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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. rrata o lelure, I a 3 !2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 NOTES ON THE ABANDONED BEACHES OF THE ^ KOBtH COAST OF LAKE SUPERIOR. •SMWI**''***' By Pbank B. Tatixib, Fort Wiiyn©f Iqdianft. [Fnm The Ameriean Qmkgut, Vol. XX, August, 1897.} ,* I K r / \Frnin The Americiin a>'olo{iist. \'<>l. XX, Aiifiitst, /WZ.] NOTES ON THE ABANDONED BEACHES OF THE NORTH COAST OF LAKE SUPERIOR. By Fbank K. Tayi.ou, Ki)rt Wayin', liidiiinii. Il'latc VI. Tlie niontli of SeptemluT, 185)5, was spent by the writer chierty in Heiirching for abandoned beaeiies on the north coast of lake Superior.* This eoiist was studied by I'rof. A. C. Luwson in the summer of IS'.Ci witli special reference to evi- dences of subinerjfence, and liis dhservations are recorded vcrv fullv ill his re|)ort <'ntitled -'Slvetcliof tlie Coastal Topog- raphy of the North Side of Lake Superior with Special Ref- erence to the Abandoned Strands of Lake Warren. "f The high value of Prof. Lawson's ol)servations was not qiiestion(>d, l)Ut iiis methods of correlating tlie abandoned strands observed at diU'erent localities, and tlie general con- clusions wliich he based on thi> correlation liave been review- ed and discussed in papers already i)ublished.+ By reference to Prof. Lawson's report it will be seen that he tai)ulated his results at forty-eight localities between Dulutli and Saidt Ste. ^L^rie in a substantially horizontal series. g lie supposed the greatest interval between the varying higlits of any single continuous strand to be alioul thirteen feet.|| His conclusion in substance is that the abandoned strands of the north Supe- rior coast are almost as perfectly liorizontal, when comi)ared witli the i)resent lake surface, as tliey vvere when they were made, and therefore, that, although this coast has been great- ly uplifted relatively, it lias not suffered any notabh- ii'regii- larity or deformation. That is to say, the region appeared to have been greatly uplifted, but so evenly over the whole area that the strands retained their horizontality after elevation. This was nctt the case on the sf)uth coast of lake Superior nor on any other coast of the upper lakes so far as known to the writer. It seemed to the writer that in iiis detailed description Prof. Lawson lias not shown facts that could form an ade- *The results were brieflv stated in a letter published in the Ameu. Gkol., for April, 1800, p. 2.");}. tTvventieth Annual Report of the Geo!, and Nat. Hist. Survc^y of Minn. t\M. Geol., vol. xHi, June 1891. pp. 380-,'58:?: wane, vol. xv, March 1895, pp. 119 120: sauie, vol. xv, May 189;"), pp. 3()4-:}14. §Table opposite page 280. IITableoD page285. 112 The American Geologist. AuKiist, 1897 quate basis for hiH schemo of corrclutinn or his corclueionH. Indeed, some of his observntions feem«d to indieute u consid- tM-able slopt- for tiif highest strtmd in the west end of tlie »)a- sin. Later a closer study of liis description of the lower beaches seemed to show quite clearly tiiat the Nipissing beucli is in its nornml place on that shore, rising about 125 feet from Duluth northeastward to Peninsula Harbor.