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 y 
 
 PIOxNEERS OF MEDICINE IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. 
 
 BY 
 
 W. H. DEUMMOND, M.D. 
 
 {neprir.lfd from thf Montreal Mediml Journal, Septcmlter, 18«8.) 
 
T 
 
PIONEERS OF MEDICINE IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. 
 
 1 1 
 
 BY 
 
 W. H. Drummonij, M.D. 
 
 Mr. President and Gentlemen : 
 
 Meeting as we do, here in Quebec, the very cradle of our nationality, 
 the place anti the occasion is I think, peculiarly appropriate for 
 recalling- to your memory, a few of the oM-time worthies of our pro- 
 fes-sion ; the men who were first tt) plant the /Esculapian hanner on 
 the soil of Canada. It is difficult to write, or say anything- about the 
 ancient city of Quebec, without picturing some of the great events 
 which have occurred in her history, for history surrounds us on every 
 side, from the banks of the Si. Charles, where Jacques Cartier held 
 his conference witli King Dormacona and erected the sacred emblem 
 of Christianity, to the plains of Abraham where fell the gallant Wolfe 
 and chivalrous Montcalm — but I must forbear, and pass on at once to 
 the subject in hand. 
 
 It was indeed a motley crew that followed in the train of the 
 French merchants, who were first attracted by visions of the fabulous 
 wealth to be ac<iuired in trading with the aborigines of the New 
 World ; warriors fresh from ^the battle fields of Europe ; men of the 
 proudest lineage of France, and who 'had breathed the atmosphere 
 of courts, missionaries whose souls were tired with zeal at the alluring- 
 prospects of evangelization awaiting in the forests of America ; and 
 adventurers, daring as ever followed the standard of William of 
 Normandy. Picture to your.selves if possible, the harbour of Port 
 Royal, or what is now Nova Scotia, on the morning of July 27th 
 1606. There is unusual bustle and excitement down by the shore, 
 where the little ship " Jonas," conunanded by Captain Poutrincourt^ 
 is engaged in discharging her complement of passengers, mostly hail- 
 ing from La Rochelle. Among the band of newly arrived iuiiiiigrants 
 there is one sturdy figure which I want you to study well, for it is 
 tne figure of Louis Hebert, the pioneer physician of Nouvelle Franct^ 
 
 We can imagine this young fellow fresh and enthusiastic, as he 
 strides along, gazing with curious and occasionally amuseil eyes, on 
 the strange sights surrounding him on every side, and startled when 
 addressed by some wild looking Coureur de Bois or fur-trader whose 
 semi Indian attire, and savage bearing, seemed so inharmoniously to 
 blend with the language of France. 
 
 » Read before the Canadian Medical Association, Quebec, August, 1898, 
 
From what wo are told by L'Escarbot, the historian of the expedi- 
 tion, very little if any serious work was done at Port Royal during 
 the succeedin<^ fall and winter. Hunting and feasting, in which 
 doulitless our great grandfathei* bore his part, wore the chief occu- 
 ])ations of the little colony, and it was only when the wine and 
 kindred supplies became exhaustrd, that the associates of the " Jonas " 
 dropped into tlu; current setting towards Quebec, and with them 
 drifted in the following spring, Dr. Loui.s Hebert. 
 
 Quebec at this time and even for some years before, had been 
 merely a fur-trading centre, frequented by roving bands of French- 
 men, who came to barter with the Indians. 
 
 Hebert besides practising his profession of physician, seems also to 
 have engaged in ordinaiy business enterprises, for we are told by 
 Abbe Ferland that he " began in 1617, to grub up, and clear the 
 ground, which forms the site of the present Catholic Cathedral and 
 Seminary, and constructed a house and the first mill erected in the 
 colony," thus becoming not only the premier citizen of Quebec, but 
 also of all Canada — and here it may be well to note that the first 
 time a notary's services were put into requisition in Canada, was at 
 the instance of the heirs of Hebert the physician — thus proving that 
 in this country, the profession of medicine ante-dated that of law. 
 
 Contemporary with Hebert was the surgeon Bonnerme, who came 
 with Samuel de Champlain, when the latter founded Quebec, in 160^ ^ 
 Evidently all was not peace in thf^ camp of Champlain. for shortly 
 after bis arrival, some of his followers hatched a murderous plot 
 against the life of the great navigat(jr, the scheme, however, leaked 
 out, the ring-leader was an-ested, found guilty, and executed. In , 
 some way or other, Bonnerme became mixed up in the matter, and 
 suffered imprisonment, but subsequently his innocence being proved, 
 he was honorably acquitted, our profession thereby fortunately avoid- • 
 ing the distinction, of contributing to the first judicial hanging held 
 in Canada. Dr. Bonnerme's existence in the colony was a compar- 
 atively short one, for he died of scurvy, the universal scourge, ^^ less 
 than two years later. 
 
