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MANITOBA

AND TUB

NOETH-WEST TEERITOEIES

ASSINIBOIA, ALBERTA. SASKATCHEWAN

IN WHICH

ARE INCLUDED THE NEWLY DISCOVERED GOLD FIELDS

OF THE

YUKON

INFORMATION AS TO THE RESOURCKR AND CLIMATES OF THESE COUNTRIES
FOR INTENUINU FARMERS, RANCHERS AND MINERS

1897

OTTAWA

GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU
1898

H Vu p
9TJ.

If, after reading this pamphlet, any further information is required, applica-
tion may be made to any of the following officials: —

IN GREAT BRITAIN.

The Canadian High Commissioner,

17 Victoria Street, S.W., London.

The Canadian Government Agent,

15 Water Street, Liverpool.

The Canadian Government Agent,

52 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow.

The Canadian Government Agent,

14 Westmoreland Street, Dublin.

W. G. Stuart,

South Guildry St , Elgin, Scotland.

IN CANADA.

The Superintendent of Tmmigration,

Department of the Interior, Ottawa.

The Commissioner of Immigration.

Winnipeg, Manitoba.

IN THE UNITED STATES.

M. V. McINNES, No. i Merrill Block, Detroit, Michigan.

D. L. CAVEN, Bad Axe. Michigan.

JAMES GRIEVE, Mount Pleasant. Michigan.

J. S. CRAWFORD, 214 West Ninth Street, Kansas City, Missouri.

BENJAMIN DAVIES, 154 East Third Street, St. Paul, Minn.

T. O. CURRIE, Stevens Point, Wisconsin.

C. J BROUGHTON, 1223 Monadnock Building, Chicago, 111.

W. V. BENNETT, 801 New York Life Building, Omaha, Neb.

W. H. ROGERS. Watertown, South Dakota.

ALFRED S. ROLLO, Leuark Hotel. Boise City, Idaho.

N. BARTHOLOMEW, 306 Fifth Street. Desnioints, Iowa.

J. H. M. PARKER, 502 Palladio Building. Duluth, Minn.

WILLIAM RITCHIE, Grafton, North Dakota.

Or for rates of passage, to any of the Canadian Pacific Railway Agencies,
or to the Agents of the Canadian Steamship Lines.

ica-

Winnipeg.

PROVINCE OF MANITOBA

Are&

les,

HE province, in area, Is about 300
miles from east to Nvost, and ex-
tends northerly from the 49th
parallel, embracing 73,J>5(i square
miles, or some 47,331,840 acres.
In other words, it Is nearly as
large as England and Scotland
combined. Deducting, say, 10,-
(XK),000 acres for water areas,
town sites and brolcen lands,
there is left 37,(X)0,000 for active
farm cultivation, or homes for 116,000 fami-
lies, on 320 acres, which is considered a
iMTge property for a well-to-do farmer.
There are many families doing well on half
tliiat area, 160 acres, while a few of the
wealthier hold more. A snug living and
wiooej to the good can be made on the
smailer farm, where the family Is not un-
nmally Urge. As there are so far but
2T,OCIO actual farmers in the province, it

win be seen there Is ample room for inany
more.

The land Is laid out In
Method of blocks of six miles square.
Subdivision, called townships. These lat-
ter are again subdivided in-
to 36 square parts called sections, one mile
square, the mile being again subdivided into
quarters containing IGO acres. The town-
Ehlps in turn are all numbered from a prin-
cipal meridian two mile? west of Winnipeg.
The tiers of townships are numbered north-
erly from the southern boundary of the pro-
vince in ranges. From this class of survey
the settler has no difficulty at any time in
naming any location. It is simple and com-
plete. There Is a road allowance around
every section, or square mile, so any pro-
perty is readily accessible by team, each
quarter section or farm of 160 acres having
a road allowance on two sides.

1762;')!

MA XI Ton A.

Conipiirntlvrly iiolliliiB wiih
Growth known of tlit> iiKiiciiliiii-al
of Population. c-apiiWIIItlfs of th<> coniilry
iM'fori' 1S70, wlu'M it wiiH 'Je-
tnclu'd from Ilti|H>rt'8 Lund (" Tlio (Siviit
Lono Land ") under FIudsnn'H Buy Conipany
rul<?, nnd orented a pruvincc l)y an Act of
the Canadian rarllanicnt. I'rt'viouH to tliat
time (1874)) Manltol)a was l{no\vn only aH a
fur-ltoarinK eountry, iniial)itt>d by Indians
nnd lialf-breeda. At tliat time the popula
tlon numbered about lO.UUU souls, not more
than 1,()00 of whom were whites, and tiiey,
for tlie most part, employees of tlie Mud-
son's Bay Company. In 1881 the populi.--
tiou liad Increased to (5.'),(K)(). and at present
It la about 27r>,(H»(). When Its wonderful
capaliilitlcs are known to the thousands of
people !n the crowded portions of tlk old
countries nnd the non-productive sections of
the United States, the increase will be more
rapid than ever.

In the olden time. H. B. Co. Fort

The average snowfall of Quebec is 115
laches ; of Outui-io, iX> ; and of Manitoba,
62. It is not a country of deep snows— in
short, railway trains are rarely blocked and
seldom delayed by winter storms.

These are also very important
Water considerations for the settler.
and Fuel. The country is everywhere at
easy distances intersected by
creeks and rivers, nnd many lakes of vary-
ing dimensions exist, especially in the north-
ern portion of the province. Some of these
are well stocked with llsh and wild fowl,
affording amusement and supplying valu-
able articles of diet. Water In abundance,
and of excellent quality, can also be got at
depths varying from 10 to 40 feet In nearly

ail portionii of the province. All of the
sircnnis and lakes are skirted by blocks of
tiniber which afford fuel for the settlers.

One of the Qrat questions
The Olimate. i sensible man will ask is :
What is Its climate V If the
cllnuite of any country is unheulthy, tliut
country is undesirable, no matter what may
be its advantages. The world's mortuary
statistics show Manitoba to l)e one of the
healthiest countries on the globe.

.Malarial diseases are totally unknown In
this country and contagious complaints are
rarely lu-ard o".

Manitoba is situated near the centre of the
Canadian Nortli-west, but in the eastern por-
tion of tlie wheat-growing belt. Its winters
are cold, but, having a clear sky, and as a
consequence absence of the humidity of other
countries, the extreme Is not felt with the
same severity of nmuy other northern
dimes. There are no sudden changes, so
that day In and day out the settlers dress
for cold weather and tnjoy the season
through. The winter mouths are from the
1st of December to the 1st of April, and
the summer season from the 1st of June to
the 1st of September. Spring and full are
delightful and Invigorating.

Tliere are also beds of mngnillcent coal in
several portions of tlie province, which Is a
guarantee of an ample supply of fuel for all
time at a moderate price. By a wise provi-
sion of nature, the timber bluffs, streams,
Inkes nnd ground elevntlons preserve a
humidity of atmosphere in the summer sea-
son that prevents those hot. parching winds,
on the low, level, unbroken prairies In that
portion of the United States known as the
American desert. Hurricanes and cyclones
are not experienced In Manitoba.

Although the country Is
Topography. prairie. It Is In striking con-
trast with some parts of
western America. It Is not one monotonous
level expanse, with nothing to relieve the
eye. It is everywiiere more or less undulat-
ing, dotted here and tliere with hills and
valleys, very few of the former being rocky
or barren, simply eminences affording good
pnsturnge for nil domestic nnlmals.

There Is here, as in all other coun-

Soil. tries, a variety of soils, but what

may be called the characteristic soil

of Manitoba Is a deep black argillaceous

MANITOBA.

mould of loam resting on a deep clay sub-
soil which ranlis among the very richest in
the world. This the most capable chemists
say is especially adapted to the growth of
wheat, and practical every-day life fully
verifies the statement. It is also very rich
and stands more cropping without manure
tEan any other surface linown to agricul-
turists. Usually, the snow disappears
early In April, and seeding begins a week
or two later, the soil drying very rapidly on
the surface. Tlie harvest begins about the
middle of August

Though it is but 27 years

Oominercial since Manitoba was created

Facilities- a province out of almost

trnclvless prairie, railways

now traverse all the settled parts of the

Very naturally, an Intending
Social settler with a family will In-

Oonditions. quire, " What are the social
conditions of the country V
If I locate in Manitoba, shall I enjoy any of
the blessings of educated life, or shall I be
for ever shut out from all congenial society?"
This country is so far settled with many of
the best families of the countries whence
they emigrated. It is nothing surprising to
find college graduates worlcing their own
farms, and the most experienced agricultu-
rists, mechanics, merchants and men of all
callings In the country towns and villages.

The representative and gov-

Oovernment. ernmental institutions are,

with modifications, modelled

after those of Great Britain. A Lieutenant-

Frnirie travel as it was.

province and bring within reach portions
still open to settlement. Very few farmers
are more than a dozen miles from a market
or n railway, while thousands, of course, are
wiihln two or three miles of one.

Railway stations occur at intervals of
about seven or eight miles, and at these are
post oflices and villages of more or less
importance, with elevators for the storage
of grain, facilities for the shipment of ail
farm products, and stores wliere anything
required in ordinary life may be obtained.

Governor represents the Queen, and tlie re-
presentatives in the I.osiislature are cliosen
by the people. In addlticjn, and for the man-
agement of purely local matters there is a
well approved municipal system.

Ample provision Is made In Manitoba for
the care and protection of tlie blind, the
Insane. There is a home for incurables, a
school for the deaf and dumb, hospitals for
(he sick, &c. The existence of these in-
stitutions Is, however, no evidence that the
country has more than its share of the

MANITOBA.

afflicted, as they were constructed for the
care of those of the Territories to the west
as well as for those iu the province of Mani-
toba.

There are a number of friendly societies
in the province, with branches in the small-
er places, and in many of the country
school-houses which dot the prairie. Masonic
and other lodges often meet, and gatherings
of an intellectual character are frequently
held. There is nothing laclcing in town and
country to make life enjoyable that could
be expected in any new country.

An important consideration
Educational fcr a settler here as elsewhere
Facilities, is the educational facilities
available ; and the school sys-
tem of Manitoba, as now settled, is by edu-
cationists claimed to be equal to any on the
continent. Thie rural schools are about
every three miles or so apart in the settled
districts, and the system is free. There is
no taxation of pupils for attendance. The
Government makes an annual grant of a
considerable sum to each school and all the
expenses, teacher's salary included, are paid
by this grant, and a general taxation of the
land within the district, whether occupied
or unoccupied, or owned by parents or those
having no children. This assures the poor
all the advantages of primary education that
are enjoyed by the rich. The teachers are
all skilled educationists, duly certificated.
In these schools all the ordinary branches
for every-day life are taught. In many of
the village schools, where two or more teach-
ers are employed, a still higher education is
given, and in the city and town schools
collegiate institutes are maintained where
students are fitted for the several colleges
at Winnipeg and other cities in Canada.
One-eighteenth part of the whole of the
"Fertile Belt" from Pembina to the Sas-
katchewan, and beyond it, is set apart for
the maintenance of schools. A few figures
on this point will not be uninteresting.

In 1871 the school population was 817,
and now it is 50,093. In 1883 the average
attendance was 5,064, and now It is 23.247.
In 1883 there were 240 teachers in tlie pro-
vince and the number is now 1,143, a^^out
the one-half males, and there appears to l/C
no scarcity, as 1,017 new certificates were
granted during the past year. These figures
show, on the average, one teacher for every

240 people, and for every 33 children. The
entire value of the school properties of the
country is now $750,351, or nearly $3 per
head of the entire population, a condition of
things to be envied by many an older coun-
try. The average salary paid to teachers in
rural districts is $308 a year, and the high-
est in cities is $1,800. In addition to the
teachers being all well certificated, the
schools are inspected at Intervals by com-
petent "^^eachers to see that the mo3t ap-
proved aethods are fully observed.

The scaools are unsectarian and are
national in character, in which the secular
branches and general public morality are
alone taught during regular school hours,
religion being taught, when desired, during
hours set apart for the purpose. Ail re-
ligious denominations, whether Christian or
otherwise, enjoy equal rights, and Christian
churches of various beliefs are found In
the country towns as well as the cities of
the province.

In connection with education may be men-
tioned the Government Experimental Farm
at Brandon, where all the different kinds of
grain, seeds, roots, vegetables, grasses, small
fruits, trees and slu-ubs that it is sought to
grow in the province are sown on all the
varied soils which are found on the farm,
and a faithful record of the results is pre-
served for the information of the entire
agricultural population of the country, and
occasionally published in the newspapers, of
which most of the small towns have one
and the cities several. Similar experimental
farms are to be found in the North-west
Territories and British Columbia.

In addition to this the Government sends
around to the towns and villages a travel-
ling school of dairy instructors. In these
schools lectures are given, accompanied by
practical operations, by competent men, in
all the arts of cattle-raising, butter and
cheese-making, &c., that all may learn the
best methods known to the country without
loss of time or mone'. to the settlers.