* In discussing Prof. Lawson's conclusions tiie writer admit- ted in the earlier papers referred to that on general principles the lower shore lines, which are the youngest and newest, might still be nubstantially horizontal, but maintained that the higher lines, and especially the highest one, which is the old- est of all, must express in the position of its plane the com- posite results of all the movements which liave occurred since it was made, and further that on this account it could hardly be expected that it would be left finally in a liorizontal pos- ition. These contentions seemed sound enougli on general principles, but were in part curiously reversed in the results attained in 1895. The Nipissing beach was found in its normal place, rising from about 55 feet above lake Superior on the eastern base of Mt. McKay near Fort William to about 115 feet at Peninsula Harbor at the extreme northeast angle of the lake. But so far as observed tlie highest beach that extends continuously along the north shore was found to be nearly, but not perfectly, horizontal. fort Arthur. In passing the north end of Isle Royale and between Thunder cape and Pie island a low terrace could be seen quite distinctly in several places. It is a plain feature on the north end of Pie island, and is probably a fragment of the Nipissing beach. Lawson reports a broad terrace there which abuts against a talus of great blocks at 48.5 feet. Prob- ably the back of the terrace was covered up, for the Nipissing beach was clearly identified on the main sliore in or near Port Arthur at about 60 feet. (01.4 feet as levelled by Lawson.) Mt. McKay was ascended up to the "tirst level" or great shelf which is about 600 feet above the lake. In the two miles of swamp between the Mission and the eastern foot of the moun- tain several sandy ridges of a li ttoral character were crossed ^^iTgeol., vol. XV, May 1895, page 313. 1'/ %. ■\ »• r/ \ * Abandoned lieachf.n of Lokc Superior. — Tojilor. \\'^ at a lii^ht of 50 t(» (>0 fpct. In tln' ascont of tin- iiKKintuin a f^riMit hi-ach ridKc of sliini^lc was foiina at an altitude of IT)*') feet. It is composed mostly of small slabs and tlat fraj^ments of the Animikie slate which underlies tlie columnar trap of the mountain. The stones are pretty well worn by wave ac- tion, most of them having a rudely lenticular form. S(une of them arc as mucii as eight o! ten inches wide, an ,v..,v d..t<.-t...l. South of tin. river at Stanl.-y tlu- ro»d as.-.nds ,. ,,,,,V of ,rav..lly l>ln.. 1.4 feet, was n-|uhly ^- .ognized as the Nipissing beaeh. Lawson s photograph e ^ c w, looks northward on this terraee. with the sea-ehll on the let . The point from whieh the view wa. taken was easily found. The newness of this terraee as eompared with those above it shown by the comparative amount of erosion, where en-eks ami streamscross it, seems not to have been noticed by 1 rot. Law- son on any part of this coast. Evidence of this kind was not found (,uites.. conspicuous in IN.rt Arthur as at some other places to l,e described later. Jiut_^vhen^tjm^i^^ ~*Ibid., pp. 210-211. tibid., pp. 202-203. JPlate IX, Fig. 1, oppoBile p. 202. i/ i / A K A Ahniiihniiil /ivorhes of l.oki: Sii/» rio,:—T' niiikcH its appcaranc*' soi... if tlie bcai-ii is followed for any distani-e ajon^' the shoi-e. Back of the town the threat hooked spit at 170 i'eet oil the south side of the Dawson road was found as deserihed l.y l.awson. The most of the niateriiii for the spit a|)pears to have been drawn from tt hill of drift which formed a salient point east (.f the road and above th." town. At the top of the hill and j.ist north (.f the road a lightly formed beach not mentii lucl by l-awson was round at about 210 feet. It takes the foi m of a j,M.ntle, boul- der strewn .dope towards t he south, and it has a low sea- clilV at its back. After crossing' the first hill-top west (.f town o-; the Dawson road and descending' the west side a lar<,'e sandy twa<'h ridge waH crossed at 170 IVet, the level of the Ix.oked spit just noted. About live miles <.ut faint sandy beaches wer.