 It is difticult to give the exact year in which the well-known Dr. 
 Robert Cliff'ard settled at Quel)ec, but we do know that 1(334 saw the - 
 historic Seigniory of Beauport founded by Ciffard, who in becoming 
 the first settler in rui^al Canada, also became the first Canadian hahi- ' 
 tant. At Beauport he lived to a frosty old age, and many of the 
 leading familicp of French-speaking Canada proudly recall their des- 
 cent from Robert Giffard the phj'sician, and first of Canadian 
 Seigneurs. 
 
 1639 witne.s8ed at Quebec, the foundation of the Hotel Dieu, under 
 
3 
 
 the management of th(! Sci'iirs Hospital ieres from tlie convent of St. 
 Augustin in Dieppe, and which was tlie t^ift of the Duchess D'Aiguillon, 
 niece of Cardinal Richelieu, and in 1(542, a similar buildini,' was 
 erected at Ville Marie, the Montreal of the present day, this latter 
 institution belnj^ largely due to the benefaction of Mde. de Bouillon, 
 the rich widow of a superintendent of finance. The primary objects 
 of these excellent charities, was the teaching of the children and 
 nursing of the sick, and the faithful manner in which the original 
 intentions have been carried out, even to the present day, entitle the 
 good sisters, to a place among the medical pioneers of this province 
 In 1690, when Phipps knocked in vain at the gates of the ancient city, 
 the population undei' the vigorous administration of Frontenac, had 
 increased to 1500, and education had made considerable advance. 
 The Jesuit's College, Seminaire des Missions Etrangeres, and Petit 
 S^minaire, were on a lirm footing, and we find practising, at Quebec, 
 Drs. Gervase Betirdoin, physician to the Ursuline nuns, Timothe 
 Roussel, physician to the Hotel Dieu, Nicholas Sarrasin, Jean Leger 
 de la Grange, Armand Dumanin, and Pierre du Roy. Of the number 
 Sarrasin was perhaps the most noted. Born in France in 1659, he 
 emigrated to Canada shortly after completing his medical course, and 
 died at Quebec in 1736. He was physician to the King, a member of 
 the Sovereign Council, and published during his long life time, a 
 number of volumes of natural history, botany and medicine, besides 
 discovering the pitcher-plant, which perpetuates his memory in the 
 name of " Sarracenia purpurea." 
 
 When Peter Kahn, the Swedish Botanist visited Canada in 1749 
 seven years after the discovery of the Rocky Mountains by La 
 Verendrye a native Canadian, his constant companion during many 
 a woodland ramble, was Dr. Gaulthier, himself an accomplished 
 botanist, and from Dr. Gaulthier, Kalm acquired most of the infoi'ma- 
 ti<m which appeared some years later, in the shape of two large 
 volumes illustrated with plates. 
 
 A well-known surgeon who figured during the historic period 
 before and following the conquest of Canada by the British in 1759 
 was the famous Phillippe Badelard — Badelard was present at the 
 battle of Abraham, and seeing that the French troops to which he 
 was attached were giving way, directed his steps to the rear where 
 he met a wounded Highlander named Fraser, who was bleeding pro- 
 fusely. The doctor immediately attended to the soldier's injuries and 
 then gave hiniself up to Fraser as a prisoner of war. Both Dr. 
 Badelard and John Fraser lived to a very advanced age, and ever 
 maintained for each other the closest tics' of kindly friendship. Dr. 
 
Badclard was a person of most ^'ontlcrnanly presence, and constantly 
 wore a sword as was customary with t\w Bourtjooisic de Paris. 
 
 A contemporary of Badelard, Dr. Arnoux, lived for many years in 
 Quehec, and it was in Arnoux's surgery that Montcalm's wounds were 
 dressed while the great soldier was being borne througli St. Louis Gate. 
 
 Another well-known surgeon of this period, Dr. Lejuste of the 
 French army, came to Quebec after the fall of Louisbourg in 175(S, 
 and later among the noted medical men of the province, we find Dr. 
 Francois Blanchet, the father of the first Education hill in Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 The cause of education had also in Dr. Jean Baptiste Meilleur, an 
 able and succes.sful advocate. Meilleur who was born in 1796, and 
 died in 1830, had the honor of being the first Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction for Lower ( 'anada, and during his life time, con- 
 tributed many articles to Le Jmtrvjd de Me'decinc. He was also a 
 voluminous writer on geology, botany, agriculture, and other scienti- 
 fic subjects, and took a prominent part in the foundation of L'Assxunp- 
 tion Col lew. 
 
