perhaps be foon obliged to
reinose to a gre:iier dillancc, or reeeive laws from the Dutch government. All the
land to the lall being in general good, the planters endeavour to extend their in.f-
fellions in that «|uarter as niiicli as they can, and their avarice doubtlcfs will fonie
day fucceed. Mifcry mull then be the portion of tlicfe happy and peaceful people ;
and everv trace of their libeil) will be dellroyed by malVacres and invalions Thus
have all tlu^le hordes mentioned by old authors been treated ; and, by being often
difineinliered and weakened, tlicy are now red'.ieed to a llalc of ablblule dependence
on the Dnich. Ihe exilienee of the Hottentots, their names, and their hillory, will
tlierefore in time be acconntid fa'onlous; imlefs fome traveller, who niay poilefs eu-
lioliiv eiiongh to iiuluee him to dileovcr their remains, Ihonld have the courage to
j>eiie'irale into llie remote dekri.s inhabited by the great Nimicpias, where roeks
more and more hardened by time, and old and barren mountains, do not produce
a (ingle plant wortliy to engage the attention of the fpeeidative botanill.
It is neeeltary in this narration to take notice of that dilgulling apron of the Hot-
tentot Tvonie.i, which has long made a figure in hillory. It is Hill fiilhionable amoiv
a certiiin Ivrde. I fay, it is falhionable ^obferves M. Vaillant), for, inllead of beiu-
the gitt of nature, it ought to be conlidered as one ot the moll nionftrous relinenienis
f.^r invented by I know not wliat co(|uetry, altogether pecnliai to a certain (niall
curi'.er of the world. 'I his lingularity is nothiiig elfe but a I'lolongation of the
nvm])lKe, (Kcalioned by weiglits fufpended trom them. Tliey ma) hang down about
li'ii.e inclie.-. more or kl'.>, aeiorilliig to the ai^e of the j)v'rfon, or tlie alhduous care
which is biliowed on this lingular decoration.
'I here is ibmethi'ig peculiar in tlic features of the Hottentot, which in a certain
decree feparates him from tlie generality of maikind ; his cheek-l»ones arc exeerd-
iiiL^iV j)roinincnt ; fo tliat his lace being sery broad in that part, and the jaw hones
on the coi^tre.ry extremely narrow, his vifage continues itili decrealing even to the
noiol of tile i !:in. I lii> conliguratiun gives him an air of lanknefs, which makes
i his
C A F F R A R I A. t^
liithead app^ir vcrv much Jiipropoftioncd, and too fmall for hi» full and plump
IxHiy. Hill Hat nole rifcs fcnrccly half an inch at 'Hn ^rcatcd elevation ( and his
nolirilt, which are extremely wide, often exceed in height the ridge of his nofc.
His mouth is large, and furnilhcd with fmall teeth, well enamelled and perfectly
white : his eves, very beautiful and open, incline a little towards the nofc, like
tliofo of the Chinefc ; and, tu the fight und touch, his hair has the rofumblance of
wool ; it is very (hort, curls naturally, and in colour is as black as ebony, lie has
very little hair, yet he employs no fmall care to pull out by the roots part of what
1)0 nas I but the natural thinnefs of his eyebrows favcs hnn from this trouble in
that part. Though he has no beard but upon the upper lip, below the nofe, and
at the extremity of the chin, he never fails to pluck it out as foon as it appears.
This gives him an efl'cminatc look, which, joined to the natural mildnefs of his
charader, deftroys that commanding fiercenefs ufual among favages. — ^"Ihe women,
with more delicacy of features, exhibit the fame charatleriftjc marks in their
figure : they are et^ually well made. Their breads, admirably placed, have a mod
beautiful form while in the bloom of youth ; their hands arc fmall, and their
feet exceedingly well (haped, though they never wear fandals. The found of their
voice is foft ^ and their idiom, paljnig through tiie throat, is not deditute of har-
mony. When they fpeak, they employ a great many gcfturcs, which give power
and gracefulnefs to their arms.
'Hie Hottentots are naturally timid. Their phlegmatic coolncfs, and their fcri-
ous looks, give them an air of refcrvc, which they n»Jver lay afide, even at the mod
joyful moments ; while, on the contrary, all other black or tawny nations give them-
folvcs up to picafures with the livclied joy, and without any reltraint.
A profound jndiflferencc to the affairs of life inclines them very much to indo-
lence : the keeping of their flocks, and the care of procuring a fublidencc, arc the
only objcfts that occupy their thoughts. They never follow hunting as fportfmen,
but like people opprciied and tormented by hunger. In fliort, forgetting the pad,
and careiefs of the future, the prefent alone engages their attention.
They are however (according to our traveller) tne bed, the kinded, and the mod
hofpitable of men. Whoever travels among them may be alTurcd of finding food
ami lodging : and though they will receive prefents, yet they never nfk for any.
If the traveller has a long journey to accomplilh, and if thoy learn from the
infortnation he requires, that there arc no hopes of his foon meeting with other
hordes, that which he is going to quit, fupply him with provilions as far as their
circumdanccs will allow, and with every thing elfe nccelTary for his continuing his
journey, and reaching the place of his dedination. Such are thefe people, or at
Icall fuch did they appear tu our author, in all the innocence of manners, and uf a
palloral life.
R
R I A.
THE country known by the general denomination of CafTraria, is a'vcry cxtiin-
fivc region, bounded on the north by Negroland and Abydinia ; on the wed by
part of Guinea, Congo, and the fea ; on the fouth by the Cape of Gopd Hope ; and
on the cad by the fea. It is divided into fevcral territories and kingdoms, oi which
little is known, and is computed to be 700 miles long, and 660 broad.
Wc Ihall give a more particular dclcription of the people from two modern
5 Q writcrsi
850
CAFF
I A.
writers ■, the Cud rclcbrntod for hit Ijotunli-al knowledge, tho ulhor for hit very in.
trrcftiiig tiuvclu into ihc iiUvri^tr jtaru «>(' Atrica, whicu, U u hoped, will n«t provit
unncccptabic tu the* tvadt>r.
The men among ihc Catfrccs, riiy» lieutenant Paterfun, are from fivt f«et ten
inches to fix tVctliigli, well proportioiiod, and in general cvtucc gr«at cuurairc
in attacking lioni or any hcunf> ot prov.
'I'hc colour of the Caffrccs is a ict Iduck, their teeth white oi ivory, and their
ryes targe. The cloathiii^ of hutli fexcs is nearly tlio lame, conliliing entirely ot'
the hides of oxen, which arc as pliant as cloth. 'Ihc iikii wear tails of'difTercnt
aniniaU tied round their thighs i pieces of hrufs in tlieir hoir, and larrc ivory
rings on their arinn: they arc alfo adorned with the hair of lions, and lealhcri fni'.
tened in their heads, with many other fantaliical urnamcnta.
Tliey arc extremely fond of ilogi, which they exchange for cattle : and to fuch a
hei<{ht do they carry this pollion, that if un« particularly pleafcs them, they wilt
give two bullocks in excliangc for it.— Their whole cxercifc through the day In
hunting, fighting, or dancing. 'I^ey arc expert in throwing their laticei, and, in
time of war, ufo Ihields made of the hides ot oxen.
'II1V women are employed in the cultivation of their gardens and com. Tliev
cultivate feveral vegetables, which arc not indigenous to their country, fmh ui to',
bacco, water melons, n fort of kidney-beans, and hemp. 'Ilie women alfu make
baflicts, and the mats which thev llcep on. — The n»cn have great pride in their cat-
tle i they cut their horns in fuel) a way a* to be able to turn them iiitu any thup«
they pleafe, and they teach them to anfwer a whiftle. When they with their cattle
to return home, they go a little way from the huufu, and blow this rmall inllru-
nient, which is made of ivory or bone, and fo cunUrudud as to be lK:artl at a grtat
dillancc.
'I he foil of this country is a blackidi loonty ground, and fo extremely fertile
that every vegvtable fubftance, whether fown or planted, grows here with gieiit
luxuriance. — I'hcre arc great variations in the climate j but, having no thermometer
i>ur travcUci could not obfcrve the degrees »>f heat. It feklom rains, excrpt in tho
(ummcr fcafon, when it is accompanied viih thuiKlcr and lightning. 'Jhccuun-
iry, however, is extremely well fupplicd with water, not only from the high land
towards the nortli, which furiiilhes abundance throughout the year, but from many
fountains of excellent water, which are found in the woods. Mr. i'alrrlim thinks,
from his own ohfcrvations, ihi.s country to be greativ fuperior to any nihcT known
part of Africa. Tiic woods produce variety of aTOoicH»iis pluntt. and fonte of u
great iizc j ihcy arc inhabited by i-kplwnts, butl'uloet*, itc. There were alfo va-
riety of btauliful lnrd.-> and buttcrliicsj but they were ^o thy, that he ctniid only
pr« fi rvc two birds ot that country.
To judge oi the Cafhees by thole I had fceii, fays .Mcmlicur Vaillant, thev arc
l;illcrthai) the Hottentots of tlic tolnnies, or even tlian the (ion.iquais, thoifli tlkv
^ror.tly refiinble the latter, but are more rolmlt, and poU'efs a greater (iJ'ri-e tii
pride and coiiragc. 'I he fetitnicsortlie CalTri-es are likewifeinore ai^reeablc, 110110
of tlieir faces contraMiuj; towa.'cU the bottom, nor do the clieek bones of tlklc
jHiiple proiiit in the liiAtmih manmr ot the Hottentots; neither have thcv ]ar"e
tint laces and thick lljjs like thiir neij^hbours the negroes of' Mofambiiiue, b.it j.
\vi II lormcd contour, and ugreeuble nofe, with eyes (parkling alid cxjunhvc ; i\,
tViat, fetting aiide our prejudice with regard to colour, tlM.-re are ntafiy women anioti"
thent who ini^^ht be thought handfomc by the lide otau European lady. lhe\ uu
iH>i dis%ure ttieniic'ivcs by duubiug their «yc-biv\vj like bhe i4uttentut»i liut nre
very much tatooed, piuticularly about the tace.
Ih^ huir of tlie CafTtces, which it, liroiig und curling, is -ocver greaied j but tbcy
i unuiut
C A F F R
R 1
85.
r m-
rovu
t ten
their
cly of
Tercnt
ivory
:r» t'ul-
fucha
icy will
; (lay \*
•nd, in
. They
iVi ui to-
fu make
their csil-
kny lliupv
icir cattic
M inlUu-
Ata gKiit
«ly ferlilf
with gvcut
nrmonietcT,
cpt in ibo
'1 he cuun-
high laixi
froni mmiy
l«m thinWs,
hcT known
tc of u
ifo va-
cmild only
fomc
-vt, they are
khoiii^hihey
It iie;^ree of
k';iblo, noiK-
Ik'S iif ihele
they lar^e
|)inue, b'.it ^
airelliw ; f >
jintn anmui;
ly. IheyUi*
jt» i iiat nrc
id 1 but tliey
unolut
atmint the rtft of their bo<li«>, with a view nf malcinff ihomfclves aAive andftmng.
'I'ltc men ar« very hmA of boadii and brafn rineii. lliey arc foldom fcen withont
bracclctit on their Ion and armii, made of the tiilks of an elcpliunt, which they fnw
to a convenient thicknefH, and then polifh nnd round. A% (hv-fe rhiKii cannot he
ojienrd, it in nrcellnry to make thvni big enough to pnfs iho hnnd thruugh, fo that
they tail or rifu arcurdiiig lu the motion of the arm. Sometimes they |)lacc fmaH
rings on lh« armi« of thvir children, whofc growth foon fills up the fpacc, and fixe*
tho ornnmrnt, a circuniftance which id particularly picaliiig to them.
'I hey likewifc muko nocklacvit of the bones of animala, which they polifli and
v'liitcn in the tnoi) perfect manner. Some content thcmfclvcs with the let bone.
of a (Iwep hanging on the brcaft, which is thought a pleating decoration. In thn
warm feofim. tlW Caffrven tmly wear ihoir ornamentn j when the weather it cold,
tluy mak« ufe o** krofe« made of rhc (kins of calves or oxen, which reach to tho
j,-et. Ontf partictttarity which dcfervcs attention, and does not exift elfewhere, is.
th.it th«! Caff'rc* women care little t\»r ornaments, indeed they are wclJ made, and
protiv, when compared to other favagek ; and never ufe the uncouth profufion of
llofteixtot cot|\ietry, not even wearing copper iMracelets. Their aprons, like thofe
ot' the Gonnquaiii, arc bordered with Iniall rows of beads, which is the only vanity
tlu-y exhibit.
ilie Ikin, that the female Hottentot tics about the loins, the CafTree woman
wours as high as her Ihoulders, tying it t)ver the bofiim which it covers. 'Diey
have, like the men, a krofs or cloak of calf or ox (kin divefted of the hair ; but it
IS only in the cold and rainy feafun >hat either fcx wear it. Thefe (kins are as
litft atid pliant as (he fiiK'ft Ituflfs. Let (he weath?r or the feafon prove ever fo bad,
III iilier men n«ir women cover thoir hea<ls. Sometimes, indeed, I have feen tho
he.-i(l of a Catfree adorned with a feather (luck in the hair^ but this fight is by no
nuiins common.
One pirt of tho daily occupation of the women is making eartheti ware, which
tl'ev fill. ion as ilexteroully as their huibands: they likewife make a curious kind
i,f Inilkeis, of a texture fo compaA as to contain milk ; and they alfo prepare the
fields tor fcetl, fcr.iiching the earth, rather than digging it, with wooden pick-
aNes.
I he huts of the CaflTrces are higher and more commodious than thofc of the Hot-
tentots ; tl'.ey fornt perfect iK'niifpheres ; nod are compufed of wooden work
viw (iioni; ami loinpact, covered, both within and without, with a mixture of earth,
tliu, and cow -dung. TW opening or d«)ur-way i.s fo low, that, to enter the dwcl-
iinj;, vou nuill crawl on your hand* and knees, which makes it calicr of defence
iiij.unll at\iinalR, or tho fudden attacks of an enemy. 'I'he hearth or fire-place is
in il e centre, fwr«H»nded by a circular rim which 1 ii'os two or tlireo iinhes.
I lie lanil.s of C^atlraria, either fnnn tl;«rir fiiuation vt the number of I'mall rivers
that refrelli them, are more fertile than thofe of the Hottentots, llic Caflreej
^)raflife agrieiillure.
I have remaikcd, continues tnonfieur Vaillant, that, notwttlifinnding tho beauti-
ful forells that adorn Ciilfraria, and delightful palhires wliich i'pring up and almoH
iiner ilie animals wliiih feed on them; nolwiihlhuidiii'^ thofi- rivers and fhvai •>
vhieli eiofs eavh ollk-r in a thoufand difterent dircttioiis to render them rit h nuA
Kriile ; their oNcn, tlwir cows, and almoll all their animu'.i, are much finaPer than
tiu.fe of the Hottentots— a difference wlii<:h undoubtedly arifes fioni the nature of
the fip. a;\d a certain flavour prcdfmiinant in every kind vf gmfs. 1 have nvidc
till, obferviilion both on doiuellic and wild animals, whitli never ac(jiiirc the i\/.<!
i>I ihofe bred in the dry barren couirtrie-; I have palVed through.
5 <.i 2 It'.daftry
tja C A F F R A R I A.
Indiiftry it the leading trnit in the €hara£)cr of the CafTrcci. Some art*, tatrgitt
indecU by ncccdit^, a love otaKriculturr, with u tew religious dognius, dilliiiguillk
them as ii more civilifeil pvuplc thnn thufc towards the fuutii.
Circunuilion is generally prattifcd among them. Tl>cv acltnowlcdgc the fu.
preme being, beliive in a lulurc (h»tf, where the good will be rewarded, and the
wicked puniiheil ; but have no idea of the creation, thinking the world had no
beginning, and will ever continue in the prefent tlate. Tliey nave no facred tcrc-
monieii. 'I'licy inllruct their own children, having no prielU ; but indeud of thctn
a kit)d of forcercrs or conjurors, whom they greatly diltingttilh ajid revere.
The CalTrces are governed by a chief or king, whofe oower is very limited, re-
ceiving no tax, having no troops at his command, but being the father of a free
people I neither attended nor feared, but refpe£ted and beloved, and frc(|uently
poorer thnn many of his fubjedU. Being permitted to take as many wives as he
Icafcs, who think it an honour to belong to him, it is neceflary that he Ihould
avc a larger portion of land to cultivate, and a greater number of cattle to tend
and feed ; thefe being his only refourccs for the maintenance of his numerous fa-
mily, he is frequently in danger of being ruii.cd. His cabin is neither higher nor
better decorated than the relt ; his whole family and feraglio live round him, com-
poling a group of n dozen or rifteen huts ; the adjoining land is generally of his
own cultivation.
it is a cuftom among the Caflrees for each to gather his own grain, which is their
favourite nourilhment, and which they grind, or rather crulh, between two floneii ;
for which rcafon, the families living feparatcly, each furrounded by his own plan-
tation of corn, occalions a fmall norJe fometimes to occupy a league fijuare of
ground, a circumllancc never i\:cn among the Hottentots.
ri)e dillancc of the diirerent /wiJes makes it neceflary that they fhould have
diiits, who arc apiminted by the king. When there is any thing to communicate
hi- fends fur and give^ them orders, or rather information, which the chiefs bear to
t\ieir feveral horJes.
The principal weapon of tlie CafTrcc is the lance or aflaygay, which (licws his
difp^ifition tu 1)0 :vt once intrepid and noble, defpiling, as below his courage, the in-
venoined dart, fo much in ufe among his ?icighbours ; fecking his enemy face to
face, and never tlirowing his lance but openly. In war he carries a Ihield of about
three feet in heiglit, made of the thickell part of the hide of a bulTaloj this defends
him from the arrow or aiiiu gay, but is not pr'J»)f againd a mulket ball. The Caffrec
alfo manages with great Ikiii a club of about two feet and a half long, made of a
folid piece of wood, three or four inciies thick in the larged part, and gradually
diniinilliing towards one of liie ends. \\ hen in a clofe engagement, they llrike
with this weapon, or t'reijuently throw it to the diflance of Hfteen or twenty paces,
in which cafe it feidom tails ot the intended cfTeft.
The fovereignty here it hereditary, the eldell fon ever fuccecding. In default of
male heirs, it is not the king's l)rotlier fuccecds, but the eldeft nephew ; and in cafe
the king Ihould have neither tiiildien nor nephews, the chiefs of the dilTercnt hordos
cletl a king. Upon tliefc occalions a fpirit of party fometimes prevails, which gives
rife to factions and intrigues tliat gi ncrally end in bloodlhed.
I'oiyganiy is culloniar\ among tlie falfrces: their marriages are even more (imple
than tiiofc of the Hottentots, the pan-ils of the bridegroom being always content
witli his clioicc ; the friends of the bride are rather more dillicult, but feidom re
fufe llicir confcnt ; after which they rejoice, drink and dance, for weeks to"ether
according to the wealth of the families ; but thefe fealls are never held but on thvj
hrrt efpoufais. Tlie^ have no niulic'd inllruments but fuch as are ufcd by the Hot.
tciitots. A3 lu: their dances, the Hep is not unlike the Englilh,
3 At
the nr
joying
Loang
is foi
tribe
tain 01
the ,V^_j
niuli a,
others,
genera!
lion, is
tenia l(
The
rioiis t
reg.ird
this aril
moiliun.
tiw ri\i
cimntrie
other m
in lliofe
COUNTRY or the SLAVE COAST.
hi
\c fu«
id the
iiid i\o
1 cerc-
\ them
,cd, rc-
f a tree
(\ueiitly
It at he
: Ihoutd
to tend
:rou» fa-
ghcr nor
in», com-
lly of hi»
;h U their
(tones ;
wii plan-
fquaro of
ould have
imunicatc,
cf» bear to
\ flicws his
ge, the in-
|niy face to
Id t>f about
jis defends
I'hc Caffrcc
made of a
[l gradually
they ilrikc
i;nty paces,
J default of
land in cafe
Ircnt hordes
vhich gives
Inorc fimplc
lays content
^ feldom rc'
Is together
1 but on thiJ
jby the Hot-
At
At llie'dcftth of the fiithcr, tlic font ami the mother divide the property he \\n%
left bulwecii them. 'Hie daughtcri claiming nothing, remain at home with their
mother or brother, unleft it pTcalei fume mun to take thcin i and if thit happen*
during the life of the parritls. they receive cuttle in proportion tu the wealth of
their father. 'Htc dead nre feldom buried, but carried awav from tlie Kraal by
thuir family, and depolited in » deep trench ufcd by the whole liorde on fuch oc*
culiunt, where the wild bcuft* repair at leifurc, which nrcfervei the air from thofe
noxious vnpouri which olherwife the putrrfntlion would occalion. lite honours
of burial are only due to the k\n^ or cliicf uf a horde. They cover thcfu bodies
witi) piles of ftones in the form ot a dome.
I am unacuuainted with the difpolitiun of the Caffrcrs, rcfpc61ing love and jea-
loufy, but believe that they only feel the latter fenfution in reg:irirtu their coun-
trymen ; voluntarily giving up llieir women fur u fmall conlidurutiun to the link
white man that cxprclfcs an inclination for them.
Op AFRICA, moM the Tropic op Cancer to thf. Capf. of Good-Hope.
Set tht Table and Map.
THIS immenfe territory is, comparatively fpeaking, very little known, no
modern traveller having penetrated into the interior parts; fu that we nre
ignorant not only of the bounds, but even of the names ol feveral inland coun-
tries. In many material circumftances, the inhabitants of this extenfive continent
agree with each other. If we except the people of Abyflinia, who ore tawny, and
nrofefs a mixture of Chriftianity, Judaifm, and Paganifm, they are all of a'black
complexion: in their religion, except on the fea-coafts whicn hove bwn vilited
and fettled by llrongcrs, they arc pagans: and the form of government is every
where monarchicol. Few princes, however, noflefs. a very extenfive jurifdiflion;
the natives of thit part of Africa being generally united in fmall communities, en-
joying little intcrcourfe with each other. In Abyirmio indeed, as well as in Congo,
Loango, and Angola, we arc told of powerful monarchs ; but on examination, it
is found that the authority of thcfe princes ftands on a precarious footing, each
tribe or feparate body of their fubjefts being under the inHuencc of a petty chief-
tain of their own, llyied Negus, to whofe coinniands, however contrary to thofe of
the Neg(tji/ta Nfg<iJ'i/it, or king of kings, they are always ready to fubmit. This indeed
mull always be the cafe among rude nations, where the art of governing, like all
others, is iii a very fimple and imperfetl rtate. In the fucecllion to the throne, force
ccner.illy prevails over right; and an mule, a brother, or other eollateial rela-
tion, is on this account commonly preferred to the defcendants, whether male or
fciiiale.
The fertility of a country fo prodigioufly extenfive miglit bo uippofed more \a-
rioiis than we find it is ; in fail, there is no medium in this part of Africa with
ro'Mtd to the advantages of foil ; it is eitlur perfectly barren, or extrenioly fertile;
tins iirifes from the intcnfe heat of the fun, which, where it meets with full'i i^ nt
moilUire, produces the utmolf liixuriancy, and, in thofe countries whtie ihe;> are
t'lw rivers, reduces the furlace of the earth to a barren fand. Of tliis fort arc the
countries of Anian and Zaara, which, for want of water, and confe(j"eiitly of all
oilur necelfaries, are reduced to jierlei-t tleferts, as the name of the latter deiioto.
hi tli»fe countries, on the other hand, where there is plenty of water, and |>:irti-
cuUriy
»54
COUNTRY o# mi SLAVtt COAST.
cnUrly wtt^rc «h« riveri owHIow ih« hind, part of ihe year, «« In Altyflinia. t'le
puNlu^iimm of nature, Im)(K of ihf ■niinal and itMiablc kind*, arr fttutwl in
the liighift |K*rfc6tion and grcanit ■bundancc. 'l^c countri«t of MarutiiiKn,
Elhio|>ia, (.'origo, Angola, Batuo, Irudcui, Moiionvutapa, Ciifiili, Nii<i MiIkmic.
mugi, are exircnirly ricli in gnUI and lilver. lti<* taiff iiiriaU likrwifv arr
ftiiind In thcfc and many other parit o( AfricH. Hut lh« perfona i>f the nut!vf«
make lh« nluli roiHidcrablc arliblc in thtf product and tratKc ot° thit tnifcrnbk:
«|uarlcr of the globe.
On (he Guinea or wrftern coaOa, th« Enelifli trade to Juirtea Kntt, ami other (et-
tienu-nfi nenr and up the river Giiinbi», wnerr tliov c\chuiig« their ^iiollen «inl
linen in:uHtfn(turo«, tlR^r hardwart and fpirituout ii<|uora, for the perfon* ot' liiv
native*. IJ^ the trenty of peace in i jfi}, lli« river of M»negal with itx de))fn(! n-
I ies were Riven up to rrance. Am«)n« the negnvst, a man'i wealth coniiiti In ihv
number of hiit family, whom he frill like fo Mvai^y (HtlK<, and oAen M an inlvrjor
prid*. Gold and ivorv, next to the fluvc trade, form the principal brnnclu-i of
Africnn commircc. 'Ihefe are (irried on from the fame loaft, where ihc IJuidi
and French, a* well at F.nclin», liave their fittlenicnls for «hi» purpofi',
According to Mr. Unmlay, the juiniml llriiilh expoitu to Africa arc cflimnted at
joo.oool. part of which is annually ex<'ha«)^e<l with Americnn ami otiier foroivn
tr.uKri on the co.ill. About 50,000!. i» returned in i\ory, jrold duft, gum, 8cc,
'ilie greatcll part of the proiilit of llu- flave trade is raifcd on llio fugar plantaiiuns!
If, by edablilhing fadoricit, and encouraging civilization on the coall of Africa, and
returning f )mc of mir Well indinn IhiveR to their orig^iidl c<nifrtry, we Ivied to niai^o
up for our pafl trmchtry to the native*, and hiltrirtled iht^n 'm the cnlture o( tlrnlc
urik-les, our demand for which has l^en fo advantag«>nuK to Aiticrica, vijj. tobnrcn
i digo, cotton, rice, &cc. to barter with us for otir manuliithim, grent would hi'
our prolits. Were Africa civilized, and OMild we |>re«occuny the- a(fl*clion«i of the
nativet, and introduce ^^radnally our relt^inn, maitnef!*, and Kingun^* among rticin,
we fliould open a market that would fully employ our mnnufa^urcTs and U-amcn',
morally f()enking, till the end of time ; and, wink- we cirriched mirfelvc«t, we llinuld'
contribute to their h»f>pirKfs.
The Fortujjuefe »«v in pi^irelfion ot" the eafl nnd wefl coaft (*f Afrii'n, from
the 'I'ropic of Capricorn to the Kquntor ; which immenli' trnft they became mntlcrn
of, by their fucceliive attempts and happy difcovery and niivigntion ot' fhi.' Cnpcof
Good Hope. From ihc coall of Zangm bar, «m the eaftem lide, thev rradc nut
only for the articles al>ove mentioned but liken ife for fi-vcral other*, as fiii.i
aloes, civet, ambergrife, and frankimenfe. 1 ho Duteh have fettleincnt> to'
w.irds the fouthern piirt of the continent in the country ciilied Calfi-aria, or the
land of the lloticntuts, particularly Cape Tt»wn *, which is well fettled, and forti-
fictij
• Monfirtir»lr l'ng« givna fingiiLir Inllnmr of
niagii.i li i.ilv, uliicli hj| pciu'd ui ttir C'ajir tfic
tvtiiMi,; t« torr lis airival, uliiili rvciteil in cvay
indivi;ltj;ii rhr nionerit tinntions o> rynijuthy,
biri'.drd will) vdintr«tioii.
A vi. lit lit g Ic ot uiii'l felting ill from the
nortli ii.)rth »i ft tl.i. luroiuctcr, uiiiiU )>.vd iti-iid
ut iS' 11. ' .1 <^r.ictii.ii diir iig liic |irt(.i<liiiv; Imr
u'eatlicr, (lid i Illy tr.'ip -il tii 27", ai;d ilirce
l)ii:ili wlf'i- ill t c r rit dri/grd llirir ii;u hori,
Uiir liia'*r(l will grai li r tl'll nd u:is (or' t\l
li|ir>ii tiic ru<l;> aid I), '^'cd ; a<id u '.ilc the ((rcatrr
{ijii ut tuc ii'iw tell uu immediate (atri(ti.e to tlic
wavn, tht ffmrtfid*r m-pi* (mi from thr hnte
flriiKjjIiiig li.r t' fir live* l,v » liiigiii^. to diltWuit
(licit* ot tt« wreck. 'Ihr r»a ran drradlully \ug\
and lirokc over the (.lilnrj whli fmh aim/itiy
fiiry. that no boat wlutrvir would vtnturentf tu
th»ir alliflnnrr. Mranuliilr a plaitter, coniider-
ahly artvsmed in lite, and loii;^ » iticmtirr oi tin
lo.oiy, tiad lome trom l.i tarm on liotfrttai k,
ti) b- a f|itclator »i ijie (liiiiivrtck. Hi, Utu\
w.s niflrni at the li>;ht 01 the uiiliappy ffanirn ;
tnit kno'viiiE ilic t>old and eiifrrprilmg fpirif nj
his ''"ifi, and hill parricitlar evcdienie ai » Mm.
iiier, lie inftaiiiiy dctcriiiiued to oukc a defpt r.tc
e:luit
COUNTRY or T«t ILAVE COAST.
95$
fiod I where iheir (Yiip* bound for Intiia ufualljr put ii)* and lr«d« with the nalivvi
t'ur their cittle, In ruchaagv for which lh«x give ih«m fplritviou* liquori.
HiiroiY 1 'llie hMlorv of thv ootiiini'nl •(' Afriri ii littk knovvn. VVc Icarii
from the •iM.icnU, who fitiird aconliitcrithk way riuiiid the ctwlU, ihni lh« inhaliii*
aiitt were ill ihe fama r^idv fitualion n«ar tooo ytut mo in which thry ntkudl/
remain, 'llic altmnpla nf the F.urn|>eatit, particularly olihe Dutrh at the Cape «>f
IjiHid Hope, have h««n hitherto iucifetKial for mak-ing the lead impredion on th«fe
favafc mnrtali, or giving them the ieall inclination or tven Idea of the European
iiiantu'r of life.
'I he I'urtiiguefe are fuvereigni nf the greatcrt part of tho cnad, and havr a num-
ber of black princca their irioulariei. I'hcre are fome in<le|)en<lent prinrot who
have cxtrtiiivit duminioni, purticularly the king* <»!' 1>iiIhniw and Widnh, the moA
noted uf anr fi»r the infumou* Oavc'tradtf. I'pwiirdt of too vcart have the Kiiropeaii
lutioiu iraaed with Africa in humun Hclh, and uiuouragen in the Negro rnuitiriei,
wart, rapine, defotation, and nnirdi-r. ihit llin W«ft India idniidi tiilKlit lie fiip<
plied with lalNHircra. I heaiuiiial ex|><irlnlion of poor rrrHturr<i I'rnm AtVica hath
exceeded 100,000, many «>f whom arc driven a thmiOnid mile* to thefea cnnlt, Iheir
villiigiM having been furroundfd in tlie night Imt an arm«)d force, and the inhal>itant(
ilruff^ed into perprluni cuplivity.
A ftfii urticrr lately vililed all' the chl«f'» of ihr Nrgroea In our feltlrmcpt*. from
Santa AiNillonia to Alhcra, an extent of more than 150 miK'*, and found the police
and puniihmen' of all crimes regulated Viv th^ llavo-lrade. 'I'hofe who rotmnit criinca
or trefiMtre* againti their lawi, are, at the dcclfion of twelve eldert, fold for llaves
tor the ufe o*' tlieir governnwnr, and the ftip|M>rt i>f thrir chiefs. 'I'hcft, adultery,
and murder, are the high«r4t criinrii, ami whenever tliey nre tiete(ted, fubjecl the
whole family to tlaver). Hut nnv individual, condemned toflavery for the criuic of
liit relation, may redeem hi% own porfon, by furniflting two flnveslii hit room. Or
whi'ti a man commilionc of l)ir above curttinal crimes, all the male purt ol hi* fa*
inilv nre f »rfeiied to fl.ivcry ; if a woman, the female puit is fold. ** This traffic
ill crimes makes the chiefs vi^ilunt. Nor tlo our ulunterb, vvh<i purclufc them,
life any paint to iitfiru£t them ni religitMi, to make them amends for the opprcllion
thus cxercifed on them, 'thry arc unnaturally awrfe to rvery thing that lends to
ii ; <ret the 1'urtugui.iiir, Frruth, and Npaniardt, in their fetllrmentt, fuccccded iii
their atteinpik to iiiitruit ituni, as much to the advnnlage of commerce, ns of rcli*
(rjoti. It it fi>r the fitke of Chruiutnily, and the advunla};e'< :K-ci>m)>an} ing it, that
Ktiuiilh ilavet crnbrucc every uccatiuii o( deferting to the fcttieineuts of thufis
tat urns."
It is liich time for the legiflature tointetlVre, and put an md to thia mofl infamous
of all trades, fu dif^jruceful to the Cliitlliuii name, and fo repugnant to tiic principles
ut ()ur coniitutiun. l^t the negroes ulrrudy in (mr illunds be pruixrly treated,
iiutdi' tree, and enuMiragenmit given to lltcir poptilutiun ; tiieal'ures that would be
aitended with no Icfn profit than Itouuur.
eHofi far their ilrltverancc He alt|ti(o(i, ind
iikw I liilk' linuulv iiiiiiliii horlc'a uoltitU, wlkii
j.ai.i fiMtliij; hill fell fifni in the fiiilJlc, litf in-
I'intW nilhnl fnfo thr m\M of the brr.ikert. At
fiift liutli dirj|<|)<.'.ire>l 1 but it M.tk iim luiij; liifure
tlic)' Hnataii uu tlic f«Ml»ce, iumI liviun to the
\kri.>.k ; when ukiiij; with hint two ineu, e«di ul
wliiun belli by Mie of his boott, he l)ruii)',ht tham
Ulc on (liorr. Thit prritmn experiment he re-
|44teU not Iciiithau ttv«t Uoms, sikd l.tved («ur-
tecit livt* 10 the piiMIri but on Kit return the
fi{^li luiie, boiiig Diukh titij^aed, aiiil n)etliu|r
.1 .iijlt luriui'Ublc wave, he hitt hit ImUhi e, luJ
w.vi c)vrr,vhrh»etl in « muiiiem. The horic iWaiii
fate tu Ijiul, lull lii> ^.liliiit ridrr, ^ias ! \V4S iiu
m:ire. i atn 4 uibilul It in the hiOory of innu-
XiiiJ we lm*e » lunrc briUisiU eMiniile of bcroil'in
cxejicti in the «.au1< oI liuiwnity. ''.igfk' Travels
ruiiiid the Woilil, truni 1767 to 1771. vol. ill.
AFRICAN
I 836 )
»»»- !«;
AfRlCAN ISLANDS.
OF Oio ACrlctit iiLiuU, r«imc li« in ili» Mwncrn «r Irnlian O'^tn, kml font* m
tin- Wiftvrii or AllmiiK. Wc lltall U«niii wiih iholv; in thr Indian Occ«it ,
itic citii-t' ot' wliiih arvi Zoioira, H«l>c|iiun(kl, MiuiagsUw, lh« Curnor* liUnd*,
llourlion, (ind Mitiiiiliui. Aff tit Ahf,
ZocornA. 'Iliii illuiul it (Itutlcd in curt hm. 5J, north Int. la. thirty Irnguri
tiid ot C'upc Gurdcioi. uii the iimtiticul ol' Africa : it it righty niiift long, and
liUy-i'our hruud, and Ii«k two rood harlxiiim, whrro the Kuropcan ihipi uUd for-
iiu-il) to pal ill when ihcy lull (heir iiairagc to India. It i« a (xmnloiu, pifntitiil
country, >icidii>K niott ol thei'ruitt and planti that ar« ufually found within the
irnpict, together with tVonkinccnfc, guni-trugacanth, and alori. The inhahitatiti
arc Mahontedani, ot Arab cxtruttion. and arc under the govcrnmcttl uf a prince ur
bltcik who it pruliiiltly tributary to the I'ortr.
Ui^iRLMANPKL. 'Hie idand of Habcliikandel givei name to ihenmit nt the en-
trance of the Ki'd Sea. where it ii riluulcd, in call Ion, 44-30, north lat. la, about
four niiict lK)tli from the Arabian and AbyllUtian fhorri. Iho Abylhniant or
Ktliiuniuiii, and ilu' Arabian*, formerly contended with great fury for the pufleiiitn
nf thu illand, »* it cotninandi the entrance into the South Sra, and prcfervc*
n cominunicniion with the ocean. 'Hiiii flrnit wni formerly the only palhige
tliruiish whicli the commodities of liwlia found their way to Kuropc i but lince
the diTcovcry of the Cape of Good IIo)k*, the trade by the Ked Sea m of little im<
portunce. I'hc ilhind i<t of foudl value, being a barren, fandy fpot of earth, nut
five mile* round. 1 .,,i.
CoMORA. ThcTe iflands are, Joanna, Mavotta, Mohilla, Angezeia, and Co-
moral fituatcd iK'twecn 41 and 46 eaU lun. anu between 10 and i4fouth lat. at an
c(|ual dillance from Madagafcar and tlio continent of Africa. Joanna, the chief,
and wliich ciaiinn fovereignty over, and exact* tribute front the other*, ii about ^o
niilcit long and 1 j broad, and aflord« plenty of provifions, and fuch fruiti as are
froduced iK-twccn the tropics. I^all>lndia Oiips, bound to Bombay, ufually touch
ere for rofrcihinents. 'I'he inhabitants nre negrocit of the Mahomedan perfualion,
and entertain our feanien with great humanity.
Madagascar. This is the larcetl of the African iflands, and is fituated be-
tween 41 and ^1 deg. va(\ Ion. and between to and a6 fouth lat. 100 miles fouth-
eaft of the continent of Africa; it In-iiig near 1000 miles in lengtn from north to
foulli ; and jjoncrally between 200 and 300 niilos broad. The fea rolls with great
rapidity, and is exceedini^ rough between this ifland and the continent of the
Cape of (lood Mope, forming a channel, or palFnge, through which all Kuro-
pean fliips, in their voyage to and from India, generally pafs, unlcfs prevented by
ftorms.
.Vladagafcar is a pleafant and fertile country, abounding in fiigar, honey, vines
fruit-trees, vegetables, valuable gums, corn, cattle, fowls, precious ftoncs, iron,
fomc (ilver, copper, flee!, and tin. it alTords an .ngreeable variety of hills, vallies,
woods, and champaign, watered with numerous rivers, and well florcd with filh.
'J'lic air is generally temperate, and faid to be very healthy, though in a hot cli-
luute. 1 he iuhubilaiUS arc of Uiircrcut cuinpicxioii^ and rvti({iunk : fume white,
feme
• Aflll A M f SL A ND& If7
lunt iwi^roM, Anm Mi H widaiw, fonM p«|*n«. ^^ whit««, «nd lh«W<: of * taiK iijr
I'oiiiplvkiun who inhahil iIm ceafta. ar* d«<c«a4»d frunt ihc Arabt, «• is t^vidt-nt
Irnni ihcir iMtguagw, Mid tlwk r«li|i<Mii tUmj but hen mc no iu(|<(i|«m«, temple*,
nor any llalad wuriliip, cicrpi iImI Ihrjr offar lacfiActa of bc*Aa (M p«rtkular ui-(.*<
liiiiit t a« wlini lick, when they plant y atna. or rka, wIiom ihay hold (Mr aflemblira,
iircumciftf ihcir ihildrvn. d><iiarc war, enter talo ncw-btiilt kouf«a« nr bury t'^'f
ili'ud. Many oi' ihtni obfarva ihc Jewilh fabbalh, itnd give fume acrount nf the
l.tcrrd hillury, lliv crratioii and fall of miui, ai alfo ut Noah, Abraham, Moft't, and
Duvid i from whrnre it it conjotlurvd that lb«y are d^'ftnidrd of Jrw» who lor-
nii-rly Tt tiled hnt? ^ ihooah none know* how or when. Ihu illand witt difcovrr'il
\)^ the Portugiirrc, and ln« French look ptilfi'diim of it in 164a t but tlie |>imi|>Iij
dillikini their Kuvernment, they were driven t>ui in 1651 i liiue which tinui the
nuiivcn have had the fole potroihon of the illand, un<ler a iiuiubvr ol |<ctiy prince*,
wliu make war upon each other for Have* and plumlcr.
MAuaiTiir*. or Mauric-f , wa* fi» called hy the Dutch, who 6rft touched here in
i<v<i, in honour of nrincc Maurkc their lladiholdcr t but the Krcndi. it* prcfcnt
niitdera, have Kivcn it the niunc of riia iilk or FaANct, It it liiualcd in cull
Ion 56, fouih lat. ao, aImiui 400 mili-t enll of MndaKiifcnr. It i« of nn ovmI form,
ultoul 1^40 mileit in circuniUroncc, with a Hne li;irl»«>ur, cn|uible of holdioK hfty
lar^i* dnpi, fi-cure a|{uinl) any wind llint hluwi, nnd 100 talhonia deep at the
ititrnnce. 'Iho climate it ehlrcmcly honlthy and plcafunt. The mountaina, of
which there arc many, and fomc fo hi^h that their lopi arc tovi-red with fnuw,
produi'i* ihf IhMI ebony in the world, IK-Iiiiin varioi^i other kind* ofvuluablr wcmmJ,
isvo of which greatly refcinbic elutny in (|uality -, nne red, the other vellow lu wax.
I he illand ik w iitercd with feveral pic-afani rivert well Hocked with rilh i and though
(lie foil in not the moll fruitful, it yieUU plenty of tobacco, rice, fruit, uiid tccdt a
^rrut number of cattle, deer, goal*, and iheep.
nouRioN. 'Hte llle ot' Bourbon ii filunted in raft Ion. 54, (i>uth lat. ai, al>oiit
;oo niilei eali of Madngafcar, nnd is about 90 inikw romid. 'Hiere nrc inuny good
r>>a(U for Ihipping round Hourhon, purticulurly lut the north and fuulh lidcsi i but
liiirdly a fmgle harbour where Ihipi can ride fe(.ure auainll thole hurrii anc» w hit It
Mow during tiie monfooiiH. Indeed the couil is fo Uirrounded with blind rockn,
ii tew feel briow the water, that coaiUng along ihorc i» at all timei dangerouit.
On the foutlurn extremity ii a volcano, whiili continually throw» out Hamrs,
t'liioke, and fiilphur, with a hideout roaring noite, terrible in the iii|;ht to inarincri.
'Ilio climate here, tliough extremely hot, is healthy, being rcfrethcd with tooling
f;aU*i«, that blow nuirning and evening from the lea nnd land: i'ometimcs, however,
tirriltle hurricnnck Ihakc the whole illand alinoll to it« foundation, but generally
without any other bad confe(|uence than iVightening the inliabitants. 'I tie illand
alxiuiuU iu liruok!) and fpriiigs, and in fruits, grain, and cattle, with excellent to-
baico whiih the French have planted there), aloes, white pippcr, el)ony, palm,
and (ittu r kindk of wood, and fruit-trees. Many of the treok \ ield udoiiferous giitnt
uiidrilins, p.uticularly bcii/oin ot' an excellent fort in great plenty. I he riven
are well lloekeil with fiih, the coall with Imd and fen tortoifes, and everv part «if
the lountry with horned cattle, as well ab hoes and goats. Ambergris, coral,
itiid ll\e nutll beaulitiil IhelU, are found upon Itic Ihore. The woods are lull i»f
turtle doves, parotpiels, pigeons, and a grciit variety of other birds, beautiful to tlie
tveund pleafant to the palate. The French lirft fettled here in the year 167Z, after
iliev were driven fr«)m the illand of .Mada^afcar. Tliey have now fonie coiilider-
xiile towns ill the illand, with a governor ; and here their l'lal\-lndia thips touch and
lukc in rctVclltinctits.
5 K Tlur«
»J»
AF R (C'\N ISL A lfD$.
There are a great ntanjr mora fmall iflaa^a about Madagafcar/and on the caftem'
coaft o( Africa, laid down in aiapl but no where described.
Leaving therefore ttie cafteita world and the Indiea, we now turn round the
Cape of Good Hope, which opens to our view the Atlantic, an immcnre ocean,
lying between the two annd divifions of the globe, having Europe, Afta, and
Africa, or the Old World, on the eallj and America, or the New World, on the
weft } towards which divlfion wc now ftecr our courfe, touching in our way at the
foflowing iflands upon the' African coaft, that have not yet been defcribed^ viz.
St. Helena, Afccntion.' St. Mattliew, St. I'liumas'ii, &c. Gorcc, Cape Vcrd, the
Canary and Madeira illands. See the Map, ,.,...•■
St. Helena. The firft ifland on this fide the Cape is St. Helena, fituated in
weft Ion. 6-4, fouth lat. 16, being iioo miles weft of the continent of Africa, and
1 800 eaft of South America. The illand is a rock aboi't 2 1 miles in circumference,
very high, and very fteep, and only acccllible at the landing-place, in a fmall valley
at the eaft fide of it, which is defended by batteries of guns planted level with the
water ; and as the waves are perpetually daihing on the Ihore, it is generally dit-
ficult landing even here, lliere is no other anchorage about the idand but at
Chapel Valley Bay ; and as the wind always blows from the fouth-eaft, if a (hip
nver-lhoots the Idand ever fo little, Hie cannot recover it again, llie Englifli plan-
tations herealford potatoes and yams, with figs, plantains, bananas, grapes, kidney*
beans, and Indian corn -, of the laft, however, moft part is devoured by the rats,
wliicli harbour in the rocks, and cannot be deftroyed ; fo that the flour they ufe is
uinioft wholly imported from Kngland } and in times of fcarcity they generally cat
^ ams and potatoes inftead of bread. Though the ifland appears on every fide a
hard barren rock, yet it is agreeably diverliried with hills and plains, adorned with
plantations of fruit-trees and garclcn-ftuff. They have great plenty of hogs, bul-
locks, poultry, ducks, gecfe, and turkeys, with which they fupply the failors, tak-
ing in exchange thirts, drawers, or any light cloaths, pieces of callico, filks, mullins,
arrack, fugar, &:c.
.St. Heliiia is faid to have been firft difcovered by the Portuguefe on the feftival
ol the em,>iel's Helena, mother of the emperor Coiillantiiie tiie Great, whole name
it liill bi urs. It does noi .i])[Har that the I'ortuguele ever planted a colony here:
and the Eiiglilh Eall India company took polTeliion of it in i6oo, and held \t witli-
«)Ut interrii[)tii)n till the year 1673, when the Dutch took it by furprife. However,
the Eiiijlilh, under tlie coiuinancl ot captain Mundt-n, recovered it again within tli,;
fpace ot a year, and at the fame lime t(n)k three Dutch Eaft India Ihips that lay in
the road. There arc about aoo families in the illand, moll of them defcended
Irum Knglilh parents. The Eall India Ihips take in water and frefli proviiions here,
in ilieir way home ; but the illand is io fmall, and the wind fo much againft them
outward bound, that they then very feUiom fee it.
The company's aifairs are here managed by a governor, deputy-governor, and
fiore-kieper, who liave Handing lalarics allowed by the company, belidcs a public
lable well t'urnillK\l, to which all conmiandcrs, mailers of ihips, and principal paf-
Icngers arc welcome.
AscKvsioN. Tills illand i« fituated In 7 dcg. 40 min. Couth lat. 600 miles
ni)!ih-\vtlt ot' .St. li.l.'iia : it re.ci\e(l its name Ironi its being difcovered bv tin,-
I'oituguel'e on Afecnli.)n-d;iy ; ami is a mountainous, barren illand, about 20 miles
TMur.d, a!j<l uninhabited; but is .1 lut"'-, ciaivenient harbour, where the l'!all buliu
ihip^ gL-nei:'.i!y t( ucli to furniih ilRr.irv.iv..s wltli turtles or tortoifcs, which are very
plciLuaJ hcie, a;id vaiily larije, I'ouie ul' them weighing above u hundred pouiuis.
i) ' '1 ho
AFRICAN ISLANDS.
«59
The fallon ^oing afliore in the night«time, frequentljr turn two or three hundred of
them on their backs before morning } and are fometimes fo cruel, a« tu turn many
more than they ufe, leaving them to die on the fltore.
St. Matthew. Tliin is a fmall idand lying in 6-i wed Ion. and 1-30 fuuth lat.
300 miles t) the north-call of Afccnfiun, and was alfo difcovcrcd by the Portuguefc,
who planted and kept pofleflion of it for fome time i but afterwards dbferting it
this ifland now remains uninhabited, having little tu invite other nations to fettle
there, except a fmall lake of freih water.
The four following iflands, viz. St. Thomas, Primce's Islaitp, Ankaboa, and
Fernandopo, are lituated in the gulf of Guinea, between Congo and lienin ; all
of them were firft difcovcred by the Portuguefc, and belong ftill to them ; they fur-
hith ve(fel» with frelh water and provifions as they pafs by. And, to liie honour
of the Portuguefc government, and difgracc of our Well India Icgillaturcs, there
arc 15,000 Nei^ro Chriftians in St. Thomas, inllrucled to read and wiltu, who
daily attend divine worfliip, clean and well clothed.
Cape Verd Islands. Thcfe iflands are fo called from acapc of that name on-
the African coaft, near the river Gambia, over againd which tiicy lie, at the dif-
tancc of 300 miles, between 23 and 26 degrees weft Ion. and 14 and 18 dcg. north
ht. They were difcovered in the year 14(50, by the Portuguefe, and are about 20
in number ; but fome of them, being only barren, uninhabited rocks, are not wortii
notice. St. Jago, Bravo, Fogo, Mavo, Bonavifta, Sal, St. Nicholas, St. Vincent,
Santa Cruz, and St. Antonio, arc the mofl contiderable, and arc fubje£l to the
Portuguefe. The air, generally fpeaking, is very hot, and in fome of them very
unwholefome. They are inhabited by Europeans, or the defcendants of Europeans,
and negroes.
St. Jaoo, where the Portuguefc viceroy refides, is the moft fruitful, beft inha-
bited, and largefl of them all, being 150 miles in circumference, yet it is moun-
tainous, and has much barren land in it. Its produce is fugar, cotton, fome wine,
India corn, cocoa-nuts, oranges, and other tropical fruits; but the plant of moll
confequence is madder, which grows in abundance among the tlifts. Mere is
plenty of roots, garden-ftuffs, hogs, and poultry, and fome of the prctlieft green
monkeys, with black faces, that are to be met with any where. Baya, or Praya
(famous for an atlion between an Englifli and French fquadron), fituatcd on the
eaft lide, has a good port, and is feldom without (hips, thofe outward-bound to
Guinea or the Eaft Indies, from England, Holland, and France, often touching
here for water and refrcfliments.
In the ifland. of Mayo or May, immenfc quantities of fait are made by the heat
of the fun from the fea-water, which at fpring tides, is received into a fort of ]>an,
formed by a fand-bank, which runs along the coaft for two or three miles. Here
the Englilh drive a conliderable trade for fait, and have commonly a man of war to
guard the veflels that come to load with it, which in fome years amount to a hun-
dred or more. The fait cods nothing, except for raking it together, wheeling it
cut of the pond, and carrying it on afl'es to the boats, which is done at a very
cheap rate. Several of our Ihips come hither for a freight of afles, which thev
cnrr) to Barbadocs and other Britidi plantations. The inhabitants of this iflancl,
even the governor and priefts, are all negroes, and fpeak the Portuguefe language.
'1 he negro governor cxpctts a fmall prcicnt from every commander thai I'juds fait,
5 K 2 and
<^>jM£^
869
AFRICAN ISLANDS.
ami is plonfod to be invitcil aboard their ihipt. llie foa water I* (o clear on thii
coad, that an Knglilh I'ailur, who dropped his watch, perceived ii :it thi- buitonu
though many fathuius deep, and had it brought up by one of the natives, wliu ure
generally expert at diving.
. The ifland of Fooo is remarkable for being a volcano, continually fending up
fulphurcous exhalations ) and fonietimes the Hatne breaks forth like yhtna, in a
terrible manner, throwing out pumice ftoncs that annoy all the parts adjacent.
GoRiE is fituatcd within cannon-fhot of Cape Verd, N. lat. 14-4';, W. Ion.
iy-20 and was fo called by the Dutch, from an Ifland and town uf the fame name
in Holland. It is a fmall fpot not exceeding two miles in circumference, but its
importance rifes from its lituation for trade fo near Cape Verd, and it has been
therefore a lx>ne of contention between Luropean nations. It was firft poflcflcd
by the Dutch, from whom, in 1663, it was taken bv the Englilh i but in 1665 >t
was re-taken by the Dutch, and in 1617 fubducd by the French, in whofe poirelliun
it remained till the year 1759, when tne Britifli arms were every where triumphant.
It was reftored to the French at the treaty of peace in 1763. It was re-taken by
the Engliili in the lad war, but again reAored at the peace of 1783.
Canaries. The Canaries, anciently called the fortunate lUands, arc fevcn in
number, and fituated between iz and 19 degrees well Ion. and between 17 and
29 degrees north lat. about 150 miles fouth-wcll of Morocco. Their particular
names are, I'alma, Micro, Gomera, Teneriffe, Grand Canaria, Fucrtuventura, and
Langorote. Thefe iflands enjoy a pure, temperate air, and abound in the muil
delicious fruits, efpecially grapes, which produce thofe rich wines that obtain the
name of the Canary, whereof the greated part is exported to England, which in
time of peace is computed at ten thoufand hngflieads annually. The Cinaries
abound with thofe little beautiful birds that bear their name, and are now fo com-
mon and fo much admired in Europe ; but their wild notes in their native land fur
excel thofe in a cage or foreign clime.
Grand Canary, which communicates its name to the whole, is about 150 miles
in circumference, and fo extremely fertile, as to produce two harvefts in the year.
Teneriffe, the largcft of thefe iflands next to that of the Grand Canary, is about
1 20 miles round ; a fertile country, abounding in corn, wine, and oil ; though it is
pretty much encumbered with mountains, particularly the Peak. Captain Glafs
obferves, that in coming in with this ifland, in clear weather, the Peak may be
cafily difccrncd at 120 miles diflance, and in failing from it at 150. Ihe Peak is
an afcent in the form of a fugar-loaf, about fifteen miles in circumference, and ac-
cording to the account of Sprat bilhop of Rochclk-r, publidied in the Philofophical
Tranfaftions, near three miles perpendicular ; but lately afcertained to be only
13,265 feet. This mountain is a volcano, and fometimes throws out fuch quaii-
tites of fulphur and melted ore, as to convert the richell land into barren dtrerts.
Thefe iflands were firll difcovercd and planted by the Carthaginians ; but the Ro-
mans deftroying that ftate, put a Hop to the navigation on the weft coaft of Africa,
and the Canaries lay concealed from the reft of the world, until they were again
difcovcred in the year 1405, by the Spaniards, to whom they ftill belong. It is re-
markable, that though the natives refembled the Africans in their ftature and com-
{)lexion when the Spaniards firft came among them, their language was ditfercnt
i-om that fpoken on the continent ; they retained none of their cuftoms, were
mafters of no fciencc, and did not know there was any country in the world be-
fides their own.
2
Madeiras.
AFRICAN ISLANDS.
86i
irticular
ira, and
ihc molt
jtain the
wluch in
Canaries
V fo com-
; land far
Madsikas. The three iflanda called the Madv'uras, arc fituated, according to
the author of Anfon's voyage, in a fine climate in ^^•'i^ north lat. and trutn
18-J0 tU 19-50 wed Ion. about 100 miles north of the Canaries, and at many weft
of Sullee in Morocco. The largeft, from which the reft derive the general name
of Madeiras, or rather Mattera, on account of its being formerly aimed covered
vith wood, is about 75 miles lonji;, 60 broad, and 180 in circumference. It is
< ompofed of one continued hill, ot a coniiderablc hci'ght, extending from cad to
•well ; the declivity of which, on the foulh fide, is cultivated and interfperfcd with
vineyards; and in the midft of this flope the merchants have fixed their country
fcats, which form a very agreeable prof|>c6t. Tlu're is but one confiderahle town
irr-rhe whole ifland, which is named I'onchial, fcated on the fouth part of the
illnnd, at the bottom of a large ba^ -, towards the fea it is defended by a high
wall, with a battery of cannon, and is the only place where it is pofllble for a boat
to land ; and even here the beach is covered with large Uones, and a violent furf
continually beats upon it.
Though this ifland feems to have been known to the ancients, yet it lay con-
cealed tor many generations, and was at length difcovcred by the rortuguefc in
1^19: but others aflert that it was tirfl difeovered by an Enghihman, in trie year
1344. Be that as it may, the Portuguefe took {tolFeiTion of it, and are dill almoft
the only people who inhabit it. llie Portuguefe, at their firft landing, findins it
little better than a thick forcll, rendered the ground capable of cultivation by let-
ting fire to this wood } and it is now very fertile, proaucing in great abundance
the riehed wine, fugar, the mod delicate fruits, elpecially oranges, lemons, and
pomegranates ; together with corn, honey, and wax : it abounds alfo with boars
and other wild beads, and with all forts or fowls, bcfides numerous groves of cedar
trees, and thofc that yield a juice called dragon's blood, madic, and other gums.
The inhabitants of this idc make the bed fwcet-meats in the world, and fucceeded
wonderfully in prcferving citrons and oranges, and in making marmalade and per-
fumed partes, which exceed thofe of Genoa. The fugar they make is extremely
heautiful, and fmclls naturally of violets. This indeed is faid to be the fird place
ill the Wed where that manufacture was fet on foot, and from thence it was car-
lini to the Braliis in America. ITie Portuguefe not finding it fo profitable as ut
lull, linve pulled up the greated part of their fugar canes, and planted vineyards
in tlieir dead, which produce feveral forts of excellent wine, particularly that
which iicars tlie name of the ifland, malmfy, and tent ; of all which the inhabit-
;;nts make and fell prodigious quantities. No lefs than 20,000 hogflicads of Ma-
ileira, it is faiil, are yearly exported, the created part to th« Wort Indies, efpecially
to Uarbadoes, the Madeira wine not only enduring a hot climate better than any
other, but even being improved, whenexpofed to the fun in barrels, at'ter the bung
ii taken out. It is faid no venomous animal can live here. Of the two other
illands, one is called Port Santo, which lies at a fmall didance from Madeira, is
ahout eight miles in cumpafs, and extremely fertile. It has very good harbours,
wheiv lliips may ride with fafety againft all winds, except the fouth-wcft ; and is
frei|uented l)v Indiaiuen outward and homeward bound. The other illaiid is an
iiieoiiliuerable barren rock.
Azores. Leaving the Madeiras, with which we clofc the account of Africa,
Wi.' eontiiuie our courfe wcdward through this imnicnfe ocean, v, hich brings us to
ihf Azores, or, as they arc called, the U'eftern lllaiuls, i!'.;n aie lltuated between
2, and 32 degrees wed Ion. and between 37 and 40 nortii latitude, 900 miles wefi
<ii r<)rtiij>al, and as many call of Newfoundland, lyinj;- ainioll iiiiil-way lietwicii
Europe and America. 'Ihey are nine in number, and arc uaiiieJ .Santa Maria, St.
.Miguel
t6t
AFRICAN ISLANDS.
Miguel or St. Michael, Tercera, St. George, Graclofa, Fajral, Pico, Floret, and
Corvo. They were difcovered in the mladle of the fifteenth century by JoOiua
Vander Brrg, a merchant of Bruges in Flanderi, who, in a voyage to Liibon. wai,
by flrefii of^weather, driven to thefe iflanda, which he found deftitutc of inha-
bitants, and called the them Flemifli Iflands. On hit arrival at Liibon he bonfted
of this difcovery, on which the Portuguefe fetfail immediately, and took pofTenion
of them, which they ftill retain. They were called in general the Azores, frum
the great number of hawks and falcons found in them. All thefe iflands enjoy
a very clear and fcrene (ky, with a falubrious air } but are expofed to violent
earthquakes and inundations, from both which thepr have fre(^uently fuffercd much
damage. They are, however, extremely fertile m corn, wme, and a variety of
fruits i alfo in cattle, fowl, and fifli. It is faid that no poifonous ornoxiouR animali
breed on the Azores, and that if carried thither they will expire in a few hours.
St. Michael, which is the largeft, bein^ near loo miles m circumference, and
containing {o,ooo inhabitants, was twice invaded and plundered by the Engliih in
the reign of queen Elizabeth. Tercera is the mod important of tnefe iflands, on
accnunt of its haibour, which is fpacious, and has good anchorage, but is expofed
to the fuuth-eaft winds. It is generally vifited by homeward bound fleets from
BraHl, Africa, and the Eaft Indies. Its capital town, Angra, contains a cathedral
and five churches, and is the rcfidence of tne Governor of thefe iflandi, as well as
of the biihop.
that 01
of this
defcrit:
is mofl
Tow
in Eurc
fpired i
tnc wh(
world J
way of
Genoa, ■
much Ai
jeft of fs
country t
ward to i
on which
and intlii
court of
tording ti
VII. ofE
the moft (
the fpirit
riitfoji to
trc'(.'|)iii^r
'lad no nol
t'IKC. i'uf
("ulumbusJ
"is mind,]
'^'■H", the
'liaf noble]
Spain was
J^ngtli fuc<
'it (ail in
•t'tcinpt evl
M'oilds M'crl
AMERICA.
' I>r. RobeJ
'fColuiiibus
''' 'Ik" ii.iiion ll
'■"/■oiMiivco/tf
•,i t /
^1 T.
t * \.«
[ «<J I
A M
R
A,
Iti Diicovert and Conquest.
WE are now to treat of a country of vaft extent and fertility, and wlilch,
though little cultivated by the hand of Art, owes in many refpefts more to
that of Nature that any other divifion of the globe. The particular circumllanccs
of this country require that we fliould in fome meafure vary our plan, and, before
defcribing its preicnt (late, afford fuch information with regard to its difcovery, as
is moll necclTary fur fatisfying our readers.
Towards the clofe of the 15th century, Venice and Genoa were the only powers
in Europe who owed their fupport to commerce. An interference of intercfts in-
fpired a mutual rivalfliipi but m traffic Venice was much fuperior. She engrolTed
the whole commerce of India, then, and indeed always, the moil valuable in the
world ; but hitherto entirely carried on through the inland parts of Afia, or by the
way of Egypt and the Red Sea. In this ftate of affairs, Columbus, a native of
Genoa, whufe knowledge of the true figure of the earth, however attained, was
much fuperior to the general notions of the age in which he lived, formed a pru>
je£l of failing to the Indies by a bold and unknown route, and of opening to his
country a new fource of opulence and power. But this propofal of failing wc(l-
>vard to the Indies was rcjetlcd by the Genoefe as chimerical, and the princi])tcs
on which it was founded were condemned as abfurd. Stunc with difappuintmcnt
and indignation, Columbus retired from his country, laid his fchemc before t!ie
rourt of France, where his reception was ftill more mortifying, and where, ac-
cording to the practice of that people, he was laughed at and ridiculed. Henry
Vil. ot England was his next rcfort j but the cautious politics of that prince were
the mull uppofite imaginable to a great but uncertain defign. In Portugal, where
tlic fpirit ot adventure and difcovery about this time began to operate, he hud
rcafoii to cxpe£l better fuccefs. But the Portugucfe contented tnemfelvcs with
creeping; along the coaft of Africa, and difcuvcring one cape after another : tluy
had no notion of venturing boldly into the open fca, and of rifkiiig the whole ut
once. Such repeated difappointments would nave broken the fpirit of any man hut
Columbus. The expedition required expcnce, and he had nothi.ig to defrav ir.
His mind, however, ilill remained firmj he became the more cn;imuiircd ot' his
(Idlgn, the more dilhculty he found in accomplilhing it, and ho was inipired witli
that noble enthutiafm which always animates an adventurous and original genius.
Spain was now his only refourcej and there, after eight years attendance, he at
length futteeded, and chiefly through the interell of queen Ifabella, Columbus
fit fail in the year 1492, with a fleet of three fliips, upon the moft adventurous
attempt ever undertaken by man, and in the fate of which the inhabitants of two
worlds were intercfled *. In this voyage he had a thoul'and diihcultics to cun-
tend
• Dr. Robertfon obftrvci, that the armamriit It confiftcd of thrtf veflrls. T!ie lan>ei>, a fiiij)
it t\.liiilibus wai not fiiitable either to the dignity of no couliilerabic biinUti, was cniuiiunJi'd by
if thr iKuion by wliith it was equioped, or to the Coiuinbus, as adniiiul, who gave it tin ii.\iiie o(
j.iij'crMiKcof'tlie I'crvicefur whicha uu^dcitiaed. Siiitu Maiia, out ul rci'^cct ioc lite tiiiifcd \ irt;in,
U'lllllll
S64
M R n I C A.
tfii'l with . thi" nmll ftriking wa» the variation of ihc cimtpafii, then fiift obfci^rj,
and wliich focim-tl to tlireiUcn tliut the liiws t)f Nature were altered on nn uii>
known u( L-an, an;l the only guide he had kit was ready to forfakc him. His failurH,
alwa)^ dilVontcntid, now broke out into (^kmi niutiny, threatening to throw hiin
ovcrlntard, and inlillod on tlicir return. But the firmnels and addrcft of tlie com.
inandcr, and much nioio the difcovcry ot' land, at'ter a voyage of 33 days, put an
end to tlu- iVdition. it was on the morning of tlu- 12th uf U£tul)cr, that
(.'oluinl)U» dcfcricd an iiland, whofe Hat and verdant i'wUU, well l\ured with wood,
and watered with many rivulets, prcfcnted the afpctt of a delightful country.
'I he crew of the Pinta iidlantly began the Te Deun^ as a hymn of ihankfgivinjf
to God, and were joined by thofe of the other Ihips, with tears of joy, and trant
ports of congratulation. This oHice of gratitutle to l?envcn was followed by an ait
uf juUicc to their coininauder. They threw thciufelvcs at the feet of Columbus
with feeling.s of fclf-condemnntion mingled with reverence, and implored him to
pardon their ignorance, incredulity, nnuinfolcnce. After this the boats were all
manned :uid armed, and they rowed towards the ifland with their colours difplaycd,
with warlike mulic and other martial pomp. As they approached the coaft, they faw
it covered with a multitude of people, whom the novelty of the fpc^^aclc had drawn
together, and whofe attitudes aiul gellures cxprelTrd wonder and allonifhment at
the ftrangc objids whiili |»refented ihemfelves to their view. Columbus was the
firft luiropean who fet foot in the new world which he had difcovcred. He landed
in a rich drefs, and with a naked fword in liis hand. 1 lis men followed, and knecU
jng down, they all ki(i'c<l the ground which they had fo long dcfircd to fee ; and
took folcmn polfeflion of the country for llie crown of CatUle and I,con. 'ihe
natives of the country wore at firA fliy tlirough fear, but foon became familiar witli
the Spaniards, and tralTaked with tnem. It was one of the Bahama iflands on
which Columbus had landed, and which he called San Salvador \ but he ft'on difco-
vcred, from the poverty of the inhabitants, that thefc could not be the Indies he
was in queft of. In fleering fouthward, however, he found the ifland called Hit-
panioln, abounding in all the neceflavics of life, inhabited by a humane and hof.
pilablc people, and what was of Hill greater confequence, as it infured his fa\uur-
ahle reception at home, promifing, from fome famples he received, confiderable
fjuantitii-s of gold. This ifland thcretore he propofed to make the centre of his
difcovcries : and having left upon it a few of his companions as the ground-work
ol a colony, returned to Spain to procure neccflTary reinforcements.
The court was then at Barcelona; Columbus travelled thither from Seville. amidfl
the acdamulions of the people, attended by fome of the natives, and conveying the
j^old, the arms, utenlils, and ornaments of the country he had difeovered. 'i his entry
into Barcelona was a fpecies of triumj)h more glorious than that of conquerors, more
ihiking, and more innocent. In this voyage, he had acquired a general know-
ledge of all the illands in that great fea which divides North and South America;
htit ho had no idea that there was an ocean between him and China. The coun-
tries which he had difcovcred yverc conlidcred as a part. of India. Kvon after the
error which gave rife to this opinion was detettco, and the true pofitiun of the new
tthom he Iionoiircd with fingiilar de^'otion. Of
tt't iKuiiil, LallcU the I'inia, Martin Piiizoii was
ta[)tain, .mil hii brother Krancis pilot. The thiril,
nanicil tiitr Nij;iia, wai iimltr t'le toniinaiut ot
Vincent V.Tiici Finzoii. Thffe two were light
\fiVL-ls, h-irdly fuperior in hvirden or torcr to large
boats. 'rhi> f<iiiadroii, if it merits that name,
was vi^uallcd tor twelve months, and had on board
ii;.icty men, moltly tailors, together with a (cw
adventurers who followed the fortune of Coluin-
bus, and fome gentlemen of Ifabella's court, whnui
flic appointed to accompany hiin. TIioukH the
cxpcnce of the undertaking w as one of the cirium-
llanccs which chielly alarmed the court of Spain,
and retarded fo long the negoriation with Cslum-
bus, the fuin employed in fitting out this fquadroii
did not exceed fcur thoufaud {:ounds.
wo: Id
AMERICA. Mn
\\ntU\ wni afcertnined, the name has rcmuined, and thr appellation of H^^ luJiei ia
given l>y k\\ iho poopltt ot° iMirooe to the country, and lliiti of Indians tu itn iiihul)it-
unts. ihu* were the Well InUiui difcovcred by fcckinga palTn^c to thr Kail) and
cvi>n after the difcovory, Oill conceived to Iwa nurt uf tni* eiilirrn liemiipheri;. 'Ihu
iircfent fnccrft of Culumhuii, hik former difapponitnittnta, and the glory uttcndinf; ii)
unexpected a difcovery, rendered the court of Spain as eager to forward hin duliKtis
now, a« it had l>«en dilatory before. A Heel of fevcnteen fnil wuh iiiuncdiali-jy
])rrpart-d ) all the nucellaries for conquel) or difiovcry were enibarkud, and 1 500
men, among whom were feveral of high rank and fortune, prepared to uccompuiiy
Coiunibuii, now appointed governor with the moll ample authority. It iit ini>
piillible to determine, whether the genius uf this great man, in firll conceiving tha
delign uf tlicfe difeoveries, or his fugacity in executing the plan he had cun<
ccived, moll duferves our admiration. Inflead of hurrying trom feu tu feu, and from
one illand to another, which, agreeably to the vulgar ambitiun uf naviguturs,
vvuii naturally to be expeCtod, Columnus with fuch a field befuru him, un-
able tu turn on cither hand without finding new ob)c£)s uf hisi curiulity and hit
pride, determined rather to turn to the advantage of the court of Spain the dif-
coveriei ha had already made, than tu acquire fur himfelf the unavuihng applaiife
of viliting a number of unkni)wn countries, from which he reaped no utner benefit
but the pUiafurtt of feeing thum. With this view he made for flifpaniola, where
he ellabliflicd a colony, and ere£lcd forti in the mud advuntageuus ground* fur
fecuring the dependence of the natives, (laving fjpent a conliderable time in this
employntent, and laboured for the ellablilhnicnt of this colony with as much zeal
ano alUduity as if his views had extended no farther, he next proceeded tu afcer*
tain the importance of his other difcuveries, and to examine what advantages were
mud likely to be derived from them. He had already touched at Cuba, which,
from fome fpecimens, feemed a rich country ; but whether it was an ifiand,
or a part of fome great continent, he wu altogether uncertain. 'I'o afcertaiu
this |H)int, was the piefent objetl of his attention. In coafting along the fouthern
(hore of Cuba, Columbus was entangled anxung a multitude otillands, of which he
reckoned 160 in one day. Thefe illands, which were well inhabited, and abounded
in all the necrifaries of life, gave him an opportunity uf retlefting on this fertility
of nature, where his countrjmen expelled nothing but the barren ocean; he
called them Jardin dt la Rma, or the Queen's Garden, in gratitude to his royal
bencfaflrefs, who was always uppermull in his memory. In the fame voyage
Jamaica was difcovercd. But to fu many ditficulties was Columbus expufed, on an
unknown fea, among rocks, (helves, and fands, that he returned to Hifpaniola,
without learning any thing mure certain with regard to Cuba, the main obje£l of
this cnterprife.
By the tirft fuecefs of this great man, the public diffidence was turned into ad-
miration i but by a corvtinuance of the fame fiiccefs, their udnuration degenerated
mto t nvv. His enemies in Spain foi every fpring in motion ajjaiiift him ; and
thure is Veldom dilficulty in finding fpeeious s^nmiuis ot aceulation ai^ainll I'ui h as
jrc employed intlie execution of extenlive ami e./iiipliealed plans. An olHcer was
<tll|iiiielied from Spain, fitted by his charatter to att the part of a fpy and informer,
.iml whole prefence plainly demunllrated to Columbus the ncceilily of returning to
I'uriipe, lor obviating the objettiims or calumny of his enemies.
It was not without great dilficulty that he was enabled to fet out on a third ex-
pedition, ftill more famous than any he luid hitherto undertaken. He defigncd to
jiand lo the fouthward from the Canaries until he came under the eijuinodial line,
iiiid then to proceed dinetly wertvvard, that he njight difcover what opeiiint; that
iiii^lu ari'urd to India, or what now illands, or \vhut continciU might reward his la-
5 S hour.
tH
M E R I
A.
bour. In tills nnvigntion, after Ining long buried in a tliicit fog, and fufTcrinj}
niiinbcrlifs inconvcnicncii.H from the cxccliivo heatii and rains hctwcen the tropici,
the ailventurers were at length favoured by n fniart gale, and went befuro it fivcn-
tein days to the wcliwanl. At the end of llii* time, a feanian faw land, wliitli wa%
an illand on the eoall <»f (Juiana, now callid I'rinidad. Having palfcd this illmul,
and two others which lie in the uionih of the ^reat river Oroiioque, the admiral \va«
fui|)rifed with an nppiaratice he h;id never feen heloie ; this was the I'ri^'liiful lij.
iniilt of the waves, oicariom-d by a eonllift betwixt the tide of the fea, and the ra-
pid current of that immenfe river. Ilut f.iiling furward, he plainly perceived tluit
they were in frelh water; ;nul judxing rifjlitiy that il was miprobable any idnnd
thould fiipply fo vaft a river, he began to lufiKtl he had dilcov»:red the continent ;
but whin no Ul't the river, and f«iini<l tint the land continued on to the Wellwjird'
foi a great way, he was convinced of it. Satisfied wiiii tlii!> difcovery, lie yielded
to the unealiiiefs and <lillrelies n; his crew, and bore away for llilpaniolu. ||, ii,,.
coiiife of this difrovery, Columbus landed at iVveral places, where, in a friendly
manner, he traded with the inhabitants, and found gold and pearl ni conliderable
plenty.
About this time the fpirit of difcovery fpread itfolf widely, and many adventurers
all over Kurope willied to acquire the reputation of Columbus, without polfelling
his abilities. The I'ortiiguefe difcovered Uralil, which makes at prefent the molt
valuable part of their poliellioiis : Cabot, a native of Uridol, difcovered the nortli-
(tall coalls, which form the Lniled Slates of America ; and Americus Vefpulius,
a merchant of Florence, failed to the fouthern continent ; and being a man of ad-
drefs, had the honour of (giving his name to half the globe, but no one is now iin-
[lofed on by the name ; it is univerfally known that ('olumbus was the firft difcoverer.
J'lie being deprived of the honour of jjiving name to the new world, was one of
the fniallell inoititications to wliich this great man was cxpofed. For fuch were
the clamours <if his enemies, and the ingratitude of the court of Spain, that, after
(likovering tlic continent, an«l making feitlements in the illands of America, he
was treated like a criminal, and carried over to I'-urope in irons. When he arriv^-d
in Spain, the court began to be alhamed of their ungenerous treatment of this great
mail, and orders were iiillantly ilfucd to let him at liberty. He vindicated his con-
duct, in the prefeiice of the king and i|ueen, in the moll fatisfacloiy iiiannei-, and
gave amiile evidence of the wickedncfs of his enemies. Ferdinand and Ifalitlla
esprelled their forrow for what had happened, difavowcd their kii()\vle<!"c of it
and joined in proniiling him protection and tuture favour. Columbus, however,
retained a deep fenfe of the indignity with which he had been treated. I he fetters
tiiai he liad bnii loaded with wereconllantly hung up in his chamber, and he gave
ortlers that when he died they ihouKl be buried in his grave. Hut, notwithllaiid-
iiig the ill treatment which he had received, he undertook anutlier voyage in
oidi'r to make t'arilier difcoverics. lie underwent in llie courl'e i)f it great I'a-
tigiies ; and returning to S|iain, eiuleil his life at \ ailadojid on llu 20lh of .Mav,
i;o6, in the 59th year of his age. lie had the glory of making ilie one half of
the world known to the other; a glnry fo much the more precious, as it was un-
tainted by cruelty or rapacity, which disligured all tlie exi)|oits of thufe who came
;itter him, and accoiniililhed the executinn ot his plan. I lie lucceeiliiig governors
of ('ubaand 1 1 ifiianiola endeavoured to |)urchafe the fame advantages by the blood
of the natives, whicli Columbus had obtained by his good fenfe and humanilv.
I liefe iilands contained mine>. ot gold. I he Indians only knew where they were
liiuated; and the extreme avarice of the Spaniards, too furious to work by lln^
giiitic means of perlualiuii, hurried them to acts of the molt lliocking eiior-
jiiity and cruelly agaiiill ihofc unhappy men, who, they believed, conceakd
part
A M E
I C A.
867
j-iart of their tirnfure. Thi- (laiiKhtrr once begun, they fct no boumli to their fiirv i
in a lew years they (ie|)<i|iulntea Hifpnniolii, which contained three million* of in*
liahitnnts \ and Ciihn, ihnt hnd nhout 600,000. Bnrtholomew de lail'nfa.s, a witnefa
ufthofe barbaroiiji dcpopulationi, fay*, that the Spaniard* went out with their do|{«
t(i hunt men. 'I'lie unhappy favaReii almoft naked an<l unarnu-d, were jxirfued like
deer in the forelh, devoured by dogs, killed by guii-lhot, or furpiifed and burnt in
liicir habitations.
I he Spaniard* had hitherto only vifited the continent : from what flicy faw with
llu'ir eyes, or leartied by report, they conjethired that this part of the new world
vould aftord a llill more valuable concpul). l-'ernando Cortez was difpatched from
(■i.ili;i with 600 men, 18 liorfc*, and a fmall nund>er of field-piece*. \Vill> this in-
ti)iilider«l)lc force, he propofe«l to fubdue the moll powerful Ihite on the continent
lit America ; this wos the empire of Me\i( o ; rich, extenlive, and inhabited l)y niil-
lion* of Indians palhonately toiid of war, and then headed by Montezuma, whofe
faiiie in arms Oruck terror into the neighbouring nations. No true bidorv was ever
more improl)ab!e and roniantie than that of this war. The empire of Mexico,
it u faid, had fubfifted for ages : its inhabitants were not rude and barbarous; every
tiling announced a polilhed and intelligent people. They knew, like the Kgyp'.
tians of old, tliat the year conlilh-d nearly of 36*5 days. Their fuperiority in niili.
lary afl'airs was the olyett of admiration and terror over all the continent ; and their
government, founde<l on the fure bafis of laws combined with religion, feemed to
bid defiance to time ilfelf. Mexico, the capital of the empire, fituated in the mid-
(lie of a fpacious lake, was the noblell monument of American induliry ; it com-
nninicated with the continent by immenfe caufeways, which were carried through
the lake, 'i'he city was admired for its buildings, all of Hone, its fipiares atid
market-places, the Ihops whidi glittered with gold anil lilvir, and the fum|)tuoiis
palaces of Monte/unui, fome erected on columns of jafper, and containii g what-
ever was moft rare, curious, or ufeful. Hut all the grandeur of this empire could
not defend it againll the Spaniards. Cortez, in his march, met with feeble oppo-
fition from the nations along the coall of NKxico, who were teiriliid at ilieir Hilt
appiarance : the warlike animals on which llu' Spanillj oliiiers were nuiiniled, ilu-
.inilicial thunder which ill'ued tVom their h.inds. tiic wooden callles wliicli had
wafted them over the ocean, tlruck a |)anic into the natives, trom which iIk'. did
not recover till it was too late. Wherever the Spaniards martlied, they ("pared nn
ai;e or fex, nothing facred or protVme. At lall, the inliahitants of Tl.iftaia, and fonu-
oilier ftates on the coall, defpairing of Ininij; abli- to oppofe them, entered into llieir
alliance, and Joined armies with thufe terrible, and, as lliey believed, iin iiuil)li;
cuiuiuerors. Cortez, thus reinforced, marched onwaril to Mc\ico ; and in his pro-
l^ivlV difcovered a volcano of fulphur and falipetre, whence he could liipniv him-
i'elfwith powdi-r. .Monleziima heard of his progrel's, without llaril)^ to oppoie it.
'I ills I'oveieijjn is reported h\ the Ixialiiiif; Spaniards, to have ciiniiv.ar.ii.-d y.) vaf-
I'als, of whom each could appear .11 the head of 100,000 coinhaiaiUs, armed with
iiows and arrows ; and \et he diirll not n lili a liamlful ot Spaniards, aided li\ a lew
Americans, whole allegianci: would he lliakcn \n the tirll reverll- of fortune. Such
was the dilVereiu e between tl\e iiilialiilanis lA ll\e two worlds, and fueh tlie ciW-cl if
the .Spanilh victories, tlie fame nf which always niarciied betori' them.
liv fending a rich prefeiit of gold, which only whetled the Spanllli avarice,
Moiiiezuma hallened llie ai>proach of the er.emy. No oppolition is ma;!.- to their
iiiUv into his cai)ital. .\ palace is let ajiart fur Cortez and his ci nipanions, who
are alreadv treated as the inalicrs of tlie new world, lie had };o()d re.ildn, l;o\\-
c\er, to dillrult the alleeled polileiiels of thi^ emperor, under which lie Inlpectetl
foine plot fur hit> dellruttion was concealed ; hui he luul nu pretence for violence ;
^ S i .Montezuma
Iff
AMERICA.
MnntctuniA Infldcd him with kimlnrri, nn<l wiih koI<I in Krrntcr qttantitlfi than ht
dcinnmivti. ami hu palace wa» Oirrtiumlftl with iirtill«iy. tlic mtiU Irighit'ul of til
enfinca to the Amrrli am. At kill « ciriumliaiict fell tml, wliivh afTtKUoU (\>rtcg
■ |>rotrKt tht \tr%\nm\n iHiOililic*. In oitlor to (vxure m cotiuiiunicati^Hi by (t^
to rririvi" thr nrv . Unry rrinfurn-nirnta, h« li«<l frrtU'U h lort, aiiii left a fiiMll jjaf,
rtfon tirtiind him tti \ rra Crux, wliiih h«R linn- l>vnMuf an rrnporium ot cotnnu-rif
tutVMTn l')iiri>|H- anil Aimrii i. Ho iiixlcrllodil tlmt llic Anicrican* in lli« ncia h>
boiirh(n)d hint attiukcd (liin (ptrrifon in lii* abf«nr«, and that a Spaniard wra« liillcd
it) {\w nctii'Mt ill") Moittc/iiiiia liiinfitt' wan privy to thin violcncr, and liad iH'iinl
oniirR iliat tin- Ik-iuI of ih< iluin ^pttniard Ihttuld tw carried tliroucli liii proviniti,
JoililtrDV a liolivl', wliivli iluii prcvnik'd anionif llirm, tl>nt iIk' TAtro|H-«ru wtre
iiiitnorlfll. I'poii rvctisiuK iiu<> iiifcllin«iKT, Ct»rti»ji went in |>rrfun to th«- mi.
pcror. ntttiidrtt by a few uf hi* im>ft cx|>«ritinird othceri. Monttf/nma pleaded in.
notciu 0, Hi)d Cortex feomcd «xlivm«'l^ ready ui Ih-liovc him ^ though at the fmic
time he alleged that tlic Sonninnl* in general would never be perfuadcd of it,
unlif^ ho relumetl niong vviui them to their reli<k-ni«, wimh w«iuld remove all jea-
loufy between the two natiuni. 'I'he I'uccvfi of this interview tK-wed the fupcrio.
rity ot' Europran addrefi. A powerful monarch, in the midit of hii own fx.
lace, and furruunded by hiii guardt, gave himfdf up a prifoner, to be difpofed of
according to the will of a few ((rangers wtio came to demand Kiin. Cortes
had now got mto hit hands an engine, by which everv thing might be •ccuin<
plilhed. 1 he Americani had the highefl refped, or rather a luperlKtioui vencra*
tion for their emperor. Cortex, tlterefore, hy keeping him in hit power, allowini
him to enjoy every mark of royalty but his tre«*dom, and at the fame time, from a
thorough knowledge of his charn6>er, Iteing able to Hatter all his laOes and paf.
fions, maintained the enfy fovcreigiity of Mexico, hy governing its prince. Did
the Mexicans, grown familiar with the Spaniards, begin to abate of their re(pc6tf
Montezmno was the firll to teach them more deference. Was there i' tumult ex-
ciied through the cruelty or avarice of the Spaniards ? Montezuma aiocrnkd the
battlements of his prifon, and harangued his Mexicans into order and iufNniilion.
'I hin furce continued a long while : out on one occafion, when Montezuma was
Ihnmefully difgracing his chamber by juftifying the enemies of his country, a
(lone, from an unknown hand, ftruck nim on the temple, wliich in a few days oc>
calioned his death. 'I he Mexicans, now delivered from this emperor, who co-ojir-
rated fo llronjjly with the Spanidrds, eleftecl a new prince, the famous (Juatimozin,
who trom the beginning difcovered an impiueabic animotity Hgninii the Spaiiilh
name. Liider his conduct llie mihnppy Mexicans rtilhed againll ihofc very men,
whom a little before they had oiKered lo worfhip. I lie Spaniards, however, by the
liexferous manogoment ol Cortez, were too firmly ellablilhed to be expelled from
.XK'xito. 1 lie iinmeiife tiibiilc wliii li the grandees of this country hud agreed to
pay lo the crown of Spain, nmouiiied to bocooo marks of pun gold, bclides an
aiiiiizinf;(|uantiiy of precious ftoiies,a hfth jmrt of wliiili bi-ini; didril)iited among the
I'oldiers, llimulated tlieir avarice and their ci>iira;;e. and tna<K tliciii willing to pirilli,
laUur lliaii part with lo precious a Imoty. 'I hi .\It\i«:ans, however, made no fmall
clltirts fur independence; but all iheir valour, ami dclpair itfelf, gave way before
what tlu y called the S[)aiiifli thunder. Giiatiiuo/iii and the emprefs were taken
prif();ier>. 'I his was tiie [ir.iiee who, (when he lay ilretclietl on biiriiiiig coals, liv or-
der of one of the receivers of t!ie kiiij; ot Spain s e.velie(iuer, who iiiilicted ilie tor-
tine lo make hint diltiivcr in what part ol ll'.c lake he had tlirown hi:, riches* f;iid
lo his lii^h-prieli, eoniie.urad to liie fame p'juillimeut, and who loudly expniiod
his fetile ot lie pains that he endurid, " Do you take inc to lie on a bod of roles f"
I he hinh-priell lemiiiiied lileiit, an.l died in an act ot obedience to his fovereign.
f irte/., by griti y a kcoiid eiiiperv^r iiilo hi> haiid, iiiaJc a eu;iip!ete coiujuili iii
7 Mexico}
A Kf F. R 1 C A. I«9
Mexico ( toMtkcr with wliicti. the CtAillc U'Or, Durtcn. intt ()lh«r proviitct*. fcU
iiitfi th«-. hanil* uf ihr Sp«MMnli.
VV hill- Cortcf aii<l hi» (oIUmt* wcrr cfnplo)r«cl in rvductttK McMiiti, ihry ijnl in-
lvlli|^eiM.c ut' Bnothrr i^rMt em|>trc, liluatrd (uwania the r^iuiio^tml line uiid th«
tropic of C'upricoi'i, wliiih wa^ biid ti> ab«)unil in K<>t<t antl lilvir and |ircciou«
|Il>ik-», and to Ih: f;ov«riK*d by a priiuc itinr<' nwiKitUucnl than MiMiit.'/uma. Ihia
WMK ilii- I'tiipin- ot I'cru, wbi<h cxirmlitl in lcni(th it«-ar thiiiy <U-Krrv«, aiid waa
the iNilv otlu*r C(>iin(r\ in Ainrrica which tlrlrrvi-d the tian\c of u rivililVd kiii^-
tliiii. VVhctlirr it ha|>|>nu<l that ilu- .Sptiiidi ^ovcrnnii'ttt hail not r«i.t-ivrd trrlain
intrlligciKO c-ouccrninK I'rru, or that, bring rngiigrd in a muliipliuly nt' oiltfr
ioni'criiii, thiy did not ihiirr to uilvctilure wii new rnlcrpritVn ^ cirtain it i<, that
thi< cxtPBlivi' LOiinlry, nM)ic im)n>rlnnt than Mexico ill'elt', W4« ndiucd by the
iiidcavinim, and nt thr rxpvntc u( ihrcp [Kiviiti- jurfom. I'ln' aitiiin ut' tlMtfo
WHO, l''r;n)( it Tii^ikrro, Alutagio, and l.uitpKt, u wtalihy and urtiul [uricO,
'lh«- two iornirr wrrt- nativit oi' i'Htmnia, men ut doubit'ul birth, und ut' low
t'lUtcation. I'ir.arni, thv luul ol' llio cntcrpritc, cuitWl noiilHV rtud uur wrilr.
'Iluy fuiltxl iivt-r into Sniun, and without <iithcidiy obtuitird a pjiant nt wlint
tlicy llKnild (iMU|ufr. I'lrarni then ffl out Umt tiu- (uiKiudi ol' IVru, with 2{0
tiioi, bo horlc, iiud ii fniall :|)iL'(-cH ut catnioii, «iuwn ny llavi-» <Viiin ibc cun-
(|U< ml countric*. It wc rtiWti that tlic Peruvuint naturally cntcrtMiiird the I'uitiv
prnudkci with the Mrxiumii, in lavour uf the ^paiiilh natiun, and were belidc uf
a I miructrr Did nunrc firf'l iind unwarliko, it txcd mit I'lirpril't. us, itllfr wliul h;iK bcrn
I'uid ot the cmiquctt ol MckIco, that, with thiit imuiilidcritblc torco, I'i/arru diuuld
mukc a ik-ep iniprdtion on the Peruvian empire. Iherc were particular circuni-
llnncen Jikcwifc, which conrpired to allili him, and whicli, an they difcover ftuiiewhat
(it' the hiftor^, religion, and lUtc ot' the human mind iu thik immenfo continent, it
may not le improper to relate.
Mango C'apiK was the founder of the Peruvian enipirc. lie wai one of thofe
unconinuin men, who, culm and dit'pailionale thcmfelveH, can obi'trvc ilio oalliona
ol' their fcllow-iTeRturcH, and turn them to tlirir own (trolit or glory. He nbrcrved
that the uoonle of JVru were naturally fuperilitiouii, and had a partii alur vi-nera-
tidii for tlie nin. He pretended tlurefoie t«) be defcundcd from that Imninary,
whofe wnrthip hi- wan fent to eihiblilh, and wlioft authority he wan entitUd to bear.
By thin dory, roinanlic as it appearii, he ealily deceived u cnduloiis |)i'opU', luid
brou(;lit a lurge extent of territory under his jurifditlioii ; n larger ItitI lie fubduod
by his urnii ; but lioth the force and the deceit he employed for the molt laudaole
piirpol'es. He united and civilit'ed tlie difperlVd and barbarous people ; he Ix-at
tlitiii to laws and arts ; he foflened them by the inltilulion of u bi nevoleiit lelr-
rion ; in ihort, there was no part of America where agriculture «n«l the art* were
(ii alliduoully cultivated, and where the people were of fiuh mild and ingenuous
mnniierh. A race of prinees fuccceded Man^o, dillinguilhed bv the tiile of Ynca.i,
and revi-red bv tlie people as dclceiidants ot their great Ciod, the .Sun. I he twelfih
(it tiK'fe was now on the throne, and named Alabalipa. His failu r, Guaianii
(."a|)ac, had con«iuered the pmvince ot (^uitu, wliieh now makes a pait ot Spanidi
Peru. To fecure himlelf in the potlLMlinn, he had nuirried the dauijliter ot tiic na-
liiuil iiriiue of tiii'.t eounlrvj and of this luarriam' was fprung Atabiilipa. His
elder broiiicr, named Hueliar, of a diliereiit niotlur, had claimed tlie lii< «;i-r!; m
to iL' whole of his tatlier';. duininiiins, not excepMu^ Quito, which dewlv. u ou
tie \ounger by a double title. A civil war had been kindled o.i tiiii ac-
tniiii'i, which, after various tutiis of t'ortnne, ai;d greatly weakening lh«.' kiiii;dom,
fiiili'l in lavoiir of Atabalipa, who detained lluclcav. ji-> a prif cter. 'u tl;: towor
oiC'i.l'co, the cajiiul of the I'cruviau emi-iiv. lii.liU».ltcblc and disjointed flaie
was
'..C^JLml^...
•?•
A M R R I
¥tu ill** klnRilom ti( IVrii whfn l*l«rro mtvBBcrtl in ii. T)i«» «mlnmi» pi __
llun* •)( ri'll^l■llt, |iM), u» ill umll ixhir infi"*, joiind ihrir fitrrv lo htiiiiaii (4Uml>
llr«. IV't|»>u'i !«•• were rccordtil, tlrcami vnftf rr«.«>llrilril, whith inrriolil ihr ful>.
jr^lion ii»' llic rmpir* by unknown iMrfunt, wliofi- defirlplion wm itiiipoffil lo ,,,,.
ri-r|M>iii| to lilt- »p|u(iriiiue u( llir .Si)uiii.ir(l<i In ih«(V iirtiimllatitr*, Ati«l)ali|
iiUti jil ii( oitpoliM); till' Npaninrdt, li i hiinl'ciC lo priMurr lhi*ir tuvour. I'
!"
M».
i/Nrri),
houiMi, udoff iftnptr purliMik <>l ihr mcunrirfv of Iik ntutalinn, hnd no (niuiit.
li<>o •'! ili-iiliiiK ^intly with ihuii- ho lulird HNrkmnan* > luii who, Itowivtr, lti<mv))
Irl't ncimuiiiliil wiili llu- irtid nrl ol ilrl)ro\iMg tht ir rfllowtrrwlurrt, wrrc iiiiir«
t ivilili-il iliiin hiinfi-U. While- \w win t-n^ir.k^i'il in Cfinh-rcniv, ihcrrt'orc, wiili \t^,
Imlipii, liii nictt, u% iliry Ii.mI Iuiii prcvioiilly ihilrti£h'«l, (urioiilly aiiHckrci ih«
uiMrili >)t lliul print <■, uixl llitvitl^ litiulurid 5000 nl thcin, »% llu-y were pnilmt
liirwaril, wilhoiit rtj(kiril lo lli< ir imrii« iilnr f;ili'iy, to <Utcn(i tlic rurrccl |>erf<in nl'
tliiir nionnr»li, fri/i«l Aiiili.ili|i(i nitnU It, wlunn tlify iiirrii*«l olF lo tin- .Npumih
(|uarU-r«, I'i/nrrn, wiili ili< loverci^n in lii« li.tn<l«, niiKhl Rlrrndy he drcinnl the
niniker o( IVrii : for the inhul>ilunU ot' ihii tonntry wire n<» Itron^^ly •iiiihed lo
ihi-ir I'lnpiror, iu tht- MeKiian* thi-inl't Ivci. Alnhnlip.! wu^nol lonu ni ihtir humli
luiorr he higiiit lo trrnt oi hi» raiiroiii. On ihii oictilioti iho uiitirnt orntincnK
:\lli'd hy u lone lino ot tnugniluinl kingt, the Itallowiit lrfafiire« of ihr nmlt
iiin;i
pi
inu^Miliioiii ii'niplf^, wi-ro liroushl out to fave him, who wn* the fiip^xtrt of thi)
kingdom iitid of tlif roliuion, \\ Ink- I'i/urro wuit i-ngngcd in ihit negntuinoti, hy
\\hitli he priipiilKl, wiinoui rl■K'illnl^ tlu- t'm|Kror, to get into hi* pollvili
1:
iKif) an
iiiitiKiifi- ipiantil) of lii<t lu-loved gold, tin- urrivul ot Almtigro cnuird lonu- cinbar
rallimnl in hit alfairi. Iht- friiiidlliip, or rather the external ihew uf friciullhip,
IkIwi'ii) ihi'lo nut), was foUlv fotnidtd on the print i|tK' of avuritv, anil a Uild en-
li'iprilinK fpiril, lo wliicli notning appiar« d too dangirotii ilmt iiiiglit gruiity their
riiliMj; p,iilion \\ In 11 thiir iiilt rclK, ihi-n Inn-, happt euil to interfire, it Wiu m't to
lie thuiiglit that aitv iniuftirtu lotild U' kipi heiwt-i-n ihcm. I'l/arro expected lu
enjoy the nrnd tnniideralile Ihare ot the trt uftire arifing Irunt ilu' nnpcrot'i run-
Almagro indlled on heiiin
foiti, hei Hide he luid the chief inn it in ni<|iiirinK it
tipoi) an ii|iiiil tooling: anti at lent(th, Klk the lonimon taiife might Inthr hv uny
rupture lu IWi i n them, thii dirpulition wuh agricil l<i I he raiilnm wiis paid will|.
txil tU la\ , a limi ixiiediiig their tum cption, but not liiirn ieiit to gratify llu ir ava-
rice, it uiiioimii(t lo i,j;oo,oooI. Iierliiii(, and, eoiilideriDg the value oi money at
llint tiiiu', svaH prodigiout: on the ili\idiiid, alter tiethicling a tilth for the kiti^
r>f .S|)ain, aiul the Iharen of the eliief eoinmantlers and orfittrt, tath pri\aie luldur
had aliove ioool. Kiigiilh mom \ . With liitli torlmu^, it wax not to he expected
that a nierieiiaiy army would patiitiilv lulnmt to the riuoufii ol militiirv tiif.
cipline, 1 hey inlilliil on hemg tlilhamU il, that tin y iniglil enjoy the fitiitu iif
then l.ihniir iniinitt. rixairo complied with this tU'iiumtl i feiilililc that .iv.irio'
woiilil llill (let.iiii many in his faintly, and that tlmU' who returned vsiih fudi
iin^i itit ent loitiiiies, would iiidute iiiw adveiilttrerN lo purine the hmie mud
to \\''alili. 'Ihi'fe wik- retle<.-ti<iiis weiv ahuiulaiilly Neritie<l , it was iiiipolliiik-
to fend out lietltT recniitiiii;-otruers ihun tlxfe who had ttiemUlves to iiuuh prtv
tiled hy ihe field ; new Inldiers loiillanti) arrived, aiul the American arniiei never
waiiKil II inforn'meiit.
I his iiiuueiilV raiil' III was onis a larllur real'on tor ilelaiiiiiig Atahalijia in (oii.
iiu'iiieii
t, until till) dHVii\er»tl wlntlur he h.itl aiioilur treafurc to graiifv tli
ivarice. hut wlietlier tlu v Ik lievttl he hat! 110 more totive, uiid wer
i.ir
e unwilling to
employ tht ir tiii'ips in f^uardinj; a prince from whom they expecteil no faiiiier
ifhantaue, or
ih.it r
i/arni
had
coiHeiud an averlion a;.iiiill liie IVr
I'.M.in ( HUH-
rur, on uccuunt uf funic iiillunccii of truft and duplicity which lie ubkcr>cd in liii
character,
M E R I C A.
»yi
«i)r«
It •'(>•
nutrt
I Ai»«
il lh«
rtiling
rdin nt'
i|iunilh
iril tlM
hril tn
r tuiuli
inunl*,
nc in«ill
I oi th«
i«ion, *>y
L'llion an
• »inl>ar«
u'i\ittUi|),
UiUi ci\-
lilv ilii'ir
\.lilli'l to
petted »o
roi'i run-
on bviiti;
rr 1)> »ny
laiil with-
tlwii iiv.i-
Miiini:) -ii
AW I'liHitr
• ix|)iCicd
lil.irv tlif-
lulitH lit"
i.it iiViitin'
l.inu- iiiiiil
imjiollilik"
Iniu"* »^:vcr
|i|iii in «"!>•
ttiiuty tlKir
lui lailiicr
v,huta:UT,
cfisra/Vr. km! which ho cimcolvrtl might prove dungiToui in hU kffiiir*, h l«
ri'rtaiit, ihat l»)r hU tomiiwiHi Alalwtiitil wii* fMil lodijih. I'd juftity tlii« trml
i)ifKfi'ding, u |irriiniit'd i h»r', w«« fxliiltitcd .i|;uinll thv in\lirt|t|iy pntuv', ni uhii li
lu «%u« Miwiiid 1)1 idoliiiry. > ImvitiK many i<>Mi.ul>tii(«, titi<l •iilur t inumltuiui-t
ci|U«lly imprrlinvnl. TW« >>inly jiilt ground nl' m'tufilMio ngMinll him wti», ihm
Un broihi'r llii> ftar had t)<*i n |nit lo.l' .itti ti, lilt coiniiiatid i mwU-vnt ihli wntcon*
liiU'rutily imIIiuihI, licintiu- iJiuK it li i<l \«>\\ |i|iiiiii(m hi« dillniflMin, lluti li^-
iiiiglil rrti4ulil)i liiinColi' tifi the iliimi.' IIikmi ilu' diulli nl iliv ^nui, tt uumlK-r
i<t iitiidiiUiict ii|i|)<:uri'd \>>r t)i>' tliroiu' llu* priiii i|i.il iioImIiI) \\\ up tlio full linx
llu'r III' llut-l'inr I |*i«nrrii(>i nu n fon of Aiitl)uli|iii i niid two ||>'fi> rul« ot' ihr IV>
luvian* vtidi-n^ouri'd lo lihililiili ilicnifi'Uci liv tli>- uililliiitii' ol ihv nrmy. TluTo
diiliuclioii*. will) h in unitilifr imiHrc vv<>iild li u li. tn fxlr>'iiK'ly luirilul, nnd •*voi)
lure ul Hiiiitlu'r liiiii', u> r>' iit pn 1. ni tiiili<-r iiilMiiii.i)fk<iiii Id iIk' |'i'rii\iiin nli.iii,
'Ihv t^<tndiduli« Idii^IiI n;;ainll iiuli iiili.;r , tlicir ImKIc* lu viiltDiiU'il llirli' li.irin> '
K'fi iMoplf to I>I<mh1 i luid fuili it iht' prrffrunct- oI'm fpiril ol'iuiy kind ruil'cd in a
nntion In n idIiiI Icihurgy, ihut in llif lOurtV of thnfc tpiarroU tuii'ing ituMiiri'lvi'^,
the luliuluunu »f IVru ulluni'd iDino cour-igo ugninl) llu* Npiiimrdi, whom tlicy
ro^utdi'd «t llii' ultimittf «:iiit>- nt' nil tluir lulamitiot. I li>' loliv t wliit.li llic Spn-
ni^iiU iiii'l witli ill ilii-d' ipiarri'U, llll>u^h iiuDtilnlirulilc in llKinlilvi't, were ftn*
dcrcd dungi-rout, by U'lUning iho opinion ul their inviiu il)iliiy. whiih they were
ctn-tid lo prctcrvr atnDn)( ihi- iiihaltitiiiiU nl' tlic inw WDrld. Ihi* lonlidcrntioii
lll^;l^od ri/urrn to iDiitludi- a triiic ^ uiul tliit inlcrviil hi* (inplowd in liiyin^f ilio
liiiiiiilaiioiu <>( llu- taiuoiM iity Lima, aiiil in iVtiling llio Sp.mi:iril<i in the lountrv.
Hut a* fooii as It ravoiirahic oppnrtuniiv otlertd, ho rencwtd ihe war a^aiiill
ihr Indiuiit, ntid altir niaiiy dilluulliot iiuutc hiitiftlf nuilli-r of ('ulVn, tin- laplt.il
iif llic I'liipiri'. W hill* lie wan i'ngai(i°d in ihcfo t«inipirlU, new granlt and luji-
plie^ arriveil from Spain. I'i/.arro id)iaitH'd ioo len^iu-H along the Ua-coall, tit
tlie l'oulh\^ aril of what had liein helun- grunted, and Alm.igrn lOO teaguet In tliu
liiuthward it l'i/urro'«i governnu-ut. I'liii divilion iHialimud a w.irm diipute lie*
tween ihtiu, caeh rcikoiiing CulVo within hit own dillrid. Hut the dexterity of
I'i/arro brought ubout a reeoiu illation. lie perluad.'d hit rival, that though tlio
idunlry whieh really lielmiged tn him, lay to the fuuthwaid of Cufio, it \va«
i(|ually rich and Iniile, and iiiiglit he a> ealily iniiipiered as I'-rii. He oiK nd
liiiii hit nllillaiue in the cxpi ditimi, the fucccft of whieli he did not e\en eul| m
(piellion.
Alinagro, that he might hn\r ilie honour of fubdiiing n kingdom fur himfelt",
jilh'iu il to lli^ advite ; and jniiiing as mans of I'l/artu's ti<i'>)>s to his uwii as he
judged neiellary, penelralnl, with great d.iiiger ami diihi uli\, into ('liiii ; lotinj^
nuuy of hiH men as he palled ii\er lunuiitains ot an iinnieiile heigiit, and alw.iyii
covered with fnow. He redueed, linwever, a very muliderahle part of tliii
tiiuiiirv. Hut the I'erusians were lutw he onie toti mueh aii|uaiiiud vvitli war,
nut to take advantage ol the divihun of llie .Spanitli tmops. I hey iiia.le an etiort,
for regaining lluir lapilal, in wliieh, I'izarro being iiulitpufed, and .Minagru re-
niovvd at a great dili.aice, lliey were well nigh fiinelstul. I he l.itur, hii\\e\er,
no I'ooiier got notiti* of the liege of ('ufco, thun, rcliiu|uilhin;; ull viewit uf dillaiit
cdiniuells, he reiuriud, to feiure tlu' grand object of his funuer hihours. He
railed the liege, with sail eaiuage; but ha\ iiig obtained poir>'il:on uf ihis eity, ho
WDiild not relign it to I'i/arro, who now aiipioailud with an army, being igii.inuit
of alls other ei.emy luU the l'eru\iaus. 'I liisdilpule oLealioiiv-d along and bloody
llni'de between tluin, in whieli the tunii of foitune were vaiious, and the relt'iu-
iiauVlieree on both lides. .\t lull, .Mma^ro, in an advanced age, fi.ll a vidim to
the I'leiuity of il rival, in whur dangi rs and tiiumphs he liad loi'g ihaied, and
wiih whi'in, iVoin the beginniiiii; of the enlerimfe, ho h.ul been iuiiinaielv eon-
Jiecled.
8/1
M E
I C
riffled During tlio cmiifo of ihis civil war, mnny Peruvians forved in tlir Spanifli
armios, nn<l Iciiriu'd, i'tam tlic pratlico of Chrifliani, to commit cruelties which
ari' a tlifj^race to humanity. 'lh;it unhappy nation, however, at length took a
very riMnarkablir ri»f«)Iiition. 'l"hcy faw the ferocity of the Europeans, their uncx-
tinguilhable rofrntment and avarice, and they conjetturcd that thefe painons would
never permit their contolh to fnblido. " l,ct us retire," faid thev, " from among
tlicni ; let us fly to our mountains ; they will fpeadily deilroy each other, and then
we may return in peac e to our tormor habitations." The refolulion was indantly
put in prailice ; the Peruvians dilperfed, and left the Spaniards in their capital,
i 1.1(1 tlie foire <in each lide been exatlly equal, this lingular policy of the nativi-*
>)f Peril iniglit have been attended withfuccefs. But the vifch)ry of Pizarro put an
end to Almagro's life, and to the hopes of the Peruvians, who have never fince
Miitiiri'd to make head againll the Spaniards.
Piz.irr.), now fole mafter of the tielcf, and of the mod extcnfive empire in the world,
wa.^ dill urged on, by his ambition, to undertake new enterprifes. The fouthern
tiiiintries of America, into which ho had fome time before difpatched Almagro,
olilrLd the ricliel^ cimqueU. 'I'owards this quarter, the mountams of Potofi, com-
pofed almolt of entire lilver, had been difcovercd, the ftirll of which only remains
at prefent. He therefore followed the track of Almagro into Chili, and reduced
another pnrt of that country. Orellana, one of his commanders, paiTed the Andes,
and failed down to the mouth of the river of Amazons; an immenfe navigation,
which difcovered a rich and delightt'ul country; but as it is moftly flat, and there-
fore not abounding in minerals, tlie Sptiniards then, and ever fincc, negie€ted it.
Pizarro, meeting with repeated fuccefs, and having no fuperior to control, nor
rival to keep him within bounds, now gave loofe reins to the natural ferocity of his
tcm|»cr, and behaved with the bafeft tyranny and cruelty againil all who had not
concurred in his deligns. ITiis conduct raifed a confpiracy againft him, to which
he fell a facrificc in his own palace, and in the city of^Lima, which he himfelf had
founded. Tlie partifans of old Almagro declared his fon, o^the fame name, their
viceroy. But the greater part of the nation, though extremely well fatisfied with
the fate of Pizarro, did not concur with this declaration. They waited the orders
of the emperor Charles V. then king of Spain, who fent over Vaca di Caftro to
be their govirno', This man, by his integrity ami wifdoin, was admirably well
fitted to heal the wounds of the cohmy, and to place every thing on the moft ad-
vantageous footing, both for it and for the mother country. By his prudent ma-
nagement, the mines of La Plata and Potofi, which were formerly a matter of
private ()lunder, became an objetl of public utility to the court of Spain. The
parties were filenced or cruflied ; young Almagro, who would hearken to no terms
of accommodation, was put to death ; and a tranquillity, iince the arrival of the
Spaniards unknown, was reftored to Peru. It fecms, however, that Di Caftro had
not difcovered fufficient addrefs in gaining the favour of the Spanifli miniftry, by pro-
j)er bribes orpromifes, which in that age were expe£ted from the governor of f() rich
a country. By their advice, a council was fent over to control iJi Caftro, and the
colony was again unfettled. 'i'he party fpirit, but juft extinguillied, began to blaze
anew ; and Gonzalo, the brother of the famous Pizarro, fet hinifelf at the head
of his brother's partifans, with whom many new malcontents had united. It was
now no longer a difput'" between governors about the bounds of their jurifdie-
tiun. Conzalo Pizarro only paid a nominal fubmiilion to the king. He gii nel
ftrength daily ; and even went fo far as to behead a governor who was fent over to
curb him. He won the confidence of the admiral of the Spanifti Heet in the
South Seas, by whofe means he pro])(;fed to binder the landing of any troops from
Spaiu ; and lie had a view of uniting the inhabitants of Mexico in iiis rcvult,
Sucli
M E R I
A.
«73
Such was the fituntion of affuirs, when the court of Spain, fennble o»* their niif-
taki' in nut fi.'! ding into Amcricn men wliofe charndtcr and virtue only, and not
jmpntuiMitv ni.d cabal, pleaded in their behalf, difpaichcd with unlimited pcwert
I'cier de la Oafga, a man diflering only tVoin Caftro by being of a more mild and
ii)!iiiunlmg behaviour, but with the fame love of iullice, the fame greatnefs of
foiil, and the fame dilinterefled fpirit. All thofe who had not joined in I'izarro's
revolt, Hocked to his ftandard ; many of his friendh, charmed with the beha* iour
of Gafga, fvjrlook their old connections ; the admiral was gained over by iiiliiuia-
tion, to return to his duty ; and I'izarro himfelf was offered a full indemnity,
provided he ihould return to the allegiance of the Spanilh crown. But fo iiitoxi-
eating arc the ideas of royalty, that Fizarro was inclined to run every hazard ra-
ther liian fubniit toanofficer of Spain. With thofe of his partifans, therefore, who
ftill eoniinued to adhere to his intereft, he determined to venture a battle, in which
lie was conquered and taken prifoner. His execution followed foon after ; and thus
the brother of him, who conquered Peru for the crown of Spain, fell a facritice to
the fecurity of the Spanilh dominion over tliat country.
'I he conqueft of tlie great empires of Mexico and Peru is the only part of the
American hiftory which deferves to be treated under the prefent head. What re-
Uitcs to the reduction of the other parts of the continent, or of the iflands, if it
contains either inftruCHonor entertainment, fliall be recorded under thofe particular
countries. We now proceed to examine the manners, government, religion, and
whatever compofes the charafter of the natives of America : and as thefe are ex-
tremely fimilar all over this part of the globe, we Ihall fpeak of them in general,
in order to fave continual repetitions ; and whatever is peculiar or remarkable in
the refpeftive ftates, fliall be particularly delineated, as they pafs in revifion be-
fore us.
Of the Original Inhabitants of A M E R I C A.
THE difcovcry of America has not only opened a new fource of wealth to the
bufy and commercial part of Europe, but an extendve field of fpcculation to
the philofopher, who would trace the charafter of man under various forms of
fueiety, and obferve the movements of the human heart, or the operation of the
human underftanding, when untutored by fciencc, and untainted with corrup-
timi. So flriking fecmed the difparity between the inhabitants of Europe and the
natives of America, that fome fpcculative men ventured to affirm, that it wa;
impoliible they Ihould be of the fame fpecies, or derived from one common
foiiiee. This conclufion, however, is precipitate and erroneous. The complexion,
toriii, and charafters of mankind may be infinitely varied, according to the dif-
fiKiit degrees of improvement at which they arc arrived, the nature of their cli-
mate *, the manner in which they acquire the neceflarics of life, the force of cuf-
t )m and habit, and a multiplicity of other circumftances too particular to be men-
tioned, and too various to be reduced under anv general head. But the great
outlines of humanity are to be difcovcred among tlieiu all, notwithltanding the va-
rious Ihades which cliarattcrife nations, and dillinguilh them from each other.
V\ hen tlie thirrt of gold carried the inhabitants of Europe beyond the Atlantic,
* Stt an ingenious Rrtiy on fhf Caufes of the Variety of Complcxiou and Figure in the Human
Sptticfc, bi Dr. biiiitli, of New Jcifcy.
5 'J" they
•r* AMERICA.
tliey found the inliabilants of the New World iinmcrfed in what they reckoned'
barbarity, but wliich, however, was a ftate of honcft independence and noble fim-
plicity. Except ihe inhabitants of the great empires of Peru and Mexico, who,
toniparativelv fpeaking, were refined nations, tlie natives of America were unac-
quainted witkalmort every European art: even agriculture itfelf, the mod ufefui of
lliem all, was hardly known, or cultivated very fparingly. The only kind of labour
on whieh they deinndetl for acquiring the uecefTaries of life, was that of hunting the
wild aiuinals, which their mountains and forcfts fupplied in great abundance. This
cxercife, which among iheni is a moll fcrious occupation, gives a ftrength and
agility to their limbs, unknown among other nations. The fame caufe pcrhap ,
renders their bodies in general, where the rays of the fun are not too violent, un-
commonly llraight and well propoitione<l. I'heir mufcles arc firm and Itrong •
their bodies and heads tiatiilh, which is the effett of art ; their features are regular^
but their countenances fierce ; their hair long, black, lank, and as ftrong as that
of a horfe. The colour of their (kin is a reddilh brown, admired among thciii
nnd heightened by the conlhmt ufc of bear's fat and paint. The charadlcr of tlij
Indians is altogether founded upon their circumlbmces and way of life. A pcoi)lc
wlio are conllantly eniplincd in procuring the means of a precarious fuhlilk-nic
vho live by hunting the wild aiiinuds, and who are generally engaged in war with
their neighbours, cannot be fuppofed to enjoy much gaiety of temper, or a high
flow of Ipiriis. The Indians, therefore, are in general grave even to fadncfs ; they
have nothing of that giddy vivacity peculiar to fome nations of Europe; and they
defpife it. Their behaviour to thofe about them is regular, modell, and refpett-
ful. Ignorant of the arts of amufement, of which that of faying triHes agreeably
is one of the moft contiderable, they never fpeak but when they have fomethinij
important to obferve ; and all their actit)ns, words, and even looks, arc attended
with fomc meaning. This is extremely natural to men who arc almoft continually
engaged hi purfuits. which to them are of the highell importance. Their fubfill-
ence depends intirely on what they pmcure with their hands; and thei. lives, thefr
honour, and every thing dear to them, may be loft by I'le fmalleft inattention to
the deligns of their enemies. As they have no partic ular objetf to attach them to
one place rathtr than to another, they lly wherever they expett to find the neeelTarics
of lite in greateft abundance. Cities, which are theefleds of agriculture and arts
they have none. The dilTercnt tribes or nations are for the fame reafon extremely
fniail, when compared with eivillfed foeieties, in which, induftry, arts, agriculture
and commerce, have united a vatl.nmnber of individuals, whom a complicated lux^
ury renders ufefui to each othi-r. 'Ihefe fmall tribes live at an immenfc diftance •
tliey are feparated by a defert iV(jntier, and hid in the bofom of impaietrahle and'
almoft boundlefs torefts.
'1 here is eftublilhed in each foeiety a certain fpecies of government, which pro-
vails, with little variation, over the whole of this continent ; and it may alfo be ob-
ferved that their manners and way of life arc ncnrly fimilac and uniform. Without
arts, riches, or luxury, the "reiU inftruments of fubjedion in poliftied focieties, an
American can render himfelf contiderable among his companions, onlv by a
fuperiority in perfonal qualities of body or mind. Where all enjoy the fame
education, all are pretty much equal, and will dcfire to remain fo. Libcrtv,
therefore, is the prevailing palhon of the Americans j and their government, un-
der the iuHuence of this fentimcnt, is better fecured than by tlie wifell poll,
tical regulations. Though t'ree in the fulleft fenfc of the word, they do not de-
fpife all fort of authority ; they arc attentive to the voice of wifdom, whicii expe-
rience has conferred on the aged, and they uilift under the banners of the chief, in
whofe valour aud military addrcfs they have learned to repofc their confidence, iix
every
:koncd'
)le fim-
», who,
c unac-
ifefiil of
f labour
iting the
;. I'hii
gth and
l)crha[ij
lent, un-
.1 Itrong ;
; regular,
ig as that
mg theni,
kr of tlio
A people
ubfirtenie,
I war with
or u high
Inefs ; they
; and they
nd rcfpett-
3 agreeably
: fomething
irc attended
continually
Ihcir fubfill-
, lives, their
lattcntion to
ath them to
neceffaries
ure and arts,
m extremely
agriculture,
)licalcd lux-
nfc diftance -,
iiettable and
which prc-
y alfo be ob-
VVithout
focieties, an
, only by a
oy the fame
fo. Liberty,
mment, un-
wifell poli'
y do not dc-
which cxpc-
f the cl\icf, in
nfidoiicc. la
every
m
AMERICA. 87;
rrory foclctv, therefore, there is to be confidercd the power of the chief and of the
elders ; and aciording as the covcrument inclines more to the one or to the other,
it may be rcgaidod as monarcnical, or as a fpccies of ariftoc racy. Among thofe
tribes whicli are moft engaged in war, the power of the chief is naturally pro-
diiininant ; becaufo the idea of having a niiiitai'y leader was the firft fource ot his
fuperiority, and the continual exigencies of the ilate reipiiriiig fucli a leader, will
continue to fupport, and even to enhance it. liis power, however, is rather per-
fiialive than coercive -, he is reverenced as a father, rather than feaicd as a mo-
narch. He has no ^iiardsno prifons, nooflicers of juftice-, and a (ingle att of ill-judged
violence would drive hini from the throne. The ciders, in the other form of go-
vernment, which may be confidered as an ariltocracy, have no more pimer. In
fcMue tribes, indeed, there is a kind of Itereditary nobility, whole inHuence beinjj
conilantly augmented by time, is more confiderable. Hut this fource of power,
which depends chieHy on the imajrination, by which we annex to the merit of our
contemporaries that of their forefathers, is too refined to be very comm(m among
the natives of America. In moft countries, therefore, age alone is futHcient for ac-
quiring refpe6\, inHuence, andjmthority. It is age which teaelu*8 experience, and
experience is the only fource of knowlmlge among a barbarous people. Among the
Indians, bulinefs is condutied with fuch iimplicity as recalls, to tho^'e acipiaintcd
with antiquity, a pithire of the moft early ages. '1 he heads of families meet lo-
getlier in a houfc or cabin appointed for the purpofe. I iere the bulinefs is dif-
cuded ; and here thofe of the naticm, diftinguilhed for their eloquence or wifdom,
have an opportunity of difpiaying their talents. The oiators*, like thofe of
Homer, exprefs themfelves in a bold figurative ftyie, ftronger and more expreliive
than nations foftencd by relinement can well bear, and with gellures equally vio-
lent, but often extremely natural and afietling. When the bufmefs is over, and
fhcy happen to be well provided with food, they appoint a feall upon the occalion,
• I may challenge (fay» Mr. Jefferfon, in his
Notes on Virginia) the whole or.itions of Demo-
llhcnes and Cicero, and of any more eminent orator,
it Europe has furninied more emiiieiit, to produce
.T (ingle pafllige fuperior to the fpeech of Logan, a
Mingo chief, to lord Dunniore, when governor of
this Itate; and, as a teftimony of their talents in
(his line, I beg leave to introduce it, firll dating
the incidents necelTary for undtrftauding it.
Ill the fpring of the year 1774, a robbery and
iiuirder were commiited on the inliabitants of the
trpiitiers of Virginia, by two Indians of the Shaw-
nice tribe. The iieighbonring whites, according
t.) their ciiftom, undeitooli topunifli this outrage in
ifuiiiMiarv wav. Col. Crefap, a man infamous for
tiitiiiaiiy inurdershehadconiuiitted on thofe much-
injured people, colleiJted a party, and proceeded
doHii the Kaiih.w.iy in qiielt ot vengeance. Un-
fortunately a canoe of women and children, with
oiif n.an only, was feen coming from the oppolitc
(liore, unarmed, and \infiifpe6ting an hodile attack
Irom the vvliites. Crefap and his party concealed
thciiifdves on the bank of the river, and the mo-
ment the canoe reached thefliore, fingledout tliiir
obnfls, and, at one fire, killed every perfon in it.
This happened to be the family of Logan, who had
long been ditling\iilhcd as a friend to the whites.
'I'lui unworthy return provoked his vengeance ; he
nanrdiiiiilv fignalifed himfelf in the war which en-
iiiid, In the autumn of the fame year, a dccilive
battle was fought at the mouth of the great Kanlia-
w\y, between the coUeAed foices of the :)hawa-
nees, Mingo s, and Uelawars, and .1 detachment of
the Virginia militia. The Indians were def. ated,
Ri\d fued torjieace. Logan, however, difdaincd to
be feen ani.inj; the fuppliant;. But left the fiacerity
of a treaty Hidu d b miltrufti'd, irom wliich fo uif-
tinguillied a chief alifented himfe.f, he fcnt by 11
nicireiij^er the following fpeech to be delivered to
lord Dumnore:
" I appeal to any white man to fay if ever he en-
tered Logan's cabin hungr , and he gave him not
meat ; il ever he came cold and naked, and he
clothed him not. During the courte of the laft long
and bloody war, Loi>an remained idle in his cabin,
an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the
whites, that my countiymen pointed, aatliey palled,
and Ciiit, ' Logan is the frici.d of white men.' I
had even thought to h.ive lived with you, but for
the injuries of one man. Col. Crefap, the laft
fpring. in cold blood, murdered ;ll the relations of
l.oj.in, not fp ring even m\ women and children.
There nnis not a ilrop ot mv bluml in the veins of
an\ living creature This railed on 11 e tor revenge.
1 have finight it : 1 have ki.led n any : 1 have glut-
ted my veiigeaiue. For my country, I rejoice at
the beam' oi' pe;uc. B\itdo not hai hour a thought
that mine is the joy (>f li.)r. Logan never felt fear.
He will not turn <>n his heel toUue his lite. Who
is there to mount lor Logan r— Not one."
; T 2 o\'
87«
M
I
A.
ot" wliifh nlinoll the whole nation partakes. The fcaft is accompanied with a fong,
ill which tiic real or t'ahiilous exploits of their toretathers are celebrated. Their
dances (though, like lliofo ot' tl>e Creeki and Romans, chieHy of the military
kind) and miiiic accompany every fead.
It often iiappens, that thofc difleniit tribes or nations, fcattercd as they arc at
real intervals, meet in their excinlions after prey. If there fublifts no ai'iinioliiy
jetvvein tluni, which feidoin is the cafe, they behave in the moll friendly ami
tourtiuiii manner; but if they happen to be in a Hate of war, or if there has Wxu
no previous interconrfe between them, all who arc notlViends arc deemed enemies
and they figlit with the moll unrelenting fury.
War, if we except hunting, is the only employment of the men ; as to every
other concern, and even their little agriculture ; it is left to the women. War, when
it does not arife from an accidental rencounter or interference, is entered upon either
to revenge themfelves for tiie death of fomc loll friends, of to acquire prifoners
who may allill them in their liunting, and whom they adopt into their fociety!
Thefe hoftilities ire either undertaken by fomc private adventurers, or at the in-
(lancc of the whole community. In the latter cafe, all the yoMnij men, who arc
difpofed to go out to battle (for no one is compelled contrary to his inclination)
give a piece of wood to Oic chief, as a token ot their delign to accompany him •
for every thing among thefe people is tranfa£led with a great deal of ceremony ajid*
many forms. 'I'he cnief, who is to conduct them, falls feveral days, during which
he converfes wi»h no one, and is particularly careful to obfervc his dreams, which
the prcfumption natural to favages generally renders as favourable as he could de-
fire. A variety of other fupcrftitions and ceretnonies are obferved. One of the
moll hideous is fctting their war-kettle on the fire, as an emblem that thcv arc
going out to devour their enemies ; which among fomc nations muft formerly have
been the cafe, fince they ftill continue to cxprefs it in ciear terms, and ufe an
emblem fignificant of the ancient ufage. Then they difpatch a porcelane, or large
(hell, to their allies, inviting them to come along, and drink the blood of their ene-
mies. For with the Americans, as with the Greeks of old,
" A generous frlendfliip no cold medium knows,
" Burns with one love, with one rcfentmcnt glows, 8cc."
They think that thofe in their alliance muft not only adopt their enmities, but
have their rcfentmcnt wound up to the fame jjitch with themfelves. And, indeed.
no people carry their triendlhips,or their rcfentmcnt, fo far as they do i and this is
what Ihould be expected from their pecuii.ir circumflanccs ; for the Americans
who live in finall focieties, who fee few objects and few perfons, become wonder-
fully attached to thefe objetts and perfons, and cannot be deprived of them with-
out leeling themfelves miferablc. Their ideas are too confined to enable them to
entertain juft fentiments of humanity, or univerfal benevolence. But this very cir-
cunillance, while it makes them cruel to an incredible degree, towards thofe with
wliom they are at war, adds a new t'orce to their particular fricndlhips, and to the
common tie whicli unites the members of the fame tribe, or of tnofe different
tribes whitli are in a llate of alliance. Without attending to this reHettion, fonit
la£li we are going to relate, would excite our wonder without ioforming our rt;i-
fon, and we Ihould be bewildered in a number of particulars, fkjeniingly oppu-
fjte to each other, wiiliout being lenlible of the general caufe from which they
proceed.
Having iinitlied all the ceremonies previous to the war, they iffue forth with
their f;iees blackened with charcoal, intermixed witji (licaks of vermilion, which
give
M E
A.
877
IhJir
litury
are at
noliiy
iy aikil
» every
', when
A either
Ifoners,
fociety.
I tlio in-
who arc
illation),
,ny him ;
uony aiid
ig which
IS, which
coulil de-
ne of the
; ihcy arc
ncrly have
nd ufe an
c, or large
; their ene-
mitics, but
Ind, indeed:
and this is
Americans
|nc wonder-
them willw
Ible lliem to
Jhis very cir-
thofe with
I, and to the
,fc ditVerent
:ttion, fomt
ling our re;i-
[iiigly oppu-
whicli tliey
forth with
lilion, wliic^
give
give them a mod horrid ajipcarancp. Then they cxchnnec their clonthswith their
Irichds, •;iiid difpofo of nil their finery to the women, wlio accompany them to ii
ciiMl'dcrablc diftanco, to receive thofe hill tokens of eternal friendlliip.
1 he groat (iiialitics in :in lndi;ui war arc vigilance and attention, to give and to
iwoid a l'iir( rile ; and indeed in tliele they arc I'liperlor to all other nations. Ac-
culloined to contii\iial wandering in tlie forells, having their perceptions Iharpened
by keen necetlity, and living in every nfpett iu cording to natnre, their I'xternal
fellies luive a degree of aeiiieiufs ahnoll iiu redible. I Iu y can trace out thi ir eiu>
niies, at an imnienfe dillance, by the fmoke of tlieir fires, which tluy fmell, and
by tlie tracks of their feet on the gronnd, imperceptible io an Kuropean c\e, but
which they count and dilHnjjuitli with the utmoll facility. 'Ihey ciin even di(iii\-
guifli the diflerent nations w ith whom thev are acquainted, and can determine the
precife time when tliey patfed, where an I'-uropeaii could not, with all his ghifli s
dillinguilh footlleps at all. 'I'hefc circumftaiues, however, give them no tupe-
riority, bccaufe their enemies are equally (kilful. \\ hen tliey go out, therefure,
they take care to avoid making ufe of any thing by which they might run the
rifque of a difeoverv. 'I hey light no fire to warm ihenifelves, or to preji.ue their
victuals; they lie clof- to the ground all day, and travel only in the night ; aid '
niarchinjj along in fil-s, he that doles the rear diligently covers with leaves the
tracks ot his own feet, and of theirs who preceded him. When they halt to re-
frelh ih'jmfelves, fconts aro fent out to reconnoitre the country, and beat up every
place where they fufiieil an enemy to lie concealed. In this manner they enter
unawares the villages of their foes ; and, while the llower of the nation are enga-
ged in hunting, maflacre all the children, women, and helplefs old men, or inako
prifoners of as many as they can nianago, or have llrcngth enough to be ufeful to
their nation. But when the enemy is apprlfed of their delign, and coming on in
arms againft them, thi'v throw themfelves Hat on the ground among the witliLied
herbs and leaves, which their faces are painted to refeinble. 'I'hen they allow a
part to pafs nnmolefted, when all at once, witli a tremendous fliout, riling np from
their ambulh, they pour a ftorm of mulket-bullets on their foes. The inniy at-
tacked returns the fame cry. livery one Ihellers himfelf with a tree, ami returns
the fire. 'Ihus does the battle continue until one party is lb much weakened as to
he incapable of farther relirtance. Hut if the force on each fide continuis nearly
equal, the fierce fpirit of the favages, infiuined by the lofs of their friends, can no
lunger be retrained. They abandon their diihint war, they rnfli upon one another
with clubs and hatchets in their hands, magnifying their own courage, and infuit-
ing iheir enemies with the biiterell reproaches. A cruel combat enfues, death ap-
piiirs in a thoufand hideous forms, wliicli v oiild congeal the blood of civilifed na-
tions to behold, but which roiife the fury of favages. lliey trample, they infult
over the dead bodies, tearing the fcalptrom the head, wallowing in their blood like
wild beads, and fomelimes devouring their Hclb. The tiamc rages on till it meets
widi no reliltance ; then the prifoners are fecured, thofe imhappy men, wliofe fate
is a thoufand times more dreadful than theiis who have died in the field, 'i he coii-
(pierors fet up a hideous howling to lament the friends they have loll. They ap-
proach in a melancholy and fevere gloom to their own villaj;e; a meirenger is fent
to announce their arrival; and the women, with frightful ihrieks, come out to
mourn their dead brothers or their Inilbands. When they are arrived, the cliief
relates in a low voice to the elders a circunillantial account of every particular of
the expedition. 'Ihe orator proclaims alouil tliis act oui.t to the pLi.)plc, and a.i he
mentions the names of thole who have t'allen, the ihrieks of the women are re-
doubled. The men too join in thefe cries, acconliug as each is moll conneded
with the d-ctafed by blood or frieudlhip. The lalt ceremonv is the proclainulion
of
SyS AMERICA.
of tlic vif^nry ; every Iiulividual then forgot* liiu jirivntc inikrurtunca, and join* ia
the iriiitn|)li of lii!i nation ; ull toari arc wtpcU horn tlieir vycii, and by nn unnc<
countal)lr tiaiUition, tlicy pafs in a nioineiil tVoni tlic bitternefs of ftirrow to iin cx-
travaf^ance of jov. Hut tlie treattnrnt of the prifoners, whofc fate all lliis time re-
iiiuins undeciJi'ii, is wliat diiefly ebaratterifes tbe favage*.
We liave already mentioned tbe flrenjjth of their att'e£tion« or rcfentmcnts.
I jiiti'd ns tliey are in fniall foeieties, connedled within themfelves bv the firniell
ties, tlieir friendly afiedions, which glow with the mull intenfe warmth within the
wall* i)f their own villaije, feldom extend beyond them. They feel nothing for
the i-neniiei of tliiir nation ; and their refentment is tafily extended from the mdi-
vilual who has injured them, to all others of the fame tribe. 'I he piifoiiers, who
have ihenifelves the fanu' feelings, know the intentions of their conquerors, and are
prepared for them. 'lite pufon who has taken the captive attends liim to the eot-
iMgc. wlire, aeeoidinij to the dilbibution made by the ilders, he is to be delivered
to l'uppl\ the lofs of ;; riti/.on. If ihofe who receive him have their houfe weak-
• ned by war or other accidents, thiy adopt the captivi' into their family, of which he
becomes a member. Hut if thov have no occation for him, or their refentment for
till' lol's of their friends be loo hijjh to endure the li>;ht of any connected with thofe
who were cuneerneil in it, they (enlence him lu death. All lliofe who have nut
villi the fame fevere fentenee bi .nj colKifled. the whole irilion is anembled at the
fxeculion, as for fome great folenuiity. A feaflTnld is erected, and the prifoners are
lied to the Hake, where they conuneiice their tle.ntli-fnng, and prepare for the en-
fning feene of cruelty with the moll undaunted coura>;e. f'heir encmie.s, on tlic
other lide, are determined to put it to ihe pro<»f, by the mod refined and exquilite
tortures. 'Iliey begin at the extremity of the captive's body, and gradually approach
the vital part.s. ()ne plucks out bin nails by the roots ; another takes a finger into
his mouth, and tears otFthe llelh with his teeth ; a ihird thrutls the finger, mangled
as it is into the bowl oi a piiK- made red hot, which he fnioaks like tobacco; then
iliev pound his toes and fingers to nieces between two tlones ; they pull off the
flerfi from the teeth, and cut circles about his joints, and ^allies in the tlelhy parts
of his limbs, which they fear innnediately with red-hot irons, cutting, burning,
and pinching them fuccellively ; they tear tliis flelh, thus mangled and roafled,
bit by bit, devouring it with greedinefs, and fnu aring their faces with the blood
in an enthufiafm of fury. V\ hen they have thus torn off the fielh, they twill the
bare nerves and tend(ms about an iron, tearing and fnapping them, whilfl others
.'ire employed in pulling and extending their limbs in every way that can iii-
( reafe the torment, 'I'his continues often f]\e or li\ hours; and fometiines, fuch
is the lliength of the favages, da)S together, 'iben they frequently unbind him,
to give a breatliing to tlieir fury, to think what new torments they Ihall inHidl, and
to refrelh th.e llrength of the fufFerer, who, wearied out with a varit ly of torture,
oiten falls into fo profound a lethargy, that they are ()bli;;ed to ajiply the fire to
awake him, and pMiew his fulTerings. lie is again I'alleiied to the liake, and again
tliev renew their cruelty : they flick him all over w ilh fniall matches of wood, that
calilv take tire, but burn llowly ; they continually run Iharj) reeds into every part
«)f his body ; they drag out his teeth with pincers, and thrufl out his eyes; and
lallly, after having burned his flefli from the bones with How fires ; after having
fo mangled the body that it is all one wound ; after having mutilated his face
in fuch a manner that it carries nothing human in it , after having peeled the fkiii
from the head, and poured a heap of red-hot coals or boiling water on the naked
Ikull, they once more unbind the wretch, who, blind and daggering with pain and
woaknefs, alfaulted and pelted upon every lide witli clubs and Hones, now uj), now
(Idwn, falling into their (ires at every (Icp, reels hither and thither, until one of the
tlilefs, whether out of compallion, or weary of cruelty, puts an end to his life with
6 a dub
contr
:ind
w ho
uiinii
llinft
Ihei
tunes,
tluir
hours
JheCe
fellow-
oDeiide
COMcil
horrib
place
Jiierees
ferts foi
tigue
clieirfu
/liockjn
M ERIC A.
87'>
a cllil) or dagger. The hndy it then put into n ki-ldo, and thik atrocious ciiiplo)"
aicnt'is fucccodcd l)y a fvatt m utrociou»>
'Yhc women, furgctiing the hiininn iis >%-i:ll n» the tVntalo nature, nnd transfonn-
fd into fumcthing worfe than tiirion, even oiildo the men in this (Vene of horror ,
wliile the nrinciiml |>erron<i of the country fit round the iiake, I'nioking nnd lonk-
ing on witnout tne leal) emotion. What i<i mnll extraordinury, the fufl'erer hiinfell',
in the little intervalH ol' his turnicnts fmokes too, a|>|K*ars uiieoncerned, and con-
verleii with his t.irlurer* about indilFerent matters. Indeed, thnin;^ the wliole time
of his exeiutiDU, tlure Teems a eontett whieli Ihnll exceed, ihiv m iiilliolin;> lli;
molt horrid pains, or he in enduring them, with a flrmnefH anci coullancy iiimoll
iiicredihU' : not a groan, not a ligh, not a diOortiun ut'countennncu is purceivuhle ;
he pofTefl'es hii mind entirely in the midit of his torments; he recouiUs his own
exploits J he informs them what cruillies hu has iriHi^ted upon their countrymen,
and threatens them with the revenge that will attend his death ; and, thnii^li his
reproaches exafperate them to a perfidt madnefs of rage and fury, he miuiuues
his infulls even of their ignorance in the art (»f tormenting, pointing out more
exquilitc methods, and more fenlihle parts of the l)o<ly to he atllicted, 'I'Ik' wo-
men have this part, of courage as well as the men ; and it is as rare for an Indian
not to difplay it, as it would he for any I'.uropean to fiifTer as an Indian.
Such is the wonderful power of an early inUitution, and a ferocious thirll of
glory. / <im brttvc and tHtrepid, exclaims the favage in the face of his torinvntors ;
/ fear not dtnth, nor tins kind of torlures ; tlnfc ic/io fiuir them arc cowards \ they are
hjs than women ; life is nothing to thofc that have o/iiiii^e ; ma\ wv enemies he eoufuunded
with def^air and rage ! Oh ! that I tou/d devour them, and drink their blood to the lajl
drop f
I hefc rircumftanecs of cruelty, wliieh fo exceedingly degrade human nature,
ought not, however, to he omitlrd, hecanre lluy ferve to lliew, in the (Irongeli
light, to what an inconceivable degn-e of barbarity the pallions of men may be
tarried, when let loofe from the government of reafon, and nninlluenied by the
(liitates of Chrirtianity, the only religion that teat lies lompaliion ever to our ene-
mies.
Nothing in the hilbiry of mankind, as I have already obferved, forms a ftronger
contrail than this iruelty cf the fasages tn\\arii> thofe with whom they are at war,
and the wannlh of their aflection towards their fVieiuK, who conlill of ail ihofe
who live in the fame \illage, or are in alliiime with it; among thefe all things are
lommon; and tin-., though it may in part arife tVom lluir not poli'elling very di-
ilinft notions of feparate pn ivrty, is eliiellv to be attributed to the flienglh of
then attachment ; ()ecaufe, in eu-rv tiling eM'e, with their lives as well as their for-
tunes, they are r»-ady to ferve then- iViemls, Their lioufes, their provilion, even
their young women, are not enough to oblige a guetl. J las aii) one of their neigh-
hours fuiceedcd ill in his hunting r lias ITu harvetl laileil.' or is his houfe burned?
'Ihefe miblortunes are I'peedily compenfated by the benevolence and regard of his
fellow-cili/cns ; but to the enemies of his country, or to thole who have privately
oflended, the American is implacable. 1 le conceals his ri'fentment; he aiipears ii'-
ronciled, until by fome treachery or fnrprife lie has an opportunity of e\ei iitingan.
horrible revenge. No length ot time is fullieient to alia) his fury v no ditiance of
place great enough to piotecJt its object ; he crolies the rteepell mountains, he
pierces the moll impratticable forells, and traverfes the moll hideous bogs and de-
lerts for feveral hundreds of miles ; bearing the inclemency of the feafons, the fa-
tigue of the expedition, the extremes of hupger and tliirfl, with patience and
cheerfulnefs, in hopes of fuvprifing his enemy, on whom he exercifes the moll
fliotking baibwilies, even to the eating of his tlelh. To fuch extremes do the Iiuli-'
aus
8^0
M !•: U I
A.
mm piirtt till ir frion(llT,i|) or iVrlr cnniily i nnd fu' li ii <kcd, in grnerni, ii the dir.
raOiT ot'ull rti.iiii- iiixl niiiMiiliviiti'iI inin-l'*.
Mtit \\h:\\ \vi' li;i\o (aiil uIik.I iij( flw liuli.'in* \vt\i'«l be a fninf p'flure, did wi«
omit <i!)fi'rviriK I'lo I'lin- (.f tlklr fii> ivli.iiii, wliicli priiuipjlly tppe.iis by llu- tri'.-it-
nniit 1)1' tbeir d.ail. \\ \n\\ :inv one of tin; fiK icty is lut dd'. lie in lamented by ||>e
^vh.ll^.• : «)n tbis tuialiuM n Iboiifimd eirenniniis are |)i.i<'lif <l. deiiotiiiij tbe niul^
livi ly forrow. Of lluC . tlie iiiud nniarl^ i' I •, as it difiovei* bolb the nei(>li( iind
loiitiiuiaiKe otlluir Kiii.!, is wIdI ibiy lail llie tVaft of tbo doad, or the feafl of
(o\\U. 'I be iliiy of fliis nromoiiy is appoiMlrd l)v public order; and notbinj? j,
oiiiitti'd, tbat it Miiy be tili brati-d witb llio utiiiofl firmality. Tbe iieigbbouriiitt
tribes are imitid to be preffiil. At tbis lime, all wbo have died lime the lalt
fuli'mii o((.;i(iciii ^ubicli is niuwod every ten years amon^ luiiie tribes, and every
ei^bt alnllll^ oib i .). are takiii oiil of llieir f;rave.s ; ibofe wlui liavc been interred nt
the fjnatell diOaiid tVom llie villages are ililigentiy fouglit for, nnd brought to ihij
great reiide/voiis <>f earenfi's.
It is not ditl'ciilt to eonnive (he horror of this >;eivrai diiinterinent. I eannot
di(\ ribe it in a more lively mimiur tliaii it is dune by l.afilau, to whom wc are in-
d.'iied for tlie moll aiilhchtii adomit t)f ibofe nations.
Without <iiiellion, fa\s lie, the opeiiin;; of tin I'e tombs difplays one of the nioft
ftrikint; iVeius that ean be eoiu oiNcd ; this humbling portrait of Imman mifery, in
vliieb death is painted in a tlionfand various Ibapes of horror, in the feveral ear-
ral'is. ai coidinji to the dearie in wbieh eonuplioii has prevailed over them, or the
iiiaiiiier in wbieh it has allaeked them. Some a|)pear dry and withered j others
have a fort ()f parehment upon their bones ; fome look as if they were baked and
fmoked, without any appi aranee of rottennefs ; fome are juft turning towards thu
point of pulrefatUon ; wliilll others are all fwarininj; with worms, and drowned in
corruption. I know not wbieh ounbt to rtiike us mofl, the horror of fo dioekinga
(i^lit, or the lender |)iefy and afledion of thefe poor peo|)le towards their departed
tru iKJs ; for nolliing deferves our admiration more than that eager diligence and
attention with wliieli they difehar;;,' this melancholy duty of their tendernefs j ga-
tluriu'^ up carefully even the finillell i)ones , handling the carcafles, dilguflful as
tliey are witli every tiling loaihfo ne, cleanling them from the worms, and carrying
them iipi)ii their lliouhlers throiij^b tiieliine journeys of feveral days, wilhoiit fut-
ferini; any otlier emotions to arile than ihofe of regret for having loll perfons who
were la dear to them in tin ir lives, and fo lamenti'd in their death.
'I hey brin^ them into tluir toitages, where they prepare a feaft in honour u(
the dead ; du'ing whieli liieir gieat actions are celebrateil, and all the tender inter-
« ourfes which took place between tluin and their friends are pioully called to mind.
'J'he (Grangers, who have tome fometintes many hundred miles to be prefent on the
occalion, join in temler eondoleiue ; and tlie women, by frlgbtfid Ihrieks, demon-
lirale tliat tlus are iiieri ed with the lliarj)e(l forrow. Then the dead bodies are
carried from tlu ir ref|iecti\e cabins for general reinterment. /V great pit is dug in
the giD'.md, and tli (her, at a certain time, each perloii, attended by his family and
friends, marches in folemn /ilenee, bearing the remains of a fon, a father, or a hro-
tlier. \N hen they are all convened, llie dead bodies, or the dud of ihofe which were
<)ni!e corrupted, are depolited in the pit: then the ton enl of grief breaks out anew.
\Viia;ever tliev polllf, moll \al.iable is interred with the dead. The llrangers arc
not wantiti.; in t'leir ge.ierolity. and conler tliofe prefents which tliey have brought
along witli th. m f t the pmnofe. Then all prefent g'ulown into the pit, and every
one ia'.e-« a little of ilie eartli w hicli they atlerwar.ls pieferve with tlie motl reli-
gioji care. The bodies, ranged in order, arc covered witli entire new I'urs, and
7 . "^■^"'*
M
RICA.
881
ovrr thffi- with bark, on wliich ihcy tlirow ftonea, wood and curlli. Then taking
tlif ir l;irt fiircwi I. ihcy return ruih to \ut own cabin.
W'l- hiivc nunlioncd, that in this Cfreinonv the fuvngon oflfiT, at prtTcntu to the
di'iid, whatever thoy vnUic moft highly. Tliin cullom, which it univcrlal, arifi-*
liorn a rude notion of the immortality of the foul. 'I'ln y believe thii doctrine nmft
til inly, inul it it the principal tenet of their relij{i(in. When the (inil is fepuraied
lii>in the Ixuly of their friends, they conceive that it rtill continnex to hover around
it, and to rei|uire and take delight in the fame thioc^ with which it t'ormerly wa»
plealed. Altera (ertnii) time, however, it fortakcii thi<t dreary manfioniiiiHl departs
III- wellwnrd into the land of fpiiitii. They have even gone fu far as to make a di-
lliiidion between the inhabitants of the other world ; foine, they imagine, pnrticu-
jaily tlitife who in their life-time liave been fortunate in war, poflefi a high <legrei'
(i( happinefs, have n place ftir himting and filhing, which never faiLs, anuenjoy all
f iil'ual (leli^hl!l, wiiliout labouring liard in order to procure them. The fouN of
ttiiil'e, on the contrary, who happen to be conipiered or flain in war, arc extremely
iiiififable iil'ter death.
I'heir talle tor war, which 'ornts tl\e chief ingredient in their charad^er, gives .1
lining bias to their religion. Arelkoui, or the god of battle, is revered as the great
(itity of the liulians. I jiin the) invoke before they go into the Held; and accmil-
iiij; as his difpoliiiun is mnre or lefs favourable to inein, tiny conclude tiiat tliey
lli;ill be more or lei's fuecefslul. Some nalions worlhip the fun and moon ; among
(iiliers lliere are n i\uinl)erof traditions, relative to the creation of the world, and the
liilh)ry of the gods: traditions wliich relemble the CJrccian fables, but wliiih are
iimre inconlilleiit and inlinitely lefs agreeable. Hut religion is not the prevailing elia-
I icier of the Indians; and except when they have fome immediate ocealinn lor the
iiihlhincc of their gods, they pav them no fort of worlliip. Like all rude nations,
Imvvcver, they are llronglv addiiled to fupcrilition. They believe in the exillenee
ul a numberof good anci bad genii or fpirits, who intcrlere in the afl'airs of mortals
Hiul produce all our happinefs or mifery. It is from the evil peuii, in particular,
that our difeafes proceed ; and it is to the good genii we are indebted tor a cure.
The minillers of ilie jjeiiii are the jugglers, who are alfo the only phyficians among
the favyges. Thcfe juggleri* are fuopofed to be inf|)ired by the good genii, molt
coinmonly in their dreams, with the Icnowledj^e of futuie < \enls; they are called in,
ami are I'lipjjofed to be inlormed by the genii whether the palienis will leeovir,
,iiul in what nuiniier they mull be treated. But thefe l'piiii.> are extieniely linipie
in their fyliem of jihylic, am! in almoll every difeafe, dincl llie iug^ler to the fame
riiiH'dv. 1 he patient is inelofed in a narrow cabin, it\ tlie niidll ol which i'i a IIkik-
rid hot ; on this they tlnow water, until he is well foaked with the warm vapour
iiml his own fweat. 'I Ken tluy hurry liim from the bagnio, and plutiije him I'lul-
iKuiv into the next river. 'I his coarfe method, which ddiioys niany lives, olU'ii
luitorms very extraordinary cures. '1 he jugglers have likewile the ule »)f fonu;
Ipiiiliis of winiderfui etlicacy ; aiul all the lavages are dexterous in luiing wounds
livtlie application of herbs. iUit the ptjwer of thefe remedies is alwass amibuled
111 ilir magical ceremonies with which tliey are adminilieivd.
Ii Ihould be obferved by the reader, that the particulars which have jull bciii
nuMiioiied concerning the manner i>f the Americans, chielly relate to the iidiabit-
uiiu of North America. 'I'he manners and general charatterilHcs of great ])ail
of the original inhabitants of Simth America were very dilleient. Un the firll
appLarance of the inhabitants of the New V\ OrlJ, their difcoverers toimd theni to
he in many particulars very unlike the generality of the people of the ancient he-
iii:t])hcre. Ihey were dilfereiit in their features and complexions j they were nut
5 U only
/IIIIVI 1% Mill. Illll llll'll^ll IIIV l|i IIHIIMI-I <M lli« IIMIIf% i «IIIV ■ IV 4llin l<>l |ll(il| Wi.ri* VlTV
fpaiiii^, I'll liiDiU'cl vv.ii thi'ir a^riculturv:, titat l)i< y liurdly raiUd wliai \vii« |\i|'.
hciciU U>T llu ir own ct)i)ltiin|)iuiii, M.my nl ilic iuiiuWilaiilit nt .Snuili Aiiuriia
loiiliiii'd llii'ir iuiUillry to rcunn^f a Kw pliuiis, wliiv.!), ii) a riili and wurin ilimati'
V^orc I'iilily Iraiiud to inalurii) , hut it ii Uw .S|>aniariU !• (tlid in any ililliiit, t'uLh
a I'liiaii adiliiioM ot fu^rniinit rary nioiiilis lnon rxhaulKil tliL-ir iVanty llortj, uml
lnon^hi >>n u I'aniiiu'. 'I'hf inlialiiiants ut .Sniith, lonipari'd witli tluil'i.' of Nurtli
Anicriia, arc ^cn.rally niori' Uthli' in tlu'ir Irunif, l^ls vi;;oii)U. in ilk' i lloris nl
tluir niiniU, >>t a gentle hut dallardiy rpiiit, nunc cnllavcd l)y pUulurc, und dcctK-r
funk in induknwc
A GRKEtiAL Ui:«(cnir I ION of A M K R 1 C A.
mis gnnt \vi(Urn conlintnt, frt'ciuoiitly donominatid the Nf.w WtiRrp,
jm i'\liti(U trnni till' Soili di ^ii'o Nnrili, In tlu- 5(>tii dc^ii'i- Soulli latitiuli; ;
and, wiurc its hn adtli is kiinwii, t'lmn tlu- ;;tli to tin- i ;()th ticj^ri'i- ot Will |(in<
tiludf tVoni London; liii'lcliinf; l)itwiin 8 and 9000 miles in Icnmii, and in
Its f{rratill hrcadth, ^6^0. It pollilios pan ot' hoili iuMiiirpiiiTi'*, lias two funuiivrs.
and a doiiliU- wintiT, aial iniost ail ihi- variety ot' cliniali's wliii-li tlu- earth allonls,
nnd is wallii'il )y the two j^nal oci-ans. To tlir ealhxard ii lia-> the Allantir, wliiili
tlividis it Iron lun'ope and Atriia. To the well it has tin- I'aiilii', or ^;riat
South-Si.' I, l)y t\lii(hit is reparatid troni Alia. Hy tlu-l'e Teas it may, and dius,
carry on a direct comniene willi tl)e other three parts ot' the world. It is emn-
pofed of two f^reat continents, onj on tlu* North, the oiher on the South, vnIiJiIi
aie joined hv tli' kinmlum oj Mesjio, wliieh tnmts u Inrt of ililniiiis 1 ^oo miles
loiii;, and in one part, at Dari^ii, fo iMicnuly naiiuw, as to make tlie eoni-
iianiieatiun lului'en the two oceans liy no nu-ans diitienlt, Iteinj; only 60 tiiilei
over. In the ^reat jjidt'. wliieli is fornud helween the illhiuus and the lUirtliern
and f )Wlhern i-ontinent?., lie a nudtitnde oi' illands, many of iluMii iarf^r, iiMil't
of them tertiie, anil denominated the Well Indies, in eontraillliinction to tin-
(o.iiiiiles and I laiids ot Alia, beyond the Cape of Cioud Hope, which are called
the i.all hxiies.
Before we beRin to treat of fepaiate countries in llu-ir order, we mull, accordin^r
to ju(l nuthod, take mniee ot thole mounlanii and rivirs, which difdain, as ii
Were, to he conlined within the limits ot partiitdar provinces, and c\ten<l user a
great part ot tlie continent. I'or tliongh .Vnieriia in j^eiural be not a mouniaiiinus
country, it has the greaiert iju)unlaiii4 in the world '. In IJoulli America, the
Andes,
• Dr. Rolwrlfdn obfrrvej, th.it " llic tnonn- tliofc in the other divifions of the globe. Evm
taiiij ot .\iiitrii.a art ii.in.li lu|>ciiiir in in i^lit to tlif I'laiii ot Uuito, «hiili nuy be conlidcrcil ai
(t lie
A M V. RICA. I»j
Antic*! or ContilliTAt, run trom north to foulh along the ctt%(\ of ihr Pmlfic
rurun. 'I'tiry cxirril iit Ittiuth niiy i liiiiri itf nti)iiitl.tiii» in the ntlur |inrl« uf ihtt
IiiIm' I rxicmliiig from ilir lOlinuii nt Diirion tn the llruil» ot Magctlitn, llicy
icicle till* wlioli- foiiilirfii piul <>t Amrri«n, iiml run u length nt' 4)00 milri.
I heir hriglit i« ni rt niiirkalilf 11% llu-ir li'n^th \ lor, thougli in |tart within tho torrid
S
zoni", ihiv un- tontlaiitK fovi-n-ii with I'nnw •. In North Ainrrim, whiih iMliiilly
ionipofi(| ot' gcnik* iilVi'tilt, or hvi*! piaini, wo know i>( i\<i (iinli(li*rahU' nioun*
t.iiiiH, i'\ii-|)l tliolf tnwiiriU llio pole, aitii that lon^ ri(l^l> whith li('<« on ilw huilc
ot \hv Aiiicricnn Ntatit, iVparalint; thi-ni troin Cartada ami l.oiiiliaiia, wiiii li ur tall
t)i>' Apaliiilii.in, or Alli'Knny nioinilnink, it that may he iiiiilidkrcd u« u inouniain,
wliii h upon ono liilc i» rxlr«-incly lot'iy, hut upon ihi* uliicr i» ticarly on a K vcl with
tho rcll ot' tho oounlry.
Ainiriia i ., without ipioftion, tlint part of the glolu- wlmh i» hod wntorod i and
that Hot onis tor the fiippnri ot' lito, and all lliopurpoUt o| tortiiity, hnt tor tho ntw
MMiioiKo oflrado and iho intoroonrtv il'rai li part with tho oilu-r*. In North Anio-
ricn, fiioli I1 tho wil'doni and goodiu J!. ol tho I'roator of the unlvorfo, ihoCo vail
tratit ot onnntry, (ifiiaiodliryoiul llio Apalaolnan n <>iint;iin)i, nt an irnnionl'c und
unknown «li(l.nioc Ironi tho oooan, aro walorod hy inland t'oas. callo<l ilio ijtko* of
Canada, which tint only oomtniinii ato w iili oaih ntlu r, hut );ivo rilo to li vi ral ^nat
ri\or>*, pnrtioularly tho Millilippi, rnnniii'' Ironi north to I'oulh till it falU into tho
j;idf of Xlosioo, altor a oonrfo, iiuludinK it<i turningt, of 4500 ntilos, niid rooi ivin^
in its progrol't tho \,ill iriluito ol' tho Illinois, tlio Mill'ouri, tho Ohio, and othor
j;roal rivors, not inforior to llu- Khino or tho Dannho; and on tho north, tho riwr
.Si l.auronoo, rnnninjj a contrary ooutl'o from tlio Mill<li|)iii, till itunpiii's itl'olf into
1I10 oioan noar Now' 'undland ; all ot ilu'in hoiii^' alii\4)li lutsi^aMo to thoir hoa«N,
lay opon tho innnoin rocollos of thi> ^roat ooniinont, and atlord fuoh un inlot
for ooinmoroo, as inui) produoo tho fjn ati (I advantano, whonovor tho comttry ad-
jaoont Ihall oonio to ln' fully iiihalntod, and hy an indullrious and oivilifitl pooplo.
riio oalKrn liilo of Norili Amorioa, Ik lido«. tho nid)lo rivors lludfon, l)i fawaio,
.Sultpiohanna, and I'olowinaok, fupi)lio> fovoral dihors of uroat dipth, lon>{th, and
oonnnodiouN navii;ation ; lionoo many parts of tho IriiU-nu nts aro fo advanlaj,'ooully
intorfortod with navi^ahlo rivors and orooks, that tho plyntors, without oxiiggoru*
iKin, may ho faid to ha\o oath a harhmir at his do«ir.
Souilt Amoriia is, if pnilihk-, in this rofpocl ovon mr>ro fortumito. It fu|v.
nllos tho two lari»oll rivors in tho world, tlio rivor of Ama/ons. and tho Kid
tlo la I'lata, or IMalo rivor. Iho fnl'i rilinj? in IVrn, not far tVoin tlio .Souili
Sk!\, palVos front W ol) to I'.al), and tails into tlio onaii IioIvmoii ihalil and (iui>
iiiin, aflor a oourfo of nioro than ^000 milos, in whiih it rocoivos u prodi>;'iiu«
niindior of K''*-'-" "'"' "•''^ij;"''''-' •"'^'''i'*- '""' '^'" «''' '•'' I'lata ril'os in ihi; lioart
of tho country. :Mid having' its (ii\ii;;tli ^radii:illy au;;inontv(l tiy an aooolii.iii
of inanv iioworlnl liroains, diUhanjos itfolf with full volioimnoo intu tho foa.
as
to liiako its tallo t'lVlli for many loajjins from land. Ik lidos thol'o, thori.-
.nro otiior rivors in Mouth Ainorita, of wliicii ilio Oiuiiocpic is tho iiiott con-
('ul> rahlo.
thr li;!^ of ihr Amir*, ii rlfv^ittd f.irtli r above wli'iiti, tho>i?,li c\pnfnl to th-- rny of ihc fim in llie
thi' 111 ill III thr ton ol llu- ryriiui't. 'I'lii^ llii- ititti' iil ihr Imriil UHn; :iri- loviriil uitli ivii-.
(rijulmiH liilur 111 llu- Auili-, no UI1 rcni.irkjlilc Uliiii,; I'hom ■.,"
lor ixtnit lii;m lUvatioii, ril'isiii ilillVimt | l.u c • I liim'.i. t.-'./n, the hi;',lull of tlio Aiiiis U
niiirc lli.iii line tliiril aliovc tl;r Tikr of 'rciuriiir, so.^uO Icct ; <t ttiis iiltout 24-jO tret Iroiii ihc
(,rii I tlioiK'lit tn 1h- the hij'.lirll laiul in tlie .nm iciit limiiiiit arc ;,!« ays im iti'.I m illi liio« . C. aioii
|ii'iiiif|ili(rr. Tlu' Auclc-1 Tii;iy literally In- l.oil to
iii.lc tliiir liiaiN ill llif »l(niJ>; tli (loniib nttm
rwi, Ami tin: lliuadcr burlU bduw lliiir luiiiiiiit>i
uai ;i!iciuUil l>> tlir IuikIi alliuiiii|iicrs« iliiU ii
(aiil to lu- 1 5,S<jO K\t liij;!i.
iL'i
A couiiuv,
t»4
M
I C A.
\ rntnttry, «»f fmh *»ft rxtrn» «m rakh (iiU* «>f ili«* rin»«i«»r, mtiA nrrrffartly liavi*
• vorirtjr of foiU ut Hr|| us i lunulrt ll i« it Irittl'kirjr or Nalitrr, priMliitint ii),i||
ol' the mruli, mlnrrali, |iliinl«, I'ruiK. lrrr«, mid wiHitt, lo ht ntrl wuh in th«?
tilhi-r |Nirt« ot llir wurM, and many of llu-m m (^tiHtet (jitinlilirt ntid higher p. r.
frfhdii 'I hi' i^itld mill lilv<-r »( Amcrii • huvv' fupitlicd Kiiri>|>c wiili (\ti h iiniiuiu„
iiii4riiiiU'« ()(' ihofo iirtiioiM nti'tulv, ilml iIh v ari- IvuMni* miu h iixirr lomnt^m, (,»
inal llti' Kolil iind liUtr nt l'.uri>|)i- iimvv Iwiir little proporiio
iipnn eh«'in !•■ furo the ilid '»»rry "t Aim-rii u,
'» nr
prttporiion to the Inj^h \)t\k\. (tt
lliit ttiiitiirt nlli) prixUii r« diuinoiii!*, |>rtrl«, rntfraliU, miirtlijOi, nnd uit,^.,
rnrr fttuu i, which, hv InIh^ hrmi^lii in utitii ipiiitililir« inlu Kutupo, have ulf.i
I'ulli'ii ill \.tlti«'. T" ihilo, wliiili urv vhitlly tin- prudiii'lifMi «if .Sp.iiiilh Aiitrriiii,
rtitty be MtUlo.l n ri' .•' nninlu'i "i oiIut «MititniMliiii'«, wliii li, ilimmli i»|' li(» piicf^
arv i>l' iniuh Krt.tti r ul' . un<l lunuf ol tlu-iti niikf lln- iiriuiMriii utul w^alili of ||,(,
llritilh viiipiri- in ihi« pun ol ihc world. Ot tliitf itrr ih' pl-nlilul fiipplii-i oI'cih
iliituiil, iM(li;(o. itiiHitn, li)K«\(iiid, liru^il, fiillic, piiiicnto, liuiuiiit vii«, rive, ^illk'l■r,
r(K'<i;i, or ilu t liiK"il;iii' lUit, Uii(Hr, lottnii, tuliuicn, liiiiiill.ii, rod-woiMl, tlic |i.i'«
fuiin t>l' I'tilii. IVru, mi'l Chili, ili.it valualilf tiriikU- in nu'diciiio tlu- Jcfi|ii'» |iurk,
Din ItiiNCmi, l.illlitiui, l.iil.ip.iiiihi. talhii, t.iiii.triiuU, liiilis, lnr«. unilHrgriri', tmil u
i>ii lit \urik'ty III wiHxK, i>mi|^, ttiul pLiiiu, to which, (ik'tmo ilu* diUuVkry ol /Viiu-rica
Wtf wvro lithiT I'lilirf llrun^i-rii, ur litrtcd to liny ut iiii cxiruvNifaiii rule frmu Aliii
and Afrii a. thrmi^h ihc haiult ut' the Vritcliunt and GciuivU-, who iIkii ini^rollcd
thi- irnde ot llic tiilhTii wurld.
