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HI:;

If, after reading this pamphlet, any further information is re(|uired alxiul
Canada, appHcation may l.e made to any of the following officials

Is :• -

IN (iRI-AT BRITAIN.

The Canadian High Commissioner,

17 Victoria Street, S.W., London.

The Canadian Government Agent,

15 Water Street, Liverpool.

The Canadian Government Agent,

52 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow.

The Canadian Government Agent,

2 Abbey Street, Dublin.

IN CANADA.

The Superintendent of Immigration,

Department of the Interior, Ottawa.

The Commissioner of Immigration,

Winnipeg, Manitoba.

IN THE UNITED STATES. •

The Canadian Government Agent,

No. I Merrill Block, Detroit, Michigan.

The Canadian Government Agent,

154 East 3rd Street, St. Paul, Minn.

Or for rates of passage, to any of the Canadian Pacific Railway .Agencies,
or to the Agents of the Canadian Steamship Lines.

Jll

:i\

AiST OFFICIAL

HANDBOOK OF INFORMATION

HK LA TIN (J TO TMK

DOMINCON OF CANADA

1897

Pl.-I'.LISHKI), WITH THK AI'I'ROVAI, OF IIKW MA.l KSTVS SKC'RETARY OF STATE

FOI! TIIF. COLOXIKS, |JV THK (iOVKRXMKXT OF CAXADA

(DF.l'APvTMKXT OF THK IXTKItlOR)

OTTAWA
GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUKEALt

1897

t
(

a
o

e
it
a

C 3

-J

^c^qti

Tins pampl.let is respectfully comn.ended to the attention of the verv many people
.a other countries who in their present surroundings have little prospect'of ia.provin.
then- position financially or socially. To all such people, as well as to a>any others"
Canada to-day offers the best opportunities for advancement. Her immense tracts o'f
ava.iab'e agricultural l.nd, and vast area of mineral wealtl, : alike unrivalled by any
other country : her excellent system of transportation, with her stable yet progressive
system of self-government and ad.nirable social conditions, combine to render tl^e coun-
try one ,n which the pursuit of independence and wealth is carried on without eucount-
er,ng the ha.dships and dimeulties of former days, while the rewards to be reaped by
.ndu-.dual enterprise and energy are not now to be found under the same conditions in
any other lanrl

:.^

■-M

■ Mi: "

IN'

CONTENTS.

THK DOMINION OK f'ANAOA.

TaRf.

Area ~

ropiilatlon s

IJclinlon s

<'()iislituti(m (if (Jovcrnmciif s

Miiiili'Ipal System g

Kdin a'lon

Ailiiiinlstratioii of Justl '

rotii'ts

-Military Korros

Mimlitipal I'ollcn

Xaturali/utioii

Postal System

Money Ordi'iM

8
<i
i)
9

III

I'lOKSDXS WAXTKI). ETC.— Cnntlnucd.

I'aKP.

Tniiiin I'^iinihTH ;>-,

VoiiiiK Aii'ii l|(<sll•lll^' Ai?i'lciiltiiral cxin'i'l-

•'iicn 2(i

Miilf anil l'\'Mialo l''anu Sorvaiits 2ti

Domostlc Sorvico ({''I'mulc) uc

Mechaiii.s, Ocni'i-al haboiir- ra and Xavvk's. 27

Kulluay Uiiiiiloyc.'s ^7

Clerks, llr.niKlifKincn. Shop AsHtstants, &f. ?.J

< liilil l';ii;lj;ralii)ii o"

Inmates of WorkhoiiRos 2V

THK PROFESSIONS AND THK LIGHTER

CALMXOS n~

ToloKraphs u ADVICE TO IXTEXDING SKTTLERS-

Newspapor Pr?ss u

Social Conditions |)

Climate 1 1

Tho Tourist, Artist and Sportsman r.'

Indians yi

Railways ^i

Canadian I'acilie Ra'lwiy j.j

Canals and Uiver Systems ].-,

Hoveniie 1-

Receipts and Expenditure n;

Public Debt

Import.^

Kxports

Hi
16
1(1

(luvernnient ARtnts 28

Eiiiploynunt Unri'anx 2S

Quarantine 2S

I;nniisrant Stations oi)

Set 1 ler.s' Effects 20

Tlio Time to EnilRrate 29

Ocean Fares og

During tlie Passage 30

DuKk'aK.' 3^

Wliat to Take ^t

Oiitlits 32

i.Money 00

The Mine ^~ THE FIRST QUESTIONS ASKED V/i

ill

The Fisheries

The Forest o^

Anin.als and their Products :;i

Agricultural Products 22

Manufactures 13

Shipping 04

PRRSOXS WAXTED IN CAXADA. AND
IM MR, RATION THAT IS NOT EN-
COURAGED.

Persons wi',h capital 25

Agriculturists 7,-

THE PROVINCES.

Prince Edward Island 35

Nova Scot'i 31)

Xcw Hrunswick 4-

(Juebec ^r,

Ontario

Manitoba

T!io Nort'i-west Territories

Hritish Columbia

133

I'lirliiiiiiciit HiiildiiiKM, Ottawa.

•■■■>

T)()MlEUm OF CANADA

r. ■ A.*'

I IK Dnniiiiiipii ()i: CjiiiMd.M I'iiliii" 111-
111 c.NisiciK'o (in July 1st, l!SU7,
iiiHicr the ti-niiM of au Act of the
IinpiMial rarliaiuent, known as
the Mritish North Amoi-ieii Act,
\\lii<-li i.n.vitk'd for tho union <if
the provinces of Canada, Nova
S<<>iia and New lirunswiek ; the
rr.fviiico of Canada being im-
iH'l'oiv iliat time divided Into
I'pper and Lower Canada, which divisions
are kno\^•I. ii,nv as Ontario and Quebec,
lesjiectively. 'l'l:,> Dominion w is sulisequcnt-
l.v auffinented by the Province of Manitoba
inid the Xorth-wcst Territories in 1S7(I. by
I'.rltish Columbia In 1S71, and Prince Ed-
ward Island In IST."., and now Includes tho
whole of British Xorfh America. Avilh the
exception of Newfoundland.

Tlie follow iuK fiKuros show the corn-
Area, piit'd area of tho Provinces and Ter-
ritories of Canada :—

Gq, Miles.

'"'f'"'" 222,000

^J">-'bec 22S,900

Xi'w Brunswick ::8 200

Nova Scotia 2o!600

Prlrce Eilwinl Island 2,000

Manitoba ♦7:;,'955

British Columbia 3S3,.'500

Provisional Tlatrlct of Aiislniboia. .about Sd!535

Kccwatin.. " 2.S:!,000

Sa.skatchowan " 107,092

Alberta " lOH.lOO

Athabasca... " 104,500

North-west Territories 006,000

Territory east of Koewatin and south

of Hudaon't, Bay lO'l.S'^O

Territory cf Hudson's Pay S3S,000

Islands in Arctic Oc?an and Hudson Bay. 300,000
'Ir. at Lake? and Ulver St. Law-ence east
to longitude liC-', not included in above

a-L'as 47,400

Area of Canada ~37mM

•Tlii.^ Is lor Manitoba ns defined by Act of the Cana-
dian Parliament.

g DOMINIOX OF CASA DA.

\eoor.liiu' to the census re- tw(MMi the p.'ovinces and the Federal (Joveru-

Population ti.ms of ISOl, the iKn.uhition mont. In some of the i.tovhu^es theiv are two

Fopulation. ^^ ^^^^ j,o„,iuiou was as fol- l.ranehes of the legishiture in add.tnm to the

. , ._ I.iiMUenaut-Covernor, but in Ontario, New

""'^' , , mo ,7^ Krunswiok, Prhiee Edward Island, Manitoba

Prince Fdward Inland 100. ,,, ^^^^^^ ^^^^_^^ Columbia there are only single

Nerm^'wick' ■■■■.. .■■.;:::;::::":::: 32i;2.i3 nouses. This, H. .ever, :s a matter entirely

g„g^,j, i,^cS8,r.?.3 within the control of the local autlionties, as

Ontario 2,llt.';2t .,,v iilso the election of members, fraudiise

ManiUba l^-""'' n"i>liti<"iti<'"«- and alteration of the electoral

Iiiiiisli rolumoia ^'^ATi ,i;siricts for the rrovinciai T.egislatures. but

Tlae Tirritiries ^S-^^"^ ^\^^. duration of the Local Assemblies is fixed

^"^ .,t four years. The powers of the Domini<m

Total 4,833. 23'J ^,^^^^^ j^'^j^^ ^jj^ pi-ovincial Legislatures, and

There is no State Church In (i,e contributions to the revenues of the latter
Religior. Caiunla. auil tlie utmost rcligous ^^^^^^ ^^^^ Dominion Treasury, are dellned by
liberty prevails. Newly arrived ^^.^^ i.^-itish Nortli America Act and ihe Acts
adherents of nearly all denominations will ,^.^^g^g,j under it. Legislation upon local mat-
have no difliculty in lindiug congenial eluir<-ii '^^^.^ .^ assigned, as a general rule, to the
society. Churches and chapels arc uumer- j„,,|^.i„(.(>^ -piicre is generally a perfect sys-
(.us and widely distri'>ir"d. ^^.j^^ ^^^ luunicipal government in tiie pro-

Each church manages its own affairs : viucos co istituting tlie Uomin-

oud the stipends of the cler,gy are paid out Municipal i"". '>>' which municipal coun-
of endowments, jjow rents, and otiier surli System, eils, elected by tlie people, con-
funds. There are are no tithes or churcli trol and govern matters of
rates, ex ■epting in the province of (Juelii'C. purely local and municipal concern. In every
where the Iloman Catholic Cliurcli possesses ^^^^.^ ^f Parliament or I,egislature one object
some qualilied power in tliis respect, but nought has been to give the utmost possi-
only over persons professing that faith. i,],, freedom to localities to manage thvir
The Ooverument of ('.•tn- own local aftairs. Free endu.'ation is fun-
Constitution ada is Federal. The pro- i^l^Hl in all the various pro-
of vinces have Local Legis- Education, vinces ..f Canada. .ienerally
Government, lalnres. By the British speaking, the systen. may
North America Act, b - be ,1 -scribed as follows. -Every town-
f,re referred to, the executive government sl'il' is "'ivided into sections suth.Mcntly
and the atithority of and over Canada re- h,r.ge for . a s.lu.oi. Trustees are elected
mains ,n the Queen. The Governor Cener.il 1<> inanage the affairs, and the ex-
for the time being carries on the governineut IH-nses are d.^frayed by In-a ,,ucs and
in the name of Her Majesty, but is paid ,ni. Provincial (ioverumeiit gran s ieacheis a e
of the Canadian revenue. The Dominion tniined at Normal Schools at the public ex-
Parliament consists of .anrppcr Ibms, . l.ouse. For those wl... can .nttord it -and the
styled the Senate (SI members,, at.d the cost is very small-there are schools of a
House of Commons (2131 >emL,ers,. The Sena- higher grade, managed also by rustees. At
tors are nominated for life by the G..vern..r these, as well as at many excellent private es-
Geueral oa the advice of the Kxecutive tablishments, a classical edu«itioti is given,
Cuneil. The Commons are electe.l for live Hr.l pupils are prepared tor the pi-ofessions.
vcars. The franchise for both the Federal 'llieri are elexen univetsities and colleges
Parliament and the Provincial Legislatures ^^hich confer degrees of Divinity Arts, Law.
practically confers the voting power upon Medi-Mue. Civil Kngincering, &''- ;o«i<le.^
nearly all" male reshU-nts of full age. At the several that only c.nfer .legrees m Divinity
head'of each of the provinces is a Licuten- -H.e ChurH, of England, Uoman Catholics
ant-Governor, appointe.l by the G..vernor Presbyterians. Methodists and Baptists all
General, and p.ai.l by the Dominion. He is '>avin,r special theological colle.ges. iheie
the executive head of the Provincial (iovern- ^vore upwards ot 13..XH) stu.lents "attend-
ment and nu-dium of conimuiii..itlo„ l.e- auce at th. v.-irious colleges in INOo, and

A.I

\i> /'or.ict'.

ill (Jovern-
I'c are two
:i(>ii to the
ario, New

Manitoba
mly sliiglo
er entirely
lorities, as

franehise
,e electoral
itures. but
les is tixed

Dominion
itures, anil
f the latter
(lelined Viy
1(1 tlic Acts

local niat-
Lile, to the
lerl'eet sys-
ii tlie pro-
the Uomiu-
clpal coun-
)eople, cou-
maiters of
n. In every

one objert
most possi-
mase tlu'ir
ion is furi-
arioiis \m>-
Generaily
stem may
ory town-

sntHi'ii'iitly

arc clcctc'l

the e.\-

raics and
"eachers are
i> public ex-
it— and tile
chools of a
trustees. At
t private es-
un is given,
professions,
nd colleges
. Arts, Law.
&e., beslde.i

in Divinity
n Cathiilics,
baptists, all
I'ges. There
s in attend-
1 ISO,"), and

more than one million receiving direct edu- gency, service has been cheerfully ofl\;rcd,

cation In the schools of the country. For and no dithculty lias been e.Yperlcnced in

the higher education of girls there is also keo|)iiig up tlie tyropor strength of tlie force.

a number of colleges and schools. In no The various battalions of tlie force, Avhich

(.tunit^-y in the world is good education moi-e is un ler counnaud of a general officer of the

generally diffused than in Canada, and the Kritisli Army, are called out for a number

highest prizes the country offers are open to of days' drill each year, for which tlie

all, rich and poor alike. otiice-s and the ranlc and file receive pay-

Tlie criminal and civil icent. Conimisslons are granted to persons

The laws of Canada, as well as living in the Dominion who are able to pass

Administration thclradmbiistration. imisui-.' Hie (|Uiillfyiiig examniatlon imposed by tli :

of Justice. impartial Justice for all, rcgul itions.

.111(1 give everywlicre a A fiiuall regular force has also been organ-

ffuse of satisfaction. The criminal law is iy.od. consisting of about 1.000 men. divided

based upon the English system. The judges into cavalry, artillery and infantry, forming

j're appointed by the Crown during good militiiry scliools in various iiarts of the Do-

I'cliaviour ; and tliey are cliosen. wliat(>ver minioji, wliere courses of instruction are

Ministry may be in power, from among -;vcn to tlie ottlcers and men of the militia

those who. by thiur ability, learning and rcgiincnts. It is well to say, however, tliat

standing at the Bar, have Avorked tlieir way no difficulty is experieiiceil in filling any

to tlie front of tlieir profession. vacam-ies tliat may occur in tliis force, and

The highest is tlie Supreme Court "^iit no pe 'sons are encouraged to go out

he yf Canada, composed of a Chief <*> Cu.>ada on the chance of securing coin-

urcs. jii^fi,!,, .,,„j jjyf, ])nj|.(,n, judges. It missions.

has appell.int jurisdiction tliroughout the
Domi'iion, in criminal as well as in civil
cases. There is also an Excheiiner Court.

Tlie Uoyal Military College of Canada, at

Kingston, Ontario (Lieutenant-Colonel Ger-

.... , , . , , ''■'' <'liarles Kitson. Commaiidanti is well

lor trying cases connected with the revenue, i.„ ,

V Iiicli also hiis jurisdiction as a court of
Admiralty.

lown as an excellent school for military
iiiul general training. Four coniniissions In

These are the only Dominion ti,e itHtish Army are regularly granted to
(Murts, all the others being Provincial ' ».>?,.

tlie diief towns and cities tlien* are sliiieii

'" graduates each year. Only bovs whose

diary magistrates, who sit djiily for the hear-

ir.g of ordinary poli-'o cases. Tliey also have

jmisd'clion in certain civil cases, such a.-:

tlie non-payment of wages. Aldermen of

( 'li'^s have magisterial powers. ex-oHicio. In

all p.irts of the country tliere iire justices

of tli,^ peac.>, lioldiiig their cominissions from

I Ik; l.ieuteuant-tiovernor-i, wlio imiuiro into

cases whicli may arise uiiliiii their respec- 'l""*^ '" <ii'eat Britain, ;ind persons wishing

tive .iurisdi ■tioiis. The system of trijil bv '" J"'" '"""^l iiiak(> personal application at

jury ev(>rywhere iirevails. The t>xpeiises of ''"' ""'<''' "I' "'<' Commissioner of the force

liiigiition are, as a rule, less than in Knu- *" 't''-''i'''- North-west Territori(>.s. They are

1:111(1. on account of the efforts which luive ''''(luired to undergo i- medical examination.

parents have ivsided in Canada for at least
live yars are eligible for admission to the
( (jllege. an 1 tliey are also re(iuired to pass a
iiiatriciilatiou examination.

The Xortli-west Mounted Police force num-
bers 714 oflicers and men, and is engaged in
Hie n.aiiit Miaiice of law and order in the
Northwest Territories. No recruiting is

been succ?ssfully made to simplify all j)ro-

ceediugs.

The Military ,'^'''" "^^Jj,*: ""litia .■..nsists of
Forces

ab )ut 40.000 men nii I although

Married iiiei, will not be engaged. The mini
mum height is 't feet S inches, the mininiuii;
cliest nieasaremeiit 3."( inches, and the maxi-
iiiUiu veight 17.J iionuds. No one is en

of Canada. ^^'"'**''^tive power exists to en- ^'•''"'".'^^'tl to pro(;ei!d to Canada on the chance
able the Ooveriiment to keep "* obtaining a commission on this force.
'M> its strength by ballot if occasion sl,o„|,i „ , . , The ordinarv police force

Humi T '; T '""" "'■"•' """ '"""''^ ■"■•^"^ PoTce' >1--''-^ the'Domilrn forms

■opula tion between the ages of is .and .10 ^°^'''- „u-t of the municipal svstem,

jears, to serve under arms h. case of emer- aod is pail from local o.^ nnmicipartaxes.

no my ION OF CANADA.

with the exception of a voiy small force
inaintained by the Dominioa In connoctioa
with the Parliament Buildings and of the
North-west Mounted Police.

No question of uaturali-
Naturalization. nation arises in eounectioa
with the emigration of
Biitish subjects to Canada. Settling ui the
Dominion makes no more change in this
respect thai a removal from York, Glasgow
Swansea or Dublin, to London, and a rew'
.'irnval has all the privileges of a Canadian-
born fellou-subjeet. This is very important
v.hen compared with the position of a per-

U,?itrrT'-''?'"^"''*'' '^"•'•'^^•ating from the
United Kingdom to the United States f-,

he Kntish Islands who desires to beconu.
.a. American citizen shall take two oaths
0IK3 o. mteution and one of fact, the latte;

: !. '''•; ''''''' ^•^"■^'"^'»^-- Ti.e effect of
tliese oaths is pointedly and speciflcally to
renounce allegiance to the Queen, to giv^ up
ones British birthright, an.l in the ev.nt of

erciso any of the political rights of Am-
erican citizenship without so doing On
tlu. other hand, tlio Canadian naturalization
laws are marked by a spirit of greater liber-
ality towards for.3i.?ners and such persous
can transact any business and hold real
cstat- witliout being naturalized. By resi-i-
mg three years and taking the oath (.f allegi-
nnce, they become naturalized Brillsii sui>-
jects. The oath is one of simple allegiance
and does not reduire any olfcnsive ivnuucia-
tK'Us. Naturalization confers political and
all otiier ri^lits.

The postal system of Can-
Postal System. ad!i extends to every village
and hamlet in tiie land
'fhore is what is called a " city rate "-that
is, for tlie delivery of letters in the city In
^^h^K■h they are posted-of 2 cents per ounce
'l^iie onlinary rate in the Dominion au<l be-
tween Canada and the United States and
Newroundli.nd is 3 cents (H/od.) per oun-e
or fnrction tlie-.vof, and to and from the
I nited Kingdom 5 cents (2yod.) per hab'

'1 lie Old (JovcniiMrnt K,m„I, ISritiNli (\,luiubia.
«()r to become an eneuiv to the l-in<i ,^i- -,„ -

birth. In some of the S ate tl st . """''' ""^^"'•'P'^'^^^'-^ l^"^"'^"-'

Xew York, for instancH^ Bi, th^ubi^ 0^ '"" "' ""'''''' '" ""«"-• ^

oannot hold real estate without tings.h T "^'"•^^••'"^^-- ^-■^•''. I»'i".->
oaths, and cannot in any of the states ev ' ""Mr"*"«^^ ••'* the rate of i

i or tue st.ites ex- ounces. Trade samples pass a-

i'l <"'aiiada
ulisci-jijers.
I 'ir'adars.
•cnt iier 4
tile s.inif

SOCIAL COXDITIOXS.

il rights of Am-
t so doiug. On
au naturalization
t of greatoi- liijer-
U(l sueli pcrsous
3 ami hold real
alized. By resl'i-
he oath of allegi-
ized British suii-
implo allcgianco,
t'ensivf ifimucia-
ei's political and

il system of Can-
to every village
in thi^ land,
city rate"— that
s in the city In
cents per ounce,
juiinion and bo-
itod States and
^/{id.) per ounce
and from tlie
2'/jd.) per hall'

' i'l Canada
• NiiIis(Ti))ors.
ted lii'.'uhirs.
1 cent per 4
I" (lie snmo

rate, and ordinary parcels at 1 cent per sister was legalized in 1SS2. As already ex-
ounce. One cent domestic post cards are in plained, religious liberty prevails ; education
use and are available for correspondence Is practically free and unsectarian ; and
with the United States. Private post cards there is a liberal franchise. Members of
are also permitted. I'arliament are paid an indemnity. Tliere
rii'! money order system is i, no systi'm for 1-galizing pauperism, al-
Money Orders. '^i'uiiar to that in operation thougii orphans and the helpless and agel
in England. The commission of both sexes are not neglected, being cared
charged on local orders ranges from 3 cents for under the municipal system before re-
(1V-d.) for 21/. dollars, say 10s.. to 40 cents ferred to, and by churches and charitable
(Is. Sd.) for 100 .lollars. say £20. Money institutions. Altogetlier. a Canadian is able
orders are also issued payable in the United to look with pride and satisfaction upon the
jvingdom, in the same rates as those charg(>d free and independent position winch he en-
or. similar ordei's issued in Great Britain, .loys, coupled as it is with opportunities of

ppyal)le in Canal.i.

The telegr;ii>h syst(>m in

Telegrauhs. Canada is in the hands of

pulpjic comi>anies cliartered

by .\'f of Parliaui?nt, but the Government

also ov,-ns some of tlie wires, chiefly in con-

bettering his condition in life that he Avonld
hope for in vain in European countries.

The climate of Canada is a sub-
Climate, ject on which many persons get
astray. Canada is one of the
healthiest of countries ; the returns of the

nectlon with the fisheries. The rates are uautary stations which existed until rf
very moderate, and every town and village .-ently, and those relating to Halifax at pre-
ot any nni.ortan.v possesses telegraid.ic fa- ..fut issued, prove this conclusively, apart
c.lities. The telephone is also in very active f.om the general healthfulness of the popu-
o,.era .on in mo.,t of the towns and cities of lation. which is a subject of remarlc bv ail
Canada, and is use,", to a very great extent, visitors and new settlers. The census ol

l.em.,nbeL-ot^tel,.|d,o-,e messages sent year- isoi showed that the death rate in Canada

ly bemg about seventy millions. ,,.,, ^^^ of the lowest rates recorded on the

Newspaner """ *"'^'^'^'^'""^ '"'*' "^^'^^^ ^"I'" ^'^^^ °^ countries which have collected tlie

Press "'"'"^ ^^'"' "'"^^'^l^'^l'^'''^- Every necessary statistics. It is a significant fact

consi.lerable village in the Do- lliat the eoinidaints against the climate

minion, nnblislies its newspaiier, and in all lefer, at the present time, particularly to

the large towns there are several. Tliese Manitoba and the North-west Territories.

newspapers are tor the most part conducted The statements now being nnide respecting

with energy .•nid ability. They are siiiiplied Manitoba were formerly ajiplied to Ontario.

with full tclc-ripiiie rejxirts from all parts Quebec, Xova Scotia and New Brunswick.

of the glolie. 'J'hese provinces, it was said, could never

Social I'i(iuiry is often made as to grow fruit to any extent ; ii would be im-

Conditions. ■"""'■''' <'"»*'i'i<»''« i" Canada, as possible tliat they should ever become fain-
compared with Great Britain, ous for raising cattle; and the seasoi: was
It may be stated tliat distinctions of caste manii'estly too sh,)rt to permit of agricultural
do not oxist to tlie same extent as in tlie operations being carried on successfullv and
nathsr cmmtry. There is a careful preser- profitably. In the same wav, what is now
vation of tliose traditions whicli give tlio Manitoba, om> of tlie great wlieat-producing
.^'(]ier;illeatuivst(. Knglisli society, but tliero districts of the world, was spoken of as a
IS no feudal nobility in Canada; almost every wilderness fit only for buffaloes and foxes
larmer and agrlcilturist is the owner of his It is hardly jiecessarv to state how -om-
aeres-he is his own master, and is five to pi.nely these .•.negations have been falsified
do as he will. This sense and state of inde- and (-very year is proving tlie fallacy of
I'eiideiice permeate the whole social system, simil.Mr statements respoetimc the western
■•Hid produ'.> a con<liti)n of .social freedom i.roviuces. Canada has a reputation for
unknown in older countries. With regard fruit far lieyond its boi, ularies. Canadian
to til-. li,„nr tratHc. local option generally apples iirobably bring the highest price of
pie\ails. By an Act of the Dominion Par- any that are imported into the Emrlish mar-
liament m image with a deceased wife's l,,.ts. Those ^^\w have visited the country

DOMIXIOX OF CAXADA

know Hint it is fji'iiuiis lor many otiicr fruits
bosidijs .•ii>i)l,'s. jiii.l tlio many species ^rowu
ill K.miMiKl. UM^ei' glass, siicli as grapes,
lie.'ielu's. melons ami tomntoes, llourisli in
Cana.I.i in the opou air. But Canadian farm-
<(i'S (I) not <!onlino their attention (>ntirely
to grain and fruit growing. As a eattle
<:ouniry, tvi.iadi is taldng an important posi-
tion. .\ot only art) there sutlicient cattio
and sheeji and other aniuK.ls to supply the
demands <if its own population, liut. on a
four years' a v 'rage, l(>."i,(KMl head of cattio
and over .•ioo.doo sheep are exported an-
iMially. The largu- portion of the cattle is
sent t^ Great Britain, while the shee|) jirin-
cipally go to the TTuited States. Horse breed-
ing is also iltracling much attention. There
are many articles of Canadian farm produce
which are receiving considerable notice in
(■reat Britain, notably cheese, butter and
tggs ; in fM'-t, the dairy in<bistry is growing
more anil more imjioiMaut every year.

Th" farmer in Canada has to jierform in
the winter very miicli Hie same sort of work
as the farmer i.. Great Britain. After the
harvest is ever h.' does as much i>loughing
as possible, until tlie end of Xoveiulicr. Very
httle actual work is done on the l.uid in
Cither country during midwinter, for eipially
obvious, thougli different, reasons. But
cattl.;^ hav^ to be fed. tlie dairy attended to,
C( reiVs thrashed, machinery put in order,
buildings repaired, and carting done, which
latter, by the way, the Canadian farmer,
owing to the snow, is able to do very cheap-
ly. The siiring commences two or thn.-e
week-j later tliau in Kngland ; but the con-
tiMioiis for the rapid growth of all produce -
varm .sunshine and ,i itticieiicy of rain-
are so lavouralile that tiie croi)s of tlie two
countries are alioiit (Miually advanced by the
nii<ld!e of July. The average winter may be
taken at about lour and a half months—
.sometimes it is lo iger liy a U)w days. Be
tween Manitob.a and tlie North- west and On-
tario there is a difference or a few days,
in favour of the latter. British Columbia
lirobably jiossesses tli-i finest climate in
Nortli America, liaving all the advantages
of tli.it of Kngland, without its disadvjint-
ages. Any Canailian or Knglisliman mMio
has si)ent a winter both in the Dominion
and in Great Britjiin will have not hesita-
tion in saying wliicli climate he prefers.

The intensity of cold may be accurately
ascertained by n thermometer, but noc so
its effect uiion the human system. The hu-
midity or the dryness of the atmosphere in
such circumstances decides its degree of
comfort or discomfort, and largely its healtli-
fulness or uiihealthfulness. In some parts
cf C;ii:ada, although one mtist be prepared
for extreme temperatures, the air is dry,
briiciiig and exliii;irating. and conseqtiently
tl:e clMiiate is pleasant to live in. Tlien.
again, in Can.'ida one is always proi)ared for
the cold, and in winter the houses are
\\arm >r thin in (ireat Britain. In the spring
iiid summer wild flowers are as common
as in lOngl 111(1 ; and in August wild fruits
and delicate ferns abound. Of course there
nre good and bal seasons in Canada, as
everywhere else ; but, taken altogether. Hie
climate is a good one.

The Tourist, ■^^"" ^"'"■'^^^' ^"^' ''"'"^^ '■^"•^
Artist and < ''' '••'vcHer will liii.l much
Sportsman. ^'"'^ '' Picturesque and grand
'•■ *■ ' ■ The

n X\vi scmery of Canada,
land of Ev.ing?Iine; the Great River St. Law-
rence, wit'i it^ rapids ; and the old city of
Quob;c;tIie Thousand Islands, the gre.it
lakes. Xiapara Falls and the pastoral scen-
ery in western Ontario ; then on tlirough
the country north of Lake Suiier'or to AVU>-
nipeg and the prairies, until the niagniflcent
r.'ounlain. forest and water scoici-y of the
Uockv ^loimtains and British Columbia is
reached, and the eye r^sts on the waters of
the Facific Ocean.

The country is ecpially interesting to tlie
s)>ortsnian tn the proper seasons. In the
outlying districts, away from tlie settle-
ments, and in the niountains, bears, moose,
dier. wild sheep and goats are found, wiiih^
smaller animals and a very great variety
of liirds exist in great numbers. Most of the
streams are well stocked with fish accoi-dtiig
to natural surroundings, and the angler will
liiid abundant sjiort in any of ili(> jnovinces
except in the prairie districts.

The Indian populiition of Can-
Indians, ada nii'nljcrs about loo,027, lo-
cated upon reserves in different
parts of the country. Tliere is a special de-
partment of State to administer Indian
affairs, and the Indians are not only peace-
able, but fairly contented and haiipy. There
are 9,714 children being educated in the day,

/{A I /.WAYS.

bofii'dlnj; and Industrinl scIkioIs fsliiblislHMl
(.11, and oil', tlio dilTcr'Mit reserves. 'i'lia
schools nuniber 2.SS. The l)oys atleiidhi;; 111"
iiKliistrlal institutions an? tan^lit trades.
I'aruUnf,', &0., and tlio ;riris sewing, liiiittiiiii.
lioiise worl<, &c., in addition to llie or(iinary
braiK.'lies of education. Tliey iiave a larj:e
area of land under cultivation, and own live
.stock and iini)leuients to a consldoralile
'-alue.

(lie year were !)!r)0,:i4.").r>(ii», an increase of
.W1..'17.77!l over ISSi', iiotwitlistandinK the
Ki'eai redu'-tioii in tlu' cost of transport
in tlu; nioantinie made by tlio railways.
'I'lierc" are few conuli'ies in the world better
serve 1 by railw.iys tliau Ciinada.

This line is now in opera-
tion from the Atlantic to the
I'acilic Ocenu, and the
rai)l(lity ,ind cnerfiy flisplay-

The Canadian

Pacific

Railway.

Ther,

C. 1". U. liii.l-,
are about Ki.OOO miles of

Railways, railways in Canada at the pro-
sent time. JOvery place of any
import anctj has its one or more railway
stations. The three prlncip.'tl systems are
tlie Canadian r.icifie (li.lild miles), tJrand
Trunk f;!,1fl2 niilesl. and tlie Intercolonial,
including- tlio Prince Edward Isl.-ind Hallway
i1,."!il() miles). The rest of tlie mileage is
ii„id(> up of smaller lines in tne various pro-
viiK-es. The total paid-ui) capil:il in .Tuly.
IMMi. was .$,SOn.,mT.!MHi. to which tlie Itciuiu-
ion M:il Local tJovernnieiits and inuiiii/i]iaK-
ties had contributed in one way i [• -I'ler
.$2<»-t,ilOl,14;5, or about one-fourtli of the
whol<; cost. Till! nuniber of p;issenj?ers
carried in 1S90 was 14.Sl(),407, and the freight
was 24.200.823 to.i!^. The total receipts for

at Kat I'ortaifc.

ed in its construction, and its importance to
tlie future of the Dominion, deserves special
n ention. Until 1.S81 tlie line was under con-
structed by the Government, but In that year
the work was undertaken by the Canadian
racllic Railway Comiiaiiy. the contract re-
(luiriiiir its comiiletiou in ten years. It was,
howo'er, li lislie 1 in Xoveinber, 188.j, nearly
six years before the stipulated time ; and it
certainly occupies a place as one of the great-
est envineeriiij,' achievements ut modern
times. It is the sliortest of the great trans-
coiiiiiiental lines, tlie distance from Montreal
to Vancouver,, being 000 miles hiss than from
New York to Sai Fraucisco, By the Cana-
dian I'acilic Uailw.'iy, too, Xew York, Boston
and Portland are brought within from HOO
to 500 miles nearer ^Le Paclllc coast bv rali

•» 1 1

;V'? ■

.->'

DOMjy/OX OF CANADA.

tlian foriiici-ly ; nnd tho distnufo from Llver-
IMiol to Jjiimii and Cliina is, via tin- Cana-
dian line, rsliortont'd by about 1,000 ndlos.
'J'lie I'acide and tho Iiilcroolonial railways
have cost Canada in construction ai)ont £iii.-
(100.000 St-. Tho I'acitic had also a land
f^nbsldy of 19,818.500 acres. The Canadian
Confederation mxv be eonsldored as liavin;;
boon consolidated by nicnns of this raihvaj"
Each province has now conmundcation wltii
the others and with the seaboard, and in
conseiiience a Rroat linoetns has been given
to trade a id commerce. Kiistern Canada
has Ion;; had rail.vay faciiitios, l)nt Maui-
tol)a. tlio North-west, and particularly Bri-
tish Columl)la. have until recently remained
more or loss isolated, and therefore ])rn(ti-
cally umh'velopeil. The Canadian Paciiic
Uailwiiy, liowever. has lirouKht this state
of tlij.iKs to an cud. Besides, It has opened
up a larse tract of fertile land in Manitol);i
fnd tho : ,-orth-west, ready for tlie ploniL,'ii
and consid^'red to be tlie largest wheat fit>|.l

it. With It, there is afforded the prospect of
comf)rtal.:j homes for millions of Inhabi-
tants, increased maricets for local and Bri-
tish produ.;ts, and, it is hoped, a new era
or p.-osperity for the Dominion. Branch
lines have already been made In different
1 arts of tho Nortli-west. The splendid Sas-
katchewan country, hitherto closed to settle-
ment, has been opened recently by two new
lines. OthiH's are projected, including one
ill tli-j direction of Hudson's Bay in antici-
pation of tlie route between Hudson's Straits
and Liverpool becoming available for a suffi-
cient time each .year to fit It for commercial
purposes. The Canadian Pacific Railway's
linos in Soithorn M.initoba and Eastern
.Nsshd!)oia iiave also been extended, secur-
ing tho opening of the Souris coal fields and
an u-jlimited supply of cheap fuel to the
settlers. Not only have the people of Mani-
toba .jonnection ^vitli the Tacific Ocean and
\\ ith Eastern Can.ida through British terri-
tory, and access to the great lakes, but there

"Tli(> Beaver," first;
In the world. It is at least 900 miles long
and 300 miles wide, or an are.a of over 200,-
000,000 of acres, more or less suitable for
agricultur.il purposes, for the raising of
wlieat and otlier crops, and the breeding and
feeding of cattle ; and its population is
rapidly growing. Witliout tho railway the
country must have remained an " illimitable
wilderness," as Lord Beaconsfleld described

itcaiiicr (III tile Paeitic.

are also throe lines running to tlie United
bi.ates bouadary, .loining there tlie American
system of railways. Coal has been dis-
covered in large quantities not onlv in tho
bouth-western part of Alb-rta, on 'the line
of tlij Albeita IMilway and in the Rocky
-Mountains, but also along tlM,- line of the
Can.adian Pacific Railway ; mines are work-
ed, coal is now sold at all the railway

•rded the prospect of
millions of Inhabi-
s for local and I3rl-
>! liopi'd, a uew era
Dominion. Branch
1 made In different
. The splendid Sas-
erto closed to settle-
ecently by two new
cted, including one
■<on's Bay in antlci-
^cn Hudson's Straits
iivailable for a sutH-
It It for commercial
I raciflc Kaihvay's
Itoba and Eastern
Ml extended, secur-
luris coal fields and
cheap fuel to the
lie people of Mani-
Paeifie Ocean and
•ough British terri-
jat lalvcs, but there

i« to tlie United
ire the American
1 has been dis-
not only in tlio
M'ta, on tlie line
Id in the Roclcy
flN- line of the
mines are work-
all the railway

CA AM l.a A SI) HI Vlill s YSTEMS. 25

si.itiouH "♦: a lonsoiml)!- p.-icc, mid dopoixl- nins to Kritish Columbia nnd fho wnters of
(ICO lias no loiiKM" to be pliu'od iiixni tlio tho riiciUe Ocean.
sui»i)ly frorn United States sources.

Canals and ''"' '■•■>"•■"« "^ r.nmda and
llillierto the nmrk'ts of China and .Tiipan. ^j^^j, th.; Wvev hn|)r.)venients have

New /ealuid, AuHtralasin. India and ill.' Systems ''""* -i '•'"'Ko sum of money, and
I'aciflc const of Sontli Ainericii have btu-n ' they aru -woiivs of >;reat utility

closed to Canada, but access lias been gained ""•! importance. Tho channel of the St.
1(1 th'im u.ider improved ( iiidltions, wlilch I-nwrence has bu'.»i deepened, so that the
>,'lvo Canada advantages of time and distance liU'Sest ocean-going ves.sels go up as far as
over all other countries. A regular line of ^lontreal, l.(X)0 miles from the Atlantic
steamers has for some time been running be- '^•'ean. There are over five miles of wharfs
twcen Vancouver, Yokohama, Shanghai and "• this city, and every facility I'or loading
Hong Konj;', and in consequence of tho Im- 'I'lrt dlschiu-ging ships. At (^lebec. also
licriid Government hiiving determined to es ^^^ova are facilities for an Immense shipping
iMlilish a mail service via this route, between <''"<le. Then, tliort> is a system of canals to
Kutrland and the East, and of sibsidies "v<'rcome the St. Lawrence rapids iind tue
Si.intjd both by the Imperial and Dominion <^'fference in the l.-vels to th ■ Croat Lalvos
Covernments, steaoiers uiKMinalled by any ''"'"'^ '''"^t). which affords uninterrupted navi-
liithorto seen on tho Pacific are now in that ^'■'^<'"" f''<^'» tlie Straits of Belle Isle to tho
service. These h-ivo fnrtlier increased the '"''"* *'f 'iMka Supi'rior, a distance of J..';S4
saving of time, and afford additional f.-icili- '""t'i^. ol' which 71% miles are canals. The
lies for tratttc of all kinds. As a result of ^'"''^'^ fange from 2i)() to 270 feet long by 4.1
this service tho mails are conveyed from ^'''^ \^'i<le- 1'he depth of water is from
Yokohama to London, England, In less than *" ^^ ^^^^< ""'1 works are in progress which
ouo-lnlf tho tinio taken by the Suez Canal ^^ "' "'•''^<' *he whole route available for ves-
routo. Can.ada liis over 7.000 vessels on *"' '^ ilra\\iiig U feet. There is also a canal
tiio sliipping register, mostly owned in Ai- '^.^'^tt'in to oveicome th3 dKHcnlties of the
i:i!itic ports, and there is every reason why ^''^'f"'" ♦^ff'i^va bi"tw(>en Montreal and Ottawa;
a similar prosperity and marine enterprise ""'' <^l'ens navigation between Ottawa and
Mid develoi-meiit: shiuld talvo place on the l<^'"K^lon, and another connects Lake Cliam-
I'acltic. Tile St. Lawrence route is the most >''"'" "'•'' I'lf' !^f. Lawrence. In Xova Scotia
111 .nitil'iii of ;iiiy Iciding into the interior of *'"' ^'- I'eter's Canal connects St. Peter's
N<.rtli America aial it lias the great advant- ^'''J' ^'•''tl' t'le Pras -l-Qr Lakes. There is
i:>;e of affording .-smooth water for a con- ■''•'*" "iivigation on the lakes in the Nortli-
si.iorable part of t!!3 voyage. Its popularity "''^''^^^- '''"'l "" tlie Pod Piver, the Assinilioine
is yearly increashig. 1 lie beauty of tlie St. '''"' <'"^ Saskatchew.an, the latter being navi-
l.i.wreiice Uiver. tlu trip tlirough the fertile «'^'''^ f"'" "^'G'" l^^OO mii^s. These Avater
laairies of Maiiit.ylia. the traverse of the '»-Jili«ii,ys are much used for tlie conveyance
llains of tlie Sasivateliowan— not long ago o*^' ^''""'oi'^ piwbK.ts. and are of great benefit
the rooming ground of lierds of countless '" <•'*-■ I^ominion. The Sault" Ste. Maiie
bii(LMlo(>s and 111', home of tlie Croe and "Pened for trafflc in Seinember, lSt».-). is
Plackioot Indians-and lastly the passage <^vo-tliirds of a mile in length, has one lock
throu;li ili3 uneciiallod scenery of tho Pocky '''^' 'lin'onsions 000 feet by GO feet, with 21
Mountains to the shores of the Pacific coni- ^^^^ of water oq the sMl.
bine to jilace tlie Canadian trans-continen- 'vu ,., . ,

-al .•onto above al! others in the estima io 1 p. ., '" *'*"'"'"^'^t'''l ■'eyenue for

..f i:.i..'opean travellers ^'''""•'t'oii Revenue, the year ended .30th June, 1806.

was made up as follows :—

'Ihe new rail\\;iy is sure to be a favourite ^'"^toms ^-^^ jj33 379

overland route to the East. Imagine a sail ^^^^'^^ T.WooG

'U' the St. Lawrence, a short stay at Quebec °'^""' ^"'"•-e« 8,85f),.S06

Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Niagara, then on

to the great lakes, or along tlieir shores to $36,618,591

\\'innipog, across the prairi(>s, and throuirli m "

Oioniagniticeat scenery of the Pocky Mount- .vii^isSS"'' '^"'''"'^ "'^ '''''"' ^'""'"'^

hOMISlOX or I'AXADA.

'I he (l.ilciis ,.|- (MMts-, iiiKl issr.s; w.-iv iniiln.I.'r ..i' ili > .Id.t ivi.ivM..ni.s llal)illtloH

lii,Kcl.\ owlii;,- ic niiloii'-^c.'ii .■xpiMiscs III '•.))i- piiyahlt' in ("a i;i<la.

iK'cllori Willi the Niirili-wcMt UcIh.1II.ui. ( '.....wIi.,.. <',.,r „ ,.,

Till- followiiiy; aiv llio n-rcipls and ex- Tavoiiritc iiivsliiuiil in tii<> Kiilisli niark.'t,

jfiKlihirc on aici.iint i.r liu' ("niisi.H.iai.Ml ami liu' \ntH\V r ili.. .•i.iiiilr.v's credit will

Fund since isso. Tlicy show tliat in (lie l.c hciici' uiidcrstodd when II Is stated timt

ten years the surplus reventK>. after dcdiid- w'lll.. not v.-ry loiiy aye :. per rent lind to be

luK tli<> dcllcitsaliovereferrd to. has aiiioniil- |.:ild for loans, one of ihe loans re.eiiily

ed to ililrteen niilliou (hdlars. issued w.n phnvd at :! per cent, and reiillz-

HKCKll'lS AM) K.M'KMHTlMfK, ( i )N.S()L1 1).\| KD FIND.

lilCliptH. lv\pi iiiiiti

SiirpliiM.

D.ticit.

1N«0 H\ .

1881 81!

1882 83 ,
188M 84 .
1884 8r. .
188r) 8(i .
188(1-87 ,
1887-88
1888 8)1
188!) iMI .

18110 111 .

18111 !»1' .