 Dr. Jacques Labrie, born in 1788, and who graduated at fildinburgh, 
 .sat for several years in the Lower Canadian Assembly, and besides 
 doing good work as a medical man, also wi'ot«^ a " History of Canada '' 
 which while awaiting purchase by the Government, was unfortun- 
 ately destroyed by fire at St. Benoit during the rel>ellion of 1887. 
 
 The mention of 1887 will recall to the minds of every student of 
 Canadian history, the names of at' least three members of <jur profes- 
 sion, who weiv prominent among the agitators of that stormy period, 
 namely Nelson, O'Callaghan and Cheniei'. Wolfred Nelson although 
 an English-speaking Protestant, warmly espoused what was then 
 termed the national cause, and led the insurgents at the battle of St 
 Denis, where the British forces were obliged to retreat. Twice he 
 was elected to the Presidency of the Pi'ovincial College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons, and he also sat in the Lower Canadian Assembly. He 
 constantly contributed to the medical press articles on preservation of 
 public hygiene, " Reports on Penitentiary Prisons," etc, and although 
 he suffered for a while political banishment, yet the fact that on his 
 return to Canada, he was elected to the Mayorality of Montreal, is a 
 proof of the esteem in which he was held liy the people of that city. 
 
 Dr. Edmund O'Callaghan, a brilliant Irishman, was a member of 
 Parliament, editor of the Montreal Vindicotor, and author of several 
 historical works. He also was an active participant in the troubles 
 of 1837, after which he took up his abode in the United States, and 
 the gallant Chenier immortalised himself by dying a soldier's death 
 at the battle of St. Eustache. 
 
5 
 
 of 
 
 A man who t'ollowc'd the more peaceful paths ol" lit'o, was Dr. 
 An<lr«'\v KcriiaiHio Hohiu's, liorii at Cadiz, in 1797. Di-. Holiiii-s who 
 was one of th(: foremost medical m(!ii of liis time, collecttMl vvhik' a 
 student in Scotland, an extensive iierbarium of plants, which later on 
 he presented to McCJill University. He was a recognized authority 
 on l)otany, <j<'olo(ry .vnd mineraloyy, and coiitrilnited many articles 
 on the.se suhjects, as well as writint>' the hi.story of cholera in Mon- 
 treal. In IN27 he established with others, The Medical institution 
 which finally in 1828, mei-;fed into that of Mc(jlill, of which Dr. 
 Holmes was the Dean, and whei'e he hsctiired on th(! Practice of Medi- 
 cine till the time of his <leath. 
 
 One of the most illu.strious names in ('anadian medicine, is that of 
 Sir George Duncan (Jil»l» .vho was horn at Montreal in 1821. Sir 
 George founded the St. Lawrence School of Medicine where he held 
 the chair of Institutes of Medicine and ( Comparative; Anatomy, and 
 to which \h' attracted hy his maivellous powers as a lectuicu' and 
 demonstrator, students from all ])arts of the country. He a.ssisted in 
 the founding of the Montreal Disjien.sary, delivered lectures each 
 winter bef(ire the Natural Hiscoiy Society, Mercantik; Library Assoc- 
 iation, and Addisonian Liteiary Society, was (/Uratoi- and Librarian 
 of the Natural History Society for four years, and devoted nuieh time 
 and attention to the an-angement of the Society's collection, present- 
 ing to that body befoie he left for England, the greater poi'tion of his 
 private museum numbering nearly l/iOO specimens in Natural History, 
 and miscellaneous objects of interest anil curiosity. A review of Sir 
 George Gibb's contributions to the medical press alone, would form a 
 volume by itself, suffice it to say that «luring his ten years editorial 
 connection with the Lancet, he supplied id least six columns of ho.spi- 
 tal matter each week, which is e(|uivalent to ;J120 columns for the 520 
 weeks, or ten voliunes t)f the Journal of 760 pages each. Sir George 
 (iibb might not incorrectly be termed a specialist in any branch of 
 medicine, for there was no department of the science which he did 
 not seem to have thoroughly mastered. 
 
