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PREFACE The cordiality of the reception bestowed upon the last French edition of the " Manual of VeteHnary Medicine '' which I published in WOO, together with the numerous flattering testimonials received from persons who have had the opportunity of making a successful use of its contents in the treatment of their animals, have induced me to undertake the publica- tion in English of my work, };•: As I have already had the opportunity of stating in the French editions, I beg to reiterate here that this tvork is not offered to the public as being a com- plete treatise of the Veterinarian's Art, but simply as a compendium containing the most ordinary general rules of hygiene as applied to tlie farm buildings, also, on feeding and of such medical help and attendance, as can often be dispensed at home. — 4 — „.. .i«.o.. e,.. Ue., of a. pro,e,,iona. praCUion- er. and thU in numerom .«»««•«•• tHe tin^ly «»eof "^^^Xue or cnre tHe disease, contained therein will obHate or „.... or «.»-. .co.e. ... --; -7:;r -- eo ..•o...ce « -;2C*c.^-a, classes of Which i», «o be useful to the ag ,ny province. ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^' Veterinury Surgeon. Quebec, ^Uttj, 1901. THE HORSE PRELIMINARY CHAPTKR THE HORSK AT THE STABLE stabling. Hygienic, Harnessing, General Care The question of stable architecture ani stable mana- gement is one of the highest importance, more espe- cially is this the case in rigorous climates such as ours. i _6- vpntilation and often over-crowded. would be out of place m a work like to. The sUble «oov ^^d be stjtly honzo^^^^^^ now, it has become universal to give a a Tti-"f-';~ris d£ng the floor of the proposed result,;^hich is, ot = that the animal, urine, and this is explained ^Y *« J'' j^^y^^^ in attempting to restore his eqn^bmm ^^.^ ,plane, is coustantly^tamping and^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ soon wears the floonng ff^''^^^^^ ,^, soaking facilitates the imbibition of the mine of the litter. At the same time the horse acquires a tendency to Hand under, the ultimate consequences of which are sprung-knees. Besides, could the horse talk he would I am sure, most emphatically deprecate the use of a floor which compels him to ever stand on a false equilibrium, certainly most prejudicial to both his comfort and conformation. I may add, that in the course of my professional career, I have often had occa- sion to treat and cure cases of lameness by simply altering the defectiveness of the floor. f Interior Arrangements, The width of the stalls should always be propor- tionate to the height of the horses, so as to allow them to lie with their legs fully extended. Thus, if the height of a horse is 5 feet 3 inches the width of hi, ■Stall should also be 5 feet 3 inches. The stable door should be wide and if possible should consist of two halves. The height of the stable, inside, should be from 8 to 9 feet. It is advi«,ble that a box^tall be provided in every stable; It will be found most useful in cases of sick- ness or of prolonged inaction ; these boxes allow the norses more freedom and comfort. i ^ 8 -■ Temperature and VentUation. The normal temperature of a stable should be 60' F. Ventilators should be located behind and not m front of the horses. The simplest and most economical ventilators are square wooden pipes, one end of wh^h starts from the stable ceiling, then goes up *rough Ae loft and out of the roof, just like an ordinary chimney , the upper extremity is to be covered by a cap. Many agriculjtural economists recommend the use of ^ore complicated and possibly more effective systems of ventilation, but. remembering tlu^ as a rule when asking too much one runs the risk of obtaining nothing at all? I have deemed it advisable to mention only the simpiest mode, which, if generally a.lopted, would cer- tairiy prove a considerable improvement to our rural constructions. ' Hints Concerning Stable Management The halters should be of a double thickness of leather, well sewn together and provided with ordinaty buckle,. The use of chains to tie with is recommended The use of ropes is not to be encouraged for whilst the advantage of being noiseless is claimed for then, this advantage is more than counterba anced by the fact that they soon rot and are easily brukcn. — 9 — The method of fixing a M^eight at the end of the Cham, which weight keeps it t^uah^ ; . AnrI will k • . . ^ taught, 13 recommended Steel pitch forks is recommended and will tend to dinrinish the possibility of accidents. . With regard to the hay lofts, which are aeneiallv found over the stables, they should be kept in'lZZZ far as IS possible with such places, one half of the Oats and bran are preferably kept in a shed, in boxes of known «,p8city, and every time these are emptTd they should be thoroughly cleaned of all chaff, TveJ' dust, etc.. etc., which might have accumulated ° ' JeI2T: ''°",!f '^ ^"''"''' -"> - -to-tic measure which would measure the exact ration of each Another important detail, which is, however seldom Sronk:?'" "'n'^ '^"'"-'' necess^yttr rut ^f J : ^'"' """^"'""^ "^« elementary rules of hygiene and subie economy. All that which 10 — V \- Ir , . ^ the feeding of the horses must also be the SS:on«ts^upulou3cWiuess. The Harness Boom and placed under the charge V- interest in that sort of work. ^ .^^^ The walls of the ^™^^"'.°°"jid sufficiently. high .ith harness racks -;j2Cetrou:hing the floor, to avoid any PO^-^^^'^^^rand saddle rack can he ' Woou . or cast 'J°\^''^'' ^ ^re required for secured at low -t^ ^Jw" app ^^^^^ ^^ ^^,^^ each harness, one of ^tich t ^^^ ^^^^.^^_ Ihe reins should be caremiij ers as well as all wraps. ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ fl,e hung by their tips. provided with a stove, Every harness-room should be pro 'l^fXCK^ — 11 — which should, however, be placed at a certain distance from where the harnesses hang, so as to avoid dryina the leather. ° If to these few rules we add the necessary work- mg materials such as a harness-horse, a steel-cleanina board, a few hooks on which to hang bridles, etc.. etc!! curry-combs, hoof-picks, sponges, brushes, polish, clean- ing paste, a burnisher, chamois skins, old cloths and rags, the harness-room will then have the necessary accessories to allow it being kept in good shape. The Coacli-House The coach-house should be separate from the stable, and this for the reason that the ammonia gases emanating from the stable would soon ruin the paint and varnish on the vehicles. All vehicles should be kept covered with large cotton sheets. In the case of two-wheeled vehicles the shafts should rest on racks provided for the purpose, in order to keep them in a horizontal position. Care of the Horse Upon his arrival at the st^ible, in the morning the groom should, first of all, look to his horses and note If any departure from the normal condition of things I has taken place during his absence. He must see to the blankets, the mangers, note if the feed of the pre- 1 i!^ 1 _ 12 — plete change of a.r m the stobl ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ allowing any draughts. Shorn .^^ ^^ appearing ^"".^"t^t^tfonrUn. h.s master abnormal position, he must. ai. of the facts. ,, ,u„„ attend to the watering of the The groom should then attena ^^^^.^^ horses and this before -""^f /^ '""..a this by the is followed by the allowance of hay ^ ^^^^ ^tiouofoak Onceaweek U - "^^j, ,i,,,, xnash of bran or ground oats, this mas XTseless to a .a that eacn u.iOr fully swept. 1 Orooming Horses staine.byconUct with urine or manure are to be washed with soap *"J ^f /'^^^ ^j.^out difficul- ' To thoroughly gi-oom -^T^J^,,^ the handling of ties, unless one is quite fam liar w ^ ^^^^^ the brush. The -"/--"tj^. J „ cerUiu circum- the brush, althou J 1^^ ina j^^^^^^^^^ portions of the the legs. — 13 — igof jlean 3um- .f the m of The corn brush is useful to clean certain portions of the head such as the ears, the forelock, etc., etc. The rubber brush gives an excellent finish to the grooming of a horse ; it makes the coat shine, and is an excellent substitute to the hay wisp, which is also used for the same purpose. Stweing ^^ It is evident that until recently, the question of shoeing has been sorely neglected. Most unhappily the capital importance, results and benefits that radical reforms which might be worked in the shoeing indus- try would bring about, are not yet clearly understood. In fact, the majority of our shoeing smiths do not realize the grave consequences that may result from defective shoeing, more especially so in young horses and seem to forget the old aphorism " No feet nj horse." ' In order that a shoeing smith may be in a position to pursue his trade with intelligence, it is necessary that he should possess at least an elementary knowledge of the anatomy of the horse's foot. We will enumerate a few of the anatomical notions. DescHptive Anatomp of the Horse's Foot The wall : This portion is the most extensive of le whole foot and forms the circumference of the hoof. ■0 M — 14 — It includes all that portion of th^ homy case which is visible when the foot rests on the soil. The wall is divided into several important regions bearing various names, viz : A The Toe.— This is the anterior fifth of the cir- cumference. Jl. The MiMMAE._Include3 the fifth on each side of the toe. C. The QuARTER._Also double, constitutes the pos- terior fifth of the lateral surface, immediately behind the preceding. D The HEEL.-Sftuated immediately behind, corres- ponds to the point where the wall becomes inflected inward to constitute the bars. ^, The Bab or SxAY.-Visible only on the raised toot IS the reflected portion representing the extremities ot the wall, placed between the frog and the sole. The internal quarter is more upright, shorter and thinner than the external. The Sole -The Sole is a lai^e homy plate filling the internal which exists between the inferior border of the wall, the bars, and the point of the frog. The homy substance forming it is softer than that of the waU and the homj fibres or tubes have an oblique directioo downi^ards and outwards. The sole offers for study the following sub-divisions. — 15 — f viz : An external and internal branch, a superior and inferior face, E^n external and internal border. The branches are triangular in form and fill the space between the oars, the quarters and the heels. The Frog : — The frog is a wedge or pyramid of soft horn, which covers the plantar cushion, whose form it reproduces. Lodged in the angle formed by the bars and the posterior border of the sole, it is seen to be sin- gle in front and bifid behind : two faces and two extremi- ties are thus assigned to it. The color of the hoof is due to the presence of pigment in the horny matter, and varies greatly. The hoof protects the soft tissues which it contains from all external influences, more especially ^against undue pressure during normal locomotion and against concussion during fast or long journeys over hard roads. Should the hoof be removed, we would then have the different portions forming the soft part of the foot ex- posed, thus we would find the coronary, navicular and pedal bones, the plantar cushion, the coronary band or cutidure, the podophyllous or laminated tissue and finally the villous or velvety tissue. A great deal more information could be added to these few anatomical rules, but the limited scope of this work will not permit our doing so. The shoeing-smith having once acquired a sufficient ' il — 16 — ascerSin f th r" '° ''.' ^'"'^ °' equilibrium and ascertam ,f the howe to be shod, interfere., foive. or rSTh ,^' ?r '^'^^ ^-'^^■■*- earefuIlTthe sole, the heels, and the frog, ascertain the condition of t .e horse, and should also be able to detec