18112 !i;{
18il,S m .
18!M I).")
18:r) !«1

2! I, (!;;,-), 2! 18

;«„•(-;<, 4.")(i

.'("), 7!l4.(it!l

.')i.si;i,!i(i2

.T.',7'i7.(Mil

;t;), 177.(110
Mr),7rp4,!i!i:<

3.'>,!l()8,4(i;{

38,782,87(1

38,.-)7ii,;tii

38,-,7!),311
3(>,!»21.872
3(i,l((8,(;0!l

3(1,37 i.i;!i:!
33,1)78, 12!»
3(i,(il8,5'Jl

2r(..")a2. .").")
27,iMl7.1iM
2.s.7;i(Mrp7
3i,i();,7(i(i
30.037.(1(1(1
3:1,011.(112

.•i.">,li.".7.(iS(l
3(l,71iM'.l."i
3(>.!ll7.8;t.->
3.".,!H)4,(»31

3(i.343,r)(;s

3(l,7(i;').8!i| ,
3(i,8M,(l,-)3
37.r)Sr>,02(! !
38,132,(j(l,5 !
3(l,!)4!t,142

1.132,713

(1.31(;.3."i2

7,(l(!4,4!t2

704,205

07,313

1,S((5.(1,3.V
3.88."),8!)4
2,235.713
1. v.. 1178
l,3i)4,r)")(!

2,21(l,()5!l
0,834,1)72

810,o;i2

l,21(».;i;i3

4,l.■^3,87(i

330,5,51

27,8(52,;t(il M,">79.4?3

Tii.valioli as represented by Hie custimis
and excise aiuouiiied. in l,S!t(!. to .*27.7.')!).2S."i,
or 'Sf'tA-J. per head, as compared willi IjilO.oO
ill the T'liited Kiufidoin. .'i!."").27 in the Capo of
Good Hope, ^\A.T2 in Australasia (1S92).
Municipal taxation is also very iijilit.

The trross .•iiuount: of the
Public Dabt. l)ul)lic debt on 1st .luly, 1800,
was !i;.'>2r>.71T,ri;!7, from whlcli
J avo to be deduet.Ml assot.s, $(!7,liU(M()4, mak-
inj,' the net debt. !i;'_'.-)S.4!>7.4;!;!, or .S.'.().4:! per
head. The avenue rate of interest, lu the
year ISDC paid on the jiross debt, was :?-23*
per cent, but after dediictiii;^ interest receiv-
ed friMii invest nun 1-^ tlie rale was reduced
to 2 '80 per C(>iit.

The totil amount of debt pa.valde in Kn.j;-
land oi> ;!(ith .luiie. l.S'JC. was !)!21S.L.'2.5..".(I4,
and the sevc-.i! iuvestmonts lor sinking-
funds iiniounted to S:>(;,414,37G. Tlie ro-

* Population for 18114, .5,021, 47(>- for calciiliitinn of
gross debt per head.

ed the net aiiiouiU: of f!i7 ps. 2d. Canada
issued, in June. 1S88. the lirst colonial 3 per
cent loan. The amount recpiired was
£4,00(1,nO(>, and the ndnimiim price was fixed
nt 92>i. T.Midcrs were, however, received
for i:i2.(1(i(),()()(i. an I tlK> issue was allotted ac
an average i,rict> of £!»,-) is. per cent.

Til" value of the imports in

Imports. Canaihi entered for consumption

for the year ended o'Otli ,Tune,

18!)(), was !i!110..-,,S-.4S(i. The duty collected

amounted to .1!2(».21!>.o;!7. equal to !i!;!.n4 per

head of the population.

Considerable <Mi;iii-es have taken place In
tlie impoic trade of Canada in the last ten
years. There lias be..|i ji f;illin«- off in the
imports of mainifactured ,i;oods. but the de-
liciency has to a sreat extent been made up
b.v an increased imi.ortation of raw ma-
terial.

The exiioi'ts of Canada in 1806
Exports, wore valued at .n21,0i;{,sr.2, made
up of-Canadian proiUice. $100,-
015,337 ; ai.d other produce, .'}:il,008,515.

fpri'HcniM lliibllltlos

I, Ni>riirlti('« ;|l'" a

tlio Hrlllsli miirlv.t,
•iMiiilry's cnMlIt will
icu It Is stilted that
I pt-r ( cut lidil lo l)o
lli<> loiiiis rc.iMilly

•iT cent, mill IMVllI/--

M).

iii'|ilii.t

1,1. •!■-•, 7-13

!i7,;fi;«

,S{;5,()3;V

i..sHri,,s!i4
!,L':!r.,74n

1.V>,!I78

It.ticit.

2,L'4(),05!»

r>,«;t4,57u
«lo,();)L'

1,210,3;«
4,ir>3,«7tl

3'W,rj5i

,8G2,;i(il M,'>79.4?3

'Js. lid. Cauiida
first folonliil 3 per
nt roipiiivd was
nil price was fixed
liowi'ver, received
lie was allotted as;

per cent.
' the imports iii

for consuiuption
Mided ;:i)tli June,
'lie duty collected
Minal to !i!;!.n4 per

vi> talcen place In
la ill tlie last ren
I'aliiuK- oir 1)1 the
oods. hut the de-
'iit heeu made up
ion of raw ma-

' Canada in 1800
121,0i;{,sr.L', made
produce, $109,-
. !}!ll,0;)8,51o.

rilK MIXK,

Till' ("llii'viiii; nil' flio cvnorts of lioiuf \\vn-
liuitfl lof 18l)(l, by I'luHMes :—

Thi. Mlnp ISOBO.fl.'iO

Thi' KlHhirlm 11,077,76.'.

The ForpHt 27,175,fiSrt

Animals nml their piDdtuo 36,607 641

AKrlciilninil prixliifts . i »,083.,1tjl

.\Inniifiii'riiii'.i 9,3<i5,38-l

MIhci llaliiK.un 10!),26"i

Short ruUirn 3,329, Trt

nmilon 207„'"2

$10rt.!)l,i„l37
Tli'JHo flmircH do not rIvc nn acciinitc Idoa
I f tlio totnl trade of Canndn. Tlicy only
I'liibrRi'o tlio outside trndo, nnd do not lii-
cliidt' tlu) liirp" linsincss wlilcli niituriilly
t.nkos |)lnc(> liciwccn the iirctviucps. It Is
scfirc'ly possible to estlmiitu wliiit the liitcr-
prnviiiclal li-ndo Is. It has boon estimated
for lMi)4 at ,i;ii;!,(ion,f)no ; it was 111 1,S<i7
about ijJt.oitfUMKi. The I'lvltilit cariiliiKs of
tli(> various fiillwnys ninoiiiilod. In l.HJKi. to
.S;iL'.;!t!S,(»Sii for the oarriase of 24,*JI)(!,S1',-
tons, imd the canal tolls to !i!J(;,-.,4i:t for
2,74(l,l.'H tuns of freight ; the tonnage of
slili.piiij,' cnKaKcd In tlio coasiinu trado has
also iiicn>as(>d fi-oni 11,047,(!(>1 tons In ISTS
to L'7,4;il,753 tons In ISJm;. These flgnros
snrvo to show the niaKnltudo of the local
ciirrylns,' trade. In addition attention may
afraiu he called in this connection to the
ureat Increase In all the local industries coii-
uoeted with the mine, forest, fisheries, aKi'l-
enlturo and nianufactuivs. and It s proposed
t.) say a few words under eacti of those
lieadinft.s.

The principal countries to vhlch goods are
oxportiHl are Great Rritai" the United
States, Newfoundland, West Indies, South
America and Au.stralasia. AVItli other coun-
tries, iilso, trade is rapidly ftrowlny, particu-
larly with China and Japtin, France. Ger-
iiiniiy ;iiid oth(>r Etiropeiin c )niitries.

Itecent discoveries In Uritisli
The Mine. Columbia, the Xorth-wost Ter-
rltoiies and western Ontario, to-
f-itlHf with tli3 Icnowu fields In Nova
Scutia and elsowlieio, have shown Ctm-
ada to be one of the richest mineral
countries in the world. The discoveries
of Hold near the southern boundary of Itrlt-
isli Columbia have recentiv been followed
I'y still riclier discoveries on tlie Yulcon
lUver and its tributaries in the extreme
uorlli, and at numerous points between

tlu'Ho two, sfold nud silver liavo been found
In such (inantltles as to create tlio belU-f
that tliroiii;hoiit the Kcveral raiigeH of the
Itocky .Mountain^ from iho 4!>th parallel to
the Arctic Ocea - additional tlelds r.,r min-
ing outerprlse will annually be found for
many .\ears to c(,nie, and that as transport
Is all'onled mlnliiK towns will arise fmni
uortli to south of Mritlsh Columbia. In no
part of the worlil cm (ai)ltal be more profit-
ably employed. I'rodiicts of the mine wlilcli
the country Is Itself capable of ylcldluK are
still Imported, while the e.\pma of metald
and ores of many kinds is siisceiitlble of al-
most Indefinite e.Klenslon. In 18!)0, the total
value of the mlnernl products of Canada
p'ached .1!i';!,(;:.'7.iMi(>. in isidt Ih, exports
were valued at .%H,().V.t,(!.-.(», while the Imports
of minerals and mineral products In the
name year amounted to over !i!2,-),(MH»,00().
The mineral iirodiict of Cantida Includes
Rold, silver, cinnabiir. copper, lead, nickel,
asbestos, irypsum, ,iilca end phosphates.

Gold Is also worked In Nova Scotia, On-
tario and Quebec In Quebec the deposits
are aiirlfermis gravels, clii(>fiy In th(> valley
of the Chaiidlere Itlver. In Ontario (piiirtz
veins of mucli promise are now In course of
development, particularly in the vaclnlty of
the Lake of the Woods and Kaliiy Ltike. In
Nova Scotia the p)ld is ol.uilned entirely by
deei> mining on (piartz veins, in Hritish Col-
umbia, ni) to a recent date, it came chiefly
from alluvliil or phicer deposits, some of
whicli in the Cariboo district have been ex-
ceedingly rich. Much aU^ntlon Is at present
beiiiK Kiveu tiiere to the Introduction of hy-
draulic mining on a large scale, although
the iuirlferous quartz veins in various parts
of tlie province are attracting dilef atten-
tion at tlie present time. The total yield of
gold to dtite from Hritish Cobimbia and
Nova Scoti.i has been about $7l.',0()l),()00.

Novu Scotia, Britlsli Columbia and the
North-west Territories abound In coal,
wliich filso occurs, though in lesser quantity,
in Now Brunswick. Trom Nova Scotia,
hirgo quantities of coal are shipped by the
St. Lawrence and by rail to the province of
Quebec and to the eastern part of Ontario.
It is also employe.l locally fur iron smelting
and other purposes. On the western sea-
botird important coal mines are in operation
on Vancouver Island from wh'ch the greater
part of tlie product is sold in San Francisco,
where it compotes successfully, on accoiini

DOM IS ION Oh' CAXADA.

of its hotter qnnlity, with fuels ohtaincd
locally an;l in tlio Stato of Wasiiinnton. A
coal field of vast e.vieut (probably the largest
in tlie AVorld) o('eui>ios aJ.l the western jiart
of thi.' iS'ortli-west Territory. BeneuUi the
Great IMains the fuels are lignite-coals of
^reat value for local use. but not so well
ailai)ted for sliiiymeut to long distances. In
tlie foot-hills of tin; Uocky Mountains Ihr
lignites are replaced l)y biiuniinnus ci als,
and in parts of tlie mountains theniselvi-'s
similar coa.ls, together witli anthracite aii'l
'■ cannel " coal are fiund. These fuels aic
already worked on a small scale in many
places, but tl!(> most important mines arc
."■ituati d at H:i!iff, ("anmore an I I.etlibridii.'.
In th(- vicinity of tli'.' ("row's Xest I'ass a
largo luimhor of superposed coal scams
occur whicli awaii r.iilway faci it'es for tli i"
development. Tlu; importance of these aiiii)!(>
supplies of fuel to the settler on tlie rich
agricidturai hinds of the west cannot be
exauyeratcd, an 1 tlii output of tlio mines is
limited only by the demand consiMpicnt i^n

in the Xoi-thwost Territories, an<l experi-
mental boiings are now 'u progress in the
disirict of .Mberia Natiual gas is also found
in this re,i.-,i<>n, but it lias not yet been uti-
li'/.ed,

Uicli or(>s of silv 'r occur in the Thunder
liay district ()f Ontario, liut it is particularly
in the souiliorn jiart of British Columbia
that tlie luiniiiLC 'if silver ores has attained
im|)ortancc of lat.-. Tlii> lOast .and Wesv
Kootcnay >listii/^s ^^■el•e a few ytsars ago
iiliiiost uiiinliibiled and very impei'fectly
liiiown. e\cii gco.urapliicMlly. The.v are now
occupied by tliousaiils of minors, and several
towns. t(),.'.cther with smelting works auiL
otlier industrie-i liive sprung into e.xisteuce.
( 1> to the presMt time, most of tlie work
(lone has been that of discovery and iM-eli-
minary (levcloimicnt, but the output of ore
is iio'v In'comin^- large. (!reat areas in the
more nortliern part of British Columbia re-
m.'iin as yet prav'ticaliy unsearclied for miu-
( ml deposits. al''iou.gh isolated occurrences
of \al'iable ores simjiar to those of Kootenay

*''uiui.,,ijiUliwiiitii.liiiJiSiUiaitU.'"«^\toi.^njUi)^iU''hUij.,i.uj,i-,,ii(»*'MBiiii-'vJli>^"".i.itpt>..'>'*'**'l^.itl'.i.a

Rat l'<iitii(,'(.' on Luke of tlic Wdods.

tito growing agricultural and industrial o(:- liave been found tlirougliout a belt of conn-

cnpation of tlie coiinti'y. The total prodiie- Iry exieiid'iig iie.irly 1,200 miles to tlio north-

tion of coal in tliO Dominion in IHUt! was westward.

3.743,234 tons. Ontario is witliout available Nicki'l. in associ'ition with cojiikm' and iron

deposits of coal, but iiroduci's petroleum and pyrites, forms dep )!<its of f;reat volume in

natural gas In ISOO the value of the crude 1l;o vicinity of Sndvmry. Ontario. This motal

petrrdeuni obtained was !i;i,1.".").('>4t!, tlie esti- has lately fctind a IK'W utility in tlie produc-

niiited viilue of natural gas, .f27tl.3ol. !ndi- lion of ni-kid st^^tl, an.l the product from

cations of extensive petroleuin fleids occnr -he Sadbury niiues {ipnears to In- limited

itorics, aii'l oxperi-
■ Ml prof^i'oss ill tile
ml Rus is also foinKl
IS not yet hoeii iiti-

ciir In the Tliuiider

Hit it is partifuiarly
f Hritisli Coluiubiii
V oros liiis attained
lie lOast aii'l West
' a few yt^ai's aK'>
1 very imiiert'ectly
lily. Tliey are now

iiiiners. and several
lueitiiiK worlis and
niiif; into existence.

most of tile work
liscovery and iwell-
t the ontiiut of ore

(treat areas in the
iritisli ("oluiiibia re-
iiisearched for nila-
solated occurrences
I) those of Kootenay

lout a belt of coiiiv
I miles to tlie north-

it li coi>i)(M' and iron
id" fii'eat volume in
•iitario. 'I'lUs metal
tility in tlie iirodm-
1 tlie product from
ears to be limited

:\l

ill ;

niul

t(.n:

(itllOl
tllOI'C

liirio
The
1( lis.
Mick

I'CIVM

C'li

I'lUV.

llie

lIlMt

l.iirt

tllnl

Ihiii
otho
iniiK

Alini
.ire (
••nil

It'llO

THE FISHERIES.

H
c"

'3
g

only by the extent of a pvofltable market.
'l'!io value of tlip output In 1890 is estimated
)il about .^1, 155,000.

Orei of iron an<l different kinds, and often
of tlie best quality have been found in almost
every lu'ovinee of the Doiainion. Iron smelt-
ing; is carried on in Ontario, Xova Seotia
and Quebec.

I'lie asbestos mi I'^s of the Kastern Town-
f-liil)s of Queboe. constitute the most ini-
IMirtant known sources of supply of tlie
iihieral. Tlie product in IsnC) was 12.2r,o
l(.iis, valued at ,'j;4i:!),8."<!.

(iypsum of excellent (piality is obtained in
large nuautity in Nov.a Scotia. New liruns-
wick and parts of Ontario. It is found in
oilier provinces but has not yet been worked
there. .Salt is lar.;?ly manufactured in On-
tiirio from brinos obtained from de(>p wells.
Tlio product in ISlKi amounted to 4;{,U5C
1( lis. It is .also manui'actiired in New Bruns-
\\ Ick.

Mica, plumbago and pliosiihate (apatite)
iii'e found togerlior in that part of tlie jiro-
viiice of Quebec north of the Ottawa Uivci".
'i'lie last named mineral contains a higli
|icr<'eiitago of piiospliorus. and is employed
ill tli.^ maimfacUir^ of fertilizers, but tlie
C'luadian output has of late declined by rea-
son of the eoinpetiiion of cheap, tiiougli less
pure, varieties of phosphate oiitaliied else-
where.

it is not iiossible here to emiiiierate tlie
viU'ious mineral products whicli in smaller
<inantities contribute towards the wealth of
llie country as a whole, but it may be added
lliat structural riiateriiils, sucli as buihiing
stones jiiid brick clays, exist in great abund-
i.'icc and (if excellent ipiali'y in almost every
part of Cinada. Marbles and other orna-
lueiital stones are also well represented, al-
lliougli tliese have so far been utilized to a
limited extent only, wliile peat, lime and
oilier iniscellaneous materials, together with
inineriil waters, already given rise to iin-
fortant local industries.

Tlie (ieological Survey of Canada and tlie
Mining Unreaus of several of the provinces,
are engaged in tlie in-estigation of tlie min-
eial resources of the Domiuion, and to the
reports and maps of tlie Geological Survey
2'^

in particular, further reference may be made
(•n this subject.

It is here practicr.ble to outline only in the
briefest manner the general distribution of
minerals of economic value, but sufHcieut
may have been said to indicate that Canada
I'.ot only nft'ords employment to tlie working
miner, but also affords great inducements
to th-; prospector, .ind for tiie profitable in-
vestment of capital in mining, wliile the ex-
penditure of labour and nioiiey upon the
mineral dejiosits of tlie country is such as
to largely benefit the farmer by affording
a desirable local market for his products.

Tliese are the largest In the
The Fisheries, ^vori l, embracing fully 13,000
miles of a sea coast, in ad-
dition to inland seas, innumerable lakes and
a great number of rivers. They offer many
.'idvantages to tinso engaged in similar oc-
'•upations in tlie United Kingdom, and who
liave sufl'ered from the bad seasons of re-
cent years. The displays made by Canada
at the Fisheries Kxiiiiiition in London in
I.SS,*?. and at tlie AVorhl's Fair at Chicago
in 1SJ3, .attracted ve;\y considerable atten-
tion.

Tlio products of the flsiieries, exported and
sold on the Dominion markets in 1805
amounted to $20,185,298; but this by no
means represents the value of the total
catch, for in Canada the home consumption
is very great— 100 pounds per inhabitant
being calculated, as against 30 pounds in
England. As tlie fisheries extend througliout
llie length and breadth of the Dominion,
many settlers are afforded an opportunity
of catching fish for domestic use ; tlds
lenders it impossible to give full returns of
the wliole catch. It is apiiroximately esti-
ni.ated tliat the value of the home consump-
tion per annum was $13,000,000, giving a
total of $34,000,000 as the yield from h-ss
than half of tli.> Caiadian fisheries, exclusive
of the catch by for'sigu fishermen. Tlie fish-
eries on the Pacific coast are most valuable
iiiid extensive, but are yet only partly de-
veloiied. Tlie total pack of canned salmon
in British Columbia, in 18!);{. reached 29
million pounds and in 1894 tlie total pack
of the province was 23,027,140 one pound
cans.

DOMISIOX Oh- CANADA.

Tha sea fisheries arc ■\vell-uigli Inexliaust.l-
Me— ii fact attributable to tlie fishes' foo<l
supply beiiit; brought down bj' the Arctic
curre.its fivmi the northern seas and rivers.
This consists of livini,' slime, formed of niy-
liads of minute creatures which swarm in
the Arctic seas and are deposited in vast
acd ever-renewed quantities upon the fishing
grounds.

Salt wat >r flsh)s of nearly every variety
are to be fcund along the Canadian coasts,
but tlie murine fisheries of greatest com-

Ihe value of the yield of some of the prin-
cipal fish has been : Cod, $102,813,832 ; her-
rnig, $51,4'«.20.S ; lobsters, $40,759,098; maclc-
crel, .'i:3G,8 J2,092 ; salmon, ."?41,738,791 ; had-
dock, $12,090,522.

Much actention has been of late years
given to the development of the fisheries.
The Federal GovcM-aaient has granted a
yearly sum of $100,000 as a bounty, to bo
divided, according lo catch, among the ves-
sels and b')ats engaged in the prosecution of
the sea fisheries. One result has been an

mercial imiTOrtanco are the cod. herring,
mackerel, lobster, salmon and seal.

The fresh water flsherle;; are also of great
importance, the immense lakes and rivers
supply an abundance of flsli of great com-
mercial value, both for lioine consumption
and export, besides providing sportsmen
with some of the finest salmon and trout
fishing to be fomid anywhere.

The value of the yitdd of some of the
principal fish in 1895, was :— Cod, $3,030,270 ;
salmon, $3,732,717 ; herring, $2.800,5r)(i ; lob-
sters, $2,210,090 ; seals. $732,343 ; mackerel.
$730,055 ; Mliitcfisli. $7(i7,307 , trout, $;o2,.">,S0.
haddock, $422,053 ; liake, $190,800 ; lialibut,
$270,901. Between Ihe years lS(i8 and 1895

irfcrease in the number, and a great Im-
provement in tlio build and outfit of fishing
vessels. It has also provided fisli-breeding
istablishnients, of wlucli there are twelve,
in different parts t>f the Dominion, and year-
ly millions of fish are hatched and placed in
tlie rivers and lakes. Large sums of money
have also been expended in harbour im-
provements and l)roakvv Iters. The principal
fishing stations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
have been connected with each other by laud
telegrnplis and cables, by which means in-
I'c rmation is jjromptly given of fish " strilces "
iit any particular point, thereby saving tlie
lijliernien days and nights of fruitless e.v-
posure and cold.

'•>:

THE FOREST.

some of the priii-
$102,813,832 ; Ler-
, $40,759,098; maek-
, !541,738,791 ; Lad-
sen of late years
it of the fisheries.
it has granted a
.s a bounty, to bo
;h, among the ves-
the prosecution of
esult has been an

The number of men, vessels, boats, an-1 oak, butternut, basswood, poplar, chestnut,
fathoms of nets employed In the fisheries, mountain ash, willow, black and white birch,
ill 18!)"), are as follows :— and others.

FISHKRIES OF CANADA, 1895.

PliOVtNCKS,

Vess^m.s .

iNl> Moats.

.Mkk.

FatlKJuis.

TS.

Other

Fisliintf
Material.

NiinilH'i'.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Xova Scotia

New liriiiiswiuk

rriiice Kchvard Island

<)ueliec

1.5,581
5,(567
1,547
7,230
2,997
1,429
1,0.S2

•S

1,529,393
329,109
71,1.30
22(!,0(i8
734,3150
334,105
108,0(52

25,015

10,389

3,758

12,243

14,485

3,259

1,585

2,.3.37,255

508,350

85,783

301,805

380,110

2,040,473
322,500

539,289
393,144

3(5,480
15(i,707
29(5,700
257,315

33,5.55

1,071,280
988,034
372,029
421,928

1,0,54, .375

240,025

00,(534

Ontario

Manitoba

Total

35,489

3,332,347

71,3.34

6,042,330

1,713,190

4,208,311

and a great im-
nd outllt of fishing
^•idod fish-breeding

tliero are twelve,
•oMiiuiou, and ycat'-
ched and placed in
•ge sums of money
d in harbour im-
ors. The priucij)al
\t of St. Lawrence
each other by land
r which means in-
n\ of fisli " strikes "
1 hereby saving tlic
its of fruitless e.v-

Those figures show a considorablo increase
on these of ten yo.irs ago ; but for the last
few years they have not fluctuated much,
owing to improved boats, witli which more
work can be douo, being built to replace
those formerly in use.

Inclnding weirs and other fishing materials,
tlio total value of the fishing " plant " ui
1S95 was $9,253,848.

The forest proilucts of Can-
The Forest, u-da constitute one of lier most
important sources of wealth.
Tlioy find their Avay to all parts of the world
—to the United States, to the United King-
dom, to our antipodes, the Australian col-
onies, and to South America. The Canadian
saw-n)ills an among the most extensive and
best appointed in the world. This industry
in all its stages employs a large nuud>er of
men, as well as afl'ording freight to railways
and siiippjug.

The forests of Canada are rich with a
great variety of trees, which are useful for
Imuber of many kiuds, for building pur-
poses, for furniture, and, in many parts of
Canada, for fuel. Among the varieties are
tlie maple, elm, ash, cherry, beech, hicliory,
ironwood, pine, Douglas fir, .\laska cedar,
spruce, balsam, red cedar, hendock, walnut.

These exports include live anl-
Animals mals, moat, butter, clieese, eggs,
and their furs, hides, skins and wool, and
Produce, form the largest item in the
classification of the exports. It
is a trade which has been largely the growth
of recent years, and has been, generally
speaking, a profitable one for the farmers of
tlie Dominion. In 1874 the total exports of
cattle were 39,023 head, of M'hich only 455
went to Great Britain. In 1890 the number
liad increased to 104,451, of which 97,042,
valued at over £1,400,000 sterling, were ship-
ped to Great Britain. Wlien it is remember-
ed that the United Kingdom requires to im-
port over 500,000 head of cattle a year, the
extent to which tlie Canadian cattle export
business may be developed will be readily
appreciated. In addition, the exports under
tliis head include 21,852 horses and 391.490
sheep. The cattle are of very good quality,
pedigree cattle in l.-irgo numbers having been
imported for many years for tlie improve-
ment of the fiocks and herds. In fact, herds
of Slinrthorns, Ilerefords, Galloways, Polled
Angus and .Terseys, whicli will bear compari-
son witli those of any other country, are to
be found in many parts of Canada. The
same remark applies to horses and sheep.

Great progress has been made in dairy
farming in Canada, and tlie tendency is to-

y,"
■'■;■) i

V'l

, l\

DOM IX ION OF CANADA.

■wards iniprovi'inont iind economy of labour.
The fiiftory system has loiij? been establish-
ed ill the old, and has been lately introduced
in the new provinces. Canadian cheese car-
ried olt" a very larfie number of tlie prizes
ott'eiv.l at tlie Worhl's Fair at ('hica,i,'o.

The Industries botli of butter and cheese-
ninkiiiK are largely carried on in ("aiiad.i,
and the exports of botli iiroilucis are very
ccnsiderable. 'llie export of Canadian cliees(>
to the United Kingdom lias largely increased
witiiin the last few years. In lS(i7 this ex-
port was only 1..">77,fr2T pounds, and in ISflii
it was l(>4,41b,!>4(> pounds, valued at .f;i:i,!l24.-
072. The total export of Canadian cheese to
all countries in l.S!3fl was 1(!4.()S!»,12:! pounds,
valued at !t;i.!,i».".(;.."')71, while tliat of tlie Unit-
ed States was ;{(i.777,'2!>l pounds, valued at
?3,0!)1,914. Canada exported over !?l(i,SO<),-
000 more than the T'nited States, thus lend-
ing all cheese-ex portiufj countries in the
value of tlie export.

Near the large towns market fiardeiiiiig Is
profitably carried on. A comparatively small
capital is necessary, and with industry and
perseverance, liacked by experience, a good
lnc(mie is assured.

Poultry-raising is only beginning to be
mucli attended to, probably because poultry
has been so cheap. In tlie course of time,
however, as the market extends, and as
means are found for exporting hens, geese
and turkeys to England, henneries on a large
scale Avill be established. Tlie expiirtatioii
has already begun. Tlie exiiort of eggs has
been a large trade for many years.

The exports under this

Agricultural head include general farm
Products. produc(> and fruit. Having
tlie advantage of a favour-
able climate and a fertile soil, tlie Canadian
fanner is alile to grow all the crops tliat are
raised in Kngland. witli tlie iuipiirtant addi-
tion of Indian corn. Tli(> garden fruits and
vegetables are also similar, except that to-
matoes, melons, grapes, peaches, &c., ripen
in the ojien air, in many parts of tlie coun-
try. Legislative autliority was olitaiiied in
1887 for the est.-ibiishment of live Govern-
ment experimental farms in various parts of
the Dominion. One has been founded at
Ottawa, for Ontario and Quebec ; one at
Xappan, Nova Scotia, for the maritime
provinces ; one at Brandon, for Mani-
toba ; one at Indian Head, for the

North west Territories ; and one at Agassiz,
British Columbia ; and they have already
produied valuable results for the farming
eouimunlty, anil are coufldeutly expected to
produce still more. Agriculture is certainly
tlie leading industry of Canada, and must
reninin so for a long time, considering the
immense areas of lanil that have still to be
occupied and tilled. With a population of
over ,").(MHMX*'». $.")(>..">()0.(HIO wortli of farm pro-
duce— including animals and their products,
and agricultural produce— was exported in
1800. in aitdition to meeting the requirements
of lioiiie coiisunii)tion. For cpiality of grains,
iV-c, tlie country also occupies a place in the
front r-ink, riie Canadian exlilbits of that
class being the best at the Antwerp Exhibi-
tion, as testified by a committee of experts ;
wlide those who were i)i(>s(>nt at the Colonial
and Indian Exiiibition in l.SSti. and at the
('liicago Exhibition in ISiKi. will not readily
forget the displays made in tlie agricultural
class by the Dominion.

'I'he growing of fruit, as well for home con-
suuiption as for exportation, is a very un-
imrtant industry in Canada, and one which
excites tiie wonder of new-comers. People
who liave been aci'ustomed to think of Can-
ada, as described in the words of a French
writer before the cession to Great Britain,
as " a few acres of snow," are at first in-
credulous as to tlie extent and excel-
lence of the fruits produced in a country
wliicli has tlie summer skies of Italy and
Frame. Tiie vineyards of Ontario cover
0.000 acres, and tiiere are 2.000 persons di
rectly and indirectly engaged in viticulture ;
some of these vineyards are from 50 to 00
acres in extent ; there are peach orchards of
similar ari^a, and applt> orcliards almost in-
numerable. Strawberries are raised as a
field crop. I'lunis, pears, cherries, gooseber-
ries, currants and raspberries are every-
wliere produced in groat abundance. Tlie
tomato, as already stated, ripens in tiio open
air, and in great profusion. Melons also
ripen in tlie open air, as a field or market
garden crop, and this delicious fruit is sold
in large (luantities in the markets.

Tlie great wi>altli of Canada, in fruits is a
fact which is not only interesting to tlie in-
tending settler as an industry, but as a cli-
matic fact, tlio country in this particular be-
ing much ahead of the United Kingdom. It
is especially interesting to tlie intending set-

MAXUhACTURES.

ul one at Agassiz,
bey liiive alrondy
for tliu fannluj;
loutly oxpocted to
ill lire is fortninly
iiiiiidii, and nnist
!, considcrhif? the
it havo still to be

I n population of
rorth of farm pro-
id tlicir products,
-was exported in
: the roquiroments
(piality of grains,
lies a place in the

exhibits of that
Antwerp Exhlbl-
nlttoe of experts ;
>nt at the Colonial
l.SSC. and at the
1. will not readily

II tlie agricultural

veil for home con-
on, is a very im-
1, and one which
r-coiiiers. I'eople
1 to thinic of Can-
■ords of a French
to Great Britain,
" are at first in-
tent and excel-
L-ed In a country
iies of Italy and
of Ontario cover
2.000 persons <li
ed in viticulture ;
re from 50 to GO
peach orchards of
(.'hards almost in-
i are raised as a
'lierries, gooseber-
U'ries are every-
abundance. Tlie
ripens in tlie open
n. Melons also
a lield or market
•ions fruit is sold
iiarliets.

ada, ill fruits is a
•resting to the in-
Ury, but as a cll-
tliis particular be-
lted Kingdom. It
tlie intending set-

tler as a consumer, In that he can always
obtain a supply of the healtliful luxury of
delicious fruits.

In IMOO tlie export of apples aniounted to
5(;7,182 barrels, of Avliich ri04,0S0 barrels
went to Great Hrltain. In ISSi' tlie export
was ■Jl.'.,.52() barrels, of wliicli l.'!(i,.S4.S barrels
went to Great Britain.

The growing of tobacco has becMi com-
nieiiced ill tlie Yale disti'ict. and a leaf dealer
from San l''rancis( o, to wlioiu samples of the
Oanadtan pnnluct were recently suliiiiitled,
has pronounced them first-class. From half
an acre plaiit.'d in IS!)!. SOO ixmiids of leaf
were talvcn, and this has had tlie effect of
greatly Increasing tlie interest of tlie resi-
dents in the subjt'ct. Tiie local manufac-
tiirers are all agreed in the opinion that the
soil of tlie lu'oviiice is especiall.v well adapt-
ed for raising tobacco for cigar manufacture.
According to present reports, as soon a.s the
farnvn's u iderstuud the curing of the leaf
they will have at their command a new and
important source of revenue.

In the province of Quebec tobacco lias been
cultivated with success for many years, and
the home-grown is almost the otily Idiid used
by the native Frencli ("anailians in tlie rural
districts.

Mixed farming is generally carried on. the
■rowing of grain and fruit, stoclc-raising and
udir.v farming being more or less comluned.
Of course, there are farms wliere the raising
of cattle and horses is the sole Industry, and
the same may be said of dairv fa>'iiiiiig. but
these are exceiitions. The general style of
farming is nor, perhaps, so scientific iis In
Great Britain, but it is steadily improving.
and the model attd experimental farms will

no doubt supply a stimulant in this direc-
tion.

The following Is a list of
Manufactures, the principal industries es-
tablished in Canada, talien
from the census of 1S!)1, with the amount of
capital so Invested, and the .stated yearly
liroduct :—

MANUFACTURES, 1891.

liulustrit-s.

Invested
Capital.

Agricultural Implements..!

Boots and slioes 1

Cabinet and furniture ....|

Cheese faetorlis |

Cotton mills j

Distilleries and breweries..

Engine building

Citting and foundry works

Flour mills

Furriers and hatters

Hosiery

Iron smelting furnaces

Meat curing

Meat, fisli, fruit ami vege

table panning

Musical instrument;)

Oil refineries

Oil " (fish)

Nail and tacit fao'.cries . .

Paper factories

Rolling mills

Saddle and harness

dash, djor and blind fac-

trrios !

Saw-milH |

Ship-building I

Sugar refineries |

Tru nerics |

Tin and sheet iron worlt-l

ing and tinsmithing i

Tobacco facliirits |

Wo'dlcn mills

Carriage building

8,624,

9,648

6,0!)4,

2,586,

13,208,

15,587,

1,244,

17.704,

23,039,

2,047,

370,

4,159,

2,173,

803
,639
435
.599
121
164
589
147
041
881
970
481
077

Yearly
Products.

3,460,024
2,389,633
1,873,918
64,113
409,390
5,508.409
2.307,540
2,546,583

7,108,076
50.203,111
2,1-55,951
5,324,400
6,322,963

4,557,578
2,l.';8,l.-)0
9,365,1,58
8,029,143

7,493,624

18,990,381

7,706,0!X{

9,784.L'i''S

8,451,'; 24

8,154,853

1,.575,1.-|9

17,838,480

52,423,286

■S,004,9H

579,431

3,076,240

7,125.831

3,989,835
3,39'i,213
2,064,11.-
71,305
744,150
3,823,507
3.1fi3,9:!0
3,988,001

9.891.510
51,262.435

3.712.462
17,127.100
11,422,860

6,749,053
2,375„'!21
8,408,071
9,627,655

DOMIXION OF CANADA.

Th? Iron lii'liHtry Is an important one.
All over Canada tl)or> is an abnndanee of
Iron— Iron of tlie hlgliest grade, and iron
with less phosphorus than elsewhere on the
continent. There is also plenty of timber
niul coal in Canada, and witli tliese natui'al
n(lviinta!.ces, extensive means of conniuinica-
tlon l)y ra Iway and canal and access to the
Atlantic and raclflc Oceans, new and varied
n.anufactures are sure to spring into exis-
tence.

The principal general manufactures arc
iiot confined to any one part ; tiiey are to
le found in most oi tlie older i)rovlnces on
a larger or smallei- scale.

Closely connected with tlu>

Shipping, trade and commerce of Canada
is the sliip])ing interest. The fol-
lowing is tlie total nund)er of vessids (sea-
going and inland) arrived at and departed
from Ganailian ports (exclusive of coast in:,'
vtssel.s) in each year since 1877 :—

SHIPPIN(4

'J'lie trade and navigation retui'us of Can-
ada for IS'.iit give Hie following parllndars
of tiie vessc'ls engaged in Hie se.i-goliig, in-
land and coasting trade of Canada :—

No. of ni

Sea-going I 29.802

Iiilaml I .35,182

•■>Ki.sti-ig ! 125,017

11,458.S24
10,411, i;49
27,431,7.7.5

Tt may be stated that nearly (19 per cent
of Ilia whole of the water-borne trade waa
done under (lie IV.Mtisli Hag, wlilcli includes,
of course, the vessels on tlie Dominion
register.

l''or those who desire more detiilled in-
formation concerning aiiv particular jii-o-
\ince, special chai)ters dealing with the jiro-
viiices are ai)pend<>d to (lu' remarks upon the
Dominion as a whole.

, CANADA.

1877.

1878.

1S79.

1880.

1881.

1882.

18«H.

1884.

1885.

188(i.

1887 .

1888

188!) .

LS!)().

181)1

l.si)2.

18!).3.

181)4.

l.S!).").

18! )0.

2,!)fi3
2,1)54
2,018
2,!li)0
3,707
3,33,5
3,403
3,327
.3.21!)
2,1)00
2,li7!)
3,31(1
3,30".
3,071
3,483
3,4(J2
3,271
3,381
3,20(i
3,220

2,210,510
2,21)4,088
2, 15,"), 444
2,(>42,l).3r.
3,520,005
.3,104,831)
3,001,071
3,2.57,211)
.3,(107,314
3,101,285
2,(i57,(!l!)
3,32li,4I7
3,3.33,071)
3,017,013
3,52.3,2.38
3,.5,S(1,335
3,780,1)15
4,140,045
.3,01)4,224
4,3,S5,055

24,.380
2(i,8.5()
27,418
33,077
31, .51)5
33,007
31,. 332
31,200
21), 4.38
30.011
.30,!iO()
33,3!)5
34,504
.3S,222
35.(i07
32,1)44
33,034
.34,71:)
21), 784
31,507

4,104,!)2(!
4,8,S,3,,S)i2
5,051,131)
0,77!1.!H13
5,,S;)4.0.31)
.5,722,'.:)1)
5.S3(;„S.58
.5. 1)31), 7, 31
0,43-i,7.50
r;,!)43,3-il
0,24,5,032
0,1.S2,01)7
(i,( 1.30, 0,32
7.700.133
7.51(1,045
7,031,430
7,2!),S,151
8,2.51,220
7,250,835
7,404,532

]

No.

•'OHKIOV.

■ Ti m.s
i Register.

Tonnage.

10„304
18,223
17,805
](i,801)
18,14!)
18,078
20,01)5
20,.5(i!)
18,41)4
11)., 357
24,2110
27, .502
27,188
30, .532
30,17!)
28,1)07
20,.S70
27,000
27,201)
30,101

4,70!l,802
4,870,340
4,440,221)
4,154,047
4,.381,7,ss
4,402,044
4,1)32,S(.0
5,102.070
4,0.38.048
4,!)24,I10I1
5,187,747
5,708,11)4
0,085,110
7,110.0.54
7,703,705
7,474,(1)0
7,400, 40S
7,!I5.5,210
7,8.55,1)04
10,020,880

ll,0!)!l,244
12,0.54,81)0
11,040,812
1.3,577,845
13,,S02,432
13,370,882
13.770,7.35
14,3.51),02ll
14,o.S4,712
1.3,11110,232
M,(I1I0,1)!)S
1.">.217,30S
10,0.54,221
18,440,100
18.S0.3,048
18,(li)2,4.55
l.s..531)„534
20,3,53,0X1
11),100,!)03
21,870,473

On the 31st December, 1805, there were on
the registry l)ooIvS 7,202 vessels witli a reuis-
tered net tonnage of 82r.,837 tons. Of these
1,718 were steamers.

Assuming tlie average value to lie .f30 p(>r
ton, the v.ilue of the registered tonnage of
Canada would bo !i;24,77r.,110.

Canada stands fourth among nwiritime
countries in tonnnaro of shii)ping owned and
registered in tlie country.

PERSONS WANTED IN CANADA,

AND IIVIMIGRATION THAT IS

NOT ENCOURAGED.

As tills pamphlet is iilveiy to be largely
fcnsulted by (lioso who desire, from some
ciiuse or otlier. to leave Great Britain and
seelv new homes, it is well to specify dis-
tinctly the classes recommended to go to
fMuada, and tlie openings that exist fur
them.

AOItlCULTURISTS.

Total

Tonnage.

tlT.

I,S0L>

ll,fl!l!i,244

),.S4(I

lL',(l.-)4,8!)0

l,-_'L".l

ll.(i4(i,S12

t,'.il7

l.'<,a77,845

,7ss

1:^,8(12,432

'.(ill

i;{,H7i),S82

>,W.(!

lH.770,78.j

'.ore

14,,'i:)ll,()2(>

>.fi-l.S

14,(184,712

,i;iii;

l.S.'.l(i!l,232

,747

M,(i!Hl,",M)8

\VM

l."..i.'l7.:i()8

>,110

l(i,().-)4.221

,!l")4

18,44(;,10(»

,7<ir)

I8.8(l,'i,(;48

,i!il)

18, (;!)!>, 4.")5

•,4(;s

i8..\s!t„-):u

.lilO

L'(i,:ra,(i8i

.iH»4

i:i,l(»(»,<,M!3

,880
1

21,870,473

Tho first great (knimnvt is
Persons f'^i" I'orsonH with some c'ui)l-
with til fit thoir disposal. For this
Capital. I'hi'is Csinada affords im-
linilt(>d oponiiiKS- They can
eiigajio in agricultural pursuits, taking up
free grant lands, or purchasing the Improve 1
farms to bo found in advantageous position^
in every province ; or in mining, or in the
nianuf icturing Industries ; or if possessed of
a .'•ottlid Income, living will be found to bo
much cheaper In Canada, with tho benellts
of a fine, IieaKIiy climate, magnificent scen-
ery, iibun lant opportunities for spnrt, and
facilities for education and placing children
in llf J not to bo excelled anywliere.

Persons of small cai)ital
Agriculturists, and knowledge of agri-
culture often desire to en-
ter upon farming pursuits. Before tlds Is
done experience should be ac(iulred, eitlior
by hiring oneself out as a labourer, or gain-
Irg experience in some other M-ay. Then,
when the necoss M'y knowledge has l)eon ob-
t.'iinei, a I'lrm nmy eitlier be rented, pur-
chased or taken up as a free grant. (See the
laud regul:ition.'3 of the various provinces.)

You ig mC'D shoiUd go to Manitoba, the
North-west or Britisli Columbia. Older nu'u
with a ca:)ital and young families, should

or away from railways, Is attended with a
certain amount of Inconvenience ami an ab-
s< nee of those social surroundings which
may be obtained la tho older settled parts
of thiso and other ])rovlnees, and this fact
shoid 1 be borne la ndud by those who avi
considering the subject.

It is diflicult to lay down a hard and fast
■ule as to the am junt of capital necessary
to start farming. Tho answer depends upon
the energy, experience, judgment and enter-
prise of tho person who is to spend the
money, thi provliv,-o selected, whether free
j;rant land is to b3 taken up or an improved
farm rented or purchased, and many other
<letails. It may safely bo said, however,
tliat if a man has about £100 clear on land-
ing he Is In a position to make a fair begin-
ning on free grant land in Manitoba and
the North-west, though not on a large seal?.
It should be remembered, however, that
nund)ei's of prosperous men have begun life
on the prairies with hardly as many dollars.
They have In maay cases made their way
by working as hired men, at seeding and
harvesting time, while during other months
of the year they performed the statutory and
necessary work o i the free homesteads they
had acquired from the Government. Many
of the most successful have been farm lab-
ourers in the old country. Some capital is

His tii-st start~No capital.

go to one of the older provinces, or in;i y go to of course necessary if an improved farm Is
tho west and buy or rent an improvcil farm, lo bo Inkcu.