Besides these, again, there Is a system of
Farmers' Institutes, there being now 23 in
tlie system, at which meetings are held at
regular Intervals in the important points of
the country. Practical men here make
known their most successful methods of all
farming operations, and those present inter-
change their experiences.

iAXATlON.

The adverse criticism which has been pub-
lished once or twice by persons whose fail-
ure in Manitoba was very easily accounted
for, was based on a condition of things
which time has materially altered. Lp to
1883 there were no railway facilities in the
western two-thirds of the province except
those furnished by the main line of the
Canadian Pacific Railway. At that time it
was nothing unusual to see farmers hauling
their wheat by teams from 100 to 150 miles
to the nearest market— a trip covering a
whole week— -the expenses by the way con-
suming half the proceeds, and a grocery bill
at the market taking a great part of the
rest. The construction of branch lines, the
opening of municipal roads, t&c, now re-
duces the prices of everything bought, and
does away with many expenses formerly un-
avoidable.

In this country the rate
Taxation. Is low ; it is only a few
cents per acre, where the
settlers do not impose burdens on them-
selves, and under all circumstances is but
a fraction of that in other parts of the
continent and in Europe. In Canada the
central or Federal Government does not tax
the people to wipe out the Federal debt,
which pays only three per cent, and is there-
fore left undiminished. The Canadian debt
was mainly created for the construction of
railways, canals and other permanent pub-
lic Improvement, and with its light rate of
interest is comparatively but little burden
on the people. As a result the Government
is able to save heavy sums from customs,
excise and other sources of indirect revenue,
and give large subsidies to the several pro-
vincial Governments. In Manitoba the sub-
sidies so received amount to about $2 per
head of the population. Consequently, the
Provincial Government taxes but lightly for
Its annual expenditure, a large portion of
which goes to support schools, roads and
bridges, agricultural societies for the benetit
of the farmers, the maintenance of asylums
and other public Institutions for the care of
the aflllcted. The farmer is taxed to only half
the cxten*^ o* the amount raised by taxation
in the L ted States.

There are In this country
Exemptions, what are known as exemp-
tion laws. These laws pro-
tect a certain acreage and buildings, a cer-

2>4

tain number of cattle, horses, pigs and
fowls, some household effects and a year's
provisions from seizure for ordinary debts
unsecured by mortgage. The honest man,
will, of course, pay his way, but sometimes
his calculations, the result of inexperience,
do not turn out as he made them, when
some protection against the exactions of im-
portunate creditors may enable him to re-
cover his position in a short time.

Although one of the secrets
Borrowing of success is abstaining from
and borrowing, yet it sometimes

Interest. happens that a loan is ne-
cessary, and occasionally it is
good business to make one. All English and
Eastern Canadian Loan Companies have
branches here who lend on farm securities
at from 6 to 8 per cent per annum, and
even lenders on chattel property are gener-
ally satisfied with 10 or 12 per cent.

Agriculture and its kindred
Manufac- branches— dairying and stock-
turing. raising— are the principal oc-
cupations of the residents of
Manitoba, but considerable manufacturing
is also done. All the principal towns and
villages of the province have large flour
mills, the total output of these being 8,500
barrels dally, and elevators for the handling
of grain whose total capacity is over 10,-
000,000 bushels. Oat meal mills are also
established at Winnipeg, Brandon, Portage
la Prairie and Pilot Mound. Blacksmith
shops, carpenter shops, wood working
shops, machine shops for repairing agricul-
tural implements are also found more or less
in every town and important village. The
railway companies have large workshops at
Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie and Brandon
that give employment to many men. The
demand for mills, &c., is of course always
increasing as the country is brought more
and more under cultivation, and the increas-
ing population, enlarged facilities for busi-
ness and travel combine to afford opportu-
nities for the establishment of new branches
of commerce by those who have a little
money and a practical knowledge of the
special business.

No. 1 hard wheat fetches
Agricultural the highest price of any
Features. '" tlie country and is un-

excelled by anv in the
world. The soil is admirably adapted for

MANITOBA.

other grains and for all roots and grasses.
Many farmers, and their nunil)er is Increas-
ing, give even more attention to dairying
than to grain-growing owing to the increas-
ing demand for Canadian cheese and butter,
both in Europe and in the mining districts
of British Columbia. "Mixed farming" is
now considered to be the most paying of
agricultural pursuits. The following figures
will show how Manitoba has progressed
when it is remembered that only a fev.
years ago bi.tter, oats, flour and nearly all
the produco of the farm was imported from
Eastern Canada or the States.

For years the nutritious grasses
Mixed of the prairies and thousands of
Fanning, tons of hay in the low lands
were allowed to go to waste for
want of cattle to graze and feed upon them.
Settlers are now availing themselves of this
natural wealth, and are giving more atten-
tion to stocli-raising. Last year (1896) the
live stoclc in the province was as follows :—
Horses, 94,145 ; cattle, 210,507, notwithstand-
ing an unusually large export ; sheep, 33,-
812 ; hogs, 72,562.

The area under wheat was
Crops of 1896. 999,598 acres ; oats, 442,445
acres ; barley, 127,885 acres ;
potatoes, 12,260 acres ; roots, 6,712 acres ;
and the aggregate grain crop was 30,442,552
bushels, the yield of wheat being 14.433,706
bushels ; oats. 12,502,318 busliels ; barley,
3,171.747 bushels ; flax, 259,143 bushels ; rye,
52.255 bushels ; peas, 23.383 bushels. The
yield of potatoes amounted to 1,962.400 bush-
els, and of mangolds, turnips, &o., 1,898.805
bushels. Although the average yield of
wheat per acre is smaller than usual, the
great part of the crop graded No. 1 or No.
2 hard, as the expense of harvesting and
threshing was not over one-half the cost
of saving the phenomenal crop of 1895 and
the marliet prices ruled much higher, as
much money was actually realized by the
settlers as from the more bountiful harvest
of the previous year. For comparison with
other years see page 72.

The dairy industry in Mani-
Dairymg. toba is making very rapid
strides. Creameries and cheese
factories are established throughout the
country, wliose output is annually increas-
ing. There were 2,245,025 pounds of butter

produced in the province in 1896, of which
1,469,025 pounds were dairy butter, and re-
alized good prices. Tlie output of cheese
amounted to 98(i,000 pounds.

A Ciieese Factory.

A careful estimate made by
Cost of an Mr. Bedford, the superintend-
Acre of ent of the Government Ex-
Wheat, perlmentai Farm at Bran-
don, of the cost of growing
an acre of wheat Is $7.87 (£1 12s. 4d.). This
was the result of an actual experiment on
a yield of twenty nine bushels. The item of
cost are : Plough.ng once, $1.25 (about 5s.) ;
harrowing twice, 20 cents (lOd.) ; cultivating
twice, 40 cents (Is. 8d.) ; seed, IJ bushels),
75 cents (about 3s.) ; drilling, 22 cents (lid.) ;
binding. 33 cents (about Is, 4d.) ; cord, 20
cents (lOd.) ; stooking, 16 cents (8d.) ; stack-
ing 00 cents( about 2s. 6d.) ; threshing, $1.46
(Os.) ; teaming to market, 4 miles. 29 cents
(about Is. 2id.) ; two years' rent or interest
on land valued at $15 per acres at 6 per
cent. $1.80 (about 78. 5d.) ; wear and tear of
implements, 20 cents (lOd.)— a total of $7.87
(£1 12s. 4d.)

In all parts of the province. straw-
Fruit, berries, raspberries, currants and
other berries grow in profusion.
Plums and apples of certain varieties can
be grown, but at present they are more
profitably supplied from Ontario, British
Columbia and elsewhere.

The fishing industry carried
Fisheries, on on many of the lakes is
proving very profltaI)l(>. Be-
sides supplying the needs of the province
in many varieties exporting to a consider-
able value is often done. Lakes Winnipeg,
Manltolia and Dauphin are the principal
lakes of the province.

■i

MANITOBA.

For Inforniation on
Who should come, these points read care-
and when. fully what is said on

the subject in tlie first
portion of tbis pnnipblet dealing with Can-
ada as a whole. (See pages 7-32.) But the
consensus of opinion is that the intending
settler should arrive in Manitoba in the
latter part of March.

The homestead regulations are subjoined,
and give all information required.

All even-numbered sections, excepting 8
and 26, are open for homestead entry (160
acres) by any person sole head of a family,
or any male over the age of 18 years.

Entry may be made personally at
Entry, the local land office for the district
in which the land to be taken is
situate, or if the homesteader desires, he
may, on application to the Minister of the
Interior, Ottawa, or the Commissioner of
Dominion Lands, Ottawa, receive author-
ity for some one to be named by the intend-
ing settler near the local office to make the
entry for him. Entry fee, $10, or if cancelled
land, $20.

Under the law, homestead duties
Duties, are to be performed by three years'
cultivation and residence, during
which period the settler may not be absent
for more than six months in any one year,
without forfeiting the entry.

Application may be made be-
Application fore the local -Agent, or any
for Patent- homestead Inspector. Six
months' notice must be given
Id writing to the Commissioner of Dominion
Lands by a settler of his intention prior to
making application for patent.

If the settler has money, he can Bnd
farms well improved and in advanced culti-
vation, when he can commence on as ex-
tensive a scale as he likes.

If he has but little means and desires to
rent the first year he can get properties to
suit him with or without teams, implements
and seed, with the owner ready to assist
him. As teams and implements can be
bought on liberal terms by paying from a
quarter to a third down, as land can be
got anywhere by giving a portion of the

crop as first payment ; and as seed can be
got on time by giving a mortgage on the
crop, a start can easily be made with little
means ; but to succeed under such circum-
stances, a good crop and fair prices, with
great economy in the settler must follow.
Other methods of Pdttling are open to the
emigrant, but these are most commonly
adopted. In all cases, it is very advan-
tageous to the settler to commence with a
couple of milch cows, some pigs and poultry,
as they are very easily kept through sum-
mer and winter, and are a great help to-
wards keeping the family while the crops
are growing. As is shown in another sec-
tion, the settler should also see to it that in
addition to his wheat crop, he should put in
plenty of roots and vegetables for his own
use, if not for sale. They grow with but
little labour, and are a great assistance in'
housekeeping.

As perhaps the largest

Railway Lands, holders of lands for sale in

the province to-day are the

Canadian Pacific Railway, it is desirable to

know their terms and conditions of sale.

Railway

Land

Regulations.

The Canadian Pacific Rail-
way lands consist of the odd-
numbered sections along the
main line and branches, and
in the Saskatchewan, Battle
and Red River districts. The railway lands
are for sale at the various agencies of the
company in the United Kingdom, Eastern
Canada and the North-west Territories, at
the following prices :—

Lands in the province of Manitoba aver-
age $3 to $6 an acre.

Lands in the province of Assiniboia, east
of the 3rd meridian, average $3 to $4 an
acre.

Lands west of the 3rd meridian, including
most of the valuable lands In the Calgary
district, $3 per acre.

Lands In Saskatchewan, Battle and Red
Deer River Districts, .|3 per acre.

If paid for in full at the time

Terms of of purchase, a reduction from

Payment. the price will be allowed equal

to 10 per cent on the amount

paid in excess of the usual cash instalment

TERMS OF PA YMENT.

and a deed of conveyance -will be given ;
but the purchaser may pay In ten equal in-
stalments, including Interest at per cent,
the first of such Instalments to be paid at
the time of purchase, the remaining instal-
ments annually thereafter, except in case of
actual settlers requiring the land for their
own use, when the first deferred instalment
shall fall due in two years from date of
purchase, and the remaining eight annually
thereafter. The purchase money and inter-
est for 160 acres at $;i per acre, on nine
years' time, would be ten equal payments of
$01.52 each. For other quantities and at
other prices the payments would be propor-
tionate.

The company reserves from sale, under the
regulations, all mineral and coal lands, and
lands containing timber in quantities, stone,
slate and marble quarries, lands with water-
power thereon, and tracts for town sites
and railway purposes.

Mineral, coal and timber lands and quar-
ries, and lands controlling water-power, will
be disposed of on very moderate terms to
persons giving satisfactory evidence of their
Intention and ability to utilize the same.

Liberal rates for settlers and their effects
are granted by the company over its rail-
way.

As other railway companies and large
holders sell on something Hiie the same
terms, the one set is a very good illustra-
tion of them all.

MANITOBA CROPS FROM 1893 TO 1896.

WHEAT.

Year.

Acreage.

Yield
per

A ere.

Total Yield.

1893

1894

1895

1,003,640

1,010,186

1,140,276

999,598

bush.

15-56
17

27-86
14-33

bush.

15,615,928
17,172,888
31,776,038

1896

14,371,806

OATS.

1893

1894

388,529
413,086
482,668
442,445

25-28
28-8
46-73
28-25

9,823,936
11,907,8M

1895

22,556,738

1896

12,506,318

BARLKY.

1893. .

1894. .
1895. .
1896.

114,762
119,528
153,839
127,885

2,647,668
2,981,716
6,646,036
3,171,747

As has been mentioned elsewhere, the
small acreage, &c., of 189G, was the result
of the unusually large crop of the season
before. It was not fully harvested until the
ground froze up and left no time for fall
ploughing for the crop of 1896. As It hap-
pened, the spring of 1896 was also unusual-
ly late, occasioned by the heavy rains. This
forced much of the seed to be sown on the
stubble without any ploughing at all, and
from this lilnd of sowing come the averages
given— a yield that could be got in few
other countries from the same hurried and
imperfect cultivation.