anv abnormal lencth of the honf i „ ^ nU oi, •., • ^° examination of the old shoes will, as a rule, help the shoeing smith to detect any irregularities of equilibrium. If VeTht U worn evenly, then the equilibriun, is normal it b^ng auir 'e '.fT"^' ^''" '"^ ''''' -^ always grS at tl e t„e. If the outer bmnch of the shoe is worn the n^ost, then the horse is pigeon-toed. If on the conLry he .nner branch is most worn, you have an outbow! footed horse or else, defective shoeing Care Of the Feet tw2?:""" '- '''' °---"^- -y 0- or The following prescription is recommended : Pine tar , , Turpentine i , T» 1 part rJeeswax o Lard fP*"^ o parts Melt over a slow lire until the whole is well mixed. . » A * — 17 — then stir until cold. The hoofs shouUI be washed before each application. After a journey or a day's work, when taking the hoide to the stable, he should be allowed but very little water, but should be rubbed dry with either cloths or wisps of straw. After which, the horse may be watered and fed. Jii THE COLT \ ;■' Hoiv to feed it The future qualities and worth of a horse depend to a great extent on the care received during the first years of its life. In order to produce a good horse, it is essential that the colt should possess a good bony frame and solid joints. Like any other animal tissue, the bones grow and develop as a result of the assimilation of good food, and should the food taken not contain certain elements essential to the formation and growth of bone tissue, it is evident that that portion of the animal's organism will remain deficient. The mother's milk contains a large proportion of these substances, such as phosphates and narbonate of lime. — 18 — which are the most necessary to the development of Done. As the colt grows older, the amount of these substances needed is increase 3 ti-es a day, but th s treatment must not be continued beyond two consecutive days. " "yjuu twSaly ""''"'"'' '"'' *' '°"°"'"S ■»'^'»'« Liquor Ammonia Acetatis, Powdered Gentian Root, Whiskey, • Linseed tea, PLEURISY This is an inflammation of the serous membmne that covers the internal walls of the chest. Symptoms : The symptoms and treatment of pleurisy 1 ounce. 2 drachms. 1 tablespoonful. 1 giU. c ,,■.', f — 27 — are so closely similar to those of pneumonia that we think it unnecessary to entur into the mass of detail that it would be necessary to master in order to enable the stock owners to differentiate them. However, it may be helpful to mention that in pleurisy, one of the most characteristic symptoms is the disinclination of the animal to move or turn round. When madii to do so, he grunts or groans with pain. COLIC Pain caused by spasm or cramp of the bowels. It is caused either by the accumulation of gas in the intestines, or by indigestible food, the presence of foreign bodies such as stones, etc., obstructing the in- testinal canal, and also by worm's. Symptoms : The general symptoms of colic are easily detected, as the animal suffering from colic evinces the most intense pain, he throws himself down, rolls over and over, jumps up, whirls about, drops down again, paws, or strikes, rather with the front feet, the upper lip is upturned, and the animal lopks backward towards his flanks. Tkeatment : If the case is one of w'nd colic the belly enlarges, and the most characteristic symptom of this form of coUc is the distention of the bowels with gas, easily detected by the bloated appearance and resonance of the abdomen on percussion. I — 28 — In such cases allow the animal to roll and to assume the most comfortable position, do not compel him to remain standing nor keep him walking. Give injections composed of warm water and soap, to which may be added some oil ; if constipation con- tinues, add a little turpentine to the injections. Administer a tablespoonful of baking soda in a pint of water every hour. If it be possible to procure diluted water ammonia, a half ounce of it in a pint of water will generally produce satisfactory results. In cases where among the usual symptoms no bloating is noticed, then give stimulating remedies such as whiskey mixed with an equal quantity of water and administered in 4 tablespoonful 'dos6s, or again, powdered ginger in half ounce doses. When it is thought that the colic is due to the presence of worms in the bowels administer seven drachms of powdered aloes, dissolve in a pint of raw linseed oil. During the purgation, which must last from 24 to 36 hours, give nothing but warm bran mashes and tepid water. The following prescription may be used : R. — Tincture aconite 10 drops Spirits turpentine 1 ounce Laudanum 1 on nee .- ■ i' — 29 — The whole mixed in a pint of raw linseed oil and administered as one dose. Repeat every 3 hours until animal is relieved. Note : — In cases of colic no food is to be allowed the patient, and only small quantities of luke warm water permitted. A rigorous diet is to be continued for 3 or 4 days after the cure is accomplished. , ^ How to distinguish dangerous from mild forms of colic : legs are Dangerous They appear gradually with slight fever, the pulse is rapid and hard to find. The ears and cold. The belly is very sensi- tive to pressure. Any movement executed seems to increase the pains. The pains seem to be continuous without any in- tervals of relief and the ani- mal is continually agitated. The patient weakens ra- pidly. Mild They begin suddenly. The pulse is nearly nor- mal and always full and strong. The ears and legs are warm. The belly does not appear painful when touched. Locomotion or any other movements do not increase the spasms. The animal has intervals of relief. The animal does not ap- pear to weaken. I •■%p I ■ — ao — > HETEJfTION OF UBIKB diame. Its generally a symptom or the consequence of numerous d.sotders which it would be superfluo„rto —l: r n *"" "'^ generally Cr\h^ presence of a veterinarian. We will, however; indicate a few pre hm.„ary precautions to be taken whenTh^ annual ev-nces the fi..t symptoms of retention o'nrfe Ja'thtl"' """*"' "^ *oro«ghly cleansing the sheath, because filth .^ frequently the sole cause of the uneasiness affecting the horse. 2. Administer a liberal amount of linseed tea • »„^ K.-Spirits of Nitrous Ether 2 oun('.es Water . ^ aiH The whole in one dose, repeated 2 or 3 ttoes a day. BLIND STAGOERS Caused by an effusion of blood to the brain too'UXTf"''."'""' '^ over-feeding, the use of too nutr tive food, more especially iu extremelv f=.f horses with short thick necks extremely fat limmary manifestations of sickness. ^ ^ '" - I 31 — 4 Quite often, after a few moments the dizziness seems to pass away, the animal rises, resumes apparently his normal condition a.hd can generally continue its occupa- tion. Horses subject to staggers usually appear more slug- gish, dull and sleepy than others. Treatment. — Profuse bleeding at the neck, (Ju- gular vein.) The application of ice or cold water to the head. Give reduced rations of less nutritive food and regular daily exercise. However, violent exertions immediately after the meals are to be avoided. I^. — Barbadoes aloes 1 ounce Powdered ginger 1 drachm Make into a pill or ball by mixing with molasses and administer in the morning on empty stomach, and dur- ing the action of this physic feed on bran mashes ex- clusively and tepid water as beverage. This physic is to be followed by the use of Bromide of Potash in 2 drachm doses tynce a day during 15 or 20 days. TETANUS {Lock-Jaw) This disease is characterized by spasms affecting the muscles of the face, the neck, body and limbs. The spasms or muscular contractions are rigid and persis- tent, ycv mixed with occasional more intense contrac- f. — 32 — V tious of convulsive violence. Lock-jaw ig usually the result of an injury such as a nail in the foot STMPT0M8._The rigidity of the spinal column renders locomotion difficult, the tail is usually elevated and held immovable, there is a protrusion of the haw over the inner part of the eye, there is inability to open the jaws to their full extent, the flow of saliva is in- creased, feeding is difficult on account of rigidity of the muscles of the jaw and soon all food is refused The animal docs not lie down. Treatment .- The first care is to place the patient in a quiet and dark place, where he is to be disturbed as little as possible. R.-.Prussic acid. i jrachm Once a day. HEA VES-BMOKEN- WINDED -ASTHMA This disease is characterized by a peculiar movement • ot the Hanks and abdomen. Symptoms; The fllanks are seen to contract, then pause for a moment, then complete the act of contract- ing, thus making double be!lows-like movement at each expiration, a sort of jerky motion with every breath The nostrils are wide open, there is a short, dry cou^h the hor^e loses flesh and eventually becomes unable' to perform any work. — 33 — pam:™"^'^-^^'''^- »--"«.''•.' can be Feed with nutritive food-stuffs, small wtion of hav but .nc«a,e ration of oats. Keep the an.ma .^^' z^ht;^"" •"" ^"° ^«" -"«-<' -"'e .-d Give molasses, oil of pine-tor. or, still better the f...lowmg prescription which is effective :_ R. — Arsenic . „ Twice a day during 10 days, then disco^Ze the admrnistrnfon during 5 days, and begin a^a^n thi! treatment to be continued during 5 or 6 week's ' PARASITES OF THE HOBSE The principal species of worms found on the horae are the Ascari es. the Oxyures and the Sclerosl' "' nor do they produce any grave disorders. They how ^rboweTs'T'""''"""" ^ "^^"-^ •--- o the bowels In rare cases, these wonns may produce the following symptoms : Vertigo, epilepti ^^^ sions, epilepsy, tetanus, and pamplegia TEEATMENT.-An adequate treatment should be re sorted to at once. The use of tartar emetic is r^,Z 200 grammes 8 30 500 (( <( (( • ' — 34 — mended in daily doses of from 15 to 20 grammes, this amount to be divided into and administered in four equal portions mixed with syrup and deposited on the tongue. The following prescription is, however, to be pre- ferred. Male feru Calomel Phosphate Strontium Sulphate of Soda The whole in one dose. The Oxyvres.—TXieaQ parasites are sometimes seen protruding from the anus and occasion violent pruritus. Treatment. Make use of anthelmintic enemas pre- pared as follows : Decoction male feru Soap Ordinary coarse salt Water The Sderostoma.— \fter the ascarides, these are the worms most frequently found in equines. Treatment.— Two ounces of turpentine in a pint of raw linseed oil ; this dose to be repeated two or three successive mornings on empty stomach. A diet i warm bran mashes for two or three days is recom- mended. 100 grammes 50 200 2 quarts (( (( '- — So -^ EXTERNAL DISEASES 'LAMENESS Lamene., is „ot ,. disease, but rather tl.e symptom f one or seve.^! diseases localized to some port o, of the hmbs and causing irregularities in locomotor w detected, and enumerate the ordinary causes of Before proceeding further, it is well to say that when Jt .s contemplated ,o attempt the diagnosis oV 1 e "f an,eness, that it is indispensable to be provi.led w th , hammer, a pair of pincers and a shoeing'knife Ihere remams to be ascertained : 1. In which leg is the lameness ? 'i wi? ".f ' ''"' °^ ** ''""^"^'^ '■" tl'e limb ^ lamJs ; " ''* "'"" ^"'^ °-^"^ «^ ''^^ -"- of - The examination of a lame horse can be made dur .ng rest, at the walk, but more especially at the t ot The ammal must be watched from before fr'om behind and from each side. It is also helpful to n.Z the horse go up or down hill, or to move him Xr nately on soft and on harf ground •• pthr-: 77"""' ""' " ^''"''^^ ^^•''- *e horse points, that is. msf^ *].«. ..,^.