Tills, however, is only a gen<Tal statement
and individual cases must be ilecided by the
speci.al circumstances of each. In Manilob,-!
and the Nortli-west, and in some parts of
British Columbia, pioneer life on free grants,

For tenant farmers tlie couu-

Tenant try offer? many advantages.

Farmers. Iinoro\->d farms are clioap : free

gr:ints can be obtained by those

prepared for the incunvenieuoe of pioneer

DOMIXION OF CANADA.

l.fo ; the Holl Is f.Ttllo ; tin* cllinatt' onsuri'M
111,' Krowlli of nil tiK' •■'■<>1»< l)n><lti<'''<l I"
<Sr»'nt Hiililn, wlillc nnipc«, lu'iiclics, ti.iun
|<icH mikI Hiiiilliir I'riilts itrow aiwl rlpiMi In llif
iilKMi air: llior.- Is a law ami Ki-owlnir
11 iirUfi III llii- Itoiiiliil.Mi mikI 111 llif iiiollii'r
coiiiiliy fi>i- nil llif <fn'alM, live stork, aii-1
jjtm>nil liniii ami dairy pnnliK'f avallaliU-
for (llsiM.siil. On till- other liaiul. taxes ai"
llj;lit, and labour savl.iji jipplliiicfs cIump
i,.!.l in ■^'oiienil ns.. Moiv .1,. tails upon \li.'s.«
points will be loiiiul In Hie eliapteis (leiillllH
Willi the \ II ions provinees.

'r'\ ' tpi '^ilon Is ol'len iisUe 1
YounK Men H' l' I'* es-ienllnl for .vo-iui: ni-.i
desiring wishing: to tnUe up farms In
Agi-icnltural I'anii.la. Imi .iesliln^c before
Experience, tlolnjr so to iitipiiiv Unowl-
eil^e of ii^'i'lc'iiltiire. to pny pre
Miiniiis, either to persoMs in the old conntry
or in the Uoniinioi, for that purpose. It
imiy therefore be idiilnly staled tiiat •'no
preiiiiunis lire m>eessiiry " : and It is iidvlsod
thai mine lie paid. SI:-on;j: and lu>nHliy
youii!,' meu, from IS to IM ye;irs of jiuc. who
iire i)"(>pared to !i('<'ep' f""' a lime the liar<l
\MM'k and siiiromidinirs more or less insepnr
iiMe fr(MU ii fiiriii liibourer's life. Iiav(> no
dlllleiiliy in .u'ettln^r employment in the
spriii.v ; ail the .-liieius of the (iovernmeiit
111 ("iimida will assist llieni as far as possible
in doiiii: so. without ehari;e. alihoniiii. of
eeurse. without aeteptinu: any direet resiion
sibillfy. Ueiiii: wKlioiit t xpertenee. tiiey will
r.ol y:el niiieli wa>.'es iM the eommemeiueiit
of their employ iii-Mit. but as they aequiri>
skill tlii>y will be able to I'ommaud reiunner-
atioii in proportion to the value of tlieir
work.

(Jri>at ear(> sliould be exerelsed in deeidinir
tvlietlu'i" Mie youiij.' men are suited to the life
thai is pro|iost>d. Hard wtU'i; is neeessary.
and very often their mode of livini: may be
entirely alien d. 'I'liey must bear in mind
two thinuis that they must do what iliey are
toUl. and that they must piek up tlieir kiiowl-
ed.ire from experienee. Many persons have
pine out in tins w.-iy with ,u'ood results, but
there are otii-rs who liavi> failed. Iiecaiise
they have not lU'operly uuderstooil eolonial
life, or were uiultled for ir. The adviee of
<u\e ef tiie (, >veriiment aueiils slmnld be ob-
laiueil before a limil deeision is arrived at.

'I'liere 's also th" alii'i'iiative of a einirs(> at
tiie dutarin .V;;ii:u!i lU'.il ("ellesie. .\u en-

traiieo cxainluallon In oh <enlary subjeeta
has to be passed, ("aiidldi. h must iml l)«
less Ihan sixteen years of n«e. Coiiimuiilett-
tioiis respeelim: admission, &<•., should lie
addressed to the President, Ontario .\t;rleul-
tiiral i'oUene. (inelpli, Cauaila.

There Is also a Seliool of A>;rleulluie nt
Truro. Nova Seotia, with a farm In eoiinec-
llon. ("onimunleallmi should b(> iiddressoil
to Prof, II. W. Smith. Proviii'-lal Seliool of
.Vpiieiil! . Truro, Nova Seotla.

There is a '.arije ami
Male and Female i.'rowiii« deum-.d for male
Farm Servants, and f.-male farm servantH
In every iiarl of the l>o-
Milnion. owiim' to the rapidity with wlik'li
land is belm.' broujrhl under e.iltlvallon. Ma-
ehiiiery of various kinds is In dally use, but
labimv Is very seai'ee not withstanding:, ami
p.o.l liamls .'an always liiid .•onstaiit and n-
muiieralive employment. .Many jiersous of
this class who started as labourers, m«w
have farms of their own in some of the lin-
est parts of liie liouiiniou. Tliis result, how-
ever, does not iiit.i'-ally follow In every ease,
but is the eoiisequen 'o of work, eiierKy. bi-
telliLreme, i>erseveranee and thrift, which are
elements ueiessary to ensure success iu
e<-ery country.

Market •iardeners. -anlene'-s. and iiersiuis
undcrstandinjr the care of horses, cattle and
sheep, may also be advised to i;o out. Unt
there Is ui opeulii;t for farm iiiana.m>rs or
bailiffs, as Canadhiu I.M'iuers. as a rule, sup-
eivisi> their own lioldi.us. and personally
lidic pari ill ihi- work.

In every city, town
Domestic Service and villaiic. female
and otli3r Callings domestic servants can
for Females. readily liud employ-

nuMil. Tlie waires are
irood, tlu> eoudi'ious of service are not irk-
MMue. and comfortable homes are .issur.'d.
I toim>stic ser\ants sliould i;oatoiiceon their
arrival to the nearest (iovernmeiit aiieut.
Tlies(> mMitlcmen will .u'ive llu> best and most
reliabh> advice iiratis : they often li.-ive lu
tli.Mr otiices a list of vacant sit n:it ions ; and
will refer applicants to the local ladies' coni-
iiiittee, so that they may have the beiietit of
such supervision and ;:uidauce uulil they are
satisf;ictorlly placed. Servants should, how-
ever, t.ake their credentials with them, and
bear in miiid that p>c.d vcconls are .tust as

moFKSsioxs.

InillsiicnsnMo In rnniidii ns cluowlicrc. Tlioy
limy siil'i'l.v K" mil at any tliiio of tlit> yt-ar
ami bo certain of obtalnlnj: a Hltuallon at
(inic. but should nMiuMiilicr always to liavo
fnnils (MidukIi In linnd <in laiiiliii^ tn tako
tlH'in to the iilaccs In tin- Interior wlicrc tlit-lr
stTvlci's aro nMiuircd,

'I'liiTo Is lltlli" or no (liMiiand for fciiialt'!*
iillu'r tlian iloim'stic servants. tJovernesses,
slio(» assistants, nurses, iVic., should not jro
out, unless prix'etMllnjr to join friends who
will be able to help them In uelHiiK eniploy-
lueiif.

■riies(> are advised to

Mechanics, General oi.tMln speelal inforin-

Labourers and ailon as to their re

Navvies. speellve trades and

kinds of work before

u'olllK eiit. Spi'Mklllc jreiierally. unless tliey

iuteiiil to farm ihey are iiol adviseil lo come

lo Canada.

The demand fo'' siie;i per-
Railway sons In Canadii Is not jrreat.
Employees, and is (>aslly met by the sup-
ply In the eoimiry.

Clerks,

Draughtsmen, Tela-

"^anhists, Shop

ii.asistants, etc.

Clerks, shop assist-
ants, iind jiersous de-
sirln,i: sueli situathiiis
ar(> advised not to
emijrr.'ite unless jiro-
eeedliiir to aiU'oiiil-

iiKMils ;iln ;idy secured, or to join friends.

.Vuy ilem;ind for l;iboui of these kinds Is

fully met on the spot.

'I'lie i>nii,i.'i'Mti(iii of cliildreil
Child (unless aeciiinpiinyinir iheir

Emigration, fanilies) is not encouraged,
unless tli.>y <xt\ under th(> sup-
ervision of s..;U(« society or lndi\idu!il liav
inir homes in (ireat Itriiain and iii Caii;id;i.
who \\\\\ look after Uiem until they lU'e able
to take c'lro of ilieniselves, ami wlio will lie
responsible f.ir pliiciiiir them in sitmitlons.
All children sent out must he healthy (and
possess medic-il certilicates to thilt effeetl.

It may he stated ili;it the
Inmates of emiirratlon of the inmates of
Workhouses. workhouses. reformat:c,-ii>s.
or persons in receipt of jiar-
ish relict', is not cncoiiraired by the Canadian
Coveriimeiit. The smiie remark applies to
any piMso'.is who :u'e not :ilile to nr.iduce

Hatisfaetory refereneoH hh to their charaetor.
There are no openings for siieli elasse« In
any |iart of Canada.

Inl\)rmatlon Is fieciuently
Professional sought as to the prospeetH In
Men. Canada for proiierly (pialltled

members of the lentil and
medical and other professions, sehoolinasl-
ers and i)(>rs(Mis desiring to enter the mili-
tary and civil services of the Dominium. No
enconraj-'cment is held out to such persons
to ^'o out to the I »ominioii, especially Incases
where Imiiiedlate einployment Is (h'stred.
There are always oi)eniii>;s and opportuni-
ties for men of exceptional abilities wlih n
little capital, but. jreiierally speakin;.'. the
profi>ssl(Uial and so-called lighter eallln^rs in
Canada are in very much the sanu> position
as lhi>y an> in the rniteil Klii;:d')in. the local
supply of men lieiiin; >;ri'ater than the do-
inand.

The syst(>m of education
Schoolmasters I" f<"'ee in tli(> diiTereiit
and Teachers, iinvluces of Canada In-
cludes the traliiliij; of
teachers for eleiiKUitary poslthuis. The
liiirher apixiiiitmeiits art> jreiierally lilled by
graduates of Canadian riiiverr:iiies. or
Kradnates of Kniiiish T'nivevfities wlio may
have settled In thi> l>iuuluion. The certitl-
c;ites olitained by teacliers in th(> I'nited
Klnirdom are available In Canada, when en-
dorsed by the ^linisier of Kducation In the
province in wliich the holder desires to re-
side. No dllticully. however, is found in
securinjr persons on tlie spot to till the vacan-
cies thilt (U'cur. and no on(> is advised to go
out <ui tlii> chance of obtaiiiiu!; a. situiition of
this kind.

.Vlipoinimeuts In the liouiiuion
The Civil civil Service in Canada are not
Service of suliject to public competition.
Canada. Api>licaiiis are. however, retpiir-
ed to underiro a qlialifyiiiir ex-
ainiuation. I'ublie ex.'imiiiaticnis ai'c held
yearly in the i)riiicipal cities of the Uoinin-
ion. at which candidates are reiiuired lo pre-
sent themselves. \ai'aiici(>s in the publio
service are lilh'd up from th(> successful can-
didates, as eertltied by the Civil Service Ex-
amiueis. The iiumber of iiualitied candi-
dates is always much greater iliaii the num-
ber ill' v;ic;nii-ies,

DOMINION OF CANADA.

Olvil Engineers

and

Architects.

IVm-hoiis q\inllfl<'<l to priic-
tiMc 111 the I'liltfd Kliiiiilum
would not fUul liny (lllll-
ciilty 111 tlio way of their
doliih' HO 111 (';iiindu, but
thoK(> prolcHsloiis do uot offer many openings
at tlic pri'scnt (line.

liand surveyors coming into
Surveyors. Canada are debarn-d I'lnm en-
torin« on tlie Inunedlalo prac-
tlct" of their profcsHlon. They are reciulred
to piisM an exanilnaliou prcxcrllitMl hy the
Caiiiidlan laws and to serve one year In the
Held before practising on llii'lr own aecmiiii.

ADVICE FOR INTENDING
SETTLERS.

The first general advice to
Qovernment bo K'ven to the InteiidliiK
Agents. settler before he starts, or

to any oue after arrival hi
Canada. Is that ho should apply to the
nearest a^eiit of (he (Joveriunent he can tiiid
for any Information or advice he may <leslre
to obtain, and he may always rely on the
perfect honesty of any statement mndo to
him by any Ciovernmeiit aKcut.

iln the United Kingdom all arrangements
for emigration to the Dominion are jilaced
under tli(> direction of (he High fommls-
sloncr for Canada. The following is ji list
of the Canadian Government agents : -

LONDON — The High Commissioner tor Canada,
17, Victoria Street, S. W.
do — Mr. J. G. Colmer, Secretary, High
Commissioner's Office.

lilVERrOOL— Mr. Alfred .Jury, l.'i, Water St.
GLASGOW— Mr. H. M. Murray, 32, St. Enoch

Square.
DUBLLV— Mr. Charles R. Devlin, Commissioner

of ImmiKration for Ireland.

The agents of the steamship companies are
nearly all supplied with pamphlets, maps,
and reports issued by the Canadian Govern-
ment.

Information in regard to all questions
affecting free homesieads and immigration
matters may be obtained by addressing the
Secretary of the Department of (ho Interior,
Immigration Hr.inch, Ottawa, or Mr. W. P.
McCroary, of Winnipeg, Manitoba.

The following Is a list of (he phices nt
whU'li (lie Depirdneiit of the Interhu- hnu
agencies ;—

1IALII''AX, Nova Scotia.

ST. JOHN, New Hrunswlck.

CJIEISEC, Pn.vlMce of Quebec.

.MO.NTKEAL do

\VI.\NII'E(}, Manilol)a.

IIHA.N'DOM do

MlNM-'-IM SA do

LAKE DAI'I'IIIN, Manitoba.

^ OHKTON, A»«inibcla.

IIE'HN'A do

ESTEVAN do

LIOTMHIIIDGE, AllMTla.

CALGAIIY do

ItEI) DEl'^K df

WATASKIWIN do

HDMONTON do

llATTLEKOIll), Saskatchewan.

I'HI.N'ri: AI.UKUT do

KAMLOOI'S. llnllsli Columbia.

.NEW WESTMINSTER do

The ofllcers of the Department n^ these
points will afl'ord the fullest ailviee and pro-
tection. They shoulil be Immediately applied
to on arrival. All complaints should be ad-
dressed to them. Tliey will also furnish In-
formation ns to lands open for settlement In
their respective provinces and districts,
farms for sale, demand for employment,
rates of wages, routes of tn ■ '1, distances,
expenses of conveyance, ind all other mat-
ters of Interest to settlers, and will receive
and forward letters and remittances for set-
tlers, &c.

The Dominion Government
Employment has established an Employ-
Bureaux, nieiit Ilureau under the man-
agement of the offlrer In charge
ut each of (he Agency points in Canada
mentioned above. The object chielly aimed
at in this establishment, is to facilitate com-
munlcadon between persons seeking work
and those who may have need of their
services.

No fees will be charged either to employ-
ers or those seeking work.

Canada is provided with a
well-consldorcd system of
quarantine. The chief stations
are established nt Grosse Isle, in the River
St. Lawrence ; Halifax, N.S.. and William
Head, li.C. There are minor stations at Si.
.Tohn, N.B. ; Chatham, X.B. ; Plctou, N.S. ;
Sydney, C.B. ; Port Hawkesbury, N.S. ;

Quarantine.

IMMKfRAST STATIONS IN CAXAhA-

i> plact'S nt
Intcilor hiiM

blu.
o

■lit, n*^ tliose
Ico and pro-
itoly npplliMl
louUl hi' 1(1
) furnlsli in-
cttlonu-nt 111
(1 districts,
Miiployinent,
i, distances,
I (itliov mat-
will receivo
iK'os foi- set-

Oovcrniucnt
an Employ-
er the man-
ner In charge
in Canada
iiiclly aimed
cilitato eoin-
!eiiing work
>d of their

i" to eniploy-

ided with a
system of
liiof stations
in the Uiver
md William
iitions at Si.
Mctou, N.S. ;
bury, N.S. ;

null riiaiioilelDWii. P.E.I. Ks'ory marltlmo
piirt Is also fonslitutf<l wiiat Is caili'd an un-
orgaiilzi'd (pianmtiiic slatioii, tin- Culli-clor
of CuHtoniH lielng tlic (luaraiitlne olliici, with
power to om|)loy a medical innii In cane of
any vessel arrivim; witli Infectious disease
(ir well-founded suspicion of disease from an
infected port. At tlie Inland ports all Col-
lectors of Customs are (luarantlne otllcers,
with similar duties t< hose of the eoUeetors
lit llie miiritinie |)orls. The system pursued
consists in taking olf the sick from tlie ves-
Ki'ls or train In the event of such arriving,
and caring for the jiatients in hospital. The
vessel, ciothlng, luggage and slilp's dunntigo
.■ire disinfected liy the process of steiilli, liie
dioxide blast and the biciilorldo mercuric
drench. After disinfection the vessel Is
given pratl(|ue. In the event of a vessel
iirriviiig with serious disease at any of the
iiiioi'gaiii/.ed (|iiarantliic stations. It would be
sent to the nearest organized quarantine sta-
tion, where there are the necessary disin-
fecting appliances.

Quebec and llalifux are the
Immigrant i)rliicipal ports of entry in
Stations in <'niada for cojonists, and
Canada. tiie Government at these points
maintains establislimentM for
tlieir reception and proper care ImiiuMliately
on arrival. Tliey can at tiiese stations pui-
clinse tickets for any points inland to wlilch
iliey may desire to go, and obtain meals or
provisions for use on the railway trains on
very reasonable tuniis, under arrangements
mule by the (iovernmciit. and supervised liy
Government olliclals. If they are provided
with througii tickets before sailing, which Is
strongly advised, their steamship tickets are
e.vrlianged at these stations. All tlieir lug-
gage is landed and pas.sed llirougli liie cus-
toiii-iij.ise, ana all immigrants effects in use
enter duty free.

'I'll ' following is an extract from tlie Cus-
tom tariff of Cana>la, specifying the articles
tiiat can be so entered :-

Settlers' El'focts, viz :— Wearing apparol,
liousf>iu)Ul funuluri', books?, implement;! ami tools
of tiacie, occupation or oniploymcnt, Kuns, musical
instruments, domestic seM-Ing machines, type-
writers, live stock, bicycles, carts and other
vehicles and agricultural implements In use by
the settler for at least si.\ months before his
removal to Canada ; not to Include machinery,
or articles imported for use in any manufactur-
ing istablishmeut, or for sale ; also books,
pictures, family plate or furniture, personal

efffctH anil liclrlxniiH left tiy bciiue.'it ; provided
Ihiit any dutlalile arMclcH iiilercd u.» Hottlera'
effects may not be .lo entered unlestM brought
with tho Kettler on hlx llrBt arrival, and nhall
uot be Hold or otherwise dlKpoHed of without
payment of duty, until after twelvo montha'
actual UHe In Canada ; provldeil niNo, that under
reKUlatloiiH made by the Coi'troller of CuHtoma,
live Hti:,!(, tthi'ii Imported Into .Manitoba or tiie
.Vorth-wiMi TcrrltirlcH by liitcndUiK Hettlem, Hhall
be free until ctherwiae ordered by the Oovernnr
In a luncll.

ImmlKi'ants may mall letters or send tcle-
ttrami to their friends from these stations ;
and they niiiy also exchange any money they
may bring witli them for the currency or
nioney of llie country, without siilTering any
l(>s In dilTorence of values In these transan-
tions, tlie (Jovernmeiit (dllclals supervising
(•v('rythl:ig under rules, liy wiilcii they arc
guided, from th.» Department at Ottawa.

The laws pas-jul by tlie Canadian I'arlli-
ment cont'iln strict provisions for the pro-
tictio'i of immigrants, and for imposing
,s"vere penalties fo, ,iit attempts to iiractise
imposition upon them.

Gauerally speaking the best
The Time to ^init- to emigrate, for all

Emigrate. <dasses. is tlie early spring.
Th3 agricultural labourer will
tiien find his '3r,-'<:es in demand In the busy
period that always comes during seed time
In Canada ; and the agriculturist who in-
tends to tike up land for liim.self will arrive
ai til" beginning of tiie season's operations.
Tlie agriculturist who goes to Manitoba may,
by g.'tting in a crop of oats or potatoes dur-
ing 111'! montli of May or tiie llrst week in
.Tune, coiitrilmte greatly to tlie supjiort of
liimsdf and family during tiie lirst year.
Or again, if the agricultural labourer arrives
ill su iiiner, about liarvest time, he will find
gicat Icmaiid and lilgli wages for his services
during the harvest iiiontlis, and he will have
I'o diiliculty in getting on well from this
point.

Th(> farii.er. too, who desires to take up
liind, if he comes in tlie summer time may
see the crops growing, and may thus have
an opportunity to choose at leisure the most
advantageous loc.ition. In Manitoba and
the North-west the summer and autumn
months arj the best for moving about the
country in search of land— or, as it is com-
monly called, " land hunting " for a suitablj
s]>ot on which to settle. Having selected it,
he m.iy proceed to erect his liouwc and make
preparations for living over tlie winter : and.
if he means to dt thi.s. he may make his

DOMIXION OF CANADA.

8lart ^Yitll groat advantage in the spring
from being <in the spot.

No person other than domestic servants
are advised to go to Ciinada during the
>vinter, nnless proceeding to jnin friends,
lis worli is not so readily procurable by new
lurivals <luring tliat sea; on as at otlier
times of ti\e year.

Tlio intending emigrant will
Ocean Fares. li"d out the days of sailing
of the steamships by the hand-
bills or adv:?rtisem?nts wiiich are now gener-
ally pnblls led ; and he will also tind by the
same means the rates of passage— cabin, in-
brmediate and steerage. The cost of reaeii-
ing Canada varies from time to time— cabin,
£10 10s, and upwards ; intermediate, £0 ;
steerage, V.\ to i.\, being the usual rates
tliougli subject to change by the steamship
companies ; but there are no free passages.

The Go^ernment does not now offer as-
sisted pass.-iges to any class of emigrants.
All an- re<inired to pay the ordinary fares
charged by the steamsiup companies. Emi-
grants are also required in every case to
pay their lailway fares from the port of
landi ig to tlieir destinations, and to pro-
vide tiieir own food. Emigrants must, tliere-
fore, have enough money for s'.ich e.Kpenses
in addition to their ocean passage, and to
provile board and lodging until tliey can
procure enu)loyment. It may be stated that
some of the British railway companies otft>r
rtduo.'d r.ites to the ports of eud)arUation
to emigrants proceeding to tlie Dominion.
'llieso may be assertained l>y iu'iuiry at the
passenger agencies and railway booking otli-
cos. The Canadian Pacilic Railway also
offers a special rate to emigrants from gue-
bec. Montreal or llalif.-i.x; to Manitoba or
oilier points in tlie west.

Inquiry is often made •whether there is
any system in operation by whicli money is
advanced by the Covernment f(U' the pass-
age of labouring persons, such as tliose re-
feired to in this pamphlet, to be repaid after
arrivil in Canada, It is therefore as well
to say plainly that there Is not. To secure
a berth in the steamers it is necessary to
send a deposit of £5 for a saloon passage
ard £1 for an intermediate or steerage pass-
age, to thij steam.-ihip company or to the
aj-'ont, the remainder t> be it id before the
passengers go on boai-d.

Tlie passage includes all provisions. Twenty
( uliic feet of luggage is allowed free of
charge to each saloon, fifteen to each inter-
mediate and ten to each steerage passenger.
A bo.\; •J.Yj. feet long, li feet broad and 2 feet
deep wo\ild be ecpial to ten cubic feet.

The steerage p.assengers. being well pro-
vided with food on the steamships of the
principal lines, need not thinlc of supplying
tl'ems(>lves with any land of provisions.

Tli(> following are the railway fares, for
emigrants looking thr)Ugli from Europe, to
seme of the principal cntres of employment
in tiie Dominion, from Quebec -.—Montreal,
7s. .'{(l. ; Shei'brooke, 10s. Oil. ; Ottawa, ITs.
lid. ; Kingston. ISs. ; Toronto, £1 7s. 9d. ;
Hamilton, £1 7s. 9d. ; London. £1 ll's. 8d. ;
AVinnipeg, £2 9s. 4d. ; Uegina, £3 lt>s. Id. ;
Calgary, £4 19s. 3d. ; Edmonton, £5 7s. Id. :
Vancouver, £10 13s. 9d.* Children between
Vj. and 5 years of age are charged half-price ;
those under 5 are conveyed free. I'asseu-
girs are sti'ongly recommended to take
tl.rough tickets from Great Britain to their
destinations in Canada from the steamship
ctinpanies. who, by an arrangement with
the railway companies, issue rail tickets as
Mell as oc.'au tickets.

The Canadian Taciflc Railway has a con-
tinuous li le from Quebec, on the Atlantic,
to Vancouver on ibi; racilic. Trains leaving
(Quebec say on Monday, arrive at Winnipeg
in the afternoon of Tiiursday, and at Vau-
couv<':' on the following Sunday. The fares
from (inebee to Winnipeg and westward
inciule tlie colonist sleeping cars.

As soon as the colonist gets
During the «» board the steamship he
Passage. slioul l make liimself acquaint-
(;d witli tlie rules he is expected
to obey whilst at sea. Those are always dis-
played in several parts of the vessel. He
should do his best to observe tlieni. He will
thus add not only to his own comfort, but
also that of those around him. If he should
Lave any grievance or real cause of com-
plaint during the passage he should at once
make it known to tlie captain, who will
uatiuMlly seek to have justice done, as well

* Tlies'j ratrs are subject to alteration from
liiiie to time, and from Halifax arc higher to
points east of Tor, iilo , to Toronto i.iul points
west Uiey arc the same from Huiitax as from
■Juehcc

LUOOAiiE.

■ -I

ons. Twenry
iveil free of
> each intcr-
■i> iiassoiigi'f.
(1 and 2 foot
ie foct.

ig well pro-
sliips of the
of supplying
irovislons.

y fares, for
11 Europe, to

euiployiuent

:— Montreal,
Ottawa, 17s.

£1 7s. Oil. ;

£1 12s. 8(1. ;

£3 10s. .1(1. ;
1, £5 7s. 1(1. :
ren between
(I half-price ;
ree. I'asscn-
led to tak-j
tain to their
le steanisliip
;^eiuent with
lil tickets as

y has a eou-
tlie Atlantic,
rains leaving
at Winnipeg
and at Van-
r. Tlie fares
id westward
irs.

colonist gets
teaniship ho
<elf ac(iuaint-
le is expected
e always dis-
3 vessel. He
lein. He will
comfort, but
H' he should
luse of com-
lould at once
in, who will
done, as well

Iteration from
arc higher to

ito i^iul points
liifax as fioiu

as for his own Interest as for tliat of his
sliip and his employers.

The master of the ship is responsible for
;,i y noglect or bad conduct on the part oi
tlie sC'Mvards, or any of Ww othcers. or Wvy
crew. All steainslii[)s carrying cmigi-aiits
liave doctovs on board ; and in case of sick-
I CSS any emigrant will receive medical care
;icd niedic'ne, with such comforts as may be
c()iisi(l:'red necessary by tlie doctor, free of
(Iiarge.

The large steamships have stewardesses
Id look aft h" the fi'Miali' portion of the steer
!!ge passengers, \\ lio have separate and iso-
lated acconimod.atlon in the better class of
SI earners.

The attention of the cololists
Luggage, cannot be too particularly di-
rect (^d to everything about their
luggage. 1 1 tho lirst place, it is very desir-
able that they should not encumber tlieiu-
stlves with unnec-essary articles, as these,
I ('Sides causing them a great deal hf trouble,
limy in the end cost a great deal more than
tliey iiro worth.

On the st-»amshi() bills tlic passenger will
lird st'ited how in my cubic feet of luggage
v ill bo carried fri^o on board. It may, how-
ever, liap|)'.>u that the number of cubic feet
V. liich the st?imship will allow is very much
luavier thai the I.jO pound weiglit allowed
le each passenger on tiio w(>stern railways.

Tlie railways in C'lnada are very llber'il
ill de.'iling with omig/mt luggage and will
let pass anything that is not very much out
(if the way. On some railways, however.
ilie luggage is Aveighed, and anytliing in ex-
cess of 150 pounds per passenger Is liable to
I'C charged for. A family or party going
together may have their luggage all weighed
logethnv and no charge will be made unless
iliere is iin excess above an aggregate of
I'lO pounds for each. The Canadian raclHc
liailway allows .'{dO pounds for each adult
going Avest of "Winnipeg, but not beyond
f'iiljiai-y. Many hoivy luiiilicring things
siinetimes carri(> 1 by colonists are not
^virtli paying the excess of freight for. and
cm lie octter and more clu^'iply purchased
"11 arrival at their destination. Tlie luggage
:iiid boxes or trunks of every passenger
sliotild liav(> thi U'liiio of the owner painted
•ilHMi tliem, nnd lii aMltlou be labelled with

his name and d}stinat:)u. The ivason for
tliis precaution is (hat if lal)els only are used
tliey are soiU'-times washed off through the
trunk being expo.sed to rain before embarka-
tion or rubbed olf by chafing against some
(.llier box and the Identity of the piece of
baggage is lost. Labels may be obtained
from the steamship company. I'adlocks
!-lioul 1 be avoide^l, as they are liable to be
bioken off.

All heavy luggage and boxes arc stowed
away in tlic hohl. but the cohmist should
I'Ut in a separable and small package the
things ho will rotpiire fo- use on the voyage ;
tiiose he shouM k "ii by iiim and take into
his berth.

Colonist sometiiiios suffer great loss and
ii: convenience from losing their luggage.
'I'hey should, therefore, be careful not to
1<)S(> sight of it until it is put on sliip-board ;
it is then i)orfuict!y safe. I'pon arrival in
Canada it will l)e iiassed by the Customs
elKcers and put into what is called the " bag-
gage car" of the railway train, where it Ts
" checked " to its (lestiuati(m. This mean.s
that tiiere is altachd to each article a little
piece of lu.'tal with a number stamped on
It. \\iiile a corresponding piece, similarly
nuuilK red, is givLMi to the passenger to keeji
until his destination is reached. Tliu railway
is then responsil>lL> for the .safety of his
luggage, and will not give it up until lii>
sho\\'s his ■■check." I'liis custom has great
safety as well as convenience.

The colonist should taiie
What to Take, witli him as good a supply
of strong, warm clothing as
he can. W j(dleu clothing and other kinds of
wearing apparel, blankets, lious(. liu^n. ^vc,
are generally .•iicaiier in England than in
Canada, (iemu-ally, all bedding shouhl be
tid;en, and the cover ticks of the beds, but
not tlie materials with which tliey ar-
stuffed, as thes(i would be too bulky, and can
be re Hilly obtained on arrival.

Many of the household necessaries which
the emigrant possesses he might do well to
bring, and they may prove very useful ; but
still it is advisable to consider well the
weight and bulk, and how far it is worth
while.

Articles of household furniture, crockery,
3tovc3, or heavy articles of hardware shouid

!■..»

JJOMIXIOX OF CA.\A/>A.

he left behind or sold, except in some cir-
cumstances for special reasons wliicli tlie
colonist will consider. It must bo borne
in mind tljat sucli articles are very liable to
breaUaiiO, osi)ecially on long railway jour-
neys to the west.

Agricultural labourers should not bring
any of their tools with tliem as tlieso can be
easily got in Canada, of tlie best Ivinds. and
suited to the needs of the country. Gen-
erally speaking, the farming tools used in
England would not be suitable for Canada.

Mechanics and artisans when they have
been encouraged to come out, may of course
bring tlieir tools ; but they must bear in
mind that there is no difficulty in buying
any ordinary tools in Canada at rcsasonable
prices, and that it is better to have the means
of purchasing what they want after reach-
ing Ihoir destination than to bo liampered
with a heavy lot of luggage on their journey,
causing them trouble and expense. As a
general rule, the tools made in Canada are
ligliter and better adapted to the needs of
the country than tlioso made in the old coun-
try.

Young men going out to learn ag-
Outfits. riculture, or to start farming, often
deem it necessary to talvc out most
expensive outtlts, in the shape of clothes,
&c. This is a mistake. All that is wanted
is one's old clotlies, a better suit or two for
leisure wear, and a good supply of suurner
and winter undcrclotlung. Anything else
can be procured in Canada 0(iually weii. at
about tlie same price, and very nuijh 1)etter
adapted to tlie country.

In bringing out money from the

Money. United Kingdom, it is better to get

a bill of exchange or a bank letter

of credit, procurable from any banker, for

any large sum. as tlieu tliere is no danger of
its being lost. Any smaller sums are better
brouglit in sovereigns or liaif-sovereigns, as
far as possible, or a post office order may be
obtained on the place of destination in Can-
ada. Sovereign and half-sovereign coins
liave always their absolute par value, which
is fixed by law. On silver— shillings, florins,
lialf-crowns, &c.— the immigrant will lose a
trifle in exchanging them for Canadian cur-
rency.

It may be explained that the denominations
of money in Canada are dollars and cents,
altliougli the denominations of pounds, shill-
ings and pence are legal. But the system of
dollars and cents, being decimal, is much
more convenient than pounds, shillings and
pence ; and, moreover, is in use all over the
continent of America. A comparison with
sterling is subioined, which will at once en-
able the reader to understand, in sterling,
values stated in dollars and cents ; and tlie
newly-arrived immigrants will have but little
difficulty in mastering the system.

SicrliiKj iiilii hiilhn-' mil/ Ciiil'^.

$ cts.

'/.(]. sterlhtg is ^ ^'^

id. do 02

Is. do 24

il do 4 S6

Ihillur-^ ami Ci iil" iii'o S/ir/iiii/.

i a. d.

1 cent la OW,

! dollar is 4 IV2

4 dnllais are 16 5%

5 do 1 6%

For small change, the halfpenny sterling is
one cent and the penny sterling, two cents.
For arriving roughly at the approximate
value of larger figures, the pound sterling
may be counted at five dollars. Tiie sign $
is used to indicate the dollar.

THE F[RST QUESTIONS ASKED

Q W'Uvw sliall r arrivi.' in Canada ?

A. At Quebec between ist May and 12th Noveniber, or at Halifax between
i2tli November and ist May, or thereabouts.

Q. How sliall I know what to do, or where to go when I leave the steamer?

A. You will be met by a Government official who will give you every informa-
tion you desire and will advise you, if you wish to be advised. You will l^e taken
direct to the Government Immigration Hall, where you can remain without charge
until the time for your train to start. There you can buy your ticket (if you have
not already done so) for any part of Canada, can change your English money into
Canadian money, and can purchase any provisions you may require for your
journey, at the most reasonable prices. If you are a single man you will probably
prefer to buy your meals at the stations on the road as you go along, at a cost of
from 10 cents (5d.) to a shilling per meal.

Q. And if T arrive in winter ?

A, You will tind the same kind of accommodation and the same officials at
Halifax.

Q. How do I go on to Winnipeg in Manitoba, or to the North-west Terri-
tories or British Columbia ?

A. By train, in colonist sleeping cars. These are built on the principle of a
regular sleeping car, the seats of which are converted into beds at night, and there
is a cooking stove at one end of die car. On the way vcmi can buy bread, milk, and
small articles at many of the stations along the road throughout the whole distance
but before starting you can obtain all detailed information as to what you can do
and what you had better do and better not do, from the Government Agents at the
Immigration Hall.

THE FIRST i,)UKSTIOXS ASKED.

Q. And when I arrive in Winnipeg, wliat tlion ?

A. Assuming tliat you have made no definite i)lan for yourself, you will find
a Govenmient Immigration Hall at the station, where you can remain a week if
you choose. If you have a wife and family with you, then your best plan will be
to leave them there and go out and select the land you intend to take up. Registers
of unoccupied Government land are kept at the Hall, and registers, maps, &c., of
railway lands for sale can be seen in the office at the station. And you can go on
to Brandon, in the western part of Manitoba, or Lake Dauphin, in the northern
part, and there find a Government Agent and accommodation as at Winnipeg.

Q. If I want to go on beyond Manitoba, into one of the North-west Terri-
tories, do I get any help there ?

A. Yes. At Calgary, in S(nithern Alberta ; at Edmonto.i, in Xordiern
Alljerta ; and at Prince Albert, in Saskatchewan, there are similar Government
instituli.ms. At all these places there are lists of lands available for settlement, and
registers for those wanting to hire men for their farms and for those who want
to find work on farms.

p. Ill find land I like elsewhere dian at one of these places, have I got to go
back there to register it ?

A. No. There are land registration offices at Winnipeg, Brandon, ^Nlinnedosa,
Lake Dauphin, in ^lanitoba ; at Alameda, Kegina, Yorkton, Prince Albert, Battle-
ford, Edmonton, Calgary and Lethbridge, in the Xorth-west Territories ; and at
Kamloops and New Westtninster, in British Columbia, besides in that province
wherever the Provincial Government have their offices. At all these places there
are shops where anything an intending settler requires can be purchased.

CAL ITOX.— A newly-arrived person should remember that while the Gov-
ernment makes every effort to further him on his way in safety, it cannot protect
him against the consequences of foolish conduct on his own part. If he prefers
*taking^he advice of strangers to that of officials whose only desire is to help him,
he will have no one to blame but himself if he finds he has made a mistake. If he
has money dealings of any kind with chance acciuaintances, he may or he may not
have to pay for his experience, and at certain times he will find himself approached
bv apparently disinterested people who will advise him not to setde in Canada, but
to "-o to the States. These men are American agents who are ])aid by one
organization or anodicr to catch uiiwary immigrants. They should be told politely
l,nt firmlv that their advice and information is not recpiired.

1 will find
a week if
an will be
Registers
ps, &c., of
can go on
; northern
nipeg.

vest Tcrri-

Northcrn
overnnicnt
LMiicnt, and

who want

[ got to go

Minnedosa,
)crt, Battle-

L's ; and at
at province
places there

Ic the Gov-
mot protect
[ he prefers
o help him,
;take. If he
he may not
approached
Canada, bnt
)aid by one
told politely

Charldttftuwii, I'.K.I.

PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

r-'Ktl

KINCK EDWAU1> ISLAND, tlie
siiiMllost of tlio provinces of th;'
Dominion of Canada, is situated
in llie .soutliorn part of the Gulf
of St. Lawrence, and is separat-
eil from Nova Scotia and New
Bruiiswicli by the Nortlmniber-
land Straits, winch varies from
)iin(> to lliii'ty miles in width. In
shape It takes the form of an Irregular cres-
cent, concaved towards the north, measur-
ing in length I.IO miles, and. being <leeply
indented at many points by large bays and
inlets, varies in width from four to thirty
miles. It conta'us an area of 2,000 square
miles, equal to 1.280,000 acres, and its popu-
lation at the last census (1891) was 109,078.

Seen from the Avater. the ap-
Scenery. pearanee of Prince Edward Is-
land is exceedingly preiiossoss-
iiig. On approiching the coast the country
affords a charming picture of cultivation
and well wooded land, with villages and
clearjd f.irms dotted along the shores and
by the sides of the bays and rivers. The is-
land is, generally speaking, level, but rises
3'/a

here and tliere to an elevation never exceed-
ing ,-(00 feet ai)o\-e tlie sea. The scenery
\ci'y mucli resend)les that of England ; and
I'ourishiiig homeste.ids are to be found thick-
ly scattered in every part of tlie island.

Communication with
Communication, tlie mainland is maln-
laine/i during the pe/iol
of ordinary navigation by a line of steamers
connecting daily Avith ports in Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick, and thus with the
various railway systems of Canada and the
Unite J States. Freight and passenger steam-
ois conne(-t wcM'kly witli Quebec and Mon-
treal to tlie north, and with Halifax and
Bo.ston to the south. The island has also
over 200 miles of railway in operation.

Ordinary navigation generally closes about
the iniddlv> of December, and reopens about
the middle of April. Between these months
communication is carried on with the mam
land by a steam ?r specially constructed for
^Ninter navigation. This service is sup-
plemented by boats which cross to New
Bi-unswick at the nearest points, a dlstaucti
of nine miles.

-.^^■.,|^^.^..^^^«^.>.^,.y..

PRINCE EDWARD L-^LAXD.

Tiu! cUmato ol Prince Ed-
Climate, ward Island \» remarkably
healthy. The cuUl is certainly
more severe, and lasts for a lonser period
than in lOngland, but the atmosphere is
salubrious, and the sumnuer is of such
brlfihtness and l)eauty as to compensate
.'imply for winter. The weather generally
boc(nu('s unsteady In the early part of Novem-
ber and sometimes sharp frosts, with flurries
of snow, take place about the middle of the
month, the frost -jjradnally Increasing until
the ground reslst^ the plough, which is ordi-
narily about the second week in December.
The oold then Increases rapidly, and the
ground is covered with snow. During the
months of January and February tne wea-
ther is usually steady, with the thermometer
occasionally from 10 to 15 degi-ees below
zero Faliri^nhoit. Marcn. as in England, is
a Avlndy month, and is througliout very
changeable. During the latter part of this
niontii. the snow rapitlly melts, and the ice
becomes rotten and dangerous for travel,
and wholly disappears about tii middle of
April. Strong southerly winds laon set in,

Inconvenience thence arises. About the mid-
dle of September the autumn commences.
Charlottetown, the seat of
Cities Government, Is pleasantly sltu-

and Towns, fited upon a point of rising
ground at the confluence of the
York, Elliot and liiilslwrough Rivers. It
conta'ns 11,374 inhabitants, and is well laid
out with wide streets, which Intersect at
right angles. Its p'"alrs are managed by a
( orpoi'atiou consisting of a mayor and eight
councillors. Tl\e harbour Is large, deep, and
AVoU slieltcred, and is said by Admiral Bay-
field (a standard authority) to be In every
rt'spect one of the finest harbours in the
world. It is the principal port of shipment.
Trince Edward Island is
Soil and Crops, noted for the fertility of its
soil, and it may confident-
ly be asserted tii.at, witli tlie exception of a
few bogs and swamps composed of a soft,
spongy turf, or a deep layer of wet black
mould, the whole island consls'^s of hlgldy
valuable cultivable land. The soil, wliich is
veil watered with numerous springs and
rivers, is formed for the most part of a ricli

Outside CiiiuidttL'towii, P.K.I.

und the last vestiges of frost speedily vanish.
The spring is short, and in the beginning of
June the summer bursts forth, and from
this time till the end of September the cli-
mate resembles that of the southern coast
of England. The thermometer, however,
during calm weather, indicates a greater
degree of heat, but the sea breeze seldom
fails to lower the temperature, so that little

layer of vegetaljle matter above a. bright
lo.am, resting upon a stiff clay and sand-
si one ; the land, in its natural state, being
covered with timber and shrubs of every
variety. All kinds of grain and vegetables
grown in England ripen here in great perfec-
tion. The principal crops raised are wlieat,
o.Tts, barley, potatoes and turnips, of wliicli
oats and potatoes are exported in immense

FISHKRIRS. 37

(luniUltles. ^ho Island grows very good stiiid, halibut aud <rout are caugbt lu limited
Mlieat, and p obably bolter oats than most <iiiantlUos. In the year 1895 the whole of
other parts of the Dominion. Of the fonuei, the products of the fisheries was $07(5,836,
the crops are from 18 to 30 bushels, and the Mhlch Includes mai;k(!rol valued at $98,093';
latter 25 to 70 bushels per acre. Barley, lierring, $18.'-.,352 ; lobsters, $372,041 ; cod,'
too, niukes a very nice crop. The Island Is $77,51-' ; smelts, $28,391 ; hake, $27,080. The
i.oted for Its large crops of e.vcellent pota- present annual value of the oyster flrhery
tees, which not uncommonly reach 250 bush- is $101,852, anil this most valuable Industry
Kls an aero of flue handsome tuDers. Swed- Is capable of vast development,
ish turnips make a fine crop, not uncom-
monly reaching 750 bushels per acre of ^"'- "**-'® '"^^ ^*^^" attempted to-
sound and solid bulbs. Coal, wards developing the coal of the
,,,,, , ,, islands. Its proximity to the exteu-
n addition to the natural fertility of the slve coal fields of Nova Scotia and Cape
soil, the facility for ob aining manure many Breton, and the depth at which the deposits
be set down as a particular advantage. In exist, render mining unprofitable, for the
most of the bays and rivers are found ex- present at least,
tensive deposits of mussel-mud, formed by

decayed oysters, clam and mussel-shells. The manufactures of

'ilie deposits vary from five to twenty feet Manufactures. Prince Edward Island are
in dei)th, and their surface Is often several limited, but have rapidly

feet below lowwatar level. Machines placed <l^veloped of late. They consist of butter,
upon the ice and w)rked by horse-power are ^''*-'6S'^> starch and soap fnctories, tanneries
used for raisiJig this manure. Procured in ^I'lst, saw and woollen mills, factories for
this -way, in large quantities, and possessing "^""'»S and preserving meat and fish, car-
Kieat fertilizing qualities, it has vastly im- ''"'^se factories, &c. By the census of 1891
proved the agricultural status of the island. ^'"^ fl^vu-es of island Industries were as fol-
lows :—
Of late years very conslder-

Live Stock, able improvements have been •^""■"'tal iuvon' d $2,911,963

made in raising farm stock ^""'l'"" of lumds rmployetl 7.910

The horses of the Island en-:oy a high rcpu- 3'?'^ '''"^"' "'"'"' 1.101,620

intiou, mu.h attention having' been bestowed ^''"""'' ^•"^'''^^'^

upon their breeding. In recent exliibitions. Compared witii the census of 1881, these
(l)eu to tlie whole Dominion, held in M(jn- ^Sures show an increase in ten years of
treal and Halifax, a large share of the '"^'i'''y 40 per cent lu capital Invested, 38
honours and priz3s for the horses was 1'' •" ^''"* '"^ hands employed, and 27 per cent
awar.led to this province. For sheep, also. ^^ value of products.
it is specially suited, the mutton being of a

\ cry line flavour. Swine are also kept m ^'"^'° ^^^^' ^^^^^'^ ^^^ ^'^'^^ <^<^""

large numbers. Island pork being well and I>airy siderabl^ development of the
favourably known in Dominion and Ameri- ^^™iii8r- 'dairying Industry In the pro-
can markets. The Provincial Government ^'''^^"^' ^^ ^^^~ °"*^ experimental
maintains a stock farm, on which pure '^"""^ station for the manufacture of cheese
bred stock is raised and distributed through ^^'"^^ started under the supervision of the
the country. Dominion Dairy Commissioner. During the

three following years several other factories

Prince Edward Island is, "svere put in operation on the co-operative

Fisheries. Mitiiout doubt, the best fishing principle, each company owning the building

station in the Gulf of St. Law- and plant whicli it used. The progress made

i< nee, but the liabits and feelings of the in- is evidenced by the fact that in 1800 twenty-

habit.'iats are so decidedly agricultural that eight cheese factories and two butter fa'e-

ihe flslieries have not received from them tories were in operation during the summer-

the attention which tliey deserve. They con- and four butter factories with five cream-

Sist chiefly of mackerel, lobsters, herring, separating stations tributary to them, were

eod, hiike and oysters, while salmon, bass in operation dm'ing tiie winter.