- found at :{70 and :JH0 feet alx.ve the lake. A broad l)lain at 410 to I'iO feet, eifrht miles out. may be related to a higher beach, l)Ut higher ground was not seen in that vicinity. On a drive to the old Tliunder Bay mine northeast of Port Arthur and up the north branch of tUirrent rivtn-, several in- teresting evidences of su!)mergence were observed. Starting northward from the post ollice the road follows the terrace oi the Nipissing beach near its highest level to the (uitskirts of the town and then turns west through a cut in the old sea- cliir to the higher terrace. Less than a mile out a line sandy beach running sou^hwest is crossed by the road at about 1 lO feet above the lake. Clean-washed rounded gravel was found at KSO feet just sf.uth of > he bridge over Current river. The gravel forms u plain and is part of an old delta, which is still more extensive "on the n(.rth side of the river. Its surface sh.pes gradually towards the lake and is covered by a numer- ous series of low beach ridges of tine gravel and sand. The highest part crossed by the road is about 100 feet above the lake. About a mile northeast of the bridge an old lumber road turns olV northward up the north branch of the river. This road crosses the outer edge of an old delta at about 210 feet. The American Geologist. August, \m ,.^ ,l,»n two nul... farthc- north tlu, road «.■«-- "B ■ < ■• 1 1 1 Krnni the ills above, a inn- \it.» i» Tlnnuler Lay and Pl« inland in tl, ^.^^^ -i'-^Vpa--'!- ^^^^^^,, ^^ „,,,,, aUtanoe. The rail- „,,U1, lin. of th.- .an,- ra.ln.ad. H'" »""; 55 ,„„,, ,„nes nonl, of Kinmark and ,0 ..-cond .0 » ;"■• , ,^ ,,,„„, Ko,., WilHan. and "-- '"V"'\' ' " ,^ hL was spent „,.,-e made on freiKht ..a.ns and nn.st d « J" « ' „,„side on top where the .«•„,« ,s best « - » ^ „. ,„, a „in,pse a. that -1' .■;■«■;;_.'';; ,, ,,,„„„it,i. ,„„as. The old D.w.on road - »-' ^, „„, p,,;,,, ,,,,„ station, 20 tndes west ..ilAitt ^^^^^^^ „„. bridge is Kone -•^^''- ;' V;, '„f^ ' K„,„i„isti„uia and the tracks ol the l,ulw..J /,.. t-,,,, William the track ,»Ue. Abo,,t three n„ les west of V e. ^_^^^^^, ^^,_^^,^ „ es » 'f -;■ ;- j;t , »0 fe- above the lake and 16 feet high. The beact ,, .n.ep.ain close i, beyottd a doui, par >^^ ,^^_,, ., ,^^,„y „,„.„„.d above and back t. on h-ag ^^^^^^^ „e,.p.sided by small streams which flow in \ J ,^.,, ^„„k tr'e nohes with -^-^-'S^-';™ ^^ „ ^ ' E::=ept a few frag- "" ?"";■,:;:/::; : ;; :: ot Xonspicuot. roues „, suh. "" ' ;:L ^ere .«, until Kaministi„ui„sta.ion was reached. '^;;?r^h^^^iiiiii^^^ *Ibk1., p. 2G2. I ) . 1- Ahandone,! /{car/ies of LaU Suprr/or.— T>n//or. 117 tituclp of 4r,r,.l IVct. Tl..' extensive ballast pit hAo^^■ the s(i,- tiun shows tile gravel in fresh exposure HO feet hif-l, (•,,„- sidering the way in whieh the old delta was shut in between tiie hills and the e..nipara tively eoarse (,iiality of miieh of the gravel, it seems probable that its si.rfaee at the pit doe. not mark the old water level, but is somewhat high-r The stnietiire of the delta was not very well shown exeept in the upper part nl.ov«. the talus where the lay.-rs were horizontal. La/,-e Knminisfhjnh, ,u,,l tin- S„„shiin- llvd CVro/. A short distance above Kuministiquia the railroad crosses the river and turns away westward and within a few miles fartiier en- ters the valley of Sunshine creek whieh it follows nearly to its source Three or four miles beyond Kaministhpiia the cuts along the railway begin to disclose sections of lin,^ red day The frequency and depth of these clay secti.ms in.