UAMTOBA

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AfAX/TOBA.

The country is everywhere free
Helpful of Btimips and stones, nnd hut

Kotos, little draining Is required owing
to the porous nature of the soil
nnd the configuration of tlie country.

There are l)oard3 of trade in the chief cities
and towns of the country that malje a study
of its commercial and agricultural require-
ments, and indirectly do good service to the
agricultural classes.

There are forty-seven agricultural societies
in the province receiving about $32."» apie<"e
annually from the Government to aid them
In making up prize-lists for their yearly fail
shows. Besides these there is an annual
provincial e:;hibitlon.

At the twenty-four Farmers' Institutes,
scattered over the country, at meetings, at
regular Intervals, all the improved methods
of farming, cattle raising and dairying are
discussed, and these discussions are of con-
Biderable value to those newly arrived In
the western country.

The Government in addition to taking offi-
cial precaution against the spread of dis-
eases in horses and cattle from contact with
animals across the line, take measures to
prevent the spread of noxious weeds on the
farms.

The Government encourages, by the grant
of a sum of money, the maintenance of a
poultry association ; this leads to the im-
provement in poultry breeds that places the
province in the front rank.

One of the best evidences of the success
of agriculturists in Manitoba is that resident
farmers Invest every dollar they can spare
from time to time in buying more land for
themselves and their families.

During certain montlis, during harvesting
and threshing a good man can usually get
from $30 to $35 a month and his board, but
a yearly engagement with a farmer is a
matter of chance and negotiation. A man
and his wife, if the latter understands the
necessities of a farm are sometimes asked
for.

Out of the 100,000 head of cattle shipped
from Montreal to Great Britain from the
country last season, Manitoba and the North-
west furnished 28,000, or more than the one-
quarter.

Manitoba now ships large quantities of
butter and flour to China, and last year it
■ent 6,500 tons of flour to Australia.

As an evidence of the growth of intelli-
gence in the country tliere are sixty-three
newspapers pulillslicd In it, one for every
4.01X) |)eople. sliowliig tiiat many read three
or four newspapers.

There aro no castes or classes In tiiis coun-
try, all are e(|ual, and the lilghest pusltions
In the gift of the country are open to any
man who fits himself for it and has gained
the general esteem of the people.

Colonists having arrived
How to Reach In Canada at Queb(>c or
the Montreal In summer, or

Canadian West. Halifax or St. John, N.B.,
In whiter travel to new
homes in Ontario, Manitoba, the Territories.
cr British Columbia by the Canadian Pacific
Railway direct. Settlers from the Eastern
States travel via Montreal, Prescott or
Brockville, and thence by the Canadian
Pacific ; but if from Southern and Western
New York „. Pennsylvania via Niagara
Falls, Toronto and North Bay, thence Cana-
dian Pacific Railway ; those from the Middle
States either by Toronto and North Bay, or
by Sault Ste. Marie or Portal, Asslnibola, via
St. Paul ; from the Western States by Portal
(or. if for Manitoba, by Gretna, Man.) ; from
the Pacific Coast States by Vancouver, Hunt-
ingdon, B.C., Osoyoos or Kootenay. On the
same fast trains with the first-class cars are
colonist cars which are convertible Into
sleeping cars at night having upper and
lower berths constructed on the same prin-
ciple as tliose of first-class sleeping cars, and
equally as comfortable as to ventilation, &c.
They are taken through, without charge, all
the way from Montreal to Manitoba. No
other railway can do this. No extra charge
Is made for the sleeping accommodation.
Second-class passengers, however, must pro-
vide their own bedding. If they do not
bring it with them, a complete outfit of mat-
tress, pillow, blanket and curtains will be
supplied by the agent of the company at the
point of starting, at a cost of $2.50— ten shil-
lings. The curtains may be hung around a
berth, turning It into a little private room.
In addition to this, men travelling alone are
cut off from families by a partition acrojs
the car near the middle, and smoking is not
permitted in that part of the car where the
women and children are.

The trains stop at stations where meals
are served In refreshment-rooms, and where
hot coffee and tea and well-cooked food may

nun' TO itkAcii the gasadias uaa/'.

b«> bonjjht at vit.v fonsonnblc prices. Tlie
cars are uot allt>\vt'il to ln'coiiie overorowd-
eil. and the safety and welfare of paHseii^ers
are carefully attended to. Every ixisslhle
care Is taken thai llie colonist does not ko
astray, lose his property, or suiter Imposi-
tion. Where a larjre nuniher of colonists
are going to the west together special fast
trains of colonist sleeping cars are despatch-
e.l.

No other railway In America olTers such
good accommodation to colonist passengers.

All trains are met upon arrival at Wln-
nip»>g. or hefore reaching that city, by the
air»Qt3 of the Government and the Canadian
Paeidc Railway Company, who give colonists
all the information and advice they require
in regard to their new homo.

In cases where some locality for settle-
ment has been selected, at which friends
are awaiting them, they are shown how
to proceed directly to that point. If they
have not decided upon such locality, but in-
tend to seek a home somewhere further
west, every information can be obtained at
the Land Office in Winnipeg.

Bpecial round-trip explorers' tickets can
be obtained at the Company's Iwand Office,
the full price of which will be refunded If
the holder purchases 100 acres or more. In
this way, land hunters are enabled to make
a personal inspection of the land free of
cost to themselves.

Most men wish to examine and choose
for themselves the section which seems to
them the most suitable, and this Is strongly
recommended in every case. They are as-
sisted in doing this by officials appointed
by the Oovernment for the purpose. Mean-
while the family and baggage can remain
at the Government immigration house In
safety and comfort. Providing themselves
with food In the city markets, they can
cook their own meals upon the stoves In the
house, and with the bedding that has served
them during their journey, they can sleep
In comfort In the bunk bedsteads with which
the rooms are fitted. Should they prefer,
however, to stop at an hotel, they will And
in Winnipeg public houses of all grades,
where the total cost for each person varies
from $1 (4s.) to ?« (l-'s.) a day, according
to circumstances, and boarding houses are
numerous, at which the charges are some-
what lower.

3K^

It sometimes hapi)cns that the Intending
settler has not much more tiiaii sultliicut
money to carry him as far as Winnipeg. In
that case, he will be anxious to begin Im-
mediately to earn some money. 'J'iie Domiu-
l()n and rrovlnclal (Jovernmeiits have each
an agency at Winnipeg whose business It is
to be Informed wiiere laliour is needed. So-
cieties representing almost all the nationali-
ties of Europe have been formed in Winni-
peg, and will welcome and see to the wel-
fare of their respective countrymen.

At certain seasons farmers are on tlie look-
out for able men and pay good wages,
generally averaging $15 (iH) to ^'20 (£4) per
month and board, and during liarvesting as
high as from $25 to $40 per month and board
Is paid. The girls of a family usually tlnd
employment In Winnij»eg and other towns,
In domestic service, in hotels, shops, fac-
tories and establishments employing female
labour. Good wages are paid to capable
girls, and IKtle time is lost in getting a
situation.

Settlers' ettects, viz. :—
Customs Wearing ai)parei, household

Regulations, furniture, books, implements
n ' ools of trade, occupation
or employment, guns, musical instruments,
domestic sewing machines, typewriters, live
stock, bicycles, carts and other vehicles and
agricultural Implements In use by the settler
for at hast six months before his removal
to Canada, not to Include machinery, or
articles Imported for use In any manufac-
turing establishment, or for sale, also books,
pictures, family plate or furniture, personal
effects and heirlooms left by bequest ; pro-
vided that any dutiable article entered as
settlers' effects may not be so entered un-
less brought with the settler on his first ar-
rival, and shall not be sold or otherwise dis-
posed of without payment of duty, until
after twelve months' actual use In Canada ;
provided also that under regulations made
by the Controllei of Customs, live stock,
when imported Into Manitoba or the North-
west Territories by Intending settlers shall
be free, until otherwise ordered by the Gov-
ernor in Council.

Settlers arriving from the Uijited States
are allowed to enter duty free stock in the
following proportions :— One animal of meat
stock or horses for each ten acres of land
purchased or otherwise secured under home-

MAMTOBA.

Btend ontry, up to 100 acres ; and one slieop
for eiicli Here so sociirod. Customs duties
paid ou aninuilB boui^lit in excess of tliis
proportion will be refunded for the nunil)cr
appliciil)ie to an additional holding of 1(K)
acres, wlien talien up.

The settler will be required to fill up a
form (whicli will be supplied bim bj- the cus-
toms otlicer on application) giving descrip-
tion, value, &c., of the goods and articles he
wislifs to be allowed to bring in free of
duty. lie will also be reiiuired to take the
following oath :—

I do hereby solemnly make

oath and say, that all the goods and articles
hereinbefore mentioned are, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, entitled to free
entry as settlers' effects, under the tariff of
duties of customs now in force, and that all
of them have been owned and in actual use
by myself for at least six months before re-
moval to Canada ; and that none of the
goods or articles shown in this entry have
been Imported as merchandise or for any
use in manufacturing establishment, or for
sale, and that I Intend becoming a perman-
ent settler within the Dominion of Canada.

Sworn before me at

day of 189

The following oath shall be made by in-
tending settlers when importing live stock
Into Manitoba or the North-west Territories,
free of duty :—

I do solem'ilj' sw'ear that I

am now moving into Manitoba (or the North-
west Territories) with the Intention of be-
coming a settler therein, and that the live
stock enumerated and described in the entry
hereunto attached, is Intended for my own
use on the farm which I am about to occupy
(or cultivate) and not for sale or sp' .Mlatlve
purposes, nor for the use of any o hei per-
son or persons whomsoever.

Settlers' cattle when ac-

Qtiarantine of companled by certificates

Settlers' Cattle, of health to be admitted

wltliout detention, when

not so accompanied they must be Inspected.

Inspectors may 8ul)ject any cattle showing

symptoms of tuberculosis to the tuberculin

test before allowing them to enter.

Any cattle found tuberculous to be return-
ed to the United States or killed without
indemnity.

Sheep for breeding and feeding purposes
may be admitted subject to Inspection at
port of entry and must be accompanied by
a certificate signed by a Government Inspec-
tor, that sheep scab had not existed in the

district In which they had been fed for six
months preceding the date of importation.
If disease is discovered to exist in them they
may be returned or slaughtered.

Swine may lie aiimitted when forming part
of Hi'Ulcrs' effects when accompanied by a
certificate tluit swine plague or hog cholera
have not existed in the district whence they
came for six months preceding tlie date of
shipment, when not accomitanied by aucb
cortiticate they must be sul)Ject to inspection
at port of entry. If found diseased to be
slaughtered without compcusallon.

A.— Carload of Settlers' Ef-
Freight • fects, within tlie meaning of
Regulations this tariff, may Ite made up of
on the tlie following described pro-
Railway, perty for the benefit of actual
settlers, viz. : Live stock, any
rumber up to but not exceeding ten (10)
head all told, viz. : Horses, mules, cattle,
calves, sheep, hogs ; household goods and
personal proiierty (second-band) ; wagons or
other vehicles for personal use (seconil-
hand) ; farm machinery, implements and
tools (all second-hand); lumber and shingles,
which must not exceed 2,500 feet in all, or
the equivalent thereof ; or in lieu of, not In
addition to, the lumber and shingles, a port-
able house may be shipped ; seed grain ;
small quantity of trees or shrubbery ; small
lot live poultry or pet animals; and suftlcient
feed for the live stock while on the journey.

B.— Less than carloads will be understood
to mean only household goods second-
hand ; wagons or other vehicles for personal
use (second-hand), and second-hand farm
machinery. Implements and tools. Less than
carload lots should be plainly addressed.

C— Merchandise, such as groceries, provi-
sions, hardware, &c., also implements, ma-
chinery, vehicles. &c.. If new, will not be
regarded as settlers' effects, and if shipped
will be charged the company's regu'"- classi-
fied tariff rates.

D.— Should the allotted number of live
stock be exceeded, the additional animals
will be taken at the ordinary classified rates,
over and above the carload rates for the
settlers' effects, but the total charge for any
one such car will not exceed the regular rate
for a straight carload of live stock. (These
ordinary tar'ff rates will be furnlslied liy
station agents on application.)

E.— P.nsses.— One man will be passed free
In charge of live stock when forming parts
of carl' !i(ls, to feed, water and care for them
In transit. Agents will use the usual form
of live stock contract.

F.— Top Loads.— Settlers are not per-
mitted, unfer any circumstances, to load any
article on tlie top of box or stock cars ; such
manner of loading is dangerous, and is ab-
solutely forbidden.

M Ay iron A.

G.— Carloads will not be stopped at any
point short of destination for the purpose of
unloading part. The entire carload must go
through to the station to which originally
consigned.