 Dr. Archibald Hall, born at Montreal in 1S12, and educated at 
 Edinburgh, besides lecturing at Mc(j!ill .successively on materia medica, 
 chemistry and obstetrics, was much devoted to botany, zoology and 
 meteorology. Zoology, however, was his chief delight, as in 1839, we 
 find him presented with the silver medal of the Natural History 
 Society " as a prize for the best essay on the zoology of the disti'ict of 
 Montreal." 
 
 As a medical writer, Dr. Hall is best known as the (>ditor of the 
 British American Jo iLvnal of Medical and Ph>/»ical Science, which 
 he established in 1845, and conducted with great ability until its sua- 
 
■B! 
 
 6 
 
 pcinsioii ill IM52, imd ii^oiiii from I MOO until it Hjuilly expired tw;) 
 years latfr. 
 
 Lon^- lit'forc "Old i'roltaliilitius" won- lifiinlot' intlio United States, 
 Dr. Hubert .Siiialhvodd, liorii in 1812, had cstablislu'd at St. Martin, 
 .some ten miles from Montreal, a " Meteorological and EKctrical ()l).ser- 
 vatory " which was a constant siau'ce of wonder to the good people of 
 the parish. Daily from his tem))!*- of mystery, Dr. Smallwood tele- 
 graplu'd to Montreal the weathei- estimates for the ensuing 24 hours 
 and many an anxious St. Martin farmer was stimulated to freshei' 
 exertions hy the Doctor's prognostications of a rainstorm soon to 
 come, or vice verna. 
 
 Dr. Smallwood performed some invaluable work, and contributed 
 to the press many interesting articles on the subjects mentioned. 
 
 The tii'st medical serial which appeared in Canada namely. Le 
 Jounial dc hUdexinede Qnehcc was published in 1823, by Dr. Francois 
 Xavier IV.ssier, who was also founder of the Quebec Medical Society, 
 
 Dr. Te.ssier who acquired a wonderful knowledge of several modern 
 languages, studied under Dr. Von ItHand of Quebec, and graduated 
 at New York. Lc Jourvtd de Mt^dlc'inc which was pul)lished in both 
 Knglish and French, received for a whilr the support of some of the 
 best writers of the province, but finally owing to lack of support of 
 paying .subscribers, .succumbed to the inevitable, and died the usual 
 death of such journals, three years later. 
 
 Dr. Von Ifiland founded in 1S20, the first anatomical school estab- 
 lished in Quebec. He held during his life-time various important 
 )K)sitions in connection with his profession under the crown, was foi- 
 .some time Medical Sujjerintendent of Quarantine at (}i'o.s.se isle 
 wrote a history of the town of Sorel, and also contributed a large 
 number of articles and essays for the medical and general press both 
 in Europe and America. 
 
 A public spirited man and good citizen, was Dr. Joseph Morrin> 
 born in Scotland in the early part of this centuiy, and who founded 
 the college bearing his name, which .school has been rf incalculable 
 benefit, especially to the English-speaking youth of Quebec. Dr. 
 Morrin delivered the inaugural address at the opening of the Quebec 
 School of Medicine, replete with much statistical informati m concern- 
 ing the .same. Before the iiicorporation of the old Queb(!C Medical 
 School with Laval University, Dr. William Marsden, boi a in 1807, 
 lectured on anatomy, physiology, surgery, materia medica and botany. 
 He was also for a time President cf the Provincial College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons and from 1851 to 18.54 a member of the Quebec 
 Mercury editorial staff. 
 
 It was not until the end of the last century, that Eng) .-speaking 
 
 i^^' 
 
colonies V)rpran to sprin;^' tip in tlic rural \mvis of this province, nrnl 
 tlirsc colonics wore perhaps inctst nuiiu'rous in the <listricts situate on 
 the soutluirn .shore of the St. Lawrence and known as the Ea.stern 
 Tovvn.ship.s. The earlier settler.s were larjjfely of New Enj^Hand oriifin. 
 coming for tin; most part from New Hani|)shire and Vermont, ami 
 amonj^f the ;;ranite hills and <,'r(!en mountains of their native stat(!.s. 
 these hardy pioneers had had a t!"ainin^ which cnahled them .success- 
 fully to cope with the ru^'g<'d forces of nature in thcfir new homes. 
 The life of the country practitioner to-day in the Province of (Quebec, 
 as many of you know, is a ti'ying and ai'duous one, but it is an 
 (dysium compared to that experienced l)y our brethern of a century 
 or even fifty years ago, when often the man of medicine, mounted (jn 
 horseback, had to find his way to a distant patient, without oven a 
 blazed tree to mark his path through the forest. Such was the state 
 of the old township of Shipton, when in 1893 Dr. Abraham Perkins 
 Silver settled within its borders. Born in the city of Boston in 1770, 
 Dr. Silver graduated at Harvard in 1795, and eight years later estab- 
 lished himself in Shipton, wher(! he practised for over half a century. 
 During most of this period he was the only physician between Sb< r- 
 brooke and Drummondville, and to-day you will still hear in these 
 localities many a tale of the blunt, but large hearted, Dr. Silver. 
 