-rease M„'tiV from a point tw<. or three miles south of Finmark to a poi„J I'our or five miles beyond this place, the clav appears to form nn almost complete mantle over the .Irift and rocks of ihe val- l<'y floor and many sections If, to 20 feet or mon. in depth niav be seen. The eol,,r of thi< clay is bright red. It is tine anil smor.th in texture, an.i no evidence of strat ilieation or lami- nation was found. Two ortiiree thin layers of n,oih-rat<.| v coarse sand and several small pockets of sand w.-re discovered The.e pockets resembled the "sand boulders'- sometimes found' m clayey masses of ghu-ial drift and may have Iven frozen or cemented when deposited. On the first trip I alight.-d from the train in a cut about (ifty rods west of a long Irestle two miles above Finmark and walked back along the track to the station. In this way I hud a tine opportunity to examine the clay which is exposed in an almi.st continuous series of (.„t< in this interval. West of the trestle the clav appeared not to extend up more than 75 or 100 feet above the track, which is there about lOO feet above Finmark. (On (!. p. R. ,,',0,11,, pj,,^ mark is I 177 f.-et above sea level.) On account ..f recent cav ing, nrany of the clay surfaces in the cuts wen- c-unparative- ly fresh. In two places, one at the bottom of a section 25 feet deep, ditches had been dug out on that day. Weathered surfaces showed a distinct granular structure like the buck shot soil of the lower Mississippi, but no lamination. The graiii* or little blocks are fine at the top of the sections, u six- 118 The A iiicririni Gvohnjixt. August. wy> l...„th toan.M^'l.tl, nruMi.H-l. in diameter, but n.erea.o in «izo witl. depth, reaeiuM- two nr three inehe. diameter. Old M.rfHces in the euts ar. ernsted over, an.l have h>st tluMr ,,,i.|,tness of eoh.r, heeoniin^ ^n'ayisli red. Underneath this cM-u't the elay is loosened ..p and is soft and spongy f<.r six or ei.rlit inehes. The fn'sh svet elay in the ditehes has the ([uali ty and fineness of eoeoa butter and its purity and h.>n.ugene- ous eomposition are (piite remarkable. The railroad follows the creek pretty closely, but is most ol the time ;}0 to '.»() feet above it. The creek Hows rapidly in a ,ather narn.w trench cut nu.stly in stony drift. It frequently encounters rock ledges, and is much choked wuh bonders .,,,,,. ,^.,,,,„„„r the elay rests generally on grayish colored ^l,ir, in ,i,e bank of the stream 10 to MO or 40 feet above the water. The red bed appears originally to have covered the bottom of the valley and extended up its sloping sules for .ome distance, lint its whole surface so "ar as see,> is deeply gullied, forn.ing a series of ri.lges sloping down irom the val- l, sides toward the creek. The railway cuts across the b.w- ,.,:,nds of these ridges, an.l it was in these cuts that all the .ections were seen. No part of the clay bed was seen which presented a plane surface free from gullies, but m one or tw.. expanded parts of the valley the even tops of the rulges ind - ,,Utheformer existence of such a surface. '^ '- "-;; „.e gullies suggest a considerable period of erosi.m. I u .ides were no doubt steep blulVs at one time, but the> haxe been worn down io gentler slopes and appear to have attained a stal)le form. . . Tin- Sunshine clavs, as 1 call them, Indicate an interesting incident of the glacial recession for this region, and they po.n ,.l,arly to a dillVrent hist<.ry frcun that suggested l.y some of th,..arly gclogists who visited it. Tiie clays themselves .