- .i,. ^ ,, ,. . ^ weight of the limb on th, -36 — toe ; but the trot is the best gait for the ascertaining of the lame limb. Thus, if the horse is lame in a fore limb, the head is raised as the lame limb touches the ground, if a hind limb is affected, the croup and the head are raised simultaneously. Again, during loco- motion, the weight of the body is ' supported a mu6h longer space of time by the sound limb. A multitude of signs by which lameness can be deter- mined could be given, but as they are generally known, it would be superfli^ous to enter Into any more details. The lame limb once positively known, how shall we discover the exact seat of the trouble ? There lies the difficulty. It must be ascertained if the animal has ever shown symptoms of lameness previously, if be has performed work to which he is not accustomed, or again, if he has had a fall. Then tlid limb must be carefully examined, every portion of which must be felt in order to discover the presence of heat, pain, or swelling. A most charac- teristic means of diagnosis is the following :. If a horse " points-" but with the whole surface of his foot resting on the ground, it can be taken for granted that the seat of the ailment is not in the foot but in the shoulder, whereas, if the foot rests on its toe, with the heels off the ground, the cause of the lameness will generally be found in the foot. — 37 — In the hind legs, when the lameness is due to some trouble in the foot, this latter is frequently raised ; whereas, if due to pain in the hock the limb is held bent, the foot resting on its toe. The foregoing indications will permit, in a general way, to locate the seat of lameness ; especially charac- tenstic symtoms and special methods of discovering the cause of lameness will be given with each particular disease. FOUNDEB-LAMINITIS This is an inflammation of the sensitive tissues of the loot. It is either acute or chronic. Causes : Drinking large quantities of water while m an overlieated condition ; overfeeding with oats or other grains ; concussion from long drives on hard pavements or roads. Symptoms i The first symptom i, usually the inter- ference with locomotion ; the fore feet are well extended forward, so that the weight is thrown upon the heels whilst the hind feet are brought forward beneath the body to receive as much weight as possible, thereby relieving the diseased ones. The feet are hot and dry to the touch and extremely sensitive to percussion. Treatment ■ The shoe, must U carefullv reu,nv«H tlie animal placed in a box-stall if there IS one avail- - 38 — able, with an abundant litter. For this purpose tan-bark IS recommended. Apply warm linseed poultices, which are to be renewed twice daily. Hot foot baths are also most beneficial. Internally, administer in one dose, 6 drachms of powdered aloes in a half pint of raw lin- seed oil. After the action of this physic has passed, giye a tablespooiiful of baking soda in a pint of water once a day during 6 or 8 days. If the cure of founder is not effectid within the first 8 or 10 days, it then^ becomes chronic : in which case the hoofs are deformed. . This form of the disease is most difficult to cope with and usually its treatment is not followed by satisfactory results. THJRUSH This disease is char.icterized by an excessive secre- tion of unheahhy matter from the cleft of the frog. Causes : The ordinary cause of thrush is the filthy condition of the stables in which the animals are kept. Colts are especially liable to this disease. There are also other causes such as hard work on rough and stony roads and defective shoeing. Thrush does not neces- sarily lame the horse. Treatment : The first measures of treatment must be the removnl of the causes and the prevention of their return ; the treatment is simple : with a shoeing- — 39 — knife remove all loose or diseased portions of the frog, g^at care bemg taken against wounding the sensitive tissues underlying them, then dress with chin.ney soot mixed with vinegar, or else bathe the feet in brine. Ihe following prescription is also recommended :— B.— Sulphate of Iron 3 ounces Dissolve a teaspoonful in a quart of water and use as a bath. COKTRA CTBD HEELS This is a shrinking of the tissues of the foot, whereby _ Causes : Faulty shoeing and thrush. Animals raised m wet or marshy districts, when taken to towns and kept on d.y floors, are liable to have contracted heels Symptoms : Lan^eness, generally accompanied by intense suffenng, the shrinking and narrowing of the heels bewg most evident. Pain is induced by percus- sion with a hammer. The patients generally " point " Treatment . When shoeing, care must be taken that- >n fll ng the shoe, the shoeing smith does not bring the hot shoes m contact with the feet as the shoes should be cooled first. The bast adopted method of shoeing f the one which allows the frog to rest on the ground, the heels oeing allowed to extend beyond the branches of m — 40 — Give cold foot-baths 2 or 3 times a week, and make use of the following hoof-ointment : R. — Pine tar 1 part Turpentine 1 part Lard 5 parts Beeswax 2 parts Melt over a slow fire, stir until cold and apply to the hoofs 2 or Z times a week. ^ CORNS This is an injury to the living horn of the foot, in- volving at the same time the soft tissue beneath : they appear in that part of the sole included in the angle between the bar and the outside wall of the hoof. Causes : Faulty shoeing ; shoeing at too long inter- vals, long journeys over hard or stony roads, the col- lection of small stones or dry earth or other objects between the sole and iihe shoe, finally, the rocking motion of the coffin bone within the hoof may also pro- duce corns, more especially in low flat feet. SYMPTOMS : Corns generally induce sufficient pain to cause lameness, this lameness being more ntensified when the animal is travelling on a hard road than on wet soft ground. The foot is so brought forward that It is relieved of all weight and the fetlock is flexed until all pressure by the contents of the hoof is removed — 41 — from the heels. The heels are very sensitive to per- cussion with a hammer and the use of the shoein.. knife will reveal that not only the sole in tiie angle is found disoolored, but, often, the bar and wall adjacent are also stained with the tscaped blood. , In suppurating corns, the pus collects at the point of mjury and finally escapes by working a passage way to the top of the hoof, where an opening is made by sepa- ration oflhe wall from the coronary band at or near the heels : Wide feet with low heels are especially predis- posed to corns. Treatment : The cause must be found and removed It due to the shoe it must be-carefully removed; if due to some foreign body inserted between shoe and foot remove it at once. Apply warm linseed or bran poul- tices during a couple of day. and pare the sole at the seat of the trouble. As soon as the lameness has dis- appeared apply a strong shoe, fitted in such a way that the pressure is relieved from the sore heel. SAND-CRACKS This is a solution of continuity or fi.sure in the horse of the wall of the foot; sand-cracks are usually found directly m front or near the heels. Causes : Faulty shoeing, the contact of hot »hnp« to the teet whilst shoeing. This has a tendency to drive the natui-al moisture out of the horn and occasion fissures ^42 — Another and more frequent cause is the unnecessary use of the rasp, by tlie shoeing smith, on the outer sur- face of the hoofs. When sand-cracks are superficial, tlierj is no lameness, but when the cracks are deep, they are generally accom- panied by lameness. Treatment : Apply 2 or 3 linseed poultices to soften the horn, then, with a shoeing knife, thin the wall on either side of the fissure, and apply a bar-shoe. After this has been done, Remove the hair immediately above the crack and make 2 or 3 good frictions with turpen- tine, or, still better, use the following prescription : R. — Powdered Cantharides 1 part Lard 4 parts Mix thoroughly and rub well in with the hand. PUNCTURED WOUXDS OF THE FOOT These are injuries caused by the penetration of foreign bodies into the sole or the fro,:,'. Nails are usually the most common instrument by which these injuries are inflicted. The wounds are more or less serious according to the depth of penetration and the importance of the tissues involved. Treatment : Remove the shoe and poultice with linseed during 24 hours. Then, with a sharp shoeing — 43 — k^ife thin out the .sole in the vicinity of the puncture. gieat care being taken not to dmw bloo.1, which mi.* cause the growtli of i-roml-flesli. After these j;,eli«,i„arie3. bathe in decoctions of red spruce bark o. roots and after 3 or 4 d.ys t,..atn,ent if the annna st.ll appears to suffer an.l puts no weight on the woun.led foot, and more especially if there is a dis- charge from the wound, no time must be lost in con- suiting a veterinarian. RIlfG-BOJfE This is the giowth of a bony tumor on the ankle. Ihey are often quite apparent lo the eye, but their pre- sence ,s more easily detected by means of the hand Ihey usually cause lameness. King-bones a., always grievous and more particu- larly so when they involve the joints. Causes : The most frequent is hereditixry. Li this country, unfortunately, so little intelligent care is taken in the selection of breed ing-stock, that the spread of this disease, through heivditary, is allowed to continue King-l,ones can also be the result of injuries, such as blows or sin. ping on pavements or of many other exter- nal causes. TliEATMENT : Absolut^ rp^t thp ir-^ -f fi « • --•.UL-. iH,s[, tne Use oi the fiiincr non followed by application of the following blister : — 44 — B.— Biniodine of Mercury i part Powdered Cantharides 2 parts m , , 16 parts Take enough of the above ingredients to make two ounces mix thoroughly and rub well in after the use ol the finng iron. Care mu,t be taken that after the operation and the bhstermg that the animal be tied sufficiently abort to prevent hw b.fng the seat of pain, nor should he be allowed to he down for 2 or 8 days. At the end of 5 or 6 days apply a good coating of iard over the whole surface. • SPZIIfTS They are bony enlargemt;nt3 which are developed generally on the inside of the canon-bone, between the knee and the fetlock joints. Splints which are close to the knee or the fetlock, are to be feared, as they frequently interfere with the utility 01 the horse. •' The presence of splints is readily detected by the hand If they have attained sufHcient development, and also by the fact that lameness is apparent when the animal trots and absent at the walk. Treatment : The treatment is identical with that of ring-bones. But no treatment should bs attempted on splints which do not cause lameness. — 45 — SPRAIXS A sprain is a more or less complete laceration or yielding of the fibres of muscles, tendons, or of the sheaths surrounding and supporting them. The spiBin of the fetlock being the most frequently Identical, we will especially mention only this one. Symptoms : Lameness, more or less intense accordinc to degree of gravity of lesions ; evidence of soreness 1 the v,em.ty of the joints ; there is frequently swelling and heamsenous sprains, but little weight rests on the nj-ed hmb. as a rule, the fetlock is flexed and when the patient is walking, when the injured leg is sup- porting the weight of the body, it appears to be vLi Treatment : M the beginning, the long continued u^ of cold water bandages genei^lly produces satis- factory results. But after two or thr^e days, if it be mpossible to have a plaster of paris bandag; applied It 1 advised to prepare one with starch and which m„s be kept in place for from 15 to 20 days and sometimes more After that lapse of time, if there is no impro" men., make, use of the following prescription :— — 40 — R.