',1

is,'.

■■\'

' II

PlilSCE EDWARD ISLAXD.

For many yonrs what was
Land known as tlio " Laml (juesilon "
Regulations, was a fruitful som-co of dis-
content. Now, liainilly, It Is
possible to write of this boautlfnl Island with
nu'rt'ly a passing rcrcicncc to this Ki'iovanco,
and tn say that It no louKei" exists. Ahsciitco
proprietorship has boon abollshoil, and the
liocal Governniont. which purchased the In
tirosls of the hiiwUonls in 187."), has takon
tiielr phuv, not, howovcr, for tho p\irpoHi;
of exacting the nnnual rent from llie tenants,
but with the object of making them owners
of th" soil which thoy have redeemed from
the w ildern(\ss. Of this Immense advanla.i^c
by far the greater nuijority of the tciianls
have availed themselves, to such iin extent.
Indeed, that at the close of 18.S8 only l(J0,4Ti)
iicres rem, lined unsold of the 843,1)81 ac-
ipiired by the (iovcrnment, and of tids <pian-
tity only about ."."j.OOi) acres represent l.ind
held by parties wlio had not yet purchased.
The remaining 45,t)i)0 acres may be set down
as the available uncultivate.l tinO vacant
Government lands. Tliese consist of forest
lands of medium quality, the very best hav-
ing, of course, been taken up by tiie tenants
In the first Instance, and their price averages
about one dollar p<" acre. Parties desiring

to settle ui)on then are allowed ten yearn
to pay for their iKddlngs, the purchase-
money to bear Interest at tlve i)er cent and
to be payable In ten ainiual Instalments.

Although there is ajiparently
Improved little room for now settlers,

Farms, yet I'rince Edward Island Is a

d"sirabl.' Held for a certain
class of omkrants who. In search of a ready-
made farm, wlior<' they nuiy have the social
comforts of life witliin their reach, an? pre-
pared to pay a iiiglier price rather than go
westward. Such farms can be obtained In
the Island, and various circumstances have
contributed to place them In the nuirket.
'I'lie price lA sucii land varies nuicli acconl-
lug to Its qualily, situation and buildings ;
but with g -od buildings, a farm of 100 acres
(•an bo obt:iinel f'n- .fW to $35 (£4 to £7) an
acre. Facilities for travel and transi)ortr-
tlou are ex.'elleut, the roads are good, and
few farmers are as nuich as six miles from
a shipping place for their surplus ))roduce.
All tint necessaries of life can be had at very

ow rates. Labour saving machines of the
most approved kind can be i)urcliased or
hired witliout any dlthculty, the competi-
tion in thh brmcli being very keen.

Iliilifax.

PROVIXCH OF NOVA SCOTIA

IIK provl-ice of Nova Scotia, in tlie
Dominion of Canada, is siluatcil
b'twooa 43'= and 47° nurtl, latitude
and 00" and 70" west lonKitudo.
Nova Scotia proper is connected
witii the province of New Kriu.s-
wiclv by an istliiiuis alxmt It
miles wide. Its area is about
;!()() miles in length by SO to 100
miles in width. The Island of
Position Caiie Breton. which is a part of the
and Area. l)r(>vince, and contains lour coun-
ties, is separated from the main-
Ifind. or peninsula, by a narrow channel calle.l
ihc Strait of Canso. T.io i)r(>vince contains
somcl lung over thirteen nMllious of acres, of
wliich n(>arly one-tifth part consists of lakes
nn:l streams, Five or six ndiiioii acres of
land are fit for tillage; the remainder, which
is chielly a belt of the sea-coast, is rocky and
barren. From tlio appearance of the coast,
no ide.i eould bo formed of the beauty and
fertility of the interior. The coast is indent-
ed with numerous excellent harbours, most
of wliieh are easy of access, safe and com-
modious.

The climate of Novii Scotia is
Climate, well su'*^ed to Europeans. It is
not generally known outside the
province that tlie temperature is more equa-
ble th.in in any other part of tlio Dondnion.
The extreme crdd which is experienced in
winter in other pans of America is n'lt
known here, owing, perhaps, to the fact that
tlie province is almost; completely surround-
ed by the sea, and that the Oulf Stream
sweeps along witliin a few miles of its
soutliei'u shore ; and, furtlier, that tlic pro-
vince is protected from tlie chilly mirth winds
by an almost continuous belt of mountains,
■ir very high hills, stretching along its north-
ern side. The climate viiries, liowever, in
different p.-irts of the province. In the An-
napolis Valley the spring opens about two or
three weeks earlier in the y"ar tlian in tlie
city of Halifax, which is near tlio Atlantic,
and tlio weather is generally drier, clearer
and more exempt from fog. Tlie mountain
range at tlie north side of the valley, which
skirts the shore of the Bay of Fundy, is higli
enough to prevent the sea fog from coming
over— tlius, wliile it is some<^iiii< .-, ilamp and

; '

.^Jl

NOVA SCO HA.

dIt«(iKn"'iil»l«* i>"i lilt' uorili kI<1o of llu' rnnu"'.
whlfli liMi's tlif Uiiy, III llii' vallt-y, only tliico
or four lullcH iiway, It Is (U-llulil fully warm
ami blight. lu Iliillfiix mid the casicrn
couiitlt'H tlio luurcury Holdoiu tImum lu MUiiiuior
ttbovu SO' In tlio Hhmlf, ami lu tbo winter It
IH not ofieu down to zero, lu the Interior,
Hay lu tlio Anuaiiolls Valley, the winter Ih
about the HMiue, but the suiniuer Is wavinor,
althoim'h, owlu« to the dryness of the atuios-
pliere, the beat Is not opiiresslve. The cli-
mate Is extiviiieiy healthy; there Is probably
none more so lu the world. The health re-
turns from British military statkus place
this province In (he llrst class. Nova Scotia
lias fewer medical men lu proportion to the
p(;piiliiilou, and reiiulres their services less
than probably auy other part of America.
No i)ei son Is allowed to practice medicine or
surgery unless he has obtained a diploma
from some university, college or incorporated
school of mediclue, or has passed a success-
ful e.vamination before the provincial mc il-
eal board. Tiie fees of physicians are mod-
erate.

The fertility of the soil lu many
Fertility of the aKricuilural districts is very
of Soil, greiit. and is evidenced bytiiefacl
that, In quantity aud (luality, the
jtivjductU u of tlie farms, eveu under a care-
less system of cultivutiou, is i-ijiial, aud lu
some cases, superior, to those of Great Brit-
uiu ; for ii.istau.jo, the orchards in the An-
napolis \'alley, particularly, produce larger
and liner ai)i)les than are grow ii in auy other
part of i!ie coiiiiueut. Tliu grain uud root
crops are excellent, the average production
of which, iu tlie western counties is, as uear-
ly as it Is possible to estimate it, as fol-
lows :—

Why;U per acre 18 bushels.

Rye di) 21 do

Barley do 35 do

Oats do 34 do

Buckwheat do 33 .lo

Indian Coin (maize) d(- 42 do

T .mips do 420 do

Potatoes do 250 do

Mangel-wurzel do tOO do

Beaur, do 22 do

Hay do 2 tons.

The foregoing is a geucral average of the
crops iu tliiH-e counties ; but there are many
farms which, being highly cultivated, pro-
duce astonishing crops. A farmer in one

season. In King's county, raised on a little
less tliaii one acre of laud, four huudred aud
three bushels of potatoes ; aud iu AnnapollH
cou ly, sixty bushels of Hlieiled liidiau coru
(maize) have been raised on an acre. Five
and one-half tons of hay have been taken
off an acre of laud lu one season.

Live Stock
and Dairy
Farming.

This might bo more extouslve-
ly and prolltably prosecuted In
this luovlnce. Of course, every
farmer laises stock ; but most
of it Is ral.sed to supply the markets with
butcher's moat. Untd recently, not nearly
so much attention was paid to the making of
butter and cheese as to raising cattle for the
slaughter-house. In some couuties, however,
cheese and butter are made In cousiderable
tpiantlty, both for home cousumiitlon aud
for export. Cheese factories have been es-
tablished lu some of the eastern counties
aud Cape Breton, aud a butter aud cheese
manufactory In the county of Cumberland.
There Is a coudi.'used uiiiiv I'ictory at Truro,
iu the county of Colcliester. Sped il instruc-
tion is given in li.^ making of butter at the
rro\lucial Scliooi of Agriculture. Farms
along the Hue of the lutercolouial Itaii.vay
supply the city of llalilax with a great deal
of milk. A great deal of the iirotit of (veiy
farm arises from the sale of fat cattle. There
is plenty of lirst-rate pasturage iu every
couuty, aud almost the (july expense of rais-
ing stock is that of the winter feed, aud as
that consists chieliy of hay, at a cost or mar-
lict value of from iJos. to 40s. per ton, ac-
cording to 'jcality or season, it will easily
be perceived that the business is prolitabie.
There is much laud sull"''le for slieep-rals-
iug lu every county, ai... ,veu amoug the
wild lauds there are tracts of pasture that
might be made capable of maintaining large
flocks at very little expense. In the south-
western part of the province, sheep are pas-
tured along tlie shores aud ou the islands
most of the wiuter, aud iu some places
through the whole year. The sheep tind
uourishmeut iu see-weed when the laud pas-
ture liappeus to be poor.

For all the fruits of the tem-
Fruit perate zone the soil aud climate
Growing, of Nova Scotia are favourable.
Fruit-raising at present is confin-
ed chietiy to three counties, viz., Annapolis,
Hants, .•lud King's, out of eighteen comprls-

Fisiit:iui:s.

liiK llii.' iiroviaci', Api»li-j{n)\\liij{ Iiun roi-elv-
(m1 iiidHt attention licrotDfotv, and tlio trop
ii'iiclu's Kiinic ;i(M),(.uo ImrrclM l'ri)iii tlic dls-
iiHiH n-fcrrcii in, a lai'Hf |mrt (if whicii Is
(>\|MPit<'(l. 'I'lic (>X(M'lli>nt tiavonr and the
ki'i'idnK (lUalllk'M of Nova Ht-otlan applos
luivo won lor them a IiIkIi position In the
iiiiirkt'tH of i;iir(iiK< -lud the United StaloH,
nml IliiTC U lej,'liiinalL> room for a large ox-
t( iislim of the present area devoted to that
fiiilt. roaches (at preHeiit only a pirden
(T(i|i). plums, clierrles, st ,a\vl)i-rrles, rasp-
lM'iTie><. iiml (nmnt( cs, ;.'lv" hirje yields with

extent belns atla -lied to farmH of from
ICX) to l'(K) acres. There are always ileslr-
nhle farm properties of (his .'Ihhs for mile at
from £'_'(J0 to .C1,(M)(), iiartlcularly In (he couu-
tleH that border the Hay of Kumiy. so that
persons of moderate m<>ans are able to find
suitable openings.

The llshorloH have lonji been
Fiaheries. celebrated. No country in the
w,)rl 1 can exceed N'nvu Scotia In
variety of delicious tlsh and Its inexhaustible
• luantity. The total value of the llsherles of
this i.iovince for the .venr ISO.'., the latest of

■fi.'«

if the tem-
lud climate
favourable.
It is confln-
Annapolls,
en compris-

iTidian HiTiy Pii'kf rs.

little attuiiioi) ; and iu addiiion to tlie large which we have statistics, was over ?G,213,-

demands for local consumption, cousitk'rable 131, or about a million and a half pounds

quantities are supplied reijulariy to New sterlin,','. There are cod. haddock, mackerel,

York, Boston, and otlier towns on the herring', alewives, pollack, hake, halibut,

American seaboard. Krnit growing In eels, shad, salmon, trout, si'ayling, perch,

iu Nova Scotia, as a rule, is conducted smelt, &c.

in conjunction with mixed farming, the There is a splendid supply of shell flsH,

orcbard-generally one to live acre--: in viz., ..y.sters, scallops, clams, quahaugs, mus-

XOVA SCOTIA.

sols, &c. ; the rivprs and lakes afford sal-
mon, griiylinj; and Iront ; and there is no
lack of the disciples of Isaac Walton, frijm
the younRster of ten years of age to the gray-
headed sportsman of seventy, who may be
seen all through the season wending their
way, Willi rod, landing net and basket, to the
favourite haunts of ihe salmon or speclded
trout.

Nova Scotia contains largo
The Forest, tracts of woodland, winch pro-
duce timber foi- shipbuilding
and for nianufa.cturing into lumber for ex-
portation. I.arge quantities of pine, spruce,
hemlock, hardwood, deals, scantling, staves,
«&c., are annually shipped from tlie different
ports in the province to the "West Indies,
United States, Europe, &c. It also supplies
tlie ports of Massacimsetls with thousands
of cords (iL firewood. Oak, elm, maple,
beech, bird), ash. huvli. pmihir, spruce, pine,
hendock, fir, &c., all grow to a large size.
Kock maple, black bircli, boech and otlun-
hardwoods make excellent fuel ; but it seoms
a pity that in a country wliere coal is so
abiuidant so many and such valuable trees
should be used for fuel. In the forests may
also be found numerous snii'l trees and
shrubs, which are valuable for medicinal and
other purposes, among whicli are wild
cherry, sumac, mountain ash, sarsaparilla,
elder, liazel, bay, &c. Wild tiowers are In
groat profiision. Tlie trailing arbutus, which
tlooms in April and ^lay, cannnt bo sin-pass-
ed in delicate be.'iuty and fragrance.

Tlie mineral resources of Xov.a
Minerals. Scotia are very valuable, and
it is one of tlK> few countries
whicli ha\e workable dep.)Sits of coal, inm
.ind gold side by side. In Capo Breton,
Picto I and Cnmberland counties are ex-
tensive deposits of bituminous coal, siiiiiliir
to the deposits of tlie north of England,
\\ liicli are worked liy several cfimpanies.
Tlie coal trade is steadily growing, and I lie
iron ore deposits of the province although
very extensive, are worked only at London-
derry, Torliroi)!;. Springliill and the Pictou
('liarcoal Iron ("oiiipany. wiiere iron id'
excellent iiuality is made. 'V\w gDld-Uelds
of Nova Scotia, althougli extensive and valu-
able, have hitherto been worked only on a
small scale, but more attention is now de-
voted to tliem. and their development will
form an important industry. Large d(>posits

of gypsum abound, and about 14(5,000 shori
tons are annually extracted. Among other
minerals that ar ! worke<l to some extern
may be mentioned manganese, antimony ,
barytos, gri-ulstoues, &c. ; deposits of coj)
per, lead and graphite are also known.
The (piarries of Xova Scotia furnish excel
lent granites, syenite, serpentine, marble,
and freestone. As may be inferred from the
preceding rein.nrks, the province is rich in
those minerals wiiicli interest the miutr
alogist, and frMiiuntly prove u.<eful for in
dustrial puriioses. The total value of tli.-
mineral prodiurtions of the province for t' c
jear 1890 niay be estimated at about tlir>v
and a half million of dollars.

Tenure of
Mineral Lands,

The grants of laud tn
the early settlers in this
province contained ii'
systematic reservation oi
iii.iuerals. In some instances gold, silver and
preci nis stones only were reserved ; in otliei-
cases the goltl, silver, iron, copper, lead, &c.,
were retained for a source of revenue to tlie
Crown. In this connection the rates of
royalties paid are :

On the gross amount of gold obtained liy
amalgamation or otherwise in tlie mill of a
liceiis.jd mill-owner, a royalty of two pev
cent.

On coal, ten cents on every ion of two
thousand two hundred and forty pounds
of coal sold or removed from tiie mine.

On copper, four cents per unit.

On lead, two cents per unit.

On iron, the cents on every ton of t\\t>
thousand t,vo hundred and forty pounds nt
ore sold or smelted.

Tin and precious stones, live per cent oi
their value.

The Act of Settleuunt releases to tin
..wiier of iIk- soil all ,L;ypsum, limestone, lin-
(lay, baryles, maaganese, antimony, vV' ,
and any of the reseried minerals whenevi r
tie rcervatioii is not siH'(,Mlled in tlio originiil
grants.

There are now in Nova
Scotia nearly 1,814.1.; i
acres of ungranted laiul .
a considerable quantity -i
which is barren and almost totally unlit I' r
culti\atioii. Til':"!-!? is still some good iinsn! I
Crown land in tli,> iirovincc. Init it is ueuiU

Land

regulations.

ill! remote
schools. T

as stg.) pc

Manufacti

(ry than a;
to aa unli
iiiid its in<
u'on, there
parison wit
iliere iiiigh
future be (

Shipping
and Trade.

,iblo propoi
'.vorld. Th.
of tli(! liabi
ing cargoes
coal and o
and genera
West India
iiianufactm
East Indies

Railways.

Halifax to
Halifax the
to tlij bordt

SHIPPING AND TRADE.

43:

14(!,000 short
Among other
some extent
e. antimony,
)(isits of cop-
also known.
L'urnish exctl-
tine, mai'blo,
'iTod f vom the
ice is rich in
;t the miuer-
n.^efnl for in-
valuo of tho
pvinco for t!;e
it al)out tiiri'o

ts of laud to
ettlers in this
L'ontained no
reservation of
:oUl, silver and
I'ved ; in otlier
)l)er, lead, &(:.,
revenue to tlie
the rates of

d obtained ljy
1 tiie mill of a
y of two per

■y ton of two
forty pounds
tlie nune.

mit.

ry ton of two
jrty pounds uf

vo per cent 01'

jleases to tlio
limestone, liru-
untimouy, iVi ,
irals whenever
1 in tlio original

UdW in Nova
irly l,S14.i;!t
[granted lands,
jle quantity of
otaily unlit fi'V
ne s'ood unsdM
Init it is nearly

nil remote from settlements, churches and
schools. Tiio price of Crown lands is |4()
(l8 stg.) pel- 100 acres.

Although Xova Scotia
Manufactures. is perhaps better adapted
for a manufacturing coun-
try tlian any other part of America, owing
to a'l unliinitid command of water-power,
and its inexhaustible supplies of coal and
iron, there are few manufactures in com-
parison with what, considering the facilities,
there might be ; or what may in tlie near
future be expected.

Xova Scotia owns moi'e ship-
Shipping ping in proi)ortion to popuia-
and Trade, tion than any otiier country.
and her vessels do a consider-
.ablo proportioir of the carrying trade of the
M'orld. Th/'y may bo found in every port
of the habit.able globe, loading and discharg-
ing cargoes. The exports consist of hsh,
coal and other mineral substances, lumber
nud general products ; and the imports, of
West India produce, British and American
manufactures, tea, &c,, from China and the
East Indies, and hemp from Russia.

There are now 91G miles ot
Railways, railroad In operation. Passen-
gers can go south-west from
Halifax to Yarmouth (217 miles). From
llalif'ix there is a railway (the Intercolonial)
to tlij borders of Xew Brunswicli (142 miles).

M'ith a brancli from Truro eastward to the
Straits of Canso (123 miles), and a line Is
constructed from there through Cape Breton
to Sydney. There is also a branch from
Springhill to Parrsboro', about o4 miles. A
line is also completed from Middleton, in the
tcunty of Annapolis, to Lunenburg (74
miles) ; another from Oxford, in the couniy
of Cu.nberland, to Pictou (09 miles), besides
a nuiul)er of shorter lines in different parts
of th.> i)r()Vince ; otiier lines are projected.
Xearly all parts of the province are thus
in direct com niiuii cation by rail with the
metrdpcilis. and alho with other provinces
of tlie Dominion and with the United
States. I'iie province is connected with
Europe liy lines of excellent steam
siiii)s. Tiie:e are also a line of steamers to
Xewfoundland, two to Boston, one to Xew
Yorli and one to B iltiniore.

The estimated population of
Population. tlie province is 4o.j,(!47, con-
sisting of English, Scotch,
Irish, German, Frauch and native-born in-
habitants, a few thousand coloured people,
and about two thousand Indians. The latter
supply the marlvots with baskets and other
small articles of woodenware, by the sale
of wliich, and by hunting, they earn a live-
lihood !uid sup|)ly' their wants. Tiiey live in.
tents iiul wigw.ims in tlie forest, on lands of
their own. granted to them by the Govern-
ment, and terniHl Indian Reserves.

Brunswick i
bo
Climate, im
po
nowlu^ro dor
grealor \K'vi\
life oxtondoi
sliowu by til
(liR records o
tliiit tlu> doa
wick and X(
otlior coiinlri
As it Is witli
witii domosti
CMllIo find li'
from Great i
! oxceUpuco, 1

Vi"

§•

Kntraiic to Harljour, St. Julm, X.B.

PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK

N none of the provincos of Cnnadii
can a man wli iso inoaus arc small
, settle with a better prosiioct of
rising by Lis own industry to a
condition of independence than in
New Brvnswick.

Tf the climate of a country is
to be judged by its effects on ani-
mal life, then the climate of New
Brunswick may be pronounced one of the
best in the M'orld. Nowhere do
Climate, men and women grow to finer pro-
portion than in New Brunswick ;
nowliere does the human frame attain to
greater iierfection and vigour, or is human
life extended to a longer term. Tliis is
shown by the statistics of mortality and by
the records of the British Army, which sliow
tliat tli(> death-rate is lower in New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia tlian in almost any
otlier country garrisoned by British soldiers.
As It is with men and women, so also is it
with domestic animals in Canada. ITor.«es,
(■little and live stock of all kinds, imported
rnHii Grc-ii ]',rit;iin, not i.nly uifthHalii llieir
i excellence, liut improve in the Canadian

cliiuiite ; and so much is this the case that
many catlle bred in Canada, of the best
strains of blood, have been sent to England
and tlie United States, commanding there
vi>ry large prices for breeding purposes.

In this matter of climate, however, it is
imiiortant that the colonist wlio intends
to gi to New Brunswick sliould not be in
any sense deceived. The climate of New
Brunswick is radically and essenti.-vlly dif-
ferent from tliat of Great Britain in two
rispects: the air is much drier, and the
range of the tlierinometer is greater. Y'M
it is remarlcable that people from Great
Britain feel the cold less than at liomo.
there is a considerable difference between
the climate of the coast of the Bay of
Fundy ami that of the interior, the former
being mildir and less sul)ject to extreme.^
of licit an.l cold.

Now Brunswick produces every
Crops, kind of grain and root crop pni-
<lu.-ed in England, as well as some
(Iiat will not come to maturity in the cli-
mate of the l.'itter country.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

All who have given the subject proper
r.rtontiou agree iu staling that New Bruns-
Avlck Is particularly well adapted for a sys-
tem of varied husbandry, combined Avith
cattle raising and feeding. The pastures are
oxoellent, and the abundant crop or' roots
affords the meaus of preparing beef and
irutto'i of good quality for the provincial
or English markets. Tliat this cau be done
AAith profit has been demonstrated beyond
a doubt.

A good deal of attention has been given
of lato to dairying, with tlie best results.
Trial shipments of butter and cheese have
been made to Great Britain, and the highest
prices obtained, and when competition was
tried at some of the great exhibitions, the
highest awards were won.

The position of the maritime provinces on
the Atlantic seaboard, and their proximity
to Groat Biitain, give them special advant-
ages for the transport of their products to
tlat markat.

All garden vegetables, such as cabbage,
cauliflower, beet, celery, lettuce, cucumbers,
onions, to.iiatoes. pumpkins and squash,
grow to tlio greatest perfection. At the Tro-
vinci'il Exhibitions cucumbers 29 inches
long, and squash weighing 158 pounds, have
been shown.

The fruits of New Brunswick are apples,
pears, plums, cherries, gooseberries, straw-
bvrries, raspberries, blueberries and black-
berries. Wild grapes grow on all the islands
of the St. John R'ver. and butter-nuts and
hiiztl-nuts are abundant in a wild stpte.

A great deal of attenilon has
Live Stock, been paid of late years, both
by the Government and by
private br3-'defs. to the improvement of tlie
live stock of the province ; and althougli
there is still groat room for Improvement,
the stock of tlie best New Brunswick farm-
(-rs will CJiupxre favourably with that of
other countries. The Federal Government
has established an Experimental Farm on
the borders of New Brunswick and Nova
Scotli. In connection with the general sys-
tem of Experimrntai I'arms for tlie whole
Dominion. Although sullicieut time lias not
(lapsed since the farm was established to
give definite returns, enough evidence has
been obtained to prove that all kinds of

vegetables, grain, pulse, «&c., are above tho
iiveniue, botli in yield and (luality.

The introduction of improved breeds '-as
led to the raising of large numbers of cattle
for tlie English markets, a business which
is now conducted on an extensive scale by
tlie farmers of Albert and Westmoreland.
Sune of the establisliments iu these counties
stall-feed as many as 200 or 300 head in
a winter ; and large aggregate numbers are
exported.

How to obtain
a Farm.

'IMie farmers of New
Bninsivick are almost with
out exception the owners
of the farms they cultivate. If a man rents
a farm he only does so for a short period,
and for th,.' purpose of employing his time
imtil he can do better. Every man can be-
come a landowner if he wishes, and there-
fere, tlie relations of landlord and tenant,
si; far as they ai>nly to farmers, are almost
unknown.

All men a\ ho wish to emigrate do not, how-
ever, possess enough money to buy a farm,
or even to stock it if it were bought. To.
such the Labour Act passed by the New
Brunswic'.- Legislature offers an easy Avay
for them t.; become landowners, and in the
end farmers, perliaps of independent means.

Ten years ago tlie free grant system of set-
tletuent Avas introduced, and it was found
J. gr<?at success. There aro now about fifty
free grant settlements iu the province, set-
tled by thojsands of industrious men who
had n:) means of purchasing farms, but who
will soon be in prosperous circumstances.
Tlie aggregate value of tho improvements in
those settlements which have been carved
out of the forest within the past ten
years is probably not less than one million
dollars. Laud is not now given under the
Free Grants Act, but tlie provisions of the
Laliour Act virt.ially give a free grant, as
work done on th.e roads in payment for the
land is done near the ajiplicant's own lot,
and is greatly to his lieiH-fit.

I'riiwn lands may bo ac-
Land quired as follows :—

Regulations. d-t One hundred acres are

given to any settler over 18
years of age who pays £4 in cash, or who
does work on the public I'oads, &e., equal to
£2 per a.inum for three years. Within two
years a house, 10 feet by 20 feet must be

nro still vac

ORAXTED AXD UNORANTED LANDS.

ed breeds '"as

))uilt and two cores of land cleared. Con-
timiuiis rf.sidenco for three years from date
ol entry, and 10 acres cultivated iu that
tiiiio ara required.

CJ.) Single applications may be made for
not more than L'OO acres of Crown lands
Avithout conditions of settlement. These are
liut op tt) public auction at an upset jjrice of
-Is. 2d. per acre. Purchase money to be paid
at once. Cost of survey to be paid by pur-
tiiaser.

No.xt to agriculture, the iu-
The Forests dustry which, in New Bruns-
and the wicli, employs the largest

Wood Trade, nundjer of men and yields
the largest returns. Is the
lumber trade. The whole of the province
was originally covered with magniflceut for-
ests, and these forests are still a great source
( 1' wealth, their poducts forming by far the
larwst item in tlie e.xports of the province.
'J'liis will bo seen by the following statement
of the exports of New Brunswick for 1890 :—

Producn of the Mine $ lOl.Stii)

do Fisheries 798,270

do Forest 5,543,612

Animals and their produce 570.531

.AKi'icuItural prnducts 331.67!)

Jlamifacitiires 433,745

Jlis'illaiKous articles 7,131

Granted and

Ungranted

Lands.

$7,So.'i,3i:^
is estimated that the

])rovince contains 17.sr)4.4(X)
acres, of whicli l(),(K)0.()On
aci-es have been granted and
located, and 7.804,400 acres
nro still vacant.

New Bruuswiclc, owing to
Manufactures. its cheap coal and proxim-
ity to tlie marlcets of the
world, ])as Tuaiiy advantages as a manufac-
turing country. It is now the seat of a num-
l>(>r of extensive manufacturing industries,
to winch addiiions are constantly made, as
tlio field for manufactured products becomes
wider. There are live largo cotton mills in
t)ie i)rovince— two in St. John, one at St.
Stephen, one at IMarysville and another at
Moncton. These mills mal^e cotton cloth and
cotton y.nrn of all lunds, and give employ-

ment to al)out thirteen hundred persons.
Tliero are three large woollen mills in the
province, one at St. John, one aC Moncton,
and one at Port Elgin, wldcli manufacture
homespuns, tweeds, flannels, dress goods, &c.
There are a number of smaller cotton and
woollen mills in the various parts of the pro-
vince.

The fisheries of New
The Fisheries. Brunswick are very valu-
able, and employ a large
number of men. According to the returns of
180.5, the number of vessels engaged in the
New Brunswick fisheries was 238, and boats
0,420, giving employment to 10,389 men. The
fishery products for 1803 were valued at
$4,403,158, and stand second among the pro-
vinces of the Dominion. The kinds of fish
cauglit are cod, haddock, hake, pollack, her-
ring, alewlves, mackerel, halibut, salmon,
shad, sardines, smelt, sturgeon, eels, trout,
lobsters and oysters, most of which are
identical witli the same species in Europe.
The oysters found on the north coast of the
province are of a very fine quality. All the
waters which wash the shores of the pi'o-
vince abound with fish, and the great
rivers are the natural home of the salmon
and trout. There is no country in the world
which offers such unrivalled opportunities
for the angler as New Brunswick. Every
river, brook and lake abounds with fish.

Tliere are indications of miu-
Minerals. oral wealth throughout the pro-
vince, and a number of mines
have been successfully worked.

The following is the otticial statement of
the products of the mines -xported from
New BruusAvick in ISOO :—

Asbtstr.s

Coal '

Crude syp mm

Manganes.>

I^lumtiago

ITiusTought stone and other articles! ^.^" 6,059
Tliere is plenty of sport In this
Sport, province. The Indians (consisting
of tlie Micmac and Amelecite tribes
-the former inliabiting the coast and the
latter the interior) are very inoffensive and
make useful guides in hunting and fishing
expeditions.

s,r)8i

15,268

71.411

Extent and

General
Capabilities.

iunl ript 11. ;

|.i.'i':ilH>. (Jiu>l)t

iinil il very 1;

iiiiiH'i'nls. iuc

lu'siiis. nil 1 11

I iisils (if iilK

!i-i:ll. I'clrjlt

' Hy an Oi-!;
1 1 111' area of tin
anil is now fu:
4

(^ui'lit'f, fidiii I'uir.t Li'vis.

PROVIXCU OF ()ui:bec

■,^& HE i)i-)viiic(' of Quebec lias an

■-^ i% '""''■"' "* l'-S.!l"ll* s(iiiiii'(> miles.

'SifJ^ir^ Tli(> soil of ii fortaiu portiim oi'

^r%j< this iiiiiiiciis!> area is exceedingly

•tn^^X^'i forlile, and eai)al)le (d' Inuli culii-

;^^)$V^ vatioii. 'I'lie cereals. urassi'S,

^S^^K'^ I'oot crops. aiHl man.v ol' tlM>

S''^~^'^ t'l'tiits of tilt' temperate zone.

'''-,. uTow in almndance and to i)er-

Extent and fection. In tlie sontlieni pan

General of llie province Indian corn is

Capabilities- a laru:e crop, and fnll.v I'ipens.

Tomatoes ^row in profusion

:ni(| rip( n. as do also nian.v varieties of

|.-'i':ipe. (,>uel)eo lias vast tracts of forest land,
:'!id M ver.v lar^-,' lumber trade. It is rich in
iiiiiiei'nls. including- ^'old. silver, copper, iron,
! liniihi-ii. naleiia, fdspai', limestone, as-
liesios. an 1 mica, and has .'ilsa immense de-
I osits of pliosphat >s of lime, but it has no

jccal, l'cir)leum lias been found, laiely, in

" H.v an Onk'i- in ('dimcil nf ,)iily Slh, ^^M),
j ilii' ari'U of thu pr^viiRi." of Quelji'c was exteihleil
ami is now fonipuloil to be .■!4T,3r)0 square miles.
4

payiny: quintitir.s, in the county of <!aspe.
'I'he [U-oviiKe has larue dejiosits of valuabli;
peat. Its fisheries are amoni;- the most valti-
iilde in Ca.iada.

Tlie iidiabitaiUs of the Itritish isl.imls and
France will lind themselves at liome in the
province of (,>nebec. the Kuglish ;ind Freiicli
la n,!--!!, I, yes beiiiu' both spoken.

This i)roviiue was ori,i;iuall.\- setth'd by the
Frencli. Amon,i;- tlje lirst lOiiiilisli settlors
V, ho li.\ed their homes in (,.>uebec were the
I'liited i:ini)ire Lo.valisis. wliom the \\'ar
of Independenc" in tlie I'niied Slates caused
to emi.ii-rati' to Canada. As a reco,i;-nition
of tli''ir allegiance tlie Ibillsli ( ioverunient
;;ave ihcm lar,.ie ^'rants of land in tlie lOast-
i-rn 'i'owiisliips in (^)ncbec.

Tile ji'reat UiM'r St. Law
River reiice. wliiih forms so re-

St. Lawrence, mukalile a leaiuie of the
continent of North America,
runs ilirotmli this province from tli(> lu>a(l
of present ocean naviyjil ion lo ilie (Julf of
M, L.'iwrence, and ,s;ives t) tlie province of
(iilebec a '■■miiuefcial position of eomnumd-

QUi'jnEc.

litg import unco, not only In roltition to the
I.voviri.'O of Ontnrlo nnd the Norlh-west of
Canada, but also to n large porf.un of
the ndjohihis T-nitcd Stat '-4. This fjicat
river, apart from its conunandlnu- coniiiicr-
cial iiiiiwrt.mco, is also rcnuirlialde for groat
natural Itouity at every i)oint of its eourso.
Its waters are everywhere clear and gener-
ally bltie : being in this respect tiic oi.po-^itc
of the muddy waters of the Mlssissiiipi ; atul
n.any of its ntlluents wonltl bo estimated
great rivers im the continent of Kuroiio. It
is worth a trip to Canaila to sail up Hie
Pt. LaAvreneo.

Montreal «210.000^ is llie chief city of Can-
ada, the (Oiimercial mnn.poli-;. and the lulu
cipal port of entry. It is btdlt ui)on a scries
of terrac(>s, and is over four miles lonj;
by two brvid. and has a magnllleent back-
uTonnd in Mount Uoyal. which rises about
700 f',>et al)ove the river level. The hotels,
public- buildings and quays are large ai'd
handsome. The city is the centre of the
great railway system of Canada, and is
ihe most import:ant manufacturing district
in tho Dominion, having largo and varied
industries, which glvo employment to many
Ihousiind artis.ins.

Quebec, (70.000), the most historic city of
Canada, is the seat of the Provincial Govern-
nunt. and presents many feal.u-es of great
ii forest, its surroundings including probably
some of the most beautiful scenery in the
Avorlcl. The harbours, quays and graving
dock are of great importance. It has I'ail
and water communication witli every part
of Canada, and passengers from the ocean
steamers g^nerally land there in tlie summer
p« aso'i.

Tlie winters in Quebec are coll
Climate. i>ud the summers s' mewhat simi-
lar to those in Fraace— this prov-
ince having the summer su'.is of France, be-
ing in the same latitude. But very exaggerat-
ed notions prevail abroad as to the severity
of 111" winters in tlie province of Quebec,
'i'lier^ is decided cold : but the air is gener
ally dry and brilliant, anil the cold, there-
fore, no I felt to be uni)leasant. Snow al-
ways covers the ground during the winter
months. Ir paeivs under foot, and maizes
everyvliere wiatcr roads, over which heavy
loads can be drau-n in sleighs with the
g,.p.Tt,.wt ease. Tiiese roads, for the jmrpose

of teaming, are probably the best in tlie
world, and they are aviillable In tlie newest
and roughest parts of the country before the
reguliir summer roads are made. TMie snow
^\)lic)l lasts, goiierally commences In Do-
eiinber and goes nway In April.

The snow covering Is most advantageuns
f ( r agricultural operations, as is also the
■winter frost. Botii leave the ground in a
favourable state, .-^.fter its winter rest, for
rai)ld vegetable gntwtli.

Tlie clim.ite of Qaeliec is <me of the liealth-
icst under tlie sun, as well as tiie most
pleasant to lire In. Fever and ague, though
scourges of the soutli-western States, are
imkiiown here. There is no malaria, every
climavic influence being healthy and pm'e

The soil of the province Is

Soil and foiijid to lie for the most part

Products. extiv^inely rich, and susceptible
of the highest cultivation. It
is adapted to the growth of very varied pro-
ducts. T'l.^ cereals, hay. root crops and
grain crops grow everywhere In abundaupo
wlieri! they are cnltivateil. Spring wheat
gives an a»-erage of about eighteen busliels
to til ' acre. Cattle-breeding on a large scale
is carried on, and for some years past cattle
have been exp>)rtel in large quaiititit>s from
iliis province 1o the lOiiglisli marlcet. For
pastifage the lands of Quebec are of special
excellence, particularly those in the Eastern
'Pown^-hips and north of the St. Liiwrence.

Indian corn, hemp, llax and toliacco are
urowii in many parts of tli(> iirovince and
yield large crops.

Parts of the province of Quebec are es-
pecially favourable for the growth of apples

and plums. Large quantities of the former
are exported, aal some of the varieties
which are pt^culiar to this province cannot
l;e exciUed, aiM tli^y have specialties which
perhaps cannot be e<inalleil. The small

fruits everywhere grow in iirofnsioii. and
grapes, as elsewhere stated, riiien in the
oiton air in the southern ami western parts
of the provinc\ They are now beginning to

be largely grown.

Tiie poimlation of the pro-
Population vince of t^iebec was 1.488,-

and i'''5"> by the census of iSOt.

Industries. Agrictilture is the chief oc-
cii|>ation of the population at
present, but manufactures, lishing in its

bi'st In tlio
11 the iicwtvsi
ry bcfui'u llu'
e. Tlio snow
^ncos In 1*0-

idviuitn^'ouns
I is also tlio
sroiiud ill a
iter rest, for

nf tho lu'iilth-
as (lie most
asno. tlioiifili

I States, are
lalaria, every
y and pnre

3 province Is
he most part
id siispoptiblf
iltivation. It
ry varied pro-
ot erops and
in abnndanco
<pi'in.c wlieat
lUi'cn biisliols

a largo scale
rs past cattle
iaiititit>s from

market. For
are of special

II llie Eastern
:. Lawrence.

1 toliaeco are
in'ovince and

uebec are es-
wth of apples
of the former

the varieties
()viiic(> cannot
'cialti(>s which
The small
ii'ofiision. and

ripen in the
western ])arts
V beiiinning to

on of the pro-
L'c was 1.488,-
■<ns of 1801.
s the chief oc-
! popnlation at
lishinjr in its

t "r

grent water!
InbourH of a
tinitH, as do n
l.iiililliiK.

The mo Jt
tlie huuboL-h
111 iiiiiny part

(1-, UfUl ill t

for himself i

Tlio oxtcns
iii))l(l 111 the
I'l'deratlon ; n
great ilevolo]
II iimifac'torlo
tnliHshed.

The provim
nud women,
vnst resource

Tlio prlnelp
lirovlnce aro
sawn tlmbi>r,
el (Muloals, SO!
woollen fjoodi
!i,i;rlc'iiltiir.il I
cheese and bi
Fintistlcs of ]

Tli'j statlKth
vlnce of Quel
1801. are :

Capital Invo.stt
Number of em]
Wases paid . .
Value! of produ

Means of
Comraunicatic

men lis of eoti

has other la

which niav he

ilivldes it froi

.•ilso in its tu

sklcrable lent

koks, affords

sini, in the

Maurice is na

tauce ; and th

rciuarkablo ri

I fact, in tlie ^

jroavly to vieM

I livers of loss

IIh'c'ii stated t1

jliiis been very

Icoiinect all the

41/2

t:^iii:ii[t:s asd mixi-jum^s.

gront waters, niul commorct', occupy tht!
InbourH of a cousldoniblf^ part of lis liilialil-
tniits, as do also liinihoriuK, milling and ship-
ImlhliiiK.

The luojt Important trade In Quebec Is
the hunboL'lng Industry, and this affords.
In ninny parts, a ready market for the farm-
tr, and in the winter season employment
for himself and Ma horses.

The extension oi -allways has been very
rapid In the province of Quebec since Coii-
I'lM lend Ion ; and th:!se have led to a very
great development of wealth. Many largt-
II nnufactorlos have also been recently es
tabllshed.

The province has yet much room for men
nud women, and for capital to develop Its
vast resources.

Tho principal articles manufactured In tlii.-t
I'l-ovince arc! clotii, linen, furniture, leather,
sawn timbi'r, flax. Iron and hardware, paper,
el eniloals, soap, hoots iind shoes, cotton and
woollen j?oods, cheese, &c., and all kinds of
ngrlcultiir.il implements. There were ti,274
cheese and butter factories, according to the
ctatlstlcs of 1893.