-bile conspicuously lacking, so far as seen, in tlu- horizontal ,,.„i„„i,,.. that generally mark line deposits laid down in still water, are nevertlu'less, plainly enough, waterla.d. Ihn. extreme fineness and perfect hon.ogeneity with entire absence ,, boulders, pebbles, gravel, and even .,f sani:—y;n//o,: Hit cImv. Rut on closoi- nxiimiimtion tlic hoiildcrs wjiv i.ll rnuiul to be projecting upward into tlu' clay and n-allv rcstin"- ui, the snhjacMit lloor of drift or rock. In one ca.ctiie clay was found abutting; a<.-iiinst an almost vertical bunk of gravel which it had apparently once covered over entirely. The red clay extends nearly toNordland statioi, but grow^ thinner toward Dexter and appears tinallv in onlv small I.atches here and there. 'Hien comes a belt of sand and above that gravel. Hordering the edges „f tlv. marshes in some places north, of Huda and south of Nordland there are small low frag- mentary ridges of gravel suggesting shore structure. Tlds l)art of the valley appeared to be too narrow, however, to have built beach vidges by wave action. If they ar.. sh.-n forms they are probably made by ice jamming as is often seen on small lakes. The altitude of these surface gravels Iving n.-xt above the red clays is about 1 5M0 or Io4() feet above' .eiriev<.| (m) or i)4() feet above lake Superhu-.) [ learned afterwards Irom Col. Dawson i„ Ottawa that there are old grav.-l terrace. '*'' ^';'"' ■'«•'" "" !>"«• '""<•> towards the east (head of the Kaininisti(,iiia river) at about the same level.* Nothing whateverwas learned of the bouiulai'ies of i!,i^ |ak. or the situaticm (,f its (ui'tlet. The contour of l.TIo fct. how- ever, would indicate a lake (d' c.uisiderable size, at least" fort v to lifty miles long and nearly as wide, and of very irreg„l..,"r shape, with an outlet most probably toward the souUi west^into the Hainy Lake valley. Its waters must have been held in bv the ice-lobe that filled the Superior basin atui st | as a wall across the eastward opening of the several valleys that con- verged to the lower Kanunistiqiua. The existeiice of .-, |..,ke in this situation at this stage of the glacial retreat is ,|uih. contrary to the views of some glacialists, who would have th<. area of lake Kaminist i(|uia still covered l)v the Kewat in i-e siieet. Indepeiidently of these considera I ions > had cuicluded that the faint stria- .ui the n(uih side of Mt. McKay indicated ice-moti for the stain of the quite remarkable for its cl river would be clear, and so it is i muskeg. Its low e and having no ourse, it would be expected that n Its upper half except er course, however, is the river is cutting its cl laracter of newness. In tl At t «y and silt banks le u up to lake Nipigon, th pper end of the long portage and i lis part e nver is cle west sitle of the rive are of gravelly glacial drift. Tl s quite mud- n early half way ir. The banks along the r above and along the shore of lake J essie extensive swift rajiids, the 1 can oe on the return trip. The head of le long portage passes around ower jiart of which were ru It least 100 feet above lake S •I wnicn were run in a the rapids is probably measured. Camp Alexand iperior, but was not accuratel The 1 den north side appears to be iver here crosses a ledge of ce of recent cutting or go t'r is at the foot of the 1 .y Hig rapidi^ gneiss with no cert II n evi- so gorge making. The rock on the in rather loose blocks, bu;: on the uth side the ledge is solid and smooth. thou"-li appeared to be a glaciated surface which h lied much l)y the river, own five or ten feet, certaiiil uneven. It iid not been modi d by removing