H.— Carload Rates.— The rates shown in
the column headed " Carloads," apply on any
shipment occupying a car, and weighing liO,-
000 pounds (10 tons) or less. If the carloads
weigh over 20,000 pounds, the additional
weight will be charged for at proportionate
rates. (Example : $20."> " per car " is equiva-
lent to $1.02i per hundred pounds, at which
late the additional weight would be charg-
ei).

PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS,

Prof. Tanner, one of the Lest
Professor known authorities on agricullure
Tanntr'& in Great Britain, says : " I am
Opinion, bound to state that, although we
have hitherto considered the
black earth of Central Russia the richest soil
in the world, that land has now to yield its
distinguished position to the rich, deep, black,
soils of Manitoba and the North-west Terri-
tories. Here It iT that ' the champion soils
of the world ' are to be found."

Professor Fream, of the Royal
Professor Agricultural College. Oirences-
Fream's ter, England, says : " Nothing
Opinion, in connection with the North-
west is, perhaps, mere ;nis;ip-
prehended at home than the nature of its
climate. Old notions, and particularly erro-
neous ones die hard. That in the North-west
the thermometer as a rule gives higlier read-
ings in the summer and lower in the winter
than we are accustomed to in the old coun-
try is perfectly true, but in estimating the
character of a climate it is wrong and mls-
leadiug to be guided by the thermometer
nlone. The atmosphere possesses otlier pro-
perties besides temperature ; it can tell a
tale to other meteorological instruments be-
sides the thermometer. On physical grounds,
it is easy to understand how the dwellers
in the North-west can endure a winter tem-
perature which in our own climate would he
intolerable— the dryness of the atmosphere
is their protection.

" Moreover, the frost which locks up the
land for months in tiie winter is really a
serviceal)le friend to tlie prairie farms. The
inoistu"e wliicli permeates the soil expands
in the act of freezing, and this causes a min-
ute separation or disruption amoufrst tln'
particles of ploughed eartii, so tliat when tlie
thaw comes they fall apart in a desirable
slate of tilth which it is well nigh Impossi-
ble to bring about by the work of any agri-
cultural lnii)lement. Frost is a good sersant
to farmers, and one tiiat works wiiiiout
pay."

SETTLERS' OPINIONS OP
THE COUNTRY.

The following are extracts from the re-
ports of Mr. Reuben Shelton, of the Grange
Farm, Ruddington, Nottingham. England,
who was one of the delegates sent out by
the English farmers :—

" After having travelled across the Do-
minion of Canada, from the eastern coast to
the western, a distance of over 3,000 miles,
and having been driven over more than 1,000
miles of her agricultural districts, I can con-
scientiously say (and i liave all through felt
the responsibility of my ? osition as a dele-
gate) that I like her land, I like her laws,
and I like her people. Of the general high
standard of quality of tlie land, I do not
believe there can be any doubt in the minds
of men who have had the privilege of see-
ing so much of it as I have done. There are
witliout doubt many millions of acres of as
iine, black soil, easy working, fertile land,
awaiting oettlement in the north-western
territories as the most fastidious farmer
could wish to cultivate.

" From the abundance of testimony of set-
tlers who have been out farming in Canada
for the last ten or fifteen years, together
with what I have seen, I am quite convinc-
ed that many a man there has been getting
a very satisfactory return for his labour and
small amount of capital, while many hav(>
been struggling and failing in the atteTupt to
make ends meet in the old country, where
successful farming generally is now a thing
of the past. I feel every confidence in re-
commending Canada to the notice of all
classes of British agriculturists, but es-
pecially to young, strong men, with or with-
out capital, vLo are blessed with habits of
sobriety, industry and perseverance."

Lippentott, Oct. 30th, la^C

I came from Northumberland
British county, England, eleven years
Settlers' ago. I had no capital and had
Testimony, to hire out first. I took up a
homestead and have now the
patent for tiie same IGO acres of land, it be-
ing the N. E. 2-11-29. I had 53 acres crop
and lii summer-fallowed. The wheat yiel.i-
ed 18 bushels, oats 49 busliels per acre. I
have four head of horses.

JOHN DONAHOE.

Hamiota, Nov. 3, 1895.

I came from Wexford county, Ireland, In
the fall of 1881, to this part of Manitoba,
and took up a homestead and pre-emption
the ITtli Mar"h, 1882. 1 performed the
homestead duties and got the title of a free
liomestead in 1885. 1 then entered for a
second homestead. I got what was my pre-
(mption as a second home^tc.id, and have
now completed the duties on that. I air.
now applying for the title for this second
free homestead, it being 320 acres of land

SETTLERS' OPIXIOXS OF THE COUNTRY.

free from the Dominion Government. This
past season I liad about 110 acres in crop,
and some of tlie wheat yielded 40 bushels
per acre. I a;n well satistied with my pros-
pects In Manitoba.

RICHARD BOLTON,
of Si Sec. 24-14-25 W.M.

Carberry, Oct. 20th, 1803.

We have a fine district
Scandinavian around Carberry. The soil Is
Settlers easily cultivated ; there are

Testimony. no stones, and the soil Is
suitable for all kinds of
grains. We had a very fine harvest this
year. It has been fine growing weather here
the whole summer. There are seven Scandi-
navian families settled in the vicinity of
Carberry, and they are all farmers. There
are a number of Scandinavians working for
ihe farmers around here, and that Is the
class of people we need In Manitoba. As
for myself I wish to say that I worked In
the country In Denmark until I was 21 years
of age, and then left for Canada, and work-
ed for farmers in Ontario for 6* years, and
after that went to Manitoba in 1879, and
took the homestead where I now live with
my wife and six children. We have also
bought 160 acres of Canadian Pacific Rail
way land. Thus we have now 320 acres,
together with cattle and Implements ; the
total value (*f which is about |7.uOO. Let
us hear from any one who has done better.

MUSSEN.

Baldur, Man., 30th October, 1896.
In the fall of 1893, I emigrated Trom Ice-
Ian! and reached this colony without money
and almost without " a shirt to my back."
I was indebted to the e.\tent of about %'AQ
for fares, &c. As soon as I arrived here.
I started work In the harvest Held for $1.00
per day and board. I am now possessed
of 30 acres of good land on which I have
built a comfortable house, a stable, and a
henhouse. All my property is now valued
at $750. Those who are acquainted with uiy
condition In Iceland can Judge of the pro-
bability of a man's chance in that country
of making progress equal to this in two
years.

HANS KRIST.IANSEN.

Plumas P.O., Man., Nov. 10. 1895.
I have lived in Richmond Township, Muni-
cipality of Wcstbourne, for over eighteen
years. When I arrived in this province 1
bad only a few hundred dollars capital.
Seventeen years ago I bought a quarter sec-
tion on which I have since lived ; have also
purchased an adjoining quarter section. This
year I had 145 acres under cultivation. My
buildings consist of stabling for about 40
bead of cattle, inipienient s.iods, granary
room for 4,000 bushels of grain and a com-
fortable house. These buihllngs are insured
for $1,200. I have a band of 20 horses, good

general purpose stock, 25 to 30 head of cat-
tle and about a dozen pigs, besides poultry.
This year I had 70 acres of wheat, 16 of
barley and 30 of oats, which yielded 2,000
bushels of wheat, 400 of biuiey and 1,250 of
oats. I do not stable my cattle, but provi'le
them witli sheds and let them run out among
the straw stacks. Horses winter on the prai-
rie here until Christmas. In all my experi-
ence here of eighteen years I have only had
my crop touched with frost once, in 1884,
and then it brought 50 to 55 cents per bushel.
The climate and soil are all right. There is
'\n abundance of water and ricli pasturage
m this neighbourhood and a choice market
and comparatively near at hand. If a man
comes to this country willing to work he
can make a good living.

JAMES ANDERSON.

Kola, October 3rd, 1895.
I came from Lambton County, Ontario,
Canada, In the year 1889, and took up a
homestead the 25th May, 1889, it being the
north-west quarter of section 12 9-29, about
17 miles from Elkhorn on the Canadian
Pacific Railway. My time is overdue now
to have my title for the free homestead. I
did not apply for it yet as I had no oppor-
tunity, but I was in no great hurry for that.
I have four horses ; about 100 acres have
been cropped in 1895. The wl;eat yielded
25 bushels per acre. I have not threshed
all the oats yet, but what was threslied
yielded 40 bushels per acre. I had about
$500 worth of stock and farm Implements
Wihen I came to the country.

JAMES McGILL.

J. F. Hogan, the well-known Irish-Aus-
tralian member of the Imperial Parliament
for Mid-Tlpperary, says : " Manitoba Is a
most progressive province. It receives emi-
grants from all quarters of the world, and
is therefore a most cosmopolitan community.
It has an immense and very fertile terri-
tory, which is now being filled up by good
emigrants. I was very pleased with the
various settlements I visited in Manitoba,
and I venture to prophesy that it will short-
ly be one of the most prosperous and popu-
lous sections of the British Empire."

Willow Bank Farm, Nov. 25.
I came from Glasgow, Scotland, and have
been farming in this district for nearly 15
years. Have had always goods crops of
wheat, but as I am engaged in mixed farm-
ing, do not grow lui -h of that <'ereal. Cattle
and sheep do well and fatten on the prairie
grass, but with a small grain ration are
much improved and are eagerly picked up
by shippers for the English market. My
capital on reaching this country was less
than $1,000 (£2lR»), but $600 now would have
as much purchasing power as the former
sum in 1882. I own a half section of land,
35 head of cattle, 8 horses, a full line of

MANITOBA.

implements and a good dwelling house. The
climate is very healthy. We have a family
consisting of ten children, but have never
been under the necessity of requiring the
services of a doctor. There Is still a num-
ber of free homesteads within easy distance
of Plkhorn, and railway lands can be bought
uear town at $3 per acre, on easy terms.
I say to the industrious, come, there is room
for thousands of tillers of the soil in this
great country. I will be pleased to give
any information required.

ROBERT BICKERTON.

Hartney, Nov. 22.

I left County Grey, Ontario, for Manitoba
in the spring of 1882, my only capital being
one team of horses. Working the first sea-
son on the railway, I took up this home-
stead and broke twenty acres in 1883. From
this time on I have increased the property
year by year, and now own 480 acres, 320
of which I cropped last year, and averaged
37 bushels of wheat per acre, GO of oats,
and 45 of barley. I have li) horses and
$3,000 worth of building improvements on
my homestead. I am satisfied that there
is no other country that offers tlie same
chances to hard-working men with small
capital as Mar.itoba, and those having capi-
tal, of course, can do better.

WILLIAM BARBER.

Lucas, Nov. 2, 1895.

I came from Essex County, England, in
1890 with a young family of 8 children. I
had nc capital, and landed in Montreal with
only $20. I had to subsist on that and on
wliat I earned. I came to this part of Mani-
toba and took up a homestead in .Tune, 1891,
commenced the improvements that same
season. I then broke 25 a tos. Now, this
season I had 05 acres in crop. I have not
tlireshed yei, but I expect to have at least
one thousand bushels of wheat and at least
seven hundred bushels of oats. I have about
80 bushels of potatoes. I have 8 horses, 1
colt and 13 head of cattle. 1 have a liouse
10x20 ft, worth $140. also an addition 12x12
ft. I am about building a stone house. I
have 2 stables and granary and 2" acres
fenced. I am satisfied witli my prospects in
Manitoba, and I am certain that my fellow-
countrymen would do well in this country.

SAMUEL RlClIARn.SON.
of 22-11-25.

"Westhome Farm,"
Gladstone P. O., Man., Nov. 1, 1895.

I came to this province in March, 1888,
and began farming on Sec. 9, Tp. 15, range
12, in the municipality of Westbourne, town-
ship of Blake. I brought out material for a
house in one car, and settlers' effects in
another. I occupy a whole section of land
and it is all Inclosed by fence. I have about
225 acres at present under cultivation. 1
had about 150 acres under crop this year.
My threshing statement is as follows :—
Wheat, 3,353 bushels ; oats, 1,390 ; barley,
44(} ; flax, 14 ; total, about 5,200. By weight
the wheat over-runs about 12 bushels to the
hundred, oats weigh about 90 pounds to the
bag. All the work in connection with' rais-
ing this amount of grain was done by two
men, except the assistance of a boy of 15
years for a little over a month, during cut-
ting and stacking. There is no part of the
province that I know of that is as well suit-
ed for mixed farming as the county of West-
bourne. There is an abundance of natural
hay, and grain of the best quality can be
raised. I have never gone extensively into
stock. At present T have eight head of
horses, 22 head of cai le and a few pigs. I
have pasture inclosed for my stock and do
not allow them to run at large. The supply
of water on my place is equal to the best
I ever found in Ontario. Good wells can be
had by digging 10 feet. The soil is a black
sandy loam, very productive and very easily
worked. Four small horses can easily plough
from four to five acres in a day with a
gang plough. I believe in summer-fallowing
and hope in future always to have at least
75 or more acres and never to take off more
than two consecutive crops.

The chief town in this county is Gladstone,
on the M. & N. W. Railway. This town suf-
fered from the effects of the boom, but is
now making substantial progress. R. Muir
& Co. have recently erecied a first-class
roller mill, supplied with the latest and most
improved class of machinery. Westbourne
in the east and Midway in the west are both
risinrr towns. Midway this year has had
tlirce elevators put up.