— Powdered Cantharides 1 part Lard 4 parts • Suflficient of each to make 2 ounces. Remove all the hair and rul» well in with the hand during 5 minutes. For Inp, shoulder, loins and pastern lameness, make use oi the same ointment. DISEASES OF THE TENDONS i r SPBAIXS OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS AND FLEXOR TENDONS This is characterized by a more or less extensive sweP'Tig, reaching from a small spot of the middle of the ^ .ck of the tendon to a tumefaction reaching from the knee down to and even involving the fetlock itself. Symptoms : It is chamcterized by heat and various degrees of sensitiveness and swelling. At first, the lameness is slight and when at rest the animal do6s not appear to suffer any pain, but there is an increase of pain the moment the animal attempts to walk. Treatment : Hot water fomentations ; frictions with camphorated alcohol, followed by the application of moderately tight bandages. The most successful treatment is the use of running Li — 47 — water baths, that is, to stand the animal in a brook or smali water course for a half hour twice a day. If at the end of 12 or 15 days, a complete cure is not effected, make use of the following prescription :— K. — Turpentine 1 part Olive Oil 4 parts Give two cr(),„l ru])bin<,rs with this prepamtion, witli an interval of 24 hours between applications. The fourth or fifth day apply a good coating of lard. If this treatment is uot efficacious, re'-ourse mu^t be had to firing, which operation, however, can only be properly done by a veterinarian, WIND-QALLS This is the inflammation of the small membranous pockets called synovial bursac found at the joints and tendon sheaths. Symptoms : Their most characteristic name indicates their predominating symptom, which is a soft tumor of varying size, according to the amount of secretion that they contain. Causes : Long continued and arduous labor over macadamized roads by horses unused to such work. Blows, falls, slipping. Treatment : This must be very energetic from the ; i very beginning, the application of two or three sue cessive blisters being recommended. Then place the animal in a loose box, having pre- viously had him shod with high calks. Internally, administer 2 ounces of sulphate of soda twice daily during 8 or 10 days. SPAVINS Bone-spavin, to which we will confine our remarks, is a bone tumor gi^owing on the lower portion of the inner s'de of the hock joint. This is one of the most serious evils afflicting our equine friends. The majority of our horses are suffering from it, and, however limited the scope of this modest work, we cannot allow this opportunity to pass without emphasizing this point ; because this state of affairs hks been brought about by the negligence and ignorance of the farming class in general and-of the stock-breeders more particulariy. In fact, horses suffering from spa- vins, which are hereditary, are daily used for breeding purposes, regardless of the fact that the offspring of such parents must necessarily be inferior and valueless animals: And such things take place not only among our farmers, but also in our public institutions, whose intended purpose it is to ameliorate the quality and standard of the native horse. — 49 — WOUNDS AND THEIR TREATMENT, Wounds are divided into incised or clean cut- wounds ; lacerated or torn wounds; contused, bruised and punctured wounds. Incised wounds are the simplest," and the sharper the mstrmnent and the cleaner the cut the greater L chance of speedy healing. A clean cut woL which luH not been exposed to the air and which lodges no readily by simple adhesion, whereas those that have been exposed and contain matter foregin to the tissues, will have healing delayed or prevented by the disturb- ing action of such bodies The healing of wounds takes place by the following " modes, viz : * 1. By primary adhesion :- Union by this means may be affected within 24 hours after the wound has been inflicted. Of all domestic animals, however, the horse .s the least prone to such union, being more dis- posed to the formation of pus. 2 Bff granulation :— This is the common form of heahng in r.iw, exposed sores, in those containing foreigu bodies and septic and infecting ferments, also in torn and contused wounds. In this form, the new tissue, as formed, undergoes a steady contmetior., draw- ing in the adjacent skin over the wound, and this ex- HUzSmJ diSk fffl .1 :! 1 i i "I! M I \ — 50 — plains why in the case of large wounds healed in this way, the skin is more or less puckered around them. 3. By Scabbing : — In which the discharge on the surface of the wound dries up into a firm scab, under "which the process of repair goes on by the develop- ment of tissue from the deeper cells, as in adhesion. In treating clean, incised wounds, attempts should be made to secure healing by primary adhesion, even in the horse. Bleediiig should first be arrested, or nearly flo, by applying a cold or hot sponge, or by tying bleeding vessels, and the lips of the wound should then be •closed accurately, without any twisting or overlapping. ' In small wounds, pieces of sticking plaster may be used, the lips of the wound having first been smoothly shaved, so that they may adhere finally. In larger wounds the wound may be sewed with a curved surgi- cal needle and a silk thread dipped in a solution of carbolic acid. The stitches may be continued from ^nd to end of the wound, and the thread prevented from slipping and loosening by a knot at each end ; or the stitches may be independent, the two ends being tied together across the wound. In such cases they may be from one-quarter to one third of an inch apart ; •or the lips of the wound may be pinned together, the pins in a simple skin wound bein.of inserted one-eight of an inch from the edge and when both lips have been — 51 _ transfixed in this way. a thread, or horse hair carried .uceeas.vely around the two ends of the pi„ a„d made to d^senbe a figu« 8 will hold the wound closed. When efforts at primary union have failed and t,us has formed and the lips gape more or less, some a^ti -pt.c dressing will be required, as in the c se of lacer ated and contused wounds. In cases where an incised wound has had foreign tast be removed. A current of water that has been " boded an,, cooled is one of the best methods oflleanT mg a wound and there is no objection to the ad^n of one.twent,eth of its amount of carbolic acM as hTs wdl tend to destK>y any germ life that might otherwte prove fatal t» the healina process Tho .k «ay be stitched up as if it hrbtn cfi^ ^ .^J For a wound on the convex surf-ace of a joint, where each other the movement of the joint may be temno t: 1 1?^ *^ r'""'°" "'' ^pHnttrr aa,e, and m any snch case the bandage should b« applied uniformly from the hoof upward JnT thp liniK K«i ^t, , , "P>vara, as otherwise the hab below the bandage is liable to swell or even die. The treatment of contused, punctured, and lacer! i- I: ill it jil I • I — 52- ated wounds demands cleansing and antiseptic applica- tions as for an incised wound, but as primary adhesion is next to impossible, the same accurate apposition of the lips by stitcliiug is not so essential. If portions of skin or other tissue are so detached or crushed that they cannot possibly live, they may be cut off, but if there is any doubt on this matter, the injured portion should be left and every attempt should be made to preserve it. Such portions of the wound as are free from such fatally injured parts 'may be disinfected by the carbolic lotions referred to above, and stitched up like a clean wound. The severely injured parts may be left open to discharge and the whole may be dressed daily with the carbolized oil, or with a solution of one part of mer- curic chloride in one thousand parts of water. Granulating wounds may be irrigated with the mer- curic chlor" 1 ' solution and if the granulations become inflamed an I rising above the edges of the wound, they may be touched lightly with a stick of lunar caustic so as to have them covered with a white film. In all wounds that fail to heal by primary union an elaborate antiseptic treatment is desirable, but the difficulty of applying this successfully to the horse in an ordinary stable would seem to forbid a lengthy description in a book of this kind. '•^, . — 53 — AGE OF THE HOUSE The following plates will give a general insight into how to determine the age of horses :— The horse-has 12 incisors. 6 in the upper and 6 in the lower jaws. They are sublivided into " pincers," " intermediates " and "corners." On colts the pincers make their>ppearancejbefore or a few days after birth ; the intermediates 4 to 6 weeks after birth ; the corners 6 to 9 months after birth. t ;ii — 54 — Eeplacement of the Incisors. The pincers The intermediates . The corners at 2 J years at 3i at4J (( The pincers are levelled at 6 years ; the interme- diates at 7 years ; the corners at 8 years. After this age has been attained, the veterinarian is- the only competent authority who can determine the age. ti lli MjMm — 55 — — 56 — V I ■ 4i i I 3*« mMm^miilmm — 57 — n , \ I I f : V •W.. 0^:^^l^j''^'^-*^ THE COW DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS CATARRH This is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal chambers. Exposure to cold is the most frequent cause ; if catarrh is neglected, the inflammation can readily spread to the lungs and cause bronchitis and pneumonia. This disease can also be caused by draughts, damp- ness, and defective stable drainage. — 59 — SvMProMS : There is generally fever, the mouth is hot, the muzzle dry, the horns are warm, the ears cold. The animal sneezes and sometimes coughs. The nasal discharge is watery. Treatment : Place the animal in a weU ventilated and comfortable stable. If there is constipation, ad- mmister a half pint of castor oil or of melted lard. If there is diarrhoea, give large quantities of lime water. Compel the animal to inhale steam from boiling water. You may use also the following prescription ; R.— Nitrate of Potash, 3 ounces Muriate of Ammonia, 3 ounces Tincture aconite, 3 drachms Sufficient water to make one quart. Give a table- apoonful of this mixture every 4 hours until cured. Mustard blisters may also Le applied to the throat. Allow the animal all the cold water it. may want. LARTNGITIS This is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx. This disease is easily complicated. with pneumonia. Causes : Similar to those of catarrh ; in addition to these, it may be due to the introduction of irritatmg bodies in the ihroat. Symptoms: General uneasiness and dullness, the liead is extended, the throat swollen and sensitive, the i ' t ""•^.. — 60 — mouth hot. There is always more or less cough and an increased flow of saliva. There is loss of appetite and the animal does not lie down. Treatment : The application of mustard blisters to the throat once a day during 2 days. After these, if the inflammation still persists, then apply warm linseed poultices. Give about 2 tablespoonfuls of saltpetre in the drink- ing water twice a' day. Feed on grass or roots if practicable. R. — Chlorate of Potash, 4 ounces Water, 1 quart Gargle 4 or 5 times a day. BRONCHITIS This is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. Causes : The exposure to cold is the principal cause, but it can also be a sequel to catarrh or sore throat. Symptoms : The disease appears suddenly ; the breathing is rapid, the cough is loud, deep and appar- ently painful. After a few hours, the pulse, which remains full, may beat up to 80 pulsations per minute. The tem- perature rises as high as 106" F. The muzzle and — 61 — the horns near the head are warm, whilst ^rs and the legs are cold. The animal does not lie down. Treatment: Apply must^ird blisters to the sides, immediately back of the fore-legs, these blisters to cover a space of about a foot square. R.