'Ihii mntiiiiMit luii oir.i n varii-ty of oxiflU-tit fruit*, whiih lun' (;ri)w wild
|i) ((real pcrri-flinn i u* piiu appli'ii |MiM)i-Kruiiuti'i, litriiiiR, Iciuoih, urungi*,
nialii »)•>»*• ihcriii-ii, pcarH, upploi, fi|{M, Kru|>C!«, (;ri.'itl nunilHTt of culinary,
nii'iliiinal, and nilu-r htrh<t, rixiHH, and plant* i and I'o tcrtilc is t)i' foil, ilmt
inimy exotic priHliutioitit arc iiuurilhcd in u» great pcrtccliini at in tti>'i>- native
^rniitid.
■il,oii;;h ilio Indiam (lill live in the quitt iiolTillion of many lorjjc trnfli, Amc
rl('i>t fo tar as ^l■lu'rally known, i» thiclly clainud, atiil
? quitt jioiiiiiion ot many lorjjc trncN, Amc
iiiclly clainud, anil diviiK-d into tolonie*, hy
U, Kii>;lilh, and I'ortiigm li-. Ihe Spaniards,
ihrt'r* j'.ni'oncan natiotii. the Spaniurdi
at liicy tirll dilcovcrcd it. have the larfjell and rivlulk portion, eNtemli'njj Ironi
N \v NI(\iio:ind l,oiiili.ina in North Anierii a, to ilic llraitn of Ma^i Man in the
Sdiilli Sia, «Mi pt the large province ot Bralil, which liilonfjs to Portugal ;
tor ihouf^h tlic I'leneh and Dnieli have liime lorti upon .Surinam and (jtiiaiia,
llu-y ftarcely defcrve to W loiilidered ut proprietor'% o| any part of the fouthvni
t iiiitiiunt.
Next to .Spain, tlie mod ronfiderahle projirittor of America was (Ire.-vt Britiiin,
who derived her c laini to North America from the liril difeovery of that conti-
nent l>y Seliiidian Caiiot, in the name of Henry VII. anno I4v7» about lix year»
after tlie difeovery of .South America by Columbus, in the name of the king of
.Spain. Piii country was in general called Newfoundland, a name which it
now appropriuted loiely to an illand upon its cuul). It was a long time beture
wc made an attempt to fettle tliis countrv. Sir Walter Raleigh, an untomnum
Inewed the way by planting a colony
ia, in honour of tiiii niilbcfs, (juccti
l':ii/abeili.
I lie I'rentii, ii.'leed, from thli period until the conrlufion of the war in 17^3,
laid a claim \<>, and actually pcjllelVed Canada and I.ouiliana, comprehending all
that eMenfive inland country, reaching from lludfon's bay on the north, to \fexi-
10 and tile gult of the fame name on the fouth ; regions which all Euro^H- coulj
liOt pei p.c iu the courfe of many ages. But no territory, however extcnlive, no
8 empire,
we iii.iuv till •iii*"»f'» »»' i\ »»iv iiii.^ v't.iit.j.
Bcnius, and a brave comman ler, firll llu
m the foutliern part, which he tailed \ ir;
M
•05
^mpiff, liowrvrr botmHIrf*, kvuM gralify llt« «n)hiii<»n v( thm •f|>irlnK ntllnnt
^,1'iiir, timltr On* nt< ll U>\- inn I iniir*, ihiy iiHitliuiid in u DmIc nlh •Itilnv, making
l^fMiuil •lUunti'M ii|<<>n iliv h»%.k <il «iur lLitlftti<nt«, an4 rvmU-rtng ihnr tiijiiiif
IHHi* iittirr fviiiK' .Mui iKmunrnl by • i liuin of Ion*, well fuittilud with all ihc
ini|ili'ni>'nt<i ul u.ir Ai Imc Iuum* tinw ih«7 UbwunU inivn.tnily In vain tliu
iri>iulilii|><ii ihi' Inilitiiu, by vari>iii»url«,rvtin by int«'rrnnrritiKv«,ui\il noi iinb iruiiu'il
ihrin to ills' itU' ••' arni«, bul nilult'it into ihfti* rnu^c* ihi' cnnit inititvotir.idK* iuh
liunt ol'ilu' |Ml^lltll. '|h« Urililli volnniit tliu> hvnimcci in, utuUotiliocii lu a llipul'
l.itiil along lie Km iMii), by an Mntbitiom and (W)Wfrl'iil nati'm, llu' rivaU ofCiri'M
HritaiM, lK-|;t>n m k]<,\ In ukf llu iiUrni 'lite Hriiiilt c itpiri' in Attu'rita, Nti In
i(« inl.int V , >A 4t ilirv Micnt'tl with a lotul titirohition. The ml'iniii, in ilu-ir «liltrf|«,
tiilli'il alouil on llu- roolhi'r■i:oinllr^ . lite biiU\.irk« uml llu< ihnntlfr ul I ng-
,iiii| wtTi- fi'fil l<> lluir rclii'r, «n .imitaniitt willi jtuWtrl'cil ^rniik*, vttll uj)|ii)ii,tcj,
mill ably t'ltiniMunilitl. A Inn^ Wiir Inkivktli'tl, wliii li rii<U<l glorioulty lor (trvul
.. .... .. .... .. ... . . ^^^^^^
Kill n
(u rtilini|nilh till ihui |ttirl ol (.ouifiuiu), Iving on tin* tall iiiU ul thi- Mnlill|i|ii
llriluiu : liir itl'u-r nnuh blond Mmklinlt, utnl cvt-rv inili
tlik- KriMuli w^ri' not only <!rivcn fmni Canada und ii
riKUn giortoullv lor itrvul
nl gtiiuiid ()r;ivi'ly »liri»iir..i|,
» dkiiindcni ir^, bnl nuligtU
llitiis III ini inniu'itli' ('.\)uiu(', inid uiili llic lot* ol' nuniy liruvc nun, our i olo<
nil* were pri-lVr%i d. Iciiirtd, und cMinditl To liir, ii« to ri'iuli-r it ditlii ult in iifcfr*
Mm the pri'iifc boinuU of om fmiiin' in .Noiili Anuriva, In llu- norilurn and vvilU
•ri) lidcit i'nr In ilu' northward, it lliould fii-nt tliut we ini^lit liuvc rkii'iiiUd on«'
tluimi(|nitr lo the pole ilfill, nor did iiny nation fiiiii iinlnud to dil'iinlo the pro.
|K'rly ol tliit northfrninotk country with im. It we Inul ihnlVii lo trtkc onr It.nul
upon iho northern extremity, and look luw.ird-. ilif lunih, wo bail a lerrilorv ev
tttiding in ihat afpett, Iroin the pole to (.'ape Klond.i in the ^lllf ol .Mo\ko, Norili
lat. 25, and tunfeijucnlly near 4000 niiiei long, in a dircit line ; whiih wa« llw
more valuable, ii» il included thi' n)<<fl teiniM'rate ciinvnii't ul' thin new world, ami
fiuh as are belt luited to Uritilh conOitutiont. 'lo the weilwurd, onr boundaru-v
riaihcd to the nation* unknown rvi-n to ihc native jndiani ol (lunada. Hut our
American u ninions have iKcn greatly abridged by ibe conteti between the ino
tl.er-iountrv and the colonies, which, alter eight year<i' continuance, with a great
expence ol trt Ml'nre and blood, end* d in the cllublilhinent o|" n new repnlijie,
Iblcd " The lliiileen United Sl.ites nt AoKricu." ■|hi^ itumlry i» \valiie«l bv the
Ailantie neean on the call, and on tlu Inmh by the j;nll ul .Mexico. We haveai-
riady taken notice ol the river St. |.nnnnce, the Miliilippi, the laki s cil" Canada,
and other great bodies of water, which terlilifc and enrieli itsnortheinaiul wellerii
I) )nndiirie>i, us well aN the interior part.i.
Ihe imiltitiide nl iil.nuU, whii h lie between the two continents of North niul
.S'lith Aineriea, are divide<l anumg the .Spaniard'., I'.nqlilh, and Kretuh. 'llu;
Dutch indeed pollefs three or lour finall illands, whii li, in any other hands, would
he ol no confecjuence ; and the Dane;, have one or two : but they hardly defcrvc
to he named among the proprietors of America. France has ceded the ("mail
illand of .St. Bartholomew to Swcdiii. We (hall nnw proceed to ilie pariii iilar
provinces. lH;ginning, according to mir n\v.iliod, with the north : but as Labrador,
er Niw Britain, and the country round llndfon'i Ba •, witli ihofe vail regions to.
wards the pole, are little known, we can only include within the following lahlo
the colonies that have been formed into rei^viiar govermnent*, which bring us to
the joth degree of north latitude.
A SUM.
886
M
I
A SUMMARY VIEW of the FIRST SETTLEMENTS of
NORTH AMERICA.
Names of IMaccs.
Qiiebfc
N'irjjini.i
Ncwt'oiinillan<l
Ni'iv York )
Npw Jerlfv )
Plymouth •
New Ilampfliirc
Dcl.iware )
I'tiinl'ylvaiiia J
.MairaihuCettb Day
Maryland
Connerticut
Kliode Ifland
New Jerffy
Soiitli Carolina
I'cnnrylvaiiia
North Carolina
(•eorgia
Ki'Mtu( ky
Vfrmoiit
Territory \. \V. of )
Ohio rivrr j
When fettled.
June 10,
J line
• about
about
lAoS
1610
.6,4
1620
1627
1628
163 J
16 i 5
1664
I 6fH)
1-681
1728
1732
'773
"777
l)y whom.
By the French.
l)y l.onl lie la War.
Hy governor John Guy.
By the Dutch.
y By part of Mr. Robinfon's rongre
gntion.
^ By a fm.ill Rngilfli colony near the
mouth of I'ii'iataqua river.
Hy the Swedes and Fiiii.
By I apt. John Isndicot and company.
!Hy lord lialtimore, with a colony of
Kornan catholics.
iBy Mr. I'enwick at Saybrook, near
thf mouth of Conntc'ticut river.
By Mr. Ro(icr Williann and hij
pcrlrcutcd brethren.
itirantiil to the duke of York by
C'haiies II. and made a diftin(5l
government, and fettled fome
time before this by the Ei\glilh.
By governor .Sale.
5 By William I'ctm, with a colony of
J (iuakers.
f F.re(ftrd into a fcparate government,
\ fettled before by the Fnglifli,
By general Oi>lctlii)rpc.
By 11)1. Dan'cl IJnon.
( By emigrant-, from Connrrticiit and
( otlier parts of Nov-England.
By the Ohio and other lompinii-..
N
'W
\
\
w
r
r<
III
\
,\i.
r\
iT
\ iriiirii
iVal
I'lVrra I'i
f.\iiia/i)nia
jd'iiiiiia
rnili
Terra .Ma]
niin, or
i;oMia
TIic
AMERICA. 98f
Tlic Grand Divifions of N O R Til A M ERIC A,
Colonies,
l.cM^■,tll
8;o
ftoo
3?o
Uriailtli
Sq. Miles.
Cliirf ToH tis,
i)ilhaiiil licar.
from London.
lU'lonj;^ to
(irct Hrir.iir
Ditto
\f\v Hrit.ii'i
l'i,>viiii ("Kiijititt
Nt'w ScotljiiU
\t\v DnjiilV.
7^0
3iH.;;o
loo.oao
aoo
Hui-hii-
250
200
i;o
60
_i?5_
J!40_
380
?7iO
ll.ilitax
Slielbiirnr
2r''o \v.
Uittn
.N(\i Knul.iiul
Niu' Hoik
N.iv lirl. >■
30(1
300
H7 000
llnlfon
t'nilfd Slate
Oitr )
iJitui
Ditto
Ditto
JJiiio'
2i,cr, .
Ni'., U)ik
to.ooo
1 vTOO
I'll til Amli^iN
j'(iiiii\ ivania
I'l.ilailclphia
,M,.r\l.iiul
140
7;o
12, 00
Aniiipiilis
\ iri;iiii.i
KO.'JOO
\S ilii;inilhiiriMi
NcMili Catolin.i )
Soiitl) Carolinii >
(;cor>;ia )
700
I 10,000
I'.di nuin
Cli.;rlis-town
Sr. aiiii'i
Ditto
D:tto
I.titto
\..\l\ Hori<h
\Vc(i Hoiula
500
1200
2000
440
100,OCO
It. A.ii'iilliac
I'l'Mlii' (ila
S; aiii
Ditto
l.cHllliaiia
; i6,ojo
\r« C)rli.in~
-;.Sj S, \V.
44:0 s W.
49C0 s. w.
Ditto
Dirto
Di t.r
Siw Nkxitoaiid (
California j
.\li\ii.o, or New
Spain
1000
600,000
St. 1 IV
Sr. [iKin
2000
600
3iij,ooo
.Mexico
Ditto
The I'nlted States
— 238,000 S.j. Miles,
BUrriSH I'DSShSSlON'S in S I'rovince of qmlet, Nova Scotia, } ,,.„ns„ Mll,«
iNOiailAMl'RlC.A, I and Niu Urunfwi.k — ^ 1 jnO-o bq. Allies.
Graiul Divilions of S () U 'I" II A M V. K I C A.
Nations.
Leii^tli
Bread.
.. .,,., t /-... /•/>■■ 1 Dill, and bear. ,, ,
Sq.MiKs. . ChufCitu-. y,„„ ,,„,,,<„,. IMon^s.o
IVrru I'irnia
1400 700
700,000
raiiaini 4650 S, W, S|'aln
I'.ru
1800 fioo 1 ij 7 0,00 J
l.iim ; 5520 S. W. ! Ditto
Anuuonia, a very large country, t'Ut utile known to the huropeans, i2co L. v/:o li, |
(iuiana
780
i^oo
1 ;oo
480
ICOO
^00
2^0,000
Miniiaiu
Cayenne
3S40S. w. ■^'"^■'1
■■ ^ 1 Preiu li
6000 S. W. il'ortiijial
!ir.ail
1)40,-0 J
l,C00,0OO
S. .^cbaUian
I'lieii. Ayres
I'.u.ij;. or 1.1 I'lata
6040 s. W. >p.iin
llllli I2CO
2j(>,oco Ibt. ja,i;o
6(100 S. W. S|>ain
Tiira Mai;<l!a- 1
nica, or'l'ata- '• 1400 460
gniiia )
Till- S)lani,^^d^ took polUllion ot it, hiit ilid not
325,000 think it worth while to I'ellle there.
'n»ft
8SS
A M E K I C A.
The princip;il Islands ot' X O K Tl [ A M V. tt I A bclojiging lo ii,j
!•: f [(. t) 1- 1. A N » a If,
3|(
ti
c
•<:
1
1
e
t
•5
J
<
-a
n
IllaiuL.
l.('ii|;iir
Dread.
S(|iiarc
Miles.
3;. 500
Chief Towns.
riai cntia
l.oiiilhurjt
Charlotte-Town
St. lieorne
Belnngi to
Oi'cat Hrititin '
Ditto
. N( \t iiiiiiullaiul
3^0 1 200
' I'O 1 .""Ho'
6o 1 30
20.030 ai.ri-s
^■l■r\ Liinicrous
: I'.ipt )iri.t<iii
4.000
' bt. lolm's
?oo
liitto
The lierimula Kin
[ The Daiiaiiu lili«
40
Ditto
.\alliiu
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
|amai> a
_J_4U_
SI
20
30
60
•4
7_
20
6,oco
Kin||r|lon
Uarl):ulo< >
bt. LlirilliiplitrS
140
Bridaetown
Ho
Ualle-trrre
Ditto
Antigua
100
St. John's
Ditto
Ntvi^ aiul iMiiiit- 1
(iriat 1
lath ot tlitlV is
18 circum.
Charles-Towii
i'lyniouth
iJitto
Ihno
Barliiula
Aii^iiilla
20
30
:S
^4
30
700
45"
100
90
40
(>o
45
12
10
>3
I'S"
'.5_
150
49
60
iT
30
3«
<ij
Ditto
(in
Ditt,)
Ditto
Doiiiiiiita
1^0
St. Viiiiciit
i?o
Kiii)>ltoii
Ditto
ttraiiad:!
150
St. Georj;c\
Ditto
(-.'iih.1
38,400
ilavannah
Spain
llir(iaiiinla, ur M. /
Ooniiniio 5
36,300
St. Domingo
Do. and France *
I'orti) Kuo
3,200
I'orto Riio
Spain
'I'linidatl
3,H(,;
St. Jofeph
Ditto
Marjiarifa
624
St. Peter's
UallL'-ttrrc
Ditto
Martiiiicii
300
trance »
Ciiiadaloii|ii'
2^0
Ditto »
St. Liuia
23
12
90
Ditto »
'l"i)l)ai;i)
St. Uartholo.iicw
D<(f;'il 1, and
Maiiy.ilaiita
;<t. iMiltatia
32 1 9
loU
Ditto
all of l!iem iii-
coiilidcriilile
21) ( irciiin.
JO 1 10
1 ^ lirciim.
Ditto 1
Diito
Ditto
The ii.v
I.>mch
I'lir.idoii
.^t. 1 l:o:nis
34.!
Ditto
Denmark
St. Croix
30
10
Ha(re End
Ditto
Jil'.l I'l.ill JiL.ANDS ill NoRiH .'V.MtKUA and the Wtsi I.ndies, - 46,930 Sijuare Miles.
» In ti.e pref' nt »:ir wiili Kriiirc (17');) foiiif prccifion to whom tlicy belong, until the terinina.
ot tlitfc ill.nuls, and pi.rtsol oilitr, liavcrcpc.Ucdiy tion of h'lllilitieb.
(■' aii.;<"l their iiia(Kr>. lint ,i> tin- events ot w.ir ) Lately ceded ti) Sweden by Fiance.
M'- yiiierf:! n. it !; iiijiullihie to I'.feertain witlia .y
NEW
■^-^-
l 889 ]
NEW BRITAIN.
Situation and Extent.
Miles. Dcgrcc.1. Sq. ATilos.
Length 8«o 1 ,,... i 50 and 70 north latitucU'. )
Breadth 7^0 i ^^-^w--^^*" i 50 and .00 weft longiimi.. { 3'-.75^-
'EW BRITAIN, or the country lying round Hudfon's Hay, and comm^ply
ulor, now Noiih
, -J , — -- — Un>. ill)*'
[) )lc, on the North ; by the Atlantic ocian, on tl\i; Kaft ; by ilie b.i\ iid 1 ivor
St. L,auronce, and Canada, on the South ; and by unknown lands on tin; V\ ilt.
Nl . - . -.
called the country of the lUquimaux, comimhentiii g l.iibrador, now
and South Wales, is bounded by unknown lands, and I'l .x„ lin>. iil)»at the
b.i\ Mid rivor ot"
iMoiNTAiNS.] Ihc tremendous high mountains in this country towa.tis the
north, tlieir being covered with eternal fnow, and the winds blowing ^roni tlKiice
ihnc quarters ot the year, occalion a degree ot cold in the winter, over all this
country, which is not experienced in any other part of the world in the fame
hilitude.
KivERs, BAVs MAI cs,\ Thcfc are numerous, and take their names gene-
AND cAi r.» 5 rally from the Englilli navigators and conunanders
bv whom they we' <'•. covered: the principal bay is that of lludfon, which
liirludes feveral otl 1 lie principal (baits are thofe of lludfon, Davis, and
lielieille; and the chief rivers are the Moofe, Severn, Rupert, Nelfon, and Black
Rivor.
Soil and pRonuci;.) This country is extremely barren; to the northward of
Hudfon's Hay, even thi- hardy pine-tree is fci:\\ no longer, and tlie cold womb of
the earth is incapable of any better produtfion than fome miferable ihrubs. Kvery
kind of European feed, committed to the earth in this inhofpitable climate, has hw
tlicrto perilhed ; but j)erhaps the feed of corn from the northern parts of Sweden
iind Norway might be more congenial to tlie climate. All this feveiity, and k)ng
continuance of winter, and tlie confeciuent bamnncls of the earth, is experienced
in tlie latitude of tifly-two ; in the teniperate latitude of Cambridge.
Animals. J Thefe are the mnofe »leer, tlags, rein deer, bears, tygers, butTaloes,
woh.'s, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martins, ^luirrels, ermins, wilil cats, and
liircv Of the feathered kind they have goefe, bullards, ducks, partridges, and all
niaiuur of wild fowls. Of rilh, there are whales, movies, feals, codlilh, and a white
liili preferable to herrings ; and in their rivers and frelh waters, pike, pereh, carp,
:nui trout. There have been taken at Port Nelfon, in one feafm, ninety thoufand
nainiiim's, which are here as large as hens, and iwenty-tive thoufand hares.
Ail tlie animals of thefe countries are eloihed with a dole, fot'r, warm fur. In
fiiiiinicr there is here, as in other places, a variety in the colotirs of the feveral
;;:rnii;ils ; when that feafon is over, wliich holds only tor three months, they all
illuiiu' the liverv of winter, and every fort of brails, and moll of iheir fowls, are
nrilie colour of the fnow ; everything animals and inanimate In white. This is
,1 1'livpriling plionoinenon. But what is yet more I'lirpriling, and what oiii;hl to draw
liij molt iiKittentise to an admiration of the wifdoai ar.d goudncls ot I'rosidmce,
-.ili.it the dogs and cats trom iMigiand thitt have been carried ii.io Hudfon's Bay,
.i..'
;io appmaeli of winter, liave entire
... much longer, fofter, and tliicker coal of hair, than the
changed the ir appearance
nul
lad oriirin.iilv.
\
ac([mred
l'.ct-M\*
8oo
n R I T I S n AMERICA.
Riforo «H' ndvnncc tartlior in the tU-ftriptioii of Amtrii'!i, it may hi- |)rop
«il'ri.r\(.' in tr'.T.or
er to
;»l, that a'l llic (|iiailni])i'ils "t" tlii>. mw woikl an- li (s tiian tlmfc of
tlu" u\d : rviii I'litli as ari' carii il from lu'iu'i' to brotil llu'ii', aii' oIumi (duiuI to (K-.
pint. rate, l)iitare novi-r fivii to iinnrovo. It", wiiii ri'lpivt lo (i/o, wo (liould tonipaiv
till- animals ot'tiic ni'W ami tin- (liil world, \vi' liiall tiii<i tlii- t'oniior groatly inn.'iiii|-
t > till- lalli r. 'I'hc Ali.tlii.- iK'i'haiit, tor iiiliaiit\-, olun gicws to al),)vr lit'i
li!"li, will'.- tlu- t ipiiiiiu
• t il
lan'i
•li
Mvi's ot' AiiKrii.a, is luit h
I'l.!) t',i:t
-rtl
IHII
il call ot' a yrar (ij.l. I ho hi.n i, wlijiii I'o'iic alfo i.all ilic American ca.iul, is Hill
k'Tn. 'liicir lualls ot' jui'v arc (|iiiii; divflUil of that coiiragi.', wliiili is To otK-n t';itai
to man in Alrica or Ada. Tiny have no lions, nor, properly ("peaking, riijior
K'>;panl, or tyg.'r. TravilKr^, however, liave aliixed tli^i'e names to fmli rneii.Hii
ilium
als a,, are liu'rc t'omul moll to rel'embie ihol'o ol" the aiuient eontimiit. 'jl
10
on di"
I'cun
tonj.ir, the ta(](iar, and the t;i'|iiaretli ainon;^ them, are del'pieahle in to;ni):nil
tlie lyger, tiic leopaiii, and the panther ot Alia. I he tygi r ol I5eng,il has i ._
ku'Wii to meafure li\ feet in lehijth, wiihont ineluding llie tail ; wiiik- the cougar,
or .Ameiicini tyj;er, as fome all'eft to call it, feidoni e.vcecds three. All the animals
llier^'f. ire in the i"ou;h in parts ot Ant -rica, are ditl'erent from tliofe in the foutheni
tail ((I tlie ai'tient coiiiineni ; nor does tlieie Jippi-ar to he any tonmioij to both
)Ut thofe which, lieinj; able to hear the tokls of the North, iiave travelled t'l
one coiilinent to tlie other. Huis the bear, the vvolt', the rein-deer, the (I
din
ag, and
the heaver, are known as well in .sew Uritain and Canada as in Kullia ; while tl
lion, the Kopard, and the ty^^er, which are natives of the I'outli with us, are utte
iiiil.nown in ,Soiith America. Ikit if the (|iiadrupeds of America be fniallcr th
tho:e of tlie ancient eonlineiU, tliev are niueli more numerous; for it is ii
Tly
fin
rule
that obtains throiif,'li nature, and evidently points out the wifdoin of the author
of it. that the fmallell animals multij)ly in the greateft proportion, '| Ik- goat
e\
jiorted
Irom
I'.urope lo .Soiilhern Ameiiea, in a tew generations, becomes much
ers
leir
Ms ; but then it alio becomes more prolific, and iiiftead of one kid at a time, or
two at the m(»li, generally produces five, li.\, and fometimes more. 'I he wifdom
of l'ro\ iilence in making tormiilable aninuds unprolitic is obvious: liad the ele-
phant, the rhinoceros, and tlie lion, the lame degree of fecundity with the rahhit ^,.
vr tlu' rat, all the arts of man would foon be une(|ual to the contell, and we thould
foon jieri ci\e ihem to become the tvranls ot thofe who call themfelves the mail
of the creation.
Persons and itAP.i rs.] The men of tliis country lliew great ingenuity in th
tnanner of kindling a lire, in clothing ihemfelves, and in preferving their eves frmn
the ill eliiL'ts of that glaring white which every where furrounds them for tin-
greateli part of the \ear; in t)ther refprcts they are very favage. 'I'hev are of a
tawny complexion, and lead a vagrant lite, moving trom place to place, fpendiii'r
their time in hunting aiui liihing. In their lluipes and faces they do not refemhie
the Americans who live to the fouthward ; they are much more like the Laplanders
and the Sainoeids of l'',uro|)e already delcribetl, trom whom they are probably de-
fceiuled. Ihefe on the c(i;ili appear to be peaceable and inotienlive, and are de\-
t.rous in managing their kiaiks or boats. I he other ^Vmericans feem to be of a
'J'art
;ir ort:ui;i
l)lC()Vl.l;^ AND coMMi: RCK,] The knowledge of thefe northern feas and c
tries was nwing to a proji.ct liarted m Kngland for the dilcovery of a iiorih
y as the year 1576. Since then it 1
Ollll-
-Weli
palhige to China aiul the I'.ili Indii
been l"re<|uentl) dni|)pe(
i;is
and as ((tieii revived, but never yet completed ; and from
the late voyages of (lifcosery, it leems iiKmilelt that no practicable paliiige ever
can be touiid. [''robilher 01, ly diUovered tin- main ol New Hriiain, or lerra do
I,
d'lr. ;md thofe lirails to which I
le has
!ii\en his name. In i ;S;, John Davi
tailed from I'ortf r.outh, and \iiwed that and the mure norlherlv coalis ; but 1
fi
iceiih
^[>VT to
lidfc of
I I.) d^'.
iiiiciior
.(.•n t'cct
;.r than
I, Ih am
WW l';it;il
5, liilior
••.IVOIV'US
It. 'Ilic
arifun of
; cuuj^ar,
; ;iiuiiia!i
loutlicrii
I to botli,
lU'd tVmn
llag, smcl
while the
lie utterly
liiller than
is a rule
[he a'Jlluir
'liie fjoat,
lines much
a time, or
he wifdom
id the ele-
ihe ralihit
we ihoiild
llhe nKiliers
liity ill their
fves from
m tor tin-
•V are ot a
•[ f;)(.'iulinj;
n rel'eiiible
ll,m)laniU'rs
ohably iK-
,ul are diA-
to be lit a
and loiiii-
iiorlh-wili
then it has
; and from
allii^^e ever
ir Terra (U-
Jiihn Davf,
lU; bul lie
feem^
I
4
H R I T I S II A M !i R 1 C A.
(91
iVoms never to liavo entered the hay. I liidfon made three vovnges on tlie fame
adventure, the tirll in 1607, the fecund in 1608, and his third and lall in i6io-
'I his bold and judicious navigator entered the llraits that lead into tills new Me
ililerranean, the bay known by his nanie, coalled a ;;reat part of it, and peiK'iraled
to eit;lity degrees and a halt, inlo the heart of the iVo/.m zono. Ills ardonr t\r
the uilcovery not being abated by the ilillienllies lie lhu;,gled willi in tlii ; enij)ire
(if winter, lie llaid lare inlil the enfning I'jiring, and prenared, in the beginning
(if 161 1, to jMulue his fenvorieN ; but his iiuw, who hill'ired cepial hardlhips
wliliout the tame f|iiril to I'lipport tin in, inntinied, l\i/ed i:p(iii him and teveii t.f
lluife who were moll faillii'nl to him, and Lonnnitled them to tlie lory of llie ii y
fiii><, in an open boat. lliKlfiiii and hi>. companions w. re dilur iwalK.wcd up by
ihe waves, or, gaining the inhufpitable coall, were dellro)ed by the fuvajje^ j but
die Hiip and the ivll of the men relurned home.
Other attempts towards a difeovery were made in 16 ii and 1667 ; and a p;ileiit
for planting the country, with a charier for a conpaiiy, was obtaimd in the \e.iv
1O70. In 1746 captain I'.Uis wintered as far ii'irlh a.i 37 degrees and a hall, and
captain CMinlloplicr allempted farther difcoveric-. in 17^11. lint beddes thefe voy-
ages, which fatisfy us that we mull not knjk for a jialliige on this l;de of the lat'i-
liiile 67 degrees North, we are indebted to the lludfun's IJay Company for a jo
ur-
by land ; which throws iiuich additional light on this matter, by all'oiding
what may be callid demonllralion, how much fanher North, at Uall In f mic parts
of their voyage, lliips mull go, before they can pafs tVoni one lide of America to the
ollur. The northern Indians, who come down to the Company's factories to trade,
liiul brought to the knowledge of our peojjle a river, which, on account of iiuicli
(iipper being I'ound near it, liad obtained the name of the Copper-mine river. The
Company, being defirous of examining into this matter willi ];reeill()n, diiecled Mr.
jlearne, a young gentleman in their lervice, and who having been brought up for
the navy, and fervcd in it the war before lall, was extiemely well (pialijud tor the
purpofe, to proceed over • ■ ■ •
aiu
mu
ler the convov of iluife Indians, for that river,
which he had orders to furviy, if poil'ible, (piite down to its eslt into the iVa ; to
make oblervationsfor fi.xing the latitudes and loii;;ilndes ; and to Ininu home minis
mg Home miips
and drawings, both ot it and the countries through whicli he llunild pals
Accordingly Mr. I learne let out from I'rinee of Wales's I'url.on (Inn. hid river,
liiliuide 58' 47 i' North, and longitude (^4" 7'/ Well from (ireenwieh, nn the 7th of
I)
I'cem
ver, an
her, 1770. .Nb'. I learne on the 1 ^tn of June reached the Cnpji r-miue
d found it all the way, even to ils exit into the tea, incumbered with liuials
and tails, and emptying itfelf into it over a dry tlai of the lliore, the tide being ihcn
t, which feemed, by the edges of the ice, to rife about
oil
(111 aeeoui
2 or
14 feet, 'l
11.1 rile
i". of the tails, carries the lea but a very fmall w ay wiihin the river's niout
1(1 lliat the water 111
itl
uul no
tlh
all biackilii talle. .\lr. Ileariu
is, liv
\ erth
e that It empties itlilt mlo the lea, or a l.ianch
tur
Ijuiu' ;n
)f it, b
lie (
k1 fcal ikins which the l'.K|uimaiix had at their Im
luaniiiv ol wiiai
md alio t)V
tl
lirof feais which he f..W upon liie iee. T!ie lea, at the ilv
er ^ r.io it[
le hiim-
\\:is lull of
ma
luU and ihoals, as lar as he could fe
ih
id the ice was not yet (July I7lh) brolvcu u
lirei' quarters ( t a mile troiu the ihoie, and h
■.lliltai'.ie
but I
•I I.. lei
lelcope ;
iiawe(
aua\ oiuv lor
iiin.
ll..
ir a liitl
wav rouu
d t!
,e 11
liut he had the moll cxtenlive \ie\v ef the fea w'nii he w;
aiuU and
aboiil eitiht
) the riser,
r.iiliA U|
..!,d.\, 1;.
Ii\ the linii
irom wliicii
llation the exueine pari-,
It 1)1
nv N. \\'. l.v W
Mr
tl
caiiu
111 tlie niiii'imu
I,;id tuiiil'.id his fiirvev of the river, wl;!*.'; was aboui
III tl
;ili, tl
u re came
(.n a ve'v I'.ic!
nil dri/-
,}•'' ram ; au
d as Ik liad li'Ui;i,l
ii\er and fea, in eVv ■% rel'pect, imiiki .} to b.' nf
5X2 any
89i
BRITISH AMERICA.
"ny utility, ho tluiunlit it unnccfdary to wait (or fair wcnthcr, to dctermhe the la.
titndo more cxailly by ()l)forvntiun ; but bv tho extraordinary care ho took in obferv'
ini; the coiirfes and clilhinces, he wallied from Con^ecuthawhackaga, where he had
Mr. Hcarne's journey Imiic from the Copper-mine river to Churchill lalkd till June
3otli, 1771 ; U) that he was al»fent almoll a year and feven months.
I lie tonfequences rtfuiting from this e.xtenlive diftovcry are obvious. We now
direction. Futile, therefore, arc the arguments of thofe, who, about 40 years airo
pleaded for n North-well paflage through lludfon's Bay. ° '
Though the adventurers tailed in the original purpoio for which they navieatcd
thisbav, their proje£\, even in its failure, has been ot great advantage to this coun-
try. The vaft territories which furround Hudfon's Bav, as wc have already obferved
abound with animals, whole tur and (kins are excellent. In 1670, a charter was
granted to a company, which docs not conllil of above nine or ten pcrfons, for the
exclufivc trade to this bay, and they have adted under it ever fincc with great benefit
to themfelves. The fur and neltry trade might be carried on to a much greater ex-
tent, were it not entirely in the hands of this exclufivc company, whofe intcrefted
not to fay iniquitous fpirit nas been the fubjetl of long and jult complaint. The
company employ four fliips, and 130 feamen. They have feveral forts, viz. Prince
of Vvales's tort, Churchill river, Nelfon, New Severn, and Albany, which ftand
on the weft fide of the bay, and are garrifoned by 186 men. The French, in May
1782, took and deftmyed ihefe forts, and the fettlements, &c. valued at 500,0001.
'I hey export commodities to the value of 16,000 1, and bring home returns to thi*
value of 29,3401. which yield to the revenue 3,734!. Tliis includes the filhery in
Hudfon's Bay. This eoninierce, finall ns it is, affords great prorits to the company
and is advantageous to (Jivat Britain in general ; for the commodities we exchange
with the Indians for their (kins and furs, are all maiuifatturcd in Britain; and as
the Indian'- are not very nice in their choice, thofe thitigs are feiit, of which wc
have tlie i^reatilt plenty, and which, in the mercantile phrafc, arc drugs with us.
'I hough the worknuinlhip too happens to be in many rcfpe6f.s fo deficient, that no
< i\ilire(l people would take it otl" our hands, it may be admired among the Indians.
<'n tlu' other hanil, the ikins and furs we bring from Hudfon's Bay, enter liir^clv
irito (Hir manufactures, and allord us materials for a lucrative trade with many na-
tiinis i)t Kuro])e. Thefe eiieumliances tend to prove ineonteltably the immenfe lic-
rietit that would redouiul to (ireat Britain, b\ ll;rowing open the trade to Hudfon's
Bay, llnce even in its prefent rellraiiied I'tate it is fo advantageous. The exelufive
company, it is probabl/, do not fuul their et)minerce fo advantageous now, as it
was before we got poUellion of Canada. '! he only attempt made to trade with
Labrador, has been dincted tdwards the filhei y. (Jreat Britain has no fettlcniein
here, ihough the annual produce of the fifhery, amounting to upwards of 49,000!.
iiud the natural advantages of the country, lliongly encourage fuch a delign.
CAN A D A,
CANADA
Milo.1
Length 600
urcadth aoo
( hi J
• or the Province or
Si
Qu
TtTATIOM AMD E
BBIC.
XTKNT.
/ l>ctwccn /
rocs.
61 nnd 81 weft
'ongitude.
S«i. Mil
cs.
45 and 5a north Jatitudc. { '00
BotTNDAR I Es] T^HF. French comprehend,.,! 1 l
N- England. andViXr;:';!' 'f '"'^ '•"»'> Sir' lah;;T.;f,?^"-^'''^- " -ry
a-" the Pacific Ocean. Thnf nnrri"" ''"'^ ' »"<'. »o the \V\J . ^"^'■' ''♦^"f'a.
and which bore theVac7o J .^ 1 '^"^?^''' "■'''■^''' they haK,:' 7'^''"K '' "" '^
Laurence. a„d the numerou, fm 1""'' '">: ^'"■^'"y "P"n "he bant r '," '^^"'"'^'f^'.
duced by the Britirt,nrm,r»V "'' "^'''^ ^^^'Hing int tint L ''' "/ "''■' '''^'^■r St
tl'c Province of SeTwh ^^ °^ ' 75^^ was torn e 'to^^^^^^^^^ n '''''' ''^'"ff rc-
o" the North and S ' ^. ^'' '" ""*^ '"""Hl^-d by iVew , ''"'''.' '"'"">. ^^Hed
^-H -d by .:;Sci;:; £;^rti;it: ^'- '-^^ 'S'K V:;;i:^"'^ "i'
clious. the foil is i„ gJJ^ \^^fj^<-' clunate bo cold, t.^ 1 1 ,ter .
other forts of grains, fmif. '7, «'""'' producing whi-at bn I '""g and to-
a..d is much cultivated ,,; "n '■*'.e^''"'>l^-'* ; tobacco i', ,, P"' 'y'' "''I' n.a.iv
river St. Laurence n„ I nJ '"^" "* "'"'^■••'"'* "ear Qui,. ''•'?7'''"-. '1-rivcs uvll
Canada, whi^i:; v ntt^r;:?',^^ '"«'"^ <^r;^le.'"'r H'" '^'"^'-Pon «t-"
Krcat an,! fmall rattle aTI ' •"''' ^''^^'^llent grafs, an I b,- i "^'TS''^^'""'^ •'•
HrilKh Anu-rica. and as c', . ''"' ""'^ '"'"'""S "I'on the r 1 •'' '''^ '"""''^''•s ^f
lion
les, wp n,a|), ,
erent (pocjes ot
•'re now entering upon he cl^'
•"^ "P?"thel,ackoflhel;
"■"Oil and animal
IMllf-R AND PL
I grcalilt fcrclis in tj
111
ilu' hands o(
Ide tlu-nifilv
"!™'i"r''' o^koi-:;;
ANTS
J Th
iincultivatc.
•m li
s th
'"fed Stat
iit arc (
MKCS of
es and con-
ere at fonu- |
tl
that
Hill, there i
es
C'cii
"leii. and fpread
tic world. 'Ihcv
"'g "1 all th
arc a com
pnrf.s of ,\„rtli A
I'll
ound
gth
in thele
'" "^*' elouds; and' ,h
wild I
iillled
Wood
"icrie.i eoiit;
among il,„r
IV defcribiiig prod
s not one
uce;
perl
pcrfoiis
ere IS fueh
"Miiiancc of
« "'" planted I
who I
lave tak
fd ; tinir forts of fi
'•'ps that knows half tl
"■■'g« others, two (
prodig
'•n niotl
nature.
loii
!'h
e tl
III
>y
ees
' yaricty of c,,,..
anioi
iiial
I' and (einak
I'allard; three A
in
rs ; two forts of cvi\
le ntimher. 'J |
pains to deferil
orts (,t I,
aplc; three (
bcrs of beech tre
"rts ot alli tre
"■• and oak, t!
Junes, tl
ic proviiii
e We
orts ot walnut-trees, il,c 1
es the free, tl
'e white and tl
"' W"'fe aiul the
le red ; tl
and wh
.He mongrel, and tl
le
■."• •■•-IS, iiic Hard, the fofr -.iwi ,i ,• '«'^'^'' ai
:111s hollow the re<i el
■lleomaiM twenty perfons; uil.er. ,. ." ■"• "'"e". i
''"'' 'l>ey fnv toge her with ""l'" ^" "'e ''ark
rather a bitunu.w., . , . "' "'^ '""^•'- r'"d. and daob ,..
mini-
;"!'":.- >•""»■...■ «i.Mn,::;i ':;■!"-■ -n.,,,:
or niih
ril-'s of the!
tl
""inious matter re(
tl
il<-' out of
OIK
> "vvr the (
ic iliderent |
piece,
'lee
es ot
e canoes a
'''1 wilds cats tak
ro made of |,ou<r|
:x':',;-^^"''--^t''-;:.;:k
eains with piteh.
^" "P their habitat
IS ot t
ree
ions 111 tiic hull
\I
'out .\
',"'g ; and tl
^^v elms, and
"veinld-r the I
10
lears
remain there
till
?94
n R I T I S II A M I. RICA.
till April. More nn* iilCo luinul cluriy-trti't, plum-tni-s, ilio \lnr)^nr-trop, »!
Iiiilt lit' wlilili. iiit'iilid ill Willi r, |irinliiiit viiiri^iir; iiii jMHnitii- pliiiit, mllid n\
HI, tlk- ("riiit < t' wliii li ninv I
K' lllili
If iiuo a ( onlcction ; tlii* wliid- tluiri) : ||
ii' rot'
I'll
tmi trii', (til till- en|i lit" uliiili nf"^^ I'cviTiil tiiJ'li ot' HowiTm, wliicli, wluti lli.ik
ill llu- iiKimiiii;, lut'iirt" llic *U>v falls olT. pnuliicc homy, tliiit may In* Imilid up
into fiiiMir, ilk' I'ikI luiim n pod, « >Miiiiiiiiiii{ a \iry (iiir kind ot' lotton ; ilu;
tim-pliiiit, wliiili u-rinilili.1 a inarinnUI, iin<l urows to ilic lu-ij^lit of' l\:\\u ,,f
ri.;lii Uii; Turki-y torn; Frcm.li 'uaiii j gourils, nu-luiis, mpillairc, and the
ilaiit.
1. 1 A M A M» Ml N I'.n A I.S.] Nonf (iiul)cr is a Inn- load mine ; and in fomc of the
M
mm
iiiiiaiiis, wo aio told. liKor lias lioon t'oiiiid, thoiii;li wo liavo not hoard any gro
ad>ani:i;:o mado of it as vol. Iliis ooiintrv altn .iliounds with inals
ut
U
IV Kits.
ilh
10 rivors hraiuliiii^ llnoii^li this loimtry are vory numorons, iind
iiKiiiy of thorn larj{o, IjoIiI, and doop. The prinoipal aro the Oiittaiiai,, St.
John's, .So^iiinay, iJolpraiiiis, and Irois Rivieres; hut tlioy are all 'wallowed up
li\ llio risor St. I.aiiroiuo. 'lliis rivor illiu s from llio lako Ontario, and, lakin^j its
OOll
rfo norilioall, wallios Montroal, wlioro it roioi\os tlio Oiitl
iiiiais,
and I
orins
many t'l'ililo illaiuls, It ooiitimios llu fanio omiifo, and moots tlio tido upwards of
400 milos troiH llio fea, whoro it is navi^ahlo tor larj{o villols; and holow (^iiol
)00,
on-
o milos troin iho fon, it botdiiios hroad, and ("0 doop, ihat liiips of the line c
trihiitod, in tho lall war, to roiliuo that oapiial. At'tor nooivinn in iu proguf
iniuiimralilo liroi.nis, this >;iiat rivor tails into tlio oooaii at Capo Kolioros, wlwre
il is t;o milos liroad, ami wluio ilio lolil is intonl'o, and llu- fo.i lioillorous. In its
|iroi;rol's it forms a varioty of lia\s, harbours, and ilUmds, many of tlioni t'ruilt'ul,
ml I Atromoly ploat'aiit.
I.AKIS.
10 uroat ri\or
St. I,
iiiiron
10 is that only upon wliioh tho rrond
1 (now
(.liijiits of CJroat liritaiiii havo imilicK ralilo iVttlomonis ; hm if wo Im.k forward
into tuturito, it is not iinproliablo that Canada, and tliofo vali rojjions to tho wojl,
will bo oiiabkd of iIkmiI'Jvos to o;.rr\ on a oonlitlorablc irado uoon tho ),'roat lakos
of t"n ill \^aler, w'hi< h tliolo loimtrios onviroii. Iloro aro five lakes, tho finaikll of
whiili is a ]iiooo ■ f fun t \\at. r, i^ioalor than any in tho othor parts of tho v.mld;
iM^ is tlio lako Onliuio, wliiili is not lot's than zoo K.a^uos in ( iromnt'i roiuo; f'.iii',
I r Ofwo^o, lonmr, but not fu broad, is about ilio tame oMoiit. That of tlio llu-
hill Ipri.i'U -^roatiy in width, and is in i ircumtoronoo not Ms than 300, as is that
I f Miihii;aii, iImuljIi, like llio lako I'.rio, it is rathor lonj; and oomiiaralivolv nar-
lOVV.
Ijui tho jakr .Stiporior, whioh contains fovoral lar^- iilaiuls, is ;oo ka^
ill till nil. -Ml of ilioto ;iio i
laM:
alilo 1). an\ m'II'oIs, and tlio\ all luiiiijui
uo-
nioali
wiJi ono anollior, o\(oj)l th;it tho |iaira;,'o botwoon Kiio and (Jiitario is iiitoiniplod
lis a lhipond<i'.is tail or lataiait, w
ill \> oalKd iho falls of >,i.i-aia. 'I
10 walor
loro is
bout half a milo wido, wluto t'lo mok orotlos it, not in a dirovt lino, b;,t
in il.' fi'i.ii <'f a laif 11101,11. \\ ! 1 11 it i oiiu :, to tho poi|n.i.dioiilar tall, wliioli i,
t, 110 wiiiiU oaii lApiof-, til • iiii.lioniaili.,1 t<t tra\o|lois at iVoinj; fo j^ri;,! a
it' waur I'allii!!,', or r.i:h r viol, iiliy llifown, trmii f> j;ro.ii a iioi^lit, ii[:
r. i
b
1
nr.iih tartlur.
1011
w ; Iroin wliK.i It ai^am ioi»ounus to a \oi\ gnat lioij^lit, a|i|ioaiiii}j;
. \'.hiti' as t'now, boini; all Kunorlod inlo toaiii, llirougli tliol'o vioU'iit a^ilatill||^.
1.0 i.i'il'o of this I'.ill is ot'i.'ii lioard at tho ditiaiioo o| i- mih s, and t'oiiKtiiiKs
n tlio tail Ilia) foimiiiiKs bo t'>on at a };ioat
Tl,
\ap'iti|- ariiiiii;
ilol
lidai
(II
00.
PP'.-ir
li i^ lit.i- a ihUKi, or I
or tiiihir (A liii
)\o. and III tlu :ippi aiaiioo ot n
K'.inbiiw, ul,uio\i.r the I'.u a:Kl tho i.ofition of tho tra\ollir I'avours. Many
and t'owls horo li.fo ihoir livis, by attoiiipliii.!{ to I'sviui, or i lots tho tiioaiii in tli
raiiids abno llu- I'all, aiui aio I'ound dathod in piooos b liu ; and fuiiutiiius llio In
i;:.iii>
ll
IK'
ll oaroi
.liiiola ur (.luiikoniio
I's, have mol wiili ilk fariic fatv
,!U1
[kr-
lilt'
>la-
III-
Will
, lU)
i> or
the
if tlio
s, and
i,. Si.
vtd u\)
.111)5 it*
I lurms
,i\riU of
ini; cun-
jiroarvfs
s, wlicrc
i. In itH
I fruiiful,
ncU (ii"W
k. (orwMnl
rrii\i laWcs
finalUl^ o\
1k' v.i'vlil ,
■IK I", 4'.'i>-".
,f l\\v 1 Ill-
US is lliiit
^j;ivi.ly uav-
luuumikivl*'
|'iii\(.iia;)Wil
a liiu-, l»>t
, \\\\w\\ i-"
i.^ht. upon
l| ;iMilVUi»>ns.
I luUKlin».s
In iil ;» Kvcul
ai;.U«.'>.' "l 11
am in i\>-'
i.uslli^' lu-
lu' i ■M<^ I'^i-
n R 1 T I s ir A N[ r R I c a. «.,;
Ii.iir* no jilaco ill tin* worlil in (Voijiunti'il l»v fiih a niMiiixT n( i n^^lo* ns nro iiiviiitl
hitlur l»\ tin.' luniiim' of divr, «lks, luin, K.t . on wlinli llu'v fri-d, Hie rivrr Nt.
I.iiiiri iHo, lu wf li.ivo akiMfly ulififvcd, ii tlu- oiiili-t <<( iln-li- Inki's ; liy tliis tlu-y
«liklniit>' lln-nUVlvi'* into tin- oiinn. Tlu I'tviuli, vvlnii in podillion of the |»ni«
\iiui', liiiill I'Ttt .it till' fi-vi'ial llriiitu, l>y wliitli llulV l.ik^ fnoniiniiiiiiiilv witli i';ii!t
oiJur, as Will a-. wIuti- llu- hilf of iliont t imniiii.ituti'. witli \\\r ri\ r. My tlufo
tlu'y I'rtVctiinlly f>iiiii'd to llionifi Ivos itii' tradi' of llu- |.ik< ,, and an inlUuiuo over
all llic natiiiiH ot /\iiii riva whidi lay near tlu-in.
An I MAI. t 1 llu !>• iiiako iIk' iiioll i niin'i ., iind liillnTtn ihi' umO inliullin;^ part
of tin.' n.ituial liillory of I'aiiiida It is lo lln' Ipoils nf iIhI',' iImi wi- our tlu- ma-
Icrials of inaiiv of onr nianufailiiiis, anil nitll of llu- cininiiTCi' as yet lairii'd on
U'lWoi'ii Us and ihut proNnai'. 'Ilir animals tliat liinl llii'ltiT and lunirillniunt in
till' iniiniiiis. lori'lU ot C'aiiadn, and wliiili iniU'cd travcrff tlu- untnltixati d parts
of all tlii . lontini'iil, iiu' llaijs, idks, d.'or, licir^, foM's, ni;niiiis, wllil lats, ti'iu'is,
wialVIs, f(|iiirrrls of a larm' li/o and (^ri'yilli Inu', liari's, and ral)liiis. lln- foiiiii-
iin paits III parlitular bnid ^n-at luiiiilurs of wild hnlU. d.'cr of a Iniall li/i-, di-
\^.'r^ furls of rorlnicks, goats, wolvi's. Scr, 'I'lu* nuirllios, lakes, and pools, wliiili
in tliis cmiiitry arc very minuToiiH, fwarni with ottirs, hcavirs or lallors, of wliirii
till- wliiti- an- liii,'lily valurd, luini; iVaivi', as will as iho iii;lit lilaik kind. llic
Anuriian ln-avif, tlionnh ri'li'mhliii;^ ilio iiiatiiri' known in I'.nmpi' [t\ tlmt iiaine,
lias mail) pailiiiiiars uinili nndi-r ii tlu- mull iiiriims animal wc air ai<iiia;nti'il
with. It is ni-ar four Ui't in Irnmh, and wi'i{;lis li\ly or iVvcniy pounds; ilu'v live
from flfti'cn to iwoiity yt-ars, and ihi- fcmalis goiu'rally bring foiilifonr voiini; onos
iit a tiino. It is an ampliihions t|nadrnp(.'d, tliat coniiniu-.s not Imi^ at a tinu- in tho
watir. but yi't lannot livi- witlioiii fioniuntlN batliinj; in it. IIk- fa\.i',''s, who
wa^i'd loiitinual war with lliis animal, lu'lii'Vi'd it to bo a rational inalnu', that ii
li\i'd in fiK'ii'ty, and was fjoviriud b\ a loadrr, rcfiinhiinj; thoir own facluni or
priiui'. It mull indi-i-d be allowed, ijiat the airounts nivon of this animal by tra-
mIIits, the manner in whiili it eontrives ils habitation, pnuides food to firve dar-
iiif; the winter, ami always in proportion to the tontimiance and feverity of it, aro
fiiliicieiit to (hew tin- near approaehes of inllinct to reafon, and even in fonie in-
llaiiees tlie fujx'riority of the turmer. They are of dillerent eolours ; black, brown,
while, vcllow, and thaw-colour ; but it is obfcrvcd, that thole of lighter colour are
ilotiieif with a kfs ipiantity of fur, and live in warmer climates. The furs of the
heaver arc of two kinds, the dry and the green ; tiie dry fur is the tkin before it i.i
alio
on
o to anv u
fe ; tl
le ureen are
the I
urs, iliat are worn, after beiii'' fewi'd to
DIU?
iliir, by liie Indians, \\lio befmear them wilii unctuous fublbnues, vvhiili not
Iv lender them more pliable, butgivv to the tine down, that is maniit'adnrul into
hats, thai oily ipialitv whiih renders it proper to be worked up wiili liie diy fur.
Hnih the Dutcli and I'.ngliili have of late found ttie fecret of inakiii'^ e\e».lh'nt
ildths. gloves, and ibiekings, as well as hats, tVoin the beaver t'nr. Ik-lid 's the fir,
lliis ufetui animal produces the true caltoreuni, whidi is contained in l):igs in the
part of the belly, dillerent from the telilcles; the value of this dnij; is well
The llelh of tlie beavei is a moll delicious food, c\cept when boiled. It
:.iu,i-
known.
ini then a liilaurei
•able tlavour.
The imilk rat is a di..iiiiutive kind of a beaver ^weighini; about five or C\s
nnunds,', which it releinbles in every tliiiii; but ils tail ; and it atlonis a scry llron;;
imilk.
I Ik- elk is tif llu- li/e of a Imrfe or mule. Its lle'.h is \eiy a^reea'.ile and noiiriih-
iiii;, and its lolour a inixtnre ol li^ht-grey and dark-ieil. I hey love tlie co!il couii-
iries , and win ii the winter aliords thcin no gvafs, th.ey gnaw the bark of trees. Ii
is (laii:^eioas lu appioach verv near this animal when he is luiiUcd, as lie fometime.i;
_■ fprln-s
t<ii
n K I r 1 8 ir a m f. r i c a.
fjuing* furioufly on hin purfurr*, and tr«n»|>l«'« «hrm to nlccct. To prcvcnr thU,
>lif litiiiirr ihrowt lii« vioailu to hiiii, iiiid vvlnlc- tlif tU-luut-d aniiiml fiicn'iHhiK (ury
oil thel'i-, I V' t«k.rs |)riipcr iiK-uruir« U> ilir|i<*tili liirn.
Thcrr it u i'nriii\i)ruu'« aiiiitiul Ikto, lulli'd tlu- rHrinjou, of the iVliitc or cai
kind, Willi it tail fo Ioiik, tlint CliBikvoix luyi in iwilUd it fi-vi-ral linu-» roiind
hit Im)Uv. Ill ixKJy is alMtut two KhM in Uuglh, Ironi tin- end o» tlii' (noiu to ||„.
iiiil, It i« faid, lliat lliiit iinimal, windini; hindilt ulxitit it in-o, will d^rt tn
ilii-nco ii|)(Mi iUc elk, twilling lii» llrung tail round hi* body, niitl cut liiii diroai
in
u inoiiK-iitt
I In l)iilliiliH', n kind ()»' wild ox, Iwi* mtuli ilu' fanu' appraraiKo witli \huU
If ot
I'.iiroiu- ; liis l>»»dy i<i covered v\illi a l>liuk wool, whiilt in litj;lily flli'tiiird. Tj,^
fUlli of tho ti iiiiiif in very g«MKl ; nntl the luifFidoe liidv» Hr«' tof't nnd pliiihlc f.,
iliamoin KalhiT, but (•■> very llioiii{. lliat tin- biuk' r>, wliiili the Indians make uli'
r arc hardly pmiliaUli' by a iiiiilket biill 'Ihe I jiiadian roibiuk ii ii donulHf
'■* in nil the
unn
iiai. \\ nl\t >. lire fcnrie in Canada, but tlu'V allmd the lintll tnr
I'liiiiitrv: iht'ir ll> ill i» white, nnd ^ood to lat ; and tite> purl'iu- ihcit priv to i^,
tops ot' tho tallill trcis. 1 he bl.ivk I'oxen are greatly elleeined, nnd verv (
carce
but lliofe of' other tulours are more eoniinon ; and lume on the uppei Miililippi
me ot a ld\er eoloiir, and \«i) beantilul. 'Iliev live upon water lotvU, wliiili
they decoy b\ a tlionlaiul antic iriiks, uml tlim Iprin^ iipni, and devour thet
I he Canadian pole-ial has a moll Iwaiititiil white tiir, except the lip of' |
em.
lis
tail, wliiih is as Mack as jet. Nature has f>iveii this aninnil no defence but iu
urine, ihe fniell of wliicli ii. imoK'iabI) nanleous ; thi-., when attacked, if fprinkles
)i!efitilnl!) on its tail, and lhlo\^^ it *in the all.ol nt. Ilu- (,'anadlan wood-
rat is ul a luautiful lilvi r eolnur, with a budiy tail, and twite as big as the Kuro-
penii : the female i arrie» under her bells a bag, which the opens and lliuts ut pUa.
I'lnc; and in tliat llie placis her young w lien purlucd. Mere are three (orts of lI!uir•
I•( Is ; that tailed the fl\int;-('»)iiirit I will leap forty paces .iiul mote, from one ti.ei,»
iHiolher. 'Ihiii little animal is ealily lanud. and in very livelv ; he puis
ever he can find a plact', in one's llee\e, poiket tu iiuifl, Iu firll piti
mailer, whom be will tliltinguilh among twtnlv perfons. I In- Canatlian
rnaded talies full as well as a liickini; pig. The hares and rabiiits tliHer
tbofe in Kinope, oiii\ ihev liirngie\ in wiiiti'r, 'lluie an' two furls of 1
one live
lip svhei
lies on 1
poieiipi
little fro
l„.„r. 1...
IIS
'>i<e ot a rrudilli,
d the (illnr ol' a bhit k col.nn ; but the former is tl
■ars here,
le moll dan-
gerous, rile bear i* not 'laturally fierte. milels wlini woundetl, or oppielled will
hunger. They run themlelves very poor in the month of July, when it is fome-
wlint dangerous to meet them ; and fhey are laid lo fiiiijiovt iluinfelvis during
lin' wiiilei, when the fnow lii s fnmi lour to fix fci t deip, bs fiuking their paws,
.Sciiii'eiN ai)_\ ihii^g among the India. is is undirlak<n willi gre.iler foleiniiitv
than hnniing tlii; bear; aiul an alliaiue with a imted bear-huiiler, who has killed
I'eveial in o!ie tlav , is more cagerlv f'oll^hl after than that of one who li.is rendered
liiiiir>.lf famous in war. Ihe real'on i^. beiaufe ihis chace lupplios llie family wiih
boili to'id aotl raiment.
Of llie teatlier<'d creation, lhe\ lia^e eagles, falcons, golliawks, tcrcols, par-
iriilges, grey, red, and black, wiiii long tails, which they I'pread out as a fan, and
make a very beautiful api)ear;nice ; wi'odeoeks are fcarce in Canada, but fiiip^ >,
iiui other w.tier-ganie, are )ihiiiiful A Canadian raNoii is liiid In fome writers t(
lalie as well as a i)ii!!ii, .md an .iwl belt.
lb
ari 1)1. u k-birtU, Iwallows, and
laikw ; no U !'-. than tweiii\-two dilkrcnt fpecies of tliicks, and a great inniilut of
fVan,, fiir'ieys, geife, bullards. teal, water-heas, cranes, an<l oilier large wafer-
l'<.wl ; but aluav^ ai a diiiani e from huut'es. The Canadian wuod-|)ecker is a beau-
liuil bird, 'l!iiiillu;» and ^oldlniLhcj are found hcrcj but tlic chief Cauadiau bird
of
tin- til
vl\i:li'"
11 (\ivn-
a witli
(lurinn
Is WilK'l
lily wnli
lis. pav-
Ir'ncrs to
Iws, ami
Inlu-J "1
wativ-
llian bird
B R I T I .^ It A \f R t I f A
»»>7
of mrioily U the whltr-hird, whirh Ji • kuKiol oft<'>>iii, vi rv (Ii'^wv, nnti rrninrk-
able tur MnnotiiKiiig llic roliim ot' Ipriii^. I hr H>-l)kril, iallcil alfo tlu' humiiitng*
liinl, it iIiookIii to he ilx- inn(t ht'iiiiiiliil ol any in iitturc • with til hit filiimn^r,
ho i« no l>iKK>''^ ('^m^ * coiW-rhntiT, and he mtki'i u nnift' will\ hi* win(;<t lik« thi!
iiiiiinniiiK (it It liir)(<' lly.
AtMong; ilu- r«'ntili «ot ihU roiintr-, tho taltK'-fuakooiilv d«'f«*rvi««att*«iuion Somi*
ot thi*lf uri' lit ltii{ nit a tnnn t U<g, itiul ihty iirc lonf( in ttroporlion W hat is n\ott
rtinarkNlilo iit thiit ntuntiil it iho tnil, whiclt i« fciilv hko n c>Mt ol' muil, uml on
»vliit h it in Uiil iht'iv tfi«)wii fViTV vi'ir ono ring, .>r row of fculi't i fo timt 'Ivv
l.iMivv its um' hy it<t tail, an Wi- il i that of a lunlr liv Im to-th In niovmt;, it n»al;i;n
ii iiiithiin noili', Iroin whii h ir hn* its nnmo. 111.' liii<' nf ihiit I'lrp'Mtt i» ini>rt«l, il
II niucrly i» tvit applied iiitiufdiiiti ly. In all pt.tr>"t whv-rc thu dangorotu r«M)tili' ik
liri'd, thcro gniwt n jilant, whicli it tailed raitlf-liinki- horh, tlu- root ol" whicn ifuih
ii fhf jjoikIihCh lit rrovidi'iii el is a it-rtuin antiiloto iiguiiilt iho viMiorii of tliis I'l-r-
{I III, iiitd that uilh tho mud litnplc pn-paration, tor it ri'(|iiirc« only lo hv poiindid
HI t lu Wi'd, (Old n[<plied like a pi: lK;r to tlic woniul. '|h«' riitlli'-fiuiki< ffidoni hitt>i
]i;ill.'nf{i'rH. nnli Is it ii provoki-d ; and ncvor darts iilVit at any p.-rlon without lirlJ
riiiHiii;; llifiT tii»u-H \\'\[\\ its tail. When purl'o.'d, it it li.ts l>ui liitif time to r<cu-
M-r, it ioUls iil'i U roiiMil, with thoht-ad in thv iniddk-, and thon ilarts itl'olfwilh gnut
an
d viiihiKc ai;ainll its piiitWrH : iiovirlht Icfs, the luvugct chitcc it, nnu tind
^ih vi'rv mmd ; it iillo p-ilh-H'os mcdii inal (pialitifit
> mir tvritir* itn' ol opinion that iho hlliorii-it in Canada, if properly improved,
'.^ ;iUI hi' niorf lik'ly lo t-nrith tliat tounliy than even tho fur tindo. 'I'ho river
M i,aurfn>\- coitains tlic j'Tfaffll viirictv ot Hlli of any in the world, ond th«fo in
(111 k,'ri,Mtell pUnty and ot'tlie l>« (I forts.
.Viiioni; iommuTalile others, in the rivers il\u\ lakes, nre fen-wolves, fea-cow$,
jiinpoilin, llie lent ornet. the t^olxrtjne, the fea-plnife, fiihnon, trout, turtle, lohllors
the cliaouriiloii, ^lllr^eon, lln- mhijpni ; the gilthead, tinmv, trout, turtle, prey,
liiii'lts, <oti^er-eels, mackaiel, loals, herriin;s, nnehovies, and pilchard*. The fea-
Willi. Co ealli'd from its hotvlintj, \» an amphihioiis creature ; the larf(e)t arc faid to
tv.'ii'li two fhoufand jxtiinds ; their llelh is good cntinj^ ; hot th<' pmlit of it lies in
1 !,• (Ill, wliuli is ptiipiT liir hnrniiiff, and eiiiryinj' of U ather i their (kin* inake ex-
ulli'iil loveriii'^i for tmnksi and, tnnutjli not f> hiu' as Mororeo leatlier, they pie-
Irvc their tn llinefs hitter, and ari" lefs linhle to trncks. 'I'hc thoes and hoou
je of thole ikins let in no w iter, and when properly tanned, make excellent
itin^' I overs I'or feats. 'I'lie Ciinadian fea-ii'W is larger than the fea-wolf, hut
i\vnil)U-N it in figure ; il has two teeth of tlie iliit kuels and Kn;;th of a man's arm,
iii;u:
iir.il ill
vliieii, wIkmi ^rllwn
loi'k like horns, and are \iT\ line ivurv, as we
ns other
■Siiine of the |)<>rp'iif(s ol ihi- river M. I.anieiue arc faid ioyii.1.1 a hoi^lliead
I ; and of tluir ll.ins wailhoats are ntatle, which are nuitket i)roof 'Ihe len-
t is il kind of iuftl--fiih, ipiite rnund. or rather tival ; there ari' three forts of
h tlilfr only in li-^ , tome \w\\\" as lar >e as a ho'llK'.id, and others hut
III (.1
i.iriu'
liicnt, w'iiii
;' tiint lotn
iHtl.l
they latt h onlv the lalh
;t ,1
lat with a I ir. h i they are excellent
l{. ihe ffobertpie hns the talk- and finell of a finall cud. 'Ihe fea-plailo i
iliii.' ; ihev iir.* litkei willi long poles armed with iron hooks. The chaou-
arini'd liilt, aoom iiu* leel loni', and as t
hick
Is a man
lliitil
litih, releni-
; a pike ; li It is co\eiel uith fcales Ih.it are pro >ta,i;aini\ .i d if;;ier . it.s colour
hlver grev ; and there grows nnder his month a long bony fnhll.im e, iaj;<;e<l at
(h
mav reailiiv emu
that
a:i anin;
li 111 \s. II lortifKd is a rava-rer
til
; ihe inhahitan's of the water ; hni we h.tve fo\. itithmces of lilh mahing prey
'|'.-;illiered creation, uhii.li tliis Itih dues. Iv.n-ewr, with inuih art. fie lon-
liuiifwlf iinininj il'e v.anes .i
id rtedx, and in lUsli a inuiiL.T lUul nolhini^ is to
s V be
9
M
n R I T I H il AMERICA.
btfttn h«fiit(« )ii> u^it|h)ri. witiili ho liultit riuK'il |it r|Kii<tickitdrt)r nbov<> ihc f,
fbrtof tl
i> Miiii'r
iIk- h
h<' imly It wiihtTid m J, |
III!) (ipviiii hi* ilirtMt, unit
ft'ldiMii ciVa|M « hill). I III
u (Vi'lb iiiul lull wuti'r tiili,
.\lt,
\s\\
i< n li
"1
iiiiik
1 1
« till)
ii
iitlv
n (
ti(h t'iMtif In •itlk>' nit, iiiinKiiiMi^ ilu- Wk'a|Nm ix
Hiti il t ImI ihty arc no lixiiur iili^liKil, ihun ||„.
Ikti li a tuiliirn iiiution lo t>'i4(v lu» prey, ilmi n
uii iiiliiiliilaitl t)f the lttki-«. 1 hv llurgviMi i* Ixiili
Ml iIk' ttmiN ot'CitnudR HMtlllic luki«, truni ci^l,!
to iwclvt I'lvt liiitK, iukI |irii|iiirli>iiiitl)l) iliiik Hit ri' ii u diiull kiiut •>( Ihirsioii,
llu- lit 1:1 •>» whiili lit wry ItiiiUr niul ilvliiulo 'llic lu liiKHii, ■ml tlic Kitthtiiil, ur*
u'l iiliiir to tlu' t\\vi St. I.iiiifviui'. Soiiu' «>l llu' ri»»'r» lircitl a kiiitl ol trwi*.
Ii:h
ililo, lliut ilii^ri hill little IriMu iluit'c iil' the Nih*.
IniiaI' iANr« Ann I'MIncipal rouN* I HiilWr tin* lal<- wnr, tin* hnnk^nf itu!
rivi-r St. l.iiiiriiKo, uIhivo tJiK-lKt, wifc viiltly ptimilous Jmt \v i .iiiioit |tr»iili.|v
•lilciiiiiiu' tlu- iiiiiiil>tr til' l"rrii« h initl t)ii){lilli IwtlUtI m tlii« provuuo, vvlm uro ui
t|i>ulit«-(ilv iiiHiM iIk iiicri-iil'i-. Ill ilic ytitr 178;, Ciiii.ul.i iiiiii l.ahruilcir Mrrc fiii
,1 . . . .:.. . 1 :..!... I... • ■ n... .1.11:., ;i. .. ...• 1. 1: I
nil-
utl'i'd Id iiiiiiaiii al)i)ut 1 )o,ooo itiluihitniit<i
llu- ililii n-iit irilk't oi' liuli
aiu III
an
itlii nroaliiinll iniiiinurahlc ; liiit thdV people are tihlerved to <lei reafe in poi
latJDM wliere the luiropi uiii ure moll ntinu iiiiiit, ii\\in)( ehielly to the iiiiiiuHlcraie
nil iiMpiriiiMini lii|iii)r>. jiI' which ihey are txiellivily t'lrul Hut ai liherty i» the
rilling pallioti <it the Imlians, we may naturally riij)poi'o, that, a^ llie Kuropcuniuil.
tiiiice, the tornu-r will rclreiit to more ilillaiit re){ioiii.
(jiu'liec , the eajiilal, nut only ol' this proviiit e, hut ol' all Canada, it liitiatrd at
the toiiHuenee ol ihe rivern St. Laureiuo and St. ChnrKH. or the Little Kivi r,
ulxiiit ;aj inilei t'io:n the lea. Il is hnilt on a rcKk, parlly o| inaililr .mil punlv
(if flute. Tlir town iit diviiiid into an upper and a lower ; the lioul't^ in h.nli i^rc
«>l' Ihine, aiitl hnill in a toKiahle niainier. The lortilieationt are (Iroii);, thouffii
not re;;nl.ir. The town i^ eovered with a regular and hcatitilul liladel, in wliieh
till- governor relidei, The nninlter ot inhaliitanli are coinpuled at .iliont 1 {,000.
'I he liver, wliiih Iroin the Tea hither in lour or live lea;;iie^ hroad, iiarrowt iill (.|
n fniUhn to ahout a mile wide. 'Ihe hawn, whiih lien op|iolit( to the town, inlare
and coninuMlitiuii, and about live rathoin ileep. The hurbonr is Hanked hv two b.if-
tiniis, that are railed 15 feet from the ground, wliiih i!> about the hei|;ht of llittidi
it tlie time ot llie ei
CI
tiinox.
t'rom (Quebec to Montreal, whieh is about 170 milen, in failing u|i the river Sf
I..uireiiee, the e\e !■. eiiUTlained w iili lnMiilil'nl laiidleapei, the iiank-. iMiinr in miumv
plaee* very bold niul llcio, and ihaded wlili lotn trees. Hie t.irins lie prettv tldlt
II the way : IVm ral ^''titleinen's lioulVs, neatly built, lliew the.iifiives at iiiterv.il
and theri' ik all the appeaiani'' of a llouriihin^ eoiniiy ; but lliere arr few towns <it
villages It is |(ietiN iiuuli like llie welM'eilled p.iiis of N'ir^inia mid Marvlaml,
t\ here llu jilanti Is bee whullt w iiliin llunireiv^ s Many licaiiliful illiuds are intei-
lp< ried in the tiuiiinel of tlie river, wliiih have an at;ieeal)le ilk\t npiii tlie e\e.
Alter paliiiit; liie Kit lili<-u illands, ihe air Ineoines fi mild and teiiipcrale, llint tlii>
travi'lli r thinks hiinfelf tuuifjioited l» aiiotli'-r elim.ite i but tiiis is to be uikUtII'kjJ
in tlu liun.iH r inonihs.
Till' lowii. e,,ll' d ruii> Rivieres, or the I'liive Kivi*r&, in about half way between
(Quebec and .Montieal, a id has its name fium three riven wiiieii Join tlieir eur-
rents here, atitl l.iil into the river St. I.Mireiue. It is muili rel'oited to by foeial
natio'ix of Indians, w'lo, bv means of iheie rivers, eonie hither and Iraile with
e ( .i.iutry in plealiiiit, and
th>' i.i'oahitaiil . in various ki'i(K of furs and Ikiii'^
'li
• III 17'U. Riiuril Il.ililimmil uniircil ainifiin tnntiOH I'.rv.'i'h ^"'1 IVfiKliiCii ! ili.'i'ol i9,o.iO
|if llic iiili.iljil .lit: toU' t.rkiii, tvluii tiiri. .iiiiuiiiiCid lu^itlilt> IvUltil iii llii. lij'^it t jv^rlt ut t.ii' j'i<iviM>. .
7 filtiK;
B K t T I S n A M F. R t C A. ||t
iVrlilc' In fitfii, fnill, lie. ami great miii\licri i>l liantiroiiii' itotirci ftttid on bi>iti
lulf^ ih'- iiviT».
M'»iir> .tl U4MitU oil HM illaiul in ili« river Si. Laiirriu'r, wlmh in ten tcaftirt in
li-ii|tili >iiiil tuiir III bn Milili, ul ill! tool III A iiitMitit.iin mIiu Ii givt i iiiiiiu' tn it, itlxnit
lull « KxKUi: Iroin lliv liwtlli ilitirc, V\ liiU' (lie Krrtuli h.iil |ii>llillion oi' (.'muib.
ImiiIi iIic tiiv niid hImiuI •>! Moiilnnl lH-liinf(iil in |i'ivuio pri)|initiir«, wli>i lin<l iiii'
|MitM'ii llu'iii Iti W( II, llial llic wliolo illanti \\a^ hcioiiK' u mull <U li^lillul Ijiol, «iul
l<ii>iliiti'ti cwry lliitiK tlinl ioiilU ailiniiuilfr In ilu- 4i>iivcniciu>-i of lilV. lln* t ity
|.iriii» ttn "i'l^jjin ''iltJlUi' «livuli'«| liy n-j^iilur iiiul willlorimil Ihi^iii aiul wlun
ttiki'li l»y llii- F.iikIiiTi, llif litiuii 1 Vf\ rv Ituill in a m r\ liiiiuHitm.; iu.iimI' r ; uml rv
lioiilc diIkIiI Ii«' r«'cM ul (ino vk-v\ Iriiiii ilic li.n Imur, nr 110111 llic r<iui' > riniKiit luK' ul'
ilio ri\wr. tu llio liill, on tlu' lute «it wliiili tlu' town lliiiid*, tuili ^l iliml'" to tlu*
watir. 'Hii> plni'i' i« fiirroiiiidcil liv a \«all ami u ilrv iliiclt t 'io<t • I'lrtiritutioiu
luivi' Ik.'«*h mm Ii iiiijiroNfii hv thr Knulilli Moiiirinl ii lu'wrly lu iw^.i- ii« (^itclKt (
liul rnit.c il tell into tli> liaiulu <<r tluT.ii^liili. ii liutii luiKml nimli liy Itri".
(iuvVRMMl N i,| Itoliirc iIk' liilir war, ilu- I'umli liw«l
III iilUiit'iut'
III
iiiR
tiiiiil ull tiiyvn, ami li.ivJDg lull lilu'ity lu liunl, hlli, kit tiiiili..!', ui.ii (d low 11 ..i
^laiit H< nun it land a« tlu-y could cuitivulv: mid h) ilio ('it|iittilnlioii gnmird lo ihoiii
vnIiii) llwir iouiilry \vu« rcdiicid, botli iiidividuiiN and coiMiiuiiilicii w>re ciittikd
t.t tlii'ir urii'ii'iil jiriviii-m'*.
It wii» iiuKti d li\ |).iili:iimiit in ilu- sour 1774, lliat it llnuilil lie lawl'iil I'o' ' ',
majiilyi \>itl) tlic ad>uc ol liu |irivy-couMCil, lo ionllitutc and u|i|ioiiit u i-o;.tuU
tor ilk! uniiirn ul' iIk- provincr ot i^tiubcc, tu conlill ol' i'lali iicrloiiH niidcnt t. ore,
not I'xcrt'diitg twciity-tlircc, nor U-('!« tlinn I'l-vinloi'ii, 111 liisniaiclh iiii>;lii hi iiliiirod
III naiiii- ; and ii|i<>n tin* dtatli, removal, or alili'mt ot any nt iIk' nunilois ot tlio
l.iid loiincil, ill like inuniKr In a|i|i(iint hiIkt^ to Uiitcid llivm. Ami tlui i
Ollll
ul, lo noniiiiatrd, or tlu- niujoriiy ot' tlii'iii, are velU'd wiili autliurit) tu make nr*
(linaiic*'!> tor the peace, wcllHre, and ^lMld ^(>vertlmenl ot' ilie provincr, will) ilia
loiili lit ot tlie >{o\ernor, or, in liisableme, ot the lieulenant-fjnvoriior, or eomnuni . r
in ihiet tor the time luin^. I lie tomuil, liowever, arc nni mipuwered to lay
lavet, except lor the piirpoU* ol inakin^ maiK, repai..iion ol piihlii htiildinf^s, or
jiiJi local coiiveniemes. By this act, all matters ot controserly relative to pio-
juriv and civil riulits are to be <lctermiiied by llic French lawi ot'C'uiiada ; but tlu?
»riiniiial law »>!' raigland is to have lone in the province, 'l lie inhabitants ol'
( ,in;ula are alto allowed by this act not only to prolels the Uomilh rell^ioll, but
ilir Topilh cler^'v are in>ellevl with a li^^ht to claim their HCcu<)onied diun troni
tlmle ol the lame reliijion.
Ihapk ani> commkrck.] By ••xpellinR the French trom the i;...ii ol'oiir then
fiillemcnis. we lecured tliem 111111 the danmr ot bi in^ moU lied or attacked by an
•iclive iuul t'ormidable eiieiii), and enabled our jieople to attend wltli jiroiuM I'piiir
iiulin(lnlh\, t'l aj;riciiltiire, and the improM ments ol tha' loimlry. \\ liile tlu-
inipoitant loiiiimll ol' Canada lenioscil a ii\al power t ni lliat part oi NoiiU
Aiiurica, it put iis in tlie fole poUellioii ot' the I'lir ji'.d peiiry trade, llie laV and
ii!\portance ol whiili ari' well known to tlu' niaiuilactiircrs ot (Jrcat Hrltain.
Ihe nature ot' the climate, I'evenly cold in wiiitvr, and llu' peoj)!e manuUu tr.riii?,
iMiliinj;, Ihi ws what Canada priiKi|ially ua us t'roni luirope ; wme,iir ratl.ei rmr,
tliiihs, iliiitlv loart'i linen, and wrouj;lu imn. 'Ihe liuli.in trade rcipiires rum,
tJiaico, a t'oit ofiUitlil blankets, guns, powikr, ball* and Hints, kettks, hatchets,
iiiii
I trinkets ot" all kinds.
iMulc this (ounliy wa^ polUlfed by liie Frciuh. ilie liuliaiis fupplied ihem with
li<lirv;.ind the I'u in h had tiad>rs, who, in the manner ot tlie original iidiabitaiits,
Uir.c'rlVd the v.ill hikes and liveis in canoes, \\itli iii(udib!e indiilirv and p:ti.;icc,
; N i i.aa.i 1^
900
BRITISH AMERICA.
carrjing their goods into the rcmotcft partt of Amrrica, tnd among nations en«
tirely unknown to us. Thefc again brought the luarlict home to them, as the In.
dians were thereby habituated to trade with them. For this purpofe, people from
all parti, even from the dillancc of looj miles, came to the Vrench fair at Mont>
real, which began in Juno, and ii)mclimcs lellcd three months. On this occafion,
many tolcmnitics were oblcrved, guards were placed, and the governor attended to
prcfcrve order, in fuch a: ct)ncourfc, aiul with fo great a variety of favagc nations.
But fouH'timcs great difordor and lunuiits huppenvd ; and tlie Indians, being fond
of brandy, frequently gave for a dram all they were polTciFed of. It is remarkable,
that many of thefe nations actually paflfed by our Icttlement of Albany in New
York, and travelled 150 miles farther to Montreal, though they might have pur-
chafed the g|oods cheaj)ec at the former. So much did the French excel us in the
arts of wimimg the anedions of thefe favP'^es !
Since we became poflcfTcd of Canada, our tri>de with that country is computed
to employ about 60 Ihips and 1000 fcamcn. Their exports, in (kins, furs, ginfeng,
ftiakc-root, capillaire, and wheat, in the year 1786, were 343,263). The amount
of imports the fame year was 325,1 16I. It is unncceflfary to make any remarks on
the value and importance of this trade, which not only fuppiiet u» with unmonu-
fa^urcd materials, indifpcnfably neccflary ir^ many articles of our commerce, but
alfo takes in e.\change tlic manufadlurcs of our own country, or the productions
of our other fcttlements in the Kaft and Well Indies.
Dut whatever attention be paid to the trade and peopling of Canada, it will be
impolfiblc to overcome certain inconveniences, proceeding from natural caufus, viz.
the fcvcrity of the winter, which is fo exceflivc from December to April, that the
greateil rivers arc frozen over, and the fnow lies commonly from four to fix feet
deep on the ground, even in thofe parts of the country which are three degrees
fouth of London, and in the temperate latitude of Pari«. Another inconvenience
ii'rifcs from the falls in the river St. Laurence, below Montreal, which render it
difficult for very large ihips to penetrate to that emporium of inland commerce ;
but veflels from 300 to 400 tons arrive there annually. Our communication there-
tore with Canada, and the inrunenfe regions beyond it, will always be interrupted
during the winter feafon, until roads arc formed, that can be travelled with fafelv.
For it may be here obfcrved, that the Indians oftca commence hoililitiesagainll us,
without any provocation, and commit the molt horrid ravages. But when at lall
their barbarities have roufed the ftrcngth of our people, they are not alhamed to beg
a peace : they know we always grant it readily ; they promifc it fliall endure as long
as the fun and mo(jn ; and then all is (jiiiet till fome incident, too often co-opcrat
irig with ill ufage received from our traders, gives them a frelh opportunity of re-
newing their cruelties.
History.] Sec the general account of America. ■<
NOVA
t Si *? C 501 1 ' -
rt •
(*r
NOVA SCOTIA.
Situation ahd Extent.
Miles.
Degrees. Sq. Miles^
Length 350 l K»t— - ( 43 and 49 north latitude. >
Breadth 250 1 b<='''«"l 60 and 67 weft longitude, f 57.°°°'
i»«n«T»»»t»»l "DOUNDED by the river St. Laurence on the North; by the-
DO0KDAiriE»,j p ^^^f ^f jjj Laurence, and the Atlantic ocean, Eaft; by the
fame ocean, SoutnTand by Canada and New England, Weft. In the year 17^4^
tills province wa» divided into two governments.
The province and government, now llyled New Brunswick, is bounded on the
wcllward of the mouth of the nvcr St. Croix, by that river to its fource, and by
a line drawn due north from tiicncc to the fouthern boundary of the proviiuc of
Quebec ; to the northward by that boundary as far as the wcftorn extremity of tliu
Bay de Chaleurs ; to the caflward by the faid ba^ to the gulf of St. Laurence to
the bay called Bay Vertc ; to the fouth by a line in the centre of the Bay of Fuiuly,
from the river St. Croix to the mouth of the Mufquat River, by the faid river Uy>
its fource, and from thence by a due caft line acrofs the ifthmus into the Bay
Verle, to join the caftern lot above dcfcribcd, includingall iflands within fix leagues.
of the coaft.
Rivers.] The river ot St. Laurence forms the northern boundary. The rivers,
Rifgouche and Nipifiguit rim from weft to caft, and fall into the bay of St. Lau-
rence. The rivers ot St. John, PaflTamagnadi, Penobfcot, and St. Croix, which
run from north to fouth, fall into Fundy Bay, or the fea a little to the eaftward.
of it.
Sbas, bays, and capes. J Tlie feas adjoining to it are, the Atlantic ocean^
Fundy Bay, and the gulf of St. Laurence. The lefler bays are, Chanigto and
Green Bay upon the ifthmus, which joins the north part if Nova Scotia to the fouth j
and the Bay of Chaleurs on the north-eaft ; the bay of Chedibuiito on llic fouth-eaft ;.
the Uav of the iflands, the ports of Bart, Chebufto, Profper, St. Margaret, La 1 Icve,.
port Maltois, ymrt KoftignoU port Vert, and port Joly, on the foutli ; port La Tour,
oil the fouth-eaft ; port St. Mary, Annapolis, and Minas, on the fouth ftde of Fundy
ISiiy, and port Rofeway, now the moil populous of all.
The chief capes are, Cape Portage, Ecoumenac, Tourmentin, Cape Port and
Kpis, on the call. Cape togeri, and Cape Canceau, on the fouth-eaft. Cape
Blanco, Cape Vert, Cape Theodore, Cape Dore, Cape La Ileve, and Cape Negro,
on the foiitn. Caj)e Sable, and Cape Fourchc, on the fouth-weft.
Lakes.] Theiak.es arc very numerous, but have not yet received particular"
names.
Climate.] 'Hie climate of this country, though within the temperate zone, has
been found rather unfavourable to European eonftiiulions. 'i'hey are wrapt up in
the gl:ioni of a fog during great part of the year ; and for four or Hve months it is
iiiteni'ely cold. But though the cold in winter and the heat in funmier are great,
they coine ou gradually, U) as to prepare tlie body fn- enduring both.
Soil and i'ropuce.] From fuch an unfavourable climate, little can be expocl-
«d. Nova Scotia, or New Scotland, was, till lately, almoft a continued lorell; and.
agriculture, though attempted by the Englilh fettlers, has hitherto a.aJe little jimv-
;,.efj.
902
n R I T I S H AMERICA.
jjrofs. In moft parls the foil is thin nnil harron, the com it proiliici-s, of a fliri-
vi'llrd kiiKl liki- ry<>, and tin- grats iiitiTmixi'd with a cold fpmi^jy inofs. Mow-
ever, it is not uniionnlv i)ari ; thtiv arc tracts in tlie pcniiifula to tlic foutliward,
wliiih do not yield to the hell laud in New Knijlaml ; and, in general, llu- foil U
adapted to ilic |)rodiice of lienip and (lux. 'I he timber is extremely prop-r for
)liil)-biiildin^, and produces pitch and tar Fhittcrinf; accounts have been );iven of
the improvements making '"» the new fcttlenicnts on the Hay of Kuiidy. A great
(piaiuity of land hath been cleared which abounds in lind)er, and fliip-loads of ex-
cellent malls and fpars have been lliipped for Kngland.
AviMAr.s.] Ihis country is not deficient in the animal produf^lionsof the nei^di-
bouring provinces, particularly deer, beavers, and otters. Wild fowl, aiul all
manner of yame, and many kinds of Kuropean fowls and quadrupeds, have, from
time to time, been broucljt into it, and thrive well. At the clofe of March, the liih
hcijin to fi>av,n, when tney enter the rivers in fuch Ihoals as arc incredible. Her-
rings come up in April, and the (lur^eon and falmon in May. But the mod valu-
able appendage of New Scotland is the Cape Sable coaft, along which is one con-
tinued range of cod-rtlhing banks, and excellent harbours.
J lisTOUV, sii r li.EMKN r, cmij:f 1 Notwithlhinding the forbiilding appearance
TOWNS, ANO coMMERCi;. ji of this Country, it was here that fomc of the
I'rrt I".uroi)ean fetllemcnts were made. The lirft grant of lands in it was given bv
James I. to his fecretary (ir William Alexander, from whom it had the name of
Nova Scotia, or New Scotland. Since then, it has frequently changed hands,
from one private proprietor to anotlier, and from the French to the Englilh nation
backward and forward. It was not confirmed to the Englifli till the peace of
Ltrecht ; and their delign in accpiiring it does not feem to have fo much arifcn
from any profpett of direct profit to be obtained by it, as from an apprehenfiou
that the French, by poUclling this province, might liave had it in their power to
annoy our other fettlenients. Upon this principle, 3000 families were tranfported
in 1 749, at the charge of the governnient, into this country. 'Ihe town they
erected is called Halifax, tVom the earl of that name, to whole wifdom and care
we owe this fettlement. The town of ilnlifax llands upon Chcbu6>o 15av, verv
commodlouiiy lituated for the filhery, and has a communicarion with molt parts o{
the province, either by land carriage, the fea, or navigable rivers, with a tiiie
h;irbour, where a fuiall fcpiadron of Ihips of war lies during the winter, and in fum-
nicr puts to fea, under the conunand of a commodore, tor the protctlion of tlic
lilherx. 'I he town has an entrenchment, and is ftrengthencd with forts of timber.
Tiuee regiments of men are Ihitioned in it to protect the inliabitants from the In-
dians, whole refenlment, however excited or fomented, has been found implacable
againll the Knglilh. 'I'he number of inhabitants is laid to be 15 or 16,000, wiio
live very comlortably by tlie trade they carry on in furs and naval llorcs, bv tlielr
fiilieries, and by fujjplying the wants of the governor and the garrifon already men-
tioi.ed.
'Ihe other towns of lefs not are Aimapolis Royal, which (lands on the eafr lide
of tiie bay of Fundy, and llmugli but a Auall wretched place, was formerly the ca-
jiilal of the province, it has one of the linefl harbours in America, capable of con-
taining a thoufand vcl]i. Is at anchor, in the utmolt fecurity. M'his place is alfo pro-
tected by a (ort and garrifon. St. Jolm's is a new fettlem'-iit at the nuniili of ihi'
river of that name, that ("alls into the bay of Fundy on the Will lide. .Since liie
(onchilion nt thi' American war, the eniigraticn of lovaliltsto this province, from
tlie Lnited States, hath been very great. By tl;eni new towns base been railed, bat
j)articii!arly at Port Kofeway , wKerei s n^w a e it\' named Shelburne, which extends
two miles on the water lide, and one mile back, witli wid.- flrtets croiiing each
oilier
UNITED STATES or AMERICA;
9»$
low-
oil ii
■r in-
'I'll <it'
glXMt
:, fvoin
ihc I'llh
llcr-
ft valii-
uc con-
canmcc
ic ot' the
uiinio ot
lI hands,
Ih nation
peace of
ch nrifon
ircUcnIion
power to
aulportecl
own they
y anil cavo
\n\\ veiy
: parts ot
th a tine
nti in fum-
ion ot" ihc
ot' timlnr.
Dm tlK- In-
nipUicable
,000, wlio
s, by tb.ea'
ready nien-
n-ic eat't iidc
Vrly the ca-
Ible ot' eou-
lis all'o pro-
louili ot i!v
Since tiie
l\iiue. t'roin
rail'ed, but
I'u h c\ti luls
|i\;ii;nt; eaiU
Other at right angles. It is fnid to have ahc >'e q.'^oo inhabitants, cxcliilive of what
i:. itvU-d the Black Town (containing 1200 tree blacks*, wlw fcrvcd on tlic royal ficlc
lUning the war), which ihmds about a mile from Shelburne, and fcparatcd from
it by a fniall frclh-watcr river. 'I'lic harbour here is deep, capacious, and fecurc,
und the tide hath a great rife and fall.
Of the old fettloments, the moft llourirtiing and populous arc Halifax, and the
towndiipsof VVindfor, Norton, and Cornwalliii, Ijctwccn Halifax and Annapolis.
Vi the new fcttlemcnts, the moft important are Shcll)urne, Parr-town, Digby
and new Edinburgh. But recent accounts of thefe fcttlemcnts rcprefcnt ihcni.
in a declining (late, great numbers of the houfcs in the new towns^ being unin-
habited, and coniiderably reduced in value.
'Ihe exports from Great Britain to this country confirt chiefly of woollen and
linen clotn, and other nccelTaries fur wear, of iilhing tackle, and rigging for Hiips.
'Jhe amount of our exports, at an average of three years, before the new fettle-
ments, was about 26,5001. The only articles we can get in exchange are timber,,
and the produce of the filhery, which, at a like average, ann)unts to 38,000!. But
front the late increafe of inhabitants, it is fuppofcd that they will nt)W creel faw-
inills, and endeavour to fnpply the Weft India illands with lumber of every kind,
;is well as with the produce of the filhery, which will be a prolilahle article to botlv
countries. The whole population of Nova Scotia and the illands adjoining is elU-
mated at 50,000 i but tliis is thouglit to be. conl'idcrably too large.
UNITED STATES of AMERICA..
OF the rife, progrefs, and moft remarkable events of the war between Great '
Britain and her American colonics, abetted by France, which at length ter-
minated in the cilablifliment of the " United States of America," we have already
riven an accoimt, in our view of the principal tranfaelions in the hiftory of Great
liritain. It was on the 4th of July, 1776, that tlie congrefs publilhed a folemn de-
claration, in which they alligned their reafons for withdrawing their allegiance t'roni :
tlu' king of Great Britain. In the name, aixl by the authoriw,. ot" the inhabitants
of the united colonies of New llaiiipthiie, Malliichufetts Way, Rhode Kland and
Trovidence I'lantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jerley, Pennlyivania, Dela-
ware, Maryland, \ irginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia, ihev
dix!iii\d, that. they then were, and of right ought to be. Free and independent
SuiUb; and that, as fuch, they had full power to levy war,, conclude |h ace, con-
tract alliances, cftablilh commerce, and do all other acts which independent ftatcs
cor
fw. :■
ru'U
Irn;
'••1
u'j;
t. f
tr>>ii
\u.\
till-
\VI\( n tlic aA of |wrliameiit had paflcd for in-
•oMtiiig tlie Siiira l.coiu' cojupany, and a con-
ille c.ipital in i7(>i appciiml likely to Iw
a t.ir larrvin^ on tlit- UiuUrt.ikiny,. a di-ii'nate
1 a buiiy ot Nova Scotia blaiks Mas tliin in
liiid, \\\w rcprilViitiil tliat tlit pcrlims wlio
!,iin liitlitr lud nrr^iatcd to Nova Sioiia at
Mul nt the .Amt-rK .'>n «ar, liavinj'. nctived
'uivtrmncat irrtain promllVMif lots of land,
, h^luul ncvir lu-in llii.tly hilfiil'.d; lliat Ixisli
U)\\ ami the iliiiiate of Nova :Sv(.:ia, as wl-!I as
' tlar tiniunliantii in liicii (itiiation, were
conipKaiiied of by them, and that jnnny of tlicin
were dtliroiis of bcionun;' lolonilts at the llttlL--
ment which they vinderiiood was liktly to be
made at Siena I, tone. In eon!'c<iiience of t!ie di-
rei"K)r.s approvin;; o( tiii- jietition, and obtaining tin."
approbation ot ihe liritifli noviriMniiit, the nnn>-
lier of Nova-Scotia;is who were wlUini; to emharK
f.'r Sierra I.eoi.e proMd to be no klV than i ttjfi ;
of which number 1151 arrived in 16 vcllils, in
M rch, I -.1; ; the remaining (ty died diniiij; iii«
pair".',!'. iscport ol the Sierra Leone Co-iijianv,
b_^ Ikiirv 'I'horntoii, Fi'^uirc.
niav
^04
VNITED STATtS o» AMERICA.
majr of right do. They alfo publidicd Articles of Confederation, and perpetual
»^ Union, between the colonics, in which they afl'umcd the title of " The United States
df America ;" iind by which each «»f the colonics contraflcd a reciprocal treaty of
-ullinnce and fricndfliip fur thoir common defence, for the maintenance of their li-
bcrties, and for their gcneriil iind mutual advantngo ; oblighig themfclvcs to aflift
each Other againd all violence that might llireaten all or any one of them, and to
repel, in con>mon, all the attacks that might he levelled againft all or any one of
tliem, on account of religion, fovereigiity, commerce, or nnder any other preti-xt
whatfocver. Kach of the colonics rclerved to thctnfelves alone the cxcltilive right
of regulating their internal government, and of framing laws on all matters not in-
cluded ill the articles of confederation.
But for the more convenient munagcmfrit of the general intcrcfts of the United
States, it was determined, that delegates fliould be annually appointed in fucli man-
ner as the legillaturc of each rtate ihould diretl, to meet in congrefs on the firrt
Monday of November of evity vear, with a power refcrved to each Hate to recall
its delegates at any time within tnc yet\r, and to fend others in titeir iK-ad. No Hate
was to be reprefented in congrefs by iefs than two, nor more than fevcn meinhcrs •
and no perfoii was capable ol being a delegate for more than three years, in any term
of (ix yi-ars ; nor was anv pcrfon, being a delegate, capable of hoUlini; anv otHce un-
der the United States, for which he, or atiyo'*' -r for nis benefit, Ihould receive any
falary, fees, or emolument of any kind. In determining (|ueHions in the United
States in congrefs alVembled, each Hate was to have one vote, and to abide bv the
determinations of the United States in congrefs airembled, on all queftions ful).
^ niitted to them by tl, , confederation. The articles of confederation were to be
inviolably obferved, and tlir union to be perpetual; nor was any alteration tlience-
torth to be made in any Hale, unlefs previoully agreed to in congrefs, and after,
wartls contirmed by the legiOature of that Itate.
It was on the 30th of January, 1778, that the French king concluded a trcatv of
amity and commerce with the Thirteen United Colonies of America. Ilolland'ac-
knowledged their independence, April 19th, 1782 ; and on the 30th of November,
1782, provilional articles were (igncd at Paris, by the Britilh and American eom-
millioners, in which the thirteen colonies arc acknowledged as Free, Sovereign, and
Independent States ; and thefe articles were afterwards ratified by a definitive
treaty. Sweden acknowledged them, February 5fh, 1783 ; Denmark, the 25th Fe-
bruary ; Spain, in March, and Ruilia, in July, 1783.
According to the report of the committee appointed for that purpofe, the Fonint
Debt of the L'nited States, incurred by the late war for obtaining their independence,
amounted to 7,883,083 dollars, and the Domejlic Debt to 34,113,290; total, at
4s. 6d. each, ecpial to 9,430,084!. ftcrling, the intereft of which at 6 per cent, is
367,0031. But the coft of the war to Great Britain is moderately computed at
113,634,9141. and the additional annual burden by it, 4.537,373!. fince Jantiarv
1773. As to the iofs of men during the unhappy war, the (tates of America, ac-
cording to autlieiitic eftimates, loll by the fword and in prifon near 80,000 nun ;
and l)y the Britilli returns at New ^ oik, the number of loldicrs killed in the fer-
viee amounted to 43,633.
T/ie fv/hzviiig Cull uldlions ivtre made from n^iial Metifurement cf the bejl Maps, by
1 noMAS HurciiiNS, Efq. Geographer to the United Stales.
The territory ot the United States contains, by computation, a million of fquarc
miles, in whicli are ... . 640,000,000 of acres.
Deduct fur water - - - - 31,000,000
Acres of land in tlie United States
389,000,000
That
:#:^
UNITED STATES op AMERICA.
905
That part of the United Stales, comnrcheiuled iKtwecn the wifl tompornry line
of PcnAfylvania on the cart, the bniindaiy line l,.>tween Briinin and the United
States, extcndinc from the river St. Croix to the north-weft extremity of the Laiie of
the Woods on the Norih, the river Millidpjii to tlie mouth of the Ohio on the »
weft, and the river Oliio on the foutli, to the aforenu-ntioned hounds of Pennfylva-
nia, contains by compulation about four hundred and eleven thoufand ftpiare miles,
in which are - - ... 263,040,000 of acres.
Dcdu£t, for water - - - 43,040,000
To be difpofed of by order of Congrefs
220,000,000
The whole of this immenfe extent of unappropriated wcftern territory, contain-
inq, as above dated, 220,000,000 of acres, has been, by the cellion of fome of the
(iriginal Thirteen Slates, and by the treaty of peace, transferred to tlie fi-deral go-
vernment, and is pledged as a fund for (inking the continental debt. It is in C(m-
tLmplation to divide it into new ftates, with republican conftitutions fimilar to the
old ftates near the Atlantic ocean.
EJIinttUe of the Number of Acres of IValer, iwrt// tinJ zvejlivard of the River Ohio, wiihiit
the Territory of the United 6iales.
III Lake Superior
I,ake of the Woods
Lake Rain, &c.
Ued Lake
Lake Michigan
Bay I'uan
L:ike Huron
Lake St. Clair
Lake Erie, weftern part
Sundry fmall lakes and rivers
AcrM.
21,952,780
I. '33.800
165,200
551,000
10,368,000
1, 216,000
5,009,920
89,500
2,252,800
301,000
43,040,000
F./Iimalt of the Numbi-r of Acres of ll'.ner within the Thirteen United States.
lii Lake Eric, wcftward of the line extended from the north-weft corner of Penn-
M\:inia, due north to the boundary between the iJriiiili tenitoiy and the United
Si;il(S - . . . -
111 l.iike Ontario - - - -
Lake Ciiamplain
t'hefapeak Hay
yMheniarle liay ....
Uciawaie Bay
All the livers witliin the lliirtcen liutcs, including the
(.)hio ...
;1
4JO,ooo
2,_^90,000
500,000
1,}C0,000
330,000
630,000
2,000,000
sz
■ ■ 7,960,003
Total — 51,000,000
Popo-
936
UNITED STATES op AMERICA.
Popi- 1. A rioN OP Titr. 1 Acrnrdin;; to tlic ccnfiu, tnkcn by order of congrcf*
t Ni iKD Statki. i in iiqa, tlu' numlKr of iiiliaUitants in the United Stati*
of Amciiia was ^.g^o.ooo lu.arly. In tiiis ntiiiilK-r mine uf the inhabitants of the
territory N. W. (if llie riser Oliit), and but a part of the inhabitants of the territory
fouth of the river Ohio, arc ii.eliidctl. 'I'liefe added would undoubtedly have
iiicreafed the number to 3,950,000 *, at the period the cenfus was taken. The in-
rreafe finte, on fuppolition tiiat the ijihal)itants of the United States double once
in twenty years, has been aliout 600,000 ; fo that now (1795) there are probably
4,jjO,ooQ fouls ill the Auiericaa United l^tutes.
NEW ENGLAND.
■» Situation and Extent, .
'f. ' ■
Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles.
LenL'tli uol , . f 41 and 46 north latitude. 1 „
Breailtl. 1 40 ! ^''''^'"' Ibj and 74 well longitude. } 87.000.
n . .„ 1 "DOL'NDI'.D on the North by Canada ; on the Halt bv Nnva
BouNDARt F.S.J 1^ j^.^.^^j..^ .,_|^, ^ji^. ^^,,,„„i^. Ocean ; on the South by the Allau,
tic and Long Ifl.-uid Sound : and on the Well by New York f,
Divifions. Provinces. Chief towns.
The northern divifion. | j^^.^ , ,„ n.irc - { [ Portfmouth
or government. j ' it
The middle divifion — MafTathufelts Colony j } ^o»T"n. N. Lat. 42.25.
■'it VV. Lon. 70-37.
Newport
New l,ondi>n
I.
The fouthern divifion — Rhode Ifland, 8c*.
The weftcrn divifion — jConnitticut — (iHartfo''
Face of the countrv, j New England is a liigh, liilly, and, in fonie p.irts,
Moi'N TAINS, &c. ) a mountainous ({X.intry. I he mountains are eom-
paratively fmall, running nearly north and fouth, in ridge.s, parallel fo eaeh other.
Between tlicfe ridges, (low the great rivers in nuijiflic meanders, rceeiving the in-
numerable (Ireanis which [iroeeed from the mountains on each fide. 'I"o a fpecla-
tor on the top of a neighbouring mountain, the vales between, the ridges, while in
a ftate o( nature, exhibit a nunaiitic appearance. I'hcy feeni an ocean of woods
fwelled and deprelfed in its fin face, like that of the great ocean itfolf
There are four principal ranges of mountains, palling, nearly troni north- cart to
fouth-well, through New-Kngland. They eonhll of a multitude of p.itallcl ridge.s,
each having many fpurs, deviating from the courfe of the general range,- which
fpurs are again broken into irregular hilly land. 'I he main ridges terminate,
fometinus in high bluff heads, near the fea coatl, and fonietimes by a gradual dc-
fceiU in the interior jiart of the countr) . — Tliefe rangis ■.>( mountains are full of
» Morfs's American Geognj liv, vol, i. p. 20;
t Morfc's .Vmcrican Gcograjihy,
6 lakes,
UNITED STATRS or AMF. RICA. pi
laker, poodi and fprings of wnter, that give rife to numborlciii Urcnms of various
lizfs. No country on the globe is better watered than New Kngland •.
RivRRi.J 'I'iieir river* are, i. Connctticut ; a. Thames i 3. I'atuxent i 4. Me-
riinnc \ 5. Pifcataway -, 6. Saco j 7. Cafco \ U. Kinebe(|ue ; and 9. I'enobltot, or
Fentagonct.
Bays and capei.] The moft remarkable bays and iiarbours are thofe formed
i>v I'lymmilli, Rliode Iflaiid, and IVovidente I'liinlations ; Monument-Bay i VVell-
I iarliour, formed i>y the bending of Cajie-Cod, BoDon-harbour ; I'ifcuiaway ; and
l';ilV()-Bay.
'1 be chief capes arc, Capo-Cod, Marble-head, Cape-Anne, Capc-Nctic, Cape-
I'orpus, Cape-l'.li/alK'tii, and C-iipc-Small-I'oint.
Am AND CMMATR.] Now I'.nglaud, though litunted almoft ten degrees nearer
llie fun titan I'-n^Iand, has an earlier winter, wliiih lonlinues longer, and is more
fi'Mie than with us. The fiiiiuiir is extremely hot, and rnuch beyond any thing
known in Kurope, in llie fame I,, itude. 'Ilie eloar and ferene temperature of the
Ikv, however, makes amends for the extremity of Ik at juid «old, and rentiers the
iliiiiare of this country fo healthy, that it is n ported to hf{ue better with Ihitilh
ciiiiliilutioiis, than any other of the Ameiiean provinces. 'I hi- winds are \cry
iioilierous in the winter feafon; and naturaliltsafcrilie the i:irly approach, the length,
!.nd feverity of the winter, to the laige frelh -water lake:, lying on the nortli-we(l of
.New i'.ngland, whieh, luiiig frozen over feveral montiis, ocealion tliofe piercing
winds, wliicli prove fo fatal to mariners on tliis eoad.
The i\\\\ rifes at Bollon, on the longell day, at 26 minutes after four in the morn-
ing, and fets at 34 minutes after feven in the eveniii!;; an<l on the diortell day, it
rilis at 35 minutes after feven in the morning, atid fets at 27 minutes after four in
tlie at'ternuon : thus their longeil day is about tll'teeu hours, and the Ihurtell about
nine.
Son, AND I'RODUCE.] We have already obferved, tliat the lands lying on the
fallern Ihore of America are low, and in fome parts fwam|)v, but tarther back tliey
rite into hills. In New England, towards tlie north-eall, the lands become rocky
and mountainous. The foil here is various, hut bell towards tlie fouth. Round
MalHichufetts bay the foil is black, and faitl to be as rich as in any part of ling-
lang ; and here the firit jjlanters found the grafs above a yard high. Ihe uplands
are lefs fruitful, being tor the moll part a mixture of fand and gravel, inclining to
clav. The low grounds abound in meadows and pallure land. Ihe luiropean
(;rains have not been cultivated here with much luceefs ; tlie wheal is fubjecl to
he blalled ; the barley is a hungry grain, and the oats are lean and cliatVy. But
tlie Indian corn Hourilhes in high perfetlion, and makes llie general lood of the
lower fort of people. 'Ihey malt and brew it into a beer, whicii is not contempt-
i'lile. However, the common table-drink is cider and fpruce beer: the latter is
made of the tops of tlie fpruce Hr. with the addition of a fmall ijuaniity of me-
laliv.s. 'iliev raile a large quantity ot henip and flax. The tVuits of Old l'',iii,dand
eonie to great pert'ection here, particularly peaches and apples : of the former,
iVven or eight hunched may be found <ii\ one tree; and teven barrels ol cider ha\e
beoii produced in one feafon, tVoni a iingle apple-tree.
Hut New Kngland is chieHy diliinguillied lor the variety and value ot its timber,
as oak, adi, pine, lir, cedar, elm, cyprefs, beech, walnut, ehefnut, hazel, f'alValVas,
Uiniach, and other woods ufed in dying or tanning leather, carpenters' work, and
lliip-building. 'Ihe oaks here are laid to be inteiit)r to thole of h'.ngland ; but the
fas are of an amazing bulk, and formerly lurnidied ilie royal nu'.y of L^M^jhuid
* Morfc's Aiiiericnn (ioognnliy.
\\'t!i
9of
UNITED STATES ok AMERICA.
with mall* and xiird*. 'I'hov drnw tVoni ihilrtrc'csconfidcrablciiunntitii-n of pitch,
tiif, n.iin, liir|tfiitino, pimi>, «n«l b.ilm ; and ihi- toil prmUueH lu'inp uixl Hax. /V
iliip luiiv licri' he Imilt aiul lin^rd mit with tho prjKluro ot their forcllsj urid iiuUvil
Ihip-liuilditif; lomis a tonlitli inbic brniuh ni llirir tradf.
Mi;i Ai.^.J Kiili iruii miiu s, of u timrt i-Milliiit kind and ti-inpcr, hovi- [yvvn
dilctivcrrd ill Now Kiv^land. wliicli. il iniprovid, may bctmnc very bfiutitial ti
(III' iiili.il)ilaiit!«.
Animals.] 'I Ik* nnimnls oJ' ibis (-(njiitry fiiriiilfi many nrtiilrs nf Now Knirland
C'liiiuiKui'. All kiiiilN it' Iviiri'p an laltic tlirivi.- lu-ii', and nuiltiply i\«.u(liiij,'|\ ,
'liic lioikM of N\\v l".iii;lan«l niv hardy, nicttldbnic, and fcrviciMbli-, but I'.nali.'r
than oiiis, til ii;;;h I'.W'^^t lii.ni t\w W t Icli. 'I'lioy have \\\\ lln.i|>; and ihv.' wool,
»hoiij;h ot' a lliiplc riiltii iviiily loii}^', i., not nc-ar lo (im- aii thai ot Ki.-Jand. IKnr
au- alio oiks, ili-'T, liaus. labbiis, fi|uiirtls, Ikiuits, iitins. inonkic*, niiiikN,
niartoiis, racoons, (abbs, bi-ari, woUis, whiili aic only a kiiui ot wild dof;*, fnxfn,
oinuvs, and a \ari(ty ot utluT tanu' and wild (|u:idiiipi-(!s. Uiit one of the ninii
iini^Li.'ar ani'iial>, of ibis and the iu-i;;iil»ouiin(; countries, is the niofe or nioole
deer, of w liicli iIrtc are two forts } the cDiunion lii;ht grey nioofe, wliieli refem-
bles the ordiiiai) deer ; lli.'fe herd foinctiiiK-. thirty toj-etlur: and the lar^e black
luoofe, whiife luidy is about the li;;e of a bull ; his neck rcfenibles a Ibiff's, and lii«
Helh is extremely frratelul. 'Die horns, when full grown, arc about tour or fivo
feet from the head to tlu' tip, and have ihoot-. or !)ranelus to each htM'n, wliiih m-
iierally fpread al»)ul i\\ K ei. V\ inn this animal goes through a lhi( ket, or under
the boughs of a tree, be hiys bis horns back on his neck, to place them out of iijs
way; and thefe prodif^ious horns are llied every year. 'I hib animal does not fjiring
or rife in going, like a deer; but a large one, in bis common walk, huR been fe^n
to llep over a gate five feet high. When unharbouretl, he will run a courfe of
twent) or thirl) miles bel'oie he lakes to bay ; but, when chafed, lie gtiierallv takes
to (he water.
Ihere is hardly any where greater plenty of fowU, ns turkeys, Rcefe, partriihres,
(hicks, widgeons, dap|)i rs, twans, beatbcocks, herons, llorks, blackbirils, all lurt*
of barn-door fowl, valt tlii;hti of pigi'ons, wliieh come and go at certain llafoiisof
the year, cormorants, ravens, crows, &c. 'I he reptiles ;ire raltK fn-ikes, frogs, and
toads, uhiil. fwarm in the uncleared parts of thefe countries, where, with the owls,
in the fumnur evenings, they make an uni)leal"ant iioife.
'I he feas round New Knglanil, as well as its rivers, abound with fill), and evi u
whales of feveral kinds, fuch as the whalebone whale, the fpernuiceti whale, whieli
vields ambergris, the lin-backed whale, the ("crag whale, and the bunch whale, of
which they lake gr>.iit numbers, aiul fentl belides fume lliips every )ear to lilh for
u hales in (irceiilaiid, siiid as far as Falkland illands. A terrible creature, called
the wliale-killer, front 20 to 30 feet long, with llrong teeth and jaws, perfecutes
the whale in thefe fca^, ; but, afraid of his monllnms Itrength, they leldom attack a
full-grown whale, or indeed a umu; one, but in companies often or twelve. At
the moulb cf the liver IVn.jllVot, I'.u-re is a nuickarel lilher)' : they likewifc liili fv.r
cod in winter, uhiili they ilry in the froft.
]'oi'i'L.\ 1 Ion, ink a nil AN IS, AND > Tlicrc is not one of the colonies which
I'ACK oi iiii; coi NTRV. 3 can be comjiarcd, in tile abundance of j)e(,.
[)le, the mjni;'er ot conliderable and trailing towns, and the maiuilaclures that are
carried on in them, to New Kngiand. I lie moll populous and Hourilhin:,' parts of
the mother-country hardly make a belter api)earance than the cultivated parts of
this provinci', wluch re;.ch above li\ty miles back. There are here main genlle-
nicn of coiiliderab'e landed cliat'.^; but tlie great body of the people are laiul-
buiucrs, and tuUi\ato:L, of the foil. The turmer attaches ihcni lo their country ;
tiic
"":, eve
c(>ii(lu( li
llioul
1 0.)./i ,fj
Conn
III p(i|i
el uho
lohull,
l.lllts, w
Women,
uiiiiieii
:iiid bihii
wlnir, (]
gcograp
Ireillely
New
'7l» the
li> 141,8!:
tut ill l-J,
Kl.LK;
• .Morft'.
Il' ilJiJ. 11. jt
A
H'lU
I I.
;biHl
Kill, r
woul,
I kw
niiilvs,
L' nv It
inooli;
' black,
ikiul hi«
or fivu
litli 1^0-
r iiiuior
It (if Ms
tt iVrinp;
.•ourfc of
kUy takes
irlr'ul'^i's,
, ivil forts
l ilfoilS <'t
riiji;s, :\i\(l
Uk' iiwls,
nii(\ I'vi i\
ilf, which
w'niiU", I't
U) tilh tor
|ro, called
Iju'rfi't. iiu s
In atl;uk a
,\lvo. At
,i!"c liih tor
Liios which
jncc<'fl»'|-
jes thiU ar>-
Ini; I'ai"'" *'t,
Icii l>:vrls of
Tiny gcntlc-
L -lie laud-
|ir country ;
ihc
UNITKD STATF.S of A M U U I C A. 9C9
lti«* l:>lti*r, by milking tlu'm llron)i; snul healthy. cnnM-^ ilicm to <lrfcnil it. 1 hcfn
ti.iholil.t j^tix'ially ]».[•> U> llu ir ihililicii in tlic v,^ y of ^nvilknicl i \\liiJi k«i|>it
th.'M tHiiii lu'lll^ liHnlly i'V< r uhic U> cmcri^v out ot llu ir ()ri';iiuil liuppv innlioiriiy.
ill iti) I'.iri lit tlic world uw llw ordinary rnnkit In indepciulcnt, or [lolR 1.^ more- ni
till" iniiviniions i)t lite ; lli'-v aro iifod fioni tluir inl'iiiu y to llu- i-xorcik- of arms ;
a id, hi'lor*- ihc contflt wiih the niotlu'r-country, th«\ had a militia, wliii h was liy ii(»
iiuaiia k<)ir.CMii|>id>lci l)iit thiir militury Itivn^ili is iiuw imnh mine coniidcraliL*.
I ho inhahiiantsi uf .N\-\v hn^l;llul arc almoll nnivcitally of Knglilli di t'ci-nt ; itiid
it i.owiii)^ to this, and to tic i;i'ciil and ^l'l^ lal alt>'ntiiin that hiii lu' n |):iid tii
tiliicati'in, that ilio I'.ii^Iilh lniij;iiagc has l)i'cn prdcrvcd amoii;^ them fo tn >• fumt
i'liTUhtinn. Il i.< true that, Irmn Li/iiu-fs, inaiicntioi\, and want uf ac (|nHiiitaiico
\\ilh mankind, tiiany of the pcplc in tlio country have avcniuuiu d thnnl". Iwa ti>
iifi.' fomc piciiliar phrulVs, and to prononncc certain word, in a ilut drawlinj; ni.tii.
i\-v, llciicc torci?,iicrs |»rotcnd ihcy know a New I'.n^l.Mul n'.an from his nKinnut"
til ipcuhin};. Hut tho lame may he f.ild with re'.;atil to a I'l-nufylvanian, 11 \ ii^i-
tii;in, or u farMJiiiian; t'.'r all li.ivo t'ume phial'e.. .u>d moiliH of pronunciation [<>,••
culiar to llicmiolvc-i, wliii h dut!ir;iiii!i tluiti iVoni lln.ir nei.;lil)nins.
I he Ncw-I'.n J,' landers are m nerally tall, Ihuit, niul well built. They nlory, nr 1
perhaps with jullice, in pollcllini; that fpirit of freedom, wliich induced their an-
uliiif, to leii\i llu ir native itn.nii'., .md ti> brave the fl.m^ir* of the oetan, and
tile I' .dlhip^ iif I'ettlinj; a vvililirnet's. 'llu ir 1 dui ati^n, laws and litiialinii, ferve
to infpiri' tin nt with hi^h notions of libcrts. — In Niu I'.nnland, Kurninj; is more
irenerallv dufufcd amon^ all ranis.s of people, than in any other part of the {{lobe *
ariling t'roin the excellent eiiablithinent ot fchools in c\ery townthip. A peil'on of
mature aj;e. who cannot both n .id and write, is rarely to be found. l>y means of
this jjcnei.il eliablilliment of iihools, the extenlive lireiilaiion of ntwi'papers \ol'.
Ahicli not lels than 30,000 are printed every week in .New Knuland, ami fent to
.ilinoll every town and vil!a:;v m the country), and theconfenuenl fpread of learn-
iMi^, every townlhip, thriu'^hciit the country, is turniihed with men cr.pable of
cuiuhirtiiii; the atia, ■< of tlu ir town with ju'.l.i;nuiit and dil'cretion.
.\i w li,nt;l;ind contains, ai eordiiu; In the cenfus • ut 171^0, 1,001),^'^ l"o'.ils, and,
ihoukl any ^rcat and fndileii eiiu r;^ency ri'ipiire il, could t'lirnllh w\ army of
104/' >o men. 'I'he iidiabitants of Mall'achufetls bay aie ellinuited at jyB.ySy f.
i'unnei'ticiit is (aid, in prop.)rti()n to its extent, to exceed c\ery tlate of America
in popnlouliufs and plenty. In ly^o, the popnlalion ami;nnti(l to 237,1)461,
tit whom ',764 were Haves, 'i h • nun, in general, throu^hovil tin- p-ovince, are
mhuli, liont, and tall. 'I he f^realelt care is taken of the lim!i,< and bodic. of in-'
l.uits, wliicli are kept llral';ht by means of a board ; a practice learnt of the Indian
women, who abhor all crooketl peo])le ; fo that deformity is here a rarity, 'llic
uiiinen are t'air, liandfome, ami f^enteel, and niodell and referved in tlieir nuinncrs
•jiid behaviour, 'lliey are not permilte<l to read niays, nor can they eonverfe about
wliilt, (luaihille, or operas ; but it is laid that tliey will talk freely upon hillory,
};eo;.;raphy, and other literary fubjects. Iho inhabitants of Connedticut are cx-
ireiiu'ly hol'pitable to Uraiifjer;.
New ll.impdiire. of lat-' years, liath qrc.ttly increafed in population, fo tl>at in
1 jS^ the number of inhabi'.:mts was reckoned to amount to 82,200 ; but in 1790
to 141,8115 §. The population of Rhode llland province in 1783 was 50,400;
hut in 1790, amounteil to (I'jy^']'] I. of wliich Q48 were (laves.
Ki.LUiioN.j The church ot tiigland, in this part of America, is far from being ,
i4'
* .Morli's .'Xinericau Gcogmpliy, vol. i. p. 314.
Ij I'ljul. J), jbl.
+ IbiJ. p. J53. ; Ib'.J, p. 393. § Ibid, p Jjg.
Ill
910
U NM T F. D S T A T F. !? or A Nf F, R I C A.
ill a fl<>iiii(1iinn (OTKliiiiiii 1 in fi'vcral i»la<ri, the tuiiiihfr o» .iiiditori «1') not nmoiint
l<i twilx- piTloiu. (alviiiliin, inini«m'|>rmii|»Un»t" tb<.fiilHVnIrr<t, Imili lum vcrv
|>ri-vuU'n» III NiwKn»:iin«l' iMiiii)o('lluMnhahitiiniii«lf«> formerly ohlVrvijI ilufuhbailj
witli n kind of JowilTi ri){or , lm» llu-ir bij^'iir) >if" Inli' luiih Imom iiiikIi (liiiiiiiiilud,
Siiici* fhtir iiulo|i<'tii1iiui', ihcrc ii no oiir rl>iil>lillii'»l n linnm iit llio provnuc, bui
tvrry ' I i« idlowcd lu- live ixcrdCc ot ik own, uiiil ii roiinlly undtr ilir proioi.
IK I oil brnlt.' liilhrnid ili»iiU^ivin{(!«, In llu- fprin
lion i)t the hw%
ii'v nntuKi
'8.
till' lovcrul f;(>\ii'iv)ri iirtio their proi Intiiiitioiit, appoiniinii u day lo la* rfli|(ioulK
oliCervi'd in I'lilliiij^, ) iiniilintion «nd pruyt r, iliroughoiU lluir ri'fp<'tlivf (hit.-i, in
wli cli till' pr((lotiiin:<(iiii{ \ icoi, lluit particularly till! lor liuniiiiation, arc uiiini< ■
r;>U'd. Ill iiiiliiiiiii. ntti-r liarvi-d, tliat i;l.idroiiic .ira ol'tlu- lMill>nndiiian''« litV, u day
ot piililic rliaiikri<i\ing ii ap|t<iliitt'il, rniiinoraiiii^ tin.' puhlu Ulcllin^s rcicivL'd in
llic foiirlr ot" till' vour. 'Iliis piuiis cult >iii orij^inuti'd with lluir vi-iuralili- anti-f-
tors ilu' till) l'i'ttU-.:\s, A rudoni In iiitionai, and To well iiiliuhilrd to clioriili in
till' imiikU oI til'* pi opir a H'lifc ot lluir dt pcndciui* on tlK'(iBi'.Ar I'i:nk» ac roit
ot' llii world liir ill lluir bicllin^s, it i^ liopi-*! will over Ik- fairi-dlv piifiTv.d f,
'1 lie (.'otiiui'ticur |,rosiii(r luitli nil <i |)r(ividi'<l a I iiliop lor tin* I'.oilcopnliuns a
tlu'in, b\ ^^•lldin^ one ot tluir t;;i iihcr to Ntnlliuid to lif ordiiiiud hy tlio in
in;{ billiops ot" llu- I'pilVopid iliu.'li in tliat kingdom, wliiili ccn-nioiiy was pi
innoi)}{
'njiit'
foriiiid at Alu'rdi'on
Cm I.
y low NH
Hd'lon, till- < ilal of MalVaduifotts, llands on a pviiinfijit at
rami:
till- bottom of Malfacluil' ts ba\, al" . t nitu" iiiili-^ from its moulli. At ilu- iiu
ot ilii>, bay, an- fovcral rn ks wliiili aiMK-ar above water, and upwards of a do/cn
fmall idand'*, fonu- of wliii h are iiil-ahited. Ilieie i-. but one lafe clianial to ap
)>i'oaeli llie harbour, and tliat fo narrow, llial two lliips eun fcarecly fail thrmjoli
abrealf ; but uiiliin the li.jrboiir llirre iii room for 500 fail to lie at anchor, in a j-ood
<le])lli of water. On one of ilie illaiidii of tlie bay, Hands Kort William, the iiio||
ii -pillar forlrefs in all tin* planlaiiniis. Tlii-, i.ilUe is defended by too guns, twenty
ot whit h lie on a plaltomi level wiili the water, I'o ihat it 's ftarecly poliible for an
fiKMiiy to paf» llie ealtle. To prevent furprife, thev have a miard placed on one of
llie rocks, at two Ic.i;' les difiance, from wlienci mey mike lij^nals to the (alUr,
\vhrn am lliips come lear it. 'riierc is alio a battery of guns at each eiul of tlie
town. At the bittom of ihe bay is .1 nobli pier, near 2000 teet in lenj{rn ; aloii'r
which, on the nortli lide, extendi a row ot warehoules for the menluinU, and to
llii.s pier, (hips of llie ^natetl burden may come and unload, without the liclp of
boats. 'I lie jjreatell part of the town ties round the harbour, in the lli.ipe of a Itilf
moon; the country lieyund it riling; giMilually. and alloidinjj a deli>;liilul pi,,rpect
fioin the fi a. 'Ihe liead of the pier ioin> the piiiii ipal lire t of the town, wliicii ii
like moll of the other., t'paeioiis aiul well bjilt. holioii ciiiitains at |iiifent about
20,000 iiiliahitan:s. The furprilln^ increafeof Newbury port, Salem, M.iibleliead,
ip
r
nth, Paitmoutli, and the illaiid ot' Nantuckil, li.Mh checked tl
was, however, lo very coiili
f;iowtIi ami trade of the i .ipital ; the I.Titer of w 1.
dirable, that, in the year i 7<)8. 1200 fail entered i-r cleared at the ("iili.mi.lioiile
there. Ilolh the town and trade of Hi>lioii ^really l'ul]'ered dining 'Ik war with
Gicat Britain ; but liiicc, the trade has a;;ain coiiiiiierablv incrcafed.
Caiiibridi^e, in the fame province, four miles Iro
111
hot)
on, lia> an univerlih
colilaillirif; two (|:i( lolls collefjis
called bv tlie names of ll.ivard Colli.
ai
id
htoughtoii liail, wiili a well fiiriiilhcd lihriiry. It conlills of a prclidejit, (ivi
» Dy a late ,11 1 "iint tlirrr arr 400 Iiidrjienilrnt and Prrlbyteri;in churches iu thi> provincr, 84 of Dap-
li(l^, .Tiid 31 of (ir ifr doiiiin.iliDiis.
j Morft'* Amir can Gcojjr.iphy, vol i-JlJIJ. ^
fellows,
.'id fi(h
J'i'rill;,'.!
mIi.ii ad
'" advaoi
It wa
f'lctiirc,^.
anavi rai
" y;o,iiOi
1 1 1 » r o ;
N( vv / Ian
^iii/,' Jaiiii
• ol'Hiies
nients, Ik,
cimipaniei
•liaiis firr t
< irrefpoiK
^> tills till
• lid fiirioii
rfli'niiii/; 1,
f',i,'"ur ot p,
'•111(1, wllic
'Puicd to I
UNITED STATES or AMliRlCA.
•"
fi-llrtwi, n trcnfurcr, (hrcc profelPifi, four »utiir«, ami n lihrnrinn. 'Ilio (otloKi*
t Hurler wa« full granlcti in lOjO. uixi rciiowvil iit 1(1;^, untl in \\>:k\ v.ndi'r ihti
iolimy fi'ul.
I lu" ottuT lowrn in New Kn^Liiul, the chief of whiili have alrc;i>ly lio-n mvn>
tini\i'il, urc goiicrally ticul, wv-ll huill, uiid c<iinniocli<)ully liiuittcil u|k>ii fnu* rlvi.'r>t
with captuioui hitrliuiir*.
CoMMKRcii AND M A N I' ^ Ar I V Kit.] 1 he* tru io uf Nk w Knglitnil ii grciii, Rt it
|ii|i|)lifii u \urm »l ((unntii;* ol ((imkIh i'lom vvilhiit iif 11'^ Ixil it i«ytt ^xatir, ii^ ttut
|K'ii|ilo of tliii voiiiitry ttio llic priiKlpul iurricit inr the ntlur ti>liiiii.> nf Nir'li
Aiociicii, uiul I'vcii lor iViiiK' purl^ul l.tiropo. TIk* (oinnxulitiv* whiv.h lli«.' louutiy
\ioUU iiri' |)rinci|uilly pi^ nnii hur iron, uhidi were iiu|)iirte(l|ii(ir<.':il Uriiiuii (luly<
irci- ; ullo iiiiilU unu tutd.4, pittli, tur, hikI tiir|ii'iitiiii:, Iwr \shicli the) c(iiitra<''fi.'<l
lur^olv *vill» the roy.il iiiiw ; |Mit ;ni«i jti;ul ullu >, lhivc», liimlHr, IxiariU ; nil 1
i>| |iu)\ili(iiiit, whiih iht Y I'-'iil ti> ilu Ireiu'luiiul |)itii.h l\\)^^t illaiulA, iind r<>riiifrly
|o llarhndiiei*, uixl the olhi r lhi>ii)i illet, lu ^ralll, hJi iiit, iiu'iii, W^l, ji'irk, buiic-t^
ilu'ili-, iipphtt, litter, t)rii>^s.». Uh'^kiirel uiul lod-lilh iliieU. liny hkisvilv feiul
lliilher talilf, hoifct, pluii' s, luiopt, lliiiiqlen, vipv>-lliive», oil, lui: iw, liuptMl
Iiri*
itw,
li.iik.
en
iC-lk
ii)«, aiu
il t..l
iHH III
Ihcir peltry iraile \^ not v^ry lonlul raljle. 'I hey
li.tve :i nmll Naiualile lilhery upon tlieir coall^t in niai karil .ni'l lotl.uliieh entplo\!i
vill niiinhcrs of llioir pei^le ; with tl,>" protlui o ol whiili ilio trade l» Spain, Itaiv,
ilu Mcditirranc ;in, and \V ell liidi >i, tu a < oiduleruhle a'Uoiiut. Their wnidi -lillu-ry
liu-i been already nu'iilioned. The arli moll iieeell'ary lo ful)filleiKC ure thole whieli
ilie inhahiliinti of New Knuland have Ikimj at the ureatell p.iiM> to cullivale. They
iiiamilaclure loarfe Inien and wonJUn ilolh tor tin ii own ide ; hats aro iiiiule here,
wliieli Hnd a j-ood vent iii all the other colonies. .Suj-ar-hakint^, dillilliu;;, piper-
luakini;. .i\n\ lalt-work», arc iip'-n the iinpro\ii)>{ hand, The htilniel, uf lliip biiild-
'.^\f^ is one of the nioll lonliderable, which Hollon, Ni wbiiry, .nnd ihc other fen-port
iiiwi s in New I'.nj'land I aiT) on. >irni> aie foinelini. •> built her upon tuinnui.Mn ;
but tr«(|uenllv the inerk.lunl% of New l-.n^land lia\e iIkiu eouilriidc^ upon their
own aeeount ; and loading them with the prndnee ol llu- loloi v, nav,;/ llores, hili,
;;ml full oil nriniipally, ihcy fend them out upon a tradin||; voyage '>> Spain,
ritflugal, or the Mediieirancan ; whoro, having dilpofed of their cargo, tju y niako
what advniitaj^e ilicy can bv frcijilit. until I'lith time as they < unfellllie veirei h.-ilVlf
Id iidvaniage, winch lluy leliloin tail to ilo in a reaf iiiablc inne.
It was coini)Ul.il, that, bef ne tile late revolution, llie \ahi.: of Kn^liih inanii-
liicturcs, and India goods, fviit into this i >lon\ Irom (ireat Inn, in, anioniitcil, ut
an avc rage of ihrec year», to 393,000!. Uur iniporlii from the fame \*cre calculated
»| ;;o.SOol.
Ill* roRY AND oovERNMEN r.] New Kngl«nJcompiehend!t llu' four province* nf
N(W I lainplliirr, Mall;itliul'etlN, Rhode l:l.iiul, ;uul C'onnectieut. .\-.e.nly us i<io(>,
1,1,11' James I, had bv leltvrs patent en IkI two companies, willi a [lower to fend
tojdiiies into ihofe parts, then include^ iiiidcr the name of \ irginia. No fettle-
meats, howevi r, were mad*' in New i'.n;^laiHl by virtii'.' of this autliority. 'llie
cijm|)aiui's n
miented tluirdelves with fending out fom.- iITips totiade with llie li
liiansl'i'i tlieir furs, and lo lilh upon their loall. Tlii^i ontiiuied to be theoiilv fort of
(irrelpoiidence between CJreat liritain and this part o| America, till the yeai 1620.
I!) iliis time the religious dilienliotis which agitated y.ngland had becouie warm
,ud liiriouv Archbilliop l.aud peifeculed all forts of nonconl'orniiiis with an un-
ilontii)}^ t'everilv
11
liou- men,
n, on llie other hand, were ready to ti:l)niit lo all tin.
<^
. ur ol perlei iitiuii r;itlier than contoim to the lereinonies ot the church ol Ivng-
lul, which they conliden l as abulVs of a moll dangerous teiulcncy. Ainfrica
ucJ lo ihem an cxlcnlive liclU. There ihcy ujiglil tranfporl ihemfelves, and
cllablilU
r*
UNITED JJTATF.8 ©r AMERICA.
rdabtlih wl.n. \.r f..rt of rrllginiK polUy ih'-y vttre inclined i«. W[lh tliU viV«i
h«viM){ piinl ■! I tli>' UTrirnrv, wlml* •* »i wtiliiii ih' )iiril"ilitl».>ii i>f ihi! I'lyinDui..
C'nni|)uii),«iul bnvtiig iilii.tii.iil rroiik iIh' wiMK il>« i>'i^il«'K' <>' (wUui^ il iti whftirm
way ihi'v hud a niiiul, no iK-rfoiu «•!
whlrh, KcauCiifK'y liii'l fiiiUd from . , ,_ ^
wl'hlliiiikling lilt' ft verily >•! ibf (lirnitic, Ou' uiiwImU THi.t m |<i „t the mr, anti
tlifcal. 1 !-> w!iit h, uf'i> r ii I'lug fi-o voyntti', omi in « townlry wlilili wat lu-w lo i|
lluy Wiff ' xpolVil I iKtlwillirtniiiliitf iIh- Wiiiii ul' all I'orl ot t■ollVl•tlil•lll^•^, tit«d
ft
miNirkrd »or N» w iMiKliuid, und huiU a ,.j,
Plymouih, thvy lulUil l>y thai iiatnt'. N„t!
iti.
CViii
I mony of* llii? in t.-flurii-t <»i U(%; ihofr wlm Itnd imiliitiiiiufu hi to i-ruluu- I'u.ji
Ii.ndlliips not difjdrllid or broken hy ihe d» ailt of llu'ir (ornpnniiMKi, fvl llicinfi-lv,-,
l>i mliis.iio llili iiiuntry, and w> Kiki- Oio lull iK-jx »Vir tlic ndvithdnient u( tlu- r
Inl'tiit fidmiy. New nclvmlurcrn, iiuourdj^'-il by llmr i'\Htii|tli*, iiullcd ov,r iut i
llii^ liiiid ' I rili ;i'(u» tiiid iivil liKrly, Hv lIu- ilolc ul ih.- yiar lOjo, llir> li,„|
built lour lo'.vn ,, >nlnii, |)riri hclt-r, Clinrkt Town, und Itnttori, wliuli laj) h,i,
linn- bcioitic ili^ tnpilal nf Ni-w l'.ii(,'limd, Hut u% lu'tclllty li tliu imluial foiin.-
•>r' tluti Hktive- luid taigol ifuluflry wliiih prndtiii-n tvi-ry ilung ffuut aiiiniig tnan.
Ki:id, fo uii iiiiiiil^-iru|)tcd Hmv o|' |ii'oftH'rily and fui'iVfit o^ihumiii iIuiI^ dillcii-
limits, wtiiili ari' llu* banc ot huninii iin':iir«, and ul'icn i'ubvcrl tliv Ix-I) luundcd
t'll;il>!illM\ii.iU4.
jlic iitlinMianU fif New rii^I:in<|, wlio l\;id lU'd I'lmn lu-rfitulinn, l>e«n
..... "''* in »
rtioti tlinc iJrorijily liiinud witli tliin illilHtii! vi««', niiii wiTi- enuir In iiiir»Hlik\' an
itilt'orniity Iti rui^imi iiiimnj; all who iiiii'tvd lluir tiriit<iri«i». Manv ol'iJu'imviTc
bi;^>iiud C'libinill. I nsiil llmuf^li ilu y hnd fill tlu- wri^j'it <if' )n rf»iiiimii ihiiiil'iivi.,
tilt; \[^i\ lii) iK.iiity ftii- tlii'rc will) prulillt'd Itiitiim nls (liitiniii I'mni iluir own!
irn.'.
r.)tii
iiini
Il \M% iMtt tlu' ){i Att-rat ii|)iiiioi) nl' llu- ai^o, llmi tiun tni^hl live ti>inli)itnl)l\ t
ll er ill till' luine T <t itty, wiiliotit maintaining the lame rt'lif^inut li tiitii i iiiuI'mI
ever ll.> (e were al vati.uuf. llif iiK'mbiTii «il iliU'* rent l\H\ ki pt at a diliaiiie I
eakJl iitJier, aiid vlialitiilud l". parate utiverniiunis ll.'iue leviral llipn, lorn I
llie «>ii|;i:ial goxiriinieiU ol Ni w l''.ii!;land h\ reli^ituis violii'ic, planted themlVI
ill a lu w foil, and fpr^ ad over lite eotinlry. Stub w.ii thiil ol New I lainp.liire, wl
iicli
ii'ittiiuiiN III tliis ilu) a li'paraic jiinrdictii>n , I'tu li tno uas tli.ii ot' Klidiie lll.iixj
wlmle itiliaiwlrmf.s were diiven o'.il fri'iii lie MaHiielitil't It* cidony (tor iLit ik |||(>
luiine liy v\lii(li till' };(>vir!iiiu'iil tifll trecMiI in Ntw l-'n-Lnul wjii «iilii:igiii;lii'di,
tur iititinlaiiiiiii; tluit llu- livil iiui^Kirate liad no ti;;lit ovi r llie f) euilalive iipinioiH
i>f inankitid. ilieie lilt ral men fonndid n eiiy. tailed IVovidtoo wliiili iIkv ei>.
^eriii d !>y tlieir t.wii priiu iples ; ami U i li is tlu' eoiiiu riinn lu'twren 'M!(li'.er» oi iin.
tiin<.;it and exti ri',;il pnifpt rity, tlii>t ti.^ ^uViinmenl il Uluitle iliand, I'lou^h liiiail,
IjiLatiie eMnnii'ly ii(ipuliiu> and llt'unil.ii.^. Another K'loiiy, diiMiin,:) in il,i-
laiiH' jittreeutiiig Ipirit, iVllkd tn tlie river (■iiiini'<'lii iil, und rei«i\ed Intiuini
reiiitorcemchls trtnii Kiiiil.nul, ot' I'l. !i as were diliatibtied either with the reiij^ioui
or eiNil jjoveniMK lit ot thai ctiimtr;. .
Aii.i'iua indeed was iiuw beionie llie miiin refourec of all dileontrntedand
id fiuli
cnlir-
I were ll'.e ii'inihers uliiili en, burked tur il iVom Kiijfland.
^.rinii.:; Ipints ; ai
tlnit, ni i'''.;;. il pn 1. 1.ii'.ialioii was ji-jblillud. prtijiibitinj; ai.) p. ifnn Iroiii lailiin;
tliillier, wiilu'Ut an exptefs lieeiiie troni llie govitnineiit. lor want nl iIuk h-
teuee, it is f.i d that Olivi r CruiiiweM, Mr. Ilampdin, niid otlirr» of that p.nn,
were di'';iiiKd fnun going inlti New i',iit;lai.d, atler bej.;; on l!iiplu>aid lor ilmt
pur;
IIk K' four pri)\ii'<es tbuu^h always (onfederated for llu ir nuitiinl del'ence, w
ere
at fnll, anil lli>l eoniiiuw;, unde,'- feparate jnrilUic»ii)ns. 'I bey were all ot llu m by
llieif charters originally tVc eolonirs, l.nvin^j tlu' eboii f <.f tin ir < wii ni.i^ilhat '.,
file I'l.s^iv.ur, tl.e V'luneil, tlic alleinbly, und the puwc. ul mukiog '.awi i.ui extitr.i-
did
fy
If N 1 T K D S T A T K .S or AMERICA.
|(|
ili/lorv to ihiiftf of (in-it Hrituin. TowartU ilic tnlii-r end of ihr rrif^n of Chnrtet II.
vsl)iii lir nnU hi* ittitiitlm wuiilrti lu (IfllrDy ull thurivr* mxi tilxTtiL-*, the M^iLi*
) |iiift'IUci*l<iny WU1 utiuli-tl nl violiiijiitf iluir ihartvr, in hko maiiiii-r ii* was tli>' < ity
III l.iintlon, ami, hy u )ii(l;(imni in ihi- KiiiK'i Horn h ol KiiKlami, wa« (lepri«c(J ol it.
hrimi thai limclo the KivoUilion, ihoy rvii)aiiii-tl wiilmiit any tharur. Nmiii al'lvr
that lu'rioil, ihcy rcLi'ivcil u new om-, whuh, ihouth vir) liivourahlo, wm much
interior lu ihr i-xli'itlivr pnvili'gi* u|' iho titrnuT. ilu' M|i|>>iinln)« nt ot 4 guvirnor,
|iinli'iiNiil-|;<)vcrii>ir, itfcrtlary, iinil ull llic ulliii-io ul tlur ;i<linirultv« wn« vctlod in
iliu crown \ thi' |M>wc'r oi the iiiiliiiH w i» Mholl) in the lmnii\ •>(' i)io gincritor, lu
(■!i|)iain>gi-iu-rul I ull )w(l|;*'<i, jnlkici-H, uixl ihcriHs to \\liimi the cxccutimt «it ilio
Itsv wa« tntruiti'il, wcik- hoiiiiiuiiid liy the |(>)Vt'int>r, wiili tlu- nilvice ot tin.' coun*
III i the ^ovirnnr hiul a ne>{;iti»e imi the choiie »i»" eiMiiirelli»ri, |)erent|il)iry iitui uii-
jiiniti'il: uiitlii'Mlic ci>|HeH ol ilie leveiiil ;it:l> |t;iireil b\ tiii^ loliiiiy, u*Well a» ittlieri,
were lu be IraiiliniiU il to l^n^l;ltllJ, tm tlie ri»yul ii|>|>r»huli>iM i IntI if 'lu l.iw« ot'
tjiit coUmy were md re|)eiileil witliin three yeuii utter iliey were preleiiivti, they
were not repeutahle l»y the trown utter ihut li-ne; no l.iw», or»linniue>i, election
111 inuniUrutit, or a<i% ot j;o\i inniti.t \vliiif|.n \er, «eio vali<l wiilmul the gi>.
xeritur'i conleiit in writin,i{ \ aiulu|)|K'uU tur luni* ubove joot. wvre uditiilleil lu llto
Kill); and co\incil.
I here were oriKiiiully three lorl* ol' Kovernnunti (■lluiilirned by the Kngtilh oti
tlie u)ntiiieni ot' Aniericii, \\/.. loyul KoveriinictUt, charter-goveriitnent't, und pr«>
piletory noveriinienlN.
A royal goverimunt Ncas juoiierly to eullc<l, bcenufe the colony wa» imnu iliaiely
(lenendeiit on the crown, ami the king reniuiiuj roverei|^ii ol' ilu- eoloiiy ; lu' up-
i)ointr«l the governor, council, and othcer«ol' Ikutei and the people onlyeleftetl the*
r>ptefenlulive*, :i» in I'.nijland. Sue !i were tnr governments of Canada, KovuSeotii,
Nirgiiiin, New |lani|ilhire, New York. New Jerl'ey, (jeorgia, luiU and \N ell Klo-
riilii, the Well Indie'., and the iliaiiil ol'St. John'..
A cliarter-govcri'inent \^u» lo called, lucaule the company, incorporated hv tlie
kiii);'<. charter, were in a maimer veiled willi J'overeign amhority, to edahlilh what
toll ol' government tliey tlunight lit ; and thel'e cliartei guvernnn nls have generally
tr.mslerred their a»th»)rily to tlie [Miple; t'or in I'uch govirnments, or rather
toriioralionn, the freemen ilid iml only clioofe their n prefentalives, hut ui;-
miiilly chofe tiieir governor, ciumul, and m.tuiliratcN, and made lawit witliout
the cortcurrence. and even witlnuit the knowledge, «)f the king j and were un-
der no oilier reltraint than this, that they enaeteil no laws lontrary to the l.iws
Hi f.ngland i if thev »lid, their iliurtei-. were liahle lo be foileiled. Such were
tin ^Kvcrnments of khode |llai\d and C'onneCtii ut, in \i w Kh^LohI ; and fuih wa»
iti.ii of the Mallaihufetts formerly, though fome alterations were allerwards made
ill it. .Such likev^ife were thofe of the two C'arolinait.
llu' third kind of government wa» the proprietory, properly lb called, heeaufe
(he |)i(>i)rietor was invelled with I'overei^n authority; he appointed the governor,
loiiiieil, and m.'igilliates, and the reprefeiitatives weie fimimoii.il in his name; ami
\.\ ihiir advice he enatted laws, without the coiicurieiue <it the ci.iwit ; but, hv a
liil>r>(iuenl ftatiite, the proprietor wan to have the king\ lonfeiit in tlie appoiiit-
II" a j;nveiiior, when lie did not lehdi in the plaiiCition in |>eil'i.n, and of ,i
iliiiuiv-governor, when he did. .\inl .ill the goviinurs ot the pl.iniaiions were
li.ihle to be called to an account fni tluir adnonirtiaiion, by the » ourt of k-ng's
lieiich. 'Ihc lall proprietory governors were thofe ot reniilyivania and Ma-
rJaiid.
lUii the government of New l'.ni;lai,d was entirely thanged, in conl'ecpieiu e
III the revolt of the colonies t'rom the aulhorily ot (Jieat llniam ; of tin- origin and
[iro(;iefs of w hich an nctoiuil halh been given in aityther place, h wa^ on the 2 ?tli
6 A ' of
jssl.'
*«4
UNITED STATES of AMERICA.
of Julv, 17761 tlint, by an order from the council at Uodon, iho Dcclaraiion of tlie
American Cotigrcfs, abfolving the United C«)l>inies from tlieir nllcRiiince to the IJri-
tith crown, and declaring them free and independent, was luibliely proclaimed
from the balcony of tl\e Ihite-houfe in that town.
A conflitution, or form of government, for the commonwealth of MaflTacluifttts,
iiu Itiding a declaration of ri;;;lits, was clbil>lilhcd by the inhabitants of that provincr,
in Uctober 17.S0. In the preamble to this it was declared, that the end of govLTii-
ment is to fecure the e\ilKiue of the body politic ; to protect it, and tofurnilh the
individuals who cornpofe ii, with the power of enjoying, in fafety and iTaiKjuillity,
their natural rights, and the bleliings of lite; and that whenever thefe great ohjicls
are not obtained, the people are entitled to take mcafure* nvcellary for their own
happinefs. They exprelled their gratitude to the great Legillator of tiie univcrfi.',
for having atforded them an opportunity of formuig a new conllitution of civil
government for tlieml'elves and then- pollerity. 'lliey declared that it was the
right, as well as the duty of all men in fociety, publicly, and at Hated feafons, to
worlhip the Supreme Ueing ; and that no fubjetf Ihould be hurt, molclh'd or
retrained, in his perfon, liberty, or eftate, for worlhipping Cod in the manner
and feafon moll agreeable to tlie dictates of his own confcience ; provided he did
not dilhirb the public peace, or oblhucl others in their religious worlhip.
It was alio enattod, that the feveral towns, pariflies, precinils, and other bodies
politic, or religious focieties, Ihould, at all times, have the I'xclulive right of elect-
ing their public teachers, and of contracting with them tor their falaries. That
all monies paid by the fubjett towards the fupport of public worlhip, and of the
!)ublic teachers, ihould, it he rc(|ui^ d it, be imitbrmly applied to the teachers of
lis own religious fctt or denomination, provided there were any on whofe inftruc-
tions he attended ; othervvife it might be paid to thole of the parilh or precii.^t in
which the faid monies Ihould be railed. That every denomination of Chriltians,
denu aning tliemfelves peaceably, and as good fubjetts of the commonwealth, Ihoukl
be equally proteded by the law : and that no fubordination of any ici\ or denomi-
nation, to another, Ihould ever be eltablilhed.
It was liliewife dechired, that, as all power originated in the people, the feveral
magilirates, whether legillative, executive, or judicial, are their fubitituies and
agents, and at all times accomitable to them. That no fubjecl Ihould be arrelted,
or deprived of his property, or privileges, but by the judgment of his peers, or the
law of the land. That the Icgillature (houkl not make any law, fubjetting any per-
fon to a capital or intainous punilhment, except for the govermiient ot the army
or navy, without trial by jury. That the liberty of tlu' prefs iselfential to the fccu-
rity of freedom in a Itatc. I'hat the people have a right to keep, and to bear arms,
for the common defence ; but that, as in times of peace armies are dangerous to
liberiy, they ought not to be maintained without the confent of the legidature ;
and that the military power Ihould always be held in an exact fubordination to the
civil authority.
The legillature of Mairnchnfetts conlifts of a fenate and a houfe of reprcfenta-
tivcs ; which, together with the governor and lieutenant governor, are eleded an-
nually by the people, h'-lectors imift be 21 years of age, ha\e freeholds of the
annual value of 3I. or perfonal eftate to the value of 60I. To be eligible to the
ortice of governor or lieutenant governor, the candidate mult have redded in the
Hate feveu years, and tinring that time have been feized of a freeliold of loool.
Senators mull have redded live years in the (late, and have polVelfed a freehold to
the value of 300I. or perfonal property to the value of 600I. A reprefentative mud
have reiided one year in the town which lie is chofen to reprefent, and have been
feized therein of freehold ellate to tlie value of tool, or been polVelled of perfonal
property to the value of 2001. From the perfons returned as fenators and coun-
fcllors,
m
m
UNITED STATES of AMERICA.
9'5
fcllors, being forty in all, nino are annually elc£lcd by joint ballot of botli houfi-s
for the purpolc of adviling tliu governor in the execution of his oflkc. All judi-
ciiil officers, the attorney and folicitor general, (lierifTs, &c. arc, with the advice of
ills council, a|)jM)in(ed by the governor. The judges (except juilices of the peace,
whofe commilhons expire in fevcn years, but may be renewed) hold their offices
(luring good behaviour. The conflitution of New-Hamplhiro is not materiallv
different from that of Maflachufett!*. The fuprumc executive authority is aHo
vcfted in a governor and council o^ Jive nienibers ; and the legilialive, in a fenatc
and Iioufe of reprefentativcs, which together are here rtyled the " General court."
The legillatures of Uhode lilandand Connetlicut are conftituted with an upper and
lower lioufe. In Rhode llland, the upper houfe is compofed of the governor, deputy
governor, and ten alliltants; who, togetlier with the fecretary and treafurer, are
chofen by the freemen annually. The lower houfe is compofed of deputies from
the feveral towns. All judicial and exec uiive magiftrates are appointed by the
two houfes annually ; and all military otiicers appointed in like manner, but with-
out any precife limitation of time. What has been juil faid of the conftitution of
Rhode llland is applicable to Connefticut. One or two variations in point of
name and number conftitute the only dilVerence j except that in Rhode Ifland a
freeman elettor mud have freehold eltatc of the value of 2I. or pcrfonal, of 40I.
In all thefe ftates, the government is arranged on the moll frugal fcale ; the
fabrics of governors and chief jurtices amounting to no more than 3 or 400I. per
annum } and thofc of other officers proportionally moderate.
It is worthy of notice, that, during the war with Great Britain, an a£l was pafled,
on the 4th of May 1780, by the council and houfe of reprefentativcs of Maffa-
chafetts Bay, for incorporating and ellablilhing a focicty for the cultivation and pro-
motion of the arts and fciences. It is entitled " The American Academy of Arts
and Sciences :" the firft members were named in the atl ; and they were never to be
more than two hundred, nor lefs than forty. It was dcclan-d in the att, that the
end and defign of the inditution of the faid academy was to promote and encourage
the knowledge of the antiquities of Anwrica, and of the natural hillory of the coun-
try ; and to determine the ufes to which its various natural pioduHions mijjht l)e
iipplied ; to promote and encourage medicinal difcoveries; nialluinatica! diftpii-
litions ; philolophical inquiries and experiments ; aftronomical, meteorological, and
geographical obfervations ; and improvements in agriculture, arts, manufactures,
and co"imcrce ; and, in ihort, to cultivate every art and fcience, which might tend
lo advance the interell, honour, dignity, and happinefs, of a free, independent,
and virtuous people.
N
W
O
R
K.
Situation and Ivxient.
Miles.
Length
Br-adth
350
;oo
Degrees.
betwecen
. . Miles
t 40 and 45 north latitude. 7
i 72 and 76 welt longitude. 3 "''■'
030
|j(
South and South-weft, by
;elaware rivers, which divide it horn New Jer-
T TVTKW YORK, is bounded on the
)IKDAR1ES. Xl ,, ,(■ . ,, .11
fiv and Pennfylvania ; on the Ivill and North-eaft, by New England and the At-
i;:u!e Ocean; and on the Nortli-well, bv Canada.
' 6 A 2 Tlu.s
9i6
UNITED STATES of AMERICA.
This province, including the Ifland of New York, Long lllund, anu iuten
Ifland, is divided into the following fixtccn counties :
Counties.
New York
( nfter
iJitdicfs
(Jiange
V\ cO Chcftcr
jviiiji's
t^ucrn's
SnlK.lk
Kiiliiiiond
W allimglon
Montgomery *
Coliwni)ia
Cinton
Ranfelacr
Ontario
Chief Towns.
New York j
40-40 N. lat.
74-00 W. Ion.
Kingfton
J'ouglikcepfie, Filhkill
Orange, (iofhcn
Kcdford, White-plains
Flatbiifti, Brooklyn
Janiaien
Eart Hampton, Huntingdon
V\ ellfield
balein
Jolinllown
IJiidfon, Kinderhook
riattihurgh
Lanliiiliiirgh
Canudaquc
Rivers.] The principal of tlicfo are Hudfon's and the Mohawk; the former
abounds with excellent harlxjur.s, and is well Uored with great variety of filh : on
this the cities of New York and Albany are fituated. The tide flow.s a few miles
above Albany, which is i()o miles from New \ ork. It is navigable for Hoops of
80 tuns to Albany, and for (hips to lliidfon. About 60 miles above New ^ ork
the water becomes frelh. The river is ilorcd with a variety of tilh, which renders
a fummer palfage to Albany delightful and amuling to thofe who are fund of
angling f- On the Mohawk is a large cataract, called the tVjhoes, the water of
which is faid to tall -^o feet peipendiciilar, but including the defcent above, the
fall is as much as 60 or 70 teet J, where the river is a quarter of a mile in
breadth.
Cafks.] Thefe arc Sandy-Hook, near the entrance of Raritan river i and
Montock I'oint, at the call end of Long illand.
Climate, soil, and I'Rodl'ce.J liiis province, lying to the South of New
England, enjo's a more happy temperature of climate, 'i he air i.-. v^ry hoalthv,
and agrees will witii all I'Diiliitiiticns. 1 he face of ilif country, refembliii" that
of tile other Anier:v.an colonies, is low, flat, and marlh) towards the fca. A^ you
recede from the eoall, tiie eye is entertained witii the gradual fweliing of hills,
which become large in proportion as you adviice into the couinry. The toil ii ex-
tremely lertile, priiduc':'^, v.'hi.-at, iw, Indian corn, oat^, barley, tiax, and fruits,
in great abundance and piittiMion. 1 hi. limber is naich the fame v\ ith that of New
England. A great deal ot iron is tonnd lure.
CiriHS, poi'ULATiON, AND COMMERCE. J ThccityofNcw York (lands on tiic
* Since the Cenfus in 1 790, Muntgomery h..i been divided into 3 Counties, vii.
Coiintitrs.
Herkenier
Ulfego ...
T)oga
f Morfe's American Geography, vol. 1. p, 419.
Cliicf Tj.^ns.
CJcrman Flats
Cooperb town
Ciuinaiigo, Union town.
R'orlf, vol. I. p. 418.
; Ibid. p. 421,
iiouth-
parts .
iiv, as
Jed hei
the lin
a rich
from C
rich.
'J'hc
growth
miles IK
The /
prefercn
aecefs h
lied and
fl( nu-ii V
.n:.M,g|,|
al)le, as
<'Meii/:\
rile
rather
i^ earrio(
'lie I'aiiK
of three
ficin (In
Aghk
liiiul liir
I.llpfovoil
'iiferiorit\
deed tlici
13
..v>
UNITED STATES of A M E lU C A.
^T
South-weft end of Y ork-ldand, wliii h is twelve miles long, and near three in breaJtlj,
extremely well lituatcd tor trade, at tlic mouth of JliidCun's river, where it is three
inilc> broad, and proves a nohie coiiveyame trom Albany, and many other inland
towns towards Canada, and the lakes. New York is liliialed at tin- cuntluenie of
the Hudftm and eaft rivors. 1 lu length of the city on eall river is about two miles,
but falls murh ihort of that dillaiu . (in the banks ot the iludfon and its mean
breadth a quarter of a mile. Ihe city and luirbour are defended by a fort and
battery ; in the fort is a fpacious manlion houfi' it the ufe of the governor. Many
of the houfes are very elegant ; and the eity, tluinj!"*! iiregniarly built, aliurds a fine
profpeft. bi the year 1776, when the king's tioopi took it, fonie ineendiarii's.
attemptfd to deftroy it, and one fourth part of it was jiurnt down. A great
part of the inhabitants, reckoned, in r/go, at 33,131, are defcended from the
l)utch families, who remained here after the furrender of llie New Netherlands to
the Ejiglilh ; and the whole province, in 1790, was numbered at 340,120.
The city of Albanv contains about 4000 inhabitants, tolletted trom aimofl all
parts of the northern world. As great a variety of languages are fpoken in Alba-
ny, as in any town in the Unitetl States. Adventurers in purfiiit of wealth aro
led here by the advantages for trade wliich this place affords. Situated on one of
the linell rivers in the world, at the head of lioop-navigalion, furroundcd with
a rich and exlenlivc back country, and the Ibire hmilV of the trade to and
from Canada and the lakes, it mull Hourifli, and the inhabitants cannot but grow
rich.
The city of Ifudfon, however, is their great rival, and has had the moll rajjid
growth of any place in America, if we except Baltimore in Mar\ land. It is 130
miles north of New York. It was not begun till the autunm of 1 7S3 *.
The lituaiion of New YOrk, with rcfpect to foreign markets, has decidedly the
preference to any of tlie ftates. It has at all feafons of the \ ear a iliort and eafy
accefs to the ocean. It conmiands the trade of a great proporiioii of the belt fet-
tled and belt cultivated part^ of the Liiited States. It has been fiippokd by gen-
tU men well informed, that more wealth is conveyed down Connetticul river, and
tlinuigh the Sound to New Y iirk, than down the Hudfon. 'Ihis is not ini|:rol'-
able, as tht banks of the Connecticut are more fertile, and nuich thicker ai.d muie
extenliveiy fettled than tlie banks of the lludlon f.
The conunodities in which they trade are wheat, flour, barley, oats, beef, and
other kinds o( animal food. Their markets are the fame willi tliofe which the
New-l'"nglan(!ers ufe; a:id they have a ihare in tiie log-wood trade, and that which
is carried on with the Spanilh and I'reneh plantations. 'I'iiey ufed to take almoll
the fame commodities from England with the iulial'itants ot Ijolion. .At an average
of three vears, their exports were faid to amount to ; 26,00 j1. and their inipoits
from (Jreat Ihiiiiin to 531,000!.
Agkicv L I CRE .\si> MANci-ACTiMU-.s.T New ^'ork is ;it ledl half a century be-
hind her neighbours in New Kiigland, psew Jiiley and IVnnfx Kania, in point of
i.uprovement in agriculture and nianutachir-'s. Among other rcafons for this
iiitcrioritv, that of want of enterprile in the inhabitatits is not the leath In.
dceii their local advantages arc I'ueh that t'ley lia\e greiwn rich without enter-
prife. Belid..s lands have hitherto bi.i n cheap, and turms of courle large, and it
r^•(Ulire^ much lefs ingeniiUy to raile tooo buihels ot wheat upon 60 acres of land,
tl.an to raife the fame cpiantity njHm 30 acres. So long, therefore, as the farmer in
New York can have 60 acre-, of laud to raife icoo butln Is of wheat, he will never,
trouble himfcif to find out how he can raife tlie fame tjUanlily upon half tlie land.
• Morfcs American Geography, vol. i. p. 421.
6
t Il)Ul.
It
<>i3
UNITED STATES of AMERICA.
It is population nionc that (lamps a value upon lands, and lays a foundation for
liigli iinprowinents in aericuilurc. When a man rs obliged to nijintain n family
upon a fpiall farm, his mvcntion is cxcrcifcd to find out every improvement thai
may render it more produdive. This appears to be the great reafon why the
lands on Delaware and Conneclieut rivers produce to the tarmcr twice as much
clear profit as lands in eipial (juantity, and of the fame quality, upon the Iludfon,
If the preceding obCervations be jull, improvements will keep pace with popula-
tion and ihe increaling value of lands.
Improvements in manufailures never precede, but invariably follow improve-
ments in aj^ri^ulture. This obfervation applies more particularly to the country.
I'he city of New York contains a great number of people who are employed in the
various branches of manulaftures, viz. wheel carriages of all kinds, loaf-fugar
bread, beer, Ihoes and boots, fadlcry, cabinet work, cutlery, hats, clocks, watches'
matliematical and mulical inllruments, (hips, and every thing neceflary for their
equipment. A glafs work and fcveral iron works have been i ftablilhed *.
Keligion and LKARNiNo.] All religious denominations, without difcrimi-
nation or preference, enjoy equal privileges here, provided that the liberty of con-
iciencc hereby granted Ihall not be fo conftrued as to excufe acts ot licentioufnefs
or juftify praftices inconfiflent with the peace and fafety of tlie ftate. Th.e inlia'-
bitants of the province conlill chietly of Dutch, Englilh, and .Scotch prcibyt.'rians
German Calvmiits, Lutherans, quakers, baptifts, &c. who have their refpeftivc
houfes of vvorlhip. The Dutch prelbyterians being in fubordination to the Cladls
of Amfterdam, ufed to fend all their youth, who are intended for the miniftry, to
I/olland tor ordination, as the epifcopalians did theirs to England f.
A college was eretted in New York, called king's college, by a6l of parliament,
about the year ij-i^ ; but as the allembly was at that time divided into parties, it
was formed on a contradled plan, and has for that reafon never met with the en-
couragement which might naturally be expetted for a public feminary in fo popu-
lous a city. It is now called C'oi.rMiiiA College. It has about loo ftudents
in the four clad'es, belides medical (ludents.
Hisroiiv ANn oovkrnmknt.] The Swedes and Dutch were the firft Europeans
who formed fettlemcnf; on this part of the American coafl. The tratt, claimed by
tliefe two nations, extended from the 38th to tlie 41 It degree of latitude, and was
called the New Netherlands. It continued in their hands till the time of Charles II.
who gained it by right of con(iuell in 1664, and it was confirmed to the Eng-
iilh by t!ie treaty of Hreda, 1667. The New Netherlands were not long in our
polleliion, before they were divicled into different provinces New York took that
name from the king's brother, James, duke of York, to whom the king granted
» Morfe.
t In thr year 1 740, the number of places for public woifliip in the city of New York flood as follows :
Dutch I'rtfhytcriaiis - - - 3
Knglifli tlitio • - - 1
Siotch ditto - - - - I
Kpifi opiili.ins - - - 3
Krc lie S ri'fu.;cr5 - - - i
Quakers - • - - 1
liaptilh
.Mor.ivinns
(ieniian Calvinifts
Liitlicra:is
Mcthodifts
Jcwb
The various religious der ninations in the ftate of New York, witli the number of their it{pc£i[ve con-
gregations, were as folloMs :
Fnglidi Pre(Vi\t(rian
Diitih Heforined, includinj; fix of the f
Cicrnian language
Baptifts
Lpiftnpalians
♦Quakers
i
87
66
10
a6
20
Cirrnian Lutherans
Moravians
.^Itlhodifts
R<>m.->n Catholic
Jews
12
2
I
I
I
it.
UNITED STATES op AMERICA.