The statistic 3 of manufacturing in the pro-
vince of Quebec, according to the census of
1801. are :

Capital invosted $118,291,115

Number of employees 117,389

Wases paid $ 30,699,115

ValiU! of products 1153,195,583

Tho great River St.
Means of Lawrence, from the earll-

Communication. ost period of settlement
has afforded the chief
means of commuiiicition, but the province
has other large navlg.able rivers, among
wliich may be mentioned tho Ottawa, which
divides it from the province of Ontario, and
iilso in its turn his ufTlnents of very con-
siderable length ; the KIchelieu, with its
Iccks, affords communication with the Hud-
son, m the state of Xew York ; tlie St.
Maurice is navigable for a considerable dis-
tance ; and the Saguenay is one of the most
Miimrkablo rivers on the continent, or, In
fact, in tlie worhl, and thousands visit it
:o:niy to view its scenery. There are other
livers of loss imjjorraice. It has already
bi'i'ii stated thvt the extension of railroads
liiis been very rapid, and these, in fact, now
coiinoct all the consldavable centres of popn-

41/8

hitloii both on the north and south sborca
of the St. Lawrciiis'. The wild lauds nrn
ojiene.l up by colonization roads, and besides
the regula.' iii.iiiHlamized roads there are
nadw everywhere tliroiigliout the province.

It has been already stated that
Fisheries th'! pro-iuco of Quebec Is rich
and In minerals Gold la found

Minerals, i" tho district of Beaiice and
oLsinvliere. Copjier abounds In
the Eastern Tow.ishlps, and Iron Is found
in mfiny places Some very rich Iron mines
aVo being worked, notably by the Canada
Iron Furnace Company (rilmlted), employ-
ing 7.j0 men. Lead, silver, platinum, asbes-
tos, &c., are found In abundance. Asbestos
is found In great anantities, especially In
the counties of Megantle, Artliabnska,
Boauoe, Bromo, Ottawa, Richmond and
^Volfe. The great deposits of phosphate
of liine, particularly in the Ottawa valley,
have been elsewhere alluded to. These
mines have b.^cn exttnisiveiy worlced, anl
hirge quantiti 'S of pliosphate have been
(exported. This mineral brings a high price
in England, owing to Its high percentage
of puiity. Mica is also I'ouml in good quan-
tity in Ottawa and Pontiac districts and It
s( cms to exist In superior quality in the
district of Sa.iuenay, notably In Bergeronnes
and Tadoussac, whiao the Government have
sold two valuable mines.

The fisheries of tlie pi'ovince are a great
Ik on to tlio settlors and fishermen resident
oil its coast II i!.s. Tho fishing industry has
attained lar.ge proportions, the products
being exported to distant portions of the Do-
minion and foreign parts.

Tenant farmers from
Farms for Sale the old country may
and find frequent opportuni-

Government Lands, ties to purchase im-
proved farms in the pro-
^iiice of (Quebec at very reasonable prices—
fi-om £4 sterling to fO sterling per acre, in-
cluding dwelling-lionses. outbuildings and
fenci ig. Farms of tills description, par-
ticnlaily suited to emigrants from the United
Jvingdom, may he found in the Eastern
Townships.

It has been already stated that about
0000,000 acres of lan.l have been surveyed
by th(; Governmi'iit. for sale.

"ff

>,)i'i-jnkc.

I.iiiiils pnrcli.isi'il I'rnin

Land Regulations. Hi.' (J..v.iiii.i.mii an- (..

1)1' i»il(l Till' In tlu' liil-
lowlii;; iiiiiuniT : (Hii'lll'lli i>r llic imrcluisc
lHOUf.V is nMllllri'il to lie imlii ilic dii.v i>r Ihr
liiilo, iiMil lln' rcMuiliiilcr III fi'ur ('(iiiiil yrarl.v

l|i8tlllllH'llH. luMirilU' llllcrcHi 111 » ptT iM'lll.
Hut l!ic |>l'lci> !l! wlllrll llic lilllils arc st.lil

Is HO low I'l I -"> <'''m« '" "" cclils \ivv

IRTO (lOtl. to lis, r.l.yl. StK.>-flial Illi'Sf fon

(UtUrtiH an- iioi mtv liiirilciiMomf : In I'arl,
they an- oiiiihiili'iu to u'lvliii.' Ha' lamis I'rco.
as till! pfl<i' at wliicli llu'y arc sold Is liaivly
sulHclcnl to fov M- the cost (if Miaklny; Hic
survey and coii-tirnciln.y; the roads,

The )Mirclia>iei' Is reiinlred to take posses
sloii .if the land sol 1 within six months of
(he (bile oi' llie sale, and to oeenpy II within
two ycais. He iimst clear, In the conrsc
ol ten yeafs, ten acres for every hundred

held hy him. and erect a lialillaldi- I se of

llic dlnii nsloiis of lit least Id fi-cl l«y un feet.
The Idlers paleni arc Issued free of charge.

'riie parts of the province of (^iieliec now
liivlllii!; cido ii/.i<io I are the l,aUe St. .T(diii
districi, the \alleys i>( ihe Sa«:ncnay. Si.
.Maiirl"e. and theoiliwa Klvers, Ihe Kaslcvn
Towiidilps. Lower SI. I-awrciice. Lake 'rem-
iscniiniirnc. Caspc. and llic \allcy of ilic
.MMlaiiciiii!

'I'lic Citadil, i.iuclicc,

liiKf posses
\ numtlis of
ipy II wltli'ii
» the iMMirsc
cry liiiiKlri'd

lltlc llOllSI' of

■t \>y 1:1 • feet.
I'c ol" cliiuw.
(^lU'lu'c now
iki' SI. .Tolili
i«:iu'iiiiy, SI.
. I lie KiiMicni
■, Luke 'I'i'in
iillry or til.'

^gmiwmfMTvmi^

Lumberinjr in the Winter.

ill

.ill
■ -4

b'i

Lcgisliitivc ]3uil(liii;,'s, Toroiitii.

PROVlNCi: OF OXTARIO

6<%v~- ^"'i'AUIO ('iiilif.-ict's Mil ••irrn iirMlMiin
<?i'^'5«^ '^vo litin.lrcil ;iii(l tw('iiiy-i\v<) tliiiu-
iyi^^i- s;ni(l sqii:irc miles, aiul lin.sii udim
.'''#/ '"''"" <'.\c('ciliiii;- two inilliiiiis.

KfilcciiKMl. as llic ciillivalcd iior-
"i^^jii tiou of the jn'oviiicf lias liccn.
^^^r**'-" '"'■""" ""' pi'inicval I'dfcsi. it is
'^%)U' '"•'''1'"'^'^ I" >^:i.v tliMt llif vast
*'! wealth of limber still I'emaiiiiim-

i^ •"•" 111' its most valiialile lierilan-es.
lapahle of fiiniishiim- an at)iiii:Iaiit siij)-
ply, both for home eoiisiimjitioii ami
for every probable demaml that com-
ii'ei'c' can make upon it. for lon^- yi'ars
to rome. Thoimh much has been added of
iMie years to the liciieral knowledge of the
silbjecl. the .ufeat region which Is ciiisider-
"• bi be the main d(-posiiory of nature's
most liliei'al .yifts ni mineral weallli. is as
\i-\ abiios, nne.\pl.,re(l, and only known as
to its n-eiieral external feainres, Hnt eiioiiuii
is already established to show that the dis-
Irlcts north of Lakes Huron and Superior
are eiioi-motisly rich In t

lion, sil\ er.

per, nickel, and otl

1'-

tliat the ('anadian I'acitic Uaihvay is riiii-
niiii.' Ihrouuh that country, an early develop-
ment of tlie miiiinji' industry is sni<' to '
low. The recent discoveries, in the Lal<e of
the Woods and Kainy Wivcr districts, oi' rich
deposits ef free inilliim' y-old indicate the ex-
isti'iicr- oi' a wide area of auriferous coitii-
lr.\- in that liltledciiowii portion of tlie jn-o-
\iiic(>. It has bet'ii ;c<cerl allied, morc'ivor,
llitit the nickel deposits are practically of
illimitable extent and eiiornioiis value. In
eastern Ontario tlier(> li;i\e been considerablo
liiids of .u-old. nalena and mica, while the
qu;irr;, inj;' of apatite, o" ]ihospiiate of lime,
anl luar'ole of excellent ipialily. are both
liroliiable industries. In the sonthi>rii dis-
trict, near I,;ikc '.luri'ii, are the famous oil
springs, Ifiun which petrolenni is obtained In
imineiise (luaniities : further to tlu' north in
the same dislrici arc jirolilie salt wells,
which send forth an abiiudanl supply of
brine, the salt obtained fi'oni wliich forms
a, lar.uf ileiii in the c(niiinerce of the place ;
\\iiile eastward on liu ilrand Ui\

iiand Itiver there ai'O

.Jli

ler miiier.'ils, and now <'Mt'iisi\-e mines of uypsnm or iilaster of

ONlAinO.

Palis. There are also emisidcrablo areas of
peat beds in several parts of the province ;
its rivers and lakes are well supplied witli
fish, and its forests with yanie. But the
great and abounding element of Ontario's
natural wealth is iu its soil, and to it and its
products it is desired to direct the altentlon
»f intending iuunigrants.

Toronto, the seat of tlie Trovincial
Cities, (rovernnient, had a population of
1S1.23) aceordiug to the cen.^us (f
1801. It is a city of whicli any country
might be proud ; it is continuing to grow
steadily both in wealth and population, and
has many very tine publi<' l)ull(liugs and
many important uiauufactorles.

niunication by water and railway, and is a
large manufacturing city.

The soil of this province
Demand i"'iy ^^ generally described
for 'IS very rich. It varies In

Labour. different localities, but a
large proportion of the
whole is the very best for agricultural and
horticultural i purposes, including the grow-
uig of all kinds of fruits which flourish In
1 lie temperate zone ; its special adaptation to
the growtli of these being favoured as well
by its summer suns as by the modifying in-
fluence of the great lakes.

Men to work and develop the agricultural
vnCi mineral resources are, tlierefore. the kind

«!

:M^%^

Tcll'Olltd.

O'tawa has a population of about ,")(),000 ;
it is the seat of the Dominion Government,
and here are erected the Houses of Parlia-
ment and departmental buildings. Tiiese
edifices are of great beauty, and excite the
admiration of all visitors to tlie capital.
Ottawa is the centre of the Ontario lumber
trade.

Hamilton (population 48,080) is beautifullv
rutuated on tlie smitli-west sliore of Hurling-
ton Bay, at tli(> extreme west end of Lake
Ontario. It lias excellent facilities for cora-

of settler Ontario most needs. Agricul-
turists, from farming being the leading in-
dustry, stand in tlio lirst place. The demand
fcr female domestic servants is ahvay^i
large and steady. But as respetis
artisans and meclianics, and men required
by its numerous i!id\istries, they are referred
to tlie general directions to classes who
should immigrate to this country, in the
earlier pages of this book.

Ontario has now Ixn'ome an important
m.anufaeturing country. The leading indiis-

UL/JATi,:

£5

tiic's lire \v<irks for mfikiii]^ all kinds of jijii'i-
culliiral iinpluuieiits, in iron aiul wood, wag-
ons, carriages, railroad rolling stock (iucUui-
ing locomotives), cotton factories, woollen
factories, tanneries, fninitiire factories, fl;ix
works, ordinary iron a;id hardware works,
I'uper and pulp factoi'ies, soap works, wood-
cnware, &c. The bountiful water supply In
Ontario, as well as steam, is used for motive
power in tliese manufactures.

Ont. It must be obvious that such an insti-
tution is calculated to aid very materially in
the development of every branch of agricul-
tural industry.

The climate of Ontario varies

Climata. according to latitude, altitude and

situation with reference to the

great lakes, but is, upon the whole, one of

tlie most pleasant and healthful iu the world.

The extremes of heat and cold are greater
The census returns for Ontario relating to tlian in Great Britain, but the purity and
nanufacturing are as follows, and refer to dryness of the atmosphere render the hottest

days in summer as well as tiie coldest In
winter endurable without much discomfort.
In tlie southern region, bordering on the
lower lakes (Erie and Ontario), tlie winter
usually begins about Christmas and lasts
until the latter part of March. Further to
the north it begins a little earliin-, say about
tlie middle of December, and breaks up dur-
ing the tirst or second week in April. Ex-
cept in the northern region, there is no -win-
ter in Ontario lasting over four mimtlis, and
its average duration in tlie settled portion of
the province {i)reviousiy described) is from
tliree montiis in the soutliern and western
to throe and a half, or at most four months
in tlie eastern and northern districts. Tliougfi
In the northern parts of the province the
winter begins earlier and breaks up later
tliaii ill ilie soutliern, yet so far as settle-
ment lias yet advanced to the west and
nortli, the seasons liave offered no bar to the
successful lu-osecution of agriculture.

April ushers in the spring, which comes
with great rapidity, the luxuriant vegetation
being a perennial source of wonder and ad-
miration even to those who have witnessed

the year 18'J0 :—

Capiial iiive.stod $175, 07?, 021

.\uralier of emphiyeosi 16('.,;;2G

Wages pai;l if 49, 731^, Sort

Vahio of pr.-rhi.jts ,$240,100, 2«7

The .Vgriculturnl College
Agricultural 'ind Experimental Farm,
College. II 'ir tlie city of Cuelph. forty-

nine miles west from Toron-
to, ill the midst of a fine farming district,Aver(>
establislied by the Provincial (Jovernnient.
under tlie administrative control of the Tro-
vincial Minister of Agriculture for the special
l.urpo.se of giving a practical and scientific
education to the sons of farmers. The farm
consists of some ooO acres, and is fitted with
(•ver.\- appli.ince for successfully carrying out
its purpose of giving to the youth who at-
tend it tliorough and practical knowledge of
every branch of agriculture, more especially
of tliose bi'anclies which are best adapted for
lirolitable prosecution In the province, ac-
cording to conditions of climate and soil. It
is conducted by an able staff of professors,
instructors, and tiie fees are exceedingly
moderate.

il '"!' twenty or tliirty years, but wliose mem-

Tho Experimental Farm h is conferred ories recur to the slower growth with which

great benefit on the agriculturists of the pro- they werj made familiar in tlie country

vince, by the importation of Ihorougli-bred where they .spent their youth. For the prac-

siock from Great Hritain, and by holding tical purposes of the farm the spring is a

ui'iuial sales as the animals multiply on tin- " short " season and a busy one. The genial

farms. It annually distributes seeds and rains wliicli fall lilierally "in April and May.

grains tliat have been imiiorted from Europe und the increasing warmth of air and soil!

iiud tested for two or three years. Tlie re- push fiu'ward vegetation with great vigour^

suits of its various experiments in grain- Ji'id in a few weeks the summer time and

.urowing. feeding and dairying, are jmblisli- the liarvest are hurried on togetlier

-l in bulletins from time to time. Fully The suninier season is usually rckoncd

"1-1 ed labu atones are ..onnected with from the middle or eitd of May to the mid-

nii c.-llege and 1 arm, and every department die of September, ruder the steadv warmth

iltnral instruction is well ora-.'inizcd.
Further informal iim

of agriculU.ral instruction is well organized, and refreslK-d by o.^asional brief but copi

,,„.,,., ,, '""•^' ''^' obtained ous showers, the crops make rapid progress

.hrou.^h the presld..a of ,he college, (U.eipli. and the n.onth of .htne is hardlv finished eTe

OSTAIilO

the liuiii •)f i>rt'i)iinilit)ii for 11>o linrvcst Is
heard. Hay cuUinK bejiins about th<_- oiul of
Juno, and wheat harvest iiifr in the lirst week
of .Inly, hi the most southern parts of the
provhice. In otlier hiealities bolli operations
be^in a wcel< or two hiter, according to llie
sittiation. All the other firain crops follow
in rapid sneoossioii, so that by the end of
August the harvest is coiiiijleted tliroii.i;hotit
the in-ovince. The harvest time is usually
the period of extrente summer heat, yet
those who worlv in tiie open fields, nniler the
rays of the smi, in tlie mi(hlle of the hottest
days seldom suffer injlU'y or even serious
discomfort if tliey use (U'dinary precautions
for tlieir i)rotection.

Tlie autumn season, called the " l^'all." is
the most ■lelicimisly eii.ioyalile weatlier of

the cool ojien weatlier, with occasional heavy
rains, runs well on throuuli l)eceml)er, es-
pecially in tlie soutli western districts.

Tli> position of Ontario, will-.
Access to r 'sp.>et to its me.ins of access
Markets. to th" m.arlvets of the world,
is very advanlaKcou.s. Its iti-
t( rior me ins of trans])ort are ain])Ie. At
half a dozen ditfereiit points its railway sys-
tem connects witli tliat of tlie Inited Staxes.
Its mafiniliccnt system of lake, canal and
liver naviijatioa acconiinodates not only Its
own trade, but also a jj:reat portion of tlie
trade of the \\'esu'rii States. Toi'onto, its
capital, the seat of ilie I'rovincial (Jovern-
ih( lit and Lcfii-'lal ii.'i'. of tlie Universities
and otlu'r institutions of learniuix. and of
tlie Law Courts, is a line and tlonrisliiiifi

I )<\ il's i;a|), Lake- nf tlic Wduds, Out.

Ilie wliole year lo lliose wlio do not sive tlie city ;nid offi'fs a r-ady marl<ct for almost

preferelK .■ to lln' crisp air. tlu> keen frost < vcry'.hiii.ii- tiie fanin'i' has to sell. II is tlie

and musi.- ol tlie slei.uli-lielis in winter, headtiuarters of ilie principal exporters of

Aiituiim is iioi less lieaiitifnl tlian suiiimer ; live sidcU and •<\' Hie Uadiii;;' nieii in coiii-

tlie .■iimosphci- ■ is cooler, hill III Ocidliev nirclil an 1 iiiaiiiif^iciiiriii;.;' Imsliiess. ;iiid

and sometimes in Novemlier the days are of 'he centre of .i complete network of r.ail-

)i .genial waniilh, and the nijiiils coid and wiiys exl.-iulin.;' ilirounhcuil liie province in

refrediiiiL;-. 'I' le operations on the farm at all directimis. 'I'lie trip from Torouto to

this s'asoii cniisist mainly of pre]iaraliiins Iaveri»ool cm i imw be made witii ease and

fir the nevi iipproachliin- si'asons <if \\lnler (uiiiforl in ejj;lil or nine days by the present

Mid sprin.u'. The .niillieriii;;- :inil storinsi' of Si. LawrciU'c s|...i icm\-;. and mi-lil be ma<lo

root crops. Ilie -fall" pliMi.i;hin,u. and the in niiicli less ir,.i" by the "ocejin urey-

prep,-i rat lull L'eiienilly fur wlnierini;- stuck. In unds " !.,'ir,u:.' iiuaiilitles of farm .■ind

should keep Hi' larncT ;ind his help busy, dairy pro,li;ce ar.' sent yearly to ISritisli

wlieiiever the wciilier piTinils. II is usual n .•irkeis.

le has(> ;i fltirrv of snow sunii'ijnies in Xo- The 'iiark't-! tlir aiirhoul Ilie province ai'e

vemb'T, which.

liovvev.'r.

ddom lies more within eas\- rein'li of the fanner in every

lliaii a

day ol' 1 wo. wli'ii it disappears

an. I

111

dis'ricl. The liliihw.-iys are siil)staii-

is:m< . .
b^it."). ..

1.S.Sl> ill I
S|iriii;; wlici
ISIMl. ,

\x'^r^. .
IS,S-.> no
liai-Icv :

IHIH)....
1S!I,-| . . ,

lssi> ;m;

! ):it.^ :

l.siii;., .
I'^'.l.-). ...
ISS2 ;ii;

live :

ISllli. .
ISII.')..

iss.'-iii;

Pca> :

l.S'.Mi

l.siiri

ISSl' I Mi
rillelavli|.,it ■
IS'.tli. . .

I.Sl).")

ISSl' !!(;..
l!e:ili.s ;

l«Ni . .

I.S!!.-,

1S,S2 !l(;. .
I'litiitiies :
I.'^ili; . . ,

l.S!C)

l>sj m; .
.Miii'/el-wurzi

bsiii;

I Si I.-). ,
ISSU !)i;

'.■|Met.< ;
ISilli ..

I SI I.')
ls.v'-iio..'

* f 4

SOIL.

liMll.v nijKl,' aiil kept in sood rcimir. towns
Jiinl vill.-iKt's ;nv tliioUly dotted ovor tlic (•oiii.-
tr.v. Wnxit seldom inoro tliiiu IVoni live to
till iidlcs .•iiiiirt. niKl jill fjiriiis ;nv witliiii
ii short distance of a railway station. Tiie
(inestion of easy access to niarliets is on"
wliieli tniKlit 1)0 supposed to Involve serions
(liftleulties in a eount fy enibnieiiiK sncli a
wide ran^o of distances ; but. practically,
tlie means of tfansiiort aio so ample and the
frelKht rates so regultited. and npon the
whole so low, that there is no .settled part
ef the proviueo in wliich nmterial obstacles
are prest-nted. eitlu'r as ri'spects costs or
(onveiiience.

<»n:ario his many varieties of soil

Soil, nearly all of which are fertile and

ea.sy of cultivation. The m,j.st com-

I'IKLI) CHOl'.s

""" •■'I'-' ilie loams ,f dilferont kinds, black,
<liiy and sandy. Ther(> are al.so liirht nml
iK'iivy clay soils, sandy soils, and in some
districts ncirsh a iil alluvial soils of ^;r,'at
depth restinj,' ou 'lay bottoms. The old
fiirms are in .som.; places partially M-orn
otit throu-h loii--c.)ntinue(J Avheat cropping' ;
btit they still yield a profitable rettirn If
cultivated with the vi,.w to stock-raising or
d.airy farmlu- th- two branches whicli pro-
iiuse in til.' future to be tlie leadiuf,' f.;atures
"f .•lyricultural industry in Ontario, both of
wliich liave a tendency to restore and ne-
rich the soil.

Tlie following fj;ives tlie area and produce
ot th' prii.-ip-.I tield crops of Ontario far
IS!).-, and IsiMi, with the yearly averaw for
I lie fifteen years 1,S82-!1G :—

ONT.ARK).

■'i.-!d

Clllp!

Acres,

liushcls. '^''fl<'

I HI- acre.

iroviuce are
ler in every
are substan-

i''.cll u hi-ut :

l,Sl)(i

l«l."). ...

1S.S2 !»; .

Sprinj,' Hlii-iit
IS'.Ml. ,

isin..

ISS-.' !l(i
liai-lev :

IWHi....

IHII.-i ....

ISKL' !«)
! )at.-i :

ISIIIi

I SIC,

1SS2 lit; .

I!v.

1'^

ISiMl,

ISSi-

II ;

!!(>

Is: Hi

ISil;-)

ISSL'

liilrkulir.it ■

isDi;...

l.Sl).'>

I.SSl' !lli...
bfans :

I.S'.m;
'■•^ii-i . ..'.

1SNL> !li;
I'cit.-itucK :

ISilli .

IWIi'i ....

ISSl> "III . .
.M.iliK-|.|-\vtii'Zel,'

1'~<!II>...

LSI in.

1SH2 !l(i

(•

irrot.s :
IS'lii ..
l.sir,

is,v> !m;

8"(i,il55

7-f:t,i!i!)

2r)r,,;!i;i
22;<.!i57

4! II), INS

-i<iL',7!lL'
■f7S,ii-n:
(i"ir).ii7;!

8.42.-,. 107
2,.S7;f.;ii)!i
].s;f,s,ii,s!(

i4H,i;,so

12 I. .Til)
11)2, 4 7;i

S2i),ll()l
7!)!l,;)l«
7ii7,S44

i4.-i,i;iii;
i:cj.2i;2

!I1,S2.-)

(!S,3(>il I
72,747 t

.Si,;<oi
i7M,!i(;.-,

lS4,li47
15S,244

sii.b'i
.34,;«;i

22.47S

I2,;«;i
i;i,(ii)L'
lii,in;i>

l'\ii7N. 141 '
14.I.V)L',S2
17,1120,01(1 :

•'i,."il!).H22
;i,472,54;i
7,444,411 !

12,(ii;!),744

i2.oiii),r>o7 I
bi.7:.l,»i5

.S2.!l7!).!lli-..>
st.(i:i7..5i;i;

(Ni.Dll),!)!!.'

2,230,v7;t
1.!ini).ii7

1,ii:il,7'.i!i .

17, l!i:i,MS
l-\.->(iMi,.S
14 .•i22,27;i

2,iiii2.i;i;'.i

2,7!l|,74!i
1,7!IS,(JL>S

l,i!i7,.-.;c,

1.(!)4,17l)
(i27.-|(il)

2l,:ii),\477
2: 1, 3', II I, ss 4
IS.7ll4,4'.lli

bi,s4ii,4el
ir,,! Mil, All:.)

'•'.ill 0.408

4,(I1.S,441
4..JSl,;(r.s

;i,7.->;<.s,sL'

17-2
111
111!)

l.SS
15 .',
15-2

27-4
25-3
2.-) (i

;i4 2
.T, 7

;i4 ;i

150
158
15

21 ■]
1!) 5

20-2

17II
21 1 (I
1!) Ii

17 5

20-5
17 ■•1

nil
I.-,! I

nil

4(17
4(14
441

.'^74
352
352

Oy TAJIK).

FIKLl) CROPS -ONTARIO.

Fii-Ul cnps.

AC'II ■^

I'.Usll,

Yifia
jicr iicrc.

Tiiniips :

ISIKI

isii:)

1HS2 '.Mi

Curii f(ii- luisUiiig (ii' tlic ciu') i

isim

1S<.)5

1S!)2-0() (five years)

Corn fur silo and focUlcr (Kn-eii) :

1S!I(>

IH'.t.-.

1S!I2 '.Hi (five years)

llav and clover ;

' l.S'.lO

1«!),5

18S2 llli

151,^<lll
llT.ooT

317,l!C7
302,'.IL".)
257,340

178,!l(i2
14!t,H<,)il
12r>,4il8

2,42(1,711
2,,W7,(i74
2,381,!I03

li'.l,H14,841
(13, 1! Mi, 702
41MiS!t,(l55

24,071, 3(i4

24,S1!I,«'.I!I

1S,0>)3,S1.")

tons.

1,'.I4S,7H0

1,770,054

1,354,52(1

2,2li(t,24()
l,S4!l,'.tl4
3,204.072

471
41S
423

75. S

Sl.O

7(t.3

tons.

10. W)

11. S5

10.70

.03

.73

1.35

The ostiniiitos in August wore : fall wheat, croi) of America (north and south) for

1-1.51G.0S.S bushels ; sp''iug wheat. 3,077,7r>7
bushels ; barley, 12.a(.V,.i.'91 bushels : oats
84,074,508 bushels ; rye, ii,353,(J01 bushels
liens, 18..'.or.922 bushels.

Bridge over Winnipei; River.
The total area under the crops enuuu'r-
ated above Is 8,511,444 acres, as compared
with S.Hli 1.173 acres in 1895. The .area de-
voted to p.nture in 2.619,744 acres. The es-
tiinat -d ari-a in orchards, garden and vino-
yard is 320,122. The number of apple trees
of baaring .nge is placed at 5,913.y0(!, while
there are 3.548,058 youug apple trees planted
in orchanls. The yield of apples in 1S9(! is
estimated to bo 55,895,755 bushels or an
average of 9-45 b"shels per tree of bearing

The Wheat The flgi:res for 1895 show the

Crop of the total Avheat crop of the world.

World. l>y continental divisions, and tlie

tabulated shitemeut shows the wheat

1895. The detailed statement of the
world's wheat crop is ditficidt to make
because in some impoftant: wheat-growing
countries ollicial returns of wheat proline
tlon are not made and a comparison
would thereft)re be incomplete. In 1895 the
total Kuropean production, as near as can
be estimated, was 1,443.233,(MM» bushels, the
totiil Asian production, 4O4..-7S.000, the total
North Am-rican. 53.S.5G3,0(J0, the total Soutli
American. 85,U(MJ.(K)0, the total African, 4S,-
S42.()(J(t. and tlie total Australasian, 32.4G1,-
0(10, nialdng a. grand total of 2,552,077,000
bushels.

W'hotlier available, official figures, either
prelindnary or flnal, have been used.
It is unfortunate that in some Important
wlieat-growing countries otticial returns of
wheat production are not made. In sucli
case commercial estimates have been used.

In I lie countries of the Southern Hemis-
phere the whJMt harvest takes idace from
November to Febi'uary, and tlie estimates
given for these countries are for the twelve
montUs ending ().'tober 31st of the years
indicated at the head of each column. The
unit of measure used is the AViuchester
bushel, which In- o capacity of 2,15042
cubic inch's. Wliore the original (luantities
!ire stated by wi-ight they have lieen reduceil
lo bushels on ili.- sonuwhal arbitrary stan-
dard of (H) lunui'ls of wheat to the bushel.

Yield
JHT acre.

471
-US
42;i

7r..H

SI.! I

7IK.S

tons.
10.Si>
11. Sf)
1(1. 7! I

.'.13

.73

1.35

south) for
•lit of tho
It to mako
iioat-gi'owin.u;
lioat pi'oihii'

compiirisoii

111 1S95 the
iioar as can

bushols, tho
300, the total
total South
Afrieau, 4S,-
siau, 32,4G1.-

2,5o2,(J77,(X10

guros, either
boeu used,
ne iiuportaut
al returns of
ide. In sueli
,-e been used.

theni Ileniis-
■s idaee from
tlie estimates
or tho twelve
of thi! .years
eoluuin. Thy
e Winchester
y of 2,150-42
iial (luantities
' l)een reduced
ii-bitrary stun-
> the bushel.

Ihiitt

Ontario, .
Manitolii
K.St, of C

Total

Mexico .

Total

Argentina
ITrii(,'uay
Chile

Total

lloinp,
lirofitabk
tomatoes
the provi
f' ctlon.
St. Clair
all- and a
The ^rov
I'lriug iiK
IiiimiMise
\\ostin-n
all the p
or are co
(Uiction o

As to t
liroviiK'e,
ing to tlj(
ol' Indus:!

!!ini,r4-,i;

stated as

''attic.
1 1 orses . .
Sliei'p . .

I'ig''....
I'oultry

_li*'

STATISTICS.
WFIKAT CKOP.

W!)3,

I Hush. Bush. BuhIi

iriiited StatcM 01 1,780,000 r)1.5,!)4»,0OO ;V.«),l:{2,fK)0

9"''""'", 33,1)11,000 2i),(l!)0,0()0; 22,4ir.,0O0

,}'"r.A •■■, 23,i)23,(HM) 14,!M)!),O0Oi 10,108,000

Kcst, of Ciumiln, 5,101.000 o,102,000j 4,120,000

Total Ciinada . ,

.Mexico

Total North Ain.iicii

IKOl

1805.

BuhIi. BiiHh.

400,207,0001 407,103,000

20,507,000 18,18,3,000

17,714,00(( 32,777,000

0,302,000; (),,500,000

(i2,03j5,000 4!>,7Ol,000; 42,050,(JOO| 44,583,000: 57,40(t,(JOO

15,0OO,(MI0 14,000,0(M)| 15,000,000

18,000,000; 14,000,000

.'Vi'gciitiiia .
rruKiiiiy .
Chill-

Total Mouth Auicrica

O'<0,415,000 570,050,0001 453,782,0OOJ 522,850,000 538,5(i3,(XI0-

.32,000,000 30,(MH),0f)O: .■)7.(100,000 8O,0(N),0O0' 00,0(K),000

2,805,000 3,2i>2,(MK); 5,703,000 8,!»l,'),000, 10,000,000

18,000,000: 10,500,0001 10,000,000 l(i,(MK),O0Oi 15,000,000

81,703,000: 104,!)15,000i 85,000,000

52,805,000| 55,702,000

liomp, flax, t()l)ii('co and wiiKar-bet-t aio
profitable ci-ops. M.iizo, or Indian corn, and
tomatoes, ripen well, wblle in all parts of
the provini-e api)Ios and grapes come to per-
f< ctlon. In the Xia:^ara, Lake Erie and I.alc?
St. Clair regions, p.iiebe.« ripeu in the open
air and are produced in immense quantities.
The Sfowth of such products forms an un-
erring index to the character of the climate.
Immense (luantities of grapes are grown In
■v^estern Ontario especially, and shipped to
ail the principal uuirlc :ts of tlie Dominiou,
or are consumed in the districts in tlie pro-
duction of wiuo.

As to the valiii; of the live stock in tiie
province, it may be mentiontd that, accord-
ing to the r jturns published by the Bureau
of Industries, it was estimated in 189.") at
Mll,'^",!;."'.!*. Tlie number of animals is
staled as folloivs :— -

The value of the cheese ex-
Dairy Farms. poi-t;>d has more than doubl-
ed within recent years, Cana-
dian cheese being now recognized as tlie best
made in America ; xud of late years it has
competed successfully with the KngUsh-madij
article. A single clieese, weighing a little
over "eleven tons.' malo iu the province
el Ontario. ex,'ited the wonder and admira-
tion of visitors to the World's Columbiau
Exhibition at Chicago lu 1S!)3. The follow-
ing figures tell the progress of the chee.sfr
trade : —

Quantity e.xported. Value.

1S86

Lbs.
974,736

1890 94,260,187

1891 1(;6,202,140

tS92 118,270,052

W^i 132.946,365

18(4 iri4,977,480

1895 146,004,650

1S96 164,689,123

$
123,494

9,372,212
9,508,800
11,652,412
13.407,470
1.5,488,191
14,253,002
13,956,971

LIVE STOCK— ONTARIO.

•'attlo..

llill-SOS. .
Slll'C|l .,

I'ig'*.. ..

I'oultry

On liaiid .Tiilv 1.

No.

2,150,103
647,000
2,022,735
1,209,072
7,752,840

Value.

40,708,017

40,283,754

7,708,442

7,101,211

2,1,50,023

Sold or Killed in Previous
Vcai'.

418,131
40, .340

082,315
1,150,002
1,030,507

103,058,047

Value.

13,272,127
2,010,301
2,484,(il2

10,007,(>07
800,334

20,301,111

r '•■!,

f. i-'»

osTAino.

Tho ImU.T -M-rUMl n^^^o^^uWi^ lU ISM. o
5.889;J-«l lUMl is, valtio i a. Jfl-T.-JO-;.. bn."'U
,i,v iMliis iu:.lo. Willi <iuv.Tniu»-ui assi.^i
a,u-(" t- fstal.llsl. rn"iin.nU.H and Improvo
ih.' 'fiih .'IS ill tl..' art of iMiii.Ti.uildnu.
whicli lia« not as yot been vcr> tUovouKlil.v
iinil.M-si.MMl anions' Hie n.;,.i... ii.v '.■ M,- rural
nonnlati...!. rravc-lliu« <Uilrlos. un-lor th'-
,ll,v..|i..n ul- (lu- Minimi'-' "f AKric.iltnro lor
Onlario. have bivii s'-iit tl.n.ti^'lM.ut tlu- pro-
vliic- inpiii the Aiiriculluval ('(.llc;i<'. (Juflpli
for tlu> past live y.-ars. Tlu-rc arc Ilirtv
dnlry schools, at r.uclpii, at Kingslon anl
at ssiratliroy.

Fruit fanning (i'in))racln>; vino

Fruit cnUurc) Is another branch to

Farming. >vl>i<'li tlic aitcnlion of ii*' in-

t Mi'lin.!,' settler In (»ntarl(. shonhl

be ilirccled. In any part of the provinci' of
'Ontario the fainier may have his orcliaiil.

Ontario. Thontrh apples may be cnllivated
with proiii in any of the settled portions of
IhLM.rovince, It 1h only In the soiilhern region
above in.li.ated that frnlt .•ulture has up to
IhlH time received nnich atteiith.u, and tlio
snccess which has attended It has Im-lm. ho
..ncourapluK that vlneyaids. orchards and
frtdt ^'ardens on a hir«e scale avo uumei-ons
In the .\iauara district and westward <.n tlie
same lino liil the ooimty of Kssox is reach
ed, which is regarded as specially adapte
for the prolitable eullivatioii of the vine.

The val' ■ of farm pro-
p(>rty, in utario In iSO.'i
was estlm.iU'd at .fU'.l.-
0!S!>,r)"4, made up of !t>.">T2,
0;iS,47"2 farm land, ¥iii>4,
l-lS.C.To buUdluKs. :<.-.o,!)U,:is.-, implements,
and .flo:V.toS,f>47 live stock. The total
Vidue of Hold cr.>ps In Ontario in 180,'.

Value of

Farm Property

and Taxation.

1,.,K il • but in 111.' w,is placed at :^'.«>.(:r..-..sb.-.. 'l-heavoraKeraic

■,l,v trees of the cf dir.-ct laxatum h'Vied by numicil.aliti.s

fon.st the pioneer had no li.ne to think of in Ontari.. in is-rj for all ,.nrposes, inclnd-

loK >t tlu pion. ^^^^^ sch.xds. was !?4.1T lier head in townships,

and in many jiaiis lie
eaiiv strnu'ule wiili tin

-luri

such luxuries, and lieiiec Hie plaiitiii«of "i

chards was neuleeled. I'm' many years.

however, the ai.l.le tree lias been steadily

srowinu' in impoilaiue. and i.lums. pears ;> '.1

peaches, and small fruits of every kind.

form an imi.orlanl item in tlie niarkelablc

pro.liuis of many a farm. Tlie fruit region

may be described in -eiier.il It'rins as ex-

tendiUL' from Hie cast end of l.aUc Huron.

ulon- Lake Krie to the .Niauaia Itiver. and almost unlimite.l extent, and the experieii.-

incliidiuK all the counties borderin.i,' on Lake ed man of v.'.y mo.icrate means can readi.>

.■J.^.SI in towns and villafivs, and %\-1:M i"
cities, beiiiy,- eiiual to .'<r..l.S per head for the
wliole popnlalioii assessed.

'I'lie produce of llie mine 'Hi
Ontario is sliipi.ed .■diiiosi ex-
clusively to the rnited States.
The industry Is yet in its infancy, but there
are opportunities f(.r its devehipinent to an

Minerals,

111. red whic
• uhic f eet c

MISEHALS.

I stalilisli lilmsfir ill I 111' liiixiiU'SH, as inlnliii.'
lands ai't< Mold or loiiHi'd by ilii> (iiiviTiiiiitMil
ii liiw iiKiircs. 'I'lic iiiiiilfiij; rcKnIailniis ai'c
r (lie iiiiisl: lllicral cliaracli'i'. In ilic mailer
r iniii ; loiio It, l8 iitllniK'd It.v (•onipciciit
iiHlKcs lliai till- province of (Ontario Is rloli
( iiiiiiK'li iii ore ((I make II a snceeKNi'iil com
|ii'lll(ir M'illi the I'lllled Stales In tlie jM'odiic
liiiii nl' iron. The ore ori'iir^ both as maKiie-
llte and liematiie in various portions of tin
l'i'n\ inee, l»nl tl'" depiislts of eastern on
Miii and of I (Kiinlry west of Port
\riliiir are anuiim ilie most notable. (Jold.
silvei'. niekel lead and eop -er (ii'S are found
ill various pai ;-! of Hu- prnvini e. i lie lalnei-al-
lieariliK dislrl.ls of wh.,.!, ,,,■(• .vet largely
unexplored. In the Lake of the Wouds,
Seine lllver ami Itaiiiy Lake <listricts. re-
ciiiliy discovered uold ticlds have attract ■!
l;irH;e nnmlu'rs <<\' piospcciors and miners,
,111(1 fjive iM'onilse ol beinj; periiiaiielilly pro-
fiii.'tive. Several :• dd iiiliiis are in icmdar
ciicialioii, turniiu: mt bullion weekly, TIio
rii h niekel IWdiK ..f iIk Sti'^iiry disirlct
liavc liccome faiiiniis w n n.c, years, and
Ml f^ir as |v uiio>v.i lr»in, Aw only important
supply of this metal In America. Mica, as-
liesto>. gypsum and jirapliite are also mined.
Clay for pressed l.rick is found in jrreaf
.•lbund;iiic(> below the ,sauds(one of (lie N|-
iiK.'ira escarpment, and the maiiui'ai iiin> of
presst I li! ick .-ind terrji cotta is now bcconi-
hif,' an iiniiortjint industry. Slnictnrjil ma-
terials, siicli as buildiUf; St lie. iiiiic. sand,
Knivel. \c.. are foul 1 In ^-reat abundance
llii'oiijrlioui (lie province, and the mannfac-
tiire of natural rock , nd rortland ccmciii
Iiiis been beirun at several points w iciv tiie
liecess.iry materials occur,

riic -,alt and potroh'uni wells of several
' |iniui( < in (he western penln.Mila have long
i'ccn ill sMcccssful operation.

runs all the way down to C-', or spt p(>r
Mere fi.r partially cleared farms In the new-

l,V-seti|cd districts In tl •tli-eastern part

of the province. In speaklii;: of (he price of
a f.iriii In uniario it is usually rated at ho
ii'iich p< r jicre. Including: biiiidiiiu's. feiiclii;.^
iiiid all ti.ved Ini'iroveiiieiils ; lieiicc. inan.y
of ihe soeiilled liinldy priced farm- may
carry a, charire ,,f r^-^w „y nmre per a. , on

:i ■ "lint Ol llic raliie oC the dwellill^r-lloliso,

: 'i>lc,. barn-: a id other outi.aildlnirs. which
aro ■iinetliiKs very coinmiidioiis. substantial
siiMciiirc'^ of i.ricl. or sioiie. ciisdii!,' from

.* .DIM) (., !ji.-,.nn(| ,,|. ,||,,,.,.

I'lie avcrat;! price fur ;;'ood far'iis in the

best agricultural disiiicis In tl hi setllo-

iiieiits Is I'loin Slid til s;.".() (O; to Lloi per acre,
and at this ilLrure usually a lary;e animint of
tlie piircl Mse iiionev may remain unpaid for
a term ■ years, secured by mortv'aj,'c ,ii a
ralo of hnerest not e.\cecdin>j ti per cent. In
the newer counties, \\ i.cre the html is but
partially cleared, where a linlf or the three-
fourths of the farm Is still in Us priiiiitiv(>
wooded condii .11. or " ui bush." as the hieal
phrase .s It. prices raujre from !|;i.-. to ipii5
(say t L.".| per acre for really Kood farms,

in 'Aoiu, situations, to siill • iwer liKiires
wliere the situiition and soil ,,ic not so fav-
ourable.

Any head of a family, whe-
Free Grant ther male or sole female hav-
Lands. in,i.' children under 1,S .veurs of

ajre, can obtain a >.'rant of 2()0
acres ; and a siiifile man over bs yc.ars of
ajfc, or a married man liavhii,' no children
Kill !■ l,s resldiiif,' with him. can oiitai ,a
Ki-aiK of • ■•' acres. Tliis land is in- 'v
'est. and is situated in
' Un: '! western luirts of the jiru-

covei'i'd

northern

vince.

Natural Kas is found in ilic

Natural Ga.s l \e i;rle counties, and a

liber of wi'Us have been

bi'i'cd which yi. I fi- .111 n'le to ten nillli..!,

i-ubic feet of fuel o';,s pei :,,y.

The jirice of farmiu;;' land
Facilities varies mucli .iccordliif;- to
for obtaining hicalit.v. In ihc neiyhbour-
Farms. hood of the cities and larjic

towns ill ilie old settled dis-
tricts it is sometimes as hi.uh as .$10a, or £2(.
sterling, per acre, and tVom 'hat fliriiiv It

Such I person may also pur-
Land chase 11 ,iil I'Monal 100
Regulations, acre- ai ,,o ceni> per aero,
eash. Tho settlement duties
iire i.. have ir, acres on each -rant deare.i
.111(1 under crop at the end of ihe first five
.vears. ..I' wliich at least :.' ;ici(- • to ho
dearc annually ; to build a lijiable
house, ;it least K! feel liy I'll feet m size ;
and to reside mi the hind at least six months
ill each year.

ii t!ie li.iiny UIv.m' distiiri (,, ihe west of
I. .Ike Superior. cniisNiiiiK .1' well-watered,

s ■(•■';

; 1

O.V/MA'/"

,m..|,.iMv.l iMiicl. I'lvr KHinlM aiv iiui.lo "I" 1"''"
,„.n.s (.. ii 111'!!'! <>( n rniMlly liiivliii; .•l.ll.Hvu
uiulrr ts .v.'iirM ..!• iiK<' ivsl.lliim Willi lilni (or
luTt ; niui I'-'O iinvH lo ii >*\U'aU' hkim -.v.t IS,
,,!• to a marrli'd iium U"t liavlii« .'liilMivn im
,l..r IS ivslilini: nvIUi liiin : -'a-li I"'"''*"" "'»
(.lUiiiii.' a riv.' uniiu I., lu.v ilio prlvlU-p' <>r
l.iiivliashiu' S'» ■i'i<'^ a.l.lltloual. »( Ha- nilo
„r „„.. ,|,.llar i>fr a.'V.>, i.a.vaMc In lour an-
imal insialiiicnlH wIlli IntHVHl, and lla- i-ai
,Mil. may 1>.' IsniumI al lla- .•xplnilion of Hm'o
>,.iii-s fVoin Ih.' tlalo of location or lauvhaso.
upon ronii'lt-ll"'" <"■ ""• «''tll<'""'i'< "'""''^•
The soil of IlilH district Is a dft'i- I'l.'li loam,
over an aiva of iu«afly a million acivs and
is pcfliai's nnsni-pass.Ml ror r.-ftlUty l.y any
portion of tUo i>rovln.v. Kalny Uivor Hsoir
Is a lln.' navlpiM.' slivam loO lo -JtM* yards
\vldi« and more lliau S(> ndlcs lonw.