W. J. EMERSON.

G. N. STEWART.
If further direct testimony is desired, apply
to the High Commissioner, 17 Victoria St.,
S.W. London, or to the Commissioner of
Immigration at Winnipeg, Manitoba, for a
copy of the l)ook, " A Few Facts," which
contains tlio answers of a number of west-
ern settlers to a ser'3S of questions put to
eacli of tliem.

Two stacks of wheat.

NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES

HE North-west Territories of Can-
ada comprise the larger portion
of the Dominion outside the
boundaries of the different pro-
vinces. This vast portion of the
North American continent was,
until comparatively lately, an al-
most unknown region, ruled over
by the Hudson's Bay Company, and popular-
ly looked upon as an inhospitable country,
good lor nothing but the production of fur,
and affording inducements only to the hard."
explorer or searcher after big game.

With the ncquiremeut by the Dominion of
Canada of the rights of the Hudson's Bay
Company in 1870, and the formation of the
province of Manitoba out of a small por-
tion of the Territories, came more enlighten-
ed Ivuowledge of the natural advantages
which the newly-acquired portion of the Do-
minion offered to those in search of homes,
and of the existing favourable conditions for
agricultural or pastoral pursuits, and the
rapidly extending limits of settlement and
railway construction, together with iutelli-
gent exploration and systematic observation

of climatic conditions, which have since
taken place, now enables us to realize and
confidently assert, that within these Terri-
tories is situated the largest unoccupied
areas of good Land on the Nortli American
continent. In this extensive settlements
have been made and large districts await
only the transforming influence of the in-
dustrious husbandman to be converted into
happy and prosperous homes.

The North-west Territories extend
Extent, from the International Boundary,
or 49th parallel of latitude on the
south, to the Arctic Ocean on tlie nortli, and
from Hudson's Bay on the east to the Rocky
Mountains on the west. This vast extent
of territory, covering an area of some 1.402.-
800 square miles, and embracing some
twenty degrees of latitude nnd fifteen de-
grees of longitude, naturally includes witli-
in its limits many districts, of great extent
in themselves, which show marked ditTeren-
ces from each other in climalie and toi)0-
graphical features. In attemiitiiig to give
any adequate description of tlie Territories
as a whole, the natural divisions as marked
by those differences should, of course, be

NORTH- WEST TERRITORIES.

dealt with separately, but for present pur-
pos<!S it Is only necessary tliat tliose portions
of the Territories whlcb are within the lim-
its of the present trend of settlement, and
which offer favourable inducements to the
incoming settler should be described. These
portions are embraced in the area bounded
on the east by the province of Manitoba, on
the west by the province of British Colum-
bia, on the south by the International
Bound.nry, and extending north up to about
huitutle 34" 30'.

An Indian grave on the prairie.

The area In question, though vast aa com-
pared with some of the present provinces of
the Dominion, or older European countries,
comprises but a small part of the whole
North-west Territories of Canada, and
should properly be designated as the West-
em Territories of Canada, to distinguish
it from the great extent of country ex-
tending far to the north and north-east,
where the climate, soil, and other natural
conditions preclude the possibility of settle-
ment for agricultural or pastoral pursuits in
the near future.

The more fertile portion of
Divisions, the Territories in question has
been divided by nature into
two distir?t divisions exhibting marked dif-
ferences in physical features and climatic
conditions. The southern half is contained
within the great plains or prairie region of
Western America, wliile the northern half
oxhil)its the transition from open prairie or
plains to the timbered regions of the north,
beng t iirl<-like in its character, with al-
ternat- wooded and prairie portions. Both
of th .se divisions however, offer special ad-
vai tages to the iiomeseeker, but these ad-
vantages do not in any way clash with each
other when properly understood. In the

prairie or plains region, which, within a
comparatively few years, formed the graz-
ing ground of vast herds of buffalo, the
settler who desires to confine himself to
pastoral pursuits will find many locations
where the luxuriance of the growth of tho
native grasses and the unlimited pasturage,
the small snowfall and the mild winters
afford every opportunity for successful effort
In that direction, while the northern district
offers to the farmer proper, rich soil and
better opportunities to embark in grain rais-
ing and mixed farming.

In the year 1882 It was found advisable
for administrative purposes to divide the
portion of the Territories, above described,
into four provisional districts, named re-
spectively Assiniboia, Alberta, Saskatche-
wan and Athabasca. In proceeding to a
more detailed description of the country it
will be found convenient for reference to
deal with each of the three first districts
separately, passing over for the present,
any reference to the latter district, as it
comprises a portion of the Territories within
the limits of that part described above as
being beyond the trend of probable settle-
ment in the near future.

In describing the different districts it will
be understood that as the boundaries be-
tween them are arbitrary lines and not
natural features such as rivers or moun-
tains the description of the portion of one
district adjoining the boundary between It
and the next, will naturally suit either one,
and some repetition in descriptions is there-
fore unavoidable. The detailed remarks
given below will be best understood by re-
ferring to the accompanying map.

ASSINIBOIA.

The District of Assiniboia has a length of
about 450 miles east and west, by about 205
miles north and south, and contains an area
of 89,535 square miles. It is bounded on
the east by the province of Manitoba, on the
south by the International Boundary, on the
west by t'.ie District of Alberta, and on the
north by the District of Saskatchewan. (See
map.) The greater part of the plains or
prairie portion of the Territories referred
to in the general description given above, is
situated in this provisional district, but the
eastern and western portions of the district

I'lf

NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES.

show marked difference both lu climate and
topographical features. The main
Railways. Hue of the Canadian I'acittc Kail-
way extends from east to west
almost through the centre of Assinlbola, and
branch lines of tills road extend from Moose
Jaw to the soutli-east corner of the district
and from Keglna to the north through the
central portion. The Manitoba and North-
Western Railway also extends into the
north-eastern portion of the district from
Manitoba, and present reyuirenieuts in the
way of transportation are thus well pro-
vided for.

A shady spot
The South Saskatchewan Blver,
Bivers. one of the important streams of
the western Territories enters As-
sinlbola almost midway on Its western
boundary, and after flowing nearly due east
for about two hundred miles, turns at almost
a right angle to the north, leaving the dis-
trict about the middle of Its northern
boundary.

The Qu'Appelle River, which heads al-
most at the point where the Saskatchewan
River turns to the north, flows to the east
and becomes a stream of considerable size
before crossing the eastern boundary of the
district into Manitoba. These two rivers
are the principal waterwaj's of the distilct.
but there are many other smaller streams in
particular localities which are referred to In
the local descriptions given further on,

EASTERN ASSINIBOIA.

The eastern portion of Assini-

Grain boia, for a distance of soiue 120

Country. miles west from its easter"

boundary is practically a con-

tinuation to the westward of *he graln-grow-
in areas of Manitoba, and although the sod
Is somewhat lighter than the deep black
loam of the Red River valley, It Is very
warm and productive. Within this portion
of the district settlement has rapidly ex-
tended, and many thriving towns have
sprung up along the main line of the Cana-
dian Pacific Railway, among which may be
mentioned Moosomln, Grenfell, Wolseley, In-
dian Head and Qu'Appelle, and on the line
of the Manitoba and iSorth-Western Rail-
way, Saltcoats and Yorkton. This portion
of the district shows the gradual change
from the wooded areas of Manitoba to the
great plain region of the Territories, and
in many places contains a park-like country,
with alternate bluffs of poplar and willow,
;ind open areas of prairie. The soil is a
triable loam, easily worked and producing
( xcellent crops of wheat, coarse grains and
\egetables. The climate Is cold in winter,
with a considerable snowfall during the ma-
jority of years, but the summers leave little
to be desired In an agricultural country, and
cyclones or violent storms are so far un-
known. In most portions of this part of the
district, good water can be obtained at a
reasonable depth, but in some localities
water is rather scarce and hard to obtain.

This portion of Asslnlboia offers
Mixed special inducements to the in-
Farming, tending settler who is desirous

of embarking in grain raising
and mixed farming, there being a good mar-
ket for all kinds of grain, dairy produce,
and beef or pork. TLa Territorial Experi-
mental Farm is located at Indian Head,
and ample milling, elevator and creamery
accommodation has been provided In most
of the towns and villages. Good homestead
land is to be had in many localities, and the
railway companies offer choice land for sale
at reasonable prices, and on long terms of
payment.

In addition to the Qu'Appelle River, the
Assinllwlne River, White Sand River, and
many smaller streams Intersect the nortlieru
portion of the district and in the south the
Souris River, Pipestone Creek, Long Creek,
and some minor streams are met. The val-
leys of all those streams alTord favourable
locations for settlement, those in the nortli
being better adapted for grain farming than
those in tiie south, where tlie more open
country offers special advantages for graz-

mr^wflUH

f^'l.

»-■■■

}'•■.

HOh'TIJ.WEST TLKHlTOniES.

Ing and dairy Industry. About the centre
of the southern portion of this portion of
Assiulboia, a marked topograpliical feature,
known as Moose Mountains, occurs. This
hill, or range of hills, which rise to a con-
siderable elevation above the surrounding
plains. Is some thirty miles in length east
and west and about fifteen miles north and
south. Parts of the hills are thickly wooded
and many small local watercourses head
therein, and run down to the surrounding
plains. The country along the base of these
hills offers many favourable locations for
mixed farming, and there is a considerable
settlement in the vicinity, with a thriving
village at the east end of the hills called
Gannington Manor.

WESTERN ASSINIBOIA.

The western two-thirds of Assiniboia Is
almost entirely composed of open plains,
though broken here and there by raages
of hills. Here are to be found t)ie towns
of Reglna (the capital of the Territories),
and Moose Jaw, the Wood Mountains and
the Cypress Hills, while near the easteiTi
boundary is the valley of the Qu'Appelle
River. The soil is rich, and mixed farming
Is carried on with gratifying results. The
sections of country near Regina and Moose
Jaw are suited for grain, stock and dairy-
ing, while from Swift Current west there
is found a thick growth of what is known
as " buffalo grass " affording excellent pas-
turage and rendering stock-raising a profit-
able occupation. Tlie climate is temperate
and cattle may pasture throughout the win-
ter season. The soil, as above stated, is of
an exceptionally fertile character and with
ordinarily favourable conditions should re-
turn to the agriculturist a satisfactory re-
ward for his labour. Coal, found in so many
places in the North-west, abounds in West-
ern Assiniboia, providing fuel gathered with
comparatively little labour. The prairies
of Western Assiniboia are relieved by two
marked ranges or hills, which rise to a
considerable height above the general eleva-
tion of the plains. The first of these is
called Wood Mountain, situated near the
International boundary, about the centre of
the district. Settlement In this vicinity
centres at present near the east end sur-
rounding Willow Bunch Post Office. This
locality affords abundant opportunities for

stock-raising and dairy farming, and, with
the introduction of branch railways, spread-
ing gradually over the west, will soon be-
come as well settled as are the districts
now on the lines of railway. Considerable
timber is found on parts of Wood Mountain,
and good water is available in many places
in that vicinity.

The second range of hills

Wood, Water is situated In the south-west-
and ern corner of Assiniboia.

Grass. Tlils range is called the Cy-
press Hills, and covers an
area extending east and west about eighty
miles north and south about twenty miles.
The hills rise in places to an elevation of
1,000 feet above the adjoining plains and are
much broken by deep ravines and coulees.
On their eastern end there Is not much
timber, but as the western extremity is
reached, the timbered areas extend until
some large tracts of merchantable timber
are met. This range of hills forms the main
watershed for this portion of the prairie
region, and owing to their elevation collect
a precipitation probably three times as great
as that of the plains below. This precipita-
tion runs down to the plain? '" a large num-
ber of small streams, chief among which are
Swift Current Creek, Whitemud River, Bat-
tle Creek, Bear Creek, Maple Creek, McKay
Creek and Ross Creek. In many cases these
streams disappear entirely after reaching
the prairies, but on the upper portion of
their length they afford a good water supply
during the whole year.

The winters are much milder
The than In the eastern part of As-

Banching sinlboia, the snowfall is very

Districts, light, and cattle, horses, and
sheep graze outside during the
whole year.

The rainfall on tiie plains adjoining the
hills is not as a rule abundant, but the large
number of small streams heading in the hills
and running down to the plains afford a
good supply of water for irrigation, and
by constructing cheap ditches this water
is brought to the growing crops and
exceedingly satisfactory results obtain-
ed. Many small Irrigation systems of this
cliaracter are now In operation and have
been very successful particularly along the
nortliprn slope of those hills, and during the
large majority of years owing to the absence

ALBERTA.

of suranier frosts, corn, tomatoes, melons,
and pumpkins do well.

Wheat, however. Is not much grown In
this section. There Is already a very con-
siderable settlement in the Cypress Uills
district, the larger part of which is on the
north slope of the hills along the line of
the Canadian Paclflc Railway, the chief
business centre for the settlement being the
small but thriving town of Maple Creek,
situated about the centre of the northern
slope on the railway In question.