blocks that w From camp Alexander d •'rliaps the river has cut the ledge ••■■'y not more, and this was done miles, the riv ere probably loose own to lake Helen two to four (»r tlv bed •er is nea.ly straight and (lows witi e miles an hour ii to begin with, seven or eight 1 a current of silt. with low banks mostly of horizontal 1 ong th.' bank two (.r three feet und I comparatively narrow A I 'I mi Mated clay and Illations were distinctly see er water the 1 ap|)eared to ,■ ■ • liar.ler 1 11. Besides the finer 1 tni- iimiiiR', there projected a little over the softer 1 iiyer every three or four inches. Tl us in turn rested on lyers next below, and th another harder layer. The bank ese under wa- 122 The Amnricioi Gcohx/isf. AuKiisl, IHit7 ti'v wiiw iiHurly vertic'iil and tlicso liiycM's gave it an uppeHranee resciiihliii^j; the wcatlicr l)()anliiig of a rramc Ikmiso. Where tile river turns into lalce Helen lliere is u delta of e(»!isi(lcral)le proportions, ('oniposed apparently' entirely of sand and silt. It is only a little below the water surface and hears a growth of ruslies. A well marked sliore line on the east side of the lower end of lake Helen was not measured, but appeared to eorres|)ond closely in altitude with the Xipissiiiu- lieach. On leavinji' lake Helen the river Hows rapidly for about u mile and makes a sio-moid curve, iirst to the east and then ti> the west. In ti)is stretch the river is now cutlinji' its banks rapidiy. First from the head of the outlet to a point some distance below the railroad brid<>-e it is cutting its east l)ank, then from ther(> to the Hudson Bay Co's store it is cuttini>'its west bank. At the time of my visit the river was unusually low. but the clear water that issued from lake Helen Mowed past the store in a milky stream. lielow the eastward curve and directly southward down the valley from the l>rid<'e there is an extensive^ modern delta much like that in lake Helen. By its great l)end to the west the river avoids this and passes aiound its west side. The conditions presented by the river bed below lake Helen show the extreme recentness of its atljustmcnt to its present level. At two higher levels in the vicinity (d' the railroad bridge there are terraces marking higher, wilier chan- nel floors, the first next west of the present bed is 20 to .'U> feet above the present river and tlie next 50 to (iO feet. These two terraces evidently mark steps in the falling of the river from a higher level, ajjparently from the level of theNipissing beach. ( .'onsidering t44tHw!t that the barrier through which these old channels and also the present bed are cut is compos- ed of soft clay, sand and silt with gravels above anil the fur- ther fact that there is no other restrictf^l passage on the c(Uirse (d' the river from lake Helen to the open expanse of Nipigon bay, it seems clear that the terraces are related to former levels of lake Superior, higher than the present, but lower than the Nijjissing beach : and the ''resh condition of the present bed indicates very recent if not nu)dern progres- sing relative elevation of this part of the coast. There are several faintly marked beaches on the slope between the station and the Hudson Bay (.'o's store. Lawson gives beuch- "K- J 7- ; Ab,i„d„n<-il nmrhvs „f Lake, Superior.— Taijlor. I2;{ es at Gl.;{ foot, 'IHA foot nm\ 13 foot. Tho oxact c.rrolation between tho hoac'lios and liv.r terraoos was not made cut. It is evident from tiio eastward slope of the terraces at the bridge that the l)ed .,f the riv.r has shifted continually eastward at that point during tho falling stages. l-:ut two miles cast of Jacklish station, the oil shore lines wei'e found in niaf^iiilicent form and all suhst; ntially as described by Lawson. 