9'y
it, with full powers of govcrnmrnt, by letters patent, cl»tccl March 20, 1664. On
James's aetx'lliDii tu tlic throne, tlu'rit;iii to Ni'w ^uik became velU'l iti iheerown,
iiiK'e vvliith tiiiio it b»'eame a royal f-i'Vi'riinient.
Aci'ording to the conlUtutit)!! ratilied in 17,7, ilie loj;ill:Uure of New York con-
iids of a feiiate and ulicmbly. The iiuiuber oi fenatovs is c(|iial to one tliird of the
alliinbiy, tlie whole rminber of whieh is at prefent 70, and may never exceed ;;oo.
jMeinbiTs of llie iiUcmbly iiiL elected annually ; but fenators are cholen for tour
years, and tlalled in fuch manner thai tiie feats of a fourth part are vacated
evi-ry year. I'he nualil'uatioiis ot voters tor an airend)ly-man or fenator, as well
as for the governor and lieutenant-governitr (who are elided for the term ol
3 years), are a maturity of aj^e, an oath of allegianec to tlie Ibite, lix months' reii-
tienee, and bemij a treeholder worth tool, elear of ineumbranee. 'I'he j^overiior,
chancellor, anel judfjes ot ihr fupreme court, l(»iin a council for the rcvition of all
bills about to be pallid into laws. All ollicers, whole a|)[)ointments arc not fpe-
cially provided for in the coullitution, are chofeu by a council of appointment I'e-
ledled from the fenate annually Ijv the atl'enibly. The chancellor, judges of the
fupreme, and firft judj;es of the county courts, hold iheir oiiices during |»ood be-
haviour, or till 60 years ot aye : but luililary oliicers hold their appointments
during pleafure.
N
W
R
Y.
Situation and ExrtNT.
Miles
Length 160
Breadth 5
I]
between
Degrees.
and 424 r
74 and 76 weft longitude.
f 39 and 424 north latitude
Si|. Miles.
]
10,000.
1 TVT'*'^ -'KRSKY is bounded on the Well and South-weft by
J _|.\J Dclawar J river and bay ; on the South-eatt iind Kaft, by the
Boundaries.
^^ -^ a.#«,Kl«VVUI- Il»\.l ttll«l 1»»IT f V/ll mv- «-•* 'Vt«ll vuiv ■•ova m. .•«*■») *'j « ■ t «-
Atlantic Ocean ; and by the Sound which feparates Staten llland from the continent,
and Hudfon's river, on the North.
Divifions.
Kaftcrn Divifion
contains
Wdurn Divifion
contains
C'ountics.
Middlefex
Monmouth
Klfex
Somerfet
. Bergen
Burlington.
(Jloucelkr
.Salem
Cumberland
Cape May
I liniterdon
Morris
[Sullcv
Chief Towns.
' Perth- Amboy and New-Brunlwick
Slirewfbury and Freehold
I'.lizabrth and Newark
Boundlirook
I lakkenfaak
_ f 40-8 N.
Bl'RLINCrON )^ ,,.
Woodbury and Gloucciler
Salem
^ I iopcwell, Bridgetown
None
Trenton
Movritiown
Ne\M.)un.
RtvEns.]
lar.
ion.
9^0
UNITED S r A T V. S op A M K R I C A.
KivF.Rs.j Ihcfe arc llic Drlnwaro, Knritim, and PafTaitk, on the latter of wlmh
is a rciuarkal)U' cataratl ; tlu* height of iIk- mk k iram wlikli the walir falls isj faitj
to ho alxml 70 feci piTpomlicular. and the rivi-r thi-n- 80 yards broad.
(iiMArK, soil,, AND i'RODUci'..J 'I'lic iliiiialo is imith the fame with that of
N'lW-York ; the foil is various ; at leall one-foiirtli part of the province is barren
fjindy land, piodming pirns and lodars ; the other parts in >{encral arc good, and
prod'ute wheat, barley, rye, Indian corn, &e. in great perfeilion.
Kk(.ioion and i.k \ k VI N(i.t 'I lie former ilate of religion here may be fccn hv
tlie fubjoiiicd lilt of the lioiifes for public woilhip throughout the province, which
vas made in 1765 by a mend)er of the council of the province •. According to
the prefeut conllitution of this province, all peifons are allowed to worlliip (ifid jn
tliiit manner iliai is moll agreeable to their own confcicnces , nor is any perfnn
t)l)l L;ed t( d;; litlii's, taxes, tir any oilier rates, tor the purpofe of Iniilding or re-
paiiini; it;/oilKi cluu'i h or cluuches, or for the maintenance of an} minilier or
jnii i'iiV, contrary to what he believe.-. t«) Ik right, or has deliberately engagul liiin-
illf l<» pel firm, 'Iheie is not any ellablilhment of any one religious licl in tiiis
;'iovii.ci', '. piel'ereme to anolher; and no protelhuU inhabilants are denied iIk
cnjoynw .t of any i.ivil righl. merels on account ol their religious prineit)les,
.\ cdiige, calleil Nall'au Hall, was eli;il)lillu'd at ilie town of Princeton", by giv
«en. . Helclier, in i/.j.''. wliith h.is a power of conferring the fame degrees as ()\.
fi ;il or Caiv.tiriilge. I luTe are generally between 70 and 100 Ihidents here, wl.o
I .ivj f'-,),ii .lii parts of the innliiient, fonie e\en fVtim tile exlremities of it. 'Ilie
dar.iag*-.; it tullained duiing llie lale \\i\r are com()Liled at ^oool. Tliere is anollu';
college at Hrunfwick, called Queen's college, founded a little before the lall war,
ai;v' in great repute.
I .IS I OK V, oov i.KN.MKN r, I'o p c t. .\ T lo N, ) \e\v Jcrfey is part of that v;irt tract
CHii.K lowNs, AN D coMMKKCK. 5 of land, w liicl) wc liave ol)l\ rved Wiis
<^isen by kiii!^ ( liarK s 1|. to In,-, bn/.her, .hiiiu-s duke of York: he fold it to lord
IKrkley and iir Cieurg, C'arteri't from uluuii it reeeised its prefent name, becaute
fir (icorge had ellates in ll'.e ill.iiul of Jerfe) ', and they again fold it to others, wl'.o
in the year 1701 made a furrender of the powers of government to queen .\niie,
whiih lh>' acc<-ptc»l ; after which ll b> came a vi>\al giiwrnmiiit. IJv an aieount
puhliihed in 1790, the nundx-r of inhabitant-. ai)pears to have been about iS+.iji^,
of whom 11,425 were blacks f I'ertli .\ni!).)y and HurlingtiiU were the feats of
government ; moll trcijuenlly the latter, which is jjleafaiitly fituated on the lino
riser Delaware, within twenty niiK s ol I'liiladelphia. 'I hi; former is among the
bell jx-ns on llie contin«,'l>t ; and the harbou;- is fate a' li capaiious <iioug!i In rnn-
1;iln manv laig<' ihips. " his province h;is no foreign trade worth nuiitioiiiii"-,
owing to its vicinitv to the luTge tr;iding ciiii > of New \ ork and rhilailelpliia, by
which it is fupplied with merch.u.difes of all kinds, and makes relums tor tliem in
lumber, wheat, t'our, Sec. In Heigen cunly, is a very valuable copper mine.
IJy the new Jiarterof riglit> ll; blifhv"'. by the provincial congrefs. Julv 2, lyjd,
the 1; ivern.neiit of .New Jerley i- row villed in a <,^o\irnor, K'gillali\i' count il, .ui'l
geir ral alfeinbly. 'Ilie menil)i:s ot the legillali\e council are to be ircchoklcrs,
* l-ni'l fli .iiui Siotih I'rtlhyterian?
57
IMor.iviaiis
«;il.Kcr/
34
hf():iralil}s
Dull !i PrtlliMi ri.liu
22
Rogtrtciu
K|>ili.<i|i.iliaii,
il
Ba|.UK
22
Liitlurain
7
t Morff
In all
• 1
and
UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
9x1
ttnd vvortli ut lend one tlioufand poundsi real and pcrfunal cftatc ; and the miMnlKTH
Gt* the general aircmblv to be worth (ivc hundred pounds. All iniiahitant^ worth
fitly pounds arc cntitu-d to vote for rcprcfcntativcs in council and afl'enibly, and
for all other public oflicers. The govcrnot, Icgiflatirc council, and general
anfembiy arc cl\ofen annually : judges of the fupremc court are chofen for fcviii
yours -, and judges of the cointiioti pleu, jufticct of peacc« and the attorney ge-
neral, for five years.
i
PENNSYLVANIA and DELAWARE.
Situation and Kxtent.
Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles.
Leneth 100 7 • » f 74. and 81 weft longitude. >
Brea1ltha40 } '''^*^^^^" i JJ and 44 "orth latitude. } 44.0OO.
,, 1 "QOUNDKD by the country of the Iroquois, or Five Nationii.
HOI'NDARIES.J |-^ PI, j,,^. j^,,^j,, . j,^, |x,l.,^v;„.^, ,.iv^.|._ ^^i„^.|, ^]\,\^\^.^ ;, ,•,.,„„ the
-alt ; :
Ji rfeys, on tlie Kail; and by Maryland, on the boulh aiij \\ dl. 'Hic Hate of Jt'cna-
fylvaiiia contains the following counties.
Counties.
Philadelphia
CheUcr
Bucks
Berks
Nortiiampton
Lancaller
Y(.rk
Cumberland
iM;)iitgomery
Dauphin
J.uzernc
Nortlniinljciiaiul
I'liiiikliu
1 liinlingdun
\\'clhiiori land
Fayotle
\^ alliiiii^ton
AIIcu;mv.
Chief Towns.
PHiLAD£tPiiiA [»';"'^^'
iVV.lonii. 75-20.
Chefler
Nt'wfown
Reading
l:uillon
LancaAcr
York
CarUflc
Norrillon
Louilburg
W ilk (borough
Sunbury
Chamberllown
Huntingdon
Grecnihurgh
Union
Wafhington
rittlbuf!,'.
1?« illord, a county weftwaid of the mountains, upon the Oliio, [lurchafed from
llie Indians in 176S, by Mr. Penn, and cllabliUied in 1771.
I'he DjiLA^VARE State is divided into three counties.
Counties.
Newcaltle
Kent and
Sulfex
I
on Delaware
6B
Chief Towns.
Newcartle, VV ilmington
r rsewca
■j Dover
l Levvcll
vvcllown, Millord,
which
!>•*
IT N I T F. D STATUS or AMERICA.
wliit li fnrm u <liftincl ftulc iiiul goviTiiini'iit, hiiving n jjovirnor, fcnntc, ntul lioufi- of
rcpiiTi iilalivvs, 'I In* IvniilDr^ un- nine, llirci- rrniti t-iich I'luinty ; and ilic n-nre.
ftntaliviN ,'7. 'I Ik" t'i)rnUT mull he i^ years old, iinil tin- latter 24; and !» natorn
mull have u tVediDld ot' 200 ativ. ; or reiil and lurlonal olhifc tt» tlio vnluo of
loool. 'I lie ((ovemcr is nut eligible nmrr than tinve years in (ix. In tiflier par-
lienlars, lie ninllitiilinn f>( iJeiaware ;ilin()lt exactly agrees with that ot'l'ennfvlva-
Ilia wliidi will l)c innnediately delVrihed.
Kivi us. I 'I lie livers are l)elaware, wliiih i* !iavi;;al)lc more than 100 mile*
iitxive I'liiladclphia, Siii'qtieliaiina and Scliiiylkill are aUo iiuvigahic it coniideraNu
way up the miiiiiry. 'llule rivers, with the ninnerniis hays and ereeks in Dela-
ware bay, capable of lontainiiig the largell Heeti, render this province aihnirahly
fiiited Id eari\ on an inland and lurelijn trade.
Climatk, AiH, soli,, AND 1 'i lie tace ot' the country, nir, foil, niul produrc,
KACK «)!■ nir. coi'NiRY. J do not materially difter trom thole of New York.
If there be any (iillereiue, it is in lavonr ol ihis province. The air is Iweet aixl
clear. 'I he winters continue from December tiii March, and are fii extremely cold
and fevere, that the river Delaware, thoU|;h very broad, is i)ften fro/en cner.
'I'lic months uf July, AuguU, and September, are moll intolerably ht)t ; but the
country is rctVelhed b\ freijueiit coUl breezes *. It may be remnrked in genevaJ,
» Tli« I litTisle of ilif iiiiiMIc ft.ilr, i)f .Viucr'u.i,
viz. Nfw York, New lirlcy, rrriiiMvaiii.i, I'll.i.
ware, anil Territory N. W.ol llic Ohio, lyiim jI-
nioli It) the fame lalinules, Miriis but liitle troin
lliat of New KuKlaiiil. 'rhcrc are no twii (in.
celFive years alike, hveii the fame tuitrilive Ira.
foils and nioiitliHilillcr Irom <..kIi oilier t»ery year.
.And there is pcrliaps hut one lU'ady liiii in ih€
charai'terolthiMliinatr, aiulth.it is, it ii uiiitornily
variable. Tlie i haiici ■. ot we;ilher are grial .tikI
fiiqiieiitly fiiildiii. i'hc r.xi\f,e of tlie qiiickfilvcr
ill rareiihi it's lluiiii(nni.ier, aiioidiiig to |)r.
.Mitihill, is bilivetn l!ii' 24th degree btlow, and
the 105th ih ;■:<•( al'oi e i>|iher; and it has tvrii
known to v;.i\ ^i. det^icti in ihe coiirfe ot ;6
l.iiiira. hill h iiituaiion, are iiiiK h more conlidcr.
,ililc along tht i mil, th.iii in the intirior and iimt-
land parts ol tl;i coiiiiiry ; and, wherever tlity
pr'vail, aic u:i(iiiipaiiied with pro(Kirlionate
ilianneb in tin air, (roin lalms to winds, and (min
• lioiltiirc to iI'iikA. Slorins and liinrii.iii' s
(onietiiiie!) li. ppm, w'.i' h are In violi nl as to ovt r-
lit velUls. dcimdilli ft:ues, uproot trees :ind iiiv-
lool buihun):s. Drmi^liis ot lix «itl»s' or t«o
iiinnths' iiMiiiiui.iiHt imiir nrrw and then. Kaiii
has he 11 known to UU in Inch abiiiiil.Tiiie that
tht earth l>v iiu.iUirnnr nt lias receivtd fi,^ inlhe^
on a level .11 lh( Sunt fpaieof tour hour. ". 'I'lie
(luantity ot wiittr whuli f II • in rain and finuv,
one yt.tr wiih .an.lhii, a.noiiiits to from 14 to \r,
inthe- f. Ill the iiort.arii pans of this dillrii't tlie
(now falls ill larj;, r ^■,lalltili^^, lies lunger, and tlie
cold is 11 ort- Heady and intenlf, by many digrecs,
tlun 111 tht louthirn : heiu r the c linnleol the (ur-
mer is more a^reiuldc in winiu, and that of the
I.itterin (viinnier. The warnielt weather is (generally
in the month nt JiiK ; but intenlVly uanii days
are often fill in May, jvine, .-XiifMill, and bepteiii-
brr. Ur. KitU'iihiiurc l.i_\ s, that, during Ilia reli-
diiitc in the country, in the Itate ot ftnnl)!.
» Vt. M:t(.h-ll
t Ur KaJh.
vanl.i, he never lucl palTed « fiimmer without dif.
(overinz troll in every montli in the year excenc
Inly. The greatelt dejjree of heat iii.o'n niord In
riiil,idelphi.i, in 1781;, was no". 'I'he llaiid.ird
temper. itine ot air in I'liil.idclphia is p| "u'hi>li
is the temperature of their deopell well,, und the
iinan heat of their lonimoii fpring water. There
are lildo.n ni re than luur months in the ve.ir in
whii h the wcatUcr is .t){reeable u ithout a lire. In
winter, tlie winds peiierallv come from the \. W.
ill fair, and from tin- N. E. in wtt weather. The
N. W. « iiids are uiirnninionlv dry as well as cold.
The vliniate, on the weft hde of the Ailigmv
niinintains, dillers 111 iterially from that on the <:di\
fiili', ill the teniptratnre of the air, and the etieif s
ot the wind upon the weather, and in tlie e|itantiiv
uf rain and (now whii li l,i!| r\i:ry year. 'I'he .y
W. whids, on tlie well hde of the mountain, are
ail ompaiiied by told and rain. The temperature
uf tlir lir is I'l Idoin f> loKI or ft) hot by fcvcral
d'.};ri K, as iiii the e.ill (idc of the moiint.iiii.
On the whole it a;>pears that the clini.ite of this
divillnn ul the L'niird bt.ites is a (.(kiiipoimd of
moll ul the ilimate^ in the k^'orld. It has the moil',
ture ol In land in the fprinj^, the he:it uf Africa
in Inniiiier, the tnnprr.ittire of Italy in lune, the Iky
of K^ypeinaii'i! nil, the (now and told ot Nnr»av
and the ici; 01 flullaiid inuinttT, the tein|iefls .iii
a ecrtjin dii;rte) of tit W .li Indies in every lia.
(oil, uiid tht vari.ible wind, und weather ol (irt.it
Uri'ain in every nionlli in the year.
Krom thisaccniint of theclimate of thisdi(lrif>,it
i'. eify to altertain wh.it de'jrtes uf health, and wliut
ditralts prevail. As the iiihabitanta liave the ili-
mates, fo they have the ntiite difeafes, of all the
countries that h.ive been mentioned. Altlii>iii;li
it ini>;ht be (uppoltd, that, m itii futh ihaiij;e-; r.iid
varieiiti in the weather, there would be tonnei'ted
epidemical dillafts, and an unwholefoiiie < liin.iie,
yet on the whole tliisditirii't is found t;) beasheaUl.y
us any )iart of the L'liitr d States.
Morle, vol. i. p. 416, 417.
a tiiUt,
UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
9«J
that, in Amcrict, from New York to the foulhorn extremity of tlio United Stnte^,
the wood* are full of wild vines of three or four fpecieo, all ditreri:i\t from tliofo
we have in buro^te. Hut, whether from fome fault in their nnturr, or in ihu
climnte, or the fml where they grow, or, what 'u much mure nrobabie, from u
fault ill the planurii, they have nut yet produced any wine that delervefi to he men-
tioned, though the liuliiiii'* from them make a fort of wine, with which they regale
themfelves. It nmy alfo be obferved of the timber of thcfe colonies, tliat towurdi
the fouth it in not fn ({(mkI for Ihipping, as that of the more northern provinres.
'I he further foulluvard yuu go, the timber betomesi lef» compad, and rives eafily ,
which property, as it renders it lefs ferviceabic tor fliips, makes it more ufeful tor
(laves.
History, oovKRNMKNT.SKTTLr.MKNT, population, ciiikp » This country,
TOWNS, LirKRARY soctKiiKs, ANO coMMKRCK. J uiuier the iiamc
of the New NetherlaiuU, was orij^iiially potVelVed by the Dutch and .Swedes. When
tliefe nations, however, wtie expelled iVom New York by the Knjjiilh, adinirnl
IVnn, who, in conjunehon with V'enal)le», had eomniered the illand ot Jamaica (uii-
tler the aufpiees of CromwelU, beiii;{ in favour witli Charles il. obtained the pro-
inife of a grant of this country from tliat monarch. Ujion the admiral's death,
hi^ foil, the celebrated (juaktr. availed hinifelf of this promife, and, after much court
foliciintion, (ibtaincd the performance of it. 'though, us an author and a divine,
.Mr. Penn by little known but to thofe of Iiis own nerfualion, his reputation in a
iliaratter IK) lefs refpettable is univerfi.! among all civilifod nations. The circum-
Itaiues of the times engaged vail numbers to follow him into his new fettleinent,
to avoiil the perfecutit)ns to which the quakers, like other feilaries, were then ex-
pofed i but it was to his own wifclinu and ability they are indebted tor that charter
of privileges, wliii h placed this eolony on fo refpetlable a tooting. Civil iind reli-
i;i()Us libeitv, in the utnioll latitude, was laid down by that great man, as tlie foun-
dation of ail his iiiliitutions. Chritlians of all denominations might not only live
uinnolelled, but have a lliare in the government of the coUmy i and by the provj.
lions of the new code, a I'roteftant, a Roman Catliolic, and u Hebrew, may eleft
or be electiil to any othce in tlie ll.ite, and purfue any lawful calling or profef-
lion *. No l.isvs can be nunle but by the confent of the inhabitants. liven mat«
ti i> of Ik nevolence, to vvhiib the laws of few nations liave extended, were by I'enn
rahjeclid to regniatiiuis. 'I he aliairs of widows and «)rphans were to be imiuired
iiiii) bs a court conllitnted for that purpofe. 'I he caufes between man and man
\M le 111 I til be fubicitcd to the delay and chicanery of the law, but iKtided by
will' and lionell arbitrators. Mis benevolence and generolity extended alfo to the
liuiian nations: inliead of takinj; inunediate advantage of his patent, lie puriliafed
oi ilietV people tlie lands be had obtained by his giant, judging that the original
|ii(inertv, and eldell riglit, was veiled in them. W iiliani JVnii, had he been a iia-
li\, ol (inete, woiilii have had his llatiie |)laced next to thole of Solon and l,y-
iMi'iis. His laws, fnundetl on the fnlid Ij.ilis ot e(juity, lllll maiiiiain tluir I'orce ;
and, a-, a proof ol lluir cllii-i., it is onl) necellaiy to nunlion that land was lately
i,ianud at twelve pounds an hundred acres, with a quit-rent of four lliillings re
Ki\edi whenas the terms on which it was formerly granted, were at twenty
j.nin (Is the tlmurand aires, with I'Ue ihilling quit-rent tor every luindii.l. Ni;ir
riiiLidelpliia, betore the i nnnnencemcnt of the war with tlie inother-conntr\ , land
I, uied at twenty lbillini;s llie acre, and, even at feveral miles dilhmce from tliat city,
l.'ltl at twenty ) ears' pnrchafe.
hi loine \eais, more people tranfported themfelves into Pennfylvania than into
• Morrc, vol. I . p. 48 1 .
6U2
oti
9«4
U N' I T E D STATES or A M K R I C A.
■II the other rvtlloineiiln toffctlier. In (hort, ihii province hM iiicrcnri <| ;^rraily
fninj till timi' of" ifn lirll rftahlillunrnt. I pon the principal rivrri, f»ft.i.itivnf> ■!«
Ill
ulc, und tlic country bin Ik-cii nilrivntod i jo niilcn alxivc Philn«l -Ipliii* The
inhiihitniiK iinionnttd, in 1790, to 4.14'37J' «'"'"' '" •"' rvi ry Itiuurc mile
and in tlic ll;itc of Dti.AWARr., to 50.004, o| whom ,,887 were fluvt-i •. 'Jlii?
Qle arc hardy, indiillrioni, and molt of ihnn fuhftantinl, ihnngh l>ut fVw of the
'd projtii' ran he coiilidi-nd u. liih' but Ixfnn* lh«' coinnurnccincni of the
civil w;ir, liny wit«j all vvi II 1. ''^> <l, wfll iVd, and, lor ilirir condiiton, woll clad ^
titid this III the mou- ia(\ r.iic, n> the tiili rior poplr nianuludturfd mot) ot their
own v/c.xi, I'l ill liiK'iii mid uoolUns.
'Iliis pnisiiicc contains nmnv vrr>' ronfidpr.ililc town*, fiii'h n% (itrman-'rown,
ClufliT, Ost'iiid, Rjwiii.it. nil «liii!i, in Jiny other eolon), would dcferve Im-ji '
ti.kiii iintii'c u( nioii- I'.riii iilnily. Hut 1ht>.' the city of rliiliulclphiii, conln
upward.-* of ?o,oeo inlnbltnnt^, licaiitiliil beyond itiiy city in Amcrii a, and
iiniiKv
" Ti-
li,iii\ ftaiitl) c(iiiallfd by any in I'.iiropi', toi.ilK i-( iipfcn tlic rrll. It wai huilf
otter the ['an of the fiifiinus I'cnn, the toinidor and legillator of tlu» rolony, It i«
rdiiiUf.! 100 i.iIUs frfMH the fi-a, botwci-n two na\ini«lde rivers, fli-,- Di'awure. obi
t ill »
mil in bn.'dih, on the call, arul the Sdiuylkill. «»n the welt, and cMciul
Jiiu of tvo miles between tlieiii, It is intcn<lcd that evory (quarter of tin city,
(hoi. Ill 101111 a r(;upr>' of ei;;hf acre*, and that in the middle u Iquare of ten
fiirrouiuleil bv the town liiafo, anil otlier iniblie building*. The princiiial llr-ct
100 fe.'t widi, ■ niid iim-, the whole bn iullli of the town: parallel to it imi ni
other (Ireets, which are trolled by twenty luoio at rieht aii^^les, all of tl
a^rrs.
I*
II niiit;
iieni
feet wide, and communicariiin with the two rivcrti, which contribute not only to
the beauty, but to th • wliolklo'.ienel'. of the city. According to the orit;iiiiil ii'lim,
every man in poU'ellion of looo acres in the province, mijjht have his houle eiilnr
in one of the fronts ficinut, the rivers, or in the principal lliect, rimnin - iVciiii
ih'.' middir of one (lont to ilie niiiMIe of the other. Kmtv
owner ol ^00 ; ucre'i
b' lides llie !il>''\e nn'ntioii' I privilege, was eiiiilled to li;i\e an acre <>: ^ro'.md in
the front ot hiii hmil'e, and all oth'rh nii;;Iil have half an acre for i;atdeni> and eomt
yarcN. The propiiitoi's Icat, which is tin ufual place ot the fjovernor's relidcnce,
and i.s alioiil a mile above the town, i» the (iril piivate building;, both for ma;;nifi.
tiiice and (iliiatioii, in the Unite. I States. ITie market, and other piililie buildiiiei,
are proportioiiably j;r.ind. The ipiays aie Ipacious and fine; and the principal
• Itiay is 200 feet wide.
I here were in this city a great number of very we:ilili\ nierehant<i; which U r.n
w.iv forpiilin;;, when we conlider the great trade wliii li it carried on with the Kiii-
liih, Spaiiilh, l''reni h, and Dutcli colonies in Anieiica , with the A/orrs, llie Ca-
ll rii^, and the > I vdeira illands ; with fJreat Jlritain and Ireland ; with .Sp;iii,, I'nr-
tM^al, and Holland. Helides iIh: Indian trade, and tin. quantity of grain, provi-
fi 'lis, and all kiiid.> of the produce of ihi, ;irovince, which i^ brought down tjic
rivers upon whii li tliis city is lii t omniodioully lituated. the Cermaiis, who are j'el-
tled in the interior parts of this province, employ leveral h\indred waggons,
drawn each by four liorfes, in bringing the produtt of tluir firms to tliis inarkef.
In t!ie year 1749, 303 vell'els cntend inwards at tiiis port, and ^91 cleared out-
wards.
'I he commodities formerly exported into I'ennfylvania, at an average of three
viars, amounted to the value of 6ii,oool. Tliofe ('"^pr.rtfd to dp'at liiitaiii
'aud other markets, belides timber, Ihijis built tor fale, coji[icr ore, and iron in
• Morfc, vol. 1. jiajjr 470, aail 50^.
>i
, . ■ / " ^ " CO
•■'■iuiklinc,,!
'J'hde!» f,.s
«h fervt ■> a I,;,;
III' to Ar /'„
Wds formed J
luh/ilh-.i for f,
|»olitie. wiih fi
•he valuable p
;.''.''>' Ihe cor
'"<"i'ty hiiH air
pniticularlyon
joo nieinbirs;
whom are (,,r, ;
It w.is in J«),|
'774 ■■ and iheii
'"'Id' theniAlvv
'77''^. the iJriiMl
""■ re/idenc, ,.(
'» '77^'. the
cofivcniioii .n /
^■"iimeiit fiit ii
power is a<i„lin|
<;■'"< "f(|ii,..u',.
•'* 'rccmiii ; tliJ
" 'he fenaii.. j,|
';•'>. nor pxciviji
''■■"•T Ihir.l p;,,,
iiuiK haw atti.inj
"'^•' ■''• ihe rei.r.
"•'• Ihe Ii,(| ^^.:J
ti"«/es I linn.' if
"'<■ r''(piiiid in f,-
"'"' 'i;nc rcC.i,.,! i^
V'.us m twelve.
"••' lials vacated,
pigs
V \ I r K D S7 \ T E S n r AM I. RICA.
9'i
pfift.iimi hurt, toiiliOcd «>(' xniiii, Hour, aiul many fttru ol nniinal i'imkI , nn*\, nt .m
nvvrnno (it ihrit- vourt, wirr culculutt^d ui 705,500!. Mm (\u '1 ««•» tin* I'liiril nf
Bihi iituriii;; ii) iiailr, ttfjcT llir (unctvilion oMlii- lu»c war, tin: dviry in Phil.i'Klphia
upon iinp'Micd K"'Xl»i «»• i'l I"'!" triM 4Jx<t/»re>», produced, J'mni iho (irft «»( \ \n\\
17S4, lc( tin' (ill <if DoiftulKT, iji.oool, wliiili, tuppoiing rhai ihnr vulm w»%
iiDi tmilor'ri»U'd, utr iiny limiggU-ii to lavr the duiv, m .ki> thnr valittr aitioaiu w)
3, 1 '(8,000 1.
IlK-rt' \v,f. an m ' -my *rrtal»lil1ud at Philndrlnbln, j;rpinly rnrotirnj;c«l t»v cot^trf.
Iiiitioiio iViHu k-.tiglii I.! aiul .St'iii'nul, ."ul wliidi, lut'.iro iiie ii\il >viir lunki nut,
I'id t'iiir to liiH.dii'' .;lil I'. i;)iiiary nt' It nnuivu, h ix. now fKlod nti L mn Kmi i s ;
iti t'limU Wir*.' juiiil) m-ri h) (!)<• (Uto iinil parilv iiil.on iVoiu iik* t>W folJ»j;i.'. And
III 1 7'!;^ II (ollc^t' vvu:. I'oundcilut LatH'HlUr, ami, in hntiniir to \)f. Fiaiikliti. cJtitl
rr.iiiWli(\-l'iilUi;c.
Hi-fidoit fi'wral other wry imprdvini* indu io-i* in t1»i» city, iVi^ri' 'n one »li!( Ji
dkfn\r>i ii jNiitinilar notiii', wliuli is 1 mk, AMpn ic vn I'm i.oiophk ai. .Sotik i y,
I1ILI> Ar i'llll.AKI'.I.PHIA, roR PKOMOIINd V SI'.flM, KnOW LU l>ll K, TIhH t«H il'ty
wjH >iirn\cd Jiinujir^ 2, »V"9i l>v the union ot two wthif liii-rury ftw.irfii's tlial li.id
rul)lill(-d tor fiitiu- ttiitu in I'liiludclpliia 1 . ud w.u' treated ouu l<')dv inijiorntc and
l>ijlitii', with fut'li powers, piivilkge*, and iiiirtotiilies, ur niv nocillary lor aiil'vv riiiij
ilu' \attKil)lv' piir|Hifi<i wliicti tla- t'o^icty liii I vtriginally in viiw, l)y a clmrter, x'^mr-
nl liy ilio K'niiin iiwonlth of Peniifvlvniiit, on the l^th of Maiili, 1780. lIiN
totii ly has alniuly luil>lillif<l (c virul very valua'dc vofunus ot" tlicir 'I ranOictii.ns,
pfuticularly one in 1771, the other in i ,Hi' In 1771, thi* lociets loiililled uf nearly
300 nieinbers; nnd upwards oi' no huvc iiiK hvcn Kddt.di a large proportion ot'
whom are Inn i'^nori.
It w.is in Pin. lileiphiii that ihr general conj^rcfs nf Anurlcn met In SepN-mher
1-74 ; and ll'i II iiieeiin^jH eontiiuud to he chii ily hold there, till the kinj; s ir.mpi
mad' lliemfeUes nialUrsi ot that rity, on the idth of Sepfcinhn 1777. Hut m Jiuu*
177S, the Ihiiiih troops retreated to New York, and Hluladelphia again betame
tlie relidenn it tlie vo;if»rer'..
In 177^'. tlie repreft ntali\e. ot the freemen of IVnnfylvniua met in ngeiural
cniivi'iition al i'hiladelphia, aii<l ,ii;rred u\y.u\ the plan nf n new uddliinlliin ot' j;o-
viiiinieiit for that colony. Aicoiilinj; to ih.- aciiuil conOitM.ion, the l»Mrillaiive
power i» adndnitlered by a feniile and lioul'e ot reprcfentativ ■%; the executj\t' by
II qovernor ; .iinl the juduiary h\ a tupreine eituri, .1 loi.rt of « nninon plens, and .1
idtirl (ifqn.uier felllons of the peace. 'Ihe lej^iiLiture n?id g >vcnior are lecteil by
the iVeeiuen ; tlie f;o\ rnor I<h thno \ears ; the reprefeiitaivcs ami a fourili pait
I't tlie fetiati', aniuiull'' , The nirid)er of reprelVntative-- nuitl iioi he lef, than
Ii .ty, nor cseied oitc hundred ; ntir that of fenalors lefs than a lourth, 1; ir fjruter
ll .m a third jmrt of th ■ mitnln r of repicfenlaiives. I'hc eKdors of the magi'.Irnte*
mull liavi- att.mu-d tlu age of 21, have relided in the thitc two years, and jkiU
t8\is. riie leprefentatiseh nuill have been inhabitant* of the llati ujce years,
ai.il, llie liill \ear previous to their electieu, li.ive relided in the county wiiich
cluK>fes iheni. Ihe <|Uali!ieatii)ns of 25 \e.irs' of Ui{e, luid ol tour yeaii' relidenee,
are recpiiiid in feiiati .s ; and the jjovernor mult have attained the ago of thin;,,
u'ld have relided in the I'iitc leveii yearu : aiul h>. is not eligible more than nine
Vi.irs in twelve. The I'liators are divided by lot into lour clallet, and the feat,s ot'
o.,i clals \tiiated, iuid lenlleU, \variy.
MARY
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IMAGE EVALUATION
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Corporation
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23 WEST MAIN STRICT
WEBSTER, N.Y. UStO
(716) S72-4S03
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[ 9>6 1
MARYLAND.
SiTVATIOK AMD EXTKMT.
Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles.
Q , n OU NDED by Pmnlylvania, on the North } by mother part
JSouHOARiis.j ij gf Pennfylvania, and the Atlantic Ocean, on the Eaft ; by Vir-
ginia, on the South ; and by the Apalachian mountains, on the Wed.
Maryland is divided into two parts by the bay of Chcfapeak, viz. i. The eaftenii
: and 2. The weftcm divifion.
Divifions.
llic eaft divifion con
tains the counties of '
The weft divifion con-
tains
Counties.
' Worccftcr
Somerfet
Dorfct
Talbot
Cecil
Queen Anne's
Kent
Caroline
St. Mary's County
Charles
Prince George
Calvert
Arundel
Harford
Baltimore
Frederic
Waftiington
Montgomery
Hartford
i- ^
Chief Towns.
Princefs Anne
Snow Hill
Dorfet, or Dorcheftcr
Oxford
Queen's Town
Cheller
St. Mary's
Briftol
Mafterkout
Abington
Annapolis, W. Ion,
76-50. N. lat. 39.
Baltimore.
Jl
Rivers.] This country is indented with a vaft number of valuable creeks and
rivers. The chief arc Potowmac, Pocomoac, Patuxent, Cheptonk, Severn, and
Face of the coumtky, air,) In theie particulars, this province u not to
SOIL, AMD PRODUCE. i bc diftiiiguilhcd from thofe already dcfcribed.
The hills in the inland country arc of fo eafy afccnt, that they rather feem an arti-
ficial than a natural production. The climate is generally mild and agreeable,
fuited to agricultural produ£tions, and a great variety of fruit trees. In the in-
terior hilly countr", the inhabitants arc healthy; but in the flat country, in the
neighbourhood of^ the marlhes and ftagnant waters, they arc, as in the otlicr
fuuthcrn Hates, fubjeCt to intermittents. The v&ll number of rivers difl'ufcs fertilitv
through
UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
919
r part
y Vir-
iftern i
)n.
Irceks and
/cm, and
. is not to
llcfcribed.
Tn an arti-
Lgrceabk,
In tVic in-
fy, in the
|the o\\k'C
cs fettilitv
through
ttirough the foil, that ii admirably adapted to the rearinr of tobacco and wheat,
whidh are the ftaple commodicics of that country) hemp, Indian com and grain.
PoputATioN AMD coMMBRca.] The numbcf of inhabitant! have of late ycarn.
greatly increafcd, amounting at prefent to 419,718 ; of whom 103,036 are flavesv
which ia nearly 3^ for every fquare mile. Ine commerce of Maryland dependa
on the fame principles with that of Virginia, and it fo clofelv conneAcd with it,
that any feparation of them would rather confufc than inftruu. It will be confix
dcrt-d tncreforc under that head.
History and oovbrhment.] Maryland, like the provinces we have for<
tncrl^ defcribed, owes its fetlleinent to religious confiderations. As the neigh"
bouring di(lri<S)s, however, were peopled bv protcdants, and even fe£)aries, Mary*
land was originally planted by Koman-catnolics. 'Iliis k&, towards the clofe of
Charles the Firft's reign, was the obJe£t of great hatred fo the bulk of the EnglitU
nation { and the laws in force againfl the Roman-catholics were executed witb
great fevcrity. This in part arofe from an opinion, the: the court was too favour-
iibly difpofed towards them. It is certain that many marks of favour were con-
ferred on the Roman-catholics. Lord Baltimore was one of the mod eminent, ono
in greateil favour with the court, and on that account mod odious to the generality of
Englilhmen. This nobleman, in 163a, obtained a grant from Charles, of that country,
which formerly was conlidered as a part of Virginia, but was now called Maryland,.
in honour of queen Henrietta Mary, daughter to Hcnr^ IV. of France, and fpouft:
to king Charles. Hie year following, about aoo popilh families, fome of conli-
(li<rablc diilit\£tion, embarked with lord Baltimore, to enter into poflclTion of this
pew territory. I'hcfc fettlers, who had that liberality and good breeding which
diftinguifhes gentlemen of every religion, bought their land at an caify price from
the native Indians.; they even lived with them for feme time in the fame city ; and
the greateil harmony continued to fublid between the two nations until the Indians,
were impofcd on by the malicious inlinuations of fome planters in Virginia^ who
envied the profperity of this popifh colony, and inflamed the Indians againil thcmi
by ill-grounded reports, but fuch as were fulliiient to cxctte the retentnieul of
men naturally jealous, and who from experience had rcalbn to be fo.
The colony, however, was not wanting to its. own fafely on this occafion.
Though they continued their friendly iutercourfe with the natives, they took care-
to cre<:l a fort, and to ufe every other precaution for their defence againd Hidden,
hdliiiitles. The defeat of this attempt gave anew fpring to the aQivity of this planta-
tion, which was likewife receiving frequent reinforcements from England, oF.thofc-
wlio found themfelvcs in danger by the approaching revolution. But during, the
protctlorfliip of Cromwell, every thing was overturuad in Maryland* Baltimore
was deprived of his rights; and a new governor, appointed by the Prote£lor, fublli-
tutod in his room. At the Ketloration, however, the property, of this province
averted to its natural pofleiTor. Baltimore was reindatcd, in his rights, and fully
dilcovered how well be deferved that favour.. He cdabliihed a perfe£{ toleration
in all religious matters-; the colony increafed and flouriflied, and difl'enters of all
denominations, allured by the prolpe£t of gain, flocked into Maryland. But the
tyrannical government of James- II. again deprived, this noble family of its pof-
iciliun, acquired by royal bounty, and improved by much care andexpence:
At the Revolution, lord. Baltimore was again reflorcd.to all the proflta of tite
government, though not to the right of governing, which could not conliUently be
conferred on a Roman-catholic. But, alter the family changed their religion, the.y.
obtained the power as well as the intercft. The government of this, country ex-
actly resembled, that of Virginia, except that the governor was appointed by the
proprietor.
928
UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
proprietor, and only confirmed by ttic crown, The cuiiomt too were rcferved tb
the crown, and the ofliccrs bclotieiiif to tlhsm were independent of the government
of the province. At length, at the j)roteftants became far more numerous, they
excluded the papitU from all office* of truft and power, and even adopted the
Mnal laws of England againft them. The church of England was by law e(i&-
Dlilhed here, and the clergy were paid in tobacco : a tax for this purpofe was an-
nually levied, and every male white perfun above the age of lixteen was obliged to
pay 40 lb. of tobacco, (or if he raifea no tobacco, he muft take an oath that he did
not, and pav the value in cafli) : dill'enting clergy were not exempted. By the de-
claration of rights and the contiitution agreed to in the convention of delegates at
Annauolis, Auguft 14, 1776, the legiflature is now to confift of two diftin£l
branches, the tenate and the huufc ot delegates ; the latter to be annually chofcn,
vhia voce, by the freeholders in the counties, each of wliich appoints four ; and
the towns of Annapolis and Baltimore, each, two. 1 he fenate is not eledlcd im-
mediately by the people, but by electors chofcn by the people, each county choof-
ing two, and Annapolis and Baltimore, each, one. The governor, and council
confiding of five members, are annually ele£ied by the legiflature. Voters for de-
legates, &c. mud be above ai years of^age, and pofTelTed of 50 acres of freehold in
their refpedive counties, or property in the date to the amount of 30I. and have
relided in the country one yei.r. Proportional qualifications of age property and
relidence are required in the magidrates.
In 1 782, a college was founded at Chedcr-town in this province, under the
(innic of VVashinoton College, in honour of General Walhington.
The city of Wadiineton, now building at the junftion of the rivers Potowmac
nnd the Kadern Brant-n, is fixed on by the United States for the feat of their
govornnicnt after the year 1800. When the plan is carried into execution, this
city will eminently poflcfs the advantages of regularity, convenience, healthiiiufs,
and elegance of profpcft.
y
R
N
Situation avd Extent.
Miles.
Degrees. Sq. Miles.
Length 4461 u„j„.„_ ( 75 and 90 wed tongitude.^ »
Breadth ii4i "^^t^^n J 36 and 40 north latitude, i *°'
,ooo«
n T«nAnii:«l TJ OU NDED by thc river Potowmac, which divides it from
BOUNDARIES.] ji^ Maryland, on the North-ead; by the Atlantic Ocean, on the
Ead ; by Carolina, on the South; and by Kentucky, on. the Weft.
It may be divided into 82 counties, which are mentioned in the following table,
which is taken from Morfc's American Geography, printed at Bodon, 1793, in 2
vols. 8vo.
Situation.
UNITED STATES
or AMERICA.
Situation.
Counties.
Situation. Counties.
Ohio
•
Crcenfvillc
.
Monongalia
Dinwiddle
WaHiiugton
Chellcrfield
•
Montgomery
Prince George
Wythe
Between James
Surry
Botetourt
River andCa--
Suir<-x
Weft of the
Blue Ridge. '
Green-briar
Knnawa
1 lampfliirc
Berkley
Frederiek
roliiia.
Soulliampton
Kle of Wight
Nanfemond
i ,
Norfolk
* ..•
■ ■,. ■. '
_ Princefs Ann
?,'■ - 1 .
Shenaiuloali
1 ;
' Henrico
1 ' • ■ '
Rockingham
1 lanover
■ /
Aiigulhi
New Kent
\
R<ick))ridgc
Between James
Charles City
.J -' ■
Loudoun
and York
James City
,
Fauquier
Rivers.
W illiamlb'urg
'.'* ' -
Culpepper
York
. '' ' , ,'i ' '
1 >
Spotfylvania '
f - , . ''
Warwick
Orange
Klizabeth City
I.ouit:i
" Caroline
'■■-'■-
(loocliiand
Between York
King William
^
Flavania
and Rappa-
King and Queen
; ■ '. ' *
Albemarle
hannoc
KiTex
Amherft
Ri\ers.
Middlefcx
Between the
Buekingliam
Bedford ^ ■'
I lenry
. Glouceller
Blue Ridcc
and the tide "*
; i/ ,. -'
Fairfax
Prince William
waters.
Pittfylvaiiia
Between Rappa-
Stafford
Halifax
hannoc and
King George
Charlotte
Potowmac
Riclmiond
Prince Edward
Rivers.
Weftmoreland
Cumberland
Northumberland
Powhatan
'
Lancafter
' 1'
1
Amelia
Nottaway
Eaftem Shore.
' Accomac
. Northampton
l.unenburg
- _ , , - .
Mecklenburg
^ .1 •
Brunfwick
.
The following i
ire new counties.
' Cam jbcll
Franklin
Hardy
* Pendleton
Harrifon
Rullel «
Randolph
9*>
ivs, ASM! RIVERS.] In failing to \'ir;^iniu or Maryland, you pafs .i
1 two points of land, called the Capi> <>t' \ iri^iiiia, which opens a
he bay of Cliofapeak, one of the larj^eft and fafoft in the world ; for
CaPF.S, BAY!
ftrait between
panaire into trie mi\ w. v.iivi>i|/\.tiiv, yjn^^ \<i im. itn^vn. ..uv. ..nv*. m .nv ..wiiv.
it enters the country near 300 mile!> from the Ibutli to ilie uorlli, is about iSJ iiulcs
Moiff, vol. i.p. 53:, 5^3, 534.
t) C
broad
93<»
UNITED STATES op AMERICA.
brond for • confidorabic way, and fcven where it U narrowed, the water in mod
pliiccii liiiiig nine fathoms ilcep. ^hi« bay, through its whole extent, receives u
v:ift niimbir of nnvigitble rivers from the iiilcs of both Maryland and Virviniu,
l-'mm ihc latter, bclidcs others of Icfs note, it receives James River, York River,
llic Kappaliunnoc, and the Potowmac : tht-fe are not only navigable for large
lliips into the heart of the country, but have fo many creeks, and receive fuch u
niiiiiber of fmnller navigable rivets, that Virginia is unquedionablv the country in
the woriil of the nioft convenient navigation, it has been obferved, and the obfer.
viition is not exn),'i;er:itcil, timt every planter has a river at his door. To the well-
v.MiiI of the provuue, is the Ohio, u large river, which after a long courfe falls
into the Miliilippi.
TAri; OK Till'. coirN TR v.] 'I'he whole face of this country is fo extremely low
towards the iVa, that vou are very near the Ihoie, before you can diftover land
from ilie mallluad. 'f he lofty trees, wliidi cover the foil, grudunlly rife as it were
fioiii ilie ocean, and aflord an enchanting profpitt. You travel loo miles into the
Ktiintrx, without meeting with a hillj which is nothing uiiconunim on tliij, exlen-
li\e coalt of America.
Air AM) iLiMATK.] Ill an cxtcnflvc country it will be expcflcd that the climate
is not the lame in all its parts. It is remarkable that, proceeding on the fame parallel
uf lalilmle welUvardI), the climate becomes colder in like manner ns when you
proceed northwardly. '1 his conliiuies to be the cafe till you attain the fnmmil of the
yMlegany, which h the higliell land between the ocean and the Miliilippi. From
thence, defcending in the Tame latitude to the Miliilippi, the chance reverfes; and,
if we may believe travellers, it becomes warmer there than it is in the fame lati-
tude on the fea lide. 'I heir tellimony is ftrengthened by the vegetables and ani-
mals which fubfift and multiply there naturally, and do not on the fea coall. Thus
catalpas grow fpontancoufly on the Millifi|)pi, as far as the latitude of 37°, and
reeds as tar as 38 '. Farroijuets even winter on the Scioto, in the 39th degree of
latitude.
Mr. Jeflerfon reckons the extremes of heat and cold to be 98° above, and 6"
bcluw o, in Kareiiheii's thermometer.
That tiniluation between heat and cold, fi» deftrudlivc to fruit, prevails Icfs in
Vlri,'inia than in Pcnnfylvania in the fpring feafon : nor is the overflowing of the
rivers in Viri^inia tlien fo extenlive or fo treipient as that ot the rivers in the New Kn;;-
land Hates ; lieer.iile the fnows in the lormer do not lie accumulating all winter, tt) l)e
dillolved all at once in the Ipiing, as ihcy do fometimes in the latter. In Virginia,
below the mountains, fiiow feldom lies more than a day or two, and feldom a
week ; and the larj^e rivers feldi>m freeze over. This fluctuation of weather, how-
ever, is fufiicient lo render the winters and fjirings very unwholefume, as the in-
liuiMtants luive to walk in almoft perpetual flop.
Soil \sd prodcck.J 'I'owards the fea Ihorc, and the banks of the rivers, the
f(H of \ irginia conlilis of a dark rich mould, which, without manure, returns
plentit'nlly whatever is committed to it. At a diflance from the water there is a
li>;litnefs and fandincfs in the foil, which, however, is of a generous nature, and
^vliith, helped by a kindly fun, \ields corn and tobacco in abundance.
lioni what has been faid of the foil and climate, it is eafy to infer the variety
ai.d perfetlion ot the vegetable produttions of this country. The forcfts are co-
vered with all forts of lofty trees ; and no underwood or bruHies grow beneath;
fo that the people travel with cafe through the forefts on horfcback, under a fine
lliade to defend them from the fun : the plains are enamelled with flowers and
liowering (lirubs of the richcft colours and moll fragrant fcent. Silk grows fpon-
tancous m many places, the fi'ures of which are llrong as hemp. Medicinal herbs
and roots, particularly fnake-ruot, and giufeiig, are here in great plenty ; and
8 there
UNITED STATES o» AMERICA.
til
xhet^ it no fort of grain but might be cultivated to ndvintagc. 'fhe inh«bit«ntt,
liuwever, are fo engrodcd with the culture ut' llie tobacco plant, which ii We of
a iiipcrior quality to what any t)ther country affords, that tncy think, if corn fiifli-
i ii-nl fur their fupuort can be reared, they do enough in this way. But flax and
hemp arc produced, nut only for their own confumption but fur exportation.
Animals.] Wo (hall here obfcrve, that there were neither horfcs, cowi, fliecp,
nor hogi in America, before they were carried thither by the Europeans ; but now
tluy arc multiplied fo extremely, that many of them, particularly in Virginia, and
lite fouthcm colonies, run wild. Before the war between Great Britain and tha
colonics, beef and pork were fold here from one peimy to two pence a pound i
tlicir futtell pullets at fix pence a-picce ; chickeni, at three or four (hillings a
dozen J gcefe, at ten pc-ncc ; and turkeys, at eighteen pence a-piece. But filh and
wild fowl went lUII cheaper in the feafon, and deer were fold from five to ten flul-
lings a-picce. In the other American colonies, jprovilion* were equally cheap, ttc..
lidcs the animals trunfported from Europe, thofe natural to the country are deer, of
which there are great numbers, a fort of panther or tiger, bears, wolves, foxes,
;iiid racoons. 1 Icre is likewife that lingular animal, called the opoflum, which
feenis to be the wood-rat, mentioned by Charlevoix, in his Hiilory of Canada. It
is about the lize of a cat ■, and, betides the belly common to it with other animals,
it has niiollicr peculiar to itfelf, and which hangs beneath the former. This belly
lus a large aperture, towards the hinder lees, which difcovers a large number
t)l teats on the ufual jiarts of the common belly. Upon thefe, when the female oiP
this creature conceives, the young are formed, and tncro they hang like fruit upon
the ihilk, until they attain a certain weight and lizc, when they drop ofF,
and arc received into the falfe belly, from which they go out at plcafiire,
and in which they take ret'uge when any danger threatens them. In Virginia
there are all forts of tame and wild fowl. They nave the nightingale, called from
the country, whofe plumage is crinifon and blue ; the mocking bird, thought to
cKccIl all others in its own notes, and including that of every one ; the huinming
bird, the fmallcll of all the winged creation, and by far the moll beautiful, all
arrayed in fcarlct, green, and gold. It lips the dew from the flowers, which is all
its nourilhment ; and is too delicate to be brought alive into England.
CHARACTtn, MANNKRs, CUSTOMS.] Virginia has produced fomc of the moft
diliinguilhed actors in ejecting the revolution in America. Her political and mi-
litary charailer has been rendered confpicuous by a few eminent men who take
tlie lead in all her public tranfadtions, and who, in Ihort, govern Virginia; for the
irieat body of the i)C()plc do not concern themfclves witn politics, fo that their
uovciiinient. tliougli iioniinally republican, is in fait arillocratical.
Several travellers give but a very indifterent account of the generality of the peo-
ple of tliis province. 'Ihe voung men, obferves one, jjcnerally fpeaking, are
ramblers, cutk-tigliters, and iiorfe jockies. The ingenuity of a Locke, or the
dileoveries of u Newton, are confidered as inlinitcly inferior to the accomplilh-
nieiits uf him who i>. expert in the management of a cock-tight, or dexterous in
niaiueuvriiig at a liorle-raci;. A fpirit for literary iiujulries, it not altogether con-
fined to a tew, is, anioiif^ the body of the. people, evidently fuburdinate to a fpirit
cit training ar.d barbarous fporis. At almoft every inn or ordinary on the j)ul)-
lie road, there is a billiard-table, a back-gammon table, cards and other iniple-
iiKiits for various games, lo thefe public houles the gambling gentry in the
nei'dibuurliood refort to ki.'/ time, which hangs heavily upon them ; and at this
bulmeU thev are very expert, having been acciilloined to it from their carliell
voulli. 'Ihe patlion lor cock-hghting, a diverlion not only extremely barbarous,
hut inlinilely beneatli the dijjnity of a man of fcnfc, is fo predominant that they
6 C 2 even
#M
UNITED STATRS or AMERICA.
even advcrtifc thiir nintthc* in the pulilii- pii|>rri •, This diflii'ition of nion-
iKr« iit tiir cuiii'i ((ui'ncc ut' itululcncc uml luxury, which arc the Irnii of Africmi
llttvfry t
lire s
Natiral ruHiosi i u.i.] 'Ihr naluriil hritlgc is the moft fuh'iinc of nnt
>vorkt. It it on thi- «lVritt of n hill, whit h IcTint to have been tlovcn ihrougK
itt length by lonu' j-rriil tonvullinn 'Hu' fiilurc jiift at the bridge i*, by fonn- mj.
iiu;iiiireii;int«, 270 iVct tlir|), by nihcKi only 205 ( it is about 45 feet wide iii flu-
biitinni, iiiiil 90 tilt at till- tt>|) ; tlii<i oliourlr determines the length of the brKlt'c,
and its luifjiit tVom ihc wait r. Its hniidlh in the niicldle is about 60 feet, li'm
more ut ilic end.i 1 and ilu' ttiuLiiers of tin- nuil's at ilie tumniit of the arch, about
40 feet. A part of this tliitknefs is Kmnituli-d by a luat ot eartli, whidi ^ivl■s
jjiowth tt) many lar^e trees. 'I'he relidue, with llie hill on bulli (ulcs, is a folid rot k
dI' llnu-lioMe. Ilu arcii a|)i>r'>;uhi . liu- fcmi-illiptieid luroi ; Iml the larmr iui-;
i)f tlic elliplis, wiiicli would Ik- ilic riiord t)f tlu- .uili, is nuiiiy tiuus longer lli;ui
till' iranlMile. Iluuigli the lidcs of tliis bridj'e are priividr<l in louie parts with a
parapet of H\ed rocks, vet tew men ha\e lefolution to walk nlnmr them nixl look
over into llie abyfs. ^ ini involunlarilv fail on ymir hands, ami tat, ciivp to the
jiarapet anil pee|) over it. If the viiw iVoni the topbe paiutui and intolerable, that
jrom boliiw is deli^litt'ul in an v<\:\:\\ extreme. It is impolhble tor ilie entotioiis
aiilinj; from tlie l"ui)liitic to be iVit beyoiul wiiat tliey are here; fo beautiful an
«ri li, to I'levated, lo li^^lit, and fpi ingin;,' as it wore up to heaven ! the rapture of
tlie liKclator is really indedribaMe. The filbne eonlitiuing narrow, deep and
liiaight for a contiderable dillance al>ove and iielow tiie bridge, opons a Ihort but
vcr\ pleating viiw of the North Mountain on one tide, and Uliu- Kitlgi- on the
oilier, at the ditiaiue, eaili of them, of aliout tive miles, 'riiis bridge is in the
county of Ki>ckbridge, to wliiih if has given name, and atfoiilsa public and com-
modious palliige over a valley whiili caimot be irolK-d <llewliere tor a contiderable
dilhmce. 1 he llreaiii pallih^ under it is called Cedar creek.. It is a water of
■ .1. i.r 11 ,\...r . . . > :.i ...:ii .1. .1 •. .■
oiin-
Jaine.s river, and fulficii m in the iliiill (Viifcus to tmii a grill mill, though its I
tam i.s not more tli;in two milis nl' ivi
ah
ove ov
er .Stock creek, a br.iiuh y\ I'il»r>n river, in Wallii
I here is a natural l)ridge limilar to tin
nglon county.
Mani r AC ri'Hi'S ano eoMMKRCf. ) lUfore the war, the mliabitants of this
Hate paiil but little attention to the m.iiiiitailure of their own (loathing It has
jht tliev ufi d to import as ut'.icli ;i'. /,-i'i';t ey/i/^if ot' ihiir iloatliing, and
)een
ih
.ug
that lliey now manul.ii-ture //</<•(• ju/iricis ot it. t'cnlKleralile <piantiiies of iron are
inamitiiHured iu this Hale.— lo \\\i-L- we nuv add the m;mufa>'tuie of lead i hi
lide.s wl.kli tliey have tew othiTs of i.oi,le(|ueii
to ;i.;ri(ulluie, and prcler toirign mi.mil.ulius.
'Ihi
pe pie are uukIi attached
id tl'.e ye.ir I'jr,'^, tliis tl.'le e\p;irtid fevonty iliMuf.i.Kl hogduads of tob,n< co,
which was the guateli (|uantit\ t vi-r prohui'tl in tliis (ounlry in one year. IJut
its culture has tuft declined lii.ce the commencement of the war, and that of
wheat taken its pi, ce. 'I he pi in wiiiili it commands at market will not enable
the plaittcr to culiiv.ile it. V\ fre the fupply ttill to depend on Virginia and Ma-
ryland alone, as its i idluie become;, nure dilhcult, tliis price would rife, fo as to
fuabie the planter lo furmomil tln>!e ditlicuities and to live, hut the welhrn
country on the Miliilppi, and the midlands of Citorgia, having frcth and fertile
• ATruvtIler tlirougli Virgiiii.i olife rvts, " Tliref
or lout iir'tilif> tt'df nlvtrlilnl in Hh- p.il.lic
prints 4t U il! iii.lhiir^; i .md I w,i» uitmlb i>l /i.f
III llii iiiiirl'i' ot my tr.ivcU fioiii ili;.l [Uic lo I'oit
kinul."
f Moll^■'.^ Ciio(^rui)liy, tlic cilition ot i;Hi;.
X Don Uilos mentions a lire.ik, fiinihir to tliii,
ill tliv pruviiiir ot Aiigaraiwi, in South AiiutIci,
ll h troiii 16 lo li. tt'it Wklc, 1 I 1 (U'('|), ;iiii| (j) 1 1
ii.iU , iiKiiiiuMiii (', Kiij;li(1i nu'ul'iirr. Its liri.'.icltli
«l t»p i& r.ut Iculibly [greater tlun at buttum.
laniLi
UNITED STATF.S of A M F^; R I C A.
911
lnn'U in nluindnncr, nnd n Imttrr Am, nrc nhic in undrrfcll ihvfo iwit Hiitri, and
will olili^o llifin in timi- t(i nlintidoit [\w railing tulxuio alto^vlhcr. And » l)-ip|>y
<)|ili|'iitioii tor thrm it will he. It is n iiilnirf pnidiittivc (if infiniti- wicit ludm-fi.
ilioK- iiiiidoyi-d ill it arc in n cotitiniicd (late nl' iXi-rtioii beyond tli>' |>ii\v«'r« ot
iiatiirc to liipport. I.iltli- t'nod <it' niiy kind u rail' d i)v lluvn ; lo that tlic iiu'n
and uiiiinaU uii thcfo tarins an- badly li-d, imd llio rarili is rapidly iinpnvcrilhi'd.
I hi' cultivation ot wbt'tit iK tlu' (('Vfrfc in cvory tin tiiullaiu r. Ilrlidis cloatliiiio;
tile earth witli brrbiij',i-, and pn Ctrvin;; ill l» rlilily, it fiitU tho laboniii i [ilcnii-
lidlv, ri'»iiiiri'H troin tin ni only a niodtrau- toil, I'xn-pt in ilic fi.tinn ot liiirv(i>,
riiil<'!< great inunl)ers ot animals lor lood ai\d rervici-, and dilliiU's pl< niv ami liap-
piiufH Hmuni; the wliok-. It i-, i arK*r to pindiui' an liuii(ht.'d bnllu-is ot' wheat tlian
a iliouiaiul wei)(ht nl' tiibacco \ and the lortmr proiUiiA is more vahiald
1 linrOR Y, OOV RRNMKN r, I'd-
on
Tlii'. is the liill eoiinlry >\hieh llie l'".i)L;liih
LArioN, rowNs, Mcc. i planlrd in Amerii ». V\ e derised our ri;,dit, not
Iv to thiit bill to all onr otht r IciilenunN, as has beerv aheadv idileived, tVoni the
rv I
dileovery ot Sebaliian Caliot, who, in i-V);, lird niadv the noriliern continent «t'
Anieriea, in tlio t'crvite ot Henry VII. ot' l''.ni;lanil. No attcmpn, luvwever,
weie made to fettle it till the reii^n ot' (pieeii I'.li/alieih. It wis th.-ii lliat lir
Waiter Kaloij;ti, a man ot the in. ill eiili rprillni; ijeniiis ol any In that :i'.;w', applieil
to court, and j^ol toj^ether u uHnpiiiiv, uhich was lomp. .fiil ot l'e\iral perlons of"
dillin^-tion, and leveral eminent mertlianis, who ai;ried to open a trade, aiul t'liile
a colony, in that part of the world, which, in iioiiour of »piecn Kli/abctli, he calleil
Virj^inia. Towards the dole of the lixteentli century, feveial atKnipts were made
for lettlinp this colonv, before any proved fiiceefsful. 1 h • three lull companies
wild failed into Virginia perilhetl tlirouf^h him^^er and diLal'e, or wi re cut oil' by
iIk' Indians. Ihc t'uurth was reiluced lo almolt tlie I'.uiv lituatio i j and being
dwindled to n feeble remainder, had fet tail for l'"n(;land, in defpair of living in
fiuh an uncultivated country, inhabited by holUle and warlike ("avaij^s. lUil
111 ihe moulh of C'hefapeak bay, in the yi'ar loio, iliey were nvt by lord Delu-
war. with a ('(piadron loaded with provilioiv., aiii wild ever\ thing luciil'iiy for
llitir n. lief and defence. At his prfnalion th ■• returm-d: by his advice, his prii-
diiite, and winning behaviour, the internal government of the colony was I'etiled,
1 its dctciue provided for. 1 his ludileiuan, who had accepted the governinent
li.':ii the nobkli motives, was eonipi lletl, by tl
liiin into I'ligland. He h tt beiiiiid him, liowi-v
"lonoi
iral.
ed Hate of his he.ilt'.i, t>^
foil, a; deputy ; with lir
i.ein-
I'irn
uid Mr.
iliDinas (iatcs, lir (Jeorge Sinnmers, the \
Newport, for his council. Uy them, JaiiKS-'iown, the liili town bulll by the I'.iig-
iali ill llie New Wtuld, wasereded.
Ill April lOi ;, Mr. John Kolf, a wovtliv young genlleman. was inaiiitd to /•/,,/•
f ',7(/j, the daughter of Pou/iiiliii:, tlie f.ii.iuus Indian '.hief. '1 hi, ccmection, vvhiclj
w.iM very agreeable botli to the I'.ngliih ami Indians, was the foundation oi a t'licnd-
b and advantageous commerce betwi « n the
m.
in 101
0, Mr. Rolf, witli hi.s wife I'oeahontas, viliied Kiv^land, where f!ie was
tl ited witii that attention and veipi il which the ha.l merited by h.r important
(•■:\ices to tlic colony in Virginia. .Mie died the \ear following at CJiavcU i.d, in
the iwenty-fecond year of her age, j'.ilL as ihe was ;d>.iut to emharri lor A neiica.
.Sli( had embraced the chrillian relij;ion ; and in her life and death evidenced the
l.meriiv of her profelhon. She leu a little Ion, whe, ha'. i;'i; received his educa-
ti')ii in l'',n''land, went over to Vir. '.;iia, wheri' he lived and died in allUience and
liuiiour, leaving behind him an only daugliter. Her d'-lceiulants .:re among the
juiili lefpectable families in Virginia.
loiiK'Como, a leiilible Indian, brother in law lo i'ycahonias, accompanied lier
to
934
UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
lo I'.nglttDil 1 and wa« dirc^lctl by Powhatan to hrii ;( him an ma£k »et«mM of tkc
nuinbcrt und ilrengtii ot' lUc I'jigliili. For thi* pur|N>ri\ whcM Iw arrived at 1*1^.
mouth, h« look a long ilulc, irtu-iutint to cut a iMlch in it for every perfon h«
(hould fee. 'Iliii he loon tound iiiipradivablc, and threw away hi* Uitk. On hi»
rrtiirn, hrin^ nfkfil by Powhatan, how many people thoro were, he i« faid to Imvf
ri-|)lird, " Ctiunt tin- Ibrt in tho iky, tlic IcAven on thr tree*, and the riuid* un the
Tea Ihorr ; tor I'ikIi it ihc number of the people in Kiiglnnd."
'i'ho i^iilMny loniiiiiii-d to Hnurilh, and tlit* true fuurcei of iti wealth bi>((an lo be
difiovrrcd iiinl iiiiproviil. 'Ihc (irll fcltlcri, like thole «>! Miirvland, wvrr gene-
rnlly pfrlont n\ ioniidiMution and dillinition. it remained a llcudy iilly to tho royal
iMrty dining iIh' iroubliM of (ircut Hritain. Many of tho iavalifrii, in dan^^rr at
liiimr, tiiok ri'fugc iK-rc i uiid, mulor ll c government of lir William Uorkcly/htld
out for tlu- crown, until the purliamt*nt, rather by lirntaai'ni thun fiirce, rcduivd
them. After liu' rollorutinn, thi;ro i» nutliintr vi'ry inli-rclling in the hiUory of thlH
nrovitii'c. .Soon atu-r ihit time, a young gcntlenun, nnnitd Itucon, ii liiwyrr, aviijl.
mg liin\fi'lf of fonu' diroontcntt in tlu* colony on Hciount of reltruinn in irudo
bj-t.iPK' viry pi'puliir, and (vt evtry thing in tonluliim, lUit this poll of iWivty
being rcniovod l<y a nntnrnl tli-alh, tranquillity ronirncd to the proviiue.
'Ilu' giivi-rnini-nt of Virginia wan not at lirll adaptod to the principles of the
r.nglilh c.'nllilution. It was fubject to a governor and council, appoinuul hv tho
king. A* the inhal)itanl» incrcalVd, thi- intonvcnic-ncy of ihi!t form became more
gricvi'ii.i i and a new branch was adiied to the conllitution, by uliicli the people,
wln) liiid formerly no conlidcralion, were allowed to cieCl their rcprefontativej
from cull county, with privilcgejt rifembiing ihofe of tlie rcprcfentativci of the
c'oniiiKMn of JMiglan'J. Thus two houfes, the upper and lower houfc of alivmblv,
were lormed. 'llir upper houfe, which was before culled the council, remained'
on its former fooling; its memberi were anpoinled, during pleafure, by the
rrown ; I hey were llylcd honourable, and anfwered in fome ineafure to the houfc
t)f pecis in the Hritilh conllitution. The lower houfe was the guardian of the peo-
ple's lilierlie*. And thus, with a governor reprcfonting tlie king, an upjjer and
lower houfe (if alTembly, this government bore a (biking rcfemblance to our own.
Acconling to the coiiftifulion confirmed on tho 5th of July 1776, the legillature of
Virgitiia confills of a fcnate, and houfc of delegates ; the fenate, of 24 memliers
who are dividid into loui dalles, and the feats of one tlals vacated evi ry year!
'I'he «leU^nfes are cotnpofed of two members from each county, and one from the
cities of Richmond and \V illiamlhurg and the borough of Norfolk refpe^ivclv
riu V arc elected annually, as well a.s one clafj of the lenale, I7 freeholders feized
of 100 acres (if uniidiabited land, or of 25 acres with a lioufV, or of a houfe or
lot in ti>wij. 'I lie IcgiilaUire appoints the govunor, who is the fupreme execu-
live ina>;illrate, and alfo the privy council, conlirting oil ei^lit members, together
with the judges of the fuperior courts and other principal oflicers of the law and
amy. I he govi riior is amuially eh-cted ; two members of the privy council
aie (handed every three uarsj the judges of the fuperior courts iiold their orticcs
during good behaviour.
'J he iiihiibilanls of Virginia amounted, according to the ccnfui of 1700, to
747,610 ; of whom 292, 627 were negroes. Jventuekv, wliidi till lately belonged
to tl is Hale, tontains 7,;, 677 inhabitants, which, 'added to 747,610, makes
821,^07. In tile viar i ytli, a very inaccurate cenfus was taken: fevera! counties
made no reluin : but fupplying by conjei^ture the deticieni ies, the population of
\ injinia was liieii computed at 567,014— 1 he iiihaliitanis tiierefore hav in-
cieiifec! in ihe proportinn ot 1 ; lo i) in llie courfj of len years. In the verv liilt
Jell. .11 a.'t.r tluir indepo.uiei'ce, liie .ilTcmbly pitied a la'w for tin peri)etu.ii pro-
)iibilion of liu importaiiun of il..vet. Wiiliamlburg, till the year 1700, was the
feut
UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
fJJ
Cnl of governtiiriit, and toiiulnod 1800 itilmbitnnti ; Norfolk, llir moft populout
town III Virginia, about Oooo 1 nnti KiclitiiDiiil, tlu- prcfoiil dat of (^iivrriimcnti
4000 I tlic lown» ill g«i.i-ral tint b«inK litrgt'. owing to the intcrli-Uitm ot ilic cium.
II V l>y ita\i|(iiblc ri»ut>, which hriiiK *''*' trade to tin* door* tH the inhultitaiiii,
'I'nc bilhop ul Ltmdoii iifcti lu ri-ttil uvcr r fupcrinicrultnt to infiM-^t the chaiuJlcii
ot'tli'rg)iiien, who lived toinrorlubly licr« (a pricit tocnch imriOt) will) iiboiit lool.
per uiiiiurn, puiU in lubuc< <>
'I he culli-gc, CHlIrd VViHiam imd Mary cullrgr, wa» roundrd by king William,
^\lu) gave aoool. luwardk it, iiid 10,000 ucret ui' liiiul, with power to piinliiilo
and hold Juiids to the value uf aoool. a year, and a duty uf uno penny per pound
Ml all tubaiio exported tu the other plantationi, 'I here li a prelidcnt, lix pru<
K'lTori, and other ofiiceri, who arc named b> the gtwernora or vililori. I hr
liontturabic Mr. Huylc made a very large donation to thetollrge for the iduiation
uf iiulnut children. 'I ha prribytcrian denomination <>t ihrilUanii is the nmit
numrroui in Virginiai tor, tnougn the lirft fettlrrt were epilVopaliann. yet, thrmi^^
tlic indolence ot tlu* clergy, two ihirdu ot the people had beeome diHeuters at the
loiiimeiicenieni ot the late revulutiuu.
NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, with GEORGIA.
Situation and Extent.
Milet. Degrees. Sq. Milri.
Length 700 ) > . f 76 and qi wed longitude. 1
iiicadthjSo } »^'^^'"" I Jo and 37 north latitude. ] «»*''«^*'
DuunnARi
, "D GUN OLD by Virginia on the North; by the A
* *3 Ocean on the I'aft ; by the river St. John, which fej
Atlantic
.-parates
(iiorgia trout Florida, on the South ; and by the Apttlachian and other inouiilatns,
iitk the Wed.
NORTH CAROLINA.
Dilhias.
bJenton,
9 Counties.
Wilmington,
5 Counties.
Counties.
' Chowan
Currituck
Camhden
Pnfquetank
Perquimins
Gates
Hertford
Bertie
. Tyrrel
New Hanover
Brunfwick
Duplin
Bladen
Onilow
Newbern,
9 Counties.
Diilridt. Counties.
Craven
Beaufort
Carteret
Johnlton
Pitt
Dobbs
Wayne
H)de
Jones
Ihefe three diitritts are on tlu." fea-
roall, extending from the \ irginia line
foulhward to South-Carolina.
Ditlricls.
f)\*
DiftrkU.
UNITED STATRS or A M K R I C A.
DillrUll. Cnunlie*.
ILitifnx,
•] Ci)untic«.
Iiillf1><iriiu(;li,
6 C'iiatilir«.
Sii1in»iiry,
U CountU'«.
Counlict.
tUlirax
Nitrihtmpton
Mariiii
Wurri-n
KrHiikliii
Nnlli
' Oruti^tf
( li.iint)
(irMtiviltr I
Ciilwrll
Kuii<liil|ih
Uow ini
Mi'ikK-t)liiirg
KiK I^lll^lltlllt
Surry
Monrf^omrry
Guildt'urd
SBlirkr
Kutltlord
l.iiicoln
Wilkr*
CiiiiilM-rlun<l
Moori!
Kit limoiid
Idiltirim
.Siiin|)rim
Anion •
Ttu-fo five diftritU, Im ginning on \)\r Vir
uiiiiu line, tuvcr lltr wliok lUu- wrl» nt
Uu* lhrc« niuriiiiiif diflncU tK-forr-
riicnlioni'il -, uml llic grcAtcr part of'
tlu'Mi i)iuii(l i|uiu: acrui'k tlicllatc trum
itortli lu loulh. '
Morrin,
4 C)i»unti€«
Htyeiw,
Ciiuniic*.
S O r r II V Mi () I, I N A liiiili fc»«Mi dillrlfli, in wlii».l» arc 36 couiuics,
HH i>\\u\\» ;
Hi At'KrtriT Pl^TRICT, I'll
on ilu'lVa-KiMll.lutwrdi | i^.,,!
C-'o.nl.ulKC mi.l Savan-J (:^^,,^,j|,
liiili rivi'is. d liii-l town
lil.Al'K>U 1
Shri'wllxiry
CiiAni.K»roN Pis I nic r, r^ liarlillon
Count
ilton
K-s.
ilti
l>it«i'iMi Saiitic a!ulj W iiiliiiig
(.Iniiibaiioc ri>cr«. ('liict'l Maiimi
town. Cm Ai I KHiov.i l^rk^ly
\\ . long, jv'i ^' '•"• '.""lli'<"n
loll
(;!< ANdlBt'aO Dt!"-
TKIl" I,
xvi'd ot' lUaiihirt ililhiif^.
t'l i> r lovsii Okanoi.-
Hi r.(i.
[ Hartliolnimw
l.i'willuii '
()ran;;<'
1. 1 xih^lou
W iiitmi
li*«.
C^AMlll.N nitmiCT,
Will ot (Joorgi'-TowM
tlillrift. Cliict' town,
Camukn.
CJeobur-town Dm-
r m (• 1 ,
bet woon Santi'o rivir mill
Noini-(';\ti)liiia. C'hii't'
InVMl, (»l.01UiK-rOWN. i
N'l Ni. I Y-six Dmtr ir I
ininpulR-luls j'.ll ulliri
paitN i)t' till' llali*. imt
Count
('Inri'iidoii
Kiilihind
Krirlivid
tiTrmnnt
tor
CI
Laiunit
York
ChdhT
VN'iinali
W illlanill
Kiii^n
LiliiTly
f Al.lu'wilc
l.l^itii'ld
Ni wliury
I'liiun
:)ur;j
(in
im liidotl in llio oihir"! I.aurrns
diliiiiN. Cliict town,
CAMiiiuinii;.
Spaitanliur^
ll'l'i'llVllic
;iiii,
IVndli't
C r KB AWS
DisrRicr, Will ot' Goorgi'- » MarHiuiough, Cluftfrfu'ld, Dailinj
tuuii ^
.liliiii.1. L\\\d lowiis arc
J
tun
MiMlcS .\iirilt..iii (Ico^rapliy, vcj!. i. p. 570.
t lliiJ p. ;■).(•
(ii.oiuiiy
UNITED STATES «r AMERICA.
fJ7
O B O R O I A.
rhai part of ihf ftair which haih iMra Uid nut In cmintl^i U divided Into ihrc*
diilritU, which arc fubdividcd iiilo clcvi-ii tuiuitiut.
Dirtritli.
Lower dilhU),
Middle diftria.
I'ppcr di|iri4t
CoiinliM.
'Camden •
(ilvii
l.ilirrty •
('halhatn •
fKtliiiighain
Kiihniond
Ittirke •
Wnlhingloii
(Wilkri .
/ Krniikliii
Chief lowtu.
Si. Htirickn
Mrunfwii'k
•Siitilniry
Savannah, N. til. 32-5. W. Inn. 8o-io.
l.hviwivr
AunvtrA
\V«ynr(hiirg, |^uifvill«
(il)l|lhitll<IH
Wiifliiii){ioii
Cn-ninuirgh •
Rivtui.T 'riu-A' arc th«' Konnnki*, or Albrrnnric river j Pamlico i Nciii | Cnpe
Fear, or (.-iart'iidon rivor i IVdio ( Sanlcc ^ .Snvnniiah $ Alaluiimha, or George
rivrr, iiixl .St. Miiry'*, which divide (icorgia from Florida : ull whicji rivcri rifo
in llio Apalacliiun moiiiilaim, nnd running raO, fall into (Ik* Atlantic tKcan.
Till- hack purix nre watered l>y tlio Cheroki cit, Ynfoiii, Mohile, Ajialat hicola, the
IVarl river, und many other nuble llrcams which full into the Millilippi or the g ilf
of Mexico.
.Skai, Hayi, and Capk«.] 'IIiIh country in wadied hy tlie Atlantic ocmn,
wliich i« fo flmllow near the coali, that a Ihi]) of any great luirden cannot
:ip|iriiach it, cxcrj>t in fome few place*. 'I here h.ns not )ft heen found one
good hn'bour in North Carolina ; the bed are thofe of Koaiioke, at the moiiih
of .vi.icmarlc river, Pamtico and Cape Feur. In South Carolina, there aie
tlie harljourii of V\ inyittv or Ceorge- Town, Cliarlilh)n, and Fort-Koyal. In
(leorgia, the moutho u( the rivcrti Savaiinali and Alataniaha form good har-
b'unt.
'I'lie trod remarkable promontorii-ii, are, Cnpe liutlerm, in 35 degrees odd
niiniiteH north latitude, Cu|m: Fear to the fouth uf it, and Cnpe Cartcict Hill fur«
lli>-r loutli.
Climatr, DisKAtr.i,S{c.] In the Hnt country penr the fea-coart, the iiili«l)itant<,
(liiriiig the funimer and autumn, are rui)iei'| to iiiterniiiiing fever,, which often
jirove fatal, as bilious or lurvous fviiiptonis pievail. llufe fevei't aie (ihloiii iin»
niiiiiateiy dangerous to ilie natixos who are tempi'rale, or to Ihai'tj'rs who nri'
pnuleiit. They however, if fiilKrcd to continue \<'r any lenf;ili ot'tlni.', briiiq on
I'ther dilorders, which greatly impair the naliiial vij;(pr of ihe mind, th'biliiale the
ii'hiiitiilion, and terminate in dcaih. 'I he couiiifuameM (if ibe inhaUiiaiilN, diiiiii);
ilirfe leafons, have generally u pale yellowilh call, occalionetl by the prev^ileiutf
III bilious fymptoms. They have very little uf the bloum and tVellineis of the peo
pie in the northern Qatcs.
It has been obfcrved that more of the inliabllants, of the men cfpecially, die
*J^errr, vol.). p. 610.
D
fi
durli:/;
93«
UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
diirin;^ the winter, by plciirifios nnd piTiinKHiiiionics, than during the wnrin montlu
by bilious coniphiints. '1 hefc plcunlio!. arc broiij^lu on by inteniporanci.', and liy
an invpriidcnt cxpol'urc to the weatlicr. Wire the inhahitniits ca.itioiis and pru-
dent in ihefe refpods, it is alleged by their phylieians, that they might in genenil
cfcapo the danger of thefe fatal diA-afes. 'liie iife of flannel next to the Ikin (iur-
ing the winter is reekoned an excelk-nt preventative of the difeafes ineideiir it)
this climate. The weUern hiHy parts of the coinitry are as healthy as any of ih^-
I'niteil States. 'I'hat dilirict is tertile, fiill of fpiings and rivulets of pure wai^T.
'J he air there is ferene a great |)art of llie year, and the inhabitants live to old aLje,
which eaimnt f) generally be faid of the inhabitants of the Hat cmintiy. 'I hoii li
the davs in fiuiniur are eMrenjely hoi, the nights are cool and retVelhing. Au-
tinnn i-, vny pKaf;ml, both in reganl to the tempernture :ii\d fvicnity of the
weather. ;:uii the riehniTi fiiul variel) of \hc vegetable produ.tiiins uliicii the r,,i-
fi'U allords. '1 he winters are fo nnUl in f'uie \ears, that auiumu ni.iy be (aid t,j
continue till fpring. \\ liial harvellis in llie beginning of June, and tiiat of InJi i;i
torn early in .Sepleinber *■.
iJoir., j'l'opirei':, AN iweE \ In this refjiert, too, there is a con(ider;il)!c
oi- Tin; eoLNTKV. i eoineidiiiee between tlule countries and \ irgl-
nia: tlie Cfiiolinas, however, in tbe feilility of nature, have tlie advantage; but
Georgia hath not fo good a foil as the otlier Ihites. 'I he whole countr\' is co-
vered with trees, except wlieie cleared by the planters. The trees are ahnoll tlie
fume in every refpect with lliofc produced in Virginia; and by the difleront fpe-
cies of thele, the (piality of the toil is e.ilily known. 'I'he land in Carolina is ea-
lily cleared, as there is little or no underwood. 'I'hofe grounds which bear the oak,
tlie walnut, and the hickory, are extremely tertile ; they are of a dark fand intermixed
with loam; and rs all their land abounds with nitre, it is a long tiitie before it is
c.shaulkd ; for here they never ufc any manure. 'I'he pine-barren is the worft of all ;
this is an almoll perfect wliite fand . yet it bears the pine and fome other ufeful
trees, yielding g.)od proiit in pitch, tar, and turpentine. When this fpccies of
land is cleared, tor two or three years together it produces very good crops of In-
dian corn and peafe;and, when it lies low, and is Hooded, itanfwers well for rice.
Hut what is ni<ill fortunate t'lir this i)rovince is, that this worll part of its land is
favourable to a fpeeies of the moll valuable of all its products, to one of the kinds
of indigo. '1 he low, riel), fwampy grounds bear their great liaple, rice. The coun-
try near the fea is mucli the word, in many parts little belter than an unhealthy
fall marih ; for Carolina is all an e\en plain tor 3o miles trom the fea, not a hiil
nor a rock, nor feanely even a pebble to be met with. Hut tlie countiy, as )ou
advance in it improves continually ; and at loo miles dillance from Charleltoii,
where it begins to grow liilly, the foil is of a prodigiou;; terlility, fitted lor every
purpofe of human life: nor can any thing be imagined more pleafant to thee\e
than the variegated difpolition of this back-country. Here the air is pure and
wholcfome, and the fununer heat much more temperate liun on the Hat faiidy
coafl.
In Carolina, vegetation is incredibly quick. The climate and foil have fome-
thiiig in them fo kindly, that the latter, wiien left to itfelf, natural!, throws out
an inunenfe (niautity of ilowers and flowering Ihrubs. All the European plants
arrive at perfeilion here beyond that in which their native country allords theai.
With proper culture and encouragement, filk, wine, and oil, might be produced
in thcfe coh)nies : of the fn II we have fcen excellent famplcs. Wheat yields a pro-
digious increafe in the back parts.
* Morfe, vol. i. p. 576,
From
U N I T K D STATES o V A M R R I C A.
9.^9
From what wc have obCcrvcd of thcfc colonics, lluir prodiicdons nppcur to be
vlncs.whcat, rice, Indian corn, i)nrlcy, oats, pjafc, beans, li mp, Hax, cottDn, tobacco,
iiuUgo, olives, oranges, citron, cyprcfs, faflatras, oak, walnut, calliii, and ))iiio trcfs {
white mulbiTry-trccs for feeding filk worms, farfaparilla, and pini*s which yield
turpentine, rolin, tar, and pitch. There is a kind «)f tree fioin which runs an oil
of extraordinary virtue for curing wounds; and another, whicli yii-ids a balm,
thought to be little inferior to that of Mecca. There are other trees belide tht (e,
that yield gums. The Carolinas produce prodigious quantities of honey, ofwliich
liiey make excellent fpirits, and mead as good as Malaga fack. Of all thefe, the
three great tlaple commodities at prefent are, indigo, rice, a'ul the produce of the
pine, rs'othing furprifes an Kuropean more at firll fight, than the lize of the trecsherc,
as well as in V irginia and other American couitries. Their trunks are often from
50 to 70 feet high, without a branch or limb ; and frequently above 36 feet in
circumference. Of thefe trunks wlien hollowed, the people of Charlellon as
well as the Indians make canoes, which ferve to tranfport provifions and other
goods from place to place ; and fome of them are fo large, that they will carry ^o
or 40 barrels of pitch, though formed of one entire piece of timber. Of thefe are
likewife made curious pleafure-boats.
MoDK OK CULTIVATING RICF..J Ricc-ground is prepared only by efteclualljr
fecuring it fnmi the water, except fonic higher parts of it, which are fometinies
dug uj) with a hoe, or mellowed by a plough or harrow. When the rice is young
the overllowing of the water does not prevent its growth. Thofe who have water
in referve, conmionly let it in upon their rice, after firlt going through with the hoe,
while it is young, thougli it is deemed bcrt to keep out the grafs without this
aid l>y the hoe only. J he water is commonly kept on the rice eight or ten days
Jitter hoeing. ^V hen the ear is formed, the water is C(mtinued on till it is ri])e.
It is hoed three or lour times. When the grafs is very thicic, a negro cannot hoc
more than one fixtecnth of an acre in a day. From 50 to 80 bulliels of rough rice
have been produced per acre, but fometimes 120 bulliels, 20 of which weigh
al>out 500 pounds, and yield eight and a quarter bulliels of dean rice for market.
After it is thrcllied, it is winnowed, and then ground in a mill, conilrufled of two
blocks in a <imple manner.— After which it is winnowed in a van eonllrurted for
that purpofe ; then beat in a mortar by hand, or now generally by horfe or water
nnuhines — then fitted, to feparate the whole rice from that wiiich is broken and
the Hour. The whole rice is then barrelled in calks which contain about i;oo
pounds, or eight and a ijuarter bulhels. The fmall rice ferves tor provilions, and
the Hour fur provend.;/, the chalf for manure, and the llraw tor fodder. 'J'hc blade
is green and tVelli w liile the ear is ripe. The price is from 9s. and 4d. to los. and od.
a iiuiKired— dollars 4s. 8d. *.
Ammai.s.] 'Ihe original animals of this country do not differ much from thofe
of \ irginia ; but in ('aroliiia they have tlill a greater variety of beautiful fowls.
j\\\ tl e animals of I'.urope are here in plenty ; black cattle are multiplied prodi-
rioullv : to have 2 vt 300 cows is Very common, but fome have 1000 or up-
wards. 'I'hefe ramble all day at pleafure in the torells; but their calves being fepa-
ratid and kept in feneed palhues, the cows return every evening to them. Ihe
ho"s range in the fame nianuer, and return like the cows: thofe are very nuineroiis,
ai.il many run (juite wild, as well as horned cattle and hories, in the woods. It is
finpriling that the cattle ibould have increafed fo quickly lince tlieir being tirll im-
ported from liurope, while there arc fuch numbers ot wolves, timers, and i)anthers,
contlantly ranging the woods and forells. We have already obleived th.1i thefe ani-
* Alorfr, vol. i. p. 600,
6Di
mais
940
UNITED STATES of AMERICA.
mals are lefs ravenous than the beads of Africa and Afia ; they very feldom attempt
to kill cither culvcs or foals in America, and when attacked, their dams make a
vigorous defence.
lIiSTORV, novERNMENT, POPULATION, 1 Thc firft Rnglldi expeditions into
CHIEF TOWNS, AND COMMERCE. i Carolina wcre unfortunatc. Nothing
fucccfsful was performed till the jear 1663, in the rci^n of Charles II. At that
time fevcral Knglilh noblemen, and others of great dillmdion, obtained a charter
from thc crown, which inverted them with the property and jurifdidlion of this
country. Thi-y parcelled out the lands to fuch as were willing to go over into tho
new fettlcmcut, and to fubmit to a fyftem of laws, which they employed tha
famous Locke to tompofe for them.
'J'hoy began their nrft fettlement at a point of land towards the fouthward of
their diftritt, between two navigable rivers. Here they laid the foundation of a
city called Charlcllon which was deligncd to be, what it now is, the captial.
In time, however, tlie difputes Intween tlio (hurch-of-Kngliuid men and di(Tent«
crs caukd great confufion in the colony, 'i'liis was rendered ftill greater by the
liicurlitm^ ui the Indians, whom tlii-y had irritated by iiijullice. In order to pre-
vent tlic fatal coiifeiiuences of thefe intelline divilions and foreign wars, an att (if
parliament was palled, which put this colony under the immediate protettion of
the crown. 'I he lords proprietors, except earl (Jranville who had a feventh Iharc-
accepted a retompenfe of about 24,0001. for both the property and jurifdi£lion t
and the conftitution of this colony, in thofe refpetis in which it differed from the
royal colonics, was altered. For the more convenient adminiftration of afTairs*
Carolina was divided into the northern and fouthern dillriils and governmentsi
This happened in 1728, and from that time, peace being reftorcd at home, as well
as with the Cherokees and other Indian tribes, thefe provinces began to breathe ■
and their trade advanced with wonderful rapidity.
The fettlement of Georgia was projefled in 1732, when fevcral public-fpirited
noblemen and others, from compailion to the poor of thefe kingdoms, fubfcribcd
a conliderable fum, wliieh, with lo.oool. from government, was given to pro.
vide necelTaries for fuch poor perfons as were willing to tranfport themfclves into
this province. In procefs of time, new funis were raifed, and new inhabitants
fent over. Ikfiue the year 1752, upwards of 1000 perfons were fettled in tliig
province. It was not however to be expected that the inhabitants of (ieorgia, re-
moved as they were at a great diftanee Irom tlicir benefactors, and tVoni the check
and control of thdfe who iiad a natural influence over tliein, would fubmit to tlie
niagiftrates appointed to govern tlain. Miuiy of the regulations, too, by wliich
they were bound, were very improper in ihenifelves, and deprived the Georgians
of privileges which their luiglibours iiijii\ed, and vshiili, as they increafed in iniiiv
bers and opulence, they thought it liard they ihould be deprived of. From tlicfe
corrupt fources arofe ul) tho had huiiiours whit h tore to pieces this conflitution of
government. Dillenlioiis ot all kuids fpra::g up, and the colony was on the brink
of deUruttion, when, in 1752, the government took it under their immediate eare,
removed their particular grie\ances, and placed Georgia on the fame fooling with
the Carolinas.
'Ihe nietliod of ft-ttling in Carolina, and ini!eed in other provinces of Hritilh
America, v;as to pitch upon a void fpace of ground, and either to purchafe it at
tlie rate of 20I. lor a 1000 acres, and one ihilling quit rent for every 100 acres ; or
otliervvife, to pay a penny an acre quit-rent yearly to the pniprietors, without jiur-
chafe-money : the former method was the molt conunon, and the tenure a freehuiiL
'ihe people of Carolina live in the fame ealy, j)Ientitul, and luxurious manner
«ilh liic \ irginians already dolcribcd. Poverty is here almoft an entire ftrangcr
6 ajij
UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
94«
ipt
: a
nto
ing
hat
rtcr
this
tho
tho
rdof
of a
iffcnt-
»y the
pre-
att I'f
lion of
Ihare,
iflion i
om the
affairs
imeut&i
as well
ircathe j
-fpirited
bfcribcd
to pro.
Ivcs intit
abitaulB
Id in tiiis
)rgia, rc-
|hc check
lit to the
\)v which
icorgians
A in niinv
on> llicfc
itution of
tiic brink
lliatc tan-,
ling with
J of lUitiih
Ichafe it at
acres ; or
Itluiut pur-
li fvcchuiii.
lis manner
\[Q ftrangcr
and
and the planters are the moft horpitablo people that are to be met with to all
ftrangers, and cfpecially to fuch as by accidents or niist'ortunos are rendered inca-
pable to provide for thcmfelves. .The general topics of converfation among the
t.icn, when cards, the bottle, and occurrences of the day do not intervene, are ne-
groes, the prices of indigo, rice and tobacco, &c. Lets attention and refpe^t are
taid to the women here, than in thofe parts of the United States, where the in-
abitants have made greater progrefs in the arts of civilikd life. Indeed, it U a
truth, confirmed by obfcrvation, that in proportion to tlie advancement of civilifa-
tion, in the fame proportion will refpetf for the women bo incrcafed ; fo tl\;it the
progrefs of civilifation in countries, ni ftales, in towns aiul in t'amilies, may be re-
marked by the degree of attention which is paid by hulbands to their wives, and
by the young men to the young women.
Temperance and induftry are not to be reckoned among the virtues of the North
Carolinians. The time which they wafte in drinking, idling and gambling, leaves
them very little opportunity to improve their plantations or their minds. The im-
provement of the former is left to their overfeers and negroes ; the improvement
of the latter is too often ncgletted.
We are told that a ftrangc and very barbarous pratliie prevailed among the
lower clafs of people before the revolution in the back parts of Virginia, North
and South Carolina and Georgia, it was culWil gouging * . We have lately been
told that in a particular county, where at the quarterly court 20 years ago, a
day feldom palTed without 10 or 15 boxing matches, it is now a rare thing to hear
of a fight.
The only place in either of the Carolinas worthy of notice is Charlefton, the
metropolis, in South Carolina. It is admirably lituated at the confluence of two
navigable rivers, one of which is navigable for (hips 20 miles above the town, and
for boats and large canoes near 40. 'I'lie harbour is gtxid in every refpett, but
that of a bar, which hinders velfels of more than 200 tons burden, loautfJ, from
entering. The fortifications are now demolilhed ; the llreets are well cut ;
the houfes arc large and well built : fome of them are of brick, and others
of wood, but all ot them handfome and elegant, and rent is extremely high.
'Ihe ftreets are wide and llraight, interfecting each other at right angles;
thofe running call and well extend about a mile iVom one river to the uiher;
It contains about 1000 houfes, ami was the feat of the go\ernor. and ilie p!aia
(if meeting of the affembly. Its neighbourhood is heautitul beyond deferipr
tion. .Several handfome equipages ate kept hero. 'I'ho planters and merchants
iire rich and, well bred ; and, before the war between Cheat Urilain and the colo-
nies, the people were ihewy and cxpenlive in their drefs and way of living ; fo
that every thing confpired to make this by much the livclied, and jwlitelt place,
as well as the richeft, in all America, It ought alfo to be obforved. tor the honour
of tho people of Carolina, tiiat when, in connnon with the otiior coloiiioi, they re-
fulved againll the ufe of certahi luxuries, and even necefl'aries of lite, thofe ar-
ticles which im|)rove the mind, enlarge the underlianding, and coired the tafto,
were excepted : the imporlalion of books was permitted as formerly.
North and South Carolina joined with the other colonies in their revolt againil
* Goi/f/wf is thus (Iifcribed. When two
^jA.'u arc worried with tij;luiTig ami hrnifing
t-ach (ither, they come, as it is ealUd, to clnje
tu.vttr., and each eiide.ivoiirs fo twill his tore-
tingert in llic ear-locks ot lu» mit»guiiilt. Wlicn
thsfo arc fafl clinclwd, the thumbs are e.xtemled
e.i(h way to the note, and tlie eyes ^fit!y tiirii'. ^1
out of their focket^. It is iiureilihie th,;t liulv
a lavaj^e practice ftioiild ever have heea a coni-
tnon pailime. Murte, vol. i. p. jSi.
Great
i)\l
UNITED STATF-S of AMERICA.
fire.'it Brilfiiii ; aiul in 17K0, CharloflDii bcinj^ bcCicgi'd by the king's trnmn,
fiirirtulricd on iiipitul.ntion, wiili 6000 men in arms, nriloiierH, on the 1 ith ot Mu^
in tliat year, nUcv tlic licfjc liail continiu'cl feven weeks.
A> South-Carolina has nu-l wilh infinitely more attention than the ncijrhbourinjf
provinces, the commerce of tiiis country alone employed 140 ihips, while that ot'
the other two did not employ 60. Its exports to (Jreat liritain, ot' native conmio-
<liiiis, oil nn a\oi;ii;e of three years, amounted to more than 395,000!. annual va-
lue ; and iis imports 365.000I. The exports ot' North-Carolina were computed
at idKHit 70,000!. and its imports i8,oool. '1 lie exports ot' Cieorgia amounted to
little more tlian 74,00:!. and tlie imports to 49,000!.
Tile triid el)et\veen Carolina and the W'elMndies was the fame in all refnedJs
witli that lit' the lell ot' the colonies, and was very large ; their trade witli the
Indians was in a very llourilhinq; condition ; and they formerly carried Englith
goods nn parlv-horr-s 5 or 600 miles into the country weft of Cliarlellon.
The mouths of the ri\ers in Nortli-Carolina form but ordinary harbours, and du
not admit, except one at Cape Fear, vellels of above 70 or 80 tons. This la\3 a
>\eii;ht upon their trade, by the expence of lij^hterage.
(jeorgia lias two towns alre.uly known in trade. .Savannah, tlie capital, is com-
modiouily lituated for an inland and foreign trade, aliout ten miles trom the Tea,
upon a noble river of the fame name, wliich is navigab'e for 200 miles farther tor
large boats, to tlie fecond town, called .\iigulhi, which ftands in a country of the
gri'iitell f'ertility. am! carries on a contideriihle trade witli the Indians. From the
town ot Savannali yon fee the whole courfe of the river towards the fea ; and 011
the other hand, you fee the river for about 60 miles up into the country. Here
tlie rev. Mr. George \\ liitefield ^wlio ufed tocrofs tlie .Atlantic every fecond year)
tuuiulid an orphan houfe, Avliicli is now converted into a college tor the education
of young nun, difigncd chiefly for the minilhy.
In October 1779, the town of Savannah, being in pofreni(m of the Icing's troops,
was hefieged by Sooo of the American and French troops, in conjunction ; but
they were liravely repulfed l>y the king's troops, with a great ilaughter of tlie
Frcncli and An ericans. But Savannah and Cliarkfton, with tlic reil of the
provinces, were afierwnrds evacuated and rertorcd to the Americans.
Ry an cltimnte of their population, taken in 1791, the number of inhabitants in
North Carolina was 393,75 1 *, of wlioni 293,1 79 were freemen ; in South Carolina,
249,073, of whom 107,094 were flavcs ; and in Georgia, 82,548, of wliom 29.z64
arc (laves.
In North Carolina the niofl numerous branch of the legidature is flyled tlic
hoiiie of Cijmmoii'i ; the otlii 1 branch, the fenate. Both are ele6ted annually ; each
county choofmg one fenator and two commoiuTs : ami the five towns luleiiton,
Ncwbcrn, Wilmington, HilKhorotigh, and Halifax, one commoner eaeli. 'Hie
«|ua!irications, as to lefidence, fortune, &c. both of the electors and candidates, are
iiere extremely moderate. 'I'he governor, llyled captain-general, is clmfen hv the
Jegillature anniuilly, as is alfo tlie council of ftaie tompofed of feven members.
• I'f rliaps fh< re are few itifl.incfs of fiitli n ra-
pid iiiirialiot iiiliabitaiilb a-, «c (iiid in this itatc.
Jn the year 1710, «x- an- will ad'urcil that the
luunberot iMliahit.uili in \orih Carolina did not
cxtttd fix thoufaiul. Tlii . extraordinary intriafe
mull arile in a grc.K nnaliire from the migration
ot inliabitants tidrn other liatts, or (rom diliaiit
tomitrics. Ui-lidc^ thi-, in Nortli CatoMna hind
(.uiiUilUcii to 1>C Jilciity and i.lica]>) j^raia i:> laifcd
with fo much cafe, and the trouble of providing
toriattle in u inter is fo Irillinj;, that a man I'ljipiirts
his family with half the labour tlial m reipiired in
the tiild climates. Under theft advantuj'is, «c
arc nut to wonder that people in all ranks ot lilc
(liould marry young. We have he.ird ot giand-
mothers in that ttiite, wiiu wen not inure liian ly
yeari old. Motli', vol. i. p. jiij.
Tiie
UNITED STATES of AMERICA.
943
The legiHatiiro appoiiits tlic i' '';'<s ami nttorncv-[;rn>'ral, and rcf.)mmcni!s flic
jullici's of iIk- |)uacc, \vh<i aro ii'ljK^itivcly toinii)imiiiRtl by tlu- gosirnor, niul toii-
tiiiuo-in oII'ko (luriii){ ({uoxi l)oliaviour. (icncrul ujkI tickl oOiccis of the militia aru
appointed in the fame nunnor, hut hold their cominililons only during pleafure.
In South Carolina the houfe of reprofintativcs ib cliofen for two years ; the fenatc
for four. The fenalors are tlalfeil, and the feats of one lialf their number vacated
and rclilled at every eletkion of rrprefentatives. The numlnr of reprefentatives
is 1 24 ; of fiiiators, 37. Mod of the executive as well as judiciary olhcers are ap-
pointed by the legiihilure ; the governor and his heutcnant for two years ; the
judges during good pleafure ; and the coiumillioners of the treafury, fecretary of
liate, furveyor-goneral and Iheritrs, for four years. To be eligible to the ofliic of
governor or fenalor, candidates niuft be thirty years old ; and have freeholds, the
{;i)vernor 1,5001. and feuators loool. fterling, unlefs they be relident in the election
liilirict, when 5ml. clear of debt is futficienl. The reprv'fentalives mull have relided
in the Hate three years, and have 500 acres of land freehold and ten negroes, or fomc
real ellate to the value of 150I. if lum relident in the dillritt, to the amount of 300I.
and voters for either branch of the legillature mull be free white men of tl.e age
of 21, have refided in tlie (late two years, and polfiis hveholdsof 50 acres of land,
or a town lot ; or have relided in the eletlion ditlrict fix months, and i)aid a tax to
theamount of three lliillings llerling. In Georgia the eledion of fenators is triennial j
that of reprefentatives in genernl alVembly is annual. The legillature appoints tlui
fjovernor and all executive and oll\er llate olliceis ; thole of tlie militia are named
jy the governor. In all legillativc appointments three perfons are firll ballotted for
the houfe of reprefentatives, one of whom is afterwards eledtcd by the fenate.
The qualifications of eledlors and candidates arc the fame as in South Carolina in
point of age and rolidence ; but in point of fortune, confulerably lower. The actual
number of reprefentatives is 34, but may be increaled as new counties are laid uli^
in vacant parts of the llate. 'Ihere is a fenator lor each county.
NEW STATES formed in NORTH AMERICA.
VERMONT,
SiTUATIOK AND ExTF.NT.
Miles. Degrees.
Length 150) . ,^„„,, U^ and 44 North latitude.
Breadth 70) 'between | _ ^^^^ ^^ ^^. vVdl longitude.
-, TIOUNDF.D north bv Lower Canada; cart by Conneflicut
Boi'NDARiES.J ^ j.|y^^^ ^j^i^.,, jiyij,,^' it from New Hamplhire ; fouth byr
Malliichufctts; well by Ne\y York.
Divisions.] Vermont is naturally divided by the Green Mountain, which
runs from fouth to north, and di\ides the llate nearly in the middle. Its civil di-
\ilionb arc as follows :
Countiesi
944
UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
\\ cll ol' the Mountain.
J'!aft of the Mountain.
Counties,
f Bennington
J Rutland
(^Chittcndon
! Orange
VVindfor
Windliam
Towni.
Bennington
Uutland
Addifon
Colchefter
Newbury
Windfor
Newfanc and Putney.
RivKBs.] 'Flic printipiil river* in thi« rtatc arc Michifcoui, Lamoille, Onion
ami Otli-r Creek rivers wliiih run from cad to weft into lake Champlain ; Weft,
JSextdii's Black, Water(|ueclice, White, Ompompanoofuck, Weld's, Wait's, Paf.
funiliik, iiinl feveral fiiuiller rivers wbich run from weft to eaft into Coiinc6>itiit
river. Over tlie liver Lamoille is a natural ftonc bridge 7 or 8 rods in length.
Olter Creek is Navij;;iM • for boats 50 miles, lu banks are excellent land, be-
ing annually overllmved and enriebed.
Lam.j and 3i'RiN(is.l Meni|)bremag<)g is llie largeft lake In this ftate. It is
the relVrvdir of three confiderahlc ftreams, IJIack, Barton and Clyde rivers. One
of thefe rifes in VN'illougliby Lake, and forms a communication between it and
lake St. Peter's in the river St. Laurence.
Climate.] During the winter feafon, which commonly lafts from the begin-
ning of NovemlK'r, to the middle of April, the inhabitants enjoy a fercne flcy and
a keen cold air. Snow begins to fall, commonly by the firft of November j but
the jjermaiicnt fnows do not fall till about the tenth of December, which prevent
the ground from freezing to any coniiderable depth. In April the fnow is gra-
dually dniulved by the warm influences of the fun, which moiftens and enriches
the earth, and vegetation advances with furpriftng rapidity.
Face ok the coi'ntrv, soil,i This ftate, generally fpeaking, is hilly but
PRODiCTioNS, &c. 3 not rocky. Weft of the mountain, from the
county of Rutland, northward to the Canada line, is a flat country well adapted
for tillage. The ftate at large is well watered, and affords the bcu of pafturagc
for cattle. Some of the finell beef cattle in the world are driven from this ftate.
llorfis alfo arc raifed for exportation. The natural growth upon the rivers is
whtiv pines of feveral kinds, intermingled with low Intervals of beech, elm, and
wliitc oak. Back from the rivers, the land is thickly timbered with birch, fugar-
nuiple, alh, butter nut and while oak of an excellent quality. The foil is well fitted
for wheat, rye, bailiv, oats, flax, hemp, Sic Indian corn, back from the river,
is fuciuently injured by tlie froll ; but on the river it is raifed in as great perfusion
as in any part of New England, owing in a great nieafure to the fogs, ariling
from the river, which either prevent or extract tlie tVolt. Thefe fogs begin as foon
as the corn is in danger from tVofts, and laft till cold weather commences. Fruit
trees, in the northern counties, do not profper.
TuADK AND MANL'FAci L'RKs.] 'J'lie iiiluibitants of this ftate trade j)rincipally
wilii liolion. New York and llarttoid. 'Ihe articles of export are pot and pearl
aLljeH,chielly l)eef, liorfes, grain, fomc butler and cheefe, lumber, Sic. The in-
habitants gi neially manut'acture their own cloathing, in the family way. Grain
has been riiifrd in fiieh plenty within a few years part, that the inhabitants have
been induced to attempt tlie manufatture of com fpirits. For this purpofe fix or
feven ftills have nlreaily bien erected, which yield u fuflicient fupply for the peo-
ple, and a pri'fit for the owners. Vail <|uantities of pot and pearl alhes arc made
in uvery part of the ftate. But one of the moft important manufactures, in this
ftate
UNITED STATES op AMERICA.
945
illy but
om the
daptcd
rturage
is ftate.
ivers is
Im, and
11 1'med
ic river,
rtci:ti"n
ariling
lis ioon
Fruit
Imiiially
lull p^^'i^fl
'ilie iu-
Grain
Inls have
l)fc fvx or
(the pco-
lirc made
in tliis
aalc
HHt it that of maple fugar. It Imt been cftimated by a competent judgi', that tho
average quantity made for i-vcry tumily back of Connctticut river is 200 lbs. a
ymr". One man, with but ordinary advantages, in one month, made 550 il>s, of n
quality eijual to imported brown fugar. In two towns in Orange county, contain-
ing no more than forty families, i ;,oooU).s. of fugar were made in llie year I79«.
'I'he probal)ility is, that in a few years maple fugar will become an article of ex-
port. In fome parts of the Date, the innabitaiit^ are beginning tu line the roadi
with maple trees, and it would certainly be a wife meafurc if this practice lliould
bcconie general ihroughuul the Ihites. Orchards of thefe trees planted on ll()|)ing
liills, to as to render it eafy to collect the juice, might be attended with peculiar
advantages to the owners.
ForuLATioN, RELioioN, AND CHARACTER.] In 1 790, according t(» the
cenfus then taken, this Hate contained 85,539 inhabitants, conlilling chiefly of
pmigrants from Connettieut and MaHachufctts, and their defccndants. iwo town-
thips in Orange county are fettled principally by Scotch. 'Ihc body of the iJcopK;
are Congregalionalifls. The other denominations arc Prelbytcrians, Uaptills, and
ICpifcopalians. This (late is rapidly peopling. Five years ago the townthip of
Uanville, in the county of Orange, was a Avildernefs, without fo nuicli as a fmgle
fan\ily. Now they have two conliderable companies of militia, bclides a company
of light int'antry drelfed in \miform.
The inhabitants of this ftate are an aflemblage of people from various pl.iccs, of
dilTerent feiiliments, manners, and habits. 'I'hey have not lived together long
enough to ailimilatc and form a general charadler, AiVemble together in imagina-
tion a number of individuals of dilVerent nations — conlider them as living together
amicnblv, and atlilling each other through the toils and dillicultics of life ; and yet
ligorouliy oppofcd in particular religious and political tenets ; jealous of their
rulers and tenacious of their liberties ; — difpolltions which originate naturally from
the dread of experienced oppretlion, and the habit of living under a free govern-
ment — and you have a pietty jull idea of the charafctcr of the people (if Vermont.
CiiiEK TOWNS.] In a new and interior country, large populous towns are not
to be expeded. Bennington, (ituated near the l()uth-well corner of the ftale, is
one of the lar^^eft, It contains about 2400 inhabitants, u number of haMdlunio
houfes, a Ci)ii,t;rei;ati()nal church, a conrt-houfe, and gaol.
Windlor and kutUuid, by a late act of the legillature, are alternately to he the
feat of government for cii;ht years. 'I'he former is litualed on Connecticut river,
and contains about 1600 iidiabitunts ; the latter lies upon Otter Creek, and con-
tains u])war(is of 1400 inhabitants. IJoth arc flourilhing towns.
llisroRv.] llie traO-t of country called \'ermont, before the late war, was
ilaimed both by New ^ ork and New llamplhirei and thel'o interterin;; claints
have been the oeeafion o\ nuich warm a^ltercaiion, the particulars of which it v.onld
he neither entertaining nor ufetul to detail. They were not fniaily adjtilU J till
lince the peace. When holiiiities cunniienced between (Jreat Briiuiaaiul luriolo-
nies, the inhabitants of tliis diltridl:, eunlidirin}^ thenilelvesa^ in a lltUe of nature, and
not within the jurifdiction either of New Vorli or New Ilaniplliire, all'ociateil a;;d
I'ormed for thenifelves the conftitutiun of which we have given an abftracl. I iider
this conllitution they have continued to exercil'c all tho powers ot an in.lejiendei.t
llale, and have piolpered. On the 4th of Man h 1791, agreeably load uf conj>i\ls
(itl)ccember 6th, 1790. this ftate became one of the L'niled Slates, and conliituie.i
the fourteenth, and not the leatl refpettable pillar of the American I'nion.
Constitution.) 'ihe Ugiliature conlifts of a houfe of reprefentaiivos and it
council of twelve, belldes the governor, who is prefuient, and the lieutenant-go-
vernor, who is olhcially a member. I'he I'reomen meet annually in their feveral
towns to chuofc-the governor, counfellors, and other magillrates j and to the pri-
6 E vile If e
f|l UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
vllege of voting all milei twentv-one yean old and of peaeeabte difpofitioni are
entitled, after taking the oath ot fidelity to the ftatc. 'rhe judge* of the fuprcme
and county courts, Ihcriffi, and jufticct of the peace, are appointed annually by
joint ballot of the council and hotife. Thr council may originate bills, other than
niuncy bills, and fufpend till the nuxt felDun fuch bills as they difappruve ; but
have not a rinal negative.
TERRITORY Nortii-West or the OHIO.
Situation and Extent.
Miles.
Length 900 1
Breadth 700 )
between
Degrees.
'^7 and 50 north latitude.
81 and 98 weft longitude.
Sq. Miles.
j 411,000.
BoUNDAail
Count ius.
Whon crcacd.
Counties
W'alliington,
1788, July 26.
St. Cliiir,
Hamilton,
1 71^0, Jan. 2.
Knux,
1 rr^llIS extcnfivc UaSi of country Is bounded, north, by part of
•' X •*'* northern boundary line of the United States j call, by
the lakes and Pt-nnfylvania ; fouth, by tlif Ohio river ; Weft, by the MiUilinnf
Mr. Hutcliins, the late geographer of the United Stotes, cftimatcs that this unit
contains 263,040,000 acres, of which 43,040,000 arc water.
Civil divisions] Tliat part «)f this territory in which the Indian title U
rxtingiiilhed by being purcliufcd from them, and which is fettling under the £o-
verninent of the United Stutcs, is divided into four counties as follows :
When crcflcd.
»790. April 17.
»790, June 20.
Rivers.] 'Ilic Mulkingiun is n gentle river, confined by hanks fo high its to
prevent its overHowiiii;. It is 250 yartls wide at its conHiience with the Ohio, and
navigable b^ large hntteaiix and" barges to the Three Legs, and by fmall ones to
tlie lake at its head. 'I'he flockhocking refcnibles the Mulkinguni, though fonie-
wliat inferior in fizc. 'I'hc Scioto is a larger river than either ot the preceding, mut
<i[)ons a more extenfivc nuvittaiion. One lunulred and feveiity-lix miles aluive the
Ohio, and eighteen miles above the Milfoiiri, the Illinois empties itfelf ijito the
Millifippi from thcnorth-ead, by a mouth about 400 yards wiile.
FopuLA rioN.] I'he number of fouls in this large tra^t of country has not bee n
afcertained. From the bell data as yet received, tlic population may be elliniated
at 72,820.
I'ace of the country, soil,? The lands on the various dreams abovenun-
AND PRODUCTIONS. i fioued, which fall into the Ohio, are now
more accurately known, ami may be delcribed with confidence and precilioii.
Tluy are interfperfed witli all tlie variety of foil which conduces to pleafaiitin Is ot
htnaiion, :md lays ihe foimdation lor llie wealth of an agricultiual and iDanuCac-
tuiinj; people. Lirf^o level bottoms or natural meadows, Irou) 20 to 50 miles in
circuit, are every wliere found borderinj^ the rivets and variegating the eouii-
trv in the interior parts. 'I lufe allord as ricli a toil as can be imagined, uvA
it is r;iid that
lii
may ho inltuetl '.o pmpir cultivation wiili very little labour
ni:i!iy of thefe hotloius a man may clear an acre a day fit tor planting,' with liuii;i:i
(,;rii; there Inii:;,' no underwood, and the trees growing very high and lar^c,
,!!;
Inii:;^ no kuiderwood, and the
bit not lliiek ii),;;etl;er, ined iicilan;:^ but givdiiui;.
Ihe f.ij'.'T ri;ip!-.- ij a lUoil valualie fr.e tiT an mland country.
j\ny number of
hiliabitaia:
UNITED STATES a p AMERICA. 947
inhaltitant* m»y \w forrvcr Supplied with a ftiflicKMicy of fugar, hy profcrving a I'l'w
ng a li'w
irrcli lor ilu- iifi' <it i-sich t'uniil^. A tict' will virld ittxiut ten |xuiii(i« ol' ru(;iM
ycur, nntl the Inltoiir it viry triHing. 'I lit- Cup in i-xtrudkcd in tlu- months oi' Ki In n
iiry and March, and grnnulutiul, by the (inipio opvrnlion ot° l>uiling, to u fu^ai
('i|(ial ill Huvoiir iii\(l whitcncfn to thi* bell Mufcovado.
.Springs of rxirllrnt water ahouiid in oviry part ot tliit territory 1 inul fmall and
Inrgo l)ri')ini« (or niilU and other puriiodi iirc :i£tjall> inteiipeiUd, us it by art,
that there he no detleiene) in any ot the conveiiii ncii s ot lite.
ANtMALi, 6<e.| No country in U-lter lluckul \>itli wild giinie ot' everv kind.
Innumerable hrrdit of deer and wild cattle are (heltere<l in tiie groves, and K d in
the extenlive bottoms that everywhere uboiaid ( an un(|ueliionable pioofof ilie
grcnt fertility of the foil. Turkeys, geefe, ducks, fw ans, teal, pliealuntsi, partridgi s,
&c. are, fruni ol)rervalion, believed tu be in greater plenty here, tlian the tame
poultry are in any part of theoWl feltleinents in Amcriea.
'I he rivers arc well llored with fil)i of various kindk, and many of them uf an
escellcnt quality, iliev arc generally large, though uf ditterent <izes: the cat-liih,
wliich it the Inrgell, and of h dehcious Havour, weighs from tix to tigtiiy pounds.
(jovkrnment, &c.] Uy an ordinance of coiigrefii, palled on the 13th of July
1787, ihii country, for the purpoleit of temporaiy government, was eretted into one
dillritt, fulne^:! Iiowever toadivilion wlien circumllaiues ihall make it expedient,
In the uime ordinance it is provided, that congrefs lliall appoint a govcrnur,
whofe cunimillion Ihall continue in force three yenm, unlefs fuoner revoked.
The governor muft relide in the diOritt, and have a freehold ellate therein of
tooo acres of land, while in the exercife of his office.
Congrcfs from time to time are ti> appoint a feeretnry, to continue in office four
vcars, unlef* fooner removed, who mull relide in the diftri£t, and have an cAate of
joo acres of land while in office.
\\ henever population Ihall bo fufficientiv incrcafed, this territory, as well as that to
(he fouth of the Ohio (which will alterwanfs be delVribed), is to be divided into fepa-
nite Hates, which, by an att of congrcfs, May 1 790, are to be admitted into the
confederacy of the I'nited States on an equal footing with its original members.
KENTUCKY.
Situation and Kxtent.
Mllcii.
Degrees.
8j and 90 weft longitude.
Sq. Miles.
Lencth icol • . (81 and 90 weft longitude. >
Breadth 200 r^''^'^^^^" 1 36.30' and 39-30' north latitude. } 5.o°°-
_ T>OL'NnFJ), north-weft, by the river Ohio ; weft, bv Cumber-
15oi-NDARtEs.| ^ land river; fouth, by North Carolina; eaft. by Simdy river.
;iiul a line drawn due fouth from its fource, till it llrikes the northern boundary
ot North Carolina.
Civil divisions.] Kentucky was originally ilivided into two counties, Lin-
ii;!n and Jelferfon. It has lince been fubdivided into nine which lullow :
Chief Towns.
Walliinglon.
As
Counties.
Jitlerfon
Kayette
lloiirbon
Mener
Nellbn
Chief 'Towns,
i.0uisvili.k.
Lexington.
Danville
Ucardllow:!
Couniies.
Madifori
Lincoln
VViiodtord
.\lafoa
6 1' 2
94t U N I T R D STATES or AMERICA.
Ai moft of thi fc (.ounilci nrr very large, ll i» probul>lc that fubdivirioni will con-
tiiiiK' to Iv ,}\:u\r lu populaliun incrrufc^.
KiviTRi.) '\'\h- rivir Ohio wiiIIu-h iW iiorth-wcftorn fule of Kentucky, in In
wliolf extent. Ill priix ipal lirain lu-ti, whit li water thi» lertilr trail of cuunlry, uro
Mniidy, l,iikinj{, ketituiky, Salt, lin-eii uiul CiimlMrlatul rivcm.
KArf, <ii^ TiiK coi'NTav, «oii,, ANt> i-noowcii.) Thin whole country, oi Ur u
hnn yi't \H\t\ tlll'i ovcnil, lii-n iijum « Ih-iI i»t' liinollone, whivh iit general i% ab<iut fix
fei t lu'lnw till' fiirfiue, «xn|)t in tin- valUvi, wliore tlie foil iit iniuh thinner. ,\
tract of alxiiii uvctitv niiK-H wiili-, alonf; the baiikn of the Ohio, i« hilly broken land
liitirrpcrfed wiili ni;in) fertile fpotn. Hie rell of the country is agreeably uneven,
gently nfcendin;; atxl defeendin^ at no great diltance*.
Tills (Miiiilry in general is well t'tnliereil. Of the natural growth wliieh Is
peddinr u» tliii eouiiir\, we may retkon the ftigar, the eofVee, the papaw, aiul the
I'ln iiinlii I trie. The two lall are loft wood, and bear a fruit of the ihape and li/u
nf a tiu'uinliur. The lollee tree relVmblut the black oak, uiul bvam a pod whieli
iiiclofe-i a feed, of whieli n drink \i nnule not unlike coffee. Helidett thcl'e, there it
the htiiey lociill, Maek nuilberry, wild iherry of a large li/e. 'Hie buckeye, an
cxceediiij^K fill wmul, is the horfe chefniit of Kuropo. The magnolia bears a
b 'autitui hlnlliini of a licli and cxtjiiilite fragrnnce, Suih is the variety and beauty
• 'f tlie Howoriiig ihrubs and plants which grow fpontaiieoully, that in the proper
feaf in the wildenufi appears in blnfloin.
The aeeoiiiit. of the fertility of tlie foil In ilu, country have probably been ex-
fll^'^eratid. 'Ih.it foine parts of Kentucky, piiitiiularly the high grouiuU, are '\:
markably good, all aiconiits ;igrei'. The lands of the firll rate are too rich tor
wheat, aiitl will produce 50 and 60, and in fume iiillnnces, it is aftiniied, 100
bulliels of good corn an acre. In coinnion the land will produce 30 buihels ut
wheal or ry an acre. Harlev, oats, eottoii, ila\, hemp, and vegetabicbof all kind,
common in this climate, yield abmidanlly.
Ci iM\Ti' ] lle:'.Itliy and deji^iitfnl, fiMie t'-w places in the neighboiirliood of
|>"iid» and low grumids excepted. The inhabitants do not experience the ex-
inmes of heat and cold. Snow feldom falls deep «)r lies long. I he winter, which
lic;iins about C'hrilimas, is never longer than ihne months, and is cominonly hui
two, and is f ) mild that cattle can fnblill witho'it fodder.
poll 1..M10N AND CHARAC run.] The |) ipiilation of this Hate in 1790 wns
1},(>J'> In 17^.?, "1 tlie lounty of l.inioln * oiil\, there were on tin.' niihtia rolls
^,570 men, chietly emigrants from the IowlT parts of \ ir^^iiiia. In 17K4, the nuin-
i)er 01" iiihibitanis were reckoned at iipu.irds of ;o,ooo. It is alVcrteil tiiat at lealt
vo.oco migrated lu 1 ; i;i the ),.ir i^b';. 'I liel'e people, tolletted troin tliliereiit
Hates, ofuili'ercnt ni.'im.ers, culioms, religions, and political (■ciiiiiiunis, have iidt
been long eiuuigh together to form an unitornj national chariiitei. Anuaig the
. . -■ ." .. .....1 4' ..l.;i;.: 1 „ ...1 i :i: T
I'ttlers tiiere are mai.y g''ntleineii of abilitii ;., and many gent', e
f-'veral ol tin- dates, w ho jjive dignity and refpeclabilily to tlie fellltinent
arc in u'ln lal more n gnlar than people who ieitle new countries.
tamilies iVmn
■| hev
111 ^, 11^1*11 111''!^- *^U'>)ill IIIUII LfV''LMV. IfilW l^lltV l(\.>Y V«rVllllll\.1>
Um.uiion] The Haptifts are the moll numerous religion^ led in Kentucky.
'Ihire ari' feveral larj;e con^f galions ot I'relL; teriaiis, and fomc few of other clc-
liorriina'.ions.
("oNs 1 1 ri'TioN.] By the conlVitutionof lliis llati-, formed ami adopted in 1792,
ihe legillaiivc piAver is viiied in u geiier.il alirmbly, conlillirg oi a fmale aiid
bo'.ife of reprelentatives ; the fiipreme executive, in a governor; the judiciary, in
the fiprcme court of appeals aiul fucli interior courts, as tlie le;,Illatiire may cllii-
bli'.li. 'Ihe n picfeiit,it:\ej ;ae chofeii ainuiiilly ly ihe people; the feu^ilurs ai.J
• riii6 tcei.l), i'. is tti le remciiibTcJ, hit fuuv L.ca Jiviiinl ami fubJlvKlcl,
iS jjovciin-r
UNITED STATES of AMERICA.
949
•nvcmor arc choffn for four yc»r», hy eted)or« appointrd <i»r th«t purpoff i ih«
KiUgci are appoitilrd liiiriiig gtMxl Iwliavinur, by itic gDvernor, with advice nfiha
Tenalc. Jltc number of rotircfcnuiivvt cannot rxtccd too nor Ik- Irfi than 40 (
and the rrnalc, at firii toiilimiiK of 1 1, ii to incrcnro with the* hnufc of rcprcfrnla-
liyci in till- rulio of one to f»ur 1 he i|iiiililKntioiiii of taiididatrt for otiicci, and
«)f voteri, nri' fucJi only 114 appear rr(|uililc lur infuriof; their nulurily uf judgment
and allachnicnt tu the lUtc.
.whith
\ly bill
1)0 was
lu- uiim-
.VilVcrcia
;\W Ul't
it-. U'liii
■\W)
;.cnuicV.y.
ol\wr ilc-
in;ao auil
LlUi.iry, in
uiiiy ^'^'•'•'
T Ii R R I T O R Y Soi;rH or OHIO*
0«, T UK T E N N E S S E K (i O V E R N M E N T.
Situation
Milet.
AMP ExruNT.
ncgrcci.
Length 3(»o) . , (81-10' and 91-30' UVn longitude.
BriHdth 105! "••'w^*^" Ij^ and 36-30' North latitude.
Rori.DARM'.».)Pl^;^'.^''\!p' """^ hy Kentucky and part of Virginia ,eaft.
JLJ ">■ «"^ Stoiu', Yellow, Iron and llald niounlauis, wTiith divide
it from North Clrulinu ; fouth, by Aiouth Carolina and Cieorgia i weft, by the
Miliilippi *.
CiMi. nivistoNs AVD ropiLATioN.] Tlus cxtenfivc dilhitt in divided into
the tolluwing counticii :
Counties.
SWalhinijton
Sullivan
firiin
llawLiiis
M
Counties South of
Krench Broad
(Davidfon
■ Ro dtArict< Stunner
(Tenneirec
govc
cru'-'f
The population is 35,691 necording to the returns made by the governor of tliit
Itrritory, in 1791.
Cum ATI. I Moderate and hialtliy. In the tratl lying between the gnat
iflaiul, as it is eaiUd, and the Kaiiliaway, the funnners are remarkably cool, and the
air rather iimill. South Witl of iliis as tar as the Indian towns, the clin\ate is much
warmer, and the foil better a(la|ited to the produttions of the fouthern Hates.
'1 lit- difialVs to which the adult inlud)itants are nioll liable are plcurilies and
iheunuilifius. It is to the inhabitants a real advantage- that they are ahnoft beyond
the reaih of ihofe luxuries which arc enjoyed, and thole epidemical difeafes which
are confeijuently freiiuent, in jxioulous towns on the fea coail. An inhabitant of
tiiis dirtrick writes, " Our phylii laiis are a tine climate, heallhv robull mothers and
" lathers, plain and plentiful diet, and enough of cxercile. 'I'here is not a regular-
" bred phyiician rcliding in the whole dlllrkt."
KivhHS ANO MOLNTAiNs] The 'ienneflce, called alio tlie Cherokee, and
iilii'unlly the llogt)hege livcr. is the lar^rt branch of the Ohio. It rifes in the
mountains of Virginia, latiiuile 37" ; and purfues a courfe ot about 1000 miles
fouth and fouth-wcll, nearly to latitude J4\ receiving from both lides a number of
» Alicut fcvin ai\d a half millions of acre* if this traft only his b«n yet p\irchaf<d from the Indians.
largo
•!•
V N I 1 F. I) STATE* « r A M R R 1 C A.
tHrcr tiibumry Orramt. || iIumi »li><<tt iitvmt i>) il v north, in a cUtmiuiut cour&>,
AittT iniiixlt'i Willi ilii ( >lii<) iiv trijr f^o iittlrt Iroiti ii» iii<*u It.
Itif ( kiinlKrliit(<l lit >'iiii4in, in il« wlioli* i'Mi-nl I'toiii \\w triui Kuntiiiwnv in ||m
'rciin«llif, imililU t>» llic iiio(hliH»< lulmi . \u\if "•'»'»u<m/ ^••♦•>». *'• "".^ iti«»uiiuln in
llir wfllcrn «nunlfv, In f.'vprtil |hiii« of ii, I'.Mr iiiil«», »« i* inuv» » llililc rvi-ii 1 1 iIk>
Indiaiii on fiMit. In niio pit' «■ |>uMictiluit)',iikiir llic fittitniii t.l' llio iiKiuiilniti, ilivrt
i» ■ niiiU rcin.'ikuliU li il^i' ot !>>« ki o( alioiil p iiiiK-i '.» Itngih •mi too fivi liiicii,
llicwiii^ a |H r|K ii'litiit:ir Lit >' i > iIk' liiiuli-i ilt ni irc iiol>li' kimI ({ranil lh:in uny arl|.
ticiul i'uiiiluatioti III till' iktiowii vhurUI. and ft|)|)nri:iillx equal in puinl ttl rc(;iil:iriiy.
'Ihniugli ihii tin|Kiiil(Hi<t |>ilc, tuinrJing to ii in HJcrn liypothcli*, liiid iho \%ulvr« ul'
(ill till- iiii|Kf liruiiiiw> ot' till' I'miklln.' tol'tirik' lli« ir w.iy.
Tlio .Sli.iwiiitri', ii.iw iullnl ('iiiii!)cilaiul riv»i, line of ilir foiithrrn hranclit* nf
tliv Olihi, i> ii'.At III li/v III till it iiiiillii', anil t suiul^ i ullwarti niurly lu far, but
nil » II nitiili niiin' liinci riiiini-. It i* nuvlKulili- for fniiiil craA u« \i*t ui Natlnillt',
rrmii till! Iniitl) it ri'O'ivf* llnrtKr'H, Cotu'v, Oluvn ami Clfar Kork riven t and from
til.' norlli, Kill and Umk i'Muv ri*iT>, lirVitlci ni.iiiy fniallcr tln-ams,
ANi%iAt.^ { A U'W u.uit liiii.c, tliin t luiniiy ulioiiiidid »itli lar^f licrd^ of wild
mtlli', iin|ii<>|>iMl\ (a!l<.'d Imll.il i < , li.it lln* ini|ii>iN iiUnl or ill (lifimfcd alll'ln^ iIk-
till! IkltlriN liiivv dv'ltroyod iniillilUiK« of iIkiii nut of men' wantoniiff». I'luv ari:
Hill to Ik- found on foiiic of llu- fmali l>faiK'lu« of CiiinlKrluiid river. Kik
iiioiifi- nri' li.\'ii ill lUUMv phu >'i, iliii tl) aiiiiin){ tlio inouDtaiim. 'i'lir (tt\-r arc lie
t iiitic i'oiii|i4rali\cly fiaiLf, fo lliat no jn-rtiMi inaki'« u hiHiiK'f^ of liiiniing tlu-iii fur
llu'ir Ikiiv. only Ijioii^Ii of luur* antf \\iilvi<, wt remain Heaver* and ottem are
iau;;lii in jileiitv in llie ii|i|»er liraiu Ins of t'lniitierlaiid and Kentueky river».
CoMMKWCK.] iliik ititintry furuidie^ many vahiulile nrtielet of export, fuih a«
fine \va({(;iiii iind f.iildle liorfeN, In. f, eatile, ^inteiig, de.r Ikins and far», tntton,
liemp anil tUix, whiili m.iy lie lr:mlpiirled It) land , ulfo iron, liniilicr, tiurk, and
tliMir, wliicli nii);lit Ik* e\|iiiitvd in ^reat tpiantitiet, if tlu' navif^aiiun ut ihr Miili
iijipi were opened ; luit tli.re are K vv ot the iiihaliitanrs wli.i uiuUrll.iiid luiii-
merce, or aie iKilIilled nf proper vapiialni of enurfe it ii budiv managed.
KkLioion J ihc l'r<'lb)lerianH ate tbe prevailing deiuimmation of (MirilljuiK
in lliio dilirict. 'I hey have a prellnlery ealled tlu- Abingdon prt Ibyteiy, eftabliiluil
|)y act of l\ni>d, uhieli, in i;^^, tonliiled of it, l.u^e coiigregatioii^, wh'i wen- tluti
fiipplied li\ oiiU lix minilUii. lliere are alio f.ime ol the Daplill and MetlnHliit
ill iinininatioiiN.
(ii)\ fcHNMiNT.) Siinil.ir In that eftabliilied by longrefs in the lerritnrv nf ilm
( in I
or
. nitev
Stall
iiorili U'l It iif llie Ohio. I'll
gou'riior i> the fxeeiilivi' am
iibreiKc the fecretarj ), uiid the g«»vertior mid three jlldge^, the 1. ;.;i(lali\e power,
111
in
tl
le (li
llritt.
C-'ii AK AI-TF.K, MANNfcHS, AND i>REs%.] Amoiig ihc hiilli of tho inhabitants :i
great limplieity ot maniHis prevails. Diiplieily, ur the eti(|uette of iitiei and po.
jmlo'is plaies. ik unknown among them. If a man deeeives anoiher, he is deemed
Mild ealled a liar, and it fre«iiiinlly happens ihal u i'vch iiojt is the eonfe(|uenee.
\\ refiling, jumping, running toot rates, and playing nt ball, are lli<- lonimon (li\('r>
fiuiis. I)aii..iiig is (oniiiig into lalhion. Card-playing is a raie aiiuifement. llie
himtii'g llii:t is liillw..rn by the militia on dul\,and by hunters in purfuit of game.
At home and ut luiblie all. iiiblieD they dref» like ihc \ irginians.
Inuians.J I he Indian tribes within and in ihf vieiniiy of tliis dilirict are tl
CI
lerokees
and Chiiaiaws. 'I he Cher.ikees liave licen a warlike and i
le
luir.crmis
nation
but I
ly loniiiiual wars,
wliieli it lias been their dellinv to be ii^'mred
villi ilu' iiorlhirn Indian liilhs, they were reduced at the lomimiu. in-'iit .if the iiitt
v^ar lu about 2000 lighting men; (inee wlii«.h lliey have been reduced iiiuie llianoii.'
iiulf, and have become weak and puldlanimuuii.
'I lie
Ml
la<
V\
in
toi
I
Pat
»*ri
tht
»M>^
the I
\jti
a» i/i
torn
In
aiiiii (
'fi'- fli
Vfriini
Olid hi
Hiveii
gf«*f» c
I'M he ,
Fai
notife 01
•leCteil
'hiiffii
ui-ilih.
'Imm oia
aifi'iiiiit,
and ihrji
ihiin iw,
III 'iif.ii ,1
<Mwaii|,
w
Ki'iili ml
I'l.ii le. 1 1
wid'-ly fi,
fill', .H \\r
.*'KAS0 1
f'-l"'i.s. Ill
K"ai jKri|
• ^..r eli-
'"1 • t,. tl r
'••oJi .i jj
W E S 1 I N D I r s.
fj»
TV CKkc^ws, of Ah rltL lndi«n Irihct within ihc iimtit of ilic UniitU 3tal<i
merit th« m<)4l l^oin th« AmrfitMU, havlnf al til lim«i mamltincd 4 b«u(H«fW M<
lacliitu 't !v) ihcm. i^y glory in faying that ihry newr ihcd ihr hUtttd uf an
An|(U>-Aii '''-an. there l« (» grcut tn affinity briwcrii llr Cititafaw ami
('l)ii.'lMW luiiiitiiKri. thai the roiiuiitm p«<>plir inn (tinvcrfc li>Koihrr, each f)>c«kii>)(
In hia own ttiakFrt, Ikit-vari! a {wrfunabie f '>)|)lr, lutd have an upcuuala m ih«ir
iouiilt nancri and behaviour, un«.omm<m among javtfra*
liuroRT.) I'hf cuftrrn iiart» oi itiii iltlhiti wrrc vxiiior«d by roloncU Wood,
Paliiin, Huthannn, tupiuiii (harlcs C^mnbclj, anil Dr. T. Walker (cadi ut wlium
wrn- i iiiit riit'd in Itirgi- grunlv <i| Utul tr>>iii lli>- Kovi-rntncnt'. at ondy at bciwvvn
the yrart i ;4r) aii«i i7<o. In 1754, at the commencement ut (he Kreiah wiir, nut
more than y> familu't h>i<l fcitled here, wh<» were riihn drilroyed or driven ufl by
the litdian% (Htore the iliifc of ihr loilowing )ear. It remained uiiiiiliiibilod till
176^, whi-M the fi-tllrninil of it nu onunrnccd \ aiut in 17;^ tin* country ii» fiii hiI)
a* llie l'>iif{ illand of llulllnn, iiti exii-ni olnioioihaii lio initei in length iruiite^ll
tu W (t, h.id Imhiiku tolniibly Wt II pto|iU'il.
In 1785. in contiifiiiiiy to the rrlolvcn ofcnnTreft of April l^ 1784, the inhalnt-
anli of ihik dillriv^l i'lln\r<l to lorni llvnifelvo iniu a lio<ly | I'lnii, [)\ ihe niiiuv. uf
till' linic lit Frank LAN i> , but dilh rinj; iiniuii^ ilwinli'lu-a iu Iti tiu' loriii « I gt.-
vrriinient, iiml iiliont oilur nintlirt, in ilit* ilbn- nfwluiii lnuie blouil ^^t\% |Ikii~>
.Hid luing opiiolVd liy loiiu- Uuilintr ihurnctor» in tin- i.illom piirt%, tin khcnu' \vri
giviii up, iinJ the inniliiiniil« rcmuiiied ill gtiu-ral peaieuble until 179'^, whi-n ion*
grelk i-ttublillitd their pri iVnt ^ovirnnKiil. .Shiti- thin period foiiio laie iticutliunn
bl ihr iit<linn*t'X(«.-pit'(l, th<' iiiiinbiiiini* huvi- briii piaicabk- and prulpcruu^.
Par.tKNr and fi'i uh k toNin ru tion t Nuch nrc the extenltw: doiniino!\'(
or coNdHkt* i di-pi'iiiKnl on con^reU ; whuli, to-
tether with » nnhdi-nt thofi-n for lour yenr», conlilU, lince 1789, nl a fciiHii- iind
noiifo tif r> pr«-U-ntiitiv«'<i. I lu- iVnuic ii ttimpufi d nt two feiuituik tiont t iiih (hue,
iliCtt-il for lix yt-Hr^ ; mid the houl'*- nt uprilmiiiiivi"*, nt one rcpnleii aiive,
ihitfi'ii evi-ry fi-mnd )cur, tor every ihntylhuc tltoulai d iiilukbil;iiiti« in cuvli ihiti-,
uiMilthi' iinii)l)i-r ban lAcctdid one InindHd ; liucc wincli tluio i» not to be lels
than one rt prvfi-titalivi- for i-vrry lorty thontand, until tin- number t)t reprefentulivi ^
anvnint^ to two liiindicil W lun iliik takri pJMic, tl.e piii|i(iiiiiin bctvve<'u thk.' pripk-
uiul ill! ir lepri li-nlatiN* -. is tu In- I'o ir^nlaiiil b\ cnngrvU, tlut tlitu- lliii!! iki. lit' ifi
than two hiiii«lii«l rrpii-fioiiitivi'!i, por more th.m m.i- tepitUiiiutivi- toi iscry tiliv
ih 'ulai d pi-tfiiiiii. lliiH is tlie ultiii.aic limit to \^lllch ihi Ameiicuna akVil loolc
tt iwiiiil, in \\w lonftituiiun nt iln- gvnctal {•ovcrmmni ol their t'liion.
\v !•: s r
I N 1) I F.
Wl'. have nire.-idv ohfrrvi'd, that, betwei-u the two tontiniiilsof Ami-Taa, lie a
r.iiillilude ol illii iN, v^hn h wt- tali lli«' U i It li <lii >, U'.^A s\).i( h, I'.rli as n-
viiiili Millivaiion. now b< lom^ to tivr Ininpiini |iWvis, (iii..t I'.niai.i, .^p:iin,
I'lai le, llollat d, aid Dentiiaik. A» the tli lan- and tmli ns ol ih. lo iilunds il.lkr
v\;il'ly from thole of Kniope, wc lliall, U\ avoid upeti.i u, IjMuk > t tlu-n in j;ii e-
ri;, ,i« veil as 11. «:. tint! foil, «• ollii pJilieu'ai * pi k-u.itu u f \N elt I., li^s
,St.Al<)N» 1 A iHoncAt. \'':i In ins pi.'peiiv lo t..iiijiu lo.nd 1 al Iv.m t|il!ii ft
f,.i',:s, the Xitt aid ilu i.'»v; liit iin il.e fin;, in link- ilmn'iis nii.iiiin ..• two
glial p'vru.d», it may It deUriUd, lil;c the buiquan yvar, in.iiii u iir ili'.iiuns.
• KLr tli'fr wf »< knt^wtcfcf r«"'' *'*' '>'>lu-.'»- t'ntonk* in the \\xl\ Ir.il;.», in t \ol». ^'o, fn.ii4i>l
iiii> iiMii- M'ViU/ii't tliittrv, V. I.iiii Ml. l.'l- nii.w;i, i;i).
kjuU:. .( j.m.k.t t.ii iul)Ul!ika ol li.t U...IU
'11.
(J
95»
WEST INDIES.
The fpring may be faid to commence witli the month of May, when the foliage
of the trees evidently becomes more vivid, and the parched favannas begin to
change their ruflet hue, even previous to tlu- firft periodical raiiiii, which arc now
daily expcfted, and generally fct in about the middle of the month, lliefe, com-
pared with the autumnal rains, may be laid to be gentle (howcrs. They come from
the fouth, and commonly fall every day about noon, and break up with thiinder-
ftorms i creating a bright and beautiful verdure, and a rapid and luxuriant vegeta-
tion. The thermometer at this feafon varies conliderabiy ; commonly falling (ix
or eight degrees immediately after the diurnal ruins : its medium height may be
ftated at 75°.
After thcfe rains have continued about a fortnight, the weather becomes dry,
fettled, and (iilutary ; and the tropical fummcr reigns in full glory. Not a cloud
is to be perceived ; and the (ky blazes with irrtdllible fiercencls. For fome hours,
conmionly between feven and ten in the morning, bt fore- the felting in of the ll-a-
breeze or trade-wind, (which at this feafon blows from the foutli-ead with great
force and ivguiarity until late in the evening) the heat is fciineiy fupporlable; but
no fooner is the influence felt of this refrelhing wind, than ail nature revives, and
the elinuite, in the Ihade, becomes not only very tolerable, but pkafant. 'Hn-
fhonnonieter now varies but little in the whole twenty-four hours: iis nietliuni,
near the coall, may be Hated at about 80°. it has been feidoiii obfervcd iiigher liian
85" at notm, nor much below 75" at fun-rife.
The niirlits at this feafon are tranfcendently beautiful. The elearnefi and liril-
liaiicy of the heavens, the ferenity of the air, and liie foft Iranquiliiiy in which all
nature repofes, contribute to harmonize the mind, and produce the nioll calm and
delightful fenfations. The moon too in ihefe climates dilplays far greater radi-
;iiKe than in luirope : the fuiallell print is legible by her light ; aud in the moon's
ablence her function is not ill fupplied by the luightnefs of the milky-way, and by
that glorious planet Venus, which apjiears here like a little moon, and glitters
with fo refulgent a beam as to cafl a thade from trees, buildings, and otJier oh-
ietls, making full amends for the Ihoil Ibiy and abrupt departure of the crepufcu-
lum or twlli^lit *.
Tills ftate (jf the weather commonly continues, with little variation, from the
beginning of June until the middle ol Augull, when the diurnal breeze begins to
intermit, and th(! atinofphere becomes fultiy, iucommodious, and fuftocating. In
the latter end of this month, and mdl part of SeiJiember, we look about in vain
for coolnefs and comfort. '1 he thermometer (jccaliona'.ly exceeds 90"; am!, inlUad
<<f a Heady and relrelhing wind from the fea, there are ufuall) faint breezes and
calms alternately. 'Ihele are preludes to the feeoiid periotliial or autumnal fea-
fon. Large towering clouds, lleecy, and of a reddith hue, are n(nv feen in the
morning, in the (juarters (-f tlie fouth, and fouth-iail ; the tops of the mountains at
the fame lime ap|)ear clear of cloutls, and the objetls upon tliem wear a bliiiilj
caft, and feem much nearer to the fpettator than ufual. \\ hen thefe vaft aceunm-
Jations of vapour have rifen to a conlidcrable height in the atinofphere, they com-
monly move horizontally towards the mountains, proclaiming their progrefs in
deep and rolling thunder, which, re\erberated from peak to peak, and anfwered
by the dilhmt roaring of ihe fea, heightens the majelly of the leene, and irrcfillibly
Jifts up the mind of the fpectator to the great author of all fublimity.
♦ 111 the nioimfaiiioiis and interior parts of tlie tlitlr fulci in the aift of refiiiration. Tlicy .irc far
l;irg;'rillamU, inMiiinir.iblc/"''v^"j iil>i>iii>d it night, ninrc liiininoiib thni tlic niow-ivoini, and till the
v.hiJi have a rujinidng appearance to a Iha.i.'cr. air on all ink'; like fo many liv n;^ ftars, to the
'I'iiey eonlilt nt dilleicnt I'pecies, (onic of wiiivh gic.it ailoniihnunt and admiration ut a traveller nn-
f'.r.-.i a lii;Ht, rfltinblin;; a fpark ot tire, from a t;!o- iKcndnnied to tlie toimtry,— In the day time they
t'ular prij.nineiHC n.-ar cich eve ; and otlteri Iront ilil.ippear.
'Ihe
fttf
del
pen
fl
-fc
henc
feril,
to cv
Kvni'
Tn
•or)/i(i
the III
'Kiife ;
before
"le jio
Coilii-jj
^^'iids /
if fh
'^e cal/e
atid pen
'ihe a
mitely p
and cxt(
lofty moi
"inch nil
"•Inch ar
O'l the a
'''ands, it
"'>niicrn
■'"'Hiary, 1
'ittle inter
''■'ii'ed aiiif
'i:irity of t\
''■eOiiii^l Iij
wliiVIi'riiel
''''■'"• furfa J
'".;,' rai-e/io,f
'111- cold
'" 'i'^' ))la;|
'""■•"ilaiijoT
u;ii(li ,i,f. J
"•'I 'lie foutl
''■'"■S have J
.' '" B,irhnill
■Hitvar.f, thrf
•i^O'-.tfh o/J„ J
•n>. . . "'EST INDIES
;"".'^- ; tl:.- wi„<! varies iV„m ,i? \. '"'"j'' »"'' 'h'.-.vv f,,' ,:^ .''- ^''^ coafts to
"'-• "'Ttl. wiiKU avi„> . f .'"nn„„i„,^ „,,^ ^ h 'v' ''''•''.'' •"''''"^"•^ ''"^•""'
i^ til s intcTril fh rnf- V''-"''S''»fli'-ougI,out the d 1 r , >''''^ «"^ northerly
''>-• called w ,fer i I "'■'• ('°"' ''''■ be^iSnin^ of nj' ."^ ""' ''""""g ri'ffio,,
i >e account thus given 'lo',?""'''"''''" "^ l*n'adi[?. ^"^ '^aletudn.arian,
^vl.ich are without mo nl'^"* Z'^''^" "' ^^e (mall In'rf t -"f ' '^"^ ""'« are
'lands, it is ircliev;.! the < .r"'n""' ""^' ^•'^^'•"^- » di(? a. of \k''°\"'"'^"' «g«"»«
'•'"•'iicrn coafts of tl mf in T ^"^'^'■'" '" <^v'rv nion I, of .f *'''' '•""^^ ^o^mer
January, foonaftn- tK-.-'"'^'- ^'^'"i^'erable raiL arc ex-no^ ''V'''!:.' and on the
I'lMve, which blow* in tU r ■• ^ *-"'Kernin(r the fnr?.. ..,• j
'"■".:(• ha. been I,'/. ! ' « ^ C''^"' ^^I>icl> nothin-. .nnll' . 'V'' " ^"^"'«-" P^cu-
litt
8- .Hands ot .,,. u ... ..... ;Zi::,'^^z'T'^'^'^^^ ^^^^l
if
P
>vl
"'1' llie laroer ifland
'^ ^>^ ••- vahI Mies d i rn- ^'^7"^««^' a-;; , x^'
-:':: the tops of the ;^.^S^'r l^'! -[ of the^lain/be-
"'^■"' '"rface ; tor as foon as th,. r i
•" "'^' P'ai.Ks on luihZ O7. i.aliv heavier lluu i 1 T .• '''^>'f""denfed by
"•'"'1^ 'I'c- (hore, fo ;., n V'^ ';"•'■/' ^'"l'^ M.,.„-in. on a I i . /' '"'^ '" •■"' tlu-
BeaL7v'
954
WEST INDIES.
Be.M'ty op tiik coi'NTRY.] To thc firft difcovcrers, the profpeft of thefc
Hlands imill Iiavc been intoroUing beyond all that imagination can at preftnt con-
ceive ot' it. I^vcn at this day when the mind is prepared bjr anticipation, thev
arc beheld by the voyager for the firft time, with Arong emotions of admiration,
ariling not onlv from the novelty of the fcene, but alio from the beauty of tlu-
fmaiier illands.'and the fui>iimity of thc larger, whofc lofty mountains form a Ihi-
JH ndous and awful picture.
Mor did ilicfe promifing territories difappoint cxpeflation on a nearer fearth
and more ait urate infpctlion. Columbus, whofe veracity has never been fufpiit-
td, fpeaks with raptures of their beauty and fertility. "'There is a river" (he oh-
ferves in one of his letters to king Ferdinand written from Cuba) " which dif-
" charges itfelf into the harbour that I have named Porto Santo, of fufiicient depth
" to bo navigable. 1 had thc curiolity to found it, and found eight fathom. Yet
" the water is fo limjiid, that 1 can calily difcern the fand at tlie bottom. Tlio
" banks of tliis river are embeliiilied with lofty palm-trees, whofe iliade gives ade-
" licioiis fredmofs to the air ; and the birds and the Howors are uncommon and
" beautiful. I was fo dcliijhted with the fcenc, that I had almoll come to the re-
" foluiion of li.,)ing here tiie remainder of my days ; for, believe nie, lire, thcfe
" cduntriis far furpafs all the reft of the world in pleafure and conveniency ; and
" i have frc(|uonlly obferved to my people, that, with all my endeavours to convov
" to your niajclly an adcijuate idea of the charming objeds which continnallv prc-
" lent themfelves to our view, llu; defcriptlon will fall greatly fliort of the realitv."
iMagnikicence and sciiLiMirv OK THE Moi'NTAiNs.j Keligniug to thc iia-
turalill the talk of minutely defcribing thc fplendid aerial tribe of tliefc regions
whole variety is not lefs remarkable than their beauty, we now proceed to the
Jargell and moll awful objeds of inanimate nature. It is in the magnitude, e-xtenr,
and elevation o\ the mountains of the New World, that the Almighty has moll
lirikingly manifelled the wonders ^)t his omnipotence. Thofe of South America
are uippofcd to be nearly twice the heiqhi ot iIk- hijiheft in the imcieut hemifpherf,
and. even under the equator, have their tops involved in everiafting fiunv. Ti)
Ihofe maluve piles, thc lofliell funimits of the inofl elevated of the Wel} Iiulian
iilands cannot indeed be compared ; but fonie of thefe rile, nevertheJers, in amaz-
ing grandeur, and arc among thc (irft objects that fix the attention of the voyager.
'I lie mountains of llifpaniola in parlieular, whole wavy ridges are delcried lidin
fea at the dillance of thirty leagues, towcrin:^ far above liie clouds in Ihipi ihIoii';
iiiagnltk'ciice, and the blue mountains of Jan;:iii.a, have never vet, perhaiis, Ldu
Lilly explored. N'either curiolity nor avarice has hitiierto ventured to invadr the
toj)niolt of tiiofe lofty regions. In fuch of them as are aceelhble. nature is totn.d
to have put on the appearance of a new creation. .As tlie ciinicUe chan-Ks, the
trees, tlie birds, and the infecls are feen alfo to ditVer I'rom lliofe which are ii. a
witli below. To an unaccullonicd fpettator, loooking di-wn from thofe liei"liis,
thc whole fcene appears like enchantment. '1 he tirll object which catches tin'
eye at the dawn of day is a vaft exi)an('e of vapour, covering the whole face of ilie
rallies. Its boundaries being perfedly dilliiict, and vilibiy circuniieribed, it !i;i,
tlic exact refenihlancc ot an inunenfe body of water, uliik- the mountains aiininr
like fo many ilhnuls in the midll of a beautiful lake. As the fun increafes in tiirce,
thc profpcct vavies: the incumbent vapours lly upward, and melt into air; dif^lo-
ling all the beauties of nature, and the triumphs of indultiw iiviglitened aiul tin-
Iciiill.ed by th.e l';ill blaze of a tropical fun. In the i(|i!aloii.il iealop, iVcr.os 'it
fliU greater nv'.gnlliceixe tVetjuently jirefcnt theiiirclves ; for, v. hile all is calm and
fercnc in the higlicr regioiis, the clouds are leen below l\veei)iiig along ihc l.iies ni
the mountains in vail bodies, till, growing more pimdcnuis by accumulation, tlcv
f..ll ut kri^'.h in turreiV.s of water on the phiii:f. '1 l;c luund of the ttn-.j;oti is (!>
Line;/,-
n
att
pla
(OJ
can
and
wJit
indi
r
reed,
The
t'iina
'Ih
"lan ;
vigour
"ig all
'»\en, i
J'ldulg,
inings i
A'ken
P'antati
dur
"leafurtj
"cs of li
tJirotiirJi]
The ^
*^f fugar,
of eUi-n
''i.-en fo
/oinc lb
'^ mean
'oiind t)
ofjuicc
tJU't
TIk-u I
prodiicii
'•'opieal
' " lie
" f'lat ijndt|
" 'al, takes f
" 'lire Arnil
'• ''>rts 0/ ( il
" "' fill- fit!
"J'.V.i(i-d a,i
" ■''' (»-ccr5,
" 'ii?ar-c;i(ie
WEST INDIES.
955
Yet
The
8 a de-
M\ ami
t\ic rc-
:, thcfo
y ; an(\
convc;;
ally \irc-
rcal'uy."
;i tlic na-
; regions
;d to tlK-
ic, extent,
, has molt
^ America
•miiVl^'-'/*;''
"now. 'li»
crt ImVian
,, ill ama/-
krkHi Ivom
jlUiperidcm-.
:liu\is, In >^'ii
iuvad;.' i^'^'
iri> is tti'n.d
|\\anges, tin;
Acli are iv.et
.)le liei;i,i>'S
catclies tin'
tuec ot' li^'^
Uieil, it "••■'"
.fains aVA- ''f
,il'e!i i» tii;ce,
■ur; a:uiM-
luc'A aiul e;iv
i.r, K'cr.cs 'A
J is eai'.a aiHl_
;t Oie l.a^-^ ^''
uiV.'.tion, tVey
l, .v.'.'i.-U i« <^''
inflly heard hy the fpe£\ator above ; the diftant lightning is feen to irradiate the
filoom ; while the thunder, reverberated in a thoufand cchoc:., rolls far beneath his
V'ct.
SuoAR-cANE, COTTON, INO In treating of the agricultiiro of the Wed In-
DiGO, COFFEE, 84c, &€. ) dian illands, llie firft object that naturally exeites
attention is the innc which produces their great flaple tominmlity, fugar ; — :i
plant which, from its commercial importance and general utility, we may venture;
to pronounce one of the moft valuable in the creation. 'I he anci^iu name of the
cane was S,iccharum. This word was corrupted, in monkilh Latin, into 'Zucharu»i,
and atterwards into Z,ucra. By the Spaniards, it was converted iiilo /i^iintr, tVoui
whence Sii^ar. The plant is a native of the eaft, and was probably cultivated in
India and Arabia, time immemorial.
'i he botanical name of the fugar-cane is Ariindo Saccliarifeia. It is a jointed
reed, terminating in leaves or blades whofe edges arc finely and iliarply ferrated.
The body of the cane is ftrong but brittle, and, wlicn ripe, of a fine lliaw-colour, in-
clinable to yellow; and it contains a foft pithy fubllancc, which afibrds a copious
fupply of juice, of a fwcetnefs the kail cloying in nature.
'1 he time of crop in the fugar iflands is the feafon of cladncfs and feftivity to
man and beaft. So palatable, falutary, and nourilhing is tlie juice of the cane, that
every individual of the animal creation, drinking freely of it, derives health and
vigour from its ufe. The meagre and ficklv among the negroes exhibit a furprif-
iiig alteration in a few weeks after tlie mill is fet in adion. 1 he hdiouring horfe.i,
oxen, and mules, though almoll conflantly at work during this feafon, vet, being
intiulged with i)lenty of the green tops of this noble plant, and fome ot'the feum-
mings from the boiling-houfe, improve more than at any other period of the year.
Even the pigs and poultry fatten on the refufe. In fliort, on a well-regulated
plantation, under a humane and benevolent director, there is fuch an appearance
during crop-time, of health, plenty, and bufy cheertulnefs, as to foften ni a great
meafure the hardlhips of (lavcry, and induce a fpedator to liopc, when the mife-
ries of life arc reprel'eiited as infupportable, that they are fometimes exaggerated
through the medium of fancy *.
The juice from the mill ordinarily contains eight parts of pure water, one part
of fugar, and one part compofed of grofs oil and mucilaginous gum, with a portion
of ellential oil. 'I he proportions are taken at a medium ; for fome juice has
been fo rich as to make a hogfliead of fugar from thirteen hundred gallons, and
fome fo watery as to rccjuire more than double tliat quantity. — By a hogihead
is meant iixteen hundred weight. The richer the juice is, the more free it is
found from redundant oil and gum ; fo that an exatt analyfis ot any one quantity
of juice would convey very little knowledge of the contents of any other quan-
tity f.
'ihat boaulit'ul vegetable wool, or I'ubdance called cotton, is the fpontancous
production of three parts of the earth. It is found growing naturally in all the
iiopieal regions of Alia, Africa, and .America ; and nuiy jullly be comprehended
"• "Ho (fays honift oKl Sl.irc the pli\fici.ui)
• ' -AM imdcriiikcs to arj^iit- agiiiiili yUvr/j in ^tM-
1' lal, takes upon liim a very dillii ult t.illi, lor iia-
•• tiirc firms to have recommernlcil tliis talk' to all
'• forts ot I rcatiircs ; tlie birds of tlie air, the btalls
" (il the field, many reptiles and Hici feeni to l)e
"iiIi.ifL-d and dclij;litcd with tlir fpeeilie relifli of
" .ill I'wctts, and to diftalle the cotiUary. Now the
" fiipar-cane, or fugar, 1 hold for tlie top and liin''-
"eltftaiuiard of vegetable fweets." bugar ii ob-
tainable in loiro de;',rce from moQ vrjiftable?, and
Dr. Ciillcn i^ ot opinion, that fu»ar is directly m;-
tritioiis. Then: i-. alio ftOod re.il'on to fiippofe,
th.it the geiifiai life of fugar in I.iiropj has had the
etfeft ol extin^uilbing the fcurvy, the pl.igiic, and
many other dife.ifes formerly epideniiiai.
t A pound ct fnj.',ar from a gallon of raw liqmr
ii rcckoiied in jain,i:>.a very good yicldinp,. Sugar,
rheiiiically analyfed, yields phlegm, acid, oil, and
fpongy glorty charcoal.
6 !•' z among
.iHi^Bt.
'.>S^
W K S T
1 N D I K S
among the mod valuable jjifts of n bountiful Creator, fupcrlntcnding and provid-
ing for the neccllitiiu of man.
Ihi- cotton wool which is maiuifathirccl into cloth (for there is a fpecies in the
Weft Indies, lallfd lilk or wild cotton, unfit for the loom) conlilU of two diftintt
kinds, known to the plantois by the names i)i i^reen-fied coltoii ViwA Jhrtib coiion \ and
thefe again have fubordinate marks of difference, with which the cultivator
oni^ht to be well acquainted if he ujcans to apply his labours to the greutetl ad-
vantage.
(iKKKN-si:i:i> COTTON is of two fpecies ; of one of which the wool is fo firmly
attached to ilie feed, that no meihod has hitherto been found of feparating them.
c.\cei>t by the hand; an operation fo teilious and troublefonic, that the value of
the commodity is int eijnal to the paliii that are requilite in preparing it for
market. This fort therel'ore is at prefi-nt cultivated principally for fuppljinjr
wieks for the lamps that are ufed in fugar-boiling, and for domcftic purpofes:
bi!t the (laple being exceedingly good, and its colour perfectly while, it would
doubtlefs be a valuable accjuilition to the muflin mauufadlory, could means be
found of detaching it ealily from the feed.
'Hie other fort has larger feeds, of a didler green than the former, and tlie
wool is not of equal liuenefs ; thuiigli much finer than the cotton wool in general
cultivation.
Sun IB COTTON, propeiK f) called, 'ihe flnuh itfelf very nearly refemblcs an
European corinth bu(h, and may be fubdivided into feveral varieties, all of which
however very nearly refemble each other. 'I'hefe varieties (fuch of them at lead
as have come to my knowledge), are, ilt, the common jfiimtiica -, ad, brown- bearded'
^d, tmnkeen i 4lh, French or J'ma/t feed, with a whitilh beard; jih, kidney cotton.
The plant is raifed from the feed, the land requiring no other preparation than
to be cleared of its native incumbrances ; and the fealon for putting the feed into
the ground is from May to September, both months inclulive. At the end of
five months, the plant begins to bloliom and put forth its beautit'ul yellow flowers,
and, in two months more, the pod is formed. i'Voin the feventfi to the tenth
month the pods ripen in fuccellion ; when they biirft open in three partitions, dil-
pla} ing their white and glolly down to the fij»ht. 'J he wool is now gathered,
the feeds being enveloped in it ; tVoin which it is at'terwards extricated ty a ma-
chine refembling a turner's lathe.
it is computed that not lefs than fix hundred thoufand people in Great Hritain
find full employment in the cotton manufadory. In point of importance there-
fore, even the produce and maniitacture of the great llaplc commodities of this
kingdom, wool, does not exceed it in a twotokl proportion. According fo the
informatio nof a very able and diligent inquirer, there are from ten to twelve
millions of iheep in lingland. The value ot their wool may, one vear with an-
other, amount to 3,000,000!. the expcnce ot manufacturing this is probably
c;,aoo,ocol. and the total value i2,ooo,oool. In reference to the number of per-
fons who are maintained by this manufacture, there are probably about a mil-
lion.
The plant which yields the valuable commodity called Indico (probably fo
named iVoni India, where it was firll known to be cultivated) grows fpontanc-
ouily in all the Weil Indies. In the Britilh fugar illands, they reckon three dillind
fpecies ; the wild, Gualiinala, and French, 'llie firft is faid to be the hardeft, and
the dye extratk-d from it is fiippofed to be of the beft quality both in colour and
clofenefs of grain ; but one of the other two fpecies is commonly preferred by the
planter, as yielding a greater return ; and of ihofe, the French furpalTcs the Guati-
uialu in ([uauiity ; but yields to it in Hnenefs of grain and beauty ot colour.
4 Coffee
fi
II
IS
dr
cfj
wi
nui
to]
to I
ufe(
/idei
(;
ferei
prefi
necel
ger i.
Jn
p.-i.^at
ht't is
fyrup.
its hbi
fvveetn
It fe
culfiva
ported
< wt. of
final/ p
markt
Am
roiicon,
liy the
an ele;
tile /h)i
tion is
.t,'ive a ri
be app
• T.hf
'vh.it rrfe
N(ni(r i:i
and ttif no(
a cutunibe
•hf body an
change thci
ainiolt piirp
'■■f coriimo
w.'i.'lIi prod
I'. lour. Ka
'•'lirty nuts r
»'«■ again in
aiul fwoct, ai
':'tnt (hell.
itt the fuu,
le .^
WEST INDIES.