— Mineral Kermes, 3 ounces Spirits of Nitrous Ether, 5 ounces "^ Tincture Aconite, 5 drachms Sufficient water to make one quart. Dose : Two tablespoonfuls every 4 honr:^. PliEUMONIA Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung tissue. Causes : Exposures to sudden changes of temperature* It is also a frequent complication, or rather sequel of catarrh, laryngitis and bronchitis. Either only one or both lungs may be affected. Symptoms : At the beginning, there are genemlly chills, which, however, as a rule, pass unobserved. Breathing is rapid and the animal appears to be out of breath, the coat is rough, there is cessation of the chewing of the cud, the appetite is capricious and finally the animals refuse food, accompanied bv the loss of milk with the cows. The pulse is full, rapid, soft. It may beat to 90 pulsations per minute. The temperature may vary from 104° to 107° F. 4 ounces 2 drachms 4 drachms 2 ounces 2 ounces — 62 — Where there is congestion, death may take place during the first few days. And when there is no appar- ent improvement on the fourth or fifth day, the case may be considered a serious one. Tkeatment : Mustard blisters on the sides and use the following prescription : K.— Spirits of Nitrous Ether, Tincture Aconite, Fluid Extract^ Belladonna, Nitmte of Potash, Ammonia Muriate, Water.— A sufficient quantity to make one quart. Dose.— Two tablespoonfuls, in a little water, every. 3 or 4 hours until recovery of animal. PLEUmST This is the inflammation of the serous membrane , lining the thoracic cavity and the lungs. Causes : Dampness of the stable, wet and marshy pastures and all the divers causes enumerated when speaking oi pneumonia. Bovines are especially predisposed to contracting this disease. Symptoms : More or less fever, breathing is not only mpid but also very painful, and the animal shows signs of actual suflferino'. *, M ,M^'^%' . 1 1 •1 't - 63 - The back is reached, the pulse quick, smaU and hard. The sides are extremely sensitive to the touch. The muzzle is dry ; the cough painful ; the animal does not he down and moves about with the greatest diffi- culty. Treatment : Give two teaspoonfuls of saltpetre every ^ 3 hours : to this add a tablespoonful of baking soda 3 times a day. Apply mustard blisters to the sides. When this treatment has been continued 3 days, follow with i^.- — Infusion of Gentian, Powdered Ginger, . Carbonate of Ammonia, Molasses, Water, Mix the whole and administer in one dose, to be repeated 3 times a day. 1 pint 1 drachm 1 drachm 2 ounces 1 pint IAMIiH(EA . It is especially frequent in young calves and ordi- narily makes its appearance between the tenth and ' tifteenth day after birth. R.— Powdered Opium, 1 drachm. Prepared Chalk, 6 ounces. Divide into 12 powders and give one powder night and mominsr. mi •*J|: ^' !■" ,t 'W.'.P .. :A.. — 66 — To the above can be added 2 tablespoonfula of lime water twice a day administered in boiled milk. BT8ENTERT This is an aggravated foi-m of diarrhoea, attended with fever and occasional abdominal pain ; the large intestines are generally the seat of this trouble. Symptoms : There is geneml uneasiness, loss of appe- tite, dullness, occasional colics with frequent straining to satisfy the desire of emptying the bowels; the dis- charges are offensive and^fo- the most pait liquid. The discharges are coffee-coloured or bloody ; diges- tion is impaired ; the eyes are congested ; the back is reached. This disease may last from 2 to 8 days. Treatment : Absolute diet ; large quantities of rice water ; mustard blister to the abdomen ; injection of gruel. E. — Medicinal Salt, 6 ounces. Powdered Gentian, J ounce. Powdered Opium, 1 drachm. Give the whole in one dose, to be repeated every dav for o or 4 days. ^ PERITONITIS This is the inflammation of the serous membrane lin"ng the cavity of and covering the organs contained within the abdomen. ^ — 67 — of l":!"^: rr;:^ ^:: • r^^- -f- ^'^-sea moves with a stiff or sore aaif p ^'^^ 1^.^'» > «ie animal . pulse quick and J'J^X. 5*""'" ■'« ^^ «- Tkeatment : Oivp 1 1 ^^ J wbic. .a, ^ ar/oij orryir rL^" .*» . -.no„ea.e..ewHo,ebein,a.:oKaL";t:^^^^ K.-Camphor, 2 dmchms. Sulphunc Ether, j o„„^e Ammonia Acetate, 4 ounces. JJissoive the camphor in thp <,„l,.i • SCEMATUItIA -tion in' ^L\IJTXi:iTT'''''''^- seems to be then an ess nti!l% ' ''*'"«"'"» alte,*tion of the bLd P '"''' '"'"'* "^ »° oi i,Qe Diood. Causes may derive fmm ^ forges, bad alimentation, al..rated c'o nstitllionTue t^ - *t£^': — 68 — an abundant secretion of milk and ingestion of pimples of oak or beech-tree. Treatment : An alimentation of good quality but given at small rations, which may be gradually increas- ed, use of kitchen common salt in the forages, as con- diment, but not every day. The tincture of iron in a tablespoonful dose in a mashed bran, twice a day, is also recommended. ANTHRAX {Black Leg) This is a severe and usually contagious disease, caused by the admission of bacteria into the animal's body, which produces a profound alteration of the blood, characterized by the destruction of the red blood cor- puscles. It aft'ed s all animals exposed to its contagion, but it has been especially observed that animals pasturing in low or nui > hy countries are more frequently affected. This is explained by the fact that marshy lands dry out during the heat of summer and are then covered with light rains. Symptoms ; Death is sometimes so sudden that it takes place before the observation of any symptoms of illness. At other times, the disease may run for a couple of days. In such cases, the disease is generally ushered in by violent chills. The underside of the J •II," ' ' "m: * ii-i A ■■■" 'If* . *■»•* 1*M>» *-*^*' ii.*lw..T «-*i. ..?^ir.., '■ *v" — 69 — eye-lids are congested, breathing is rapid and tinally the case terminates fatally. It is needless to say that the flesh of such animals is unfit for human consumption. Again, the disease may run for 5 or 6 days, in such cases, there is a faint hope of an ultimate recovery. iS"0TE : In France and in the other countries where preventative inoculations have been employed, the dis- ease has nearly disappeared. There is practically no treatment to be indicated or recommended against anthrax, Although consultation with a veterinarian may be conclusive to the adoption of efficacious preventative measures. One important matter to the stock owners is that of deeply burying the carcasses of animals who have died of black leg. ACTINOMYCES {Lumpy Jaw) Infectious disease of cattle caused by a ray fungus (actinomyces). The last few years have seen the spreading of this disease in Canada. Symptoms : The evolution of this disease is extremely slow. An animal may be affected with it during several months and- still retain a healthy appearance. * The lirst apparent symptom, and this after the animal has become emaciated, is the inflammation of the throat, which may assume such proportions as to cause death. P^J ^B ^^H H w i ^^Hi — 70 — The most noticeable symptoms are tumors which appear at ihe throat or on the lower jaw-bone. These are often accompanied by a discharge. The disease may also spread to the internal organs. In certain cases, hard blows may produce swellings somewhat analogmis to those of actinomyces, and one must be guarded against mistaking the one for the Other. An easy way to facilitate the diagnosis is to remember that when the tunior is the result of a blow or an accident, that the general condition of the animal remains unimpairecj. Treatment : Give | drachm doses of Iodide of Po- tash twice a day and externally make use of R. — Powdered Iodide of Potash, 1 ounce. Lard, 4 ounces. FOREION BODIES IN THE OESOPHAGUS This accident is of frequent occurrence in cattle whose food, consising often of potatoes or turnips, are not always sufficiently masticated to allow them to pass down easily into the stomach. In cases of this kind, the animal attempts to vomit alternately with efforts to swallow. There is cough and the discharge by the mouth of frothy matter : there is distension of the belly caused by an accumulation of gases, and unless immediate help is forthcoming the animal soon dies by asphyxia. — 71 — Treatment : When the above symptoms have been observed, it will be well to feel the throat so as to ascertain the exact location of the obstruction, then to press gently upwards so as to push up whateverj is causing the trouble Another way is to introduce the hand through the mouth into the throat, to seize the' foreign body and pull it out. This can be done without danger. If injur) to the hand is feared, place a small board in which a hole sufficiently large to allow the hand and arm to pass has been made, transversely in the animal's mouth. If it be found to be impossible to remove the foreign body, then try to push it down into the 8tomach;^with any suitable instrument. The once popular method of crushing the foreign body by means of pincers or between two mallets is not to be recommended. FRACTURE OF THE HORNS If the fracture is only partial, it may be remedied by splinting the horns and immobilizing them by means of a yoke. If the fracture is complete, amputate and dress with oakum or flax saturated witli alcohol. 8- i|!== _ ■ J ... "l U -"72 — LICE of t':r X""' '''"^"'°"'' <"-»'-ess in the care tw^^auirV ^"" '''"^•P<"»«J of black tobacco in inlusion, from head to tail. The following prescription is also recommended :- R. — Benzine, 1 part. Olive Oil, 1 part. Mix well and use as^preceding preparation. COW-POX ndS',.'^"'''' '"' ? "■"P"^^ ''«"«<'"°" °f the teats and udder, accompanied by more or less fever t"on. T „s disease ,s the source from whfch is obtained :^rra,;:;?''"---^'«'---p-nta«:^ hvaipnp TT. , °^ *^® °^°«^ rigorous Cows affected with this disease should not be milked ■ill* W ..iiiiif It-"'"" *■•■ ♦ <., ?'v _ ir — 73 — V hand, but mther, with a n,;it- for the i^aaon that thele ^ ^"« '^P'""'' """^ ">is «ilker wWoh may then .1 . *'' °^ '''°<'»''"'«"' 'o 'he may then contaminate the whole herd. I^rSEASES AFKECT^^HE ORGANS OF R'I'fiODUCTlON OBSTATlby Gestation begins immediately after th^ ;. , the male with the female th V- intercourse of Ifter the fecundation followin! 1' "I'ff T' '"""^'^''''^'y Geatation is thus that peS of ti ' '^P"'""""- the fecundation to the rl!^- " extending from This period is varX u :." " ''"' "' *« fe'»«- breeds and individS ° ^^' ''""'^'"S *« efore the birth of the calf. — 79 - - * Symptoms : The attack usually takes place sudderJv from one to three days after calving. ' Strange to say It has been obs' rved tliat this disease more especially follows normal and easy parturition. There is loss of api.etite ; cessation of the chewing of the cud, loss of power or partial paralysis of the hind quarters. At last the animal sinks down, the head is 1 thrown back to her side, the muzzle .resting on the litter. The skin is i.l ernately warm and cold, the coat is staring, the muzzle is dry and hot, the eyes closed, the pulse is accelerated and small. There is i)ersistent constipation and retention of urine. At times the animal moans. Treatment : Administer one and a half pounds of medicinal salts, to which add one ounce of powdered ginger and a gill of syrup, the whole to be dissolved in a pint of warm water and administered in one dose. Hot water and soap injections are beneficial. Medical perscription : R. — Spirits of Nitrous Ether, 3 ounces. Tincture Aconite, 20 drops. Linseed tea, 1 pint. Give the whole in one dose, to be repeated every 4 hours. >, # — 80 — V rAMALTSIS OF COWS AFTER PARTURITION This disease appears suddenly immediately after calving. There is cessation of the appetite and of the chewing of the cud, weakness, the animal seems to totter or remains lying on its litter. This weakness, however, seems to be localized to the hind parts. The cow becomes almost insensible to the touch or to pin thrusts. In some eases, convulsions have been observed, the abdomen is distended, the patient moans, etc., etc. Treatment : Eub the vertebral column with a lini- ment composed of Turpentine, 3 parts. Linseed or Olive Oil, 1 part. Apply ice to the head and administer internally one pint of raw linseed oil. But the most efficacious treat- ment is a copious blood-letting at the tail. MAMM1TI8 Inflammation of the udder. Causes : Exposure to cold, blows, falls or the bruising resulting from the butting of the calf whilst sucking. Treatment : At the beginning, a rigorous diet. Milk the cow three or four times a day and this with much care and gentleness. Administer internally. u — 81 — R.