NORTH-WESTERN ONTARIO.

lloforo roat'lilnj: Manitoba.
The Rainy Hi'' iiavcUor oi. (la- c. v. n.
River District, imss.-s (hroii«h tlu« nortli.-rn
portion ot' tills ivulon. but
IKo fertile part, oslimatod to contain ahonl
tUWMX) acivs of ti:Hn\ a.i;rlcnltural land, lies
prln.-ii>ally In tlic valley of the Itaii.y Ulver.
'I'lie Kainy Kiver forms for some distance
the boundary between Ontario and ibe Vnlt-
cd States. It Is a tine navigable stream from
1.^0 to i;(H) yards wide, and oounocts the l.aUc
of the Woods with Ualny Tiako, a distance
of about ei^'hty miles. The river passes
IhrouKh a rich alluvial tract of n uniform
Ma.k loam of f^reat dei)th. Nearly all the
Inr i frontini;' on the river Is suitable for ap-
ricullnre a ad a considerable settlement al-
ready exists , •re. Fort rranees, the prin-
cipal town o'l Ualny Ulver, has a saw mill
and several liiurlshlnti stores and industries;
its poiui'.atie I is about 1.4(H). The rejllon Is
reached <lurln.i: the season of navi,:,'atlon by
steamer fr«Mn Uat I'ortajie on the main line
of the V. V. U. The cllmalo in winter, while
beinfi iieriiaps a few degrees colder than that
of older Ontario, is remarkably healtliful
and pleasant, and the snow fall is not deep.
Vesctatlou is luxuriant In the extreme ; all
the cereal and Krnss crops conunou to On-
tario !:rrow there, and garden crops tlourlsh
exceedingly. The country is well wooded
with |>ine. oak. elm. ash. basswood. soft

maide. iioidar. bbvh. balsam, spruce, ci'dar
and tamarack, laimberlng operations nw
extensively carried on. aial there are wcll-
e.p,.,.|MMl "saw ndlls on Ualny Ulver. Ualny
I.Mke and al Uat I'ortage. .\s a mlnluK
region the Ualny Ulv.-r district Is yet In Its
lufau.y. bi;t Its i.osslbililles In (his regard
are known to be very great. Numerous ami
viiluable discoveries of gold ami other min-
erals have been made throughout the dis-
trict, and at the lavsetit time (he country Is
attracting (he attention of i-aiiltallsts and
Investors. There are several Important gold
mines now bi'liig worked off the Lake of (he
Woods, Ualny I'like and .Seine Ulver, and else-
whcre mining op(>ratlons ari- being actively
( iirrle 1 on. Thus the mining aial lumbering iu
dnslries combined alTonl the settler the host
of markets for his produce al iirl.'es eonsld-
t>nibly higher than can be secured In lOasl-
crn Ontario. The land Is owned aial ad-
mlnisti'red by the (Joveriimenl of Ontario
(oilices al Toronto), and fre-j praiits are
made of liio acres to a head of a family hav-
ing childr.'ii tin.ler IS jears of age residing
with hliii lor her) ; and V^O acres to a single
HMii over IS, or to a married man not having
children under 1H residing with him ; each
p( rson obtaining a free grant to hav(> the iiri
\ilege of imrchaslng .SO acres adtlitlonal, .'it
the rate of ijil (four shillings) per acre, pay-
able ill four annual instalments, with In-
tirest. and (he iialeiH may be issued a( the
(xplratlon of dire.' years from the date of
locatlim or purchase, niion comidedon of (ho
si((leiiieii( dudes.

Any iiei-soii may exidorc (^rown lands f<n-
minerals and mining lands may be purchas-
ed outright or leased at rates lixed by the
Mines Act. The minimum area of a loca-
tion is forty acres. I'rices range from .1!2 to
$;; per acre, the highest price being ft>r lands
in surveyed territory and within six miles of
a railway. The rental charge Is at the rate
of .$1 per aero for th(> tlrst year and i:.". cents
per acre for snbseipient years ; but the
leasehold may be converted Into fu'chold at
liie oution of the tenant at any time dur-
ing the term of (he lease, In which case (he
first year's rent is allowed on (he purchase
money. A royally of not more than 2 jier
cent is reserved, based on the value of the
ore, less cost of mining and subsequent
treatment for (lie market.

TIIK WA

Ncirlli o
IMIiiy Idv
ell till' line
Hie Wabig
linn was ti
llii' Onlarl
w hat was
jiiii'piise o
lainibilitleh
liitlierto !'(>
location ol
\\ iiinijieg,
Alter one
liiiid was t
is. Ill the ^
II lias lieei
consist alii
(Ml I arid far
ceiinlry is
I i'i;y, A si I

1 a st.-irte

have lieeii I
w illlessed
iiilgiirs wel
setllemeiit

Tlie land
iicllial selll
(loiidMiiin.'il

ICC, ci'dur
illdiis arc
uiv \scll-
or, Udiny
a iiiliiiiiK
ycl 111 IIH
Ills r.'^ranl
ict'iins aiitl
illicr iiilii-
t llic (lls-
ciiiintry is
alisls anil
irtau) «<>••'
.alic ol' llic
r, auil olsc-
\H actively
nlicriiiK In
ci' llic liosi
c(>s coiisUr
•d ill ICasi
(1 and ill!
ol' Oiilail"
craiils arc
■ainlly liav-
U'c I'csiilillK
lo a siiiKl*^
not having
liim ; each
:\v(> tlic pri
(litional, at
r acre. pay-
Is. Willi lii-
sucii at the
tlic (late of
L'tion of I lie

n lands for
l)c purciias-
ixcd by till'
I of a liica-
■ from $:i to
UK for lands
six miles of
, at the rate
ind "J."! cents
; ; hnt llie

freehold at
y time dnr-
ich case the
he iinrchase
> than '2 per
i-aluc <if the

subsequent

/7/A WMiti.OCS I'OIW IHY

TIIK WABIOOON COUNTRY, RAINY
RIVER DIHTRIOT.

N'ortii of the country liordcrhiK on tlie
lialny Itlver, deMcrihed above, ami directly
ell the !ln(> of rallwa.v. Is a Ncction to wlildi
tlie WablKoon lllver drives Its nii,.. Micn-
lioii was rirst dr.'iwn to It (wo yi,,! a by

llic Ontario (lovcri ni cslabP 'ili^ ■ tc

wliat was called a " Pioneer i ;. mi. ' / m Iu>
piiilMise of demoiislraliiiK tli.- i.Kii. oal
ciipabiliticN of tli(> country, will IumI
I, iilicrto remained iindevelop(>d. i li, .n else
l"i'Mtion of the farm Is •j.Vt miles east of
Winnipeg, mid sii miles eiist of Itai I'ortauc
.U'ler one year's siicccssfnl experiment the
Iniiil was thrown open lor selilcmcnt ithat
Is. In the sprint; of bsiit!), mIiicc whicli tinii'
II has been rapidly lald'ii np. '('lie sclllcrs
consist almost cniirely of ;i p,od dnss of
Ontario farmers, mid ilie dcvelopnienl of tj,,.
country is bcliiK pushed firw.ird wilii en-
rruy. A slore and a s.iw mill Imv,. ,.ili(.;idy
iK'cn start(>(l; cidonixalloii ro.i.ls mid brld;;es
have been bnlll. ami the coiiiidcnrc mid zc.il
wllliessed in those w lio have located Ihcro
iniiriirs well for tiic future prosperity of tlio
M'llleiiicii?.

J Tlie land Is not free jirant, Imt It Is sold to

I iiilii.'d sclllcrs only at lifiy cents per aero
I (iiiidMloiial on certain improvcnienls). oiii>-

lliird down and the lialancc lu llirec aniiiial
Inshilmcnis. How niiicli aurlcultitral land
tliere may be iivallable at this point has not

"^ A'"' ' II deliiiilely ascertaliicd, lint It Is

known to be limited In extent, 'I'he chief

advanlaL'cs of tl ouatry arc as follows ;-

l''lrst, the railway passes llirou>;ii it. wjdcli
renders access easy at all times of the year,
and places it within reach of siicli ceiilrcsaM

Hat I'ortaK'c and \Viniiipc>r. S >iid, Kood

innrkels are available, nolaldy ai lint I'orl-
aw. the centre of llie milling and mlnliit; in-
ilnslrlcs of tlic district. 'I'liird. the land, al-
IlioiiKli not a prairie, Is easily cleare.l, .Some
slrclches mv entirely destltntc of limber,
liaviiiK been swei»t by forest llres, and rc-
(|iilrc only a ||tt|,. nndcrla'iisiilni,' before liu'
idouKh sljirts t,, work. KIsewlierc the

Ki-owtli is li-lii, „ii,l m;iy 1 h-ared with

iniicji less labour than Is re-pilrc<l in heavily
tlmbeicd c(MintrU-s. At tlie same time. Hulli-
ch«nl lartre timber for bulldliitr purposes is to
be found here and there, so tluii, us will be
seen, llie iiilvanta>,'es of a prairie and of n
timbered country ar(> liere combined to ii
lai-Ko extent. The .•oiintry is well watered,
and possesses a wood soil .-iiid a ;j,,od cllnuite.
It Is adapted to nijxcd l'ariiiiii;r. lait particu-
larly to dairying .and stoek-ralsluf,'. A
pamplilet KlvliiK fuller parllciilars may be
had on iippli<>alion to ;ii(. Oninrio Depart-
ment of AKrlcnltnre, .at Toronto

C.l'.U. T.iuM,

'vX.«=

i^^^'

lui

^^^K,

roi

m!W3i

l)n 1

[ ^

. ■

mil
lu
la V,
con

oni)

Area.

low

IIU'l

"1 '-nltivjitio

"11 ;!

I'n f,

'-'■ |ii'<p|i

■I'l.V (

' MiiiMy

r.'iini

'■■i hill a

1-1 vs.

"1 Ml ilT.

A s

" 1 '■an 1,

• Ilia

■ i':iniiiy

is 111

lur

-" iMl-

but

WinnijK'y.

I'ROVIXCE OF MANITOBA

ail

K. I

•^ IlIO in'oviricp, in iirea. is iibmit 300

niilL's frjni wist to wost, ami ex-

roiids northerly from tho 49tl)

panillcl, eml)racin.ij; 7;?.!)rit; siiuaro

miles or some 47.;{;U.,S4(I a. 'res.

lu other words, it is nearly as

larKo as Enslaml ami Scotland

combined. Doductlnp. say 10-

"00,000 acres for water area-',

i"«-ii sites and broken lands!

there is left 87.(J00.000 for active

I '•iiltivation, or liom.>s for 110,000 faini-

"11 •'!-i' arres, whi,-h is c(.nsidered a

■ i'i<'P'ny for a well-to-do farmer. There
'"•■iii.v families doin^- well on half that

' "'■" •■I'-ies. while a few of the wealthier
■ ""I''- -\ snti- livl-Lij; aiKl nKwiey to the

■ 111 I' • made on the sinall(>r farm, where

1 "■oviace, it will be seen there is ample room
for many more.

" '■"ii'i.v is m)t iinnsnaliy l.-irKc. As there
i:n- but 27,000 actual farmers in the

The land is laid out in
Method of blocks of .six miles s(iuare,
Subdivrjlon. called townships. Tliese lat-
ter are a.ijain subdivided in-
to 30 s(iuare parts called sections, one mile
square, the mile being again subdivided into
quarters containing KiO acres. The town-
ships in turn are all nmubered fr-.m a priu-
cii)al meridian two miles west of Winnipeg
The tiers of townships are numbered north-
•'fly from the southern boundary of the pro-
ynuH^ in rang,.s. From this class of .survey
the settler has no dilliculty at anv time In
"Mining any location. It is simple and com-
plete. Theie is a roa.l allowance around
every section, or square mile, .so any pro-
'""'■'^" '" '•^^•'*'''>- •" --ibie by team." each

MANITOBA.

quanor section or farm of 100 acres having
a road allowance on two sides.

Comparatively nothing wa.^
Growth knuwn of the agriculturaV

Of Population, capabilities of the country
before 1870, when it was de-
tachtd from Rupert's Land ("The Great
I^ne Land,") under Iludstm-s Bay Company
rule and created a province by an Act of
the Canadian Parliament. Previous to that
time (1870) Manitoba was laiown only as a
fur-bearing country, inhabited by Indians
and lialf-breeds. At that time the popula-
tion numbered about 10.000 souls, not more
than 1,000 of whom were wliites, and they,
for the most part, employees of the Hud-
son's Bay Company. In 1881 the popula-
tion had increased to 05,000, and at present
It is about 275,000. Wlien its wonderful
capabilities are known to the thousands of
people in the crowded portions of the old
countries and the n(m-productive sections of
the United States, the increase will be more
rapid tlian ever.

In til.' olden tinif. H. 15. C i. Fort.

The average snow fall of <}uel)cc is 11-)
inches : of Ontario, 00 : and of Manitoba,
02. It is not a country of deep snows -in
short, railway trains are rarely blocked and
seldom delayed by winter storms.

Tliese arc also very important

Water considerations for tlie settler.
and Fuel. The country is everywhere at
easy distances lutersected by
creeks and rivers, and many lakes o*" vary-
ing dimensl<ms exist, especially in tlie north-
ern portion of llie province. Some of those
are well stocked witli lisli and wild fowl,
affordinsr .nmusement and supplying valu-

able articles of diet. WiUer in abundance,
and of excellent quality, can also be got at
depths varying from 10 to 10 feet in nearl>
all portions of the province. AH of the
streams and lakes are skirted by blocks of
timber which afford fuel for the settlers.

One of the first questions
The Climate, a sensible man will ask is •
What is its climate ? If the
climate of any country is unhealthy, that
country is undesirable, v.j matter what may
be its advantages. The world's mortuary
statistics show Manitoba to be one of the
healthiest countries on liie globe.

Malarial diseases are totally unknown In
this country and contagion< complaints are
rarely heard of.

M.nnitoba is situated near the centre of the
Canadian Norlh-west, but in the eastern por-
tion of the wheat-growing belt. Its winters
are cold, but, having a clear sky, and as a
eonsequence absence of the humidity of other
countries, the extreme is not felt with tlie
same severity of many otlier northern climes.
There are no sudden changes so that day in
and day out the (settlers dress for cold wea-
tlier and enjoy the season tiirough. TL*'
winter months an- from the 1st of December
to the 1st of April, and the summer season
from the lirst of .Tune to tlie first of Septem-
ber. Spring and fall are deliglitfui and in-
vigorating.

There are also beds of magnificent coal in
several portions of tlie province, which is a [
guarantee of an ample supply of fuel for all
time at a moderate price. By a wise provi-
sion of niiture, tlie timber liluffs, streams. |
lakes an<l ground elevations preserve a lin-
midity of atmosphere in (lie summer season]
that prevents those liot, parching winds, onl
tlie low, level, unbroken prairies in that por-
tion of the I'nited States known as the Am-
erican desert. Hurricanes and cyclones aic|
not experienced In Manitoba.

Although the country is
Topography. prairie, it Is in striking con- 1
trast with some parts o(l
western .\merica, It is not one monotoiions
level expanse, with nothing to relieve thel
t>ye. It is everywliere more or less undulatf
ing, dotted hero and there with hills aiull
valleys, very few of the former being rockyj
or l*arren, simply eminences affording goodj
pasturage for all domestic animals.

abundance,

be got at
5t in noarl>

All of the
ly blocks of
settlers.

!t questions
rt'ill ask is ■
ite ? If the
Baltby, that
r what may
's mortuary
• one of the

unknown In
iiplaints are

centre of the
eastern por-
Its winters
vy, and as a
idity of other
'elt with the
thern climes.
) that day in
for cold wea-
rough. TL*
of Deceml^r
mmer season
St of Septem-
htful and in-

iflcent coal In 1
■e, wliicli is a
3f fuel for ail |
a wise provi-
uffs, streams, I
reserve a hii-
unnier season i
ing winds, on I
?s in that por-|
.'u as the Am-

1 cyclones arc I

e country is I
1 striking coii[
)me parts otl
le nionotouiiml
to relieve tliel
r less undulat I
,vith hills aiiJ|
er being rockyl
affording goodj
iinals.

Thei
Soil, tries,

may I
of Manitoba
mould of loa
soil which ra
tlie Avorkl. '\
siiy is ospcc'i
wlieat, and
verifies the s
and stands u
tlian any otl
tiu'ists. Usi
early in Apri
or two later,
the surface,
middle of Au]

Commercial
Facilities.

iiiiw traverse
l»n)viiici'. and
still open to St
.ire more than
or 11 I'ailway. w
wiiliiii t \V(i or

Knihvay stai
al)oiit seven or
piist otfiees an(
portanoe, with
sv.'iiii, facilities

COMMEIiCIA L FA CIL I VIES.

There is hero, iis iu all other couii-
Soil. tries, a variety of soils, but what
iiDiy be called the ohariieteristie soil
(if Manitoba is a deep blaek argillaceous
mould of loam resting on a deep clay sub-
soil which ranks among the very richest in
tlie world. This the most capable chemists
say is especially adapted to tlie growth of
wlieat. and practical every-day life fully
verifles the statement. It is also very rich
and stands more cropi)ing without manure,
llian any other surface known to agricul-
turists. Usually, the snow disappears
early in April, and seeding begins a week
or two later, the soil drying very rapidly on
ilie surface. The harvest begins about the
middle of August.

products, and stores where anything requir-
ed in ordinary life may be ol)tained.

Very naturally, an intending
Social settler with a family will

Couditions. incpiiro, " Wli.it are the social
conditions of the country ? If
I locate in Manitoba, shall I enjoy any of
the blessings of educated life, or shall I be
forever shut out froui all congenial society?"
Tliis country is so far settled with many of
the best families of the countries whence
they emigrated. It is notliiug surprising to
find college graduates working their own
farms, and the most oxporiencod agricultur-
ists, meclianics, merchants and men of all
callings in the country towns and villages.

'i-iiiiir tftivi-l us it uiis.

Commercial
Facilities-

now tnivcu'sc
in'iiviiicc. and

1'liougii it is but 27 years
since Manitoba was created
a pro>inco out of almost
tnickloss jirairie, railways
!iil tlic .st>ttled parts of the
bring wirliin reach portions
-till open to settlement. Very few farmers
:ii'e more than a dozen leiU s from a market
'II- M railway, wliiie t.liei.'.ani s .if course, .are
wiihiu two or tliree miles 'n one.

Itailway stations occur at iiUerv.iis of
iiliiiut sev(>n or eiglit miles, !Ui(l at tliese ar(>
\"<st oiHees and villages of more or less iia-
IXM-tance, with elevators for the storag<' of
;;i";iii, facilities for the shipment of all farn.

Tlie representative and gov-
Government. enimcutal iustitotious are,
witli modifications, modelled
after those of (ireat Britain. A Licutenjuit-
Oovernor represei.ts tiie Queen, and the re-
Iiresentatives in tiie Legislature are chosen
l)y the people. In addition, and for the man-
agenicnt of purely locil matters there is a
well aiiproved imiiiicliial system.

.Vinjde prnvisiiin is made in Mauitobji for
tlie care and protection of tlie blind, the in-
sane. Tlierc is a home for incurables, a
scluK)l for tlie deaf and dumb, hospitals for
tiie sick. X-c. ilie existence of these In-
stitutions is, liowever, no (>vlileiiee tliat the

MANITOBA.

country has nioro ilian its share of the ulHiet-
ed, as thoy were constructed for the care of
those of the Territories to the west as well
as for those in the province of Manitoba.

There are a number of friendly societies
in the province, with brandies in the smaller
places, and in many of the count.'y school-
houses whicli dot the prairie. Masonic and
other lodges often meet, and gatherings of
an iniellcitual character are frequently held.
Tlvn-e is nothing laclung in U>xn and coun-
try to malco life enjoy:ible that .-ould be ex-
pected in any now country.

An important consideration
Educational f»i- a settler here ;,s elsewhere
Facilities. is the educational facdities
available ; and tlie school sys-
tem of Manitoba, as now settled, is by edu-
cationists claimed to be equal to any on the
continent. Tu.^ rural schools i.re about
every three miles or so apart in the settled
districts, and the system is free. There is
no taxation of pupils for attendance. The
Government makes an fa>nual grant of a
considerable sum to each school and all the
expenses, teacher's salary Included, are paid
by this grant, and a general taxation of the
land within the district, whether occupied
or unoccupied, or owned by parents or tliose
having no children. This assures the poor
all the advantages of primary education that
are enjoyed by the rich. The teachers are
all skilled educationists, duly certlficatod.
In these schools all the ordinary branches
for every-day life are taught. In many of
the village schools, where two or more teach-
ers are employed a still higli(>r education is
given, and in the city and town schools col-
legiate institutes are maintained where
snulents are lit ted for the several colleges
at Winnipeg and other cities in Canada.
One-eighteenth piU't of the whole of the
" Fertile Belt " from Temblna to the Sas-
katchewan, and beyond It, Is set apart for
tlie maintenance of scliools. A few figures
on this point will not be uniuteresiiug.

In 1871 the school population was S17, and
now it is 50,003. In ISSH tlie average att<:n(l-
ance was 5,004, and now it is 2:1,247. In
1883 there were 24(5 teachers in tiie province
and the number is now 1.14:!, about the one-
lialf males, and tliere app<'ars to be no scarc-
ity, as 1,017 new certiticates were sraulcd
during the past year. These tigures sliow,

on the average, one teacher for every 240
people, and for every 33 cliildren. The en-
tire value of the school properties of the
country is now ^750,351, or nearly $3 per
head of the entire population, a condition of
things to be envied by many on older coun-
try. The average salary paid to teachers in
rural districts is !?;5(i8 a year, and tiie higii-
est in cities is ?1.S00. In addition to the
teacliers being all well certificated, tlie
schools are inspected at intervals by com-
petent teacliers to see that tlie most approv-
ed methods are fully observed.

The schools are unsectarlan and are
national in character, in which tlie secular
branches and general pul-iic morality are
alone taught during regular school hours, re-
ligion being taught, when desired, during
hours set apart for the purpos(>. All re-
ligious denominations, whether Christian or
otherwise, enjoy equal riglits, rnd Christian
churches of various beliefs aio found in the
country towns as well as the cities of the
province.

In connection with education may be men-
tioned tlie Government Experimental Farm
at IJrandon, where all the different kinds of
grain, seeds, roots, vegetables, grasses, small
fruits, trees and shrubs, that it is sought to
grow in the province are sown on all the
varied soils whicli are found on the farm,
and a faithful record of the resalts is pre-
served, for the information of the entire ag-
ricultural population of tlie country, and
occasionally publislied in the newspapers,
of which most of tlie small towns have one
and tlie cities several. Similar experiuientiil
farms are to be found in tlie North-west Ti'r-
ritories and British Columbia.

In addition to this the Government sends
around to tlio towns and villages a travelliiii;
school of dairy instructors. In tliesc; schools
lectures are given, accompanied by practical
operations, by competent men, in all the arts
of cattle raising, butter- anil cheese-making.
iVc, tliat all may learn tlie best iii(>thoils
known to the country without loss of tiiiu'
or money to the settlers.

Besides these, again, there is a system of
Farmers' Institutes, there being now 23 in
the system, at which meetings are hold at
regular intervals in the important points of
the country. I'ractical men here malu'
known tlieir most successful metliods of ;ill

every 240
1. The 011-
tles of the
irly $3 iHM-
;oiulitioii 01'
older couii-
toacliors in
(1 the hiph-
tiou to the
icated, tlio
lis by coiii-
lost npprov-

1 nud art'
llio secular
iiirality are
ol hours, re-
ired, during'
i>. All ri-
Dhristiau or
id Christian
ound In tlu'
cities of the

nay bo men-
lental Farm
ent kinds of
rasses, small
is sought to
1 on all the
111 the farm,
salts is pre-
he entire ag-
:;ountry, and
newspapers,
ns have ono
[■xperiiiieiital
rth-west Tcr-

unieiit sends
s a travelliiii;
those schools
1 by praeticiU
n all the arts
Looso-iiiakiiig.
)est iiu'tlioils
loss of tiiiu'

a system of
ig now 23 ill
i are held at
ant points of
here nial;i'
lethods of ali

fariuii

'riic
ILshecI
uro in
fdi'.wa
time I
tliere ^

(111 tw

I'lirulsl:
I'acitlc

[Uii Mil
U llOilt

ilio ii'_'a
\\ eclv —
liulf th
iniirket
tonstrii
inuuicii
of ever
aiiiny e

Taxa

settlers
selves, i
fraction
r.ont an
or Feilt

I(01)1'J t

I'itys on
left unci
luiiinly c
ways, c
iiuprjve:
I crest is
I lie pooi:
uMe to
a i-xeise ai
and give
vinoial C
(lies so r(

of tilO J]

viiieial G
annual e
fs'oes to !
ii(,'ri('ultu
fiiriiuTS,
oUier pul
alHioteil.
tlie exteii
iu I lie U:

Exempi

laws prot

TAXATIO.y.

fiirmlng operatloiiH, and those present Inter-
cli.'iiiKO tlicir exiiericiKrs,

'I'lic adverse critlelsiii which has been pub-
lished oueo or twice by i)ersons wliose fail-
ure In Manitoba was very easily accounted
for. was based oji a condition olf tiniiKs wldch
time luis materially altered. Up to 1883
there were no railway facilities In the west-
ern two-thirds of the province except those
furnished by the main line of the Canadian
racitic Hallway. At that time it was noth-
ing' unusual to see farmers hauling their
wlieat by teams from 100 to 150 miles to
tlie nearest market— a trip covering a whole
week -the expenses by the way consuming
lialf the proceeds, and a grocery bill at the
market taking a great part of the rest. The
construction of branch lines, the opening of
municipal roads, &c., now reduces the prices
of everytldng bought, and does away witli
many expenses formerly unavoidable.

In this country the rate
Taxation. is low ; it is only a few
cents per acre, where the
settlers do not impose burdens on them-
selves, and under all circumstances is but a
fraction of that In other parts of the conti-
r.ont and In Europe. In Canada the central
or Federal Government does not tax the
Itople to wipe out the Federal de"bt which
l^itys only three per cent, and is therefore
left undiminished. The Canadian debt was
mainly cri\nted for the construction or rail-
ways, canals and other permanent public
imprjvement, and with its light rate of in
terest is comparatively but little burden on
the people. As a result the Government is
able to save heavy sums from customs,
excise and other sources of indirect revenue,
and give large subsidies to the several pro-
vincial Governments. In Manitoba the subsi-
dies so rec(>ived amoimt to about .'i!2 per head
ef tlie population. Consequently the Pro-
vincial Government taxes but lightly for its
animal expenditure, a large portion of which
Kocs to support schools, roads and bridges,
agricultural societies for the benefit of tlie
liirnicrs. the maintenance of asylums and
o!lu'r public institutions for the care of tlie
alHicted. Tlie farmer Is taxed to only half
the extent of the amount raised by taxation
iu 111'.' United States.

There are iu tliis coim-

Exemptions. try wiiat are known as

oxoni;tlon laws. These

laus protect a certain acreage and buildings,

•;u cen,iin ntnnber ef cattle, Iiorses, pigs and
fowls, some household effects and a year's
irovisions from seizure for ordinary debts
unsecured by mortgage. The honest man,
will, of course, pay his way, but, some-
times his calculations, the result of Inex-
lerlence do not turn out as he made them,
V hen some protection against the exactions
of Importunate creilitors, nniy eimble him to
recover his position In " short time.

Altlijugn one of the secnjtg
Borrowing of success Is, abstaining from
and borrowing, yet It sometimes

Interest. hippens that a loan is nec-
essary and occasionally it Is
good business to make one. All English and
i:ast.3ru Canadian Loan Companies have
branches here wlu lend on farm securities
at from tJ to 8 per cent per annum, and
( vt!n lenders on chattel pro[)erty are gener-
filly satisfied with 10 or 12 per cent.

Agriculture and its kln-
Manufac- dred branches— dairying and
turing. stock raising— are the princi-

pal occupations of the resi-
dents of Manitoba, but conshlerable manu-
facturing is also done. All the principal
towns and villages of the province have
large flour mills, the total output of these
being 8,500 barrels daily, and elevators for
the handling of grain whose total capacity
is over 10,000,000 bushels. Oat meal mills
r-re also established at Winnipeg, Brandon,
Portage la Prairie and Pilot Mound. Biack-
s)nlth shops, carpenter shops, woodworking
shops, machine shops for repairing agricul-
tural implements are also found more or
less in every town and important vi.lago.
The railway companies have large work-
shops at Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie and
Brandon that give employment to many
men. The demand for mills, &c., is of course
always increasing as the country is brouglit
more and more under cultivation, and tlie
increasing population, enlarged facilities for
business and travel combine to afford oppor-
tunities for the establishment of new
brandies of commerce by those who have
a little ULjiiey and a practical knowledge
of tile special business.

No. 1 hard wheat fet-

Apricultural ches the highest price of

Features. any in the country and is

unexcelled by any iu the

^vorld. The soil is admirably adapted for

MAN I mil A.

olhor t;niliis iuitl for nil r<><>H. iukI «i-iiHs,'^.
MMiiy fiirincrs. tin.l tlu'li- iniiuber Is Uicreas-
lii« ulvc cvfii more ailciitlon to dnlryln;;
tlmn to K''il"-K''"WliiK o\\\\rj. to llir liwrcns-
Inir iltMUiiiul for (.•;mii(liiin cli >(•■<(' iiiul luiKcr.
loth lu Kiiropc and In the nilnint; ilistrlcls
of Hritlsh (,'olunil>i:i. " MIximI raniiinK " Is
now ..•oiisHlc'i'fd to \w till' most i)M.viiiK >'f
nRrlcultunil i)ursults. Tlio followlnfi liKuros
will show how Manitoba has pronivsst- i
when it is rcnuMubercd that only a fi-v
years a^o, butter, oats. Hour and nearly ail
the produce of the farm was imi.ortetl from
Fastoru Canada or the State:^.

For years the miiritions nr.is>e i
Mixed «f ""' prairios and thousands of
Farming, tons of hay In the h)W hinds
were allowed to go to waste for
want of eatile to Kra/-e and fee<l upon them.
Settlers ur-J now availing themselves of this
i.atural wealth, and are giving more atten-
tion to stock-raising. Last year (18'J0) the
live stoeli iu the province was as follows :-
Horses, 1)4,14.5 ; cattle. U10.5U-, uotwlthsland-
ing aJi unusually large export ; sheep, 33,-
812 ; hogs, 72,502.

The area nnder wlieat was
Crops of 1896. OOO.oOS acres ; oats, 442.44:.
acres ; barley, 127,HS5 acres ;
potatoes, 12,2(iO acres ; roots, (!,712 acres ;
ar.d the agi?regate grain crop was 30,442,552
bushels, the yield of wheat being 14,433,7(ii;
bushels ; oats, 12.502,318 bushels ; barley,
3.171.747 bushels ; tlax, 259,143 bushels ; rye.
52,255 bushels ; peas. 23..'5S3 bushels. The
yield of potatoes amounted to 1,1)02.400 bush-
els, and of mangolds, turnips. iScc, 1,898,805
bushels. Altliou4h the average yield of
wheat per acre is smaller than usual, the
great part of the crop graded Xo. 1 or No.
2 hard, as the expense of harvesting and
threshing was not over one-half the cost
of saving the phenomenal crop of 1805 and
the market prices ruled much higher, as
much money was actually realized by the
settlers as from tlie more bountiful harvest
of X\ii previous year. For comparison witli
otlier years sei' page 72.

The dairy industry in Mani-

Dairying. toba is making very rapid

strides. Creameries and ciieeso

factories are established throughout tlie

country, whose outimt is annually increas-

iu"'. Tnere were 2.245.025 pounds of butter

produced In the pros ince in 1S!in. of which
l,4(i!),<)25 i-ounds were dairy butter, ami re
alizod good i>rlces. The o\ilput of cheese
iiiiiouul.-l to '.isr.,0(Mi iH.unds.

A CIh'i'Si' KiK'tni y.

A careful estimate made by
Cost of an M>'. Bedford, the superinteml-
Acre of ent of the Government Ex-
Wheat, perimeiital Farm at Bran-
don, of the cost of growin.:
an acre of wheat is $7.87 (£1 12s. 4d.). This
\\as the result of an actual experiment on
a yield of twenty-nine bushels. The item of
cost are : I'longhing once, $1.25 (about 5s. i ;
harrowing twice, 20 cents (lod.) ; cultivating
twice. 40 c.Mits tls. Sd.) ; seed (I'/a bushels),
75 ceuts (abcut 3s.) ; drilling. 22 cents, (lld.i ;
binding. 33 cents (al)out Is. 4d.) ; cord, 20
ceuts (lOd.) ; stooking. Iti cents (8d.) ; stack-
ing. 00 cents (about Us. Od.) ; threshing, $1.4(;
(Cs.) ; teaming to market, 4 miles, 20 cents
(about Is. 211.(1.1 ; two years' rent or interest
on la.ul valued at .i;i5 per acre at ti per cent,
.•Sl.SO' (about 7s. 5d.) ; wear and tear of iiu-
pleniiiits. 20 cents ' (lOd.)— a total of $7.8('
(£1 12s. 4d )

In all parts of the proviuee, straw-
Fruit, berries, raspberries, currants and
other berries grow in profusion.
Plums and apples of certain varieties ciui
be grown, but at present they are moiv
protitably supidied from Ontario. Britisli
Columbia and eisewliere.

Tiie tishiug indusiry carried
Fisheries, o" "" many of tlie lakes is
proving very prolitable. He
sides suiiplying the nec-ds of the province
in many varieties exporting to a considerable
value is often done. Lakes Winnipeg. >biu':-
tcba and Dauphin are the principal lakc> "i
the proviiice.

(1, 1)1' AVlllcll

tcr. iukI re-

i of cllOOSi'

laic iiiiiilo by
siipcriutuinl-
uruinout Ex-
m at Bi'iui-
I of grow ill-;
Is. 4(1.). This
ci)oriment on
The Item of
) (about 5s. 1 ;
) ; ('ultivatiiit;
(IVi bushels),
cents, (11(1.) ;
d.) ; cord, 2ii
1 (8(1.) ; stack-
reshiug, $1.-1))
illes, 20 cents
ut or interest
at per cent.
(1 tear of liu
total of $7.Sr

oviuee, straw
currants aii'^
ill profusiiiii
varieties ciui
ley are uion>
itario, British

(Uisir.v carrioil
■ tlie lalvcs i-
rolitable. He
.' the i)roviiui'
a cousiderabh'
'iunii)cj;, Maui-
iicil>al lakes id

s
2

3
S

.^^..

^'V^

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

:/.

C'^

1.0

I.I

1.25

14^

■^ Hans
■" mAi\

13.2

1.4

M
1.6

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

«•

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

V ^% 4

:<'.<

Who sho
and

portion (

ilila il.-i ;

coiisonsu
settler si
tcr p.ni't I

r\w h(i
iiiiil >,'lve

All ev«

and 20, t
acres) by
or any m

Entry.

situate, <
may, on
Interior,
Doininlon
ity for so
ing settle
entry for
limd, IP20.

Duties. .1
c
which pel
for more
without f

■

Applicati(
for Paten

in writing
hantls by
making aj

If the s;
well impr
when he
seale a^i li

If he hf
rent the 1
suit him \
and seed,
hini. Astc
on liberal
to a thin:

APPLICATION FOli PATENT.

Who should come,
and when.

For iufonuatidn (Hi wlioro by siviug a portion of tlio i-rop as first

these points road care- payment ; anil as seed eau be jjfot on time

fully wliat is said on by Kivlnt; a mortgigo on tlie oroi). a start

(lie subject iu liio lirst eau easily l)o made wifli little means ; but

portion of this pamplilot dealing witli Can-
niia as a whole. (See pages T-o'J.) But the
consensus of opinion is tliat, the Intendinji
settler slionld arrive in Manitoba in tlie la!
ter part of March.

to succeed under such circumstances, a good
crop and fair prices, with great ec noniy in
the settler must follow. Ctlier metliods of
settling are open to tli(! emigrant, liut tliesi;
are most commonly adopted. In all cases
i; is very advantageous to the settler to com-
mence with a ciiuple of milch cows, some
pigs and poultry, as tliey are very easily
kept tlH'ougli summer and winter, and are
a great help towards keeping tlie family
wliile tlie crops are growing. As is shown
in anollier s-.-ction, tlie settler should also
see to it tiiat in addition to ids wlieat crop
Entry may be luade personally at lie should put in plenty of roots and vege-
tlie local land oliice for the district tables for his own use, if not for sale. They
in which the land to be taken is gi'ow with but little labour, and are a great

situate, or if the homestea<ler desires, he .assistance in housekeeping.

ina.v, on application to the Minister of the

'l'li(> liomestead regulations are subjoined,
and give all information required.

All oven-uumberod sectious, excepting 8
and 2G, are open for homestead entry (100
acres) by any person sole liead of a family,
or any male over tiie age of IS years.

Entry.

Interior, Ottawa, or the Commissioner of
Dominion Lands, Ottawa, receive author-
ity for some one to be named by tlie intend-
ing settler near the local offlc-e to make the
entry for him. Entry fee, $10, or if cancelled
land, $20.

I nder the law, liomestead duties
Duties, are to be performed by three years'
cultivation and residence, during
which period the settler may not be absent
for more than six months in any one year,
without forfeiting the entry.

Application may be made be-
Application fore the local agent, or any
for Patent- homestead inspector. Six

months' notice must be given ago $3 to fO an acre,
iu writing to tlie Commissioner of Dominion
Lands by a settler of his intention prior to
making application for patent.

As perhaps the largest

Railway Lands, holders of lauds for sale in

the province to-day are the

Canadian racitic Hallway, it is desirable to

know their term.'; and conditions of sale.

The Canadian Pacific Rail-
Railway way lands consist of the odd-
Land numbered sections along the
Regulations, main line and branches, and
iu the Saskatchewan, Battle
and Red River districts. Tlie railway lands
are for sale at the various agencies of the
company in tlie United Kingdom, Eastern
Canada and the North-west Territories, at
the following prices :—

Lands in the province of Manit(,ba aver-

If tlie settler has m.jney, ho can find farms
well improved and in advanced t.iltivation,
when lie can coiniuenee on as extensive a
sciile a^i he likes.

Lands in the province of Assiniboiai east
of the ard uioridiau, average $3 to $4 an
acre.

i.iuds west of the 3rd meridian, including
most of the valuable lands in the Calgary
district, !f3 per acre.

Lands in Saskatchewan, Battle and Red
per acre.

If he has but little means and desires to t-, „, „ .

rent the first year he can get properties to ^^^'' ^'^^'" ^^^^^'^^i^'

suit him with or witliout teams, implements if paid for in full at the tim-

an.l seed, with the owner ready to assist Terms of of pur<.liase, a reduction from

imn. As teams and implements can be bought Payment, the j.rice will be allowed equal

on bberal time by paying from a quarter to 10 per cent on the amount

10 a third down, a« land can be got any- paid in excess of the iisua', cash instalment

5fij^!

''[:"$■

♦ ',*'.

rsM

MAS no HA.

Yi.'ld
IHT Total ■^'icl
Vcre. I

b\i8li.

18!I3

1M!I4

ISil:")

18!)li

! 1,00.3.(;40

1,010,18(1
'■ l,140,-J7(i

! '.I'.i'.i.rjos

1.5.5(1
17

27-8(1
14,33

15,(il5,ii23
17,172,883
31,775,0.38
14,371,80(1

ami ii Deed of Conv.-.vaiicc will bv .uiven ; M AMTOHA CKOl'.S KHOM 1,S!(3 TO 1800,

but the purcliascr may nay in K.ui equal In- whhat.

staliuoutK, lucludliii: inti-rcst at per cent, " ~ ~ '.

the (list of such uistalincnts tt) be paid at ^ |

tlie time of piu'diase, the reiiiaiiiiiij: iiistal- ^'''"■' AciviiK<

meuts annually thereafter, except hi ease of \

actual settlers requirlug the laud fur their |

own use, when the tlrst deferred instalment
shall fall du(! in two years from dale of pur-
chase, and tlie remaining eight annually
tliereafter. The purchase money and inter-
est for KJO acres at %'i per acre, on nine o.vrs,
years' time, would be ten eciual payments of j

$01..'')2 each. For other quantities and at 1803 | 388,520

other prices the payments would be pi-opor- jj^j,.- 48'Mir)8

tionate. li<0(i !!!, !i i 442^445

The company reserves from sale, under the " n.vni.Kv.

regulations, all mineral and coal lands, and —\

lands containing timber in quantities, stone, 1803 ' 114,7(12

slate and mar', le quarries, lands with water- '*^;If ^ill-'T;;''^

' ISO;) l.")3,83'.)

power thereon, and tracts for town sites and is'.m 127,885

railway purposes.

0,823,035
11,007,804
22,5.55,733
12,505,318

22.11 2,547,(1.53

25 87 2,081,71(1

3(1.(10 .5,(145,03(1

24.08 3,171,747

Mineral, coal and timber lands and quar-
ries, and lands controlling water-power, will
be disposed of on very moderate terms to
persons giving satisfactory evidence of their
intention and ability to utilize the same.

Liberal rales for settlers and their effects
are granted by the company over its rail-
way.

As other r.'iilway coiup.iui'.'s ai;d large
holders sell on sometliing lilie the same
terms, the on? set is a very good illustration
of them all.

As has be'^u mentioned elsewhere, the
small acreage. &c., of 1896, was tue result
of the unusually large crop of the season be-
fore. It was not fully harvested until the
ground froze up and left no time for fall
ploughing for the crop of 1896. As it hap-
pened, the spring of 1890 was also unusually
late, occasioned by the heavy rains. Tliis
forced mucli of the seed to be sown on the
stubble without any plougliing at all, and
from this kind of sowing come tlie averages
given— a yield that could be got in few
other cotmtries from tlie same hurried and
imperfect cultivation.

S'j;* TO 1HU([.

•

Total YicM

busli.

5(i

]r),(ur),'.iL';i

lT,172,.ssn

S(i

81,77o,o;is

;«

14,371, 8"t(;

9,823,(130
l],i)07,H04
22,005,73;!
12,505,318

11 2,547,(10:!

.S7 2,!>Hl,71li

0!) 5,045,0;!(1

OH 3,171,747

Isewhere, tbe

vas tue result
the soasoii be-
sted until th'.>
time for fall
'6. As it hap-
nlso unusually
y rains. This
? sown on the
\g at all, and
; tlio averages
' f,'ot in few
e Inirricd and

> ■ I

■3! •

t '— CO

J) A my TESTS.

I-H

)ft

i--

1-t

MAXITOliA.

Til.' country Is ovcry whore frt'o

Helpful ">f stuiupH and stimcs. and bnt

Notes. Ilttli' tliMlnlnt,' 1h iTipilivd owlnw

to tlio ixirotis natni'f of the soil

ard the eonllj:niMtl'>ii of tlio country.

There are hoards of trade in the chief cith-s
and towns of tlie country that niaUc a study
of its coniiucrcial and agricultural reciuirc-
nii'nts, and Indirectiy do good service to tlic
a^M'icultural chisses.

There are forty-seven agrleuHiwal societies
hi tliu province receiving about i^'S2rt apiece
jMinuilly from the (Jovernnient to aid tiicin
in niakiiig up prize lists for tlieir yearly fail
shows. Hewides these there is an aiuiuai
provincial exiuliltioi.

At the twenty four Farmers' Institutes,
scattered over tiie country, at meetings, at
regular intervals, all the imiiroved metliods
of favmin^, cattle raising ami dairying are
discussed, and these discussions are of con-
siderable value to those newly arrived in
the western country.

The Government in addition to taking olh-
fial precaution against the spread of dis-
eases in horses and cattle from contact with
aiiinmls across the line, take measures t)
prevcit th'i spread of noxious wee Is on the
farms.