957
Ikilain
Uicrc-
oi thi-.
to lUc
twelve
wilU »»-
iroli-.ibly
:r ot pct-
ut a uiil-
jbably f'>
fpontane-
lacft, ami
jlour and
ed by tlic
le Guati-
Coffee
CorrtI will thrive in every foil in the Weft Indien ; a cold ftiffclay foil, and n
(hallow mould on a hot marl, excepted j in both wbich, the loaves turn yellow,
and the trees perifli, or produce notliinf; : but the bi rt and hitjheft Havourcd tViiit
IS unqucnionamy the growth of either a waiiii cravelly mould, a fandy loam, or tlur
dry red hills which arc found in almoll every illand of the VVeO Indies, Jninaicii
cfpccially. Frequent Ihowers of raiu, however, arc friendly to its growth ; but if
water remains long about the roots, the tree wMI decay and pcrifli.
The CACAO, or chocolate nut, a i)rodudi(in ecjuafly delicate, wltolefome and
nutritive, is a native of South America, anil is faid to have been (iriginiiily cnnveuil
to liifpaniola from fonie of the provinces of New Spain, where, belides allordin;;
to the natives an article of nourilhment, it fervcd the purpofe of money, and was
ufed by them as a medium in barter ; one hundred and fifty u( the nuts bein;; con-
fidered of much the fame value as a real by the Spaniards *.
GiNOKR is ditlinguilhed into two foits, the black and the white ; but the dif
ference arifes wholly from the mode of curing ; the former being rendereil fit for
prefervation by means of boiling water, the hitter by infolation ; iuul as it is fuiuid
neceifary to feletl the faircrt and foundill roots for expofure to the fun, while gin-
ger is coimnonly one third dearer than black, in the maikel.
In the cultivation of this r(H)t no greater tkill or care is rcciuircd than in the pro-
piii^ation of potatoes in (Jreat Britain, and it is planted much in the fame manner;
liut is fit for digging only once a year, unlets tor the pnrpol'e of preforving it in
fyrup. In that cafe, it muft be taken up at the end of three or four months, while
its fibres .ire tender, and full of fap. Ginger thus prepared makes an admirable
fweetmeat.
It feems as if this commodity was growing greatly out of ufe in F.nrope, and its
cultivation in the Wert Indies decreal'es in eonfequenee. 'I he average quantity ex-
ported annually from the Britilh illands may be liated at ten th(»nfand bags of one
( wt. of which 6,000 are the produce of IJarbadoes, and the remainder (except a very
fmall part from Dominica) is railed in Jamaica. Its medium price at the Loudon
market is forty (hillings the hundred weight.
Arnatto. This production is iiuligenous, and was called by one clafs of Indians
roucou, and by another achiotte. Its injtanical name is bixa. Arnatto is mixed up
by the Spanilh Americans with their chocolate, to wliieh it gives, in their opinion,
an elegant tincture and great mediunal virtue. '1 hey fuppofe that it itrenj,'tlKns
the lh)ma.:h, rtops fiuxes, and abates t'ebrile fymptoms ; but its (iiincipal coniump-
tion is among painters and dyers. It is fometimes ufed by tiie Duldi t'ainiers to
I'ive a richnels of colour to their butter : and very t'lnall iiuanlities of it are faid to
be applied in the fame manner hi the I'aiglilh dairies. On the whole, however, it
• The caiao tree, hoth in fi/.f and fli.ipr, foiue-
what rrftml'lci a young hiack-kearl .kriiy. The
tl<unr la of a faftron colour, cxfremtly hr.uitidil,
and the podi, which in a green lt;ae arc nuicli liko
a cucumber, proceed immediately from all parts of
the body and larger branches. As they ripen thcv
chanj^c their colour, and turn to a iinc biuilli red,
ainioft purple, with pink-coloured vein*. This is
fe common fort ; but there is a larger fpecio,
w.Mch produces podf of a delicate yellow or lemon
iJlour. Each pod may contain from twenty to
tiiirty nuts or kernels, not unlike almonds, which
ate again indofed in a white pulpy fubflance loft
ami fwrct, and immediately envrlojwd in a pari h-
ritnt Ihell. Thcfe nuts, bein;^ lirlt finiply dried
in the fuu, are packed for market, and require very
little prfp.'.ration, after removini; the (I'cil, to \,e
ni.\ile into good chocolate. Tlie cllkc^ w hicli ;;ro
generally ufed under this name in Kni;land a|ipc;ir
to be comy)ofid of not more than one lull genuine
cacao; tiie rcmainiirr is perhaps /'wr ami l.'.7///7f
_/i<i/'. Ciinfidered innlicin.illy, chocolate is faid
to be too heavy for weak and relaxed llonii.chs ;
b>it in the Welt lndie«, e.-iperience abundantly dc-
monllrnte'-. that it i' in t!ie highelt d<F,ree baKan-ic
and reftoraiive.— Cilonel Montague }aMic-:, of (a-
maica, who was the firft white perlon born -.ittcr
the conquelt of the ilhiid by the Knglifli, lived to
the great age iit oiur humlrcd and four, and (or the
Lift thirty vears of his lite ufed fcarcc any other
food than chocolate.
IS
958 WEST INDIES.
in an obje£t of no greit commercial importance, and the demand far it i« not (uflx-
licnt to encourage much attention to itH cultivation.
lan a
iind
hcH
gales which convey to the delighted voyager
" Sabcan odours from the fpicy thore
Of Araby the hieO.
Cliear'd with the grateful fincll, old occnn fniiles." , .
Tliere cannot be, in all the vegetable creation, a tree of greater l)eauty tlia
yoniig j)ieinento. '\^^e trunk, which is of a (jrey colour, fniootii ami lliinmg, ;
allogether free of bark, rifes to the height of (itteen or twenty feet. It llien brant
<iut on all lides, richly clothed with leaves of a deep gveen, fonuwhat like lliofe of
the bay-tree ; and ihefe, in the months of July and .\ii;;ull, are beautifuliy contrail-
id and relieved by an exuberance of white liowers. It is remarkable, that the
Ji.ives are e<|nally fragrant with the fruit, and yield in dillillation a delicate odori-
ferous oil, whicli is very commonly ufed, in the medicinal dilpenfaries of liurope,
lor oil of cloves.
C'ri:ki,mi;3 i.xr.ncisr.D on the orioinai. inhabitants.] It may be fafely
anirmed, that the whole (lory of niankind aliords no fcene of barbarity e(|iial to that
»if the cruelties (xereiled on thefe innocent and inoflenlive |)eo})le'. Ail the mur-
ders and defulalions of the moll pitilefs tyrants that ever diverted lliemfelves with
tite pangs and con\uHions of their lellow creatures, fall intinileiv ihort of the iiloody
enorniilies committed by the .Sj)anilh nation in the contpiell ol' tlie new world ; n
concjuell, on a low ellimtite, ellefled by the mur<KT of ten millions of the fpecies !
lUit although the aieounts which are tranOnitted «lown to us of tliis dreadful car-
nage are authentieated beyond the pollibility of difpute, the mind, ihrinking from
the ctiiUt Hiplation, withes to lelill conviction, and to relieve ilfeif bv imredulitv
•♦ Hiftdri.iiis have prcfirvcd a rriii;iikal)lf fpceili
of n vein riljii' nld man, a iiatiw ot C'ii!i.i, wlm, aji-
|ifoncliinj; C lirilii)|)ht'r C.'Dliinibii'- wiio txcn i(fd
iainc ot the liarl)aiitics wl.iili ililj^rafd liii I'm'-
nli'ors, with j.rcat ri vficiin-, ami |iit fciuinn .1
I'alkct ol I'rDit, acldrcllcd iiini .is lollipws: " Wlicilicr
" you BTc divinilits" ^lic ,i!>lVrvid), " or iiiDrlai
" ii'in, we know no; ; you arc loitie into tlitfc
'• coiiiilrics uitli a tone a^ainlt wli'.tli were wc
" inclined to reiilt it, rtdllantc would lie lolly,
" We are all ihcrilorc at \oiir nieity ; l)iit it ycni
" are men, fidiicil to moitality like onrfelveb, )ou
" cannot l)e nnappi i/.id, that atter this lil.' tlure i'>
" another, wlieri.in a very liilfirent jiortion is allot-
" ted to tood and li.'.d men. II theK (me yini ev-
" pcitt to die, ami liclicve, with us, th..t i veiy one
•' is to be rewarded in a fnttire Hate adordlii)' to
J HiUory ot .Aimiiia,
" li's coiuliK^ in the prefent, you will do no Imrt
" totliole who do none to \ini."
1 Inirodui'tidn lo ihe lili.ryof .Arvniea, hv
Dr. Ro'iertfon, vol. i. p. lo. " h i; lo he ho|;ed"
(lays Ihe author) " th:.t the i>pani.irds will at liH
" diliovir this l\fteni ol conn :ilnr.i;t to he no
" leli imjioliiic tlini illi'jer.d, I'roin what I luue
" ex|v rienecd in the eo\irfe ot my i'ujiiirieN, I ani
*' f.iii-.fiel tliat upon a more minute fi rutinv ii^to
" their e.ui. oper.itions in the \e,v World, hov
" ( ver Ki.iKhiiKNsiBi.K' ^a tcniierespreinonj-thc
'• a.'tion. c>t ! I'MduaL may .inpear, the co.idiu't
" ol tlic I'ii-.n ., ill l)e placed m a more favoir-
" aide lij;ht." This opinion however nicd.iio
other rcl Illation than that which is to be toinid in
Ihe i'iibr.<iuciit paj^e, ol the learned aiiihor'. hil-
rory.
Vol. i, book iii. p. iljj.
WEST INDIES.
959
and thrir natural inc-npacity fur labour. Such a conHitutional drfcf), if it fxifted.
entitU-d litem to greater lenity \ but tin* Spaniards dillributcd them into lott, and
loinpcliud thcin to dig in llu- niitu's, without red or intcrmillion, until death, their
only refuge, put n j)eri()d to tluir fulTerings. Such ax attempted relillancc or
efcnpe, their mercilers tyrants hunted down with dogs, which were ted on their tiellu
'J'hey difregarded fex and age, .-uul with iinpiuus and t'nmtic bigotry even called
in religion to fanctity their cruelties! .Soine, more zealous than the reli, forced their
miferaule captives into the w;itir, and after adininillering to tliotn tlie rite of baptifiu,
cut their throat* the next nioiiunt, to |)revent their upollacy ! Others made a vow
to hang or burn tiiirteeii e\ery morning in honour of our faviour and the twelvu
apollles! Nor were thel'e the excclTes only of a blind and remorfclefs t'anaticifm,
which exciting our abhorrence, excites alio our pity : The .S|xmiards were actuated
in many inllances by fuch wanlonnefs of nuilicc, as is wholly unex;impled in the
v-idc hirtory of human depravity. — Martyr relates that it was a freipient practice
among them to inurder the Imlians of Hifpaniola in fport, or merely, he obfervcs,
to kci-p i/u-ir LiiiJs III ii/c. 'Ihey had an emulation which of them could mod dex-
teroufly llrike off the head of a nuui at a blow ; and wagers frequently depended
on this hellilh exeu ife*.
" I once beheld" ^fays Las Cafas) " four or five principal Indians roallcd alive at
a (low fire ; and as the miferable victims pouicu fortl\ dreadful fcreams which
diliiirbed [\w coniinandinf; otlieer in his afternoon flumbers, he fent word that they
lliould be flraiigleil ; but the olheer on guard (/ hio~.v his iiniHC and I Itiwiv his rcht'
lions ill !)fvi/,e^. would not fuller it ; but caullng their mouths to be gagged, that
tlieir cries niif-lit not be heard, he llirred up the fire with his own hands, and roatl-
id themtieliberately till they all expired. — I jUw it m\fc/f\! ! !"
SiRikiNtJ Hbti" 1. 1 ARM lEs OK ) There aic fonu' peculiarities in the hal)its of iho
IJIK wiini'. INUA iti r.\N rs. j white inhabitant:-, uhieh cannot t.ill tocat^lt
ilk eve of 4lin Kuropran newly arrived; one of whiih !•. the eonl.rall betwv-cii the gy:-
iieiaf plenty and magnificence ol lluii tables (at leall in Jamaica) ;ind the mean-
i,efs ol their honfes and apartn-enls ; it being nu uncommon thin;; to find at the
loiMitiy habitalions of llij planters a fpluidid lide-boaid loaded with plate, and
liie tlioiiell wines, a labl- io\eiid with the finell dumaik linen, ;'inl a dinner
of perhaps fixteen or twenty covets ; and all this in a hovel n Jt fuperior ti*
;iii luigliih bain. A Ihaiiger lannot fail alfo to obfervc a Ihan.ije iiieungruity be-
luei II the gnat numlier of ne^io domelUcs, and their appearance and apparel.^
'Il.e butler lai.d he but fcldomj is the only attendant that is allowed tlu; luxury of
ihoes aiul tioelciiij,s. All liie oiIk rs, and there is commonly one to each gueft,
unit at table in ii,iic-/cc/r,i m^ijcjiy ; lonie of them perhaps half naked. Anotlier pe-
culiarity in the mainuMs of the l'.nj;lilh in the VVett Indies ^in Jamaica efpeciallv; Ia
tiie luiiiiber of nantie.il exprellions in their converfalion. 'Ihus they fay, hand j'tuh
n ihiiiii, ii.llead of brin;; or give it ; a plantation well Ibicked with neajroes is faid
to W iL':!/ hiiiuleJ : an olilce or employment is called a liiith ; the kitchen is deno-
ii.inaled the .ook-icnin ; a warehoule is called a jUic w^fioic-i'.^'H ; a foi)ha is called
;i <<-/ ; a wailicoat is termed a ;./i/x'.' ; and in (peaking of the Kail and Well, tliey
'j;iv to xviiid'ivaid and /iU.cii.l. 'I liis language has probably prevailed (ince the days
llu- bucaniers.
C ii.vK AC I i.ii, ANO niaposi rioNS OF \ 'P.re negroes in general In our idanda
Kt(iH02s IN A STATE U1-- s I. w h R V . i 'j'licli of ilieiu at Icall.T^ liavc been any
Ki gtii of time in a liateof fervitude) are of'.i dillrulUul and cowardly difpolition. Sa
ilry'rading is the nature of llavery, tl'.at fcrtilude of mind is loll as free agency is rc-
* liihvaras'i Ilift. ct ilio Wcl lud cs, vcl. i. i'.
-f IbiJ, vol, i, p. 90.
llraincd.
p6o
W K S* T INDIES.
ftrainfd. Tn the ftme cnufe probably miin he imputrd thrir propenfity to concral
or violate the truth \ which is fo general, that the vice ol' fallehood appears to be
one of the moft prominent features in their charaMcr.
'I"he negroes are ftrongly attached to their ooiintrymcn, but above all, to fuch of
their companions as came in the fame (hip with thcni from Africa. This is a Urik-
in^ circumftance : the icrm Jlii[>mai< is undi-rttood among them as fignifying « re<
iHtionfhip of the m<ift endearing nature i perhaps a* recalling the time when the
fufferers were cut off" together from their eominon country iind kindred, niul
awakening reciprocal f)mpathy from the remembrance of mutuiil affliftion.
Hut their benevolence, with a very few exceptions, extends no further. Tl)««
fofter virtues are fcMom found in the bofom of the enllaved African. (Jive lijni
AifTitient autlKuily. and Iw Ivronies the nioft rcmorfclcrs of tyrants, (if all ilw tk-.
grees of wrelchidiiel's eiidured In the fonn of men, ih'- created, nfl'uredlv, is tiii-
mifcry wliich is fi It l)y il:'>fo w\v\ are unliappiiy dooinei] to be the Have* of (javis •
« mort uiniBtural reLifion, which fometimes takes pl.ico in tiie fugar plantaiions '
as for inllaiue, w lien it is t'oinvl n'Tediuy to inllrutt youn>» iu'f;ri>i'» in torlain fradok
or lianilicr.ift employments. In llioft- cafes it is ufiioi to place them in u fort of
apprenlicethip tn fuch 'if tin- old n. :;roci as an- conipetent to j;ive them inlhuftiun :
but the harlhnefs with whiih ihele people enforce their authority, is cxtrente ; anil
it ferves in fonie decree to lelVen llie indijjnatinn which a good mind necediirily
feels at tlie abufes of power by the whites, to obferve that the negroes tliemfelvcs.
when inverted with connuand, give lull play to their revengeful padiuns, and ex-
iTcife all the wantonnels of cruelly without redraint or reniorfe,
I he fame obfervatinn may be made concerning their conduct towards the infe-
rior animal creation. Ihi-ir treainient of cattle under their dire6lion is brutal be-
yond l,elicf. Kviii the ufeful and focial tpialities of the dog fecure to him no kitul
ufage from an .African mailer. Although there is fcarce a negro that is not attend-
ed by one. they feem to maintain thefe poor animals folely for the purpofe of hav-
ing an objefl whereon to exercife their caprice and cruelty. And, by the wav, it
is a lingular circumdnnce, and not the lei's true for being fomewhat ludicrous, that
the animal itfelt, when the property of a negro, betrays at firll light to whom la*
beloni;> ; tor, loling his playful propenlities, he feems to feel the interioritv of lii^
<oiidiii(in, and acfually crouclies before fuch of his own fju-cii's as arc u fed to bet-
ter company. With the manners he ac<piires alio the cuwardi), thievilh, and fiil-
Icn dilpulition f)f his .Afriian tyrant.
If. by love, is meant that tender attadunent to otie individual olijc'l, which, in
civilil'ed lite, is delire heightened by liiitinuMit and refined bv delicacv, it is quef-
tioi;;il)le if it ever found a jjlaee in an African Ijofuni. I liat iiallion therefore,
to which (dignified by the name of love) is afcribeil the power of foftening all the
niifcries of (lavery, is mere animal delire, implanted by the great author of all things
fr)r the prefervafion (if the fpecies. This the negroes, without doubt, |)o(refs in com
nion with the refl of the animal creation, and they indulge it, as inclination prompts,
in an aimoff promiA nous interc (inrl'e witli the other fe,\ ; or at lead in temporary
conne.'tinns, which the\*fiirm wiijumt ceremony, and didlilvc without reludtance.
When age indeed begins fo mitigate the ardour, and Iclien the fiiklenefs of youth,
many of them form .ittai liments, which, llrengthencd by habit and endeared by the
confcifi ifnefs of mutual indiccilliiy, produce a union for lite. It is not unconunua
to behold a venerabl.' couj)le of this damp, who, tottering under the load of years,
contribute tf) each other's comfort, with u chearful alhduity, which is at once ami-
able and anefting.
I he liiuation of the aged among the negroes is indeed commonly fuch as fo
make them fume amends for the hardlliips and fufferings of their youth. The l.i-
bour
WEST INDIES.
961
qui'
f.
Ih as to
The la-
bour
buur rri',u!ro<l of the mm it fcldom any ihinc more than to f^uard the proviiion
grounilH ) ami llic wunu-i> nrc 1. 1) icily employ t-d in attunding the children, in nurf-
ing the lick, or in iithor nify uvoiiitionH ; but their Impplnvfi thirHy nrif''H from the
liifjli vi-iirtutiwM in which old iiso is luld by the iiccrois ii\ concral ; niid thiii may be
cunlidircd iit one of the few pfcnlin^ trnit!* in their chnrnttrr.
Among other propenlities and (|UiililieH of the nef(rorx, muQ not be omitted
their lo(|iMcionfiief». 'lliey arc an fond of exhibilinjj let fpeechei, an orntor» by
profelhon 1 but it requires a cunlideruble (liarc of patience to hear tliem ihroiiuli-
out ; for they commonly make a ion^ preface before they come to the point ; be-
ginning with a tcdioufl eimn\eration of their pud fervices and hurdlhipn. I'ct 1 have
(l'u)s Mr. I'.dwards) fomelimes heard them convey nnich llronu meaning in a nar-
row compofs : I have been furorifrd by fnch figurative exprellions, (and nulwith-
liiiiidiiig their ignorance of abllrutt terms) fuch pointed f. nteneen, an would have
ii tietled no difgriue on poet* and pliilofopher^. One inllancc recurs to my me-
mory, of fo (ignilicant u turn of expreliion in a common labouring negro wlio
could have had no opportunity of improveimut from the converfation of while
people, ai ib alone, I think, fuflicient to denionliratc that negroes have inindi very
liipabic of obfcrvation. It was a fervani who had brought nu- a letter, and, while
I was preparing an anfwer, had, tlirough wearinef:i and fatigue, fallen alleep on the
lloor. As foot) as the uaners were ready, I diredled biin to be awakened ; but this
was no eafy matter. VVnen the negro who attempted to awake him, exclaimed in
the ufual jargon, You mo htur majja tall you f that is Don't you hear mailer call you ^
^:tep, replied the poor fellow, looking up, and returning compofedly to his (lumbers,
Iktp kab HO maJJa. (Sleep has no mailer.)
Of thofe imitative arts in which perfedlion can be attained only in an improved
llate of fociety, it is natural to fuppofe that the negroes have but little knowledge.
An opinion prevails in Europe that thev poflefs organs peculiarly adapted to tne
fi ieiice of mufic ; but this is an ill-founded idea. In vocal harmonv they difplay
neither variety nor compafs. Nature fecms in this refpeft to hsivc clealt more pe-
luirioully by them than towards the reft of the human race. As pra6tical muficians,
loiiie of them by great labour and careful inllru6Uon become furticiently expert to
Wwx an under part in a public concert ; but an inllance perhaps cannot be pro-
(Uiied of a negro who could truly be called a fine performer on any capital in-
llrument.
I heir fongs arc commonly impromptu, and there are among them individuals
wild refemble the improvi/alori, or extempore bards of Italy i but much cannot be
fiiid for their poetry.
At their merrv meetings and midnight fertivals, they arc not without ballads of
another kind adapted to fuch oeealions ; and here tliey give full fcope to a talent
fur ri<Ucule and derilion, which is cxercifed not only a^aiiill each other, but alfo,
not unfrequcntly, at the cxpcnce of their owner or employer : but moft part of their
fungs at thcfe places are fraught with obl'cei\e ribaldry, and accompanied with
,!■,
('.iUR\!> in the bighert degree licentious and wanton. At other times, more efpc-
i i;ill . at the burial of fuch among them as were ivlin cled in life or venerable through
i^, ihey exhibit a fort of I'urhiek or warlike daiiee, in which their bodies are
rrimlv agitated by nnming, leaping, and jumping, with many violent and frant'e
liuieb and contortions.
Their hmeral fon<;s tiu) are all of the heroic or martial
i;ilt, iirt'ording fomc colour to the prevalent n'oti'Mi that the negroes cimlider death
imi (imIv as a welcome and happy releale from tlie calamities of their condition,
but -Ail as a pati'port to the plate of tlu ir natix ily 1 a deliverance, which, while it
ira's ihem from bondage, rcitores them to tlie fociety of llieir dearell, long-loll and
lair,i.nU'd relatives in Africa.
Hut perhaps this, like other Kuropcau notions con-
6 (i cerning
ft^ WESTINDIE9.
c-rming ihe nrgrorn, ii thr tlrrtm of poftry, ihc fymptlhctic cfTurioa ot • fatu i(\||
vr i(Mi • rrduloui an imagination •. Ihc ncgroci in general arc Co far froiu tourt.
big death, that, among fuch o( ilirm at have rcluUd nny tcngih of timt in tlie V\ oil
Indira, fuicide ia much left frrtuicnl than amting the frrc-lKirn, happy, and • ivihltd
Inl.abilJiiitt of (;riat Mritain. With them, e«|iiully :ii with the whili-i., nature Ihrinkt
l)«ik at iipproarhina dilfolulion > mid when at iiny timo, fuddni or unlimrly dvAili
oviriaLi* uny of thrir companiunit, inlleuil of njoicing nl fmh nn rv«?nt, ihry never
fitil to im|Mitr it to tht* mnlicioui lontrivancrt nnd dialmlii ai arti of fome praf tiiiun*
«»» ill O/i-rt//,— a ttrin of Alritiin orij;iii, lignifying forcery or witchcriift, the imvu-
It'Mtc of wliii h iiinong mniiy of thur countrymen, all the ncgrom null firmly uuA
iiiipliiilly luiii-M'. We may tonclii<U*, therelore, that their fuiu-rat f.inj^i iin<l urc.
nioiiie* aro loinmunl^ nothing more than tlie dillonanieol fuvnge liarliaiity ami liot
(11 remote from tin- fond fuperllilion to which they are iiftriUil, n» Ironi (lie lubcr
liiriHtc^ of a r.iiioiuti forruw.
I lu coiiriige or iiiuoncern, wliiih the negroct inniiil'ert at llu- npnroach of
dentil, nrife!t, douhtlefi, in u great meafiire, trom their national nmtiiier*t, >vurs
uikI I'tipi-rllitioni, which nre nil in the highell degree favngo and faiiguinary.
Disi'ROHORTioN OP tixKi IN T 11 K Nt'MikR OP) " The difpro|M)rtion in
iLAVKi ANNUALLY RXPoarrD PROM Apkic A. I llic numlier of male Hnd
female Ihives exported from Africa (fay» Mr. Hanien f ' njipeari tome to he inipiit-
nlile tu the three following cuufes : Hrtl, to the prar*.ice (f polygamy, which prevailit
chroiifjhout Africa. Secondly, to foine of the ver/'aufcsof llavery itfelf:— men
urc more apt to commit civil oticnces than women ; and in all fuch cafex, where
iiiulc'!! and iemales are involved in the fume calamity, the (irft cuufe Hill hun iti
operaiitm : tlie young females are kept for wiven, nnd tWe male* are fold for
llaveii. 'ihirdly. to the circumllancc that fcnialrii become unfit for the liuvc>inur<
kvt at a much earlier period than the males. A woman, through child-bearing,
* Prrhipi It wi« fomr fuch ImnKiiiation tint
tivc rifr to the lolinuiiijr lilllc iidcni, piibli 1 'i
for thr firrt time in Mr. RilwariU'i liillor>,- tlir
jiroiliirtioii o( early yoiifh j but fiifily if llic fiiul
nlra III retiirnlii)( rn their native ruuntry Knil.t xf-
(iiril tiic poor i\ttrutt (onitort •nd laiilolatioM in
tli.itli, it were to uc m iflieii that it rcallv prevailed
im\.l\g lliriii.
OOS ON IIPINa A Nl<i«0 KvNiltAL.
Mah.ill llir^ ' O'er ynniler pliiin
flik liiir it l)ariie ; llie L.ble iraiit
Hy yoiilliftil virgirit led.
Daii^litrri ol injiir'd Afiiv, fay,
Why r.iife ye thut th' hrroic lay i
Why triumph o'er the dciiii?
Nn tear hedcwn Ihtir fixed eye :
'Ti* now the hero Uvea (Ihey cry)
Rcleis'd from llav'ry'i chain ;
Bryond the billowy furge he flici.
And joyful views hia native fkiet,
And long-loft bow'rs again
Ob Koromantyn'a palmy foil,
Ueroir dcedn and marti.il toil
Shall fill caih (lotions day ;
Ixvr, fond and (lilnfiil, Lrown thy niglilt,
And biifs iinlx)iight, uiimix'd dclit;ht>,
VM cruel wrongi repay.
Nor lordly pride'i ftern av'rirt there.
Alone, Hull iialiirc't buuiitiei Itiare,*.
To all lirr cliildreii free.
For ther the dulirt reed (hall tpring,
Hit balmy liowl Ihe coio Mnji,
Th' aiuna blo'un (or liiee.
Tlie thunder !-.hurk ! 'Tli Afrlc'i Ood !
He •'ake>,- -he lifti th' nvenging rod.
And f'peedl th' impaiient houn.
From Nii(''t°i goUlcii Dream he lalUi^
Fair trrrdom •uiiiei ; opprelfioii falUi
And vcngejnre yet ii ourt!
Now, Chriflian, now, in wild difmay,
Dt AlriL't proud revenue Ihe prey,
(>o roam til' aftrighlcd wood.
Trainform'd lo tinf", fttrir and frll,
Thy rate (lull prowl with lava)(e ytll,
And f,\\>t their rage fui blood !
But fofi, lieneath \ on t.uii'rind fliade
Now let the hero'j limbs br l.iid ; —
Ssveet llunilM'r« blels the brave !
There (hill thi: lircczet llicd perlutnci
Nor livid li)(htninKs blalt thr bluum
That dt'clis MahuU's grave.
t Refott of the Comntitiec of Council, 1789.
ina'/
«>«{'•,
lliiri
OlW't
lliut
(ireft
iitipi
nunil
'hit H
nuiiii
"lent
"1/lf f(j
"llortn
Am
rtiip in
'•••r of
The
who >V(
mate re
oil whit
raiment
head, tl
•■eprefen
Jar to th
t -il/ed A,
'<">, foilli
•J'htifnfic
j."|{ to th
'aid to ill
alfo, befi
•li.ir they
(lifplav i\
I'l'-ir pa/fj
I'KOPtI
• iilour) al,
filh Weft
''Ofl'ti,
r'-'^Ti to bJ
' inuUtto m«il
^Ultiitt, off
Jiiaii.
W K S T I N D I V. S
f*J
may nppcur % very rxrrptlonahlo fltvi* nt twontv two or iwtnfy ibre* T*«f« (^
a|;c, whrrta* a hcjlllty wcll-inatU- man will not Ik- «)l»irMr<! »<» al t'liir or jivi'-unil'
tliiriy \ (iMil'oqtu'Mtlv, it ntt ('i|iukl iiumiIm-i nt mate* aiiil fcinnlci ot' like <)((•■» Wt*r«*
uflVrrtl Hot 1\»I«'. a imi« h j^riaivr proportion ot llw fvmalr* wnild Uc ri)i\t, .1 on
lltui mcduiit only. Willi ri'naril (o tlic ijiirllinn, wl\itlu'r tli-' l'iiii)|u an Inidor*
prcl'rr tiorituling maUt ratlirr thai) IcmaK-it P I linvr to ohfiTN' , ihii tiiniiKli it in
nnpollmlc to ontUitl tlic hiilinrfs rillii-r ot' a In tifi- or ol u pliiniaiion wiilimir ii
nunil)or of fi.i'inl<'», vit at ll)o natiirr of the Have firvi< c in tin- Will liulici (luinjj
« liittiy fn'ld laltoiir) ri'ijiiirr*, fur llio iinn\rfli.itc inlirill of tin* pl.mJir, u gicitcr
iuiiin<or of inaK't, ilu* Kuropoan trader would of tourfi- willi to punliafo hit ullort-
incnt accordini; to thi- pro|x)rtion wantrd : hut the fad in, hf k.i^ not an epiitn m ik*
litft for the rrafoiu already mcniioncd , fo tlint, in moft part^ of Afrii a, ii in wiili
great ditrieiilly lie inii get at many fuleahit* Icmalct an will >»rin any tolorabio
Hilortmont."
AnntVAi. AND %K\v. IN riiR V\'Kit iNPim] The arrival of n (»nini'.t
fliip in the Well Indie* i» atntounced by public advertifemrnl. fpoiifying the num-
liiT of negr<K-5 importid, the conntrv from whence, and day <>t (ale.
The rirninirtanci" of bcinu expofotl nuked is pcrhapn of little account to thrfe
who were never fenliblc ofthe ncccllily or propriety of beins clothed. Iho cli-
mate rocpiires it not, nor are the negroen, though naked, deftitute of decorations,
on which, at their fird arrival, thev fcem to fct a much higher cllimation than on
raiment ; moft of the nations of Africa having their IVin, particularly on the fore-
head, the breaft, and round the waill, puntturcd or imprclVcd with tigurei and
rcprefentatiom of different kinds (fquarei, circles, triangles, and crefients) limi-
lar to the pratlicc which prevails in Oliiktiu and the other llJands of the South Sea,
called ftifoxviiij^, as defcribod in the voyages of captain Cook. Like thofe itiandert
too, fomc of the newly-imported negroes difplay thefc marks with a mixture of
olU-ntntion and pleafure, cither conlidering them as highly ornamental, or appeal-
ing to them as teUimonies of diftinHion in Africa, where, in fonie culVs, they aro
faid to indicate free birth and honourable parentage. The negroes an- nppril'ed
alio, before their arrival, that they are to be employed in tillage \ and, knowing
tliat they were bought with money, expetl to be fold in the fame manner, 'ihey
difplay therefore, on being brought to market, very few figns of lamentation fur
their pall, or of apprchenlion for their future condition.
I'kople or COLOUR.] Of perfons of mixed blood (ufuall^ termed people of
colour) all the different claffes or varieties arc not ealily difcriminated. In the Hri-
tilli Weft Indies, they arc commonly known by the names of Saiiil/uts, Mii/titiocs,
(^ii.tJruons, and Afe/fi.'os '.
I'opi'LATioN.] ihe prefent llato of the population in the Brilidi Weft Indies ap-
p ars to be as follows :
RIacki.
250,000
62,115
11.853
I4.9<»7
37.808
Mfflimt or mufter. uf t quadroon wom.m by 1
wliite mail.
The oHspring of a nieOizc by 1 wliite nisn
arc Mhitc by Uw. A McDirr Inctrforr in our
illiuds i> pcrha|)i the (|uiiitcrou of (he Spaniirdi.
6 G a Montfcriut
Whites.
Jamaica
30.000
IJarbadoes
- 16.167
Circnadu
1 .000
St. \incent
1,450
Dominica
1.136
Antigua
2,590
• A Scmkt ii the offtprinR <ii « black woman by
i muUito m«ti, or vii€ tfi/j.
MuUit*, of a UUtk woman by a white man.
lluaJitt, of a mulatto woman by a white
man.
9*4
W r S T I N D I R f .
WMu«.
Monlfirial
I.JOO
Nc»U •
I.OOO
Hi Chriftnphcr'l •
• 1,900
VirKin Itlci
• 1,100
H.ilimiiat • •
a ,000
Uwriiiutlit*
• 5.4**
Tola!
65.J05
10,000
l.4to
9*000
••141
4.9 • 9
455.^84
TT^iTC i» lllvi'wif.', Ill I'lich o( llu' irt.iiuU, « confiili-rttltU' numlwr of pcrffm* of
mixi-il Uliiuil, iiiiil iiiit'iv>.- bluik.*i)l tiK' iitiidiiioii. Ill Jmnaiiit 1I117 urc ri-(.Liiiiii|
H. U'li llioui'und I uiiil ttuy iln imt l.ill lliorl i)t' llu* r.inu' luiinlhr in ull iku' uili r
iOniult KilUtlivily l.ikui. Ihc wlmlo iiili;il»itaitt« llicnfun- may projKrlv U; iti.
Viili-il into tour urcat vlaircii I. Kuropfan wliilc«k l. Creoli' or iialivc wliiiii^ j.
C'rciilct ol' Miixcil hlooJ, and t'rre native lilui kt \ 4. Nr|jrov« in a Hatr <>\ Uaviry.
' '" f I'liunic ration of liiorn follow* t ilh*
l,A|li> AKIMAIt l«hU A« roilO
111
lf{uuti, llio pciary, tlu- urnmilillo. the o|><i(liini, iho raoxm, tlio tniilk rut, tl
■Ico, the finulkr nioiikoy of fcvorti vorictic* ^ lull lu'liilcn tin- aiiinuiU imw nun-
tioiicd, aiitl lliofi- lliat art- t'urnilhcd by the river* and the !> a, the wimhI* were
[Kopiid wiih two very > \traordinary creature*, htth of which anciently were,
und (kill are, not only nfid ao fiKid, but accounted fuperior delii aue«. Tiieft
le are
the i)(uati;k and the niiiunt.iin cralt. 'I he iguana (or, n> it it conmionl/ wriiieii, iIk?
fttiiiii) i«a l'|iecie»of ti/ard ( acliirnofaiiinial!i, about which nuturalilU are not aj^ncd
uhellier to rank tlieni with <iiiadrii|)cdii, or to degrade them tofer(K-nti. 'Ilie I
lilh did not often ferve llu in .il elegant tablet i but their Treiich and .Sp.iniili
neifjhbour*. lefi fnueamilh, flill devour them vvilli eMjuilile relilh, and fay ili.ii iKc
iguana is equal in flavour and wliolefomenefn to the (melt green turtle— Concern*
jiig the mountain crab, we lliall fubjoin the t'ollowing deU;ri|ilion.
"'I'hiTc animaii fay* Du lerlre) live not only in u kind of orderly focicty
•' in thiir ntreals in the mountains, but regularly once a year march down ui the
" iVa lule ill a body of tome millions at a time. As they niiilliply in great uiini-
'• Ik r, they cluife the nionlhs of April or May to begin their expedition ; and tlicii
•* f.illy out from the (lumps ni' hollow trei s, from the ilcfu of roek?., and from
•• ilic holes which they di^ for iheinfelvcs under llie furface of the earth. At that
•' tiiiif the whole ground is covered with lliis band of adventurer* ; there it n 1
•' felling down one's foot witiioiit Heading u|ion ilicin. I he fea is their place ct
" di'liiiiation, and to that tin y direct their mardi with right-lined precilion. No
*' geoiiieir:i inn could (end them to their delliiu d llaliun by a Ihorter courfe ; tluy
" iiiiiher turn to llie rii,'hl nor to llic left, whatever obH.icles intervene -, atul ivclj
•' if llu'v ii.eet w ill) a lioufe, lliey will alti iiipl to Icale llie walls to pn I'erve llie iin-
" broke. 1 tenor of their wa). liut ihimgli ilii<, be the general ordi r of llu, r route,
" tliev, upon other en caliuiis, are compelled lo coiilorm to ihi face t»f the country -,
" and if it lu' inteifected by rivers, they arc feeu lo wind along tie courfe of tin-
" llrean. 'I he procelilon lets f irwsird tioin the iiKiunt.ims wild the regularity nf
•• an army under the guidaiue ot ioi e\perieiiied coiumaiuler. I hey are ci in-
•• mon!) divided into b.iliulioiis, ol wliu li ih<- lirli c<>iiliiU of the llroiigell and
*' bolded males, tliat, like pi uieer:^, march foiward to clear the route ntid tace ti.e
'• j;reai< Il dangers. 1 he night is t!i iriliief li iie of pr.ie.K!
I"!
hilt if it r.iiiM
by day, they do nol fail to profit by the oecalion, and tluy continue to inou-
tniward in their llow unirnin m:iiiii(r. \V lu n ihe fun IIimm's :nul is Imt iijiui
ih>- firfaeo of the ground, tluy make an univerfal hair, anil wait till iliccoolif
the evening. Vli.ii the/ are Urrilicd, they iiurcli baek iu a coat'ufed diiu-
" d'.i.y
•• pu
"(on
" /bii
•• f«ni
» ffie
S.,
hilbtrj
•• ten,
" In /
" rowi
•• per ,
" «piiii
" nt w
" Hrf» <
" the II
" At II
" tniinl
" gratlii
" mnrkj
" forni.'i
" ii« nrv
lo III,
i'MwaiJi
pi rUtiUt
art II fi 1:1 1
the dn 11
It liillloi.y
f.;,(|eil, r
tiioflels il
c.il i;or e>
" a livii f^
" niii.uiil
" llie (led
"."I tlllH
" ihein."
Maw m
or ( lii( I »
i!i r iiiii)
Willi a (il
l^irv, I Mi[
Ulliill if
Works, HI
|>.i)iiieiit (
i;i;.ill\ I'll
f>^< •' linaii
llil tU'g
"I'v I'v i.i.
•Ins i;i ill,
i!;;..i.ir; I
WEST INDIES.
»*J
** Acf\y m«nn<>r, lt<iltlln|{ up ihnr nipp«r«, with «ithli.h iliry fom^linxt tear off •
*' pUH'« lit (kin, niiii U»\e iho wa|N)ii whrrr tliry iiiflitUtt thr wound.
" Whi'n, •llrr • UiiKtnnK iimrdi, und t'liH|iiiii( a ttioiiUiitl tliiM|(«'r« (for ihrjr am
•• fiMMpiirnr* ihrri- rnonihi in KfiliDC lit ihc llinrn, ili. y h.ivr urnviil mi ihrir ilr-
" Itinril |M)rl, ilicy prcpurr lo i .ilt im ir I|>mm d. I Uv i m;* aic liuti Itcd iimlvr On'
" fanti i uDil I'mm alter iiiilliont al a lin'r ol ihr lu'wlxtrn trahi arc fwvii qulltlit;^
*' llic lliitrt', uixl llowly iravcllini^ up lo ih*- nututilalti« "
So lor Dii lirirr, m» ropic'l t>y (ioUtlitiiili. What fullowi It fiom Hrown'*
hittory ol' iamitit .1. " I h<' old trabt, liuvtni; itilliunlicndl tluiuftlvc* (a» alH»v«|,
•• cciicrally rcaaiit lluir huttiiaiuiiu in the nt<iuntitiu« liy tli« Inner «nit of Junc.-~
•* In Augud way tK-j^in lo tuiliMi, uml pti-par«* tor nitiuliing: (illiut( up llirir bur*
•' row* wllh dry ((ral^, tcavv-i, and iiluitulanic ol oilu-r inuicriuli \\ tu-ii ilw pro*
•' per |i<'riiii| tiiMif*, riuli rriin-t lo lii« \\<>\f, llmt^ up iho pu(lj)(>-, and nniuiHi
•• ipiiir unad.vc until ho ^cli rid ot iiit old (ht II, loul it luHy ptnvidi'd with u
" ni w oni<. Mow long tin v riMiiinui* in ilii» llutt' it nnccriiuti : Inil ih«- IIkII i«
" lirlt olifi'tvtd to liurll nt tdc b:u'k. and tidv« t(» itivc a |»aiTH;;v lo the Uidv, and
•• ilic iiniinid ixirnvl* il» limit* trom nil the othiT piirt* urailiudU al'U'rwitrdi.
•• At tliii liiiu- till* lli'lh it in llio riilirll Ihic, and (oxrcd oiiIn wiih a luidcf
•• iiK'inttrniiiiUk ikin, sariig.iti-d willi ti mtiltiituU ol ndtlilli sv'\u> , Uul lliit liardcut
•• urudiiiilly, nnd loon InHonict a piTlVtt llnlt like tlic lornur. U it however re-
•• ninrknhli' ihiit, diirinu lliii i)ian|{c, ilicrc uro lonu* rtmiv <.v)nirctlon» alwayt
" liirnii'tl in tho I>ok, wliuh walk- und diitWIve ai ilie creature lui.iii and perl'cclt
" lit ni'w I
mil.
jo lluff lull ami imriiuilnr nci'ountt, I will addnf my o<v i', l;now!eil^i', tCivt N!r.
I'llwnidkj lliat iiiaiiy pinplf, inord>r lo e.ii ol tlitt liii^ul' , aninml in the lii^hvll
t)<.ru(tion, inure them to Ih< dug out ot the earth in the uiotilling thite i hut thvy
iui iil'iially taken Jroni the tiin>' iKy hegin to nuive ot' th< iiil'chiH, lili they reatli
the len as ulreiidy related I'liiiiig ail lliit lime tin y are
in n)uwn, iiml
i it
tiliimoi.y (.11 luld \\ei^lit to that <>t
nil w
ill) h.ive written, uiid ail wlio h
my
av*
fralh'i'i nn the t'uhject, I |iiuiiounce ihem, wiihuut doubt, one ol the ihoiet ll
iiiotlelt in nature. 'I he ohlervntion therefore ol' l)ii 'lertre i» luiilier hyperholi-
tah.or eMra>B,;nnt. ,Sp»akingol the various fpiect of iliit animal, he teriiit tlieiu
" a livii u ami perpetual lii|>pl> ol manna m the wilihrneft, eipialled only h\ tin'
,!1.
" miiiieulouh liount
" the delerl Ihiy
tv of nrovideiue to tin- (hildren ol ll'rael wlun war.derin;'
pr.
are a reioun >•
III
eiMiiiiuies he
to whiih the Indians huvt
t timet refort ( for when nil other provilioni ute ftarcc, ihii never f:ii!i
" ihein."
Manaormrnt'ok PLAMTATioNt, ) I.nrge plantaliont of the fuRnr-cai-.c arc
AND TRAPK. J|;eneiully under the lhh- of 11 n aiiager,
cir ihief overfeer, wlio hat eomm<'n!y a lalary ot 150!. ii uar, with overleets uii-
t!ir him in proportion tii the ({reatnefs of the planiation, one to uliout ;o nef^rucs
with .T lalarv ol ahout 40I. .Sinh piantaliont too hir.e a furgeuti at a lix>.d fa-
hiiA. imiiloNt d to take liiie of the mf;roes whiih helnni; toil. Hut tlic loUU'o
whiih it leali troid)lelninc totln'tiwuei ol tl.e eliate is, lo let the iand, wiili all tlur
works, aiid itic lloik of lalile niid llavet, to a lenani. who givts licuii'v lor llie
l>;i\ment ot the rent and the keeping up repuiit and liotk. Ih'.- elhite is ge.
;illv ellimated 1.) fmh a tenant al half tin ti' at produce of tho hell veart :
l.;(l( tenant*, if indulirioiis .nnd fni^'al men, fooii make ^'.lud ellMes fi»r t!i<'mlelv
'I hi tu'griAS in tie planluii mis
are l'ul)lilted at u v. r\ eaty tale.
II
ra
ilms III I
li.;:..n
lis I'} IV'le.
Ill
l'\ lu i.llottin;; to eai.h family a fmall poition ( t iai.d, ai.d alioNMi,;.; IIhiTi two
k. .Sntunlnv and .Siind.iv, U) eultivale it. Mome an- fahliltedi.t liiU
he wi
i-i li.l tlher» find their mgroes a certain periien ut (jiiiu*;a 0: liu'.;an i»Tn
Ulih.1
.1
966
WEST INDIES.
and to Tome a fait herring, or a fmall portion of bacon or fait pork, a day. All rhc
rell of the charge confids in a cap, a Inirt, a pair of breeches, and a blanket ; and
;hc profits of their labour yield lo or izl. annually. The |)riceof men lugiocs
upon their firft arrival is, for an able man in his prime, 50I. (lerling ; an .-iliK;
woman, 49I. (lerling; a youth approaching to manhood, 47 I. fterling ; a young
girl, 46 1, flcrling i boys and girls, from 40 1045!. ftcrlingi exclusive of the culoaiul
tax, or duly on nnportation, about 20s. more.
To particularife tlie commodities proper for the Weft India market, would be to
enumerate all the necefTaries, conveniences, and luxuries of life ; for they have no-
thing of their own but cotton, cofi'ee, tropical fruits, fpices, and the commodities
already mentioned.
Traders tli -re make a very large profit upon all they fril ; but from the nume-
rous lliippir.g conl^antly arriving from Europe, and a continual fuccellion of new
adventurers, each of whom carries out more or lefs as a venture, the Well India
market is frequently overftocked ; money muft be raifed, and goods are i'on\c-
times fold at prime coll or under. But thofe who can all'ord to lh)re their goods
.iiul wait for a better market, acquire fortunes equal to any of the planters.
All kinds o{ handicraltfmen, efpecially carpenters, bricklayers, braziers, and
coopers, got very great encouragement. But it is the misfortune of the Weft Indies,
that jihylicians and furgcons even outdo the planter and merchant, in accumulat-
ing riclies.
Srri'.\TioN AND form] The iflands of the Weft Indies lie in the form of a
bov/ or fcmicircle, ftretching from north to foulli, from the coaft of Florida to the
river Oronnque in the main continent of South America. Some call them tlie
Caribliccs, from the lirft inhabitants ; though this is a term that moil geoi^rapliers
confine to the Leeward illands. Sailors dillinguilh them into the Windward and
Leeward iflands, with regard to the ufual courfes of (hips from Old Spain, or the
Canaries, to Carthagcna or New Spain and Portobello. The geographical tables
and maps diftinguilh them into the Great and Little Antilles.
The firft that we come to belonging to Great Britain, and alfo the mod im-
portant, is
JAMAICA.
THIS idand was originally a part of the SpanilTi empire in America. Several
defcents had been made upon i. by the Knglilh, prior to 1656; but it was
not till that year that Jamaica was reduced under our dominion. Cromwell had
fittfcl out a fquadron under Penn and Venables, to reduce the Spanifli ifland of Mif-
[■aniola, but there this ftjuadron was unfuccefsful. The commanders, of their own
accord, to atone for this misfortune, made a defcent on Jamaica, and, having car-
ried the capital, St. Jago, foon compelled the whole illand to furrender. Kvtr
iince it has been fubjef t to the Knglilh, and the government of it is one of the
riiheft ofticcs in the difpofal of the crown, the ftanding fa !ary being 2,500!. inr
annum, and the alTembly commonly voting the governor as much more ; which,
with other perquifitcs, make it on the whole little inferior to lo.oool. per
annum.
SiTi'ATioN.] Jamaica* is fituated in the Atlantic ocean, about 4,000 miles
fouih-weft of England. It has the illand of Hifpaniola at the dillance of 30 leagues
• The following particulars concerning this in- Hiftory of the Britifli Colonies in the Weft Indies,
Urctliiig illand are fclcctcd horn tlic inilruitivc b^ Uryan Edward.^, efq.
8
to
nRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
9«7
he Weft Indies,
to the call i the illand of Cuba about the fame dillance to the north ; the gulph of
iionduraij to tlie wetl ; hiuI CarthngiMiu un the great continent of South America,
to the fouth, dillant 141; leagues.
Climatk.] 'Ihe centre of Jamaica liei in about 18° la' north latitude, and
in longitude about 76° 43' wcA from London. From thefe data the geographical
reader will perceive that the climate, although tempered ami greatly mitigated by
various caules, fome of which will be prcfently explained, is extremely hot, with
little variation from January tu December ; that the days and nights are nearly
of equal duration, there being little more than two hours difference between thu
lr)ngen day and the (hortetl ; that there is very little twilight ; and finally, that
when it h twelve o'clock at noun in London, it is about fevcn in the morning
in Jamaica.
K.vcE op THE COUNTRY.] Tho general appi'araucc of the Country differs greatly
from moft parts of Kuropc j vet the north and fuulh fides of the illand, which ar«i
fi'parated by a vad cham ot mountains extending from call to well, differ at tlu-
lame lime widely from each other. When Columbus firft difcovered Jamaica, he
approached it on the northern fide; and beholding that part of the country wliiili
now conftitutes the parillt of St. Anne, was filled with delij^iit and adiniratiuii at
the novelty, variety, and beauty of the profpeit. 'i'he whole of the fteiierv is in-
deed fuperlativcly hne, nor can words alone convey a jull idea of it. A few lead-
ing particulars may perhaps be pointed out ; but their combinations are iulinitely
various, and, to be underltood, mull be feen.
The country at a fmall dillance from the ffiore rifes into hills, which are more
remarkable for beauty than boldnefs, being all of gentle declivity, and conuiiuiilv
feparated from each other by fpacious vales and romantic inequalities ; but iliey
are feldom craggy, nor is the tranfition from the hills to the vallies oftentimes
abrupt. In general the hand of nature has rounded every hill towards the \o[y
with lingular felicity. The moll ftriking circumllanccs however attending thefe
beautiful fwclls are the happy difpolition of the groves of pimento with which mod
of them are fpontaneoufly clothed, and the confummate verdure of the turf under-
neath, which is difcoverable in a thoufand openings, prefenting a charming con-
trail to the deeper tints of the pimento. As this tree, which is no lefs remarkable
for fragrancy than beauty, i'uffcrs no rival plant to Hourilh within its fliade, thefe
groves arc not only clear of underwood, but even the grafs beneath is feldom luxu-
riant ; the foil in general being a chalky marl, which produces a clofe and clean
turf, as fmooth and even as the tinell Kn^lilh lawn, Jind in colour infinitely brighter.
Over this beautiful furface the pimento Ipreads itfelf in various compartments. Iii
one place we b^^hold extenlive groves; in another a number of beautiful groupes,
fome of which crown the hills, while others are fcattered down the declivities. To
enliven the fcene and add perfctlion :o beauty, the bounty of nature has copioufly
\satered the whole diftritl. No part of the Well Indies abounds with fo many
delicious Hreains. Every valley has its rivulet, and every hill its cafcade. In one
point of view, where the rocks overhang the ocean, no lefs than eight trjinfparent
waterfalls are beheld in the fame moment. Thofe only who have been long at fea
can judge of the emotion which is felt by the thirfty voyager at fo enchanting ai
prolpeit.
Such is the foreground of the pi£lure. As the land rifes towards the centre of
the illand, the eye, palling over the beauties that have been recountcdj is atlraOcJ
by a boundlcfs amphitheatre of wood,
Iiifiipcrablc huj;lit onoftitfl fliaJc,
an
968
BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
an immcnfity of foreft, the outline of which melts into the Uiftant blue liills i and
thcfe Uf^ain are loll in the clouds.
()u. tjic fouthrrn fide of the iiiand, ihc fccncry, ns before obfervcd, is of a diflcr-
cut nature, In tiic luiulfcajie jull (ketthcd, the prevaiiinij charndlcriftics arc
variety and beauty : in that whidi remains, the predominant tcatuics are grandeur
and fublimity. \\'hc-n one fird approaches this lide of the ifland by fea, and be-
holds from afar fuch of the (lupendous and foaring ridges of the blue mountains
as the clouds here and there difclofed, the imagination (forming an indilUn^t but
awful idea of what was concealed, by what was thus partially difplayed) was filled
with admiration and wonder ; yet the fcnfation was allied rather to terror than de-
light. Though the profpeft before me, fays Mr. Edwards*, was in the highcit
degree magnificent, it feemed a fcenc of magnificent defolation. The abrupt
precipice and inaccellible clift'had more the afpeft of a chaos than a creation ; or
rather feemed to exhibit the eflctls of fome drcidful convuHion which had laid
nature in ruins. Appearances however improved as we approached ; for amidrt
ton thoufand bold features too hard to be foftenod by culture, many a fpot was
foon difcovered, where the hand of induftry had awakened life and fertility. \\h\\
thefe plealing intermixtures, the flowing line of the lower range of mountains
(which now began to be vilible, crowned with woods of majeftic growth) com-
bined to foften and relieve the rude folemnity of the loftier eminences; till at
Jejigth the favannas at the bottom met the fight. Thcfe are vaft plains, clothed
chieily with cxtenlivc cane fields, difplaying, in all the pride of cultivation, the
verdure of fpriiig blended with the exuberance of autumn, and bounded only by
the ocean, on wliofe bofoni a new and ever-moving picture ftrikes the eye ; for in-
immerable vellels are difcovered in various directions, fome crowding into, and
others bearing away from the bays and harbours with which the coaft is every-
where indented. Such a profpe6l of human ingenuity and indullry, employed in
exchanging the fuiierlluities of the old world for the productions of the new, opens
anotiicr, and I might add, an almufl untrodden field for contemplation and
refletUon.
Mountains and their advantagus.] The mountains of the Weft Indies, if
not in themfelves objects of pcrkct beauty, contribute greatly towards the beauty
of general nature; and furely the inhabitants cannot reflect, but with the dcepell
fenle of gratitude to Divine I'rovidcnce, on the variety of climate, fo coiulutivc to
health, ferenity and pleafure, which thefe elevated regions afford them. On this
fahjeit, obferves our author -f-, 1 fpeak from actual experience. In a maritime
lituation, on the fultry plai:is of the fouth fide, near the town of Kingfton, where 1
chiefly refided dining the ipace of fourteen years, the general medium of heat
during the hotteft inoiiMis (from June to November, both inelulive) was eighty de-
grees of Fahrenheit's thermometer |. At a villa eight miles diliant, in tlic iii;;h
lands of Liguanea, the thermometer leldoin rofe, in the hotlell part of the dav,
above feventy. Here then was a difference of ten degrees in eight miles ; and in
the morning and evening the difference was much greater. At Cold Sprinj;, the
feat of Mr. \\ alien, a very high lituation fix miles further in the cotmtr; , poliiiltd
by a gentleman who has lafle to relifh its beauties and improve its piuductions, the
general fiate of the thermometer is from 55° to 65": it has been obfervcd lb
low as 44°, fo that a lire there even at noon day is not only comloriabie but neeef-
»♦ Hiftory oftlie Well Indies, vol. i. p. 188.
t Ibid. p. 189.
J In the otiier mnntlis, viz. from December to
May, I lie tlieniionicter rang'-s (rom 70 to 80".
Tlic niglit air in tlie luoiiUn of Uccciiiber and
January is fometiiiies fiirprifi ugly cool. I lave
known the therm nictcr Co low at luiirifi- as^.j',
even in the town ot Kiiiglion ; t)ut in the lioitil)
months, the differentc between the tein|)tratiiri of
noon day atid uiiduight is not more than 5 ur (>',
laiy
BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
969
and
niT-
arc
ileur
Ibc-
tains
, but
filled
n dc-
ighcll
brupt
n; or
d laid
nmidft
jt wus
With
intains
) corn-
till at
clothed
on, the
only by
; for in-
ito, and
is every-
iloyed in
w, opens
iion and
Indies, if
ic beauty
dccpctl
ucive to
On this
niaiilime
where I
of heat
^hty de-
tlie hiRh
the day,
, and in
rin|^, the
, polKlIed
tions, the
,)ftrved lo
ut necel-
lol. I lia^e
li-rifi- i.»''|',
In ilw liotttft
Iniieraluri ot
]iau 5 or 6".
law
fary a |;rcat part of the year *. It may be fujipdr^l thnt a fiuUlen tranfnion from
the luit atmorphero i»t" tlK- plains to the thill air of the hii^lier rej^ioiis in toniinonly
produftive of uiilehievoiis elhctj on the hiinum tVamei but this is Rldom tl.c cafe,
if the traveller, as pnidenei' dictates, fets oil at the dawn ot the mnrniiij^ 1 when iho
pores of the ikin are in I'onie ineafiire ihut^ and is elothed fonuwhat vvarnier than
iifual. \\ ill) tliele prei anlions, exciirliuns into ilie uplands are ahvay-, found fate,
lalubrious, and deli^httul.
.^oii,, LANi's cuLriVATi'.n ANO irNC v I. T I V A T K iv] Jamaica is one hundred
and fifty niilis in len^jih, and, on a medium of three ineafnrenients at dill'ieiii
jilaces, about lurt} niik's in bieatllli. 'Ihefedata, fuppolnig the ilhind to have breiv
a level country, would <;ive 3,^40,020 ai-rcs.
Hut a great part eonfiliing of high mountains, the fuperlieie.s
of which comprile fir more ITiml than the bale alone, I conceive
it is a moderate elliniate to allow on that acc>)unt ,'j- more,
uliich is --
The total is
240 030
4,080,000 acres.
Of ihefe, it is found by a return of the clerk of the patents, that iio more than
l,()07,i;89 were, in Noveinlnr 1 7S9, located, or tafen up, by grants froiu the crown.
'I bus it appears that upwards of one luut ot the lands aie confidered iis of no kind
of value, the expence of taking out a patent being ot no great accoimt ; and eveta
of the located lands, I conceive that little more than 1,000,000 of acres are at
prefent in cultivation.
U'ooDS AND TiMiiKRS.] 'I'lu" mountains are in general covered wlili cxtenllvo
woods, containing e\ceilent timbers, fune ot wliiih are of prodigioi.s growth and
folidity ; fuel) as the lignum vit.e, dog-wood, iron-wood, pigKHi-Wood, green heart,
Ina/.iletto, and bully trees i moll of which fink in waivT. and are of a compactncfj
;iiid impenetrability inconceivable by European workmen. .Some of thefe are ne-
cellarv m mlllworks, and would be highly valuable in the Uii.dward llland,;.
'lliev'are even fo in hicb parts ot Jamaiea, a^, having been long cultivated, arc
nearly cleared of contiguous woods; but it Ireiiuently happens in the interiuv.
parts, that the new fettler finds the abundance of them an iueumbranee indead ot
a benelii ; and, having provided bimlelf with a fufliciency for immediate ufe, fets
lire to the reft in order to clear bi.> lands ; it not aufwcring the expence of conveying
* Cold Sprint; is 4,100 fret above tlie Icvi I of
t'u- IV.i. Tlie Coil is a li:;i. k i-.-o\ild 011 .n brown
11 il; I'lit leu- or noiif ot tlic tiopicil I'niit, will
tlourilli ill fo I old a i liiun'c. Xi'ithtr tlit- lullurry,
tin avoi.ido pear, the ftar-applc, nor the oraiij;e,
v.ill be.'r within .i conliilera! le hc\;;litof .\!r. W'.ii-
Icn'i i;:irileii ; but many ot the l'.ni;H(h lriiit>, as
I'le apple, llie pL.Hli, ami liie lUaw-Oerry, lloinilli
tlure in j'.rcnt perl^rtion, with leven.l ot.ier v;,l\i-
.ilile exolies ; anion.', whieli are a j'.reit iiuniUr of
vo\ tine plants of llie i,j-trrr nnd other orieie.il
] uiiiuilinna. The j^ronnil, in its native lljte. i-.
.,lnioll entiiely lovertil willi dlliereat Cons ol the
' •■;, of wi.ieh.Mr. WalLn ha? reekoned about 403
i.iiinu'f f|>ctirs. A perlon villiing Cold .Spri ,:!
li'rt'e lirll time, alinolKonceives hinilelt Irani
ported 10 a diftaiit part ot the world, the air and
\ liJwJrJi ■> liillory ul llic
face of the eniintry fo widely di!t\ ring from t!int
ot ti.e reL;ion'. he lia^ left, l.ven the l>iids are a. I
liranj;cr> toliini. Among others preuli.ir to the'c
lofty riv,io;i«, is a I'peeiii of ti.e fw.llow, tli."
pliiipa;;e ol vl'.ieh varies in colour liki- the neekof
a drake; and there is a very line I'oni', biid, called
the /i'i-(Ti, of a baek'ih brown, \'ith a white riiij;
round the ne. k. I vilited | this place in Doee.r.-
I'rr, 178!): the ti.ermonuter Ihnul at ^7' at fun-
rilV, and never evcecded 6>° in iht liotu 11 part rf
the day. I thought the climatv the nioU dehg'.u-
ful tliat I had ever i \perieueed. On tlie lUuo
.^lOlmt.lin peak, whicli is 7,431 feet fro.n tl'.eitvtl
iif thj f.a, the therninineter was loimd to ran -t"
(rimi .,7" at lim-rile to ;K" .;t n ion, even in tiiu
loonth ol Auj;nlt. See Aled. Comuieiit. lulin.
1780.
Well liiJii", vol i. p. 150.
b 1 1 them
970
D R I T I S II AMERICAN ISLANDS.
lliem to the feii-coaft, for the purpofo of feiuliug them to a diftant marl:, t. Of
1' ftcr ki'ids for boards and fliiii^k-s, tlie f[K'tk-s arc inmniu'rabli- ; and tlu-ro nn;
n nny beaiiiiful vai ictus adaptid for cabinet work, — among others, tlic bread-nut,
tl e wild-lomon, and tlic wcil-knowii mahogany.
Rivers and mkoicinal »i'rino«,J 'ihcre are reckoned tlirouRliont tlie ex-
tmt of tliis illand al)ovc one hundred rivers, wliich take their ril'o in the niountainj,
and run, commonly wiih great rapidity, to the fea, on both lides of the Kland,
None of them are deep enough to be navigated by marine vellels. lilack River,
in St. liiizabelh. Ilowiiig cliierfy tlirongh a level country, is tlie deeped and gcutlel!,'
and i'.dmits ll.it-bottomed boats and canoes for about tliirty miles.
Of the fpriu};-., whicli very generally abound even in the biglieft mountains, Cm,'
arc mcdiiinal, and are faid to be highly ctiicacious in diforders peculiar lo the
rlimale. Die moll remarkable of tliefc is found In the eallern i)arilli of St.
'lliomas, and tlic fame of it has created a village in its neighbourhood, whicli is
called the Bath. '1 lie water flows out of a rocky mountain about a mile diltant,
and is too hot to admit a hand being held underneath : a thermometer on Fahren-
heit's fcale, being immerfed in a glafs of tliis water, immediately rofe to 12^", ]t
is fiil|)hureous, and has been ufed with great advantage in that dreadful difeafe of
the climate, called the dry belly-ach. lliere are other fpriiigs, botii fulphureoiK
and chalybeate, in different parts of the country,— of which however the properties
iire but little known to the inhabitants in general.
Ori;s.] In many parts of Jamaica there is a great appearand- of metals; and
it is aflerted by Ulome and other early writers, that the Suanilh inhabitanis had
mines both of filver and copper: but, admitting the faft. the induUry of the pro-
feiit jJolTcflbrs is ]>eihaps more profitably exerted on the furface of the earth, th;iii
\tv digging into its bowels. A lead mine was indeed opened foine years ago, lu'iir
to the ilope eihite in the parilh of St. Andrew ; and it is faid, there was no want
of ore : but the high price of labour, or otiier caufes, compelled the proprietors to
relinquilh their projcft.
Vi'OKTABLE PRODUCTIONS.] Of thc moft important of the prcfent natural
productions, as fugar, indigo, coffee, cotton, 8cc. we have already treated, in the
w.r.eral accouut vt the Weft Indies, and lliall only fubjoin a few obfervations on
tlie v(*getablc clalfes of inferior order, which, though not of equal commercial im-
portaiue with the preceding ones, arc ecjually neccffary to the comfort and fub-
lillencc of the inhabitants. If the reader is inclined to botanical rcfearchcs, he is
referred to the voluminous collettions of Sloane and Hrowne.
The feveral fpccies of grain cultivated in this illand are — id, mai/:c, or Indian
corn, which commonly jiroduces two crops in the vear, and fometimes three : it
nay bo planted at any lime when there is rain, and it yields, according to the foil,
iVom fifteen to forty bulhels the acre. 2dly, Guinea corn, which produces but one
crop ill the year: it is planted in the mon'li of September, and gathered in Jiuiu-
iiry following, yielding from thirty to fixty bulhels aii acre. 3dly, Varinus kimis
of calavances ^a f|)ecivS of pea) ; and laflly, rice, but in no great ([Uantity, the (itii-
alion for its growth being deemed unhealthy, and tlie labour of negroes coinnioiily
employed in the cultivation ot articles that yield greater jirotit.
'ibis illand abounds likewife with ditTereiit kinds of grafs, both native and extra-
neous, of excellent quality ; of thc fiill is made exceeding good hay, but not in
great abundance, this method of hufbandry being piattifed only in a few parts of
the country ; and it is the iefs neceiliiry, as the inhabitants arc happily accomnin-
dated with two diflerent kinds of artificial grafs, both extremely valuable, and yield-
ing great profufion of food for cattle. The firft is an aquatic plant, called Sect's
BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
Of
lUt,
ex-
lins,
\nil.
iviT.
tloll,
)f St.
Ich is
lUiint,
ihrcn-
lafc ot'
Liroou'»
l)crties
s ; nnd
its bud
w. pro-
li, th;ui
;(i, iK'iir
11) want
ictors to
natural
L in the
tions on
ial im-
i\nd fvib-
he 13
liidlim
uoi.- ; it
the foil,
I but one
in Janu-
lus kinils
the I'uu-
jominouly
ind extrri-
but not in
w parts of
iiccoinnin-
and yield-
lUed Scot's
971
frafsf w\]\i:h, though generally fuppofid to he an exotic, tlicrc is rcafon to think,
gruws fpontaneoully in midII of the fwamps unil morad'es of tlio Weft Indies. It
rifes to five or fix feet in lieight, with long fucculent joints, and is of very quick
vegetation. From u lingle acre of tliis jilant, five horfes may bu maintained a
whole year, allowing fifty-lix pounds of grafs a day to each.
The other kind, culled Guinea-grafs, may be coiilidered as next to the fugar-
canc in point of importance, as molt of the grazing and breeding farms, or pens,
throughout the illand, were originally created, and are Hill fupported thietly bv
means of this invaluable lierbajje. ILnce the plenty of horned cattle both for the
butcher and planter, which is Inch, that few markets in luirope furnilh biif at :i
cheaper rate, or of better (piality, than tliofe of .lamaica. IVrliaps tin; f( ttlenient
of moll of the north-lide parilhes is wholly owin^ to the introduction of this ex-
cellent giafs, wliich happ iied by accident about fitty years iii;o,— the feeds liming
been brought from llie (."oatl of (luiiiea, as food for fmie birds wliit.h were |>re-
fented to Mr. I'.llis, chief jullice of llie illand. Fortuntitely the binls did not Use
to coiifume the whole ftock ; and the remainder beini; carelefsly thrown into a
fence, grew and flourilhed ; and it was not long bet'ure tiie cajjernefs difplayed \>v
the cattle to reach the grafs attracted Mr. Lllis's notice, and induced him to colleilrt
and propagate the feed.^, which now thrive in fome of the moll rocky parts of the
illand, bellowing verdure and fertil'ly on land;; which ot'v.-rwife would not be wortlv
cultivation.
The feveral kinds of kitchen-garden produce, as edible roots and pulfe, wIiicK
arc known in liurope, thrive alfo in the mountains of this illand ; and the markets
of Kingfton and Spaniih-town are fuppliedwith cabbages, lettuce, carrots, turnips,
parfnips, artichokes, kidney-beans, green-peas, afparagus, and various forts of Eaio-
pean herbs, in the utmoll abundance. Some of them, as the firft tlirec, are of fupe-
rior flavour to the fame kinds produced in KnglaiKl. However, fevcral of the na-
tive growths, efpecially the chocho, ochra, lima-lKan, and Indian-kale, are more
agreeable than any of the efculent vegetables of Kurope. The other indigenous
produtUons of this clafs are plantains, bananas, yams of feveral v.irieties, calalue
(a fpecies of fpiiiach), cddoes, callavi, and fweet potatoes. A mixture of th'.Te,
tKwetl witli failed filh or failed meat of any kind, and liighlv feafvineJ with t'a\enne-
pepper, is a favourite olio among the negroes, for bread, an vmripe roailed plau-
t.iiu is an excellent fubllitute, and univerlidly preferred to it by the nt-groes and
niuft of the native whites. It may in truth be called the Half of life to the former ;
iiuiny tlioufand acres being cultivated in ditfercnt parts of the country for their
d.iify fiipport.
Of the more elegant fruits, the variety is etpialled only by their cNcclIence. Per-
haps no country on earth aftbrils fo magnificent a delfert ; and perhaps the follow-
ing weie fpontaneoully bellowed on the illand by the power of nature : — the anana
iT pine-apple, tamarind, papaw, guava, fweet-fop ot two fpecies, calhew-apple,
ctiltard-applc (a Ipecies of chirimoya), cocoa-nut, liar-apple, grenadilla, avocndo-
P'-ar, hog-plum and its varieties, pindal-nut, nelberry, mammee, manimee fapota,
.Npanilh-goolberry, prickly pear, and perliaps a few others. Fur the orange, Seville
and China, the lemon, lime, lliaddock and its numerous fpecies, the vine, melon, fig,
and pomegranate, the Well Indian lllands were probably indebted to their Spanilli
invaders. FAcepting the peacli, the ftrawberry, and a few of the growths of Euro-
pean orchards, which, however, attain to no great perfecHon unlels in the highelt
ir.oiuitains the rofe-apple, genijie, and fome others of no f;reat value, lingliih in-
duflry had not added much to the catalogue until witliin the lail twenty years.
Chief i owns, ike. J The iiland of Jiunaiea is divided into three counties,
11 z which
^\r
f7*
n IM r I S II A M I- U I CA N ISLANDS.
ul.iih nr* naiiu-d Midillcfcs, Surriv, inul Cornwall, 'llio county of MifUIkfi-x !•»
toil polVd lit" I'i^'lit p.iiiiluH, one \ >\\i\, iiiul lliirtviMi \ill!\ ;i's. I'lu' town is ilmt r)r
M. 7i/_.,« (/('-/.I-/ ,;.;,/, Id- \i',\Mi,||- I OWN, tlu' Hl|)ltill i>t llii' llllliul. MolJ of' tlu' vil-
1m ':
.1" tl
is mill ilu' (PiliiT iiiiMilii'. arc liunil u ot iw» f^nat ai'imint, iiliiau'd ai
tlio ililiiToiit harbou!^ ami iiii|)|)iiii;-|)!aii'!t, and riippoiti'<l liy tlu; iraliii- larrial on
tliciv. St. 'Jo^hdt'Ut l\'in in Imiatcd on llio laiiks ot tin- riw r Cuhrt, alunit li\ niilos
fi'iMn till- iVa, and coiiiams laiwcon tivi' and lix lunidri'd lioiil'cH, nnd ub.uit livi;
tlidiiland inlial)itaiil-i, iiiiludi'i^ tui- pL'ii])ic i)t' idlinif. It !■» llio ri'lidi'ncc of iho
C'AcriKir, or i.i)ii)niaiidi.r in cliiit, wlf) is a< loinnicidati'd wiili a iVpi-rl) palace; iitul
It is iivrf tiiat llu' li-;;ii'anni' is tuiiwniil, and llii; tourt of (.linnti'ry, and iln' fn.
j)ri'ii\c court of jndi'.utnri- arc held.
KiNosroN, in tlio comity of Surry, i.s lilualcil on llio norll) fidcjifa hoautlful
hai'I)i)iir, and was t'ound^d in iIk* year H'O,?. wlicn ripraud dcfulations i)y larili.
<|ii:ii<.' and lire Inul (lri\eii iln- inlial>iianis iroai I'ortKoNaj. It contains oiu' tlif<n.
Jai'.cl \\\ Innidrcil and li\ls-li\e lioufrs, Ih'I.iLs ni;M(i hnis anil wartlioul
III.
iininbcr of wiiin- iulial>iiant-i, in ilic year lylliJ, was n\ iliouland fuc hundred nnd
thirty -nine •, t.f Iree people of colour, ihiw llioid'anil two lunulred and ^•\>^^\,i\ ; of
ilnves, II.Nleen tlioufand li.\ hundred and Iniy-nine ; total nun\l)er of inhaUiiaiits, „f'
•II
i eomplexioi.^ and condilinns, iweiih li\ thoufand four hundred and fevent
ntv-
tiLjhi. Ii is a place of great ira^'.o and npnk'nci-. ,Man\ (4 the hv)ul'es in the uppir
|)art ot the tiiWii aie ixlieinely i,.aj;iiil,ei. hi i and llie niaiket:, lur huU hers' meat,
turtle, liih, i)ouliry, fruits and ve;,'i. tables, &ic. are inferior to none. 1 can add loo,
favs .vir. I'.ilwardK, (Voni tlu" int'^rination of ii learned and '"i^enious friend who
ept coiniia alive icy,i
«. kari'i
lot
llers of mortality, that lincc the furrouiul. ' country has h
wouil, this tcun 1:1 Itniiu
I to I
)e a <
ithfiil
een
lis any in I'.urop
I'oKT-uoY \L, once a pii.ie ol liie f;r>auli wealth and ii.ipoiiaiKC in the Wed
luiiies, is now reili.eed, by rcjPwUed caianiities, to thiee llieet.s, a tew lanes, aiul
about two hundred houfes. It contains however the royal navy-yard, tor lieavin>'
down and ntiiiiiiy; tlie kinsfs Ihips ; tlie navy-tiolpital, anil barrack;, for a reipuient
< f (o.diers. i lie foriilicattons aie kept ineMcllent oiilei, and \ ie in liien;rth wilii
any lortrefs in the kini^ sdoinii.l >us. Cornw.ill contains livc parillies, three towns,
;:im1 |1\ \ill;ij;es.
C'hcrcii i.iNiNc.s.] 'Ilie twenty parillies into wliich the ill.ind is divided con-
tain ^;i.^lueeu clmlehe^ and clnpels, and cacli pa.illi is provide<l witli a rector, and
oiler cih.rcli oliiiers: the iicl n's' lisiii'js, the iirel'.iitatioii to which relK with tlu'
viz. SI. Cath
erine,
5001
gi'Vernor or ci.niinaiiiler in chiet, are fe\erall) .is Inilows,
j)er aiiiuiin ; Kiii;.;lii'n, St. I InUM-i in the I'.ali, ("larendon, and \\ ellnKJrel.nul, i^ol.
|HT aniiuin ; St. IJavid, St. Cjeorge, and I'orilaiul, lool. per anninn ; all tiie relt
u3d1. per annum, ihefe f.ims are paid in lien of tytlies, by the clunch-wardens of
the fe^eral parii'iies refpe lively, Iroin tlic amount of ta\es, levied bv the velliies, on
the inliabilants. h.aih |)ariin l.uiUis and repairs a paifonajre-houfe, or allows the
belides whidi, inanyol tlieliv
in<;s have "lehe-
reetor 301. per annu n m lieuol one
hnnl.s of very conlulcdjle value annexed to them, as the parilh ot St. Audi
vshieli allo^^elliei is v.ilued ai one tlioufand pounds llerlin;; per ainii
ew,
im.
oni-
J I i)it ATCith j I lie l'.i[)ieine cnurl of judicature for the whole illand ,c
nioiiiv called ti'e (irand (.o.irt, as poli'eiiinjf ninilar jurifdietion in tiiis countiy t
tliut I't tlie Kvciai cour.s (-1 l:iii;.j's iK'ich, cominnii pleas, and excliccpier, in (ireat
Jiritain) is held in the tov... if >>\. Jai{o-Ue ia-^ e^a. the capital of the countv of
Middk'ex, Oil the l.ill lu.fday ol each of tlie i.ionlhs of libruary, .\lav, .\u!,nilt,
and .\oveinbe:, in every vear. In ihi;,cou''t, the ch'.'f lulliceot the ilknd j idn!' <,
vvhofe :alary is only izol. bui the p^rijuilitcb aiiiing lioin tlie ollice make it \v..Mh
y aUut
BRITISH A M r. R I C A N ISLANDS.
.1 C(M1-
>r, ami
ith the
, -,00 1.
1. 2^0l.
iIk- i-.lt
rii's, <n\
ciws the
Aiiiluw,
IK
I toin-
nitiy to
a (iriat
mills (it
Au'-ill,
I ;i in'.' ■^i
'it \V..'lll
al > ut
97.1
aboBt ;^oool. per nunum. 'Ilti- siliinniit jiulj^os an' mntlcnicn (tfilu- iiliind, com*
inoiilj pliiiitiTs, who rmivi' III ithiT I'alary imr n wanl of .my kind tor tluir aitiiid-
iUI
re. I hno JikIj^ii iiitill Ih' pii iViit tu toiillitiito a inmli ami r;uli Iitiii
iiiiU'il in duration li> lliri'i- wioUs. rnmi this loiirt, if i1k' nui.tir in difputi' in a
iivil av;li(m l)c lor a I'umol'^ool. liirliiij^ or ujivvard^, an apical liisto ilic jjincriior
and (onncil, an u iitiirt of error i it" fciiicni:c oi'd.atli he pallid lor Icloiiy, ilic ap-
jicai i^ to tlio governor aioiiv".
Alii/i- idiirts are alio held everv three mimtlis, in Klii^llun, lor tlie county of
Miiny, and in Savanna-iii-Mar, fur the eoiinly ol'Curnwall.
lOVI.HNOII, AND OIlll.K f.HI. \l OKKICKIM
.1 Tl
mi\eriv>r, or eominander in
chief, is eliaruellor In his otlke, ami prelides I'olelv in that )>ij;li department, wliiili
U adininitlered with ^reaf form a:iil I'olemnity. lie is alio tlie lo!e ordinary lor tlic
j)idi)ate <if wills, and ^'ranting U-i!ers wf adiiiiiiillralion. I''i' .n the liill 'of ilnfe
ollices, ho derives cxtciilive authoritv, mil from the latter, conliderahic eniolii.
iiient.
As appendages of the fnpreme court, the feveral great offiees, viz the ofllco of
cnroimeMl., or I'eeretary of the iil;M.d, provnil murllial-gcneral, e!e:k of tlie court
(ur prolhonotary, cullos hrevium, Sec.) are held and litualc-d in Npanilh-town.
LiuMSLA reuK.J I he le,^illalure of J.miaiea is eonipolVd of tlu'enpfain-^eneral,
or eoiuniaiuK r in ihief, of a lomieil nominated by the cmwn, coiiliilii\)j of iweUo
t;entleuun, and a houfe of allemhly, lontaiiiiij; forty-tlnee ineii.'iers, who nru
ilecled by the free-holders, vi/.. three fortiie feveral towns and parilhs of ,st Jafl-n.
tle-ia-\ ega, kingllon, and I'orl-royal, and two for eaeli of the other parillies. 'ilio
(|ualilieaiion reipiired in the elector is, a freehold often pounds per annum in th'
l).iiiili wliere the elei'lion is made ; aiul, in the r^ prelVnIative, a landed freehold of
three hiiinlred pounds per aiinim in any part of the illaiul, or a peif mal eliate of
three thoufaiul pounds. In the proceedings of the general allendil) , they iiip\ , ns
near as local circumltatices will ailmit, the legillaiuie of (Ireat iJritain ; and ail
their bills ^thole of a pri\ati' nature exeeptedi ha\e the force of laws as foon as iho
goveriioi's alVent is obtained. I he power of rejeclion Imwever is llill relerved to
I lie crown; but until the ro\al tiiiapprobalion ii lignitle !, the laws aic \alid.
1
O I' C L A 1 ION.
(Hiioiis may be llated as follows ;
llu' whole auinber of inhabitants of allcui j)lcxioiis and con.
Wliites - - -
Freed negroes and people of colour
Maroons
Negro Haves
Total
■^ 3,000
10,000
1,400
250,000
^91 ,400
Trade 1 Tlic trade of this illand will bed appear by the <piaiitity of lliipping
and liie number of leameii to which it gi\es employment, and the natuu- ai.d i|'.iai\-
iil\ of its exports. I he following is an aconiit, troin the books of the infpector-
general of (Ireat Ihitain, of the ninnber nt sellJs ot all kinds, their re;;illered ton-
nage, and number, i;f men, which cleared tr )m the leveral ports of entry in Jamaica,
in the year 1787, cxcluiivc of tuulling Hoops, wherries, 8;c. vi/.
For
•74
BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
Number of
vclVcJj.
Tonniigc
For Great Britain
»4*
6j.47»
Ireland
10
i.i.^i
Anicrican Stntci
'U
M.041
liritilh American Culunict
6.U3
l'()rci|{i» Well iiidii-t
21
«.903
Alrita
1
109
'lolal
4/4
85.8^8
Men.
7.748
9»
449
y..?44
It mull howcvi'T 111' obfirvLil, lliat, as many of tlic vpfTcN (.Icaring for Ann'rics
ftiul till' tuixi^^n \\\\i liKliis inaWi.' 1\m> or luort- voyiinos in llic yiar, it h iifiial, in
i.mipiitiii" the riiil luiinbcr of ihoi'c vcllils, ilieir t«)nnaj;i', ami nun, U> cUdiift ono
Uiinl tVoin tlie ull'niil nun>l)i'r. \\ itli this corrcition, the total to all parts is 400
velKIs, lontaininK 78,^02 tons, navi^':ili.(J by 8,84^; nun. To tbis we nniy ailtl the
'MirpeCtor-f^eneral's atiuunt ot tlie Jainaiea cximits, betvvien tlie 5tb ot January,
1787, unil the jtbof January, 17881 the total of wliieh, in fugar, rum, melaire's,
pimento, eolVee, totton-vvool, iniligo, Kinjjer, cacao, tobacco, maluigany, logwood,
and nHfceilaiieous arliiieii, aniounlLil to 2,i;6,44il. 17s. .^il.
'llie geni:ral account of innmils into j.iinaica, troui Groat Britain, Ireland,
Africa, the Uritiih Colonies in America, tlie L niled .States, Madeira and Teneriire,
and tlic Foreign Well Indies, us nearly as could be clliniatcd, amounted to
1,496,2321. js. 4d.
nABBAnoF.s.] This ifland is (Itn.ntcd in 13" 10' north latitude, and in longi-
tiitle s,i)" well fion> l^ondon. It is about twenty-one miles in length, and fourteen
in breadth, and contains ior),47o aires it land, moll of which is under cultivation.
'I ho foil in the low lands is black, fomewhat reddilh in the (hallow parts; on tht;
hills, of a chalky marl, and near the fea generally fandy. Of this varu-ty of foil, the
1)1;. k mould is beil fulled lor the luitivation of tlie cane, and, with the aid of
iiiar.ure, has given as great ri turns ol fiigur, in favourable fealons, as any in the
W eft Indies, llie prime hmcU of St. kill's excepted.
'I'hat the foil it this illar.d is to a f^ieat degree natmally fertile, we nuift nccefl'arily
admit, if we give tndit to the accounts which are tranfmitled down to us of its
ancient population and iiiulcnce. We are allured, that alxuit the year 1670,
H.irl'adoes iciKl ti .alt o( litiv thoufanti while, and upwards of one hunilred ihou-
land black iiiliabitanis, wliofe labours, it is faid, gave iMnployment to lixty thou-
faiid tons of ihipi'ing *. 1 fuppofc that tins, account is nuicli exaggerated.
In
» Tlie nrlicft plartrri In B.ir()3Jon wtre fome-
t'.Miri reprd.iihcil with the ({MiU of forcing or tic-
CDviiij; iutii (livtry llie Indi.in-i olihe nrighbouriii^
iniiiiiiciit. The hiftory of /ni/raiul V<ji/<o, wliii.a
t he Spe<^tatiirli«recordnl for »Iic I Iclrfiiit ion of man-
kind, I'l'ili i'^ 'ife in this itianil ; hut h..|ir.ily (liti
fiieties o( lljvti-y hjH been liiii^ fiiite .-ilior.jlifl :
an' I prihn s fiuh of my tcachrs .10 have 1) iii|i.ilh k-<l
with the iiiilortiMUlo Yart o, iiriy not be ib.ry t(i
Inar lliat (he Ikuc Iht inisruitum's with (ii.tir
|iliihjfi)phy than they have hitlieitu l.iiitii-d. the
Itory WU4 (iift r'.'latcil tiy i'^™, w:io ^:if;er pr.ii(tui;
poor Yarleo's exctllent complexion, which, he favs,
was a "bright biy," and her " ('inr.ll l)rcal|s, with
" nipples ol jMirphyrie,") ohftrve^, that " (lie
" ihani'l afterwardbto Ix- uiih child by aC'hrillian
" icrv.'.tit, anil bcin^ viry ureal, waUitd down to a
" woi'ilf, in which ««3 a lunid ot wattr, and there,
" by the lid" of the pond, bt<uij;!it hfrfilti' abed,
" and in tiirce hours came home with the i liild in
" lur ;'.rms, a hilty Imy, frolii Ite and lively." Thr
tiiira'id liikli;, till- iiitrchant, however, admit-, of
no pdliati'iii ; but it is ridituloiia cnmiidi to hi.ir
Abbi Ki _, n;d (willing to improve upon Addilon)
klcribs
BRITISH AMT. RICAN ISLANDS.
m
1(170,
In
jll,llcf.\V5,
lealls with
llli.it " llie
la l^'hriUian
\ iliiwii to a
;iiul tlure,
Ifilti' a-licit,
\\\f cliild in
\w:' The
, ';ulm',ts of
|i,li to hfjr
|i' AdJilim)
uktibe
111 i;86, tlir ininihcrH wcrf fistocn ihoufand one huiulnvl iiiul CiKly-fivcn wliitci,
«if(lil litiitdnd jiitd lliirt) i-igitt tnc [tcoplu ot' culour, tiiiil lixty-two tlioufund iiiq
liiiiulti'it and tit'ln-ii ni>;rr()cs.
I liiir tomiinrii- loiiiiils in tlic fiimcnrt'ulo a» fornifrly, viat. rnttnn, indigo, and
tithiinti, th()iij{li tiny dial in ilu-ni to Id'ii cxUitl. 'Ilnir lapii.d is Hridmtuwii,
wlnn- ihc xnvornnr rclidos, uliofo cmploynu'.nt '\h fuid to he WDflh ^oool. per
aiiniiin. 'I hiy have n iDllegr, t'oiiiuUd antl well nulowod Iw ti)liinel t'()iliii\gtiin,
who vvni a nativr of' tills illund. llarbudoeg, a« will u» Jainaiea, lias fiiUVinl iiuich
l)y luirriianit, tiriH, and the plague. On tlu* lotlj ol' (Jttohcr, 1780, a ilrradtiil
liiirriiane oii alimtid vail dfvallation in hnrbadocs : great niiinheis of the lioiife*
were dellroyed ; not one houfe on the illand w.i>i wholly Fno tiom lianiagc ; many
j)erfons were huried in the ruins of the buildings, and great nmnber* wore driven
into the fen and there perilhcd.
Sr. CnninTopnF.R's.l This ifland, commonly called hy the failorj St. Kitt'i,
is lituated in 6j"-i7' well longitude, and i;"-!!;' north latitude, ubotit 14 kairn.'..
from Antigua i nnd is twenty miles long, and leven broad. It has itK name troni
the famous ('hrillopher (lolumbus, who dileovered it fur the .Spaniards. That na-
tion, however, abandoned it as unworthy ot their attention ; and in 16. '.6, it wns
fettled by the IVench and Knglilh conjuntUy j but enlirily leded to u.s by tlu
pe.iee of I'lii'iht. It eontains 43,726 aeres of land, of whii h about 17,000 aeres
are appropriated to the growth of fugar, and 4000 to pafliirage. As fuj^ar it the
only eninnuulitv of any aieount that is railed, except provilions ami a little entton,
it is probable tliat nearly one half the v^hole illund is unlit for niltivation. 'lln;
interior part of the eountry tniilitls indeed of many ru).',gi'd prei ipiees and barun
mountains. Of tbefe, the lofliitl is Mount Mifery (evidently a dn iiyed volcano),
which rifes _^,7i i feet in pi rpendieular height Iroin the fea. N.ituri', however, has
made abundant amends fur the llerility of the mountains, by the fertility llie lias
befliiwed upon the plains. No part ol the \\ ell Iiidien [xillellcs even the f.mu-
fpeeies of loil that is found in St. Cluiflopher's. It i.s in general a dark givy loam,
fo light and poious astobr |)enetrable liy the lliglitell application of the hue ; and
it mav perhajis be the produtlion of fubierraneous lires, the black ferruginous
j)umice of naiuralills, finely incorporated with a pure loam, or virgin mould. The
under llratmn i^ gravel, from eight to twelve inches deep. Clay is no where v" 'tnd,
except at a conliderable height in the mountains.
By what procefs of nature the foil now menlioned becomes more efpecially fiiif-
ed to the production of fugar than any other in the Well Indies, it is not within our
province to explain ; the cirtumftance however is unquellionable. Cyiu-s, planted
m j)artiiular (pots, have been known to yield Sooo lbs. of Muliovado fii!»;ir from a
fingie acre. One gentleman, in a favourable feafoii, made 6,400 lbs. or four hogf-
heads of i6cwt. eai h, per acre, on an average return of his whole crop. It is not
however pretended that the greatell part, or even a very large proportion, of ilie
tane land thruu^hout the illand isecpially jiroduftive.
In this illand, as in Jamaica, the jurifdiction of both the king's bench and com-
mon jileas centres in one fuperior court, wherein juliiee is ailminiilered by a iliief
iulliie and four puifnc judges. 'ITie chief is appointed by the crown ; the others
by the governor, in the king's name ; and they all hold their coinmilVions during
afcribf to it an intcndeil revolt of all the nrgrocs in
Uarbailors, who, as he atrcrts, moved by inili)^ii,ition
at liikle'j i)ioii(irou» iriiclty, voweii, with one ac-
»i>ril,thc (lillrij'tion ot iill the whites; but their
jilol w»5 dileovered the ui>;ht belorc it was to hive
8
lieen carried into elTcft. The HJlmu- ri.ihji^hli^ke
has a thuiif:iiid beauties; hut, in point nt hiftoiical
aciuraiy, it istie.irly Jii a level with the Hiflnry oj'
Kobinfoii C'liil'oe.
plcafare.
)7^>
B in r I S 1 1 A M K U I C A N U L A N O S.
Iili'iifiiri'. 'riu'iilTictf of iliicf jiului- U wurih ul>')«i Cool, |K-ruiiiiuiii. 'Pic cmulu*
niiiiu ctl' llif iiliiiiiitil jii«l;'i"tnn' UidirtR.
I'Ih' pn I't'iii iniiiiltcr ot wliiii' iiiliiit)itiint« U I'ltmpuU'd nt 4000, nml iaxf« Hrv
lc> it'll on 16,000 iu'gr>ii'»( Hiul ilu-rc art' aboiii joj black* iiitil imilatti hi uftrvc
I'Diuliiion.
Ill IVhriiiirv, 1781, St. Cliiirtoplicr'i wni lukcn by llic I'nntli, but rdlond lu
ICn^Iatul by llic tu-nly dl' |iciac.
ANri(i"A.| Siidiiffil in t'l' wi'ft fongltiuli', ami 17' nortfi Iiititiuli-. is nfutir.
«iil.ir iDr.ii, luiir 10 milii «»v»r f i ry way. It ii alimii 10 li.iaius to ilu- k.iilwiirti
•it hi. ('lirilJ<>|ilKi'n, ami wn» tliiVoviTid nt the f.iiiu' titui- wiin tliiit illaml, by Cn-
liiiubi. liiiti'. It' wlio imiiuil ii, CnMii n tliiinh in .Si'villi-, S.mt.t Mn.'ii /.i Anihu.i.
AniiKUii in ii|iwiirtl(i ot' 50 iiiili* in linui^if'tiTiuv, mul mntiiiiH v^,U j8 iuri<i d'
IumI, III Nvliitli iiliotil .)4,ooo ni\ itnMniprinti-d to llic ^(iosmIi hI' U\^\\t, uiul piltur
iij^i- ainiixi'd: ilt nliior priiicipsil liiipK'n arc ii>t|nii-\\i»i| and t>ibiicii>i and tiny
riiili-, in f'.ivmiriibli jurii, gri-.nt iiiinnttlirii ol' proviiidns.
In r/74. ibi- wliiii' irilinliitniiti oj'iill ngrs niul fv\cH wvro n<)o ; nnd tlio ciillnvid
nci^ioih ^7,808. 'lin' li'i{ill;itiii\' »/t" Antijjiiii !■* toimofid ni" tlu- cdnnnaiul'.r in
«lii' I. a miini il nt' twi. Ivc innnlnT'i, mid an alli'iiilily ol twi iif^-livi* ; and it i» \iiy
iiuiili lo \\^ liniiiinr, that it pii I'l'tn. d llu- liill rsaiiiplc tn tnc (illiT ill.nul.s, of a
nuiioiatidii t)f tin- criminal law nlpcdin^ ni'f;ro lluviii, by f^iviii;; tho uicufcd
)iaiiy llic licmlit (if a tiiiil by jnry, and allnwiii};, in tlu-iafi' of lapiialiiMuictimi-i,
fniirda\> lutWAin tin- tinu' of li'iiti-mi' smd i-Miiition: nnd it is ilill niorf to ihe
f Anii^n.i, that its inlialiitanis lia\v rm (.nrajti'd, in a partiiular niiinnt r,
h.. It;
lionouf <i
llu' 'aiulablf niiliiuouri ol tfitain pious men, who liaM' iin<Krta!vi'n, t'luni the
pu.cll and bill inntiviK, to i-nlif'.lUiii tin- minds of tin- nc^rnis, and had thorn into
till' kniiuli(!j;o of nlij^iotH truth. In tin- tvpiirt of tho lord* of tin- tominitfii- of
tiunuil on tlu' llavc iradi ■ is tin lucount ot the inbonis of tho foiiciv known I
7
till' iiiinii' III' tlu' ('aii.n riiiiiurt ^conimonly talUd Moiavians', in this tinlv i;lori(uii
puiliiit ; troni whiih it apiu-arH that thoir umdud in this bnlinils difplavs I\kIi
I'otnid iudi;nu'nt, liriMtliL's luili a t'pirit of ^oiuiinc ihrillianits , and has bi-cn at-
ttndi(l Willi fnili iiuincnt t'luccfs, as to intitlo its brothriii and milhonarics to tlic
nioli tavoiiLiblf rmption from rvtiy nian whom tho aiiidiiits of fortune hav
invi liid wlih puwiT omt ilii- poor \tri»ii
ilaniir
I'. Ill Vvs)
lis, iin<
tlial il;;'V aro his I'l-llow-ircati
! who bi'liovi's as it -s I
d of
lopi'tl I'Vor
unvs, aiul ot I'lnial importaiui' wil
I
liinl'ill in till' I') IS ot' an ail-l'iiiiijj and impariiai uo\irnor of tho nni\orfi
lie
'I ho mimlior of toiivortid noj;io ll;i\os inukr iho caro of the brotliron, at tho ond
iif tiic yoar 17S7, was,
III Aniij;u.T, csattly ....
In .^t. Kill's, a now million ...
In lUirii:idi't> and Jamaioa, about
In St. 'I honnis, St. Croi., and St. Jan, about
in .Sinin.un, aliont ....
Still living in tlu- \Vt l] Indiosand Surinam
Qi nearly as can bo afoorlainod from tho latoll accounts.
80
100
10,000
400
16,043
It I
las one o
I'llio lioli harboin-, in llio W oli Indii s ; il . caiiital, St. John's, hofi
oro
the lire in I7'>9. ^^•''■' largo and wt.alth\, and i» ihc yrUiiiary feat of lUc ^jovcrnor of
tho Locward illamls.
Nevis.I
ORITtSIl AMERICAN ISLANDS.
♦77
N«vn,] *n)i» bfauiil'ul liitlc f|)ol \» nothing more than n (inj;?i* mrttinliin,
riling Hkc ■ tone in nn rnTy nftrnl Irixit ihr (cu ^ tiic circuniti-ri'iuo oi' lU l)u('i> not
exceeding fight Knglilh Ifnguiu. It it Inrlicxcd thnl Culumluu brltowod on it ihif
nppcllatiun ol Ni(V('<i, or fit Simii, iVom it* rcfcinliUnic to n mounlnin nl iii«
laniv name in Spain t but it in not nn iinnrohnhU' (.onjctlurc, that on thole ituyi •
whitr finokc wit frtMi lu ilUtc from ihr rummil whiih, at « dithuxr, hint ti fnnu-
iilvc nppoartincc, and that it drrivfd itt namo Iroin ihrnii*. 'Ihnt llu- illai\(l wai
pruduci-d hy fomr vulcanic i-xnUilion there can Ik' no duuhl i lor there it u hcillow,
or crntrr, near the rummit llili vilible, which rontaint u hot I'pring, llroncly ini-
pregnnted with fulphiir t and fiilphtir it frequently i'ound in fulillunce ui the
neiKhhoiiring gullict and cavitiet ol the earth.
Tlie government, iit ihf ahfence ol' the governor-gcn<*rAlt i« adminirteri'd by th«j
pielidcnt ul the (onm ii. 'Ihit l)o»rd it compoleuor the prelident and lix other
mcnkbcrs. 'I°he lumfe of afl'cinbly coniiUs of lilteca re|< iVnUtivci t three tor euch
parilh.
'Hic adminiftrntion nf rommnn law it under the guidanrr of a chief jiinitc and
two ulliilant jiidget, and there it nn otiice for the regillry ol deeiU t lie pieleiil
number of white inhubitanlH it Oated not to exceed lix hundred, wlillc the n>-;{r(H'«
amount to about ten thoufand ; n difproportion wliicit nccellurily toiivortt all hit h
while men ut nre not exempted by age and decrepitude, into a wvll regidaied
iitilitia, among which there ii a troop conlilting of Hfty horl'e, well mounted und
uccoulrcd. Knglilh forcct, on the Dritilh cllablillmicnt, they buve none.
MoNTiRRR AT.j Of thi» little iflnnd, neither the extent nor the importnnrr de-
iiunids a very copious dilVullion. It was difcovercil at the fame time with St.
ChriQopher'k, and derived its name from a fuppoled rel'emblance wliirli ('oluiiiltut
perceived in the face of the country, to a ntouataia of the fame name near i)ur«.c-
ona. i
HARRunA.] Situated in \^*•M' north lotitude, fii"-^©' weft longitude, ^5 milet
north of iVntiguo, is ao niilet in length, and 11 in breadth. It it tertile, und iiat n
gdud ruikd for Oiipping, but no dircdl trade with England. 'I1)c inhabitnntt arc
ihicHy employed ni imibnndry, and railing fredi proviliont for the ufe of the neigh-
bouring iilei. it bclongt to the Cuilringluii fumily, and the iidiubilanlt amount tu
about 1500.
Anouilla ] Situated in 18" north latitude, 60 n\ilc« north-weft of St. ChrilV)-
nliir's, is about i^o mile* lonj;, and 10 broad. This illand is perfef Hy level, and the
cliniBte nearly the fame with that of Jamaica. The inhabitants, who uic not nu-
mcrout, apply ihennVlves to hullmndry, and feeding of cattlci
Dominica.] Situated in 16" north latitude, nntl fii' weft longitude, lies about
liuit way between (iuadaUnipe and Maitinico. I( is 29 miles in Uni^lli, Jiiul i(> in
breadth: it received itt name from being difcovertd by ("oUmilui- ^n^ a .Suiul.u.
fbe foil of thi.s illand is thin, and better adapted to \h<.- reailng of mtton than lu
jjar; but the fides cf the hills bear the finell trees in the Well Indies, and the ill:iii<l
is well fupplied with rivulets of line water. 'Ihe French have always ojipi-Kd om-
fdtling here, becaufe it muft cut off their communication, in the time ot wiir, be-
tween Martinico arid Guadaloupe. However, by the p<'ace of Paris, in i;^';,, it
wai ceded in e.\i)refs terms to tne Englilh ; but we have dirived little a(l\:nii;ij;i;
from this conijueft, the illand being, till lately, no better than a harbour for the
(utivcb of the other Caribbces, who, being c.\pcUed thiir own fi-lileaunls, toolv
6 i refug';
97*
BR IT I SI! ANtr.RlCVN i;!.AN'D«.
But. cm urcoiimof iuCiiurtiKMi luiw^cn ilu- prinupal Vtfnth \n,
nYiijrr here.
niitl I'riiui- Kii|»rl'» liny, bmitf otio ol' thf iiioll tti|i.MiiMH in the WrtI Inditd, j(
lu« l)vcii )ii(li;i(l exprilu'iil Id (Driii DiMtiiitit .1 jniit 11 ^uvt nwiKnt of it U' If, and in
tU'ilarr il 11 Ir^-f iii>ri. Ii wa* lukcit l) llic rn-iuli in i/'/^i but WM rcAorvd tgiin
ti) («ri-ul Krituiii by ilu* latf |>^4lcr,
'I hi- UnilLiiivi- .luihuriiy i>» ilm irtnn«l i« vcrtwl in the remmamler In chle*', »
roiiiuilul ivviUr 1(1 i)iii.ni(-ii, iiiitl iiii ulU nibtv of riinelr^^n mcmbvri *. IXxninira
loriluin* |80.4;6 nirci ot l.iiul, trxi 11 ilivitli-d ItttD ti*n parifltet, 'lUc U)m» ot'
Kul'i-iiu i» lit prclciil tliL* cii|iilut ol llic illund, mxi i» filunirU hi ihc |i4rilh ot'V
(icorgo, Ik'iii^ nboui fi Viii IcAKkua from i'linte Kii|tcrr« Hay 1 it ii on u tMim of
liiiiil (III iliL' luiitli wtit li>l>^- of iIk' illrfiiJ, whiih foriiM two hayi, vig. W'uo(|bri(J|i'«
Day to llic north, ami ( luriiiitivilK- Idiv tit llic liiuiliward.
TIk<i iilitiil lOMMiiit itriiiy li'gh utui rugged mount.iiiiit, inlcrfpcrrcil with fine
vallcyt ; mill in m ncral ihcy up|K-itr to he Icrtiic, ScvtuI of the inotiiilaiini con.
lain liiKXiiiiguilh<-(i vulcanut, which froi|iu'iilly difchnrgc vnit i|iiaiilitici of huminr
futphiir. From ihcfo nioiiMlaiiiH nifo ilfiu- fpringi of hot uutcr, fomc of wliuh unt
fu|i|iufc(i to pofTcfs errnt virtiu- in the cnfc of tropii til difurdrrt. In Ibmc placet
the w>itcr 1% fiiid to he hot enough to cuagiilate ini igg.
Domiim.i i» well watered, there being imwurdt of thirty-five fine riven in the
ifltuul. bclidci a great n' rnhcr of rivulctv. I he foil in mo|) of the interior country
ia a light brown coloiii ' nould, and nppeart to have been wnllied front the moun-
tain*. Towards the fea c<iall, and in many of the vallien, it it a deep blaiL iiii«i
rii h native earth, and Icems well adapted to the ciiltivalioii of all the article* nf
Well Indian pnukue. I he under lUatuin i* ><> fume parU a )eltow or bricic clay,
io moll [)lace> very llrong.
St. Vincknt.] Situated in ij" north latitude, and 61" well longitude, jomilcs
north wel) of Bardadoes, 30 mile* fouth of Hi. Lucia, ii about 24 miles in length,
and 18 in breadth.
St. Vincent's contains about 84,000 acres, which are every where well watered,
but the country il very generally mountainuusand rugged ; tne intermediate vallici,
however, are u-rtilc in a high degree, the (oil conliliing chiefly of a line mould, coin*
pofed of fanil and (lay, well adapted for fugar. I he extent of country at prcfetit
fKifTclTed by HritiHi fubjeds is 23,60c acreit, and about as much more it fuppolcd to
le held by the Charaibes or Caribncanit. All the remainder \s thought to he in«
capable of cultivation or iniprovenunt,
Ihe illand, or rather the lUiiilh territory within it, is divided into five pnriDict, nt
wliich only one was provided with a church, and that was blown down in the hur-
ricane of 1780 i whether it is rebuilt we are not informed. There is one towinalhd
Kingfton, the tapit:.'. ol the ilhuid and the feat ot its govi.>riinient,and three villagrs
thai bear the name of towns, but they are incunliderable handets, conlilliiig cudi
of a few houfes onlv.
But th'' public eliablilhment that refle£ls the greatfd honour on .St. Vincent's, i^
its ccleb.atttl botanic garden, under the urovid* nt and well-dircdled care of .Mr,
Andrrfon. It conlilU of thirty acres, of which no lets than lixtecn arc in high dil-
tivaiion, abounding not only with alinoll every fpecies of the vegetable world,
which llie hand of nature has bcHowcd on thcfe illands for ufe and beauty, forlniMl
and luxury, but alio with many valuable exotics from the l.all Indies and .Siuiih
America. If it be I'lirpallcd in this latter refpctt by the magnihccnt garden ot Mr,
* The governor 'i fuUry is 1 lool, (lerling ptr annum, rxcIiiCvc of his feci of ofSce .
Pa't,.
U It I T I .S II AMERICAN ISLANDS
97»
Vr#, in lam*K-i. ii rUlm« m lr«ft ihr honour of fenioriix, tntl Uu«t Inftnhe crrtlii
IxHh in iltoriKinal foiindcr* ami prrfrnt cllri'flori.
In the f'mmc of ii< giiwrnnirni ntul ih'' mlmlnKtralion of tveruiivp jnfllic, Nt.
VifH'oiil frrm* lo difTiT In no rrfiK-fl triMn<irctiailii llir council cniilifN of lwelv«
nirinl)cr«, fho nirrniblv of d-vinJrm I li<" oovern'ir'i f.tlnry u two ih'uifund |h)iiii(1«
rlrrling, nno halt of whali ivtaifi'tl wilhtii (he illaiui, the oilier liaU i« pdid liiiu uul
III ihr rxihrqucr of (2rcat Hriiain,
'I'hr military force tonlirti at prrfrnt of a rrglniirnt of ihfaniry, nnil n cnn.paiiy
of artillery, fiiit iroin Kn)(liiii<l| and n liUi k (orpi rniT'il io the cntitiiry, hiil pro-
\i(lc«l for, wilh thi' formrr, «<n ihc Hrililh fOnhlilhmrnt, niiii nn fivintf no n>l<liti>inul
pny frnin the illnnd. Ihc militia coiiititi of imo rrgitnciiti uf loot, (crviiig Milhuut
pnv of any kind.
I hv niunhcr of inhabitant* apprar, hy the lart rrtiirnt to (jovrrnntrnt, to he on<«
ilioiir«ti(l lour hiiiMlrcd mid titt) wliito, uild clcvin iliouliuul i-i^lil liundri <l iiml fitly
llirii! lu'uror*.
'I hi' Ch;iriiih<*ii, or ('nrilihcaiuarc fuid to hnvc Ixcn trcnlfd with fo nuuli inniOirc*
ntid Iturbarity, aflor tlii* illund laiiic inio polU-llioo of ihr Knglilli, to whom it wii«
ndid by ihi; pome, in I7'>;, that tlifv greatly cimtrihiiicd towariN niHbling tl|.»
French to get ihiiIiIIIoii ot it iij^uin in 1779) but it \\u» leliond to (jnat Hritaiii
liy the lute treuly of pome.
Hnr, Anrai'i I- TRKK KXPr.niTtON ] 'liie lliiu Providence, captain Hliuh, and
the Allinnnce l)ri|{, lieutenant PortliKk, arrived in the Welt Indiei in Jiinuar]r,
179J, from Oluheiu-, with many hundred* of the hrcnd-truii-treri, and other vnlU"
iihle plantn. 'Ihtfi- vilIeN left iMiglnnd the id of Aiigull, 1791, and arrived at
Oluheile the loth of April, 1791, where they reniuinvd till the 19th of July. 'Ihey
« lu ountered viirinvis diingt rs in pulling through the h< lore unexplore<l Ihait helwern
New (riiinen iind New llolluiul, which they iuuiid full uf ro<k<, (liuaN, nnd fmnii
illandii, inlUnd of being clear and oi>en ai fuppofed, and laid down in ch.irli. It
look twenty one day* to ^t llirougli it, which, it it were clear, might he pHlfed in
two. In till* Ihait the Pandora wai loft, and it i* ronjetlured that M.de la Pey-
ronie there perillied. 'I hive hundred bread Iruit plantt, were landed at ,*:t. V iiicent
in the latier end of Jumiary, fj')}, in excellent order, for the i)urpofe 6t being dif-
trihtiled among the neighlH)uring illand*. 'I he remainder of tlic plants, amounting
lu an euunl number, arrived nt Jamaica in a tew days after, of which an allotment
w.is made to the three counties in tlu- illandi ; to the county of Surry 83, to the
loimty of Middlefex K ^, to the county of Cornwall 83.
The cultivation *if ihcfc valuable exotics will, without dovibt, in u courfe of
\.ars, lelTen the dependence of the fiigar iHand* on North America, for food and
inteiraries; and not only fupniy fublilbnce for future generations, but probably
tiirnilb in-(\\ incitement* of induDry, new iniprnvcments in the arts, and new fub-
jitls of commerce. 'I hat our readers may be fatisfied that this benevolent delign
u likely to unfwer the moll fanguine wilhe* that have been formed of' it, we lliall
dole this account with an extract of n letter to sir Joskpii IUnks, from the bo-
tanic gardener in Jamaica, dated December, 1793. " All the trees under my
'• cliar^i- are thrivini; wiili the gri-atell luxuriaiui'. Some of the breadfruit are
'• upwards of eleven hit hl^b, with Icaw s lliiri\ li\ inches lonjj ; and ni/ I'uctcr*
*> in cultivating them liu* exceeded my moil fanguine expectaiioiia,"
Crp.nada and Tiih (iRKNADiN'F,'! ] Crenada is fit u.Ttc 11° north Inlitude, and
fti" well loiigitinle, aboni iliirly lc:imies fiHiili wilt of I'nrbadois, and nlmotl the
I'.inn- dillance norlli of Niu .\iulitliil'a, nr tlie .S|ianii!i Main. 'llii. ilL-iiul is faiil to
tji- 30 miles ill lenjMh, .md 15 in breadth, h.xjn rience has proved, that the foil is
1 J. c.Mieuuly
9^0
BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
1 xtroincly piojur tor producing fugar, coffee, tubaccu, and indigo; and upon the
whole it ciirriis with it the appearance of becoming as Hourilliing a colony as any
ill tlic VV ell Iiidlis, ot* its (hnunlions. A lake on the top of a hill, in the middle of
the illund, fupplie.') it plentii'iiliy with fine rivers, which adorn and fertiliiie it. Several
l<3ys and iiiirbours lie round tlie illaiid, fomc of which may be fortified with great
adsantage, whiih renders it very convenient for (hipping; and it is not fuhjett to
hiirricaiics. St. (ieorjje's Hay has a fandy bottom, and is extremely capacious, but:
tipen. In its harbour, or careening place, too larjje vell'els may be moored witli
perfVfl falely. '1 his illand was loni; the tlioatre of bloody wars between the native
lixliaiis and tlie French, during wliich this hamlt'ul of Caribbees defended ihem-
felvcs will) the moll refoUite Ixravery. In the lall war but one, when Grenada was
iittackcd by the !''.n(;li'h, the French inhabitants, who were not luimcrous, were fo
ami'/ed at the nduclion ofCJiiadaloupc and Martinico, that tliey loft all Ipirit, anil
funviulered witlauil makin;; the leart oppolition; and the full property of this illand
l();,'t tiier with llie I'lnall illaiuls on the north, called the Grenadines, which yield the
fame produce, wen contirmed to the crown of Great Britam by the treaty of Paris
in 176?. In July 1779, the French made themfelves mailers of this illand, which
wa^ rdlorcd to (Jroat Britain by the late treaty of peace.
•Grenada appears to be fertile in a high degree, and by the variety as well as
rxtellence cf its returns, feems adapted to every tropical produ61ion. 'Fhe exports
of tlie year 1776, from Grenada and its dependencies, were i4,oi2,i57lbs. of Mufca-
vaclo, and 9,273,607 lbs. of clayed fugar, 818,700 gallons of rum, 1,827,166 lbs.
of cofTec, 457,719 lbs. of cacao, 91,943 lbs. of cotton, 27,638 lbs. of indigo, and
foine fmalier articles ; the whole of which, on a moderate computation, could not
be worth lei's at the poitsof Ihipping than 600,000 1, ftcrling, excluding freight,
duties, infurance, and other charges. It deferves to be remembered too, that tlie
fugar was the produce of one hundred and fix plantations only, and that they wero
vorked by eighteen thoufand two hundred and ninety-three negroes, which was
therefore rather more than one hogtlicad of mufcavado fugar ot lixteen hundred
ueight, from the labour of each negro, old and young, emjjloyed in the cultivation
of that commodity ; a prodigious return, equalled perhaps by no other Britilh illand
in the Weft Indies, St. Chilltopher's excepted.
'I'hc governor, by virtue of bis oflicc, is chancellor, ordinary, and vice-admiral,
and prelides folely in the courts of chancery and ordinary as in Jamaica. His
falaiy is 3,2001. currency per annum *.
'I'he council of Grenada conlifts of twelve members, and the alTeinbly of twenty-
fix. The powers, privileges, and funttions of both thefe branches of the legiflatuie,
are the fame, and excrciled precifely ' 1 the lame manner as ihofe of the council
and alTembly in Jamaica.
The law courts in Grenada, befides thofe of chancery and ordinary, are jft, The
court of grand fellions of the peace, held twice a year, viz. in March and Sc|)-
teinbcr. 2dly, The court of common pleas. 3dly. Ihe court of exchequer.
4thly, The court of admiralty, for trial of all prize caufes of capture from cne-
jnics in war, and of revenue feifurcs in pe.ice or w.ir. There is one judge of
admiralty and one furrogale. Laftly, The governor and council compofc a
court of error, ai in Jamaica, for trying all appeals of error from the court of com-
mon pleas.
Newfoundland.] Exclufive of the Weft India fugar iflands lying between
the two continents of America, Great Britain claims fume others, tliat are feated at
The currency of Grenada, or rate of fxcliaiige, is commonly 65 per c«iit. worft; iKan fterllng.
the
■^
BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
981
twcuty-
^iflatuii',
council
between
fcalcd at
ftcrling
the
llic diftancc of fume tlioufatul miles from each other, upon the coaft of this quarter
•>f tl e globe, uf whici) \vc lliall fpcak according to our iiK:thod, beginning with thofc
iif tiK' iiiuU northern fituation.
Newfoundland is lituated to the cart of the gulf of St. Laurence, between 46"
and (;^° north latitude, and between 53° and 59° well longitude, feparated from
Labiador, or New Britain, by the llraits of Bellcille ; and from Canada, by the Bay
of St. Laurence, being ^^50 miles long, and 200 broad. The coafts are extremely
fubjett to fogs, attended wiih iilinoft continual ilorms of fnow and lleet, the Iky
bein^ ufually overcall. From llie foil of the illand, wliich is rockv and barren, wc
arc tar from reaj)ing any fudiKn or great advantage, for the cold is long-continued
and fcvere ; and the funnuer heat, tliough violent, warms it not enough to produce
any thing valual'le. However, it is watered by feveral good rivers, and hath many
large and good harbours. '1 his illand, whenever the continent Ihall come to fail of
tiniber, convenient to navigation, (which on the fea-coall is perhaps no very remote
profpect), will afford a large fupply for malts, yards, and all forts of lumber for the
Welt India trade. But what at prefent it is chieHy valuable for, is the great lilhery
of cod, carried on upon thofc llioals which are called the Banks of Newfuuiidlanil.
Great Britain and North America, at the lowell computation, annually employed
3000 fail of fmall craft in this lilhery ; on board of which, and on (hore to cure and
pack the (ilh, are upwards of 10,000 hands; fo that this fiflury is not only a very
valuable branch of trade to the merchant, bur a fourcc of livelihood to many thou-
fands of poor people, and a moft excellent nurfery for the royal navy. This' filliery
is computed to increafe the national ftock 300,0001. a year in gold and filver, re-
mitted to us for the cod wc fell in the ^yrth, in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the
Levant. '1 he plenty of cod, both on the great bank and the lell'er ones, which lie
to the cad and fouth of this illand, is inconceivable ; and not only cod, but feveral
other fpecies of tilh, are caught there in abundance ; all of which are nearly in
ecpial plenty along the lliores of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New England, and
the ille of Cape Breton ; fo that where our colonies are thinly peopled, or fo barren
as not to produce any thing from their foil, their coalis make us ample amends, and
pour in upon us a wealth of another kind, and no way inferior to that arilitig from
the moft fertile foil.
This illand, after various difputcs about property, was entirely ceded to England
by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713; but the French were left at liberty to dry their
iKts on its northern (bores; and by the treaty of 1763, they were permitted to fidi
in the gulf of St. Laurence, but with this limitation, that they fliould not approach
within three leagues of any of the coafts belonging to England, 'i'hc fmall iflands
of St. Pierre and Miquelon, lituated to the fouthward of Newfoundland, were alio
iicded to the French, who llipulated to erett no fortifications on them, nor to keep
more than fifty foldiers to enforce the police. By the laft treaty of peace, the
French are to enjoy the fiflicries on the north and the weft coafts of^the illand ; and
the Americans are allowed the fame privileges in filhing as before their indepen-
dence. The chief towns in Newfoundland arc Placcntia, Bonavifta, and St. Jolin :
but not above 1000 families remain here in the winter. A fmall fquadron of men
of war are fent out every fpring to protcfct the filherics and inhabitants, the com-
mander of which is governor ot the illand ; befides whom, there arc two lieutenant-
governors, one at Placcntia, the other at St. John's.
The island of Cape Breton. Annexed to the provinceof Lower Cana-
da.] The illand, or rather collection of illands, called by the French Les Ifles de
AlaJamc, which lie fo contiguous that they arc commonly called but one, and
comprehended under the name of the illand of Cape Breton, lies between 45° and
4.;^ north
981 BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
47" north latitude, and between 59° and 60" wi«ft longitude from London. It is
' ' '" '^' va
between
ubout 100 miles in length, and 50 in breadth ; and is leparated from Nova Scotia
lit, called the Gut of Ciiiijo, which is the communication belweer
by a narrow ftrait, called the Uu'i of (
the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of St. Laurence.
It is furroundcd with little fliarp pointed rocks, feparated from each other by
the waves, above which fonie of their tops arc vilible. All its harbours are opeii
towards the ealt, turning towards the fouth. On the other parts of the coaft there
are but a few anchoring plucos for fninll vilTols in creeks, or between inlets. The
harl)oiir of St. I'etcr's, at the weft end of the illand, is a very commodious place for
carrying i>n the filhery.
l-Acr. OK THK COUNTRY, CLIMATE, i I'.xccpt in the hilly parts, the furface of
SOIL, ANii PRODUCTION. J the couutry has but little folidity, being
cvrv where covered with a light mofs and with water. 'Ilie dampncfs of the foil
is exhaled in togs. In other relpctls the climate is very cold, owing either to the
])r()digiuus quantity of hikes, which cover above half the ifland, and remain frozen
tor a long time ; or In the niiniber of fonlls that totally intercept the rays of thu
fun ; the itieot i>f wliiih is bclides decriaKil by perpetual clouds.
The iiiliahiiants never applied thenifeives to agriculture, the foil being imfit for
it. They often iuwed corn,l)ut il feidom caiue to maturity } and when it did thrive
fo nnith as to bo worth reaping, it had degenerated fo confiderably, that it was
not tit tor feed for lliemxt harveft. They liave only continued to plant a few pot
herbs, tokrtibly well tailed ; but they nuift be renewed every year with feed from
abroad. 'Ihe poornefs and fcarcity of pailures has iikewife prevented the incrcafe
of cattle. In 'i word the foil of Cape Breton feems calculated to invite none but
fiihernii.n and foldiers.
Though the illand was entirely covered with forefts before it was inhabited, its
wood has fcarce ever been an objoit of trade. A great quantity, however, of foft
wood was found there fit for firing, and fonie that might be ufed for timber; but
the oak has always been fcarce, and the fir never yieldmg much rcfin.
Population, chief towns, &c.] On this illand there are about 1000 inha-
bitants, who have a lieutenant-governor refident among them, appointed by the
king. The j)rincipal towns are Sidney, the capital, and Louilbourg, which has the
bill harbour in the illand.
This illand may be conlidered as the key to Canada, and the very valuable fiflicry
in its neighbourh<H)d, depends for its protetiion on the polVellion of this ifland ; as
IK) nation can carry it on without fome convenient harbour of flrength to fupply
;md protetl it, and I,ouifl)ourg is the principal one for thefe purpofes.
'I'rade.] The paltry trade is a very inconfiderable objetf. It coniifted only in
the ikins ot a few lynxes, elks, mulk-rats, wild-cats, bears, otters, and foxes, both of
a red, lilver, and grey colour. Some of thefe were procnnd from a colony of Mie
mac Indians, who had fettled on the ifland with the KriMuh, and never could raife
more than 60 men to bear arms. The rell came from .St. John's, or the neighlxnir-
ing continent. Greater advantages might poliibly have been derived from the coal
mines which abound in this ifland. Tluv lie in a hori/ontai dire^iion, and being no
more than lix or eight teit below the fiirtaee, may be worked wiilioiit liigging deip
or draining oir the waters. Notwiihflaiiding the prodigious doniand for ihis ccul
fioni .Nev. Kngland, tnmi the vear 174; to 174(), tliefo mines would probnhh lia\c
bi en forl.ikiii. had not the Ihips which uercrmi out to tlu- h'ri-iicli illancU waiiit d
ballad. In one of thefe mines a fire has been kindi/d, which could ni\er yit be
cxtinguilhcd.
Ihe people of Cape Hretun did not iViul all tluir fifti to Kurope. They fent part
t)f il to ihe i'lem-h foutheru illauus, on bourd twenty or tweniy-live ihips, froni 70
to
'■fy^fA
BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS
9H
to 140 tons burden. BefKlcs the cod, which made at leaft half their cargo, they
exported to the other colonics timber, planks, thin oak boards, faltcd falnion anil
Mi:u;karel, train oil and fca-coal. 'IlHle wen; paid tor, fomc in fugar and toftee,
but chietly in rum and niolalVcs. 'Ihu illand could not confumu all thefe commo-
dities. Canada took off but a (mall part ot° the overplus ; it was chiefly bought by
thu people of New Kngland, who gave in exchange fruits, vegetables, wood, bricks,
and cattle. This trade of excliange was allowed, but a fmuggling trade was added
to it, carried on in Hour und fait iilh.
In 1743, while this illand belonged to the French, they caught 1,149,000 quin-
tals of dry filh, and 3,1500,000 ot miid-filh, the value oV bolh which, including
a,ii6-J. tons of train oil, drawn from the blubber, amounted to 9^6,5771. los. iKi-
fing, according to tlie prime coft of the filh at Ncwfoundlaiul. The whole value
of this trade annually, at that period, amounted to a million llerling, in which no'
lefs than (64 Ihips, befides Ihallops, and 27,000 loiuncn were employed. Charle-
voix, in his hiftory of France, fays, " This fifliery is a more valuable fourcc of
" wealth and power to France, than even the mines of Peru and Mexico would be.
History.] Though feme filhermen had long reforled to this illand every fum-
mer, not more than 20 or 30 had ever fixed there. 'Ihe French, who took poll'eC-
lion of it in Auguil 1 7 1 3, were properly the firft inhabitants. '1 hey changed its name
into that of l/le Roya/e, and fixed upon Fort Dauphin for their principal feltlement.
This harbour was two leagues in circumference. The thips eanie to the very ihore,
and were Iheltered from the winds. Foreds, atlbrding oak fufliclent to fortify and
build a large city were near at hand; the ground appeared le.i barren than iit
other parts, and the filhery was more pleutitul. This harbour might have been
rendered impregnable at a trifling expence ; but the diniculty of approaching it
(a circumftancc that had at firll made a ftronger imprelhon than the advantages
rcfuiting from it) occafioned it to be abandoned, after great labour had been be-
llowed upon the undertaking. They then turned their views to Louilbourg, tlu:
accefs to which was ealier ; and convenience was thus preferred to fecurity : the
fortification of Louifbourg, however, was not begun till 1720.
In the year 17 14, fome filhermen, who till then had lived in Newfoundland,
fettled in this illand. It was expected that their number would foon have been in-
creafed by the Acadians, who were at lil)erty from the treaties that had been
granted them, to remove with all their etlecls, and even to difpofe of their tllates ;
but thefe hopes were difappointed. The Acadians chofe rather to retain their pof-
fellions under the dominion of Britain, than to give them up for any precarious iid-
vantage they might derive from their attachment to France. Their place was fup-
plied by fomc diitrefled adventurers from luirope, who came over from time to tiiuo
to Cape Breton, and the number of inhabitants gradually increafed to 4000. Tiiev
were fettled at Louifliourg, Fort Dauphin, Port Touloufe, Neruka, and on all tiio
coafts where they found a proper beach fur drying the cod.
'I'his illand remained in poirellion of the French till 1745, when it was captured
for the crown of Great Britain, by a body of trtwps from New England, under the
command of lieutenant general William Pepperell ; but it was again, by tlie treatv
of Aix-la-Chapelle, ceded to the French, who (pared no exjieuee to tortify anif
Itreiigthen it. Notwithlhmding which, it was again reduced, in 1758, by the liii-
tilh troops under general Amlierlt and admiral Boleawen, to<:;et!ur wiili a largo
body of New England men, who loimd in that ]>lace two hundred and twenty-one
pieces of cannon, and eighteen mortars, together wiili a large quantity of ammuni-
tion and ftorcs ; and it was eedcl to the crown of (ireat liritain by the peace i;t'
176 ^ lince which the foriiticaiiuno La\e been bluwn up, and tlie lowuuf Loiiilbuuig;
dilniantlcd.
7 St,
984 BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
St. John's.) Situnted i« the gulf of St. Laurence, is about 60 miles in Icngili,
and 30 or 40 broad, has many line rivers, and though lying near Cape Hrcton and'
Novii Scotia, ha« greatly the advantage of hoth in pleafantnifs and fertility of foil.
Upon the reduction of Cape Breton, ilie inhabitants of thii illand amounting to
4000, fubmitted quietly to the Britilh arms ; and to the difgracc of the French go-
vernor, there were found in his houfi- fjviMal Englifli fcnips. which were brought
there to market by the favages of Nova Scotia 1 this being the place where they
were encouraged to carry on that barbarous and inhuman trade. This illand was
lo well improved by the French, that it was ftyled the granary of Canada, which
it furnillieil with great plenty of corn, as well as beef and pork. It has feveral fine
rivers, and a rich foil. Charlotte-town is its capital, and is the refidence of the
lieutenant-governor, who is the chief officer in the ifland. '1 he inhabitants are
eftimated at about 5000. Upon the redudion of Cape Breton, in 1 745, the iniia-
bitants of this illand, amounting to about 4000, fubmilted quietly to the Britilh arms.
It is attached to the province of Nuva Scotia.
BERMunAS, or So.mmers' Islands.] Thefe received their firft name from their
being Hrtl difcovered by John Bermudas a Spaniard ; and were called the Summer
Illands, from lir George Sommers, who was Ihipwrecked on their rocks in 1609, in
bis paflage to Virginia. They are fituatcd at a vaft ditiancc from any continent, in
•?2° north latitude, and in 65° weft longitude. Their diftance from the Land's lind
Is computed to Iw near 1300 leagues, from the Madeiras about 1200, and tVon»
Carolina 300. The Bermudas are but fmall, not containing in all above 20,000
acres ; and very ditlicult of accefs, being, as Waller the poet, who relided fonie
time there, exprefles it, " walled with rocks." The air of thefe illands, whic h
\^'aller celtbrates in one of his poems, has been always efteemed extremely health-
ful ; a continual fpring prevails, fo tl.at the beauty and richnefs of the vegetable
produHions are delightful, 'llie pafture ground is ever verdant ; the gardens ever
in bloom. Moft of'^the productions of the Weft Indies might here be cultivated.
TlKMigh the foil of tlu'fe iflands is admirably adapted to the cultivation of the vine,
the chief and only bufmcfs of the inhabitants, who conlift of about 10,000, is the
building and navigating of the light (loops and brigantines, which they employ
thiclly in the trade between North Amevii a and the W eft Indies. 'J hefe veflels arc
rcn)arka!)le tor their fwiftnefs ; as the cedar, of which they arc built, is for its hard
and durable (juality.
'I'hc town of St. George, wliich is the capital, is feated at the bottom of a haven
in the ifl.iiul of the fame name, and is defended will) fe\en or eight forts and feveiitv
pieces of cannon. It contains above live hundred houfes, and I'ome elegant public
biiildinf^s.
" 'I he hoiifis are built of a foft ftono, which is fawn like timber ; when expofed
" to the vvenllicr, and wnOied like iinie, it becomes haid. The honfes are while as
*' fnow ; which beheld from an eminence, eontralled with llie greennefs of the
" cedais and palhire-grounil, and the nuililtude ot ifl;inds full in view, realize what
*• the poetb have fei^lled concerning llie I'.Klian tields. '1 he inhabitants are nume-
" rolls, perhaps not lefs than 15 or 20;000, who live fo contiguous, that it looks
" like a continued village.
" The conmuin food of the Bermudians is coftee, filh of diflerent kinds, a fweet
" potat(-e, Indian corn, and American flour. '1 he water is rain preferved in cifterns :
" tlie general drink is grog. J he government is conduii-ted under a governor
•■ named by the crown of England, a council, and geneial ad'enibly. The eftablilli-
" ed rdigi >n is cpifcopacy. There are nine churclies, of which three clergymen
" have the charge. There is one Freflnterian church, A regard for religion is
y '' not
liRlTISfl AMKRICAN ISLANDS.
9».?
*' not the charaftoriftic of tlic Bcrmndiniis. Ihoy fcldoin go to church, except it
'* be to attend u tunerul, to the haptirm ut' their cliil(.lren,or to hear a llrangcr *."
LrcAv'R, or Bahama Islands.] 'Hie Hahainiis arc fituated to the fouth of
Carolina, between 22" and if iiorlli latitude, and y \'' and 81° well longitude.
They extend along the coall of l-'iorida quite down to the ille of Cul)a, and are
fuid to be 500 in number,— fume of thi-m only men- KKksi ; Init twelve of th^'Ui are
large, fertile, and in nothing different from the f.)il of Carolina: all are, however,
uninhabited, except Providence, wliii h is 200 miles call of the Kloridas ; tliou);h
fome others are larger and more fertile, on which the I'.nj^lilh have plantalion.s.
tk'tween them and the continent of Kloiida is tlie gulf ot llalianKi, or Florida,
through which the Spanilh galUmis fail in their paifage to !ujro|)e.
Tliefe little iflands have dcfervodly a claim to particular notice ; for it was onu
of them t that had the honour of (iril receiving Columbus, after a vo)age the moll
bold and magnificent in delign, and the moll important in its confequenccs, of any
tliat the mind of man has conceived, or national adventure undertaken, from the
beginning of the world to the prefent time. 'Ihey were not known to the luiglilh
till 1667, when captain Seyle, being driven among them in his pafl'age to Carolina,
gave his name to one of them ; and being a fecond time driven upon it, gave it the
name of Providence. The Englilh, obferving the .advantageous lituation of thefe
illands as a check on the Frencn and Spaniards, attempted to fettle them in tlie
reign of Charles II. Some unlucky accidents prevented this fettlement from being
of any advantage j and the Kle of Providen<:e became an harbour for the bucca-
neers or pirates, who for a long time infelled the American navigation. This
obliged the government, in 1718, to fend out captain Woodes Rogers, with a
fleet, to diilodge the pirates, and to make a fettlement. This the captain ciroctedi
u fort was ereded, and an independent conipany was (lationed in the illand.
Ever fmce this lall fettlement, thefe illands have been improving, though but
llowly. In time of war, people gain conliderably by the prizes condemned
there i and at all times by the wrecks, whiuli are frequent in this labyrinth of
rocks and flielves. The Spaniards and y\mericans captured thefe illands during
the laft war; but they were retaken by a detr.chment from St. Auguftine, April 7,
'783.
Falkland Islands.] Leaving the Bahama and Weft India illands, wc (liall
now'procecd along the fouth-eaft coall of America, as far as the 521! degree of
fouth latitude, where the reader, by looking into tlie map, will peicoive the Falk-
land iflands, fituated near the Straits of Magellan, at the utmoll cxtreniiiy of South
America. King Charles U. of England thought the difcovcry of this coull of fuch
confeciuence, that lir John Narborough was purpofely fitted out to furvcy the Straits
uf Magellan, the neighbouring coall of Patagonia, and the Spuniih ports in that
neighbourhood, — with directions, if polhble, to procure tome intercourfc with the
Chilian Indians, who are tjCnerally at war, or at kail on ill terms, with the Spa-
niards ; and to eila);liili a commerce and a lafting correlpondence with then;.
Though fir John, thiough accidental caufes, failed in this ailcnipt, wliich, in ap-
pearance, promifed many advantages to this nation, his iranlaotions upon that
coall, bclides the many valuable improvements he furnilhed tn geiii;;rapliy and na-
vigation, are rather an encouragement for farther trials of this kind, than any ob.
♦ This account is from a letter lately written
by an intcllit^eut geiiilenian, who had rclideU a
lumber uf years in Dcrmuda.
I St. Salv.iilor, known to F.n^lifli fcainen by
the name ul Cat lllanU.
6K
jefliou
«>86 BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
jrrtion ngainft thcin. It appeared by ihc ^)refaiition» and fears of the Spatiiardi,
that llicy were fully coiivimi-d of the pratlliabiiity of the fchcme he was fcnt to
cxtnite, and extn. nicly iilarmcd witli the apprehi-nlioii of its conficmcnccs. It is
faid that Ills majcl^y ('luirli;«i II. w.i» fo far prfpolUHed with the belief of the cmo-
himcnts wliich mii^lit reilmind to the public from tiiis expedition, and was fo
eagor to be inf«>rnud df ilr. event of it, that, having inteilinLMiec of ilr John Nar-
bnrt)u>;h's palling tln(ui};li ihe Downs on his return, he had not patience to attend
his arrival at court, but went hinifelf in his bargi- to (Iravefend to meet him.
'• As thercture it apprais (lays tlie author of Anfon's Voyagi. ) that nil our future
expeditions t<» tlie Snitli Soas nuift ru:> a conliderabie rilk of proving abortive,
wliiKl iu our p:i|]at;e liiiilur we are under the necelVity of tou(hn\g at the Portu-
gui K' ftilcMunt ol' llralii (ulkre we may certainly depend on having our llrcngth,
condition, and deli^'ns betraved to the Spaiiiardsj, thedifcovery of fome place more
to til/ flmiluvaKl, w liere lliips miqlit refulh, and fupply theinlcives with the iiecef-
fary fea-llm k tor ilu ir voyiii^e round C'iipi' Horn, would be an expedient that would
roil, ve us from tluTo cnibarradhients, and would furely be a matter worthy the at-
teuiion of the publk. Nor does this fccm ditheult to be efTeded; for we have at-
rc:idy tlie imi>ortecl knowledj;e of two places, which might perhaps, on examina-
tion, prove extremely convenient for this purpofc : one of them is I'epys' Illand, in
the latitude of 47. t'li'itli, and laid down by Dr. I lalliv about So leagues to the call-
vanl (it'Cajie I5r.iiui>, on the eoalt ot P.iiagonia ; tlie other is Falkland's ille.>, in
tl-.e latitude of 5' and a hail", l)inj; nearly loutli of IVpys' Illand. 'Ihf lal't of tliele
have been feen by many ibips, both I'lvnch and I'.nglilh. VVoodes Rogers, who
ran aloni; the norili-eall coall of tlieli.- illes in the year 1708, tells us that they ex-
tended about twodci;iies in lengih, and appeared with gentio del'cents from hill
to lull, and feemed to be r,(iod grounil, interl'peried with woods, and not deliituto
of harb()urs. Kither of thefe places, as tlu'y are illands at a conliderabie di-
llance from the continent, may be fuppofed, from their latitude, to lie in a
climate futhciently temperate. This, even in time of peace, might be of great
confe(iuencc to this nation,— and, in time of war, would make us mailers of tliofc
feas."
Falkland rflands were firll difcovcred by fir Richard Hawkins in 1594; the
principal of whii h lie named Hawkins' Maidenland, in honoiu' of tjueen I'-lizabt'ili.
The preCent Kn^lilh name l'"alkland was ])r()bably given them by captain Mronj;,
in 1689; and being adopted by Halley, it lias from that time been received into our
maps.
In the year i7^>4. the late lord Kgmont, then firft lord of the admiralty, revived
the fchenu- of a fettlement in the South-Seas; and commodore Byron was fent to
take poll'ellicin of Falkland Illands in I'ne n;Mne of his liiilannic majelly, and in his
jiiiirnal reprefents tluni a-, a \aluable atciuihtion. On t'ne other hand, they are re-
pref ii'ed b)' captain M'Bride who in 17O1 t'uecieded that gentleman, as the oni-
cafts of nature. " We tound, fays he, a mat's ol illands and broken lands, of which
the foil was nothing but a bog, with no better projpctl than thit of barrtn
mountains, beaten bv ilornis ahnoll perpetual. Yet this is fmnmcr ; and if the
winds ol' winter bold their natural pro])i)rtioii, thofe who lie but two cables' leii^di
from tlie Ihore, m\ili pais weeks witlioui any coimnunicatiori with it." The plants
and vegetables wl.ii h were planted by Mr. Byron's people, antl the rir-trees, a
native of rugged and cold cliniafcs, had withered away; but goats, Iheep, and
h )"s, that were eariii-d tliitlier, were lound to tlirisc and ii'.ereal'e as in oilur
places. (Jeefe, of a tilhy talie, lni)i(s, loAes, fea-lious, penguins, plenty of ginal
wate', aid, in tl.c Uuumer months, wild celery and furrel, are the* natural luxuries
oi lii'jfe lilaiids.
6 Cut
EAST AND WEST FLORIDA.
»•»
But thouffh tlic foil he bnrrrn, nnd tlic fi-n tompcihioim, on Kngliilt fcttlcmcnt
was made Iuto, of" wbicli wo wrri* tlil'poiriflTcil Uy ihc Spaninnls in 1770. 'Hint
nu'afiirc wns, Iiowcvit, difavowccl l»y tin- S|);iiiilh nmhall'ador, jind fumi" toiitcllioii!!
wt'rc mndi- to tho court ot'GuMt Ihitaii) ; mit the iVttKiinMit was tiiiully ubaiid»n<
ed ill 1774, in order to avoid giving umbrage to the court of Spain.
SPANISH DOMINIONS in NORTH AMERICA.
EAST AND WEST FLORIDA.
Situation and Extent.
Mil
03.
I .en Rib 600 1
Hrcudtli 130 )
between
Degrees. Si]. Miles.
Ho and 92 wofl Iniipitude. ■)
25 and 31 nwrtli latitude. i ^°°>°°°-
n , 1 ^T^' "*♦ country, wliieh was ceded by Great Britain to Spain by
BoUNnAiiES.J ^ ii^^. |,^j^, treaty of neaee, and includes a part of l.ouiliana,
is boiMuKd by Georgia on the norib ; by tlie .Millilippi on the well ; by the gulf of
Mexico on the fonth ; and by the Babaina Hraits on the call.
Jo VKKs.] 'I hefe are the Millilippi, wbi' ti forms the wellern boundary of Florida,
and is one of the linell in tlie world, as well as the largeft ; for, including its turn-
ings and windings, it is fuppofed to riui a courfe ot 4500 miles; but its mouths
are in a manner cboakcd up willi fands and llioals, wliich deny accels to vellels of
any conliderable burtlien, — there being, according to Mitchel'!; maj), onlv twelve
feet water over the bar (captain I'itman fays feventeen) at the principal entrance.
Within tlie bar there is 100 f.illioni water, and the channel is every where deep, and
the current gentle, except at a tertain feafon, when, like thi; i\ile, it overtiows and
l"'i()nies extremely rapid. It is, jxcept tlie entrance already menliuiKd, everv
where free from Ihoals and cataratts, and navij^able tor craft of one kind or other
ahnort to its fouree. The Moliille, tlie Aiialachicola, and St. John's rivers, are alio
large and noble Urenins.
Hays ako cai'ks.) 'Ilie i)rinripal bays m\ — St. Hernard's, Afcenfion, Mobilie,
Penf.icola, Dau]ihin, Jol'eph, Apalaxy, Spiritu .Santo, and Charles Bay.
The chief capes are— Caiie iJlaneo, Sambles, Anelole, St. Aui^ultine, and Capp
Florida, at the extremity ot the peninfula.
Air Avn cmmairJ Dilferent accounts have been given of tliefe particulars.
It mav be ob^ervi'd, that, though the air is very warm, tlie heats are much allayed hv
cool breezes from the feas which environ and walh a conliderable part of this country.
'i lie inland countries towards the north feel a little of the rouglmet's of the noith-weft
wiinl. which, more or lef--, ditfufes its chilling breath over the wlinU' continent of
North America, carrying frort and fnow many degrees more to tin- foutluvard in
tlKle regions, than the iiorth-eatl wind docs in iuirope. '1 hat the air of i'lorida is
|uire and whiiiefome, appears tVoni the lize, vigour, and longevity ot tli.' I'loridian
iiidians. who in thefe relpects tar exceed their more fouthern neighbours, the .Mo\i<
laiis ; and when the Spaniards cpiitled St. Angulline, many et ihcui were of great
i;;o, — fomc above ninety.
<i K. 2 Sou,
¥ .
^ss
F. A S T AND \y V. ST F I. O II I n A.
f.
ioil., VROprctioNi, AM) ) Maiiv of ilu' «lil'd(lviintitj»i's iiidirtriiiiiiintclv
VACr. OK Tin; cii/n ris v, ) ii!ii)iiUi.l lo tlic foil of Oir wKoli> coiiiitrv iIkjuM
1)0 contiiiid to hjill-MoiMa. wlikli iiuln.«l, \\r.n tlu' I'l-n, and 40 milot Imclc. i« H;ir
uiul faiuly. Hilt cvni llu' t niintry roiuul M. AugullitK-, in nil npjK'nrtttac tlic worlJ
ill llio pinviiur, i. tar liniu Imiih uiiruiiltiil : il imidiKcs two trnps of liulinii c(>ru
a )i.ar; tin.' jjanK'ii vi-i;. ial)I.'» ini.' in f;iiat piTln Imn ; llu' iiranei' ntid Icpion irccs
grow lu'ti', withdiii culiiwiii'iii, to u larger iiic, and pruUu^.c ocltcr iVuit llian in
Spain or I'lirfiifial.
'Ilii- iiwoaki, llii.ii.^li n"t lull, contaiii a pr.)di;j;itnis <]iiantity of tinihcr, 'Hie
trmik, is };tnfi.illy iViiin twiiv • to Hvcnl) tcct in tircunilorcmf, and ril'. 1 t»n or
tUi-Ivi- tut iVnni'tlu' 1 anil, ar..i iluii l)Uii( hos into tour or tivc grtai litnbs, whidi
rtiw in imnly a limi/ni.i.il il,rn.liiin, I'l/rniinf; a >;rnlli' iur\i'. " 1 liavo licpju-d."
ays IJailram *, *' ubovi' tifiy pacis in a tliaij^lit iim:, tinni llio trunk of ono ot tlid'r
trees to till- cxtri-niily of iIk' lind)s." 'I luy an- cwr ^non and t)u' wood alniilt
iiicornipiil)U'. 'I'lu'y la'ar a ^roat miiintit^' of fniall arorns, wliiili aro good to
rat, wIkii roafti-d, and t'loni wliitli llic Indians cxtrad a I'wocl oil, wliicli llicy ufu
ill rooking liunnnniy and rin-.
'Ihc laurel inai;noli:i is tlic moll hcantifnl anionj; llic trccH of the foreft, and in
ufnally an hiindrnl fn't liigli, tliougli fume are nuicli liiglicr. 'i'lic trunk is per-
fectly ercft, riling in tlie torni of a beautiful colunin, and iupportinj{ a head like an
obtufe lO.ie. 'I lu; llowers ari' on llie extreniitit-s of the hranihes, are large, while,
and expanded like a mfe, and are tlie largeft and moll complete of any yet known ;
when tiiily expanded, lliey arc from lix to nine iiuLes diameter, and have a mofl
deliiioui tVanranei'. 'Jheiyprefs is the iargrll of the Anieriean trees. "1 havu
fien trunks uf tlu fe trees," l.i\ s Uartram, "that would nieafure eight, ten, and
twelve feet in diameter, for forty or fifty feet llraight (haft." The trunks make ex-
«el!ent Ihingles, boards, and other timber ; and, wlien hollowed, make durable and
ionvenii;nl tanoes. " W hen the planters fell thefe mighty trees, they raife a ftage
round them, as high as to reach above tiic buttrelfes: t)ii this ftage eight or ten
negroes afcend with their axes, and fall to work round its trunk."
'ihe inland country towards the hills is extremely rich and fertile, producing
fponlancoufly the fruits, vegetables, and gums, that are common to Georgia and
the Carolinasi and is likewifc favourable to the rearing of European produttions.
There is not, on the whole continent of America, Jmy place better qualified by
nature to aflbnl not only all the neceiraries of lite, but alfo all th« pleafures of ha-
bitation, than that part' of this country which lies upon the banks of the MilTi-
lipl>i.
From the climate of Florida, and fume fpecimcns fent to England, there is reafon
to ixjiedt that cotton, fugar, wine, and lilk, will grow here as well as in I'erfia,
India, and China, which aie in the fame latitudes. Ihis country alfo produces
rice, indigo, ambergris, cochineal, amethylls, turquoifes, lapis lazuli, and other
precious Hones ; copper, (luick-filver, pit-coal, and iron ore : pears are found in
great abundance on (he coall of Florida : mahogany grows in the fouthern parts of
the peninliihi, but interior in li/e and quality to that of Jamaica. The animal cre-
ation Jire here fo numerous, that you may purchafc a good faddle-horfe in exchange
for goods of five ihillings value prime coll; and there are inllances of horfes beinj;
exchanged for a hatchet per head. Naval lloreii might be raifed in thefe provinces
in great abundance ; and Well Florida has already lupplied Spain with coniiderable
quantities, it is faid, that no province can fo proHtably furnilh Madeira with corn
and pipe-ftavti ab Well Florida, and in return fupply itfclf and other provinces with
winci. 1
''»•• trad(
r'oi'i;i
AM
'"g "Itcri
rivi-r. wa
'•da, by I
W'thihindi
l''.>-iity(,f,
"' rMiJililh
« "'oil) apt
'Tllieanii
17 the deH
I'"'lellion .1
. 'he chii
'••< fented w
JToat Iu(l Ir
M<-'\ko, i,;
'•■""d on jilJ
'•"■s, to the
•'y^\ of ihrei
^*>t. Align
'■''""« lllc 111,
<''"'h otJK r ;i
•■' <litcli. /t
•he whole is
"Will aiKl ft,
^■'^I't icet wa
• Travels, page 85.
Wines.
V'l'ier the rl
*'■'■'' its iiioutl
. 'VIVERS.]
^''•■"cis, whici
■^5 ^ or three
from 20 to
^''l'i'ij)pi alnl
',''*■• CJuJf of M|
''Iverminesasl
«-^v< lu/ive navij
miles from iis|
I'-'ven ciVhths ,
i9>nofAlarch
grcat,~[ituatc(|
9
I, {) i; I S I A N A.
wine*. 'ITic fiflK'ricn inljjht likrwilV ho rctuKrcd Iicrc very profitablo, ai niijjiil nif >
the triidf fitr tiir*, aixl various niln-r lirmit li
I'l.
PorUlAl IDS, tOMMl.l'CI
AM) rilll'.l- IU>VNi.
I
I lu- I'liiriclas Iwive rxpcrlci.ccil the vicilTitudcii
t' w:ir, ami tu'i|iu'mly < liiiii^i-d iniiiK'rs, hcloii^-
m
g aluriiatoly lo tliv rrcncli ntui .Spaniants. Will Morida, m tar a>i call IVrdido
riviT, wnHowiu'd utid oiciipiod l>y tlio rrciuli,— tlic romnindcr, and all I'.all i''lu-
rida, l)y ilK-SpaiiianK,— prrviuus to iluir lirinm-'dod to tlic l'',ii;;lilh, at ilu- ponco
u(' I 76). rtio Kii^liiii <lr>icU'd this cuimtr)' iiitu l'.all and Well I'loridu. Mm nut-
\vitlitlaiidii)|( ilu> luxiiiiainy ol tin- foil, tlio lalulirity oi' tlic air, tlio clK'.ipin.!'. and
pK'nty ol prut iliun
and tl
10 ont pin:iinini;iU (it il
III. till
I uiiviTimivnt. tin- number
of Fji^lilh ndiahitanti litre was ticvri' very ciinlid^rabk'. Indt\-(l the allairs of tho
tt)lon) appear iDlmM' heoii injnilii ioidly nianai;. d ; and tin' rednftion of I'enl'acola
I7 llie ariniiif tlio kin^; of >Spain in 1^81, aiul it^ l)>.'in^ guaranteid t>) that (.loU'ii
by till" detinilivi- treaty of 1 7f5j, dipnved us of our Haltering profpcCl* Ironi the
polieliion o| I'lorida.
The ihief town in Well Florida is IVnlaeola, N. Int. 30-21. VV. Ion. 87-30, wliltlw
is fented within the bav of the fan\e tuum-, on a laudy Ihore that can oidy bo np-
proailu'dby linall velleU. The roail is, Imwever, one of the bell in all the jiulfof
jMexieo, in whieh villels may lie in lately a;;ainll every wind, beinj; furrouiuUi! bv
land on all tides. '1 lii-> pl.iee iVnt (kins, |o;{wo(<d, dying tlull', and tilver in duU
lars, to tlie annual value of 0;, 700 1, and reeeiv.'d of our nuuiutuctures, at un aver*
iijje of three yiar.s, to the value of 07,000!.
St. Augutline, the capital of l'.all Florida, N. lal, 29-45. W. Ion. 8i-i J, run*
along the lliore, and is of an oblong forin, diviiled by tour regular llreets, eroding
'Ihe town ih foililled with ballioiis, and iiitlofed witlv
eat
hotl
ler at ri 'lit an
.^l
!i diteh. It is likewife defended by a taliji', whieh is tailed I'Vrt St. John; and
the whole is t'uruilheil with
nnoi
orniin
At il
\e entrance in
to tit
irl
te liarlKiut are
th
north and fouth bivakers, forming two elwiinels, whole bars, ut low tides, ba\o
eiuht ket water.
LOUISIANA.
n 1 "Df^UNDKD bv the MillWippi eafl ; b\' th.> Gulf of Mcxicf>
UrtTNPAnfF.s.] D (.^^ji,^. 1^^. ^'e\v.\b•^ieo well; and runs indefinitely north.
L'u'.^'r the rieneh government, I.ouiliana ini luiled both fides of the Millifi|)pi,
fri' I its inoutli to the Illinois, and back from the river, call and weQ indefinitelN .
JvivERS.] It is inlerfected by a miniber of line river.s, among which arc St.
Fi..iicis, which empties into the Millilippi at Kappas Old Fort, navii;able about
2? J or three hundred iniks; its eourfe i.. nearly parallel with ilic .Miililipp.i, and
from 20 to ;o miles dilbuu tVom it ; — the Natchitoches, whieh emi)iics into the
Millilip[)i above I'oint Conpre, and tin. Adayes or Mexieano river, emptying into
the Gulf of Mexico ; — ami the river Ro'.ii;e. on whieh it is well known, are as lielj
iilver mines as any in Mexico. 'I'his is fuppofed 'o be one principal reafon why tl.e
e\( lullve navigation of the Millilippi has lieen (o much ii.'iiied rn by .Spain.
Capital.] New Orleans. It Hands on tiic call liJe of the Miiiili|)pi. 10;
lies t'rom its mouth, in latitude ;o" 2' i.orth. It contained about 1100 houfes.
mi
feven eighths of which were conl'umed by tire, in the fpace of five hours, on the
lyth of Alarch 1788. It is now fall rebuilding. Its advantages for trade are very
great, — iitualcd on a iwblc river, in a fertile and healthy country, within a week's
a fail
990
LOUISIANA.
ftvil of Mexico hy fon, ni\<l ni nrar »<> iIk' Hriiiih, Krviuh, niid Spnniffi Weft hflit
illniuU, will) a moral tirluinty ol' il* lH:('>iuin){ the gincrul r«*ri ptaijo j;,r ilu- i,rm
iltuv ol' thul oxtciilivi- amt valuiiliU* toiiiti y on tlir Millili|)|ii uiid Oliid ; tlu(;-«.ir.
•.uinftdticcsnro rnlKn uiil t.» riirun- iIh t'iil«r\ jjruwilt iinil iniiimiTiiiil i,»i|K»rtii(Kt.
Kki.uiion, oovi,«hmkn r, tlii ] I'lu- grtau-r pjit <•» itio vvliilo inlml
Intuiiti
I' riutii.
„ >y « viciTiiy trtim J»j)ain, niul ih
her lit inhubitaiii<t U unknown.
Climatk, «oil, AM) PRot't'cr] Loiiiiliiiiin U ni^n-ciiWIy lltuatcd lu-iwccn thp
fXlroiiUH of lii'iil ami r >M lit rlmiiiti- variin, hi it i-xhiuU f' *mi.U the norih
rill' Si)iitlicrn parN, lyinf; witliintlu' rraili of lit.* n-tVclliinjj hrii/i-n tim,) t he Ten
nri- not ftonlnil like ilmli.' nndi'r thi- ianu* lulilndi'* in Atriiiii and Iik n.irthoi
rn{i<in> an* loUUr than thuli' nt" Kuropi- uiuKr the I'ai'K- naralli-!:!, with a whuj
I'oiui' (fTcnc air. lo iudm' ol' tlu' prodino to Ik- cx|H'<iti'd I'roni tlir |°i,i| of* i,,
fiaiia, l«'t us turn oiu- tvcH to Kt;v|it, Arabia I'llix, IVrlia, India, (.'liiiia, i
Ja|»an, all Iviiij; in lorrv I'p )iulin^ iaiiluili-s. Ot" tlu-l'i', Ctiiiia aloiu' ha« a loli-rablj
j;mm rnintiit ; and wt il mull b • atknowli-d:; -d tlicy all arv or bave bi-cu I
oni
OI||>
Md
lor ilk'ir riihi'sand t'oitililv. Kmiii ilic tavouriii.kMiLJ'!* ot' tlu' iliin.tic, t
illtlDUK
. two nnnufil
trips of Indian lorn may In- nroduii'd s nnil tbf toil, witb littli" cultivatjou, woiiii|
fuiiiilh ;;rnin ot' cvory Wind in llif ^rcaifll aluindiuuiv 'I lioir tiuibi-- in as fi
)i' at
nuy III ilu- world, imd tin* ipiaiiiitu* ot liM'-o.ik, aili, mu.l)crry, walnut, cluTrv
r^prifs, a;ul fi'dat, nif altonilliui!;. Tin- iu-i';lil)oiirlnMnl ot' tliv .\)iuili|)j)i, IkIuIc^
luruillifg lln" riclicll fruit* in great variety ; llic foil is particularly adaph I tor la'aip
Ha\, and tobacco ; and indigo is at tlii* time a Ihiiilc commodity wliii h i onuuonl
In
yiiMs the jjlantcr ilircr r t'our cuttiii;;s a year. In a word, wlialt-vir is riih and
rare in »lu' moll dclirablc climates in Ivnopi' fci'ins to bo ilu- fjiontaniiMis piodnc-
tiiiii of this (lilightt'ul country. 'I'lir Millilijipi aiul llu' iu'ii;hl)ouring lakes fumilh
III great plenty Uveral forts of lilh, particularly p^rili, pike, llurijeoii, and eel
ill the northirii part <tf fiouiliana, a few miles below the mouth ot ilu- Oh
10
rl\er, on the \\i II b ;i;ik of the Millilippi, a fi lllenuiil is coininiuing, eniidui-te<l by
colonel .Nrirg.iu uf .New J»rfe;, iiihUt iIk- patronage of ilu' N])aiiilli king. 1 he
fjiot on which the city is prnpoli-J to be built in calkd .New Madrid, alter the
c.ipital of .Spain, and is in iinrih latitude ;(j" 30'.
lI'sioH Y.J '1 he Millilippi, on wbicii the tiiu; cotiiitry of Louiliana is titiiated
was fiili ilificiveivd bv I't rdmaiKl tie .Solo, in 1 ^41. .\Jonliiur tlv la Sail
e was the
i\r\\ who Ir.r. eifid it. lie, in llie year idiz, luuing pali'id down to llio luu.ith of
tlie Millilippi. and furseyeJ the adjacent country, returiicki to C'uiiadu, from wluiicc
111' look ii.illr.ge to I'rance.
i'rom the llaiti-rin^ accounts whiih lie gnve of the country, and the conferpirn-
t'al a(I\ri'Ua;^('s that would accrue I'lniii feiiling a Cfdony in thofi' pans, Louis \IV.
V .IS indr.' cd til ritablilb a minpany tor the purpnfe. Aci ordiiiglv a fquadron of
four VI llcK, anijily provided wiib men and j)rovilions. uikIiT the coinman.l of
jMonlieur de la Salle, eni'«arked with an iniention to l.'tllr near ihr mouth 01' the
.^lill,(i|)l)i. jhit he uiiintnitionally failed a luiiidred Ua!;ues to the wi'lUvard nf it,
whvn 111- afli'iniited lo i'll;ibliih a loloiiv ; but ilirouoli ih
I :in
1 ' tiiita\i)uiui)K'in.r'. of (!ic
late, moll of liis men miKr;il)ly prriilud ; and In- biiiifelf w.is vii.ainoully niur-
iliTed not long alter by two ot his own nu'ii. ,\bialii ur ibberville ficceedcd him
in his la. idabl: attempts. He, alter two fiicci. (-I al voyages, died wliile prcjiariiig
fur a third. C'ro/at fucceeded liim ; and, in 1712, the kin>; gave him l.oiiiliana.
I hi., gram conliinied but a lli"it tinie atcr lite dt alb of Louis .\l V. In 1763, Loui-
(lana was ceded to llie king of Spain, to wIimi it now livlon'js ♦.
Morfc's American (ii'ogr.ijiliy, vol.). p. ftjj.
N I- W
[ 99« ]
NEW MEXICO iNCLUDiwo CALIFORNIA.
Milr*.
SiTVATION AND BXTBNT.
DoBrCi'i.
S<\. Mile*.
LcnRfh loool r„..,..^„ (01 ajul ii^ weft loneifiido. ) .
UouNDAnim ' ^'*^^'^''|^'»y ""''""^'" '""|'<<»"*'^' Nurflu by Louifiana,
■' X3 "" '''*' ''••'•' ' *>v t>l*l Mfxito, and lh« Fuiulk Uccan, on
titc Muutii i mill hy tlic luinc uccaii, uii ihu Well.
Divifions. Sub(livi<ii)n». Clwi f 'Pnvn*.
Norili-cart divilion \ Now M^'xit.. I'.un.T | { ''''•^»' ' '> \'' ^)' • '""• '°4*
) '^ ' J t N. lit'. jO.
Soutli rart divilion Apaclioirii - - St Antonio
Simtli «livilicin Sonura ... I'littpi.
\\ I'li diviliuti Culil'urni:i, 11 pcninfulitt Si. Jiinn.
Son, AVtt C-LIMATk.J '\)u-\\
1
t niiniriis, lyinj? fur tlu- in ift part wlilun the tom-
piTiiU' /one, )i;ivc 11 cliniiiu- tn \\y,\\\\ places ixirniiciy ii^KiahK-, and a loll pui-
dnitivc i>\ every rhinn, rithor fur profit or dcli^lit. In California, liowi-vi-r, tlu*
liiiii i^ ^rint in funinuM, partiinlarly towards the r«.a-coail ; luit in the inland
coiiiitr>, llii- ilinialc is wa^w tiinpciatc. .ind in winlcr ivt n lold.
Kait. and t'HoniUK oi mh. toiNiitv j llur natural liiihiry of* ihiCo cdiin-
trii'H i'. yit in lis intaniy. 'I he Sp iniard^ theinfelvis know htilc of the matter, ar.cl
the liltli' they know thiy nre imwillinc to eontnuinii ate. It i>» eertuin, liowevcr,
that in genual tlie provinces of* New Nlexii" an«l Calitornia are extientely hea'iif'ul
and ple.ir.iiit ; the taee of the eonntry is agreeably variid with plains, interd-cled
bv livets, and .ulonud with f;iiilli' emini tui s i'ii\etf(l witli v.itions kiiiils ol trees,
('line pii'dmiiif; exeellcnt tniit. \\ itii relpect to the value of' ifn- ^old mil es, no-
thing; pnfitive can be alVerted 'Ihey liave undonbtedly enough of" natural pro-
diii lions to render them advaiuajjeous eolonies to i.ny bin the Spaniard*. In Cali-
fiyriiia there talli. in ihe nKprniiij; a j;reat (luaiuilyof diw, wliieli, fettling on tfio
rote leases, eimdiei, and bitiiines hard iiL<' manna, having all the tweitiu'l's ot
rJiiud fn^ar, wiiliout its whitenels. 'I'herc is alio aiMtlfr very lingular nalnral
p.i dticlioii ; in the heart of' the eounlry there are plains of' t'ult, ipiiie lirm and clear
a> I ivllal, wliith, conliderini; tlic vail qminlities of' filh t'fnnd on its et)all>, miijlil;
ruidi'i' it an invahiab.e aei|iiilitinn to an iiiihitbious nali'in.
IsiiAiii 1 .\ V I s, iiisiouv, i;<)v:.RNMi N I , I 'I Ik' .Spanilh t'l ttlements lure arc
,i()nipaKiti\ely weak, thou'^li they
li n. I (; i o M A N n COM M I. u e 1;
are
ail
iiieri.ilin)^ eviiy day in proportion ns new mints are dileuvered. 'Ihe itihabit-
ts are iliiiily Indians, wlii>m tlie .Spauiih milhonaries liave in many places l)^o^l^ht
o\rr to C'hiilliaiiity, to u i iviiil'ed lite, and to rail'e corn and wine, whiih lliey now
e\iM)it pretlv laigeiy lo Old Mexico. Calitornia was ilil'covired by ("orte/, the
piiai C"n<iueii)r of' .Mexico, in t;;(), af'ter eiidurin;; incredible hardlhips, and eii-
i.'Uiitering d. infers of' almoll every fpecies. Durinj^ a long p.'riod, it was I'o liitic
tu.pienled, that i.vcn it,-, I'onii wa* uiiknov.ii, and, in tnoli maps, it was repre-
K .lud as an liiand. Out I'a.nons navigator, fir l-'iancis Drake, took pnli'ciiiuii oi it
ill 1578, iiii' bis right was eunlirmed by the principal king or chief in the whole
country.
0')t
SPANISH A M K K I C A.
•-miiitry. 'DiU llilc, howovor, ihi* RovcrninvMit of Ori-at Britain hiv« nut liiilxntit
nit( iitpicd tit vindiiat>-, lhinii;ti Ctlit'iHrniit \* utliiiinihly fitnalid (ttt trade, und mi
In ciHiU hu4 a pearl riilicry ot' tT^•^^^ vului! 'Die inluWitiuitt »n<l |<)vcritnicitt do not
ntutarmll/ dilFirr from ihufcul'Old Mixko,
OLD M i: X I C O. OR NEW b 1' A 1 N.