- Sulphate of Soda. Bounces. Nitrate of Potash, 2 drachms, iwice a day during two days udd^^'T"^' T'^ ^*"" ^''"■'^'^•' P^'-'ti^e^ to the uide, these poultices to be ..newed 3 or 4 times a day With these, use the following prescription. ^' E — Gum Camphor, 2 ounces. Olive Oil, 16 ounces. ^^M,x thoroughly and rub well into the udder twice a These are small black flies, about one third the size of the oidmary house flies, it would be super^uol f), ^''7, "'^"^"y tontine their attacks to the horns tzviizr"""'' "'-''''- *« ""- ^- Treatmekt :_Oil and tallow are the onlinary in„« daents^used. The following prescription may ilX] Coal Oil, 2 parts. Soaj) Suds, 1 jKirt To this add 9 times the same quantity of water the whole to be mixed well together by means of at nnt and apphed with a sponge or, still beLr «-;.>.,.„ ^ ^ m « T^UBERCULOSIS It has been demonstrated beyond doubt, and it is now generally admitted by the medical profession that tuber- culosis of man and cattle is identical. This theory being established and the contagiousness of the disease from cattle to man being also admitted, the question naturally presents itself : Is the public fully acquainted with the nature of tuberculosis, its mode of propaga- tion, and [{s devastating propensities ? I say no, and I think it n pity that, so i'ar, but very little has been said or done to warn or guard our population against this dread enemy. In oitler to successfully combat an adversary, it is o the utmost iraportiince that we be thoroughly acquaint- ed with its taaracter, its rasourcos, its force of resistance and attack. With this end in view, permit me to en- deavor briefly to outline the nature of this disease among our lower animals, or rather more particularly our bovine friends. And it being constantly carried in mind what I have already stated, that tuberculosis, or consumption, of man and cattle is identical, the close re- lationship is easily and readily perceived. While looking around me for material with which to work, I came across a pamphlet written on this subject, pmblisbcd in 1895 by the luwa Agricultural College. — 83 — eJ myself of the opport.S' If .7' '"^'^'^ «^''"- Origin of the IHseasei„ Canada It IS quite impossible to trace accuratelv th^ "nee of this disease in Canada w T , PP'"" existence among our cati for '' ''"''^^■'' ''^ "« doubtedly it ti^ces LT """^ ^'"''' "'"* ''"- h.-story oLllrind try wXt;'^ ^^'^ '" *« ed With it in herds of wellfb JL J XT^Xtr" and the rL 1 Ue r f^:^ . " '""' ^' *^ ^''"^^ "' modern methrif ' reeS„ " tT t ""'''"« "^'"^ presumed that the iutllue 'n r "'^ '"'^'^ ^^ doubtless an impor Int tf "f '"'P^'^d animals was disease. ^ ^"''°'' '" '^' 'n'^oduetion of the '"'"'" "^ *"y """•'«?'■« ««^'nt or opposing fo^:; iSl J*.. _i « x%,%- — 84 — m K El it tends to multiply with a certain degree of rapidity, and the result, in the affected tissue, is the deposit of tubercle. Any organ of the body may be assailed, though lymphatic and other glandular tissues, the lungs, liver and spleen are parts particularly prone to be the seat of the disease. Any affected animal becomes a centre of infection from which the disease may spread. Its distribution is never rapid, but a single case in a herd is certain to be followed by others in the course of time if uprestricted co-habitation is allowed. The bacilli are coughed up or expelled from the body through other channels. These may be at once conveyed to the body of a susceptible animal, or they may lie in a dried and dormant condition for months and be revived into activity \vlicn implanted in a suitable soil. Every individual i^oing out from an affected herd becomes a menace u> ihe animals with which it is brought in con- tact. JJoubtless the sale of breeding stock has had more to do with the general distribution of the disease than any other one agency. A general indictment cannot be entered against the breeding stock of the country, but many of our breeders can testify to the trouble they have experienced in their endeavor to free their herds from the scourge. — 85 — influence of fnanage,nent „„ e:^tenain„ infection The fact is admitted by investigators aenenllv that e ther for or agamst the dissemination of the disease V Miri r^r"^ ""■"''^'^ ^-^ '"at cattle kept "" : vent lated underground barns, with inadequate . r apace, furn.sh favorable conditions for increased con tamiuation. Tln'a fo.>f i t ^"^icH^jeu con- extent ha^, . "' ^''" emphasised to the Z snl """"' f'™''"'=""y »» "'« explanation that .s necessary to account for the disease in our herds Such ,3 „<,t the case. Bad sanitary conditions can no r iZf t ''"'"= P"'-'"" °' '"^--'-- than c^!l,nu- ?',""'' '"''y ■'^ aggravated an J the ^ases „.„lt,phed by such exposure, but neither disease can be so generated. It is by no me.ns true that extens ve mvas.on of any given her,, is to be found o ly when the animals are kept under such conditions home of the very worst outbreaks investigated were confined to animals that had n.ver be.n kept in JZ If an mfected individual is brou„-ht into a herl of per- fec ly hea thy animals, it becon.es a ,ne„ace to the hea Uh th u herd, no matter what the conditions ar under which the cattle are kept, so long a., thev co'- ..abit in an unrestricted way. In sui.i.ort of th. t>>"»"-v 5-- I wmm^. — 86 — V that sanitary CMnditions alone cannot stay or produce tuberculosis, let me mention in a casual manner the outbreak of tuberculosis recently reported at t'.ie experi- mental farm of Ottawa. Surely, the best of hygiene and sanitation are supposed to reign supreme in this place, nevertheless, behold the report. Let no man flutter himself that his herd is safe in the presence of a single case of tuberculosis, no matter what the extent of acres over which they may range. True, these favorable conditions will lessen the chances of infection, 'but they cannot remove them. Wftat are the symptoms of the disease? It is a difficult question to answer, because of the extent of detail involved in making a full statement of the case. From what has been previously said on the question, it will be understood that almost any organ of the body may be the seat of the disease. The symp- toms will be correspondingly various. The pulmonary type, or that form of the disease in which the lungs are extensively affected, may be said to be the typical form. In nearly all Jj. cases, where the disease is aUowed to run its course, the evidence of lung affection Will become apparent before death relieves the animal. This form of the disease is attended with difficult res- piration, high temperature, frequent and feeble pulse, painful cough, failure of milk, emaciation, diarrhoea. r artl,T. ''' ^''"" '""'«"="lou3 deposit in h3 art.cdat.on,. Swelling a,. 1 aboa^a, about the throat an! ud ler of cow^ ar^ .,„f ; e tation> Wh ^ infrequent manifes- thdi ease 1" "":'''' "^" '^'^ *« «"' -"' of generlThll'll f ** :"'^ '""'"''"" '° « '^" -"^^ of Care ^l J T"'"' *"'* «^*'" y"^"^- Doubt.e,, Chronic type, which is .ilX L r;;:r B-u : bfet H IT^'^' "' °""^ ""^ ^- '"'• tb^tTt i imp! ' 3 ble to detect aay cousiderable proportion of the c^ses at any g,ve„ tim, by th3 most searchin-, p ^ ex».nmat.oa of the expert. If it i. t!, : fiJd p a rZ appjrtinLTt.''^^' '''"''""•^ '^ ^'-'--^ ii««aMo» „/ „,eat ana ,nUk »u„plu to public HealtH That the mortality in the human family, from tuber euIos.s. exceed, the death roll from all oth r inltious" bemg kept m mmd that the disease is common to man anlnat Irr- "™'''' ''"' *"' ''' ^'^-^-<- -"he menace to T'^r",' ''* '°°' '"P'''^ "^ ""'n *' a tl tell' "''"' ■ *"'' *•'«» ^^« -^o-^'der that the vetennar,an must be the guardian of the public m^mmmmm^ . . j^' jiuaiijyiM^yi MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 16.3 2.8 3.2 1 4.0 Bibu, 1.4 2.5 1 2.2 2.0 f.8 A APPLIED INAHGE inc 1653 East Main Street Rochester. New York 14609 (716) 482 - 0300- Phone (716) 288 - 5989 -Fox USA — 88 — health in this respect, I think I can be readily forgiven for having attempted this task. Statistics place the death rate from this cause as high as fourteen per cent. At some of the Indian Agencies, in the United States, where the habit of eat- ing uncooked meat still prevails, the mortality statis- tics show that fifty per cent, of the deaths is due to tuberculosis. It is a very difficult matter to determine approximatively how much of the mortality from human consumption is to be attributed directly to in- fection from the lower animals. The causes in most of the cases are so hidden in obscurity that a definite explanation is impossible. But there is abundance of positive proof and still more collateral evidence to show that the food supply derived from the animal kingdom is no small factor in the distribution of the disease. A more frequent source of infection, in the human sub- ject, is" the milk supply, and it is surprising how little the general public are enlightened upon this subject. They recognize that the disease exists in the beef- supply, and they consider a rigid inspection of meat a matter .of necessity, but they seldom think of the dangers lurking in one of the most universal articles of diet. J<:ven in intelligent families, too little attention is paid to the >ource of the milk-supply for children. It may be that my fear of infection by milk is exaggera- — 89 — ted, but one cau h.rdly think so, when we l>ear of the frequency of tuberculosis of the mesentenc gland. I St'rf ^' -^.^^-^ "-. '■- a great respoL- Sow "anheu.m.y herUs Oe secured, an.l ho,v cau they he kept free from dUease :' This is th3 practical question towards which all the others tend. U is of little conscience to know that d ease exists, unless that kn^wledg. can be n.ade to a.d us in averting the evils we have found. The n.-.ans by which the total extermination of the disease can bo accomplished, do not seem to be in sight. So lo„. as there remains a case of consumption in the hiunan lamily, there remains the possibility of re-infection of bovines. But the probabilities of infection from this source are remote, and should not be t^kei. as ar..u- ments against any restrictive measures that mi<.ht°be adopted. ° While absolute extermination of the .lisease at once may not be practicable, I believe it to be entirely possib e to so far restrict its dangers, as to render them of slight consequence. In the first place, the country should, and could, at comparatively small expense, eradicate the disease in the dairy herds, and the nr,... tice ot applying the tuberculin test to all dairy cows I III — 90 — should be made a compulsory measure. Once the herd h free from disease, it can read ly be kept in this con- dition by exercising due precaution in the introduction of fresh stock. Those dairymen who lidd unfortunate experience with the disease, would soon adopt the prac- tice of admitting none but tested cows to their purified herds This practise, if uniformly adopted, would very soon render the dairy herds of Canada free from tuber- culosis. If, in addition to these precautions, similar vigilance was exercised over the introduction of breed- ing stock to the herds, the chief sources of infection could thus be shut off. If restrictive measures of this kind were applied to these two classes of cattle, prac- tically all the cases of tuberculosis in the country would soon be found, and its ravages reduced to a minimum. The measures adopted in a few herds in the Dominion, if applied to the remainder, would go very far towards eradication. It is quite possible "to reach most important practical results without the ex- penditure of very large sums of money or the sacrifice of important interests. All animals suffering fromthe disease in any of its stages should be at once removed from contact with other cattle. It is the opinion of those who know that any plan which contemplates keeping tuberculous animals on the farm, and attempting to avert danger — 91 — ^ m defeat its own ends. The less the number of r,o8 cesslul will be the efforts at eradication. Bnildinas where tuberculous animals have been confined 7r to be assigned quarters in such enclosu.