The town of Medicine
The Chief Town. Hat, which is a divisional
point on the railway, Is
situated a short distance north-west of the
hills, on the South Saskatchewan River, near
the western boundary of Assinlboia. Dur-
ing the year 189(5 there were some 30,000
head of cattle grazing in the Cypress Hills
district, and upwards of 60,000 sheep. These
cattle and sheep are largely made up of
bands owned by Individual settlers, many
of whom began a few years ago In a very
small way.

This portion of Assiniboia offers splendid
opportunities for intending settlers who de-
sire to go In for pastoral pursuits and dairy
farming, and numerous choice locations can
be had, where, by constructing a small irriga-
tion ditch the settler Is certain of good crops
of cereals, vegetables and fodder every year,
and the natural grazing advantages enable
him to own a lar^e number of cattle, sheep
or horses which do not need any feed ex-
cept for short intervals during exceptionally
stormy weather in the winter months. The
remaining portion of the plains region along
the northei i and north-western 1 ounc.a. ies
of Assiniboia afford excellent su umer graz-
ing grounds for cattle or shtep. Some
favourable winter locations are to be found
along the valley of the South Saskatchewan
River, where a home ranch may be com-
bined with summer pasturage on the ad-
joining prairie areas.

ALBERTA.

The district of Alberta has a total length
from north to south of some 4i<0 miles and
an average width from east to west of
about 250 miles, and contains an area of
106,100 square miles. The district is bound-
ed on the east by the districts of Assiniboia

and Saskatchewan, on the south by the
Intel national Boundary, on tlie west by the
province of British Columbia, and on the
north by the district of Athabasca. (Se«
map.)

Alberta comprises within its limits two
divisions showing marked distinctions In
topographical and climatic conditions. The
southern half is an open rolling coimtry, de-
void of timber, except along the streams
and in the foothills of tlie Rocky Mountains,
while the northern half is more or less
timbered throughout, the belts of timber
being broken here and there by prairie open-
ings, some of which are of considerable
extent.

The advantages which the northern and
southern portions of the district offer to the
Intending settler are so diverse In character,
that it is customary to speak of them sepa-
rately as " Northern Alberta " and " South-
ern Alberta," and it will probably conduce
to a better understanding of the information
given below to speak of the district under
these divisions.

On tho rango.
SOUTHERN ALBERTA

is essentially a ranching and
Ranching dairying country and otters
and unequalled opportunities for

Dairying, effort in that direction. The
district is composed of high,
open plains, broken by the valleys of numer-
ous large streams, which head in the Rocky
Mountains and flow to the east, and the
country becomes more or less rolling and
hilly as the heads of these streams are ap-

NOB TH- WEST TERRITORIES.

pronched. The vnlleys and bench lands pro-
duce a most luxurious and nutritious growth
of native grasses, chief among which is the
far-famed " bunch grass," and cattle, horses
and siieop, graze outside during the whole
year. The soil of the district is, as a whole,
a good rich alluvial loam. In places gravel
and sandy ridges are met, but in the valleys
the accumulated silt deposit of ages has pro-
duced a soil of the richest kind and of great
depth.

The climate in Southern Al-
Attractive. berta is one of its most attrac-

Olimate. tlve features, the winters being
mild with very little snow, and
the summers hot and dry. The rainfall in
the district is small, averaging about 12
inches in the year, and while this amount of
precipitation Is not sufficient to ensure good
crops in the majority of years, the aridity
of the district constitutes its chief factor of
value as a grazing country, the absence of
rainfall during the late summer months
causing the native grasses to become cured
on the ground, retaining their nutritive quali-
ties in such a manner that stock pastured
thereon remain fat all winter. Cold and
stormy weather is of course experienced at
times during the winter months, but the
prevailing warm winds which blow from the
west, locally known as Chinook winds. rap-
Idly dissipate any snow which falls and
for days at a time cause a rise in the ther-
mometer to almost summer temperature.

In Southern Alberta, irrigation

Supply is largely resorted to in producing
of grain and fodder crops, and by

Water, this means returns of a most sat-
isfactory character are obtained.
The large number of the streams flowing
down from the mountains afford a bountiful
supply of water for this purpose, and at the
present time some three hundred miles of
ditches and canals have been constructed to
carry water for Irrigation. These streams
also afford an unfailing supply of pure and
cold water for stock watering and dairy
operations, and combined with the absence
of flics during the hot summer months pro-
duce the best results in the production oi
butter and cheese.

Southern Alberta is tra-

Bailway versed from east to west

Communication, hy the main line of the

Canadian Pacific Railway.

and from north to south by the Calgary and

Edmonton Railway, and In addition a branch
of the tormer Hue runs throiigli the south-
western portion from Lethbrldge to Medi-
cine Hat in Asslulbola, and from Lethbridge
the Great Falls and Canada Itallway ex-
tends to the south as far as the Great North-
ern Railway in Montana. Several important
centres of trade are situated in Southern
Alberta, chief among which is the city of

Calgary, at the junction of the

The Chief Canadian I'acilic and Calgary

Cities. and Edmonttni Railways, and

further to the south the thriv-
ing towns of Lellibridge and Macleod. At
these points ample banking and business
facilities are to be found, and several manu-
facturing industries have been commenced.
The district now contains a large settlement
of nmchers and dairy farmers, but many
favourable locations are to be had by in-
coming immigrants wlio may desire to em-
bark in either of these undertakings.

NORTHERN ALBERTA

is essentially an agricultural district, and
while some portions of the district offer
favourable openings for stock farming, the
principal advantages of the district will en-
sure settlement by immigrants who desire
to engage in grain farming, combined with
small numbers of cattle, sheep and hogs, or
mixed farming as it is commonly termed.
During the past few years the larger portion
of !?umi.!:ratlon into the Territories has gone
into Northern Alberta, and the settlement
in certain districts is al '^ady becoming In-
tense enough to form thriving local centres
of trade.

As has already been stated the district is
more or less wooded, but In many parts
extensive prairie openings are found and In
almost all localities a sufficient area of open
land can be obtained to enable the settler
to commence farming operations without
having to clear any land. The soil through-
out the whole district Is a heavy rich loam
and the summer season is well adapted
to the successful growth of all kinds of
grain and vegetable and root crops. The
winters are cold and there Is usually sufli-
cient snow to make good sleighing. Stock
Ims of course to be fed during most of the
winter months, but there is a bountiful sup-
ply of ikutive hay In almost all localities.

■

-■ef.:- , ^ , V ,. ,

you ril- WES T TERHI TO HIES.

Tlio CalKiiry and Edmonton

Railway Rallwny rnns ndi-tli and sonth

Facilities, about, midway In the district

up to tlK> Saskatchewan Ulver,

and most of the new settlement has taken

place In the Immediate vicinity of this road.

Larpo settlements have, however, been

formed on the north side of the river in the

vicinity of the Sturgeon River, and to the

east near Beaver liake and the Battle River.

The town of Edmonton, which
The Ohief Is situated on the Saskatchewan
Town, River at the point where it is
reached by the railway line, Is
in the centre of a thickly-settled locality,
and In common with other centres which
have rapidly spr"ng up throughout the dis-
trict, affords facilities for all purposes of
trade.

In addition to being the centre of the
lurge agricultural settlement along the Sas-
katchewan River, and to the north of that
stream, Edmonton Is one of the largest
markets for raw furs in North America.
Fort Edmonton was the northern centre of
the Hudson's Bay Company's fur ,rade a
century ago, and has continued to be the
source of supplies for trappers and traders,
who in e.xchauge bring the large catch of
fur from the country betweea the Saskatche-
wan River and i;he Arctic Ocean to the
town for sale.

The Edmonton district Is
Farmiiig also the centre of placer
and mining for gold on the Sas-

Oold Washing, katchewan River, an aver-
age of about .$50,000 worth
of gold having been washed each year from
the bars and banks of the river for some
years past. Placer mining in the district
Mas commenced about the year 1863, and in
the early days $10 to $15 per day was the
. .erage pny made by tlie miners; during
recent years, however, the average has been
about $1.50 per day. In 1890 over 200 men,
many of whom were settlers in the district,
were occupied in placer mining on the river,
over a distance of about 100 miles on eacli
Bide of the town of Edmonton. New interest
has been lately aroused in the possibilities
of this industry, from the fact that some
Americans who made tests in 1896 found
that only about ten per cent of the gold was
saved by the hand " grizzlies " used by the
miners.

These prospectors took away
Rich Land, specimens of what Is called
" black sand," whhh they
smelted by a special process and discovered
that each grain of black sand was largely
composed of platinum and gold, and when
properly treated yielded very paying returns.
This sand had formerly been washed back
Into the river by the miners who used pick,
shovel, and grlzzlle, but these recent dis-
coveries, together with the confidence showa
by those who have brought In extensive ma-
chinery to treat It, has attracted consider-
able attention to the Edmonton district, and
the Saskatchewan placer mines, and the
home market created by this mining de-
velopment will prol)ably accelerate the agri-
cultural development in the district very
materially.

St. Albert, nine miles west
Other of Eilmonti'ii is probably the

Settlements, oldest settletueut in Alberta.
The village of Fort Saskat-
chewan, twenty miles north-t-ast of Edmon-
ton is also the centre of large settlements.
Along the line of the Calgary and Edmonton
Railway, the other towns or villages .-ire
South Edmonton, Leduc, Wetasklwln, La-
combe, Red Deer, lunlsfail and Olds, all
centres of prosperous settlements, while In
the easteru p .rtlon of the district at BuEFalo
Lake, about 4(i miles east of I^acombe and
at Devil's Pi'ie Lake, 18 miles from Innis-
fail, a luini'/er of stockowners have settled
and own large herds of cattle and horses.

Homestead lands may still be

To obtain obtained near any of the towns

Land. mentioned, within easy distance

of the railway, and the railway

company hold desirable lands for sale at

reasonable prices on easy terms of payment.

Northern Alberta is well watered
Rivers, by the Saskatchewan River, the Red
Deer River, and the Battle River
with their many branches. The Athabasca
River also enters the district on the north,
and its brandies, the Macleod and Pembina
in the north-west portion of the district are
the scenes of active placer mining operations
during the summer months. Besides these
rivers there are numerous lakes in almost
every part of the district. Lac la Biche In
the extreme north-east has a large settle-
ment of half-breeds, Lac Ste. Anne in the
north-west is anotlier large lake where a

NORTH- WEST TERRITORIES.

number of settlers are located. Beaver Lake,
Saddle Lake, Egg Lake, Buffalo Lake, and
Devil's Pine Lake, are other prinoipal lakes
near all of which settlements have been
founded.

The rainfall in Northern Alberta during
the summer months is sufficient to ensure
good crops, and in the Edmonton district
heavy yields of all kinds of grain and root
crops of first-class quality are raised each
year.

SASKATCHEWAN.

The district of Saskatchewan embraces
that portion of the North-west Territories
lying to the north of the province of Mani-
toba and district of Assiniboia, and to the
east of Albtrt.^., and extending to the north
up to the north boundary of Township 70
of the Tominion Lands system of surveys.
The district embraces an area of about 107 -
000 square miles, a considerable portion of
which is, however, contained in the wooded
portion of the Territories and unsuitei to
the lmmed,''te roquireraents of settlement.
The southern naif of the district is traversed
from east to west by the Saskatchewan
River, and the valley of this important
stream, with the country immediately ad-
jacent thereto has long been famed as a de-
sirable field for immigration. The country
has, however, until quite recently been with-
out railway communication, and settlement
hvs been very much retarded by this fact.
However, in about the cen-
The CUef tre portion of the district a
Settlement. tiirivius settlement has
sprung up in the vicinity of
Prince Albert, which is reached by a brancli
from the main line of the Canailinn Pacitic
ilailway, running nortli from Kegina in As-
siniboia, the capital of the -pstern territory,
and considerable settlp'uent lias also tiiken
place along the South Saskatciiewau Uiver,
which joins the main stream near Prince
Albert and to the cast of this stream in the
Oarrot River district.

Further to the west some flourishing set-
tlements are to be found near the town of
Battleford, and I'orth of that point ranch-
ing is carried on <a a considerable extent
In the vicinity of Jackflsh Lake. In Its phy-

sical conditions the southern portion of the
district of Saskatchewan very closely re-
sembles Northern Alberta, but in some parts
the soil is lighter and in the neighbourhood
of Battleford, and In the south-western cor-
ner of the district the rainfall is at times
Insufficient to mature the crops. Owing to
Its remoteness from present railway com-
munication, and consequent difficulty in get-
ting produce to market, the extension of the
present settlement in the district will prob-
ably be slow in the near future, but with
the construction of a railway line through
the Saskatchewan Valley, and tlie ex nsion
of the present lir.e of the Manitoba and
North-western Railway to Prince Albert,
Sasl'-.atchewan is sure to attract its propor-
tion of incoming Immigrants, as the district
offers many natural advantages to the homo-
P-^e ver.

IRRIGATION.