Situation and Extcnt.
Milrt
l.cn({th aooo
breadth 600
Drjjrrr* S<|. Mik-i,
{ ''«^'«"" I 8 und 30 north latitude, j J'»'00<>'
11 .,w«..... 1 "D^^'*^'^'-'^ ''y New Mixuo. <ir (Jr.uuda, on iho North »
llot'NnAani.) ^ ,,^ ih.miltot Mexico, onthcNorth-eiiHi l>y Torra Kinim,
on the South-«a(t -, uiid b^ the I'.itilic Ocean, uii ihu bouth-well, cuntaitiiiiu tiiroc
audiences.
Audlencci.
I. G A L I C I A.
Jl. MEXICO.
III. GUATIMAL A
Provlncci,
1.
t.
3
- 4-
CundnlajnrrR
>{ai-atoi!i«
New Hifeay
Cinolen
6.
(\iliiu-un
Charnu-tlni)
Xalifco
>
I.
Mexico
1.
Mei hoacan
J'
I'amico
' 4
rbfeala
5'
6.
(liiaxaca
'rol>afio
7-
8.
juiatan
Cliiapa
Socoiuifco
• I.
2
V»faj)az
Giiatitnala
V
Honduras
4
Niiaragua
Colhi Rim
L6.
N'eragua
1
cuntaitung
Chief Town*.
Cuadalajarra
/acatrcuii
St. Hnrliara
CinoU'4
Cuhacun
<;hnrmctlan
Xahfco
Aeaoulio
Mectioacaii
Mrxico, W. Ion. loo-j.
N. hit. 19-54.
eaouhr
letlioaci
Tarnpici:
TIafiaIn
Vera Cruz
Cuaxaca
Tol)afid
Canipeoehy
Chiapa
Soionufco
Verapaz
Guatunaia *
Valladuhd
Leon
Nytoya
Santa Fc
• Tliii tity was fw illnw(-<l up liy .in rarilu|\Mkr on thf 7tli of June, 1773, whta ciKlit ihouranJ fami-
Kck iufl»ntiv puilliel. New OuatiauU ii built at I'unic diibiicc, and ii well inhabiied.
Bays.]
■■I'lt.iJiilly evport
i'i"(lil> to ;iiihv,-.
<' I'tn.' is made, ..
.SPANISH A Nf r. R I C A.
99J
lU M I On \he norih f»'u are ihe (jiilf* or lmy» of Wtxkn, Cumpf nc by, Vrm
i'i\iJl, iiikI ll<in(luru« i in iho I'aciHc Uii'sn, or .Vuiili-.Scii, an* the bay* Micoyn niui
Ama|ulla, Aiapulcu anil Salitui*.
CArKij 'llttrfe arc cape Notrtlo, cnpr Nl. Mnrlin, innr Comlcixln, rn|>r ('n>
tdchc. dipt' llondurat. tapi' Cameron, nml ^.\lu' (frmiu* l)iii<, in ilif Nnrili Stu
Cnpf M.inni'-i, mpo Spiritti Sunio, tii|H' ( •iri«iir»«, tupi' (rilUro, n»|H' HIjiih'*,
dipt' tliiritx, tiipi' I'ruirk-oi, unit tupo Miitn, in iln- South .S«u,
\\ iNixi I In tlu- ((lilt nl' Mcxiii), und ilu' nil|jci'nl I'l'iin, llicro arr llrooff tioiili
wind* Iruni OttoU'r lo Murih, at)4)ut ihr lull und ilmii^i' i>l llic mmM. fradtf*
windt prevail everv wlicre at a diltanci- Iroin land, wiilnn llir Iropirt. Niiir \\u<
«iiaft, in thr Si)utli-.Vu, iticy liuve prriodicnl \vind<, vi<, rnnnfiHin*, und Tea niui
land lircfxco, at in Alia.
Soil AND M. iMAT* 1 Mexico, viog Tof llic Mtofl [• it wiihin itic lorrid «ono,
ii» i'Xii'llively hot \ and, on ihf cu{\r i roni), the land l^ low, ninilhv, and con-
ilantU tloodid In lh>' rainy iVatoni. Hk' in' ltd c> ntry, hovvivcr, allnnu-t a Ih-tii-r
iil'pi'Ct, and ihi' air in of a milder lem|>rratur'* i on ''le we(K<rn tide, the land H not
io low at on ih>- eallern, nuuh lieiier in tjutlny, ui .1 Inll of plimiti' um.
I'aont'CK.j Mexic<», lil(c nil the tr 'liial imi rit.^ i« i t n\Mi nlmndani in
fruit* than in )(iain, I'inonpplei, pouu'uranattn, orange 'enuini, citron*, ti^i,
and loio.vnul* are here in the greatct* i lenty imuI per* m, u,. Mexico pnidiuei
iillo u piodi^ioii* tpiantily oi lugar, cfpeiiallv toward* ii.- |{nU' of M>-xico, und
the province ot Ciiiaxaca and (tunlimaia, lii tli<" h'-'<' are in ire fu);' lill* than in
liny other part* ot Spunilli Aineiit.u. (Vdii t. * nnd logwoxt aliomul ' *ar
the hay* of l'ani|»eaih\ and llondiira* ; the P'aho eo nifo which halh u i- irW
with llronn >ihr<s, winch they twill nnd rtiikc rope* of They hnve a'lo a '. .
whidi i* called li^hl-woo<l, lieing At li^ht ui n cork, ot which ihcy niukc float* to
carry their inercliandile oit the fcacoall*.
Hut what i* conndered a* the ihief (;lory of the country, and what firfl indiicctl
tlie SpaniariU to form fitlleitieiil* upon it, are the mine* of ^old and lilvcr. 'I he
t liief mine* of ^old are in \ era^ua and New (i u ada, Ixirderin); upon Darien and
'Itrra Tiniia. 'Ihofr of lilver, wliich are much more rich, n* well a* numcrnut,
are found in fevcral p.i t,, liut in none fo much as in tlie province of Mexico. Ihe
inincM ot lioth kiiuN ait alwav* found in the moll l>airt n :ind moiintainou* part of
llic counlrv i nature making amemis in one ri'fpeft for her defetts in anotlier, 'iiic
working of ihe j;o!d and lii\er mine* ilepeiiiK on ihe lame tninciplci. \\ hen the
ure i* du){ out. cmnpiuinded of fevcral hctcrof{ei.enus luhltance* mixed with tho
nrci iou* nutaU, it is hrokcn into final! piece* l>y a mill, and afterwiinU \\,ilhed.
In which means it is difen;;a^cd . ■ ■he earth, ami nilur loft hodu -, wliicli cljnjr
Id if. Then it is mixed with m. , which, of all luhlhuic.s, h;is the llrnnj?elt
iittraction for m»lJ, and likewile a Ition^er attraction for filver than ilie other I'lb-
ti.iincs which are united with it in tlie ore. IJy mean* of the mercury, ihereforo,
\\.r i>old anil lilvcr are hrll feiriiaied from the lKiero;5cnei>us matter, and iIk n hy
uuiiiiiiii; and evaporation, t' ; are difunited from the ineri ury ilklf.
I 111 other articles n"X' . ■ imiiortaiue lo j^old and lilver, are the cmhiiual and
ti.cna. I lie former i.s ot the animal kind, and of the fpccies of the gall inlLCts. It
.ulli'Tcs to the plant called opnntia, and fucks the jnico tif the fruit, whiih i* of a
iiiiiil'm colli':-. It is from this iuicc that the cochineal derives its value, which
k.iiiiilis in dvinf' all forts of the tiiu fl fiarkt, criiul'iMi, ;md purple, it is alio ul'eil
HI nKHlicine as a finltiiiru , and as a cordial ; and it is mmjiiileti tliat the ?n,ii. lards
aiiniiallv o.port no Ids than nine hundred thinikmd pounds wci^l.t of this cun-
innditv to anfwcr the |)urpofes of medicine and il\ int». 'Ilie cocoa, of which dio-
i. late is made, jjro\v.s on a tree of a niiddlin.; lize, which luais u pnd about the
«> I. li^o
994
SPANISH AMERICA.
fize and (Tiapc of a cucumber, containing the cocoa. The Spanifh commerce iii
this nrtii'lc is inimcnfo ; and fuch is the internal cunfumption, as well as the exter-
nal dL-inand tor it, that a fniail garden of cocoas is faid to produce to the owner
twenty thoufand crowns a yrar. At home it makes a principal part of their diet,
and is found wholcfome, nutritious, and fiiitabic to the cluiuite. This country
likewife j)rodi.i.es lilk, but not in luth plenty us to make any remarkable part of
its export. Cotton is here in great abundance, and on account of its lightnefs is
the common wear of the inhabilanls.
Poi'i'i.ATioN, iNiiABi lANTS, } W'c havc already defcribcd thc Original in-
r.ovKUNMKNT AND MAN N KRs. ) habitants of Mexico, and the conqueft of that
country by the Spaniards. The prefent inhabitants may be divided into V\ hites
Jiulians, and NegiiKs. 'Ihe wliites are either burn in Old Spain, or they are Cre-
oles, i. e. natives of Spanilh America. The former are chieHy employed in go-
vernment or trade, and have nearly the fame charatler with the Spaniards in
I'Airope ; only a Hill more confiderable portion of pride ; for they conlider them-
ll'lvcs entitled to great diilin61ions as natives of Europe, and look upon the other
inhabitants as many degrees beneath them. The Creoles have all the bad quali-
ties of the Spaniards, from whom they are dcfcended, without that courage, firni-
nefs, and patience, which make the praife-worihy part of the Spanilh character.
Luxurious without v.iriety or elegance, and expenlive with great parade and little
convenience, their general character is no more than a grave and fpecious inligni-
ficance. From idlenels and conllitution, their whole bulinefs is amour and in-
trigue ; and their ladies of confequence are not greatly dillinguiihed by their cliaititv
or doinellic virtues. The Indians, who notwitbllanding the devadations of the tirit
invaders, remain in ;^reat numbers, are become, by continual oppreliion and indig-
nity, dejeck'd and timorous. The blacks here, like all thole in other parts of the
world, are ftubborn, hardy, and as well adapted for the grufs llavery they endure
ns any human creatures can be.
Such is the general character of the iivhabitants, r.ot only in Mexico, hut the
greatell part of Spanilh America. The civil government is adniinillercd by tribunals,
called Audiences, which bear a lefemblance to the |)arliaments rornurly in France.
In thefe courts the viceroy of the king of Spain prelides. His employment is the
greatcll trult and power which bis Catholic majeily has in his dil'pofal, and is per-
haps the richell government entruiled to any fubject in the world. 'I he greatnefs
of the viceroy's othce is diniinilhed by the Ihortnel's of its duration, which lalls only
throe years, 'ihe clergy are extremely numerous in Mexico; and it has beip
coniijuted, that priells, monks, and nuns of all uidirs, make upwards of a filth of
all the while inhabitants, both here and in the other parts of Sjjanilh America.
The people are fuperllitious, ignorant, rich, lazy, and licentious: with fuch niati -
riaU to work upon, it is not remarkable that the church Ihould enjoy one fourth
i.f the rexcniies of the whole kingdom.
CoMMiRCK, Clings, AND sHii'i'iNG.] Tile trade of Mexico conlifts of three
great branches, which extend over the world. It carries on a tratlic with Kuronc,
l)V La Vera Cruz, lituated on the gulf of Mexico; with the Kail Indies, bv Ata-
puko on the Souih-.Sea; and with South America by the fame ])i)rt. 'Ihefe two
Ka-po!ts, \ era Cruz and .Vcapulco, are wondeiiully well litiiatetl lor commercial
pinp.iles. By means ot the former, Mi;\ico pours her \\e;:l'.li over the whole
world; and renive-, in return the nuniberhls luxuries :'nd neeeli'aries, which
l.aroj.e all'onis to her. ;inil which the indolence of her inhaoitants will neMT per-
mit tliem to aeiiuire lor thenifeives. To this port, the lleei fiom Ciiiliz, called the
Foia. coulifliii,^ ot three men of war, as a convoy, ;...d 14 lin:;e merchai.t lliins,
iuiiiUi.liy ariive ulfut liie b' ,L;inning ot Nuveuiber. Its carj^o c(.ii;lir!u uf every
8
com-
SPANISH AMERICA.
99^
commodity nnd naniifii^.lurc n( I'.uropc j and tlu-rc are few maritime nations but
linvo mon- cuncorii in it tliaii iIil* S|)antar(ls, wl)o ll'tid out little moro than wine
and oil. '1 ho profit of tlu-fe, with ihe frcif^lit and coinniillion to the mcrcliants,
and duty to the kint;, are alnuill the only advantages wliich S|):iin derives from her
American commerce. \N hen all the goods are landed and dilpol'ed of at La Vera
Cru/, the fleet takes in tlu' plate, precious Hones, and other commodities for
I'.iirope. Some time in May tliey arc ready to dqiart. P'rom La Vera Cruz they
fail to the llavannah, in the ille of Cuba, wliich is the rendezvous where they
meet the galeons, another fleet which carries on the trade of Terra Firma, by Car-
thagcna, and of Peru by Panama and Porto Bcllo. When all arc collerted and
provided with a convoy necelVary for their fafety, they fteer for Old Spain.
Acapulco is the fea-port, by which the commmunication is kept up between the
different parts ot the SpaniHi empire in America, and the Eaft Indies. About the
month ot December, the great galeon, attended by a large lliip as a convoy, an-
nually arrives here. 'Jhe cargoes of thefe thips [\'ot the convoy, thougli clan-
deftinely, likewife carries goods) conlitl of all the rich commodities and niaiuifac-
tures ot the Ead. At the fame time, the annual Ihip from Lima, the capital of
P'-ru, comes in, and is computed to bring not lefs than two millions of pieces of
ciglit in tilver, belides qiiickfdver and other valuable commodities to be laid out in
the purchafe of the galeons' cargoes. Several other flnps, from dillerent parts of
Chili and Peru, meet upon the fame occalion. A great fair, in which the commo-
dities of all parts of the world arc bartered for one another, lads thirty days. T he
galeon then prepares for her voyage, loaded with lilver, and fueh European goods
as have been thought neceffary. As the Spaniards allow the Dutch, (Jreat Britain,
and other commercial dates, to furnilh the greater part of the cargo of the Hota ;
(o the Spanilh felllers in the I'hilippincs, tainted with the fame l.idolence, permit
the Chinefe merchants to furnidi the greater part of the cargo of the galeon. Not-
withAanding what has been faid of \ era Cruz, and Acapulco, the city of Mexico,
tlie capital of the empire, ought to be toniidered as the centre of commerce in this
part of the world ; for here tne principal merchants refide, and the greateft part of
the bufmefs is ncgociated. The £a(l India goods from Acapulco, and the Euro>
pean from Vera Cruz alfo pafs through this city. Hither all the gold and lilver
come to be coined, here the king's hfth is depofited, and here are wrought all
thofe utenlils and ornaments in plate which are every year fent to Europe. The
city itfelf breathes the air of the nigheft magnificence, and according to the bed
accounts contains about 80,000 inhabitants.
SPANISH DOMINIONS in SOUTH AMERICA.
TERRA FIRMA, or CASTILE DEL OHO.
Situation and Extent.
Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles.
Lcncth 1400) . . c6o and 82 well longitude, ") ^^^ „^„
Breadth 700} '^'^'''■"" ithe equator, and 12 north latitude. 1 7°°'°^°-
, T)OU N DED by the North Sea (part of tlie Atlantic ocean).
Boundaries.] ^ ^^ ^^^^ North; by the fame fea and Surinam, on the Eail;
by tlic country of the Amazons and Peru, on the South ; and by the Pacific Oceao
and New Spain, on the Well.
6 L » Divifions.
996
SPANISH AMERICA.
DIvifioiMi
Tlie northern dlvifion con-
tains the provinces of
The fouthcrn divifion con-
tains the provinces of
Subdivilions.
I. Terra Firma Proper,
2.
3-
4-
5-
6.
7-
or Darien
, Carthagcna
, St. Martha
. Kio dc la Hacha
. Venezuela
Comana
New Andalufia,
Paria ...
New Granada -
Popayan
or
H
Chief Towns,
f Porto Bello
Panama, W.lon.8o-ai.
N. lat. 8-47.
Carthagena
St. Martha
Rio dc la Hacha
Venezuela
Comana
St. Thomas
( Santa F^ de Bagota
X Popayan.
Rivers, bays, capes, &c.] The Ifthmus of Darien, or Terra Firma Proper,
joins North and South America. A line drawn from Porto Bello in the North, to
Panama on the South Sea, or rather a little weft of thefe two towns, is the proper
limit between North and South America; and here the Ifthmus, or neck of land,
is only 60 miles over. The principal rivers are the Rio Grande, Darien, Chagre,
and the Oronoque. The peculiarities of this laft mentioned river require a parti-
cular dcfcription.
It was Columbus, who, in 1498, firft difcovercd the Oronoque, the borders of
which have fince been named Spanifti Guiana. This great river takes its rife
among the Cordcleras mountains ; and is faid to difcharge itfelf into the ocean by
forty openings, after it hath been increafed, throughout an immenfe tratt, by the
afflux of a prodigious number of rivers more or Icfs conliderablc. Such is its im-
pctuolity, that it ftems the ftrongcft tides, and preferves the frelhnefs of its waters
to the diftancc of twelve leagues from the mouth of that vaft and deep channel
within which it was confined. Its rapidity, however, is not always the fame, which
is owing to a ciicumftance perhaps entirely peculiar. The Oronoque, which be
gins to fwcll in April, continues riling for five months ; and during the fixth, re-
mains at its greatcft height. From Ottober, it begins gradually to uiblide, till the
month of March, throughout the whole of which it remains in the fixed ftate of its
greatcft diminution. Thefe alternate changes are regular, and even invariable.
Perhaps the riling of the waters of the Oronoque may depend entirely on the rainy
fcafon.
This river is not fo eafily navigated as it might be prcfumcd from its magni-
tude ; its bed being in many places filled up with rock, which obliges the navigator,
at times, to ( arry both his boats and the merchandifc they are laden with, by land
round the ohftrurtion.
The principal bays in Terra Firma are, the bay of Panama, and the bay of St.
Michael's, in the Soiitli-Sea ; the bay of Porto Bello, the gulf of Darien, Sino bay,
( uthagena hay and harbour, the gulf of Venezuela, the bay of Maracaibo, the
gulf "f Triefto, the bay of (juaria, the bay of Curiacu, and the gulf ol I'aiia, or
Andaiulia, in the North-Sea.
The chief t;i])es are, Saiiil'las point, Point Canna, Cape i\<\ Agiia, Swart pd'nt,
Ciipe dc Vela, Capo C(>n(]uil)acoo. Cape Calielo, Cape blunto, Cape (ialcriijCajr,-
'llnec Points, and Cape Nallau ; all du liie north Ihore of 'IVrra Firma.
Ci. i.M.'V 1 I-..] Ihc climate here, panieiilarl)' in the northern divilions, is e.\-
trcinely hot ; and it was fcniid by Llloa, that the heat of tlie wanuell de. in Paris
is continual at Carthagena ; the cxccliive heats raill" the vapour of the Tea, wliitli is
precipitated in f.ieh rains as feeni to tlireaten a general delude. CJre'' jiart ot the
touutry, thcrcturc, is iilmolt continually llyod.u J and this, tojjethc. illi the e\-
7 celuve
SPANISH AMERICA.
997
ceffive hent, fo 'mprcgnatcs the air with vapours, that in many provinces particu-
larly about V pay-' 1 and Porto Bcllo, it is extremely unwholelome.
Moil and produce.] The foil of" this country, like that of the greater part of
South Anu-rica, is woiKicrfiilly rich ami fruitful. It is impoilibie tn view, witliout
admiration, the perpetual vcrduro of the woods, the luxuriancy of the plains, and
the towering height of ilie mountains. This, however, only applies to the inland
country, for the coalls are generally barren fand, and incapable of bearing any fpc-
ties oi grain. 'I he trees, mort remarkable for their dimenfions, arc the caobo, tlic
cedar, the maria, and balfani tree. The manchinecl tree is particularly remarkable.
It bears a fruit refembling an apple, but which, under this fpecious appearance,
contains the moft fubtile poifon. 'Ihc Habelladc Carthagena is the fruit of a fpe-
cies of willow, and contams a kernel refembiing an almond, but lefs white, and ex-
tremely bitter. This kernel is found to be an excellent and never failing remedy
for the bite of the nioft venomous vipers and fcrpents, which are very freiiuent all
over this country. There were formerly in Terra Firma rich mines of gold, which
are now in a great meafure exhaufled. The lilver, iron, and copper mines have
been fince opened ; and the inhabitants find emeralds, fapphires, and other preci-
ous (tones.
Animals.] In treating of North America, wc have taken notice of many of the
animals that are found in the fouihern parts. Among thofe peculiar to the South,
the moll remarkable is the (loth, or as it is called by w.ny of deriiion, the fwift
Peter. It bears a refemblance to an ordinary monkey in ihape and lize, but is of
a moft wretched appearance, with its brre hams and feet, and its (kin all over
co..ugated. He (lands in no need of either chain or hutch, never flirring unlefs
compelled by hunger ; and he is faid to be feveral minutes in moving one of his
legs, nor will blows make him mend his pace. When he moves, every eftbrt is at-
tended with fuch a plaintive, and at the fame time, fo difagreeable a cry, as at once
produces pity and difgull. In this cry conlills the whole defence of this wretched
animal For on the nr(l hoftile approach it is natural for him to be in motion,
which is always attended with diiguftful howling, fo that his purfuer Hies much
more fpeedily in his turn, to be beyond the reach of this horrid noile. V\ hen this
animal finds no wild fruits on the ground, he looks out with a great deal of pains
for a tree well loaded, which he aicends with a world of unealmefs, moving and
crying, and (lopping by turns. At length having mounted, he plucks otl" all the
(Viiit, and throws it on the ground, to fave himfilt fuch another troublefonie jour-
ney, and rather than be fatigued with coining down the tree he gathers himiell in
a bunch, and with a lliriek drops to the ground.
The monkeys in thefe countries are very numerous ; they keep together 20 or 30
in company, rambling over the woods, leaping from tree to tree, and if they meet
with a tingle perlon, he is in danger of being torn to pieces by them ; at leal! they
I liatter, and make a frighttul noiie, throwing things at him ; they hang themlehes
In the tail, on the boughs, and feem to tluvaten him all the way he palVes, but
where two or three peop" ■ are together, they ufually feaniper away.
Natives. I Iklides the Indians of this country, who fall under our general de-
li, riplion of the An-.irieans, tliere is another I'pecies of a fair complexion, delicate
h.ibit, and of a fnialkr iiature than the ordinary Indians. Tiieir dirpolitiuns too
are more fofl and elK ininate ; but what priiiciiiaily diltinguithes them is their large
weak blue eyes, which, unable to bear the light of the fun, fee belt by moon-iii;l.i,
aid from whieh lluy are i ailed Moon-eyed Ir.dinns.
Inhabitants, and co.mmi.kck.j \\ e !ia\c aheady mentioned how tliihcoimiiy
IlII into the hands of the .Spai.lards. '11, e ii.liabUar.lh tluTctore do noi iiaie-
riailv dilfer from thoi'e of Mexico, lo wiial we iiase already obferved, iheretorc.
It
998
SPANISH AMERICA.
It is only nccoflary to aJd, tliat the original inha1)itnnts of Spain are vnrioiiny ititor-
mixcd witli the ncgrot-s and Indians. Thefu intcrmixtun-ii tonn dilFcrfnt (rrada-
tions, which arc carefully dillin(;uilhed from each other, bccaufe every pmfon cx-
pe£\s to he regarded, in proportion as a greater Ihare of the Spanilh hlood runs in his
veins. The tirft dillintliun, ariling from the intermarriage of the whites with tlic
negroes, is that of the mulattoes, which is well known. Next to thefe are the
Tcrcerones, produced from a white and mulatto. From the intermarriage with
thefe and the whites arife the Quarterones, who, though Hill nearer the former,
are difgraccd with a tint of the negro blood, liut the produce of thefe and the
whites are the Quintcroncs, who, it is faid, arc not to oe diltinguilhed from the
real Spaniards, but by being of a llill fairer complexion. The fame gradations are
formed in a contrary order, by the intermixture of the mulattoes and the negroes ;
and bclides thefe, there are a thoufand others, hardly dillinguilhable by the natives
themfelves. The commerce of this country is chielly carried on froni the jiorts of
Panatna, Carthagena, and Porto Bello ; which are three of the moll conliderable
cities in Spanilh America. In them are held the annual fairs for American,
Indian, and European commodities. Among the natural merchandife of lerra
Firma, the pearls found on the coaft, particularly in the bay of I'anainu, are not
the lead conliderable. The filliing for thefe, employs a great number of negro
flaves, who have arrived at wonderful dexterity in this occupation. 'J hey are
fometiines, hov. .er, devoured by fith, particularly the Iharks, while they dive to
the bottom, or arc crulhed againll the Ihelves of the rocks. The government of
Terra Firma is on the fame fooling with that of Mexico.
Chief towns.] Carthagena is the principal feaport town in Terra Firma.
It is lituated on the Atlantic ocean in N. hit. to" id', and about yli" \V. Ion. The
bay on which it Hands, is feven miles wide from north to fouth,— abounds with a
variety of good tilh,— and has a fuHicient depth of water, with good anchorage;
and fo fmooth that ihips are no more agitated than on a river, 'llie many Ihallows
at its entrance, however, make the help of a good pilot necelfary. The town and
its ful)urbs are fortified in modern ftyle, — the rtreets are llraight, broad, and well
paved. The houfes are principally brick, and one ftory liigh. All houfes have bal-
lonies, and lattices of wood. This city is the refidence of tlie governor of tiic
province of Carthagena, and of a bilhop whofe fplritual jurifdidion extends over
the whole province. 'I'here is here alfo a court of inciuililion,— feveral convents,
ami nunneries, — a church, a chapel of cafe, and a colli, gc of Jefuits. Tlie city is
Well peopled with Indians, luiropeans, negroes, and creole,. 1 he luiropeans, who
WW not nuiiKTous, and the Creoles, manage the wiiole trade of the place ; the other
iiiliabitants are poor, and work hard for I'liblilleiue. 'Ihe inhabitants are univer-
fally fond of chocolate and tobacco; and liie inotl fobev feldom fail of drinking a
glals of brandy in the nunning.
Panama is the capital of lerra Firma Proper, and is fituated upon a capacious
bay, to wliich it gives its na;ne. It is the great receptacle of the vail (piantiues of
gold and lilver, with oilier rich merchandife, from all parts of Peru and Chili :
here they arc lodged in llore houfes, till the proper feafon arrives to traufport them
to Kurope.
Porto Bello is fituated clofe to the fea.on the declivity of a mountain, which
furrounds the vvliole harbour, 'ihe convenience and fafety of this harbour is fiich,
that Columbus, who tirft difcovered it, gave it the name of ^'orto Bello, or the line
JIarbour.
History.] This part of South America was difcovered by Cokimlnis, in his
tliird voyage to this continent, it was fubdned and fettled by the Sp.niiards al>out
the year i J14, after they had inhumanly dellroycd Icveral millions of the natives.
Tins
SPANISH AMERICA.
999
This country wai called Terra Firma, on account of it> being the fir<l part of the
continent wnich was difcovered i all the lands dlfcovcrcd, previous to this, being
iflands.
U.
SlTUATtOM AND ExTEMT.
n, which
is Inch,
the tine
hi his
lis about
natives,
'iliis
Miles. Degrees.
Length 1 800 I i,„,^-„„ (the equator and 25 fouth
Breadth 600 j "^*=^w<=*=" 1 60 atid 81 weft longitude.
Sq. Miles.
fouth latitude. 1_^
1 970.C
t.OOO
BouNOARiE 1 TDOUNDED by Terra Firma, on the North; by the mount.iin»
"'•J |j or Cordeleirias des Andes, Eaft; by Chili, South j and by the
Pacific Ocean, Welt.
1 I Quito
Divifions. Provinces. Chief Towns.
The Northern divifion, | Quito
The Middle divifion, -jLiina, or Los Reyes ? \
The Southern divifion, j Los Charcos
Fayta
Lima, 76-49 W. Ion.
12-1 1 S. lat.
Cufco, and Callao
f I'otofi
1 Porco.
Seas, bays, and harbours.] The only fea which borders on Peru is the
Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. The principal bays and harbours are Payta, Mala-
briijo, Cuanthaco, Cofnia, Vermcio, Cuara, Callao the port town to Lima, Ylo,
and Arica.
RiviiRs.] There is a number of rivers, which rife in the Andes, but moft of
them run to the eaftward. Amunij thefe are the Granada, or Cagdaleiia, Oro-
noqiic, .Amazon, and Plate. The Amazon rifes in Peru, but directs itscnurfeenll-
ward, and after rimning between 3 and 4000 miles, falls into the Atlantic ocean,
under the Equator. This river, like others between the tropics, annually overflows
its banks ; at which time it is 150 miles wide at its mouth. It is fnppofcd to be
the largelit river in the world, cither with regard to the length of its courfe, the
depth of its waters or its allonifhing breadth. There is one river ill Peru, the wa-
ters of v.hieh, are faid to be as red as blood ; but this is doubted by fome. It is
probable, however, that there may be qualities in the earth through which this
riser runs, wliich may tinge the waters and give them fome refemblance to blood.
Many other rivers rife alfo in the Andes, and fall into the Pacific Ocean, between
the eijuator and eight degrees S. lat.
Pltuifving waters.] There are fome waters, which, in their courfe, cover-
whatever th'y touch or pal's over, with lione ; and here are fountains of liquid mat-
ter ealled coppey, refembJing pitch and tar, and ufed by the feamen for the fame
purpiiks.
tvii A.NU climate.] Though Peru lies within the torrid zjne, yet having on
uue
looo
SPANISH AMERICA.
one (h\c the Soiitli-Sca, and on tlir otlu-r the grcnt ridge of the Ande«, rt i« not
fo (lirii'd witli heat as thr other tri)j»ical countries, 'I he (Vy too, wliiili is j,'ene.
rally iloiidy. ihlelds tlicin from tin' duett rays otilie fun ; but what is oxlrcniely
fingular, iu fnme iilates, it never rains ; whiili defett, however, is fiitlieientiy riip-
plied hy a fofi kindly dew, whieli falls gradually every night on the ground, and
io refieilies tlu- plants and grafs, as to produee in many places the greatell fertility -,
but in (^iiito, they have excpllive rain«, attended liy dreitdful Ihirnis of thunder and
li;5litiiinij[. Along tlie fea-eoalK Peru is generally a dry harreii fand, except near
llie hanks of rivers, wiicrc it li extremely fertile, as urc ull tlie low lands in the
in-
land
country.
Vi;oKrAHt.E, ANn ani-) Tlie northern part of IVni prochices wine in great
MAL PRonci' noNS. J plenty. Hut one of the molt important vegi-taliie
ulueli
)ftl
ions oi this cmii
itrv is tliat valuable article in liie materia medica, the I'
eru-
vian bark, bitter known by liienamc ot Jcfuits' bark, '1 he tree which produces tins
invaluable drug, i^rows principally in the nioimtainous parts of Peru, and particularly
in the province of (juilo. I he hi (I bark is always pnicbiccd in the higli and rocky
grounds: The tree which bears it, is about tin- (i/.e of a cherry-tree, and nroduces
a kind of fruit refembling liie almond. IJut it is only the bark which has thole
cxcelliiit (pialilies that render it fo ufeful in intermitting levers, and other difoi-
ders, to whicii daily experience extends the application of it. It is dillingniilud
into three kinds; tlie red, the yillow, and tiie wliile ; l)Ut the red is tound to ho
tiie bell and mod itlicacious. The Jcfuits carried this i)ark to Rome, as early as
i6;(); but the natives are fnpiiofed to have been acquainted with its medicinal
(pialitie.s, many ages before, {iuiiua pe])per, or Cayenne jiepper as we call it, is
])i(>duced in tlie greatelt abundance in tlie vale of Africa, a dillritt in tlie foulheni
parts of Peru, from whence it is annually exported, to the value of 600,000
crowns.
Wool i.s another article of the |)roduce of this country, and is no lefs remarkable
f(ir its fmencfs than for the animals <in whicli it grows ; thefe are the I.amas and
\ icunnas. 'I'he lama has a finall heail, refembling that of a horfe and a Iheep at
the fame time. It is about the li/e of a Hag, its upper lip is cleft like that of a
hare, through which, when enraged, it fpits a kind of venemons juice, which in-
Hamis the ])art it falls on. 'I'he llelh of the lama is agreeai)le and fahilary, and
the animal is not only ufeful in afl'ording wool and food, but alfo as a beall of bur-
den. It can endure amazing taii-nie, and will travel over the Heepeft mountains
and never
irm<.
with a burden of lixtv or fevenly pounds. It feeds very i
drinks. 'I'lie vicuniia fs fmaller and fwil'ier than the lama, and prodiices wool (bll
finer in (juality, In the \icumia is found the bezoar (lone, regarded as a fpecitic
a;.;ainll poifons.
.\liNi:s.l In t'K- nortliern parts of Pi ru are fevcral gold mines; but thofe of fil-
vcr are foimd all over the country, p.irticiily in the nrighl-ourhood of Potofi. Na-
ture never olfeied to the avidity of mankind, in any country on the globe, fucli
rich mines as thofe of Potoli. They wt ;e acciilintal!y difcnvereil in the year ij54i,
this nianiH-r ; an Indian iiainKl I Iiial|i,i, one day tojlowiiig lomc deer, the\ ni;iile
111
ilirecllv up
ihe hill of Potoli; li
e lanii to a
(K
) erauL'v part of the hi
nn:
better to enable hi.n In climb up, laid hold of a thru'), which came up by the rllot^
d the
and laid opm a niafsot Jilver ore, lie for fome lime kept it a fecret, but afterwards
revealed it to his friend (iiianea, who, becaiilV' he w^uid not difeover to 1 '
ni
thod ot lefni.
t' dif»
toverv.
irnel
ac'iuaiiitril the .Spu.iiard h'-. malbr, named Valaroel, \v
mil the
nil
ninl
tl
ie mine in 1545
l!..le I !;■.■■ ot Pololi h ;d yielded y):^,'uij,oao \
iieeen
i)iee.-j a year, Pue;Ii i-, ainnit 10 or z^ lea:
and from that lime till id^li
of . ii;hl, whicli is about
lijiU the citv of La
Plata.
P'af.1,
barren ,
•Tils of i
'" Procu
•i"d otJ„
I iider
r*-'*v /iilxl
"ji native
tioii f|,.,t
*'''perinn.|
/•LTtles ,y^.
''"'HVll /„|i
S P A N I S Fl A IS! I", RICA.
toot
Plata. TIio liill, and iilfo llio coiintiv lor a < oii(i<!( mhli' (I'lLtiiro romid, in qnlro
biiruii ;iiul difL-rt, and pnuliici-s nciifiir tree, |il:inl, nor lui!>, (o that t!ir inhahif-
niils ofPotoH, wliicli is (".maU-d nt llie fnot of tin- liill, im llu" Coiitli lido, arc oMijjed
to procure all the mccirnir ; ot* life tVoni Peru. 'HiiTi- miii'-. bigin to d.vMval',
nnd others rife in nputa'iin,
I luler tliis head it nia) r.nt lie iinpropir to m.ike fume o!'f. ivatioMs upon that
new fuhllanee tailed IV,iti>:.i, and wliiui may be toiifidiied as an ei^/if/i r.h'tal. In
its native (late it is mixed \Mtli gold nnd iron ; and this nt fiili ^jave rife to ,i ftifpi-
cion that it was nuthinji; more than a eom!)ination of thefe t\v» metals ; hut late
t'Xpiriments of thmiill.s t'ully piove that it is a pure and limple metal, \vi h pro-
perties peculiar to itfelf. It cainioi be all'eClid by any liniple aeid, or l)y anv
known (olvent except tlie ti'jiui iri^i.i ; it will not tarnilh in liie air, neitiier will if
lull ; it unites to the fixedm f, of jjold, and ti> the property it has of not bein^ fiif-
ceptible ot dellrutliun, a hardnefs ainioll eijual to that of iron, and a much 151 eater
diirieuily of fufion. It is of ui interm-diate colour between th it of iioa anil lilver j
it I 111 be forged and extend d into tl.in j)lates ; and when diliMved in aqua lei^ia,
it may be made to alfume, by precipitation, an infinite diverlity of colours; av.d
Count Milbey has fucceeded in var\in;^ thefe |>recipitates fo inucli, that he has
liad a pitliire painteil, in the colourinj' of which there is fearce any thin_:; but pla-
tina made ufe of. U|)on the whole, Iroin conlideriiij^ the advantages of platina.
wc cannot but conclude that this metal deferves, at leall, from its f',i|ieriority to all
others, to Ihare the title of king of the metals, of whicli gold has f) long been in
poffellion.
Peru is likcvvife the only part of South America which producer quicklilver,
an article of immenfe value, conlidering the various purpofes to which it is applied,
and efpecially the purification of gold and lilver. The principal mine is at a place
called Guaiicavelica, difcovered in 1 567, where it is found in a vvhitifli mafs, re-
fembling brick ill burned. '1 his fubrtance is volatilifed by lire, and received in
lieain by a combination of glafs veflels, where it condenfes by means of a little wa-
ter at the bottom of each vellel, and forms a pure heavy licpiid.
Manufacti'Rks, TRADK, AND ciTiiis.] We joiu thofe articles, bccaufe of
their intimate connetlion ; for, except in the cities we thai! deferibe, there is no
commerce wortli mentioning. Lima is the capital of Peru; its lituation, in the
middle of a fpacious and delightful valley, was fixed upon by the famous Pizarro,
as the moft proper for a t itv, which he cxpet\ed would preferve bis memory. It
is fo well watered b\ i!ie rixer Kimac, that the inliabitants, like thofe of London,
command a flream, eaih for his own ufe. There arc many very niaqniticent llruc-
tures, particularly churches, in this city; though the houfes in general are built of
flight materials, the eipiality of the climate, and want of rain, rendeting Hone liouks
unnecefTary ; and belides, it is found that thefe are more apt to t'uirer by lliocks of
the earth, which are fie(|ueiit and dreadful all over this province. Lima is about
two leafTues tVom tlie fea, extends in length two miles, and in breadth one and a
ijuarter. It contains about 60,000 inhabitants, of whom the whites amount to a
lixih part. One remarkable fatf is fullicient to demonllrate the wealtli of the city.
\\ lien the viceri>y, the duke de la Palada, made liis entry into Lima in 1C182, tlic
iiiliahitanls, to do him honour, caufed the llreels to be paved with ingots ut lilver,
.iinounting, it is faid, to feventeen millions llerling. All travellers fpeak willi
amazement of the decorations of the churches with ;,'oid, lilver, and precious Hones,
which load and ornament even the walls. The merchants of Lima may be laid
ill deal with all the cpiartcrs of the world, and tliat both on their own accounts,
and as fattors for others. I lere all the produ6\s of the fouthern provine.'s are con-
L'd, in order to be exchanged at the harbour of Lima, tor fuch articles as the
6 M inliabitants
M've
looa
SP/VNISri AMERICA.
inhabitant! of P»tii (l«nd in ncrcl nf : the (Iceti from Kuropc and the Eaft Indict
IhikI at the fumo harbour, and tlic commoditici of Alia, Kuropc, and America, are
Tiartcrcd for each olhor. What there is no immediate vent for, the merchants of
Lima purchafi' on their own accounts, and lay up in warehoufe*, knowing tliut
lliey murt fnini fmd an nuilil tor ihi'in, lince by one channel or other thev have ii
tommunicaiion with alniolt every ennmercial nation. Mut all the wealth of the
inluibitantx, ail the beauty of the liiuation, and fertility of the climate of Lima,
are not futhcient to couipenfate lor one difafter which alwavs threatens and has
fcmietimrs ntftuai!^ befallen llietn. In the vcar 1747, a molt tremendous earth-
(luake laid three-tourtlis of this city level with the ground, and entirely dcmoliOied
C'allao, the port-town belonging to it. Never was any deilru^tion more terrible
or complete,— not more than one of throe thoufand inhabitants being left to re-
cord this dreadful calamity, and he by an accident the moll extraordmary.— 'Iliit
man, who hai)|)ened to be on a fort which overlooked the harbour, perceived in
one minute the inhabitants runninjj from their houfes in the utmoft terror and con-
fulion i the fea, as is ufual on fuch occadcms, receding to a conlidcrable diflance,
returned in mountainous waves, and buried the inhabitants for ever in its bofoni ;
but the fame wave which deiUoyed the town, drove a little boat to the place where
the man flood, into which he threw himfelf, and was favcd.
Cufco, the ancient capital of the Peruvian empire, has already been taken notice
of. As it lies in the mountainous country, and at a diftancc from the fea, it li:u
been long on the decline. Rut it is ftill a very confidcrable place, and contains above
40,000 people. 'I*he inhabitants, of whom three parts arc Indians, arc very indul-
trious in manufa^uring baize, cotton, and leather. They have alfo, both here and
at Quito, a particular tafte for painting ; and their produ£lions in this way, funic
of which have been admired in Italy, arc difpcrfed all over South America. Quito
is next to Lima in populoufnefs, if not fuperior to it. It is, like Cufco, an inland
city, and having no mines in its neighbourhood, is chiefly famous for its manufac-
tures of cotton, wool, and flax, which fupply the confumption over all the kingdom
of I'cru.
Inhabitants, MANNERS, AMD) It has been guefled by fomr writers, that in
GOVERNMENT. ) <ill SpanifH America there are about three mil-
lions of Spaniards and Creoles of different colours ; and undoubtedly the number
of Indians is much greater ; — though neither is in any refpe£l proportionable to the
wealth, fertility, and extent of the country. The manners of the ii\habitants do
not remaritably differ over the whole Spanifh dominions. Pride and lazinefs are
the two predominant pallions. It is faid, by the inoft authentic travellers, that the
manners of Old Spain have degenerated in its colonics. The Creoles, and all the
other defceiidants of the Spaniards, according to the above diftinftions, arc guilty
of many mean and pilferinj; vices which a true born Caftilian regards with dc-
telialion. 'Ibis, no doubt, in part arifes from the contempt in which all but the
rral natives of Spain are held in the Indies, — mankind generally behaving according
ii. the treatment they meet with from others. In Lima the Spanilh pride has made
the greatell defcents ; and many of the lirft nobility arc employed in comment .
It is ill this citv that the viceroy refides, whofe authority extends over all Peru, ex-
cept (^uito, wliich has lately been detached from it. The viceroy is as abfolute
as the king of Spain ; but as his territories are fo extonfive, it is ncceHary that lie
Ihoiild part with a ihare of his authority to the feveral audiences or courts elhil'lilh-
<m1 ovt r the kingdom. There is a trcJifury court eflablilhed at Lima, tor rcciivinT
tin liuh of the pnjducc of the mines, and certain taxes paid by the Indians, uiiiili
L>'iuiig to the king of Spain.
CHILI.
SPANISH A M P. R I C A.
1 00 J
II I L r.
Mill's
100
Breadth joo
Situation and bxtknt.
Degrees.
Si]. Mi lei.
'■'""■ ""} •>"»«" { II ijj n ^^c. I "«.-■
On the caftem fide
the Andes
rrc
nchii
Chief Town*.
Boi; ND AR I IS.] T' "Sextcnfivc country i» liounded \y Peru, on the North . by
-* JL La Plata, or Paraguay, un the halt ; by Patagonia, on tlu:
South 1 and by thcPaciHc Ocean, on the Weft.
Provinces,
ill Proper
\ Cuyo, or Cutio
Divifioni.
On the wellem fide
the Andes
HSt. Jaoo. W. Ion. 77.
S. lat. J4.
Baldivia.
Imperial.
I [St. John de Frontiere.
Lakbs.] The principal lakes are thofe of Tagatagua near St. Jago, and that
of Paren. Belidcs which, they have feveral falt-water lakes, that have a commu-
nication with the fea, part of the year. In ftormy weather the fea forces a way
tlirough them, and leaves them full of fifli) but in the hot feafon the water eva-
porates, leaving a cruft of fine white fait a foot thick.
Seas, RIVERS, bays, and harbours.] 'Hie only fea that Iwrdcrs upon Chili
is that uf the Pacific Ocean on the weft. The principal rivers are — the Salado, or
Suit Kiver, Guafco, Caquimbo, Bohio, and the Baldivia, fcarccly navigable but at
their mouths : they fall into the Pacific Ocean.
'Ilie principal bays or harbours arc— Cimiapo, Coquimbo, Govanadore, Valpa-
rift), lata. Conception, Santa Maria, La Moucha, Baldivia, Brewer's-liaven, and
Caftio.
Climate, soi l, and produce.] Thefc arc not remarkably different from the
fame in Peru -, and if there be any uifTerencc, it is in favour of Chili. There is in-
deed no part of the world more favoured than this is, with refpctt to the gifts of
nature. For here, not only the tropical fruits, but all fpecies of grain, of which
:i tonlidcrable port is exported, come to great porfettion. Their animal produc-
tions are the fame with thofe of Peru ; and they have gold alinoll in every river,
fuppofed to be walhed down from the hills.
Inhahi rANTs.j This country is very thinly inhabited. The origin"! native*
are liill in a great meaf.ne unconquered and uneivilifed ; and leading u waiideriii"-
lite, attentive to no object but their nrefervation from the Spanilh yoke, are in a
very unfavourable condition with refpeit to ])opiilation. ihe Spaniards do not
:imoiint to above 20,000; and the Indians, negroes, and inulattoes, are not fuppuf.
Ill to be thrice that number. However, there have lately been fome forinidabie
iiirurreCtions againJl llie Spaniards, by the natives of Chili, wliich greatly alarmed
llic Spanilh court.
Commerce.] The foreign commerce of Chili is entirely confined to Peru, Pa-
nama, and fome parts of Mexico. To the tormcr they unuuaily e.spjrt corn fufli-
M z ticiit
I0O4
SPANISH A M F. R I C A.
cicnl f'T f>o,ooo men. Their other exports ari- hemp, which ii rnifeil in no otfier
pari ot tlic .V)ijth-Sea« ; hiticit, tallt>w, uiid f4ltcil provilioiit : they receive in return
|:1ie i(iniiu<)(iitiei( ot Kurupe ami the Kail Itulici, which nrc brought to the purl o(
Catlat),
(iovr.ffNMRKT.] St, Jngo i» the capital of tli> Hate, fnivl the feut of the empire.
'Ilie Cdiiinianil '111 llure ia luliurdioate to ili> vikcroy ot I'uii in nil mattert relutiiiu
III the uiivirniueiil, lo the tinaiii es, and tu war i liiil lu is independent nt Inni as
cliiet udminilhator ol' jullin-, luul prelident of the royal audience. KKven inferior
jiH'neis, dillribuied in the province, are charged, uniler liix orders, with the dciaiU
(if udininillrulioii.
PARAGUAY, OK, I, A I' L A T A.
SiTt'ATlON ANO FsTRKT.
Mllci. Degrees. S«|. Miles.
I.vnclh i;oo> i . (12 and 17 fonili latitude. )
i> "11 • { between-! , ■'' ^i ■. 1 f 1.000,000.
lireadth 1000) C 30 and 73 welt longitude. 3 •
„ , i;)OlJNDI',I) In Amazonia. «in the North ; by Hradl, J'
|>oi-KrARii:i.j 1^ I'juagonia, un the South , and by I'cru and Chili, VV
'.i\(i ; liy
ell.
Divit'ions. Prrtvintis.
ri'ari'^uay
,. - ,. .,. , . Jl'aiana,
I-aftcrn dividon ''^'l''"'*"*"\(;„,.,ir;,
'Uraj,'iia
C'liief 'I'liwns.
Js'otill'.ern disilion
( I'ucu
^Kiod
IlKlll
dv la Plata
'\ f .MJiunplion
. f U:ivi<ladKeal
- ) (St. Jano
i- /Ht'l NOS AVRliS, \\
) ( 57-54 Ji lat. 34-3
ell Ion,
U.ws \Nn I AKTs ] The principal bay is that at llie mouth of the river La
Plata, on uhieh Ihuids the lapifal ( ity of i'';enos Ayres ; and ("api; St. Antonio, at
ilic uiliamr of that btiy, is tlie only pnunonliir\. 'Ihis country abounds with
lakes, uiu- of which, ("nroeorcs, is too miles U/ng.
RivL'tis.l Hilidesavall nunilur «if fmaller rivers wluch water this countrv,
ihiri' is the ;;r;ir,d river la Plata, whieh (icleives a particular dclcription. \ Mo
ili'ntfi' Jcl"iiit. by llie name of/'. Ciiitmico, who laikd up this river, fpiiiks in the
I 'Howinj; lani;u;i};e concerning it: •' \V hde I relided in l-Ui rope, and read in books
' f hiftji'y or };ei)sraph\, that the river I.a Plata was 150 miles in bnadth, I coii-
lidercd it a"* an e\;im;erati<j|i, bccaufe in this hcmilphire we have no exainph- of
fiich valt river- VN hen I approached its mouth, 1 had the moll vehement delirc
to afcertain the breadth with my own e\>s; and I have found the matter to be
(xattlv as it was reprefented. 'I his I dt'liiie particularly from one circuinlianee:
when we t<!()k our departure from Monti' Viedo, a Icrt (ituatid more than too
mill s f ri m the nio'.ith if the river, and wlieie its breadth is conliiierablvdiniinithed,
we failed a ci'iuplt te (lay helnre wi' ilitcoveiid the land on the t)'i|)olite h;ink 01
the river ; and when we were in the middle of the channel, we could not difcovcr
land (Hi either l.dc, ni;'l !..\v ii' tiling In.t the Iky and wut.r, a^ il we had been in
funic
fntwc gi
• lie nv,.
'Am,
«" plum,
theni, or
niiy kn.n
n hove 01.
liiuied pi
^C'-H «|Ul
tiuii,, j„„
it I* f.Wd I
« iiiuinur
«l«>l/()r i ,„
'''•■■d, wag
fOlimiy is
CO, MM I
'.)».>• nnd I
ience of ||u
Jt /'» C\.'^^,f^
Airiieiit a, jii
^* ide, tlu- h(
fJen. Jlw
earth, arc of'
'«' 'he jirt oi
' 'in- tide of I
' 'li' lllips H|,
""d rock,, ill
Wean. Iris
!"> »he inolj ,T
'"S fiirmoiini.
truin the t„x^
'•> wait {^,r ih
I'Uow. liere
'ieet conies hj
''•;,'ilier llii|,
'urns arc veiv
'"«;"■ and hi,,.
'"'"Ill It niiirc
VV II. Wly ill iln.
'uih p;irf , uj ^
"ers „f K,e p^
"I .Soiilli .\me
'"diiianls. inn,
'■leludinu s,,;,,,
I he (aiiic , hara
iiv.l we c;um
"feoninioiuvc;
v^hiih llufc cr;
About the I,
■V'iii, lh.it tile
.SPANISH AMERICA.
1 00 J
fom« f{roa( orctn. In(lt'i<il wo Ihmild l\nvc tukrn it lu be fca, if tti« ficlh wnf^r c^
llie ri\>-r, wIikIi was Uirl>i(l likf ilu' I'o, liiul not fatufikd u» ihiu' it u.n n ivcr."
Am, Mill., ANti raoni CK.I 'Hii» viill trufl 14 I'ur tVum bvin^ wlii>lly Aib^lucd
or pluiilcil li)' tilt- .S|)uniiti<U. riu-rc nrv many (>aru in u ){rcul lUurcr uiikitov^^) lu
llu-n», or ((• any oihiT pcopU* of' Kiimjuv '|lu print \\'^] proviiiif of wliich wc have
Rny knowlr(l){f is iliui mIu> Ii i» lutUd Kio Uc lu I'bu, Uiwurtt^ (Ito mouth ot fhfl
■bovr ii>i'nlionv(f rivir. lhi» provinti', with iill th' udjaniu part*, ii one con-
tituii'd pbii\ l'>r kvrral lunulrrd miles, rxtri iiuly Icrtili-, uiul prodiicci rotr^n in
gnat «|ii;ntiilu'it, tolt.kiu, ami the vuhuihlc hctl) lulliil i'.ua^^.iy, with n variety of
triiii-., itnd tlu' iniMlinioii^ riili palluri<, in wliiili arc lind l.tth In riU of cattle, tlin'
it in laid tli>- liult % ot tin- laalU arc nil that is prop, riy luuight, the < ai( ale Ikuij^ in
11 niuiiiicr >;i\('n into tlit. bargain, A hoil'c lumc time u^n might he l.ouf^ht lor tt
(lollar i and tlu uliial priic ot a hiilloi k, cliuleii out ot a herd ot° two or three luiii'
dred, vvaii only four riaU, Uut. contrnry to the genev.d naturi' of America, this
couiury is drltiuil. . i'woimIs, 'I'lu- air is reiiiarknhly iWet Uiid ferUH', und Uii; wu-
ttrrst of lai I'luta nre <.(|iiallv pure and wliotrl'oiue.
Im
i> 1 r 1 K r r L h M ( N I, (- II II. t i- 1 r v ,
I he Sj'aniards fail difeovered thi» co
commkaCC, and Hopi'LAiioN itTv, h) lading up tiiu river l.a I'lut
ua-
a in
1315, and loundcd the town of IUkiios Ayres, lo lalji d on ateoiint of the » \n'|.
JeiAco of the air, on tlie fouth IjiK' ot tiie riser, tilly leugiu > within its moiiih, whi u'
it IN fi.-*en KagiU'H hroad. Iliis is one of thi- moll eonliiicralile town-, in Soiith
y\ir\eiiea, and the only place of trallie to li.i' Iniiihward of I'ralil, Iti Itreets nie
wide, the hoiifes extremely low, and each of ll.cm is atcommodnfeU with a gar-
den. The public and private buildings, wJiitli, 60 years ago, were all made <»f
earth, are ot more folid and conmiodioiis 1 oi)ltrutti>in, liiue the n.itivcH havi- Icarn-
fd the art of making biick and lime, I Ik iuind)er of inhabitantii i* about 30,000.
One fide of ihi' town is defended by a torfrel-., with a gariilon of <) or 700 men.
s;
llie lliips iippioai.li by failing up a river thai u intn deptli, i., lull of iilund,, lliiials
and rock , and where llorms ai< mure dreadu i and more freipienl than oil t!ur
ocean. It is necell'ary to ;m< hor every ■ ii^ht on iiie fpot where ti.ey come to ; and
oM the mt.)\\ moderate- tiavs, a pilo mull ^;o lo four.d the way tui the llup. Alter liav-
in;,; furmounti'd thefe dilhcuUies, the lliips .m obhgi'd, at the dillaneeot three league
troin the tuw ii, to put their goods on board f.-ue light vclicl, and to go to relit, and
to wait ivr their cargoes nt (jicunado de IJau.iijon, lituatcd kvi:^ or ei^ht icagiici.
l)i.low. Here we meet with the mercliaiils ot l.iiiopc and I'lriii bu no regui.ii
licet comes liiilier as lo the otln r parts tit .South .\meiiia ; tu
1,1 ■ ■
o, or at luoll thr»
legitler thij'^ n.akc the whole oi their regular intercom f with I', .rope. I heir re-
turns are veiv \aluable, (.'onliliing thuliv ol the jjold ami lilver of Chili ami i'erii,
liigar and hides. 'I hole who ha\e carried on a conliabi'iid liadc lo lliis city, bav,:
t'lLind It more advantageous than any other. '1 he bt ik lit ot iliis contraband is now
wholly ill the haiuls of the I'ortuguele, who kc<j) maga/incs for that purpufe in
bull part- i>f llralil, as lie near this country. 1 he trade i>t r.uuguay, und the man-
ners of ihe pei-ple, are much the fame w ih thofe of the u ll of tlie Si'.milh tolonies
ii)
.•voulh .\merica, fo that iu)thin;' farther need be laid on ihufe artici
Ih
c JH-
luibiiants, from the liell inlorm:itioii that tan be oi>tained, do not excevd 100,000,
i.icluding Spaniards
Indi
>etMocs. an
d Ci
I he .Spaniards exhibit much
le fame i haracter lure as in the other coiiulius alicady tleleribc
Ue.l we cannot tpiit this countrv w.ihout mentioning that extras. rdinary fpccie!*
of commonwealth, wliicli the Jefuits eri eted in the interior paits, and concerning
vsiiich tlu fe crafty prielts have ende:.\oured to keep all Ihangers in the dark.
,\boul thi' multllc of the lad cciilai \ , tl.i fe talheia lepiclcnted lo tiie co.ut oC
Spain, ihat the want of fuctels in liicir miifoiis was owing ij the fcai.d.d aliich
Ihtt
m*
SPANISH A M K R I r A.
ill'* liniiiAmtlty of ihc Snartiunl* ncvir f«ilf«l fogivf, nmi i<» llu' tuirrd whicli ttltlr
inf'>lri)i brhnvinir caiiLil in jhc liulium. 'HH-y irihiuiau-fJ, lime, wort ii not f^ir
ihofc nbrtai It «, ilir rm|iirf of* ihc KofiMl might, hy llu-ir Inliouri, have hrrri ■•«.
ti'iiili (I into ilu* tool) unknown parii •>( Ain< m< .1 , umi tinti all ihofc lonniri-t
nii^lil be riih<lui'(l to hi* ('uiliolir maji'l>> '« iilHili>-Mrf, wiilioui rxpciu-r, and wiilimit
»'i»r» c. 'I'hi* n'iin>n(lr4iu <• nu-t wiih liit i ■ |i ^ iho f|»lKri' <>(" lli«ir lulKHir* wat mark*
I'd mil, and ih ■ gnvt-rnnrt iit llir adjatciit i>ri>vinci'« had i>rdcr« mil l<> inirrt'rrv,
nor lo fufft-r any Spaniard* (•> i-nier into inia pah-, without hcenc«i Initn the tti«
ihi'r*. 'I'ficy on lluir purt ngrnd to nay a certain capilution tux, in proiMirlion lu
ihi'ir H(H.k I iiiid lo fend a crri4in ntiiiilKT lo i\\v king'* work* whcncvi-r tlu-y ihiuiUl
lu' (IrniiMidcd, und iho nnllion* llioiild h<iii..)i- |H)piiloii« onoiigh to fupply them.
l)\\ ihi'ti- li-rmi the Jrfuil* gladly cnteri-d upon the rii'nc o| attiun, artil <i|H-nci|
ihoir fpiriluiil « iimpiiign. Thoy lu-gnn by gathering together alM)iil 50 wundiTing
f.iiiiiiii-*, whom they perroadcd to feltlo \ am! they unili'<l them into u little Iomh.
Iliij) Thi^ w a* lli>' ili^ht loiitiiliftioii upon wiiich tlu-y liuilt a l'ii|K'rliru(lure whii It
hiis iinut/id till- world, and luhUd niiiih power, lit the fume tune tliiil it occulKiind
tnueli envy ii|;;iinll their (im iety. For wnen they hud made ihii beginning, ihry
laboured wiili I'licli indcfalignbic pains and fuch mallerly |M)licy. that by degree*
they niollilird the miii<U of the moll favnife nations , fixed the molt rambling, nml
Culiducil thole lo tluir governiiunl wiio liud lung dildaincd to fubmil to the arm*
t»t the SpaniarcU and Portugm I'e.
Our limits ilo not permit u* lo trace with prei ilion all the ftep* which were taken
in the neiomplilhment ot fo exiraordimirv a eon(|ui'(l over the bodie* and mnuU ol'
nun The Jefuiis Ml nothing undone tnal could confirm their fubje^tion, or that
t'Mild ilur^a^e tluir nutidier ; and it is faid that nbove 340,000 lamilic* lived in
iilicdicnce, and exprellcd an awe, bordering upon adoration, yet obtained without
any violence or conOruint : that the Indiann were iiiDru^ed in the military an, and
» ould raile 60,000 men well armed . ihat they lived in town* ; were regularly lUd ;
laboured in agriculture, CM-rciled mnnutacturen ; fome even aCpirrd to llu- i Icgatn
arts ; and thai noilniig could eiptal tlu ir I'ubmillion to authority, except llu ir con.
tentinenl under if. Some writers have treated the charutler ot' tliefe Jefuits wiili
great levcnty ; ncculing them ol ambition, pride, and ot carrying their autlioiity to
iueli an exccfs, as lo caufe not only perfmis ot both fexes, but even the magillrates,
who were alw.o s chofi-n from an'oni; the Indians, lo be torrefted before llu in vviili
Itripcs, and by luircrini; perfoiis of iiu- liijjluH dilfintlmn within their jurildittioii,
to kif> the h' Ml «>f their garnuiiis, as the greattd honour. I he prielh iheinrclvcs
j'oliilled iarjje properly 1 all uiiinutatfures were theirs; the natural produce of the
luunlry was brought to them, and tlie tren ures annually remitted to the fuiurior
ot' ill.' order Icemed to tviiue titat ze; ! for religion was not the onlv motive for
iMnning tlul'e millions llu- lathers would luit permit any of the inhabitants of
I'eru, whether Spainards, Mefiiz(M>s, or even Indians, to conic within tlicir iniliion^
in Paraguay, in the year 1 757, wlu 11 part of this territory wn. ceded by Spain to
Ihc crown of Portugal in exchange for Saint Sacrament, to make the I'ragua the
boundary of ftuir pollellMUis, llie Ji (nits ri'tnfed It) comply with thi-. ilivilitiu, i»r to
fnller lIumlelM s to be transti rred from one hand to another, like tattle, uitli.
out tlieir own I'tiifeiit. It was 'ieel.ind in the Spanilh (ia/;v.tte tluii ihc jiidiaiu
aclually look up arms -, but nolvvitlillanding llu cKaCtnefs ut tlu-ir dilciplitu, tliev
Were eafily, aiui with ccnilideraMc llaughler, tlefeated by the I'.uroiiean liooiis wlilj
were feni to ipiell ihein ; and in 1 jh], the Jcfuils were removed from .\meriia, liv
ro;, :il auilioritv, and their late tiibjicts were put upon the lainc looting witli il/u
rtit uf the inliabitaiits of the cuunir) .
SPAN Mr
SPANISH ISLANDS IN AMR RICA.
^^\'\\ \ 1 'Ihv ifluml of ('iil)(i U fituMKil lK«»wffn ao'anrf »5* ^o' rioriK Utitiutc,
X^ nttil iH-twirn 74 atiit 85*- p' weft limgiludr 1 100 miU-^ Id ilif fuulh of L aM
Horiita, itnci 75 norili of J«miicM, tnd in m-ar 700 mile* iit Icnsih, and ccncrnlly
Hbout T) iniU'i in br'tdlh A ihaiti of hilU rum through the middlv of the itiand
from rnO in wr(l : hut ihr Und nrai ihr (en i« in general Irvrl, Htul Hooded in the
rainy fcalon, when the fun ii vi-rtical. 'rhi<« noMc illund it fuf>|N>f«>d to hAvr lh)>
IkI) foil, for fi> Inrgr n totiniry, of anv in /\m<-rii 4 It produce* all the conunodi-
li> < known in iho Will Indict, particulurly >;ingcr, longpcnpcr, and other fpice*,
vallia, 6(lula, mallic, and al(K« It nifo pri>diKe« tobacco ana lugar,— but, from ihc
want of handt, and the lazincfi of the .Spaniiird*, not in fuch iiuantitiei ai might b«
rxpr^)i'<l, It i« faid that it* cxporti do not equal in quantity thofc uf our rmall
illanil of Antigua.
The courff uf the river* ii too Hiorl to he of anv ctmfecpiencc » but there arc fc*
vera! good harliourt, which belong tu the principal towns, ai that of St. Jngo, facing
Jamaica, (trungly fitualcd and well furtihi d, hut neither |)npuloui nor ricli. That
of the llavannnh face* Florida, and it the capital of Cuba ; and a place of great
llrcngth und ii\)portance, coiitaining about 1000 houfit, with a great number of
convent* and churche*. It was taken, however, by the courage and pcrfeveranco
of the Knglidi troons in the year 1761, but rellored in the fubfecpient treaty of
i)ence. Uelidei the(c<, there i<t likrwiK- Cumberland harlMiur, and that ui Santa
'rua, a conlidcrabic town thirty mile* call of the llavannah.
lliiPAMioLA, nr St. DoMiNno] Thi* iflnnd wai fird pufTvfTed by the Spnniardi
•nlnne ; but by far the moll cnnliiUrable part i<t now in the handt of the Frcm h.
However, at the Snaniardt were the ori^m:)! pnnclTort, and Ail! continue tu have a
Ihare in it, Hifpaniola it commonly regarded as u Spunilh iflund.
It is fituated In-tween •7"-4o' and lo" north latitude, and 69" and 74" weft Ii>n-
gitude, lying in the middle between Cuba and I'orlo-Kico, nnd is 450 niilen long,
and 1^0 broad. When Hifpaniola was firl) difcovercd by Columbus, the nunibcr
of its inhabitants wnt computed to be at I' .ill one million. Hut fiuh vvasihe cru-
elty of the Spaniards, and to I'o iiifninoii<i a Ik. i^ht did they carry their opprenion of
the poor native*, that they were rediued to lixty thuufund in the fpace of (ifteeii
years. 'Hte face of the iflanil prctVtits an aj.;reeab!e variety of hills, vallics, woods,
nnd rivers i and the foil is ;il|(.wed to be extremely fertile, producing fii<^:\t, cotton,
indigo, tobacco, inai/e, and cafTiivn root. The Kuropean tattle liave fo tmich
multiplied here, that they run wild in the w<M)dN, ami, as in South Anierica, arc
hunted for the hi<Us an«l tallow only. In the nidll barren puit of the rt)eks lliey
clil'iovered formerly diver nnd gold. 'Ilie mines, ln.wever, are not now worked.
The north-welt parts, which are in polTellion of the Ireneh, conlill of iiirjje I'ruiitul
jduinn, which pruduie the articles already nuntioiud in vatl abuiulaiice. This in-
<leed is the belt nnil moll fruitful part of the belt and moll fertile illaiul in the \\ ell
Indies, and pi rhaps in the world.
l he moll ancient town in this iflaml, and i'. all the New World, l),iilt by i'.uro-
p^ ans, is St. Domingo. It was founded bv liartholoiuew Columbus, bintlier to
the ailntiral, in 1504, who gave it that lunue in h»)iuiur of hi:, father Dominic,
wliich is oxiiiuled fonutinies to the whole Jland by the French. It is fitnaicil oii
a li>.iii<i c haibour, and is a laige, welllmilt city, iuliabiud, lil.e ti.eoiher .Nj,aiiiili
towns, l>) u mixture of t.uiopeans, treules, nuilait'ies, nislliiices, nud Le^rce-.
7 I he
looS
SPANISH ISLANDS IN AMERICA.
^
#
The French towns arc, Cape Francois, llio capital, which is ncitlur walled
nor paled in, and is faid to have only two batteries, one at the entrance ot tiio har-
bour, and the other before the town, it contains about 8000 whites and blacks.
Lcogane, thouuh inferior in point of fize, is u giuul port, a place of coiiddcrabic
trade, and the feat of the French government. They have two other towns conii-
dcrable tor their trade, I'ctit Goaves, and Port Loms.
The following is faid to be an c\i\i\ (latement of the produtl, population, and
commerce of the French coloiiy of Hifpaniola, in the year 1788, and may fcrve to
(licw the imnienfc lodes fuftained by the late infurrcftion of tlie negroes.
PoruLATioN.] White people 27,717, viz. 9699 men, 2401 males above
twelve years old, 2296 unclcr twelve years, 1296 hufljandmen of plantations,
1832 plantation managers, 325 fugar refiners, 308 phylicians, 510 mechanics,
614 clerks, two wliite ft. » ants, 851 1 women and girls.
Free people of colour 21,808, of whom 3493 were men, 2892 males above twelve
^■ears old, 2892 under twelve, 2700 fervants, 9833 women or girls. . , .
.Slaves 405,528.
Plantations and .manufactories.] Sugar 792, indigo 3097, cotton 703,
coffee 28 10, dillilleries 173, brick and potters' ware 63, cocoa 69, tanners 3.
Productions exported to France.
70,227,709 pounds of white fugar, 930,016 pounds of indigo,
03,177,518 ditto raw ditto, 6,286,126 ditto cotton,
68,151, 1 ditto cofl'ee, I3>995 Jrelfed (kins.
Sold to American, Enclieii, and Dutch smugglers.
25,000,000 pounds of raw fugars, 3,000,000 pounds of cotton,
12,000,000 ditto coffee,
l"hc melaffes exported in American bottoms, valued at 1,000,000 dollars j pre-
cious wood, exported in French fliips, 200,000 dollars.
Trade.] Five hundred and eighty large Ihips, carrying 189,679 tons, in which
the imports amounted to 12,000,000 dollars of which more than 8,000,000 dol-
lars were in manufafturcd goods of France, and the other 4,000,000 in French
produce.
The Spanifh fliips exported in French goods or money 1,400,000 dollars, for
mules imported by them into the colony.
Ninety-eight French Ihips, carrying 40,130 tons, imported 26,506 negroes, who
fj';d fur 8,00:. ,000 dollars.
The negroes in the French divifion of this ifland have forfevcral years pad been
In a ilatc of infurrcttion. In the prognfs of thefe difturbances, whicli have not
yet fubfidcd, the planters and others have fuftained immcnfe lufles. As this un-
happy afiair has engaged much of the attention of the public, we are ha
appy in
being able to give a fummary ftatement of the caiifes of this infurrcclioii \
'Ihc fituiition of the ^"rench colonies early attratted the attention of the coiifti-
tuent afl'enibly. At this time all was as tranquil as fuch a flate ofopprellion would
permit. The full interference of the national alfern'oly in the atlairs of the colonies
was by a decree of the 8th March, 1790, which declared, " That all free perfons,
who were proprietors and refidents of two years' ftanding, and who contributed to
tlie exigencies of the ftatc, Ihould exercife the rights of voting, which conllitute the
tjuality of French citizens."
» From a pamphlet publiflitd in 1792, entitled, " An Inquiry into the Caufes 01 the Infurrcflion of
the .Nigroci in the IllaiiUof St. Dyniuigo."
8 This
SPANISH ISLANDS IN AMERICA.
1009
lliis decree, thouffh in h& it gave no new rights to the people of colour, wns
regBrdcd with u jcalouB eve by the white plimters j who eviaontly faw that the
fjoncrality of the qualification included all defcriptions of proprietors. They af-
tertcd, however, to impoft- a diflcrent conOrudion upon it. 'ihc people of colour
appealed to common jufticc and common fenfe: it was to no piirpofc. The whiten
icpclled tijcm from their aflcmblics. Some commotions enfucd, in which they
inutually fell a facrifice to their pride and refontment.
Thcfe dtdurbances again excited the vigilance of the national aflcmbly A de-
cree was palTcd on the 12th dayof Ottobcr 1790, by which the aflcmbly declared,
as a conditutional article, •* 'I nat they would cilablifli no regulations rcfpe£>ing
the inttiiial government of the colonies, without the prccifc and formal rcqueft of
the colonial alTemblies."
Peace however was not the confequence of this decree. The proprietors, it is
true, hiid obtained a legal right of tyrannifing ; but the unfortunate (|ue(lion Uill
recurred, who Ihould be permitted to exercife that right ? On this head the de-
cree was filent. New diflenfions arofe : each of the parties covered under a fa£tious
patriotifm the moft atrocious defigns : aflaflinations and revolt became frequent.
Mauduit, a French officer of rank, loft his life by the hands of his own country-
men. The unfortunate Oge, a planter of colour, who had exerted himfelf in
France in the caufe of his brethren, refolved to fupport by force their juft pre-
tenfions. He landed in the Spaniih territory of St. Domingo, where he alfenibled
about 600 mulattocs. Before he proceeded to hoftilities, ne wrote to the French
f;encral, that his defire was for peace, provided the laws were enforced. His
ctter was abfurdly confidered as a declaration of war. Being attacked and van-
Sjuiflied, he took refuge amongft the Spaniards, who delivered him up to his adver-
aric.<. T\\e horrors of his death were the harbingers of future crimes. Thefe
difturbanccs ftill incrcafmg, the national aifembly found it neceflary at length to
decide between the contending parties.
On the leth of May, 1791, a decree was made confifting of two articles, by the
firft of which the aflembly confirmed that of the lath of October, fo far as refpetted
the (laves in their iflands. It is true that the word flave was cautioufly omitted in
this document, and they are only charatterifed by the negative defcription of ' men
not free,' as if right and wrong depended on a play ct words, or a mode of cx-
prellion.
This part of the decree met with but little oppofition, though it pafll'd not with-
out fevere reprehcnlion from a few enlightened members. '1 he fecond article, re-
fpc6ling the people of colour, was Orongly ct)ntelU'd. Thofe who were before known
by the appellation of patriots, divided upon it. Jt was, however, determined in the
rcfult, that the people of co'our, born of free parents, Ihould be confidered as attive
citizens, and be eligible to tlie ofHccs of government in the iliands.
This fec(md article, whiili decided upon a right that the people of colour had
been entitled to for upwards ot a century, inllead of restoring peace, may be con-
fidered as the caule, or latlu 1 the preicxt, of all the fubfeiiiient evils that tiie colony
of St. Domingo has fiitiaiiied. Tliey arofe not indeed from its execution, but
from its counterattion by the white colonilis. Had they, after the awf'il warnings
they had already experienced, -eyed the ordinances of an .ilfenibly they pretended
to revere, — had tlu) inibii)ed o e drop of the true fpirit of that conllitution to
which tliey had vowed an inviolable attachment, — liad they even lupprelied the
dictates of pride in the t'uggelUons of prudence, — the Itorni that threatened ihein had
bci'n averted ; and in their obedience to the parent Itate tlu.v had dil'played an att of
patriotifm, and jjreferved tliemfelves from all pollihilitv ot danger.
but the equalifalion of the people of culour ftiing the irritable nerves of the
N white
\K
lOlO
SPANISH ISLANDS IS AMERICA.
white colonics. The defcendants of (lt<#>vs miglu Imve loft the refetitment* of their
fathers ; but tlie hatred of a defpot is iHtreditut" The European maxim allows,
* That they never pardon who have done lie wroiijij.' but in the colonies, this perver-
fity attains a more monflrous growth, aiu the uv>.;r(ion to African blood defcends
from generation to generation. No fooiui iiad the di-cree pafled, than the deputies
from the iQands to the national aHembly witiulrcw their attendance. I he colonial
committee, always under the inHuencc of the planters, fufpended their labours. Its
arrival in the ilLuid llruck the whites with conlleniation They vowed to facrifice
tiieir lives raili( r tiian fiifler the execution of the decree. 'I'heir rage bordered
upon piuenzy. Tiiey propi'led to iinpiiluii llic French mer'.liants then in the iilaiid,
to tear down the luiilonal tlag, and lioill llie Britilh llandard in its place. Wiiilll
the jov of the imilattoes was mingled with apprehenlions and with tears, St, Do-
ming" re-echoed with the cries of the whites, with their menaces, with their blaf-
phemles againft the conllitution. A motion was made m the llrcets to Hre upon
l!)e people of ciiioiir, who Hed tiom the city, and took refuge in the plantations oH
their fviemls, and in the woods. They were at l.-nglh recalled iiy a proclamation ;
but it was only to fwear fubordination to the whites, and to be wilnell'es of frefli
enormities. Amidll tlicfe agitations, the laves had remained in their accuftomed
fubordination. Nor was it till the monlii .■'A"^"(l 1791, that the fymptoins of
this iiil'urreclion appeared amongll them.
A coMliderable number, both of whites and people of colour, had loft their
lives in thefe commotions before the lla\es had given indications of dilallection ;—
they were not, however, infenliblc of the oj)portunities of revolt afforded by the
diflenlions of their mailers. I hey had learnt that no alleviation of their miferies
was ever to be expetled tVom liurope ; that in the llruggle for colonial dominion,
their humble intevells had been equally facriticed or forgotten by all parties. They
felt their curb relaxed by the difarming and difperlion of their mulatto mafters,
who had been aieuftomed to keep thent under rigorous difcipline. llopclefs of
relief tVoin any tiuarter, they role in dilferent parts, and fpread delblation over the
llland. If the cold cruelties of defpotifm have no bounds, what Ihall be expettod
from the paroxyfms ot'defpair ?
On the nth of September, 1791, a convention took place, which produced the
agreement called the Concorciat, by which the white planters ftipulated that tliey
would no longer opi)ofe the law of the 15th of May, which gave political rights to
the people of colour. I'lie colonial alfembly even propofed to meliorate tlie litua-
tion of the people of colour, born of parents not tree, and to whom the decree of
the 13th of Miv did not extend. An union was formed between the planter?,
which, if it had fooner taken place, had prevented the infurretiion. The infur-
gents were every wlure difpirited, rcpulfed, and difperfed, and the colony ilfelf
preferved from total deftruftion.
Bv a decree of the national aflcmbly, the 24th of September, the people of
colour were virtually excluded from all right of colonial kgillation, and exprel'sly
placed in the power of the wiiite colonlft^.
If the decree of the i5ih uf Mr.y could inftigate the white colonifts to the frantic
aft of violence before defcribed, what Ihall we fuppofe were the teelings of the
people of colour on that of the 24th of September, which again blafted thofe hopes
they had jullly founded on the conftitutional law ot the parent ftate, and the folemn
ratification of the white colonifts ? T'o fooner was it known in the illands, than
thofe dilfenfions which the revolt of the negroes had tor a while appeafed, broke
out with frelh violence. The apprehenlions entertained from the Haves had been
allayed by tlic etfecls of the ComwJitl : but the whites no fooner found theinfelvcs
reiicved from the terrors of immediate dcllruction, than they availed themfelves of
the
rict, of fruii
SPANISH ISLANDS IN AMKRICA.
loit
the docrrc of the 24tli (if .Si'pteml)er ; tht-y formally r^-voked fhi- CoihwJ/i', and
triachcroully rcfiifed to coinply with an cng.igcment lo which tiicy owed llicir very
cxillcncc. '1 he people of rolour were in arms ; they attacked the whites in the
foulhern provinces; they pnHelled themfelves of l'\)rt St. Lonis, an<l defeated their
opponents in leveral engagements A powerful body furrounded I'urt-aii-J'rinee,
the capital ot liie iiland, and claimed the execution of the Concordat. At three
ditferent times did tlic wliitcs alfeiit to the reijuilition, and as often i)roke tiioir en-
gagement. Gratified witli the (jrediiettion tor ariilocracy which the conllitueni
alVemhly liad in its dotage avowed, they aflfetled tiie appellation of patriots, and
had the addrefs to transfi-'- the popular odium to the people of colour who were
contending for their indifputable rights, and to the few wliite colonics who had
virtue enough to efpoufe their caufe. Under this pretext, the nuinicii)ality of I'ort-
au-Prince reipiired M. Grin\oard, the captain of the IJoreas, a Frendi line of battle
(liip, to bring hisgnns to bear upon, and to cannonade tlie pioplc of colour aflem-
bled near the town, lie at firll refufed ; but the crew, deluded by the cry of
patriolifni, enforced his compliauic. No fooner was this mcafuri. adopti d, than
the people of colour gave a loofe to their indignation ; lliey I'prcad over the coun-
try, and fet fire indileriminately to all the plantations : the greatell part of the
town of Port-au-Priiue foon after Iharcd the fame fate. Notliing feemed to re-
main for the white inhabitants but to feek their fafety in quitting the colony.
In the northern parts, the people of colour adopted a more magnanimous and
perhaps a more prudent conduit " They began," fays Mr. yeinitiuJ, •' by ofl'er-
" ing their blood to the whites. We fliall wait," faid they, " till we have faved
•' you, before we alTert our own claims." 'Ihey accordingly oppofcd themfelves to
the revolted negroes with unexampled courage. They endeavoured to foothe them
by attending to their rcafonable requilitions; and, it the colony of St. Domingo be
prcferved lo tlie French nation, it will be by the exertions of the people of
colour.
Porto Rico.] Situated between 63° 30' and 67° 40' well Ion. and in 18 de-
grees north lat. lying between llifi)aniola and St. Chrillopher's, is 100 miles long,
and 40 broad. The foil is beautifully diverlitied with woods, vallics, and plains ;
and extremely fertile, producing the fame fruits as the other iflands. It is well
watered with fprings and rivers ; but the iiland is unhealthful in the rainv feafon.
Jt was for the fake of the gold that the Spaniards fettled here ; but tltere is no
longer any conliderable (juantity of this metal lound in it.
PoRTO-Rico, the capital town, ifands in a little iiland on the northern fide,
forming a capacious harbour, and joined to the chief iiland by a caufey, and de-
fended by forts and batteries, which render the town almoft inaccellible. it was,
however, taken by iir Francis Drake, and afterwards by the earl of Cumberland.
it is better inhabited than moll of the Spanilh towns, becaufe it is the centre of the
contraband trade carried on by the Englilh and French with the Ling of Spain's
fubjetls.
Virgin Islands.] Situated at the eaft end of Porto Rico, are ex.tremely
fmall.
Trinidad.] Situated between 60° and 61° 30' well Ion. and in 10 degrees
north lat. lies between the iiland of Tobago and the Spanith Main, from which it
is feparated by the ftraits of Paria. It is about 90 miles long, and 60 broad ; and
is an '■-.lieallhy but fruitful foil, producing fugar, tine tobacco, indigo, ginger, va-
••icl; of fruit, fome cotton trees, and Indian corn. It was taken by Iir VV alter Ra-
6 N 2 h'i^li.
10I2 SPANISH ISLANDS IN AMERICA.
Kigli, in tjoj, and by thi* French in 1676, who plundered the ifland, and extorted
riioncy tVom the inhubitunts.
Maroahf.tta.] Sininted In 63 degrees weft Ion. and ii» 1 5' north Int. fir.
p.iratcd from the northern cu:ift of New Andalufia in '1 Lira Firnia, by a ftruit of
24 iiiilfs, is aliout 40 miks in length, and 24 in breadth j and being always verdant,
alliirds a mod agreeable profinrdt. The illand abounds in paihnv, in mai/e, and
fruit ; but there is a ftarciiy of wood and water. There was once a pearl tilhery
on its coaft.
There are many olher fmall iilands in thcfe feas, which the Spaniards have neg>.
levied. \Vc (hall therefore proceed round Cape Horn into the South Seas, where
the firft Spanilh idand of any importance is C'hiloe, on tiie coall of Chili, which
has a governor, and fonic harbours well fortified.
Juan Fernandes.] Lying in 83 degrees weft Ion. and 33 fouth lat. 300 miles
weft of Chili. This ifland is uninhaliited ; but having fume good harbours, it is
found extremeljr convenient for the Englilh cruifers to touch at and water. This
idand is famous for having given rife to the celebrated romance of Robinfon
Crufoe. It feems one Alexander Selkirk, a Scotfman, was left alhore in this foli-
tary place by his captain, where he lived fomc years, until he was difcovered by
captain Woodes Rogers, in 1709. When taken up, he had forgotten his native
language, and could fcarcely oe underftood, feeming to fpeak his words by halves.
He was dreffed in goats' fkms, would drink nothing but water, and was fome time
before he could rclilh the fliip's viOuals. During his abode in this illand, he had
killed 500 goats, which he caught by running them down ; and he marked as
many more on the ear, which he let go. Some of thefe were caught, 30 year.s
after, by lord Anion's people ; their venerable afpedt and majcftic beards dif-
covered ftrong fyniptoms of anti(iuity.
Selkirk, upon his return to England, was advifed to publifh an account of his
life and adventures in his little kmgdom. He is faid to have put his papers into
the hands of Daniel Defoe, to prepare them for publication. But that writer, by
the help of thofe papers, and a lively fancy, transformed Alexander Selkirk into
Robinfon Crufoe, and returned Selkirk his papers again ; fo that the latter derived
no advantage from them. They were probably Ux) indigefted for publication, and
Defoe perhaps derived little from them but thofe hints which gave rife to his own
celebrated [jerfornianee.
The other idands that are worth mentioning arc the Gallipago ifles, fituated
400 miles weft of Peru, under the ec^uator j and thofe in the bay of Panama, called
the King's or Pearl llliinds.
PORTUGUESE
/
C »oi3 ]
PORTUGUESE AMERICA^
CoNTAININO BrASIL.
f
SiTVATtoM AND Extent. '
Miles.
Sq. MileSk
Length 25001 ],„,,.,„„„ C the equator and ic" fouth latitude. 1,^
Breadth ?oo { *^*=^"^^"^" { 33 and 6o« weft longitude. } 940.'
000
TJOUNDED by the mouth of the river Amazon, and'the
'■' r> Atlantic Ocean, on the North ; by the fame ocean, on the
Eaft ; by the nio\ith of the river I'lata, South ; and by a cham of mountains, dividing^
from Paraguay and the country of Amazons, on the Weft.
On tile coaft are three fmall iilands, where fljips touch for proviflons in their voyage
to the South Seas, viz. Fernando, St. Barbara, and St. Catherine's.
Diviftons.
Northern divifion contains
the captainlhips of
Middle divifion contains
the captainlhips of
Sciithorn divifion contains
the captaiiiHiips of
Provinces.
Para - . .
Marignan . . .
Siara . - - .
Pctagues . . -
Rio (]randc
Payraha - . .
Tamara . .. .
Pemambuco
Serigippe - . .
Hahai, or the Bay of All- 1
Saints - - 3
lihcos . - .
Porto Scguro
Spirito Santo
I Kio Jrineiro
<St. Vincent
(Del Rey - - -
Chief Towns.
Para or Bclim
St. Lewis
Siara
St. Luc
Tignares
Payraba
Tamara
Olinda
Serigippe
St. Salvador
Paya
Porto Seguro
Spirito Santo
St. Scballian
St. Vincent
St. Salvador.
Seas, bays, harbours,
rivers, and capes.
1 The Atlantic Ocean waflics the coaft of Brafil ott.
\ the nortli-eall and eaft, upwards of aooo miles, form-
ing fivcral line bays and harbours,— as the harbours of Pemambuco, All-Saints,
Porto St^uro, the port and harbour of Rio Janeiro, the port of St. Vincent, the
harbour ut .St. Gabriel, and the port of St. Salvador, 011 the north fliorc of the river
La Piata. On the welt, far within land, are mountains from which ill'ue many
nohlo Ctivanis, that tali into ilie j^rcat rivers Amazon and La Plata, others running
acruls the country fnnii eaft t<.i welt till liuy fall into the Atlantic Ocean, after mc-
liomtiii^' the lands which tiiey annually overllow, and turning the fugar mills belong-
ing to the Port'iguefe.
riio prim ipal capes .'.re — Cape Roque, Cape St. Aiiguftine, Cape Trio, aiul Cape
St. Mary, the nioU foutlarly proniuutury ot Br;ilil.
^ CtlMATE^
1014
PORTUGUESE AMERICA.
CuMATt, 101 L, AND PRoDircTioNs.] TIu" clitniito of Hrafil l).n l^i-n dc-
fcrlbcd by two eminent nitfuralirtu, I'lfo and Miir;;ruv<-, who ohfirvcd it wiili a
philolbphical accuracy, to be tcmporate and mild, wIumi tomiiarcd witli iliat of
Africa, They afcribc this chiefly to tin.- rcfivlhing wind, wiiicli blows continually
from tlie fen. The air is not only cool but cliilly tlirongh the night, fo thai the
natives kindle n fire every evening in tlieir Imls. As the rivers in this lonntry an-
nually overtiow their banks, and leave n fort »)f (lime upon the lands, the Inilheic
nuid be in many places amazingly rich; and iliis coin Iponds with tlio bid injur.
juution upon the fubjicl. 'ihi* vegetable protliK lions are Indian corn, lii^jui-caius,
tobacco, indigo, hides, inecucnana, balfam, lirulil woud.wliich is of a red coioui,
hard and dry ; and is chiefly ufed in dyinjj, but not tlio red of tlie IkII kind!
Hero is alio the yellow fnliic, of ufe in dying yellow ; and a boautit'id I'peeklLd
wood made ufe of in cabinet wurk. Here are hve dill'crent forts of palm trees,
fonie curious ebony, ami a great variety of cotton trees. This country idxiunds in
liorned cattle, which are hunted for their Sides only, — 20,000 being lent annually
into Kiirope. '1 here is alfo a plenty of . er, hares, ami other game. Amonglt
the wild bearts found here, are tigers, p* i Miies, janouveras, and a fierce animal,
lomevvhat iikr a grej hound ; monkeys, is; and the to|)irairou, a creature
between a bull ai\d an afs, but without hoii.:. -md entirely harmlefs , tlie (lelli is
very good, and lias the llavour of beef. 1 here ii. a numberlefs variety of fowl, wild
and tame, in this country. Among thefe are turkeys, fine white hens, and dueks.
The remarkable birds are— -the humming bird,— the lankima, foim times ciilled tin-
unicorn bird, from its having a horn two or three inches long grov\ing out of ii^
forehead,— 'he guira, famous tor ofien changing its colour, being liilt lilaek, then
alh coloured, next white, at'terwards fcarli r, and lall of all irimfon; which colours
glow richer and deeper the longer tlu' bird lives. Among the abundaiue of liiji
with which the feas, lakes and rivers of this coiKitry are llored, is ilic globe filh, I'o
c.ilkd from its torm, vvliieh is fo befet with f|)ines, like a hed^^i h(ig, that it bids de-
fiance to all tilh of piey. But the moll rcmaikablc creature is liie feu-bladder, fo
c.illed bccaufc it greatly refembles one, and fwims on the furtacc of the waves;
ihe inlide is filled with ;iir, excent a fmall (piar.tiiy of wali r that ferves to poifc it.
The ikin is ver\ thin and tianfpannt, aiii, like a bubble railed in the water, rc-
Hecls all the colours of the iky. liraiil breeds a great variety ol tc-rpcnts and vene-
inous creatures, among which are the Indian faiainandiT, a four-legged int'ed, the
Iting of which is mortal, — the ibivaboca, a fpecies of fer|)ent, about feven yards
loi)'.', and half a yard in i ircumfi rence, whole poifon is iullantuneoully fatal, — tiic
rattle-fnake, which there attains ;m em riiious lue.
iNHAiuTAKr*, M ANNi.KH, AM) ci s I CMS.] Tlu' l^)rtug|^fe in Aiiieri'a are
defi ribed as a p' ople, wln". ivhile f.ink in the iroll eli'eminale luxury, piaitife the
nu>rt dei'perate crimes:— -ul a temper hypocritical and ditiembling, — without (iii-
cv.ily in convcrfatioii, or houeliy in dealing ;— lazy, |)roiKl, ami cruel; — In their diet
penuriois ; for, like the iiiliabiiants ot iiult iouiheiii cijiiiate-, thev are iiuuii more
fond of fnew, Hate, and :itteiidaiice, than of the pleafures of tree foeiety, ami of a
goo» ti'ble ; > ct their fealls, which are rare, are fuiiiptiiuus to extravagance. When
thev a;>pear abroad, ih.-y caufe themfelves to be carried in a kind of cotto:i ham-
nioel.s'. called feipeiitii; s, which are borne on the lu;; roes' Ihoulders, by the lulp
of a !)■ 'iil>oo, ab"Ut twelve or fourteen feet long. Molt of llule hammocks are
blue, a. 1(1 adi-rned with fringes of the I'aine lolour; thev have a velvet pillow, and
abo^e the head a kind of tetter with curtains; fi th.il the perfon carried cannot
l)e feen unlef he pleafes ; but may lie down.^i^lij, up, h-aning on his pillow.
>\ hen he has a mind to be feca, he pulls the curtains alide, and faluies his ac-
iJ ipiaialance
iiri
PORTUGUESE AM E.RICA.
ior5
In?
ids
are
the
lln-
IVll'C
ot'a
flicn
lam-
avc
Innot
Blow.
Is ac-
.uneo
<(ualntance whom he rncctu in the ftrocts i for they take a pritlc in complimenting
caih otlit-r in thiir hnmnuuks, nnd will even hold loni^ conlercnceii in tni'ni in thu
rtrecii} but then the two Haves who carry thoiu, make life of ftrong rods, forked
above, nnd pointed below with iron ; tlitfe they (lick fall in the ground, and on
them rells the bamboo, to which the hummock is tixed, till iheir mailer's biiOnefH
or compliment is over. Scarcely any n\an of falhion, or any ladvi will pafs the
ilreets without being carried in this manner.
Tkadk and cniKK TOWNS.] The trade of Portugal is carried on upon the
fame exclulive plan on which the feveral nations of Kuropc trade witli their colo-
nies of America; and it more particularly rcl'embles the ancient Spanifh method,
in not fLiidins; out (ingle Ihips, as the convenience of the feveral plari s, and thi;
judgment of ilie Kuropean mcrchanls, may direct, — l)ut aimual lk\is, which fail
at Hated times from Portugal, and compote three tlotas, bound to as many ports in
Hralil I namely, lo IVrnanibuco in tin- nortliern part, to Kio Janciio ut the
louthern extremity, and to the Hay «)f All-Saints in the midille.
In tliis lall is llie ciipilal, which is called St, Salvador, and foaielimes the city of
Ball la, where all tlie fleets rendezvous on iheir return to I'ortiigal. 'I his city cDiri"
mauds a noble, fpacioiis, and commodious harbour. It is built upon a high and
lleep rock, having the I'ea upon one lide, and a lake forming a crefceiU, inveliin;;
it alinoll wliolly, lo ns nearly to jt*in the fea, on the other. 1 he litualion makes it
in a manner impregnable by nature; and they have beticks added to it very ttrong
fortiticatioiis. It ib populous, magniticent, and beyond eompaiilon the molt gay
and o|)ulent city in all liralil.
The trade of ikalil is very great, and incrrafes every year ; whicl\ is the lefs fur-
priling, as the Porluguefe have opportunities of fupplying themtelves willi Haves for
their I'everal works, at a much < lu:a|K'r rate than any other luiropean power that has
lettlemenis in America, — they being the only I'.uropeans who have ellablilhed colo-
nies in .Africa, and from hence thev im])ort between 40 and ^0,000 negroes annual-
ly, all of whom go into the ani'uuit of the cargo of the braid tieetj for Kurope. Of
the diamonds there is fuppofed to be returned to Kurope to the value of 130,000!,
Iliis, with the liigar, the tobaccc, the liides, the valuable drugs for medicine
and manut;ictures, may give fome idea of the iniportance of this trade, not onl_\ to
Portugal, but to all the trading powers of I'lurope.
I'he chief connnodiiies the I'.uropean ihips carry thither in return, are not the
tiiiieth part the produce of Portugal : they conhll of woollen goods of all kinds,
liom I'jighuid, France, and liolhind ; the linens and laces of Holland, France, and
(jernumy ; the lilks of France and Italy ; lilk and thread dockings, hats, lead, tin,
pewter, iron, cop|)i r, and all loits of utenlils wrought in thefe metals, from Fng-
liind ; as well as lalt (ilh, beef, Hour and cheefe. Oil they have from Spain ; wine,
w ith fome fruit, is nearly all they are fupplied with from Portugal, f.ngland is at
jnefent moll interelle<l in the trade of Portugal, both for home confumption and
the ufe of tin- Hralils.
I5ralil is a very wealthy and Hourilhing fettlement. Their export of fugar, with-
in 40 years, is grown nuich greater than it was, though anciently it made almolt
the whole of their exportable produce, and they were without rivals in the trade.
1 heir tobacco is remarkably good, though not raifed in Uich large quantities as in
the United States.
The Ponugucl'e had been long in polVellion of Hrald before they difcovered the
treafures o* gokl anil diamonds which have lince made it fo valuable. Tlieir fleets
niide/.vous in the bay ot All-Saints, to tiie amount of 100 tail of large lliips, in iMay
or June, and carrv to F.uroi)e a cargo little inferior in value to the treafures of the
Spanilh liota and guleons. 1 he guid alone, great part of which it> coined m Ame-
rica,
ioi6
PORTUGUnSE AMERICA.
rica, nmount* Id near tour millioni ftorliiij; ; but part of this i» brought from their
.c«)l(>nii.-t ill Africa, tojji-lhcr with fl
xiiiy. iiiKl ivory.
Hp.liuion.] i'hoiijrli fho kini{ of l'.iriM;{ul, an grmicl maAcr of the order of
("lirilJ, l)c folily in |H)fltlli«)ii of liic litlfs. — antl ihoi^^li llic produce of the crufatic
bfloiigi entirely to him ; yet in tliis cxlciilivf co'inlry, lix billioprici have lui-n fiu •
collivi ly fouiuU'd, which ai kiiowlcdj}*' for ihcir fiipiTior the archhilliopric of Hohia,
clhihlilhcd ill iho year i^i, 'I'iic forluiiatc prelates, moll of theiii Kuropeaii ,
who till ihefe honourable fees, live in a very coniniudious manner, upon the cnio.
Iiiinenis attached to the fuiutions of their minillry, and u falary from government.
Aiiion;^ the inferior clerjjy, none hut llie luillionaries, who arc fettled in the Indian
>illaj{es, are paid ; but the others tind futVicient refources nnionjj the fuperllitious
pco|)le, whom ihey are to edify, to inllriid, and to comtort. IJefidcs an annual
tril)ute jiaid by every family to tlie cler^\man, he is entitled to two tliiliino;8 for
rverv birth, for every wedding, and everv burial. Thouf^h there be not abfoTutely
nil iMi|uilition in Dralil, yet the people of tliat country are nut pruteded from the
outrages of lliat barl)arous inliitulion.
llmoRV ANt) r.ovKHNMKNi.J This country was full difcovcred by Amcriciis
V'efpucius, in i4(;8; but the I'ortuj^uefe did not plant it till ii^^f), when they fixed
themfelves at the Hay of All-Saintji, and founded the city of St Salvador. They
met with fome interruption at Hrlt from the court of Spain, who conlidered the
whole continent of South y\inerica as beloniriii^ to them. I lowever, the affair was
Jif Icnfjth made up by treaty; and it wa-i ajjieed that the Portuguefe ihould polfefs
till the country lying between the two great rivers Ama/on and La Plata, which
tlicy iVill enjoy. The French alfo made fome attempts to plant colonies on this
coall, but were driven from thence by the Portuguefe, who remained without a
rival till the year 1580, wlien, in the very meridian of their profoerity, they were
Uruek by one of thofe blows, which initantly decide the fate of Kingdoms :— Don
Sebaliian, the king of Portugal, loll bis life and army in an expedition agaiiiH the
Moors in Africa ; and bv that event tiie Portuguefe loll their independence, being
ubforhed into the Spanilh dominions.
The Dutch, foon after this, having thrown off llie Spanilh yoke, were not fatis-
fied wiili iiiaintaining tlicir independence; but, llulhed with the juvenile ardor
of a growing coinmuiiwealtli, puifued the Spanianls into the reniotell recedes
of their e\teiilive territories, and grew rich, powerful, and terrible, by the fpoik
of their former mailers. 'Ihey pariuiilarlv attacked the polfellions of the Portu-
guefe ; they took alniofl all their lorireljes in the I'.all Indies, and then turned
their
arms, tn tlie \ear
ipon IJralil, where they tonk feve . of the captiiii,-
lliips or pioviiues, and would ha\e fubdue<l the whole colony, hiid not lliiir
career been llopt by the archbilhop, at the head of his monks, and a few li.ii-
tered forces. The Dutch were, however, about ihe year 1654, entirely diivm
(Hit of hialil ; but iheir W elt-ludia company ftill contimiiiig thi ir prclenlioiis tl^
this (ouiury, and ha mIih"; the Portuguefe at fea, the litter a^;reed, in 1661,10
pay the Duuti eight tons ot gold to ivliiujuilh their intercll in tii.ii country ; \siiiiii
was accepted; and the Portuguefe have remained in peaceal)le poli'ellion oi .ill
Uralll from that lime, till about the end of 1762, when the Spanilh governor ot
I'lUenos A}re>, hearing ot a war betsveen Portugal and Spain, took, ;itler a inniiiir-.
luge, the Poiiiiguefe frontier fortrefs called St SacraiiKut ; l)ut, by the trcii^. oi
peace, it was nltored.
Ihe government of Hrafil is in the viceroy, who has two councils, one for iri-
Kiinal, the otlier for civil allairs, in both of which he pivlides.
FRKNCIl
wnirh V
tlicy cal
of (hat r
I'-ngJund
tlie^ inci
winch til
tliem aiK
the Kren
forming '
them the
ven from
Loui/iana
nTJowed ti
of New <
Spain, for
The Ir.
quarter, hi
crn con tin
IT is (Itiia
the 501 1
C«uiana, an
t'le Atlanti
tliief town
All tliecc
•leniciits : t
bur they rai
•'ind in n<> ii
^--'ayenne, oi
miles in cin
I 'ours, the I
Indian corn
THKF.
Indiosi
'hem. and
drawing fii,ip
» ontendini'-
Ue hnu-
l';iniola or ttl
'• FRENCH AMERICA.
XII R polTi'irioin and rliiiinn of the Frnuh lirforc iho war of tj^ft, ni npprnrt
by thrir maps, conlilK'il of nlinolt llic whole torniiiciit < if North Amcricii j
h vaft country thoy dividocl into two great provinces, tin- norilurn ot which
thry I'iilU-d Canada, comprehending n much grcatir cxti-nt tlian the liritilh provincf
of tliut name, linoc it included n great part of the provituen of New York, New
Kngland, ami Nova Scotia. The (i)iithcrn province they liillcd Loiiiliana, in wliiih
they indtided a part of Carolina. 'Ihis dil)rii)ution, and the niilitary difpolitioiis
winch the French made to fupport it, formed the principal i anfe of the war Ixtwecii
them and (>rcat Britain in the year 1756, the illuc of which in well known. V\ liilc
the French were rearinj; their infant coIomich, and with the n\oll fatmnine liop.s
forming vatl deligns of an extcnlivc einniie, one wrong iKp in their politics lull
them the whole : for hv commencin)^ hollilities many years t<K) foon, thtv were dn-
vcn from Canada, aiul forced to yield to (ireat Britain all that tine country of
Louiliana calKvard of the Millifippi. At the treaty of peaie, however, ihey were
allowed to keep polTelhon of the wellern hank of thai river, and the finall town
of New Orleans, near the mouth of it ; which territorie*, in 1769, iluy ceded to
Spain, for reafons unknown to the public.
The French, therefore, from lieing one of liie greateii liuropean powers in thai
quarter, have now loll all their poll'elllons in North America i but un the louth<
crn continent they have Hill u fettlement which i!> called
CAYENNE, OR EQUINOCTIAL FRANCE.
IT is fitnated between the eiiuator and filth degree of north latitude, and between
the 50th and 55tli of well longitude. It extends 240 miles alone tlie coal! of
C«niana, and near 300 miles within land ; bounded by Surinam, on tlie North ; by
the Atlantic Ocean, lull ; by Amazonia, South ; and by Guiana, Well. The
ciiief town is Caen.
All iiiect)art is very low ; but witliin land there are fine hills very proper for fet-
tlements : the F'rench have, luiwever, not vet extended them fo far as tliey miijht ;
but they raife the fame commodities vvliich they have from the Well India illaiids,
and in no inconliderable quantity. 'Ihey have alio taken polfellion of the idand of
Cayenne, on this coall, at the moulli of the river ot lh.it name, which is about 4^
miles in circumference. The iliand is very unhealthy ; but having; fonie (,'ot)(l har-
bours, the French have here fome lettleinents, wliich raife fujjar, collie, tobacco,
Indian corn, fruits, and other neccllaries of life.
FRENCH ISLANDS IN AMERICA.
Til 1'". Frenih were among tlie lall nations who made (ettlements in the Weft
Indies; but tluy made ample ainciuls liy llie viirour with v/hich they purfued
them, and by thai chain of judicious and ailniirahle meafures whi'h they ufed Im
drawing from them every luivaiii.ige liiat ihe naUire oi the climalc ulVordi ; and ia
contending againit the dilticulties wliitii it threw in iheir way.
We have already mentioned ilic I- rmeh culnny upon the 'panilli iliand of Hii"
panioia 01 Jjl. l.)o.ninyo, at. the luull iiniuirtaul uud valuable ui ail ilieir t'<)rei';n
O fetlleiiieius,
loiS
FRRNCn ISLANDS IN AMI RFC A.
>untains
fi'itlrmrntt, and whit I) they pDnt-d ihron^li the indttfiuc tii ihi' Spiu ..r(l»nn tfist
illand, or lli«- parlinlii y oMhcir ourt to llic Fri'tich nniion. VVr Ihall m\\ pru*
ccrd to tilt* iil.iiidt ot' which the It iich huvc the fotc [HitTclliun, beginning vvitii t^.
large and tmpurtunt one of
Mar riMico.T Ulilth l» ftWtatfA betwren .4 nt»d 15 rteqreM of north lat. tnd
in bi di*f(ri-t^ wf(l li.n, lyinK ahoul 40 Icafuci nortli-^Ncli vi Hdrl)ado(<i, w about
to luilci in Unmh, and hiult if mm li in iirc;idlh. Hu inlan<t port of it ,1 hilly,
and |)our> out un wcry iidc a imiiibcr of aurcfiiblc and idi'liil iivrri>, which adorn
and enrich thii illand in u hii(h degree. Ihe oroducc of tlu- foil ti fuf(ar, cotton,
inditfo, K>"K'^'''> ■'"^ '^'^''' Iritiii as arc found in the nei^hhouiiof;;; iltundn. Hut rii<
K;ir IS hero, as in all tlir Well India iliands, the prineijiil enrntn'Kiity,— of which
ihcy export a « onlidi rable iiii.inlity annuiil'^. Manmito i< lh«! reluicnte of the go-
vernor (if tlie {•'reiu h ilhuicls in llveli li-nn. Ill bay« and h«rl»our» ar< nuiiicruui,
fafc, und coinniodiout ; and fo wfll fortilied that the) often I >do deti«nct< to the
Kn){li!h, till I !■ war of ly^'S, when the Hritilh arms lx;ing umphnnl in ovory
quarter of ihe globe, this iliaiid was added tu the Uiiuill cni( lu . but it wait uivcu
back ul the til. Jty ot peace.
CiifAnALoi pr..] So tailed by CohnnlHis, from the ri f inblanec of it» m >untai
to tliiife of that name in .Spain, i. Iiluated in lO diRrers ortli I '. and 6i well |i
jiliiKil 7,0 leaf^uest north ot .Marii lieo, and almolt as inuili I'outli of Antigua i bein^;
4^ inilei* loiij;, and ;S bmatl. It is divided into two pa. f^ l>y a loiall arm of th<-
fea, or rather a narrow channel, through which no (hips can venture , but the in-
hiiiiaiilh pals it in a (Vrry-bont. lu loil is eiiuall^ fertile with tliat of Martiiiico,
prodiicinj' lugar, cotton. in<ligo, ginger, K:c. I'hiH illand is in a lioiirilhing condi-
tion, :md its esportn of fugar alnmll incredible. Like Martinico, it was tornierly
jiri:i.ked i)s tiu' I'.nglilb, wlio ^.i\e up the attein[)t ; but in I7_^9, it was reduced
i'y the Britilh arms, and was gum back at the peace of lyftj.
St. Lt'ciA.] Situated in 14 deg. north lat. and in 61 deg. well Ion. So dilcs
iiortli-well of Hnrbadwts, is 13 miles in length, and u in breadth. It received its
name from being difeovered on tlie (.lay dedicated to tlie virgin m.irtyr St. Lucia.
The Knglilli firll fettled here in i'>.57. Kroin that time they met with various mif-
fortunes from tlie nativ\ s and Krencii : nt length it was agreed on between the lat-
ter and the Kiigliih, that St. Lucia, with I'ominica and St \ mcent, Ihould remain
neutr.'d Hut tiie j-reocli, bcfon' the war of 1756 broke out, befruii to fettle ihefe
idands ; which by the treaty ot peace were yiiUUd up to Cireai Britain, and this
illand lu France Ihe foil of St. Lucia, in the vallics, is extremely rii h. It
|)roduces excellent timber, and abounds with pleal.'.i rivers and well lituated
liarbours ; and is now deciand a tree port under certain redri(.Mions. Tlie Knglilh
made ihcmfeive.^ mailers of ii in 1;;^ ; but it was icllured again to ibc I rencli iu
'n.BAfio] '11. is ifland is fituated in i 1 degrees odd minutes, nort', Int. i2oniiles
fouih of barbai!.>cs, and about the fame diltance from the Spanilh Main. It is
about T,! miles in length, and nine in briarlili. 'The climate here is not In hut as
might Ve i\])n'-ted lu laar the e(iiial'ir ; ;.nd it is I'lod that it lits out of the CdUilc
of I hole lunricanes tliai have li)in(.iiines proved lo I'al.il totheotlur Well liuiia
iilatuls. It has a fruitful foil, capable of produ«i;i'; fugar, and indeed every thing
life that is railc'd in tl.e Well Indies, with the addition (if we may believe the
Uutch; of the cimiainoii, uulmeg, and gum copal, it is well v\alcrcd with lui-
nivrouk
©U T r If A M F, R I C A.
1019
meroui fprinft* 1 nml iu ba^i niuI creek* art fo (tir|)orc(i m u\ lie y«iy commotliou*
fttf ill kind o? ihippinc. 'I In vitlue anU itii|)«)r( »\tc of tliis iniini.1 apjictri from tlio
cuepcnfivo .hhI t'ortnidnnte nnnnmtrnln fi'itt tliithvr by l.tirojit ux pnwcr* lit fupport
ol their '^I'Krcnt cluimH li Ik'rii'- In liave iwvn rhivriy iimi. Jid by tli<- l)ulvli,
wbo «ir United their prvtvnli'»it» u^aittll txiih Kiitflanii anu I ramu willi ilu! mull
olillinntc pcrfcNrrante. By the Itcaty < Ai>> • Chnpvl't-, in 1/48,11 wu<i (Jut Urcd
lirulral t ihouf^h, by the trruty of pcan- 1 1 1 yi |. :t WB« vicldi \ up to (irwut Urilaiii :
but in Juttc I ;B I . it vrat taken by the Fu ntli, und vunlirinu(' tu tlum by the licaly
of 17B3.
St. UARTH()t.oMKw, DftitADA, ) Aro ihrt-c rinnil lllan<U lying in the nulah-
AhO M ARIKOALANTC ) bourh(H)d of Antigua .md .St. Chrillopiicr » ^
and of no grtut confc(|ucnc(* . the Frci\ih, cxii pt in tin\( 1 win, whin tlu-y givo
llu-lti r to ai\ incndihlc nuniU 1 of privatccrt, whiih gn-ath innoy our Well iiului
trado. It would therefore In- ^^^,ln\ policy in Great llrilnin, upon ilir lin-aking nut
of II >vur willi iiinte, imnKdiutely to take poirelhon i.\ tliefo illandu ; vvhii li would
fecm to be a niiiitcr of no great ditKciilly, »» they have been frequently reduced by
the Kncliih, and at fre<|uenlly given back to the KreiKli. who hive often i \peii-
cnced tuc gencfolily oi the Hritilh court. St. Ilurtholonu w iii now to in: coiifidcrcd
AS beloiigin); to the crown of Sweden, being ceded tu tt by France, 1785.
The fmnl id nd» of St. I'ihirk nnd Miji^tk lon, fitunted near Newfoundland,
belonging I' France, liuvc been already meiuioncd with tliat illuiid.
DUTCH
M ERICA.
Containing SURINAM, on the Continent of Sou rii Amf.iuca.
Ar ri'. R llie PortHi»uT.Tc \\,r\ difpo(VclVi.d llu' Dut(h of Ilralii in tlie manner \vc
base I rn,— and MtcrtlK \ liad been entirely rrinn id out i>f North America,—
Ihcy were obliged to confolc il>cinfelves uiih thur rich poHelhon^ in the lull
Indies, an<l to lit down com m in the \\ ell wiili Siirinuni,— .;i .. ouiitry once pof-
felled by the Knglilh. but of \. < ;;rcat value whilll v.. luul ii, and ulii(.li wc eeiU d
to them in exchange for New York, with two or tl leo fiuall and liaiicn illaiuls
in the north fea, not far from the Sjianiih Main.
Dutch Ciuiiuia is lituatcd l>etween livr and fesi ti depjees north l;\l extindini;
above an 100 milei from tlu; mouth ot ihe rivei Orononne, nortli, to tlie river
Marowvni , or French (iuiut.a, fouth. I hi^ i^ one ot the lidiell and mull valu-
able colonies beUmging to the L nitcd I'rovinees ; but it is in a Id's piofperous
liluation than it was fomc years iimo, iiwing, amon^ other caufcs, to the wars
uilh the fugitive negroes, whom the Dutih treated vviih j;reat barbariiy, and vvlio
are beeonu fo numemus, having increalVd Irom ye.ir 10 \ear, that they have
formed a Wind oi colon) in woods alinoll inaccellible, aioni; the rivers of Surinam,
Saramaca, and Copenami', and are ijec^inie very torniid.ible eiuMiie.s to their ter-
mer mailers. L'nder the connna:i«l of duet's whom they have elected amonjr
themfclves, thev have culiiwUeil lands for their fnbl.lktue, and make l're(|nent in-
cmlioiis nito the tu'i^h'uouiinj; itUmtations. 'l he Duiih claim the vvholv- coall
Imm tl.c n;outh of the Orouoijue to tl.e riser Maiuwvne, oil which arc lituatcd
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J020
DUTCH AMERICA.
their colonics of KiTcauebo, Demcrara, Derbicc, and Surinam. The lad bcgint
with the river Saraniacna, and ends with the Marowyne, extending 120 miles alonr
the winding coad.
Rivers.] A number of fine rivers pafs through this country, the principal of
which are liflequebo, Surinam, Demcrara, Herbice and Conya. Eflequcbo is ninu
miles wide at its mouth, and is moru than 300 miles in length. Surinam it a
beautiful river, three quarters of u mile wide, navigable for the Jargell velfels four
leagues, and for fmnllcr vcflcls 60 or 70 miles further. Its banks, quite to the
water's edge, arc covered with evergreen mangrove trees, which render the paflage
up this river very delightful. The Demcrara is about three quarters of a mile wide
wnere it empties into the Surinam, is navigable for large vends 100 miles; a hun-
dred miles further, arc fevcral falls, of caiy afcent, above which it divides into the
fouth-weft and fouth-eaft branches.
Climate.] In the months of September, 0£lober, and November, the climate
is unhealthy, particularly to Grangers. The common difeafcs arc putrid and other
fevers, the dry belly-ach, and the dropfy : 100 miles back from the fea, you come
to quite a different foil, a hilly country, a pure dry wholefome air, where a fire
fometimcs would not be difagreoable. The thermometer ranges from 75° to 90'
through the year. A north-caft breeze never fails to blow from al)out nine o'clock
in the mornmg, through the day, in the hotted feafons. As the days and nights,
throughout the year, arc very nearly of equal length, the air can never become ex-
tremely heated, nor the inhabitants fo greatly incommoded by the heat, as thofe
who live at a greater didance from the equator. The feafons were formerly di-
vided regularly into rainy and dry ; but, of late years, fo much dependence cannot
be placed upon them, owing probably to the country's being more cleared, by
which means a free paflTage is opened for the air and vapours.
Water.] The water of the lower parts of the rivers is brackifli, and unfit for
life ; and the inhabitants are obliged to make ufc of rain water, which is here un-
commonly fweet and good. It is received in ciderns placed under ground; and
before drinking, it is let in large earthen pots to fettle, by which means it becomes
Tcry clear and wholefome. Thefe ciderns arc fo large and numerous, that water is
I'cldom fciffce.
Chief towns, and population.] Paramaribo, fiiuated on Surinam river,
four leagues from the fea, N. lat. 6°. VV. Ion. 55° from London, is the principal
town in Surinam. It contains about 2,000 whites, one half of whom are Jews,
and 8,000 flaves. The houfes are principally of wood ; fome few have glafs win-
dows, but generally they have wooden diutters. The ftrects arc fpacious and
draight, and planted on each lide with orange or tamarind trees.
About fcventy miles from the fea, on the fame river, is a village of about 40 or 50
lionfcs, inhabited by Jews. 'I his village, and the town above mentioned, with the
intervening plantations, contain all the inhabitants in this colony, which amount to
3,200 whites, and 43,000 flavcs. 'i he buildings on the plantations are, many of
them, cofily, convenient, and airy. The country around is thinly inhabited with the
native Indians, a harnilefs, friendly fct of beings. 'Ihey are in general fliort of
flatiire, but remarkably well made, of a light coi)pcr colour, ftraight black hair,
without beards, high cheek bones, and broad rtiouldcrs. In their ears, nofes, and
hair, the women wear ornaments of lilvcr, &c. Hotii men and women go naked.
One nation or tribe of tliem tic the lower part of the leg of the female children,
when young, \vi;li a cord bound very tight for the breadth of lix inches about the
ancle, which cord is never afterwards taken off but to put on a new one ; by which
means, the He(h, which lliould otherwife grow on that part of the leg, increufes the
tail" to a great iizc, and leaves the bone below nearly bare. This, though it nu;!t
render
DUTCH AMERICA.
ton
great beauty by them. The language of
Inc ' "
render them very weak, is reckoned a ^ ^
the Indians appears to be very fot't. 'Ihcy are enenties to every kind onalxtur ;
but ncvcrthelels manufacture a few articles, fuch as very fine cotton hammocks,
earthen wpter-nnts, bafkets, a red or yellow dye called roucau, and fome other,
trifles, all of which they bring to town and exchange for fuch articles as they ftand*^
in nci;d of.
Sott, PRODUCTIONS, TRADE, &c.] Through the whole country runs a ridge
ofoyllcr-niells, nearly parallel to the coaft, but three our four leagues from it, ofa
conliderable breadth, and from four to eight feet deep, compofed of fhells exaftly
of the fame nature of ihofe which form the prefent eoaft. From this and other cir-
cunillanccs, there is great reafon to believe, that the land, from that diftance from
the fea, is all new land, refcued from the fea, either by fome revolution in nature,
or other unknown caufe.
On each fide of the rivers and creeks, are fituatcd the plantations, containing
from 300 to 2000 acres each, in number about 550 in the whole colony, producing
at prefent annually about 16,000 hogfheads of fugar, 12,000,000 pounds cofTee,
J 00,000 pounds cocoa, 850,000 pounds cotton ; all which articles (cotton excepted)
ave fallen off within 1 5 years, at leaft one-third, owing to bad management, both
here and in Holland, and to other caufcs. Of the proprietors of thefc plantations,
not above 80 relide here. The fugar plantations have, many of them, water mills,
which being much more profitable than others, — and the lituation of the colony ad-
mitting of them, — will probably become general : of the reft, fome are worktd by
mules, others by cattle ; but from the lownefs ot the country, none by the wind.
Connefled with Surinam, we fhall mention the two Dutch colonics of Demerara
and EfTequebo on the Spanifli Main, which furrendcred to the Englifh in the year
1 78 1, and were reprefentcd as a very valuable acquifition, which would produce
more revenue to the crown than all the Britlfh Weft India illan;ls united. But the
report was either not believed or flighted j for thcfe places were left defencelefs, and
foon retaken by a French frigate.
Dr. Bancroft obfcrvcs, that the inhabitants of Dutch Guiana are either whites,
blacks, or the rcddifh brown aboriginal natives of yVmerica. The promifcuous in-
tercourfe of thefe difTcrcnt people has likcwifc generated fcvcral intermediate catls,
whofe colours immutably depend on their degree of confaiiguinity to either whites,
Indians, or Negroes. '1 hefe are divided into mulattoes, tercerones, quarteroncs,
and quinterones, with feveral intermediate fubdiviHons, proceeding from their re-
trograde intercourfe.
Animals, kish, serpents, 8ic.] The rivers abound with filli, fome of which are
good ; at certain feafons of the year there is plenty of turtle. The woods abound
with deer, hares, and rabbits, a kind of bufTaloe, and two fpeciesof wild hogs, one
of which (the peccary) is remarkable for having its navel on the back. There are
fo great a number of birds of various fpecies, and remarkable for the beauty of their
plumage, in Guiana, that feveral pcrfons in this colony have employed themfelves
advantageoufly, with their flaves and dependents, in killing and preferving birds
for the cabinets of naturalifts in difTcrcnt parts of Europe. The torporific eel is
found in the rivers of Guiana, which, when touched either by the hand, or by a
rod of iron, gold, lilver, copper, or by a flick of fome particular kinds of heavy
American wood, communicates a fhock refcinbling that of electricity. There are
an immenfe number and variety of fnakes in this country, which form one of its
principal inconveniences. A fnake was killed fome years fmce on a plantation
which had belonged to Peter Amyatt, efq. which was upwards of thirty-three feet
in length, and in the largcU place, near the middle, was. three feet in circumlerenee.
I9tt
DUTCH ISLANDS IN AMERICA.
It had a broad hrad, large prominent cyrs, and a vi'ry wide mouth, in which was
a double r«)W of teeth. Among the nniniaU of Dutch Guiana, is the' laubba,
which is peculiar to this country. It is a fniall amphibious creature, about the Cna
of a pig four month* old, covered with (inc. fliort hair ; and its flclh, by the Euro-
peani who refide here, is preferred to all other kinds of meat.
DUTCH ISLANDS IN AMERICA.
St. EiTiTATiui,lOItuatcd in 17° 2^' N. lat. 6i° 10' W. Ion. and three leagues
OR EusTATiA. ii5 north-weft of St. Chriftopher's, is onlv a mountain, about
ao miles in compafs, riling out of the fca, like a pyramid, ancl almoft round. But,
though fo fmall, and inconveniently laid out by nature, the induftry of the Dutch
lias made it turn to very good account ; it is faid to contain 5000 whites, and
15,000 negroes. The fides of the mountain arc difpofed in very pretty fettlcmcnts ;
but they have neither fprings nor rivers. They raifc here fugar and tobacco ; and
this ifland, as well as Curaflou, is engaged in the Spanifli contraband trade ; and
both places generally profited by their neutralitjr. But when hoftilities were com-
menced by Great
were fcnt with a coni
Britain againu Holland, admiral Rodney and general Vaughan
confiderabfc land and fea force againft St. Euftntms, which being
incapable of defence, furrcndcrcd at difcretion, on the 3d of February 1781. The
private property of the inhabitants was confifcated with a degree of rigour very
uncommon among civilifed nations, and very inconliftent with the humanity and
generofity by which the Engiilh nation ufed to be chara£lerifed. The rcafon
alVigned was, that the inhabitants of St. Euftatius had aliifted the revolted colonies
with naval and other (lores. But on the 27th of November, the fame year, St.
Euftatius was retaken by the French, under the command of the marquis de
Bouille, though their force conlifted of only tlirce frigates and fomc fmall craft,
and about 300 men.
CuRASSou.] Situated in 12 degrees north lat. 9 or 10 leagues from the continent
of Terra Firma, is 30 miles long, and 10 broad. The ifland is not only barren,
and dependent upon the rains for its water, but the harbour is naturally one of the
worft in America : yet the Dutch have entirely remedied that defefl ; they have
upon this harbour one of the largeft, and at the fame time the moft elegant and
cleanly towns in the Weft Indies. The public buildings are numerous and hand-
fome ; the private houfcs commodious ; and the magazines large, convenient, and
well filled. All kind of labour is performed by engines,— fume of them fo well
contrived, that fliips arc at once lifted into the dock.
Though this illand is naturally barren, the induftry of the Dutch has brought it
to produce a conlidcrable quantity both of tobacco and fugar : it has, befides, good
falt-works, for the produce of which there is a briflt demand from the Knglilh iflands
and the colonies on the continent. But what renders this illand of moft advantage
to the Dutch, is the contraband trade which is carried on between the inhabitants
and the Spaniards, and their harbour being the rendezvous to all nations in time
of war.
The Dutch ftiips from Europe touch here for intelligence or pilots, and then
proceed to the Spanifli coaftsfor trade, which they force with a ftronghand, — it be-
ing very dltiicult for the Spanifli guarda-coftas to take thcfe vclfeis ; for iluy are
not
noto
chofei
voyng
ranki,
mates
fightg
betwei
Cun
and th«
'ibbanc
cas, an(
which ii
and to t
only the
above fo
and mer
•Europe,
by its bei
cocoa, va
Ihe tr
the Dutcl
^hen it be
^"'ps of al
tion. Th,
nave fcarc
flaves or g(
lumber, wj
from Irclan
extremely.
The trad
the Weft fr
pay two am
themfelves
i'lands.
The othei
be regardcf
raifing catll,
The fmall
Euftatius, w
time when E
retaken by tl
St. Tho.mas.I
« lice, and has|
^rE. Croij
DANISH ISLANDS IN AMERICA.
1013
not only (lout (Iiips, with n numhcr of guns, hut nrc- mnnncd with Inrgc crews of
chofen fcamcn, dt-t-ply intcrcrtod in the fafcty of the veffcl and the i'licccfs of the
voyage. They have each a lliare in the cargo, proportioned to iheir rcrpc£>ive
ranks, and fupplicd by the nicrcliants upon credit, and at prime cod. 'Ihiii ani-
mates them with uncommon courage ; and tliey fight bravely, becaufe every man
fights in defence of his own property. Hefides this, there is a contlant intcrcourfc
between this ifland and the .Spanilh continent.
Curaflou has numerous warchoufcs, always full of the commodities of Kurope
and the Eall Indies. Mere are all forts ot woollen and linen cloth, laces, lilks,
ribbands, iron utcniils, naval and military ftorcs, brandy, the fpiccs of the Moluc-
cas, and the callicoes of India, white and painted. Hitner the Dutch Weil India,
which is alfo their African company, annually bring three or four cargoes of (laves ;
and to this mart the Spaniards thcmfelves come in fmall vedcis, and carry off not
only the bell of the negroes, at a very high price, but great quanlitiis of ail tlie
above forts of goods ; and iho feller has this advantage, that the rcfiife of wanhoiifis
and mercers' (hops, and every thing that is grown unfiilliionablc and unfalcable in
Europe, go off here extremely well ; every thing bving fulliciently reconimeniled
by its being European. The Spaniards pay in gold and (ilver, coined or in bars,
cocoa, vanilla, Jei'uits' bark, cochineal, and other vahuible conunodities.
The trade of CuralTou, even in times of peace, is faid to be annually worth to
the Dutch no lefs than 500,0001. but in time of war, the profit is Hill greater j ("or
then it becomes the common emporium of the Weft Indies ; it ad'ords a retreat to
(liips of all nations, and at the fame time refufes none of them arms and aninuini-
tion. The intcrcourfc with Spain being then interrupted, the Suanilh colonies
have fcarcely any other market from whence they can be well fupplicd either with
flaves or goods. The French come hither to buy the beef, pork, corn, (lour, .-ind
lumber, which are brought from the continent of North America, or exported
from Ireland ; fo that, whether in peace or in war, the trade of this illand flourilhcs
extremely.
The trade of all the Dutch American fettfcmcftts was originally carried on by
the Weft India company alone : at prefent, fuch of the (liips as go upon that trade
pay two and a half per cent, for their licences ; the company however referve to
thcmfelves the whole of what is carried on between Africa and the American
illands.
The other iflands, Bonaire and .\ruba are incondderable in thcmfelves, and diould
be regarded as appendages to Curatfou, for which they are chieHy employed in
raifing cattle and other provilions.
The fmall iftands of Saba and St. Martin's, fituated at no great diftance from St.
Ruftatius, were both captured by admiral Kodney and general V'aughan, at the
time when Euftatius furrendered to the arms of Great Britain ; but were altervvards
retaken by the French.
DANISH ISLANDS IN AMERICA.
e T 1 A ^ inconfidcrable member of the Caribbees, (ituatod in ^'4 di-
St. IHOMAS.J^^ jrrees well Ion. and 18 north hit. about 15 miles in circiuhfer-
luce, and has a fate and commodious harbour.
Ste. Croix, or Santa Cruz.] Another fmall and unhealthy ifland, h ing; nlmut
J live
10X4
NORTHERN ARCHIPELAGO.
five Icajjiics cart of St. 1'linmas, ton or twilvo lcn);iu's in length, oml three or four
whiTo it is broadcrt. 'I'hcfc illandu, fo loiif; an thoy rcmnincti in the hands of the
Dnnill) WiMl India company, wvre ill niiitia|;ed, and of little confcquonco ; btit
that wifo and ix-ncvolriit prim o, the hiti> kiti){ of Denmark, houfjht up the compa-
ny's ftock, and laid the trade open i and fnuc that tintc the illand of St. 'Ihonias,
as well as this, has been fo greatly inioroved, lliat it is faid to produce upwards of
•^ooo hoglhead* of fngar of looo weight each, und other of the Weft India com-
inoditie% in tt)lerable plenty. In time of war. privateers bring in their prizes here
fur faie -, and a great many vclR Is trade from hence along the Spanilh Main, and
return with money in fpecie or bars, and valuable mcrchandife. As to Santa Cruz,
from a pcrfe£\ delert a few years (ince, it is beginning to fettle very faft. Several
perfons from the Knglilh illands, lonie of them of ctmliderablc property, have gone
to fettle there*, and have received very great encouragement.
NEW
DISCOVERIES.
OUR knowledge of the globj has been confidcrably enlarged by the late dif.
covcries of the Rullians, and Hill more by thofe that have neen made by Hri-
tilh navigators in the prefent rei;j;n, which have been numerous and important : and
of thefe difcovcries we lliall therefore here give a compendious account.
NORTHERN ARCHIPELAGO.
THIS conlirts of fevcral groups of iflands, lying between the enllern coaft of
Kamtfi'iatka and the weilern coaft of the continent of America*. Mr. Mul-
Icr divides thefe iftands into four principal groups, the two firft of which arc ftyled
the Aleutian iflands. The firft grouj), which is called by fomc of the iilanders Sa<
Iranian, eoniprehrnds, — i. Beerinjj's Illand; 2. Ct>pper Ifland ; 3. Otina ; 4. Sa-
ni} ra, or .Mieniiya ; 5. Anakla. I he fecond group is tailed Rhao, and tomiirifes
ci^^ht iflands, viz. i. Ininiak; 2. Kilka; ^.'I'chctchia; 4. Ava; 5. Kavia; 6. Tfclian-
j^ulak; 7. L'!aj;ama; 8. Amtchidjia. '1 he third general name is Neglio, and coin-
j)reliends the illaiids known to tlie Rullians under the name of Andreanolfiki Oftro-
Ya: lixteen of whicli are mentioned under the following names j 1. Amaikinak ;
2. Llak ; 3. L'nalga ; 4. Navolllia ; 5. Uliga ; b. Anagin; 7. Kagulak ; 8. lllalk,
or Iliak ; 9. Takavanga, u|)on which is a volcano ; 10. Kanaga, which has alfo a
volcano; 11. l.ei{ ; 12. Skefluina ; 13. Tagaioon ; 14. Cioreloi ; i; Otchu ; 16.
Anila. The fourth grouj) is called K.avalang, and com})rchends lixteen illandis ;
'* Mr. Cnye obfervfs that, " the firlt proirift
fur making itifioverits in that triiipcftiious ifj
wliiili lies bctwcin Knmtlchatka ami .Aiiitrica
u.ii i;i>iiceivc;l aii>l plaiintd by Peter 1." Voy.igei
witii that vieiv were accordingly iindertakepi at .lie
rxpcMce ol the i ruwii : but when it was diftover-
ed, that rhe illaiuls in that fca abounded uitli va-
IwaliiC liiri, private nierthanis iinmcdiately rnjjag-
ed wiih ardour in lliiiilar cxjieditions : and, wiiliin
;t ucriud ot icii yi.ui.'', more inipunaiu dilcoverie*
were made by thrfe in»!ividiials, at their own pri-
vate coft, than had hi'.htrlo liecii ellci'ied by ;,!!
the rfforts ot tlie (Town. The iiiveftinjlioii of
iilctui knowledge ha-> alio been uieatly em-iuiragcd
by the prit'iiit eniprtfi ol Riillia ; and the iiicjit
dilhmt parts of her vail dominions, and other cuun.
tries and illands, have ken explored, at lurrx-
pence, by perfon> ot abilities and learnwig; incon-
f.iiueiue ot wliicii, tonliderable dil'i-ovuies have
b«eii made.
'* wlii».h
>v)iich n
iianird,
")?ii'nii;ij
''"I I a.
'S'oinc
the year,
Iiiliabiian
the coppt
flrt', in gei
j)le. 'l\
1 hey are j
hoifterous
roofs whic
.'"g H/h, tl
boi. 'ii,^.
''lie Koj
foxes with
n fur coat ^
made of th
and tail.
board like 1
glafs beads,
dancinir-uai
flofti oQl f
flioofe to di
firti or flerti I
clay. They
i lie provi/io
"eapons coi
Ihields.
The moft
chiefs nor Ai
and focieties
cafe of attac
nnts of the i
looks upon f
individuals o
particularly 1
i he men oft
"ii'ii, who /ir
their bed p-,
tlicir children
if an infant
I' I'e fiiinner
is fo far irom
antl they acco
'"'•'ice. '11„„
'"« thtinfelvc
f" irain oil, w
ill moft „f ,1,,
fiyin liiisjihle^
violent reveng.
NORTHERN ARCHIPELAGO.
lOli
•wliiil) nrc tailed by tlio Ruflinus Ay/J* Ojhova or the Fux Hhnds ; nnil which nrn
naiiird, i. Anuichtu; 2. Tfihiguinu i 3. 1 TiIk-^uIu ; 4. Liiilirui j. Ula){a i 'I'uu-
iigii'nna ; 7. Kn^ainiii i K. Kif^al^a i <;. Skclinaua i 10. L'innak, ; 11. Ai{uii-Alalh-
ku ; 12. I'liinif^a ; 13. I, li},'an ; 14. Aniiiro l,iilliiinc ; 1 5. Siiuidit ; if). .Soiu'gak.
Sunu- 1)1' llid'c idaiuls aix- only inhal)it(-d uccalii)tmlly and tor foiiK- months in
tlif yi'ur, and others arc viry tliiidy peopled ; but others have a great number of
inliabitantti, who conlhnitly rulidc in them. (!oppcr llland receives it> name iVoni
the copper which the fca throws upon its coafts. Tlie iidiabitants ot" thefe iliatids
are, in general, uf a (liort ilaturv, with ftrong and robult liml>s, bi>t tree and fup-
ple. liicy iiave hmk bUick hair, and little beard, tiattilh faces, and fair Ikins.
riiey are for the mod part well made, and of Urong conlVitutions, fuitable to the
buifteroui climate uf their iflei. 'Iliu inhabitants ot the yMcutian ifles live upon
roots which grow wild, and fea-animals. They do not employ tlienifelves in catch-
ing Hlh, though the rivers abound with all kinds of falmon, and the fea with lui-
boi. Their tloaths arc made of the (kins of birds and of tea-otters.
'I'he Fox lllands arc fo called from the great number of black, grey, and red
foxes with which they abound. The drefsof the inhabitants confills cf a cap, and
a fur coat which reacncs down to the knee. Some of them wear common caps,
made of the (kin of a party-coloured bird, upon which they leave part of the wings
and tail. On the forepart of their hunting and (ilhing caps, they place a fmall
board like a (krcen, adorned with the jaw-bones of fea bears, and oriumcnted with
fflafs beads, which they receive in barter from the RulFians. At their fel\ivals and
dancing-parties they ufe a much more (licwy fort of caps. Tlicy feed upon tlie
fle(h ofall forts of (ea animals, and generally cat it raw. But if at any time they
choofc to drcfs their victuals, they make ufe of a hollow Hone : having placed the
fifli or flcdi therein, they cover it with another, and clofe the interfticcs with lime or
clay. They then lay it horizontally upon two (loncs, and light a fire under it.
The providons intended for keeping arc dried without fait in the open air. Their
weapons conlill of bows, arrows, and darts ; and for defence they ufe wooden
ihields.
The moft perfcft equality reigns among thefe iflanders. They have neither
chiefs nor fuperiors, neither laws nor punilhmcnts. They live together in families,
and focieties of feveral t'amilics united, which form what they call a race, who, in
cafe of attack or defence, mutually help and fupnort each other. The inhabit-
ants of the fame illand always pretend to be of the fame race ; and every perfon
looks upon this illand as a polfelhon, the property of which is common to all the
individuals of the fame fociety. Fcads are very 'common among them, and more
particularly when the inhabitants of one illand are vilited by thofe of the others.
The men of the village meet their guefts, beating drums, and preceded by the wo-
men, who (ing and dance. At the conclulioii of the dance, the hofts fervc up
their beft p'ovilions, and invite their guefts to partake of the feaft. They feed
their children when very young with the coarfell tiefli, and for the moft part raw.
Jf an infant cries, the mother immediately carries it to the fea-lide, and, whetlier
it I)e fiiniiur or winter, holds it naked in the water until it is (luiet. This cuftona
is fi> far from doing tin- children any harm, tliat it hardens tliem againll tlie cold,
and they accordingly go barefooted througli the winter without the leall inconvc-
nionce. 'I'hey fiUloni lieat their dwellings ; but, when they arc defirous of warm
ini^ tlumfelves, they lijilit a bundle of hay, and Ihmd over it ; or elfe they fet fire
to train oil, which they pour into a hollow llone. They iVeni cold and indiiVerent
in \wA\ of their actions ; t)nt let an injury, or even a Uifpieion only, roufe them
fiDin this phlefjniatic (late, — and they heconie iiille\il)!e and furious, taking the mofl
violent revenge, without rejjard to confecinence^. 1 he leall afllidion prompts them
6 1»
to
1026
N K W D I S C O \' K R I E S.
to fuk-ulr ; ihr npprchnifion of i-vcn nn iiiit crialn evil oftcii ioadt them to dcfpalrt
Biiil tlu7 put uii cud tu lluir <luys uilli iippun-ut iiitcniibility.
The nillovcry of ;m INLAND SEA, cont.iininj; a great Number uf
l«l-AM)s, in NORTH AMLKICA.
F
UOM till' i>!)ri'rviiti( tis inucU- liy cnptiiiii diok on thi' iiili!il)it:iiits <it'ilu' WilK-rtj
p;iit lit' Atmriia «lu),ii llu- laiitiuio of 64' iiortli, it :ippi:ir(<| tliat llui\> was a
llroii^ litiiilarity ln-tni't'ii tlu-in ami llu' hJi|iiiiiinu\ on llir lailciii loali. I li iii-i;
it was I'Vi'i' llKt\ loiijikiuri'tl, lliai a umiimiiiicatioii by ka ixilKil ln'twi-i'ii llie vuii-
trii am! vm-IUtm fiiUs <>l lliat roiitiiunl.
In this purl of Aiiuiiia, hdwi vrr, a moll fiirprifinj^ ililLoxiry lias laloly bi\>ii
niaito, wliii.!i. ^^IK•11 prcprily aiillu-iilicatcd, cjuintii fail lo be t)f llic iilmoll iKiulit
to the cutniiurt inl aii<l poliiiial intorilh of niaiikiiul. 'liiis, thDii^ti not niaik' |)y
raptiiin ("nok biink'lt, liiu!, plato in t'onftcpn'iici' ol ills ilifi inv.'i'i>:^ on llh" iioitli-wi il
roall of AnK'iiia. In lli.fo parts lie found that fiiili (pumiiliis of valuabli:
furs migbt be- purcliiiffti Iroin tin- inhabitants, as jironufi'd to be a very nrolitablo
nrtic'k' of coniimnc, provided at»y rcqular fonneirtion lould be ( llablilheil hciwiin
that part of the world and (lie Hrililh fettlenieiits in the Kail Indies. This talk
was miiikly iindertaken l)y fome Ipirited ad\enturers, wlio imlm.kily have found
thcmlclves oi)i)of>'d both by frkmh and foes, viz. the I'.all India company, and
the Spaniards, — tlie former |)refendinj; that they hml no riqht to difpofe of furs in
the I'-aft Indies, and tlie latter, that they had none to briiij; them liom the wiiierii
coall of y\nurica. I5y one Mr. b'.telies who tilted out ihips for this purpofe, it was
(lifeovcred tliat all tlie weliern mall of .\ineriea, trom the latitude of 48" to ;;"
norili, was no eoiulnued ira^i of land, but a ehain of illands wiiieii had lU'ver bien
explored, ami that thcfe coneeali il the entranee to a vail inland fea like the Haiiie
or Mediterranean in KMrojie, and whii li feenis liki wile tube t'ull of illands'. Anion j
thefe, Mr. Kttlies' llilp, the I'rineefs Koyal, penetrated fi\eral hundred leafjiies in
a no
rth-eart direcliiii, till they eante within 100 leagues of Hutlfon's Ha) ; but
;is
the intention of their voynj;e was nicrely eoniniereial, they had not time fully to
( xplore the Arehipelai;o jull mentioned, nor diil the) arrivi at the terniinaiiun df
this new nu iliterranean lea. l-'roin what they really did difeover, however, it \%
proliable, iliat there may this way be a eoinmuniealion wilh I ludli)irs-bay, in wiiiih
lafe the nor'.l.-weil pa(iiif,e lo the Kail Indii-s will be lound throuj;b feas iiiueh luori'
navigable than tliofe in which it has hitherto been fought. the illands wliiih
thev explored were all inhabited by tribes of Indians, who appeared very frieiidK,
;intl well difpofed In earry on a commeree. Of thefe illands upwards of fifty wcie
liliii : but of them little ean be faid till future difcoveries render the exillciae,
.tent, and (iiivctiin of ibis fea, and thefe illands, more tcrtaiii.
\ 1
* In our ina[) of North Anurica, an illanil is
laitlJownut the riitraiur ol ll.f Kiverol Ilic Will,
iiur'.h iaiiUiile 4H ami well loiijjitmlc 137", the
)ilat.r where this difcovcry is fiiid to have b«u
iiudc.
Tl/I
ni.
"« Ihi ir I
never hr
•'"• Aniiv
"' lli.in. I
^Villui, „
.^•li and (;
Ki'iulc froi
"••'rrow,„f
"nd Jigrt-pa
"•'\ orjl/lj;^,
"ic nati
'""•; their
'"'ban eoi),
""'> two („,
""/. dyed u
•he gov,. I
^'l"' 'fed (n,s,v
Ins .-...blrs, r.-
«''"i'<l the (h
•• '""le oM tin
The idea ■
'""'iders. is rh
i'lid ifvin/r ,„
'.'•■■'f delit aty
'""•■'I I>ropi.riv
^^'"(1, are IbV
't nj)])ears tl
';ii'vcd bv till
•I'pJirture.V.xiJ
"'"•«• (iirb-.lli/jP
'" «'ve. If „|
" '"' a di/laiit
'' ".'islhi. |„v,.|
""'/''•nnt i„|,„l
'""if^ the hc^arj
Th
Tuf.
A\\ V. /ivc ni
betlij- ..,(■.
I »«'^7 J
Tiir P K I. li VV I b r, A N I) b.
Ill F. cxiAiMUi* aiul litiinlioii ot'iluri- illaiuU wi ro prohahly known \<\ tin- S|);i-
iiiartU ill adiltant piriiul ; but Irnni a r>|)iit't anion;; llio ni'i^liliiiiirinfr illaiicU
orTliiir l)rinu iiiliul)iti(l liy a favn^c rail' of' lannilvils, it appi-ars tlial tficn- haj
tu'vor lu'i'h tlic loaO niiiuntiiiitaUon lu-tvvdii llu in and any ol' llu- I'.iirnprans, till
llir Anti'lopc paiki I (iK'lonL'in^ to tin- l'".all India company) was wrciki'd on ono
ot tluin, in An^ult, 17H). rKnu tin- aicouiits ^ivcn ot' tluTt- ill,ii,>l< hy laplaiii
W'ill'un who lonnnaniU'd tlu' p.ii kcl, it appear^ that lliov an- liluatitl In twotn tiif
51!) and <>th tlf^n-cs imrtli liititiidi', and lulwnn i,}o and \ ]() di'mivs of' caO lon-
gitude Iron) (iii-i-nwii h, and lir in a N. 1.. and S. \V direction i tlu-y arc lon<; liul
narrow, ol a niodi-rati' luiijlil, uiid will coxrnii wiili wood ; lIu' i liiiiaU' is ti-inpiiato
and agri'ral>lc i \\w huuU piodtuc t'ugnr-caiu', yamx, loi oa-inits, |)l.nitain'i, hana*
lias, uran);i'H and Iiiuoiin ; and llu- I'urroundin^ Kmh al)ound with liiji.
'I'lic natives (if lliefe illands are a Houl, well-made people, al<o\e ilic inidille lia-
lure I tlieir complexions are of a far deeper eolour than what is mid rttnod by tlu*
Indian eopper, but not blaik. 'I he nieii j;o entirely nakul, and the uonien wiar
oidy two imall aprons, oni' beliind, and one l)etore, iii;\de ot tiie hulks ot Ihetocua
nut, dyed willi dillereiil lliades of yellow.
The (government is nionarehieal, and tlie kinjj is abfolute ; but his power is ex-
er( ifed more with the niiliinel'>, of a tallu r than the authority of a fovereiijn. In
the lan^uajje of luiropi an-., lu- i'l the fountain of honour ; In- oiialionall) tri'ates
his nobles, lalled Uupaeks or Chiefs, and confern a lingular honour of knighthood,
tailed the Oiihof the Hone, the members of whicli iirc dilliiifiuilljed by wearinj;
a bone on iheir arm.
'I'lie idea whieh the aci oinit publillied by canlain W'ilfon ;{ivcs uii of ihefo
illanders, is that of a people, who, ihouj^h imaetiuainted with the arl , and feiences,
and Irving in the liniplell llali' of nature, yet pollefs all that genuine polilenefs,
that delicacy and ehaliiiy of inlereonrfe between the fexes, that refpett for per-
I'onal jiroperty, that fubonlination to (;overmnent, and thole babus of induilry,
wtiieh are fo rarely unite«l in the more civilifed l'oeietie>. of modern times.
It apj)ears tliat when the l''n;;lilh were thrown on one ot thefi- illands, they were
received by tlic nalivi-i with the greatcll humanity and hofpitatity , and, till their
departure, ex|)crienced the ulmolt courtefy and attention. " '1 hey felt our people
were dillrelVed J and in confeipience wilhed they Ihould lliar.- whalevr they had
lo (Jive
It was noi that woiijiv muiiiliceiice that bellow > and fpreads its favour-
wi
th a diftant ive to rctiibuiion. Il was the iiure emotion of native beoi'vo
U'iiee
laune in lii
Il was the love ot man to man. Il was a fcene ihat picture, huiuau 1
luuphant coloiirinij ; and whilil their liberality gratified the I'enfe, tiieir virUu
liruck the heart."
Ibcca
A
Tu r MAR Q^U E S A S ISLAND .S
\\V, five ill mimber, full dil'covered by (^uiros, in 1^9;; and tlieir iJiiatloii
better afcertaineil by i:aptaiii l-'ook in 1774. St.JJominiia is the lar;;elt.
ibout i() leagues in ciicuil. 'I lie inhabiiants, tlu'ir lan!Tua!;e, manners, and < ioalh
inj^, with the vegetable productions, arc nearly the fame as at the Society Hies.
6 1' 1
INGKAHAMs
[ lesS 1
I N G R A II A M'l ISLANDS.
rr^lIESK illandt w«rr tlirtovrrcd by cnpiaiii Jofpph Iiinrahntii, of Rodon, com^
I mandtr of the liricaiiiiiir liojic, hm iIio H)\\\ ot' Apiil. >7<>i. Ihcy lie N,
N7\V. t'ruin llic Mnrqucl.iit llluixU, troin 15 lo 50 U-asiu-Ji dilUiil, unU urc Jh'tn iu
iiunibir, wliikii cupluin lii^rahimi named Uk follnwt, \ti.
Nnmci.
Walliiii^luii,
Adnmi,
IJiicuIn,
I'cdi r;il,
I'tankliii,
lluncuck,
Knox,
l.«t. S.
8* u'
I. lit), from Lond.
9"
V
8"
8"
8*
8*
to
U'
140"
1 40'
140-
140"
140"
141"
«4«'
•9'
^<
50
4'/
'4'
18'
Circuit.
Tliofc fivo, excrpt
I'Vdcriil Iflnnd uhitli
i» fnialttr, arc alxitit
10 leu|{iic> in circuit.
6 or 7 leagues.
5 ditto.
Mod If not uli tluTc iflandi are inhabited, and appear generally to he divcrfi.
fied with hills and valliea, and to bo ucll wooded, ami very pleafanl. 'llic people
refemble thufe of the ManpiefuH illandsi, at do their cai)oc», which arc carved at
each end. They appeared triciidly.
OTAIIEITE, or Kino Gforoe's Island.
THIS ifland wai difrovered by captain Wallis, In the Dolphin *, on the iQtIi
of June, 1767. It is iituatcu between 17° 18', and 17' 53', foulh latitude ;
ond between 149° 11', and 149' 39', welt longitude. It conliftiiuf two pcninfulas,
of
* Thr Dniphin wi« fcnt out, undrr the com-
mand i>l laptaiii Wallit, with (lie Swallow, com-
mandril li> ( iipuin Carteret, at tlie rx\itncr of the
Britifli gn^i'K'oeiit, in Aiiguft 17^16, in order to
make oK'covrrirs in the foiithern hemifpherr.
Thife vrllirls proceeded together, till they came
williiii rivlil ol the bouth Sra at the wedcrn cn>
trance of the llrait of Magellan, and front thence
returned hy diffrrent nnitei lo Kngland. On the
6th ot June 1767, captain Wallis difcovered an
illand nhniit four iniio InnK, and thTc wide, to
uliich he gave the name of ti hifun lihiiJ, it Iwinn
dit'tovertd on Whitfun-ivr. Its hititiulc is n/'
a^> S. ami in hmj;itiidr, Mj^ %<> W. Thr ntxt
day h'- liili'ovcicd aiinthtr illniiil, to whiih liruiivr
tlif iiunt of l^uf'H C.linilil.i'i I'Un.l. The itilialiit-
ant^ 01 li.is iil.mil, iai>ta;ii W'.ill s fays, were of a
middle liiuin, and datk coinplrxion, with loii)(
black hair, w.iicli Iniii); InotV ovrr ihrir (houl n..
The nun wiTf «tll itiailc, and llic ivomni lu'nl-
fiiii'.e. Tliiir (loathing was a kind ol loaifc ilntli
or inat.ii'C, wliii !i was ra'ltnnl .iliniil tlitir niiiMIc,
aivl ftcNMcd i.ip.li'r .>l lifiii)', liro i ;lit up round
liitir lUoiilikis 'I'liis ill iMil is a KMit ti\ iniKs
lull};, and one n-.ilf uiile, and lir, in l.ititule n/'
18 \i, loiigilii'li' 13b 4' \V. Ill tin- (pj't ot a
frtr day* after, he alfo difcovered fevenl other
fmall illandt, to tirhich he gave the name* nf f;^.
mint IjltmM, OUinr/ln IJI.ihJ, Cumtirlaml IflanJ.
PriHCf H'itliam Henrj'i (//<■»</, and O/miirj^l
On the iQih of the fame month he difcovered
the illand ol Otahrite; and alter he had quitted
that idanil, h«- difcovered, on the iHtli of July
1767, another illand, ahoiii fix milei Ion;;, wliicn
he called >V(r Ck/iiU\ Snun./n >'i IJIaml , and, on the
10th ot the fame month, another alMiut ten milr^
long, and lour limad, whit li lie called l.tiil Hnvt'i
I/!,iit.l. Alter having didovtrrd fonie oilier |;iial|
illands, niir ii( wliiili wis ii.iinid It'.ill.i'i /i',ii,l,
he arrived :it U.it.ivi i on the lotliol Novrinl'ii,—
at the Cape nt I mud llnpe on the 4tli ol I clirii-
ary 1768; and ln!> lliip anchored lalcly in tin-
Downs oil thr 2otli ol Ally lollowing.
I'apt liii Cart nt, in the Swallow, after he h.iil
liarted with capi.iin VVallis, in the Dolphin, Iliv.
Ill,; palled tl.ioii,;li the llraii ol Ma^illii, iiul
ill .<ie i'oiiie ll:iy at the itliml ol iMaliitiirm, diu ■
»irnl, on the id of July 176;, 111 ill.iiul alicut (iit
nine in tin liait- reuse, lowuicli he j>aM' lljc n uiie
ol I'lu.nr I't NanJ. It liis in lititude 2; j' ,>.
Ic.i^iludc 13} n' \\ . and .iSout .t ILoinaii.l
"f n fi
IU'.|| 1
and i|<
coiintr
rach p
middle
ricli ail
'lets (I
iuild III!
11 hnllb
nri' inhi
WNrd« V
iiiaiKlet
ihofi- g(
i/'oiid,
•Sonic
opinion,'
I'lcludiiiij
«rf fnll, '(
'"It liniidi
dilltri'iif I
»«jf», liaii
llOU('c'»-.t{
'"'ig, niid
'■•llel III I.;
"illiiii is a
'">t)i tin- g
and llic /It,
and u|K)n I
«f" llonc, or
t'leir clean!
rutitijng w(
aboiin«rs Mi
Tliere wi
«iily wild
rats, and n
.threat lariell
"Spaniards, il
ducks, pcacf
In ..ilur
on its Ic'ii-i
'"en (ext ( })1
over their il
'ea^ucs to the I
•J- I lie I ,t/J
anofhir In all if
cl the Hj.f rj\
III" dil, ov, led f
'.illeit//, I1„t,\
I'lJ! nionth l,e dl
>" uhlili \. ,,f
'"•■', Kl .,
•'.1*
lllV
livn
I iht
i.iU-.
, ii.iii
I t'.itn-
\W
I, \\..---
iliU -
■ 11 line
i' ?.
N F. W DISCOVERIES.
1019
of n fomewhftt rirriilnr fnrm, joined hy an irthmim, nml li Airrounflril by a rcrf of
ittr.tl nil ki, whit It (nrin ft vrrnl riKcllt'ni liu)^ nml liurhoiirs, where ihtrc i« room
ntiil (li-|)th (if water fur nlnntll niiy twimbrr ot ihr largcd fliipi. 'Ilic late of ilu*
iiMMitf) '\* \\"y cxtrttordiiiary 1 for 11 border of low hitid iiinuirt rniirrly furrouiuU
rucli iirniiilitia, iind luliind \\\\\ Itordtr the liitui rifin iit ridgr« \\\.:% run up intu the
middle of tliilc diviliiinit, utid ihrfc form noiinlniiit ihtii muv be frrn ul fixty
li'MUiu s dilbuKt . 'Ilic foil, cxicpl upon ihr vt-ry t(,|)i of ihc rid^ci, \% rcmurkiibly
rich nnd ferlilc, wiiliri d by n griat iiiiiidHr of rividctn, nnd tovrnd with fruiN
tnH'.t iif vurioii't kind>t, forming tin- nioft di liulilful j;rovi'». 'Ihr border of low
liind lliat licit lulwoni ihr ridgot uod llir fen, i • id few jdaeeit more tliim u mile and
It hull brn:id -, and iImn, lot'etlv r with foine of llie v;ilhe'«, nre llie only |Kiri<i lliut
nrc itdiabiti I Ciiilain VS'iillin made fonie (lay at thit illand i and it wni after*
wariin viliud ii^.tm ny i jptniii Cook, in the I'odenvour, in A|iril, i/'*!';. That com-
iiiaiidcr wai aeiompnnied by Mr. (now lir Joreph) Hankt, and Dr. Solaixler 1 and
thofe gentlemen, lo^ether with tlic eaplain, made u very accurate furvey of the
illniid
Some pnrtn of the iflnnd of Otnheite nre vrry |innuloiti 1 nnd captnin Cotik wns of
opinion, that (he numbi r t>f inhubilants on the wnide illand ainmi'iii'd tu 204,000,
including women and ehildnii. 'I hi \ are of u lU ar olive complexion 1 the men
tirf tall, llronjf, well-limbed, nnd fmely Ihaped ; the women are of an inferior li/e,
but hnndfoine, and very amorous, 'llieir clo:iihing miililK uf cloth or m.itliti); of
(lilfcreni kiiuls ; and the grealell part of the food i nten hi re is veffeiable, as ciici
thi
on-
ut*, bananuH, bread Iruii, plantuiiiH, nn<l a ^real variety of other fruit. Their
houfe»— thofo which are t>f a middling; lixe— are of an oblong fquare, abtuit 14 teet
long, nnd eleven wide, witlt h (helving roof fupported on three rows of pn(K, par
:^
diel to eath other, one row on eaili lid
ml one m tlic n
nddli
III
iiei
Sht
within i.s about nine feet, nnd the ea\i's on eai li lide reaih to three tci t and a half
tiont the ground. All the rell is open. I he mof is thatched with palm-lca\es,
ami the lloor covered fome inclus deep with fol't hay, tiver which lley lay matsi
unil u|M>n ihefe they lit in the day, nnd lleep in the nighl. 'i'heir loolh arc inadt:
of llotir, or foine kind of Iwmcs. The inhabitants t)f Otaheite arc reiiiarkablu for
their clranlincfni fur both men and women conliantly wall) their whole bodies in
running water three time* every day. 'Hicir language is fofi und melodious, and
ubounos with vowrli.
There were no tame nnimals on the illand but hogs, dogs, nnd poultry « an<l the
only wild animals are tropical birds, parrotpiels, pigeons, ducks, a lew olher birds,
rats, and a verv few ferpents. The fea, however, fupplies the inhabitants with a
great variety of the moll excellent I'lh \ and by the kindnel's of the f'.nglilij and the
^pania^ds, they have now bulls and cows, iheep, goats, a hoile and mare, geife,
ducks, pcacoks, and turkiNs, anil alfu cats.
In other counirii'^, the men cut their hair ihort, nnd the women pride thenifelvei
on ils length; but luie the women u!wa\s cut it thort round tliur <;ars, and the
men (exce|)i the lilhers, who are almoll continually in the water* fuller it to fpre.id
over their ll.oulders, or lie it up in a bunch on the top. '1 hey have the culloni of
Icngiiis to llif Mlhv.iril nl tl
jciif of Anifii- (if.vii'i tiJ.in./, S.niffin'i tj'itti.l, (:,iitr-il'i Ijlm.l.
Mil- litli ol lilt l;niir iiiiiiali lu (liliovcrt'tl Uii il'i i4ili i>l ihi l.iiiir luoiilli, lir il riuvrinl .Su
aiinthir ('ii.il
I.'mkI, Ii
1 liii.li
lie ,.
ul the Rj', [■ fj O/nabkij^li't //.'an./, I'lii- in >t il.iy
;iM.' I' f n:il1ie <.//iAr li.njy', Ij,,
1 liii li li
(<j b.
he dill iivi icit two olIiiT fiiiiill ill.iiiil
.illnt ill Ihtkr 'I tlUuit/l.i'i IjLn.li
III tlic luxt (lay II nuiil/i.i', /..IK..', u liiih )., (II
luili lie llaitt .tlioiil till Ir.H^iir, iit till' (iiiti'linii if h. \i\ H
'Ihi; tiilli'u ■ III' :iftir\v:in
Is, Hif.
iivi-nil IcMial (itlirr ill.nuh
iiii; nioiitli l:r ilil'iiivrtiil .1 iliiltir ol liimll ill iiiIh, aiiil tl.tii jirotrr Kil rmuul the Capt nt f;iii)i|
111 uliUli l« give the it'iiu- lit (^Hnit Liu.i! in'i lloju- 10 K:n,laiu!, wlierc lir ariind in Maixli
/,.
Ml
ilinc other'-, wliH.b lie n^iicil J?*^.
difculi
ourni
<i
lOjO
NEW D I S C O V F. R 1 K S.
Uifi'ultMirini^ ittr iViii, (>y prkkln|( il with a finnll inOruiii^titi llic Icclh o( wliiiii
tirr ilippcil iiKi) II tnixlurc of II kititl ••< liiiii)> til.uk, utiil lliit i» tnllcd latiowittK.
'Ilti^ i* pcrluriiiril upon lite ynmh nl b< .li liAit, when lluy ari- uluiul Iwclvo in
(oiirtii-ii )kuri III u^f, till lr\t rill it.irii ol tin- l>iitlv, and in vnriiut lit;iiri». TiuMi
Ik'
irii\( ipal hiaiuir<4<-tiiri- ii llwir ilniti, ol' wlmli ilu-rf uri' llircc kimU, iniulc ut tl
(lurk ol three dillVriUt irera, The liiull uiul \Nhiu-ll i» nuUo tit the ChiiKle |>u|M;r
niullK-rry tree k mid llii'« ii chielty wurn l>y iho |>riiiii|>iil ueople. Aiioilurcun
licit rattli' nuHuit';uhirf 't% matting, fiHiif n|' whith i^ liiur, nml in evcrs ref)K-(t lieller
lluiii inu we liavo in Kurime. Ili<' toiirler futt I'trvt't thi-iii to ll(t|> upon, iiiul llu-
liiiei to ut'.ir in v\tt \v>.-iillier I In > iir«. likt^Mfe very ilv xleniii^ in making \m> ker<
Wiirk : their halketi art. ol a thoiilaiul thlleient nulterni, and man) ot iheiu em-
leedill^ly iumiI. I In* inhahiianlH i>l'Olaheite lu'tiwe in one rnpn-ine IKil), Ixit ii
|Ik" I'.iine time niknowkdm' a variily ot" riiltortliiiate >;oi|s: tlu-^ ofl'er up theii'
prater* willmtit llu' iife ul idulo, and l>rlii-M' tin- exilteiue ol llu' liiiil in a lepiiate
ilale, where Uu re aie uvo litiiaiioiii, ol ilillt rent lle^ree<l ol ha^ipinefv Anloll^
lliefe people a liiliordination i> eliahlillied, wliidi romcwhat rtUiiiltlti the early
<lute ot' the Kiiropean iiuiinnn under the It tidal fvlleni. Il' a general attack lmp|H!n«
III be made up<>ii the ilianil, eN^ry dillri^t in ohli^fid to turnilh ii-< pinpnrii ui of
I iKlieri lor the common ihleiite. 'Iluir weapon^ are llin^", wliiili they ul'e willi
i;i.':it tlevtv'ril) , and t Inlii ol aliotit li\ or lex ii led lonu, ami niatie ■>! a hard lie.iN)
vood, 'lliey hase a f^reat immlKr ol' lioatN, many o| whith ar> lonllriided tur
warlike operntiuiu. Oiaheiie i» (iiid to be ui)lc tu i'eiiii out 1740 wur viiuk'h, aiitl
fiS.ooo lighlin^; men.
Kiineo, M.iial.i, or OfnaUur Ji llland, nn«l 'retluiroa, nre eonlidered a<i illiiul, de.
pendent on Ot.iiieite ; tlie inltonii ot the inhabilanu ol the two tunncr Dearly
iii;reeiii^ with the Otah<;iian.i,
Till'. S o C I 1: T Y IS L A \ n S.