The Gov'-'ument encourages, by the grant
of a sum of money, the maintenance of a
poultry a.^sociation ; this leads to tlie im
proveinent mi poultry bri'eds that places the
province in the front rank.

One of the best evidences of the succes.s
of agriculturists in Manitoba Is that resident
farmers invest ev-iry dollar they can spare
fiom time to time in buying more land for
thems'ilves and their families.

During certain months, during harvesting
and tin-esh'ng a good man can usually get
from .$30 to IfSo a niontli and his board, but
a yearly eagagoment with a farmer is a
L-iatter of fliance and negotiation. A man
and his wife, if the latter understands the
I ecessities of a farm are sometimes aske'l
ff.r.

Maidt(d)a now sliii)H large (luantities oi'
butter and thuu' to Cidna, and last year it
sent (i..")t») tons of flour to Atistralia.

As an (Mide.ice of liie growtii of intelli-
gence in the country there are sixty-three
iicwspni.e.s pul)lishcd in it. one for every
l.uiin pcop!", siiowirig that many read iUvi'-i
or- four newsi)ai)ers.

There are no castes or classes in this coun-
try, all :nv equal, .iiul the idghcsl i>osition^t
in' ih.- gilt of tlie country are open to any
II. an whc tils liiiiiself for it and lias gained
the general esteem of tiie iieopl".

How to Reach ._

the
Canadian West.

Out of tlie 100,000 head of cattle slui)ped
from Montreal to Great Britain from ilic
country la^t season. Ma litoba and the Xortii-
west furnished 28,000, or more than the ono-
'piarter.

Colonists having arrived
in Canada at (Quebec or
Moiitrciil in summer, of
II ilifa.v or St. .Tolin, N.B., in
w inter, travel to new homes in Ontario, Mani-
t«,ba. ilie Territories, or liritlsh Columbia by
the Ciiiiidian Pacilic Railway direct. Settlers
from th»! Kastern States travel via Montreal,
I'rescott or BrockvlUe, and tiieiice by the
Canadian I'acilit : but if from Southern and
A\estern New York or I'eiinsylvanla via Nia-
gara Falls, Toronto and North Bay. thence
Canadian I'acilic Railway ; those from tliu
Middle States either by Toronto and North
Bay, or by Sault Ste. Marie or Portal, As-
sinlboia, via St. Paul ; from the Western
States by Portal (or, if for Manitoba, by
Gretna, Man.) ; from the Pacilic Coast State.'*
by Vancouver, Huntingdon, B.C., Osoyoos
or Kooteuay. On the same fast trains with
the lirst-class cars are colonist cars which
are convertible into sleeping cars at night
having uinier and lower berths constructe 1
on the same principle as those of lirst-class
sleeping cars, and ecpially as comfortable
ns to ventilation, &c. They are taken
through, without charge, all the way from
Montreal to Manitolia. No other railway
can do tills. No extra charge is made for
the sleeping accommodation. Second-cla^s
lassengers, however, must provide their own
biddl.ig. If tln>y do not bring it with them,
a complete outfit of mattress, pillow, blan-
ket and curtains will b.; supplied Liy the
agent of the company at the point of start
lug, at a cost of .$2.r)0-ten shillings. The
tiirtains m.iy be hung around a berth, turn-
ing It Into a little private room. In iiddition
to'this. men travelling alone are cut off from
families by a partition across the car near
tlie middl". and smoking is not permitted

I/OW TO liEACn THE CAXAhlAX i\ IJST.

75-

antltlcH i>r

list year il

.Ua.
of iiitclll-

sixty-ilircft
t'ur every
reiid tlirc.^

I this cmiu-
st lidsilioii^'
ix'ii to liny

has galnLMl

iiij,' arrived

(Quebec or
iimiiier, or
dIui, N.B., iu
ilario, Mani-
'oliiiiibia by
.(•t. Settlers
ia Moutrea!,
•uee by the
out hern aii'l
luia via Nia-
Bay, tlieiHo
se from tliu
) and Nortli

Portal, As-
the Western
[anitoba, by
Coast State.'*
.C, Osoyoos
; trains witii

cars wlucik
ars at niglit

eonstnicte 1
of flrst-class

comfortable

are talieu

le way from

;lier railway

is made for

Second-cla^s
ide their own
it with them,

pillow, blan-
plied t)y the
loiut of start
lullings. The

II berth, turn-
. In addition
L' cut off from

tlie car near
[lot permitted

In that part of the car where the women and
f'Mldren are.

Tiie trains slop at stations where niealu
are served in refresliment rooms, an<l whore
li')t coffee and tea and well-cookcil food may
lie boUKlit at very reasonalile jirices. Tli'
cars are not allowed to l)econie overcrowded,
ami tlie safety and welfare of passengers
ate carefully attended to. Every jiossible
(are is taiien tliat the colonist does not go
••istray, lose his property, or suffer imposi-
tion. AVliere a lai'.u'c numlier of colonists
are goiug to tiie west togellier special fast
trains of colonist sleeping cars are despatch-
ed.

No other railway in America offers such
sood aecoriiiiiodation to colouist piissengers.

All trains are met upon arrival at Win-
nipeg, or before reacliing tiiat city, by tiie
agents of tlie Government and the Canadiau
Pacific Railway Company, wlii) give colonists
all the information and advice they re piire
in regard to their new home.

In cases where some locality for settle-
ment has been selected, at whicli friends
are awaiting them, they are shown how
to proceed directly to tliat point. If tuey
have not decided upon such locality, but in-
tend to seelc a home somewhere further
vest, every Information can be obtained at
the Land Oflice in Winnipeg.

Special round-trip explorers' tickets can
l)e obtained at the Company's Land Office,
the full price of which will be refuude<l if
tlie holder purchases KiO acres or more. In
this way, I'lnd liuiiters are enabled to make
a personal inspection of the land free of
cost to themselves.

Alost men wish to examiue and choose
for themselves the section which seems to
them the most suitable, and this is strongly
recommended in every case. They are as-
sisted in doing this by officials appointed
1'.^ tlie Government for the purpose. Mean
while, the family and baggage can remain
at the Government immigration house in
safety and comfort. Providing themselves
«itii food ill the city maiicets, tiiey can cook
tlieir own meals upon the stoves in the
liouse, and, with the bedding that has served
tliem duri.ig their journey, they can sleep
in comfort in the bunk bedsteads with which
the rooms are fitted. Should they prefer,
however, to stop at an hotel, tliey will find

ill Wliinip"g i>ubllc houses of all grades,
wliere the total cost for eadi person vnrle.s
Irom !>{ (4s.) to .$.'{ (12s. i a day, according
to <'irciim >!aiic<'s, and lioarding lioiises are
numerous, at which tlie charges arc some-
wiiat lower.

It sometimes happens that tlie intending
settler has not nricli more than sufficient
ir.oney to <'arry lilni as far as Winnipeg. In
tliat case lie will lie anxious to begin im-
ii'i diately to earn some money. Tli(> Domlu-
iou and Provincial Governments Iiave eacli
ar< agi'iicy at Wiiiniiieg whose business it Is
to bo informed wiiere labour is needed. So-
cieties representing alih .st .ill the nationali-
ties of Eur ipe iiave l)een formed iu Winni-
peg, and will welcome and see to the wel-
fare of tholr resiiectivo countrymen.

At certain seasons farmer^ are on tiie look-
out for abl.3 men and pay good wages, gener-
ally a'oragiug ^5 i£3) to )i!20 (£4) per month
aid board, and during iiarvestlng as higii
as from .i;2j to (f40 per month and board is
paid. The girls of a family usually find
employment in Winnipeg and other towns,
in domestic seriMce, in hotels, shops, fac-
tories and establishments employing female
labour. Good w.ages are paid to capable
girls, and little time is lost iu getting a situa-
tion.

Settlers' Effects, viz. :-
Customs Wearing apparel, household

Regulations, furniture, b.ioks, implements
and tools of trade, occupation
or employment, gnus, musical instruments,
domestic sewing machines, typewriters, live
stock, bicycles, c.irts and other rehlcles and
agricultural implements in use by the settler
for at least si.K montlis before his removal to-
Canada, not to include machinery, or
articles imported for use In any manufac-
turing establishment, or for sale, also books,
pictures, family plate or furniture, personal
effects and heirlooms left by bequest ; pro-
vided that any dutiable article entered as
settlers' effects may not be so entered un-
less brought witli the settler on his first ar-
rival, and shall not be sold or otherwise dis-
posed of without payment of duty, until
after twelve months' actual use in Canada ;.
provided also that under regulations made
by tlie Controller of Customs, live stock,
when imported into Manitoba or the North-
west Territories by intending settlers shall.

;»?«{'

.',';

MASITOISA.

lio five, until iitlicrwlMo ordered liy I lie (iov-
tMiior ii) Ooiiiii'il.

Selilers iirriviim froni tlie I'lilled Slates
lire nllowed l.» enter dnty tree stocU In the
following in-diHii'tloiis : One iinliiiiil of meal
HtoeU or lioixes for each l«n aereh of land
puri'liased or otherwise Keeiired under home-
stead entry, up to KiO aeros ; and one sheep
foi' each acre so secured. Cuslonis duties
paid on animals Itrought In excess of this
proportWm will be refunde<l for the nund)er
applicable to an additional holding of 101)
neris, when taken ui>.

The settler will bo required to till up a
form (which will be supplied him by the cus-
toms otHcer on ai>plication) j,'ivln>? descrip-
tion, value, &e., of the \nnn\^ and articles he
wishes to be allowed to briuK lu free of
duty, lie will also be required to take the
following oath :—

I do hereliy sniemMly make

oath and say, that all the j,'i>i>ds and articles
hereinbefore mentioned are, to the best of
my knowledKO and belief, entitle<l to free
■entry as settlers' efreets, under the tarllt' of
■duties of customs now in force, and that all
of them have been owned and in actual use
by myself for at least six m )n'hs before re-
moval to Canada ; and that none of the
noods or .•irticles shown In this entry have
been imported as merchandise or for any
use in manufacturlnR establishment, or ft-r
sale, and that I intend becoming a perman-
ent settler within llu! Dominion of Canada.

Sworn before me at

day of \K)

The folNiwing oath shall be made by In-
tending settlers when importlnK live st( cit
into Manitoba or tlic North-west Territcries,
free of duty :—

I do solemnly swear that I

am now moving into Jfanitoba (or tiie North-
west Tei'ritories) with the intention of be-
coming a settler therein, and that the live
stock enumerated and desci'ibed in the entry
hereunto atlaciicd, is intended for my own
us(> on ilie farm whicli 1 am aliout to occupy
(or cultivate) and not for s.ale or speculative
purimses. nor for th(> use of any other per-
son or persons whomsoever.

Settlers' cattle when ac-
Quarantine of companied by ccrtilicales
Settlers' Cattle, of health to be admitted
without detention, when
not so accompanied they nuist be Inspected.
Inspectors ni.-iy subject any cattle showing
symptoms of tul>erculiisis to the tuberculin
test before allowing llieiii to enter.

.Vny cattle found tidierculous to be return-
ed to file I'lilted Stales or killed without In-
demnity.

Sheei) for breeding ami I'ei'diiig pirposes
may be adiidtted subject to inspection at
port of entry and must be accompanle<l by
a certilicate signed by a governmeut Inspec-
tfr. that sheep scab has not existed In the
district in which tliey have been fed for six
months preceding the dale of ImiiortatldU.
If disease Is .llseovered to exist In them they
nniy be returned, or slaughtered.

Swine may be admitted when forndng part
of settlers' effects when aceompmiled by a
certltlcate that Swine Plague or Ilog Chol-
era have not existed in the district whence
they came lor six mouths preceding tlie date
of shii)nient, when not accompanied by such
certilicate they must be subject to Inspection
at port of entry. If found diseased to be
slaughtered without compensation.

A.-- Carload of Settlers' Ef-
Freight fcfts. within the meaidng of
Regulations tb's lariir, may be made up of
on the tbe following described pro-
Railway, perty foi' tlie b(!uetlt of actual
settlers, viz. : Livo stocit. any
'.lumber up to but not exceeding ten (lit)
head, all told, viz.. Horses, mules, cattle,
calves, sheep, hogs ; houseliold goods and
lersonal i)roperty (second-hand); wagons, or
other V( Idcles for personal use (second-
hand) ; farm machinery, implements and
tools (all second-hand); lumber and shingles,
which must not exceed 'Z.7Mi) feet in all, or
the eipiivalent thereof ; or in lieu of, not iu
addition to, the lumber and shingles, a port-
able house may be shipped ; seetl grain ;
small ipiantity of trees or shrubbery ; small
lot Ihe poultry or jiet animals; and sutlicient
feed for the live stock while on the journey.

B.— Less than carloads will be understood
to mean only household goods |second-
hand ; wagons or other vidiicles for perscmal
use (second-hand), and second-hand farm
machinery, implements and tools. Ia'ss than
carload lots should bo plainly addressed.

C— Mercli.iiidise, such as groceries, i)rovi-
sions, hardware, iVt'., also imiilemeuts, ma-
chinery, vehicles. ,sic., if new, \vill not be re-
garded as settlers' effects, and if shipiied,
will be chiirged the company's reguljir clas-
silied tariff rates.

D.— Should the allotted number of livo
stock be exceeded the additional animals will
lie taken at the ordinary <-ias>^iried rates, over
and almve ilie carload rales for the settlers'
effects, hut the total chiirgi- I'oi' any one such
ear will not exceed the regular rate for a
straight carload of live stick. (('I'heso or-

lo 1(0 ri'Uirn-
1 williout In-

iiiK pirposea
iis|i('('iii)u at
iiniiiiiilt'il l(y

IlK'Ilt lUHpl'C-

:lHteil In the
1 fed for Mix
iiii|i(ii'tiiti(iii.
in tlieni they

■orniln^ pnrt
panU'd by a
V Hog Chol-
trlct whoiico
liiiK tlio date
iiiiHl by such
to lusiioctlon
icnsi'd to be
)n.

Settlers' Ef-

uieuiiing of

iiiadi' up of

scribed pro-

■tit of actual

stock, any
hi;^ ten (l(t)
nUes, cattle,

1 goods and
; wagons, or
ISO (second-
lenionts and
ind shingles,
■et in all, or
BU of, not in
igles, a port-
seed grain ;
bery ; small
lud sutttcient
the journey.

; understood
ids Isecond-
for personal
l-hand farm
s. IjOss than
Idressed.

•erios, provi-
onionts, ma-
ill not 1)0 re-
if shipped,
reguliir clas-

iber of live
animals will
■I I rates, over
the s(>ttlers'
uiy one such
r rate for a
(Criiesc or-

^mm

1 ..

rttOFESSlUXA I. OI'INIOXS.

(lliuiry (iirllT nilcH wlli lie fiiiiilNlifd li.v stn-
ilitri H;;i>iitH oil tipiillcatlDM.)

M.-PuHMcM. -((lie iiiiiii will lie passed Irci-
III cliarKO oi llvi" sfiK'U wlicii IniinliiK parts
v( carliiHilH, til fiTil, watiT ami cai-K fur IIhmii
In IraiiHlt. Aki-iiIh will um' tin- iiNiial fnrin
of live HtiK'k coiitrnct.

I'. Top lioaiJs. S«>ttlors nro not ppr-
iiilUfil, iiiiilcr any rlriM-.mMtanccs, to load any
artli'lo on tin- top of box or slock "ars ; siic'li
luannt'r of loading Is ilannennis, and Is ali-
Mohiti'ly forbidden.

O, -Carloads will iiot bo stopiu-d nt any
point slioit of dfstlnatl'in for the piirpuso ct
unloiidInK part. The entire carload must ko
throiich to the scatlon to which orlKlnnlly
conslKiied.

II. -Carload Itates —The rates shown In
llie column headed " Carlcads," apply on any
shl[iincnt occupylnc a car, and weiKl'ilnjr av
(XXi pounds (l(t tons) or loss. If the carloads
weiKh over 2(),(K)() i)i.iinils, the additional
weight will bo charged for at proportionate
ratoH. (Example: .f_'(C) " per car" Is ooulva-
lent to f l,n'JV;i i>(>r hundred pounds, at which
i( e the a 'itldiial weight would be charg
on).

"Aforeover, III.- frost which locks up tlu«
land for montlis in the winter Is reallv a
s. rvi. •cable friend to liie prairie farniH. The
moisture whicli pernienles the soil e^pandM
In the act of freei'.InK, and tiiis cai.es a inln-
utt^ separation or disruption amongst the
particles 111' pliiuKlx'd enrti', so Miat wlien the
thaw comes they fall apart In a desiratde
state of tiltli which ;t Is well nlnh ImpoKHl-
I'lc to briiu' aboin by the work of any airrl-
cidtiiral lmi»lement. Frost Is ,i ^{ood sersaiit
to furinoiH, c.iil ( ic- that workx without
pay."

PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS.

Prof. Tanner, one of the best
Professor known authorities on agriculture
Tanner's in Great Krltain. says : " i nni
Opinion. bound to state that, althouKh we
liavo hitherto considered the
blaon. earth of Ontnil Itussia \he richest soil
In the world, that land has now to yield Its
distinguished iiositioii to the rich, deep, black
soils of Manitiba and the North-vest Terri-
tories. Here it is that 'the oliamn.'on s )lls
of iho world ' are to be found."

Professor Fream, of the Rovn'
Professor AgrkMiltnral College, ClremV-;-
Fream's tor, England, says : " Nothing
Opinion. In conneotion wiili the Norlli
west ;s, l)erhap.^, ii'ore inisa-)-
I^rehended nt lioni,^ than the nature of it^;
climate. Old notions, and particularly erro
iM'oii.s ones die liai'd. That in the North-west
lie tliermonieter as a rule gives higher read-
ings In the summer aii.l loner in the winter
tlian we ai'.^ a-ciistomed to in Hic old coun-
try is i)orfect:y true, but in esllinating the
(•li.iricter of a climate it is wrong .nnd mis-
Iiading to be guided by tlie theniiometer
II lone. The atmisphore jiossesses other iir-.-
pert! >s besides temperature ; it can tell a
tale to other met.jorolagicai instruments be-
sides The thermometer. On physical grounds
It IS easy to nndor.stand how the dwellers
in tho North-west can endure a winter teiu-
l'inittir(> which in our own climate woidd be
;nt(.lerable -the dryness of the at,;iosi)Iiere
IS thoir protection.

SETTLERS' OPINIONS OP
THE COUNTRY.

Tin following are extracts from the re-
iiorlh of .Mr. Keubeii Slielton. of the tirnnga
Fiiiin, Uuddlngtou, Nottinghnm, Englaial,
who was Olio of the delegates sent out by
the English farmers :—

"After having travelled across the Do-
mlnlin of Canada, from the eastern coast to
the vestern. a distance of over ;{,'H)0 miles,
ai . uaviiig been driven over more than 1,0(M)
miles of her agricultural districts, I can con-
scientiously say (and I have all through felt
the responsibility of my position as a dele-
gate) that I like her land, I like her hiw a,
and I like her people. Of the general high
standard of ipiallty of the land, I do not
Ixdieve I hero can bo any doubt in tho minds
of men who ha.e had the privilege of see-
ing so much of It as I havo done. There are
without doubt many millions of acres of as
flue, bla .k soli, (>asy working, fertile land,
awaiting settlemenl, in tho north-western
territories as the most fastidious farmer
conk', wish to cultivate.

" From the abundance of testinionv of set-
tlers who have been out farming In'Canada
for the last ten or fifteen years, together
with what I have seen, I oni quite convinc-
ed that many a man there has been getting
> vtry satisfactory return for his labour and'
small amount of capital, while many have
been struggling and falling in the attempt to
make (>nds meet in the old country, where
successful farming generally is now a thing
of the past. I feel every confidence In re-
coniinending Canada to tlio notice of all
classes of British agriculturists, but es-
pecially to young, strong iikmi, with or witli-
out capital, who are blessed with habits of
sobi'iety. Industry and perseverance."

l.lppentott, Oct. 30th, 189,").

I cam,, from Northumberland
Uritish fi-ounty, EngL-unl, eleven years
Settlers' ago. I had no capital and bad
Testimony, to hire out first, l took up a
liomcst'>ad and have now the
imtcnt for the same Kin acres of land it be-
ing the N. E. L>-U-2!). I had r..", acres crop.

j.,K-' >i

,.,.v^ i? I
9"m

MAX iron A.

ami ir, s,uun,'M'-f!ill<.Nvo.l. The wl.eat yield- Inl.ilH.v of a .nan's clu.n.v in tl.at country

ed 18 buslu-ls. oats 41) bushels per acre. I of nialciuf,' pn.gress e.iual to this iu t^vo

have four head of horses. yini'«- tmmctt wqp'v

JOHN DONAHOE. "ANS KUISl.rA^SEN.

Hamlota: Nov. 3, 18!)r>.
I came from Wexford county. Ireland, In
the fall of 1881, to tiiis part of Manitoba,
and took up a homestead and pre-emption
the 17th of March, 1882. 1 performed the
homestead duties ant, %ot th.,- title of a free
homestead in 188."). I then entered for a
second homestead. I ?ot what was my pre-
emption as a secoml homestead, and have
now completed the duties on that. I am
now applyimr for the title for this second
free lioniestend. it Ixinjr 32(1 acr.'s of land
free from the Dominiim Government. This
past season I had about 110 acres in crop,
and some of tlie wliont yielded 40 bushels
per acre. I am well satisfied with my pros-
pects in Maiutoba.

RICIIAKI) BOLTON.

of SMi See. 24-14-23 W.M.

Scandinavian

Settlers'
Testimony.

Carberry, Oct. 20th. 1895.

AVe have a flno district
around Carberry. The soil is
easily cultivated : there are
no stones, and the soil is
suitable for all kinds of
grains. We liad a very fine harvest this
year. It has l)eeii line growinj; weather here
the whole summer. There are seven Scandi-
navian families settled in the vicinity of
Carberry, and tliey are all farmers. Tliere
are a number of Scandinavians working for
the farmers around here, and tliat is the
class of i>eople we need iu Manitoba. As
for mvself 1 wish to say that I worked in
the country in rienmark until I was 21 years
of ase, anil tlieii left for ('anada, and work-
o<l for farmers in Ontario for O'o years, and
after tliat went to Mauiti '•i in ISTfl, and
took the lionu'stead where i now live wit'i
my wife and six children. Wo have also
b(iu«lit mo acres of Canadian Tacific Uail-
wav land. Tims we have now ;;20 acres,
to^otlier witli cattle and implements ; the
total value of which is aliout $7,000. Let
us hear from anyone v,ho has done better.

MUSSEN.

Baldar. Man.. .'iOth October. ISDi;.
In the fall of 180;!. I emly:rated from Ice-
land and r.Mch'Ml this colony without money
and almost withour " a sliirt to my back."
I was indebted to the extent of about .<M0
for fires, &c. As soon as I arrived h(>re.
I started work in the liarvest field for $1.00
I ( r day a;id board. I am now i)ossessed
of :iO ;icivs of piod laiul on wliicli I hav(;
built a comfortable house, a stalde. and a
1:( nliouse. All my proiierty is now viilued
at $7."iO. 'I'hose who iire accpiaiiiled with my
fonditioii in 1<'(>l'tnd cnu .bulue df the pro

riumas r.O., Man., Nov. 10, 1895.

I have livod in Richmond Township, Muni-
cipality of Westbournc, for over eigiiteeu
\ears. When I arrived in this province I
iiad only a few hunlred dollars capital.
Seveuteen years ago I bought a quarter sec-
ti<.n on which I have since lived ; have also
purchased an adjoining quarter section. This
year I had 14,5 acres under cultivation. My
buildings oisist of stabling for about 40
head of cattle, implement sheds, granary
rrom for 4,000 bushals of grain and a coui-
IVrtable house. These buildings are insured
ff r $1,200. I have a l)and of 20 horses, good
genoril purpose stock, 2.5 to 30 head of cat-
tle and about a dozen pigs, besides poultry.
This year I had 70 acres of wheat, 10 of
barley and 30 of oats, which yielded 2,000
bushels of whjat, 100 of barley and 1,250 of
oats. I do not stable my cattle, but provide
them with sheds and let them run out among
the straw stacks. Horses winter on the prai-
rie li.v.-e u itil Christmas. In all my experi-
ence here of eighte^m years I have only had
my crop touched with frost once, in 1884,
and then it brought 50 to 55 cents per bushel.
The climate aad -ioil are all right. There is
an abundance of water and ricli pasturage
in this neiglibourhood and a choice market
and comparatively near at hand. If a man
comes to this country willing to work he
can make a good living.

.TAMES ANDERSON.

Kola. October 3rd, 1895.

I came from li-imliton County. Ontario.
Canada, in the year 1889, and took up a
liomestead tlie 25tli May, 1889. it being the
nortli-w<'st quarter of section 12-9-29. about
IT miles from Elkhorii on the Canadian
Pacilic .Railway. My time is overdue now
to liave my title for ti'e free homestead. I
(Ud nor ai);)ly for it j.;t as I had no oppor-
tunity, l>ut I was in no great hurry for tliat.
I have four horses ; about 100 acres have
been croiiiitd in 180,". Tlie wlu-at yielded
25 biisliels per a "re. I have not threshed
all the o;irs yet. but what was threshed
yielded 40 bushels per acre. I had about
!S500 worth of stock and farm implements
^ hen I cam,"' to the country.

.TAMES McGILL.

.T. F. ITogan, th(> well known Irish-Aus-
tralia 1 moiiiber of tlu> Imperial r;irli;inienr
ff r Mid-Tipperary, siiys : "Manitolia is n.
most progressive province. It receives emi-
grants from all (piarti I's of tlie world, and
is therefore a most cosino|)olitan community
It has an immense iind very fertile terri-
tory, wliicli is now being filled \\\\ by good
i.iiiiiri'oiitH. I was very i>leased witli fhe

litit countrv
this iu two

L'JANSBN.

'. 10, 1895.

tiship, Muni-
■er eigliteuii

proviiico I
ars ciipital.
(inarter sec-
l ; have also
■iectioii. Thif
ivatiou. My
1)1' about 40
(Is, grauary

and a com-

are insured
horses, good
head of cat-
ides poultry,
vlioat, 10 ol"
^•ielded 2,000
and l,2r)0 of

but provide
n out among
r on the pral-
1 my experl-
Lve only had
ice, in 1884,
:s per bushel.,
lit. There is
?li pasturage
loice market
d. If a man

to work he

s'DERSOX.

.">r.l, 180.5.

ity. (Ontario.
1 took up a
it being the
•J-y-2i), about
vi Canadian
)\'erdu(> now
loniestead. I
ad no oppor-
irry for that.
> ai'res have
hi'dt yielded
not threslied
,'as tlireslied
I l.ad about
imi)li'nienls

S McGILL.

■n Irish-Aus-
1 rarliiinienr
nuitoba is n.
receives enii-
e world, and
1 community
fertile lerri-
l ui) by good
L>d witli file

SUTT/J'JItS- OriXlOXS OF Tllli COUNTRY.

various settlein(>nts I visiled in Alanitoba,
and 1 vcnliu'c lo iirophesy lliiil it will shoi'tly
be one (d' tlie most pi'osperous jind po])ulous
sictions of the British Empire."

AVillow Bank Farm, Nov. 25.
I came from (^.lasgow, Scotlund, ;ind have
been ftirniing in this district for nearly 15
years. Have had always good cr:ips of
wheat, but as I am engaged in mixed tarm-
ing, do not grow much of thiit cereal. (]ji(ile
and slice]) do well and fjilten nii the pniirie
gr.'iss, but with a, small grjiin ralicm are much
iui|iroved nnd ari^ eagerly picked up by ship-
pers for the Englisli iniirket. My capital on
reaching this country was less "than .'*;i,000
(£200), but ifilOO now would have as inu( h
purchasing iiower as tlie former sum in 1882.
1 own a half sectidii of lanu, .T> liend of cat-
tle. 8 horses, a full line of implements and
a giiod dw(dling lio.ise. The climate is very
lieallhy. A\'(> IiiiV(> a family consisting of ten
children, but have ncer been under the
necessity of reciuiring tlu' services .if a doc-
tor. There is still a number of fr(>e 1 ome-
st(>.nds Avitliin e.'isy distance of Elkhorn, and
raihvjiy lands can be bought near iown at
$;{ jier acre, on easy ti'rms. I say to the in-
dustrious, come, there is room for thous.inds
of tillers of the soil in this great country. 1
will be pleased to give any information le-
quired.

KOBERT BICKERTON.

Ilartney, Nov. 22.
I left Couuty Orey, Ontiirio, for Manitoba
in tlie si)riiig of 1SS2, my only capital being
one team of horses. "Working the lirst soa-
son on tlie railway, I took up this homestead
and broke twenty acres in 188,'!. From this
time on I have increased tlie projierty year
by year, and now own 480 .icres. ;',20 of
whicji 1 cropped last year, and averaged 'M
Inislicls of wlieat jier acre, (io of oats, and 45
of b;irley. 1 have 1!) horses and .f.'J.Ooi) worth
of btilldiiig improvements on my iKuncstead.
1 am satislied that tliere is no ("itlier country
th.-it olfers tlic same ciiauces to liard-wo'k-
iiig men Willi small caoittil as Manitolia and
those having <sqpi(al. of cotirse, c;in do
bcllei".

AVir.Ll.VM B.VRBER.

Lucas. Xov. 2, 180.5.
r came from Essex county, EncLand, in
18!iii witli ji young fjiniilv of 8 children. I
litid no capital, jind handed in Moiitn.jii Mitli
only .■i;2i>. I had to subsist on tiiat and on
wliat 1 earned. 1 came to this part of >ranl-
(olia ;iii(l took up ,'i honiest(>ad in .lune, ISO],
c-mmenced the improvements that same
season. I then broke 25 acn>s. \ow tliis
season 1 had (15 acres in croji. 1 have not
llireshed yet. but T ex))ect to liave at h>ast
one tlioiisand Inishels of wheat anil at l(>ast
seven Imndred liushels of oats. I hav(> about
80 busliels of potatoes. I have S liorsi's 1
colt, ami l.-^ ii

iiead of (atlle. I have a house of tliei

10x20 ft., worth $140, also an addition 12x12
tt. I am about building a stone hou.se. I
have 2 stiibles and granary and 25 acr;js
fenced. I am satislied with my prospects in
Miinitolm, .and 1 am certain that my fellow-
countrymen would do well in this country.
SAMUEL RICHARDSON,

€f 22-14-25.

" Westhome Farm,"
Gladstone P. O., Man., Nov. 1, 1893.
I came to this province in March, 1888,
.and began farming on Sec. 9, Tp. 1.5, range
12, in tlie municipfility of Westbourne, town-
ship of lilake. I brought out material for a
liouso in one car, and settlers' effects in an-
other. I occupy a whole section of land and
it is all inclosed by fence. I have about 225
acres at present under cultivation. I liad
about 150 acr(!s under crop this year My
threshing statement is as follows :— WJieat,
.3,.35.'{ bushels ; oats, 1,890 ; barley, 440 ;
flax, 14 ; total, aboni; 5,200. By weight the
wheat over-runs about 12 bushels to the
hundred, oats weigh about 90 pounds to the
bag. All the work in connection with rais-
ing this amount of grain was done by two
men except the assistance of a boy of 15
years for a little over a month, during cut-
ting and stacking. There is no part of the
province that I know of that is as well suit-
ed for mixed farming as the county of West-
bourne. There is an abundance of natural
h.ny, and grain of tiie best quality can be
raised. I have never gone extensively into
stock. At i)res(>iit I have eiglit head of
horses, 22 head of cattle and a few jiijis I
have pastur<> inclosed for mv stock and do
not allow them to run at large. The supjdv
of water on my jdace is equal to tlie best I
ever found in Ontario. Good wells can be
had by digging 10 feet. The soil is a black
Siindy loam, v(>ry iH'oduciivc and very easilv
\\orked. Four small horses ,.a„ casilv pl(m«ii
from tour to five iicres in a dav with a gang
plough. 1 believe in summer-fallowing and
liope in future always to have at least 75 or
more acres and iu>ver to take off more than
two consecutive crops.

The chief town In tliis countv is Gladstone
on the M. .S: N. W. Railw.ay. This town suf-
fered from th(> effects of the boom, but Is
now making subst.antial progress. R Mulr
& Co. have rec(Mitly erected a first-class
roller mill, supiilied witli the latest and most
improved class of icacliinerv. AVestbr)urne
in the east and Midway in the west are both
rising towns. Midway this year has hart
three elevators jiut up.

W. J. EMERSON.

G. N. STi;\\ART
If fiirtlKT direct testimony Is desired apiilv
to the Higli ('ommissio'i(>r. 17 Victoria Si
S.AV. London, or to the Commissioner of
Immignrllon at Wiuiiii>e.i,', Manitoba, for a
coi)y of the book, "A Few Facts." which con-
tains the answers of a number of western
settlers to a seri >H of q,!-^tions put 1,, oach

,,<.;<',

I'l; :V

•t-,:, f-

^' W-'^t

«f' '■

•iJWr':>^

Kimge Cattle, N.W.T.

NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES

£^

\^»i;

HE Nortli-west Territories of Can-
ada comprise tlie larger portion
of the Dominion outside the
boundaries of the different pro-
vinces. This vast portion of the
North Au.orican continent was,
until comparatively lately, an al-
most unknown region, ruled over
by the Hudson's Bay Company, and popular-
ly loolved upon as an inhospitable country,
sood for nothing but the production of fur,
.'lud affording inducements only to the hardy
<xplorer or searcher after big game.

With the acquirement by the Dominion of
Canada of the rights of the Hudson's Bay
Company in 1870, and the formation of tlie
province of Manitoba out of a small por-
tion of the Territories, came more enlighten-
0(1 knowledge of the natural advantages
which the newly-acquired portion of the Do-
minion offered to those in search of homos,
iiud of the existing favourable conditions for
:ife'ricultural or pastoral pursuits, and the
i"ipidly extending limits of settlement and

railway construction, together with intelli-
gent exploration and systematic observation
of climatic conditions, which have since
taken place, now enables us to realize and
oonfldontly assert, that within these Terri-
tories is situated the largest unoccupied
areas of good land on the North American
continent. In this extensive settlements
have been made and large districts await
only the transforming Influence of the in-
dustrious husbandman to be converted Into
happy and prosperous homes.

The North-west Territories extend
Extent, from the International Boundary,
or 49th parallel of latitude on tlie
south, to the Arctic Ocean on the north, and
from Hudson's Bay on the cast to the Rocky
Mountains on the west. This vast extent
of territory, covering an area of some 1,402.-
800 square miles, and embracing some
twenty degrees of latitude and fifteen de-
grees of longitude, naturally Includes wltli-
in its limits many districts, of great extent
in themselves, which show marked dlffereu-

NORTH- WEST TERIUTORIES.

■■'i':

ces from each other In climatic and topo-
graphical features. In attempting to give
any adequate description of the Territories
as a whole, the natural divisions as marked
by these differences shouli, of course, be
dealt with separately, but for present pur-
poses it is only necessary that those portions
of the Territories which are within the lim-
its of the present trend of settlement, and
which offer favourable inducements to the
Incoming settler should be described. These
portions are embraced in the area bounded
on the east by the province of Manitoba, on
the Avest by the province of British Colum-
bia, on the south by the International
Boundary, and extending north up to about
latitude 54° 30'.

An Indian grave on the prairie.

The area in question, though vast as com-
pared with some of the present provinces of
the Dominion, or older European countries,
comprises but a small part of the whole
North-west Territories of Canada, and
should properly be designated as the West-
ern Territories of Canada, to distinguish
It from the great extent of country ex-
tending far to the north and north-east,
where the climate, soil, and other natural
conditions preclude the possibility of settle-
ment for agricultural or pastoral pursuits in
the near future.

The more fertile portion of

Divisions. the Territories In question has
been divided by nature into
two distinct divisions exhibiting marked dif-
ferences in physical features and climatic
conditions. The sovthern half is contained
within the great plains or prairie region of
Western America, while the northern half
exhibits the transition from open prairie or
plains to the timbered regions of the north,
being park-like in its character, with .".1-

ternate wooded and prairie portions. Both
of these divisions, however, offer special ad-
vantages to the homeseeker, but these ad-
vantages do not in any way clash with each
other when properly understood. In the
prairie or plains region, which, within a
comparatively few years, formed the graz-
ing ground of vast herds of buffalo, the
settler who desires to confine himself to
pastoral pursuits will find many locations
where the luxuriance of the growth of the
native grasses and tae unlimited pasturage,
tlie small snowfall and the mild winters
afford every opportunity for successful effort
in that direction, while the northern district
offers to the farmer proper, rich soil and
better opportunities to embark in grain rais-
ing and mixed farming.

In the year 1882 it was found advisable
for administrative purposes to divide the
portion of the Territories, above described,
into four provisional districts, named re-
spectively Assinibola, Alberta, Saskatche-
wan, and Athabasca. In proceeding to a
more detailed description of the country it
will be found convenient for reference to
deal with each of the three first districts
separately, passing over, for the present,
any reference to the latter district, as it
comprises a portion of the Territories within
the limits of that part described above as
being beyond the trend of probable settle-
ment in the near future.

In describing the different districts it will
be understood that as the boundaries be-
tween them are arbitrary lines and not
retural features such as rivers or moun-
tains the description of the portion of one
district adjoining the boundary between it
and the next, will naturally suit either one,
and some repetition in descriptions is ther :-
fore unavoidable. The detailed remarks
given below will be best understood by re-
ferring to the accompanying map.

ASSINIBOIA.

The District of Assinibola has a length of
about 4.30 miles east and west, by about 205
miles north .and south, and contains an area
of 89,535 square miles. It is bounded on
the east by the province of Manitoba, on the
south by the International Boundary, on the
west by the District of Alberta, and on the
r.nrth bv the District of Saskatchewan. (See

artlons. Both
!er special ad-
but these ad-
tish with each
3od. In the
Ich, within a
ued the graz-
: buffalo, the
le himself to
any locations
jrowth of the
:ed pasturage,

mild winters
ccessf nl effort
rtheru district
rich soil and

in grain rals-

und advisable
to divide the
ove described,
ts, named re-
;a, Sasliatche-
oceeding to a
the country it
r reference to
first districts
r the present,
district, as it
•ritories within
ibed above as
robable settle-

listricts it will
)oundafles be-
lines and not
/^ors or mouu-
portion of one
try between it
luit either one,
jtions is ther <-
ailed remarljs
lerstood by re-
nap.

las a length of
t, by about 205
ntains an area
is bounded on
anitoba, on the
undary, on the
ta, and on the
itchewan. (See

.y'-»S-

*-^ .>._

'*.--J

f-;;

- ji

,^wlf

ASSINIBOIA.

map.) Thp greater part of the plalus or
prairie portion of the Territories referred
to lu the general description given above, la
situated In this provisional district, but the
eastern and western portions of the district

EASTERN A&SINIBOIA,

S.'.ViS

A .sllHll.V spot.

Show marked differences both lu climate and
topographical features. The main
Railways, line of the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way extends from east to west al-
most through the centre of Assinlbola, and
l)ranch lines of this road extend from Moose
Jaw to the south-eiist corner of the district
and from Reglna to the north through the
central portion. The Manitoba and North-
western Railway also extends into the
north-eastern portion of the district from
Manitoba, and present requirements in the
wiy of transportation are thus well provid-
ed for.

The South Saskatchewan River,
Rivers, one of the Important streams of the
western Territories enters Asslni-
Ix'ia almost midway on Its western bound-
'ii'y, and after flowing nearly due east for
about two hundred miles, turns nt almost a
I'ight angle to the north, leavic- the dis-
trict about the middle of its northern bound-
ary.

The Qu'Appelle River, which heads al-
most at the point where the Saskatchewan
River turns to the north, flows to the east
and becomes a stream of considerable size
before crossing the eastern boundary of the
district into Manitoba. These two rivers
are the principal waterways of the district,
'Hit there are many other smaller streams in
particular localities which are referred to in
ilie local descriptions given further on

Grain ^^^ eastern portion of Asslnl-
Countrv ^°''^' ^°^ ^ distance of some 120
y- miles west from its eastern
boundary is practically a continuation to the
westward of the grain-growing areas of
Manitoba, and although the soil is somewhat
lighter than the deep blaek loam of the Red
\ River valley. It is very warm and productive.

\. Within this portion of the district .settle-
ment has rapidly extended, aud many thriv-
ing towns have sprung up along tlie main
line of the Canadian I'aciflc RalKv.iy, among
which may be mentioned Moosomln, Gran-
fell, Wolesley, Indian Head, and Qu'Appelle,
and on the line of the Manitoba and North-
western Railway, Saltcoats and Yorkion.
This iwrtlon of the district shows the
gradual change from the wooded areas of
Manitoba to the great plains region of the
Territories, and in many places contains a
park like country, with alternate bluffs of
poplar and willow, and open areas of prairie.
The soil Is a friable loam, easily worked and
producing excellent crops of wheat, coarse
grains and vegetables. The climate is cold
In winter, with a considerable snowfall dur-
ing the m.ijority of years, but the summers
leave little to be desired in an agricultural
country, and cyclones or violent storns are
so far unkuown. In most portions of this
part of the district, good water can be ob-
tained at a reasonable depth, but In some
localities water Is rather scarce and hard to
obtain. This portion of Assinlbola
Mixed offers special Inducements to the
Farming, intending settler who Is deslrojs
of embarking In grain raising .-lUd
mixed farming, there being a good market
for all kinds of grain, dairy prod ice, and
beef or pork. Tho Territorial Experimental
Farm is located at Tndi.in Head, and ample
milling, elevator, and creamory ficcommoda-
tion has been provided in most of the towns
and villages. Good homestead land Is to be
had in many localities, and The railway com-
panies offer choice land for sale at reason-
able prices, and on long terms of payment.
In addition to the Qu'Appelle River, the
Asslnibolne River, White Sand River, and
many smaller streams intersect the northern
portion of the district and in the south the
Souris River, Pipestone Creek, Long Creek,
and some minor stvc,^ms are met. The val-
leys of all these streams afford favourable

NORTH WEST TElililTOliltS.

locations for s-ttleinent, those In the north
l.clng bettor n(lai)to(l for Rraiu fanning than
those in the south, where the more open
country offers sp-'-ial ailvantagos for graz-
ing aud tlAiry Imlustry. About the centro
of the southern i)ortion of this portion of
Assiniboia, a niariied topographical feature,
know as Moose Mountains, occurs. This hill,
or range of hills, whicli rises to a consider-
able elevation abo,'e the surrounding plains,
is somo thirty miles iu length east and west
and about fifteen miles nortli and south.
Parts of the hills are thlclily wooded and
icany small lo.^al watercourses head thert>in
and run d)wu to the surrounding plains.
The country along the base of these Idlls
offers many favourable locations for mixed
farming, and there is a considerable settle-
ment in the vicinity, with a tln-lving village
at the east end of tiie hills called Canning-
ton Manor.

WESTERN ASSINIBOIA.

The west.M-n two-thirds of Assiniboia is
almost entirely oi.up.sed of open plains,
wlilch, with the exception of the localities
inimedlatelv a.lloiiiing the towns of Regina
iuid Moose Jaw. and in the vicinity of the
Wood Mouitains and Cypress Hills described
more fully furtii r on, are devoid at present
of settlem-'.it and uiisuited to agriculture
without the aid of Irrigation. In the dis-
tricts, near Keglua and Moose Jaw, and in
*lio valley of the Qu'Appelie River to the
north of th;se towns .onslderable settlement
has talcen place, but the success attending
l:irmlng operations has not been encourag-
ing. This portion of thi> district is on the
b( rdei-land between the huml<l and the and
portions of the Territories, and while the
soil is of an exeoDtionally fertile character,
the liability to drougiit lenders grain grow-
ing precarious, and owing to scarcity of
wiiter supply irrigiition cannot l)e resor'^eid
to as an aid to crop production in the manner
practised in other parts of the plains regloa.
The vast extent of prairie in this part of
Assiniboia is brolvcn in two places by marlc-
ed ranges ot lulls which rise to a consider-
able liei:^lit alwve the general elevation of
the plains. The flvst of these ranges i.-<
called Wood Mountain, situated near the
International Boundary about tUe centre of
the district. SetMeinent in the vicinity of

Wood ^Mountain Is very sparse as yet and is
mostly centred near the -ast end surround-
ing Willow Bunch post ortlce. The locality
cffers good opportunities for stock raising
and dairy fantdng. but Is rather far froni
present railway communication, and will
not therefore prol)al)ly be settled up as rapld-
Iv as some districts near the lines of com-
inunlcatlon. Considerable tlnd>er is found
In parts of Wood Mountain and good water
is available in many of the ravines and
small streams carrying the drainage from
the hills to the lower levels.