'I'he Nipissing beach appears here in one of itf« "tron^'est types — ii wide beach-plain wlih numerous beach bridj^es nearly at the same level. At Jackfish tliis loiiM-lived lake shor:- is prol)al)ly represented by Lawson's beach series between 8') and 110 feet above the lake, With the limited time at my disposal at this place I was unable to determine whicli beach stamls for the upper mark of the Nipissing, but it seemed to lie between those at 103 ami 110 feet. East of the point it was also dillicult, from what I saw, to make out ,the exact upper level. Here, too, the beaches form a great ridged plain ami appear to have been built almost wholly with material brought from the east whereagi-eat terrace at a high- er level has been cut away at the Xipissing aiul lowj'i' levels. The most prominent ridge on the plain and forming the front edge of a slightly higher plain than that which lies in front of it, is about half way between the railway track and the cabin of Duncan Maclntyre. The higher ridges of this sei'ies are often bouldery, especially on their inner or rear sides. In t>ne place the boulders are four to six inches in diameter and they lie nearly two feet deep with no filling between them. The beach-plain l>ack of this prominent ridge is very riilgy and uneven, with some marked basins, almost a pitted plain in some places. This area is a counterpart of the Xipissing beach-plain at Rogers City, Michigan. Ten miles east of Jack- fish there is a line series of beaches belonging probably to the Nipissing. Three miles west of Caldwell there are beds .>f white silt capped with sand at about 2r)() feet above the lake. /'eiiiiisii/d I/arhor. This place is at the extren)e northeast angle of lake Su])erior. Lawson visited it, but made no meas- iirements, on account of fog. I found the top level about two and a half nules back from the lake on the south side of an embayment, the vallt^v of a small river that enters the lake north of the station. The whole slope has been burned over and the features of the ground are not much hidden by lat- er growth. The deposit which covers the slope appears to be Alxniilnnrd l{((irl,,s of LaJ,-,. s iijiiri,,,-. — 'l' 7 oon,.,.g f,.o,„ the„ottheas,. Their positio.^.„«;s;':■t^th:; i2U The American (ieolmjiat. AujfUst, IM(7 III fi.v l.r imitii.lly iiitcrlMlmto ill ('hanictcr, l)iit disiinct pnx.T "!• this uMs not H.-cM. Tlio section in tiw j,M'"at hiillast pit at O'Hiii'ii shows Kl'icio-tliivial action <|iiitc plainly. Miss,i„,il\i;. A canoe trip was made up Di.o' |;,kc to the low .-..l wlii.-li rorms a part of the hi;,'ht ol" laii.l. I'hc ironirli in which DofT |„ke lies is one of those curious deep rock-waj- h'd valleys that cross the wide, low crest of the Laiirentido ridge at many places, [nto this valley near the head ol" Dmjt lake a small streiiu comes in from the eastern side and the pres.'nt division f.l" the waters is detei mined by tin' low hroad delta wliicli it has Imill since {;iacial times. The lake was at a very low stage at the lini.' of my visit, bin the crest of s.e delta was not over three or four feel above it and I he creek on the north side il„ws away to Hninswick lake, Moos<. river and Hudson bay. At lhelii<..|, stage of springtime it is said the water s(.metimes Hows northward over the delta. Much of the lake is d..ep. Hut there are boiilderly narrows at several points that suggest either moraines or boulder spits )!)ade by the jamming of ice-Hoes. The boulders are mostly (piite an"- gular. The whole region is very boiilderly, gneiss and granite pn'domiiiating, and the Ix.iilders are almost all sliarplv angu- lar. 