I* the IVn . lal illaiidi ti • allv d in honour ol' tin- Koval Soi ieiv . whicli were dif.
ot'Tfl !iy i:ii>ii.i;i lnuk * in tl.>' uar i}'i(;, ilic piintipal ;u\ lli'AiiUNi.,
i-n I' * ,^) > AU\, uiid l>oi.AiioL.\. 11. A III. I s>. is about ;i leu^ue* to the north-
well
o
' .\: til? 1 lof • of tl^f jf.1i" t ;'>;, il wsi ri-fiil»«l
l<t lite R<ni.I ^.lil^t^, ;li.>t >i *»oul»l t>c | iMprr tu
(••ml j "I'f'u inr.) f.iiir j'.itl nl' lac S .,,ih .sn, to
flMirvi" " traitfit ut tVt [tami \ emu nvirtlu- liin'i
%'\<\\, 4\l.ir!iia i.rirki'11^ to ntlionoiiiii.tl 1 .<1riilntioii,
•■ 1.1 1 li |-;''ii in t'l" yar ;'>i^ ; ainl tli.if tlir
i I \\J.% (i.livtl Mirinirl'.i i'c .Muidti/.:i, or tlinir n/
1 •itten! Ill;, or Aiitiiirtlit, «erc tlu- iTopcrill
1 .i-o,t:ieti f.iowii nr mij*.!'!;; fiicli ii'iUtv;iticm.
li! iiitiCriininii' of I'ltfi' ri'l". 'miiciiv, 11 w,f rctom-
l,.ii>!tf<l i>) !>i> niij.li)'. ill >i iiH'iiinrial Inmi llr
b.'iir'v, (1 it'l I'rlii 11.11), i;'-*, tli.it hi' woiilil Ue
l! al.^l 1^1 (irilcr lii> ll an (ibt'irv.Klon to In rii.ttlc ;
I ,' ii « !iii li It', iiii'ilty (i^nili.il to tin Innli tnm.
nii^'ioiuti itf till* ;i'lMiiralty 111', pitnfiitr, tli.ii ,i lliip
fl.niilit ill' prnv'nlfil to t..rry I'm '.i iibtir\rri ;ii llu"
S If i ty fliiiiilii l'iiiii\ III to tlic Soiiili Sci. : aii'l
fl. >■ Ttliii,',!)' .1 l'.irl. ui tlirir liuiidriil mil Irttniy
tl ;, vm pre|>.irkil 111 tint puriinri'. It n .1 . iiaiiuil
• Il • Kmlravoiir, .'. wl lOiMii.iui il liy tipt.iii jaiiiti
I'juk, who »ao fijuji .i»/;i.r, by 'lie |'.u...l SLH,ii't),
r.pp>iitliil, w'lili ,Mr. ( hnrli"! (irrrn, n Brntti'inati
ttlui ii.ui lifcil ioii); .tJiillaiil Id I>i. IlijilUv .It t!:r
rval iiM'i rvutmv nt (irniusitli, to olilirvi' ilip
ti.ii.lil. Mm u li|!r li<i'< >i ili'l \> .1% ;',«'tlliii( ri'.iilv liir
hrr iKprilitliiii, < .ipl.iiii Wjlli-. nliirnril; ami it
li,itiii|>, lirrii irt 1111111N ii'litl to liiiii liv IiikI Mor-
ton, wlim 111' u(iii iMit, 111 ii\ 1 11 a piiipir p ai c
fur liii .idroir tiiiv ,1 iliit rv.ilioii, lir, li> Uid r i|,,ti I
on tio.ir(l ill ■ D.ilpliii), I'lP iH'li ol .May 1 ; nH, ilip
il.iy III loll hi.' Ulltirl Ml llillliiii',^, iiU'iitioncil I'nrt
Koy.il lurbiitir, in tlic ill.iiui ol Oi.ijiiiir . tliv
I'.iiwil Sih iriy, lliirctnri', by Icltir il itnl the In •
);i.iiiiii^ III juiii', in aiilu ir In iin a|iplli,itioii trmn
till' ;\ilinii:ilty to Ih' inhnniiil u liitiiir tliry wmilil
ll.iW iIkIt olilt'iviTi l> III, III, lilt I Imi. c ul tli.it
I I If. Captain I'mik lit r.iil (roin IKiiioiiili, in
tl.i I'lidcavour, on till' j6ili of .Vii^ull I ;0H. Up
wav aiiiiiiip.innl in h^ voy;i ,1 li,' Jnl'iph llaiilv ,
••111. and Dr. Solaiiili'r. Tiny iindr no iliCi.iviry
till lln-y )',iit 11 'tliiii tin triipii , « In re tliry till in
\t itii L.igooi) illami, Twu Ciiuiip , Ditil ill.iiul, ami
4 C'liiiii
N r. w n I s (' o \' I. u i r s.
10) i
Wrrt of Oliilirllp, nitil 111 priHliiAiim* ^rr iXiuilv llu Lum'. Iml It .if>p«*i»M l«» Ik- u
RiMiitli (iiiwiinli r. lite inliaNiinnU li-i-ni l<> Ik* t^r^i r iititilv, Mint rmoi ll>)itl, limit
Ihiifi- C.I OimIuiU', Mr. iiiom lir Ji>fi'|>li) l>iiiik« nuttlun-tl txic i>| iIic nuti, miuI IxihhI
him III hi' Its It'll llirt'c iiiilu > ami u li.iU' IiikIi \ )ki i^it-v arc io inilolnl, iliut hu
cuultl iiol pcrfiiiiUf uiitf III ilu III Io ),>) ii|i ilio hilU with tiiiii » l*>r ilwy luiil, il' ihvy
cAvrrtil by M>n. Afwr U»«ln|| ilirfV inmiiit, |i«
flrrrttl liillir Iiniihw4ril « lr>v ili)'Siiiii|iliU<i»tr(<l
\(w C'^lrtli'iiii. Iltviiiji riiikvtril llif litiilli'Will
(Mill III ihi, iiUml, (.iin^ri l''>"|| lli'ifdl 4^.iiii litr
N(w /nUiiil, III iirilrr ut rrlrflh lil< iriiv, nitt
|> II III ' 1)1111 Hill • (.iiiiiliniiii III flu iiiiiitrr |ii» ilmi.
vrrv .illriiiliii^ iIip n.ttli iiniil 111 lit lii^lt fmillu'iit
liillliKlrii, DiK'/l ii)( hU iDililf 1.1 rlir liMilh 4i»l
nil «llrr Imtliii^ Nnv /.riKiml, nil tir nrriviil In
llic jjliliiiU iW f ( •lri(in< iiiitiuu« liiiilh, loiiKl.
tiittf I iN il«)ircr« ('1 inliiiilni ui-f), wlitiitiil iinii.
\|>]^ ulll' any t >ii<iiii-i>i, 1 iipi .in i'ook g4«( up ial|
hit^irt 1)1 ilikiivirltiK III, lit 1I1I1 lui.iii 1 itnil tlurr-
liirr irfiiir III * rrliiliitiiiii to lUi r ilin >'il\ (nr ihr
wril riiir.inii- <•! llu' Oiil. ti| .tlnnrllim', wi h •
»U\» ol iimftlii^ ,kiii| liirvcNiiiif till' Mitt'rtiiitl «ir
(miIIi ti.'r III liff.i ilrl l-'iit');)). Kit) lii); 1)1 >.i<ril.
ittjlv ill liliiii'lv Iriiiil < I >■> <>'>'i')<l lliir>ii)( iitarly
rull, lie uri.vrij nil tin- vm It tu mriii'i i'» ih* llrjiii
111 Mii;><'ll'iiii wiilioiil mr'(li>',> with M«v iIiiiik rt-
linrkiilili' III tliii iiiw rmili'. In iHitiiiry 1 ;;<, Im
ilili iivrriil .1 I ir,',i' .iiul iliriiv iiliiil, In wlinh |ii>
nt llif II .iiir i>l S //. (1, ■. /, llr .ilunurili
iMiiinrnl v,itliiii'« i.ipi^ .uiil 1 1, v.it il limt fljj
KLiiN, III ihr titiill liiiiiliern |uit ot wMih Itr |;ivt
llir 11,11111' III lilt .VMi/i>« I'iiiilf, 111 liciilK llir Ili4irll
I Kill tit lli.it |iii!r, wliicli I1.11 tit b>njt ilili oiiinl.
Ill t'riirii.iis, lit' tlil'iiivrrril S,»i,i.:i i /, i<i,V, .tiut
liviijl ill iiiiltiiivirril iiltli 'IMM', Mr llirit pM-
iii'ilt'tl riiiiii I llir I'ipr ot tximl llnpi m Imi^LiihI,
It lurr hi' iiriiviJ nil tlir fjllt nt l>ili,i;;';, l ;ip«
l.iiii riiiiu,iti\ li.ul rililiiiiil III I iij..rfiKl, ill r) ( ,\>l*
ti'Miiiri-, It ti.ir Ulnrr, li.iviii^ at^K: M Ikiiiih
riniiiil llir I .ijif 'il (•imil hnpc, vi ill. mil m ||,i ,. ,111/
I. ilv.iik ililc illlinvi'iy. Tell III liii iiit'ii, a linui't
iiivi,luil lict'ii iiiiinlitv'il uiiU i.t'111 II) luiiii' III
tlic I'lVinii iif Ni'tv /f!\l.in.| i I'll III t mil vii\,i^i.
.illii kill! ;i inih'iiliiilt pri.iij itut i.iiiiiili.i! \[.Mf
I'xill : hikI, iiidml, iit thr coiirlr iil ihrli* <iiv.i";«
(>( ilili'ivir), (illitr fviklciiir .ipp ucil iil llm (»t,
A. Ill k..ip' I II Conk, III tlir v.iiiili iil lii»_«iji t^i.- .t
ll.c KrUiKiliiiii, lie liMil iii^dc til' iiictllt III u,.*
iii'.illirrii nictii lit It \\:f,^ l.itiiiiiK', ami Iiiil ir •
vriiril il lit riicli « iniiinrr, ai Io Iravr n >i ihi
Ir.ill riiiiiii Itir hrliiviiiK the cxilli iti,cut it liiit tut
tiiiitiiii'nl, iiiilili It wire lu'ar tlir pile, uii.i nii* <.)
tlir rv.ii.li III iuvi{^itioii. It ilclirti^ .iHn t.i I ri.-
nicmhrrfd, in h inntr of thiit .ililr coiiiiii.iii,|,r,
lliiii, uitli ;i v<>in,>.iiiy III an hiiiulinl .tiiU ii/,;itira
turn, li« perturinnl ttiit vu),iveiil ilinv )c.'tt ;iiii|
(i^lilti'ii tliy>, lliruuiiliout nil tlic liimjiCi, liiirtt
(ili> Ivto ilctfuts iiorlli, 10 ftvctiiy-onc (lc)(ir. 5
luiitli, with ilic liifi ut itiily oitr ni.iii by liikn'-li ;
iiii'l llii^ apprart in a lunliUcriilili.' Ut')>rie lu lnw
arilrii Iruin tin i^reat liuitKiiity ul tin ionniiaii Irri
niul lli^ lllii.iillliiinii 1..1IC JiiJ attciitjiiM tu „.! ipt
tvrry mctliotl lor prclirviii|( tlii; lic-uili ut l.ij
tIKIt.
Ch«ln llUitil I tiiil ihtv itrrUtii m f)i«liriir on th»
• (lb nl Apiil, I .''iij. Uiirlnn llif ir |).i) llirri*, liny
h III III iipiHiriiinit)! Ill I' 'kliiK frrv 4i>iir.'r rit<
l)iilit«« rtliii»» 111 111 (iKi.liur liiil liilitlilMitH 1
• mi nit ihf 4tli nl jiinr, llif ttiuli* |>>iHi/i itl lh«
S«lt«l Vinui nvtr llir liln'i ililk M.11 ulilirvnl liy
irm wltb Krml nilv.iiit.t^ir, '|'|ir irliili nl ili. ir
tilifcrvmliiiii 1111V III luiinil In llir I'lillnl'iipliii il
Truitfit'llnin. Aftrr III! ilr|iiirtiirr Irnnt i>l.>li>lir,
Cilpliln Clink dirtovfrnl itttil villltil llit ^'iniiiy
llUniU milt tllirtrrnii. iiml lli(i vr prmrnl il lu
llir fiiiiili till lir iirrlvtii In iIk Uillililr nl ^oiltcrrn
t) nilmiii >, I)iii|;iiii>lt' 1 \j i!r)^riri aif niluiili't \V.
•liil iillrrwuriN iiiiulf »n kiitiriil" liitviy nl lliu
ill ill III \i'w /.r,i|iiii>l. lit Niivritititr, br iIiI.ik
tirriil it t lialn nl illiii>U, uhli K lir illltil H '•> r
///.M./i. Ill' .il'iru.irit- pr >lr<l tn New lid.
l4ttit| mill Irnnt lliriur to Nrnt (Ittlitr.ti iwiil, lit
Kr|iirnilnT 1770, iirrUiil .u tlu' iltunil nl Sim,
Iriiiii wlicitir lit* prnii'rildl to ll.i'.tvu, .mil liout
llu nil' riMiitil 111. t'J|i'ol CJiMiil l|ii|n' In I'.iij'Jiiiul,
tilirrf lir .irriiril on thr lilli nl |iliic, 1771.
>iinn iiliir I HI Inn I'liiils'i itturii In ii:r in tlir
Knitr.ivonr, il »< ii> irdilvril to riiiilp l»*ii lliip, lit
iiriirr In iii.ik<' roiiir liiillirr iliUnvriirt iit Ihe
''iiiitliirii InniitpliifP. An iiriliiiy;l\ tlir Ki rnliilioit
.ii'l III)' .Vilvniinrr »ri- .i|ipiniiui| lor tint pur-
pnlr ; llir lull « .ti iiiniitiimlril lit ia| Uiit Cunk,
unil ihr hitirr liy i.i|><.lin Toliias I iirtiiiiiii. Tliry
l.iilril Irniii I'll 11 nnlli ^iiniiil, o'l llir I |l!i nf Inly,
1771, ititil on '111' i>|ili nl lltr I'lnu' iiiniillt iiiiivnl
.11 Ihr ill.iinl of M.iilfii.i Kroitt tlicnir tlity pin.
ii'i'ilril til thr C .11 1' nl (ini'il llnpr; .iiiil in I r>
liriiurt, 1771, irrKiil nl \rw /r.il.tinl, littiii)»
fniiKJit in v.tiit llir a IkiiiIii rit luiiliiifiit. Inlliil
iiiiiiilli till Ikiliiliilinii .11x1 tlir ,'\i|vinli ir I'.p. i.ilul
lit I nnlVipn nil' <>t .1 tliiik In^; hut ihry jniniil
iciinp.iiiv a>',ain in '.'j.i'in C'litrlutti Moiiiul, mt ihi-
iMib III M.iy lollovMiit;. In Aii^nil, llu> uriviil
.,1 Dl.ihriti' i .iii>l II ."irpli'iltlirr ihiy ilil'uivrrnl
llrrvi y\ illjiiil. On t'lf iil nl Okt lui, llitt i.inir
in Miililli'lMir|',li, inir nl tlit I liiiiili) lll.iiiil , ..n I
.tlinill itit I loll 111 tlir I iniilli, tlif krliltitinn :ili I
till' Ailvrniiirr «ri' rvpiinliil, mil ilnl iinl join
lonip.tiiy any nciri'. I'lptn'ii I nnk, liowitcr,
prill riJiil ill thr Ktliilntiiiii, in onli r In in.ikr ilil-
invrriri in tlir Iniitlirni pnlir rri,ii>n», I'lil «.i\
llnppril ill hii prnj'.n Is liy thr iir, iit Ihr latmulr of
71 ilr)(rtr'> in inimili ^ Iniith, |iiiij;iliiiU' u (t ilc.
I'rirn t,\ iiiiiiillri will, llr tlirii prnirtilul 10
f..illcr illanil, whirr Ik- .irilvnl in .^I.in h, 1774,
a^ hr ilid .iiro in thr lainr mniitli :it 1! < .M.inpitl.is
llhlltils. Hr altrrwiril. ilidnvirnl tmir ill.iinh,
whiih hr itanitil I'allikr'i illinili; .mil :u>ain ilrir-
inn lor Ot.ihriir, hr arrivnl lliirr nii ihr ijil of
April, ami allrr a llinrt II .t in il alio vililnl tlic
111 ij;hbniiriiix idi-i. In Aiii'.iill, ho unnr to llie
Nitv llcbriilii, luiliC ul tvliii.li ucri: tiill dil-
'0.11
N i: w n I s c o \ i; u i v. s.
Wire to attempt !t, the fatigue woiiKl kill ilu'ni. The wonioii are fairer than thofo
otOtiilicitc ; aiul butli fcxes apivar lcl''« timid and icfs curious; though in their
tlril''i, ianf;uai;c, and alm<ill every otiicr cinumllancc, they arc the fame. Their
houfc!) are neai, and tliey liave hoat-lioulcs that arc remarkably large. U/i/ea in
about fvvcn or ciglit leagues to tlie fouth-well of IIuaheine« and is a much larger
illand, but appears neither fo firiilo nor i\y populous. 'ITie principal refrelhmenis
to be procured here are planlsiins, cocoa-nuts, yami. and fowls ; but the two tail are
rather fcarcc. O.'ii/m is diviclid from Uliteu by a ftrait, that, in the narrowed part,
is not above two miles broad. 'I'his ilhiiid alTords two good liarbourg, and its pro-
(liue i:; of the fame kind as that of tlie other illands. About four leagues to the
narth-\ve(l of Olaha lies tioliibolti, which is furrounded by a reef of rocks, and
ffveral fmall illands, all of which are no more than eight leagues in compafs. To
thefe iPands, and the two called by liie natives Marua, which lie about fourteen
miles weltwnrd of Bolaboln, captain Cook gave the name of Society Klands. To-
(>oo\amtimo, or Saunders's Illand, may be nerc mentioned alfo, being fubje£t to
Huaheinc.
O H R T E R O A.
tHIS idand is fituated in latitude 22" 27' fouth, and in longitude 1(0*47'
weft from Greenwich. It is thirteen miles in circuit, and rather high than
low, but neither fo populous nor fertile as fome of the other illands in thefe feas.
The inhabitants are lufty and well made, but arc rather browner than thofe of
Otaheite. I'heir principal weapons arc long lance; made of etoa-wood, which is
\QTy hard j and fome of them are near twenty feet long.
THE FRIENDLY ISLANDS.
TIIKSE iflands were fo named by captain Cook in the year 1773, on account
of the friendfhip which appeared to fublift amonj' the inhabitants, and from
their courteous behaviour to ftrangers. Abel Janfen i'afman, an eminent Dutch
navigator, firft touched here in 1643, and gave names to the principal iflands.
Captain Cook laborioudy explored the whole clufter, which he found to confift of
more than fixty. The three iflands which Tafman faw, he named New Amfterdam,
Rotterdam, and Middleburg. The firft is the lirgeft, and extends about 21 miles
from eaft to weft, and about 13 from north to fouth. Thefe iflands are inhabited
by a race of Indians who cultivate the earth with great induftry. The ifland of
Amfterdam is interfered by ftraight and plcafant roads, with fruit-trees on each
lide, which provide fliade from the fcorching heat of the fun.
The chief iflands are Annamooka, Tangataboo (the refidence of the fovercign
and the chiefs), Lefooga, and Eooa. Lefooga is about feven miles long, and in
fome places not above two or three broad. It is hi many refpects fuperior to A.i-
namooka.
The plantations are both more numerous and more oxtenlivc ; and inclofed by
fences, which, running parallel to each other, form fine fpacious public roads,
which would appear beautiful in countries where rural conveniences have been
carried to the greateft perfecUon. They are, in general, highly cultivated, and
well-ftocked with the feveral roots and fruits which thefe iflands produce: and cap-
tain Cook endeavoured to add to their number, by planting Indian corn, and the
feeds of melons, pumpkins, and the like.
Eoou.
NEW DISCOVERIES.
^<>n
Eooa, wbcn viewed from the (hip at anchor, formed one of the m<»ft beautiful
nrofpoil* in nature, and very different from tiic others of the Friendly in<'s, which
neiiig low and perfetUy level, exhibit nothing to the eye but the trees which cover
them : whereas Iwre, the land riling gently to a confidcrablc height, prefents ui
with an cxtentivc profpett, with groves of trees intcrfperfed at irregular dillances,
in beautiful diforder ; the reft is covered with grafs, except near the Ihores, where
it is entirely covered with fruit and forell trees, amongft which are the habitations of
the natives. In order to have a view of as great a part of the illand as polliMi-,
captain Cook and fome of his officers walked up to the higheft i)()int of the iflaiul.
From this place they faw almoft the whole, which confifted of beautiful meadows
of prodigious extent, adorned with tufts of trees, and intermixed witii plantations.
" While I was furveying this delightful profpe£t," fays captain Cook, " I could
not help flatterinfji myfelf with the pleating idea that fome future navigator may,
from the fame ftation, behold thefe meadows llocked with cattle brought to ihefe
idandsbythe (hips of Kngland i and that the completion of this (ingle benevolent
purpofe, independent of all other confiderations, would futficiently mark to pof-
terity, that our voyages had not been ufelefs to the general interclls of humanity."
"The next morning," fays our benevolent commander, •' I planted a pine-apple,
n^id fowed the feeds of melons and other vegetables in Taoofa's plaiUation. I
had indeed fome encouragement to flatter myfelf that my endeavours of this kind
alfo would not be fruitlefs ; as I had this day a dilh of turnips ferved up at my din-
der, which was the produce of feeds I left here in my former voyage."
We are informed that the bulk of the people of thefe iflands are (atisfied with one
wife J but the chiefs have commonly feveral women, though it appeared as if one
only was regarded as miftrefs of the family. ITiough female cliaftity was frail
enough in fome, it is highly probable that conjugal fidelity is feldom violated, as
it does not appear that more than one inftance of it was known to our voyagers,—
and, in that, the man's life, who was the caufe of it, paid the forfeit of his crime.
Nor were unmarried perfons of the better fort liberal of their favours; tliofe who
defpifed cliaftity, being obvioufly proftitutes by profelllon. VV hen they are aftliited
witli any diforder whicli tlicy deem dangerous, they cut oflfa joint of one of their little
lingers, fondly believing tliat the Deity will accept of that as a fort of facrifice,
efficacious enough to procure the recovery of their heallli. It was fuppofed from
fome circumftances, that, though they believe in a future ftate, they have no notion
of future rewards or punilhments for tlie things done here. 'Ihey believe in one
.Supreme Being ; but every iiland has its peculiar god, as every liuropcan nation has
its peculiar faint. Captain Cook thinks he can pronounce that they do not worthip
iiuy thing which is the work of their own hands, or any vilible i)art of the creation.
1 hey make no offering of hogs, dogs, or fruit, to ihn Ur<.ca, as at Otalieiic ; but it
is abfolutely certain that e\cn this niild, humane, and beneficent people ufo
human fiinificcs. '\ he governnu'iit, as far as our jieople coulil learn, appears to ap
proach nearly to the teudal f\llem formerly ellaijiilhcd all over luucpo. Whin
jiiv perfon ot confequence dies, his body is wulhed and decorated b) fume wnuian,
(ir wiinien, who are appointed on tlie ocialion ; and tliefe women are not, aiconl-
iii" to their cuftouis, t" touch any food witii tlieir hands tor many months after-
uards ; and it is remarkable, that the length of the time tliey are thus prolVrJbcd
iv the greater in proportion to the rank of the cliief whom they have walhed.
Ilieir grcit men are fond of a lingular piece ot luxury, wliieh is to have women
111 belide them all night, and beat on dili'erent jiarts ol' tlieir body until they go to
lleep ; after which they relax a little of their l;ibour, unUfs they appear likely to
awake ; in which cafe tluy redouble tlitir drununing until ihey arc aijain fall alleep.
6 Q
NEW
I0J4
NEW DISCOVERIES.
NEW ZEALAND.
TIfiS coiuitry was firft difcovcrcd by Tnfmnn, the Diitcli navigator, in thr
war 1642, wlio f^avc it the naino ot Statcn Land, tluni;;h it has been gone
r.\lly tlillingiiiliicd, in (iiir maiis and charts, l>y tlu* nanu; ot' New Zealand, and Wii,
I'ljppofc'd to be part of a loiitnL-rn i-ontincnl : but it is now known, tVoni ihc latt;
(liliiiwrics ot'i-aptain Cook wlio failed ronnd it, to confill of two large illand^, di-
vided t'roni eaoli otlier in a ftrait four or five leagues !)roa(l. They arc lltuated bo-
tween the iatitiulesof vi-aiul 48 degrees fmirh, and betwotn the longitudes of 1 6ft and
iiSo degrees oalt tVoni (Greenwich. One of thefe itiands is for tlie moO part moun-
tainous, ratlier barren, and but thinly inhabited ; but the other is much more fer-
tile, and of a better appearance. In llie opinion of (ir Jofcpb Banks and of Dr.
Solander, every kind of Kuropean fruits, grain, and jilants, would Hourilh here in
the utmoft luxuriance. From the vegetal^les found licre, it is fuppofed that the
winters arc milder than thofe of Kngland, and the fummcrs not hotter, though
more e(juably warm ; fo that it is imagined, that if this country was fettled by pco-
pie from luirojie, they might be abundantly fupplied.not only with the neceflari.-s, but
the luxuries ot life. Mere arc forells of vail extent, filled with very large limber-
trees ; anil near four hundred plants were found, that had not Iwen defcribed by
iiaturalills. The inhabitants of New Zealand arc ftout and roburt, and equal in
ftature to the largeft luiropeans. Their colour in general is brown, but in few
deeper tlian that of a Spaniard wlio has been cx|)ofetY to the fun, and in many not
fo deep; and both fe\cs have good features, 'llieir drcfs is very uncouth, and
they mark their bodies in a manner fnniiar to the inhabitants of Otaheite, which is
called tattowing. Their principal weapons are lances, darts, and a kind of battle-
axes ; and they have generally llicwn themfelves very hoilile to the Europeans who
have vifited them. As to their religious principles, they believe that the fouls of
fucli as are killed in battle, and their fielh afterwards eaten by the enemy, are
doomed to perpetual fire ; while the fouls of thofe who die a natural death, or
whofe bodies arc preferved from fuch ignominious treatment, afcend to the habita-
tions of the gods. The common method of difpoling of their dead is by interment
in the earth ; but if they have more of their flaughtered enemies than they can eat,
they throw them into the fea. They have no fuch things as W9»v//.t, or otner places
of j)ul)lic worfliip ; nor d(i tliey ever afl'emble together with this view: but they
liavc pricfts who alone addrefs the Deity in prayer for the profperity of their tem-
])oral atTairs, fuch as an cnterprife againll a hortile tribe, a nOiing party, or the like.
I'olygamy is allowed ; anil it is not unconnnon for a man to have two or three
wi\es.
THE NEW HEBRIDES.
THIS name was given by capt. Cook to a clu(ler of iflands, the mod nortli-
eriy of which was fcen by Quiros, the Spaniih navigator, in 1606, and hv
liim iianied I ierra del Kfpiritu .Saiilo. From that time, till Bougainville's voyage
ill i;ftS, and capt. Cook'i voyai^e in the F.ndeavour, in 1769, this land was fuj).
pofed to be part of a great fuuthein cimtinent, called Term Anjhalis luco^nila. Hut
when cajjt. Co k ha.l l.iilcii mimd New Zealand and along the eallern coad of New
Holland, this . piuio.i was fully confuted, On his next voyage, in the Refulutiun,
N K W DISC O V r, U I K s.
IP_;j
he rtTolvcd to explore tliofe i>;irts nciuratcly \ and accoidinj^ly, in 1774, Ik'TuIos af-
certainiiig the i-xtoiit and litiiation of thcll; illands, lu- difcov iivii fovei ;il in tlu' gr()U|),
whitli were hefori- unknown. 'I'lu' New Hebrides arc fuualcd l)etwei.n '.Ik' lati-
tudes of 14° 49' and zo" 4' loutli ; and between 166" 41' and 170' 21' call lon^'i-
tude. 'I'lu'V coiilill of tlie followint; Klands, fume of wtiieli bave reeeivid names
from the diflerent I'.uropeaii navigators, and others retain the names wliieli tliey
l)ear among the natives, v\/.. Tierra del I'.fpiritu Santo, Mallieollo, St. 13.n'ibi>li)me\v,
KIc of Lepers, Aurora, VMutfuntide, Ambryni, Imnier, Anee, Three Hills, Siind-
with, Montagu, I linehiubrook, Shepherd, Korromanga, trroiian, Annatom, and
Tanna.
Not far didant from the New Hebrides, and foutli-weflward of them, lies \k\v
Caleponia, h very large iOand, firft diftovered by capt. Cook, in 1774. It is
about cighty-feven leagues long, i)ut its breadth does not any where exeeed ten
leagues. It is inhabited by a race of ftout, tall, well-proportioned Indians, of a
Iwarthy or dark ehefnut brown. A few leagues diftant are two finall ifluuds called
the lllaiid of Fines and Uotany Ifland.
NEW HOLLAND,
Til F, largeft ifland in the world, and formerly fuppofed to be a part of that
imaginary continent called Terra Auftralis Incognita, lies between 10° 30'
and 43° fouth latitude, and between 1 10" and 153° 30' caft longitude ; extending
in all as much as the whole continent of Kurope,— the eaflern coall running no lets
than 2000 miles in length from north-eaft to fouth-weft. Its dimenfions from cad
to wed have not been c\a£\ly afccrtained, fmce we are obli{jed to take our inform-
ation concerning them from the accounts of navigators ot dilFercnt nations, who
vilited this part of the world at a time when the method of afccrtaining the latitudes
and longitudes of places was lefs accurate than It is now. Different parts of the
country have been called by the names of thefe difeovercrs, as Van Dicman's Land,
Cari)entaria, &c. and though the general appellation of the whole was New Hol-
land, it is now applied by geographers to the north and well parts of the country.
The eaftern part, called New South Wales, was taken pofTeflion of in his majefly's
name by captain Cook, and now forms a part of the Britith dominions, — a colony
being very lately formed there, chieHy of the convicts fentenecd to tranfportation.
The accounts of the climate and Ibil of this extenfive country, now become an
object of importance to Great Britain, are very various, — diflerent parts having Keen
explored at diflerent linies, and at different feafous of the }ear. In general, how-
ever, the relations are by no means favourable ; the fea-co;Lil, the only place on
whicli any inhabitants have been difcovered, appearing faiuly and barren : and as
tor the inland parts which might reafonably be luppofed more fertile, they are now
thought to be wholly uiiiiihabitid ; but whether this jmiceeds from the natural
fterility of the foil, or the barbarity of the inhabitants who know not how to cul-
tivate it, is not yet diftovered.
One thing we are allured of by all who have ever vilited this country, that its
coart is furrouiuied by very dangerous ihoals and rocks, fo that it is by no means-
eafy to eflcct a landing upon it. A ihoal, called Houtumn's Abrolhos, or Ihoal,
from Frederic Houtman, commander of a ilcet of Dutch Indiamen in 1618, lies on
the weftein coall, on which commodore IVlfuvt, a Dutch navigator, was wrecked
in 1629. When his ihip, the Batavia, having on board 330 men, Ihuck on this
ihoal, there was no lajid in light, except fonie fmall rocky illauds, and one confi-
Q 2 dcrably
i03(?
N F. \^' D I S C O V r. R I E S.
(Icrably liipgor, about thnc lonfjuos iliftnnt. All ihcro wcro explored In foarcli of
tirlli water 5 hilt none iK'ing lour.il, part o( tlio crew were obliged to fail in their
iVill'to the cnntiiicnt, wliitli tliey Iodm alter diiVovered. Hut, on their nppronrli,
they found the n.:ill fo exeelllve loeky, that it was impollibie to laiui. Continuing
their eourfe northward for two diiys, tiny found themfelves in 27 dej^rees of fontli
l.iiitude ; but ftill the fhore was To extremely llecp, that there was no pollibility of
apfiroachinc it. It prefented the fame appearance as far iiortlt as 24 degrees ; but
the men being now refoUed to get on (liore at any rate, fix of thent who were ex-
pert fwimmcrs, threw themfelves into the fea, and with much ado got to land.
I lere thev employed themfelves in fearehing for frelh water ; but finding none, they
were obliged to iwim back again to their itiill'. Next day they difcovcrcd a capc»
from the extreme point of whieh ran a ridgo of rocks for about a mile Into the
fea, with another behind it ; but (lill no pallage was found to the continent. An.
other opening appeared about noon the fame day, into which they ventured, though
the pariage was extreniely dangerous, even for a IkitV, — having only two feet water,
with a rugged tlonv bottom. Mere, iiowever, they etVetted a landing: but though
thev made the moli diligent feareh for frelh water, they could find neither rivulets
fpri'ngs, nor even water that could be drank by digging of wells. '1 he llioal on which
commodore Pelfart was wrecked Is placed by Dampier in 27 degrees foutli lati-
tude.
This navigator explored the coaft of New Holland in 1688 and 1699. In the lafl
of thcfe voyages he tell in with the land in 26° fouth latitude, but could not land
on account of the ftecpnefs of the fliore. In 22° 22', he found another Ihoal, which
was the firft he had met with fince leaving the Abrolhos In 27*. In 20° 21', he fell
in with fome rocky illands, which, from the nature of the tides, he fuppofed to cx<
tend in a range as far fouth as Shark's bay. In 25°, and nine or ten leagues In breadth
from eaft to well. In 18° 21' he eflTcflea a landing: but the fliore here, as In all
other places vlfited by this navigator, is cxceflively rocky at low water, fo that
it is then impolTible to land. At high water, however, the tides rife fo high, that
boats may get over the rocks to a fandy beach which runs all along the coaft.
The foutnern part of this ifland, vifited by captain Tafinan In 1642, was found
Jefs difficult of accefs. He purfued the coaft as far fouth as 44 degrees, where it
begins to run to the caftward ; and from his time the country a|)pears not to have
been vi/ited by any Europeans, till the year 1770, when captain Furncaux, of the
Adventure, reached the point we fpcak of, lying in 4?° 17' fouth, 145° 36', and by
account 143" 10' eaft from (Jrcenwich. Several illands appeared to the north-weft,
one of which was named by captain Cook, Eddyftone, from its rcfemblance to the
Jight-houfe of that name ; and he obfervcs that nature feems to have left thefe
two rocks for the fame j)urpofe that the Eddyftone light-houfe was built by man,
vi;;. to give navigators warning of their danger; for they are the c<mfpicuous fum-
iiiitN of a ledge of riKks under water, on which the fea in many places breaks veiy
high. Their lurfaee is white with the dung of fea-fowls, which makes them con-
fpieuous at a conliderable diUanee.
Tlii^ teiebiatcd navigator, capt. Cook, fpcnt upwards of four months In furvey-
ing tl;e ealtcni cnall, the extent ot whieli, as has already been mentioned, is neuilv
2000 miles. The bay in which he aneiiored, from the great quantity of herbs fouiid
on Ihore, was called Bctany Bii\, and is the place for which the eonvi'tts were origin-
ally dellined; though now they are fettled in another part of the illand about ij
miles to the northward, named by capt. Cook, Port Jackjuti, — the principal fettleiiieut
being called Sydney Cove.
'Ibis was not vilited or explored by captain Cook ; it was feen at the diftance
cf between two and three miles from the coall : but Lad fortune cotiductcd him into
7 the
the Y
man (
two II
bavin;
perfci
dirc-eti
COVi'.S I
W'inds.
Xy<ln
tlioeiiti
vet r, r
fie lent r
parts of
'>eek of
fand. J
wot)d, ii
>** H kind
to the w(
ihcre
fiance frc
«!' water,
could be 1
with /:> m
fettionienl
they Were
were the (
Philip fixe
morablc dt
of New So
proceeding
On a fp
drawn up i
vemor thol
miflion was
"lent, Arth
in chief, in
extremity t
ffuthern ex
country to .
jiicent in th«
garrifons, c;
laid territon
next read ; ,
Ions to eonv<
trijde dif( h.,
i'hc 4th ,
of rcmiliion
tiement. A
films ; and a
at iiin-fct, til.
fires were Jit^
not be any i.\.>
>l
NEW DISCOVERIU6.
1037
inc nnrnuur, iic wtuiiu niivc luunu ii mucii more wuriii
man than Hotnny-Hiiy, where he pafled a week. From
two miles broad, I'ort JackCon gradually extends into n r
liavinff foundings fiillicient lor tlie l.ireell velFcIs, and I
the hnrbour, he would have found^t much more worthy of his attention as a fea-
' "" an entrance not more than
noble and capacious bnfon,
1^ toundings luthcient lor the hireelt vellcis, and fpace to aecommodate in
perfect feeiirity iiny nund)cr that coulclbe aOenibled. It runs thietiy in a weUcrn
direCtiDU about 15 miles into the country, and contains no lels than joo fmall
coves formed by narrow necks of land, wliofe piujecliuns alford Iheltcr from the
winds.
Sydney Cove lies on the fonth fide of the harl)Our, between five and fix miles from
tlie entrance. 'Hie neck of land that forms this cove is molHy covered with wood,
yet fo rocky, that it is not caly to comprelK-tid how the trcen could have found fuf-
flcient nouriflinienl to l)ring tliem to fo confiderable a niaj^nitudc. Tlie foil, in other
parts of the coaft immediately about I'orl Jackfon, is of various qualities. This
i>eck of land, which divides the fouth end of the harbour from the fea, is chiefly
i\u\d. Ik'tween Sydney Cove and Botany-lJay, tiie firil fpace is occupied by a
wood, in fume parts a mile and a half, in others three miles broad. Ueyond that,
is a kind of heath, poor, fandy, and full of fwamps 1 but, as far as the eye can reach
to the wellward, the country is one continued wood.
There are feveral parts of the harbour in which the trees (land at a greater di-
ft.ince from each other than in Sydney Cove ; fomeof tlicfe, which have Imall runs
of water, and a promiling foil, the governor propofed to cultivate, as foon as hands
could be fpared ; but the advantage of being able to land the llores and |)rovi(ions
with f > much cafe, immediately determined the choice of a place for the principal
fettlenient ; for, if they had but one mile to remove the ftores froni the fpot where
they were landed, the undertaking would probably have been tVuitlefs ; fo many
were the obllaeles to land-carriage at the liead of Sydney Cove, where captain
Philip fixed the feat of his government. 'I'he 7th of i'cbruarv, 1788, was the me-
moraole day on which a regular form of government was efiabliilicd on the coall
t)f New South Wales. For obvious reafons, all polllble folemnity was given to tiie
proceedings ncceflary on this occafion.
On a fpace prcvioufly cleared, the whole colony was alFembled, the military
drawn up under arms, the convifts (lationed apart, — and near the perfon of the go-
vernor tnofe who were to hold the principal ofiices under him. The royal coni-
miflion was then read by Mr. David Collins the judge-advocate. By this inftru-
mcnt, Arthur Philip was conftitutcd and appointed captain-general and governor
in chief, in and over the territory called New South Wales, extending troni the
extremity of the north coaft, called Cape York, fouth latitude 10° 30', to the
icruthern extremity of the South Cape, fouth latitude 43" 30', and all the inland
country to the weft ward, as far as call longitude 135°, including all the iflands ad-
jacent in the Pacific (.)ccan within the latitudes atorefaid ; and of all the towns,
garrifons, caftles, forts, and fortifications, wliich may be hereafter eretlcd in the
laid territory. '1 he a£l of parliament, eftablifliing the courts of judicature, was
next read ; and lallly, the patents under the great leal, empowerii\;; the i)roper per-
fons to convene and hold their courts wlienever the exigency Ihould require. A
trij)le difcharge of mufquetry concluded this part of the ceremony.
The 4th of June was not fuflTcred to pafs without due celebration. It was a day
of remiilion from labour, and a general feftiviiy took place through the whole fet-
tlenient. At fiinM-ife, the Sirius and Supply tranfports fired each a falute of 21
guns ; and again, at one o'clock, the marines on Ihore falutcd with three vollitsj
at fun-fct, tlie fame lionnurs were a third time repeated from the Ihips ; large bon-
fires were lighted, and tlie whole camp afforded a fcene of joy. Tliat there might
not be any exception to the haj^piuefs of this day, four convi<Sls, who liad lieeu
reprieved
^M^
10,^8
N !•: \v D r s c o V r. It I r, s.
rcpriovfd from jlcatli, and bnnillicd to nn ilkintl in the middle of' llic ImrliDur, re
«i ivid a t'ull pardon, and were font to boar tlicir part in llic f;i"*-'f»»l fxultniiun.
'I III- f^ovornor laid, l>c liopi-d ihore was not n iingic lii-avy luart in lliis part nt' his
niiijiliy's dominions. His lioiifc wa» tlio ccntri' ot' conviviality to all who could l)c
iidniitti'd to tliai focii'ty ; it watt nt tlii.s time that the name ot ('unduMland inunly
was ijiven by tlu; govcrnini-nt to this jiart ot' tin- lirritory. It is abovi- 50 iiiiU-s in
K'linth, and 30 broad. 'I lie boundaries lised tor Cmnbirland county were — od tin-
wi'l), (larnun then and I.anfdown hills; on tiie north, the nortlicrn part of I'roki 11-
itay ; nnd to the fuuthwnvd, the fouthern parts ot' Hotany-Bay,— tlms including
«'omp!ottly thel'e throe principal bays, and leaving the chief place of fcttlenicnt ai
Sydne\-C'ove nearly in the centre.
At the very (irrt landing of governor I'hilip on the fliore of Uotany-Hay, an inter-
view took jiiace with the natives. 'Ihey were nil armed ; but on feeing the gover-
nor a]i|)roaih with figns of friendlliip, alone and unarmed, they readily returned
liis contidi IK e by laying down their armsi.
'Ihey wi'ie perfettiv devoid of clothing, yet feenicd fond of ornaments, putting
tl)c bea<!s and red baizc that were given them on their headsi or neckband appear-
ing pleafed to wear them.
1 here was no kind of difagreemcnt between the natives and the Hritilh while
the lliips remained nt Hotany-Hay. 'I he governor, immediately after landing,
ixaniiiied the bay itfclf ; whin it appeared, tliat, though exlenlivc, it ali'orded no
ilieller from the calUrly winds ; ana that, in confecjuence of its (lialiowncfs, (hips
of a moderate draught would always be obliged to anchor at the entrance of the
bay, where they mull be expofed to a heavy fea that rolls in whenever it blowsi from
the ealhvard. Several runs of frclh water were found in different parts of the bay;
but there did not appear to be any lituation to whicii there was not foine very
ftrong objettion. In the northern part of it is a finall creek, wliic)> runs a con-
(iderabie way into the country ; but it has water only for a boat i the lides of it arc
fre«|iiently overflown, and tiie low lands near it arc a perfect fwamp.
'llif welteni brancli of the bay is continued to a great extent ; but the otlicers
fent to lAaiiiiiii' it could not fnid any fupply of tVelh water, except in fmall tjunnti-
ties. I'oint Sutherland atlorded tlie nioli eligible lituati«>ii, having a run ot good
water, though not in very [.Meat abundance. Hut to this part of the harbour the
Ihips could not ajipvoai h ; and the ground near it, even in the highell parts, was
in general damp and fpunt^y. Smaller numbers rniglit indeed, in fevcral (pots,
havi* found a com' )rlalile H'lidenie; but no j)lace was found in the whole of
Kotany-Bav wliieli f< eii'.ed at all caU ulaicd tor the reception of fo laige a fcttle-
raent. 'ihefe cin uniUaiues, vi/. the Ihallowiiels of the harbour, the fcarcity of
fr-lh water, the openmfs of the bay, and the dampnefs of the foil by wliich the
peo])!? would ])r(ibal)Iy be reiulered uiiliealthy, made the 'governor determine
to fi-ek anothi'r (ituntion.
The dilllieiit i (u rs of I'ort Jackfon were exanuneii, and tin prefen. iice was given
to one wliii h had tlie lineit fpring i,\ water, and in which ll; |/s lan anchor fo clofe
to the Ihove, tliat at a very fniall exjtence ipiays may be conllructed al which the
lar^ell velVels may unload.
After tliev bad all landed at Sydney Cove, a plan was laid down for building a
town, aciurding to which were traced out the principal fireets, the governor's
lioufe, main-;!;uarii, hofpital, church, (lore-lioufcs, and barracks. In fome pans of
this fpace, tempnrarv barracks are erected, but no permanent building will be al-
lowed, exci pt 111 conrunuity to the plan laid down. 'Ihe forms ot other llreets arc
alio marked out, in fiicii a in;inner as to eiifure a free circulation ot air. 'I lie prin-
cipal ilreels, accordinj; to tliis delis^n, will be 200 feet widc} the ground alli^^iied
lur
fn
Wl
liu
Alt
ri.il
'Ih.
dur
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far.
t'<|ua
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ihe
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'■leaned fr,
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. i'hecli
"1 iuiroj)e
NEW n I s c o V 1", R I i: s
»o.^9
lis,
•ttW-
dole
\\k
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nior s
-Ills of
Ik iil-
•ts arc
nviiv
lor
ri
lijjiictl
for them Is nearly level ; not more than oiu* hoiifo U to be \)uilt on one allotment,
which is to conliil «>t* 60 toot in tVoiit, luul 1 ; < in ileptli. It has Ucen alio an oh*
jedt of the govcrnur'ii itttcntion to place tlie ]inl)iic hnildini^s in the moll eligible
Vitiiations, and particularly to f;ivo tlie tlorchnufes anil liolpital t'uthciont fpacu tor
future enlargement.
'ITie t\((\ hnts that were erected licre \vv re eonipolVil of verv pcriniahlc mnte-
rinls.-^lhe foi't woo«l ot" thf i abbage-palni beinu; only deliened tor iinnu-diute Ihelter.
The necellity of uling the wood (|uito green made it alio the lefs likely to provo
durable 'I he hnls of the convicts were Hill more ni;»lit, beini; coinpoled only of
upright poIlN, wattled with lliglit twigs, and piailtered up wilh elay. K.irraeks and
hnts were afterwanls formed of matf rial;; railur more iaiHng. Hnildings of llono
might ealily have been railVd, liad Inere been any nu'.ms of procuring lime for mor-
tar. 'I'he U'Mie which has been found is of iliree forts,— a tine frce-ltone, reckonetl
C(|ual in goidnef-. to that of Portland, an inilldeniit kind of fandflone, or fnv-
Uone, and a firt whicii appears to contain a mixture of iron. IJut neither chalk
nor any fpecii's of linu-lione has yet been <lifcoviMed. In building a fmall houfo
for tlie governor on the lallern hue of the cos.-, lime was made of ovIlcr-ilKlls cob
iectcd in tlie neighbouring coves ; but, until ihe difcovery of ch;dk or lime-lb)ne,
the public buildings nmil go on very llowly, unl> l\ care be taken (o fend out thofo
articles ns ballall in all the thips dellincd for I'ori Jackfon. 'Hie clay is very good,
nnd fome bricks have been made of it i but in uling it for building, the walls mult
be mode very thick.
In a country expofed to frecpient ftorms of tlmnder and lightning, it was rather
an uneafy litiiali(m to have all the jirovilions and other necefiaries lodged in wooden
buildings, covered with thatch of the moll combuttilile kind. Inftead of thatch,
however, they now ufe fliingles, made from a tree in appearance like tir, but pro-
ducing a wood not unlike the Knglilh oak ; l)ut this, tliongh more fecnre than
thatching, is not enough for ftore-houfes. For thefe, if flate-llone ihould nut be
found, tiles mult Ik* made of the clay which has been ufetl for bricks.
'i'he principal farm is lituated in the next cove to the calt of the town, and lefi
than half a mile from it. When the plan was drawn, it contained about nine acres
laid down in corn of dillerent kinds. Later accounts fpeak of li\ acres of wheat,
eight of barley, and fix of other grain, as raifed on the public account, and in a
very promiliiig way.
It is fuppoled that metals of various kinds abound in tlie foil on whicli the town
is placed. A convifct, who had formerly been uled to work in the Staflordlhire
lead-mines, declared very politively, that the ground which they were now clear-
ing coiitains a large <piantity of that ore: and copper is fuppoled to lie under
fome rocks which were blown up in linking a cellar lor the pulilic Ihick of fpiii-
tuous li<|uors. It is the opinion of the governor himfelf tliat mines niav hercat'icr
be worked to great advantage ; but at iircfeiit he ftrongly difi ourages any fearch
of this kind, verv jiulicioully difcerning, tliat in the prefent lilnaiiun of his people
which retpiires fo ni.iny exertions of a very dilTerent nat',;re, the ilil'eovery of a mine
would be the greatetl evil that could betal the I'ettlemeiit. in (■ iie places wlme
tliey dug in making wells, they tound a fubfiance whicli tiuy concluded to he
b!ack lead. The kind of |)igmcnt, called by the painters Spanilh brown, is found
in great abundance ; and the white clay, wnii which the naiivc.-" paint thomfehes,
is liiil in greater plenty. The Abbe le li^cevcur was of opinion, that this i lav, it'
cleaned from the land, which might ealih be done, would makn- excellent purce-
laiii.
'I'he climate at Sydney-Cove is conli.lered, on the wliole, as equal to the lined
in Kurope. The rains arc never of long duration, and there are leldom anv furs.
The
1 140
N K W I) I S C O V I', R 1 K S.
'I lie foil, thou;zh in RoniTal linlit, ami rather fntuly in «lii« part, i« full ni coml ai,
nriiiillv i« »oun«l fo near llii* (Vii liilo. All tlu' |»lani<» nnd I'mittrei.-* hrouglil frotu
Urnlil nnd the Cape, wliich witp not diimagcd in tlu'ir pallaKo, thrive cx(cedinf(ly ;
iind vc){t'ial)lo!t have mtw ixconu' piciitiliil,— hoth the Kumpcuii fortn, nnd fuch hi
nro pociiliar to New South VVuli">«. In tho govcrmir'* garditi are excellent cauli-
llowerN, and melons very tine ut° their kinds. The orange-trees Hourilh, nnd the
lig-troes and vinei are iiniiroving Hill more rapidly, in n climate fo fayourahlc,
the cultivation of the vine may douhtlefs he curried to any degree ofpert'edion t
Hi\d Ihonid not other articles ot eoinmeree divert the attention of the feiilerx from
this point, the wines of New South Wales may perha|)s hereafter he fought with
avidity, and heconie an indif|)ei\fable part of tlie luxury ot luiropean tahles.
'I'he rank grafs inuier the trees unfortunately proved fatal to all the Iheep pur-
chnfed hy governor I'hilip on his own and on the public account. 'I hofe kept hy
individuals elofe to their own tents were preferved. Hogs and poultry increafed
very fall ; nnd black cattle will doubtUfs fuceeed n« well. It was very unfortu-
nnte, that two bulls and four cows, having been let't for a time by the man who
was appointed to attend them, (Irayed into the woods, and. though Ihry were
traced to foine dilinnce, never could be recovered. This was a lofs wliich mull be
for fome time irreparable.
The natives of New Holland, in general, fecin to have no great avcrfion to the
new fettlers, — the only a£)sof hoilility having arifen on the mbjedt of the filhing-
grounds, which the New Hollanders jurtly fuppofcd to belong to themfelves.
1 hey appear, however, to be in too favagc n ftnte to be capable as yet of deriving
much inlirutlion from their new neighbours. They are fo ignorant of agriculture,
that it feems moll probable they do not even know the ufe of corn, and, therefore,
perhaps more from ignorance than malice, fet tire to that which the colonilis had raif-
cd for their own ufe. To avoid fuch difagrecable incidents, a new fettlemcnt was
begun on a fmall uninhabited ifland, named Nor/o/k Ijlatid, lying in fouth latitude
nf, and call longitude 168" 10', at the dilhince of 1200 miles from New Holland.
Tlu' party fent out to form this feltlement confirted only of j6 perft)n», who took
pdlU'ilion on the 14th of February, 17K8. This fettlcment was found fa eligible,
that, in October, 178S, another party was fent thither, fo that the new colony, nt
the lime the lali advices were received, conlilled of 44 men and 16 women, who
being lupplicd with 18 months' provilions, will probably be able to cultivate the
foil in fuch a maimer as to enable them to ft)rm a granary, which will j)ut thole
who are fettled on New Holland entirely out ot danger from tlieir barbarous
iieiglibcturs.
lor a more particular account of this new fettlemcnt, wc refer our readers to
" Governor Philip's Voyage to Uotany-Bay."
NEW GUINEA,
UN'TII. the late difeoverics, was thought to be the north coafl of an extenflvo
coiuinent, and to bo jnine<l to New Holland; but ca|)tain Cook difioviTod
a Ihait lu tween them, which runs nortli-eall, through which he failed. Thus it
was ff)un(l to be a long narrow ifland, extending north-call, from the fecond degree
of fi)Uth latitude to the twelfth, and from one hundred and thirt\-oiie to t)ne hun-
dred and fitly degrees eaft longitiide ; but in one part it does not appear to be above
fifty miles broiid. The country tonlilis of a mixture of very higli hills and vallies,
interfperfitl with groves of cocoa-nut trees, plantains, bread-fruit, and moll of the
trees, ihrubs, and plants, that uie found in the other i>outh-Sea illands. it atVords
from
('OtTI til
io til
K^c^ of (
it was f,
to |„. „„
•nin (;„r,
'>'»i<ive III
''■P"rutci
,"'»• iiinny
'io ij„. ,.,
"lo/l of M'l
i-'ocoa-iiui
Nhw In
»wo hutidn
variety o^",
' nc nihabii
?iot their Hu
"/nnds wai
i-'xt'-nt, was ,
BKSiDKS
, . '"nned h
h?"» "^^' yei
0V'w^'«-''i the c
•;' ^"»<>d Hone
« I (covered two
''•"X'l-'J. about .
;'"'^r, .ib«„t „
J'T^'" and a
'J'a/and, and
;"'•>' arrived at
between 22" ,,
J"l>rious, a„,J ,i
^;","'>- and iMi..
"'•"'«•. wd their
'"''■<-■ dbont ,oc
;'"'•/" '"'fpilali,
''""•7'1'ofJ.V
■^V'"'- "'^' '■'•ilor
. ^''/".'"Mi Cook
"'I' north-we/} c.
"'!'''^'"'^ ^'.nnn.-.
;•■■'"•,""• wlKWe
'"> '^'•"'^n. and
from the foo „ vir.V.v f . ■• . ^ " ^ *'' R I E «.
iflnnds was fa-n l.y captain rl/^ ^^oi-'h-wcH ward of ffZ, . ^","''"' ^'"t ''avo
''^ ''- A.M.r/t- i^ov„ * -d .he r^ or:;^'iii;;^r:^x:£Si!
SANDWICH
' S L A N D S.
R'JSIDKS ,hc voyages of dif ' " ' ' ^ '^ ^ ^ S.
bVtwjl.„ .lK^Si;,7 f; TO. '778. 'and .779 in l- dw"?"""" •■'"^' "SrT
';<--• Hope. .luT ro^cecde^ f''' ^^"'^^ Af.lThey Id'^r'' ''V^^'" P«"»i^'
•'(covered two ifland w& ''"'". "'»•'"« to Ne^y S ' T »"";scl at the CaL
''-"•^ort. about .5 Icacuest ..• '•'""'" ^^"«'' fallal 1' hi •■/" ''^"^ ^""'Te. th"y
,""'^r. about nfne 5a"c i •"'•"• '•" '" '""■•»de46s fouth l''""''''.'^ "'••••^•- ^'^
/••aland, and afterwards v]f!?iKl!''^' ' '■°"' New IIol Z! h r^f^' '^^ "^oH'
h'T arrived at ,he SandwS ,« ' I- 7"''-^ ""^ 'Socie j ., '' ,7/'"'^-'' '° New
hifvveen 22" i «' ami ,M* - v! ."• "''"«■'> are twelve i„ V '" •'anuary, ,,,,
''^"nc'y and Krie,"],; ^^f '»W. produdions arj tt ,tu ',? '", ^:^""-«' '^
'"■■i.le, and ihnr n,mMi"v " • ^ '"''"'''t.'nts are of t ,; 1 • "'' ''"•'^' "f the
■ ^-'^°°o. The others are !• ■ :. * '"' ! '" "^'"''^•'- "^ inlK^l it L ' " '" '•'"■^'""fi-
"^' "''• 7'!' of ^V■l,n. ?' •"''''■'''■'"'-•d^^''»'vthpini; , /""'f^f ""'i carriage
('"I'l.-'in Cook aftervv. ;/'"•' '^'"^••■i'.-in ccntiJc.m I ' '"' '""S^'^de an»
104>
NEW D I S C O V F. R I E S.
Thfy found the intinl)ilni)i*t here ralhrr lulnw the miiUllf (i/e, nml ihrjr com*,
rlcxion* u|)|>ronc'llilt^ to R ii)|t|icr (iiloiir, On the izth of' May, thcv (lii^'ovrrrd
ftntiilwii'h .Sound, in latitude ^n" <4 xorlli. Hit* hiirlionr in whii h tlic lliipH m).
rlinrod :i|>f)iMri'd to In; iilnioll turKiinult d witli hi^li laml, vvliiili wat cuvorcil with
fi\o\v ( and horc llu y w»ti' vi(iti il li\ Ixnio <i( tlw Annrli ani iti thi-ir » anofx. 'I hi'v
(UurwanU iiroccfiU-d to the illand ot' Un.dal'k lika, and, atler their denartiire tVoiu
thiine, Ihll lotitinucd to Iraie llu* timll. They nrrivcd, im the loin iif Au)(iilt
177K, in lalitiidi' 70' 54', lonKiliide li>4" 55', where lliey found ihenifelves nl-
luoll fiirroiindid with iie ; and ilie farther they proceeded to the ealtwiiril, the elofer
tlie iie Iki anu- eoinpa^ted. 'I hey eoniiniied ialxiiirin^ a^loll^ the ice till the Jt^lli,
w
hell n llorni came on, which niaile it danK^ ron-. for them to proceed ; and a i
on-
fultalion ua<t therefore helil on hoaril the Uelohilion, as foon an the violence of the
Rale ahateii, when it wui rel'olved, thai us this paH.ij^-' was impratticnhle for niiy
ulel'ul |)urpofe ol navigation, whii li was the ^reat ohji ct ot llu- voyage, it ihould lio
profeculnl no farther ; and ilpet iaily on ai count nf the ( ondilioii ilic lhi|><t wen- in,
the approach ol winti r, and llieir j;re:H dillaiue Irum any known place of refrt lli-
ment. The voya^re, indicd, atlorjledfiitiicient evidence that no practicahle pallaj^o
e\ilts helween the Atlantic and Pacific oceans towards the North; an<l this voyai^i-
iillo afiirtaii,' d llu* welhrn hoinularies of the great conlintiit of Ameriia. On
tlieir return, it imfortunati ly happi ned tliat tlie celehrntcd and ahle navi^'ator, cap-
was killed in an alhay with the natives, by an att of fudden lefiiument
tiun
Cook
and Kar, railier llian fioin a bad difpolilion, on the illaiid of O'wjw'hee, the lai>;ell
of the Sandwiiii illes, on the i4tli of I'ebruary, 1779. Ii> liis la(l voyage he had
esplored the coall of America, from ^i" if to 70' 40' 57" north. After ilhr
deaiji of caplain Cook, the command devolved on captain Clerke, who died at fca,
on his return to ihc foutliward, on ihe in\ da\ of Auf,'ull 177c). 'Ihi- two Ihips re-
turned home by the Cape of Good Hope \ and on the jtli uf October, i7yo an-
tlioreil at the Nore.
We cannot conclude this article, without in("jrtin;^ the following chnraoter of
tapt. Cook, to perpetuate the memory and fcrvites of lb excellent a navigator and
commander.
J'erhaps no fcience ever recei\eil greater additions from the labours of a fiiigK;
man, than geography did from thole of capt. Cook. In his firll voy.igc to the
South Seas, he difcovered the Society lllands ; deierniineil the infularitv of New
Zciiland ; difcovered the lliails svhu h feparale the two ill.uuls, and are called after
IIS name
am.
made a com|)lete furvi
'f both. He alterwartls explored llii
Kallern coall of New Holland, hitherto unknown,— -an extent of twenty-feveii de
grees of latitude, or upwanls of two ihoiifand miles.
In his fecond e\|)editioii, he difpelled the illulion of a fouthern continent,'^ha\
traverfed that hemilplieie between ihe latitude of 40 and 70", in fo mans di
1)1,
ing
int-
tioiis that land could not i\ill, cxiepl (o near the pole as to l)e out of the teach ot
navigation. During this voyage he difeovereil New Caledonia, the largetl iila.ul
in the Southern I'acitie, except ,\ew Zealand ; the illaud of Georgia ; and an iiii-
known coall, which he ijained .Saiidwieli Laml, the Ihn/e of the Southern hciiii-
fphere ; and having twice vidted the tropical leas, he felihd the htualions of tiic
old, and made fe\eral new difcoveries.
IJut the lalt voyage is dillingnillu J above llu nil by its importance. Hilidis
feveral fmalier illands in the .Souli.i in l'ai.if'< , he difcovered, to the North of the
l'A|uiiu»tlial Line, the group called the S.iudwitli lll.mds, which, from tlieir litu-
ation and productions, bid t'aiie: lor b^C'iii.ag an oojcet of coiife»|uence in the 1*1'-
tem of iuiropcan navigation, ilrm ii ly .iher difco' .ly in the .So iih-.Sea. He alur-
waidb explored what had hitherto rciuaiueU unknown of the VVellcrn coall of Aiiie-
i iiu\
«Ae
"le ri
• rn J
fVoKi
i" /h,
•"••nini
'mhifji
. Jlic
"•••■i/tJi
turr „t
, Tlio,
/'"• .ulv
'lltiliTf,
«n<| tvi
"'iiiofl ,
ny over
<^"fion „
""P'lifed
t'l/iintc. I
PrDhahilii
"•ividjf
mid n,.,^,«
'I'.iriictj c,|
'"■"p/e iJiii
l'^"Ws, ly
'"•■'M/iers.„,
"/"' 'hat /|,
"'*^' '"''Ke i\\
7""'' '"ean
f'"^ iind//
;"'•■""' InUA
;.''■'.' ^ and i,jl
|p.;ee„/.„ ■
N
^yv\\\\
s'ei
'ilele
T F. R R Al N r O r, \ I T A.
*H$
rirn, frnm the Intitmli' <tt'4; lo 70' North, ninininiiif; ai) iMcnt «'f ^509 miti'^,—
(iricrliiini'd llif proMiinlv nt'ilu- lwi> uniil tonliiunt> ot" .Miii timl Aimiu «,— |>(illo«|
llip rtriiit* hi'lwccn lluin, umiriirvcynl ihc < onH on viuh (Ulc, to t\u li a luiulit «>» nurdi.
rrn latiliiili-, lu Id (U'iii)iiillriil<- tin'' iiii|>ruciit nliilily i>t a piilIiiKi-, in tliiil liciiiirplu-io,
from the Atliiiilii mlo tin- l*»i ific luiaii, iMih«r hy an l.iill«-rn or a W rlUrn miirri'.
In (hort, if" wi- ixnpl the Sra of Annir, ami thr |;ipaiul'»' Arrhiprhi^o, wliith Hill
ri'tnnin inipcrfcctly kn«»wn to KurupcunH, he tonipk-tod tlir h)«hoi{riiphy of tin-
liuhitahlf glohc.
The n\('iho«l which he (lifiovorrd, and fo fiirr^^t'iilly purfurd, of pnfrrvinj^ the
health of fi'anun, tornH a new a>ra ni navigation, and will tranlniit hii iiunu' lo tu*
turc iigcH, nnionff the friiiuU and tunc hulorx ol n\ankin<l.
" hoii' who nw tonvrrCanl with na\al hilloiy nted nut I"' told at how dear 11 nitc
the advantn
whikh aro fun^ht ihroni;!) tlu' nu-dinni of loii^ voya^i '^ a
I It a, liad
hithiTio III en pnrrliarcd. 'Ih.il dnadlul dilunlt r whit I) it pcmliar to iluir ftrNJii',
un<l wholf ravaui-s hnvo marktil tlu- tracks of dilVovirors witli lin nndlanns
ahlioli ln(» lhci(kni|{ to rdati-, innl), williont cVk n ilin;; an nnwarrantahli- t\ran-
ny over the lix-s ol onr K'anu'n, ha\i> urovcd an infupcrahh' ohllaik' to tin* profc-
CUtioD of fuih I'nti rprifvs. It wan rilirvi-d (or lapi. ("ook to Ihow the world, hy
rrprntrd trials, tlint voynf^cs nli^ht In- pmtractrd to tlic unnfual K'n^ll) of tlirii- or
I'Vin fonr viars, in unknown r»f;i(ins, and nmUr ivory iliant;i' ami rinour ot the
cliniato, n<>t only without atVl'('tin^ the hi-alth, hut cvii) witliuut diniinitliing the
prohahilii oMifi' in thi- fnuilkd di'j;ree.
Having pointid out tin- nunnrous and important advantages wliirh have urifett
niul may arife tVom tliefe voyai;es, hoth to the difioverers and diltovend, the
learned editor of the luli voyage ei\(|uires into tlie orif^in of tlie inhahilants wl.u
people this myriad of illaniU that arc Icattered over tlie great I'ai ific Otian, and
proves, li\ ineontroverlihle argunienls, fnuiuled on the allinity of their language,
mani\er>., and I ulloins, that they have all originally fprung from one common llock,
and that llock is the Aliatic nation called A/<//.n,o/.i. He alio traces anolher of
the large faniilies of llie earth, hut wliofi' lot lias fallen in far lei's hofpitahie liiines,
—we mean the I'.tiiuiniaux, known hiilierlo oidy on the coaiK of (Greenland, Labia-
dor, and Hutllon's I5ay ; ami who ditl'er in fiveral characleriliie luaiks from the
iidaiid inhahilants of North Anuriia. 'I Iiey are the lame race whiih peoples the
hays and illands on the Well coall of North America, and are e\teiuled over a
fpace of at leall 1 500 leagues from eall to well, and from the latitude of 6;>', to the
latitude of 7^' north.
TF.RRA-INCOCN'ITA, or unknown Countries.
NorW I rilSTANDINC; the anui/ing difcoveries of navigators, and the pro-
i;refs made in geD^iapliv, liiici' llie lirll vo\age of t'uhiinl)us, anno 149-.
theie lull remain fome countiles, either iii)loiulel\ unknown, or vu') l'ui>eiUtialiy
furveyed.
(> R
In
1044
TERtlA. INCOGNITA.
In AFRICA.
OF iliii r|unrlrr ot' ihi' glubc the mrNlrrnt art •cquiiintr<l with liiile more than
the U'U iiiuflt, tiitil ilii'i'd very imptfrlctllv ^ lh«> internal (Nirit being tnirxplorrU:
nor liavc wc aii\ l.iii«r.idnry lucount* of Ineir inhnl>itaiit«, their priNiutlKini, or
llieir trade. It ii «>< II known, liowrvtr, that the river* of Africa bring down largt
ciiinntitifii of gold ; nn«t it ii «iiiinlly nrtnin that the aniienli dr«.w priMligioui
ritliet from a cuutitry blwlRd wiili u vuricty uf cliniAtci, funic uf tlicin the Hiicik in
the world.
In
AMERICA.
IN North America, lowanU the pole, arc Labrador or New Rrilnin, New North
ami South Wnlin, New iJenmark, <kc. very little known. The inhabitanii, like
ofe of Novu /embia, (ireenland, Cjroenlnnd, and the northern parii «>f hilK-riu,
arc few, and thefc favagc, low in llature, and of an ugly apiu-araiu e. 'I'hey live
upon the raw Helh of wii:ile<>, l)t>nr<i, foxex, (kc, and go niuinctl up in fkinn, the hairy
fide next their bodie<i. In tlieie inhofpiiahle region*, their nighln (a* may be fren
in the table of climatm in the Introduction) arc from one to lix tnonihHi and the
rnrth i* bound up in impenetrable fnow \ fo that the mifernble inhabilaiiti live under
ground great part of the year. Again, when the fun makes his appcuruncc, thcf
nave a (lay of etpial length.
All that vaO ira^t on the hack of the Hritiih fetllementi, from Canada and the
lukeit, to the I'aciHc Ocean wliich wadies America on the welt, it altogether unknown
to u», no KurD|iean having ever travelled thither. From the climate and fituatioii
of the country, it is fuppofed to be fruitful i it is inhabited by innttitierable tribes
of Indian*, many of whom ufed to refurt to the great fair of Montreal, even from
the dilhmce of looo miles.
In South America, the country of Cuiana, extending from the equator to the
eighth degree of north latitude, and bounded by the river Uronoque on the north,
and the Ama/ons on the foutli, is unknown, except a (lip along the coail, where
tlie l-'rench at Cayenne, and the Dutch at Siitinam, have made (oiwt fettleiiinit!t,
u liicb, from the unheallhliilneN of (he climnti- almofl iiiuK-r the ei^iiator, and other
liiiifi-s, C.1I1 hardly be extended any conliilorable way back.
I lie (c iiiilrv of Anwuoiiia is fo called from the great river of that name, which
lifis in l^iiito, in 76 doffrei >» \V. Ion. and difihargis itfelf into the Atlanlie Ocean:
it i'' coiiipiili d, that wilii all its turnings and v\indings it riiii> near 5000 niiles ; and
it is gi norally two or tlir»'e itagin's broinl : 500 leamies from tlie nioiilh it is 30 (a*
llioms deep; nrd near too rivers fall into it on the Nortli and the .Noiitli. '| he coun-
try li;is ncNtT been tluiroti^lily cNplond, t1uiii(;h it is litiiiiU'd between llie I'.iiro-
pean ciilnniis ol' l'ir;i and liralil, and every wlnie at cellilile bv nieiuis uf that ^reat
riMT and it . hrancliei. Smiii- attempts iia\e lurn iiiadi.' li\ the .SpaiiiJiiils iiiid I'or-
lu^oiefe, but alw.iyii attended witii \aU dilhk.uliics, I'u lliut lew of tlu' advenlurers
CMT retitriietl ba(k.
l';ila{{(Miia, at the fouthern e\tnn)ity of .America, i.s fonu times defiri'iid as part
t)t Chill, but as neitlur tlie .Spar.iaiils nor any oilier b.i.irn[n;in iiaiiun have any
culoiiic!) tlicrc, it is uliuull uiikiujwn, and is ^ciictali) u'prcfi.ntcd as a barren. iii<
7 lii'f^iilabiw
T r. R R AI N CO G N 11" A.
•Hj
horpiubU country
feci h ' ' ' '
llcrr
.|.i..w.« vwwiiii/^. Sum* ot' llic inha'^'tanu are (rri^'nl^ vtry tdl, lo A; sncl 7
I hkli 1 bul other*, tiiil iKo grcatf r part, .r^e ol'a mtxiefikU mn conuiiun Uaturt,
!rr. In 51 ; drgrec* fnilh Ul. wc fall in with tU* flraiia of MacelUfi, having !*••
>-i(oiud on itic north, ami ili* illaiid of Icrr* d«l F ie^o un ihfl fouth. T^er*
Strait* rxirml from ruft lit wi It 1 10 loai^iirt, hut ihi* iir<Bnt|th in foinu placr« t'aiU
ihort ul' uiM. They wt-rr (irtt ilifi ov>'rc(| hy M.iccllun, or iVffiKcLhacnt, a Portu
rjucfr, in lh« r«rvit« of .Npuin, who failtid through tnom in th« year 1510, and thrre-
ty (iifir,\ircil u piiirntff Iroin llu' Alliinlit lo tlir I'.u itic or Soiilh«rn Uccan. t(a
)iu« l)«'fn lino' (onliittrid in the firfl n.ivig.iior tliui failf<t round the world: but
ii' in u ikirmlth with I'onu- hulian« Ik t<tr«t tli« Ihipt returned to Ku-
of Ixriii^ the lirll i irt itmnuvi^titor \\\% hvcn difiiiiicd in favour uf
nc oruvi- iir r rant. it Drake, who, \n 1574, l>>«ll<'d ilu' fiuno Strait in hit way to In*
ia, from which lu> rcttirncil lo K.urope ny ihv Cipe of (tuod Hope. In 1616, l<«
liiirr, a Diitchniaii, kifpins to the fuiitdward of ihrfc Siraiu, UilVovurcd in lal.
.t .1.^ .1- ,:...' I? I.. .1 .1' .1... »:.... ;.^ • - »i..; I .i.;..
liAvin^ lull hi% lili* in u ikiriiiUh wiih j'onu- hulian« Ixforit tli« Ihipt returned to Ku-
rope, ihe honour o '
the hruve fir l>'raiK
di<
54) another pullrf^e, lince known l>y the name of the Mruil« Lc Muire 1 and ihit
palltitfe, which ha* been gencriiily preferred by fuccecding navigator*, i* vailed
douhling C^ipe Horn. Ihr author of Anfun* yoyugc, however, from fatal enperi-
ciice, airvifex imtriner* to keep clear of ihefc tirnil* and iilandi, hy running down
to A I or 61 deg. fouth lat. before they attempt to fet their face well ward lownrdu
the South St'it ; but the extreme long night*, und the intenfo cold in iliofe latitude*,
render that pafTaiie prallicabic only in inv luuaih* uf January nud Tcbruary, wbicli.
i» there the laiddle o( fumimsr.
A Kl.\V
A N V. W
GEOGRAPHICAL TA B L E,
Containing the Names and Situations of the thief Cities, Towns, Seas*
Gulfs, Bays, Straits, Capes, and other remarkable Places, in the known
World. CoUefted from tlic mod authentic Ciiarts, Maps, and Obfer-
vations.
Names of Places. Provinces.
ABbcvillc, Picardy,
Aberdeen, Aberdeendiiro,
Abo, Finland,
Aeapuico, Mexico,
Achem, Sumatra,
Adrianopic, Romania,
Adriatic fea. ox^^^^^^^
Gulfof Vcn
Adventure (Ifle)
Agde,
Agen,
St. Agnes
(lights)
Agra,
Air,
Aix,
A I ban V,
Alhv,'
Aleppo,
AlexiMubTtta,
Alexandria,
Algiers,
Anil)oyna,
Anibrym llle,
Amiens,
Amsterdam,
AinlKrdam lile,
AntoiKi,
Angra,
Antitjiia (St.
John's 'I'own)
Antioch,
Antwerp,
Ap.e iKle)
Aii'l);nigel,
Aiehipelago,
Afcenlion llle,
Aftraian,
Atliiiis,
.St. Aii^uftin,
Pacific
Langucdoc,
Guienne,
Scillies,
Agra,
Airfliirc,
Provence,
New York,
Langucdoc,
Syria,
■Syria,
Lower F.gypt,
Algiers,
And)oyna Ifle,
South
Kle of France,
1 loiland,
Indian
March of An-
cona,
Tercera Ifli-,
Antigua Kle,
Svria,
H'ral.ant,
I'aeitic
Dwina,
IllantlM)! Cj recce,
S'liitl)
yMlracnn,
Achaia,
Madagafcar,
Ava,
Countries.
Franco,
.Scotland,
Sweden,
Nortli
Kaft Indies,
'J'urkey,
Italy and
Turkc)',
Ocean,
France,
France,
Atlantic ocean,
Eaft India,
Scotland,
France,
North
France,
i'urkoy,
Turkey,
Turkey,
Barbary,
Kad India,
Pacific Ocean,
Krance,
Netherlands,
Ocean,
Italy,
Atlantic Oeeaii,
Carib. lea,
Turkey,
Nelheilands,
Ocean,
Uuliia,
I'.urope,
Atlantic Ocean,
Rullia,
'I'urkey,
SoLilli ln(iia:i Tea,
Lall India,
'Qunrler.
Ruropc,
Kuropc,
F.urope,
America,
Afia,
Furope,
liurope,
Afia,
Furoi)o,
Furope,
Europe,
Afia,
Furope,
Furope,
America,
luirope,
Afia,
Alia,
.Africa,
AtViea,
Afia,
Afia,
Furope,
I'.iirope,
Alia,
Furope,
I'' n rope,
\. Ame-
rica,
Alia,
Furope,
Alia,
I'auupe,
y\tViea,
-Mia,
l''.iiri)j)e,
Aliiea,
Aha,
Lilt, LoHp.
DM. D.M.
50-07 N. 1-54 F,
57-22 N. 1-40 W.
60-27 N. 22-- '8 E.
17-10 N. 10I-20 W.
5-22 N. 95-29 E.
42-00 N. 26-30 E,
Mediterranean Sea.
17-05 S. 144-12 W.
43-18 N. 3-33 E.
44- 1 1 N. 0-40 E.
49-56 N. 6-41 \V.
26-43 N.
43-3' N-
42-48 N.
43-55 N.
35-45 N.
36-45 N.
31-1 1 N.
36-49 N.
4-25 >••
16-01; S.
4:;-53 N-
52-22 .\.
21-09 •''•
43-37 ^'•
3«-39N.
17-04.%'.
36-30 N. 36-40 I'".
51-13 .\. 04-27 l',.
16-46 S. 1 63- ^2 \'..
^'4-34 ^'- 3^-59 >'•■
.Meclileiraiuan .Sea.
■ .^-^7 w.
51-00 I'-.
23-57 '•••
43- '3 I'"
76-49
4-35
vv!
5-3'
73-3"^
vv!
2-13
iv
37-25
36-25
1^
30-21
i-^»
2-17
F.
127-25
168-17
]':.
2-22
\*i.
4-49
> 74-5 '
w'.
K^-i5
1"..
27-07
62-04
w.
w.
j/i-OO \.
3S-05 \.
20-20 N.
Bern,
Bcrwii
Bilbo:.
Birniiil
Black,
fcn,f
Bokhal
Bolab([
BoJogiJ
Bouloc
Bolfchd
Bonibnl
Borroul
nefs,!
Bofton/
Bos 10]
BourJHJ
Bourdil
Breiia,
Brenieil
Bri.slJ
li lelt.
Vy
K.
K.
v..
K.
K.
K.
W.
I"..
\V.
\v.
M.'a.
SI
A
NEW CEOGRAPrnCAL TABLE.
1047
Names of Places
Provinces.
Cuiiiilries.
Quarter.
I). M.
Lous:,
Avignon,
I'rovoncc,
France,
Europe,
43-57 N-
04-53 '*••
Aurora UK-,
Soiitli
Pacific Ocean,
Afia,
15-08 S.
168-22 E.
"DAgda.!,
Kyraca Arabia,
Turkey,
Alia,
33 20 NT.
43-5' E.
11 balaforc,
Orixa,
I'.afl India,
Alia,
21-20 N.
86-05 l"
ETh.c,
Syria,
'lurkey.
y\lia.
3.V.1'^ ^•
37-00 E.
Baldivia,
thill.
South
America,
39-.V'; '*»•
81-10VV.
Baltic fca,
between
(Jerm. andSwec
. I'Airope,
Atlantic
Ocean.
Barbuda Klc,
Atlantic ocean,
N. j^me
•17-49N.
61-55 \v.
Barcelona,
Catalonia,
Spain,
rica,
Europe,
41-26 N.
02-18 E.
Bnlil,
Balii,
Switzerland,
Europe,
N. Amc
rica.
Alia,
47-35 N.
07-34 E.
Baflc Tcrrc,
Guadaluupc,
Carib. fea,
■«j-59N.
6i-54\V.
Baffora,
I'.yraca Arabia,
Turkey,
30-45 N.
47-00 E.
Baliia,
Corlica,
Mediterr.incan,
I'-nropc,
42-20 N.
09-40 E.
Batavia,
Java,
Kail India,
Alia,
06- to S.
106-56 v..
Bath,
Sonierfetlliire,
luigland,
luiropc.
51-22 N.
02-'i6\V.
Bay of Bifcay,
Coal> of
France,
Europe,
Atlantic
Ocean.
Bay of Bengal,
Coall of
India,
Alia,
Indian
Ocean.
Bayeux,
rsormandy,
France,
liurope.
49- 1 6 N' .
00-47 '-•
Bayonno,
Gafcony,
France,
luirope.
43-20 N.
01-25 VV.
Belfart,
Ulller,
Ireland,
Europe,
54-3° ^'^•
06-3 b \V.
Belgrade,
Servia,
Turkey,
iMirope,
45-00 N.
21-20 E.
Bciicoolcn,
Siinuitra.
Full India,
Alia,
03-49 S.
102-05 ^'•
Bender,
Bill'arabia,
Turkey,
Europe,
46-40 N.
29-00 E.
Berlin,
Brandenburg,
(Jermany,
Europe,
52-32 N.
^yi^ E.
Bermudas,
Bermuda llUs,
Atlantic ocean.
N. Amc- 32-25 N.
63-23 vv.
Bern,
Bern,
Switzerland,
1 iCtly
Europe,
47-00 N.
07-20 E.
Berwick,
Herwickfliire,
Scotland,
Europe,
55-48 N.
01-45 W.
Bilboa,
Bifcay,
Spain,
Europe,
43-26 N.
o?-i8 W.
Birmingbani,
Warwickfliire,
luigland.
Euri>pe,
52-30 N.
oi-5o\V.
Black, or EuxineTurkey in
Europe and
Alia,
fea,
Bokharia,
Ulbcc
Tartary,
Afia,
},<)-'^-,^-
67-00 E.
Bolabola,
llle.
Pacific ocean.
Alia,
16-32 N.
•51-47 VV.
Bologna,
Boliigncfe,
Italy,
Europe,
44-29 N.
11-26 E.
Boulogne,
I'icartly,
France,
Europe,
50-43 N.
i-^i E.
Bolfclierilkoi,
Siberia,
Rullla,
Alia,
52-54 N-
156-42 E.
Bombay,
Bombay llle.
Fad India,
Alia,
18-^6 N.
72-43 E.
Borroughfton-
nefs,
Boilon,
Liiililhgowlblre, Scotland,
Europe,
55-48 N.
03-44 w.
Lincoln'liire,
England,
Euroj)c,
53-10 N
00-25 E.
Boston,
New England,
North,
America, 42-25 N
70-32 E.
Bourbon llle.
South
Indian ocean,
Africa,
20-5 I S
5=^-^5 E.
Bourdcaux,
Cuienne,
France,
Eurojje
44-50 N
00-29 VV.
Breda.
Brabant,
Netherlands,
Europe
51-40N
. 04-40 V.
Bremen,
Lower Saxony
, Germany,
luudp^'
08-20 E
Bri.slau,
Silelia,
Holiemia,
Europe
. h^-<^y'^
17-13 E
Bretl,
Brittany,
Fiance,
Europe
, 48-22 N
• 04-25 E
1043
A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.
Names of Places, Piovkets,
Comitries,
Bridge Town, Barbadoes, Atlantic ocean,
Briftol,
Britilh Tea,
Hrugcs,
Brimfwick,
BrufTels,
Buda,
Buenos Ayres,
Buckaraft,
Burlington,
CAbello
(Fort).
Cachao,
Cadiz,
Caen,
Cacliari,
Canors,
Cairo,
Calais,
Calcutta,
Callao,
Calmar,
Cambray,
Camblc'town,
Cambodia,
Cambridge,
Cambridge,
Canary, N, E.
Point,
Candia,
Candy,
Canfo Port,
Canterbury,
Canttni,
Cape Clear,
— Comurin,
— Finifterre,
— Floridii,
— of Good
Hope,
— Horn,
— St. Vincent,
— \cr<\
Cardigan,
Carleicroon,
Somerfetfliire,
between
Flanders,
Lower Saxony,
Brabant,
Lower
La Plata,
Wailachia,
Jerfey,
Terra Firma,
Tonquin,
Andaiufia,
Normandy,
Sardinia,
Guiennc,
Lower
Picardy,
Bengal,
Peru.
Smaiand,
Cambrefis,
Argylelhire,
Cambodia,
Cambridgclliirc,
New
England,
Brit, and Germ.
Netherlands,
Germany,
Netherlands,
Hungary,
Brafil,
Turkey,
North
South
Kafl India,
Si>ain,
I' ranee,
Italy,
France,
r ranee,
Kad India,
South
Sweden,
Netherlands,
Scotland,
Fall India,
England,
England,
Canary Ifles, Atlantic ocean,
Quarter.
N. Ame-
rica,
Europe,
ICurope,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
South A-
merica,
Europe,
America,
America,
Afla,
Europe,
liurope,
Europe,
I'urope,
Africa,
Europe,
Alia,
America,
Europe,
I^urope,
luirope.
Alia,
Europe,
N. Ame-
rica,
Africa,
Candia Ifland,
Ceylon,
Nova Scotia,
Kent,
Canton,
Irilh Sea,
Mediterr. Sea,
Indian ocean.
North
Eni^limd,
Clnna,
Ifi'lMnd,
On this fide of Mail India,
Ganges,
Caiieia, Spain,
End Florida, North
Hottentots, Caflraria,
Terra del Fuego South
Kland,
Algarve, Portugal,
Negroland,
Cardiganfliire, Wales
Selionen, Sweden,
La/.
DM.
13-05 N.
5'-3.lN.
Atlantic
51-16N.
52-30 N.
50-51 N.
47-40 N.
34-35 S-
44-26 N.
40-08 N.
10-03 N.
21-30 N.
36-3 1 N.
49-1 1 N.
39-25 N.
44-26 N.
30-02 N.
50-57 N.
22-34 N.
12-01 N.
56-40 N.
50-10 N.
55-30 N.
1 3-30 N.
52-12 N.
42-25 N.
Lonr,
M. D
58-03 W.
01-40 w
Ocean.
03-05 W.
10-30 E.
04-26 E.
19-10 E.
58-26 W.
26-13 E.
75-00 W.
67-27 w.
105-00 E.
6-06 W.
0-16 w.
9-38 E.
1-3 1
31-23
'-55
88-34
76-53 W.
16-26 E.
3-18 E.
5-40 W.
105-00 E.
0-09 E.
71-05 W.
E.
E.
E.
E.
28-13 N. 15-33 W.
Europe, 35-18 N.
Alia, " '7-54 N.
America, 45-20 N.
liurope, 5*1-16 N.
Alia, 23-07 N.
I'.iirope, 51-18 N.
Alia, 7.56 N.
25.23 E.
79-00 E.
60-50 W.
i-«5 K-
113-07 E.
ii-ioW.
78.10 E.
Europe, 42-51 N. 9-12 W.
America, 24-57 ^'- 80-30 W .
Africa, 34-29 S. i8-"a8 E.
America, 55-58 S. 67-21 W.
Europe, 37-02 N. 8-57 W.
A frica, 1 4-45 N . 1 7."2 8 W .
Europe, 52-10 W . 4-3 8 V\ .
Europe, 56-20 N. 15-31 E.
Names
Carliflc
Carthaj
Kuin
Cartha^
Cartha^
Cafan,
Calj)iaii
Calfel,
Caftres,
St. Cath
Iflc,
Cattegat
Cavaii,
Cayenne
Ceile,
Ceuia,
Chalons,
Chanderi
ClIARLEl
Charlton
Chart res,
Chcrbour
Chefter,
Chriftmas
Sound,
St. Chriftc
Ifle,
Civita Vc^
Gierke's 1
Clermont.
Colmar,
Cologne,
Conftance
CONSTAN
PLli,
Coj'ENHA
Corinth,
Cork,
Coventry,
Cuwcs,
Cracow,
Cremfaiuii
Cummin,
Cummin,
Cufco,
^Jfe.-
A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.
Namis of Placet. Provinces. Countries.
Carlifle,
Carthage,
Kuiiis,
Carthagcna,
Carthagciia,
Cafan,
Caf|)ian Sea,
Caffbl,
Caftrcs,
St. Catherine's
Ifle.
Cat legate,
Cavan,
Cayenne,
Cc'ile,
Cciita,
Chalons,
Chandernagore,
Charleston
Charlton
Cumberland,
Tunis,
Terra Firma,
Murcia,
Cafan,
Ruiha,
HelTc Caflcl,
Languedoc,
Atlantic
between
Cavan,
Cayenne Ifle,
Languedoc,
Fez,
Burgundy,
Bengal,
Soutii Carolina,
Ifle,
England,
Barbary,
South
Spain,
Siberia,
Tartary,
Germany,
France,
Ocean, h
Swcd. & Den.
Ireland,
sSouth
France,
Morocco,
France,
Ead India,
North
Hudfon's Bay,
Orlcannois, France,
Normandy, France,
Chcfliire, England,
Terra del Fuego, South
Chartres,
Cherbourg,
Cheftcr,
Chriftmas
Sound,
St. Chriftopher's Caribbean Sea,
Idc,
Civita Vccchia, Pope's Domin. Italy,
Clerko's Ulcs, Atlantic Ocean,
Clermont,
Colniar,
Cologne,
Conftancc,
Constantino-
PtE,
Coi'ENHAGEN,
Corinth,
Cork,
Coventry,
Cowcs,
Cracow,
Cremfinunfter,
Cummin,
Cummin,
Cufco,
Auvcrgne,
A 1 face,
Elec. of Co-
logne,
Swabia,
Romania,
Zealand Ifle,
Morca,
Munllcr,
W'arwicklliire,
Kle of Wight,
Little Poland,
Arch diicliy of
Audria,
in.>,
Curaflbu Ido,
IVru,
France,
France,
Germany,
Germany,
Turkey,
Denmark,
Turkey,
Ireland,
England,
F.iigland,
Poland,
Germany,
Norlh Paciilc
Ocoaii,
Well India,
So mil
6 S
QM'jrter. Lat.
D. M.
Europe, 54-47 N.
Africa, 36-30 N.
America,
Europe,
Afia,
Afia,
Europe,
Europe,
South A-
merica,
Europe,
Europe,
America,
Europe,
Africa,
Europe,
Afia,
America,
N. Ame-
rica,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
America,
io-i6 N.
37-37 N.
55-43 N.
51-19N.
43-37 N.
»7-55 S.
Atlantic
54-5 « N.
4-56 N.
43-^3 N-
35-04 N-
46-46 N.
22-51 N.
32-45 N
■52-03 N.
48-26 N.
49-38 N.
53-15 N-
55-21 N.
X049
Lour.
D, M.
2-35 W.
9-00 E.
75-21 W.
1-03 W.
49-13 E-
9-34 E.
2-19 E.
49-12 W.
Ocean.
7-18 W.
52-10
W.
3-47
E.
6-30
W.
4-56
E.
88-34
E,
79-12
W.
79-00
W.
'-33
E.
^-ii
W.
3-00
W.
69-57
W.
N. Amc- 17.15 N. 62-38 W.
rica,
Europe, 42-05 N. 11-51 E.
South A-55-05 S. 34-37 W.
merica,
Europe, 45-46 N. 3-10 E.
Europe, 48-04 N. 7-27 E.
Europe, 50-55 N. 7-10 E.
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
luirope,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
47-37 N-
41-01 N.
55-40 N.
37-30 N.
5'-53N-
52-25 N.
50-46 N.
50- 1 o N .
48-03 N.
9-12
28-58
E.
12-40
a^oo
E.
E.
8-23
'-J5
1-14
W.
W
w
'9-55
14-12
E
E
Afia, 31-40 N. 129-09 E.
America, 11-56 N. 68-20 \V.
America, 12-25 '^^ 70-coW.
1050
A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.
Jiamts of Places. Provmets.
DAcca, Bengal,
Damafcus, S^ria,
Dantzic,
Dax,
Delft.
Delhi,
Dcrbent,
Derby,
Derry,
Diepi)c,
Dieu,
Dijon,
Dilbingcn,
Dol,
Dominique,
Dover,
Drbsdem,
Dreux,
Dublin,
Dumbarton,
Dumfries,
Dunbar,
Dundee,
Dunecncfs,
Dunkirk,
Durham,
EAoowc Iflc, Pacific
Eafter lUc, Pacific
haltcrn Ocean, betw. the N. W.
Polifh PrulTia,
Gafcony,
Holland,
Delhi.
Daghiflan.
Derbylhirc.
Ulftcr,
Normandy,
Giizerat,
Burgundy,
Swaoia.
Brctagnc,
Windward
Iflands,
Kent
Saxunv.
Orleannois.
Lcinfter,
Duinbarton-
iliire,
Dumfricslhire,
Haddington,
Forfar,
Kent,
Flanders,
Durham,
Edinburgh,
Eddyftone,
Elbing,
Embden,
Enibrun,
Enatum Ifle.
Englifli Chan-
nel.
Fphcfus,
Erramanga
Ifle,
Eizerum,
Ethiopian Sea,
Evreux,
Euftatia Town,
Exeter,
Edinburgh-
fliire.
Eng. Channel,
Prulha,
Wtftnhalia,
Daupnine,
Pacific
between
Natolia,
Pacific
Turcomania,
Coaft of
Normandy,
Carib. fca,
Devonlhire,
Comitritt.
Eaft India,
Turkey,
Poland,
France,
Netherlands,
Eaft India,
Perfia,
England,
Ireland,
France,
Eall India,
France,
Germany,
France,
Weft India,
England,
Germany,
France.
Ireland,
iiicotlaiid,
Scotland.
Scotland,
Scotland,
England.
Netherl.indSf
England.
Ocean.
Ocean,
of N. Amcr. and
Scotland,
England,
Poland.
Germany,
France,
Ocean,
England and
France,
Turkey,
Ocean,
Turkey,
Guinea,
France,
Weft India,
England.
Quarttr.
Afia,
Afia»
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Afia,
Afia,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Afia,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe.
America
I'-urope,
Europe,
Europe,
Euroj)e,
Europe,
Lat.
D.M.
03-30 N.
33-5 N.
54-2 a N.
43-41 N.
52-06 N.
39-00 N.
41-41 N.
5.-58 N.
54.52 N.
49-55 N.
ai-37N.
47.19 N.
48-30 N.
48.33 N.
,, 15-18 N.
51-07 N.
51-00 N.
48.44 N.
53-»' N.
55-44 N.
Long.
DM
89-20 E.
37-ao E.
18-38 E.
0.58 W.
4-05 E.
76-30 E.
50-30 E.
1-30 W.
7-40 W.
0-59 E.
69-30 E.
4-S7 E.
10-19 E.
I-4I W.
61-22 W.
1-13 E.
13-36 E.
1-16 E,
6-01 W.
4-20 W,
Europe. 55-08
Europe. 55-58
Europe, 56-26
l''urope, 50-52
Europe, 51.02
Europe. 54-48
Afia, 21.24
America, 27-06
N. E. of Afia, N.
Europe, 55-57
3*5 W.
3.25 W.
2.48 w.
1-04 E.
2-27 E.
1-25 W.
174-25 w.
109-4.1 w.
Pacific Ocean.
N. 3.07 W.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
N.
S.
S.
Europe,
Europe,
Europe.
Europe.
Afia,
Europe,
Afia,
Afia,
50-08 N.
54-15 N.
53-25 N.
44-3* N.
20-10 S.
4-I9W
20-00 E
7.10
6-34
169.59
E.
K.
Atlantic Ocean.
38-01 N. 27-30 E.
18-46 S. 169.23 E,
Afia. 39.56 N. 42-05 E.
Africa, Atlantic Ocvan.
Europe, 49.01 N. 1.13 E.
N. Amcr. 1 7.29 N . 63-0 1; W.
Europe, 50-44 N. 3-29 W.
A NEW QEOGRAPIMCAL TABLE.
tfamts ^ Placts. Prtvintit. CtuHlrUs.
FAlkirk,
Falmouth,
Fayal Town,
Ferdinand Na-
ronka,
Fcrrara,
Fcrro (Town)
Ferrol,
Fez,
Florence,
Florei,
St. Flour,
Fort St. David,
France (Iflc of)
Francfort on the
Main,
Frawenburgh,
Fuego Iflc,
Funchal,
Furncaux Iflc,
GAP.
Geneva,
Genoa,
Genes,
St. George's
Ifle,
St. George's
Fort,
St. George Bermudas,
Town,
Gheut, Flanders,
Gibraltar, Andalulia,
Glafgowr, Lanerklhirc,
Glouccfter, Glouceftcr-
Ibirc,
Goa, Malabar,
Goat Iflc, Indian
Gombroon, Farlilian,
Gomera Ifle, Canaries,
Good Hope Hottentots,
Town,
Goree, Atlantie
Gottenburg, Gothland,
Gottingcn, Hanover,
Granville, Normandy,
Gratiofa, Azores,
Gratz, Stiria,
Gravelincs, Fr. Flanders,
Greenock, Renfrewfliirc,
Gryphifwald, ronicrania,
ff|l
Stirling,
Scotland,
Cornwall,
England,
Azores,
Atlantic Ocean,
Brafil.
Ferrarcfe,
Italy,
Canaries,
Atlantic Ocean,
Galicia,
Spain,
Morocco,
Fez,
Tufcany,
Italy,
Azores,
Atlantic Ocean,
Auvergne,
France,
Coromandel,
£a(t India,
Indian
Ocean,
Franconia,
Germany,
Folifli
Pruflia,
Cape Verd,
Atlantic Ocean,
Madeira,
Atlantic Ocean,
Pacific
Ocean,
Dauphine,
France,
Geneva,
Switzerland,
Genoa,
Italy,
Savoy,
Italy,
Azores.
Atlantic Ocean,
QHarltr,
Lot.
Long.
D.M.
D. M.
Europe,
55-88 N.
3-48 w.
Europe,
50-08 N.
4-57 W.
Europe,
38.32 N.
28-36 W.
South A-
3-56 S.
3^-43 W.
merica
1
Europe,
44-54 N.
11-41 1"
Africa,
«7-47 N.
1 7-40 W.
Europe,
43-30 N.
8-40 w.
Africa,
33-30 N.
6-00 W.
Europe,
43-46 N.
11-07 ^■"
Europe,
39-34 N.
30 5' W.
Europe,
45-0' N.
3-10 E.
Afia,
ii-05N.
80-55 E.
Africa,
20-09 S.
57-33 K-
8-40 E.
Europe,
49-55 N-
Europe,
54-22 N.
20-12 E.
Africa,
14-56 N.
24-23 W.
Africa,
3»-37N.
17-01 W.
Afia,
17-11 S.
143-01 W.
Europe,
44-33 N.
6-09 E.
Europe,
46-12 N.
6-05 E.
Europe,
44-25 N.
8-30 E.
Europe,
44-25 N.
8-40 E.
Europe,
38-39 N.
a7-55W.
Coromandel, Eafl India, Afia, 13-04 N. 80-33 E.
Atlantic Ocean,
North A- 32-45 N. 63-30 W.
merica.
Netherlands,
Europe,
51-03 N.
3-48 E.
Spain,
Europe,
36-05 N.
5-'7W.
Scotland,
Europe,
55-5' N.
4-10 W.
England,
Europe,
51-05 N.
2-16 w.
Ead India,
Ocean,
Pcrfia.
Atlantic Ocean,
Caffios,
Ocean,
Sweden,
Germany,
France,
Atlantic Ocean,
Germany,
Netherlands,
Scotland,
Germany,
6 S 2
Afia,
Alia,
Alia,
Africa,
Africa,
Africa,
I'.uroj)!.',
liuropo,
Kuniije,
Europe,
I'lurope,
I'.urope,
Europe,
Europe,
'5-
'3
27
28
31 N.
■-- V
.t5 *^'
\o N.
oiN.
S.
.10 jj
14-4.-) \.
5;-4Z .\.
31 -.5 1 N.
43-.;o N.
39-02 N.
47-04 N.
50-59 N.
35-5^ N.
54-04 N-
73-50 F.
120-07 ''••
74-20 K.
17-03 \V.
ia-28 !•:.
17-20 \v.
11-4^ 1:.
9-30 I"..
i-.i:V\.
27-3.^ \V-
Xyl^j I',.
2-!^ K.
4-:2U.
'j-4.; I-
V*-
leji
A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.
Names of P/nces.
Guadaloupc,
Guam,
Gulf of Bothnia,
of Cali-
fornin,
— of Fin-
land,
— ^ of St.
Laurence,
— — of Mex-
ico,
— — of Ormu«,
Pm-iiuei.
Caribbean
Ladrone Iflcs,
Coalt of
between
between
Coaft of
Coall of
between
of Pcrfia, between
of Ve-
nice
T TAcrlcm,
Jrj, Hague,
Hamburg,
Halifax,
Halifax,
Hanover,
Hullings,
1 luvannuh,
Havre de
Grace,
La llcefc,
St. Helena,
(Ja. Town,)
Hcllcfiiont,
Hermfand,
Hereford,
Hervcy's Ifle,
Hoai-Naghan,
La Mdguc,
Cfipc,
Hood's [(lo,
Hoogftratiii,
I lowc's Kle,
Hiuilu'inc Ilk",
Hudluii's )5ny,
Hull,
JAkutfkoi,
Janeiro
(Rio},
between
Holland,
Holland,
HolDcin,
Yorkfliire.
Nova Scotia,
Saxony,
SulTex,
Cuba
CouHlrits,
Sea,
Ivaft India,
Sweden,
California, and
Mexico,
Sweden and
Kullia,
New Scotland,
Mexico,
Perfia and Ara-
bia,
Pcrlia and Ara-
bia,
Italy and Tur-
key,
Netherlands,
Netherlands,
Germany,
Kngland,
North
Germany,
England,
Jfland,
Quarter. Lat. Long.
D. M. D. \f.
North A.IJ-59N. 61-54 W.
merica,
Afia, 1 4*00 N. 140-30 E.
Eurone, Baltic Sea.
Nortii A- Pacific Ocean.
merica,
Europe, Baltic Sea.
North A- Atlantic Ocean.
merica,
North A- Atlantic Ocean.
merica,
Afia, Indian Ocean.
Afia, Indian Ocean. ■
Europe, Mediterranean Sea.
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
America,
Europe,
Europe,
North A-
52-20 N. 4-10 F.
52-04 N. 4-22 K.
53-3 ♦N. 9-53 E.
53-45 N. 1-52 W.
44-40 N. 63-15 W.
52-32 N. 9-35 E.
50-52 N. 4.06 E.
23-11 N. 82-13 W.
Normandy, France,
merica,
Europe, 49-29 N. 0-10 E.
D. Flanders,
South
Mediterranean
and Black Sen,
VV. Bothnia,
Hcrefordlhirc,
South
Kian-Nan,
Normandy,
.South
Brabant,
South
South
Coaft of
Yorkrtiirc,
Siberia,
Nelherlandi,
Atlantic Ocean,
Europe,
Africa,
Europe and Afia,
Sweden,
England,
Pacific Ocean,
China,
France,
Pacific Ocoai),
Netherlands,
Pacific Ocean,
Pacific Ocean,
Labrador,
England,
RuHia,
Braiil,
I'^uropo,
Europe,
Afia,
Alia,
Europe,
51-25 N.
62-38 N.
52-06 N.
19-17 S.
33-34 N.
49-44 N.
4-50 E.
5-44 W.
17-58 F.
2-38 W.
158-43 \V.
118-54 E.
1-51 W.
Afin, 9.
luirope, i;i-
Alia, i6-
Alia, i6-
North A-N.
merica,
r.iirope, 53.
Alia, 62'
South A-22'
nu-rica.
26 S. 133.47 \V.
24 N. 4-52 K.
46 S. 154-01 VV.
44 S. 1 ji-oi W.
Atlantic Ocean.
45 N. 0-12 W.
01 N. 129-^2 F!.
j4 5i. 42-38 W.
J.ir>
Java
Jedd
Jcrui
Inimi
India
Jngol
Inveri
Sr. Jo
St. Jol
HU Jol
Ivica I/lt
JUdda,
Juthia, *
KAmt
^ Ked
Kilmarno
Kinfaio,
Kl.NC47,
Ki'ow,
Koiii,
Koniiigfl),
J -^gii"
Liliior,
^■■'"ca/fiT,
LaiicJiiii,
J-aiiill'i Tool!
■'^''iil'aiiiic-,
Leeds,
Lficc/},.r,
Lfij)(ic,
Lciih,
J-elkiiiil,
Lilj.iiiii.^
Lc\aj.i .1;,,
A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.
105J
Namti of P/afts, Pitvinfts,
JavK 1-Iead,
Jcddu,
Jcrufalem,
Immcr I lie,
Indian Ocean,
Ingoldadt,
InvcrncfH,
Moldavia,
Java Iflc,
Jnpai) KIc,
FnlclUnc^
South
Bavnrin,
Invcrncisflurc,
St. Jolin's Town.Antij^iia,
St. Jolin's Town.Ncwtoundland, Nurlli
St. Jufcpli's. Calituniia, Mcxiio,
Irifli Soa, between Great Britain and Ireland,
Irraname llle. South I'acilie Oecan, .Mia,
lilamabnd, Hcnj'iil, KalK India, Alia,
lllc ut' Fines, Sontii I'acitlc Ocean, Alia,
Ispahan, Irac Agcm, I'erlia, Alia,
lllhmus of Suez joins Africa to Alia.
— — — of Corinth, joins the Morea to Greece, Europe.
• of Panama, joins Nt)rlli and South /\nierica.
of Malacca, joins Malacca, to Farther India, Alia
CoHHititf, QuarUr. Lat. Lon^.
D. M. D. M.
Turkey, luirope, 47-08 N. 27-34 E.
Eaft India, A<ia, 6-49 S. 106-55 M.
Katllndia, Alia, 36-20 N. 139-92 K.
Turkey, Alia, *3'-55N. 35-25 K.
Pacilic Ocean, Alia, 19-16 S. 169-51 ^*
Coaft of India, Alia,
Germany, Kurope, 48-45 N. 11-27 '*■•
Scotland, i'.urope, 57-33 N. 4-02 W,
Leeward Ifles, N. Amer. 17-04 N. 62-04 ''••
America, 47-32 N. 52-21 W.
North A-23-03 N. io(>^37\V.
merica,
Knr()|>c, Atlantic Ocean.
I -j-T, I S. I 70-26 1'..
22-20 N. 91-50 K.
22-38 S. 167-43 K.
32-25 N. 52-55 E..
w> H
Ivica llle,
Mediterr. .Sea,
Italy,
Fur(ipc,
38.50 N.
1-40 E.
w'< ^1
JUdda,
Arabia Felix,
Arabia,
Alia,
21-29 ^^•
49-27 E.
tj« ^^^1
Juthia, ''
Siam,
Fall India,
Alia,
14-18 N.
100-55 E.
^1
IV'Amtfchatka Siberia,
Rullia,
Alia,
57-10 N.
16^00 E.
■
JV Kedgere,
Hengal,
Fall indi.n,
Alia,
21.48 N.
88-^5 E.
Xcifo,
Koxborough-
Scotland,
Eun>pe,
55-38 N.
2-12 W.
E. ^1
fliire,
Kilmarnock,
Airlhire,
Scotland,
I^iropc,
55-38 N.
4-30 w.
E. ^1
Kinfale,
Munfter,
Ireland,
I'.urope,
5'-3iN.
8-20 \v.
KiNCkTON,
Jamaica,
^\\•ll hidies,
America,
18-15 N.
76-38 w.
Kiow,
Ukraine,
Kiillia,
liurope.
So-30 N.
31-12 E.
H
Kola,
Lapland,
Kulha,
luirope.
68-52 N.
?<i-^i K-
^1
Koningfljerg,
Truliia,
Pi)land,
Europe,
54-43 ^i-
2 '-35 •"
p^ H
f Aguiia,
'rcncrilFc,
Canaries,
Atlantic
28.28 N.
16-. 3 W.
1 1
JL
Laliur,
Labor,
Enil India,
Ocean,
Alia,
32.40 N.
75-30 E..
Lancalter,
Lanialliirc,
1mi gland,
lunope.
54-05 N.
2-55 ^'
La I id a 11,
Aliace,
I'rance,
luirope.
49.1 1 N.
8-02 F.
Laiidfcroon,
Scliunen,
Sweden,
Furope,
■,yS^ N-
12-51 E.
51 K. H
Laiilaniii',
Canton of
Switzerland,
I'.urnpe,
4(1-31 N.
6-50 E. .
\ and,
Leeds,
Yorklhire.
I'.nj^'Iand,
luirope.
53-48 X.
1-29 W.
01 NV. H
Leic'llcT,
LciLclleriliire,
Fiii^iand,
Furope,
52-?8.\.
1-03 VV.
ccan. ■
Leii)(ic,
Saxoi;y,
(nrnii'.ny.
Fuiupe,
51.19 N.
12-25 E.
Lcith,
l',ilini>i.ri;Iilliire,
Scoilaiul,
lunope,
yyi'i N.
3-00 \V,
-nW. 1
Lc|)iis' llhind,
S. I'aeiti::
Ocean,
Alia,
''y^i ^•
16S-03 F,
$^. 1
Leikaid,
C'oriiw.ill,
Fnffjand,
luirope.
c,j-ib N.
4-?6VV.
Li-ipaiiv,
Guicnnc,
Fra.Ke,
luirope,
4.;-i8.\.
0-3 ■ w.
Lcsaia .ca,
Loull v\
S) ria.
Aua,
Sledilerranean tea.
1954 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.
Nama tf P/<i(ei, Provmiti, Coumrut.
Leyden,
Liogc,
Lima,
Limerick,
Limngfi,
Lincolii,
Linlithgow,
Lintz,
Lilboii,
Lillo.
Litchfield.
Li;!ard Point,
London,
Londundcrry,
Lurctto.
Louiiburgh,
Lou vain,
Louvcau,
I<uIh'c,
St. Lucia IHc,
Lundcn,
LuiH'villo,
J.uxcMiburg,
l,yi)iis,
JVl' Miu'uirar,
iMadcirn,
I'liiKhal,
NI AliRID.
Ma;;Jalcna Iflo,
M;iho!i, Pert,
M'l; Tia,
Malacca,
\Iallncs,
Mallicohi ;ini)
St. Malo,
Mi.lta lllc,
Manilla,
Man I L'A,
Ma^i^.•^alalUc Illo
Marfoilios,
-Sr. Marilia,
D M. D. M.
Europe, 51-10 N. 4.31 E.
Europe, 50-37 N. 5-40 E.
America, ii-oi S.
I'.uropc, 51-35 N.
Kuropc, 45-49 N.
Europe, 53-15 N.
Europe, 55-56 N.
76-44 w.
8-48 W.
I -20 E.
0-17 VV.
3-30 VV.
Holland, Nethcrlandt,
Bilhopric of Nethcrlaiidi,
Liege,
Peru, South
Limerick, Ireland,
Limogen, France,
Lincolnfliire, England,
Linlithgow- Scotland,
(hire,
Auflria, Ccrmanv,
Edrcmadura, Portugal,
French Fland. Netherlands,
Statibrdlliire, England,
Cornwall, England,
Middlefcx, England,
Londonderry, Ircfaiid,
Pope's 'Icrn- Italy,
tory,
Cape Breton North
Ulc.
Aurtrian Bra- Nclherlandi, Europe, 50-53 N. 4-49 E.
bant,
Siam, EaA India,
Jlolftein, Germany,
Windward Iflcs, Weft Inilies,
Europe, 48-16 N. 13-57 E.
Kurope, 38-41 N. 9-04 W.
Europe, 50-37 N. 3-09 K.
Europe, 52-43 N. 1-04W.
Eui(>|)e, 49.57 N. 5-10 W.
Europe, 51-31 N.I ftMcridian
Europe, 50-00 N. 7-40 W.
Europe, 43-'5 N. 14-15 V^
America, 45-53 N. 59.48 W.
Gothland,
J -orrainc,
l.u.xcinburg,
J Aoniiois,
Canton,
(VIcbe. illc,
Atlantic
CoromanJel,
New Caltilc,
.South
Minorca,
Illc,
Malacca,
Hraliant,
Souili
lirctajjnc,
Mcilitcrrancan
LiiCdiiia, Plii-
li]). Illcs,
Mantua,
At'aiUic
PnjN^nie,
i^. Martha,
Afu.
I'lurope,
N. Ame-
rica,
12-41 N. 100-56 E.
54-00 N. 11.40 E.
13-24 N. 60-46 W.
Sweden,
Europe,
55-41 N.
France,
Europe,
48-35 N.
Netherlands,
Europe,
49-37 N.
France,
I'.urope,
45-45 N.
(lliina,
Alia,
22-12 N.
Fall India,
Ada,
5-09 S.
Ocean,
Africa,
32-37 N.
I'.aa India,
Alia,
13-04 N.
Sjiain,
Kurupe,
40-25 N.
I'acific Ocean,
Alia,
10-25 ^•
Meililcrr. fca,
Furope,
39-5° N.
Miilitcrr. fca,
Europe,
39-35 N.
Fall India,
A/ia,
2-1.1 N.
jNcthi'i'lands,
iMjrope,
;i-oi N.
I'.i' i!ic Ocean,
Aiia,
"10-15 N.
I'laucc,
Furope,
4S-38 N.
Sea ,
Africa,
35-54 N.
Fait India,
Alia,
14-jON.
13-16
6-35
6.16
4-54
"3-5'
"9-53
Italy,
Onan,
I'Vanie,
'icMu Firiiia,
E.
E.
E.
E.
E.
K.
Furope, 45-10 N.
.S. Amer. 13-55 N.
luuupe, 43-1 7 .N.
-Vnicrica, u-^0 N.
17-01 W.
80.33 E.
3-20 E.
<3'8-44W.
2-34 E.
I02-iO F.
4-33 E.
167-44 F.
J-53W.
•4-33 E.
1 20-58 F.
10-47 '*'•
61-06W,
5-27 F.
73-59 W.
N"EW
CEOCRAPiricAL
TABLE.
'0/5
Ltnp
Mauritiu*. ■- ■•
Maurun Ifle,
Mnyoncc,
Miiyo nie^
Mfiiux,
Mficn,
JJ««*'ler. fca.
Mcquinez,
Mm, MA,
Mer/jui,
Mexico,
Mialen Iflc,
^t. Miclmcis
IfJc,
Mitldlcburgh
Ifle,
Milan,
Indint, o"*^'''«^ Ocean.
^>wcr Rhine fv ' °'"""'
„ -■ ""11
J^Jpc Verd,
^humpajjnc,
Aral)ia Fdix
Arnl)ia Felix!
wtwccn
Fez,
*»iiil>' Ifland.
'Slam,
Mexico,
South
A;corts,
A/in,
Afrfca,
A/iii,
20-09 s.
4«-57 'V.
25.00 N.
Atlftnt
34-30 N.
38-30 N.
12-12 N.
Arahin,
Arabia.
Kur..|,c and
"arliary,
'-a« India.
Norrh
Pacific Ocean,
I
Europe,
Ada,
Afin.
Africa.
Africa,
Kuropc,
A/ia,
South
Milancfe,
^•cific Ocean, Afia,
*„. ' . '■'-12 f\.
Afia.
'7-52 S.
37-47 N.
168-04 E
57-34 K."
'i-'-37 '■:.
8-2 ? K.
23-00 \V.
41-00 J-;.
. \\-si v..
ic Ocean.
6-00 E.
'5-40 K.
98-13 K.
1 00-00 W
148-01 vv
114 • II- . '. '"' ancfe
Mocha,
AlODHVA,
Montreal,
Montpolier,
Montague Ifle.
Montrofe,
Montferrat Jflc,
Moaocco,
Moscow,
Munich.
Miinfter,
NAniur,
Nancy.
Nangafachi,
Nanking,
Nantes^
Naples,
Narva,
New York,
Ncwcaftle,
Newport.
Nice.
^»- Nicholas
Mole,
Ara[)ia Felix,
Modena,
t-anada.
Langucdoc,
Noiilh
Forfar,
Cnrihbcan Ifles,
iMorocco,
Mofcow,
liavaria.
J^i-ftphalia,
Nam 1 1 r.
J-orraine,
Japan,
Kiangan.
Brttagne^
Naples,
'-.ivdnia,
^'^■^v York,
N'orthiiinber-
land,
JJ.'i<"Ie Ifland,
' ierliiiont,
Flifpaniola,
Italy,
Wales,
Arabia,
Italy.
North.
I'rance.
Faeific Ocaen,
'Gotland.
Weft India,
Harbary,
Ruflia.
Germany.
tji'rmany,
Netherlands,
France,
N. Pacific
Ocean,
China,
France,
Italy.
Kudia.
North
Fngland,
Europe,
Europe,
Afia,
Europe,
»'-»o S. 174.,^;,,^
45-25 N.
5'-4jN.
'3-40 N.
44-34 N
^'--->4T n:
p.. • '7-26 S.
!"'T' 56-34 N.
America, 16-47 jy.
.^^nca. 30.3 In
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Afia,
Afia,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
55-45 N."
48-09 N.
52-00 N.
50-28 N.
48-41 N.
i'i-'ix N.
32-00 N.
47-13 N.
40-50 N.
59-00 N.
9-30 E.
43-50 E.
"■'7 E.
73- M W.
^3-37 E.
168-36 E.
2-20 W.
62-12 w
6-10 w
37-50 E.
7-10
4-49
6-16
128.5,
E.
E.
E.
£.
£.
North
Italy,
Weft Indies,
America, 40.40 N.
^"^ope. 55-03 N.
America, 19-4J, j^
iiS.30 £.
J-28W.
14-18 £.
27-35 E.
74-00 W.
1-24VV
71-06 w.
7-2 2 E.
73-24 W.
io5« A NEW GEOGRAPiriCAL TABLE
tiimti tf riiK.'t. PtOtiHttl.
Nlcuport,
Nincvfh,
Nincpo,
Norfolk in.'.
Noritoii,
N(irtl) t'opc,
Norlhainpton,
N«)r\vicli,
Nuri'mluTj^,
Nuttingtiaiii,
OChotfkoi,
Olicvuluiu,
lllc,
Ohitalioo Ifli',
Olt'MM UU-,
OliiKlc,
OlimitA
Olympia,
St. OHKT,
Onatcavij UK-,
Oporto,
Oraii,
Orriil)ur(»,
L'Ori'Dt, Tort,
Orleans,
Orloaiis, Ni w,
Oriiius,
Oruiava,
Orik,
Ofiial)iirg-ini',
OD.ikI.
Otaliiiic,
O'wh) 'Ikv,
Oxford ()l)fir-
vaiory,
PAcifk orOri-
nital CX\aii,
Viulxi,
raincy.
lV\LIU<MO,
I'allifLr's lll.-s,
Talma HK;,
I'iilincrftDn's
lllc,
Pa liny ra,
I'iinatiia,
Pnoi/iii IlK',
Fuii., tObfciv.)
Flanderi,
Ciiulillnit,
Clii-kiiiiig,
Sotiih
IVimfvivama,
Wiirdliii*,
Northaiiiptoti*
Ihirc
Norfolk,
Franconia,
Nottingham-
(liirc,
Siluria,
Sou til
South
Saintongc,
liralil.
Moravia,
firi'fio,
I'laiKU'M,
South
Doiiro,
Alj^icr*,.
'I'artary,
Urotagiio,
Orltaniiois,
Loiiiliana,
Onnicds lilo,
'IViu'rilll',
'lariaiy,
South
Flaiidt rs,
South
South
Oxfordlhiro,
between
I'aduniio,
Kcnlrewlhire,
Sicily lllo.
South
Canaries,
Suuth
Syria,
l)arien,
So.ith
lllc of France,
CtUHlruf,
Nclhrrlandi,
Turkey,
China,
Facific Ocean,
North
Lapland,
Ltigland,
Kngiaiid,
Germany,
Fnglniid,
RulTin,
Faciric Ocean,
Pacific Oceati,
France,
South
liuhemia,
Turkey,
Nellierlands,
I'aciric Ocean,
I'ortu^al,
Harharv,
Kulliu,'
France,
France,
North
JVrlia,
Atlantic Ocean,
Kullia,
I'acilic Ocean,
Netherlands,
I'ai ilic Ocean,
Vm itic Ocean,
I'.nglaad,
Alia niid
Italy,
Scot land,
Italy,
Pai ific Ocean,
Quarttr. Lai.
I) M.
F.uropf, 51-07 N.
Alia. 3«S-oo N.
Alia, a9-57 N.
Alia, ag-oi S,
America, 40-09 N.
Kurope, 71-10 N.
luiro|)v, 5a*i5 N.
ICurop«<, 5* -40 N,
Furope, 49-17 N.
Europe, 53-00 N.
L»ng.
OM.
2-50
B.
45
R.
lio-n
K.
iftH-i'^
F,.
7 VI aw.
a 6-01
K.
0-55
vv.
Afia,
Alia,
Alia,
luirope,
America,
F.uroj)e,
I'.urope,
Furope,
Alia,
F.uropi',
Africa,
Alia,
Furope,
Furope,
America,
Alia,
Africa,
Alia,
Alia,
Furope,
Alia,
Alia,
Europe,
America,
59-10 N.
9-40 t».
9-55 ^
4<>-oi N.
8-1 ? S.
49-.l^ N .
50-44 N.
9-58 S.
41-10 N.
36-jo N.
51-46 N,
47-45 ^''
47-54 N.
i9-57 !^-
26-^0 N.
28 23 N.
51-12 N,
17-52 S.
5'-'3N.
17-29 S.
22-10 s.
5'-45N.
Europe, 45-22 N.
Furope, 55-48 \.
Furope, 38-30 N.
Alia, 15-38 S.
Atlantic Ocean, Africa, 28-36 N,
Pucilic Ocean, Alia, 18-00 S.
Turkey,
Terra Firma,
Pat ilic Ocean,
France.
Alia, 33-03 N,
S. Amcr. 8-47 N.
Alia, 16-30 S.
Europe, 48-50 N.
1-15 K.
«I-I2 K.
j-06 VV.
'4.V«7 E-
138-56 \V.
'39-01 \V.
1-20 W.
3 <-oo VV.
"'-45 K.
22-00 K.
»-'9 K.
138.46 VV,
8-22 VV.
0-05 K.
55- '4 K.
3-JO VV.
'-59 K.
89-53 VV.
57-00 F.
16-19 VV.
5»-37 K.
148-01 F.
3-00 F.
'49-35VV.
199-00 K.
j-ioVV.
12-00 I'.
4-oS VV.
'3-43 I'".
146-25 W.
1 7-45 w.
162-52 VV.
39-00 F.
«o-i6VV.
108-33 F
2-2C li.
i
K
I'iir
I'nt,
l*atr
I'au.
Hx. |<
I', inli
'*.n/.,
'''•'•!«.
' erinj,
'Vrfh.
'Wth-,
'Vrf..,,,
St n!,,
•St. P.,,..
''''i/adeli
i;.ckerfg'.
J'/co,
I'lfa,
'''"ceiiiia,
'"'.vniout
i'lyniou,
"oliiiigi'i
/'oiidiilicr^
"onoi,
j'orio Hi.j
I on., .San
Ilk',
Von Kcvn;
'ort Koy.ll
<>rf
noy.T(
'.inel l\
''"rf/aiKl //
''wiiiiouiii
'^'oMli,
7r~~" 'Vcadr
\oT\Unonih,
fotuli,
Praffu,..
■ '■I'hurtr,
'''■"ice of \\ ,
Fort,
'''■uvidciKc,
A NEW CF.OOR APIIICAL T A D I K .
Namtt ♦/ rUm. PttVMttt.
I'.
I'..
,VV.
l'„
i\V.
r,.
'5
W
;\V.
5z\V.
w E.
li6W.
.15 L.
I'arma,
I'ninii,
I'ltrixtiord,
Pmi.
St |'tiul'« lllo,
I't iiiltriiki',
I'lNtAmi, A,
IVnziinco,
I'
criKUciix,
I*irmcfaii,
Ici-liind,
Itrurt),
>V)utli ,
Wgw,
IVttlii-ti,
IViiil'nilkidiiri',
Will I'liiritln,
(\»mwull,
(iuil'IIIIO,
(•l-IIDll,
IVrllilliiri*,
New York,
Irnc Auciii,
IVrinukli,
IVrtli,
IVrili-«ml)(>y,
l'i'rro|M)lw,
St Hctfr\ Fort, Muriiniit),
St, IVur'n KIc, North
|'r.Ti:R«ntrin, Ingriii,
IVtrupawlnlkoi, kaiiitlVliatkn,
I'hilailolphiii, IVniirylvania,
St. I'liili|>'<< Tort, Miiiorcu,
rickcrrgill KIc, South
I»ico,
Fines, lllo (if,
I'ifa,
IMaccntia,
Azuro*,
N. Calcdoiiin,
Tiifiaiiy,
Ni'wtoiindlanil
Id.',
ncvoufliirc,
Ncu I iij^l.iiid,
Swahia,
Corimiaiulol,
Lapland,
Terra l-'irma,
Madeira,
riymouth,
I'lymoutli,
Pollinneii,
I'oiidiilicrry,
I'onoi,
l\)rio Belli ),
I'orto Saiiti)
llle,
I'ort Royal, Jntiiaica,
I'ort Royal, Martiiiico,
Portland llle, South
Portland llle. North
Pordinouth llaniplliire,
'I'own,
Academy, llanipdiire,
Portfniouth,
Potoli,
Praciie,
Premiirg,
IVellon,
Prim e of VN alei
Kort,
J'rovidcucc,
New Knfjland,
Pern,
Lpper
l,aiu;illiire
New N. Wales,
CtHHiriti,
Italy,
l''.all India,
N. Allnn.Ckenn,
I'raiue,
!n<lian (kcut,
I'.al) India,
(!hina,
Wales,
North ,fi I
I'.n^lanit,
I'riinte,
Italy,
Scotland,
North
Perlia,
W'. Indies,
Atlantic Occnn,
Rullia.
Knllia,
Nnlth
Medilerr. Sea,
Atlantic Ocean,
Atlantic (Xenn,
Pacific Ocean,
Italy,
North
I'.n;;latnl,
North
(Jorniany,
Kail India,
Rullia,
South
Atlantic Occnn,
Well Indies,
WelUndies.
Paciric Ocean,
Atlantic Occiin,
Knjriand,
I'.iif^l.uid,
North
South
Piiheniia,
I lun^ary,
l.iij^iand,
North
Knropc,
Aliu,
I'airopc,
Knropf,
/Mriia,
Alia,
Aliu,
Kur«)pe,
Atnerictt,
l'".urupi',
I'.uropr,
I'.uropi',
I'.urope,
Aineiicu,
Alia,
N. Aincr.
Aimriia,
I'.urojie,
Alia.
America,
I'.urope,
America,
I'.urope,
Alia,
I'.urope,
America,
I) M
44-4.5 N-
a.<-45 N.
4.V'.<N-
M'S' «*♦■
17-00 N.
$9'H4 N.
.<i-4iN.
%0-ii N.
50-oS N.
45-1 1 N.
4r.<.» N-
56-ii N.
.p-^o N.
^o-;o \.
, 14-44 N-
4ft-4'' N.
50-56 N.
jV-^0 N.
39.50 N.
48-28 N.
22-38 S.
4.V4.1 N-
47-i'J N-
Europe, j!0-ii N.
America, 41-48 N.
Kurope, 47-48 N,
Alia, 11-41 N.
luirope, 67-06 N.
America, «;-.^3 N.
AlVica, ji-^SN.
.'\merica, i3-oo N.
Ameriia, i4-.;5 N.
Alia, .vr-^i •*••
I'.urope, 63-22 N.
Europe, jO-47 N.
I'.urojK', 50-48 N.
America, 43-10 .N.
America, 2i-oo S.
Kuiopc, 50-04 N.
I'Uirope, 48-20 N.
luirope, 5.^45 N.
America, 38-47 N.
»0j7
I). M.
10-51 p.
83-00 v..
i4-o< W.
0-04 v^'.
77- VI ^■
97*00 I',.
ii6*2i> b.
4-50VV.
«7-2o\V.
6-00 W.
o-4ii v..
7-45 '•••
3-12 VV.
74-20 W.
^4-00 I'!.
(Si-ioVV.
56.12VV.
30-24 K.
158-40 K.
'75-ov W.
.V'-J3 VV.
28-21 \V.
•^'7-43 K.
10-17 K.
55-00 W.
4-ioW'.
70-24 W.
•0-48 K.
7'>-.i7 '••
3 ''-28 I-;.
7y-45V\'.
16-aow.
76-40 U'.
6i-04\V.
18.49VV.
1-0 1 W'.
i-oi W.
70-20 W'.
7;-oo W .
14-50 I'.
IJ-50W.
2-50 VN .
94-02 W .
New I'.ngland, Norlli
6 T
America, 41-50 N. 7i..:i\','.
lOjl A NEW ClOORArillCAL TABLE.
I'uto Citiul'ir
l*ul«> 'liiitor
Ulr,
I'vlcaBort lllc.
/SUebcc,
K^ Quern
Charloilr't Iflci,
Sil. Quinlin,
Elo,
Aiufii.
Kaiiihrad,
(bon,
Khrv U\t,
Krcir.
krnnri,
Kcfolution h]o,
Khcimi,
Kliud<-s,
Higa,
Rimini,
Koclu-llc.
Kuchefori,
Kock of Lil-
b<)n,
Rodcz,
KcHlriguci Idi',
Komi", (St.
Peter's)
Rotterdam,
Kultoidnin UK-,
Koticn,
SAbn 1(1*',
Sagiin,
Si. Aii);ultin,
.Si, Domingo,
St. (iKirgr's
Ciinnntl,
St. Jngo,
.St. Saivad«>r,
.Sii!ift)iiry,
Sal Kit,
Siilniiichi,
.Salv.ngc lAas,
S.iniana,
Saniariand,
.Siitnaria Kuins,
Sandwich lllo,
Santa Cniz,
Santa Fc,
Indlnn ()r(*Hii,
CulluCSiani,
.Sou ill
Canada,
J<oulh
PIcardy,
Peru,
Dalmatin,
Cornwall,
Bavaria,
Aunis,
HraDI,
HreiagnVi
S«)ulli
Cliampngnr,
RIukK' llTaiid,
l.ivonia,
Koiniignn,
Aiiiiio,
Sniiilitngp,
Mniilli ol In-
gim RiviT,
(tuii'iino,
.South
Pope's Ttrii-
lory,
Holland,
.South
Normnndy,
Cnrib. fva,
Silrlin,
I'aft Florida,
Carib. Sea,
bclween
Chili,
HrnnU
U'iltlliirc,
North
Maicdonia,
North
llifpaniula,
Ulbcc
Holy Land,
.South
IVncrilR",
New Mexico,
KaO liidiih
Kail India,
PatlHe Uican,
North
Puiilie (XcNii,
France,
.S«>uih
Vei'iir,
l-'.nglunii|
(iirinAuy,
I'rutui-,
.South
France,
PMiilti' Ocean,
France,
Lcvniit frn,
Rullia,
Italy,
I'taiKr,
Fraiiii?,
Porlugiil,
FrnniT,
liidiun Uccan,
Italy,
Nflherlands,
Pai itk Ocean,
France,
V\ I'll India,
fJcrmany,
North
Will Indie*.
i'.Mgland, and
Ireland,
.South
.South
I'lngland,
Atiaiilic Ocean,
Turkey,
Atlantic Ocean,
\\\-{\ Indies,
Tartary,
Turkey,
Pacific Ocean,
Atlantic Ocean,
ISorih
D. M. 1) nV
Afia, 1*40 N. 107-15 K,
.V.
m
Aria,
j-oo N. 104-jo K.
Afia, t«*a.t H. i7j-j6W.
America, 46*55 N. 69-48 W.
Alia, lo-ii S. i64>jj v..
Furop*,
America,
F.urope,
Kiiropc,
F,ur«)pr,
Lurupe,
America,
F.urope,
Alia,
Kurope,
Alia,
F.urope,
l'',uro|K*,
Furope,
Kurope,
Europe,
Kurope,
Africa,
Kurope,
luirope,
Alin,
Kurope,
America,
Kurope,
America,
Aniericu,
Kurope,
America,
America,
luirope,
Africa,
Kurope,
Africa,
America,
Alia,
Alia,
Alia,
Africa,
America,
49-50 N.
4*-4< N
50-iftN.
48-56 N.
46.14 N.
8-10 .S.
48-06 N.
17.25 S.
49-14 N.
36-10 N.
■56-55 N.
44-0.1 N.
46-09 N.
4601 N.
38-45 N.
44-1 1 N.
10-40 N.
41-53 N.
5'-5'iN.
20-16 N.
49-26 N.
51-42 N.
29-45 >'■
18-20 N.
Atlantic
^4-00 S.
11-58 S.
51-00 N.
16-38 N.
40-41 N.
30-00 N.
19-15 N.
40-40 N.
3V4QN.
17-41 .S.
28-27 N.
36-00 N.
Via R.
77-55 W.
18-15 ^'
4-«5W.
11-05 K.
1-19 W.
35-30 w.
1-36 w.
1 4 1 -40 W .
4-07 K.
J 8-00 K.
24-00 K.
«^-39 R.
I 04VV.
0-53 W.
9-30 W.
»-39
'»3-'5
•»-34
E.
E.
E.
4-33 E.
174-25 W.
1-00 W.
63-12 W.
15-27 R.
81-12W.
70-00 W.
Aean
W.
77-oo\V
3«-oo VV
'■45 W.
22.51 W.
'5-49W.
69-11 w.
69-00 K.
38-00 K.
168-38 K.
I'-ii W.
IQ4-00 W.
'S'heerne
lAei,
Shield* (
Shrewlbi
'^Idon,
JHham-/
««Ueroii,
^"tyrna.
^nibaver
Me.,
Solof) Iflo,
Sotithnmi)
Spa, '
S'fart;)rd,
Stock lioJn,
Stirling,
Strait* of
of
Sfra/fiind,
.StralburgI,,
Slraumikfs,
.Suez,
.Suit/,
.Sunderland,
iiurat,
A
.S(«v4i)iiab,
abtimlrri't KIc,
S«jrd, or
I'bohci,
.Srarbiiri>u((h,
Sthwcsiitgan,
Sconr,
iira 1)1' Afi)|ih,
NF.W GEOGRAPHIC A I. TABLF.
PrtMme«$.
SlouiH
Upp«ff
Yofklhiri",
Lower Khilir,
IVrlhlhirr.
I.iltic Tarlary,
Murinorn, 'I'lirlipy in
» OihoKV, iH-twrrn
Pdridc Oc«tn,
North
>H. Atlantic
Ocean,
RngUnd.
(iiTinunv,
Si'ottiuiJ,
Kuropi- and
Kiirojitf, and
DM.
Ada, I9-01 .1.
Anirrica, 3i-<< N.
South A- 5I00 tt.
merica,
Africa, »7-oo N
Kiiropt,
Kuro|)«,
Kit rope,
A(in,
Ada,
J4-I8V.
4«)«.» N.
5614N.
RIark r<>a.
1059
I> <l.
t6«M W
lo<toW
16.5JW
ja<ao E
e-teW.
8.45 K
jioW.
— — , Yellow,
Sedan,
Senegal,
Nevilfo,
Sbeemcfi,
Shrphord'*
Ulei,
SliicUli (South,
ftJhrewfliury,
Siam,
Sidon,
iii-i[haiii-ru,
Stilcrun,
Smyrna,
Soiiihavcra
Iflci,
Solu<» KIc,
Siouthainpton,
Spa,
Stntford,
Stockholm,
Stirling,
Siln-ria, and Kamf'hmka, Alia. N Pariftc Ocean
hetwcen Knftrrn 'I'urtary, China, nnd Con-n, N. Pacific Ocean
Oiampagm*,
Andalufia,
South
niirham,
Shroplhire,
Siam,
Holy Land,
Chcnli,
Dnuphinc,
Natolia,
Carib. Sea,
Franco,
Ncj^roland,
Spam,
I'.ngland,
I'acific Ocean,
Kngland,
I'.ngiand,
Kul) India,
Turkey,
Chinn,
Prance,
Turkey,
Well Indi
let,
Kurope,
Al'ricB,
Kurnpe,
Kurope,
Alia,
F.urope,
Kurope,
A Ha,
A Ha,
Afia,
Kurope,
Alia,
N. Ame-
rica,
Alia.
Kurope,
Kuropo,
Kurope,
Kurope,
Kurope,
49-42 N.
• 553 N.
i6-5li S.
55-01 N.
5»-4.} N
i4-iaN.
33-3.1 N .. ^ -
.14-I6N. io8-4l ¥
44-11 "
3*11
5-ot E
ih-tbW
6.05 W
o-^b P..
168-47 K
••'5 P
a.46W
too-^5 K.
3ft- 1 < P
III N
31I-18 N.
iS-jVN.
6-01 K.
17-14 K
6j.3» W
Philip. Iflei, Kart India, Alia, 5-57N. lai-to P.
Hanipfhiro, Kngiand, Kurope, 50-55 N. 1-J5VV
Liege, (Jermany, Kurope, 50-jo N. 5-40 K
StaHordrtiiro, I'ngland, Kurope, 52-50 N. 1-00 VV
Upland, Sweden, Kurope, 59-io N. 18-08 K
oiiiiinK, Stirlingliiire, SVoiJaiKi, Kurope, 56-10 N. 3-50 W.
Straitt of Babelmandel, between Africa and Afia. Red Sea.
■■■ — of Dover, between Knijland and Prance, Kii'^lilh Channel.
— » of Gibraltar, between Kurope and Africa, Mediterranean Sea.
— ^- of Malacca, bctwi-en Malacca and Sumatra, Alia, Indian (>cc«n.
^— of Magellan, between Terra del Fii<');i> and Patagoiiin, South America.
. of Lc Mairc, in Pataennia, Sotitlj America, Ailanii*: and Pacific Ocean.
— — of Ormuit, between l^rlia and Arabia, Perliau VmH.
— — of Sunda, between Sumatra and Java, liuii.in Oi can, Afia.
-^— of Waigats, between Nova /oinbia and Kiiliia, .Mia.
Stralfimd, Ponieranin, (J.-rmany, lMiropi«. 54-23 N.
.Stralburgh, Alface, Prance, Kuropo, 48-34 N.
N. Allan. Ocean, Kurope, 65-39 N.
I'.gypf, AtVica, 19-50 N.
Prance, I'.urope, 47-53 N.
Kneland, Kurope, 54.55 N.
Kalt India. Afia, ai-ioN.
6 I a
Straumiiefs,
Suez,
Sultz,
Sundcrlaudi
Surat,
Alface,
Icelai\d,
Sue/,
Lorrainr,
Durham,
Guzurat,
1 3-: J F.
7-40 K.
J4-24 W.
33-* 7 •*•
7-og w,
i-ioW.
72-17 H.
io6o
A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE.
Kamts of Places. Provinces. Counlries.
Siirinnm,
Symcufe,
TA B \. K
llland,
Tanjour,
Tanna,
TaoDkna Ifle,
Tauris,
Tcflis,
Tcmonteneis,
Tencriftc Peak,
Tercera,
Tetuan,
St. Thomas's
inc.
Thorn,
Timor, S. W.
Point,
Timorland
t>. Point,
Tobolflci,
Toledo,.
Tomfk,
Tonga Tabu
Jne,
Tornca,'
Toulon,
Trapcfond,
Trent,
Tripoli,
Tripoli,
Troy Ruins,
Tunis,
Turin,
Turtle Ifle,
Tyre,
Tyrnaw,
U Li tea,
Upfal,
VJraniberg,
Ufliant Ifle,
Utrecht,
Venice,
Vera Cruz,
Verona,
Verfailles,
ViENNAiObfer.)
Vintimiglia,
\ irgia Gwida,
Surinnm,
Sicily Kle,
New Hebrides,
Tanjour,
South
South
Aderbeitzan,
Georgia,
Soloo,
Canaries,
Azores,
Fez,
Virgin Iflcs,
Regal Pruflia,
Siberia,
>few Caftile,
Siberia,,
South ,....
. . "I
Bothnia,
Provence,
Natolia,
Trent,
Tripoli,
Syria,
Natolia,
Tunis,
Piedmont,
South
Paleftine,
Trentfchin,
South
Upland,
Hucn Ifle,
Bretagne,
Holland,
Venice,
Mexico,
Veronefe,
Ifle of Trance,
Auftria,
Gullicia,
Genoa,
Virgin Ifles,
South-'tii i,J\
Italy,
Soiith Pacific,
Eafl India,
Pacilii- Ocean,
Pii<;itic Ocean,
Porlia,
Pcrlia,
Eafl India,
Atlantic Ocean,
Atlantic Ocean,
Barbarv,
Weft Indies,
Poland,
Ea(t India,
Eafl India,
Ruflia,
Spain,
Rullia,
Pacific Ocean,
Sweden,
France,
Turkey,
Germany,
Barbary,
Turkey,
Turkey,
Barbary,
Italj^,
Pacific Ocean,
Turkey,
Hungary,
Pacific Ocean,
Sweden,
Denmark,
France,
Netherlands,
Italy,
North ,
Italy,
France,
Germany,
Spain,
Italy,
Well Indies*
Qiiifter. Lat.
I). M.
America, 6-00 N.
Europe, 36-58 N.
Ada, 15-33 S.
Afia,
Alia,
Alia,
Alia,
Alia,
Afia,
Africa,
Europe,
Africa,
America,
Europe,
Afia,
11-27 N.
19-32 S.
14-30 s.
38-20 N.
43-30 N.
5-57 N.
28-12 N.
38-45 N.
35-40 N.
18-21 N.
52-56 N.
10-23 i>-
D. .\f.
55-30 W.
15-05 E.
167-11 E.
79-07 E.
169-46 K.
145-04 VV.
46-30 E.
47-00 E.
120.58 E.
16.24W.
27-01 W,
5-18 w.
64-46 w.
1 9-00 W.
124-04 E.
Afia, 8-15 S. 131-59 E,
Afia, 58-12 N.
Europe, 39-50 N.
Afia, 56-29 N.
Afia, a I -09 S.
Europe,
Europe,
Afia,
Europe,
Afiiea,
Afia,
Alia,
Afiiea,
liurope,
Afia,
Afia,
Europe,
Alia,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
America,
Eiirojje,
Europe,
Euroj)e,
Euroi)e,
Eurojjc,
America,
65-50 N.
43-07 N.
41-50 N.
46-05 N.
3»-53 N.
34-30 N.
39-30 N.
36-47 N.
45-05 N.
19-48 S.
32-52 N.
48-"23 N.
16-45 ^•
59-5' N'
55-54 N.
48-i8 \.
52-07 N.
45-26 .\.
Il)-I2 N.
45-^^ N.
4S-4S N.
48-12 N.
42-14 \.
43-53 >*'•
18-18 N.
68-1 y E.
3-25 E.
85-04 E.
174-41 W.
24-17
E.
6-01
E.
40-30
E.
11-02
E.
13-12
E.
36-15
E.
26-30
E.
iQ-00
E.
7-45
E.
178-02
VV.
36-00
E.
'7-3«
E.
IS 1-26 VV.
•7-47
E.
'2-57
E.
4-59
VV.
5-00
E.
"-5y
E.
97-25
VV.
u-23
E.
2-12
E.
16-22
E.
8-23 w.
7-42
E.
63-3!iVV.
A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TAJBLE.
1061
Names of Places
Provinces.
CoHiilrits.
(Quarter.
Lai.
DM.
Lon?.
D. M.
fXrAkcfidd,
Yorkfliiro,
England,
Europe,
5.V4I N.
1-28 W.
W I'riucc ot' New N. Waks,
North
America,
58.47 N.
94-02 w.
Wales Fort,
Wardhus,
Norwegian
I.iiplaiul,
MiilTovia,
Lapland}
Europe,
70-22 N.
31-11 E,
Warfnw,
Poland,
Europe,
52-14 N.
2 1 .05 E.
Warwick,
Warwick ihiro,
England,
Europe,
52-18 N.
1-32 W.
W aterford.
Munlk-r,
Ireland,
Europe,
52-12 N.
7.16 w.
Wells,
Somcrfctfliirc,
Kiigluiid,
Europe,
51-12 N.
2-40 w.
Wcftman lllcs.
North
Atlantic Ocean,
I'.urope,
63-20 N.
20.22 w.
Whitchavun,
Cumberland,
ICngiand,
Europe,
54-38 N.
3-36 w.
Whitfuntidc
HIc,
WiUiamflmrg,
South
Pacific Ocean,
Alia,
15-44 S.
168.25 E.
Virginia,
North f • ■'
America,
3--12N.
76-48 w.
Willis's Iflcs,
South Georgia,
Atlantic Ocean,
America
54-00 s.
3S.24W.
Winchcftcr,
Hamplliiro,
England,
Europe,
51-06 N.
1.15 w.
Wilna,
Lithuania,
Poland,
Europe,
54-41 N.
25.32 E.
Wittcnburg,
Upper Saxony,
Germany,
Europe,
5>-49N.
12-46 E.
Wologda,
Wologda,
Ruliia,
Europe,
59-19 N.
41-50 E.
Worceftcr,
Worceftcrthire,
England,
Europe,
152-09 N.
^-55'^'f'
Worms,
Lower Rhine,
Germany,
Europe,
49-33 N.
8-05 E.
Wodak,
Rullia,
Europe,
61.15 N.
42-20 E.
Wurt/burg,
Franconia,
Germany,
Europe,
49-46 N.
10-18 E.
'\/ Armouth,
Norfolk, ■
England,
Europe,
52-45 N.
1-48 E.
1 York,
Yorklliirc,
England^
Europe,
5.3-59 N.
i-oi W.
lork-minftcr.
'I'erra del Fu-
South
America
, 55-26 N.
70-03 W.
Creemvich Obfervatory, Kent, England, Euiope, 51° 28' 40"
N. ©"5' 37" E. of St,
Paul's, London.
itii'
^.'3 ,ii.
''!■.;■>.•■ r '■ ■; .' '
o
■->
o
'. t
. * 7
• ..T I
^^ : .'I ;.
£ io6> ] • -
f'
A
MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE;
The moll Copious and Avthgntic that ever was publiflied, of the prcfcnt State
of the Real and Imaginary Monies of the WoKLo.
Divided into Four Parts, viz.
EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA;
Which are fubdivided into fifty-five Parts, containing the Names of the mod
Capital Places, the Species whereof arc infcrted, fliewing how the Monies are
reckoned by the rcfpe£tive Nations ; and the Figures Aanding againd the De-
nomination of each foreign Piece give the Englifli mtrinfic Value thereof, accord<
ing to the bell AlFays made at the Mint of the Tower of London.
EXPLANATION.
"By real Money, is undcrftood an effeflive Specie, reprefenting in itfelf the Value
.denominated thereby, as a Guinea, bcc.
* This Mark is prefixed to the imaginary Money, which is generally made Ufe
of in keeping Accounts, fignifying a fictitious Piece which is i..)t in being, or which
cannot be reprefcntcd but oy leveral other Pieces, as a Pc uno Sterling, &c.
All Fra£lions in the Value Englifli arc Parts of a Penny.
= This Mark fignifies, is, make, or equal lo.
Note, for all the Spanifli, Portuguefc, Dutch, and Danifli Dominions, either
on the Continent, or in the Well Jndies, fee the Monies of the refpe^ive
Nations.
ENGLAND and SCOTLAND.
London, Brijiol, Lh'erpoo/, Wr.
Edinburgh, Qlajgow, Aberdttn, id(.
£'
s.
d.
«n
A Farthing
^
_
m •*
I
1
2 Farthings
M
a Halfpenny
i
CU
2 Halfpence
j=:
a Penny
1
E
4 Pence
z^
u Groat
4
6
•5
6 Pence
zz
a Half Shilling
i.
11 Pence
—
a Shilling
I
5 Shillings
—
a Crown
c
£20 Shillings
=
a * Pound Sterling
I
2 21 Shillings
z:
.a Guinea
I
I
1^1
2
2
12
16
2
3
4
120
K MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE.
io6j
A Farthing,
2 Farthings
2 Halfpence
6| Pence
I a Pence
1 3 Ponce
65 Pence
ao Shillings
22 Shillings |
IRELAND.
DuUitt, Cork, Loudonderry, Uft.
a Halfpenny
*a Penny
a Half Shilling
*B Shilling IriHi
a Shilling
a Crown
*a Pound Irifli
a Guinea
£
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
1. d.
o o
o o
o o
o 6
II
1 o
S o
18 5
1 I o
n'r
«
IT
■ •
^
I'
E
o
o
u
a.
Q
• A Pening
4 Pcningcns
8 Pcningcns
a G rotes
6 Petards
7 Petards
40 G rotes-
I ■J \ Scnlins
240 G rotes
FLANDERS and BRABANT.
Ghent, O/letid, iife. Aniiverp, Bnijfels, Wr.
=: ...... o
= an Urche - - o
= *a Grotc - . - o
= a Petard - - o
= *a Scalin - - o
= a Scalin - . . - o
= *a Florin - ... - o
= a Ducat . . . . o
— *a Pound Flemifli - - o
o
o
o
o
o
o
I
9
9
9
TO-
O
O
O
5
6
6
3
o
«
a
T
1
*
8
2
6
20
2
60
3
6
20
'5
Pening'
Pcningcns =
G rotes =
Stivers =:
Stivers =
Florins, 10 Stivers =:
Stivers =:
Florins, 3 Stivers =
Guilders =:
Florins =
Florins =
HOLLAND AND ZEALAND.
Amfierdam, Rotterdam, Aliddleburgh, Flujhing, isfc..
*aGrote
a Stiver
a Scalin
a Guilder
a Rix-dollar
a Dry Guilder ...
a Silver Ducatoon
*a Pound Flemifli
a Gold Ducat, or Ducatoon
a Ducatoon, another fort, called
a Sovereign - . .
* A Tryling
2 Trylings
2 Sexlings
12 Fcnings
16 Shillings
2 Marcs
3 Marcs
4 Marcs
.120 Shillings
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
I
4
5
5
o 10
I 16
HAMBURG, A/teiia, Lubec, Bremen, isfc.
— - . - o
= 'a Scxling - - o
= a Fening - . . o
= a Shilling Lubec • o
= *a Marc - - o
= a Sletch-dollar • o
=: a Rix-dollar - o
= a Silver Ducatoon - o
— *a Pound Flemifli - 11
o
o
o
o
I
3
4
6
o
o
I
6
9
6
4
8
6
o.
I
IT
T
4
TT
I
J
10')>
A MODERN UNIVERSAL
•c
0«
o
w
o
D
U
M
o
* A Felling
3 Kenings
8 Fellings
12 I'Viiings
8 (JrotlKii
1 6 (Jrollu'ii
Z4 (]roflicii
3Z GrollK-n
4 (iiildcns
HANOVER, Lwmbursh, Zcl/, ijfr
— a Drcycr
— a Mariuii
r= a CJrofli
= a Half Gulden
=: a Gulden
= *a Kix-doilar
=: a Double Gulden
= a Duc<*t
TABLE.
' 4
/, y<-.
C
s.
J.
\
-
o
o
o
T
•
o
o
•
o
o
I
1
•
o
I
1
•
o
I
2
-
o
2
4
■
o
3
6
-
4
8
•
o
9
2
* An Heller
2 Hellers
6 Heller!!
i6 Hellerii
12 Kenings
1 6 Grolhen
24 Grolhcn
32 Grollien
4 Goulds
SAXONY AND HOLSTEIN.
Drcfilcn, LcipfiL, isfc. tVifmar, Keil, k^c,
=z _ . , . o
= a FcJiing - - o
= a Drcycr - - o
~ a Marien • - o
= a Grofli - • o
= a Gould - - o
= *a Rix-dollar - .- o
= a Specie-dollar - - o
= a Ducat - • • o
I A ♦
o
o
o
o
o
2
3
4
9
* Denier
9 Deniers
18 Deniers
3 Polchens
20 Grolhen
30 Grollien
90 Grollien
108 Grolhen
8 Florins
a Polchen
a Grolh
an Abrafs
*a Marc
a Florin
*a Rix-dollar
an Albertus
a Ducat
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
I
3
4
9
2 Criiitzers
8 Dutes
3 Stivers
4 I'laperts
40 Stivrrs
1 Guilders
4 Guilders
3
7
■»«
?
TT
7
IS
V
1
T
BRANDENBURGH and POMERANIA.
Ber/in, Pot/Jam, idc. Stetin, i^c.
I r
T
r
•iT
7
1 IT
COLOGN, Menu, Triers, Liege, Mwiic/t, Mii>i/Ier, Paderbmni, isfe.
A Dutc = - - ■• 000
Dutes =. a Cruitzcr - 000
r: an Albus - - 000
=; a Stiver - -000
— a Plapert - • - - 002
— a CoplUick - - 008
— a (juilder - - 024
=: a Hard Dollar - 048
:^ a Dueal - - - 094
7
1 If
: ■
1
1 1
A MODKKN LNIVnRSAl, TAB IF.
« BOIIKMIA, SIl.KStA, ano J^LNGARY.
lofij
A Fcning
Fcnings
Fcnings
Fcnings
Cruitzors
62 Criiit7.cr<i
90 Cruitzers
2 Goulds
4 GuuUU
f'l/iciit', Hrelliiii, Pri'/biirg, irlc.
2
3
4
1
n iJroycr
n Grortj
n Cruitzrr
a White Grofli
a Gould
"a Rix-dollnr
a Hard Dollar
a Ducut
/.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
./,
o
o
o
o
o
4
6
8
4
I
^^^
t
> 1
t T
f 4
I !
E
1
u
p.
C
oc
::>
u
U)
o
A Fcning
2 Fcnings
4 Fenings
14 Fcnings
4 Cruitzers
15 Batzcn
90 Cruitzers
2 Florins
60 Bat/on
AUSTRIA AND S W A B I A.
J'iennn, Triejtc, L'ff. Aujjhwj^, Hlcnhfim, tiir.
a Drnyor
a Cruitzor
a Grofli
a Batzcn
a Gould
*a Rix-dollar
a Specie-dollar
a Ducat
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
2
3
4
9
o
o
o
I
I
4
6
6
4
P O I. A N
Cniiow, ll'.vfiizi-,
A Slid Ion =
Shellons =
Groflien =:
CouUics =:
Grollien ::=
^o Grollien =:
)o Grollien • :=
3 Florins r:
5 Rix-dollars =
D
3
■1
.>
18
AND P R U S S I A.
, Dantzic, Koniii^Jher^, i^r.
o
a Grolli - . . o
a CouOii; - - - o
a Tinfe . . . o
an Ort . . . o
a Florin . . . o
*a Rix-dollar - - o
a Ducat . . . o
a Freddie d'Or - - o
6 U
o
o
o
o
o
I
3
9
'7
K 1
1
< J
t t
Tr
FRANCONIA,
FrtJiii/atl, yitremierg,
Dcttingen, i£c.
A Fening
=:
.
r
4 Fenings
■~
a Cruitzer
IT
3 Cruitzers
zn
a Kevfer Grolh
m
I
T
4 Cruitzers
^3
u Batzrn
I
1 1
H Cruitzers
—
an Ort Gould
7
60 Cruitzers
—
a Gould
2
4
90 Cruitzers
—
*a Rix-dollar
?
6
2 Goulds
—
a Hard Dollar
4
8
.240 Cruitzers
—
a Ducat
9
4
o
o
2
7
8
2
6
4
6
7
!
^ r
io66
A MODERN UNIVr, RSAL TABLE.
.1
LIVONIA.
A Blackiii =
6
lilnckciis
9
Backcns
2
Grtiihcn
6 Grofhcri
^o
GrnnuMi
90
Grollicn
io8
Grotlicn
64
Whitens
R/^a, Rn'J, Narva, Wf.
a Grulh
a \ Ording
u Wliitcii
a Mure
a Kli)rin
*u Kix-dollar
an Allu-rtuH
u Co])|)t.r-pIatc Dullur
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o
I
3
4
i
o
o
o
a
2
6
2
O
»
IT
»
IW
I 4
«T
IT
DK
NM
ARK,
ZEALAND. AND NORWAY.
Cope
nha^ in.
Siiund, We. Uer^cn, Drontheim,
tfr.
A Skilling
—
-
.
_
»
1 ff
6 Skillin|,'»
zz
a DiiRgen
-
.
3
16 ^killings
S
•a Mark
.
.
9
20 iikillinuA
ss
a Rix-inark
.
•
11
1
. 24 Skillingii
s
a Kix-ort
-
.
I
1
'4k
■
C 4 Marcs
s
a Crown
.
•
3
£ f) Marcs
s
.. Rix-duilar
-
.
4
6
p I I Mates
s
!1 DllClU
.
«
8
3
C
14 Marcs
-
a Halt Ducat
-
-
10
6
w
S VV E D
K N AND LAP
L A
N
D.
&<
Stockholm, Vpfal, i£c. Thorn
i^c.
• A Runflick
—
. _
^
^
7
f 2 Riinftiiks
—
a Stiver
.
_
. 7
;-* S KiM,lii(.ks
—
a Clipper Marc
•
H
I
1 1
3 t'"pl>cr Marcs
™
a .Silver Mare
.
_
u
4
14 Cu|>|)er ? laics
—
a Copper Dollar
-
-
6
i
s
9 Copper Marcs
—
a Caroline
-
-
I
2
V
^ Copper l)()l
ars
—
a Silver Dollar
.
_
1
6
t
3 .silver Dollars
IZ
a Kix-dollar
-
-
4
6
J
1
i Jiix-dollars
—
a Ducat
"
~
9
4
A P..!iifea
2 I'ol'ilias
2 Denuleas
^ Copees
10 Cojiecs
2^ Copeis
i;o Ci'pees
oc Copccs
2 Rui^les
R U S S I A AND M U S C O V Y.
Vitcijburg, Atchangel, k£c. Alofiow, isfc,
— a Denufca _ - .
zz *a C^opcc - - _
=: un y\llin - - -
— a (irivener
ZZ a Polputin
= a I'oltin - - _
=: a Kubie - . _
z: a Xcrvonitz
6
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
I
2
4
9
« 7
TOO
> 7
ten
' 7
I
"5
t
T
A M O D F. 11 N UNIVERSAL TABLE.
1067
B A S I L. ZiaiiJi, V.u^, Uf
£'
s.
d.
A Kiip
s
.
1
1 »
3 Kiipni
s
.T Felling
4 Fellings
s
a Cruitzer
12 l*Viiii)){s
B
•a .Sol
1
15 Feni:n{s
s
a ('oarfe Hatzen
1
i
18 Fi'iiiiijjs
8
a Good liutzen
1
20 Sols
—
•a Livre
2
6
fto Cruitzirs
—
U 'iuUU'M
2
6
io3 CruilzcM
=
a Kix-Joll;ir
4
6
S\. GALL, /pynze/, is?f.
Am Ili-IIcr
—
...
2 Ih-llcrM
^
a l''eniiig
1
4 Fellings
—
a Otiitzer
1
.A
11 Fellings
—
•a Sol
I
1
I
1
4 Criiit/iTs
—
a Co.nrfo Ratzen
2
5 Cruitzcrs
—
a f/ood liatzeii
2
1
1
c
•
10 Sols
—
•a Livn;
2
6
'J
»i5
60 Cruitzers
^""
n Gould
2
(i
c
<
108 Criiitzeis
~
a Rix-dolhir
4
6
'^.
ul
H
On
is
.
U 1: R N.
Lucerne, Nciifi b.iiel.
lie.
/3
A Dcnior
—
■ .. M
.
1
4 Di'iiiors
iz
a Cruitzer
•
1
T
3 Cruitzcrs
'~
*a .Sol
-
I
1
T
4 Cruil/i-rs
—
a Plapert
-
I
J
5 Cruitzers
zzr
a Gros
-
1
6 Cruitzers
—
a liatzeii
-
2
T
20 Sols
^
•a Livre
2
7S Cruitzers
n
a GiiKliMi
-
2
6
135 Cruitzers
—
a C'lowu
'
4
6
G K N li
V A. Pckiiy, Howie,
Uc.
A IVnier
jju
.
-
J i
2 Deniers
ss
a nenior eurreni
-
I r:
i; Diiiirrs
::z
a Small Sol
-
s
1
iz J)eniors turront ~
a Sol emieiit
-
1
I 2 .Small Sols
—
*a Florin
-
4
1
20 Sols curniit
—
•a l.ivrr current
-
I
^
10', Florins
^
a Pataenn
-
^
1 1
4
ijt Florins
ss
a C'roifaiie
-
5
10
7
24 Florins
=
a DiK at
U i
9
i
1068
A M n 1 ;
R N
I N I \ E R S A f, T A U I.
1'.
/.///••.
C<imbtii\, riiUiHititHts, isfe,
c
s.
it.
A Dnikr
—
.
1
12 Dl'llil'IH
8S
i\ Sol • •
15 IXniiis
n
•a ralar.l
;
15 I'.-itiiril-i
m
•a rill to
9
4
20 SiiIm
s
u I.ivri* TournoiN
10
20 Pnturds
B
^11 Florin
1
I
^
60 Sols
s
an Ki u of I'.k,
1
6
10', |,i\ics
ss
a Diuat
9
3
24 l.ivi'cii
"
a Luuiii d'Or
1
Ditnkh
i; St. Omer, St. Qiiiniiit, U(.
<
>
A DciiiiT
~
• > •
1
It
iz l)iiiii'r<t
S
a Sol
t
I : IX' 11 if rs
5J
■♦a I'alard
f
*y
1 -{ I ":; Sols
[^ 20 Sols
S
•a I'irtti-
7
1
n
S
♦a Kivro Toiirnois
10
vL
u ^ l.ivris
S
an I'.i u ot' Kx,
2
6
g
24 I-ivrcs
SS
a Louis d'Or
I
,c
^
24 Livn-s
a
n Guinea
1
1
s
},Q\ Livri-s
s
n Mocda
I
7
«^
u'
a.
C
[\i>i!.
Iaoh.u i\f(iij'ci/k<, is^'i-. homJctiHV, Htiyonne
Wr
.
A Diiiior
:::
. . •
r
t4
_^
T IXnicrs
—
u IJard
•%
u:
2 Liards
j2
a Dardi'iii"
12 IXMiicrs
J5J
u S«)l -
J
20 Sols
S
•a Livro Tournois
|0
(>o Sols
s
an l''.cu o\ Kx.
2
6
l.ivrcs
-;
an Vxu
5
10 Livas
~
•a I'illolc
8
4
1^24 l-ivns
—
a Louis d'Or
1
V R J- L
' C, A L. Lijhon, Oporio, L'^c
• A Ri-
"^^
•
10 Ktz
S
a Naif \ intin
> 7
%3
20 Hi'z
—
a \ intin
I
1
in
5 N'i'itiiis
4 'IVfloons
— :
a Tc ft 0011
6
J
4
s
a Cruradf of l'"x.
2
3
14 N'intiiis
—
a Ni'vv Crufadc
2
8
4
T
10 'IV1I0011S
::;;
•a Milrc
5
7
1
4S Tiilouns
—
a Moidorc
1
7
(.4
■JVltoons
=
a Joiiaiims
i
16
h
<
u
5
c
CLi
/.
E
«;
^
a.
3
^
O
U3
2
54
2
8
to
.?75
36
A M O D F, R N U N I V K R S A I. T A B L F.
SItJriJ, Ci4ii, Stvi//t, (jft. Ntw Plan.
A Mnrnvcclic,
Miirnvidict
Miiravcilics
Kinli
Kinli
RinU
Miiravcdios
Rials
RiuU
I-
t.
</
• •
II Quartil
n Rial
3
a I'illnrine
10
•u rind re of Ex.
I
7
a Dollar
4
6
•a Diiiat o\' \'.\.
4
1 1
•a I'illoltotlix.
■4
4
a I'illolc • • ■
16
9
1069
« I
«T»
4 I
Gibraltar, Malaga, Denia, Uc, felon.
•A Marnvcdie
1 Maiavi'dirs
4 Maravidics
;;4 Maravcdics
15 Rials
5 1 1 Maravcdics
60 Rials
2048 Maravcdics
fO Rials
• •
Vr'.
an Ocliavo
.V<
n Quartil
;j
*a Rial Vclon
•a Pialhc of l",x.
%
D PialUc
3
•a I'irtolc of Kx.
14
a I'iliok- of I'.x.
>4
a I'illolc
16
9
*^ Banelom, Sara^ojfa, Valencia, i^c. Old Plate.
A Maravcdic = ...
= a Sfildo ...
= a Rial Old Plate
16 Maravcdics
2 Soldos
16 Soldns
20 Soldiis
3 1 SdUIos
22 Soldi IS
24 Soldos
60 Soldos
•a Dollar
•a J^il)ra
•a Ducat
•a J)ucat
■♦a Ducat
a Pillolu
o
o
o
4
S
5
6
6
16
3
6
6
7
10
2
9
9
A Dcnaro
13 Dcnari
4 Soldi
20 Scildi
30 Soldi
" 5 Lircs
1 13 Soldi
() 'I'clloons
20 Lircb
G I', N O A. Novi, St. Remo, Wt.
CORSICA. Hajiia, W.-.
— a Soldo
Es a Chcvclct
•S *a Lire
551 a Iclioon
— a ( roiladc
1 n //.()
of Ex.
a (icaouinc
a Fillolc
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
1
3
4
6
'4
o
o
I
8
o
7
2
2
+
4 .1
4 I
1 t
1 r
J
T
1470 A M O D r. II N U N I V F- R S A I. T A H L F.
f r 1 1: u M () N r. s a v d v a nu s \ k d i n i a.
u Dniiiri
II >>)l<ll
JO .S< Itii
ft ^l(•rill^
7 I'lfuim
I \ l.irct
1 I, ro*
n Qitntiiao
It .Soldo
•« lloriii
•ii I, ill' •
a Kcitdn
H i ' IK u loon
Ii Hillulo
a l.iaiiH d'Or
c
i.
o
o
o
o
o
o
1
o
4
5
lO
1
o
o
o
9
1
r>
J
J
o
i t
C
A//'/</>/, Muili'iiii, P./riM, Ptivia, lit,
A Pcnnro —
^ D'liiiri — n Qiinlrino
1 1 IXnari a ii SoMn
.'o .S. Iili B •» i ir^'
ii; St'Iili s II Sciidii I'lirrunt
117 S'lldi s 'a SiM(l(i ol' Kx.
(1 l.iiVN B n I'tiiliji
21 I.ii'CK B " FiiioK-
aj Liii-it S n .S|i;iiiiili I'iltolf
Lf^honi, r.'cri'na, Uf,
A Dfiiaio
s
■ •
4 IVnaii
zz
a Qnntiiiu)
;z Dciiiiri
'~'
a Soldo
5 (.'i.alrihi
M
a C r;:ia
b (iiK'as
B
a (Jiiilo
20 >Si)ldi
S
•a 1 .10
h 1 irts
S
n I'liillrc of Ex.
7! Liri'S
S
a 1 Jiicat
11 1 iics
B
ii I'llioli'
R M 1..
Ciii/d I'luc/iitt, Amona, i.
a Qiialriio
zz
-
; C^iiniritii
i^
8 IJnvdc
8 liav(.(s
:::
u Julio
10 r.nyocs
—
n .Stsiriij.t Julio
2.) (;:i\i'CS
S
u IV 11 (11 111
!0 Jiilios
~
a Crt-\Mi tiirrcnt
12 Jiilics
rs
•a I r.nvn Staii;])!