 The first medical man who made liichmond his home, was William 
 Hollingworth Fowler, an Englishman born in 1808. He graduated 
 at Glasgow, was for some time in the Royal Navy, in which capacity 
 he visited nearly every portion of the globe, and finally settled down 
 at Richmond in 1842. A man of great natural capacity and iried 
 gifts, he contributed in prose and verse to the journals of the tim e 
 and his active liabits <jnly terminated with his death in 1860. 
 
 Another land-mark of medicine in the Richmond district was 
 Richard Norris Webber. Dr. Webber while at Harvard, witnessed 
 the first operation performed und^r ether, and a thesis on " Ether as 
 an Anaisthetic " written during \. ^4-7, his graduating year at Harvard, 
 gained for Dr. Webber consider.il)le reputation. Shoitly aftei'ward 
 he established himself at Richn)ond, when^ for tlni fifty remaining 
 years of his life, he was a constant and busy worker. St. Francis 
 College numbers him among its list of founders, and an honored name 
 remanied behind when Dr. Webber pas.sed away in 1897. 
 
 The township of Durham welcomed in 1849, the advent t)f a man 
 who for nearly fifty years ministered faithfully to its medical wants— 
 Dr. White, born in England in 1811, graduated in Edinburgh 21 
 years later, and then took a subsequent course at Tiinity College. 
 Dublin, after which he went to Australia, remaining in that colony 
 for five years, returning to London, he spent two years in the metro- 
 
8 
 
 ■m 
 
 polis, and finally' eiuipratefl to Canada, settling down in Durham in 
 l84P. 
 
 Dr. White who was in every sense a cultured gentleman of the old 
 school, had the distinctic»n of being the first, and for many years the 
 only physician in the county of Drunnnond, consequently his work 
 extended over a very large ai'ea. 
 
 Among the hills of Missiquoi. Shoftbrd and Brome, the names of 
 Chamberliii, Brigham, White, Stowe, Shannon, Searles, Cotton, Butler, 
 Pattee, Frary, Foster, and Abbott, are still held in grateful i-emem- 
 branee by the <lescendants of the pioneers who first settled these 
 districts early in the present century. Among tlie most noted mem- 
 bers of this group were perhaps Drs. Chamberlin, Cotton and Butler. 
 
 Joshua Chamberlin was born in Vermont in 1799, an able surgeon, 
 a man of great resource find ft)rceful cbaractei-, the 5(i years of his 
 p''ofessioniil life were alniost entij'ely spent in the vicinity of Freliglis- 
 burg. 
 
 Dv. (vharles "j^. Cottd'.i, a native of the town.ship of Durham, where 
 lie was born in bSKJ, graduated at .Jefferson College in 1837, and 
 practiced nearly the wjjole of his medical life time at Cowansville. 
 Dr. Cotton was a remarkably skilful surgeon and was once heard to 
 remark after reading the account of a successful ovariotomy " If I 
 had only known for'y years ago, that the peritoneal cavity could be 
 safely entered., I do might have had successful t)variotomies." 
 Although frequent' tempted to present himself for political honors, 
 Dr Cotton alway; r inained loyal to his chosen profession, and 
 literally " died in h ' ss " after 50 years unwearying combat with 
 disease. 
 
 The s ' -• the north shore :>f th< Ottawa, have had 
 
 since their inception, many men of whom t t; profession may well be 
 proud, an(' the Churches, Robertsons and Ciiristies. who were among 
 the early medical ])ioneers of these districts, are .- Lill perpetuated in 
 medicine by descendants bearing the same honoured names. 
 
 I hope at some future day to go more deeply into the history of our 
 medical forefathers, Init for the present, space is too limited to permit 
 of further extension. My purpose for the moment lias been fulfilled, 
 if I nave only stimulate<l to a slight degi-ee, your interest in a subject 
 which it seems to me should command our admiration and respect, for 
 not only is it due to 'le noble dead of our profession, but also ilue to 
 <tuj-selves, that we .•■•' aid occasionally become retrospective and look 
 liack to the heroic len who in our own country, led the van in war- 
 fare against the Ki g of Terrors " Lest we forget, lest we forgtit." 
 
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