^ till th.-v hwe been thoroughly disinfected. ' "^^ It is true that a single tul,ereuli„ test may not in may take place. It would be wise, in those cases where a number of badly affected ani, ,..l i , (•„ t„i ii •' '"'"=''''60 aniuuils have existed All this involves care, the expenditure of a' certain ., ,y ='' ^'""''- The inconvenience and expense «,ng such precautions are small in compar si -th th loss an risk involved in allowing the disease Its natural course in the herd, and the sale of gerous products for human consumption. to dan — 92 — THE TUBERCULIN TEST (Extract from bulletin No. 1 published bj Department of Agriculture, 1897.) Until the discovery by Professor Kocli, in his experi- ments to discover a cure for consumption in human beings, that the injection of tuberculin invariably caused a rise in temperature when the person or animal was tuberculous ; while it produced no effect whatever when free from it, the detection of the disease in early stages or when slightly affected was considered impossible in most cases. This test is most delicate and reliable (about 98 per cent.) where it is properly aj)plied. Tuberculin i.« a soluble product of cultures of tubercule bacilli, of which a glycerine extract is made which is sterilized by heat and filtered through porcelain, so that it contains no living germs, and therefore cannot produce tuberculosis in animals injected with it. It has, therefore, no effect on healthy animals. In some cases the diseases is aggravated by it when it exists, but it cannot be produced by it. The lymph must not be exposed to sunlight. It must not be frozen ; must be kept well corked to exclude air. Tuberculin injeclion has no bad effects on the secre- tion of milk. — Tlie consensus of opinion of those most experienced is that it does not lessen the secretion of } — !.3 — milk in dairy cattle. coMse,mentIy they maybe tested even when m full ,„i,k „,t,.out disturbing it' .ec.tion • TCl "•'* ™"'^' ^^'* *e «'■='« »">l "ge. A3 marked on the bottle, viz : 20 drops for calves. 40 for mall or medmm si.ed animals, 60 larger, an,l SO drops tor very large ones. ' When second tests are considered necessary, at least tixu-ty days shonld elapse and the doses ife slightly increased. "S""/ Preparations for the test It being decided to test a herd, the followin — 95 — rr !"";"• ^["^ "'»'f"' "'^' '" di^turl, the temper- nan to whom the catth, are accustomed should assist no!tir°H 'f '"•' "" "^"'I'-'^'-"- Oae takes the noslnl with hngor and thu.ub whh^ne haud „„d ,l,e horn wt h the other. The sc. ,„„1 sttu.ls at the hip to p.event l,er .rom u.oviug fron. side, to side. The thertuo- meter w,th ,he n.ercry forced dowu by a few suddett k>, as ,f shaking ink off a peu.tdl it marks l„duw 100 IS inserted into the rectum, where it should iv- ' u'ain for throe minutes. Enter tlie temperature in a book or cliart every tliree hours, commencing- at 8 a m ii a.m., 2 p.m., n p.m., and 8 p.m. The hands and thermometer should be dipped in the disinfectant solution before inserting it into another amma When there is a large number to he tested three thernjometers may be in use simultaneously so' as to save time. The best place to inject the test is in the loose skin on the side of the chest above and behind the elbow The hair should be closely clipped off in a circle about three inches m diameter, and the skin well washed with a per cent solution of carbolic acid. Injeetinff the Tesf.-The dose of diluted tuberculin i 'i J! r — 96 — is now takeu into the syringe, all air being forced out. Ihe opemtor, if he is a fairly t^U man, and the animal not very large, should stand on the opposite side, and reachmg across the shoulder, he takes up the disinfected loose skin with the fingers, and if the needle is strong and sharp enough, he penetrates it and pushes the needle its full length into the loose cellular tissue be- neath the skin; if not he should w.th the brad-awl pierce the skin and insert the needle into the puncture, then slowly inject the fluid, withdrawing the needle gmduaily. The advantage of this position is that the animal, when pricked with the needle, cringes from it and needles are often broken, wliereas in this position It cringes towards instead of from the operator. The Best Time to Ivjecl the Test.^The injection may be commenced after finishing taking the normal temperature, say, nine o'clock in the evening. Temperature After Injection. ^Commence to take the temperatures at 6 o'clock next morning, take them every three.hours till it falls to normal again. If tubercle is present there will be a rise of temperature, .vhich attains its highest point usually about iiiid-day, some- times later and generally, it f\ills gradually till in about twenty-four hours from the hour of injection it is nor- mal again. The rise in temperature is no indication of the ex- r — 97 — tent of the disease. Often the Tcaniou is n hi-h tem- sm^ -' -- — ■"- «'-tt A rise iu temperature of two or ,„ore de«a.,., will md-cate tuberculosis. I„ tulferculous herds, ,„e Tud a half degree would indicate the .liseuse also but Tat tempemture .u a singleauiu.al in a herd would i, Ji I susp,e.o„ only, and sugge.^t retesting afU-r thirty day r S — 1 — 99--. Often no reaction in advanc , caHen It is usually found thaf. in an mala i„ o u stages of the disease, owing to the^e't.;':;'::;:;' dance of tuherculin in the system alread/thSL" or no reaction. *^ ''"^® Kortnuately in such cases tlu, synpton.s are ,,o ap- ;•":■'■ '"«'' "^ <=«»KlHng, wasting, e„lir«e,I .-lan^lfetc ;;;-he owner .« ,iu,e aiffleuU, iaa.o^ni^'n.t DU,p„»al of Tuherculon* Carcasses All animals slaughtered should be buried or burned t .s allowed .n densely populated European cents,; Oovernment regulation that when the disease is S, t^^d nd local the flesh may be sold for food, all o h rT.re confiscated and destroyed. . •^'"ers are lu Canada no provision is made in the Animal Con "Every person who sells or disposes of. or puts off or offers or expose, for sale, or attempts o dfsp se J or put off any animal known by him to be inf ted w,th or labounng under any infectious or eontaS 3 disease, or the meat, skin, hide, horns ho^fs or ° ' parts of an animal known by him ,0 be infected"^! — 100 — I 1 or labouring under any infectious or contagious disease at the time of its death, whether such person is the owner of such animal, or of such meat, skin, '-hide horns, hoofs or other parts of such an animal, or' not' shall, for every such offence, incur a penalty not exceed- ing two hundred dollars. 48-49 V., c. 70, s, 7. A feiv structural 2mints by the help of which a aood tniiker can be recognized The farmer, having once solved the problem of vege^l production should, and more especially so in this Province, turn his attention towards animal pro- duction, and this because during the last few years our farmirg class has maintained its financial equilibrium and nuis. «JJm through the intermedia., of the ttu'stl'! oareTt^'ditr "''^'""^'^'"^ -' ' "■^^■"^^-•"^ thel'eT"' ^. ^t°'* '''^'"' °'='='^^'«"^' »-«" discharge tte neck .s extended and the ani.nal has a tendency t rub h,s nose ; the breatliing is laborious, the n.ove aTa rut J'T^''"'" ''^ "^served in some cases, but, as a rule, d.arrhcea sets in, often followed by death. ii — 104 — The post-moitem examination reveals a pronounced inflammafon of the tissues connecting the throat and nose, and from the throat to the lungs compact, cheesy deposits are frequently found. The same disease may also manifest itself by alto gether different symptoms, such as very slight'cout breathing fairly easy ; in these cases there is Ilway , at' the outset, a stubborn constipation followed by a diar Acea, the discharge being black and intcnsdy fSd". There is a partial or total loss of vision. Pamlysi, usually accompanies and follows these symptoms The duration of this disease is from 10 to 15 days Trkatmekt: If the disease is positively known, by ZIV '"V'' "^ "^ •=°"'^^"-''- - ''P- otic Quarantine all suspicious cases and administer 2 or 3 grains ol tartar emetic If there is constipation use the following pres ription :_ ' R.-OastorOil. 1 J ounces. Spirits of Turpentine. 1 J drachms. Mix well and administer the whole in one dose • then follow with ' 1?.— Sulphate of Iron, 1 ounce Divide into 24 do^p« onri r,.\,. • ^ : ' , . ^^^ §'v^ one, night and morn- ing, in mash or in milk, "^morn- V^^^mm^iiKm^^'i i I'lj 'i«l (I .,,„ ( *? •,j!li,ai.-„. *'•" =^ \\ — iOo _ CONTAGIOUS FEVEIt OF SWIJfE This disease is also called lioic-choleia to tZVr """''^°'°"' ''""^''^ «""""<=«" bo Carrie,! to great distances and spread the .lisease over immense areas of country. """"cnse A coupi, „f ,^^g^^_ son.etiu>es 3 or 4 days, are suffi- aen for the puimiation of the bacilli and L develop- Loss of appetite, the animal is feverish, d„ll slu.r. gFjm w:^MMi, %ZiJ^'yy ' :_ 11 •J f, :_,.,. ^g'l^ .■li"*sl liuSli ^■fl' ."^ J' " ' it I'M. — 107 — The..e is no treatment. After death, ,ee tlmt the carcasses are buried deeply ; it ^WU be well to cover the carcasses with quick-lime. otherwise, wor.n, by wo J,„g through the ground may carry the Lcilli tl the surface and contaminate other animals. Disinfect the pig-pens, as already indicated. CONTAGIOUS PyBUMO-ENTBRITIS cau?edb;Tb:Sir"'""°'''^ ^--^^ ^"'^ ^"'^^''- thnt^fT' •■ ^''' ^''"*'^' ^y-"?'""" ""^ 'i-nilar to iaZn et rf"°" ''"^^^ = ^'"'«'^> f--. --ti- . pa K,n, etc., etc., but a characteristic symptom is that of the appearance of patches varyiug from red to dark blue, which ai^ observed on the e,rs, the throat, the tomach and the inside of the thighs. There is, s^ml times, a black nasal discharge, the disease generally ending with a fo^.tid diarrhea. The disease my alsl terminate fatally in less than aa hour when thelhrlt ltd VT - ^° '"<='' •=«^^' ^'^^ by asphyxia i, caused by the inflammation aud swelling of the Laue and throat. The animal remains lying on his litter with a tendency to burrowing his head into the straw and never moves unless compelled to do so. JLirifik — 108 -^ Tiie inflammation of fK i "^appetite, a ml o '; ^^f '^ -"^--d by a loss "•Id by fever. Bi^athin/ """"^ ''°"«''- ^y chills does not remain lytHo' '"''''-^^i; tl.e animal easier when standing, /his is nvT'^ ^^ *"'' ^PP^*"^ '5«^;tanding po^itio^ .uZ'ZT' "^ *e fact that of tlie lungs. ' """* ^'*edom to the play «'<^ted. be free from d'a^;^::::j;';« ^T^""^ -- f"" to shino into the vev '■■ ^f ■'■'*' '"*^« 'be ^- ^vp^y strong ZJSZJ'T T ''"''^ just in rear of the for^ u. i '° *e sides, following prescription '" '"" '"'*='-"^'"y »«« the The inflammation of th« i . t^^inates fatally unless «,.> "' "'' "'^°''' "^^^ outset. •^ "'*'' adequately treated from the — 109 -^ Symptoms : if ,> i ■*. difficulty in swa.lltt7tl 'T '"^' '"«« "-« f -« to the touch, t :;« " ti ""'' '^ '""^- -- tongue is protruding then vl " ."