1 iS Julius
s
a C'ln(|iiin
^t Julius
s
a I'lftolf
8
4
i
4
.<
4
4
tC
u
16
9
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
4
5
° '5
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
5
8
3
2
6
(
• I
«
J*
< t
ft
V,
o
o
ft
7
6
o
o
o
I
I t
f
I r
• I
If
«
I
)
1 3
12
J'l
(1
; .s
I.S
j><
20
s,.
1
.1
Jii
24
s,<
•^4
'7
Lii
A MODERN UNIVKRSAL TAULE.
N A r i. I. S. a^mt, C4t^*, u
1071
C ''
A Oiinlriiiu
s
• • • •
e
.V
.^ Wi-trhii
as
M Gmln
t
T
10 driillK
u C'.iilin
4-) (jiinirini
H I'aido •
f
1 J ill i'"i%
u l.iriii
40 (iriiiiii
11 IVOotMl
1
100 (< tin*
« hiiiiit ul' lu.
i
21 rariii'4
u I'lllulc
»s
15 I'uriii*
■ A|>uhilh I'iftulc
lu
SICILY
A N n M A I, r A. PMom, MfJ,'iia, Uf.
A Pliliilo
« • • «
1
ft I'iihili
II Crniti
•
t r
8 r.i'liili
H Ponti
•
i»
10 (iraliu
C'arlin
1
.'r
Jl
10 (finins
a 1 arm
^
1
1 T
4i 'raiins
*A Klorin of I'.x.
1
h
1 f
i^ 'i'liriiiH
a Diu'ul i>t' bx.
J
4
1
60 Cnrliiis
•an OiiiKc
7
8
4
1 r
1 OltlK'O
a I'ifiolo
t.5
4
J
ui
a.
C
u
Bo/eji
m, Ravcnmtt i£f.
A Qiiatriiio
z
■ <• a
1
1 V
Lj
6 (juiiliini
zs
n IJayof
4
U]
10 Hji\»>is
B
n Jiiiio
6
20 llaMn.i.
S
*ii l.irr
1
; Julii)<i
s
n IVlloon
1
6
85 l!a><us
m
a .•>(. uilo ot" lix.
4
3
100 llaxH-.s
m
a Ciuwii
S
105 lla>iuii
at
a Dui atooit
5
J
31 JiiliiKi
s
a I'illulu
ij
b
\' li N I C li. Ber^cimo, isle.
A I'icolo
gj
- . .
-J ^-
12 I'iccli
s
a Soldo
1
1
()', Soldi
s
*a Uios
2
1
iS Soldi
s
a Jiilc
6
20 Soldi
s
•a Lire
b
t
1
3 Jules
s
a'li'lioon
1
6
124 Soldi
s
a 1 Jilt at iiirrciit
^
5
r
■J
24 ■ JOS
3B
»a limal ct Lx.
4
4
1
j^ 17 Lircs
S
a Clicciuiii
V
z^
•07t
J
ui
o
A Mangar
4
.1
Af|»cr«
Anirr*
AiiK-r*
s
10
3o AfJM^r*
8o Al|trr»
oo
10
Afprri
A M O I) K R N U N' I V I, R S A I. r A i L K.
T U R K K Y , Af*rf4, CsnJi*, Cy{>r„,, Ig,,
•n \(\t«f
u I'lirac
n Id Itic
■ NtiliilA
•• l*ial»r.«
A ("urttarniK li
B Xcrili
£ 1.
/
V.
•
1
e
1
♦
i!
e
e 1
o
• • 4
H
o
10
o
A Carrel
5; Carrrta
7 Cnrrftn
Hj CiirrrrH
iK ('')n»iilIi»T«
(k) CntnalliuMi
Ho ('avt'ir«i
100 ('•iiniillui'*
Uo LariiiN
ARABIA Metimit, SfttM, Shfktt, bff
■ II ("iivcrr
■ *ii (!<'iiialTirc •
V a (.ariri
■I an A\n(%
m 'a I'ialtrr
3 a Dollar
B a .S( «|nin .
St *U liiriuiml
1 • i
1 W
10
1
4
4
4
6
7
6
• 3
7
6
r I- u s I A
ACoz
s
4 Co/
<
10 Coz
M.
10 Coz
tA
i? Coz
<
4 Nhnlicc-t
f Al>illlnt'»
11 Al>alliii«
^0 Abalhcit
a
A Pi.ka
2
IVtlvas
4
Piii'H
?
I'll I'S
lO
I'll IS
4
Anas
2
Kupi'is
>4
A' :i»
4
r;i.;'K!as
f/finAdH, Ormiij, ilcnibioon, 6
a Riai
a Sliahcr
a Maiiioodii
n Latin
an Al>a(hi*c
at) Or
a Hovcllo
•« luiiionU
G U Z U H A T. Swat, Camoay, Ufc.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o 6
16
3 6
o
I
4
8
o 10
' 4
6 8
o
8
-
a I'iti"
n Ki nam
I
a \ i,;
a
an Ana
7
a |{ii|n'i"
i
<>
an l'.iii;lilli Crown
i
a l'iij;ii(ia
<)
a (jold Kupce
1
'5
36
12
16
't Major R»n|
•^ »quji Co a mill
A M O D P. R N U N I V P. R S A I. T A II I. R.
(/>
m
m
4 i
•I
4
Itium^*^, HaM, Uft,
Itiulgrffok
HititgriRiki
Rci
140 Kr<
4 (juarlcn
14 QuNrivr<i
60 t^uaricrt
to
•« R«
• Pk«
a Ijirra •
a Qwarirr •
■ Xrraphim •
• Rupte •
a Paffoda
a (JitUl Ruptf*
o
o
o
o
o
i»7l
» 'J
4
i
o
o
• ARt
a Rc(
t Haiaracot
to Hn
4
3
4»
4
H
Cm, yif^pmr, Iff.
Vintint
Larrf«
Viniiii*
Taniii*
Tanfua
Baxaraco
IVcka
Viniin
Larcr •
Xi'raphim
'I'angu •
Puru
Gold Rupct
o
o
o
o
e
o
e
o
« «J
e
o
o
o
o
t
,i
COROMANDEL
A Cadi
Cafti
Vii
I icct
PICIM
10 Fannini
1 Kupcci
MaJr^i, PtnJitkirrj, Uf.
S
t
6
8
36 Fanamt
4 Pttgudus
a Vix
a Pitc
* Pical
a Fanam •
a Rupee
an Englifti Crown
a Pucuda
a Guld Rupee
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
I
o
o
o
o
o
a
«5
B £ N C A L. Ca//uut. CaUuit*, lift.
A Pice
4
6
Pile.
Picei
U
10
16
Picts
Allan
Ana*
a
a
56
KupiTS
Rupees
Anas
• «
•
a Fanmn
•
a Viz
•
nil Ana
•
I
A Fiano
•
1
6
a Rupee |
«
2
•6
a Frenih Ecu
f
an Knglilli Crown
S
u Pagoda.
-
8
9
I
o »#•
o ^'.
o
t
.'•V
f
I*
i
t
o
t
i
T
O
o
o
a
J
6
o
9
o
.V
t
1
I
' I Major RcniwU informs »n that wr miv uiih rafe reilurf »ny largr fum in r\iPf»% to lUrllng, hy
ralriiliiii-K roundly, at the r«tr of a lick nf niprrt 10 trn thoufand |iounti>! ind that a crorc of rupcei
it *q>ul to a miUion ftciliog. Inirod. |). cavii. and cixviii.
6 X
1074 A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE.
S I A M. Pe^u, Malacca, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, (t/c
ACori
10 Cori
1*5 Fcttecs
250 Fcttccs
500 Fettees
900 Fettees
2 Ticals
4 Soocos
8 Sataleers
A Caxa
10 Caxa
10 Candereens
35 Candereens
a Rupees
70 Candereens
7 Maces
2 Rupees
10 Maces
J«r».Jt('
a Fettec
a Satalccr
a Sooco
a Tical
a Dollar
a Rial
an Ecu
a Crown
CHINA. Peking, Canton, &c.
m
a Candereen
a Mace
a Rupee
a Dollar
a Rix-doUar
^ Ecu
a Crown
a Tale
£•
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
/,
o
o
o
I
a
4
5
5
5
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
4.
o
7
I
6
o
o
o
^u
'C
o
o
o
2
4
4
5
5
6
o
8
6
6
4
o
o
8
IT
4
>
. A Piti
20 Pitis
15 Maces
20 Maces
30 Maces
13 Ounces Silver
2 Ounces Gold
2 Japanefes
2 1 Ounces Gold
JAPAN. Jeddo, Meaco,i^c.
S, . a Mace
as' ah Ounce Silver
:^ . . a Tale
Xj . an Ingot
S^ " . an Ounce Gold
S; a'Japanefc
, x^ . a Double
S *a Cattee
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
9
3
6
la 12
66 ?
3
6
o
4
4 10
6 J|
8
o
o
o
o
I
T
<
tort
<
EGYPT.
Old and
New Cairo, Alexandria,
Sayde,
Wf.
An Afper
Zi
.
-
3 Afpers
s;
a Mcdin
-
I
24 Medins
—
an Italian Ducat
.
3
4
80 Afpers
S5.
*a Piaftrc
-
4
30 Medins
is
a Dollar
-
4
6
96 Afpers
rr
an Kcu
-
s
32 Mfdins
«^
a Crown
.
{
00 Afpors
-S? ■
a Sultanin
.
10
70 Medins
s
a Pargo Dujiar
7
"
10
A MlODfiRN ^f^lVtfLSAt tAB'LE.
1075
BARBARY.
if/jf/Vri, T»«M, Tripoli, Una, (ifc.
k-^
-. ' : ■ ■ ' •
£. s. I
An Afper
s
• • «
.|
3 Afpcrs
A ' ■■
a MccRn '
3 T
006 4
' lO' Afpcrs
s
a Rial old Plate
- 2 Rials
—
a Double
1 I ■
4 Doubles^
s
a Ddllar
046
14 Medina
s'
a Silver Chequin
034
30 Medina *
■s:
a Ddllar
046
180 Afpers
=
A Zequin
8 10
<
15 Doubles
^
aPiftble
16 <> ;
• • ♦! i
oi-
<
MOROCCO.
Santa Cruz, Mequinez, Fiz, Tang
iers,
SalUt, Wf .
A Fluce
~
- - .
000 TJr
00^
24 Fluces ; • "
IB
a Blanquil
4 Blanquils
s
an Ounce
008
7 Blanquils
zr
an 0£tavQ
1.2
14 Blanquils
=
a Quarto
;» 4' ' I
2 Quartos
s
a Medio
04!)
28 Blanquils
^
a Dollar
4 8 '
54 Blanquils
::
a Xequiii j
090
100 Blanquils
"■
a PIftole •
16 9
■ •■>U\^V ■'•H' «>: k'-' ■'
ENGLISH. Jamaica, Barbadoes.iic.
* A Halfpenny
=
- - ..
3 tV»
2 Half{ience
s
*a Penny
6 fj
7i Pence .
s>
a Bit
0051
Q 8 4-
12 Pence
ar.. .
*a Shilling
75 Pence
=
a Dollar
046 i
7 Shillings
"
a Crown
050 i
. 2o Shillings
^
*a Pound
»4 3 \
< "^
1 24 Shillings
—
aPiftoIe
16 9 ;
* 30 Shillings
\
% I
^
a Guinea
I I 1
- " -- ...
•
\ FRENCH
St. Domingo, Martimco,
&c.
(
'*^=:
* A Half Sol
:::
-
0.. 4^i
^
2 Half Sols
=
*a Sol -
000 lU
7; Sols
=
a Half Scalin
002 -Iff
15 Sols
■ft^
a Scalin
0054
20 Sols
S
»a Livrc
7 iV
7 I,ivrcs
s
a Dollar
046
8 Livrcs
—
an lieu
4 10 \
20 Livris
S
a Firtolc
16 9
7 2 Livrts
S
a Luuis d'Or
1
6X2
1076
<
o
PC
<
A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE.
Tke Coins o/tte Uvitbd StatiIi m f/lahij/M hy /«w, mrt
Gold Com 1.
MUn. OrttMtf
Eagles, value each
Half Eagles .
Quarter Eagles
Dollars
Half Dollars ■
Quarter Dollars
Difmes
Half Dirmcs •
OrtiMaf
5 > contauung < 123 t V or ^ 135
- a 1 J ( ** * J C '7 4
Silver Coimi.
containing
OniMof OrtiMof
y«r« SU*cr. ftandinl d*.
CoppEt Coins.
Cent
Half Cent
value each
I— 100'" of a dollar
C i-i
\ I— 20c'* ditto
? containing \ *
Onimof
Copper.
ao8
04
The f«)llowing devices are to be engraven on the refpeftive coins, viz.
on one fide of them an impreflion emblematic of liberty, with an infcription
of the word liberty, and the year of the coinage i and, on the revcrfe of
each of the gold and filver coins, the (icurc of an ea^lo, with the infcription.
United Stains of America: on tlie copper, an infcription, expreiring
iti, denomination and value.
CdUiida, Florida, Cayenne, tsfc.
* A Denier
^3
.
12 Denicr:>
—
• a Sol
20 Soi»
—
• a IJvre
3 Li vies
s
an luu uf Ex
6 Livns
s
ail Kcu
10 Livr«.!>
^
a I'iAole
£■
o
o
o
o
o
o
d.
o
o
10
6
o
4
t
'I he vnluo of t!ie rurrfncy alters, according to the plenty or fcarcity of
gold ;imi lilvt'f coins that are imported.
Nute. For uli the iipamji, Poitu^uefe, Dutch, and Daiiiffi Dominions, either «m the
Coniiiicut, or in the V\ Lbi Indil!,, fee the Monies of the refpe^ive Nations.
1856 The
1822 Men
1715 Piom
1574 Auro
»J7» Moff
liir
Iii6Cecr<;
in
A NEW
NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
*i'
OP
REMARKABLE EVENTS, DISCOVERIES, and INVENTIONS »
ALSOt
The ^RA, the Country, and Writinos of Learned Men:
The vrho]r compreheoding, in one View, the Analy:^ or Outlines of
G<>< ra! Hiftory, from the Creation to the prefent Time.
Bef.Chrift.
^00^ A^HE ....lion ofdie wotM, aad Ailam andEvTr
4003 The birth of Cain, the iirft who was bom of a woamrr ^
3017 Enoch, for hit piety, is tranflaled to Heaven. ,
3348 The ol<t world is deftmyed by a delun, which eonrinned 377 dayi,
3247 The Tower of Babel is built' about tni* time by Noah't pofterity ; upon which, God mira*
culoufly confounds their language, and thus difpcrfet them into difliuent nations.
About the fame lime, Noah i.t, with great probability, fuppofed to have parted from hit
rebcUioua offspring, and 10 have led a colony of fume of the more na&thie into the Eaft,
and there cidicr he or one of his fucccflbrs to have founded the ancient Chiiiefe inunuFchy.
3134 Celeftial obfcrvations arc begun at fi«byloi>y the city which firil gave birth to learnings and
the feicnces.
a 188 Mifraiin, die foa of Ham, founds the kingdom of Egypt, which bAcd 1^63 years, dowiv
to its conqueft by Cambyfcs, in J2 j before Chrift..
1059 NimiK, the (on of Belus, founds the kingdom of Aflyria, which lafted above locx) years ;
and out of its ruins were formed the Aflyriant of Babylon, thote of Nioevehr and the
kingdom of the Mcdes.
191 1 The cuvenunt of God made with Abram, when he leaves Haran to go into Caiuan, which
begins the 430 yenrs of fojouming.
1897 1'he cities sf Sodom and Gumoirah. arc defVroyed for their wickednefs, by fire from
Heaven.
1856 The kingdom of Argns, in Greece, begins under Inacbus,.
iSai Mtmiion, tlic E;j;yptiat>, invents leiiers..
1715 Pi oincthciis hri\ ftruck tire from flints. •♦
1635 Jofi pli dies in Egypt ; whiih conduilts the book of Geneds, containing a period of 2369
years.
1574 Aaron born in Egypt ; 1490, appointed by God fird high-pried of the ITraclites..
157 1 Mofcs, brother to Aaron, born in Ei'vpt, and adopted by Pharaoh's daughter, who educates -
him in all the learning of the Egyptians.
>55^ Cecrcps brings a colony of Saite* from Egypt into Attica, and begins the kingdom of Athens,
in Greece.
1546 Scamander
ioi8
A NU W CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
"49 '
•485
»45,?
1452
«4S«
1406
1263
1 198
1048
1004
896
894
869
814.
786
776
753
720
658
604
6-.:o
.5<)7
S«7
502
534
526
5'S
5:9
504
48 r
458
454
Scamandfr coinen tVom Cre'e Into Phivgi.i, and beginii the kingdom of Tvciy. __
Ctidinui curried the I'nanician letteirfnio Grec«e, and htiilt the ritaile^-ofTficbCT.- "•'■*
Moles peit'orn.s ii nuinlicr ot mirarles In Kjjyi"' """^ departi troin that kingdom, tO|;eiher
with 600,003 UVaflitcs, bcliclr* chddrt-n; which completed the 430 yean ol' fojourning.
Tlicy mir.iciiloully p.iCs through thi; Ri-d Sea, and come to the deleft of Sinai, whcio
Moles icicives t'roin God, and dehvcrj ro the people, the Ten Commandmenti, and the
other laws, and ices up the tahcniacic, and in it the ark of the covenant.
Thu hrll Ihip tliat apucai;cd ii^ Greece w4t hu>ugljt froin Egypt. bytDadftui, wll««rmeil M
Khoiles and brongot wiilvbiiu hU. fifty d»uj;tiuiii. ' -
Thi.' firft Olympic games celebrated at Olympu, in Greece.
I'lie Pentateuch, or five tirll books of Mofcs, are written in the land of Moab, where he
died the year following, a^cd 12a.
Tiie llVaclites , after lojouining in the witderncfs forty yeari, are led under Jofhua into the
land of Canaan, where tliey tix thcinlelves, after naving fubdued the naavei i and tl>«
period of the t'ahbatical ycai ciiminenccs. • til < "
Iron is f^und in Greece, fcoii^ the accideiual burning «of -the woodt. • i^^' ■^'' ''>
The ^Tileflans arrived from Spain into Ireland.
Argonaulic rxpcdition,
Tlie rape of Helen by Paris, which, in 1193, gave rife to the Trojan war, and fiege of
Troy by the Greeks, which continued ten years, when (hat city wai taken an4 burnt,
David is lole king of Ifrael.
The Temple is iulcmnly .dedicated by Solo^iop.
Elijah, the prophet, is tranflatcd to Heaven.
Money firft made of gold and lilver at Argos.
} 'nr.i ,h n L yr
'I'he city of Carthage, in Africa, founded by ^uccn Dido.
The kingdom of \faccdon begins.
UVil
t<Ht4ti hniti.. ii
ji
IT
Trireme galleys invented by the Corinthians.
The firft Olympiad bccms. ■■ <f
yiLra of the building ot Rome in Italy by Romulus, fird kine of the Romans.
Samaria taken, after three years fiege, and the kingdom of Ifrael finiflied, by Salmtnafar, <
king of AITyria, who carries the ten tribes into captivity.
The tirrt cclipt'c of the moon on record.
Hyzantium (now Conllantinoplc) built by a colony of Athenians. i
By order of Nccho, king of Egypt, fume Phoeniciana failed from the Red Sea round Africa,
and retuinrJ by the Mediterranean.
J'li^s, of Miletus, travels into Egypt, confults the priefts of Memphis, acauires the knnw-
iWge of geometry, aftrononiy, and piiilofophy i returns to Greece, calculates etlipfcs,
i;ivcs rcneral notions of the univcrfe, and maintains that one fuprcme intelligence icgu-
latcs all its motions.
Maps, globes, and the llgns of the Zodiac, invented by Anaximander, the fcholarof Thales.
jL'hoijkin, king of Judah, h carried away captive, by Nebuchadnexzar, to fiabylon.
"I'lio city of Jerufalcm taken, after a ficgc of 18 months.
'i'he tiril comedy at Athens aJlcd upon a moveable fcaffold. -^ ' -.- f'f, / 1 ;
Cyrus, the firll king of Pcilla.
llie kinp^ilom of ILinylon liniilicd ; that city being taken by Cyrus, who, in 536, ifiucs an
edict for the return of the Jews. -.
Tlie firfl tragedy wai a£led at Alliens, on a waggon, by Thefpis. • •'
l.c lining is greatly cncoin-.igcil at Athens, and a public library hrl> founded. ' ' ' '■
The fecond temple at JeiiiCilcin is hniflied under Darius.
Tar(|uin, tli',' feventli uiul l.ilt kin;; of the Romans, is expelled, and Rome is governed by
two confuls, and other republican magiflratcs, till the battle of Pharfalia,-- being a fpace
of 46 1 years.
Sardis taken and burnt by t!ie Athenians, which gave occafion to the Perfian invafion of
Greece. •
^fifchylus, tlie Greek poet, firft gains the pristc of tragedy. '
Xerxis the Great, kin,; orPetli 1, bej;ins bis expedition ai<;ainl\ Gtxece.
Kzra is fent frnni Bibvlon lo jerufaleiii, with the captive Jews and tjie vcflels of gold and
iilvcr, Sic. being lc\eniy weeks of years, or 490 years before the crucihxion of our Saviour.
The Romans fend to Atliens for Solon's laws.
45 » The
1079
A NEW CHRONOLonrAr •
4?. TheDcc.,„vir.cr«,c.l.,B '^ " ^ « ^ I C A L TABLE.
*"• notreat o( ioii"v»ri, i .
400 Socraec. .1 I^^.S' ,n"'' '"^ ^"''P''''".
''<« loul. «,Kl a ft co/ ■;;;;' '''''r'''''y »""'"« the Greek, h r .
fta,.„. of ,„ .f,"'" "y 'h« Athen,.,,., who foo„ '.ft ^J^^''' •'" ""'er f..hli„,e .1../ L f
kineHom, and after « contir... i ^ """• P"vatclv fet oi.r r .V. '"* *'"g of ^fate.
:i"i:'''r Es7Pt huiir.'""'''"'^''' ""'' -^"--W by hi. ro„ ..,„,. .,.. ^_ _
3f Ph;ii;■,•7^£«-'';M.cp;^^^-^^^^^^ •"ddirn.„u,;,i;XSt
3.12 Alexandria in E.rym Tu |r ""''• ""'' '""ctcedcd by hi. f„n At .
331 Alexander the &^4«. Jc L of lit , """''" "'•■' G««-
firft
Old
rf&Hsi^-- ^r:rr'--••----
44 t,a-far, the greatcll of the R
27 Oaavi'us,
io8o
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
a 7 Oinaviiii, by a decree of the fenaie, obwiiu the title nf Auguftui Ca(«ri Mid an abfoluie
emptioii ftom the laws, aiid ia properljr tho iirft Ronun emperoft
tc Coin Hrd iiteH in Britain.
8 R
•»•
ome at thii liint ii ifiy mikt in circumfarence, and conuina 463.000 men fit to bear
arm*.
The temple of lanua ii (hut by AueuAua. at an emblem of univerfal peace 1 and JESUS
C H R I S T Ii fuppofed to nave been born on Monday December a ]• but. according lo
many, in September, during the Jewilh fcaft ot Tabernaclci.
A. C*.
11 ChriA hearing the Dodon in the Temple, and afldng them qucAioni *.
•7 it haptifed in the wikkrnef*.
33 lESUS CHRIST ia crucified on Friday, April 3. at 3 o'clock P. M.
)iU RefurrctAion on Sunday, Apiil 3 ) hia Afcenfion, Thuriday, May 14.
36 St. Paul converted.
39 St. Matthew writea hit Oofpel.
Pontiua Pilate killa himfelf.
40 The name nf Chriftiant firft given at Antioch to the foUowcn of Chrift.
43 Claudiua Cafar'i eapediiion nilo Britain.
44 St. Mark writea hia Gofpel.
49 London it fnuiided by tme Romani ; 368, farrounded by them with a wall, fome parti of
which are ftill ohfervable.
51 CjraOacui, the Briiilh king, it carried in chains to Rome.
5a The council of the apoftlea at Jerufalem.
55 St. Luke writes his Gofpel.
59 The emperor N'ero puts his mother and hrotlieri to death.
— — • perfci'ulcs the Druidsi in Britain.
61 Bnadicea, the Briiifh queen, defeats tiie Rumans ; but is conquered feon after by Suctoniuif
gnvrrnor of Britain.
62 St. Paul is fcnt in bonds to Rome ; writes his Epiftles between 51 and 66.
6j T!ie A£)s of the Apuftles written.
Chrinianity is ftippofcd to be ntroduced into Britain by St. Paul, or fome of his difciplei,
about this time.
64 Rome (ct on fire, and burned for fii days ; upon which began (under Nero) the £rft per>
fecution againil the Chriflians.
67 St. Peter anJ St Paul put to death.
70 U'hilA (he faAious Jews are deftroying one aiMther with mutual fury, Titus, the Roman
general, takes Jeruiiikin. which is raced to the ground, and the plough made to pafs
over it.
79 Herrulaneum overwhehncd by an eruption of Mount Vefuvius.
83 1'he philofophert capclled Rome by Doautian.
85 Juliux Agricola, governor of South-Britain, to proted) the civilifed Britons from the incur.
linns (if the Caledonians, buikb a line of furts between the rivera Forth and Clyde ; defeats
the Caiciloiiians under Galgacus ua the Grampian hills ; and &rft &ila round Britain,
wliii-h he difcovers to he an iflaiMl.
96 St. John the Evangclit) wrote his Revelation,— his Gofpel in 97.
lai I'hl- Cult'doniuns reconquer from the Romans all the Ibuthern parte of Scotland; upon
wtiich the emperor Adrian builds a wall between Newcaftle and Carliile ; but thia alfo
proving ineifciSlual, Pollius Urbicus, the Roman general, about the year 144, repairs
Agricola's forts, which lie joins by a wall lour yurdk thick, fiiKc called Anioniuus'a wall.
'35 The locond Jcwifh war ends, when they were all banilbed Judea.
ly) lulliii \vf'ui:% his hrtl Apology for the ChriUians.
140 Oiibliii liuilt.
141 A iiiinil<'.'i of hcrcfics appear about this time.
1 j2 I'hc cni|)eior Antoninus Pius Aups the pvrfccution againft the ChriAians.
• " I lave often thought (fays a judiciuiM com-
mrnt;'ii<ii ) t'lai i' 1^ n f^rtnt injury to the charaAer
o) "tir bletfeil rtditnici, to reprefcnt this ftory, whe-
tii' r ill |>ii:>i.r(<. or uoids, a» it Cliril), »t his tender
a^' . 'vrii' lip uit'i the feats of the doAori and
t.>..rc Jjj...:c'd >'ith tiicm. Not one word is faid
of hi« difputing by the evangeliA, but only of
his hearing them and afking them queftions, which
was a very ufual thing in thefe .iilcmblies, and
indeed the very end of them. All wu coaduAcd
witii the utmoA modeAy and decorum."
ail Cold
A NEW C 11 R O N O L O G I C A I. T A U r. K.
1081
in
to
in
of
ich
nil
■ted
uM
211 Gill I aiul lilvcr <°nin firft tired in Siotlitnd.
Tht emperor Stvcr in, alicr li.tviiiif rom|iirred the Scoti, and pout tlioin up l»y • n«w wull
liciwccii the Fiirtli ot (,'lydc (I'ltuc called Cirttlwrn's Dyke), having all.) cuuauetrd tlij
r.irtliiunt ill llic Lull, uiid extended tlic Kuinaii ciiipiic lu its utinulk buaiiJi, dici at
York.
Tlie Septu.i};iiu faid to lie found in n ca(k.
Aliout tills time tlic Roinnn cinnirc licgini to fiiilc under its own wright, The liiibarmni
Wpjii ilicii inruudu, and the Ciiitlw receive tribute not to inolcll the cinpi|e.
Valerian is taken pi H'iiiki hv Sapor, king ol' I'erliu, and flayed ahvc.
Silk rtrl\ liiouglit liom India; the inanut'.idturc of it introduLcd into Europe by fomo
917
ail
a6o
974
291
•506
30K
3'3
3'4
3»5
3J3
331
3^3
364
400
404
406
410
412
420
426
44'>
447
440
455
476
4'/'
5.'.
557
5«'
59<'
6o()
(i22
monks, $;■ i tirll worn liy the cicri^y of I'jijzland, 1534
Two einiicriirs and two C.l-ui'i march to defend the fuui ((iiartcri of the ciu])irc.
Coiillantinc the Ci rcut bcgini his reign.
Cardinih lirll created.
'I'lic tenth idfccuiiun ends by an cdidl of Condantinc, who favours the CitrlAians, snJ
gives full lilu-ity to their relii;ion.
Three bilhops, or fathers, arc lent from Dritain to alTift at the council of Aries.
'l'lictirl\ general council at Nice, when 318 fathers attended, againll Alius, where was com-
pofcd the famous Niccnc Creed.
CiJiillaniine removes the feat uf empire from Rome to Byzantium, which is from that time
called Conlluntinoplc.
Conllantiiic orders all the he.ithrn temples tn be deflroyed.
The Roman Kmperor Julian, furnained the Apoflatc, endeavours in vain to rebuild the
temple of Jerufalein.
The Roman empire is divided into the eaf .1 (Conflantinoplc the cn|)iial) and wellcrii (of
which Rome continued tu be the capital), each being now under the uuveinmont gt dif>
feieiit einperors.
Bells iiitrodiKCtl by biHiop Paulinns.
'I'hc kin^doiii ol Caledonia or Scotland revives under Fergus.
The Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, fprcud into France and Spam, by a couccITion of Ilonorius,
• emperor of the Well.
Rome taken and pluiuicicd by Alarlc, king of the Vifigoths.
The Vandals bc|;in tht ir kingdom in Spain.
The kingdom ol I'rantc begins upon the Lower Rliine under Pharam<ind.
The Koinuiis, icducetl to extremities at home, withdraw their troops from Britiin, and
never return ; adviling the Britons to arm in their own defence, and trull to their own
valour.
The Briions, now lefr to thcmfelves, are greatly harrafled by the .Scots and Pi£ls ; upon
which they once more make their complaint to tiie Romans, but receive no afliAunce
from that quarter.
Attila (furnained the Scourge of God), with Ikis Huns, ravages the Roman empire.
Vortigern, king of the Britons, invites the Saxons into Britain, againll the Scots and Pidls.
The Saxons, having repiilfeil the Scots and Pidls, invite over more of their cuuntrymcn, and
begin to cilalililh thcmfelves in Kent, under Hengifl.
The weflein empire is entirely deftroyed, 523 years after the battle of Pharfalia ; upon the
niiii'. of uliiih fcver.il new llatcs arife in Italy and other parts, confifting of CJotlia, \'an-
daU, I inns, and other li irbarians, under whom literature is extinguilhcd, und the wuik^ of
the ieanied are dellroyed.
Clovi.s, kin:^ of France, liaptifed, and Chrinianity begins in that kingdom.
I'liiiie Aitlrii- iH'gins his reign over the Britons.
ConllaiHiiitiiile lielicgcd by Vitalianus, whole fleet is burned by a fpeculum of brafs.
I'hc ( iiiiijuiiiiig of tunc by the Clirillian xra is introduced by Dianylius the monk.
The iD.ie ol Iiil\inian, the iMl\crn einpeior, is publiihcd.
A tcrrilile pla;j;ue all over Kuiope, Alia, and Africa, which continues near 50 years.
Latin ceafed i>> be Ipoken about this time in Italy.
Augulline tlu- monk comes into Lngland with torty monks.
Merc begins the power of the popes, by the conceflions of Phocas, emperor of the Eaft.
Mahomet, a falle jirophet, lliei from Mecca to Medina, in Arabia, in the 54th year of his
age, aiid 1 0th ot his minidry, when he laid the foundati<m of the Saracen empire, and
from whom the .Mahometan' princes to this day claim tlieir dcfcent. His followers com-
6 Y jnitc
loSt
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
inilr ititir time from tlii* iri j, wliith ii) Amhlc i» r»Ur.| Hc^ira, i. e. tliv Fli^lti. <
^'37 Jfiil-'l'i" '» tuktii l>y llif S.irai cix, oi" lolluwer* ul' Miilu)iiK't.
(>40 Ak's.iniliid iit l'.^'V|ii ia ukcii hy tliciii, uiiU ilic grutitl lilnary tlicic liuriK hy orikr of Omar,
ilkeir c.iliplt ur jtriiu f,
f<53 Tlic S.ir.iit'Dft iKHv cxiciiil ilifir con(|iirn!i on cvrry fiJc, aiul icialiaie llic buili^ritick ut' ilio
(i(ith»uiul V^tiilali U|)nn tlicii ^ollcnty.
664 (ilil'it iDtrotlmril I'liin I'lii'laiul by lieiiali, a monk.
68j The Hiitiiis atM a brave Itrugnlc i)» near ijo years, arc tolally eipcllcj by the Saxoni,
ami ilrivi'ii inlu Walci and Curiiwull.
715 The Saiii mis fMHimr Spain.
•jiii 'I'll-' (wiiiMoiTiy aliuuc image* bcgirii, and occafious many iiirurrci5\iunt in ilto caflcrn
tMii|iirc.
748 The loiiiiuitinp, of veari from the hirth of Chrirt bej^an to be ufcil in liillory.
74(1 Tlie r.KC (it Alih 11 bccdinc iali|ihit of the Sailicrvi, atui cik (jiiraL;L' leariiiiij',
76a The I iiy iit lia^tiaj, upuii tlic 'I'igrii, i* niaUu the capital I'ui (iie caiiplis o( ilic huufc of
Ahlias.
800 CliarleiM.ii^nc, king of Kiancc, b«ginii tlie empire of Ciermnny, aftcrwariU callnl the
AV'ellcrii empire ; and ciiileavuuri to tclloic Uarning in Kunipe ; but niuiikinJ aic nut yet
(lilpiik'.l tor It, being fdely tiij;Ki(Te(l by niillliiy cntrrpril'en
fl}6 llarcilil, king of IXninark, delhrnucJ by lu» fuli|eCl«, fur l)cing n Chrillian.
R28 Krheri, king ol Wedex, unites ilie llcptaiehy by the name ol England.
8^6 Tlie liiiniiigH trade 10 Scuiland for filh.
ilj8 '11. Sciiis and V'liU have a decilive battle, in whiih the former prevail, nnd buth kingilonu
are tiiii;t.J by Kiinietb ; wlmli Ik t;>ii^ ihi' leeiMld period ijt' the Scuttilh hidory.
S67 The Danci begin their ravage* in Kn^land.
ti7l Tlic fpiin^'ii at Hatli tirll dilcuvired.
K86 Juries hilt iiilh:iiu.l.
t''j6 Alliiil the Cireit, iitier fululiiinp the FXiiiilli invader* (agninft whom he tbiiglit 56 hattlt-t
by lea and land), euinpoles hii> body of lawfi ; divides Knglaiid inii> counties, lumdredy^
and tythiii^s , eicdis cuunty eunrts, and founds the univeiliiy of C)xloid ubuul tlil'i
time.
<ji^ The imivetlity of Canibridi^e foumK'<l.
()^h The >iarac(,n empire is iliviJid bv uluipui'in iilt'i fe\fn kiiigiloini.
97$ I'opc Uoiiil.ice V'll. in depoted and banillu'd liir Ins eiiini.s. • .
079 Coronation o.>tlis (aid to be hrfl ufeil in Kiieland.
9<;l 'i'hc li^iuies in aiitlinielii .-lie brought into Kuiope by tlic Saraccni fioin Aubiu. Lctteii
111 the alpli.ibet sstre hidicrto iilid.
^»)6 f)iho III. makes the empire of Cierinaiiy cleiLlive.
<)ij9 Bolcllaus tlu; tiilt king ot Poland.
icoo r.iper made of lotloii i,il;s was in ufe ; that of linen rags in 1 170 : the maiiufatflory imro«
duccd intii Knglaud at Uartloid, 1 ^SS.
All the old (huri-lu's are rebuilt about this 1
Jdcii by law to lie lidd by tin
17 C'liiiKe, kiiiu o( IJeiHti.uk, gels poflcllion ot Kngland.
icr; .'Ml the olil diuri-lu's are reiniilt uiiout tins time in a ikw manner of artltitui^turc.
tot 5 C'liil.lren turbiddcii by law to lie lidd by their jiarfiits in tiigland.
lieu |i:
1 of Ki
JO4O '1 he Danes, ul'ttr I'evcral enpigementi with various fuetefs, are about thii lime tlri veil out
of i^t('li.ind, and iicNer again return in a holtilc manner,
rc^i The Sixon line rellored umler l.dviaul the C'onleilur.
104J The 'J'uiks (a uaiioii of adventnrerj from raiiary, l>rving hithcito in the ariniei of con.
tciuliii;; prince,') betome birnndable, and take pollclliun of Pcrlia.
1054 I.co IX. liie tirll pope lliat kept up an army.
IC57 Malcolm III. king of .Votiaiid, kills the tyrant Macbeth at Dunlinane, and marries llic
piinccfs Margaret, lilU-i to Kdgar Atheling.
IG65 The Tiiik'i lake Jcnifakiii fioin ihc Sar.iceiis.
1066 The bailie of Halting!, (oueht, between Harold and William ffurnamcil the Ballard), duke
of N'uriii.uuly, in wliicfi Harold h con4uercil and llain; after which VVilliaiii becoiuci
king ol Knglaiid.
IC70 W'illi.iiii iiiiroduecs the feudal law.
Muficil notes invenled.
IC75 Henry IV'. cnipeior of Germany, and the pope, <]iinrrel about die nomination of the
German
noH I.
"33 Th,
ni
ill
':''4 Are,
III
12fH)
Tile
•=7j
The
A NEW CIIRONOLOC IC/VL T A n T U. io3|
Grrman liidtopi. Henry, in |i«njtKo, walk* bare-fooicJ lu tlie ^^, towardt iho cikl ul
1 07 A
io8j
1091
1107
1110
iti8
1140
irfi
1163
11(14
1172
1176
1180
llK(
1181
1186
1191
tt()4
1200
iij8
111;
1J27
'233
»i?3
I2SS
1264
1269
fJiiMiurv.
iiAiit^ iimIii: iir.iir liifl appoinicil in KnglaniL
)o'>mri| iv-l)ii'ik hc" III III lie < 111
iiiilliY-liiKik h(-;< III III lie < iiinpiliil by oiJvr of William, from • furvey of all th« oOatci
III Kii);laii>l, iIIkI lliiilhiil ill iciH^i.
Tlie 'I'liwcr III' I.iiii'liiM built bv ilittn, (o nirb liii Kny;liili liilijc.^t; nuinlieri ut wlnm ttf
to SidiljMil, wtirrc ihry iiiirmliKiAl llio Sjiuii ui I'.ii^lidi jjii^uagc, were pru'eittd bv
Mulmliii, anil li.i'l IjiuIs ^i\cti llirin.
Tlir Sjiaiciiit ill Sp.iin, beiiij; luril prelFcil by (he Spmii irJit, call to their Bdilliitce J<ifc|tli,
kins lit Mornctii , by wliiili iho Mouri get poirelliuii ul' all the SarjLcn Joiiiiiiiniit iii
Sp.iin.
The tirll criifatlc tn the I Inly Laiul i( begun under fcveral Clirillian prince', to drive tha
iiiliilc'U I'roiii Ji'iiiLilcin.
Kinu'* Ipcci li lirll dclivrrcd by llriiry I,
((oilwiii Sands Conned by ilic k,i uvcrtiowing 4000 acrei belonging to earl UoJ.viii at
Kent.
Edgkr Atlirlinj;, the laft of the Saxon princci, diet in England, where he had been p.'r«
iniitcd til relidc »• a fulijciH.
r.rariiini; revived in Cimbiidgr.
'I'lic oriirr of the Knij^hti 'IVinplais itiftitutcJ, di defend the fcpuUliro at Jc-iufalem, and to
piotecl Clirillian lliaiigrn.
Kiiij; Stephen rranii liberty to his nobles to build caAleii in cunfoi|ucnco of which ii»
were crcoK-ii in 14 yrais.
The < anon law (dllrded by (iiatian, a monk of liobicni. ,1 •-
London biid^f, I'onliiliiig of k; Iniall :ir(licH, til II built uf l\one,
The Tciitiiiiie order of religious kiiii>ht!i liegiiu in (ferinaiiy.
Henry II. king of Kiigl.iiid (.ind hrik of the Plantagcnct*) takes poircfTiiin of Ireland, wliich
from tliat periiMl hat been governed by an ICngliih viteioy, or loul licut'iuiii,
England is divided, by Henry, into u\ circuits, and jullicc is dil'iicaleJ by itinoraiit
judges,
Cifals windows began to lie ufed in privati- houfes in England.
'I'iic laws of l''ii{lanil .iie digeflcd about this lime by Glanville.
I'lipc Alexander III. loinpclled tlie kings uf England and i'Vaiice to hold the Airrupi of hii
fiddle when he iiiouiUed hii horfc.
The great conjuniftiiui uf the fun und moon and all the planets in Libra, happened in Sep.
teinlier.
The battle nf Afcalun, in Judea, in which Richard, king of England, defeats Saladiuc'i
army, tonlifling "f fxj.ooj combatants.
DifH it ms>i Droit tiill ul'ed as a motto by Richard, on a viiElury over the French
Cliiiiiiiies were nut known in England.
Surnames niw be;'.in to be ufcd ; tirll among the nobility.
London incorporated, and obtained their lirll charter fur elcifling their lord mayor, and
otlicr iiiagiliraics, from king John.
Magna t'.iait.i i> li;^iicd bv king John and the barons of England,
Court of common pie. 11 elhiblilhcd.
Tl.i- Tan lis, a new raie of heroes, under Gcngis-Kan, emerge from the northern pats of
Alia, over-rim all tlic Saiacen cm|iire ; and, in imitation of furinc-r coiKiucxirj, can/
death ,iiul dcftil.uion wlieii'vei tliey inaicli.
The ii',i|iiilition, l>et;iin in 1204, is now trullcd to the Dominicans.
The luiulVsof lyuiijon, and oilier ci(ii."i ol E'ij;laiid, l-'raiue, and Germany, llill t'iati.!icd
with llraw.
The I.Mnous agronomical tallies arc tompofcd bv Aliihonio, king of Caflilc.
The r.iiiars take Bagdad; which tinilhes the empire of tlic S.iraccns,
Ailio, kiii.Mif XiMway, invades Scotland, with i()0 fail, and lands 20,000 men at ilis
nviutli ol the Clyde, wiio are cut to piece* by Alexander IIL who recovers tlie wcliera
illcs.
Arroiding to fomc writers, the commons of England were not fuinmoned to parliament
till tliis jiLriod,
The llamliurgh company incorporated in England.
Tlic cminrc of tlie pielei'u .\ullrian family l)egins in Germany.
(> Y 2 128a LcwelLn,
iet4
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
iuii|ii)\Mii.r oiKi i;iiiii iiiii iiiveiiic'i ny .'^wartr, i innnk oi v. iiJucn ; i ^.yi, iMiwaru III. had
fuiir pieces (il caiiiKiii, whu.!) tuniuuutk'ii (u gam liiiii ilic b;it(Ic ol C'lclly ; I J46, houili*
itBa l^wrllyn, prirtc* of WitL'i, iWCcaMul *i)tl kilktl \>y KJwitiil I. -^hu unite* lUar prinrlfilliy
I1R4 F,>lt«4ti| II. horn •( Cirturvoii, i« i^)>< tirA tuinca of W^lvn.
1*85 Alrxniiiivr III. kiiij; ot SdiiUml. liwi, ■iitlili>ti km|ctl<jiit !• iliriiutnl by 11 c.tndiiUti ., «»|,(,
luhiiiit ll.'^ir I'luiiiit III tlir tirlillraei'iii nl IvIw-tiJ, im^ ol bllj^Uiitil t wliiclt Uyttl.c tKUml-
•iImii itt' a liiDK •htt <leliiliiiin| «r<r liriMrticii btjtil mttioii*.
1*9.1 There il A leguUr luc(«lbun ui (.iiglilh pitili-tinciM* IctMn lliif yctr, being ilig jiJ 1,1'
Kilwatil I.
Il(;8 T))!' (irrleiii 'I'uikilh cm|iirc l>egini in Biiliynia iintler Ouomnn.
tSiUrrlialtril kiiivei, fpoon*, and i.upi, • |icitl luxuiy.
'I'ulliiw t ,111 IU'4 II Mir.ii • luNury, ifui fiiliuicn of viruuti wire uM fur lighti,
^V'illc iiiltl l<v .i|«>(na( iiriei a> 11 lorilul.
IJOJ 'III'.' rnaiiiui'i tiiiii|Ml» iiitriiu-<], or iiii|ir(>vril, liy fJivi.i, of Naplet, 'I'he (lnwc'r dc In, ,.,
llii' iiriiii III lilt' tlukc til Aiijuu, llirii king ut Nit|>lei| Wtta pUictl liy hitn ul |Ik' poiiu «t'
llie nei-ille, in ronipliim'nt to ihm prince. ^
1307 Tin- lir^;iMiiiiii» 111 tlir Sm(i(i < aiiloi\a.
Inicrcll ot iimni-v ill Kiiiiltml *t 4K ftr ttnl. v»M
i.^oS 'I'lic p<i|H.'« iiniiivc to Avipnoii in I'tuncr for 70 yeiri.
1,^10 l.iiuolii'i Inn fiiiiciy rlliiblilhril.
Ijt4 The h.tiilc I f Rinnorkbiirn between Edward II. and Robert Orucc, wliii.li cAablidici tlw
latii r III! ilie iliroiic vf Siotl.iiul.
The (arilinali ict tire to ilic cuiicUve and (icparaw. A vacancy in the papal ch«ir for
two yearf.
1336 Two Br.ih.int wriiveri fettle at York, which, fayi Edward III. may prove of great benefit
to U'. aiiil our fuhir4li.
1317 The lirll loiiict whulc nmrfc ii dffi rihcd with an adroiinmital cxaiHncra.
1340 Guiipi)\Mfi.r ami i;iiiii hi(\ inveiiicl by Swartr, .1 inmik ofCohtcni 1 ^;^, I'Mwaid III. had
funr piccet ol cannon, whiL'
anil iiiiirnir^ win' iincnu-ii.
Oil piiiMiiii- llrll n\.iiltf life of by John Vanctk.
Heralds' tullr^e iiilliiiiteii in Kii^l.inil,
i,<;44 The tii[\ rri'.aMii to liilri bv paivni ufeil by b'Jwaul III.
CioM tirll toinni in MngLind.
1 546 riic li.iitli' ol I )iirli.iin, ill \\lili h n.iviil kiiij; of ,S<-otii i< taken pi if piier.
' j4'; Tic Order of ilic (i iiti-r iiiliiiuied 111 Kngland by Milw.irJ 111. alkccJ in 1557, and cunfids
of 20 kiiighti.
I ^^1 The Turku riil\ enter F.uropf.
1 <54 riif nioiu-v III ,'siiillaiid (II iv.w tlic fame an in Fnidtiid.
135(1 'I'lic luttk' ol l'oii.'licifi, ill whiili king Jolin uf I'Vuiicc and hit fun are taken prifoncri by
KJwaid the Hl.iik I'liiite.
13^7 (\ials lirrt hroii^lu to (.Kiulnn.
13^8 Arms of Kiii;liiul ami I'r.iiK c lirll qitartcfcd by Rdward III.
t^ti 'ilic law pkadiiigs in llii-land iluii^cil lioiii hcnch tu Liiglilll, aa a favour of Edward llf,
to lii> people.
Joiiii WiLUiHV, an l''.iipli(hm:iii, lieglni about fhii time to nppofe the crrora of the church
of Roini! wirli (;reil ai.iilem.fii and fpirit. Hi? follower!! arc tailed Ltdlardi.
1366 A conipany ol lincii-weav in fioni the Ncthcilaiidi cUabhlhcd in London.
^VilldloI c.ililc limit liy lalw.iid III.
1383 'i'lic liatiic olOitcibiiin between ilutlpur and die carl uf Douglas ; on tliit ii fjuiiJcd tiio
ballad of Chevy Chatc.
1391 Cards invenled in I'Vanic for the king's .Tmiifrincnt.
'.)'>9 ^Velhnindcr Abbey rcbiiili and cnlar^'eil — WcllininlUT-hall ditto.
Order of t'lc Uatl) iiillitutcd at the coronation of Henry IV. rcncvvcj 1725 ; conlifling of
38 knij;hti
14OJ r I) I'/.et <lc(e3tcd by Tamerlane, and the power of the Turks alniufl entirely dellro^cd.
1410 f iuild!i.ili, Lotidoii, built.
141 1 'I'lic i;nivciliiy ol St. Andrew's in .'^.-otUnd founded.
I4IJI Denin.irk iinitid willi tlit- i.own ol Nuiway.
I J15 The buttle of Aj^iiieouit gained (Utr tlic ^'iviich, Iry Ilcnry V. of England.
1428 'I'hc
HI*
•-(^'i 'I
7
MJJ c
'4Si T
l>,
NT; 7/1
UHj Hi,
II
> Il
»•♦«« fin!
'•♦«V .Ma,
'491 \V,||
The
hn
hi
Ion
rn.i
A men
Al^.b,
7'l,c I
>.MI(h
'-!<;■; .Vnrih
»5xD Maxim
'yS ^'liliin.
C/ii,(|i
M^"9 ti'.iidcn
iiiiiio
'S'.? 'l'/,cl,,,
llobili
•5i'> Cor,„„
'i'7 .M-iiMi
^'■^yi'i I.
'5<8 .M,.,,|,,
'xii in
'510 Henry \
♦loin (
»J»9 7hc,M,„
K-.ine,
•531 rioiii.c;,
'5,)4 ''he Kef,,
'?J7 '^ilif;ioii»
'.fj9 '""c tiill
Aiioiit ihj
'543 i'llk ((,„),
'5()i
,..''K..C,i
' ni» (ml I,
>S44 Ciocd lai,
8
A N K W C II R O N' O I. O G 1 C A I, TAB Ll
loSj
Mil TIm (ictrtof Utli-iiis iIm Airt >4ow to ilic Knglilh |Mwrr m Franc*, by ih« ctbbr*tttl Mattl
nil )>lrjMi. Mic m .till rv«.iriU l.ikrti pKliiiitr. nxl lulVly j.miI l>i i!r itl),
I4JO AtMliK rttll lirnr L>lliiciltiii« ol llarilriii irivcntcil lh« ■II of priniili', wtliih h* pru^iAiil
Willi wikmIcii tv|Ni. (;iiiii'nl>iir(>li uiKiwurdi inv*ii(«tl tui iiuiiil iy|H-iii but (he an wui
(arriiU lu iwrlcClinn \>y I'rirr .Sthncllii, who inventcil ihc inotli- iil i»n'm^ the itpci in
inatiiiri. rinliiu Cxlrllii [K^*n 10 iiriiii in Ovtiml, in l^'iH, miiI\ xMxiilru typ^n ) but
ii wi« Willi.uti C>i<iioii wli'i liiirutluv^il iniv titgliiuJ ih« tti ol priming with tuUle type*
ill 1474.
1440 Ih* Vmitan lil<r*ry fountlv)! m Rnmt.
'I'hi- (tit lirr«k« in at l)i>rt, in liulliiMl, iiimI <linwn^ lon.ooo (xnplr.
I4JJ CuiilUniiiiu|ile Likrii by tlin 'I'lirU i whiili cii<l« ilr ct(tcrii riii|iirr. Hi,) yrjrt ftoni iti
toumUtioii by C'>>nl1.iiiiiiie ilir (irl■4^ j\m\ 11 16 y •iti« front ilie (uuiubtion «t Kmiic.
1454 The iiniv«iliiy ol ()liit/,>>w, in Smibntl, Iniiiiilol.
Oii'i Ouciick, • Ocriiiin, nivcnii the •ii-|itiiii|i.
I )iM iliiij; ii|i|)/.iiiti'i| in 1 i-nuiii c»(e% in h'r«n< e, in orJ«r to have i\\r jutt^mciit of OoJ.
l4'<o Kiii'.i IN i.in md ill hiiiR rin copprr invrmnl,
I477 'I liL' iiaivniiiy i.l Atn'rtlccn, in ^i.o(lar.<l, lounilril.
I4HJ UliharJ III. kiir^ tit Kiml.iii'1, mid l.ill nt the PUnfiijjrnrli, in clcfcuteil ami killril at
ihu li.illlo ol lluUViirth, Ity llriirv ( I'mlur) VII. mIiu h |uili un riul 10 iliv rivil \\.ii< Uv-
, iwrcii the hr)ulci ot Yoik and l.aiikjillci, aflcr u lond ik ul 30 yeurt, uivl ihr jou ol
!')'-,■>- 1 mrn.
i4!lrt Meiiry cllal<li!hrii AlW yromrn of tlip KU^irdt, ih« fiii> nmiilinK army. •
I4H1J Mati.N .iiid fiM-cluttt hill brnU!;lit to KiiKllO'lhy R.tltli. Odiiiiliiit,
1491 U iluin iitiH \n pulihilv ii'uilir* ilic (irrrk l.iiit;uaKe at OnlorJ. '
1'hc Modik, h'ldirtlo ,1 turiniil.il lo I'lcmy 10 llir iiitivu Spnuiurtii. are rnttrrly fiiMiird fir
Ki tdiiiaiiil, .uid Ih-(ii>iic fkil>Jci.l> III ili.it print c on tciluiii iiindiiiun*, Nvlmh nrr ill nh-
IciM'tl by till' Sp.inijiilt, wlinfc tlcr^v rnipluv the powri ol the ini|iiiliiion, wiili :ill ir«
tiirttiti'.i; and, 1601;, ni.ir tnK' iiiillioii of tlir Moon urr drivvn Iruin Spun tu the opputitu
riMll iif All it. I, from wlicm v iliiv uri,,iiially taiiif.
141)] America hill difi ovctal by Columliu^, a Genoclc, in the fi:rvi«.e uf Spain.
I4';4 Al);rlir.i hill kiiiwn in l'',uiiipi'.
14V7 'I'lic l'llrlu^llllc hrll fail to the Kill Indiri by tlie Cape of Good Hope.
S Hitli ,\iiiiiii,i ilifc'ivi'iid bv Aniiriiiit Vt'fput 1111, from whom it liai ill name.
I4()i) Ni.rili All, nil .1 i-\|ilori'd, lor llnry VII. bv Cabot.
1500 Maximilian ilivulcit the rmpire of Gcimany inio ItK circlci, and adili four niurc in 1 ji 1,
1^05 .Sliilliiij;^ hrll loimd 111 I',in;laiul.
Cliiill Colli-j;!', C'liiil'ridj;!, loiiii Kd tiv Henry VII. *» mother.
I f C(> Ci.iiilcniiip iiiihiltui'd into Kiu;laiid liuin the NcihcrlanJs, from whence vc^ctablen iinc
iiiwiortt'il liiilirito.
IJ13 'I ho liatilr; of riuwdcn, in Mhicli Jamci IV. of Scotland ii killed, widt the llowcr of hia
ntdiiliiv.
1516 CoiiHii Cluilli College, of Oxfoiil, founded by bilhop WiiUon>
1517 Muitii) r.iiilur Ileum lilt' Rifoiination.
Envpt ii tiint|ui'itd liv ilif Tiiik-..
1518 Nlai;tllan, in ilu- lutvicc ol Sp.iiii, lirll tlifcovers the ftraiti of that name in Soutli Aiiuii. .1,
bill is killcil by fava(',i->i in ilic Marianne illandii.
1520 Henry VIII. for hit wiiiiiig* in favour ut popery, receives the title of IXfciuk-r of tiic Fai:(i
liiiiii the popi'.
1539 'Ihc nanif ot I'mifllant takru itii life from the Reformed protefting agaiull the church of
KoiiH-, .It tilt? diet of .Spill•^ 111 (iiim.iiiv.
153J ClirilUchunh College, Oxioul, Iduiiilc'd by Ilrnrv VIII.
I5j4 Till- Rcforiii.iiioii t.iko plate in Kngland, under Henry VIII.
'5j7 Religious lioufts tlilFolv I'd there
*5J9 ' ''^' '"'^ Knj;l>lh edition of the Rlhlc aMthorit'cd ; the prcfcnl tranflation finiflicd, 161 1.
Aliout (his tinir taiiiitiii lie^an lo lie iileii in Ihips.
■543 '''"' ''"<I<''R'' hrll worn liv the Iriiuh kiiii' , lirft worn in F.ngland hv tiuecn F.li/.ilicih,
15(11 , ilic iKrl Ir.iiiie tor Mtavin;^ them iiUL'iitrd by the r'v, .Mi. Lcc, of John's CoU
K'i;r. C'aiiiliiiV''. i^St;.
I'ins hill ufi'd ill Kngland, liefniv which lirae ilic ladies uicd lkc\«ers
1544 Guc/d lai.tlii let ill Liiglund at uiic- Ihillinj; [ici acie.
IS4S Tlie
i-^B^
A NEW C If R O N O I, O 1 r A r. T A B I, E.
If4< T\*ti fdinntM ii>Hn<ii of 1'rt'iit li«Kin*, anil oiiiiiniirt i4 yr'ri.
IJ^O Kirll I >w hi I'.ncliiiKt . iUI>lillii>i|| ilic tiiUf It >«> iii<>ii< v iii ItH pT rtnt.
Ann Aliiir, 4 l^iticlkiiii, irtirlly Mrtuivil by urtUi iil II nv VIII. whn, lo itic tmittjlt*
Kiitie u| royally. |mii lii« imii luiiiU •ii ili« r^ik, »• iioi iliiiiki*;^ ih« •■•i iititix'it ' '
fiiily tipcti. Sli« I'tuliircit ««rry ^\^\>t^ mhIi ti>iit,iii.r, «nil Wcti 4l(«)M(trJ« buroti
1 1(49 l^iiil* lirutrtunu ot' (..iiiniici mlliiuicil m l'.ti|{UiiiJ.
Iffo Moitr (imiiU inl)iii( I m Kii|(I«*hI
im The K.iili
tiinii uiv
I iltlillinl lit FllflJiol.
i(tH (Jurrii I 11/ il'> til I'i^hK lici r''iK<)
I <'h) 'Hic Kc I
I ('Ij KiMVOt llrll .11 k III I.M^UimI
I « uinplftail hj Jwhn KimH)
H'.y K-.y .1 I ...1.
ivi.
hilt IhiiIi,
1^71 'IIk piiai III ilfritro lit I'loicrtani* ai Tirit.
'57V '''*■' '^" ' '' '''^^ "*' *'*' -^paiiilh )'ikv, Mini iIm trpuMic ol' llulliiul b«{iiM,
Kiifjiili i'.Jii lii'lid ioiti|Miiy inri>i|H>riiir«l -cAitlilillKU lOOO.
'I'uiki'v miiiMiiv till (>i|'i>r.iicil.
I5S0 Sir Fr^iuM litakc rciunu iMiit hi* voyage luuiitj tlie wuilJ, U-iitg (Im liilt Kn^ililli viicuin*
nuv
t(»i
i>r.
I'drmliMl rcgillrn tiil\ diipuiniril in I■'.ll^l4l<ll.
I f8j I'liiic Cii«^'>ry iiilroiluic* ilir Nrw !i(>li' in ImI\ ; llic Jth of Uilubcr Iwiil^ inunu-il I 5l||i
t 5N ) 'ri<lMi('i) Mil lirMU)(lii iioiii Vii|iiiii.i iiiiu l.ii'liiut.
I ftf? ^^<^'y Qiicoi ul S«.(>i< It bcliriiik'd by nuUi nl l.lr/alwili, iiftcr iH vi'4ti iiiipril'oiinwiit,
I>))b 'I'Iic Spaiiilli atiiij^t.i lU'llrnyrtl liy Dralki- aiitl i><lii'i Imi^IiIIi uiliniul*.
IK'lity IV. p.ilVt* llir rili^l nl Nanirt, i(i|i'iuliii)( llii' I'mirlUiili.
I {H>) (^llt(ill■ hill imriHliiioi nun I'.iicbnJi li.ukiicy u\, I'nyj , iiurcalVii lo looOi in 1770.
H<ta B.iiid III' iHriilKiiicr* niltiiiiicil in Kiigl.iiid.
lfi>l 'I'luiity Coll'xc, Diililiii, Ininilnl.
i^t)^ Watilitt liiin>ruug)ii ini<> KivUiiil fiom (Jcrtiiany.
l'>o2 Dciiinal iiilliini'lii iiixniol .i( llruum.
1^103 Qjiciii r.li»uUili (iliv l.iit III ihr 'I iiiliiri) ilkv aiul nommalci Jiiinei VI. ol' SkiiIjiiiI (4ih1
lill) III' llir Slujfik) ;t\ hri liitii'llor.
1605 Tlic (iiiii|'>ivvJri ploi klil'i iivricil ui W cniiiiMlIrr i l>citip, a projctn ul' llic Koiiuii Latliului
lu U ixv I'ji ilf kiii^ uiul liiidi liiiiilfi III p.iilMimiit.
1^6 Oilli ol ,i'ili|;i.lli< I liil) ;i>iininil)ciiil ill Kli';l.ili I,
lOcS (Jjlili'i. I'l I liiiriiic lull iIiIkivci* iIic I\iicI1iic> ithoui the planet Saiutn, by the tclwftupi?,
i!u'ii itiil iinrniiil lit lli'll.iiul,
1610 llciiiy iV. i> iniiitlciril i t |'.iii<, liv Kiivaillar, 4 piiil).
I'll I iiuHiiHU l.ili I TljIuI III I'.ii-;! mil, liv |.iirK'» I.
l'i|.f Napiir, III .Man Ik linn ni ^ii 111I..111I, i.aiiii^ llir |o).T.iui)iin<<
i<ir iliii'li Ntiililhloii liiiiii;^ till- N'c V Kivii III Luiuluu tiui
^'||^ Tl.'' lull i'uiM..u.iii I. iii.ii'ini III
\v
ate.
V.I
giiin.
1^19 I >r. \V. ILsrvrVi m\ hn ;lilUiii.iii, tliknvcu t!ic liti nliiii'ii of tin.' Iil<ii\t,
11, i*:) Till' hrnail tiU iniiiul.uli v Innii law lilk, iiiiiuiluml iiiii l.ii^;l.utJ.
I'lJI Nrw J-.iij;lni,il plai.lr.liiv I'liiii iii».
1015 King laities ilii's. ;iiiil in tin .(i'lifil by hi« r.ni I'h.illi't I.
'I'i r ilVinil i>i liitliaii M >. llii- tiil\ Kiii^lilli U'llkiiii'iit in tlic Ucll riliJii.<, ii pIjlitciL
|hj<) The li.iiiMia(i.r iiivciin.l |i\ Tniriirlli.
ifiJ7 'I'll- iIm tiU'iimii t iincii'til liv Diiliinii!*.
Kiji Til ■ I'ltil.: Ill i.iiU'iii. ill ^^llilh<iullav^u A.l'ilpliui, king of Swtden, ami litail of ihc Pro.
K'n.;tll.< ill (k'llUilo , i . i>i!lul.
I'i}5 I'ruvimi' 'I M.iryi.ii.'l pi iitiil Ity hud H.il'.iiiinre.
K
1^111,
piilin ilLliliih'il i:iiiii Londiiii I'I S iiil.ii.J, Iiilami, iVc
1640 Kiiii; Chilli* iliriilili'rs his ."^i uttilh luliji-'U ; nn whuji iju u armv, linilir gcin lal I
1^1.
y, iiin.r» Jitiglaml, uiul lake* Ncwialllc, In-'iiij; tiiiouiagul by ihc uaK uiiuiUi
I.n'.;l.inil.
TIic iM.ilIai re in litlaitil, wjiin . ^.0OCJ F,ii(;lllh l'i<)lcl1aiii» vvvre killvd.
164a Kiiip, fli.iil.t iiii|.catkL. bvc iiiimbtrH, wiio hail upiioliil lii!> ..ilmr.iiy mi-afurfs; whii Ii hc-
■ IIS lllf I
I ''43
ivil w.ir in Kii)>.l >iii|.
Miti:i>ii U'l'r, :ik-, (\r. tnlt iiiiiM^lcd t>y pailiaiiitiit.
I*,40 tpili-Djucy abolillli'd ill lui,ilaiui
1649 Chnilii
1^-1
v»
I6fl|
I
1064 '1
irY-t -J
*6i<u Ti
Tt
i6('i7 TI
»668 IV.i
>i.
•''70 Th,
tf'U I..M
Ji
, Affi,
«^;8 The
Tilt?
•68o A n„
101
U ,111
K'if.i l.ulu
•<>N5 Oiail
'i/ie ,
li.iti
Th- ,
•687 The p
lotB -n.i- ,
hlua
\ ill on
h.iHl
ililii
"-f^ Thcl,
Thi; („,
•^mr.il
»f'90 'ihclM;
"'VI 'I "he xvai
l(»ji Tj.i. J.;,
. , '-Ul,
•t'VJ 'lavoiui,
''"' ''■
'Ihf (111, I
Uai.k ,,t
''■'u- f.ili
Maliatit
I Vro.
Li> h I'C-
ICh:\il'»
m r.tiii
I he iwonlr III Driiiiiiiik, Tiriiir <i< yiftUJ Ity ih« niiM«i, furrcmhir ihcir priviUgn lo Fre*
A NF.W niRONOLOC ICAL TABUIb^^ 1087
tf'ii) CUuU% I. I>rlt. I.K.I 41 Wtit'flHll, |.iiM«r)r JOt ■|t«l47*
16^4 C'r>>mtv>ll iill'tiiiu'« liu' |iriii«.;lnillii(i,
tf>\t TIm I-.muIiiIi, iitiitvr •tliiiMl I'uiii, Ilk* J^nuk* (Wmi itix Sti«nljril«,
lAfH Ci>'iliM>rll ili««, 4Ih1 I» lu<irti|r>l >n Om |Ha**AAVA)i|S by hit Inn hiih4i4i
|A(<) 'ri.llKlllliull III lll« hli'iil hllk lu.;l>lltll Itl OkfiHll.
I6«} kiii^ Cliirlco II. i« nttorcii hy Niuinki luiMNMmWr of iha Mrmy. t(w mi riitf of iwclva
y«4it in Kiitii<« 4i»l ll'ilLidil.
FpitVuiui y irrt'itiil III KmuLiiuI 4ii<I 9«'f»l4nil.
" h« |i»>ii»lr III l)riiiiiiiil>, Willi' III
«l«lit III Mrliii U'liMiirt ulitoluir
l66i TK' Kiiy^l .S oriy il) ili|il||i'i< in l.oiittnii In Clinl i II.
IVmtiiliiiii ijiitkt iiivi'itutJ liy Jwliii I'lutitdiivl, 4 Uuiiltiiun. >
Kiic aiiKliift iiitniKil.
I^Aj I'.ir.iliiii (.l.iiiiiil, ill 17J8, Ji»i(lcJ into two Crpin'- fv. rimicnf«.
ibtiA 'I'Ih' N«w N>.ilicilitiitls III N'lHih Aiiiiiiica, iumih 1..I ii.nu ihc ^tvell«l ., ul l)uli.h, by ih*
r.iioiiih. '
1^65 Tlu' iiVi^iir r:i|;ri in l.oiuton. aiul mriir* nlf (18,000 pfrfoni.
iftiio I'lic Kicii I'irr •>! I.iiii.loii U'^iiii >c|ii, a, ami ii^nuiiucklthrco J^yt, in which waro vk:irviv«<l
IJ.COO ll<llirk<, lllil 4 O llicrlk,
Tei' hi I) »UkJ ill KiirI.iihI.
1607 'rtw (Mate 01 Hi'tlj, wliiih coiiririni loilio FiiRlilli ilir New NciitcrUiuii, nnw kiiwAiil'V
ilia r^iiir i>i l^lllll\l»,||lil^ New Ytirk, mtJ New Jcil«y.
1668 I'furi! <>l Aix t.i 1'Im|hIIi'.
^l, )jinit'> !'ii!t iiliiucil, ami iii.ilc 4 iliorougli-fare lor |iul>Lv ufi, by C'ImiUi II.
1670 'rii> KiikIiIIi lltKll'iii'ii Hay C'oiiip.inv iiii'irpoiiircil,
167a l.cwitXIV. iivit lull* l;kmI pirliii lloll.iiul, wlirn llif Diiiili o|m.'|| llicir ihiiL^f,
Ji itriiiiiM'il III ilitiwii ilitir inuiili)') .iiul tctiic lu llicii lc(iU'iiit.ii(i 111 lliu Ltll IihIc:.
Afrl' 411 1 iiiniiiiiy < lUlilillicil.
j<i;8 'I'hi' i>eii> f oi Niiiir^',11111.
'Itic li.ilicai iiit|iiit 4C) lulTol.
16B0 A K'<-*' luiiiti .i|u>cuiril, uihl, lima it« ntainrfi lu our cartli, ttlittincil the iiiiubiiinii, U
loii'iiiiitil villlili' liiiin Nov. J. Ill Murcli 9.
Willi nil I'liiii, I (j^iiiLir, ini'i'ivi'i a diattir tut |iLiii)liiig IViinrylvania.
l(iH} liiili.i It'll W lolil irmn ,<6o to 500 per cent.
1685 Ctmilci II. (lii'i) n|;vil {5, ami i» fimccilcil bv hit brother, jjinci II.
'I'lic iliiki- III Miiiiiiiiiiitli, imihmI Iiiii 10 Cluilct II. railed .1 nbtlliun, but U ihrfnttni tt the
ll.ltllc (.1 ,S((l);r||liHi|, .111,1 liiliLiiUil.
>ii
ili;i'
Na
l(ib»
i68i>
11.81/
i6()0
Uk;i
't'lr (tlu't ul NutiUk iiiluiuoiilly icvokcti by Lcwii XIV. ;iiiJ tlic PrulvlUiilt iruclly per-
ti'cutril.
Tlic pil.nc cif VcTfiillii, nrir l'.iii>, llnillicil liy I.ewi^ Xl\'.
'rill' ivvulutiun ot Ciii.i( Hiiiaiii 1)1^111.1, Nov. 5. King Jaiiica alitlicaici) and rctiro tu
I I tiuc, IX I. {.
Kiii(^ U illiani jtiJ i|iiccii Maiy, (tju^htcr ami ron-in.liw tu jainci, 'k ' oilaimetl Fc
liuuiy 1(1.
\ iltouiii Diimlcc (laivN out fur fainct in Stntluml, luit i^ killnl liy Bfniral Matkcy, nt ilie
battle of Killicriiiikic i upon which ilic llinlilaiulcri, wearied witli icpvated mi'iiuriuncv
liiliirifi'.
The l.iiui lax p.id'-il in l''.ii|;laml.
Tiii: (iildillon .1^1 p.illl' . Imrc.
jHvtral liilliiip* aie ilij ivtil lor mil taLiiig llic nath to kin. V 'iiiani.
The liatllc i..\ till' liiiyiu, ;'..iiiictl hv \\ iliiain agaiiill JaiiKi., .11 iiclanJ.
Tilt- war III irvl mil UiiilluAl, hy llic ruraiulct ul I.imerit to \\ ilium.
Tilt I'.unlilli ami Duiili tlats, loininaiulcJ liy 1 Imiial Rullil, Jclcat the Frentli fleet olF
I.a llogiie.
Havoniuat the nul of loa.lnl mulkctJ lirft uftJ l>y tlie Kre:ieli agaiiUl the confcderatci in
llic li.ililc I I rmiii.
Tin' iliiitiv 111 IliiH.Mr m.u!r tli'.' n'litJi itrAiiratc.
llaiik ol l'.ii^l.ii,,l ill..l)lillii'l by ki..,; Willi.iin.
Tin- III ft p:il'lu ;i iitiv \» IS ill .wii iliiH ycr.
Mali'di-ic ol lliKlilaiiJvn at CJlcu uc, hy king William's troopi
1694 Qiecn
io88
1694
1696
1699
1700
1701
1 70 J
1704
1706
1707
1708
1 7^9
1710
1712
•7<3
1714
'715
17 16
1719
1720
1:27
•736
I ■7^7
'7:3
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
Queen M.iry dies at the aec of ^3, and William rtigus alone. . '
Stamp duties inAituted in iMiglunu.
The peace of Ryfwick.
The Scots fettled a colony at the iAIinius of Daiien, in America, and called it Cale-
donia.
Charles XII. of Sweden beeins his reign.
Kini James II. dies at .St. Ciermain, in the 68th year of his age. . i;
I'runia ciedltd into a kingdom.
Society for the |>rnpac;ation of the Gofpel in foreign pins eftahlifhed.
Kinc William dii's, a;^C(l 50, and is fiici ceded by queen Anne, daughter to James If. who,
with tile cniin Tor and lines-general, renews the war agaiiift France and Spain.
Gibraltar tuken from liie Spaniaids by adinir.il Rookc.
Tile b.ittle of Hleiilieim, wun by the duke ot .Marlborough and the allies, agaiiiA the Frenclt.
Tlic toui t of E\ehe(|ucr inlliiuied in England.
Treaty ol'uni'>n between ICngland and Seoil.ind, figned Inly 32.
The battle of Kainillies w<i.i l<y Marlborough and the allien.
The tirll Biililii p.irlument.
Minorca taken trom the Spaniards by general Stanhope.
The battle ot Oudenarde won bv Marlboiough and the allies.
S;irdini.i erected into a kiMiuloin, and given to the duke of Savoy,
IVier the Cire.it, t/.ar of .\Iufeovy, di:tfats Ch.irles XII. at I'ultowa j who flies to Turkey.
The battle of Malplaquet won by M.iiiborough and the allies.
Qiieen Aniie tlianj;cs the whig minilUy for others more favourable to the intcrcftofher
fuppofed briitlier tlie laie I'retendcr.
The tatliedral cliureli ot St. I'aul, London, rebuilt by Sir ChiiAopher Wren, in 37 years,
at one million cxpence, by a duty on coals.
The Enj;lilli Soulli-Sea company began. 1
Duke ot Hamilton ami loi.l MjIuiii killed in a duel in Hvde-Park.
'i'lie peace of Utieclit, wlicieiiy N'ewfounillnul, Nova-S'coiia, New Britain, and iludfon's
IJav, in N'oiili Ainerici, wcie yielded to Ciieat Ikitiin; Gibraltar and iNIinorca, in Eu-
rojie, were alfo tonhrmed to the laid crown by this liealv.
Q^ieen Antic ili'.s, at the age of 50, and h lucceeded by George I.
Intcred redui td to five per cent.
Lewis Xl\'. i!ios. and is iucieeded by bis gieat-graiul-fon, Lewis XV.
'J'iic id ellinn in Scii;laiul begins in Se;)teiniicr, under the eail of Mar, in favour of the
Pretender. The action of Sheriil-rauii-, and the fuirendcr of I'rcfton, both in November
will n tlie rrhels dllpcrfc.
Aurora Honalis hill taken notice of.
'I'iie I'reteii.lti married 10 the princcfs Sobicfkl, grand-daughter of John Sobicfki, late
kin;; of J'oljii.l.
An acfl pifTed fi<r frplciiul.il parli.iments.
The MiUjippi fclicme at its liei ;lit in Ir.iiu'e.
Lomlie's liik-tlirowing ma>.liine, containin^:; 2(i,5S(i wheels. cie£lcd at llciby ; takes up one
(■ii;liih of a milt; one watcr-wlieel moves tlie reft ; .iiid 111 twenty tuur hours, it woi!,*
^iX.j^^.ijOo yards ot OriMH/ine lilk thieail.
Tlip Soiiih-Sca (rhcmc in l.ii-l.;nd, begun .'\pril 7, was ;;i it,s height at the end of June, and
ipiile funk about September i().
King Ci'oige (lies, in the bSili ve.ir of his age, and is fucceedtd bv his only fon.
(nnrge II. - / .
liKicnlaiii'i) f.rfl trial on tiiiiiinals wiih fuccfs.
RuKia, liinnorly a dukedoiP, i,- now eit.ililillied as an empire.
Kouli Khan ufinps the IVil. 01 tliioiic, toiujuers the Alugul empire, and returns with two
hundred .ind thirtv-oiie millions llerling.
Several pulilic-fjiiiited gintlcinen begin the fettlement of Georgia in North America.
Captain I'liiteus, liaviiiT ordered !iis foldiers to tire upon the populace at the execution of
a fniugi;l'.T. is hiiiifi If hanged by the iiK/li at IMiiiburgii.
The earth [uoved to he ilatiicl towaids the |)iiles.
\Vcliniiiill< r-iiii.lge, coiilili i.g of Hftceii aitlics, begun; finiflicd 1750, at the expciicc of
38y,O'0Ql. delraved by parliament.
1739 Letters
»73C
^743
'744
'74J
'746 ,
J
I
'748 Z
'749 1
ii
'7SI Fi
A
'7Sa Ti
'753 T/
So<
'755 Lit
'750 146
ti
Mai
»757 Har
Iden
m
»7J9 Ccm
^760 King
fen
.M<
Plack
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
1089
1 ore
oiks
and
foil,
|i uvo
Ion
of
Ikc of
1739 Letteri of morque iflTued out in Britain againft Spain, July a i, and wai declared, Oifiob
licr 13.
Violent froft for nine wcck« after Chriftma*.
1743 Tl)c battle of Dcttiiigen won by the £ngli(h and alliei, in favour of the Queen of
Hunsary.
1744 War ikelared againft France. Commodore Anfon returni from his voyage round the
world.
1745 The aklicii lofc the battle of Fontenoy.
The rebellion breaks out in Scotland, and the Pretender's army defeated by the duke of
Cumberland, at Culloden, Anril 16, 1746.
174b Britilh Linen Company crc^ed.
FJcdlric Ihock difcovered.
Lima and Cullao fwallowed up by an earthtjunke.
1 748 The peace of Aix-la-ChapcUe, by which u rcl\itution of all places taken during the war was
to DC made on all lides.
1749 The intcreft ^f the Britifh funds reduced to three per cent.
Britilh herring fifliery incor|iorated.
1751 Frederic, prince of Wales, father to his prefcnt majefly, died.
Antiquarian fociety at London incorpor.nted.
175} The new flyle introduced into Great Britain; the third of September being counted the
fourteenth.
1753 The Britilh Mufeum eredlcd at Montague Houfe.
Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Cummerre, inAituted in London.
175c Lifbon deftroycd by an earthquake.
1756 146 Endilhmcn are confined in the black hole at Calcutta, in the Eaft Indies, by order of
the Nabob, and 123 found dead next morning.
Marine fociety eftablilhcd at London.
1757 Damien attempted to aflaflinate the French king.
Idcntitv of clcaric tire and lightning difcovered by Dr. Franklin, who thereupon invented a
method of fecuriuL buildings from thunder-llorms by metallic conductors.
17C9 General Wolfe is killed in the battle of Quebec, which is gained by the Englifh.
1700 King George II. dies, Odlobcr 25, in the 77tli year of his age, and is fuccecdcd by his pre-
feut inajclty, who, on the 22d of September, 1761, married the pi incefs Charlotte, of
Mecklenhurgh Strelitz.
Plack-Friars Bridge, confiding of nine arches, begun; finilhed 1770, at the expence of
152,8401. to be difcharged by a toll.
1762 War declared againft Spam.
Peter III. emperor of Ruflla, is depofed, imprifoned, and murdered*
American Philofophical Society cflablifhcd in Philadelphia.
George AuguAus Frederic, prmce of Wales, bom, AuguA 12.
1763 The definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain, Prance, Spain, and Portugal, con-
eluded at Paris, February 10, which confirmed to Great Britain the cxtenfivc provinces
of Canada, EaA and WeA Florida, and part of Louiliana, in North America ; alfo the
Iflands of Granada, St. Vincent, Dominica, and Tobago, in the WeA Indies.
1764 The parliament granted io,oool. to Mr. Harrifon, for his difcovery of the longitude by his
time-piece.
1 765 His majefty's royal charter pafled for incorporating the fociety of artiAs.
An aOi paflcd annexing the fovereignty of the iffand of Man to the crown of Great Bri-
tain.
1766 April 21, a fpot or macula of the fun, more than thrice the bigncfs of our earth, pafTcd the
fun's centre.
1768 Academy ot painting eftabliflied in London.
The Turks imprifoii the Ruflian ambaffiidor, ami declare war againA that empire.
F.lcdlricity <>♦ the aurora hoi calis difcovered by Widehurg at Jena
1771 Dr. Solaiidcr and Mr. Banks, in his majefty's thip the Kiuleavour, licut. Cook, rctiirij
from a voyage round the world, having made fcvcral iinportaiu difcovcries in the South
.'^eas.
1772 The king of Sweden changes the coiiAitution of the kingdom.
'J'he I'leiendcr marries u princcls of Germany, grand daughter of Thomas, late cail of
Aylelbury.
6 Z ' 7 7 - A dread-
1 090
177a
'773
'775
1776
1777
1778
1778
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A dreadful fire ut Antigua. ^ •. ^< • J ■ 1
Twelve lumdrcd ami forty people killed in the ifland of Java by nn cltinririeJ cloud.
A rcvojiiiioii in IViiiuiik.
The emperor of Germany, cmpn-fs of RiilTia, and llic kinj; of Priiina, ftrip tlio kinc; of
Poland oi great part of Ins duniiuiuii!>, \vliii.li tlicy ilividc uniung tliciufulvcs, in violatioi. of
the mort folcnui trtaiies.
C.iptain I'liipps is lent to explore the North Pole ; hut having made 81 dei;rces is in d.ini;er
of being locked up hy the ice, and lii> attempt to ilifcover u palliige in tiiat ipiartcr proves
fruillefs.
The Icfuiis expelled from the Pope's dominions, and fiippiclT-d hy hij hull, Ati;;. 2^.
'J'lic iMiglilh Lad India ioin|>any, h.iviii;;, hy coiKjuell or treaty, acquired (lie extenfivc
provinces of Bengal, C)rix:i, and Uiliar, i(Mit;iinin^ lificen millions of inliabiiantf, nrc.it
iire^uiarities are coiuinitlcd hy their fervanis ahio.id, iijm)!! which government uuertercs,
and fctids nut jiidue-, &c. for the better adininilli.ili n ot juftiec.
'I"he war I iiwcen iTr Rullians and I'urks proves dilj;r.n efid to the latter, who lofe the
ill.iiuls in t!u; Atiliii cla;(), and by fea arc every where unfuccefiilul.
IVaie is puu iaimed between the RiilTians and Turks.
Tlie Biitifli ]i:irliaiiieiu having paflcil an ai\, laying a duty of three pence per pound upnn
nil leas iinpotied into Ameiica, — the lolonills, cunlidering this as a giievancc, deny tlie
right uf tlie Uritilh pailiainent to tax them.
Deputies from tlie fcvcral American colonic* meet at Philadelphia, as the firft general con.
gicis, Sept. 5.
Fit ft pciiiion of Congref»to the king, 0£loH.
April 19, Tile (iril ailigS happens in America between the king's troops and the provincials,
at Lexinp.ton.
May 20, Articles of confederation and perpetual union between the American pro-
vinces,
June 16, A bloody at^ion at Huiikci's Ilill, between the royal troops and the Ame-
ricans.
March 17, The town of Bofton evacuated by the king's troopi.
An uniiiccefsful attempt, in July, made by rommoiloie fir Peter Parker, and lieutenant-gene-
rj|-Cliiiton, ijp( II Chnil>nun, in i'liwh Caiolina.
The Congrels declare the American colonics free and independent ftatcs, July 4.
The Ameriians arc driven Irom l.onj; llland, New Yoik, ni Aii^iiil, with great lofs, and
gre;it numbers of them taken piifoners ) and the city ot New York is afterwards taken
poftilfioii of by the kiii^ s troops.
Dccc ^hcr 25, General Walliington takes 900 of the Hefllans prifoii'TS at Trenton.
I'oiitiie alioliilied in Poland.
General llowe lakes poflfelfionof Philadelphia.
Liciitcii,int-;;civral Hurgoyiie is ohli^jcd to fuirender his army, at Saratoga, hy conven-
tion, to liie Ainciican army under the command of the generals Gates anil Arnold
Oaober 17.
A treaty of alliince conilmli'd al Paris between the Freiii h kini; and the Thirteen United
American Colonies, in which their independence is ackowle<lj;i.\l by the court ot I'rance
Feliruarv 6.
The remains of the carl of Cliathain intern-il at the public e\pencc in Wedmiiiftcr Abbcv
June 9, in ( onfequcnt e of a vote of pailiiineiit.
The carl of Carlifle, William lulen, elip and George fohnftonc, cr<i. arrive at Philadel-
phia, the beginning of June, as tomiiiillioncrs for lertoriiig pe,ice between Great Biitaiii
and America.
Philailelp'iia evacuated hy the kind's tmops, June 18.
'1 lie loiigrels relule to treat w'tli the Britilli < ommilTioners, unlefs the in lepcn lence of
the American colonies weie Hrll acknowledged, or the king's flejts and armies with-
drawn Irom AiiH'iica.
An engagement fought otf Brcft between the Englilh fleet under the command of ad-
miral Keppel, and the Flench Heel, under the coininaiid of the count d'Orvillieiv
July 27,
Dominica taken by the French, Sept. 7.
I'oiulichcrry Inirenders to the arms ot Cireat Britain, Oift. 17.
ht. Lucia taken Irom tlie French, I>cenibci 28.
1779 St.
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1091
I ■'7 9 St. Vincrnt taken by the French, June 17.
Granada taken liy (lie French, July 3.
1780 Torture in courts of juftice nbolilhed in France.
The innuitiiiiin abohlhcil ni the iluke of MoJena's dominions.
Admiral K<mIiicv tiikrn twenty-two (ail of Sp.milh ihipit, Jan. 8.
The f.inie admiral ah'o engages a Spanilh fleer under the command of Don Juan dc Lan
gara, near Cape St. Vintxnt, and takes live fliips of the hnc : one more driven on Ihoic,
and another blown up, Jin, Ui.
Three a(J<iiiMS bitwecn adinir:il Rodney and tlic count de Guithen, in the Weft Indies, in
the months of April and M.iy ; hut none of them decilivc.
CiiaiKfton, South Carolina, fui renders to iir Ilciirv Clinton, May 4.
Peiifacola, ami the whole province of Weft Florida, furrendcr to the arms of the king of
Sp.iin, M.iy I).
The pretended I'rotcftnnt AfTociation, to the number of 50,000, go up to the houfe of com-
mons, with their petition for the repeal of an a£\ pafTetl in fivour of Papifts, func 2.
Tiiat event lolliAved by the moll darinn; riots in the city of London and in Soiithwurk,
tor leveral fucrcflive days, in which lonie Popifh chapels are deftroyed, together with
the prilons of Newgate, the King's bench, the Fleet, feveral private houles, &c. Tliefe
alarming riots are at length fuppreiTed by the inteipofition of the luilitaiy, and many of
. the rioters tried and executed for felony.
Five F.nglilli F^ift Indiamen, and fifty Englifti merchant (hips hound for the Weft Indies,
taken by the conibini.d fleets of France and Spain, Auguft^S.
Earl Cornwallis obtains a fignal viiSlory over general Gates, near Camden, in South Caro-
lina, in which above 1000 American pril'oncrs are taken, Aug. i(>.
Mr. Laurens, late prefident of .he congrefs, taken in an American packet, near Newfound-
land, Sept. ^.
General Arnold deferts the fervice of the congrefs, efcapes to New York, and is made a
brigadier-general in the royal fervice, Sept. 24.
Major Andre, adjutant-general to the Biitilh uriny, hanged as a fpy at Tappam, in the
province of New Yoik, OA, 2.
Mr. Laurens is comirittcd pfifoner to the Tower, on a charge of high trcafon, Odlober 4.
Dreadful hurricanes in the Weft Indies, by which great devaftation is made in Jamaica,
Daibadoes, St. Lucia, Dominica, and oilier iflands, Oi\, 3. and 10.
A declaration of hoflililics publifticd againft Holland, l)ecenil>er 10.
178 I The Dutch iflaiwl to St. Kiiftatia taken by admiral Rodney, and general Vaughan, Feb. 3.
Retaken by the French, Nov. 27.
Earl Cornwallis obtains a viiSlorv, but with confiderable lofs, over the Americans under ge-
neral Green, at Guildford, in North Carolina, March 15.
The ifland of Tobago taken bv the F'rench, June 2.
A bloody cnpageimnt fought between an Englidi fquadrnn under the command of admiral
Parker, and a Dutch f(juadron unikr the command of admiral Zoutman, oft" the Dogger-
IJank, Auguft 5.
Earl Conuvailis, with a confiderable Britifti army, furrendered prifoncrs of war to the
American and French troops, under the command of general \Vaftiington and count
Rochambeau, at York town, in Virginia, Oil. 19.
1^82 Trincomale, on the ifland (it Ceylon, tal.cii by admiral Hughes, Jan. II.
Minorca furrendered to the arms of the king of S|)ain, Feb. 5.
'Ihe ifland ot St.Chriftuplier taken bv tlie blench, Feb. 12.
The illandof Ntvis, in the \N eft Indies, taken by the F'rench, Feb. 14.
Montfcrrat taken by the French, Feb. 22.
The hoiile of coiniiioiis addrels the king againft any farther profeciition of oflenfixe wnr
on the continent of North America, March 4, and relolve, that the hdule would conliiler
all thole as enemies to his niajefty and this coiinlrv, who Ih'juld advil'e, or by ativ i.vmivs
attempt, tla- laithcr profecution of oftcnlive war on the continent of North America, lor
the purpole ol icdui lug the revolted colonies to obedience by force.
Admiral Kodncv obtains a I'l^^nal vitStorv over the Fn-nch fleet, under the command of count
di- Grallc, lie u I )ooiiiii( a, in the Weft Indies, April 1 2.
Admiral Hui;Irs. with eleven lhi|)s, beats oti', near the ifland of Ceylon, the Frenih admiral
Suirrein, wiili twcl\e Ihips of the line, aUcr a leverc cngaj^einent, in which both fleets lofl
a great number of men, April i 3.
6 Zi
1782 'ilie
1092
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
17R2 The lYroluiinn of the Iloufe of Cuminons relating to John Wilkes, efq. and the MiildlefcK
eleflion, padal Fcl>. i 7, 1 769, rcfciiiJeil May ^.
The bill to repeal the declaratory ati of Ucorge 1. relative to the Icgiflation of Ireland, re«
ccivcd the royal aflent, June ao.
The French took and dcllroycd the fort* and fettlemcnti in Hudfon's Bay, Aug. 14.
The Spaniardii defeated in their grand attack on Gibraltar, Sept. i a.
Treaty concluded betwixt tlie republic of Holland and the United State* of America,
oa. 8.
Provifional articles of peace ligned at Paris Iwtwcen the Britifh and American commifllon*
ers, liy whiih the Thirteen United American colonies are acknowledged by his Britannic
majcfly to he free, fovcrcign, and imlcpendenlftatcs, Nov. 30.
1783 Preliiiiinury articles of peace between hit Britannic majcAy and the kings of France and
Spnin, figned at Vcrfuilles. Jan. ao.
The order of St. Patrick inAitutcd, Feb. 5.
Three earthquakes in Calabria Ulterior and Sicily, deftroying a great number of lowni and
inhabitants, Feb. {,7, and aSth.
ArniiAicc between Great Britain and Holland, Feb. 10.
The firA air-balloon let off in Paris, by M. Mongultier, Aug. 37.
Ratitication of the detinitive treaty of peace between Great Britain, Frantfe, Spain, arid the
United States of Anicrica, Sept. 3.
1 784 The city of London wait on the king with an addreft of thanks for difmi/fing the coalition
miiiiltry, Ian. I 6.
I'he gieat leal Aolcn from the lord chancellor's !< jfe in Great Onnond-Areet, March
24th.
The ratification of the |>cncc with America arrived, April 7.
'I'hc definitive trcatv of prate hotwccn Great Britain and Holland, May 24.
I'lie memory of I land ' commemorated by a grand jubilee, at VVeAminAer Abbey,
May 26.
Proclamation fur a public thankfglving, July 1.
Mr. Lunardi ufrendcd iji a balloon from the Artillery-ground, MoorfielJs, the firA attempt
of the kind in England, Sept. 1 5.
Alccndcd at Edinburgh.
1785 Dr. Scahury, an American mifTionary, was conftituted biAiop of Conne£licut, by five non-
1786
iiiring Scotch prelates, Nov.
The king of Sweden proliiliitcd ihr ufc of torture in his dominions. Cardinal Turlonc,
high inquiiitor at Rome, was |iulilicly dragged out of his carriage by an inccnfed niul-
tiiudc, tor ( iiiclty,andhung on u gibbet 50 feet high.
Commercial treaty ligncd between England and France, Sept. a6.
47 1 ,ccol. 3 per cent, ftock transfci rcil to the landgrave of Hefie, for Heflian foldiers loft in the
Aniei icun war, at 30I. a man, Nov. 2 I.
1786 Mr. Adams, the American ambaflador, prefentcd Dr. White, of Pennsylvania, and Dr.
I'rovoll of New York, to the archbilhnp of Canterbury, to be conlecrated bilhops for
ilie I'nii'jd Siates. 'I'licy were confccratid Feb. 4. 1787.
i/Sj Mr. Burki.-, at ilie bar of the houlc of loids, in the name of all the commons of Great Bri-
tain, inipea< lied Warren flalUngs, late governor-general of Bengal, of high crimes and
mildciTic.moiiif, May 21.
Tlie king, by Ifiter.i-patent, ered^cd the province of Nova Scotia into a bifltop's fee, and ap-
pointii! I>. Charles Iiiglis to be the bidiop, Aug. 11.
1788 In the early part of Ortuher, the firA fymptoms appeared of a fcvcrc diforder, which af-
fiiift'.il our gracious fovcrcign. On inc 6th of Nnvember tlicy were very alarming, and
on the i3;!» a form of prayer for his recovery was ordered by the privy council.
17S9 His niujcfty was pronounced to be in u Aate ol convakfcencc, Feb. 17, and to be free from
coirpluiiit, Feb. 26.
A pciierjl ihaiikfgivine for the king's recovery, who attended the fcrvice at St. Paul's, with
a great pru cHioii, April 23.
RcvoUuion in Iiaiicc, cupiuie of the Baftilc, execution of the governor, &e. July 14.
1790 (nund conlidtration in the Champ dc Mars, July 14.
1791 On the I4[h of July, in (.onfcuuence of fomc gentlemen ineeting to commemorate the
Flench revoluiion, in Binningnum, the mob arofe and coiniiiitted the moll daring out-
rages ior fume days uii the pcrfuns and piopertlei. of many of the inltabituuis of the town
and
179a
'm
'1
»794 Ol
•795 In
t
ti
On
n
Thi
'<!
til
th
C(
ME
N. B. £
Bef. Chr,
907
884
60'
KiVctirL'
.yttirg
.^apjllii;
556 ^Jilop,
548 T/ulcs,
497 Pythagc
474 Anaircii
456 y^lfihyli
43J Pindar, i
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
»«9J
and neighbourhood i burning ind drftroying meeting-huurei, private dwelling), &c.
Peace and fecurity were at Irn^th reOored, by the inicrpofition uf the military power.
179a On the loth of March, the deiinitive treaty of peare wai ligned between the Biiti(h, and
tlieir allies, the Ni/atn, and Mulirattai on the one part, and Tippoo Sultan on the other,
by which he ceded on half of hii territorial polTemon*, and dehvered up two of hii font
to lord Cornwallii, ai hoftaget for the fulfilment of the treaty.
Gunavui III. king of Sweden, died on the a9Ch of March, in confequence of being aflufTin*
ated by Ankerftroom.
1793 January lift. I.ewii XVI. after having received innumerable imligniiiei from his peo-
ple, was brought to the fcaffold, and liad hi* head fevered by the guillotine, contrary to
the exprefs law* of the new tonfticution, which had declared ilie perfon of the king in«
violable.
On the 25th of March, lord Grcnvillc, and S. Comte Woronzow, figned a convention at
London on behalf of his Britannic m.ijel\y and the emprefi of RulTia, in which their
majcfties agreed to employ their ref|ie£tive forcet in carrying on the "jutt and necefliiry
war" agiiiiilt France. Treaties alfo were etuered upon with the king of Sardinia, and the
prince uf Mcflc CalFcl.
The unfortunate queen of Fiance, on the i6th of OAobcr, was conduced to the f|>r>t,
where Louis had previoufly met his fate ; and condudled herfelf during her lafl moincnts
with fortitude and cumpofure, in the thirty-eighth year sf her age.
Mi'flVs. Muir and Palmer, having been accufed of feiiitious prad)iceii, were tried in tlie high
court of Jiilliciary in Scotland, and pronounced guilty. Their fentciicc was tranljiorta*
tion for ilic fpace of 14 years to fuch place as his majefty might judge proper. — They
have fincc failed for Botany Bay.
1794 On the i(\ uf June, the Britilh tiect, under the command of admiral earl Howe, obtained a
mull lignal viiflory over that of the trench, in which two thips were funk, one burnt,
and fix brought into Purtrmoulh harbour.
1795 In confcquciu'c of the rapid progrcfs of the French arms in Holland, the princefs of Orange,
tlie hereditary princcfs and her infant fon, arrived at Yirmonth, on tlie 19th of Jannirv •'
the hereditary prince hiinfcif, with his fatlirr tlie (ladtliolder, Unded at Harwich on the aoili.
On the 8tli uf April, his roval highncfs, George Auguflus Fredcrx-, prince of Wales, was
married to her fcrciie hicfiiicfs, princef!, Caroline u( Brunfwick.
The tri.il uf Warren Mailings, efq. at length raine to a clofc on the ajrd of April, when the
lord chancellor, having put the queflion to esch of the peers, upon the lixtcen articles of
the impeacliment, and tinding that a very great majoiiiy vuied tor his acquittal, informed
the prifoncr tlut he was acquitted of trie charges brought ag.iin(l liim oy the houfu of
commons, ami of all matters contained therein.
MEN OF LEARNING and GENIUS.
N. B. By the Dates Is implied the time when the abive fVriters died ; hutwhen tfiat Period hnf>-
tois not to he kiicwn, the A^e in which they flourifhed is Ji^rnified hy fl. The luimes in
Italics art thofe u7;o havt given th* bejl Englijh Tranflaiions, exdujivt of Sc/iosl^hoks,
Rcf. Chr,
ao-j "fjyOMF.R, the firft profane writer, and Greek poet, flcnirimed.
884
"rjOMF.R, the firft profane writer,;
J~J_ Hcliod, the Greek jioct, i'iip|>ot'cd
Cvcurgus, the Spartan lawgiver.
Pope. Cowper,
to live near the time of Homer. Cooke.
Fawkcs.
600 .'>applu>, the Ci.'cek Ivric poetels, tl.
558 Solon, lawijiver ol Ailiciis
556 yfiloji, the hrrt Greek fahulirt. Croxal.
548 Tlialcs, the tirll (treck aftronomer and geographer.
497 Pythagoras, the founder ol the Pythagorean pliilofophy in Greece.
474 Anaercoii, tlie Greek lyric poet. Fawkes. Addifon.
Ac6 iT-'fi hylus, ilie full Greek tr.igic jxiet. Pottii.
Rowe,
456 iT-'h Iiylus, Ilie tirll ureek tr.ig
4j5 I'itrdar, ilic Greek lyric poet. H''tJ},
4,13 Herodotus,
1094
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
4',1
406
4-^3
39"
361
3W
34«
3+0
3Sf'
3 '3
388
285
277
270
364
244
2C8
i»4
>5'>
•SS
124
54
44
Liitltbury, Btlu, Lemfriiri,
»:•
43
34
30
>9
II
8
Af.
»7
>9
30
as
33
45
<>2
64
^'S
79
V3
94
95
90
98
99
16
>7
19
II niclciiiu, of'Cirofcf, Oic ftrft writer of prof.inchillyry.
Aiin()|ih;ine«, ilic Gu-ck cmnit' poet, ri. ly/iitt.
l'liiri|>i(k's, tlif (iicck irac.ic piiof. II jidhull. .'
Si)|)h(>clcH, Dull). fi,tiikli)i. i'otltr,
Coiil'iiiluj, till' CliliK'lf pliinilbphcr, H. ' 1 .1 ■■ '
Soir.iii's, ilu' f.iiiiiiirr nt' inoral pliitofiipliv in Cireerf. "' ' '■
'I'liutyiliili^, llic (Jrerk liilldiian, Smith. Hohbu. • '■-
Hippiiciiiits, iIjc (iicik plivlKi.in, i.iiiji')».
Dciiiociitus, (Ik' (ircck plitli>riiplicr,
Xciuiplion, ilitlo, ami liill.nijn. Smil/i, SpelmaH, /f/i/v. Fieldl
I'lato, tlieCiicckp!iii<)roplK-r, uiul ilifcipic ut Smrutes. Hydtiiham,
Lyfi.is, llic Gri'ck orator, (li/lni.
Ilociatcs, the (iicck orator. Dimfdiit*. '
Aril^ullc, the Greek |)liilol'oplicr, and tlilciplc of Plato. Hohhrt.
Ocii\ollhcncsi the Ailu-iiian orator, poiloiied hiinlclt. l.elmij, Franeh,
Tlic phralluj, the deck pliilofopher, and fcliolar of Arilloilc. Buiigtt.
Thc'oiritii.s, the rtrll Greek palloral poet, tl, Ftiwkes.
Euclid, of Alexandria, in E^ypt. the matheniatiti.in, H. R, Slmftn.
Epicurus, founder of the F4)icurejn philofuphy in Greece. Digiy,
7.cno, founder of the floic piiilofopliy in ditto,
Calliinat hun, the Greek elegiac poet.
Archinicde.s, the Gieek geometrician.
I'butu.<i, the Roman comic poet. T/ioniion.
'IVrencc, of Carthage, the Eaimcomie port.
Dioecnci, of Babylon, the floic pliilofopiicr.
I'olybius of Gicece, the Greek and Roman hiftorian.
Liurctiuii, the Roman poet. Crttch.
Julius Caifar, the Roman hiftorian and commentator, killed. Duncan.
^iodorus Siculus, of Greece, the univerfal hiftorian, ft. BooiA.
Vitruvius, the Roman Architeft, fl.
Cicero, the Roman orator and philofonher, put to death. Guthrie. Aftlmoih,
Cornelius Ncpos, the Roman biographer, fl. Kowe.
Salluft, the Roman hiftorian. Gordon. Role.
l)iuiiyl)iis of FlalicarnaiTus, die Roman hiftorian, fl. Sfictman,
N'ir^il, the Roman epic poet. J)rydin. Put. If anon.
Catullus, Tiliullus, and I'ropertiu.H, Roman poets. Grainier, Dart,
Horace, the Roman lyric and futiiic poet, l-'runcii,
C.
I.ivy. the Roman hiftorian. Hay.
Ovid, the Roman el ^iac poet. Garth,
Celfus, the Ruman pliilofopiier and phylician. fl. Grieve.
Stialx), the Gieek pcogniphcr.
I'ii.xiiiiis, tiie RcjMian filiulift. Smart.
I'.iteiculiis, tile Roman liili )ii:in, ;1. Newcome,
Pel liu.s, tho Roman (aiirit poet.
(Ji.iiHu.sCuiiius, a Roniai, hiftonaii of Alexander the Great, fl, Di^fiy-
Seneca, of Spain, the philofophei ,imltia;ie poet, put to death. L'Ejiiange
Lilian, the Roman epic pod, ditto. K'j. e.
I'imv the eiiler. tlu Roman natur.il hi<' 11. in. Ihllund.
r>
Co/man. Cooke.
Hampton,
|..iei)hiis, the jewllh iiiftorian. iy/iiii',n.
Kpi,.ieiiis, the (ireek lloic |)]iil()|iliei. ll. A/is. Carter.
(^linlilian. tlu: Roiiuin or.itor anil iumk.iic. (lul/irie.
Staliiis, I'le Koin.m ejiii poet Lmii.
#
inri.'-, ot ,>|),iin
Ri
I, Ml ins I
I'aiKus, the Rum
Martial of Spain,
Valerius Hii.tiis, the Komaii
Pliiiy tlu; youii ',cr, irddiical l-i'eis. Melmoth
Siielnniiis, the Rom.in liill niiii. Iliiyji '.
J'lutarch of Greece, liie bii>i;raplier. Diylcn.
nan hiftorian, fl.
11 lulloiiaii. 'lirdi-i. .\fu>l'!.y.
lie ciiii^iainiiiaiii p.iet. Hay.
p.c poet.
Orrery.
Langhorne.
ta8 Juvenal,
uS fuvcniil
• 4' Pt'ilcniy
'«-- '-'fcr '^£-^^
;<<6 Am... .....:.'■'.'".' """^■'•Iiiii.;,. fl. / ""fnian. j«;,4^
lojj
" ?'\ '■'""• I'lc rinliii,,,,, 1,11 r tiotcofi. '^">ny. Prtfion.
.""1 »'o/i.r iRMorai,, t_,l,r ,,.„.. Ji'- '" 'eomme. civ;i;,., .. .'•"'^.l') "^vins the uirC.r., . .'
I*. (,,,„,, w.,i,. ,,,,;,; '''■■•''" -'I i-.,,sii,i, ,„,,,,
A.;tE:.^te;„;;;'rt;;;;J7.r«., „,;,..■
«"S'i^MM,h. Y,,,il,,', '■™';™''l'"»..
<."-i»..i i„i„, K„„L ,.%*';■' ■ f I fi» ii..,a„,„
.'.. '•"■•'"«J.*.ci,'S;i:ci!;'i5;*a»^.^»«.,.;„,..„, .
i^'jS Ben.
14^0
1402
188^
1096
A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
lA ,8 Ben. fi)i)foii. London; f ) dramatir pin ea. ' j
1641 Sir Hrnrv Spclinan. Nuitolki Uw* aiiil •nii<iuiliM. ,
|A^4 Jo'in fk'lilDn, Suflcx ) aMiii|uiiir> .kmI Iiiwi.
|6;7 l)r. William Harvey, Kriii 1 tlilcovcicd the circuUlion of (he blood.
W>67 Abraham Cuwiey, r,<iiiil<in ; ii)ificllaiK-i>u* poetry.
1674 John Miliun, Lundun ; I'ltt-idilc l.olt, Kcgiincd, and variuut other piecet in vcrfe anj
profe.
Hyde, carl of Cl.irendon, Wiitfliirc ; Hirtory of thcCivil War* in Englaml.
167 f Jaiiici Gregory, AheiiUcii i inailu-in.itiL-i, geometry, and optio.
1677 Reverend Dr. Il'a.ic U.irio\v, I^ondon i natural piiilofophy. nuthematic), ami fennoni.
1680 Samuel Butler, Won i-fterlhire ; Hudibra», a burletque poem.
1685 I'liomaa Oiway, Lomloni 10 iMgedicn and comedic*. with other poem*.
1687 Edmund Waller, Hue k« ; poenm, Ipcechcs, l«tiei», 4cc.
1688 Dr. Rulph Cudwoith, Sumcrl'cilhire ; Intelledual Syllem.
J689 l)r. 'I'hi)ma» Sydenham, Dorfetlliirc; Hillory ut fhylic.
169U Nathaniel Lee, l.undnni 1 1 tragedies.
Robert Barclay, Kdinburgh ; Apology lor the Q|iaker«.
1691 Hr>ni)urable Robert Uovie , natural aiid experimental phiiufophy and theology.
Sir Genrue M'Ken/.ie, I)undee ; antinuitii:* and laws uf ScotlaMil.
1694 John Tiflotfon, archbilliop of Canterliury, Halifax-, 154 fcrmoiu.
iftqy Sir Vi'iliiani Temple, London; politic*, and polite literature.
1701 f'llin Drvdcn, Nortliamptondiirr , 27 tragrdics and coinc-dic.i, fitiric poemi, Virg.
1704 liiliii Ldike, Somcrfeilhitc 1 piiilofophy, e<)vcii)ment. and theology.
1705 jolin Rav, Eflex ; bor.iny, natur.il phllolophy, and divinity.
1707 Cicorgc Fartjuhar, Londonderry ; ci^iht comedies.
1713 Ant. Alh. Cooper, rarl of Slialtctbury ; cliardClciillii.^.
1714 Ciilbcit Burnet, Kdinburgh, billiop of Sililbury ; hlUoiv, bio;;r.ii>hv, divinitv. Sec,
1718 Nicholas Ruwe, IXvoiilhirc; fuven tragedies, iranllatioii of LtuanN Phurfidia.
1719 Revcrcn.l |olin l'lan>llcad, Derbyshire, matliematic.i, ami aOionoiny.
Jolieph Adtlifon, Wdtlliirc; Spectator, Guardian, poems, puliiic!!.
Dr. Jon Kril, Kdinburgh ; mathemaiics and adronomy.
1711 Matthew Prior, London; poem* and politics.
1724 William Wollallon, Stalfordlhiru ; Religion of Nature dclinc:it;d.
1727 Sir Ifaac Newton, Lincoliidiirc ; mathematics, geometry, ullronomy, optic*.
1729 Reverend Dr. Samuel Clark, Norwich; mathematics, diviiiitv, &i:. j
■Sir Ricliard Steele, Diildin ; four comedies, papers in Tatler, JS(c.
^VilliJlll Congrevc, Staliordlhiie ; fuven diamatic pieces.
1732 (olin Gay, Kxrter; poems, fables, and eleven dramatic pieces.
1734 ))r. Joliii Arbuthnot, Mcrns-lhirc; medicine, coins, politics,
1742 Dr. K'liiiimd Hallcy ; natural piiilofophy, allioiioniy, navigation.
Dr. Rii.har<l Bciitli'V, Yorklhire ; cl:i({ical learning, critiiilm.
1744 Alcx.inder Pope, London; poeins, letteis, tranil itiu.i of Monu'i.
1745 R(.vt!iii(l Di. IonJtti;in .Swilt, Dublin; poems, politics, and letters.
I74'^> Cnliii M'Lauiiii, Aigylelhire; algebra, View (,t Newton's PInlofophy. '
J 748 James Tliomfon, Roxbtn'^-lilliirc ; Scifons, and other poems, hve tragedies.
Keverend Dr li.i.ic Watts Souihaiiiptoii ; logic, philofopliy, pfalms, Tiyinnb, fcnnoni, &c.
Dr. I'laiicis Hiitchefon, Ayrrtiiic; SylU-m of Moral Piiilofophy.
1750 Kivcieiul Dr, (.'.)nycrs Miililleton, Yoikdiiru; Lite of Cicero,' &c.
Anditw B.ixlei, Old A!)crdeeii ; metapliyl'ics, and natural piiilofophy.
1751 Ilcnrv S. J')li!i, lord Bolinylirokc, Surry; piiilofophy, inet.iphylics, and politics.
Di. .All \,iii(kr Monro, Kdinburgh; Anatomy of tlic iliiiiian Budv.
1754 \^i\ Ri(!iir.l Mead, London; on poidms, pl,it;iic, fin.ill poN, iiiedicinr, precepts.
ll'.niy Mcu'.iii;;, .Somerfetdiirci loin Jones, Jofe;)!! Andrewii, &C. ^
1757 C'dly (?i!)lwr, London; 25 tragedies and coiiu'd cs.
J761 Tlioin IS .Sherloi k, bisl'.op of London ; 69 (ernu)ns, Sic.
B.'n;Hiiii;i H ■ ill,, liilhop of \v imlitllrr ; fcrinous and controverfy.
S iininl Rii ii iKiloii, Lo:i.iwii ; Cir.iiidifon, Claiilfa, Pamela.
kivtri-ii! Di. John L'J.iiid, L iiuadiire , Aiifun to Dcilliial Writers.
1765 Ktvcifii.l Dr. LdwarJ Voim^ ; Ni^jlit Tlioii-lit^, and other iKJcms, 3 ti.-igc.iics.
2 Ribcrt
ma
17AI
1 7 A,
•770
•77'
•773
I
(
'774 C
Z
'77f /J
«77ft IJ
•777 ha
'779 ')n
W
»78o Sir'
o
Dr.
»78j Uo
w
Sir J
Hem
M;
'783 Dr. V
„ Dr. B
'784 Dr. S,
I>ec
'785 Wilha
Revere
Did
Rithar
V86 Jonas f
'787 Dr.Roi
Soanic
'788 j^yj^:
' 'ioiiia,|
^'"onial
„ vv';iiif:„j
'789 Dr. \\ ,il
*7<J0 John //,
Jill. 21
«e)ij,,i,,i,;
Di.Adail
R''*eipiij|
Aj.rilaf
**«»CTeiii|r
„ ^fe.lini
R'veremll
niiitie.'
Dr. •||,o„|
''K'"ii.
Sir |o/|,n;,
dciivtrcJ
'79>
■92
A NKW CHRONOLOGICAL T A B L U.
17^^ Rohort Simpron, OUfgowi conic fetftiont, Euclid, Apolloniu*.
I76H Kovrrvtiil I.utirrMie Sicriif i 4c iVinumii, .Sciitlinciiial Jjuritcjr, Trilham Shistly.
1764 Kolit'ii Siniili, I.iiii olnlhiie i M.irniDiiicn and opiio,
I77U Krvcrriiil l>r, Jiiiiiu ; Lite dI Krafmut, Ki< lk'lul\ic:il lliflury, aiul fcrnioni.
J)r. Maik ALi'ii(i>Ic, Ncwculllc upon Tynr i pucinn.
Dr. 'I'i)l)i:ii Siiioili'ti, Diiiiiliaftonlliiii- , llillorvol i'',M)(ljn({, iiovcli, lraiill<tttoni.
1097
•77'
I77J
•774
1776
«777
«77<;
Tlixiiint (iiry, |iiolririir ul' iikkIci'ii hillory, Cjiiibri<l|;c i pociiUi
l'liili|) l)<itii\t'r Stanhope, c.trl urC'lieUcilieiJ i letteia.
Cii'Dr^r lonl Lyttclion, W(ii>eltcrlliiic ^ Hillory of EnglaiiJ, f
Oliver Cioliiliiiitli 1 pocinn, clUyi, uiul oilici piccri.
/,4ih»rv IVarcc, kilnou ul Kochi-lter ; Aiiiiutjtiont un die New Tc(\amenl, &c.
Dr. Jolii) llawkrl'wurtli ; rfljyi.
Davitl lliinu', Mrrfr ; I lillury ul' England, and cfTiyi.
I.iinci I'Vr^ii'.un, AlK-idcenliiire ; al\ronuiny.
Siinuirl I'ootr, Ciiinw.ill ; pliiyi.
David (iiiri ilk, llerclurd t plays, 6cc,
VViiliant VVarhuriun, biih')p of Gloucciler ; Divine Legation of Mofci, and varloui other
W(irk«.
1780 Sir Willinin ntackflonr, Judge of die Court of Common Pleas, London 1 Commentariei
on the t.awH of Kn/|jiid.
Dr. Jolin Kothereill, Yorkfhirc ; pliilofophy and iiirdiL'iiie.
lamcii ilariis , ircrmes, Piiilolocicul Inmiiriei, and Philolophiial Arrangement.
178a I'lioinai Ncwtun, bilhop of Uril\ol, Litchlicld 1 Difcourfes on the Prophecies, and othw
works.
Sir John Pringle, hart. Roxborou^lilhire ; Difeafes of the Army.
Henry Home, lord Kaims, Scotland ; Elcnicnta of Ctiticifin, Sketchet of die Hiftory of
Man.
1783 Dr. William Hunter, Lanerklhire ; anatomy.
Dr. Benjamin Kennicot ; Hebrew Bible, &c.
1784 Dr. Samuel Johnfon, Litchtield; Englilh Didtionary, biography, cflayi, poetry. Died
I>c. n. aj;ed7S.
1785 William whitehead. Poet Laurent ; poems and play*.
Reverend Richard Bum, LL. D. author of the Jul\ice of Peace, Eccleflaftical Law, &<>,
Died Nov. 20.
Richard Glover, ef<|. Lcnnidas, Medea, &c. Died Nov. 1^.
1786 Jonas Hanway. efq. Travels, mificllanies. Died Sept. ^, aged 74.
1787 Dr. Robert Lowtli, bilhop of Loiulun ; divinity and grammar. Died Nov. 3.
Soainc Jcnyns, rfq. Internal Evidence of tlie ChriHian Religion, and other pieces. DicJ
Dec. 18.
1788 lames Stuart, efq. celebrated by the name of " Athenian Stuart." Died Feb, i.
'riioinas (lainlborougb, cU). the celebrated paiiuei. Died Aug, 1.
Thiiniati Sheridan, cl'4. Englilh Di£)ioiiaiy, works on education, elocution, ice. Died
Aug. 14.
William Juliu» Mickli', cfij. tianflator of the Lufiad. Died Ocl. 25.
1789 Dr. William Cullm; IVaaicc ol I'liyfic, M.itcria Mcdica. A:c. Die I Feb. 5.
fjtp John Ilovvuid, clq. Ai count ot IVilons and Lu7.arctt(js, &:c. Died at Chcrl'un, in Ruflla,
Jan. 20.
Rcni.iiuin i'raiiklin, ei"i|. clcilricilv, natural pliilofophy, mifcollanics. Died April 17.
Di . Adam Smith ; .Moral Scuiimtiils, Inciuiiy niio ilic Wealth of Nations. I3icd April 17.
Rcvcieiid Thomas \\ artoii, U. D. poet-laureat ; Hillory of Englilh Poetry, poems. Died
April 21.
Re»eri-iul l)i. Robert Henry, Scotland; Hiftory of Great Britain, written on a new plan.
He died Nov. 24, aged 72.
Reverend Dr. Riiliaiil I'rue, Cjlamorganlliire , on Morals. Piovldonre, Civil Liberty, Aii-
1791
ri;a
luiities, Revi-Mionary Paynients, Sermons, &c. Died Feb. ly, aged 68.
Dr. Thomas Rlai klock, Annandale ; poems, Conlolutioiis from natural and revealed Re.
ligioii. Died Jtdy, aged 70.
Sir |o(hua RcMiolils, pietident of the Royal Academy of Painting ; Difcourfes on Painting
delivered before tltc Academy, ilc died Feb. 2 j. ai;cd 08.
7 A 1793 Reverend
10^8
A NEW ClfRONOI.OCTCAL TABLU.
'79J R'*"*"*! Hr Williiim RnhftiCoii, (>riiui(itl "f ili'' I'liivfrliiy of J'..|iMhiirr(h, ttul Itilt^
(ri.ij<li»i Id hii nijjfrtjr for StoiUml , llill'iry "I ScoeUrwl, Milhiry dJ iIjt reigii of Chi
in« Vili, liiilory ol Amcric*! m^vl (lill<>riL«l DiU|iiiiitiun coittcnuiij [iwlia. He Jietl Juii«
II, aKrd 71.
1794 r.>lw,irii ntM)oo, rfq, Stirtyi lliltory "f ih« DecliiM and FtU of lh« Roman Empire.
Ditil Jan. iA.
1795 Dr. Alex^inilrr (ifrard . F.(r.iv on T^np, fi niiorx. Dinl I'«b. ji.
tiir Willi ) jiinct. oil. ., ilv \\u\^e% ol liolii, iiih) prcliJcni uf ih« Afutic Soriety 1 fcvcr^l
law II t>, irunll.iiioti 1. Iiarui, and of ili« MoitUakal, or fcvoii Aubiaii i>ociiii, arnJina*
ny valuable (>a))Cii iu tlu Aiiilw; Kclcarihn.
INDEX.
>\j:ricolu'
A die, ,1,,,;,
AixliiCl,*),
ii'iJililli ,1
baijis i/in
Alat.i, (he .
«'f.
A'l>trf, ni'ri
fovriiii lit
J'f icla'.it
Aiilenif^ i,i„
I N D E
X.
X.
A 11 n E V I L I.P., III* ciuh »f III* Aotiti'iliInK
/\ woollen iiiaiiuli^ur* «l (Im( lOWM, 4))
Abri>lri'ii, Illy ut, 174
— — — , iinivrrlity of, proftlTnr* in, I'l, ii»/»,
AbjrlTiMU, ill fiiuiiion, tmriit, iiitl WMinrturio, H)!.
rroviiuri, lluU. Air ami (ml im, II Id, (|i|j|.
ilru|)«ilt, iltlil. Ilunilii^ihrr ri ,ini, rhin(i<e-
ro*, III', dcl'irihcil, fl|i HIr.ls > 'iii liif(''>>,
11)4. Vrprubic produi'tlnrK, jliiil. l.jkr^Hjf.
I'triri/)! "f ihc Nilf ilcluiNil, IMil Soiifve*
of llir Nilr, il)iil. L'aiili'i ol I'lir Iniinilininns ol
Ihr Nile, Uj^ Cilici ami Uiwiih, Itiid, 'I'mdc
and cumiiicric, 8j/. Krli|{iun, HjH. fiillorv,
ibid.
AcKlrmir Frnn^nire, why iliK inililuiion tliil not
liirtiiirnily aiilwcr lf> piirpolr, 4]^
Acad' my «t arti and UKncti (American), tlla-
blillifd, QIC
A'jdrmy, fin^r (.illej an UHivtaiiTV, fftabliflinl
at I'lil'LuUlpliU, q>>
Acapuko, nature of the commrrie carried on ar
thai {H)rt, ()<) 5
Achcen, in '<iiniaira, Ho;
Av^s in tiic llrililli t'arliaini'nl, the mode of palfing
ihem, a6], aA^
Admiralty lllaiHli, 1041
Adrian'i [luUi e a( Attifns renutni of, 6|;i)
Adriatic In, illamit in the, 6;
Atna, nuniril, A37, fnH
Alrim, it« (itualion and ImiimlJrirt, 8ot;. 1()
rivrr>, mounlain , and i.ip< , Rio, Rii. It>
Ini.tl :u|v,iiitay,r!i «ii<l dif.iilt^inMvrv Oil. Ill
an. II lit iViir, Uii, Hia. It* in! aliit^iiit', iliid.
'I'aMc ol till' (iitinlii<"> loMiiiiiiril in tliii dl\ Kioii
oJ the (.lohi, t<i 1, Print ipiilill.ind-. ibid. The
iniinu 1 fuvitliuard from itit iroj^ic cl Cancer de-
ft rilwd. Hi 4
Atriiilll illJIIili, X j6
Aj;in«.oiiil, li.iitli i>f, bitwfen Heiirv \'.ol EngUnd
and the Frnuli, 3clt
Agra, the province nf, 7ji;. City of 739, 746
At;rlcolu' w.ill in h(.ntUnd, 17;
A Ine, di|<:irtiiu'nt ol 430
Aix la Cliit|iclli, I'lueronilmlr 1 llirre Iwlwe'ii the
tiiulilh and the hfiich, ;;;. Aiioiint ot tli*
Inllis ilieie, 41);
Alati, the gieat cataraA of the Nil'-, dtfiriptioii
pf, **i;
Albert, mnrttravs of Hraiiilenbiirc, acqnirf!i ilie
fovfuij'.utv of diital I'liilli.i, a.iil introiluccs tuc
I'n tcl.ant 1. igioii, 52''
Alilcrii^y iiiiml, 3(j4
Aleppo, i(i« < Ity nf,
Ale)i.iii ler the Orrar, lilt intrafioii of lii>0«,
67ft
I**
R19
•»
AUnandrU, the lilv of. In K|iyp*,
Alfred the Cireal, king of hnKUnd, it Infcftcd b/
llie piraliml invi(1oii< nf llic DaiMi, li^. Mi*
military f < iefi and civil liiililiiiliuit, ibid.
Alvien, kingdom nf, Ili4. Iithabitanit of, liilV.
City u(, IjH, (<'!veriuitriit al, ttjo. Military
llreii){lh of, tijt
Allunibra, at Granada, In Spitln, • royal paUt «,
deCirlpiinii ol, ci)»
AlteK'iry nritntal, mrioui IntUiicct of, jj^y ftnd iq
the •>/<■.
AM Hry, hit reviili 111 E^ypti
Alk, a Niiruay bird,
Aliier, drpartnient iil, 4]!)
AlmaKM, hl< difpntet with I'iiarro, on fliaring the
olundrr nl I'cru, H;o. Hit ropcdition to Chili,
H71, It kilird by i'lliirro, 87*
Alpi, lower, department of, 419
— , upper, depart. ncnt of, ibid.
Alteni, In Hulllein, 9;
Altitude, ipiadran' nf, on the terrcH ial globe, 1 {
Ainainiii, river nf, 8d}
Amber, ammint ol the revenue rrceivfd from, by
the kin); ol I'rullia, $14
Amboyna, defcription of that iilanH, Uoj
Amciica, tlie Hrll diliovery of, by Chiifiopher
Coluinlui'., 8A4. Compirit of Mexico, [<\ I or«
lex, 868, C'onquell ol Peru, by Plwrro, 1(71.
Muiint'ii uiul ciillnmi nl thr original iiiiialiit.
aiiti, 87]. I'.xti nl and lioiiiilarics ut .Amenta,
8H], Stiiprmloii^ m(>untliM^, IJ83, l.il.is aiid
rivert, ibid, I'roiliiftinii-, KH.j, ifowiaiolled
one niimii); F.i:ro| t.in < llhllu^^, 887, Shocking
cruelties e\cri.ifid on the original iiiliat'iMiit>,
— — — , North, firft ilifcovered by Sebiillimi Ca.
bot, and tallul Ni'ivlniiinlliinl, Sh^j, 8.14. A
c'dony planioil tlicrf bv lir \\ .ilicr Kak-igli,
ibid. Cornell lidwccii l'!ni;laii'.l ani I'raiue tor
the liipei ioriiy there, i^^, SS5, Summary vim
of the III it rcttli-imiitj of North Anii ".ca, HK6.
Nii:nl er nf fmiart' ii'lles loiitaii.ed in ,^'17. Dc-
Icriptioii I I New Krinin, Htiij. Of Cauaila, 893.
of Nova Sioli.i, t<r y,r\\ llr.infivitk, 1; 1. Of
New Knulaiul, ijc6. 'I'hi'fe 1 'rtiof novcriuntiit
eltablilliiil tiart', 913. Ot Nr»v York, 91;. Of
New Jerfty, •)U). Ol l'. nalVlvani.i ai. 1 iVIa-
«jre, ijii, iMiir'. I iImI, (ji6, \'ir^ini.i, i^iK,
Carolina, North and Sniitii, wiili d'ti r;,i,', i)i\.
New Ihtts lurmeil in N'ortli Ameriia, — — \ir-
iiiom, i)\}. 'I'trritory .V. 'A'cliuf tlic Oliio, mb,
7 .V J Km-
I N
KfitliMly, 9tt> T«»fti*rv liNiiK of ih« Uliii>,
Aniftt<4, K«r*li. |)Ul>irl'i<n.f« iHt«llnn«i| hv (it
•lirninl to liiipn t « idtiiiji ihly •<» lli' nftlili
• iilitiilfa, u;, A gillffitl HWiffi^ «lf>'ltltilrii «l
Nrw Ynrk, itiM, RIaii Win* •m ■ ut >'«l>>g
Uhl nn irn, t^ij. Tlit |i<irl nl Pofttn rtnit up,
•nil llii' iTKvrriinirnl of lfl( |ifi)vlii>f if M^ll^-
iliiil>-rti Illy 4lirrril, )(i3, N'»n tiiip»«l>ilii»i
nvii'Mitriii (nirrrii Inl* by Ihf Ainrrlitni, )bl<l,
I'lii'iDiH *nd *4ilr*(b«, If I, N^Kln (•> \>rff>»tt
lot r^klti)! *'(' ■"<<•, M>ltl. CiMiimfntriiiciii «l
h'<nilltlri. ililil, All\unr tlit npiN-lliikon »l 0\t
t'liiril Ciil'iiiift lit Amtrliit, )(t, At'lirtii II
Uiinkrr'i lliil, ](t' K«(i«dll'>i>n iiK»lnfl Htniui*,
)(|, Th# liiilr|wnilciii y nf Iht AmfrUiiii il«-
i|jr>il, jf'). Arr ilTidtil liy Krtiir*, triil in
•llliiiK'fturivliiilfil brrwfvii ilxm, \\j, (tforitl*
rriluttil l)y Ihr Bririlli Irixiji, wM. A lUiiJi)-
lliir torrrlponilriu* tlUtililluil ticlMrCfii llulUiui
■it'l i'i« Amrrii^ni, \f>t
> I i . Hniilh. Tht imnd dUKinni of, HI;. Al •
roiint t)l iS>w Mfkk'ii .mil C'liifofiili, ififl, Old
M'«Ui), iir New 5(i,iln, ycji, T«rr» Kinna.
9'^(. I)iltliii'hiiii4 ariliiip, frum riiiifhirt nf hloiNi
■inon| the liihnl)lt.int«, i;f;7. I'f ru, i>i>>). C'liill,
lOj). I'«r;it;iiiiy, 1004. Hriini, 101)
Amrrlctn philiifoiihlcil roiir<y, It i'l,il.ulcl|>lii.i,
liiouni ol llir, i^i{
Amplii/lyon tinirm t|i« fitvrril flair* of Clrrric In
onr fyft'm rf iwlicy, 41
A'imhitliriitrr at Koiiir, now rilird ViAltfto, rrci^t-
til liy Vrl'piirniii, ftjj
Anillcrdmn, «i toiiiii nf thf fli'lihoiirr thtrr, 471,
Niiml>rr ol inlubilaiiit, ll>iil, Iti •ilv.im.if^ri
■ rul ilrfi/li, 471. Aiiniiiil nf llic binli »l, 4W
Andaiuda, in b|uiM, iia rulMllviitoni and ilucl
towni, cHi
Andiman iflind*, H')6
Aiiiirs or I'litdilirrai inounuiM%thtlr amwlng r».
Irnt and hri){ht, 8 ij
Anilr^, major, Ltkcn and lian^rd hy the Ainerkant,
Andrrw'i, Sainl, prufcfTurOiij)'! in that iiiiivrrliiy,
171. «•'<■.
Anglrfev, jHH, »»/r.
Annl(i-S.i«nn', liiftory nf ihf, jqi. Arc i ili-ltrd
l)v (III' |iiratl(.il Invjliun^ ul tJic 0.1110, ji;j. A
rniini^trr of tin-, j,,-
An(>iilll.i ilKirid, i)-y
Animals of Ariiliia, 71/), Kcmurkt on ili.iiV of
Anirrira, ioiii)>;iriil u.ili llioff m 'iilirr ii.irti of
fli «orld, KiyO. Ot \uv Bril.iiii, H«(, Of
( iiiijila, 81;?. l)f Nfw KiijJ.uul, i)oH. Of
Virnini;!, t)3i. Of Nort'i ami ' oiilli l'.irolii!4
mid (Mor;;ii, 9V)' Of Trrr.i I iri.i.i in boutli
Aiiicrti;i,.;i;;. ()| IVru, looi 0( r.ir.i);iiay, 1005.
Aiij";:, Pliili)! dukr of, plaicd on the tliront of
Spain l)v l.iwi') XIV. 6^6
Aniiaboa lO.ind, B;9
Aiin«|i(i!l>, in N'n\ a Scotia, j^oi
Afiiit, "Hiftii </f Ennijiid, the Hate of rnrnitmc and
fhc arts duririj^ htr rciyji, 11 ^ Jftr >;rcal fiii •
i'trr. in the war aj'.uiiiif Fraruc, ni, Thr
« vciil" ot hrr rfiKn iiiHiirturd liy ilie lUii.lu.itinns
i.f tl.r Whi^ iu.ilTor) parlici, ibid.
Ann*, dutfMr* af C«<4rUM(, gtPtiMufhtif 9t
I'tiar I, pl«i>>l nn ih* ili<uiic of H>iin«, 144,
Ap|N>liii l>>Kn, (u» of I'm pitiKth uf MttliUn.
burKti, her lit tr, Ibiti,
Aiifint, tilmiriil, fill rttiirn 1i<rH» iIm tauih •#••,
W*
An'igiit,li* Dluillitn, produ^llon*, 4>id iiiKahiuoii,
v;o
Aotinthnt, kinx nf K)ri«, hU unfuctthfut war
ajtaiiiA lit* HiHt)4n<, fi
AntT'pililr% Komaii, mnalni nf, In Inly, A|9
Aiiiwfrii, ill* I nniiiitri' of ihji illy ftow nilnrii tiy
rlir liti I h, 4119
Apollo, rrmiint of bl* uinpU ti Mount Parntiftit,
A<)urdu/>, Trajaii'i, U it^iyii*, fom« •«. count of,
Arabia, ll^ rilii.tllon, *«irnl, .tint lintituUrlri, 71^4.
lit diviliiini an I ihlct inwnt, 7.;,. Urrlvaiiuii
of lf)( nanir, Ibid, MnwiiUini, tivrn, clltnair,
roil, prodiu*, and ai>iiii.d<, Itiid. Tht inhabit.
anit, thrir mannrn and mlloini, 7^*^. Thtlr
rili^ion, U'arniii|i;, ainl linj^naKt, ibid, I iilti,
ioriiiliiiii, and 4rt», 7i;H. (iuvrrnni«ni, iliid,
lllll.iry nf Aralna, 71^9
Arulilaii potin, an, 7>>7
Ar.iiijuri,ihc palate and park ihert drfcribcd, ^>)i
Ari lianitrl, ihf town and port of, 1 1 7
ArihijirTigo, (irriian, a lili of the ilhindi cnni|H)|.
iiigihc,67, Atiounlof, M\,(i6j
, Northern, dilcuvercd by lh« Kulhani,
10J4
Ari linn, hif>orii-at account of th« nature of that
iilh. >' .11 Alhrni, 4)
An ot, Nabob of, hii doniinioni, y^
Ardeilir, drparlinenl nf, 4tO
Ardinnei, drnariinrnt of, Ibid.
ArKonaiiit, tlic eupcditiun of ihr, to Culchii, tn'
plained, 41
Army ••<! (irrit Britain, the nature and mai^nitiide
of t.'ir, iHj, Dally pay ol cvrrv rank 111 the,
9H4
Anatto, ■ vegetable pro<lu/^ian of the Weft In-
dies i;j;
Arnold, the Atiirruan roloiirl, hli eanedition a-
vainfl the Lity of Qiicliee, U4. I>r<ert> the
Ainiricaiii, and e.itrrt into the Uritilli Irrvlir,
Ari.K.111, kingdom of, 751
ArraKuii, in bpain, its fubdivifioniand ihiit town%,
Arriepr, dep.irlimni ol, 410
Art , the revival ut, alter the general dtliige, ai.
counted for, 3U, 39
Arirndiin illaiul, tl^H
y\(ia, agriif-rul view of that quarter of tlir world,
(167. Urief hillory ot, 66H. The print i|ul re-
gion* into which it it divided, Mttf
Ahatic and European nmiuiers diftingniflud, 770
Adum, 677
Alira^an, iti rllmatr and prmlucr, 697, 6iyB
Altronoiiiy and gro)(ra|iliy, their iliftiiinion, 1,
The dilcovcric) mauciii,iiy aiialo)(ital reiloigng,
?, 0. Review of ihi- (e\tr.il (ylUnii ol, 7,8.
Alturia, in i)p.iin, lU Uilidivihuiu and chief towni,
Atabalipa,
\
I
s
I.
77
•>«
I.
n',.
u.
IIS,
74
AitMliH, liM* •! Ptrw, «fu(l>y f >f*4 tntl p«ti i*
•(•'•III liy ru^mi, t;i
Alli«nH «>h«ii *iiil hy wtiom (nunil'<', *». I(t<
»)•«> u(ih« till l«tii liilltMTjr ut, 4«, 4ii riM f«-
IIIIm| anlliliillKi ttl, A(4
A<l 11*1 Miitiiif, Aty
Ailat, Miiuiit, Hi t
Airrrlmr/ (!>')• Iitlli»p nf Hmhrdtr, Nnl(lit>l,
HI
Aul)», il«|i«rtni>ni , 4i'>
AiMllrnns ih« iMitir* ol ilioCt iriliunaU In S|Hiiil(h
AnirrU*, i)>)4
Aii)itill4, III' town III, III (IrnriU, t)i»
Aii|[tltilii(, St. ill Kill Moritl*. i>if
Aw|unii<, f If ')iir III bukiiiiyi liuw lit iiliuln«il ih«
tniwii III I'liUn.l, f (I
AulK )iiuiKil ol III* (i(im«n tm|ilrri «n •ikoiiiU
"• 111*. <«•
Aii7riiK<ili« III* rml Inuniltr «nil I«|;ll1iii«r of ili*
liiiliiitmi (rii|iirr, Ji-f
Aullln, lit* monk, lil« irrlvtl in Rrlt.ilii to loiiveri
III* !«4iioni, ii|i
AultrU, III* dumliiidiit tii ih« hnul* ol, in Imly,
6*1
■ (ilnlf 111, il^ ilivlrtnn Inln |>rovli\i;»i,
Aiinrimi N*ilifrl.in<U, bt« NtihriUiiJi.
Avi, klM)i'liini lit,
Amriiii, ili|iartiiiriil of,
Atiiiti, (III- nil II ol, ilifi.r'l>rtl,
i\«rin, kliiKiloiTi ul,
Alorri, or Wrilrrii IllnmU, I6i. Situation mui
cxiciii, ibid. Froitui-iiont, Il6a
491
4*o
fftiUMi • Riiffiitt liiril, ft'H
JI9 abtliiuiidcl illmitl, ill llliiatian «nd (hi.
nArr, H0
BHMI, Knp,rr, lii« mtrannliiury Irarning for ihr
*t,t hdiieil ill, SI )
Rtfilrn, m < mint ul the Swifi dirl llirrr, (;6
Ban<l-<'l. Ill'' iity of, ^77
ll(igiiiii>, tallrrii, 7<;i
Dalum.i lllaiiiii lirfl ilifcovrrcil, BA4. Drfirihril,
Raliin, til* (npinl ol Ur*ni, ilrrtribrd, 101;
Billlxi > til'' rlliM^ Ot, '174
&ili<i|, jiilin, .11 (ouiit of lii> (ontiA for thr I roM II
ofS.mhiii.l. iH;, iHH
Haltii (fit, ill iiuK in tlir, t<y
B.iliimnrr, lord, frtlici M.ir\l.itui wltli Koiiiaii
latluilio, aa;
II1111I.1 ill.iMiN, mid Mirir pro'liKC, HC4
J)iiik ol hni>l.iiul, an liillnrii.d niioiint of, 141;.
Il> govfrnnu.tt, i;o. Ol AnilltriUin, il> );r(!it
lii|ip«l(d u'r:ilili, 474
Iluiki, Sir jnlrpli. 8 if), 840, q7>)
D.imioi !• Iiiirn, liattlr of, lictwcr.i the ticofs Atiii
i-.nglilli, |R(>
Il.in)4ii-trrr, in Indi.i, its v«ft txtrnt dtfiribrd,
llaptifli, In KngUnd, llicir d!fiin[niifliing trucii,
}I0
Harliailort, its fitimlion «nd rxlcnt, 974. Oieat
popiiliiliim »nd pnnliiir uf, ()7?
Bulbar)', aicuuiit ol itii' ilatci of, $n, C'llniatt',
lit
hi
70J
fail, and prlHluAlt>n^ [ti4. lnlitMrtnit, i!i«tr
manntr^ niiii iullmiit, Itc. llclr drtli, rill*
Hlon, tnd Un^H«it*, llA, li;. Aiitl'|iililti inil
tiirloAilf, Ibid, CliU* mmI liiiiUltiif s *«7,Vi4>
Mmulaviur*! «nd iwniNwn*, Vao. Why Iwim
iM-.iii ftiiitt liilMdl to ill* Il4t)xiry |ilrtiW«. I|0,
i itiilliiiiilon iiiid (ovfrnn'*iii »i, ilild, Ktv*-
iiiifi, iliid, MiUinry ilnngtli, Iji, ||it)<tfv of
lUitMry, ibid,
lUrliudu, llland nt, 'if J
ll«rc*leflii, 1 liy ol, <<*4
Burds, tntlfiti Wtlih. fom* ■ciom^t of, \M.
M4ir4if*d by Kdnrtrii I, Jt)0
lUrk, jtfiilli', whrr* |>riM|iii'*d, I0«>>
Harond, Ih* origin mij naiuri of llnl dvgrN i>l
noliliiiy In kiiKland, tH-/
UartbolonMW, tUmi, lilund of, 1014
..I — — » I. .'i (>ti.) day, iiialCtcra of lh« t'rtn>.h
prnl*ftiint% on, 4 |i|
Btfaltrt, piltir* of, In li.«Un>l, :j. In !iialf«, i(6.
In Inland, 40^1
Ralil, ih« 1 ity and iinlv*r(ily of, ^71
Ualtai ul III* TurkKti *m|iir*, ilirlr ufiul irtMm«ni
liv llir |ir>><'l Iriglilor, 64i
Rillil'-, a itai* priliin in I'arii, drimuliniril, 4<ci
Kaiifia, Ihr Iplendor ul tli* Uiiti.ll guw riiniriit
tlir.r, 4;;, 47J
Ilath, ih-' illy o',
, order of,
tlavurii, 1 in Ir of, iti dlvilion Into pruvinc**,
ll.-nri III Norway,
Uravtr ol Nurili AinrriiJ, dtfi rljiiidn of ilir,
llraillv, malr .ind Iriualr, llhiiirf* id.a* of,
llfikrt, 'rhimi:n i, anhliilli'ip ol I'ar'i rdiiry, 4
tiaiiglitv AlHrtrrof (cciclialliial power, inurUrrrd
at ih* Hilar, ai^l
Brdr, lii« aciuiinl of iht Knli'|ulty of llllli litfni-
tiirr, 404
Itrjifl, in iinlvfrfjl iif* In lndi.i, 765
llrlgii (iaiil of Ihr Komans hillory of, 4SJ
Utll, Ihr grrat one at MoUow, ii> dinicnnoni mid
M'righl, I ]6
Brlinflr, llland of, l.ikrn from the IVrnrli, 541
Drli g.i, a tilli of till' liurgron kind, dritribrd, u;
ltriiarr>, litv of, 745
l<rii)(iil, ptoviiuisof, iliid.
Hrnnii ;ion, the i.npitnl of ihr flate of Vrrnioiil,
in Aiiirriia, iji;
Mfnr riahr.iit.is, ihtir frrrltoriti, ;Bi
M'tIIk, I ily of 504
II nniiil.is iiiands dcfirlbcJ, 9S4
M-rti. rtvof, S7i><7*
H llKlil, I ilV of, j /()
I iinin^'ikiii, rioii at, ]7li
Bil'cay, in bp.iin, li> ftib-iivinnni and iliiif town*,
Bininpiicks in Kii'<land, a lill of, with tlitir rtn-
niirs .IS in ll'f limb's ImolkS, jo8. Aiiiiiiiit of
tliol'i- Criiii'iriU'd in (irrmany, 4911
Hhi'klriart biid);t', :it l.otidoM, Ji4
lilaiic, Mount, its :.mi/iii^ licigiit .computed, \r>4.
Imirniy to it> i'lciiniit, {^;
I'liMlirmi, batllf ot, iKtHi'cn the iluke of M,i|.
l'oroiip;h and i initu 'I'.illtti d, n '
Blij-.h, C'.ipt. lariiis tl f hrc;.d-fniit-trec from Ota-
h'lite tJ tilt Wril l;.dn.l.
I
N
Bi'Liacf, a tlinrafler of li'u iioveli, 619
lloiiiic, account ut tlic, ;j9
aohemia, its fiiu.ition, boiind.iries, «inlrxteiit, ijaH.
It* divifiDiis, ibi<l. Soil, Hir, mouiitnins and n-
vpn, miftils ami ii.iiierols, inliabitaiits, 519. Re-
lii',i»ii, ibiil. Bidioprick* and cities, ibid. Go-
vciMinint and hifiuiy, 530
Bolilwiia, city ot, ' 6y8
tiol.ibuia ill^ii (I, io}l
Bdlo^iiii, I lie ciiy and fjoverninent of, 64?
J<oinliay illiiml, uccoiiiit of, 77)
BorilHici.rs, tl.c tourfe of that river defcribctl, 135
Uurncn, its pr ducc and iiiiialiitaiit^, tlc^
]lurLau't'ii,ac'niiral, drfeati> tlie Fieiich intended iii-
vnlioii of (iicat liriiaiii, 340
Doltdii, in New £n);land, riotous nAs nf violence
committrd ihtre on a';count of .1 fax laid on ti j,
349. J lie port of, flint ii|i I y a Britifli law,
ibid. (Tciieral Ga}',t invclU'd ilicre by th .Ame-
ricans, 3,2. Is q. itt.d In tl,.' Hriiidi troopsand
tr.kcii p(ji>Mion of by general \\'..niuigion, 3;$,
Tlie town di ciiHed, 9 to
L' Mi'orth, tie but le oS between Hctiry e.nri of
Kill moiid, ai' . Riilaid HI. 312
B'ltanv U.iv. •'■te Holland, New.
B(>iiiui-hi<ige, ill India, 755, «»'c
I.'oiiqucliii dtli ribcd, ^6*^
Poiiibon iilaiid, its.l iii »c and prodtice, H5;
boMif, battle of, betHi'Cii W-iili.nn 111. and Jaif.es
il. 3»9
Praddoi k, (general, Ms unfortunate expedition to
Noitli Amcrit a, 338
I'miiai'/n, Jo.iii, duke of, placed on the throne of
Portugal, 617
llr.ilc, i \ V .0, account of his I'yrtcniofaUronony, 8
Brail, Its fitiiatinn, extent, arid boiudatics,
1013. Seas, ha\s, liarb<)\irs, and capes, ibid.
Clin, ate, fol, and piodiicii. ills, 1014. Inhabit-
ants, n aiiiK-rj, and cnlloiiij, ibid. 'I'r.uli.and
eliiet towns, o 5. Religion, 1016. ilillory
and giviTiinienl of, ibid.
Brcad-fniit-tr.e expedition, 979
Urcllaii, cit) it, 503
Btcft, city (d, 4Ji
Br.d>;e, a ii;b!ii e natur.-l one iti Vin;ii.ia, yu
lir.fi >l, c ty (>;, 2ji
Britaiii. Ni u-, in N'oitli .■ nie.ica, its (itiiotion. ex-
ti-i'.l, ai.d bound.ir cs BBij. Mountain'.!!".' Ri-
vers, bav-, Itr.'it-, and la; es, ibid, boil ui d pro-
diicc iS.d. AniniaiN ibiil. IVrlons ami I ibit.st.f
the nativ e Anietic. .=, b.jo. iJifcove ry aiui ci.in-
nKrcc, ili:d. Atconnt (if vo\.is;<s icir difiov ry
ol a nortb-weli pa.i age, 8vji. '1 i.de ol tiie liiul-
(0:1'; i!ay couipairy, 8yi
«_- — , -1- , in the Soiitli'Tii (Hcan, 1041
Di'.t'.l'i Miifeiini, i.t Lonuoii, and iis v.:lu ;b\' ion-
tents, _ 2-8, mif.
•_. - pondlions in India, 778
Uiilon?, ai.cii-i!', Juiiiis C'.ifii''- arcom.t of tlnir
manner, ai'd ci.i:^ :;:^, ay.. 'If.iir 1 tuaiion un-
der t' e k'.ii'.i.n ;;oven.Mi<nt, il.<,d. 'IJ.eir difirels
vliri! deftrtiil bv ihi- i>.i ii'.uis, syi. /re fiibjtVt-
ed bv the .-a.smis, i'.'id. b;..te of iilriati;ii at
tills iiiv.e, Hid. Win 11 lonvtitcd tu ( i.iiltl,ani-
t\ ,i')i. tJcc Ai!giO-b.i.\OH!.
E X.
Brtice, Robert, hi« conteft for the crown of Sent-
laiul, 18;
- , , the fon, defeats the EngliHi at Bati-
nock-burn, 18^
— -, bdwird, iiivadei Ireland, and Is crnu 'wd
^'"^f,' 41}
Bruges tlie ccnfn of rontmunic ition bctwcrii the
I anlVa'ii. iiicri li iit> and the l.oiiil>ards, 1;^
Briniinia, clic b'^^lllaior uf the Cientoos, hii reli^inut
do(?f rines, 7 1 •
Brunfwick, New, 901
liiucaneers <if America, 9B-
Burnoi Ayrrs, town of, in Paraguay, too.;
Bulfalo .il Abyfiiiiia, account o; t c, 831. Of A-
ni.'iica. _ 896
nulfon, the natural hillorian, his chara^er, 438
Biilar, 8.«
liuliiin, fei'leinent uf, on tli'- coaft of Afric.i, H.]^
H'lll fea ^, in Sp.-.in, ^88
Luiikrr's I lili.eiif'.agcinpnt there between the Briiifli
(ortrs anil Aniei leans, 355
BurgnMi , i;( nrra', 1 air.iti'c ol bis unfortunate c' ■
pen 11 11 li'.tli (.'..nnda, 356, 3^7
Elite, earl of, ai'poinieil 'iiiiifli fecrctary of ftati.-,
342. Religes lus olliie, 3,^5
Byng, the Britilh admiral, fliot for niilbchavioiir,
33»
C.
CABOT, .Selnftian, the difcoverer of North
Anieiica.f M I'cnry VI.. of Tolland, 866
C'.uie, Jack, his! ^iiiifll inlmr.rtion, 309
t'aiiiA,aml its bar. mnr, defer jiinii of, i;9c
C'.i far, Julius, t,!. Us firll invalion of Rritain,
and account III tlie natives, 290
Caiiraria, its bound.iri s ami extent, 849
L' jj'i'Tii tlic I apit.J ot llie ilL.nd of Sardinia, 649
l_.iiii), tie ci| it .1 (i( I'-^iypi, 820
C'a lis taken troll) the I'.ii^lifli bv the dckeof Giiife,
3'6
— Straits, department of, 420
C'alavances, a Ipecies o pea, 970
Cjku'.ia, or lull William, in Bengal, nrcoiint of
the Kn^lilli l.i.'lorv and li il gonriiiu it there,
744. C'li.el trea'iiunt ol the t glilli t.ieie, by
Siir.ijai. Din la, 745
Ca!eiliiii.a. New, '03c
I .ilildii.i.i, I/, I. See ^leviro, New.
Cill. o, a |H it-to« II in I'erii, ilefircj ed by an eartfi-
quake, 9^7
C . Iini.i, li.e union of, hirinul by Margaret, qi'een
ol 111 Kiirok, ijo
C'alvailos, di ;i.Mtini nt ot, 420
Culvln, Juliii, t f rcliirnier, foine account of, 49,;,
note.
Can. bod a, and its inliiiblaiits, j^^
Canibr i ks, the chict article of tonifflercc at Cani-
hr.iy, 4H0
C'.'iiiil nil;i,e iii.ivdiity, its colli j.'.es ;inil other public
Lu.iiling-, ' 2!0, ;r.)
— — , in New I'.iiii.ind, 910
C'.iTidtn, liib aciuiint ot t.ie antiij'nity o) Iiilli lite-
laluii", 404
C'ainclion of t'g) pf, y , .
t'aii.els,
1 N
Cameli, In what rtfpeAiwell fiiltiil to the Arnblnii
(Iclerts, 76a. iliMv tuu)(lit to ilancc in Kgypt.
'79''
Canipiijjna di Konia, pr^fiiu fl.iteof, 614
I'ar.ailn, its fltiiiitinii, c».lriit, arl lioiimlnrios. Pi^-,
Air, rliimtc, foil, and ihimIiht, ibid. Tinilnr
and plants, iliid. Mi-t.ils aiu' iidncr.ds, H()^. Iw
rivi'rt and lakes, iliitl. Animals, H.;?, (iii.ulru-
pfds, ibid. IJirds, H.jfi. I'idi, t)i)7. Inhabit-
■inis, anil principal towns, Hi)H. Tioi^ Riviere'!,
ibid. Mnntrc;d, <ii)t). Government ot tlif uro.
vince, ibid. 'I'r.ule and comrrifrtf, ibi.l. 'I'lie
quiet of the provlnLe olten difmrbod by the la.
piic.ii)iisinr.):idsot the Indians, (po. StcQ.Kbec.
Canal of Lanr.ncdoi, its intention, 421. Of Ca-
lais, ibid. 01 Orleans, ibid.
Canals in Hoilu..!, the advantn^rs of, .(72. In
China, extraordinary li/.e and length ol, 700
Canary Iflands, account of,
Cancer, the tropir of,
Candia, the ancient Crete,
Cannibals, the cxillcnce of, confirmed, 10} i
Canoci of the North American liidi.ins, huw made,
893
Canara famous for its produce of rice,
Cantal, departmeiit of,
Canton the greateft fca-port in China,
Cape Breton, illaiid of,
I Kranijois,
■ Vtrd illandi.
ti6o
12
666
774
420
708
9H1
lOoB
fi<9
Caprea, the voluptuous retreat of the emperor Ti-
berius, dcfcription of, 649
Capricorn, the tropic of, 12
Cardinal points, 35
Caribbee Indians, 978. Ill treated by the Englilli
planters, 979
Carnatit, account of that country, 769, 770
Carolina, North and South, with Georgia, their
lituation, extent, and boundaries, 931;. Oiltri(^s
andcountics of NorthCii'.oHna, ibid. OfSouth
Carolina, 936. Counties and prindpal towns
of Georgia, 937. Rivtr', ibid. Seas, bays, and
capes, ibid. Clin..iie and air, ibid. Soil, pro-
duce, and fa.cot the cotintry, 958. Animals, ibid.
Mode of cultivating; rice, 939. Hiflory, g<ivern-
nient, population, cliiet towns, and tommcric,
940. (ieorgia, 940, 943. Charlcl'.on, 941
Carpathian mountains, in Hungary, ^32
Carpenters, Indian, their fniall number of tools,
766, (IMC.
Carrickfergus, defccnl of the I'rench pr.rtifan Th\i-
rot there, 34'
Carteret, captain, fummary of his fouthern difco-
veries, 102H. f.o.'<.
Cartilage, brii f review of the hiftory of that llatc,
49. Remains of, B27
Carthagena, a city in Spa'n, deft rip.ion of, 1196
■ harbour in South America, 9()8
Caflina, fonic account of, 843
Cafiinir, John, king ol Poland, abdicates his throne,
and turns abbot, "l^i
Calfia tree, 80;
Caffimcre, the [)rovince and city of, ' _ 740
Caflile, Old and New, in Spain, their fubdivifions
and chief towns, 579
Cat.-comhs of I'';;ypt, 8 1 7
Catalonia, ill Spam, its fubdivifioni and chic' towns,
C'tarai^ of t!ie Gutpurba rlvir, 751)
-- - Niagara, Hii
Caihariiie I. ivounts the Uudian rluoiie, 143
-■ II. empicis of Rulni, <lepo'V-. her laif-
band i'etcrlll. 14;. Kntn-i into a \y:.t iilili
the Turk,, ibid. Her j>,icat talents ami profprr
ous adndnil)r,iti>)n, i ;i
Catholics, Knglilli, their general charaftcr, s 1 2
Caltick, ci'.y, 740
CVixt'in, William, the F.rrt F.ni.'Jilli printer. 311
CaMiinc, or Kqninoclial Franco, di Itiined, 1017
— prpper, great expmt of, lioin I'itu, ic'j;!
Ceah.-. S..r Maiallar.
('ei'.iin, a fpiie illand. Ho-
Ciriiji), the nncicnl Cytherea, (.^)j
Cervantes, his literary cli.nriu't'.'r, and unfi)rtun;.;i;
lite, 590
Ceut.i, in Uarhary, K.^,^
Ceylon, its produce and Inhabitants, 806, K-.7
Cham(>i', the, (lelcribed, n06
Champ de Mars, grand confederation celcbrat* d in,
Chandenagore, its flrength when taken by toljiiel
Clivc, 7^7
Ch-.nm I, department of the, 420
C'harenle, lower, depaitm; lit of, iliii).
Chaiitif-, )niblic, the n.unificciKC of, in England,
21:4
— — , nndillinguinud, bad efF.ifts of, in Spain,
Chailemagne, his empire difmembered foon after
hi'- de;;tli, ^ ; 13. 652
Charles I. of P'ngland, liir patronnp,e of the polite
artv, 2 14. His ar'.'itrary in.jiolition of taxc-, and
ipiarrel wi-h his pni'i.inuut, 320. I-'iii illv de-
ftTii'il at NaT, by, 322. is tricdand excculed, 323.
ir.s I harac'ter, ibid.
Ch.irl?= II. of lingland, his reign ellcrmcd an An-
g;:llan .-.ge tor literature and arts, 2:^. Is tr.
ceivcd by the Scots as their king, afur rhr death
ot hi> tatlitr, 323. 1 1'-- r. Ii.ir..tl<in in Lii Jand,
32(;. The tirlt ai'ls ol li:s rii;',.!, ibi.l. lii, rx-
Iravagancie;. and di.lredes, i.nd. HI. di it!i and
character, 317 Atfrnpted to iiiiroi'.iK e tiie
I'olifli drefs into Knglan;!, ^^ ;
— — - V , emperor ol (iermanv, ai-,d kin:; ol
Spain, general view of his lei-n, 514. His n-
tirtineiu, (,-•
- ■ - Vi. cnip'-ror ol Ciermany, hi^ troidilefoiiu-
rtign, _ i;,(-,
— — \'U. {tWS\vr of Havaria) fuiceaK toti.e
empire of Cii rmaii; iiiid.
. IX. kitigofi ue, afnil- at I'.ie mall.i,.!c
ol 'i.e I'loteltanrs at . :iris, ^ j,,
■ X. king of Swedi n, fucceed-, to ;!ia! ernwii
upon '.;,,• depolition of Ids brotlur j.iliii, i 1 i
XI. king of Sweden, Incvteds hi-, faliier
while a minor.
"J
•• XII. king of Sweden, ("1:11111. „rv ol his
exploits, 114. Ilia Ileath, ' ibid.
Cl'.:'rlelIon, South C.iroliiia. 941. 'i'akiii hy •.,,■.•
king's troops, ' Vt*
Ch:iilo:i-. i
I
N D
Clurlotle's Ulnn'l, _ loiR, mir.
Cliatluim, I'itt, carl of, hii Hei tired oiiiiiloii i)f
American miafiirrs, in the hnifc of p-er^, 3;i
Cher, (Ifiiartiiirnt of, 420
Clitriilii'.ly taltlc, in Glaiiioriraiifllirr, its remains,
3Htf
Clifftcr, rity of, sji
Cliili, ill Soutii Ameriia, iis fitiiation, rxtfnf, and
boumlar'es, 1003. Its divilioiif, pniv inns, and
chief towns, il)id. C'linialc, l)il, and proiliiti-,
it)id. Iidia!)itant4, an<l cnminiTCt', il>id.
Chiloe ifland, in tlie Soutli Seas 10 1»
Chini, its fitiuition, extent, and boundaries, 61,1^.
Jts divifions and provinces, 6i;g, ;oo. Static iri-
bniary to C'idna, ibid. It!> nanu-. mouniains,
rivers, bays, ami canals, ibid. I'orcHs, 71.
Climate, foil, and produce, ibid. Metals and
minerals, 702. '1 he inhabitants, their manners,
andciiftonis, 702, 703. DrcCs, ibid. M.irriages
and funerals, 704. Language, ibid, (ieniiis
and learning, 705. Antiquities and cnriofities,
706. Cliiet cities, 707. 'JVade and Alaiuilac-
tiires, 708. ConlVitiiti()M,and t'overnnient, 7„i^.
Religion, 710. I'ublic roads, ibid. Keveniirs,
and military fitength, 711. Hiftory of China,
ibid.
Chincfe emperor's prefents to his Britannic majef-
ty, 7'4
Chios ifland, and its inhabitants, 664
Chrillian II. king of Denmark and Rwe<len, his
barbarous fclieme to render himfelf abfolute,
1 1 1
IV. king of Denmark, chofen head of
the rrotcftant league againft the lioiife of Aulfria,
90
. — V. accedes to the crown of Denmark,
ibid.
■ .■ VI, fucceeds his father, 91, Tranfac-
tions during his riign, 91, 92
«— VII. kiiu'ol Denmark, mided by the ar-
tifii c of his inotiur in law, 92
Cliriltin 1, queen ,'f Sweden, her charartir, 1 1 3
Chr'fiofiher's (St.) iis lituation, prodiii'tiiin' , and
iiil'.abitaiils 975
Chr(iiiolo;;ieal table of events, difcoveries, and
learned men, 11^77
Chroiiijlogy, remarks on that of I'hina, 71 1
Churcli of liiuiland, itsgovrrnnient and d iflingn idl-
ing cliar.ii'ter'-, 208. The ciuotation, « hy iii:t
peiniitte ■ to fit, 209
Churt l,i I rivfr, 891
Citilheos, in Italy, the lloiies of, fiijipofed to be
cxai;i;eraird, 62^
Cinnanon tree, ^'■'1
Cirrillia, u (inien the fjajile coniniodity of lliat
toiinlry, 693. (iovernment, 697
Ciraiiis nf the judges in Kngland, table of tie,
194. In Wales, 196
Ci'irs of F.i.giand, 331, 232. The civil j^ovirn-
n.ent of, in iJreat Britain, 370
Civil lilt revenue of Cireat Britain, the iiat.ire and
ainoiiiii of, 28,',
C.eopatra's Needle, 8 8
C imates, the feveral dillinilious of, expi:;ined, 1 3.
Table of, >3i '4
Clive, colonel, hi« faccofiiful operatioiH^ in the £cf>
liulicH, )j8
Clofterfcven, convention of, between ti«e Frcncli
and the I'.nglifti, <)^
Clove lllands, got
Clovi4, the firft Chriflian monarch of the Franks,
43;
Cochin China, and its inhabitants, 733
C ochiiical, the nature and ules of, explained, 093
Cucoa tree , varioii-. ules to which they are applied
in India, 762. (ireat profit made from, in
Smith America, and the VVcIf Indies, 957,995
Cud lilhery, on the banks of Newfoundland, 981
Coffee, the foil moll proper for, 957
Colbert the fither of French loinmerce and manu-
lae'turi ., 43a. Succeeds cardinal Maxariiie as
prime ininirtcr. 44,1
Cold, .jlifervations on, aq
Colideo of V'elpalian and Domitian, a charaifler of,
with an account of its prefeiil condition, 630
Colonies, liritifli, in America, the three forto -.'5-
vernment there diltinguilhed, 91 )
Columbkill, St. one of the Wcflern Ifles of Scot-
land, remains of antiquity there, 1 jj
Columbus, Chrillofiher, his expedition for the dif^
covcry of a new track to India, 57, 863. Dif-
rovers the Uaham.' iflands, 864. Hifpaniola,
ibid. His fecond voyage to the Weft Indies,
86;. His third voyiij;e, ibid. His defcriptioit
of the beauty and fertility of the Weft Indies,
9;4. His ill treatment, and dentil, 866
Colnrcs, what, 9. SollUtial and equinoctial diftin-
guiOied, la
Comets, their relation to onr folar fyftem, how
proved, 4. The do^rinc of, and their number,
ibid.
Coiimierce, ancient, enquiry into the nature of,
38, 39. The various caufes that contributr d to
tlie revival of, j6
C^iinora illands, 856
Com ord, .\mtrican ftores deftroyed there, by the
lirililh licio|'S, 3(jj
Conj<relV, tlu- N'orth Ao'crican, the firft formation
ami alleinblingot, 345. fsnter into a non-import-
ation .ij^reement, 3^0. I'elitions and addrelfes,
ibid. Appoint general Wadiington com-
iiunder in chief of ilie Amer' an forces, 353.
Declare the independency of the American ffates,
35S
Cminaught, ,jroviiu c of, in Ireland, its divifion into
counties, and its chief towns, 306
Connei'ticut, in .New I'.iiglaiu!, t harafter and mini.
ler of the inhai>ltants 01 that province, 909
Coiuiueli , the natural confcqiienccs of, poiii cd
out, 56
Coiiftable, the nature of that oiKce in Engl.md,
270
Conftantina, in Barbarv, fijn
Con(laiitnio|ili, the feai of the Roman empire re-
iiKived to that city, 5;. The good confiqiiences
of its ell aping the rav ;',ls of the (Jothsand Van-
dals, ;6. Defcription of, ft6o. It^ prcl'ent in-
haliitantv, 661. Its liapr\ htuation, 680
Conlfehations, by whom liilf iiiveiueti, an<l their
number, 7
9 Cunfuls,
frcfn , bai
and Joh
Ciete. S
Cieufe, ('„
<';iin Td
ibid. (
(. roatia, i_e
(i.ibitani
Crotcdile
Ciomu t.l,
was CO
Hi, lU
of his ;
lor. but
Crunftadt,
ter the (
^ rown bcl
Craihiles, t'
t;( 11';. rlv
(■•.!...,::.