For some years the attention of the Gov-
ernment has been directed to the necessity
for irrigation in tlie section of the North-
west situated adjacent to the Rocky Mount-
ains from Calgary southward to the luter-
uatioual Boundary and it is now lecogulzed
that the future of tliat region is dependent
to no small extent upon the enactment of
compreliensive la *'S upon the subject of tiie
apportionment and subsequent use of the
water supply available for that purpose. An
Act (ch. 30, 57-58 Vic.) was passed in 1804
embodying all the principles which it was
tliought wise to adopt, founded on the best
information on the subject, and in 1805 ai.
amending Act (ch. 33, 58-50 Vic.) was passed
making a few v(>rl)al alterations. Tlie aboli-
tion of riparian rights and vesting the con-
trol of tlie water in the one strong central
authority of the Governmeut \Yas the most
important feature of tlie Act.

In considering tlie qi >stion it will be well
to bear in mind tliat lie best American
autliorities are agreed tha. the arid and
semi-arid portions of the L-.!*"d 'S^a^ra,
whicli can bo rendered useful for agricul-
tural or pastoral purposes only by the arti-
ficial application of water, include an area
of llvte hundred millions of acres. In the
States immediately adjoining Canada, irri-
gation is being developed with great vigour,

IRBIOATJOX.

as a glance at the following table will
show :—

Under
ditch.
Acres.

1,200,000

1,250,000

200,000

25,000

100,000

125,000

3,038,400

4,200,000

Under
cultiva-

tion.
Acres.

Idaho

330,000

Montana

410,000

Nebraska (west of i)7°)

North Dakota

40,000
2,000

South Dakota

50,000

Oregon (east of Cascades)

Wyoming

Colorado

45,000

180,000

1,757,100

These figures are compiled from the report
of the " Office of Irrigation Inquiry," Wash-
ington, published in 1892, since which time a
large increase has been made.

So far as the Canadian North-west is con-
cerned, out of about two hundred millions
of acres of land, between the Red River of
tlie Nortli and the Roc'-;y Mountains, avail-
able for agricultural and pastoral purposes,
not more than about one-fourth, or tifty
millions in all, require the artificial applica-
tion of water.

The necessary worlds are being pushed for-
ward with great energy, and at this date
(November, 189(5) one million five hundred
tliousand acres in the country lying between
the Missouri Cot^\u1 and the Itocl;y Moun-
tains on the east and west respectively and
between latitude 52° on the north and the
International Boundary on the south, liave
been topographically s".iveyed for irrigation
purposes.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The foregoing brief romarlis regarding the
Provisional Districts into which that portion
of tlie North- west Territories at present at-
tracting f e attention of immigrautp Is
divided, have been confined to general des-
criptions of the chief characteristics of the
districts in (luestion. The following is more
detailed information regarding points wldch
are common to the Territories as a Wijolo
or ap))iicable to partlcidar localities, and
which are of special interest to our intend-
ing settler.

In all the settled portions

Schools, of the Territories most liberal

provision is made for scliools,

and new schools can be formed in nnj newly

settled district where there are twelve chil-
dren of school age. About seventy per cent
of the cost of keeping the schools open is
paid by the Government, and In consequence
the school taxes paid by the settler are very
small. Provision is also made by the law
for iiigh schools and teachers' institutes, and
the incoming immigrant will find that the
school system in the Territories has been
fornmlated on a very liberal and enlightened
basis.

All the religious denomina-
Churches. tions are represented in the
Territories, and many tine
churches are found in the larger centres.
Throughout the country districts the school-
houses are largely used for Sunday services
by the different missionaries who visit the
settlements from time to time, and in almost
all parts of the country the settler can attend
the service of his particular creed by driving
short distances.

In i!ll the larger towns
Stores, Banks, and villages throughout
Mills, &c. the Territories and at many
scattered points in the
thidily-settled districts, stores are found
which supply all possil)le wants of the set-
tler in tlie way of farm implements, ov sup-
plies of any kind, and the prices ciiarged
are, as a rule, very reasonable, an ' the
goods supplied of goou quality. Brandies of
the chartered l)anks have been opened at all
the larger towns, and private banking in-
stitutions do business at nuuiy of the smailer
points. Money order brandies are connected
with the principal post ottices throughout
the Territories, and the Dominion Express
Company, which has agencies at nearly all
railway stations, carries on a very simple
and cheap system of money order exchange.

Grist mills and elevators are in operation
at points where grain raising is the principal
business of the settlers, and creameries have
been opened at a large numlter of places
where dairyin.g is carried on. These cream-
eries are operated under Goverument super-
vision and witli Government aid, and the
settler owning a few cows is thus enal)led
to get a good cash price for any mlllc he
may have over and above his own wants.

Cold storage wareliouses. breweries, meat
packing establishments and other manufac-
turing estal)iishments are in operation at
dllTeicnt points, and tlicse are lieing rapidly
added to as tlie country develops.

NORTH- WEST TEhRITORlES.

Ltunber & Build-
ing materials.

!n the wooded portions
of the Territories the set-
tler has uo difficulty In
obtaining timber for the
construction of his house, and outbuildings,
but in the plains region manufactured lum-
ber has, of course, to be largely used. >!auy
saw-mills are operated in Alberta along the
eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and
in the north along the Saskatchewan River,
and agencies for tlie sale of lumber have
been located at all centres of settlement
In the Territories. Manufactured lumber
and shingles of first-class quality are also
shipped in from the timbered areas in Bri-
tish Columbia, and the immigrant's wants
in this way can be readily supplied at rea-
sonable prices. Liberal provision is made
in the Government regulations to enable
settlers to get timber for building, fencing
or fuel on Government lands where there Is
any timber available.

In the wooded portions of the Ter-
Puel. ritories. the settler has no difficulty
in obtaining a good supply of wood
for fuel, but in the plains or prairie sections
the item of fuel is a somewhat serious one.
Fortunately, however, nature seems to have
foreseen this want, and has provided a
bountiful supply of coal, vast deposits of
,' iiich are found at a number of points In
AlLerta. Extensive colleries are now oper-
ated at Canmore, LethbridgC; Edmonton and
Anthracite, in Alberta, and at many other
points small mines are worked for the im-
mediate wants of the surrounding settlers.
The coal mined at the first three of the
above-mentioned points is bituminous, while
that at the latter, as lud'cated by the name.

is anthracite of flrst-c'ass quality. Coal
is also mined in south-eastern Asslnibola,
and although of the lignite family, makes
fairly good fuel. Settlers Hving in the Im-
mediate vicinity of these mines get their
fuel supply cheaply, but at present the price
Is rather higher in localities remote from
the point of production.

One of the most important
Markets. features requiring consideration
In a new country Is the question
of a market for the products which the set-
tler has for sale. In the eastern portion
of the Territories there has always been a
good market for the wheat which Is there
the staple product, but further west, par-
ticularly in Northern Alberta, and to the
east in the Prince Albert district of Sas-
katchewan, the markets have not been so
good. This condition has, however, during
the past year been materially changed,
owing to the rapid dev^elopment of the min-
ing districts In British Columbia and to the
east of Manitoba, and during the year 1896
a good market was found f»r everything
produced. This change has also affected the
ranching industry, for although there has
been a good demand for some years past for
the best quality of beef for shipment to the
English market, the increased demand for
the liome market, has Increased prices con-
siderably. The question of a ready cash
market for everything which can be pro-
duced may now be said to be satisfactorily
settled, and the incoming settler may feel
assured of be'ag able to dispose of any pro-
duce he may have to sell, at remunerative
prices.

An V.W Tc.ini.

s
o
it

TBE YUKON GOLD FIELDS.

Geol. Surv. Rep. HOOLE'S CANON.

„ _ , ^„ Circumstances, the mining camps have been

THE YUKON GOLD FIELDS. ^^^„ ^^^ ^^^ ,^ ^^J^^^ ^,„„gi^ „!,, ^H

The greatest gold discovery of recent years ^^^^ communities in Canada, quiet and free
has been made in the North-west Territories ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^,^^^ detachment of the
of Canada. No sooner has the great wealth Mo^tli-west polic- proved ample authority
of the gold and silver quartz mountains of j^^ ^^^ ,jiaincenaLc. of order. But the en-
British Columbia become known to the world ^^^^^^^ quantity of gold brought out by a
than tidings were received of fabulously ^^^ prospectors resulted in a rush such as
rich gold diggings on the Yukon and its ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ j^^. ^^^^ ^.^^^^^ ^^^ j^
tributary streams, particularly on the Thron- ^^^^^^^^ necessary to provide more amply for
duick. or, as it is more generally called, the ^^^ ^^^^^^ .^,j„.^g companies obtained char-
Klondike, as well as on the Bonanza, the ^^^^ ^^ ^,^5,^ railways from the coast to the

El Dorado, and other creeks. This district
adjoii's the United States territory of Al-
aska, and approacfhes on the north very
nearly to the limit of the Arctic circle. It

head of the inland navigable waters, with
the intention of there building small steam-
ers. This work was l)ogua by one or two
companies in the summer of 1S97, though
is a country of severe winter and very ^^^ ,_,,^^ ^^ ^^^^^, travelling facilities of any
short summer, and so far as can be judged, eonsequence for tliat year ; the two Ameri-
principally valuable for its minerals. But ^^^ companies of Alaska doing nearly all
of Its richness in that respect there Is no ^^^ „„^.„^^^ ^^ conveying prospectors and
doubt, and it is impossible at present to ^..^^..^.^^ ^,,p ^^^^ ,^ ^^ ^^^^ ^,,^ ^^^
limit the locality from which gold will be ^^j^^ Government of Canada, in 1897, rein-
*"^'^®°' forced the detaclunent of mounted police to

The principal drawback, hitherto, has been a strength of 100 men, and established stop-
the difficulty of getting into the country. i)ing places or refuge posts here and there
It was necessary to go round by ocean between the sea and the Yukon, in order
steamer to St. Michael's in Behring Straits, that communication might be open by means
and from tliere by a light draught river of dog trains throughout the winter. A cus-
steamcr, in all about 3,000 miles, at great toms officer was sent to the divide and regu-
cost, or else to cross the mountain divide lations promulgated as to the terms on
carrying provisions on the prospector's back, which mining claims could be taken up and
and build boats on the other side to get held. Considerable hardship will be under-
down to the Yukon. This also involved ex- gone by many, who. contrary to advice, in-
pense, hardship and danger. Under these sisted upon making their way Into the coun-

1762r»l

NOllTHWEST IBRRITORIES.

try dUi.ng the past summer, but the arrange-
ments in progress during the full of the
year will result In making the Yukon as
accessible as many of the mining districts
of British Columbia, a short time since
deemed Inaccessible, but now served by com-
petiut; railways.

'"urther information. If required, can be
obtiiiued by writing to the High Commis-
sioner for Canada, 17 Victoria Street, Lon-
don, or for rates of passage, &c., to any of
the agents of the Canadian SS. Compi^uies
at London, Liverpool, Glasgow, or to the
officers of the Canadian Pacitic Railway, 67
King William Street, London, and at Man-
chester and Liverpool.

Persons on the American continent desir-
ing information can write to the Secretary,
Department of the Interior, Ottawa, or
Commissioner of Immigration, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, or M. B. Mclnnis, 1 Merrill Block,
Detroit, Michigan.

TESTIMONIALS.

The following are a few out of many simi-
lar letters from settlers giving the result

of tlieir work :—

Uegina, Nov. 4.

Eleven years ago I came from London,
England, and had no money wlien I came.
I now have valuable Improveineuts on my
land, and own fifty head of cattle. I would
not live in England again if my fare was
pai<l to return, and would strongly recom-
mend any one who is willing to worlt to
come to this country.

THOMAS WATSON.

Elmore, Assa., Dec. 17, 1890.
In starting farming here I had no money
wortli speaking of, but now on my liome-
stead there is a large frame houKe, and i
own thirty head of stock and a full set of
farming imp'ements. and I am clear of debt.
From 1884 to 18J):{ I had good crops each
year off my summer fallow land, my lowest

yield being 15 bushels of wheat to the acre,
and in IHU'J I had an average of 40 bushels.
After the railway came in 1892 I have gone
steadily ahead, getting in better shape each
year.

DAVID Ay. BURKE.

Aesslppl, Man., July, 1895.

There is no need for a farmer to bring out
anything with him other than a fair stock
clothes and good warm underwear. Every-
thing can be got here at a moderate price
and made to meet the requirements of the
country. There is no trouble in selecting
and purchasing all the stock he may re-
(lulre to start with, of the very best des-
cription and at such a moderate price that
will astonish him, after purchasing such
stock in the old country. A little cash goes
a long way here.

There is no country in the world where
a farmer can live so well and so cheaply
as he can here, and at the same time thoro-
ughly enjoy the advantages he has in the
way of sport, the produce of his gun help-
ing out his larder wonderfully if he is fond
of shooting. I have had the best of slioot-
ing in England, but have never so much en-
joyed it as I have done here, merely shoot-
ing the quantity that was required for the
house or presents for friends.

Another great advantage is the freedom
from rents, rates and taxes, such bugbears
to the English farmer. One cannot appre-
ciate the feeling of such relief until it has
been realized. The rates are very low In
the agricultural districts, especially so in
the North-west Territories, 't'here munici-
palities are not so general— the school rate
being the only one, and that too trifling to
mention ; statute labour taking the place of
money payments, such labour being gener-
ally allotted, and done on the roads most
used by the settler himself.