'I'he shore of tie' lake is in a few places of solid rock, but nearly everywhere it is merely a mass of angular i)l()cks with all finer material washed out by the waves. This vallev may liave been the course ol glacial drainage for a l)ri('f periia'b I5ut I saw no evicb'iice of a great glacial (»r post-glacial stream, nnthing reseml)liMg the old-channel characters seen in other places. Noevidenceof submergence was seen in liiis vicinity. Stria' at the station bear S. ;!,S*^ W. (Mag.) Sinnuumj „vhis;„,>s. The higher beach.es observed "i.'iy be divided into two groups of localities, those clustered arcuindPort Arthur and those near Jacklisli. Not counting lake Kaministi(|uia. the upper limit of submergence in the tirst group is about 400 to W) feet al)ove the lake, while in the sec- ond ^.-roup it is about fOOto 4:>r, feet. Jietween the two groups there is an interval of about 70 miles in which high beaches have not yet been reported by anyone. (Highest reported bv l.awson :5()0 feet at Mazokaniah.) It might be supposed that the highest beach in the two groups is one continuous line, and it seems probable that this is the case, but further exploration ♦ ♦ \ M I Ki 4 \ I •4 M>,n„louv,l Jt,nHn.s of Luke S„,„nor.-r,n,t,n: Vll i« m...,|,..| to oHtahli.l, tlu, .onnoction. At Ko„t .iv..,- „..».• .Saul. M... Alan.. LavvsonV hif,|.,.„t hcu-h i. tl.o AlKon.,-.in, M4 ^'"r ',"":;'•"■• "'■•^-•"-i' < .it...../.....,H. K" ..,, ,t M-nns hnnlly .(.n.eivul*!. tl.at tluM-o ....nUl l.av. lu-n. H glanal or any ..tluM-kin.l of l.arri.r, a.ul luM.ce the inlVr.-n,..- H.'<-.ns Hn.r that th. u,.,kt Lead. ..f Jaokdnh group in the \\ «^.n.,nn. H-t then- n..„aiMs so,,... uneertaint., , of tho identi-' tj of this h..a..h J„ the west en.l of the Si,,,e,io,- l,asi„ J.O Mtte„,pt is a„ule hn-e to eo,...eh..e the r,a,n„..,.ta,:v inter- m hate beaehes those at ho,-izonH between the Al^o„„i,i,. ....cl ^'l"-H„«. I h. h.st ntt.ne,l beaeh, however, was ,.h.,.r)v n-,. ogn.xed at eve,,v ph.ee when- the h.we,- eoas, was examined' .s about .,.) leet above th. h.ke a( Mt. MeKay and l'o,-t Ar- liur. ..Meet at Nipi.nn station, l(,.:i or Ho ai .lael<,ish and Wo,n,leseastorthe,-ean' tin-ough the p asses at Kenogami lake r aektish ~*am. «K"r.Tv;r^^;;¥ai^drii)5^^ — Us The A. len'ra,) Gco/oi/isf, Aii«ii,f, iMi; ""•' "' Mi..,r,Mil,i. Ar,..,n| ••"I- III tli,<, |iii> '■"«»•' Iwiws.iri III,, nifiiii,!,. ..r II, "^P'^'tiVfly. M.'JI«liri|i;r I ';*•"<» r....fun,l ll.)f,.,.,,,|,ov.. tl... Ink Intf '•'■ <'iil |ir^liili(.n, || Ivl' I-f- I"'"'''''- •" I"' ahoiit r,|:, f "•'•••"■'"";,' '" 111.- r,n,;„|,,u, I ^'IV.'I, l.y I'rof. l,,,„.s,, lll.'ilcly (viii rr,,,,! ( ••'■I i>v i:, r,.,.( in\r||,.,. ,1 II. If ihc Ah-' "^v. vcr. till- 'H-il'n' riiilway i"!i lli' I'l-iiii is ,.|,|,n,xi l<'fl\i' 1 lir .11 .\| "'■'"■ '•■''<'■ t"S,mli St... .Mari.. tl ""•' iIk' '-'iI M.-iir .((ickii^l i--.'iii;iil.i alioiil sr, or'.Hl r,.,.| „l '"''<<'l) lit Ihfit I I I- iiDirlv I li'' Would ll'xiVr tl).. |)<.„,.|i Unci' t.il >^" til., i.icji ,,r si i''-!iii).. (listaiic.ah.iv.. tli.' "'«'IVM1 up ,,11(1 with It ,.,|s., i|„. I ''•■'I'-' i'> IIikI-.mi l.av iiiid IVpntllcsis (.!' Kill fny l|„. !;i..|„,, j,^ „., , , ^ , •■' ^'"'" """I"" ..n "A.M. (iKu \M Vv.";',"'" ',"'• •^"'- -^f"'" i«"'- I'i'T t??,-]^^;? — ■ iM:;iJi'S;..r:;,^V:.::,;^;--,'W^ '"I. l>^i'7. ( ■lu.j.t.T X. ,,p. H, I'l,;^ '"'■""' ' "''li-l'ini,' Vn.. 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