I
N D
Cnnfiils, Inflitution of their office at Rome, 49
I'DDtiiieat, (leliiird, a;
Convucatioii of the Eiiglifti clergy, why not permit-
ted to fit, ao9
Couk, cnpiain, his account of the illiml ot Ota-
hcitr, and its inhal'itants, 1019. Ol thr I riendly
in.iiids, 1032. Summary view of his fouthern
difcoverifs, IC41, 104a. His denlh, 104a. Hit
cliarafttr, 104a, 1043.
Copenhagen, the capital of Oenmark, 8a. Curioh-
ti<^ in tlie royal nuireiin\ tlicrr, 84
Co|K-rn!iu3 was the reviver of tiie I'ytliagnrean
alfronomy, 7
Copper ill.ind, loa4
Clipper-mine ri-'cr, 891
Cupirs of Rgypt, tlicir manners and cuftoms, 816
Core/e, dejjurtment of, 420
Corintli, tl>f ifthmus ot, 659
Cork, tlic city of, nu Ireland, 408
Coriieille, the trai'.ii poet, his c hararter, 437
Coromandel, coali of, iti provinces and chief towns,
Coroner, the nature of that office in England, 160
Corporations, the motives to (he eftabli<hment of,
Cnrfica, account of the ifliiid, its inhabitants and
produce, 649
Cortez, Fernando, hit expedition to, and conqiiell
of Mexico,
Coftncs, Ruffian,
Coffiar, in Egypt,
Cote d'Or, department, of,
t-otton-trec, its culture,
— — , various fpecie!) of, in the Weft
8f)7
129
830
420
70 1
Indies,
956
, manxifaifture of, of great advantage to ]3ri.
tain, 9;6
Courts of l.iw in England, a68
Coventry, city of, 33a
Crab, the innuntnin, a lingular animal, iifed as
food in the Wtft Indies, 964, 9ft;
Cracow, in I'oland, 545
I 'raven, lady, her navels in the Crimea, 662, 663
t leiil (if pope Pius IV. 627
Creoles ill Mexico, their character, 994. In I'eru,
1002
("lelT, l'3iller>f, between lulward, prince of Wales,
and John, king ol France, 304
Cu'te. t).e C'andia.
I rcufe, il<(i.irtiiieiit of, 420
(Mill Taitdiy, its fitu^ition, 6:;6, 662. Rivers,
ibid. Ciiiiofuic', 663. Trade, ibl.j.
C roiitia, gf :,( r..l account ol that country ar.d its iii-
h.ibitants, 536
C'roci dile i)f F.gypt, 8,5
Cionmtil, Oliver, ii-; grc-t a friend to literature as
wiis cinililKMit wilii his peculiar fituation, 214.
nil iUpi to tlie fuprcme power, 324. Review
of liib adiiiiniltrntioii, 325
— — , Klvliriril, fii' ceeds his father as protec-
tor, but is loon let aliuc, ibid.
Cronftadt, the city and forticfsof, foun''(»l by Pe-
ter the (7re; t, 13^
frown belonging to the regalia oi' Hun;»ary, 533
Cr-ji'mles, t'e advantage lel'ultln^ from, 56. P,\r-
t;cu!;.rly I" France, 437
Cuba, the iilaiid of, 1007
Cuddalore, or Fort St. Dnvld, J^ij
CiiMees, the ancient Scoth clergv, sn account or,
167
Cullen, Dr. his n)edical ibiiitiei celebrated, 17J
Cullodtn, battle of, between the duke of Cumber
land and the young Pretender, 31O
Cumberland, William, duke of, his operations in
Fli>ndcr», fniftrnted by the bad behaviour of the
allie:., 336. Defeats the Scotch rebels at Cullo-
«len, ihid. Obliged to lay down his arms in
Hanover, 339
Cumlierland county. See New South Wales.
Curalfou, ifland ot, 1032. (ireat trade carried on
there, 101 j
Curdillan, 677
Curling, a popular Scotch dlverflon on the ice,
.6j
Currents, conllant, in the ocean, the moft remark-
able ones, 33
Cufeo, the ancient capital of Peru, 869, looa
Ciilloins and excife confolidated, 369
Culiine, the French general, his rapid conquefts,
457
Cyclades, Grecian iflands fo denominated, 66j
Cyprefs, the largeft of the American trees, 988
Cypnis, idand (if 666
Cythera. See Cerigo.
Czar, the title of, when firft afliimed by the Ruffiin
Ibvereigns, 14a
DACCA, a city of Bengal, account of, 74;.
Dimenfions of an extraordinary piice of ord-
nance found there, 7.' 6, nat.
Dalmatia, Hungarian, 536
Damalcus, account of the tr»de of that ci'.y, 678
Damietta, in l'.g)pt, 820
Danilli remains in Scotland, 176
Uantzic, dcfcription of that city, 545. r^opprid'-
ed by the king of Pruffia, s'4''>
Danube, extent and courfe of that river, 41;;
Darien, i(lhm\is of, i|i)U
David, the lall independent prince of Wales, handed
by I'.dward I. ot Kni;lai:d, i<;3
— - I. king of Scotland, on;; of the grea'eli
princes of his age, 187
Daun, count, the imperial general, his military e\-
ploits, 08
Deht, national, of the Hritifti government, account
of, _ 278
Deccan, its chi^f towns, 759. Aicouiit of tliat
country, and the provinces it coiit;iins, "z
Degrees, geograpliical, the meaUire of, expLiiued,
10
Delaware, province of, in North America, 921.
River of that name, ^ 93a
Delhi, the capit.\l of Indoltan, 759
Delos, illand of, (J6;
Deluge, general, its effei^ts on the earth, 36
Demerary, 102 1
Demetrius, czar of RufTia, the feveml pretenders
who pcrl'onated him, 143
Denmark, fituation and dimenfions of tbe feveral
countriescompofing that kingdom, 67. tirecu.
land, liall and Well, 68. Icelai'.J, 70. Far.*
7 B illar.ii-.
I
N
D
inaiulii, 74. Denmark Propfr, or Jutland, itj
bouniliirlcs and diviliuns, Ho. C'liiti ile, Inil, and
agriciilttirr, il>id. Aiiiaials, Rr. liilwiliitnnts
and I iiltoins, Ihid, Kcllk'.ioii, itiid. l.aiiKtiage
and li.irninjs 8i. (.'Iiii'i uiid buildings, iMd.
C\mrn<rif, !)j. N.itural imd ixriiriilal iiiriuli-
tiis ot ilie country, H4. ( inv irnnuni and l.iws,
85. The kinp r.n'leri'd ttlil'olnif, 8^). I'oliticii
and natural intcri lis 111 tin- ccnintiy, 87. Rrvc-
iiiicb. Ibid. Army and navy, K8. Orders of
kiilnlilln'od, 81). Alilhart (d thr 'liltory of L)fn-
inark, ibid, llnllii-in, y;. I.apland, 96
lJcj)artnieiit4, new divilion 1.I France into, 410
Pcrbcnt, tity of, (>')';
Dos Cartes his (lientific cliarartcr, 4;8
Drl'eada, illai\d ot, 1019
l)'E(lainj;, count, his expedition to affifl the Aim-
ricaiik againll the llritilli, 3;3
Dutiiigen, battle of, between the Knglidi and the
French, 315
Devil's Ilule in Dcrhyfliire, 32 J
Lift of {j'crmany, the toiillitiitioii of, explain. d,
Bifcovcr'.cs in Iludfon's Hay, 8i;i, 892
Ijill.dcnl!. ot Tolind, fonie account of the, 5.) J
Divoicis, Urilifli laws rtlalinj; t', 374
l)i\.in, a tiiwn of Abylhnia, dcfcribcd, 837
DoK-rtar, its dilhince from the earth computed, ;
Dol, ile[>artm(Mt of, 420
DomioRo, St. .1007. See Hifpaniola.
Domii.il 1, ill.rnd of, 977
Don, or Tan.iii rivtr, 1 J4
Doomfd^v -iMi.k, a valuation of all t!ie lands iji linj;-
land, ii)iiipiled by \\ illiam the Conqueror, Si^O
Dordognc, dqiartment of, 420
Draco, the .Athcidan lei;id.itor, the fevcrity of his
laws definulive to t!itir <(Hi.ai y, 4}
IVrfden, cencral charai'Ur ol that city, (;oi
DroMie, depaitnunt of, 420
Druidual aniiqiiilies in Scotland, 1 77
Duiiliii, the metropolis ol Ireland, its mignitude
and fiiu.lion, 406. lis buililings, 407. Its
liiidgts, ibid. St. Stephen's ("ireen, ihid. Par-
lianiciit-hci'ilV, ibid. Its |iublic buildings and
civil j;overnmcnt, 408. V\ hy ill tuniidied with
j;ood inns, ibid.
Dunuiiiriir, I'cneral of the Frc.;rli armies, his
uondcrlul exploits, 457, 4 jS. His dtltcff ion from
the lepnbiiian army, 461
Dunkirk, foid lo 1 i.uav by ClailesII. (if L'.ngl.md,
Dntih America, lontaining Surinam on the con i-
nent, }°'>)
— - people, tluir manner' and cnftoms defciihril,
4<'.8. 'rhcli trade with the Indian illand.s, 802
Dike-, in Hi)lia:.d, their inuhuilc lize, 471
E.
t7> ACn.FS of \orway, 76
\j Karlh, h.ow loniiderrd by the ancients, 1.
Its fj hericnl hi'urc, l.ow lirll dtterinintd, it)id.
Ci,; fuler.itions leadinp^ to the nmiinn ol the, 2.
Its trui (hap.e afcerlained, 10. Jts pidi--, what,
ibid. Natural di\ilions of, 27. 'I'ablf ot the
li.j cif.ci.il contents of the leviral lountiict, :!i.
Comput.iilon of the number o' iti inhnbitant%
ibid. «r,''-. FtlciOs of ttie general deluge on, jft.
How reproplrd by the poUcrily of NmIi, ibid.
F.alf India company, Danilh eftabliniment of, nc
Copenh.ii;cn, 8^
■ -, Ilrilifli, an hinorical account
of, 24?. Account ol the bill, propoled for their
regulation, 34;, 246, 347, 34H
. -, Dutih, their great dividend!
upon llock, 47.^.
EafJ Indies, the n.ival track to the, firll difcovercd
by tlie I'ortui'.uclr, ^7
Ecclefiaftical Itate in Italy, 623. Iliftory of the,
644
Kcliplis, tirl> calcidated by Thales, the Milefian, 7
lii liptic delcribed, ti. bi<nis of the, ibid.
Edifl of NantA, granted to the Proteltants l)y Hen-
ry 1 V. of France, 423, wo/f. Revoked l)y l.ewin
XI\'. 441
Ediabnrgli cily, I 71. The caftle, ibid. Hidyrood-
lioule. 172. Heiiot's hnlpital, il)id. The col-
le. e, ibid. I'arli.ni.ent-ilofe, ibid. Tlie High-
church, 173. The New Town, ihid. Its cor-
iioiatc government, ibid. Scats in the neigh-
bouihoodof, 174. Univcrfity, |irotclli)rlhips in
the, 171, irde,
Edw.ird the ConfrlTiT, king of England, his cha-
raiftcr, 295. Is fuppofcd to have deviled his
crown to VViiliaiti, duke of Normandy, ibid.
" 1. king of Engl.md, his comluft relative
to the prelenlions <d |ohn Ualiol and Robert
Uruce to the crown of Scotland, 187. Hisiha-
raiTcr, and the principal events of his reign, 303
JI. his weak and iinfortiinate reign, ibid.
III. brings the woollen manulacture over
from Flanders, ^7. His reign, 304
— IV. his troublefoiTie reign, 310
■ V. and his brother murdered in the Tow-
er i'y Richard, duke ol Cfloucelfer, 31 1
— — VI. review of tranfaftions at the coni-
mciicemint of his reign, 3 1 ^. I'rogrels of tlic
Reformation, ilnil. Die^ young, 316
Edwards, Mr. his elegant I'ulfory of the Britifh
colonies in the Welt Indies, 951, note.
Eel, torporilic, of (iuiaiia, 102 i
Egbert, tlie ."s-ixoii heja.irihy united by him, under
the name ol England, 203
Egvpt, its litUitiiMi, exlent, .-"nd Imundaries, 814.
I.o.i crniid I'pp'r, tlitir cl'.ici tow ns, ib'd. Air,
foil, and produii', ilnd. Aiii 1 als, Kii;, Popu-
lation, ma' iicrs, culloins, .nid divt-ifions, 8i(;.
Their religion and l.iiigia;.;c, 816,817. Curio-
fities aiul antiquities. 817, 818. li.iis, towns,
and piii'lii idiliie.<, Hh;. Marble qcm it ., bio,
8zi. I\ia,u;l. ftiiies :md (oinmcrce, ibid. C'(>n-
llilution and government, d)id. Revenues, 822.
iMilitarv ftrcngth, iidd. Miftory of the country,
ibid.
F^ibiii^, its privile.;;', j^6
Eldc.i-holc in l)eib\ fliire, S2i
tieftoial princes 1)1 (j'ernrmy, a lift of, ^07. Their
forces, 510. Origin ol their elertoral privileges,
S'4
Elepiiantn, e.xtraordinary tcnij Ic on that ifland,
F.li/nbptli, queen of E;ij;!:uiH, f?ate of commerce
under her rei(;n,
233. Her political and pro-
fj cfous
I
N 1)
fpcroiu »ilmliiiftrailon ofnovtminrnt, ji6. IV--
tt'ats the Sihiiiilh iirnudii, ^ i 7. AlUlU the Uut> li
Elk, A drfirintioit ol tliat nniiii»l, 7;. Ui Tjl-.tid,
Sj(j. Ot Ninth Anicrii.i, 8(;{
Eluqucncr, why nut luUiikiilly AiulicJ in Englaml,
ai'>
— — — , llriklnj; liinaiK'c cC, in tn American
Indinn, H75, o/c
I'.lphinltnnr, the KuiTinn admiral, hit cn^'a);eniciit
with thr TiirLilli (Ut-t, (jHi>
Eniliden, the Afuiu tunipany there, how ruined,
;o6
Kncyclnpcdie, Ficnih, it* charaiflcr, 418
Enganhn illaiid, U06
England, its lituation and extent, 191. Derivation
of the name, iliid. 'I'M'' i oimiry, how divided I y
the knmaus, il)id. The kiiiijcloivs that toinpolcd
the S.ixnn heptarchy, iqy I'rcl'cnt divifion «f,
into toiintifs. U)\. Soil aTid fej.ioni, 197,
Mountains, \i)i). Kivers ami l,il;is, ilnd. I'o-
reil.s 200. IMctalj, minerals and other natural
j)roihi(?tion», ioi. \ timetable and animal pro-
iliiflions, 201, 203. The inliabiiants, their
manners and iiilloiiis, ibid. Their diefs, io6.
Relijiion and cttlcliaftical government, 207.
J. aiijVinge and learning, 213. I'niverlitiei, 217.
Antiquities and curioiilits, 219. Uel'triplion of
London, 220. Royal palaces, 229. Alillofthe
nioU diftingiiilhcd feats of the BritiQi nobility,
330. I'riniipal cities, 231, 232. Hiftorical
clednftion id the Britifli conuiicrce, 233. Trade
of the colonies of North America, »j6. Trade
wit!\ the Weft India illands, ibid. Trade with
the Eaft Indies, 237. Trade with Turkey, ibid.
'I'radc with the fcveral countries of liurupe,
S37, 238. Svmmiary view of the anioimt of fo-
reign trade, ibid. Brief Iketth of Krglilli nianu-
i ittures, 139. Trade incrcafed fmte the (ipara-
lion of the American colonies, 2|i, 242. Public
funds, 241. Trading companies, .143. C.'onfti-
lutiim and laws of England, 2^5. Chronologi-
lal table of Englifli king", 2^6. ntir. Nature
and antiquity of the parliiimenl, 2,9. Manner
«if enurtmg laws, :f)3. I'rivy council. ?(}^.
(ireat otficers undti ihe crown, :66. Courts of
I:\w, 2^S. l'un'''.iiiients, 274. Revenues, 277.
National dtbt, 27K. Intvine and e\pemliture
«)t the Kritifti nation, 279. Sii'kiiii; fund, 280.
Ta'i!c(d lliiiks, 2H1, «c/c. Civil lil), 282. Na-
tional miliiia, 283. .Army, ibid. Daily pay i)f
everv rank in tin- Britilli force,, 284. State dI
tlie nav\, iliid. I'ay of the olHcers of tli' ro\al
navy, 280, nc/c-. Britifli loins, 287. Rou.1 ti-
tles and armorid bearings, ibid. Orders ct
Knighthood, ibid. llilUiry at Enjdand, ?.8.j.
Oenealogica' lift of the prcfeiit roval faniily,
.18;
}.nf'.and, New. its fituation, extent, and boundane;,
906. its (livifions, pr(n irccN iMid i;!.ief towns,
ibid. I'.icc ot the toimtry, mountai:!;, iScc. ibid.
Rivers, bay-, and capes, 9^7. Air .iiul climate,
iiiiil. Soil and produce, ib'.l. Animals, 9^8.
Fifli, ibid. Number ot inhabitants, and t.'.cir
happy mcdiotiity of idllditio.j, ibid. Rrlij;io.i,
(.Oil. chief towns, yio. Con.mcrtc and ma-
i('if..Aiirci, 911. Hlflory «nd gtvcrniin'nt, ihhh
form o> Kovcriimcal cllabliflieU there, tmdcr thn
late lev. It, qi j
F''(ir.i i,:.;:id, IOJ>
K(|uatur drl'crilied, I0| 1 1
Erie, king ol .'iweden, Introducei the titles of loiinl
and barua into that kingdinii, 112. Uej<<ik'd,
diid.
Erie, lake, 894
Ermine, drfcriiMiun of the, ■;<>
Efcurial, pidacc of the, (94
tfquire, an enquiry into the origin and nicatiin ;
of that diniiK-tion in (iriat Ijritain, 389
E'lirck, itt remarkable bridge, cj)
EDramadura, in Spain, iu fubdivlfiont, and inlet
towns, ;8a
Etches, nir. hi . difcovery of an inland fea in North
America, cnntaini.i^ a number of illands, i02(>
Etna. See /Etna.
Euie, idepnrtment of, 430
aaid Loire, department of, ibid,
Europe, how firll poplcd at ei the general drluge,
j8. Conquclt, ot tnc Romans in, 54. St.ite of,
alter the litttrui'li iri of the Roman empire by
the Goths, (;;. The gircuinlfances that give it a
luperiority ovrr the other quarters of tlie globe,
63. Comparative eftimate of the public reve-
nue, ot the land forces, and naval llrength ot the
principal ftates, 64, 65. Its boundaries, and the
grand divifiuns of it, Mt, I'riiici, al illai.ds in.
'>7. The prefervation of the balance of [oaer
in, a wife policy, 557
Eiillatia, SI the ifland of, taken from the Dutch
by admiral Rodney, 363. Defcribcd, 102a
Exchequer, court ot, a68
Exeter, city of, 4)1
FAKIRS, of India, 737
Ealkirk, battle of, lEy
lalkland iflunds, tlie importance of the, for facili-
tating expeditions to the ;<nith ^eas, 9S;. De-
fi liptloa ot them, y8'J. Why not lettlcd by the
EiiglKh, ibid.
family compart between the kin^s ri I'lance and
fc|iain, ■ 3(1
Far.oij. See (iyi^firs.
I'arricrs, Indinn, tneir finall number of tools, 766
1 ayctie, tiie i'rcnch geiu-ral, taken prifoiicr by the
Aultrians.
4.;f'
lerdinaiid I. emperor of (Jcrmany, general view of
his reign, ' ' 514
II. emperor of (irrmr.ny, his confcils
with til,- frolettaiu cjiifcderaii^s,
Ecriiando;'0 ill 1 id,
I'ludal (yltem. t .e natur'- of the, expl lined,
li.i.jon, iat'icr, I ,-. liierr.rv 1 iiar.iotii',
» e/, its litiiation and UiuaJaiics, 8:4. Ci'
8^9
■I?
? .1
••I,
,8:9
Ic/zan, kiii|>!om of, in Afrlcs, dcLribed, 8ii
Fiei I of the cluth ol CJold, a i' am near Cahis, ce-
lebr.itcd fur the meeting ot Hiiuy \ 111. and
hraiii i',1. » 45y
l''-,i)'.>l' civein tlu'ifle of StaTa, jj6
1 ,i:;ib.ire, department of, 420
7 li i rinland,
I
N
E
FitiUuif, Its CKtent nnd chief city, loa. In fnhdi-
viriuiii, 10]
Unin, the Iribfn of, i )i
Fire-flics, ill the VV'rft Iiidin, more lumiiioui timii
the j^low-wnrm, 9(1, mlt.
Fhndcri. See Netherluiuli.
FMdea I'iild, battle of, between the Kiiglifh in4
Scots, 190
Floieuif, nrcoimtnf « ciirioin Roinifli proccflion
there, (m'A, noi.- The litv defc ihtd, 64s
Florida, F.art and VVr(l, ihcir fr laii. 1, extent, and
lioiind'irles, 1^87, Rivers, ibid. Hays and rapci,
ibid. Air iiiid illniatf. ibid. Soil, produi'ti'iiii',
.Till f ci' of 'he (oiiiitiy, 988. fupulaiiiiii,
tiinuvet'ce, ami liiii I lowim, 989
Kloi.i, S(v iiifli, i.!i^ 11 itinc of ilie tr.iflic canitd mi
by the, 91)4
I'ogo. till- i'la.id I- , 8')0
FoiicliHJ ;. .V ', on ilie idaiid of MuJiira, H61
Fonlepj\, I . Ic of, b.twecii the Uritifli and the
>'■:• hi (1. 3j6
Jv i,i, the fJi'. '• .leateit ontof tlint iflind by the
C!|ir:fc. 71 Account of that ill. iiid and its in-
hibit. >/ith, boa
Ko'l St, (>('<.',-, ill tlie F.all Indies, account of,
\ ox in nd-, i :'t r' • e \i>ithern Arthiptl.igi>,di(-
covi vl '.I', 'ill Kiili;..ns, loj;
Fovc .it IVriri> 'V difuibrd, ;'»
France, i's litiiniiDii :uid e\tciit, 411J, Its dn'.iit-
iiunti and Ci iif tivn,, 410. Ii» foil anu ua-
ttr. 4;'. MniiiiCiiii^ tivrrs, and lakes, ibid.
Aiiificia. caiKiK (if l,;.n nedoc, Cahis, and Or
Iraii"!, 4'i3. MiiiiT:il waters, mrt^il,, and mi-
iicr.ils, ibid. Vcj;. table and aiii'iiial prodilrtions,
ibid, liircds, 4;). Nnmbii "f iiihubitanls,
tlii-ir ir.aiii'fri. and ciinom;, iln i. th.^ai'tfr of
• petit-iii..itre, 4^?. Alfiii.l vifc of |):.iiil I y i!ie
ladies, ibid. Drcls. 426. Religion, ibiil ' '
fioftic.d
ivcriin'est, ibid. Lnnnn.v •'"'d t.-ain>
■"(!i -l-?' 4^^' Lei' '•• XIV. I'll' ;;r^.-it patron of
Ficncli litcruture, ibid. I'nivirlities, co||(.;fs
and addtiiilts, ibiil. Antiqiii:it5and tliriolid.s
f>f the CDiiiitry, 421). Dektii'tion ol l'jri<, 4?'-'.
Theialaceot \ eil.iillcs, 432. :<,-. li. ibid. Toulon,
ibid. CiniiiTiencind inaiiulaU..rc>, ibid. How
thcyloil the (ilk i)i..:uif irtnrr, 433. 1 heir foreign
trade, ibid. Crtnlhtiit on and ^'ovemni.nt, 454.
The naliiril ndva'itajjes ut Kiaiue c<'»i:i:cr4,'tcd
bv iit f;overniiK it, ibid. Kcvimio, 4K. Mi-
l vary force by rra and land, 4;^. Abi'^iiion ot
titles, arms, and i Litres ol ...ability, ibid. Hirt'i-
ry of France, il'id. KTii- ot Leu is XVI. , 15
Francis I. of Kraiu <>, bn charaetcr, and Hw jviiu :•
pal (. veins of I'.ift reign, 4", 7
■ II. his tliaiartcr, 4 M
Fraiicojiia, circle of, its fubUivdion into provJ.nci.s,
49 z
Frankfort, the c Ity irf, 50)
Franklin collrf;(',Tn Amrrica, 045
Fredtiick, elector I'alaiii'o, M'i imfoftunatr con-
left for the crown of lS»hciiiii, ^19. 550
Frci'frick III. kn;; ot Deniirirk, hU uars with
CI .i.ies (iiidaviis, kinj; nl Swnl, :i, t)0
m. -— III. kiii^ of I'nilli.i, I I- rn'libry Kiffory,
J 1 7. His lyc\iiiiicul <c>tidu>.^t to*«idi I'clai;.!,
Ibl.l. Hli cruel eaiAlons fiom ih* inhabliatttt,
ibid. Pcrfonal anecdotes nf, o«
Frederick IV. king of Dcnirtark, Ids war with
Charles XII. king of Sweden, at
Fredericklburg,apa!aceuf thekingof Deninark, B)
Freetldnker* in F.ngland, their ch ira^ler, ais
Friburu:, account of a curious heniiilage in the
nri)(nboiirhood of, J79
Friendly illanils, the, iot»
Fricllan'd, one of tlw United Provinces, its lubdi.
vifions nnd towni, ^ftj
Fund, linking, of Great Dritnin, 2H9
Fundi, public, of England, ari account of, 14 .
lableut, aUi
Funeral crreiiionie- in Norw.iy, 79. In Riiifia,
137. In .'uoil.111,1, i6v Among ih'- Turks.
b;t. Ill C'liiiin, ;j4, la Indi.i, 7iij,
Aiiu'iica,
Furrlieif, his French DiAionary belter
th III tiiat of the A(a lemy,
I'litly >'>in)(, l.i do.!iinion>,
Fyzabad, ci'v of, and rciiiaiii.> of the pal.ice thetv
'*'
C> AI.EO.V.S, Sp.inilh, the nature of the traffic
7 carried on by the, 99J
Ualicia, in i)j)aiii, iti fubdiviiion3 nnd chief towns,
?79
Galileo, forced by the Romllb clerj^y to renounce
the Cojicrnican fyneni of aliionumy, (i
Guliipaj;!! illands in tiie South Seas, loiz
Galway, lord, event ot his expedition to Spain,
6. In
pi ed
■ 7
Oambi.i river.
Gang! 1, a river in India, dcfcribrd)
(j.<rd, diparlinent ol,
CJar.inne, river.
lora cornwjiiH,
f ianrej, I'erfian pricfts, foiiie account of,
G'auts, ii.cuntajnii in I'uia, account of the,
G'.tza,
331
Games, Iflhmian, Olymjiic, Pythian, and Ncmean,
41
811
410
4»'>
— — — -, iipjicr, department of, 4J0
(;arier, order of, ^aa
(iaies, the American genera!, ca] tures general liir-
t'lync and all his army, 357. Is dtftatcti by
lord Cornwallis, 359
679
Gelderland, one of the United Provinces, its fub-
divifions and chief towns, ^67
(itl'eit, profcdiir, a tliara<'\er of his wriiin^.^, 501
Geiierd w.irianl., dilinrbaiues ociaiioned t i.on-
dc.i, hy at,itatiiig tlic (lutllion of their legality,
34+
. with their
I liicf lonns, 6ai. Aciiount of the republic, and
its govenirncnt, 639. Brief hilloiy o), 6-^
Gciitoos, tlitir reliuioni fytieiii, 716. 'Ihtir tribes
or calls, ibid. Their iii.innei-!., 718. C'lUloni
ot women burning thciiii'ehc. on the funeral
pile of thrir hiilHands, mr, ibid. C'onliiiulion,
723. Liieratiiri, 715. CoiuHierie, 727
fieogra^iUical ot)j,.i valions, 25. Table of pi .le.'t
and niiintiti s. 1046
Geograpli; and aflronomv, their Jifiinftion, i
Gcorj^e,
Geneva, the city and republic of,
Cienoa, territories i<t Italy fiibici'^ to.
€Ftw
En
me,
met
con
•Itai
Cirii
t/ie I
ra^'le
fliep
lb.,L
port*
mkt
W-iir ,,
lit, I.
It'll! I-
I iilri,
wlih .1
ioniiiii
*HO.
i'l Ihe I
_ "mit,
^'K>rgium
tjermany,
4S8. iK,
nan.r, ^i
•'otifN, ^
4iiinfr;i| 1
Ve^eialJ,
Ulloii, ii,
Kei'iiiori,
ib.d I,
'i'y in tr
»blc 10 (,
«■« 1,1,, I I
ftoverniiK
"■venue, <;
t.tlf,, .V,
f'ers, c|. par'
tJertru)(lcMl
'Wtfix tdf
<»i Ill's' caiif,
<^d'ra/lar :;it
(* <'Oi< I', J ,
t-'o:i!},iiit I
, 'or. ';H4.
'i'l<d.., „ /„ij
*'"'i}n, :)„•,
*"'iiinj> ii(,( I
be(to»,<li„
;;'" "de, ilrpa
*'Wi«rs»i S.1,
rT~ "' •^"'
t'lal jji'iv, unit
" ••, 1 fy
empoilii,,, I
<;i<'b<-, jr,t„.rar
fToblen,)
*'Wucc«>i, .itJ
I N
Ororgf, prinre of Dcnftiirk, lorj high ntlmlril nf
Kngland, hit bid inun«gtm«iit in llm( ilfpart-
mtrllt, ^^1
— — — I. king of Grcut Brlt.iln, the cominciue-
mrtil of hi^tciJ;n iliftiirhtd liy rrhrlliontnd other
comni'iiiiiiii, jj). liisi |i»riiii>i y to hit foreign
attachmertn, ihiJ.
» II. Ill* roiuliiin refpe/tiiig hi^ minlfter,
fir Robert Wnlpojr, jt4> !J5' "''• coiidM^t at
the tiaitic ul Uciliii);!'!!, });, H'udetlh mid chn-
ra^ler, }p
- — ni. ifcrndi the throne, )4i. RfurriirJ
the priiiccU Charlotte nt Mciklrnhvirg Strrlitz,
ll)ivt <'.ii|^ii|',t'i in a war ii); iiiH ' pnm, ji\t. Mip>
port* Hiiiiiigat againO I'raiice and Spain, 34).
nlukc" I'eaiivutli IraiiceancI Spain, iMil. Makes
W'lir iijioii tbf rcvnittd lolnnick in Ai'H'rica, Ki.
IJti l.iri" Mar ii(',.\iiill llullatid, 3'')). Conrliiifc'. a
•vaiv Willi Kraiiie, Spnin, Holland, an<l the
ifTliOfd
I nitril ^'^ltt•^ of Aniriiia, \ft<<. It
wiih a (eveie ninlady, 171. Kiidvci-s, ,,,
Ceoii'/i.t, ill Afia, <!urn,*lrr ol Il^ inhibil.inti, 6;;
■ , ill North Ainiri>.a, iti iliiif dii ifioiiv,
lomitir'., anil towtif, 1)37. Hrll fatl»'iiiri\t ol,
940. It^ iradr, (;4]. Savnnmli, the tipit.it
jif llie [province, ibid. Aiif.iirta, ibid. Itsgovtrn-
iiK III, 943
<»iorgiiim fidin, n planet difcnvercd in the yi«r
1781, by Dr. Iliilti.il, 3. bliort atcoimt of it,
ibid.
CiVrniaiiy, iti (ilu^tion, extent, and grand divilioii!),
488, (Hy ,. UT 'ivifKiiis, ihid. l>.riv;.tii)ii of the
lian.r, 494. Clm aie, foil, and mountain!!, 'Iiid.
I'oiills 4<;^. RivciK asd >ake«, ibid. Halhsurd
nvin'ral uiuert, iMd. Abrlals .uul inineraK, 41/).
Ve>;cial Ic- atkd 'i.iinal irvdii^Hoi'S, ibid. I'opii-
lailon, iidiubiuiils, n aiinrri, and (iillnn,!!, ibid.
Keiigion, 499. Ibfluipriika, ihid. Lan);iia{',c,
ibUI. l.e: riimi; and i'i\iv«rrilir», 500 A pflrda-
lify ill fa»mir of the I nnih language, milavoiir-
able 10 <>cro an iilrrature, (03. .■\<(ount 1 f ci-
licr aid 1 ii'ilir rdlfins, ibiil. C"onf^it\ituin and
guvtniinent, 506. Tlit cltrtnrs, i;c7. liii|»nal
iTvrnue, ^«K). Military (lrtp;;tli, ilid. lm|<eri.l
t.tlti), iVi . ^1 1. Ililtory oMurinaiiy, $1}
fieri, d- pafment of, i,io
(icrtruyiltnburf;, confereiuej there for peace be-
fwn'ii the hii);l,fli and Krtni li, 331
(iim'j' laiifcway, in IrtlHinl, 4C.'>
CJibrallar taken by the Irit'-iini vimlcr fir (leorce
l<<.o;i, 131. Htfie(!td tiv till' Sp.iiiiard^, j^K.
CiViMuin kurrtit throiif;ti tl e btruils awcouotcd
for, ^84. A d.lVriptioiiol, ?i)7
(iilol.i, ,1 li<iu' illnnd, 804
tliiiari, !ln' produce of the Well Ii.diiJ, 957
tiiiiliii^ mil found to iliTwc the cncuoituinii Ix--
btlton 1 d on .c by the C'Uincle, 702
(ill ndc, drpartin III ut, *iO
IJUcursol Savoy, 638
ol .-!« iticrland, 563
IflaiiV '.v, viuivcrfity ol, prrfeffori in, i 71, mit.
■ ■ .-, . ty (if, dilcrifuoii ot, 174. A Rreat
cnii'oiio.ii lot AnriKiu trade, 179
Clotiel i'lOi^tapiiii al, \i bat, 10. Dofliine of, ibid.
Pioldrii > prrlo.n.td by, 16
tiU}U(.at>i, iity cf, ill
i E X.
Cilution, ■ defcrlptlfin of timt animaf, • 1, 49^
(joa, on the Mal.diar cnnO, difi riplion ol, 771.
L'hiinli of bt. Aii^iilliiie, iti fine liliiatloii, and
account of the buildinj;, ibid.
Oobellnei, atioiint of the origin of the French
tipellry inaniifafliire f.> uilli-'f, 430, mit,
(I'ltit a popular Scnti h diverlion, \(t^
Cloiters and ideoli ol b.vitzril.md, 567
Uoldfmithj, liidiun, carry all their appaialiM about
with ihein, 766, kdu,
Gokonda, kingdom of, ;(()
Gondar, tlie metropolis of Abyllinia, JefLribed,
836
Gong, Indian, dcfcribed, fd^i
Good llopL', cape of, 81 1, 854. Sin);ular inftani*
ol ni y/iaLiiiiity there, /M/r, 8J4
GnoiKvlii sandt, on tliu coaR of Kent, how and
when I'cvnird, 21^7
Gordon, luid d'cnrfe. his 1110111)1110111 prorefTion to
prrfnit llie rrottll.mt prtitioii in the houlie of
lOinnion*, 3^0. Hon i. I outrages committed by
the ni'ili, 361. I' tr,.d and acipiittcJ, IMd.
Gorcc ill.ind, 8(10
Gothic arcliiirrtnre in England, the fined fiiecimeiu
ol, pointed out, sif, 1 j j
Gollilaid, i*» extent, ihiif city, and fubdivilioin,
103
Goths, the barbarity th.ir overf^ircad ail Europe,
when over run by liiein. 5^
Gouging, fometiines pro^bfcd in ti.e Carolina! and
Gtoifja, _ 941, ncie.
Governiiiriit, ori 'in of, 36
(iraham's Dyke, in *-iotl.ind, 17J
Granada, in ,ip.;in, il liilniivifions and chief towns,
j8i, ;96. Reniainbof the Mooriiii palace their,
Grandees of Spain, their privileges, 6ot
(Jravity, the general law of nature, firft difcovered
by fir Ifaac Newton, K
Great Britain, cud of the war in North America to,
904
Great M(i,;h1, empire of the. See India within the
(I'angis.
<Fiecian illands, 6(3
Greece, the teveral dates nf. iinittd in one fsdciu
ol policy, 4 1 . lUvicw ot the ancient hillory of,
Greek chnrih, the diflingulfliing tentts cf the, 133
— — rinpiir, tlie ciufes of its e.\tiii£lion point-
ed nut, tS V
Greenland, Eaft and \\"< ft, di fi'tibtl, 68. Niini-
Inr and niamurs of the inhabinnt^, ibid. Di-
fcription ol the w hale, and iiuiunei' of Liking il,
69
Grenada, and the f.Vpnadinc;, tl-.cir deftriptirr,
proiiuie, and jrnvernmein, 9/9, gSo
('rodiio, in liiluiaiua, c, j j
Groniiigen, one (^1 rhe United Provinces, its I'ub-
divitioni and cliiet towns, 467
Grottadcl i,'ane, in lialv, noxious exlwlationj of,
6jci
Giiaililoiipe defcribed, loiU
Giiaiinm/in elei'led emperor of Mi xicc, on the
dtair ot -Monti. ■mia, !<:''8. Taken [riloner by
the Spaniards, and pi;! In death, ibid.
Gueli'hi aijdGiiib-.iii.s>,hCt,ous in Germany, 51 j
Uuujife/
#
.w^m
I
Nf
Oiirrr.^y IdinJ, hi (Ituallon i,id ileftri^nlon, jg^
(iuiiiu, l>uit.h, ill Siiiitli .Aiiiriiij, lOK)
Uuiiir.1, llic tr»de larrictl on by the Eiijililh on tli(
ro.irt n(, B{+
Ouiiiia-Kirn, 1^70, Cni\nexf^ti{f*, 971
. , N'rw, ill the biiiithtrn Oiean, 1040
(lulfi', (liikr of. the liuly Ir4)(iie formnl iiiiHer hiiii
ll)(;iiiirt tlir llimnnnt', 4J1;, li uflalhiutcd hy
cirdcr of Meiirv 1 1 1. 440
(iiilpli ol Veiiici', ilhiniU in t.ir, A7
((iin|ii)W(lrr known in China licfure tlifcovercil in
I'.iiropp, 7 6
— - plot in I''Mf>,I:in(l, 311)
Ljiilhviii V;ii'.i, hou III- ji(|tiircJ ilic crown of Stvk-
dtii, III
..^-— A>li)Ip!iit<, king of Su't'dcMi lU charndcr
aiul mllitjr) 1 ii|>loili, 1 ti
m lli.l.'ngcit SmtiU'ii, llie miMiii l<y \i'hit li
hi' nltrird the Knittiiiiiion of guvcrninint, u i>l
rendered hInilVIt >it lultite, 116
Ciizir. t, jiroviiui- o(, 771
(i)|ilit'%in Iltiiiunrv, -,)]. Account of tlicir ik -
|iulliun out ut bgypi, bij
II,
HAnKI.I.A di-(".irth;ii;in;i,llic fruit of a fpfiie*
ol willow, ulioli' ktriii'l \\ a l|>i'iilic aj^ainli
the liiie ot vipiTs iind (crpents, i;y7
Hall/, llir ( iKoiittd IVilian poif, 7bkl
U.H','"-"' viil.iy.c ot, 47*
llainniilt, pruviiuc of, it« fiilulivinoii, and >.li;tl
towns, 477
IlalifaN, in \ova Siulii, itj ereflion and dtfirip.
tioii, ij.X
|[ iii,lniif(, tilt li'y of, i>6
Haiinioiks iiCi-d ill Br.ifl. Si-e Pal.inqn'n-.
Hiiiiipfliirr, New, the lirll fcltlenicnt ul i:,.\t pro.
vii.ii, yi»
Haiii"!>.l, the C.iiiIi;ij;inI;iM prnrral, hi^tninily to
the Roiii-iis, and wir ;ii,.iinll tlii;ii, fo
ll!iiio\ir,tlKpoHii> 'ol driai Britain, iin.'i r ("rii-^c
I. ami <;«or);i- II. inlliiciucd liy a ic^; .ril 10 ti.e
intertlh ol tli:t tlci'toratc, 333, 341.
«j|, dcliiibed,
, New, ill thr Soiithirn Oii.ui,
(!^iiirMti< le.\f;iic. oiiijin ot tlif,
llie uly
1041
^<>
Uarcsot l.apland, iy7
Hartin;:' , I "ttli- ol, hitwtm Will-am, (li;I.e of Nor-
(Olll-
"■')
29
nutiKly, and llaiold, king of i.iiiJaiid,
lliiflin^ , UiiKii, Ills iiiipfatliiiiint tiy the
nuin5 ot i'.nijlan'l,
Hats and C ips political parties in S'.vnlf n,
Hav^iiu:ih, tnwii of, on tin ilbr.d wt t'uli..,
Ul it,a^)d told, ul'lii-< atioin on,
lltliriilis, or \Vtfiirn llhi'ids. .f Scoi'.ain', tl i-ir
fitu ti' aid i.il'i.riptio'.i, iji. iVldonirs ot ll.t■
^nt^'.it .!■.■', H2. 'ri:iir pv fi-ilion- l:i iln j ilt
ol lru;Md !ij;l.t, i;3- Tlliir Uiigu.,^e not ilie
pure Cclliv or Frle, ivl- N-»tiiiMl pio. hi. lions
andtrndi, ihid. .R» ii.icu-ol ..ii'iqiiity, i ;i,. St.
C'o'.iiMikiii, iiiUI. i .iit^al's lavc in till illaiid of
St.itla, '
. , K'-w, in llif .S' utIuT4i 0(,c;.n, 1034
|Ui.k.la, Mount, in li.tl.u:d, 72
lle(',ir«, the Mahoineiljii cpiKlia, when it com.
iiieiiitd, Hoi*
III- delliir ',, lon'rnti of the fimDiii Inn iherf, cat
Helena, rit. lit litiiaiion and produce, |f|
Henxill and Horfv, tlicir urriviil iind (llablllli'neiii
in Uiitalii, jgi
Henry I. kiii); of Kngland, |irii<tlpal ev«nti of t«l«
rcixii, ,g^
^— H. a drtail of inantr ol Ml pnlilli:]| rrgu-
i.itlons ]<;!). KriliKi's Ik'IjiiiI un>li r hit domi-
nion, i,)9. IIoMh :i p.irlian.rnt ui Djidin, and
fcltlri ihr udiiiiniltraii j;i of g ivcriiincnt, 41a
— _— Ml. hii clmr.u'.ter and Inylorioin rci^n,
}^4
■ IV. review of the tranfai^iom of hi,
V. hii fiiiiefsfnl wir«. in Iiaine, Ibid.
« ihe |<rini rU L'.itharine, |hid,
— ■ ■■ VI. I.ii iinlmicCtnl and troiiblef line
"•'>;"< .1"'V l»''epolWI, j,o
VII. hi., d'Uiiit. 331. Puts an end to
till' i oiitell littvvctn till- hiiiil'i 1 of V,,rk and Kan-
lallt.-, by nmrrl.i,;e, 311. Hit |iolii,ial rrunjn.
tioni, iliid. Hi, ( liara< tcr, j| .
— ^ "!• 'li*-' prolpcroui < ommencenieiit ol
his reij',n, 314. How I.,- aiipiiri-d the title ot
Dcltiuirr ot tlic Kiiih, ibid, Kciioiincri the
papal auihurity, ibid. Review of his conduct and
"'K". 31 e
■ H. of Frai'cc, his ihnrai'>er, 4,n
Hi. hi, dilgrattlnl rti>;n, 43.). U Mh\{\.
natui, ji,i,|_
— IV. lli^trall^a/)ionH previous to hi, lom.
iiif; to the i rowii, 440. I'ontornH to tlip i Iniri li
of KoDir, and is dftlartd kiiin, ibid, 'i':,r rdii't
of Naiit/, RiMiitcd by him in lavour of the I'ro.
tiDaiit-, ibid. Isailalliiiatrd, jhid,
llenr) , iJr. lanious for hii hillory of Great Uritaiii
upon a new plan, , ..^
Hi'l'iirchy, the Saxon, in Kn);land, t.lhic of, 103.
Brict hillory ol, lyi. United under Lj(bert,
kill,; ol the whole, 3-.
Ilt'Liiilt, ilrpartniint of, ,jg
llirtulaiitiini, l.iic dilcovciifh m.idc at tliitci(\
Hfriule>.'s Pillars, the mniintaiin fo called, ^j)^
Heri>iiian foretJ in (Jeri imy, prcfcnt datcot, 4,^5
llcrio'^ liolp t.il «t I'aiinluirgh, i^j
Hfrinirai',!-, a i iiriovi, one niir I'riburp;, in S«it?;er.
Lnd, 570. UiUription ot thole on Monilcrrat,
(Hi
Herringi, tlirir ro\irfp from the North feas. 11
Lill t ... C. . .1 ' ".
178
I.H
(iOl
.63.
ibid,
7.6
Kilhiry of, in Sco .nd,
lltydnke- ot lluiij'.my, i Inra'^cr of,
Hldal;;o, import ol toat term in Spain,
lii^hl.ii.dii , ol vSioiJand, their tl.araiSer,
riitir drc IV, 166. I.aiij;iiage,
Hindoo,, tlieir leli^ioiK Iv (icni,
, their lionid iiifMru nf the wife biirii'inir
hcrfelPon the liiiieral pile ot licr lii;lh:uul, -/iH
ni,:,. Aiioiiiiied lor, by .Mr. Ilolwt;i, ibid, Af-
lerting inHanle^ of, by' Mr. Ilodju , ii,;,!.
Hippo;'(.i..nio,, a river fioile, dcUii'btil, ^,',
liilpaniola (lilcovcrtil tiv Coin nbii , 864. Is dc .
[lopnlatid by the avarice ol tin- S| aiiiaid,, H67.
Micilland difvribed, 1007. Infuirtaions of (he
ncgro.i
Iflim
ibid.
I'ood
, ihnh,
Holllri,
Ifojiroo
^dinl,
IfooWry
Ilofrb, li
I'ori/on,
HorlcH, i'
'"r n li
waiitol
tloficr, a,|
V\V,»„
""ffrntoi.
^'"nllrii,
roratioM
(Vth, i
ibi,(. ;,,
women,
Huahrini- it
"udfoii'g i
""Ronots, ill
them,
"'""«•. Davi
land,
I'limniinii bii
"""fS'iry, its I
"' divifi,,,
»'id ;toi|
faiiiv, ^,j
"niiiial I
ruOoini
'''flloprid
univerfiii,.,
ibid, c'i,;,
'"'■rce III,, I
»tid r>ovi'rii
Coins i
Ifinn. til,.,
Hiinin, Like.
^I'lrriians
Indies, .-
'Iii'Iar,, m'ii„„
, ?;4 I'obd,,
^fiijrite.sin ;)oi„
''>■■>■"<. Mr. li,
H>'lerA/lv, ih
rBISofK.
l.'i''and, lis
iflanj riita ;
f
N
-)?
7i
i«3
77-
''}•
17, f.
|>'i'K
lAf-
IK67.
It the
ll(|ro«i in Ihi Frtnth rfivlflim of ihU iihn>l,
1097, looH, ioo«;. 1010, 101 1
HolUnd, provinct o(, 111 fiibilivllinnn iiul c'li'l
lowni, 4M
• ■, Nr>», in th» Hoiiihfrn Oi-citn, ilic l^irj' It
ill mil ill llir world, iot(. C'linulc mul 0)11,
lliiil. Tlif riinrrii (04ft fiirvrynl by iii|>(«lii
I'nok, jltiil. C'nnvl<')i frniii Kiuluul firl) rriil
lliiihrr, 1056, Srr Nrw Sniitli VVj!ri,
lliilltrin, the duchy of, ctilcil to llir Kiii){ of Dm-
mark, V(
Hnlyroiiilhniirt', thr paUt-r of llic SLottilli kingi at
billiiburtfli, i;i
Ifoouley, the Diiti h let(lfm*nt In Dfngil, 757
Korri), Mn>iiit, ji/i
linri/on, fciilililr »iv\ rjtioiul, (liDiiigiilHi'-il, 1 1
Ilorfes, Eii|(lil1i,* ih:ini<'(ir of, 3ol. Spiiii l;imoiii
for n tine l):ir>l ol, 5H;. How Inl ut Di'llii, In
wmit o( forn^'r, 719
Hofier, iitlniir.il, liln unfortunate eupciUllon to thr
Writ lllllir^, 3jj
Hotttntoli, tlicir motle of life Hefrrll'rd, B45.
Coiiltnii't.oM ot ihfii hiiti, H />. Drch .uul ile-
roratioiis, iliid. Ilnniin;;, iliiil. I'mvlioiii, 847.
Cattik, iliid. M.iiinrr »t nifariiriiij^ tl.f >c.ir,
ibiil. Ihiri.iN, (I48. Aprun ot the lluttiiiti)!
woincii, 848
Hour, carl, Ml vii'tory over tlif French flr.t, JH4
Hiialirinr illanil, ' to to, 1031
lludfuit'a Bay company, tccount of their tiude,
— rivrr. In North Atnerlci, 8H,)
Hiiponots, ill I i:invc, lalhiilic Icgiie formed .i,'_aiiili
thfm, 4)1)
Hume, David, efij. hii celebrated hirtory of Kiij;-
laiul, 1 ;o
TIiimininK hiril of Virplni.i, ^i
HunK.irv, it^ lilii^itioii, b(iiiii(l:irir'>, ami extent, ^ji.
Its diviltoii] aiul ihirl to.iiis, ibid. Ai , foil,
and I rodui e, ibid. Rivera, w.iiers, ,ind ni nin-
laiii', si-- Mtt.iln, niinriMi-, vecetublts and
aninuil pnufui'tio'i'., ibi I. l'o|iiihtioM, manners,
ciirtoms and di'crlinns, ibid. Ki li, ion, arili.
b (iKipricks.iml billinprii kv, q\j, l,;in|;ii i;',e, ^nd
univerfiiiri, iliid. Anlinnilirs and curiolitlcj,
ibiil. C'itlrs, tow!is, and tons. Ibid. C'(<in-
merce nnd nianiih.liirc, ;?4. C\)iirti'i;ti.)n
and f;ovi'rmie'it, il'id. .''liliMry ftrin ill, iiid,
Coin:> and arnl^, ilul. Millory ut lliinvirv,
■jbill.
TTiiM^. tlir, ';'.vc name to IIun;;iiryi ; ;4
Hnrun, Luke. S ^4
Hiirritaiitf. tlic ter. Ilde pnwir of, in the Will
Indie:!, ';<'• rro(;n(n1ii s of, ib.d.
IlulVarii, (■inngaiiaii, a tharaiiter of tiiofi; troops,
i;U 1'"''"'. . s>o
Hiiiriicsin Ho'iriiia, ^ (o
Hy.xn I, Mr. linn e':. account of tl.r, K (»
Hyder Ally, thara^ir of, 7-7, Kuif,
I
I.
BIS, of Egypt, Ri<
Uiland, Us fifntinn and rxto-r, 70. A 1 • w
flanJ men near it, iuld, 'I'l.v iiiliabita.i::,
their m.tnnen(nd cufloirn, Ibid. Their rellulfin,
linj('u^e, an I Irarnint, 71, N«iur4l curiuliili*
ol llir roifi' v, 71, Trade, 71
III, M'i.imI III prclint «p,ieir.in<i-, A66
till lonl'i, .juint, llie palace mid ((.trdeni of, der< riti.
"'• 594
liii|<'i:.il iniinrll nf the Oernian empire, iti coii>
Ihi illoii i|i-l('tib>d, foD
liuoiiic tnd eniicndltiire nf i!>e llrltilh nation, 179
Indit in Keniral, iii litiiation, cHleni, and bniinda-
rlri, 714. Ill divili in^ ibid. I'npiil.ition and
lull iliitaiits, ibid Ke|i)(inn, 7>A. Ciittointaiul
drif , ;iH. l'.i)>,odas jii. Intlueiii r ot food
an I rarly ni.irriaKii iilion llie inliabJMnt*, jit.
I ivaliil by dittrient tribc-i ot Moori, ibid. I'o-
lilii il conltitiition and i;n\rrniMrnt, 71), l,i-
fiMnire, 7H. Ciiinnirrcc, 7*7. I'reli'iit f>.il«
of the empire ol liuloll.in, 711!
Indi.i, the (.irthcr pcninCula o'', ili (itnalion, ex-
t' I'l, ind bound II it', ibi I. I:, Uibdiviliom .-ind
chit I tij.i iiH, Ibid. Ill ilimatt.', inoiintilni and
rl-ern, •ii;. 111 b.iy and Ibailt, ibid. Soil ami
prodnrtloni, lliil, lit inhabit inli, their nun-
iicn, (iilbiinii, and dlvcrlions, ibd. Tlicir lau-
pn.ij'c, Itar Inn and Icnrnrd mto, 7j->. Mi-
niil ittnict ami (<initiirr> e, -(i, Cunilitiitioii,
gnveriinifnt, rarities, aiul 1 Itin, ibid.
India vvitin the (ian/rt, its liiii.iiion, extent, an I
b'Jiindaiics, 7jj. ||< ijrandiliviliiin,, iiroviin.e ,
and I liitt town', ibi.l. Air aid Icifoiu, 734.
Mmintiiim, ibid. Kl' en, 756 Se.is, biyi
»ndcipe\7j7. lull. hitanti, ibid. Co iinicrif,
739. IViiviiari, cities and public bilildiiiRN,
ibid Br'tilli potter ill liitli. I, 740, I'alronai;!-,
741. Tr.iili', ibid. Approprl.iii.'ns, 743. Hil'-
tory, -48
— — , thr pcninfiila « illiiti the fJangcs, its divilioii
into proviims, and cliirt toviis, 75H. Its rivtr-,
iliiiMte, anil prutlncr, 75c), liiliabit.ints, 764.
Numerous follntyi'is t.i an aritiv, ibid. Sin,;n.
I.ir cnlbinis, ;');. Pilf re it |in){ii.i';cs, ;()6.
CJhar.u't rs and inati-.ials nfcd inuriliny;, 767.
Mflliotl (it rer k.)nin|; tiiiif, 7d8 Superb mau-
foleiiin, i'lid. I'lovinu's, liiir- and biiikliii'^s,
i()i), Cnrioiis iii't.intc of tnuntil .Tllcgorv.
77ij. Kiincral ii-rnnonir-, 7;6. d'uat iiiiiiilur
01 jc'.t s loiinil ill Mil b.ir, 775
Imli.m ill.mtls, H-ji. Tlieii« in'iabitint-. and ma 1-
iiiTH, iliitl. T'uir trailf, 8 j
In liinis, .Vortli Aiiiciican, ihrir mode of life, man-
iKTs, and t iilloms, 871. Tbi ir m luvr of mak-
iiij; yv.ir, H;') Tbcir horrid iifa,'.!- t't prilii.-u',',,
878. Tlr.ir (uncial rit;3, 88j. 'llicir rtlijjidii
unrl fiipcrllition, 8H1
, nuion-f If.', tyiy
Indies, Well, (ii-lt dii",otTr(d, f>'>4, lYs- fJeiiti.d
rrinarks 0.1 tlic iV.ifon-, ,j;i. S.a-biec.f and
lan.l yyind, 051, H antv of the country, 954.
Miffiiiliientc ami fublimity of tl.c nioiinlains,
ibtl. ,Si ;.;ar-i.anc, cofon, i.ul go, colTcc, \c,
955. Cniclliis cxc.yif'il on tie nrip,in;il inlia-
bitants, t;;8. Strikii',, ; it iili.nit'rs ot tlic « liit^
inliiibit.'Ot.s t)?9, C'liar..i>tr of nesro;--: in a
(tiitf of lla-.-iy, ibltl. I'ii'j ro|'i>."ioii ot foxes
in tU- lui.iiliri- f\prr:.-d from .Mr'ca, ijl\z. .Ar-
rival .ud f.ilc 111 (be Well In-lios, 363. La;ul ani.
iimU
I M
n^li isM «l timi, fjA^. Mtntf^rmtnt of pliiK
Miunt *n.X ir«i|(, ijr>;. Diiu^Ikiii nn I liirni nl
lh« Il1«iij«, ifM, bc« ilic UnttA ilUiiiU untl*r
Ihcif rrl'|>ff>tv( ii,Ml\»«.
lnHI|i», ilic lulturr of, why fuiuU lo Iht C«r<>ll
■ . Wert InilUti, u^ti
Ii>'inll4n, ^»^.^l parf of Iiidl* f.» filll»«l, 714. Ai •
ruuiil ul lilt Uriiilli tr<iiU/kl<>n> ill ih^i paiiof
lh« world, 7(1, Hirlfiit ilivifiiin ol, 777. Al<
liriof tW Itrliifli ill liittiilliii, 771;. IMilinru
Allti) .mil ihcir triliuuricfi, jHOi 1 I|i|hki but-
Un'i trrritnrlct, 7I) 1
IiidulKriiiirt, jiiiliUlhrd by |>«|iil aulliortly, t lilt
of, with tlieir lui 1 m |irii.r«, 6*11, nut,
Iiui'ii, llir rivtr, ff^
fnUr* mut l,nirr, drpirtnirni of, |t9
IiV.ratninN ill.indi, losH
Inlieiltiiiic of |iro|irrly, how fccurtd under Ih*
'I iirkilli (iivrriinii'iit, fiHo
l>iklr 4nd Viriiu, Itic ftury of, orlntiittrd In lUr-
KiiliK«, y74, »./<.
Iiil'iuiiie iifficri from flr«, *l London, leniit of,
Irilind, it) lilualiitn and mtriit, )9(. Drri^lMiiii
of the iMiiir, )ijf>. Tililv III itn |ir<iviiiiri, coiin-
tio, iiiul liiirf timiii, iljiil. C'liiiiiilr, itiid,
HitfboUM, rivrrs and lakri, V;7- '■• inLind
navi)(iitii>ii, ^'.o. Moiiiiuiii , ihid. forcil-,
nictaN, iiiMirr.il'., vrf^rtalilf jiid uiiiiiul priKtuc
liiiiK, 40I, Niiiiibrr ul inhaliitaiitt, I'rtiiritunt
lid I'.ltliolli', 401, 401. Tlic dricriidjiitl ul
till- Kii|;lilii nii<l Sio'», 43], Sfitt uf rtli)(ii>ii,
ibid, I. Ill of arilibilllopriilit aid In:' opruki,
404. l.:iii){ii,ij{r, Ivan.iii^, and Ir.iriird mm,
ilU'. AcKHiiit of Trinity (.'ollrK<° iiiu'irlily,
40J. Aiilinuilirn :ilid (iiriuntir', 406. Ullldiii,
ibi'l. Cork, 4 t). Other dtici aiid tajiitii
towni, 409. C(i iiiii'iir and niiiiiii'.x'hMr., ibiil.
Coiillitiitioii mill {uivirriiii.riir, ibid, Uiviiily and
pimrrii ut ilir lur I liiiiit iiuiit, 4!0< Kevtliiir*,
ibiij. Millt.iry llrrn ;tli, 411. CynUr ol bt.
I'airi' k, ilild. liilliiy I I Irtliind, ilnd. W»i
I0M:! dc) n iTmI liy iiiipiilitir riHriiiit'- on tr.idi ,
41(1 I'.ir.i)' nf iluir viiliiiitcir alKHi,itioiii, ibid,
'I'ti 1 • tr;iili md iiKiiiiil.ii'luris (ipfMi d, 417
Tr(l:\iid, Nr>i, in ilic Snutlurn O^c.in, 1041
Iiifli inallairr of Kn^lidi prutcllaiilk, in the rtig'i
of Cl..irU- I. 41;
Ifrif, (lip.rtliu ;it of, 4iO
Ifl.iml, a m w lu't iifin in tlir ftu, tirar IcrLind, 70
III.iikI , i'UMij' iMii, u tabic 1 , ij-. Ul Smtl.iiid,
1(1. On tiic wt'l) cuull ol lily, '141, (Jrcii.iM,
fiby / n.itii-, fi(ii). Iiidi.in, t>oi. AlriLin,
H13, R;6. Welt Indian, and Anitiicaii, BHH
N'lrtlirii, 1014
Jflc and Villa'ne, departn:i Ml of, ^7^
Ilpali 111, tic capital ol I'rrfia, j\ii)
MtipiilMi, a Diitcli I'.ltli'iiiti:!, 1021
iniiinii'., dtlinrd, , aU
Itjlv, i!sliHM ii'ii, linuiidirif and exft-nt. 619. The
Jeveral lonntru «, to wi.uiii I'libj' > t, 620. Subdi-
vilioin, il i i. Si) I iiiid air, (1^ ;. .Mininlains
river-, mil !aki s, ibiil. bia>, l.iyi, (.ijis, '.i .
6:4. .Mft.Tl and niiiitr.d-, ili 1. I'r.iilii^l':i)ii .
ib.d. Till iaia'.'luius,thi'iriiuiuiitrkaiidv.ud^ lu ,
Ibid Bad arromrr^ttloni fnfyt^tttSng In Itiiy,
A14. Abli4 J4(rifi«itii'< defi > ip4ii>n of lh« na
llonal ihara/ler of ih« fultaiM, 616. Kcllnion,
617 Kn.UfiartU.4l (iivrrnmenl of lli>- j«"-r,
Ibid. C'rnd ' /< p<i|i«rii<« IV. O17, Lu) < f !>'
iwl liiili,lK«iKira, wiih their 1 iirre nl prUat, ri'<.
•*/«. l.anntuK* *nd loMiIni, Aa). lall nl
univerlilici, 6i4 Aiiti>|' 'ir« and c iirii>litt«« ol
the ioiinirv, ibid. Uiiiii ' view ol th' levrral
Ii>ll4ii lUiK, b)M. Arini .iiid order* ul knighr-
u»ui| ut the r>f(>cd)ivt ptliicct, 6^1. llillory ol,
Iviva, )^i
Iwuii, priiiiie, ptit i(» d«4ih in Rullit, 14)
h
JACOjllV club in PraiKi, 4U
J,i|',rlli>, kiii|( (it I'olanH, convcrta hi; (u\>/iat
III III! (.'Iirilll in irl ,^ioii, C(i
Jigo, .Si. till' iiUiul III. t{9
aiiiaiia, ii« hnutiui. and Cklcnl, o^'i, C imate,
^'^7. I'atc ol tlic coniirry, iMil. Mountaiiii,
nod tlieir .iilvMiitai'o, (>MI. S«d, laiuli (uliiv.i.
led and uniiillivatrd, i/mj WikmIi anil lliiibcri,
i'<id. River and iiie>'uiii:Al I'prii ^>, 1^70, Ure«,
ibid. VrKttable pri'du^liiiii'', ibid, C'liiil town*,
o;i. Ciiiiiili liviiiKi, ilild. jiiditalure, ibid.
I.t,'ll)atiirr, piijuiUtiun, trade, &c. 07)
Janiti I, kiiii. <d I'.iigjsnd, bin liurary ( hara/fer,
214. C'ir«.iiiiitbini.'et of thv lu'iiMi at lii« acief.
lion, )|H. A review ol liii ,Hililiial londii^f,
jiy, jij
■ M, lii» biiotry and rifli inrafuren in l.ivoiir
of pi'fiery, )iB. It diiveii mil ul In > kingdom
by the priiae ol Uran^c, ibid. Keilcillont on
thai eviiif, Ibi'l,
■ I. kin .' ol Scotland, the advantai^ei li-
dciivid Iriini l.n luii); iiiipriruiiiiient in l-.ngland,
li|:>
— — — Town, the firft town built by the Engli'li
In AiTitriia, by ivlio'ti crti'lcd, 9)1
Jan^oiiiiy, l^iiij(dnm of, 711
J<ini/:iiut .<t tlie Turkilh empire, an account ul
iLiifi Iriiiipa, 6H '
Japan, lit ;a;iim of that emp rr, and an account ul
itn iiilialiitaiiti, their maiincri and iul)oiii% tloi.
Tiadc, tifH
Java, aiiniuit of, lot
Jji ddii, tuwii ul, toi
Jerliy illiiid, i » (ltnaf!on,nnil ilrfiription, 31JJ
— ,''iiu. Hi lit"aiioii. ritriit, and bmndariei,
911). It', divili lilt, (iiiinties, and chief townt,
ihiil. Kivcr'., ij20. Climate, foil, and pro line,
ibid. Reli)(iun and Icarniny^, ibiil. Ilillory,
guv< iiiincnt, pupuUtiun, ci.icf towns, and com-
nn-r»e, ibid.
Ji'nifalem, < h^rartrr of tlie antiquitiaj pretendetl to
be Ihewn tlinc, 675
Jefiiits, the, uiidiitake tlic cunvcriion of the natives
ot .Aiiiiric I, and firm H conii Irrahlo ftrtlrinent
ill HaraLiiay, t-j Arc h,;iillhrd l'nriii){al,
618. I lie (Miv.rnmrnt rlliblilhcd by thciii in
l'.u.i;;iia), I'J <u .Air T' diii;rd, ibid.
Jiu:, i^aat proniu.cr m liuraturc uuiifr the Moor*
tt illi
i\ Kail
Kamif, ha:
IwbltMMl
fOlliifry,
Kalan, il,r
inhaliji .,
knfliii,-. <|
Ktniieth .^
^enuiikv,
Coiinlir
'lie VDUi
lion, rtli
Kep,,|,
Iki' oil I
•■daiMin.-
'•llillll.lV
Klij;, „J
' 'ii;;'» bi'M.
l^'' I'.C'iii, j
'•ifH,!!,'-, ir
(crtiit la'i
i-'"ghl, the
"I lin){ .111
I\''ii;l.i!iou(l,
den, 1,0.'
'n Kil);tari
aliolilhi.l,
")> Sii,
?;•. In'
In .Mai-
In Viniic
j/i Ilic r 1
i\i
t I
trti rmj* of IjHilis <4n. Ar« roptllfil,
Orrar iitirr^wn of ibtm tuunij in M«l«tMr,
l«Miina, ilUiid iir,
laatiii or tiiittt, 7);
Jolin, kliift t»f KniJanil, (ttorl rrvlcw uf iM mni
I'hnti^ 1)1 III. r< I'tn, 1 1 '
— — , foil o( ill* |iriii'«f^ of M'tklfnUuri^li, * <\n
not, (uiHnU lo tlie iHrdn* lit Kiiin«, 144. K
ilrlhri>n«i|, lrn|irilonril mul ptii In drdh, lt>i>l.
John'), bl. Ill lll( (illlt <. ' l4Ul«IKC, i;H4
Jourith l.(mp«mriii Offiii . lilt iwiliiuKi cli4
nfUr, «iitl vit«t, {I (
—1 II. Iili ihuUUt «iiil jtJnilniftrsiion ot
K'>v(riinMiil| (111. Hiiriiii' n, wriiini l>y hlm«
7. If, IbiJ.
Iiua rtriuioUs llliml af, in thr (iouth Srat, 101
}>ij<n, iNrfwiii lUir of ihc country *nd in lnlMf*ii-
iiiii. byti
fur*, (/(p.iriiifiit o>, 410
jiirt , ihr inoilr ul trul li>, in Ennlmul, tkpUiiivtl,
: ^4. Ill trwiiiilitl ( nl'o, 371,171
Jk'k*, Eiiflifli, co.illiliilcti ju'lgr't of both llie l.iw
:< III llu- lad, J77
JiitUnd, lu. brt Denmark.
T/" AFFA, J ii)*fi in iln' •• rlmw, M»
1^ Kilinuo, iluir nuinitrfi nnd iiidoint, i)*
Kamiri h«ika, iiLiiiiirr^ ml uinumi i>i the in-
Kaliliiiiilv ibid. Siiii.riiiii .luj ditilion of the
('iunlr>, 6i)i. Illunil* ninr lo it, 1 34
KjI.im, ill" iiiiHuni'. ii.d lulloiit of ill Turt-iriiii
inlialiil . Ill drlii'i' >'d, MJ. Aiinrxcil li> the
I lUiilou it/. II. 140
_^ ul ''. ollaiul, liiIiUuo the
VfU, 186
Kdiiiiiky, • new Amc in N'orlh Ainerlci, 947.
('iiiiiitir'. :uid 1 hii! louns ibi't. Klii'r>, tati' ><f
tie louiitry, iliniale, prudiii-r, •;4H l'»)nilk-
linn, r<.li.;ioii, iiiiilliiiiiiiin, ibid,
Kr|'|.il, luliiiiriil, I111 I iw»K'"^"" ^« lib the Fn nrli
lui' I'll Unit, }^7. I1 tried 'HI aclwrgr cxhiiiit-
nl ;i:',,iii!l hi'ii ii\ fir lliirli 1' llilrr, 3;H
I i..liii'i V < ..Ilk, 111 biOtliiiid, I, /
KllJ^^ III lMii;iind, a chruiiul'iijii.il isMc of l<v,
»?''. J J 7. "<"'•
I iir:'s l.rm h, imirt of, i'»8
K;' i;('iiM, ill i.t'i ail », itJtrnilf mil npiilnui', <(;i
l.iru. Ill's iryr'iiiiuiitritAon tliv tcii^jHrtiiuic uj clit
Icrriil laiitildci, 3t)
i '>'i;bt, the imprirtof that tith', uinl how (oiifirr. .1
III Kii){!iiiiil, JH9
Ki.ii',lil!iuiiil, i.ri'ir' of, in 0' "n :irk, 8ij. In .Sno-
titn, 110. Ill UiiIIm, IV; !» .')i.i<tl:ii«l, iHg.
Ill Kii^land, sSp. In IkUh!, 41 1. Iiil'r.iii'r,
abniilntil, 436, In llotliiul, 4;;. In (icrnia-
n), ;i I, ;i3, ;i J. In I'liilliii, ,ii;. III I'oi.iiiil,
^ ; ■. In .Spun, (>i,>, (i)y In l'crtiii;<l, ft\^.
Ill MaiU, fi{'>. Ill N iplif and S;iriliiii.i, 6i;i.
Ill V'lnic^', liilil, In Komc an I (itiioa, 'i;a.
In till' IM w ill.tii U, I Ji;
Kiilliiin riiiuirr by Jnhil I
Kciinrth M'Alpni , king t
kii»ui| the itMUft of th4i puiiiflimcm In Ru(Ti<*,
H7, >n
Kiir>«, jiiha, Imroib ' '^ ih«do^ruitof i. AoM lirii>
,V III land, 167
KniiinKlhtr|, tht ciipiial of rriii(ia, (i*
Koltliilkow, the |Hilrlnlli Kriirt^alur llu l'»lr>i, n
Kuiili Kh«n, Maic immenle |i|undrr maiio by hi .1 '
till- Mogul empirr, 7(0. buniiMry J'l h\\ hi:
ti.rv. ;,,
Krukrn, t llupcndoti. tm jl In ih* N<>r<regi4il
fits 7;
Kuinrih, a Unrb.irv Ikm \, lif
Kurllc ilUndt, inJ their Intuibiiani*, tjf
T ABVRINTH. In F.ut|>f, |tl
L^ ' rUu. bie i'jragMy,
fibi. r. hrc Brittin, New.
LidiKMc illindii, Im
Liliitf, iiruvinci of, M/t
l.jtma, (irand, oi T'.iibvt, hli oflkt inil chanAlV^
6<>{. Of Peru, drfiribcfl, teoo
r 'M.art»f »i,j y„,t, t.)nij»irtiilrtni)l ih« ftmilln uf,
t. r iIk .town ol I'.njiUnd, Mi
l.«n.^v*i .1 In the Wrlfliidiet, ^|
Imu , i:rpiiinmriit ol, ^}o
L«n^>taEi- , diftin.;iiiniln'; f hNra^m nf, IHjn'li' ,
7' Dnn 111, M*. httiilllli, 10;. Kuih*n, i().
' ' llcbrldcj, is4. Enjjlitli. J 1 j. Wih 1,
Iridl, 404. l-irnch, 4a; Ot the bevrn
Lmtr^ IVovin'.ei, 47J. Ol thr Fteiniiim, 47).
Of Grrnuny, 41)9. Of linlicniiu, 09. ui
FfunRBry, 5i|. Of I'liland, 541. Of .SwiUer-
l«iul, ?'.). Ol SnaiM, ^Hi^. Ot itily, 6ji). Of
Turku, 67). Ot t'liiiM, - -4, t)t Iii,li.i, 7^^.
Offrrli*, 787. 0( .\r«bi.i, /), 01 ilie ornnul
ifUiiili, 8^7. Ot K;<ypt, bi-. 0( (he Biirb.iiv
lt«tc», Ii7. S|»jkr-i in the P. iiiiif j|i ol ilUi,.',
jf>\ 767, Str I'mtr Nulli-r.
Lunlrrn of DLiniinheiirlllt Aihcni, t^
l.nnn, >,inndiim ol, 74^
I.tpUnd, 111 litiation, extent, and fubillv ifloiii, ./,.
Animals of thit country. 97. Keli;;ijii, man-
nrr., and ■ iiftonu ol ll.- inhabitaiiM, y9. A
l.aplaiul ('i)iij^, ibiJ. «i//. i'utir coinimrve, 101,
Kuflun l.apUnil, 6(;a
'-"'a, lity, ft.,,.
Latitude, wha', 14. Mow ta find, on the (;lol>r, ij,
lloiv to ti.id, troiii I L-liffial obkrv.iiiiini, at,
T ibic of ihf latiludr .111 I longitude of ilac piiiiii-
pat puts ol il.f wi.rld, lo^ij
I.a.ibba, an aniiii il 1 I li'iiiAiia, loaa
L:iiid, irdiliilliDp III Caiit.rjiiry.hijpcrnkiou. in.
fluiMif over Clmli'i I. 5:1. Is belKM.Icil, ibid.
Laurel magnolia, a tree ot t;iiat lui^lit m Floii.la,
laiurence, (St.), the river of, . 88), tJ,;4
Lauren., .Mr lale prelidint uf thr American 1111.
Hrrfs, takr.i prilniK-r by thp l',n|;lilli, uii boaiil a
Ihip biMind 10 I lull. mil, j6a
Lanfaniir, dcli^bttiil lituation of, fjt
Law.s, nrij-in of, jj
Law?, Hriiidi, the manner of their palling the lime
cltatcs III parliaiii;.'iit, i^}, 2(14
7 ^ L.a.^ue
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O
N
Lfngtic formed In France tgalnft the Hagonolt,
under the duke of OuK'r, 4)9
Leuming, the great honours acquired hj, in China,
70$, In India, 731
Ledyurd, Mr. hiftory of him, 838
l^etiong!) ((land, 10)2
Leinftcr, province of, in Irelnnd, it> divlfion into
coiintieii, and its chief town^, 396
I.ei|)lic', and its univrrfily, 503
Leiand, his attount of the antiquity of Irith literi-
ture, 40;
Lc Alalre, flralt!i of, 104$
Lemnos, account of that iflaiid and its prodn^r,
664
I-eoganc, 1008
Leon, in Spain, its fubdiviHons and chief tou'ns,
560
Leopold I, emperor of Oermany, his character and
tnrbuient reign, ' eij
Lepaiito, the Tiirltifli navy ruined by the Chriftriiis
in that battle, 6H;
Lefljos, libnd of, its ancient fame, 664
Lewis XIV. of France, his I'uccefiful patronage of
literntm-e, 427. The unhappy (late of his King-
dom during his minority, 441. Hia chara/'tcr,
ibid.
— -• XV, review of the principal events of his
«'g". 4+»i 4U
. XVr. artifts the revolted Britifli rolonics in
America, 443, Adopts the aronnmical plan of
Mr. Ncckcr with reEord to the finances, 444.
Concludes a treaty ornnvigation and commerce
withtho court of London, ihid. The parliament
of I'aris renionftrate agiinft rrgiftering an edirt
tor t!ic loan of tlirce millions three hundred and
thirty thoul'and |)Ounds, 445. Calls together
the affinibly of tlic Notables, 446. Umiiflics
the parl'ameut of I'aris, 447. The populace of
Paris take arms, and dcftroy the Bartile 449.
l.fcapcs IVom I'.irl.s 453. Is'dete^leH, and m.uU-
prifiincf !'.t Vnr-nnt", and conduiHcd b.uk to
Varii, 4^4. Ij;tlucncc of the Jacobin Club,
ibid. Clir.rfjLj brought againrt liini, 4J7. Ra-
pid progrt A ot the Frcncli arms, ihiil. Is ttitd
and executed, 4;S, 459. Reflexions upon it,
460
Lexington, tnmniencenient of hoftflitif tlicrc, be-
tween the Kritifti and North Ainiiicaiis,
Leydcn, univerfity of,
I. iina, the city of, founded by Pizarro, 871.
fcribed, looi. Amazing richci of, 1002.
mo(i ruiiieil by an earthquake.
Linen nianufii'turt, in Scotland, fiate of.
Lingua Franca, a mixture of languages,
Lipari iflands,
Lifhon, the capital of Portugal,
J.ircliticid, city of,
Llewtllin, prince of Wales, performs homage to
Henry 1(1. of luigland, to obtain proteftion
ajjainll his unriutifiil fon niillin, jgo
Locuits, Spain greatly expofed to ravages by, 585
Logan, an Indian chief in North America, his
Ipeech delivered to lord Uuninore, 875, nDte.
Logarithms, by whom invented, j 70
35s
470
De-
Al-
ibid.
i'9
E27
621
6,3
431
Loire, river, It* courfe and extent, 4*1
-^— lower, department ot. 4^0
— ^ - upper, department at, Ibid,
Loiret, department of, ibid.
Lombards, the moft ancient merchants of Europe,
London, the metropolis of the Britilh empire, ita
fituatiun and extent, asi. The number of
cliurche) and other places of devotion it contains,
313, Annual confumption of provifions in it,
ibid. Its bridges, 314. St. Paul's cathedral,
ibid, Wcftminfter abbey, aa;. Monument,
ibid, Curiofities in the Tower, 216, mtt, Dri-
tiflt Mufeum, aiB, Infurance offices frum fire,
ibid. Terms of infurance, aa8, mtte. Altera-
tions in the difuofitlon of, after the great fire,
329, Why deilitute of a fuilable royal palace,
ibid. Origin of the Proteftant afTuciation there,
360. Lord George Gordon's tumultuous pro-
ctlFion to the houie of commons, ibid. Horrid
outrages committed by the mob, 361, The in-
furgents reduced by the troops, ibid.
London Bridge, hlfto'rical defcription of, 334
Long Illand, the Americans there efcape from ge-
neral Howe, 3{$
Longitude, what, 14. Table of the number of
miles in a degree, 1 J, How to find, from celef-
tlal obfervations, 22. Table of the longitude
and latitude of the principal parts of the world,
1046
Lord's Prayer. See Pater nofter.
Lords of tlie articles, in Scotland, how chofen, and
their powers, 181
Lorcito, rithes of the houfe of the Virgin Mary
there, with its extraordinary hillory, 64J
Lot and Garonne, department of, 420
L iiis XVI. his queen and family, attempt to efcape
from France, 453. Are difcoveied and brought
bick, 454. Are forced to take refuge in the
n itioniil allembly, 40. Louis is accufed, 457.
Is tiird, condemned, and executed, 458, 459.
.Aeiount of his la(t moments, 459, mte. flis
queen is brought to the fcatfoid, 463
Loui(iaiia,its botinlarits, 989. Rivers, ibid. New
Orleans, the capital of, ibid. Religion, govern-
ment, &:c. 990. Climate, foil, and produce,
ibid. Hillory, ibid.
Louvain, the prefent ftate of that city, 479
Lozere, department of, 420
Lubec, an imperial city, 96
Lucas, Mr. fome account of, 840
Lucay iflands, 98;
Lucca, city and commonwealth of, 643
Lucia, St. revolution of that iiland, 1018
I.ui know, citv of, and emperor's palace tlierc, 746
Lutlier, Martin, the reformer, fume account ul;
490
Luttrcll, colonel, difturbanccs caufcd by his being
declared member for Middlefex, tothe prejudice
of Mr. Wilkes, 347
Lycurgus, the Spartan legiflator, a review of his
political infiitutions, 44
I. vnx, defcription of that animal, 76. 12;
MACART-
N
£
M.
[■ACARTNF.Y, lord, hii embairy to China,
_ 713. hnr1«t in dlfappolntmciit, ibid.
laiainiri itk proclucc and inhabitants, 804
Macbeth, the dramatic i\ory of, Couiideil on hilto-
ry, 186
Maclaurin, the companion and friend of fir If.uc
Newton, 1 70
Machiavel, his literary rharai'^er, 6»(>
Madagafiar i<1and, iti (Ituation and defcriiition,
856,857
Madeira in;ind, 861. Situation, extent, and pro-
duce, iLiitI, Famous fur its fweetnicals and wine,
ibid.
Madras, or Fort St. George, on tiie coaft of Coro-
miiidcl, 769
Madrid, the rapitnl of Spain, defcribed, 593. Tiie
royal c.il)inr.t 'A natural hiftory there, ibid.
Madura, on the cuull of Coromandel, 769
Mxris luke, 818
Magellan, the firft who experimentally determined
the fpherical figure of the earth, 1. His (Ir.tits,
1045
Mai;n!t chart.i, the prcat charter of Englifti liber-
tii'd, fijjned by kiun John, 301
Magnanimity, fuiRular inftanrr of, 854, mie.
Mahomed, the 'FurkiHi Icp.illator, account of his
temples at Mecca and Medina, 675,798. His
hiflury, 799. His doflrines, 800. Mis death,
boi
.. n. emperor of the Turks, reduces Con-
flantinople, and puts an end to the Cireck em-
pire, f>84
- HI. his cruel treatment of his brotli- la
and his father's concubines, 63 j
Mahometans in Indoftaa, 716
Mahratta ftates, and tlieir tributaries, 780
Mahrattas, inhabitants of the mountains of India,
I , Bcrar, their territories,
• , Northern I'oonah, their territories,
7tfi
ib.
420
970
598
Maine and Loire, department of,
Maize, or Jndian corn,
Majorca,
Malabar, coaft of, its provinces and chief towns,
759, 774. Great numbers of Jews found there,
ibid.
Malacca, and its inhabitants, 734
M.il.tga, the city of, 597
Malayans, 730
Maldives, account of the, 807
Maleftrom on the coall of Norway, dcfcribed, 78
Malta, defcription and hiftory of that idaiid, 650
Malva, province, 743
Mamalukes of Kj^ypt, by whom inflituted, and by
whom rcdiimi, Siz
Man, i!le of, its fituation, extent, and produce, 39 1 .
]ts liiftory, ibid. Kelig'.nn and cccletianical po-
Laii^u.u^e and autltjuiiics,
ibiJ.
711
Mao);o Capai, lounder of tlic enij)iic of Peru, ac-
count of him, 869
vernmtnl.
Manchew Tartars,
Maiichineel tree,
786
^^ between Cliaiks I. of
Manilla taken by the EngliOi, 8oj
Mantua, tlie diitliy of, 644. Hidory of, 6^4
Manufacture, woollen, the importance of, to Great
Britain, 9(6. The number of (lieep in England,
ibid. Value of their wool, ibid. Expeuce of
manufai^uring it, ibid.
Maps, a general explanation of, 34
M<rat at the lirad of a defpcrate fa£lion in Pans,
4.-7. 1> alT.'flinated, 46a
Marl>le quarries in i^Eypt, izo
Marg.irci queen of Denmark, her charadler, 90,
III
Mafi^arctta iflnnd, loia
M.iria Tcrefa, nueeii of Hungary and emprels of
• Germany, hillory of hei life, 516
MaiigiLuite, iQaiui of, loiq
Marino, Si. republic of, C43
Marlborough, duke of, defe.nis the French at Hleu-
htiii\ 33 r. At Oudcnard and Malplaipict, ibiJ.
Is dilplattd, 331
Marue, dopaitinent of, 430
Marqtiefas illands, 1017
W.irri.ge, fummary of the Brltlfli lav.-s relatii;^ to,
574. In I'crfia,
Mail'tiin Moor, b.itlle o;,
Kiil'.laud and his p;iil:iiiiient, 32a
Maiiiii, bl. an ifland in America, belonging to the
Duuli, 1023
Maiiiiiico, the ifland of, taken by the Englilli, 341.
DeCeribed, to 18
Mary, (|uirn of F-ngland, rellores popery, and pi r-
fceutes tlie I'rotcltantf, 316. Marries W.ilip 1 1,
ol Spain, ibid.
Mary, cjueen of Scots, her unfortunate roizp, 191
Maryiarul, its fituation, extent and liouiidarie-., 926.
It^ counties and chief towns, ibid. Rivt rs, tacc
ol the country, air, foil and produce, ibid. Po-
pulation and comiie.ce, 927. Hiltory and go-
vernment, ibid.
Mifr. Sec Cairo.
Mafiachufetts Uay, government of that province,
913,914
MalTaniello, his infurreftion at Naples, 653
M.'.ftiflTs, Englifli, a charaftcr of, 20a
Mafiiah, in Abyilinia, account of, 837
Matthew's (St.) illand, 859
M.-itilda, queen of Denmark, her unfortunate iiilfo-
. ■■>■•. . 9a
Mauritius illand, its fituation and produce, 85
Maufoleum, a fuperb one raifed by the emperor
Shah Jehan for his beloved wife, Taje Mahel,
7-16
— — — — , a very magnificent one of Ibrahim
Padfliali, defcribed, 768
Maximilian, emperor, his divifion of Germany into
circles, 489
Mayeiine, department of, 420
Mayo illand, 859, 860
Mecca, the famous mofque there, 675, 798
Medina, its ftately mofque, ibid.
Mequinez, the prcfent capital of Morocco, 838
Meridian, what, 1 1
Mermen and women, in the Norwegian feas, ac-
count ol, . . 78
Merfa, „...; 828
Meflina, city of, 649
7 C 2 Methodifts,
^.
I N
E
MdlioJini, in EnglnnH. a ciuraAer of thnt h(k,
31 I
Mi'iirff drpnrtmcnt of, 410
^f| iil'e (Icpartinriit nf, Ibiil.
Mexico, lis aiu'irnc Hate, 86;. The conqiien »f.
by Feriiaiidii Cortex, 868
- ■ , Nciv, (iiiil Culifuriiia, their fittiatinn, ex-
tent, and boniu!irie<i, qt)!. Soil and climate,
ibid. V^(t and pri)diii.f of the country, ibid.
Inhabitanti, hiflory, government, religion, and
lomnirrcp, ibid.
•— — ,l)ld, or \ew .Sjiiiin, it» fituation, extent,
!\nd bcMMid.irii-s, iji^i. Andiencei and chief
towns, ibid. Il.iv!!, lapt'S, U'indi, gq). Soil and
climatp, iliid. I'l-oiliice, ibiil. I'opniation, in-
habitants, pon'rnininl.aiid manner;), 91)4. Com-
iiicrrc, liui,-, ami llii|i|'iitg, ibid.
MiLhail An '(I", liis variown excellencies in paint-
in;;, fiul|)tiiii', and aicliitri'^ure, 6:9
Mi( hail (It.), one of tlit .Azores, account of, 862
JlivliijaM like, 894
MilanelV, its fnlidivilions and chief town^, 631.
, AcL-ninU of the country and its iiihabilaiit.t, 6)9.
Uillon of, 654
Miles, the Ifiipith of, in different countries, jj
Milfoi'd-havcn, in Wales, itb diladvantages pointed
out, $89
Military ways, Roman, in England, 330
Militia of (treat Dritain, account of, 38}
Miiidtn, battle nf, between the Uritifli and French,
JJ'i
Alineral fprings in Eni;Iand, I3i. In Germany,
495
!\line.s in ."iwedcn, loj
-— - in Peru, looo, looi
Mint, a place in the towerof London, a|)pro]iriatcd
to the coinage, 3j6
Rliiiorca, the ill.ind of, taken I)y the French, 3 ',H.
Taken by the Sjiaiianh, 365, 598. Itbiiih\-
I'itants and government, jqH
Milliiippi rivtr, 9S7
, when firft difcovcrcd, 990
Mitylcne. See Lflbob.
Mmli:i, the city of, 798
Modi na, duchy of, 644
MohiHit river, in North America, 916
Moj;ul, Great, empire of the. See India within
the Gances.
MoliHca iflands, 803
Monies of account and fpecie, in the feveral parts
of the world, t..ble of, 1062
Monk, general, a |)rincipal agent in the reOuiing
Charles II. of England, 33;
Monfters fta, 77
Monte Santo, anciently Mount Alhos, 6^9
Montrzuiua, emperor of Mexico, Ids treatincnt
by Cortcz the Spaniard, and death, 8(>j
Montreal, the ifland and town of, in Canada, 898
Montferrat, defcriptlon of, and the hermitages on
it, 58i
-, duchy of, its extent, and chief towns,
6-1
■ - ifland, 977
Monumert, the column at London fo called, 3i ;
-, a beautiful and fuperb one railed by
the emperor Shih Jclian, for his beloved wife
Tjjc Mallei, ^04
Moori, their fcttlement In and expiillinn trom
Spain, 640. Derivation nfthrir nJMie, 108
Moofe deer of Ireland, 406. Ot Neur Knj;liiid,
Moravia, its extent and cliicf towni, ^39
Mura\ iaiis, genrul clui.u'ter ut uic fc.^ fo c.illeit,
ibid.
Mnrliihan, department nf the, 410
Mordannt, (ir lobn, hi5 unluccefsful expedition
aguinit Kochlort, 339
Morea, it« prri'ent dnifinns and cliisf t nvin, 657
Morocco, fiiipire of, 834. City ot, 794. lio-
vernnient ut, 8p
Mnfcow, the ancient capital of Muftovy, 13J. iJi-
menlions ot the great bell iheic, 1 j6
MofclK', department of, 430
Mofiiucs, I'ei'lian, 790
.^Iolll .Ml province, 74:)
Mountains of the innon, 81 r
— — — - of the tartli, comparative eAimate of
tlieii' altitude
— — --, the fubliniity and grandeur of thofe in
the Weft In.lies
Muir, Thomas, is tried for fedition, and it fentenced
to tranfportation for 14 years, 3H2
Mummy pits in Egypt, 817
Munllcr, province of, in Ireland, its division into
counties, and chid towns, 396, 397
Murciu, ill Spain, its fubdivillons and chiel tuwii>,
181
Mufcovy. See Rudia.
Mufic, Scotch, cliaradler of, i6j
K.
NAXKIN'O, acityinChina, 708
Nances, the edict of, granted to the I'ri»-
teflants bv Ilenrv IV'. of i'rance, ^jj, Revol;-
ed by l.e«is XIV. ibid.
Naples, a table of the (loiiiinions fuhjrft to tlic
king of, 6ii. Defcription of tliecii) and coun-
try, 646. Account of the people, ibid. Brief
biltory of, 6y
ISi'arborough, fir John, fent by Charles II. on dil-
covery, to the ftraits ot Magellan, 985
Nafeby, decilive battle of, between Charles I. of
England and his parlianicii', jss
Nations, origin of, 36
National airemblv of France, firft meeting of, 441^
• debt Hated, 278
Natolia, or Lellcr Afia, its fubdivilions and chitt
towns, 670. RuinousctFcftsol I'urkidi uppref-
(foii tile-re, 678
Navarre, in Spain, its fubdivilions and chief town-.
Navy of Great Kritain, an liiftorical account n!,
285, noit. Pay of every rank in the, 286
Nt ckcr, Mr. a Swifs Protc-rt.mt, pliecd at the head
of the French finances, 444. Ii difplated on
account of ins acononiit.il rtfonnations, ibid.
Net^roes, in liic Weft Indian plantalions, tiitir eii.i-
laiffer and Ji.'"poiitioiis in a liate of ilavcry, 9159.
*) Ariival
Niav..r.|
Niclioli
niajci
Nicobal
Nievif I
Nigt ,
Nile, ril
Nifi: csl
»..'"« '1
Ni/ain,f
N
K X.
Arrival and fair In the Weft fndiei, c/n. T.i-
ihflk ode oil Iciirn; a iifgio Imietal, i/ii, niif-,
Tlie iuiml>»r iif tlifin >niii|uriil witii tliit ul ilic
wliitr», il)M. liilurri'i'tinM '>t tlie, in ili.it jurt
of llil| ,ini ill bcloiiKinK to i'i'.'iiic, lOoU
Ni|2r(>|iunt, the aiiklcut l'.ul>aj, licinipiion iif tliut
inaiid, ft(>i
Ndliciliiict', tilt fcvpiitft'ii provinces of tlie, tliiir
(ituation, extent, and buuiidnrui, 4^;
» , Aiinriaii and 1'rciii.li, tluir iituiti'>ii,
extent and Uivilioiis, 416. Nitiiiral liiilurv and
prndii^ioiis ul, 47!). Iiiliuliit.iiits, I'lid, 'l iicir
dtel'i and laii>;\ia);c, 479. Rilicion .iid IcJiii-
lug, iliiil. tJnivcrlilit'i nnd auliqiiiilcs, ilildi
Cities, ibid. Conimom'itiid iiiaaiilai^hircs, 4IJU,
ConUiliiiion and guvtriiincnt, ibid. Revenues,
ibiil. Illftury of Fliinders, ibid.
«... _. , united piDviiitcj of tl;c, tluir n',iit\-
ber, fini.tioii, exlcnt, Hiid di\lfinn», 466, \()-,
NiitiiK; cil tbf coiir.try, 4^7. Ri^^r^ and li:ii--
boiirs, ibi<l. Ni'^f, able and .iiiiiiul proiliu^ioiu,
468. Tl f inhabit ml:., tlifir nianiuTiaiid ii.llonis,
ibid. IJrel'-, 4^)1;. Keiinloii, J70. I'nivcrli.
tin, il'id. Dei'tiiption ot the dyki'i .nnd otliir
ciiriofitics, 4;i. l'iiic'», tonus, .uul i'iil)lic
buildings, Ibid. Mi'liod ot truvrlllne, 472,
ConiMitri.e ,uid ntaniiiai^iiiie.., il>ld. 'Vlu' ad-
vantages of their canals, ibid. Conditiition and
government, 474. Tlie oince of lladlholdcr
made hereditary, ibiil. Revenues of the flate,
47^. Military llrtnijlh, ibid. Hiltorv of tlie
repuhlit,
Nciilchalel,
Nevis ancl Monfcrrat idamls,
Nbtv tlifcoveriet in the boiith Seas,
1024,
476
57}
977
1031;,
10;l6
»— Dritain. Sec Britain, New.
^ — Ihunfwir. See Nov^t Stotia.
— iMijdind. Sic F.nnland, N'ew.
— — ll.iiiiplliire. See llampiliire. New.
Holland. See Holland, New.
►— • J( rUv. See Jcrfey. New.
— itatis formed in North America, 943. Sec
KcntiRky, Vermont, iiiid Ohio.
— Sonlh' Wales, ceremony of opening the co-
lony of, 9'*9
— — York. See York, New.
Newfoundland, its fitnation, extent, and clim.itc,
080, (;Si. Cod fiOiery on the lianks of, y8i.
Limitation prifcribed to France touttrning it,
ibid.
Newport, the chief town in the Iflc of Wight, de-
firilied, i')i
Niag.ira, latarart of, 8^4
NichoU'm ^Mar);aret)'ii attempt to afrafTiiiate his
majelly, Geo. Ul. 3^')
Nitobar illands, 806
Nievrr. ('epartment of, 420
Niger, liver, Sio
Nile, river, its annual overflow defcrilicd, 8 1 1
Nifi; 13, the remains of ancient architeaiire exit-
ing there, 42<)
Ni/ain, or Soubah of the Deccan, his teiritonef,
too, 781
Xoali, the earth how ftoplcd I'V his poUerit) , 36
Nootk.i-Soiinil,:\pr)rt on thi» wfftern foaflof N'n«h
America, 174. A la.'tory edabiinied there by
the ICnt'.Iilh, ll)id. llolHHtjrs conimeneed bv
the lipaiiinrds, ib'.J. .\niic.ibly Icttlcd bctuceii
tliO two couil', J75
N'ordeii, captain, UU opinion of t!ie granaries in
Old c'airo. fija
N'orfjik Klaiul. See Ww Soutli WnUn.
Normans, the hi t eltablilhmcnt uf tlie, in Frincp,
North Bi'ton, diflurbancen oceafinned by that pa
per, ard the prulcciition ot the author at l.on-
''""> , , , 344. 34?
•— -, department of tlic, 433
•— - lo.ill, del artmeiit of the, ibid,
— — eaft pallage decided to be impraAicable,
1341
• >vc(l paflaf-.e, account of voyages for the
ilifcoviry ot the, iiip, 81; 1, Hf«
Nortliern Archipelago, lii^
•- circars, in liuli.i, 771
Norway, its b'liind.uies and extent, 74. Cli'ii.itc,
iuid. Mountains, ibid. Fon ll-, ibid. AlctaU
and minerals, ibid. R ver'. .md b^.es, 75. Ani-
mali, ibid. N.itural cuiiofiiies, 78, Inhabit
ants, ibid. Conmictce and revenue, 71;. Hil-
torv, Ibid,
Notables, meeting of the alTembly fo called, 446
Nottingham, town of, 3 (^
Nova Scotia, its (itiiation, extent and boundiirit.,
not. Rivers, il'id. Seas, bays, and capts, ibid.
Lakes, ibid. Climate, ibid. ' Soil and produce,
ibid. Animals, yoi. Hillury, Icitleinent, chief
towns, and commerce, ibid.
Nova Zembla, general charafter of, 6ga
Nutmeg illan<L, 804
OATES, Tituj, his fcheme of a popifti plot,
321-*
U'Halloran, Mr. his account of Iriih literature,
404. Of St. Patrick, ibid. ww,-.
Ohetcroa illand in the South Sea, 10 (i
Ohio, territory north-wcfl of, a new fi.ite in Norili
America, (^46. Bnund.iries, ibid. Rivers, po-
pulation, face of the country, foil and produc-
tions, ibid. Animals, 947. Govtrnnient, ibid.
* fouth of, or the Tenneiree govern-
ment, a new Hate in North America, 940.
Dound.irics, civil divifions, poptilation, and cli-
mate, ibid. Rivers and mountains, ibid. Ani-
mals, 950. Commerce, religion, government,
manners and ditffj, ibid. Hillory, 95^
Oife, (lepartinent of, 420
OkUaflle, fir John, put to death for joining the re-
formers, 308
Oliva, treaty of, in f.tvour of the Poliili diflidents,
incffcrtiial for their fecurity, 543
Ontario, lake, 894
Ophir, a mountain, 805
OpoHiim of Virginia dcfiribed, 931
Oraii city, 829
Orbits of the planets, not circular but elliptic, 3
Oriental
w
X.
Orirntnl ininili, Roi. Their Unhinge, -. jJ
Otifl'», or Orixa, prnvlnLC of, on the toad of Co-
roiiiiiiultl, '^C
Orkiiry i(l;iiiil'>, thrir Ctiiatinn and (lcrir!j)lion, 151.
Maiiiicri III iIji' inhihiluiiii, 1 $1
Orleans Ni'«'. u'v of, in I.ouifiana, 989
Orli)u, (oniit, tli': Kulliaii ailniiral, liii operations
in till- Ltv.iiit, 686
Ornioml, tlir duke of, fnccfftli llif tinke of Marl-
borough ill the loinnuiiU ut the Uriiilh army,
3J»
Orne, department of, 4»o
Oltinkt of Silieriu, 1 1 1
Otnlu illand, >o}i
Otahfiif, nr Kinn (Jeorgc't Ifl.invl, 1 jjB
OtIiniiiiiJ, from whence they derived their iiani;-,
6H4
Oud, remains nf the ancient city of, 747
Onitc, n.ibob of, hi* dominions, 779
Oiitridriiog, n llroni; fort in India, t.tken l<y tnc
llritilh and tlirir allies, 7^4
Ovtryllil, one of the Ihiited Province*, itsfnlMllvi.
lioiM niid chief tuwim, 4O7
O'why'hee illniul, 1041
Oxford iiniverfity,itH high antiquity, a 17. iNml-
Jegc» uiul uthrr public btiilding-', ii;, nH
ACTAcnnventn,in Polanil, wliiit, 548. Was
frequently altered on the tlofHiiii id a new
kill).'.
•id.
P.clhiiii, the ancient city of, in Italy, how difm-
vmd, ''.11
Pii^diis or Indian tcmpirs, 731. Famous one at
Cliillauibruiit, iMil. One ot prcat laiii'lity at
bcrinntiaiii, ibid. Another o( great beamy at
Tnilt (."aiie, ibid.
r.iinurs, Italian, cluratflers of il.c mod elleciuril,
6j9
Pal.ipqiiins of Imlia, 739. Or ferpentiiies of Ura-
fil, 1014
Palermo, the rapital of Sii iiy, ''hS
PaleHitic, prifeiit flale of ihat country, and its in-
hnbilaiiis, f>7<>
Pallilcr, lir Hugli. cNl'ib"' a I'large a);:iiii)l the
coiului'l of Adiiiii.Tl Ktppcl. 3:;H. Is tried hini-
felt, ■ _ ibid.
Pjlnier, Mr. an uiiilai ian cicrgyinnn, is tried tor
fcilicioii, and fenrciitcd to be tranfporttd for 14
years i^^
Tiliiuia, ruins of, f>"4
I'anaiV.a, in Soutli Anrcrica, 9./). Pearl tilluiv,
9<JH
Pantheon at Rnni., (>lo
Papyrii-, BiS
I'.iraguav, it> (ituatioii, extent, aful bouiid.iries,
1004. liiNs and lake*, ib'd, Kivers, ibid.
Air, (oil ami product, lOo;. I'ounilaiion of
the citv o( Itueno', .Ayres ibid. The ell iblifli-
nuiit fornidl by the Itfipfs in l!:e interior part',
01, iiiid. They .iie reihued, roc6
Paris its pop'.,lailim ccnipared with that of l.m-
don, 430 (ii;!eral defcriptioii ol t'iicit), ibid.
1,'cinipariljii ol, with I-'judon, in v.i.-iou-. paitj.
cidan, 4JI. Oeneral view of th« trtUlei of t*)*
peace in 1764, rianed there, J4)
j'arit, department of, 410
Parker, admiral, his obOlnate cn;;ai;ement with the
Dutch Htet off the Doeger-liaiik, 361
Parliament of (ireat Hrit.iin, the connitution of,
explained, i^u. The duration of, eatciideJ
from three to (even years, jjj
— -— of Pari>, baniHird, 447
Parma, duke of, his do.ninioni, ulth their chief
towns, 61J. Account of the country and iti
Roverimirnf, 64 j. Ililbiry of, 644
Piros, the illand ol, for ivlmt noted, ftftj
Parfec, id IndDdan, their manners, culloms, drrls,
worfliip, and funerals, 737, jy\i
Partition treaty, motives of Willhm HI. o( Eng.
land, for com hiding it, 339
Paflitick riifer, in North America, ^reat cataraft in,
9x2
Patag.mia, 1044
Pater norter, the, rendered into Welch, 388.
Freiiili, 4:7, Dutch, 470. Ocrman, 500.
.Spanilh, C90. Poriuguefe, 612. Italian, ftag.
IModent Greek, 673. Perfiin, 788. Arabic,
79H
Patmos idaiid, (if,^
Patrick, St. the patron of Ireland, his country dil
fmted, 404, noi:-. His arrival in Irelanil, 411.
■lis order, wiieii inllituted, ibid.
Pull's ht. cathedral, at London, t$A
Peace ot 1 783, its articles, jflj
Pearl illands ton
Pegu, kingdom of, ai ,
Peking, the capital of China, 707
Pelew iflanils lituation, and chararter of the inha-
bitants, ,QJ7
Pelhain, the lirft Uritilh miniller who difcovered
the true vahie of S' otl.ind, 1 -(j
Pelopoiinrlian war, tie origin of the, aj
J'eiiinfiila defineil, 27. Within the fJanges, ycH
PeniiKinmaur mountain, in Caernarvonfliire, the
road over it, ^g,.
Pi nri, Mr. the legillative plan of his American
fLitlcnieiit, 924. Rapid iiicreafe of his colony,
„ , ibid.
I cniilyivain.i, its (ituation, extent, and boundaries,
yii. lis counties ,md chief towns, ibid. Rivers,
9.-S. t'l niatr, air, foil, and face of the country,
ibid. |Ii(l,.ry, govt rnnicnt, fcttlemcnr, popi'i-
litinn, chill timn , and commerce, 923. Or-
f. ription of Pliihidilphia. 924. Its trade, ibid.
I 'iiivf rlity and piiilufophii al fi.i ietv, 91 c. Form
ol joviTiiment ellabliflied there under the Ame-
rican ii)n^',refs, ibi,}.
Peiifaco:a in Weft Florid.i, „(),.
'erkin Warbeck, a |ireteiul"r to the crown of Eng-
land, hanged by Henry \ II. ,,,
Vrle|iiilii. 11 mains o.' the ancient citv of, ^h'u
<.,H*: . :. r :„.. _..» _._ 1 1 ■ . . ' '
I
I
r-rfi 1, it lituation, extent, and boundaries, 78/
I'- provinces, name, iliiiuie, foil, and produc-
tM".,, i!iid. Mountains. 783. Kivfis, water,
iiutals, and minenis, ibid. Inhabitants, their
n.anners and cuftums, 784. Marriages, ;8o.
Funerals, ibid. Religion. 7B;. Language, ibid.
I.eainiiig .imi Irinied men, 788. Ant .piiii.-ii
and (iiiii)litif,, 781;, C'ilici and public build-
in;;".
Pi/»s.
lint
«'it
.'■
P'edn;
Pienii
Pini,':
Pitt,
niiiii
hi.s (
Pi/arir
Anil
Jnca
. Kf».
Planets
orlii!
rinntc
and
riatiiKi
Pleas, J
I'leurifv
Plica Po
I'linlim
riot, gii
Myniou
Poiftier
Wale
Folani
N
E X.
In«, ibU. M«>A|U« Mid public btgnioi, 790.
Fuller, 701. MaMufa/>urca mid comnicrcr, ibid.
Condltulton ind Kovrrnmcnt, 79». Kcvciiuea,
ibid. Military ttrtngth, irmi, and t'MJwi, ibid.
Hiftnry of PttH; ibid.
Ptra, ilic empire of, by wliom founded, 860.
State nf, at the arrival of the Spaiilardi, ibid.
Their cruelty and rapine, 870. The Peruviani
Hy to their iiiountRini, B72. Iti fiiiiatloii, ex-
tent, and buundarit'i, 909. Stkh, bayi, and har-
bours, ibid, Riv..'r«, ibid. Petrif)iiiK waten,
ibid. Soil, iliid. Vegetable and animal pro-
duAioni, 1000. MInei, ibid. MnnufiiAiirei,
trade, and cities, 1001. iMhabitanti, inaiinert,
and government, looa
Peter, baint, the church of, in Rome, 6ja. Com-
pared with St. I'niil't in London, 6])
»-- , fwift, an Ameritao animal, 91)7
— — tlir Great recovers tlie fovertignty of Rullia
out of the handi of the princrfs .Soplii.i, 141.
A general view o( his plant of political reforma.
tiori and improvement, ibid.
•— II. a nnrior, grandfon of I'eter I. fucceeds
the emprefs Catharine, 143
— III. czar of KiifC.1, his rafh cuiidiiA and
de.ith, 144, 145
Peterlhiirg, the capital of Ruflia, 1 34
Petit maiire, the charaftrr of a French, difplaycd,
Piiarns, iflnnd of, celrbratrd light-hoiifr there, 819
I'liilailcljihia, the rapit^il city <ii IViinfylvanin, 924
Philip, king of Macrdon, how he acquired the
fovcreignty of (Jreeie, 47
— . II. of i'pain, lii: charailcr, fioj
Philippine illands, tluir niuiiher, produce, and in.
habitants, 803
Piaft, origin and meaning of that term in Poland,
550
Pift', remains of the, in Scotl.Tnd, 17^. V ere
lint exterminatfd hy the Scots, lint Incorpi imIkI
«'it!i them, ib6. Tlitir wall on the North of
I'liplaiul, 2JQ
r^eiliiiont, its fulxii'. ifioiis and chiff towns, 620
Picnitnto-tretk, llitir ;;ri;at l>eauty, (;;;S
riiHl;;r, his iclcbrated potnis ^e
Pitt, Mr. his fniccr-tui adminillration as Uritilh
niiiiiOer, 339. ili^ iitignaiir.n, and remarks on
his toiidudt, 342. See Chatliam, earl of.
Pi/ario, Francis, his expedition to Pern, 669.
Amazing wealth colUfted there, b7o. Piifithe
Inca Atabalipa to death. 871. Kcducesi Alina-
gro, ibid. His death, T;}
Planets, tlieir ft vcral names and onlrr, i. Tlicir
orlits elliptical, 3. Tal'lc of their diai;,et(rs,
pi riods, &c. ibid.
Planters, Weft Indian, their laborious, cxpenfive
and precarious employments, 96J
Platina, an cijilith rnttal, looi
Pleas, common, court of 268
Pleurify, Swifs, remedy for that diforder, 566
PlicaPolonica,adiftafefrcc)U(ntinl'obnd, 542, 543
Plinlimmon, a mountain in Wales, 3S6
riiit, gunpowder, 319
Plymouth dock yard, 23.I
Poiftiers, battle of, between Edward, prince of
Wales, and John, king of France, 304
Poland, iti extent and boundaries before the late
n, or I') R""*' dlviCoiM and thlet
;-,8. Derivation of the name, ibid. Cli-
ptrtition,
titles, c-,8.
nwte, foil, and produce, ibid, txtraordiiiary
f|ving, ibid. Kiveriand lakes, C3(^. Vegetable
aiul animal produMlona, ibid. Population, iha*
raAer and manneri of the inhabitant*, ibid.
ClalTei, (40. Thrir feudal tvranny, ibid. Drcft
of their country, (4). Religion, ibid. Arch-
bifboprickiand biA)o]>ricki, 544. Language and
learning, ibid, Univerfitict, ibid. Antiquitiei
and curiolitici pf the country, ibid. Cities and
public building*, 54$. Coniiiierce and manu-
fiu^uret, {47. Conftitiitlon and government,
ibid. New conftitution fixed bv the partitioning
powers, {48. Revenues, (49. Nlilitary firength,
;;o. Orders nl kniithtliood, ibid. Hillnrv of
the country, ibid, Difincmbcrment ot the king-
dom, ;{6. Kefle^loni on this event, $$7.
The conllitution of 1791 abandoned, ({7, ;j8.
The arbitrary and unjiiil conduct of Kiillia ami
i'rulFia, ${8, {(9. 'I'he Poles compelled to I'ur-
reiidrr their liberties, (60. Urave exploits of
Kofeiiilkow, 561. Iluflians driven from War-
f<iw, with great (laughter, ibid.
Polar einles, la
Pole, cardinal, employed by queen Mary to re-
flore pnpcrv in England, 316
Poles, cclcftial, how pointed out, 9
Polytheiliii, the orijjin of, 61
Pompeia, difrovery of that ancient city, 631
I'ompey's pillar, near Grand Cairo, 8iti
Pondicnrrry, in the Eall Indies, fiirrendered toco,
lonci Coofe and admiral Stevens, 341
Pont du fi'ardc, at Nifmcs, 429
Poole's Hiile, in iJerliyfliire, 221
I'ojie of Koine, territories fubjeft to the, with tlieir
chief towns, 623. Ilisenlefiaflit.ilj'.ovjriiment,
627. Creed ot ]n)pe I'iiis IV. il)id. Lift ot in-
dulgences, with their prices, 6:8, mie. A view
of the ettUli:iftical Hate, 644. i-lis temporal
govcriimenf, 644, 655
Popilh plot in Kngland, account of, 327
Population of the earth, aS. The low ftatc (>(, iit>
Spain, accounted for, 58 ^
of the Britilh Weft Indies, 963
Port Jackfoii. See Holland, New.
I'ort-Royal, in Jamaica, repeated deftru^ions of.
Porter, flr James, his chara£)er of the Ottoman go-
vernment, 680
Porto Ilello taken by admiral Vernon, 33;. Bay
of, 996, gg'g.
— — Rico, dcfcription of that ifland, 101 1
I'ortugal, its (ituation, extent, and boundaries,
Ocy. Its ancient names and divilions, 610.
Natural hillory, ibid. The inhabitants, their
manners and cuftoms, 611. Relinion, ibid.
Archbiflio^irieks and biHiopricks, 612. Lan-
gUta;;c and learning;, iliid. Univerliiies, 613.
Curiutities, il<id. Chief cities, ibid. Commerce
and manufactures, ibid. Conftitiitlon and go-
vernment, 614. Kevcnuts and taxes, ibid.
Military and marine ftriiigth, 615. Royal titles
and arms, ibid. Nobility and ordiri gf knight-
hood, ibid. Hirtory of, 616
Portuguefe America, loij
PoCdonia (or Pallium), the ancient city of, 631
Potoli,
I
N D
K
•---
Fotofl, filvrr mlnei thtrtt looo
Prtguc, city of, ^19
Pnimtiic SanAion In 0«mi«ny, the emn f x|iliiii ■
M, 91, ^'f
I'relbyttrian model of church-govcrnmrni In Stui ■
Und defcrilwri, itiH
Prriend ■( to ihc rrown of England, of the houfa of
8tuart, account of him and liU timlly, jji,
mil. Kcbfllion in Srotlanil In favour of, 13).
Anollwr, t)6. Hittir of Ciillodan, ibid.
I'lidc, the K >''<! I'tt'^^i of that pafllon among the
S|ianiar(l-, $86
J'ricillry. I>r. Wi\ libriry, |>hilofo|ihical ap|>«ratiJ4,
maiiiift.riiit'i and papcn, dellru)(d by a high-
churcli ninb, 179
rrinir's Klaiid, in Africa, 6ei)
I'rintcrt, dlftiirl>3ncrt occidnned at London by
|)rofc( iitini; tliiiii tor printing piiliaiuenlary
fpreclica, ]4tl
rriniin;;, the art of, in what frnfc known to the
Chiiiclt' bcfnre invented in Euru|)e, ;oj
l'ri)monlory ilclined, 17
I'riiteilant alTocintion formed at London, )6a
Tlirir tinniiltnoiis proirllmn to the houfe of
coniinoiis, ibid. Horrid oiitrnee^ committed liy
tlie mi>li, in London and \V ellminller, 361.
'I'lie inCingrnK rciliicetl by the troops. ibid.
Trovidt-ncr, ojic ot the Uiiliam i illandij, 9H5
I'mdia, ||] fitiiaii.in, b'lund.irics, and exti-nt, jaa.
Deriviiiioii of ilic nanu', iliid. Climate, loil,
and proiliK^tioin, ibid. Terntoriei fubjtft to
the king ot I'ritllia, ;i3. Iiilitbitanti, ibid. Re-
ligion nnd fvlio(>l>, ;34. (.'iiio, ibid, Com-
tucrce and iiiaiuii: <'ture!i, ibid. t'onAiliilion,
Eovernnunt, ,ii-.d revenue', ibid. Military
1irrn,';tl), ^; ,. Arni«, and order-, ol knij^hthooci,
il'iJ, Hiftiiry f>t I'rnflia, ^j'l. (;eiieal()j;ical
lill of tlie prtfrnt riiwl fatiii;y of I'rullia, jiB
i'loleijiy, his fylliin ut alirunoiny accommodated
to vnl^ar prejiidii r^, 7
■PiiflilfchrtF, the ColTack, his rel'cliion in Rnflia
under the rlinrm'tcr ut the cz;tr I'eter 11. 14H
Pllritan^ in knglan ', tliiir oii^in and liiarnAer,
30(;
Piirf>riim Dlinw, at the head of an Indian army,
fako lloily (Hiorr, &c. 755
Pijy Ue Don. I, d. [lartnient of, 420
J'yraniiilf in l'f.>l''. ancient ftpulchre^, 45, ijtj
I'yrcncr*, eart, ili p.rtinent ol,
— .1. . , Inwir, I
.-, upper.
4.10
ibid,
ibid.
PythjRoras, his fvlUni of allronnmy, whv not y^r-
ncratly received, 7, Wa» revived by Coptrni.
iu«, ibid.
QUADRTTRDS, nf N'orway, 75, Of Den-
mark, 81. 0{ !,aplati<l. .jy. Of Su-cdrn,
104. Oi Knirn, i;q. Of Sccitliitnl, 1C13. Of
England, 202. Of Wales. 3K6, Of Irclui.l,
401. Of hranci-, 423, (;f the .\clhtrlands,
4f)S. Of CJtrmany, 4<)6. Of Mtmy.irv, ^\z.
Of Poland, ; 30, Of Abyllinia, 8',2. Oft'iaada,
895, Of the teiritory buuUi ol the Onio, (^^o
Qiiikeri, In Kngland, th* princIpUt and itunnan
ul thai (efi, til
Qiitber, ilie town of, dffcrllxd, 19!
(jiievadn, hit literary t hara^trr, (90
Quicklilvrr, where produced, aod bow obtained.
Quito, city of, In P«ni|
IJ ACINK, the trapji poet, hit < liarafter, 4*7
^\,Ka)ful'a, the < ity and republic of, f>iJ
Kiijah of (ihcid, liii trrriiorv, 779
Kalvigh, lir VV .liter, the Hrll planter of a colony in
Nmtli A merit a, II4
Raina/nn, IhK iif, aiiioiiit the I'erfiani, fit
• -icrlfcrf.
6^9
Raphael, liii geniu> lor painting charade
Rafchid Src Rofitia.
Ra'il' fnake ul Nonl. Americi, 897
KavailUc idr.illinairi llcnry IV. of France, 440
Krioriiiat iin in rrli^'iim, tlic leading c^iifet of,
pointed onl, bi. In Hn^'Janvl, the tirll bruin*
iiiM^',» of, 10;. N f.ivunii'il by llie ipiarrc] of
Henry V 111, wiili the pope, J14. I'mi^rd't of,
under Kduard \ I. ji ;. 1., cuinplrtcd liy queen
Mi/ubclli, }iy
Re^ilUr lliips, SpanlHi, the trade c;irrlcd on by,
y()4, i)i|<, tool, iOOj
Rein-deer, account nf that unnnal, and ii» ufei,
Rili^iiin, the iirii;in and prn;;rer»of, oa
Rel ^i 'IIS lotiniiadiini in kn,^land, the dlfTolution
"*• . JH
Revolution in Kngland, the groumU opnn which
it proi icdi'd, 2^fi, 2; 7, 32I). The huiidredih
aniii\crl.ii'y ol it irlcbrMlcd, 370
• in I'tiiinirlc, fiq, yj
— — - ill Kianci, 444, rt leij,
— — - ill Su rd( M, 116, 117
Rliliic, Upper and l.cjwer, thiif diufniM into pro-
vinces, 4'J'i4y»
- ' — — — — , department* of, 420
."'ver, 4»i(46;
Rliiidc I Hand, life of that province, 91a. Niiiii*
brr ol inhabitants,
Rlioilf, ifland of,
Rhone, rivrr,
- — , Miuithj of, department of the
Rice, iiindc of ciiliivatin)(, in Carolina, ,j,,
Richard 1. king of England, fuminiiry acciuint of
his riinii, joo
- 11. dtiiofid by Henry duke of Laiicallcr,
307
^— — III. d'fatcd and killed at the battle of
Uofworth Field by lienry, earl of Ki^limi'iid,
312. His cli.ir:i<f1cr, il,ii|,
Richlicii, cardinal, ri view of hu admini(1r.ition in
France, under lew is XIH. 4^ t
Rio de 1,1 Plata, in Sout 1 America, 883
Uivirs, llie proporti.'iiiMe h'ii(;ths of toiirfe of
loine of the mu([ noicd in ihc world, 736, 737,
Hole,
Roanoke harbour in North Carolina, 937
Riibeitfon, Dr. VViliiain, his diiferent hilloriiaJ
public itiiiil:), 170
Kojiii.
4* I
410
939
Ittf
It 01
n
d<
Ro<l
Kofi
lr<
Me,
lllu
Roll,,
Koni«
ilrii
Sam*
Aru
Tof
fcrlf
Roriiiil
mill I
Rokd;]
Rofrit»|
Rolleid
hitiini
RotDii,/.
Roy, jjci
ic,„U
Ro»n| Ht
Uiilli.i, I,
(laiicri
winter
uj,
vert, il,
niaiiiicr
Piini/hr
Modes
tion» fii
«<lrelij;i
I'lihlic I
iiiertc,
""■I t, il
llond, ,
covrries
R)fwick, ,
S'MM.a
^achri
*"• Ifelcna.
*>'• Watthfv
•"*'• 'MlOMu-lv,
''•'hiinania,
halii /a„^ ji
''•'''>;;'n, a hi
^••dilhun,
i>.i_llee, ■
iia't mines ol
of tlieicvj
Salt-pcirr,
<^lf
I N t
Rnhlnrnii Crwtnt, nt\%\n of rhii romanfp, ion
Kovkil, n iiillliU wcj|<oii ill Iiuli.1, tlcl'iribnl, ;0,
»>/<■.
Mndrrir, i\\\fi of Wjlc", lii« illvKiim of hU Homl-
ntoiii .iiiiiint hli (luce foni, l«ul to (he Indcprn.
dcncy of Wiilc«, y\o
Ro<liiry, n liiiir.ilJilifiHTrlTi^in.dnft the S|iniilarili,
)fM. 'I'Dkr ih' Duuh ilLttidnlSt. Kiillill*, ]<i)
R'>^';fr1, cuplmii W i>oi)'«, ilillmljjr* tlir l)'iii«iirrrH
trom Ihr ill.iml of I'rovidi net, :«iiil niiikc* r fit.
Il<*iiiriil llicri', gH5, lll« «i.c()Uiil ut Futkluml
illiintli, gg6
Knll", the Norrrmn, tiU fcttlcmrnt In Franrf, 4J7
HiiMKii C»tliolir>, tluir lll)tftti<•^ ciiUrgcil liy t'e
llrltllli |i nil iiiiiiit, J76
Komr, fiii'iin irj ul ilir liiflory nf t'lnt ciTi|iIrr, 4H.
Arta, (1 I'lur'i, nnil itiiiiiu'rs i>l ilic K«iiifliii, (j.
Totniiv liilivciidl, 5J. 'I lie |irtl't.'itt tity ilt-
fcrlb.il, ' fm
Rotimlin, ilir fniindcrof Rome, review of lili lilr
niiil t liarx'Icr, 4ti
Rolcliiid, |x.ice of, between Denmark Hnil SwcJiii,
Rnfrttii, in Ki'vpf, 819
Kuiiirdiim, ciinipiitatioii of the number of iti inlia-
liiitmt>, 4;i
RotiiMilu, at Riiine, 610
kiiy, neiicr.il, \\U iircoiint of the Roman cani|is in
bcotUiiil, 1;;
Ro\nl Soiiity at Loiidnn, Inftitutrd, 315
Uiilll.!, ItH (itiiailon, rxiriit, and illvilinni, iir. In-
Dihiri of thefcvrrlty n> llie (limiite, ni. Tlitir
winter Itoik ol |irovilii)n!i pril'rrvfd l)y free/.inn,
nj. I', in f'/nirnl M H:it iiiiiiilry, 114. Itn ri-
vers, iliiil. llMtnim^ili, 11;. li'ilud)il.iiilt, tlicir
manners and iiiiton.!!, ibid. I'uncrals, 1*7.
rmiiihnirnt ol llio knout drfcrilird, 137, hoi,-.
Modes of travcllin;;, !.■». Tlit- difftriiit nil-
lion* fill' j</t lotl.isrinpirc, iliid. The rrtaldifli-
«d religion, 13?. ^Jniver(ilic^, 1J4. Citicnand
piililic I'liililiiiy.n, iliid. C'rriolitks, 1 3^1. Com-
iiitTic, itiid. Army and navy, H7. (Tnverii-
iiKi t, il>id. Rtviiuic, i}8. ()r(itr^ of knii'ht-
liDiid, Ml). HifJory, ihid. (iioj.r.iphiw' lif
covtriej lalfly made by tlie Riiilian>, ■ (.
R}iwick, peace of, between LngKind and F1..1H ,
i'i
S.
SAHA, a Diitrh idand, losj
Satlirvircl, Dr. aiioiint of liiv profeciltion liy
tlir Kn);li(li priiliaiiitnt, 331
St. Helcii.i. J'ff Hflni.i, St.
bt. Matthfw'<i illaiid. See Matthew "j, St.
St. 'llioii.av. Stf Tliomas, St.
S.:lainania, city ot, 597
h.ilii law, in Franct', dtrlvation of the, 45ft
S.ili^an, a bird, 8oj
tiililhury, tity of, 211
b.illrc, Sjc)
bait ininrs of I'oliind, an r.ccoiiiit of, vt v Aminiiit
ol tl,c icvfinic troiii, itiid.
Salt-pctrr, ^rcat quantiut.'S produced in i>p:iin,
Coo
X.
Saltibiiri^heri, cnnflderebte cmlj^rttlnn of, int*
m
1041
66 (
Ibid.
rriiflii,
S ilvador, St. S. * llihl*.
S.iinoi lil.Kid, and itt produ/tioni|
N.indrinani.iii«,
SandM l( li i:li«nd),
Sant.i (.'rill, ill ind of,
Sianlofiii, ilbnd,
S.iotir, I'pprr, dr|i«rtment of tht
■ 1 nd Loire, ■■• — ... ■— — .
Samcrni edaldifli thrmfclvn in the Snnlhrrn pro-
vincci ol Spain, 604. Derivulinn of their name,
71; J
SardanapiliM, the lull emperor of Allyria, hii cuii-
linritili!r thura/ter, 4{
Sanliiii.i, dominions in Italy M>]tf\ In the kiiiK
of, A20. (.'ninpiitcil niimbrr ot hit ll.iliiii l\ib<
\^f}\, ftj4. (ii-mral vlrw of hii poiiti ul c if.
iiiiiillaiK'ii, ^{()' l)if>.iiptioii nf ll..- itiand ni',
f>\if. I'.iiiiily ol the prcfcnl king, 63d, ncu,
Sirk llUnil, ' }q4
Sartr, drpartment of, AS
S.iva^t> ol I'c^n, |jl
Savannah, in ticirKia, ij^i
Savcndruu)^, a lliung f>irt;efiin India, dcrciibcd.
Savoy, lit fiibdiviflnn* and ridef lown<, 61 1 . ( ir-
nrial character ol the country and ill inhabit-
nntt, A38
Sane, Maiirirerniint.chnrendiikrofCoiirland, ;;)
Saxn-Ciranuiiaticui, the Danilli liilloiimi, hi« (.ii.i<
rartcr, _ 81^
Saxony, Upperaiid Lower, their divifion* into pro-
vintci, 41)9, 4i;o. (>i iicral account of the rlrc-
tiirate,
Scandrioon,
Kchatfhaiiirn, bridge of, ;;o. Town of,
Siliamanil'm, ni count of tliat ri Union,
Stilly illfs, thiir number and lunation,
Siio. Sic t'liii's.
Sclavonia, it^ extent and boundarici, 536. Cha-
rai'ttr of the inhabitants ibid,
Scotland, its litiiation, extent, and divifions, 1^7.
Tabic of fliires, flurilFdomi, and principal towns,
157, I ;8, 1^9. Climate, foil, air, and watcrn,
160. Mountains, ibid. Kivcr'., lakes, and fo.
rcfln, ibid. Appears formerly to have been a
woody country, 161. Its mines and othcrna-
tural prodiu'tions, ibid. Vcjjttables and agri-
(iilturr, lOl, Manners and culfonis of the in-
habitants 163. Ijii^iiane and drefs, 166.
Their religion, 167. .Viinilier of bifliopricks
durinji tlie times of tpifcopaiv, 1^19. Learning,
tii-. iliid. L'nivertities, 171. Difcription of
the city of l'.(linl>iir(>li, iliid. (ijafnow, 174. .
Aberdeen, ibid. CJrahum's dyke, 175. Agri-
cola's camp, ibid. l'ic>ifl\ momiments, 176.
Danilli rcm..ins, ibid. Kildiiimy cafllc, 177.
Traces of ancimt votcaiios, ibid. The Scot*
not will ulVd in their attempt to fettle at l)a-
ricn, i;8. Tlu ir trade and lifliirles, ibid. Their
I iKii inanuta^'tory, 179. Ancient oalh takea-
by tiuir kini^s, 18 ■. Conflit it on of tluir par-
li imcnt, iliid. Their jiecrs iliil not form a
diiiiiu't h'j'iic, 18:. Their tomis of law, 1H3.
llillory ot Scotl.iml, itij
11!
1 N I)
HtytM, \h» KUml of, not#«l ft>f In iniiijnliU', 6A*
BkM'ii I, till- 1 iiiiiiiriM (luitiitly iuiti|>rcli«iiJ(il un-
Hrr ili.ir iiiuiir, *»)
Stt lirir<r in ilir Wrft IiiJici, VS)
StI t-lurlt (li'lurihril, I )4
Sr«-tlr>il ilcliriiMd, 77
Sfi ri>'r|iiiiii, iWu"
••■•■rnikf, it>y.
(kunirii in ihr Drltllli n*vy,lhf mimtirrt of, In |ir4 e
«ii<l w.ir, >l'4
A<|in)«, tilt r«llcrii iroopn fit rnllril, wliit, 77 |
ScMroiia, llir «.irlciy nf, oc.itliiiUdJ l>y llic annual
IlinlioiM III' llir r trill, *
ftf.ntt of tlie t:ii|;I><1i iiiiMlity »ild Krn(ry« tJO
Setcdirt of ilic ihurch ot SiuiUml, Mcnunt or,
flrcoiul fivl'i', prffnifioni of flir Inli.il'Itunli n( ihr
Wcdcni ilUiiilt »t Scotl ihil, tn tliii vjilr»ot>liniiry
K'ltt. M)
ffu'ivli. iin 5mic,lii|f> ihrrr, rrcftnl by Tr«)iin, (9*
Sn !■, ri»«r. In miiflV, 411. Dcfirijition ol ilir,
at VmU, ♦)"
^— .iiiil M.irri, (Iri'.urnu'iii of, 4*0
•>— , I'ltttT, ilijurtiiiriit of, il>lJ.
— ami Oifr, li'imrlMitiit of, ihlil.
Sclkiik, .Mf^iaiiiUr, lii . hillory convertf:! Into ili.it
III Kiili'iiifnii C'rulV, loil
Sfiifj'.iil river, 8i '
8vr.i lid nf ilif Turkilli cinptror, the li^lict of ili«,
liow >;ii;ujn', f'8j
Srrinj(ii|iiiMni, city of, ti<fi«Kcd, 7U
•"'"ft I •■•■■ -■-/ —'J — — I, — I r
Strpui'.iiitii, ttir i>;il:iiti]iiiii< or portatile luninini
lit llr:>lil, ilviVrihi-il,
SrvcrM>'» wall in tlu nor li of lMi|;l.iiid,
Sevillf, 51/1. Iiv t.iiliiili.il,
iirvrr^, tvin, il'piirtiiit lit <i|,
Si'yil, III I'x.M'''
1014
110
illill.
420
«>0
Shah Atibj', hit brutal treatment of hit lun, 71; J,
Halt.
ShJiifirit rrconl*, 7J1
bhaw, Dr. hi> ihara^cr of the I Inly Land, 67>>,
title.
R!irf|), Kn^'Jifli. a I liurnfl r of, acil
blicik Duhtr, ..!:> nf All Ucy, rxtcutcd on board the
laptaiii |i<ii I :il'< <l>ip, Si)
fthclhiirnr, lity, in Ntw Uruiifwi'.k, (;oa
Slietlaiul illjii Is tlirir lilii;itiiin mid dtfcriptinii,
i;i. Maiiiicri of the iiili.iliil:iiils, 1 ja
bhiraux, in I'trfia, 790. It;> fine niofipie defiribtd,
790, 791
f'ani, itifitnatinniinliaMtanti, aniliiovirnnuiil,;]*
S.hiri.i, livilil'id '7 thi-riiU^ liiiiillicd tlicte, i}a.
Silver III 11 tililVoveri d there, ibid, It^ clinulc
ami piodiire, ^91. Iti inhHiiitaiits, ibid.
Skilv, t^e ilbnd of, 646, 648
S liuy Cove, bee Unllund, N'cw.
8:don, 678
S irra I.ei nn, n-.onnf.iiii!, 81 1
___ . . fettliiiieiit nil, 377, **4+
.Sill fi.i, its iliiit tow ns a nl extent, 5^8
Sinai, the deli rtot, 739
Sii.ds 1 ro Ml >, 739
Siiikinf, firul of Crtat Britiin, the nature of the,
expLiinel, _ 183
Slavi, Iw priibalile detivatioii of th ivurd, 5 if)
« tr;ile l d rdnd, aii.l ccnl'iired, 8^;
. ..itciupti to .-tbolifll, 37 , 379
kiiditrs Utrman, dtfrrlpilen of ihofii uftil for 41.
vrrliiin no tfit liiiiw, ^^
SliHh nl bouth AiiiirK* dffiribtd, tjtt
biiiyrna. |^
Hnaki, <iiorinoii« oir found in (JuUim, io«i
Siukr, Miarinr, In ihc N»rwc|it«ii tta»,«ilner<iln«*
ry 11 AuuiiK of, ^«
Hiiuwdua II l|, )I6. Ill p«r|>«iidliul«f helglii,
Soblflkl, John, king of I'oUnd, hU fucctftful rtlgn,
Socltty Idtndi lUfcrilxd, 1039
Sociniani, Krt4i iiiiniber* ol ihem In PnUiul, ^^^
iioltr fyftiiii, wh.ii, 1. T^bl* of ih« fevtral pri*
niiry Imdin of width It (niililU, •
Snitaterra, uain of, in Italy, 6j«
biiliiniii llK niaKiiifii.riit rrducri Rliodci, and
lirivei the kiii^hli to Malta, 68|
Solon, the Ailicuun Icgiilaior, hit political conftU
tiitioni, 41
Snilliiei, what, q
Soininr, dcparunent nf, ^gQ
Soiiinwrt' iil.iiid't. brc Bermiidat.
Sophia, prim eft of KuMia, uliirui the fovereign*
ty, to the prejudice ot luir brntlier I'tter, 14s
■■ , balm, niofipic, at ConlUntinopIc, In gran-
deur, 661
South bea com|Mny, Briiilli, in hinorlcal account
of, i{i. The l.iiiioui bubble, ibid. jjy. Uo«
veriiinent ol i.ie company, aji, aja.
Spain, iti litu.ilion, extent, and boundarict, {78,
Table nf itt lulHlivifiuni and chlel cities, {78,
{79, 5H0, {81. Iti ancient iiaiiiei and divifioni,
{81. Climate, lull, and water, .bid, Iti inoun-
laiim, {8a. Kivcr> and lakeii, J83. Bavi, 51)4.
Metali and minirali, ibid. Animal produAloni,
(8;. Inhibiianti, tlicir manncri and cuiiomi,
Uiul. Kcli}(ioii, $88. Archbilliopricki and bi.
()in|iricki, {89. Language and Iraniing, {89,
590. llniverlitiei, {91. Antiquiliei and cu-
riofiriei, S9a. Cities and chief towni, C9).
Cninnii rce and inaiiufa^uret, (99, Conllltu>
lion and government, 601. Revenue, ibid.
Military and marine llrenglh, Aoi. Koyal armi,
titles, nobility, and military orders, ibid. Hilto.
ry, 604. Preleni royal family, 609
— , New. See Menico, Old.
9]ianifll-town, in Jamaica, the capital of the iflanif,
97»
Spnrta, view of the ancient hilinry of, 44
Sphere, the dii^trinc of the, D. Artificial, defcrib-
rd, 9
ripliiiix, the, 81H
Spice iliandi. See Molucca.
Splritoff, the Kulli.111 admiral, liia engagement
with tiie Siiltuiie, a Turkilh man ot war, 6H7
Spiitberveii, its litiuti in, \c. 08
. prin^, inflamm.ible, in I'oland, extraordinary pro-
perties of, jjB
Spriue-berr, in Neiv EngLind, how made, yo^
Sipiare milci, the number ot, in North Atncrua,
8U7
Stadtho!dcr of the l.'nited Provinces, hLi oltice ami
rank dcliribul, ,.,
Matf.i, one ol I It WeOcrn IflaiuU of Scotland, de-
fcriptiiin III l'lii>;al s tave tliere, i 5 ft
Italiincnc bcc Len.nijs.
X SianiQaut
I
N
llind,
97»
44
■fcrib-
9
8id
pro-
5)8
mt-ru I,
kr .inj
474
uul, ill-
.S6
8(«nld*u< PnnlittmfVI, f ntinl, tIrAtil king of I'o*
l4nil, ^(1 Oil^iii lit llir htr Iriiiililn lti«r»,
IbliJ. Alliiii|ii iiMlf4lliiiil« liliii, <( t. liUklng-
itnrii iliCmriiilvr il, ^^6
linii, Aarl liovy iii(\ln|'ill1i(J fniiii |iliin<ti liy
«pprar4iiir, <. T'ltif urilrr itdil mimtuT, llii,|.
iflrir «rlln(ln^ ilill..iiir< fri< ii lli<> •irlli, llil>l.
hhlilf hy lliflr iiwii iiaiivi- ll|',lil, A. Thrlr r»-
rritiblanic to our 1'iil.ir I'yll.ih lnili»l>liMlly, il<-
tliitril hjr mialoKV, ibttl. I'irll lluiilril lijr Ih*
Ki;)ptl.iin, 7
Rutrt itibiiiitry loChlnii yoo
2(i«i»i gtitrril uf ihf Uiiit«ii Provlncfs *n tciAtinc
«»'. "ir I
tttplny, Kin* nf £i)|{l4iid, lill w«rt with lh« rm-
ptrft M91I11I4, ty;
■ • Diilorl, king of PnUnd, rftablllhri • n*w
mlllna, )(i
Rinvkholm, lh« mpit.ilnf Sunlcn, 10}
Si'x It, III' pii' jir tiitidt ol hiigUiiil, *n tccount of,
•41. 1 4tiir III, sHi
Sli'ii' llrKgr, iiri Sulilliury PUI.i, t rii
tttriitont, Wrnt«orili, carl u(, hit cIiariAfr inJ
iltttli, ]]i
Btrnnaliiiw, nrl of Prmbrokc, liii txpcililloii 10
IrcT fill, 411
Siu.irt, aiiririun of (hit fiUiiily to the crown nf
NiDtUml, iHij
8i)lc, midiinf of ih' (^rrnorlun or new, 34
V- , tlir old, dropped, tiid (he new adopted by
(ireat Rriiaiii, uH
Siifi, in K,opt, 7<^fl, n»o
Sugar i«iie, llie flipir rnmmndity of the \\'en In-
dtei, the fcveml |>iirpol'e< to which it it appli-
ed, , , « ''<'
Sumatra, iti jirodiice and inhabiiaittt, 80;. I.nii-
KiiaK' '»id iiMtiiirt, ibid,
Riiiid.i l(1.iiid, .1 diTription i)f, V'^^
Siip<riiir, l.^lc, Hij4
Siiriiiiini, iiiuiitry of. in South Amcric*, 1 jii;
Swiibiii, link lit', in diviliim iiitii priirincet, 41^4
Swedrji, ill litiuilian, tattiit, and diviHoni, 101.
(Mmi.ilc, fcaloiis, foil, ;ind pr(Mliii'>ion., loj.
M('t;il'> :utd iniiicrils iliid. Antiipritiei :iuJ cu-
ricifitn-i, iliid. (^ii;tdriipi'd>, liirdi, \i. 104.
Mannirs ;inil rijftuin> ot the inliabilanis iliid.
Keli)(ion, l,m>',iia>;r, iUulli-.irniMg, 105. Uiiivcr-
fitiet, 106. Trade, ki. ibid. Ciovrriinienf,
107, loH. Ill lonllitiilion nhrrrii, Iliid. I'u-
ninmii'iiti, 101). I'l'liliial Inlcrrlli uf tlic kitiy.-
dom, iliid. Krvt'iuii' ;iiul i.iin, 1 ig. Slrcii);tli
and t.irits, itild. Kiiyul ll\li-, ilnil. Orders of
kninbtliood, ibid. IJifturv ot tin- luiintry, iliid.
Allillin.ition iif CJnll.TMi ill. _ 118
Swilltrl.ind, in fituation, binind.irirs, niul c\triir,
t()i. Iti cantcms uiid 1 lw< I lilv'., ibiil. Indul-
trv of tlir inliabilnnti in initio titint; ihcir ni>iiin-
taint, 563. tJl.iiiirt, iliid. iMetluvl of travel-
liii(; ovrr them, ^(14. Moiiiit.iin>, ibid. Kivert,
Jei. ;fi6. I'roiliuc of till- iiiimlry, ibid. Inlia-
bifanls, their niannrr> and iiilKini>,iliid. Cioiiirs
and idiotv, 567. Rrlij;iciii, ^(iH. I.aiii;iia^c and
le.irnediiicn, ;6(). L'niscilitii-, ^70. Antiqiii-
tits and inriolitifi, jlijil, I iii.-., ;7i. t'lini-
OKrce and nuiiufuihiris, 5; ^. Coaltitutiuii and
fiirffntritnt, (7*. R*v*itiiii« anil imtt, (»;,
Mllii try llr*ii|th, Ibid, lllllnrx ol, loi.l.
Kydntv Cuvf, io)fk
Hyrla, III ihltf towns ttjo
T.
TAfll KS, i hrin.il.nlial, 1077. Oeo|nphli-aI,
104ft. Ol llinillfi, lottt
Talmiiv«m«i».iii III. mil, toit
'ndm.ir in ili» I), i.-rt. .See Palmyra.
Tallow tret ol C'lilni, and ili Ir iit, 731
Tanffliiit defemt Haiitrl, the Turkirti tcnperor,
and taket him prlfontr, 6^4, llli<atlUliy«ioii-
il'ieflt in India, 711)
T.in|ore, ° i*^
riiiitfitr, the Oicalioii of Iti niln, ii.|
Tirkii lily, (t^j
T.irnc, deiiartment of, 4HJ
'f'artar trinrt, hnw diftinp;iii(lird, A,|t(
Tartart ol Kal'.in, tlirir ni.iiinert and ruftonii, 1 \ 1,
A prodigliiu) emii'.r.Kiiiii ol, ipiit the Hiilli^ii
Kovernincnt, and put tUeiMfelvet under l!ial of
China, 71 1
Tnrtary in Afii, iti litii ition, eiitent, and hnuiiila-
rlri, 6i)i. In ilivifi.int ani ihief tnwn*, |hl,|,
Miiuntaiiit, fias, and liven, i'lid. Air, i liniite,
fiiil, and prodtue, lUid. Mciilt aiid nilner.ili,
61JJ, Anin).iU, ibid. Tliv inluliilanlt, ilieir
ni.iiinfri,r»lloint,diK'rlioni, aiiddreft, 'iijt,ftg4.
Thiir nli^ioii, ibid. l,i.iriiiM)r, 6.j6. I'uiiolitira
ol the coiiiitrv, iliid. I'liin and towiu, fnfy.
I'liinmerie a*d inanuUcturr', Oi^tl, lliltorv of
Tariary, ihid,
Tatta, lity, 7pj
Tattowing the fkin, how performed at Ocahtiie,
iOJ.1
Taiiei, Biiiifli, none impofid on llif penpK' but by
their repreftiitaii/i's 111 tlio luuirc ul ciiininont,
Ti.1 plant, 701. When firft Introduced Into En);-
laiiij, i!iid,
'IVek, or Iii.li.in o.Ak, very firviii'ihlr for hiiildin;;
(liiptihat n.ivi^ate the Indian oir.-tn, 761, Diif.
Ti'ki, city, 6^7
Telllii, the capital of Cicnrjcia, (,jj
I'ell, William, the founder ot the Helvetic lilicrti,
Trincfwar, in Hungary, 531, C'liai^i^er of the in-
h.ibiiuni', J31
Teipperatiirc, aiuiual, of dilTerent places, 31
Ti'ncd;.^ illanil, 66^
Teiurilfc, peak of, 811, (jfeo
Teritra, one of the Wcftern idands, account of,
8ba
Terra Firma, in Spanifl) Ameriia, itt fituntion, lx-
tent, and boundaries, 1)95, Itt fubdivilioiii, and
cliict to^vll^, ()(/i. Rivfrs, bay», capf>i, ibiil,
CI. mate, loll, and produce, qcjri.'i;!);, Animaij,
inid. Native-, ibid, inhabit, iits and loirnurce,
ibid. Cliirt (o*n>, yijS. Dilti.u'liont among
the iuhabitaiiti, owing to the mixture ol blioil,
ibid.
— ^ liKonnit.i, in .'\frica ind America, 1044
Tcluaii, tlu- •.osvii ol, Rsy
7 D t Tvjutomc
I
I
s
X.
kin(>l<)i«i III Hriitlu, 4i>>l «■ .|iii)f ih« iluii'i' >" i.
TlMli'lTin, itM WrU li huril, rmn* titiHiMl tf, lif I
Th«iit«<i rivtr, 1)9
TlMb*!! • rr«t«w tf llir hillory nf, 4|
■ , III Kkx|iI, pr'Tfiii iMitM u/, Ml >
ThMdulb, lawn Id iht I'rimo, A<>«
Thrriniiiiiflrr, rtnii* uf, In Amrri''*, qtl. In id*
U'cll liitlt*!, y(ii vAil> *•"■ O^'Ji *•"•
TMtus fuiiiiiMrx vi«t» ol hit |M>lliU*l iiiniiuiloiK,
■«»
^^^•m , tr\r\i\t of, M /\ilirni, llir rriiulm of, fi ,<)
Thihrt, itir rcllgloii «i»l (uvcruiii«iit ul itui vukiii
T»ilm», orilcr of thf. Hil
Tliitiiui, hi. Iiltiiil ul, ill A/rlc«, l(q. In ihc V\'ilk
Imllr*, lot I
TlioiiilDni iHr porr, lil< trtiilii«rhiri/)frU(il, 1 70
Tliorn, mn(U<ri' ol rolilli liilUdcnlt llitrr, {4]
— — , III |iiivjln«, J46
Tliurot, lil« tltlKiil (III C'«rrl> IkUriti*, {41
Tlilrt, ilic f(rncriil iln^lrlne iit, inplninrtl, ]>
'riiiilxr ol North Anirrlct, gmrritl aciount of,
H'M
Timr, thr illfrrrrnt manner by which fomt n*lii>n«
rci.ki>n li, 14
■■i— , liyilrofldlc ni.inncr of nirar.iring, in liulit,
Tinin, I river In Spain, In cxtranrdinary i|ii.iliii>'s
Tippio Siilliin, liliiloirin!on«, 774. Tfrdliirin in
liitlolbn, ;Hi. Hit war u ith thr Uritilli unj
tlicir allic«, 7;t' Kxpcrlrnrri rrpratnl ilffial«,
7{4i U ilrivrii into liii capital, Srriiigip.ii.iiii,
7^;. NtK<^'i'i<lu*i* fnr |rai( nprnrd, iln I.
I'lif terms (i( It, tl)i(l. Ilii two fun* lirlivrifl
III liird l'i>rii»alli«, at IimIU^'s, y^(>, Intirtll-
ln;( (Icfiription nf ilu-ir (tiriitlon, 75^, Ail-
v.intagci ^liiud to Cireut Ijtiuin by ilic icrnil-
n;>ti<in III x'.c war, 757
Tipia, kiiij(<lum "I, 7JI
Titian, ini'>|ii.<lliil in hit rnlntirinj;, Aji)
Ti'lutui, thr aiiMii il r«|'»ri ul, Iroin Virginia nul
iM.iix 1.111(1, 9)1. Wlictlur it lanir tir^iiully
fi All I, or Hnicriia, 761, »«v.
'I'ol ao;o ill (ili C(l, lb 18
'I'dlii 1/1, lity, 697
'I'liitiio, jirtlriit ft.i'f of tint cilv, 597
'J'l.i iiiin, v'l.ir^i'Ur nj tlie inn bitanti of, ji'),
'I'lu'ir ^iivrrnnuDt, 71 j
T<'r>,.iii, ilic liiif'-rialiflj flrffatccl there by Fiflt-
liik Ul. nt riiiil,.i, ji3
^^llt.\tll^, .1 \olii.iiiiii)U'i Sp'iiiifli divine, ^tft
Ti'iiliMi, now lallid Tort ile l.i .\Ioiii;i(;ne, city and
Il irljiiur (il, 4)1
,t.ilirn li) llic liritifli, 46:. It rccapltned
by till' !•>( in II, 464
T(iw(rtit l.diiiloii, luriofitli'ii to be feen in thr,
316, more.
Trnnfvlvani.i, ilk (itiiition and bonndarirs, 515,
{}6. Jtn j;uvcrniiiiut, inlia'iitants, and rilijion,
ibid.
Trrckfmifs in !I(i!i.iiid, inndr of travelling in, 471
Tiiiiiilul, ilLmd of, 101 1
Tiin.lv mllt^' I nuliiiii, 405
8
of.
I'rlixtll, III hnnmtaiUl in.| eaUnl. 114. f luir*/tf»
III lU liihuliiunit, liO, C'liy,ll<o. liov(rnm»ni
M
6;4
Trott Rivl^rn, town nf, (m C«h4<1«,
Truphnnliit, taveof,
Triipli«, whit,
Trupirai yrir ttefi-rlbfil,
TrmilMdoiirt of tipain, |',iiii« acfouni of,
Trtiv, andriil liir iif,
Tfallfalyi, llie,a Idrmldablr infc/t nf Abyllinia, d'
r rlbfd, ll|4
Tt(hniiw«rche«, ihrlr iidlntti*, lie. 111
t'iiii|(nflant, ihnr niannrri and tu(tnm<, IbM.
Tiinit, li« boiiniUrlii .tii.l r>tc>nl,^t4. Chara/I«r
iiMlir niliabiianti, N16. Ilitaplial, Mil
Tiiri III jii' iioirrl'i thriiid'lvet of ihr kingdom ii|f
I'lilii iiMil lh« ntli(hbii<irin|( (nunlrlrt, 6ll(t
Tnkr C'liiin.inilnuplr, «nd put an end 10 iht
Orrrk e'n|>lrr, 6II4
Tiitlii, lily III, A|t
Turkf), II r ihrrr prtni;i(i«l dIvlAona of the gniij
ft'lgnliir'* doiiiiiiioiit, 6f6
^—~— In Knrnpr, lit liiuatinn, extrni, and iKXtmU
arirt, 6<,ft. I11 dlvilimit .iml ililrf liiwin, ibidt
Niiil, air, rrafiiiit, and watrr, 6;H. Mnunlaiiiti
llii I, bra<, (Irailt, rivrri and Ukit, llild. MdaN,
niiiKral ., and vri;rta>ilr priidiii'tliMit, A{,;, Aiil>
ni.ili, iliil. Aiitiipiilirt and 1 iirinntiri. Ibid.
Dcliripliiiii nl C'liiilljiilinnpli', A6g, Inhabit*
anil, llit'lr niiiiniiK and iiiliuini, t>;i
— ill Alia, lit liiiiiiiiiii ml i\ttul, (t;o, Ita
bouiidarlct, ilild, lis diviiimis and prim ipal
liiwnt, ibid. Cliiiiatr, foil, iiiouiilaln', ritcrtanil
prodiur, ilijd, Aniiiul<, 67 1. Tlii,' liilitbitantt,
tlirir mjiinrrt and < tiltdiiit, iliid. M.irrl.igr<, 67a.
I'unrralt, A71. '|'i<rir r(li)(l>in, Uii^ii.i;;^ and
I'.irnliiK, ilild, K< t !rii.iltual iiiliitiitiuiit of
C'lirilliaiit, ilild, Anlii^niilrt and iiiriii'ilict of
llir (inliitrv, ibid. Chief lilitt, nmrHiift, and
Ultnk(t, I
}, t'ni
liirri, fiHo, (.'(iiillniition and govrrninenl, ibid,
Rfviiiui;>, 681, Kiirtrt, iliid. Arnii mid titli •
«f llic f,ritivi iVijjiiior, 'ilj:. I'oiirt and (\rai',lii>,
ibid. tiiliiiry ul liiv Turkilli ini|iiri', ritjj,
& (r<|,
Tnrkt, origin ami prn){rci% of the, 6H|
Tiiliiin iliiir'l, tlic 111 111 rllri- iicd in It ilv, bi f
I'lifianv, ilt iiiliitiiuiiti and ^nvrrniiidii, '141,641.
Hrirt liillor) (it, 6(1
Tyre, «';i
U.
UI.ITEA illaml, ,oj»
I'liK', priiviiii .' of. III Irfl.iiul, hid;, ill, 1,1
nun luiintirb, aiiij iis iliirl tiwns, j.y'i, j>i7
Hiiion bittvccn Imi^'IuuI and !ii.»iland, i,ji
I'nitcd i'roviiiits, ,Sit Nclhrrlandt.
■ btatri o( .Vniciiia, 903. I luir confidr.
ration, 1/J4. I luir debt, ibid. C'imi|Hi' itimi
of the niiiiilifrijf .ilk> loiil.iimd in ilinr tcrritn-
ry, ibid. Klliinale ut the nuiiibrr ol a> n < of
w.iter, iliid.
IJnivcrhty. Sre Cambridge and Oufnrd.
— — — •• of I'liii.iddj.lila, ill Anniiin, <y:{
I'liivtr-
Vilpi
'"'
^'r^u^
t III.
Vifiiti
^ iriiii,
thti
Virniii
A'il.'ii,
1.
\'iiuTn
^'ir,.ill
Vir>;ilii,
lit I
fa If
iio:i
ra.'>i
ibid,
and I
ptilath
feftirn
war, 1 1
Vifi.i
poll
! N
1103a
I'lllDil
Ifalf-
1 aiiiii
ItriiD-
,, of
liiivi't*
Cp&l, In twriltn, fiMnt tciouiti uf iImi uhl«irlM|r.
Vlttti lk«, (fnrial tciAUnt "f *ti«l |>«n|)l*, ^^f
tftrvtlil, itfii* i«ntlit>lril lh«r> Ihi<»»«ii Ihr llii«>
lllll «ni| Krdii h, 1)1, Til* urovlxt t of, In lull'
•UvUtaiu uiil ih.(l tuwiti, 46;t UolvtrAijr of,
V,
VAI.RNCfA, In Hp^ln, it< r.ilMllvtrton) ami
t liiil iiiwiK, fto. City iif, <>/^
ViilliniS, M. iilirrrviiilDiM on the iullaim miii
nMnn«r« iif ill* llittlniton, »^^
V*r Ivrkil, Mr, hli (|jii<lrlHri* iitinlUtion wiili
ih* Aiiirriitii (nn^rrti invulvft iTic IUl«i In «
wilr Willi (iitil UriLilii, j6t
Vcmlir, ilriiartinrnl ol, 4)0
Vcniir, irolioiUi iiriiirr thf rrtiiiltllc of, with iliiir
chid tiiwni, ftii, 'I'lir moll rriii.irkal>'r pUir
for titllhri)., ftj^, Tlir tity iit, »iiil H' nnvrrii-
Blflll, ilrd riliril, t)^o. i'U*t*t\it "I tlir jnoiilr,
f>(i. l.lll »l ilie Irrrllorio MiytX In iImi |Ui«
nut of llil\, |i rl, Krvirw i>t 111 liilWiry, 6^4
\rniK, ihf |>iiiiii, liir (irtulur brillUiKy in ili«
Writ Imlii'i,
\tu Cm/, fcii-purt of, In Mtiil«0| , ai)4
Vcnl, i:a|-c, i ,j
— HIjiiuIs «{<)
V'erinoni, 11 iirw M)lony In North Amtrlin, iti
bnimil4rl«> ami ilivirHiin, i)| |, Hivrr*, iliiiiiitr,
fiiil lllll iiniililMliiii't, (|44. Ir^iilr, iltiil |*o.
|illl;itinil, fi |i;',ii>il, ihid |l)Wll^, ^f^^, llirtorv
mill t iiiilhtitiiiiii, it)li(i
Vrriii.ii, ;iiliiririil. Ills 'iplurc of I'orto Dcllo, <)$
Vtrmi.i, the iiii|'liitln--(ft II ipiP, fi)0
VcrlallUi, iliura.'lrr ot 111* jiHlaifof, 4)}
ViCpmil, Aiiii-rlfo, di|>rivi-s I'oliimliii-. of thr
honour of niviiin n.imr to ilir iirw wiirM, %M
Vduviiii, Mount, uiiil lit fiiiiilioiK, A)!. I iri.
cuUr iciuinit ut, \ty fir William lliiiiiiiion, ii>i<l.
& fc<|.
Viiimim of IVni (l fi rllifil, 1000
\ iniiij, the ijty nl, 504. The impffial library
tlurr, ' JO?
Vitiinr, ilrpartnitnt nf, 420
I , llt'lMr, (Irpjrfiiifnf of, lliiil.
N'illirrs <IiiKr »l Hill kiii^',li.iii', favoiiritr of Juiiin
1. uiiil C'harlr* I, kinK> ul I'.iijiluiiil, alliilliiiati-ii,
3*0
\'iiufMf, St. iltfcrilifil, <)78
Vir/.iii iil.iiicl% lot I
Virniiii.i, it^ litiiiilion, mtrnt, ami linniiil.irifi, i;jS.
ltsioiiiilii'',i;ji). t'lij f <, b;i>s, ;iih1 rivnv, ibid.
Kuirol llir louiiir), 1)1 J. Air aiul tllni:itr, ibiil.
boil .111(1 piiidiict', ibid. Anioul'i, 9) I. Cli.i-
nii'irr, III 'iiiicis mid I llftl>lll^ ol thr inli.ibii.iiitH,
ibid. N.iiiir.il rinioliliki, ())i. iM.iiiiit,ii.')iirci
mid loiiiniiuf, ibid. Hirtoiy, jjovrrninrnt, po-
piil.ition, tn>\ ns and (oniiiirnr, i^t ;. Iti lirit
tctllrnicnt by lir >N:illcr Kalrijjh and lord DtU-
war, ibid, itt j'.ovrriinieiil, 934. liilubitant-,
ibid.
Vin.^pour, kingdom of, 77J
Vul> •!»•«, anrlfni, In ttoilanj,
Volf*. Aft M •1x1,
Vo(|i»«, J«|Nirlm«iti itl,
VoiMkt, Ritiitan,
llfALACIIIA, !• diuaiion, and r'.Uf inwns
\^.tlr«, frnm whiNit ill* prrf<>ii« InlMhilxnti art d*.
firiidril, )9^. lit liliialUiii Jiid r«trnl, Itild,
Hoiiitdurto, )II6. Natural hlit.iry ol, ilild. Hi*
bilubii.intt. ihtir ini«nnrr< aii<l t-iilbmit, Ibiit.
Hi«ic of rrll,(loii ihrik', y.ij. I.ttrmry hlllory ol.
Ihiil I'iilri. |,)i*n«, Jbi. iHH. An ,<( ililr« un I
iiirlnriiin, Ibiil, I'oiiitii^rir 4iiil iiianuU<'tuiri«
}H<). I'nndliiiil'iii and v.ovrrnitidii, iblJ, Kf>
vcniui, itj-j. Iliilory of Walo, IMJ,
— — , print r of, liii tiilci, till
Will, itrril, In L'liiiia, Jcit
Witlluii-, Willi ini, III* noliU (Und h» mnil- in
.S< niUiid, ngJliill llir o ipr< lli'tili ol ihf Kiii;lil1l,
iHil, I1 l)ctr4)i'd into lli< liin>l«ol l',dt« ml I.
1,1 d.
W„lll*, captain, (inwmttj of hit fiuihrrn diit.')-
vrrlr«, 10 |j, *«//,
Walpoir, (\r Kobrrt, ilic UritiHi ininiAcr, .1 rcvlciv
III III. . iiiiliiM, 1)4, )t{
Wjrfju, tlir <.a| iliil nf I'ttUiid, (4(
\N',iru i> k, town nl, ] j4
W.iiliiiiKtoii, (M'urvr, anpaintdl rominaniKr 111
(hiclol the Anieriian lurtr<, j{). Tiikri pal'>
frilion of Roniin, on It* briiij^ (V.itii„lrd by i;e«
ncral llowr, ^^^. Hit ginir-il plitii ol loiubick,
)0. Siirpiilo II bri)r,4>li; ul Ut.ili.1,1 ttoi'pt, ibiil.
t,ipliirt« liiid I'nrnwullii, jfil
— — — -, inllixi", i^jli
Wat Tilv'r, H'liiiint of hli liiriirreAiDti, In tlm
rri);n ol Kbii.iid II, of KM|>l.itul, ).6
Wi-ll lii,li,i, Sir Indln, Will.
Wriliiiiiillir abluy, hillorii :il <lcfiription of^ »i{
— bridgr, it> dct'iriptioii iiid tllnitiirioiis
*'♦
■— h*ll, ill diiTicniioin, ai{
Wrltphulin, tirtte ol, itt iliviiion Into prnviiui <,
Wlial*, dil'i ripllnii of tluit filli, iit iifit.
401
and ili«
in.iniirr I'l taking I', ''). Iti I'lit.uirt, 77
Whair killrrolNi'iv l.n.'.laiiil, (|oi
Wi. klitt'r, |r)!in, tlie tiill pr, fon In Kiirope wlii»
piililit ly ipitlll iiifd tlif do^iriiirt of tbi- i 'iiirt It
ol Knnie, 307, joj, 41)1)
Wi^'lit, llir of, Ita ninatinn and txleiit, 31)}. L'lin.
r I'Irr ot ii. air ami I'll, ibid.
Wilkr», Jo!iii, prolriiii-il l'i)r jnibliUiiiin the Nurili
Hritoii, 344. Quill ilic kiii/,do<ii, tiid it mil-
lawril, t^f. Ki'(iirii>, and i» cliolin nir ii!i 1 hir
Middlil'ck, J4ft, Rloti on actnunt ul lin im.
priliiiiniiiii, il<id. U rxptlk'd the lioiiic ot tuiii-
iiviiu, and irpiatrdly rli..')i'd, i\t>, My. Kili'^t-
rd to the oltiits of m,iiillrai,'y in tlie iity of
I.niidoii, 1,(1
William, diikf of Norni.iiidy, iiivaiU> l'!ii(;laiid,
and killi Harold in baltlc, }>;;, Moiin^ the
throne of Lu^laml, ibid. CiwucUr ut hi> p>-
vcrnment, »<;^
W;Uia,u
1 N D
WMIitm II. (Ritftit) fiicceedt to the ihrone of
England, \a preference to hii elder brother,
Robert, 197. Ii accidentally killed in the New
Forell, Hamnfliire, Ibid.
»i III. king of England, bit pretenGont and
cleAinn to the crown, )i8, j»q. Review of the
priiiciiMl tranlaAinni of hit reign, 339. Hit
.chancer, 3J«
Williiimlhiirg, the capital of Virginia, 0]4
Wilfon, Dr. bifliop of Sodor and Man, charaAcr
of, )9S
Wind, defined, ji. The different kinds of, }»
Windfor cattle, when and by whom built, joj
Winifred'i well, in Flintfhirc, iti peculiarillei de*
fcribed, 389
Wolga river, 114
Wolves of Norway, 76
Wren, fir Chriftophcr, hit extenfive knowledge,
ai$
Writing, chanAers and materiali nfed in, in India,
767
XERXES, his incredible army deftroyed in
Greece, 46
la
YONNE, department of, 410
York, the city of, aji
— ^ and Lancafter, competition of the
Jiuniliei of, for the crown of England, 306, 307
York, New, the city of, evacuated by the Ame.
ricani, and tikrn pofleinon of by general Howe,
1{6. The province of, its fituotion, extent, and
bniindariei, 9t;, Jti coiinlirt mid chief town>,
916. Riven and capei, ibid. Climate, loil, and
produce, ibid. Citiei, population, and com-
merce, ibid. Agriculture and manufaAure*,9S7.
Religion and learning, 928. Hiftory and go-
vernment, ibid. Places of public worHiip in
that city, ibid. lute. Various religious denomi-
nationi in the Hate of, ibid.
^AARA, in Barbary, 819
jfj Zante ifland, 66»
Zelland, one of the United Provinces, its fubdivi'
fions, and chief towns, 46^
. New, 10)4
Zenobia, queen of Pilmyra, reduced by the em-
peror Aureli.tn, 675
Zibelin, defcription of that quadruped, ^7
Zinghii Khan, account of, 698. Invaded India,
74B
Zocotra, produce and Inltabitantt of that ifland,
8s6
Zodiac, what, 1 1
Zones, the divifions of the terreftrial globe by, i*
Zuingliu' , the proteftant apoftle of Switzerland, hit
i-haraAer, j6l
Zurich, firft of the Swifs cantons in oppofing the
tyranny of Albert, duke of Auftria, 574
FINIS.
I*
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