There Is now in this country an opening
for any number of men with some experi-
ence and capital (say £100 clear to start
with) where both can be applied with ad-
vantage, when the same men would find
such an amount as I have mentioned prac-
tically useless in England. The taking up
of KJO acres of land under the homestead-
iug conditions, is subject only to the pay-
ment of an entry fee of £2. There is no
doul)t that *lie class of settlers most needed
in tlie North-west is the same as in any
otiier part, that is the steady worklngman
with 'iinderate means, who will more likely
be a permanent and successful settler than
the man with larger capital going into grain
or cattle on an extensive scale, or as an
experimentalist.

The country is ono of tlie henltiiiest that
can possil)ly be. far healtliier than England
in any pan of it. Tar be It from me that I
sliould utter one word to draw any man
from his home to come out liere to meet
with disappointment, but I know that the
country is nil that one can desire, and that

TESTTMONIALS.

there Is every prospect for any Industrious
man to maintain liiiusell' and provide a homo
for his sous and daugliters.

SEPTIMUS FIELD.

New Stocliholm, Oct. 10, 189G.
I arrived iu Canada in June, 1884, liavins;
been before in tlie United States In different
places since 1880. I settled iu Winnipeg
first, the same year I came to Cauada, where
I earned some money and then had a busi-
ness of my own until the spring of 1891,
when I started as farmer upon my home-
stead upon which I now live here. My ex-
perience Is that I think the farm is the
Buiest future. Both I and my family like
It and Intend to stay here. I have about
40 acres broken and I have built a fairly
large house upon my farm 20 x 24, with
stable, I have three large horses, a number
of cattle, and I hope In the future that this
place will grow with more settlers. There
Is plenty of room for many families wlthhi
our districts and good land. The climate is
really healthy— the summer heat is not press-
ing and the winters Just suit us. The coil
Is very fertile, and this year we had a grand
harvest. We number (55 settlers, of which
the great majority are doing remarkably
well. I would recommend them who can
work and have a little capital to come here.
My address in mv mother country was
Freuuinge, per Wollsjo, Malrao, Sweden.
Yours, &c.,

(Signed) O. C. PEARSON.

Prince Albert, Sept. Ist.
I am a native of England, having been
born and raised in the city of London, where
I was apprenticed to the mathematical in-
strument making trade. I came to Canada
in 187(), settling tirst at London, Ontario,
engaging in the business of steamplpe fit-
ting and brass finishing. There I succeeded
very well, disposing of my business in 1877,
after which I decided to make my home in
the west. During the summer of 1879. I
prospected thoroughly various parts of the
country, and -chose the Priuce Albert district
as a result of what I had seen. I located a
homestead and pre-emption at Red Deer Hill,
and at once began farming operations. My
family arrived iu the spring of 1880, and we
have since resided on the farm. We were
among the first settlers in this part of tlie
district. At that time there were no estab-
lished parishes, or other organizations, but
as settlement began to progress we soon
overcame that diltioilty and now have
schools and cliurches in our immediate neigh-
bourhood. Tliere were only a few acres of
land luider cultivation, all of which has been
worked continuously siuce 1880. I have
never had a failure of crops from any cause,
nor have I known or heard of a failure of
crops during my time Iu tlie Priuce Albert
district. Bad farming does not constitute
crop failures. MJ^ wheat crop has averaged

every yep-* twenty bushels per acre and over.
Crops of oats and barley have been abundant,
and I would say the average yield of these
grains would be about thirtj'-flve bushels
per acre. I have given gardening consider-
able attention and have Invariably been suc-
cessful and find that all vegetables do re-
markably well and are au enormous size.
I have engaged largely in stock-raising, hav-
ing at present about seventy head of cattle.
We have paid special attention to dairying,
making for some years past eighty pounds
of butter per week for which as well as for
the other products of our farm we have
always fouud a good market.

Having gained a livelihood and brought up
a large family and succeeded iu surrounding
myself with all the necessaries of life and
many of the comforts of civilization, with
good stock, all necessary implements, &c.,
and possessing six hundred and forty acres
of the richest known land, my experience
has led me to offer this testimony to the
special adaptability of the Prince Albert dis-
trict and surrounding country as an unsur-
passed region for purposes of stock-raising
and mixed farming, and also as a '"eld pre-
senting all requisites to success to the new
settler.

ROBERT GILES.

Delegates from the State of
American Vermont visited Western Can-
Delegates' ada with the view of reporting
Reports, upon the country for their
friends in the Eastern States.
The following are extracts from the several
reports :—

" We inspected the Carrot River and
Stony Creek districts and we honestly be-
lieve that we are not exaggerating when we
say that this is one of the finest if not the
finest country on the continent of America,
as all the requisites for successful farming
are found here iu great abuuduuce. and of a
^ ery fine class ; the water is first-class and
there is just enough timber for building pur-
poses and fuel, without it i>"iug in the wa.v
of farming operations."— A. II. Price, North
Fryeburg, Maine ; F. A. Russell, Andover,
Maine.

" I will only say that I saw the best

wheat, oats, barley potatoes, cattle, and

land tliat I have ever seen. I thiuk it Is the

place for a poor man."— S. G. Pollard, Essex,

Vt.

" The best wheat, oats, potatoes, barley I
have seen at Prin(!e Albert and Stony
Creek."— Ezra Rinney. Jericho, Vt.

" It is the best place for a poor mun to
make a home for his children."— W. A. Pol-
lard, Westford, Vt.

" I can most heartily recommend It to any
one who wants a cheap home with a good
living and money laid up for the future."—
Arthur Ellis.

NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES.

" The soil Is wonderfully rich, producing a
variety of luxuriant grasses that make the
finest hay In the world. There is no place
in America where a man can create a com-
fortable home In so short a time, and my
advice to every young and middle-aged man
is not to allow this land to be taken or given
to railways without making a selection first,
as no doubt these fine farming lands, that
are given by the Canadian Government to
those who wish to become settlers will be
very soon taken and made ' homes plenty.' "
—A. F. Go£f, Richford, Vt.

" I consider the country well adapted for
mixed farming, and the pioneers have little
to contend with In making a home for them-
selves and families compared to what the
old pioneers of the New England States
had."-E. J. Wilder, Sheldon, Vt.

" I should say that the country would
make a flue home for a young or middle-
aged man. The lands are so very low In
price or free to homestead that those who
go there with the intention of getting a
home in earnest must succeed."— M. W.
Bounds, Enosburgh Falls, Vt.

TESTIMONY PROM NORTHERN
ALBERTA.

St. Albert, November 10, 1896.

I have lived In Northern Alberta since 1887.
and during that time have never had a total
failure of crops. At a low estimate, I am
$20,oC0 better off financially than when I
started. Money can be made farming here
by hard work, judgment and economy. We
have a good, healthy climate. It is not
necessary to house cattle at all ; they do well
In open sheds. This is a flrst-class dairying
section. Vegetables grow well, and there is
a large variety of wild fruits.

WILLIAM GUST.

Lacombe, November 13th, 189G.

I have great pleasure In telling you what I
think of this part of the North-west (North-
ei'n Alberta). It will be the outcome of four
years' residence. I must preface my re-
marks by saying that I have old country
agricultural experience extending over thirty
years, obtained in eight* different counties.
I am well pleased with the country and can
recommend It with all sincerity to the farm-
er, be he small or large, who means work.
The climate (am just returned from a three
months trip to England) I prefer to that
of the old country.

GRIFFIN FLETCHER, J.P.

Mornlngslde, Alta., Nov. 9th, 1896.
Having been asked to give the public my
opinion about this country of Alberta, I give
it with the greatest of pleasure, as I have
travelled a good deal. I came from Man^
toba about one and a half years ago, having
lived down there for a number of years. 1
have taken up a homestead ten miles from
Lacombe. I have a good garden in this year
and believe that roots of all kinds will do
Aery well here. Having travelled quite a
little from Edmonton to Calgary, am pretty
well acquainted with the country, and I
think that any one coming here with a little
means can make a good home, fully better
than any place I know of at present, as
timber for building can be had pretty handy;
also lots of hay, and good water. I believe
there is a great prospect ahead for this
country, especially in stock raising.

J. BLACKSTOCK.

Beaumont P.O., Alta., Dec. 1, 1896.
I removed to Alberta from the County of
Kent, Ontario, about eighteen raontus ago,
this being my second harvest. I have 3,000
bushels of grain, 500 of which is wheat,
grown on twelve acres of laud. My oats
will go 80 bushels per acre. We have black
olay loam ; also lots of good timber and
water. Potatoes go about 300 bushels per
acre.

EDWARD TOWNSEND.

Wetaskiwln, October, 1896.
I left Mancelona, Michigan. April lOth.
1894, arrived In Wetaskiwln April 18th, had
a good look at the country until August,
then located within five miles from Wetas-
kiwin. I like the country well. Of course
1 came here without anything ; now I have
a comfortable home and plenty to cat, which
I would not have had if I had stayed in
Michigan. If any one wants a free home
for ten dollars and would like to raise cattle
and horses. I know of no better country.
Horses need no care summer or winter ;
abundance of hay for the cutting.

LEVI BitADSHAVV.

It would be impossible in the space at
command to print a tithe of the letters re-
ceived from settlers in the several districts
referred to in this pamphlet, but a small
book entitled " A Few Facts " containing
answers to a series of direct questions put
to settlers In western Canada can be ob-
tained from the office of the High Com-
missioner for Canada, 17 Victoria Street
S.W., London, England.

THE FIRST QUESTIONS ASKED

Q. Where shall I arrive in Canada ?

A. At Quebec between 1st May and I2th November, or at Halifax between
1 2th November and ist May, or thereabouts.

Q. How shall I know what to do, or where to go when I leave the steamer ?

A. You will be met by a Government official who will give you every infonna-
tion you desire and will advise you, it you wish to be advised. You will be taken
direct to the Government Immigration Hall, where you can remain without charge
until the time for your train to start. There you can buy your ticket (if you have
not already done so) for any part of Canada, can change your English money into
Canadian money, and can purchase any provisions you may require for your
journey, at the most reasonable prices. If you are a single man you will probably
prefer to buy your meals at the stations on the road as you go along, at a cost of
from lo cents (5d.) to a shilling per meal.

Q. And if I arrive in winter ?

A. You will find the same kind of accommodation and the same oflficials at
Halifax.

Q. How do I go on to Winnipeg in Manitoba, or to the North-west Terri-
tories or British Columbia ?

A. By train in colonist sleeping cars. These are built on the principle of a
regular sleeping car, the seats of which are converted into beds at night, and there
is a cooking stove at one end of the car. CUi the way you can buy bread, milk, and
small articles at many of the stations along the road throughout the whole distance,
but before starting you can obtain all detailed information as to what you can do,
and what you had better do and better not do, from the Government Agents at the
Immigration Hall.

THE FIRST (JLESTIOXS ASKED.

Q. And when I arrive in Winnipeg, what tlien ?

A. Assuming that you have made no definite plan for yourself, you will find
a Government Immigration Hall at the station, where you can remain a week if
you choose. If you have a wife and family witli you, then your best plan will be
to leave them there and go out and select the land you intend to take up. Registers
(if imoccupied Government land are kept at the Hall, and registers, maps, &c., of
railway lands fcjr sale can be seen in the office at the station. And you can go on
to Brandon, in the western part of Manitoba, or Lake Dauphin, in the northern
part, and there find a Government Agent and accommodation as at Witmipeg.

Q. If I want to go on beyond Manitoba, into one of the North-west Terri-
tories, do I get any help there ?

A. Yes. At Calgary, in Southern AU^erta ; at Edmonton, in Northern
Alberta ; and at Prince Albert, in Saskatchewan, there are similar Government
institutions. At all these places there are lists of lands available for settlement, and
registers for those wanting to hire men for their farms and for those who want
to find work on farms.

Q. If I find land I like elsewhere than at one of these places, have I got to go
back there to register it ?

A. No. There are land registration offices at Winnipeg, Brandon, Minnedosa,
Lake Dauphin, in Manitoba ; at Alameda, Regina, Yorkton, Prince Albert, Battle-
ford, Edmonton, Calgary and Lethbridge, in the North-west Territories; and at
Kamloops and New Westminster, in British Columbia, besides in that province
wherever the Provincial Government have their offices. At all these places there
arc shops where anything an intending settler requires can be purchased.

CAUTION. — A newly-arrived person should remember that while the Gov-
ernment makes every effort to further him on his way in safety, it cannot protect
him against the consequences of foolish conduct on his own part. If he prefers
taking the advice of strangers to that of officials whose only desire is to help him,
he will have no one to blame but himself if he finds he has made a mistake. If he
has money dealings of any kind with chance acquaintances, he may or he may not
have to pay for his experience, and at certain times he will find himself approached
by apparently disinterested people who will advise him not to settle in Canada, but
to go to the States. These men are American agents who are paid by one
organization or another to catch unwary immigrants. They should be told politely
but firmly that their advice and infonnation is not required.

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