^'''''^ '^ *« the t.at.entpreser!Led L'lSi^^^ :uake nae of This disease of tJie swine i. ni P^^-nce in the muscular tLl ^"^^^^^''-^ ^^7 the ^''^"ed-rnc/.ina^;,^,,,^,-,. '"' "^ ««"^atoid worms This disease mav fh^ . ' "'""ieated to huml^ hlT' n ."■.'"'='"-'•'. ^« con. system through the mediun of ^h '','"'^'^''"^«d '"to the « exceedingly dangerous In ,"'="-''''^'-' '"'^^'^ and become infested bl t chin T '' ""'^' " ''%' ""ay should eat meat cUili .ti' '^ ""^^^'''^ ''-' he one knows that ho<,s a !" , , t ^^'''''^'- Every -'«. etc., etc.. all of^w^ Z '° ^^' ^'''^' ""-^ this disease. ""^ '^fequently affected with Symptoms; Thp,o ,-„ • ,, «"^cles, sensitive, ess tr'TT""" "' ""^ '^■««''«ed -l»-e. The loins Tre L d I ''I *'"'°"''- of ascertain the present of tr ° °''^'"' '" Positively ^ of tr...,n«., His necessary to have « ji'i* ■(.*> Jittu..».^.aLA>i.ji. JsfLJ^um^^^i^nmmm^kM — 110 — recourse to microscopy. The best preventive measure is to have all pork meat intended for human consump- tion thoroughly cooked. DIABBH\^ i :i2^'\??ivyr3£>-.r- SHEEP EPIZOOTIC OATABBH The ordinary seat of this disease is the nasal mucous membranes, but it may spread to the stomach and the intestines. Symptoms : There is a watery discharge from both the eyes and the nose, the appetite is diminished, the animal is dull and sluggish, the pulse is weak, there is no cough. At the end of a few days the discharge thickens and is sometimes tinged with blood. The eyes are half closed. At this period of the disease the animal is emaciated and very weak. The pulse is — 112 — III I Hi r i ' 4 almost imperceptible, there is a totfil loss of appetite and the breathing is laborious. Treatment : R.— Khubarb, i ounce. Carljonate of Magne.sia, 6 ounces, ^ater, i pint. Give two tablespoonfuls 4 times a day until the lax- ative effects of the drugs are observed. APOPLEXY Very fat and sanguineous sheep are especially pre- disposed to this disease. Tlie animal is stricken down without a moment's warning, as iliough struck by lightning, and unless help is at hand death soon fol- lows. Tlie only possible treatment is a copious blood-let- ting at the jugular (neck). All very fat sheep showing signs of sluggishness, whose pupils are dilated, whose nose is red or purple,* should be bled at once. This can be followed by the administration of a couple of ounces of medicinal salts, the first full dose of whicli is to bj followed by daily half doses continued for 2 or 3 days. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN The causes of this disease are identical with those of ai.oplexy and the geneial treatment is also similar. ^-"-^•''^''■*— :" mtni TETANUS {Lock'Jnw) This disease is usually tl.e sequel of wounds caused . by the horus of some oilier auiinal or by barl)ed wire fences, or through any other accidents. Symptoms : The symptoms are of the easiest to re- cognize : the animal becomes rigid, locomotion is very difficult, the jaws are tiglitly cloied, the animal is nervous and irritable. TuEATMENT : This consists in placing the animal in a dark and quiet place, where he is not to be dis- turbed except at feeding times or to administer medi- cine. R. — The size of a pea of solid extract of bellad una 3 or 4 times a day. MA^ GE This disease, caused by a microscopic parasite lod- ging itself in the skin, produces itchiness and the for- mation of scabs. The presence of this parasite is ascertained by a liquid secretion, which in drying, forms into scabs, fol- lowed by the fall of the fleece. It cannot be impressed too emphatically that this disease is very contagious. Consequently as soon as an animal is observed being affected with mange, it will be well to isolate it and remove it to a distance of II! ZVr ,^°J°° ^""^'' ""^ «''°"l'l «"«» ''^ animal ever be allowed in public places ha^'re^,^"^ '''''"^"" *' '^"*'^" '° ^^'"^ "^« animal Treatment :_Carbolie Acid, 4 pounds. Quick Lime, 3 pounds. Carbonate of Soda, 8 pounds. Soft Soap, 8 pounds. Mix the whole into a mass of the consistency of dough and use in the proportion of one pound of the mixture to 8 gaUons of water. Take 2 gallons of this preparation to each animal, which should be thoroaahly washed with it. ^ ^ FOOT MOT Foot rot is detected by a redness appearing on the ! m above the hoof. At first the hairs are straight, then ulcers, accompanied by a discharge, make their ap^ pearance. Later on the whole foot seems to be decay- ing, naturally there is lameness, and the whole system IS involved m the disorder j2Tr '■ ""f *' '^'P °' '^ "^"f^- — « all mortified tissues and wash the wounds with a solution of carbohc acid in the proportion of 5 parts of the acid to 100 parts of water. Keep the animal in a dry place and examine the feet every day ; give nutritive food. Bathe twice daily in a — 115 — solution of sulphate of iron. Internally give a tonic such as : R.— Common Salt, 2 drachms. Sulphate of Iron, J drachm, Nitrate of Potash. I drachm. Repeat every day until recovery. IKFLAMMATIOy OF THE FEET "^ To compel sheep to make long journeys over stony roadb may occasion inflammation of the feet. As a rule rest and cold water foot baths are sufficient to brina the feet back to their normal condition. "* Should any foreign bodies such as stones, etc., find their way into the hoof, they must, of course, be re- moved and then dress with oakum impregnated with pine tar. WORMS IN THE LUNGS These worms are generally found in the wind-pipe the bronchial tubes or the lungs. Their presence is de- tected by an intensely hard cough, which often upsets the whole animal. The animal has a tendency to rub his nose on the ground. When these symptoms are observed, examine the mouth and throat for traces of worms ; there are also worms in the fceces. '." -.# ^,;.- ' ■*^ — 116 — Treatment : Fumigate the animal with turpentine and internally adminster 2 ounces of sulphate of magnesia dissolved in a little water. BEFOJRM ANB AFTER PA UTUBITION {Lanihing) The duration of gestation is of about 21 weeks. During that period, the animals require more careful attention ; they must be well fed, without, however, fattening them. They should b-; kept in well ventilated, dry -and temperate places, as exposure to cold may prove detrimental to the lambs. During parturition, heat the building in which the animal is, all persons except the attendant being kept away from the place. If the fectus presents itself abnormally, efforts must be made to alter its position by introducing the hand and arMi, well oiled, into the passage, great care being taken not to wound either the mother or the lamb. Parturition over, give the lamb some warm milk, and if it be observed that the lamb is cold, give him a warm bath, care being taken to dry him thoroughly afterwards. During the following few days the mother should be kept apart from the remainder of the herd and be carefully and nutritively fed. \ . / . - P U L T R Y CATARBH This disease is caused by exposure to cold winds or dampness. In catarrh, a swelling of the eyes and sides of the head and a waterv discharge from the nose are observed. Treatment : Place th animal in a suitable place, feed with warm^food, on which a little pepper or pow- dered ginger has been sprinkled. BRONCHITIS This disease is a frequent complication of catarrh. It is also caused by exposure to dampness and cold. There is cough, the neck is extended to facilitate the introduction of the air to the lungs, sometimes the breath is quite offensive. m^aB^^smm^am^is::!S^st^:.^m.^^iMk^i^^i3^ ! it i — 118 — If the disease assumes a grave aspect, give : R. — Calomel, 1 grain. Tartar Emetic, "J grain. To be followed with this second prescription : R. — Chlorate of Potash, 2 drachms in 2 quarts of drinking water. This water is to be left so that the chickens may drink it at will. Gargling with borax dissolved in water is also bene- ficial. Good ventilation and scrupulous cleanliness are especially recommended. ROUP {:Diphtheria) As soon as this disease is observed, there must be no hesitation in at once killing and burning the affect- ed fowls, care being taken that not even the smallest portion of any carcass be left in the vicinity of the poultry yard or the coops. ^ The earliest symptoms of this disease are somewhat similar to those of catarrh, but with this difference, that in roup the nasal discharge is thick, opaque, and very offensive. A white or yellowish and foamy secretion is found in the comers of the eyes, the eyelids are distended and often the eyes are closed, the sides of the face are swollen, the fowls weaken rapidly and death takes place. V ssasse X i ^ ; — 119 — Treatment : Place the fowl in a dry and warm place. Feed on soft but- nutritive and stimulating foods. To young fowl, administer a teaspoonful and to adults a tablespoonful of castor oil. Syringe out the nostrils with borax, dissolved in water and 4 or 5 hours afterwards follow with : R. — Balm Capaiba, 1 ounce. Powdered Licorice, . h ounce. -- Peperin, J drachm. This is sufficient for 30 doses. Give one dose once a day. ' VEBTIGO Fowl that are kept penned up and have no exercise or are fed on too nutritive a diet, are predisposed to this disease. The afiTected fowls are observed to ba turning around as though on pivots and then to fail dead. As soon as fowl are noticed to be weak on their legs and to turn around, it is well to throw cold water on their heads and as soon as there is apparent recovery administer to each one grain of " Jalap." INDIGESTION When fowl have, for one reason or another, been deprived of food for some time, and are allowed to eat :"-<-S.:->--:::.-i5««i fr (I , « — 120 — " -happens that indigestion ensues. ^' With a\t^"ti;tr"'^'°" ' "" ''^'''-' ^- "p Feed on soft food for the following fow days. TREATMENT : It.-Powdered Opiun, 1 grain, p. . Powdered Ip.cao, 1 grain. This disease consists in the formation of scabs on fh. to^ue and isgeneraliy the sequel of some o he dlt ittrrr '''''' ""^""^ °^ ^ solution of bo""' "pM w^r "^ '"'^''"'=*«'^ ^^-=- 'h- out wUh rec^nTn^'nir^'''" ^^'^ '^^^^-"^"" °^ ---" '3 i^2^^i.i^,^^^3,^0^ O/. TJfJ, EOO PASSAGE. The inflammation of the passage through whirh H,. eggs pass is easily detected L tl, f ° , "^^ ^^'"^ ^''e „<>„ 11 ■ " '«reccoa by the fact that the ew, am generaUy imperfect in shape. To cure give : ? •.-r» — 121 — E.— Calomel, 1 grain. Tartar Emetic, ^ grain. Powdered Grentian, 6 grains. The whole in one dose, not to be repeated. Avoid stimulating ingredients in the food. WEAKNESS OF THE LEGS As soon as it is observed that fowl are weak and seem unable to stand on their legs, it will be well to feed them on crushed oats and wheat. As a tonic administer daily 6 grains of citrate of iron. .1'' m .4 '■ * I I :;i?- ^%^ INDEX Preface THE HORSE AT THE STABLE Stable Hygieue ' .... 5 Harnessing k General Care k Interior arrangements 7 Temperature and ventilation , g Notions concerning stable management g Harness-room jq Coach-house j 1 Care of the horsn jj Grooming j2 Shoeing Anatomy of the foot 23 Care of the foot ; Colt, how to feed 17 Mules THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES Distemper or Strangles , 20 Aiigina (Sore throat) 22 Catarrh (Cold in the head) , ^^ 23 ^'^-cC = tM^^' ^tf'y I — 124 — i> Bronchitis Piieunmnia . . . . . ' Pieuriay Colics....... ^di-t^n«uish dangerous' retention of urine. . . ■Biind-staggers Tetanus (Lock Jaw') ^ansitesof the horse... *^nienes8 .... Founder-Lara'initis • Thrush ■Contracted heels. Corns Sand-cracks ' Splints . Sprains. . . • • from mild forms of col IC8. . Spavins Wounds and their treatment Age of the horse. xor tendons.. THE COW Catarrh Laryngitis -Bronchiti* Pneumonia Pleurisy. Tympanitis (Accumujaiion of' gates in the stomach) Pa«es. .. 23 . . 25 .. 26 .. 27 .. 29 • . 30 .. 30 .. 31 . 32 . 33 . 35 37 3S . 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 53 58 69 60 61 62 64 una '■"'•I'-t^T iNi — 125-- Pa