Th'^ second range of hills
Wood, Water i« situated In the south-west-
and •'I"' corner of Assiniboia.

Grass. I'h's range Is called tlie Cy-

pr.^ss mils and covers nu
area extending east and west about eighty
miles north and south about twenty miles.
The hills rise in places to an elevation of
1,(KM-) feet above tlie adjoining plains and are
much broken by deep ravines and coulees,
cm their eastern end there Is not much
timber, but as the western extremity is
r'-ached. tlie timbered areas extend until
some largo tracts of mcreliantable tlmner
are met. This rancie of hills forms the main
watershed for this portion of the prairie
regloa, an*! owing ta their elevation collect
a predpltatlDU prob.ildy tliree times as great
as that of the plains below. This preclpita-
t'ou runs down to tlie plains in a large num-
ber of small streams, ciiief among wlilch are
Swift Current Creek, Wiiitemud River, Bat-
tle Creek, Bear Creek, Maple Creek, McKay
Creek, and Ross Creek. In many cases these
streams disappear entirely after reaching
the prairies but on the upper portion of
their length they afford a good water supply
(luring the whole year.

The

The winters are much milder

'■°-^. thin In the eastern part of As-
Ranchmg gij,it,„ij,^ the snowfall is very
Districts, j.^j^^ ,^|j^^ cattle, horses, and
sheep, graze outside during the whole year.
The rainfall on the plains adjoining the
hills is not as a rule sufficient to mature
crop !, but the large number of small streams
heading in the hills and running down to tlie
plains afford a good supply of water for
Irrigation, and by constructing cheap ditche'*
this v/ater Is brought to the growing crops
and exceelingly satisfactory results obtain-

; yet aud Ik
I surround-
nif locnllly
nek ralslui;
!!• fill- from
, nud will
lip ns rapid-
IPS of coiii-
r Is found
good water
•avines and
Inage from

iige of hills
south-west-

Asslnlbola.
lied the Cy-

covors nu
il)()ut eighty
vcuty miles,
elevation of
iilns and are
aud coulees.
i not mueh
extremity is
extend until
table tlmner
ms the main

the prairie
atiin collect
mes as gre.it
Ills precipita-
a large nuui-
ng which are

I lllver, Bnt-
reek, McKay
ly cases thesi'
'tor reaching
T portion of
water supply

much miUlev

II part of As-
\-fall is very

horses, and
e whole year,
adjoining tiie
nt to mature
small streams
ig down to tlie
of water for

cheap ditches
growing crops
results obtain-

' '4

c-(l. Ml
charm,'

1 ccli V
1 ( I'HUM

liiTKe 11

of Sllll
JMlll pu

Wh.'i
III till
M'ry c(

KIllH (1

cm the
IhiG of
chli'f I
boliin; t
Creek,
norther

The Ch

Hltuatei
hills, c
near tl
Diirliu
hciul ol
OiKtrlet,
cut tie I
blinds I
of who
small w

This :
oi»i>ortn
sire tl i
funnlnj.
1.' had,
ri.i,'atiou
crops ol
year, a
eiiiible 1
sheep o:
except 1
ull.v sto
'I'lio rei
along tl
iivies of
Kiazlng
many i
and the
is not su
the suoi
dctrai.'ts
winter
are, hov

aliikhta. IB

ed. Miiiiy siniill IrrlpiHon HyHteiiis of thiH of iii, So.itli Ha.sKHti-liewan Uiver, where
(■liuriiftiM' are now In rnxnitlon nnd hnve a honso mii.-hf miiy be coiiildiu'il with hiiiu-
1 ccn very yucccsst'iil pjii'tlciilarly iilimn fho ii,t>r )>a«tnr!i,y:e oi the ailjolnhnf la'uli'ie
1 crtherii Hlopu of these hills, and during the are<iH.
In i«e majority of years owhiK to the aDseuce
ol' suiiinuT frosts, corn, toniatoea, melons,
end pumiiklns do well.

Wheat, however, Ik not mncli ^I'own
III this f.eetion. There Is already a
M-ry consi lerahle s(>ttlement In Uw Cypres-*
I i Ills distiiet, the larger part of which Is
on the north slope of the hills along the
line of th<> Canadian I'aelflc Railway, (he
fliief l)\isl:iess ceiilre I'or the seltlemi-nt
belnn; the small but tlirivinn town of Maple
Creek, situated about the cenin,' of the
northern slope on the railway In (piestloi.

The town of Medicine
The Chief Town. If'it. which is a divisional
point on the railway. Is
situated a short distance north-west of the
hills, on the South Saskatchewan Ulver,
near the western boundary of .\ssiiilbola.
Iiiirin.^ the y(>ar IHiNi there were some ;!0.0(M)
luiid jt cattle grazing in the Cypress Hills
district, and upwards of 00,000 sheep. These
cattle and sheep are largely made up of
I'Muds owned by individual settlers, many
of whom began a few years ago lii a very
small way.

This portion of Asslnibola offers splendi 1
oi)|iortuuities for inton ling settlers who de-
sire ti go in for pistoral i)ursults and dairy
farming, and numerous choice vocations can
1 1' had, wlicre, by constructing a small Ir--
ligation diteli the settler '• i certain of good
crops of cereals, v jgetables and fodder every
J ear, and the natural grazing advantages
(liable him to own a large number of cattle,
slieep or horses, wliich do not need any f(>ed
excepT; for short intervals during exception-
iiliy stormy weather In the winter montlis.
'I'lie remaiiilng po'tion of the jilains region
{dung the northern and north-western bound-
jiries hi Assinil'Oia afford excellent suiuiner
grazing grounds for cattle or sh'>ep, but
many parts are lacking in water supply,
iuid tlie rainfall <luriug the summer .nontiis
is not sutticieut to ensure crops, ani' ••'" mgli
llie snowfall is light, the absence a ..{

ditrai.'ts from the value of this du ■ , n

winter range. Some favourable i s

:ire, however, to be found along the valley

On till' rangi'.

ALBERTA.

The district of Alberta has a total length
from north to south of some 430 miles ami
an average widtli from east to west of
about 250 miles, and contains an area of
100,100 .square miles. The district Is bound-
ed on the east by the districts of Asslnibola
and Saskatchewan, on the south by the
Interuatlonal Boundary, on the west by the
province of Uritlsh Columbia, and on the
north by the district of Athabasca. (See
inap.)

Albarta comprises within Its limits two
divisions showing marked distinctions in to-
pographical and climatic conditions. The
southern half is an open rolling country
devoid of timber, except along the streams
and in the foothills of the Uocky Mountain; ,
while tlie northern half is more oi- less tim-
bered tiiroughout, the belts of timber being
broken here and there by prairie openings
some of which are of consldera1)le extent.

The advantages wliich tlie nortliern and
southern portions of the district offer to the
intending settler are so diverse in character,
that it is cui-'*"-Mary to speak of them sepa-
rately as " Northern Alberta " and " South-
ern Alberta," and it will probably conduce
to a better understanding of the information
given below to speak of the district under
these divisions.

,4!

NOHTH- WEST TKIilllTORim.

dOUTHBRN ALBERTA

la cBfientlnlly a ranchliiR nii.l

Ranching flnlryliiK country nrd offi-rs

(ind uin><iuiill('(l opportniiltlos for

Dairying. effort in tlint dlrj-ctlon. Tlio

illRtrlct Ic coinpoHwl of lilgii,
open plalnH, l)rokf'n l)y tlie valleyH of ninnor-
ons Inrgo atrcnnis, wlilcli head In tlu> Hooky
MountalnH and How to tlio cast, and tin-
country liceomoH more or less rollluK and
hilly as tlie lieaciH of tlieae Btivanm aro ni»-
proaoht'd. Tlio vailoys and ijuncli larKin pro
duee a most luxurlouH and nulrltlouH Krowtli
of native KniHscH. chief among which la the
far-famod " bunch srnHs." and oattie, horHcH,
and Hheep, graze ontside during tlio whole
yi.ar. The Roll of the district Ih an a whole,
a good rich alluvial lonni. In places gravel
and sandy ridges aro met, but In the valleys
the accumulated silt deposit of ages has pro-
duced a soil of the richest kind and of great
depth.

The climate in southern Al-
Attractive bcrta Is one of Its most alt"iic
Climate, tlvc features, the winters being
mild with very little snow, and
the summers hot and dry. The rainfall In
the district Is suuiU, averaging about 12
Inches In the year, and while this amount of
precipitation is not sulHclent to ensure good
crops in the majority of years, the aridity
of the district constitutes Its chief factor of
value as a grazing country, the absence of
rainfall during the late summer months,
causing the native grasses to become cured
on the ground, retaining their nutritive quali-
ties in such a manner that stock pastured
thereon remain fat ail winter. Cold and
stormy weather is of course experienced at
times during tlie winter months but the
prevailing warm winds which blow from the
west, locally known as Chinook winds, rap-
Idly dissipate any snow which falls and
for days at a time cause a risf^ in the ther-
mometer to almost summer tempcaluic

In Southern Albfii'i rvi^.^i /o
Supply is largely resorted to In produc-
of ing grain and foi'dev crops, and
Water, by tbis means returns of a most
satisfactory character are ob-
tained. The large number of the streams
flowing down from the mountains afford a
bountiful supply of water for this purpose,
and at the present time some three hundred

milca of ditchea and canals have been coii-
atructcd to carry water for Irrigation. These
streams also afford an unfailing supply of
pni • and cold water for stock watering and
dairy operations ani. condilned with the ali
Hence of tilts during the hot summer months
produce the best results In the productltm
of butter and cheese.

Southern Alberta is tra-
Railway versed from e.-ist to west
Oommunication, l»y the main line of the
('madlan racKIc Hallway,
Mid from north to south by the ('algary and
I'Mnioriton Hallway, and In addition a bra li
of the former Hue runs tlrougli the souiii-
westc'U portion fr >m Leihbildge to Medicine
Hat In Assinllwiii, and from Lethbrldge tlie
(Jroat Falls and CanaO i Hallway extends to
the south (IS fur lis the (Jrcnt Northern Hnll-
vay in M > tuna. Several Important centres of
trade arc situated in Soutliern Alberta, chief
among which is the city of Calgary, at the

Jtuicliou of the Canadian Pacl-

The Chief He and <;algary and Edmonton

Cities. Hallways, and further to t)>e

south the thriving towns of
Lothbrldge and Maeleod. At tliese points
ainple banking and business facilities are to
be found and several manufacturing indus-
tries have been commenced. The district
now contains a large settlement of ranchers
and dairy farmers, but many favourable lo-
cations are to be had by Incoming Immi-
grants who may desire to embark In eitlier
cf these umlertakings.

NORTHERN ALBERTA

is essentially an agricultural district, an.l
while son.e portion^^ of the district offer
favourable openings for stock farming, tlu;
piincipal advantages of the district will en-
sure settk^meut by immigrants who desire
to engage in grain farming, combined with
small numbers of cattle, sheep and hogs, or
mlxol i.irming as it Is commonly termed.
During the past few years the larger portion
of iniMiigration into the Territories lias gone
Into Northern Alberta and the settlenu'nt
in certain districts is alreiuly becoming in-
tense enough to form thriving local centres
of trade.

As has already been stated the district is
more or less w:»otled, but in many parts

ro been cou-
tlou. Tlieno
K mipply of
■utt>rliin ami
with till! nl)
liner inontim
• pi'dductliin

H'rtR Ib tra-
■'iHt to west
line of thu
flc Hallway,
Calvary ami
Ion a bra "h
li the HOiiiii-

to Medicine
tlibrldK)* the
y I'xtcndH to
)rtliern Ilnll-
ut centres ol'
ilberttt, cbU'l'
>;ary, at tlit>
nadian Paci-
(1 Edinouton
rtlier to the
li towns of
tln'se points
llltleH are to
uriug Indus-
The district

of ranciicrs
ivoiH'able 1(1-
>inliiK ininii-
u'k In either

».«i'

,TA

illstrlct, nii.l
llstrlct offer
farininfi, the
trlct will eu-
who desire
inbined with
and hogs, or
>nly termed,
irgor portion
'ies has gone
B settlement
X'comiug lu-
local centres

10 district Is
many parts

si'?';

rt
O

NO RT HE UN ALBERT A.

extensive prairie openings are found and in
almost all localities a sufficient area of open
land can be obtained to enable the settler
to commence farming operations without
having to clear any land. The soil tln-ough-
out the whole district is a heavy rich loai.i
i'ud the summer season is well adapted
to the successful growth of all ivinds of
grain and vegetable and root crops. Tlie
^\ inters are cold and there is usually suffi-
cient snow to m,^ke good sleighing. Stocli
bus of course to be fed during most of the
« inter months, but tiiero is a liountiful sup-
ply of nati/e hay in almost all localities.

The Calgary and Edmontoji
Railway Railway runs north and soutli
Facilities. about midway iu the district
up to the Sasliatchewan River,
and most of the new sevtlement has talcen
place in the immediate vicHiity of this road.
Large settlements have, however, been
formed on the north side of the river In the
vicinity of the Sturgv^^n Riv.jr, and to the
east near Beaver Laiie and the Battle River.

Tiie town of Edmonton, which
The Chief is sitiiited on the Sasltatchewan
Town. River at the point where it is
reacliod by the railway line, is
in the centre of a thiclviy-settled locality,
and In common witli other centres which
liave rapidly sprung up throughout the di.s-
trict, affords facilities for all purposes of
trade.

In addition to being the centre of t!ie
l.irge agriculinral settlement along the Sas-
Icatchewan River, and to the north of that
stream, Edmonton is one of the largest
luariiets for raw furs in North America,
i'ort Edmonton was the northern centre of
the Hudson's Bay Company's fur trade a
century ago, and has continued to be the
source of supplies for trappers and traders,
wlio in exchange bring the large catch of
I'ur from the country between the Sasliatche-
wan River and the Arctic Ocean to the
town for sale.

The Edmonton district is
Farming also the centre of placer

and mining for gold on the Sas-

Gold Washing. Ivatchewan River, an aver-
age of about ijiriO.OOO wortli
'f gold having been waslied each year from

the bars and baniis of the river for some
years past. Placer mining in the district
was commenced about the year 18(i3, and In
the early days $10 to $15 per day was the
average pay made by the miners ; during
r-.K-ent years, however, the average has been
about $1.50 per day. In 1896 over 200 men,
n any of whom were settlers in the district,
vfre occupied In placer mining on the river,
over a distance of about 100 miles on each
side of the towQ of Edmonton. New interest
has been lately aroused in the possibilities
ot this industry, from the fact tnat some
Americans wlio made tests in 189() found
that only about ten per ce'it of the gold was
saved by tiie hand " grizzlies " used by the
miners.

Those pvospectors toolc away
Rich Land, speciments of what is called
" blaclv sanJ,'' wliicij they
smelted by a special process and discovered
that ench grain of blacii sand was largely
ccmpjstd of platiiiim and gold, and when
properly tr ;ated yi;lil3d very paying returns.
Tliis sand iiad for-o ;r]y betn washed baoli
into tlie river by the miners who used picli,
shovel, and grizzlie, l)ut these recent dis-
coveries, together witli the confidence shown
by tliose who have brouglit in extensive ma-
ciiinery to treat It, has attracted consider-
alle attention to the Edmonton district, and
the Sasliatchewan placer mines, and the
home marlii.'t create.l by this mining de-
■^elopujent will probably accelerate the agri-
cultural developn(ent in the district very
materially.

St. Albert, nine miles west
Other of Edmonton is probably the

Settlements, oldest settlement iu Alberta,
The village of Fort Saskat-
chew.an, twenty miles north-east of Edmon-
ton is also the centre of large .settlements.
Along the line of the Calgary and Edmonton
Railway, the other towns or villages are
South Edmonton, Leduc, Wetasliiwin, La-
combe, Red Deer, lunisfail and Olds, all
centres of prosperous settlements, while in
tlie eastern portion of the district at Buffalo
Lake, about 40 miles east of Lacombe and
at D nil's Pine Laice, IS miles from lunis-
fail. a number of stockowuers have settled
iind own largo herds of cattle and liorses.

1 1

ill

jii

j j

H 1

wt f

, k

I I]

'Wii

NORTHWEST TERIilTORlES.

Homestead lauds may still be

To obtain obtained near any of the towns

Land. montloaed, within easy distance

of the railway, and the railway

company hold desirable lands for sale at

reasonable prices on easy terms of payment.

Northern Alberta is well watered
Rivers, by the Saskatchcwnn River, the Ucl
Deer River, and toe Battle River
with their many branches. The Athabasca
River also enters the district on the north,
and its branches, the Macleod and Pembina
in the north-west portion of the district are
tlie scenes of active placer mining operations
(iuring the snnim(!r months. Besides those
rivers there are innnerous lakes in almost
every part of the district. Lac la Blche in
tlie extreme north-east has a large settle-
ment of half-breeds, Lac Ste. Anne in the
north-west Is another large lake where a
number of settlers ave located. Beaver Lake,
Saddle Lake, Egg Lake, Buffalo Lake, and
Kevil's I'ine Lake, are other principal lakes
near all of which settlements have been
founded.

The rainfall in Northern Alberta during
the summer months is sufficient to ensure
good crops, and in the Edmonton District
heavy yields of all kinds of grain and root
ci'ops of flrst-class quality arc raised each
year.

SASKATCHEWAN.

The district of Saskatchewan embraces
that portion of the North-west Territories
lying to tlio north of tlie province of Mani-
toba and district of Assiniboia, and to the
east of Alberta and extending to the north
Tip to the north boiuidary of Township 70
of the I>omlnion Lands system of surveys.
The district embraces an area of about 107.-
Ill 10 square miles, a considerable portion m'
which is, however, contained in the wooded
portion of the Territories and unstiited to
tlie immediate reciuireiiients of settleineni^.
Tlie southern lialf of the district is traversed
from east to west by the Saskatchewan
River, and the valley of this important
stream, with the country inimcdiately Jid-
jiicent thereto has long being fiiiiied as a de-
sirable flelil for immigration. Tlie ((Uiiitry
lias, however, until iiuite recently liecu with-

out raihviiy communication, and settlement
has been very much retarded by this fact.

However, in about the cen-
The Chief tre portion of the district a

Settlement. thriving settlement has
sprung up in the vicinity of
Prince Albert, which is reached by a branch
from the main line of the Canadian Pacific
Railway, running north from Regina in As-
siniboia, the capital of the western territory,
and considerable settlement has also talcen
place along the South Saskatchewan River,
which joins the main stream neur Prince
Albert, and to the east of this stream in the
Carrot Rivtr district.

Furtlier to the west some flourishing set-
tlements are to be found near the town of
Battleford, and north of that point ranch-
ing is carried on to a considerable extent
in the vicinity of Jacktish Lake. In its phy-
sical conditions the southern portion of the
district of Saskatchewan very closely re-
sembles Northern Alberta, but in some parts
tlie soil is lighter and in the ueiglibourhood
of Battleford, and in the south-westeru cor-
ner of the district the rainfall is at times
insuHicient to mature the crops. Owing to
its roiuoteness from present railway com-
munication, and consequent ditticulty in get-
ting produce to market, the extension of the
present settlement in tlie district will prob-
iibly be slow in the near future, but witli
the construction of a railway line through
the Saskatchewan Valley, and the extension
of the present line of the Manitoba, and
North-western Railway to Prince Albert.
Saskatchewan is sure to attract its propor-
tion of -incoming immigrants, as tlie district
olfers many natural advantages to the liome-
seeker.

IRRIGATION.

For some years the attention of tlie Gov-
ernment has been directed to tlie necessity
for Irrigation in the section of tlie North-
\rest situated adjacent to the Rocky Mount
ains from C.-ilgary soutlnvard to the Inter-
natioaal Uoundary and It is uow recognlzeil
that the future of that region is dependeiii
to no siiiai; extent upon tlie enactment uf
coiiilirelicnsive laws upon the subject of the
iipportionment and subsequent use of tin'
water supply available for that purpose. An

1(1 settlement
by this fact.

ibont the con-
the district a
lemeut has
lie vicinity of

I by a branch
ladiau Pacific
Uegina in As-
tern territory,
as also talien
hewan River,

near Prince
stream in the

ourishing set-
r the town of
point ranch-
lerable extent
e. In Its phy-
portion of the
•y closely re-
in some parts
leighbourhood
h-western cor-

II Is at times
)s. Owing t(t

railway com
fHculty in get-
tension of tlic
rict will prob-
ure. but witli
■ line througli

the extension
Manitoba, and
•rince Albert,
act its propor-
as tlie district
's to the home-

)n of tiie Gov-
I till! necessity
of tiie North-
Rocky Mount
I to the Intor-
10 w recognized
X is dependeni
ennctmeiit uT
subject of the
It use of the
it purpose. An

ill

A(;t (c
eiubod
tliougt
inforni
amend
inakiD]
tion ol
trol of
author
import
In cc
to beai
tlioriti*
arid p
can he.
pastori
cation
Innidre
nicdiat
iuj,' de^
at the :

Idaho .
Montana
Nobrask
\orth D
S uth D
(Ji'egon
WyomiHi
Colcrad(3

These
of the •
Ington,
Ini'fio in

"so fai
cerned,
of acre?
tin! Nor
able for
nut iriur
liiins In
of ^^•at(>l

'Die ni
ward w
(Xov(>iiil
thousam
the Miss
a ins on
between
I uternat
Vioen top
purposes

IRRIGA TION.

GENERAL REMARKS.

Act (ch. 30, 57-58 Vic.) was passed in 1894
embodying all the principles wliicli it was
tliouglit wise to adopt, founded nu ttie l)esi The foregoing brief remai-lis regarding the
information on the subject, and in 1895 an Provisional Districts into which that portion
amending Act (ch. 33, 58-59 Vic.) was passed of the North-west Territories at present at-
)iiaking a few verbal alterations. The aboil- tracting the attention of immigrants is dl-
tion of riparian rights and vesting tlie con- vlded. have lieen confined to general des-
trol of the water in the one strong central criptions of the chief characteristics of the
authority of the Government was the most districts in question. The following Is more
important feature of the Act. detailed information regarding points which

In considering tlie question it will be M-ell ^^^ common to the Territories as a whole
to bear in mind that the best American an- '^^' applicable to particular localities, and
tliorlties are agreed that the arid and soml- '^^'hioh are of special interest to our intending
arid portions of the United States, wliich settler.

can bo rendered useful for agricultural or i„ all the settled portions

pastoral purposes only by the artificial appli- Schools. of the Territories most liberal
cation ot water, include an area of five provision is made for schools,

hundred millions of acres. In the States im- and uew schools can be formed iu any newly
mediately adjoining Canada, irrigation is be- settled district where there are twelve chil-
mg developed with great vigour, as a glance dren of school age. About seventy per cent

at the following table will show :—

lilaho
Montana

Nebraska (west of f'7") j 200,000 |

North Dakota , 25,000

S uth Daltota \ 100,000

(Jiegon (east of Cascades)..; 125,000

Wyoming | 3,038,400

Colorado | 4,200,000 i 1,7.")V.100

.1 I

330,000

410,000

40.000

2,000

oO.DOO

4.J.0O0

180,000

of the cost of keeping the schools open Is
paid by the Government, and in consequence
the seiiool taxes paid by the settler are very
small. Provision is also made by the law
for high schools and teachers' institutes, and
the incoming Immigrant will find that the
school system iu tlie Territories has been
formulated on a very liberal and enlightened
basis.

All the religious deuomlna-

Churches. tions are represented iu the

Territories and many flue

churches are found in the larger centres.

These figures are compiled from the report Tliroughout the country districts the school-

of the " Oltice of Irrigatiun Inquiry," Wash-
iiigtou, published in 1892, since M'hich time a
liirge increase has been m.adc.

So far as the C'auadian North-west is con-
corned, out of about two hundred milllous
of acres of land, between tlie Rod River of
tiu; North and the Rocky ^Mountains, avail-
alile for agricultural and pastoral purposes,
not more lliau about one-fourth, or fifty mil-
lions in all, reipiire tlio artificial applicatinn
of -^^nter.

Tlie necessary works are being puslied for-
ward with great energy, and at this date
(Xovembor, 189()) one million five hundred
tliousand acres iu the country lying lietween
llie Mis.souri Coteau aud the Rocky Mount-
Jiins on the east and west respectively and chartered banks have been oiiened at all
lietwoen latitude 52" on the north and the the larger towns, and private banking in-
International Boundary on the south, have stitutions do business at many of tlie smaller
been topographicnlly surv.\v'd for irrigation points. Money order brandies are connected
l»uri»oses. \vjtii the principal post ottices throughout

louses are largely used for Sunday services
by the different missionaries who visit the
settlements from time to time, and iu almost
all part.-* of tlie country the settl n- can attend
llie service of his particular creed by driving
short distances.

In all the larger towns
Stores, Banks, and villages tliroughout
Mills, &c. the Territories and at many

scattered points iu the
thickly-settled districts, stores are found
^^llich supply all possible wants of the set-
tler in the way of farm Implements, or sup-
plies of any kind, and the prices charged are,
as a rule, very reasonable, and the goods
supplied of good quality. Branches of the

IM fi

I' ."ill

\\^ ■

■M

NORTHWEST TERItlTORIES.

the Territories, and the Dominion Express
Company, which has agencies at nearly all
railway stations, carries on a very simple
and cheap system of money order exchange.
Grist mills and elevators are In operation
at points where grain raising is the principal
business of the settlers, and creameries have
been opened at a large number of places
whero dairying is carried on. These cream-
eries are operated under Government super-
vision and with Government aid, and the
settler owning a few cows is thus enabled
to get a good cash price for any milk he
iray have over and above his own wants.

Cold storage warehouses, breweries, meat
packing establishments and other manufac-
tiirln,? establishments are in operation at
different points, and these are being rapidly
rdded to as the country develops.

In the wooded portions of
Lumber & Build- the Territories the settler
ing Materials, nas no ditllculty in obtain-
ing timber for the construc-
tion of his house, and outbuildings, but in
the plains region manufactured lumber has.
of course, to be largel.v used. Many saw-
mills are operated in Alberta along the east-
ern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and in
*lie north along the Saskatchewan Klver,
and agencies for the sale of lumber have
been located at all centres of settlement
in the Territories. Manufactured lumber
and sliingles of first-class quality are also
shipped in from the timbered areas in Bri-
tish Columbia, and the Immigrant's wants
in this way can be readily supplied at rea-
sonable prices. Liberal provision is made
in the Government regulations to enable
settlers to get timber for building fencing or
fuel on Government lauds where there >s
any timber available.

In the wooded portions of the Terri
Fuel- tories, the settler )\as no dittlculty in
obtaining a good supply of wood for
fuel, but in the plains or prairie sections
the item of fuel Is a somewhat serious oikv
Fortunately, however, nature seems to have

foreseen this want, and has provided a boun-
t.ful supply of coal, vast deposits of which
are fojnd at a number of points In Alberta.
Extensive collieries are now operated at
Canmore, Lethbrldge, Edmonton, aud An-
thracite in Alberta, and at many other points
small mines are worked for the Immediate
wants of the surrounding settlers. The coal
n'lned at the tirst three of the above men-
tioned points is bituminous, while that at
the latter, as indicated by the name. Is an-
thracite of first-class quality. Coal Is also
mined In south-eastern Asslnibola, and al-
though of the lignite family, makes fairly
^'ood fuel. Settlers living in the immediate
vicinity of these mines get their fuel supply
cheaply, but at present the price is rather
higher in localltiea remote from the point
of production.

One of the most Important
Markets. features requiring consideration
in a new country is the question
of a market for the products M'hlch the set-
tUr has for sale. In the eastern portion
of the Territories there has always been a
good market for the wheat which is there
the scaple product, but further west, par-
ticularly in Northern Alberta, and to the
oiist in the Prince Albert district of Sas-
katchewan, the markets liave not been so
good. This condition has, however, during
the p.ist yea- L -u materially clianged, ow
iiig tj the rapu evelopment of the mininj;
districts in Bii '.sh Columbia aud to the
i-ast of Manitoba, and during the year 189G
a good maiket was found for everything
pi'odu< rd. This change has also affected the
lauchiu!^ industry, for altliough there has
lit en .a good demand for some years past for
the best quality of beef for shipmont to tiie
I'luglish market, the increased demand for
tlio home market, has increased prices con-
siderably. The question of a ready cash
markec for everything which can be pro-
duced, may now be said to be satisfactorily
settled, and the incoming settler may feel
assured of being able to dispose of any pro-
duce he m ly have to sell, at remunerative
prices.

THE YUKON GOLD FIELDS.

vlded a boun-
3its of which
ts In Alberta.

operated at
on, and An-
f other points
le Immediate
srs. The coal
I above meu-
i^hilc that at
name, Is au-

Coal Is also
bola, and al-
makes fairly
le immediate
r fuel supply
•Ice is rather
jm the point

3t Important
consideration
i the question
rhich the set-
stern portion
Iways been a
hich is there
jr west, par-

and to the
itrict of Sas-

not been so
vever, during
changed, ow
)f the mining

and to the
bhe year 1890
»r everything
o affected the
gh there has
rears past for
ipment to the

deujand for
id prices cou-
i ready cash

can be pro-
satisfactorlly
ler may feel
se of any pro-
remunerative

THE YUKON GOLD FIELDS.

The greatest gold discovery of recent years
has been made In the North-west Territories
of Canada. No sooner had tlie great wealth
of the gold and silver quartz mountains of
British Columbia become known to tlie world
than tidings were received of fabulously
rich gold diggings on the Yukon and its
tributary streams, particularly on the Thron-
duick, or, as it is more generally called, the
Klondyke, as well as on the Bonanza, the
El Dorado and other creeks. Tliis district
adjoins the United States territory of Alaska
and approaches on the north very nearly to
the limit of the Arctic circle. It is a country
of severe winter and very sliort summer, and
so far as can be Judged principally vnluable
for its minerals. But of its richness in tliat
respect there is no doubt, and it is impossi-
ble at present to limit the locality from
which gold will be taken.

The prineipal drawback, hitherto, has been
the difficulty of getting into the country.
It was necessary to go round by ocean
steamer to St. Michael's in Qehriug" Straits,
iuul from there by a ligiit draught river
steamer, in all about 3,000 miles, at great
cost, or else ti cross the mountain divide
liirrying provisions on the i)r()spector's back,
rnd build boats on the other side to get
tlown to the Yukon. This also Involved ex-
pense, hardsliip and danger. Under these
eh'cumstances tiie mining camps have been
small and few in nnmber, though like all

such communities in Canada quiet and free
from crime. A small detachment of the
North-west police proved aiiiiile authority
for the maintenance of order. But the en-
ormous quantity of gold brought out by a
ftw prospectors resulted in a rush such as
has not been seen for many years, and it
became necessary to pr)vi(le more amply for
tiie future. Three companies obtained char-
ters to build railways from the coast to llie
head of the inland navigable waters,wlth t!ie
Intention of there buililiug small steamers.
Tills work was begun by one or two com-
panies in the summer of 1897, though too
late to afford travelling facilities of any
consequence for tliat year ; the two Ameri-
can companies In Alaska doing nearly all
the business of conveying prospectors and
carrying the food in to feed the country.
Tlie Government of Canada, In 1897, rein-
forced the detachment of mounted police to
a strength of 100 men, and established stop-
ping places or refuge posts here and there
between the sea and the Yukon, in order
that communication might be open by means
of dog train throughout the winter. A cus-
toms officer was sent to the divide and regu-
lations promidgated as to the terms on which
mining claims could be taken up and held.
Considerable hardship will be undergone by
many, who. contrary to advice, Insisted upon
making their way into the country during
the past summer, but the arrangements ir»
progress during the fall of the year will re-
sult in making the Yukon as accessible as

NOirni WEST TElUUTOliltlS.

iijinv or tliu mlninc -iistricts of Hrilish Col- After llie riihvji.v cain." lii IS!):.' 1 have ROii,.
;;;Z,, a short timo sln.o .Iom.umI lnn.-.....s.l. s.-nllly alu-a.l. gottlug in l,H.er Hl.apo oa.l,
Me but now served by eoinpetlnn railways. • '' ' DA\II> W. BUUKK.

Aessippi. .Man., .Tnly, 189."..

Tliere is no necii I'or ii farmer to brin;:
eiit iinytliiiiK witliin liiiii. otlier tliiin a fair
siociv 'if clulies and Kood warm underwear.
lOverytliiuK can l>e Kot liere nt a modera,.'
1 rice" and made to meet t!ie re(iniroments
of tlie country. Tliere is no trouble in select
imi and purciiasinp all the stucii lie may re-
,pilre to start wKh. of the very best des-
cription and at s^icli a moderate price that
will astonish him, afer i)urehasin>t such
stocli in tlie dill country. A little cash goes
:l. liillK way iiet'C.

I'iiei'e is no country in tiie worhl where
ii larme.' can live so well and so cheaply
as he ran liere, and at tlie same time tlioro-
uplil\ en,|')y the advantages he has in tlic
A.-ay'of sport, the produce of his gun helpiiis:
( nt" his larder wonderfully if he is fond
of sliocting. I have liad the best of shooting
in Kngland, but have never so much enjoyed
it as I have done Iiere. merely shooting tiie
(luantity that was iiMiuired for the house or
presents for friends.

Anotiier great ad'.aniage is tlie freedom
from rents, rates and taxes, such bugbears
to I tie Knglisli farmer. One cannot appre-
ci.ite tlie tveling of sucii relief until it iias
Ik en realized, 'i'lio rates are very low in
the agricultural districts, especially so in
the North-west Territories, where munici-
palities are not so general-the school r.'ite
Iteing the only oae. and tliat too tritling lo
I ("iition ; statute Inliour taiving tiio place of
iiMiiiey payments, sncli labour being gener-
aily nihitted, and lone on the roads most
used Ity tiie settler liimself.

'liierl' is now in this country an openiiiir
f(;r aiiv number of men with some experi-
erce find capital (say £1(10 clear to start
\\itli^ where both can be applied with ad-
\ a lit age. wlien the same men would lir.d
sncii an aniount .'is I have mentioned practi-
callv useh'ss in Kngiand. The taking up of
1()0" acres of land under the homesteadinp
0( nditions. is subject only to tlie payment of
an entry fee of £2. There is no doubt tiiat
the class of settlers most needed in \\m
North-west is the same as in any other part,
that is the steady workingman witli moder-
ate means, wlio will mm-e likely be a per-
nane-jt and successful settler than the man
with larger caVital going into grain or cattle
on an extensive scale, or as an experiment-
alist.

Tlie country is one of the healthiest tluit
can i>ossibly be, far healthier tlian Englaiul
in anv pari of it. Far be it from me that 1
slioulil utter one word to draw any ni.in
from liis home to come out here to meet
with disappointment, but I know that the
country is all tliat one can desire, and thar
there is every prospect for any industrious

Furtiier info-'ination if re(piired can be ob-
tained l>y writing to the High t"ommissioner
ft)r Canada, 17 A'ictoria Street, lioudon, or
for rates of passage, &c., to any of the
sigents of the Canadian SS. Companies at
london, Liverpool, Glasgow, or to the oflfl-
cers of the Canadian racilic Hallway, r.7
King Wiiliain Street, Loudon, and at Man-
ciiestor and Liverpool.

Tersons en the American continent desir-
ing infcn-matiou can write to the Secri'tary,
I)i'partment of the Interior, Ottawa,
or Commissioner of Immigration. Winnipeg,
Manitoba, or M. B. Mclnnis. 1 Merrill I'dock,
Detroit, Michigan.

TESTIMONIALS.

Tlic following are a few out of many simi-
lar letters fro-.i settlers giving the result
of their w >rk :—

Uegina, Nov. 4.

Eleven years ago I came from London,
England, and had no money wXwn I came.
I now have vainatde improvements on my
land, and own tifty heail of cattle. I would
not live in Kngland again If my fare was
paid to return, ami would strongly reccmi-
n eml anyone wiio is willing to work to come
to this country.

THOMAS WATSON.

Elmore, Assa., Deo. 17, ISOC.
In starting farming here I had no money
Morth speaking of. but now on my Iioiiic-
titead tliere is a large frame house, and 1
<.wii thirty head of stock and a full set of
fanning iinpienunts. and I am clear of debt.
From IM84 to 18t);{ I liad good croi)s each
jiar off niv summer fallow land, my lowest
yield being 1.") bushels of wheat to the acre,
and in 1S!>2 I had an average of 40 bushels.

: I luive Roiic
!!• Blmpe eiu'li

V. BURKE

July, 189.".

HUT to brill;:
r tlian a fall-

II uiKkTWi'ar.
T a inodeni,.'

re(Hiiroinents
tiMo in scloct-
■Iv lio may vo-
cry l><'«t dos-
itc prico lliat
cliaslnj; snoli
;tlo cnsli goes

world whei'i'
id so olioaply
10 tiino tlioi'd-
w. lias in the
s Ruu heliiiiis;
f lu> is fond
st of shooting
iiiucli onjoycl
' shooting ilio

• tlio house or

till? froodom
<n('li Inigboars
(•.■iiiiiot apiirc-
C until it lias

very low in
lecially so in
vhcro munif'i-
le scliool rate
too trifling lo
g llio place of

• being genor-
le roads most

ry au opening.'
1 some experi-
clear to start
lilicd with nd-
'u would lir.il
ntioned pi'acti-
.! taking up of

honiesteading
lie iiayuiont of

no doubt that
iieedfil in tliu
my other iiart,

III with nioder-
ludy be a per-
' than the iiinn

grain or cattle
an experimeiit-

hi^althiest tluit

• than Englaiiil
'roiii me that 1
I raw any ni.in

liere to mei't
know that tlio
lesire. and tiiu;
my industrious

TESTIAfONlALS.

man to niair.tain himself and iirovlde a home
l( r h'9 sons and daughters.

SEPTIMUS FIELD.

New Stockholm. Oct. 10, 1800.

I arrived In Canada in June, 1884, having
lieeu before In the United States In different
places since 18S0. I settled In Winnipeg
first, the same year I came to Canada, where
1 ear; od some money and then had a biisi-
lioss of my own until the spring of 1891,
when T started as farmer upon my home-
stead Uj/on which I now live here. My ex-
perience Is that I think the farm Is the
surest future. Both I and my family like
it and Intend to stay here. I have "about
40 acres broken and I have built a fairly
large house upon my farm 20 x 24, with
stable, I have three large horses, a number
of cattle, and I hope In the future that this
place will grow with more settlers. There
is plenty of room for many families within
our districts and good land. The climate Is
really healthy— the summer heat is not press-
ing and the winters just suit us. The soil
is very fertile, ani this year we had a grand
harvest. We number 0.") settlers, of which
the groat majority are doing remarkably
well. I would IV 'ommend them who caii
work jMid have a little ;'apital to come here.
My address in my mother countrv was
Frenninge, per Wollsjo, Malmo. Sweden.
Yours. &e.,
(Signed) O. C. TEAUSON.

Prince Albert. Sept. 1st.

I am a native of England, having been
born and raised in the city of London, where
I was apprenticed to the matheiniitical in-
strument making trade. I came to Canad'i
in 187(>, settling lirst at London, (Ontario,
engaging in the business of steamiiipe fit-
ting and brass finishing. There I .succeeded
very well, disposing of my business in 1877,
after which I decided to make my home in
the west. Daring the summer of 1879. I
prospected thoroughly various parts of the
country, and chose the Prince Albert district
as a result of what I had seen. I located a
homestead and pre-emption at Red Deer Hill,
;ind at once began farming operations. My
f.'imily arrived in the spring of 1880, and we
have since resided on the farm. We were
Minong the first settlers in this part of the
district. At that time there were no estab-
lished parishes, or other organizations, bur
as settlement began to progress we soon
overcame that difficulty and now have
fchools and churches in our Immi'diat > m'igh-
1 ourhood. There were only a few acres of
land under cultivation, all of which has been
worked continuously since 1880. I have
rever had a failure of crops from any cause,
nor have I known or heard of a failure of
crops during my time in the Prince Albert
district. Bad farming does not constitute
I'lip failures. My wheat crop h.ns .Tvoragcd

every year twenty bushels per acre and over.
Crojis of oats and barh«y have Ihh n abun lam
and I would say the average yield of these
grains would be about thirty-flve bushels
per a -re. I have given gardening consider-
able attention and have Invariably been sue
ctssful and find that all vegetables do re-
markably well and are an enormous size,
1 have engaged largely In stock-ralBing. hav-
ing at present about seventy head of cattle,
ne have paid special attention to dairying
nniklng for somi years past eighty pounds
or butter per week for which as well as for
the other products of our farm we have
always found a good market.

Having gained a livelihood and brought up
a large family and succeeded in surrounding
myself with all the necessaries of lifo and
many of the comforts of civilization, with
good stock, all necessary Implements, &c
and possessing six hundred and forfv acres
of the richest known laud, my exii'erience
has led me to offer this testimonv to the
special adaptability of the Prince Albert <lls-
trict and surrounding countrv as an unsur-
passed region for purposes of stock-raising
iind mixed farming, and also as a field pre-
senting all requisites to success to the new
settler.

ROBERT GILES.

De.egates from the State of
American Vermont visited Western Can-
Delegates' ada with the view of reporting
Reports, upon the country for their
friends in the Eastern States,
'i'he following are extracts from the several
reports :—

Stonl'V-,!"?'" -'■'' • ""^' *"'"''""t liiver and
Ti,,? \. f *-''' ^'"^t'''*"'*^ 'i»'l «-e honestly be-
snv*ti,nf ti'?' "'■'' ""^ •'^••'SSerating when we
saj that this is one of the finest if not the

T u ^•""^•■J' "" tl'e continent of America,
as all the reiiuisites for successful farming
aie lound here in great abundance, and of a

nllLiT, ''T'' ' ^^'? "'*'*'''■ '^ flr«t-flass and
there Is Just enough timber for building Dur-
poses and fuel, witliout it being in the way
of f-nrming operations."-A. H. Pric», North
Fryelnirg. Maine ; F. A. Russell, Andover,

" I will only say that I saw the best
wheat oats, barley, potatoes, cattle, and
land that 1 have ever seen. I think it is the
place for a poor man."-S. O. Pollard, Essex.

" The best wheat, oats, potatoes, barley I
have seen at Prince Albert and Stony
Creek."— Ezra Rinney, .Tericho. Vt.

" It is the best place for a poor man to
make a home for his children."— W \ Pol-
lard, Wfstford, Vt.

" I can most heartily recommend it to any
one who wants a cheap home with a good
living and money laid up for the future "—
Arthur Ellis.

Noirrn- west tkhuitoiues.

"The Hoil la wonderfully ritli, imMlui'liij; a
variety of luxurliint uniHses Hint make the
flneHtliay In tho world. There Is place
In Ainorlca where a man ran create com-
fortable home In so Hhort a time, and my
advice to every young an<l middle-aKed man
Is n()t to allow tills land to be taken or Riven
to railways wiliiout iniikInK a selection first,
as no doiibt these line farming lands, that
are K'ven by the Canadian (iovernnient to
those who wisli to become settlers will l)e
very soon taken iiml made ' homes plenty.' "
—A. F. Goff, Klohford, Vt.

" I consider the country well adapted for
mixed farniinR, nml the pioneers iiave little
to contend with In makinK a home for them-
selves nnd families comiiared to what the
old pioneers of the New Kntiiand States
bad."— E. J. Wilder, Slieldon, Vt.

" I should say that the country woidd
make a fine homo for a young or mlddle-
agod man. The lands are so very low in
price or free to honic'stciid that those wlio
go there with the intention of getting a
home In earnest must succ(>od."— M. W.
Rounds, Enosburgh Palls, Vt.

TESTIMONY FROM NORTHERN
ALBERTA.

St. Albert, November 10, 1890.

1 have lived In Northern Alberta since 1887,
and during that time have never had a total
failure of crops. At a low estimate, I am
$20,000 better off financially than when I
started. Money can be made farming here
by hard work, judgment and economy. We
have a good, hoalthy climate. It is not nec-
essary to house cattle at all ; Ihey do well
in open sheds. This Is a iirst-class dairying
stctlou. Vegetables grow well, ,ind there is
a large variety of wild fruits.

WILLIAM OUST.

Lacombe, November 13th, 189(i.

I have great iileasuro in telling you what I
tLink of this part of the North-west (Nortii-
ern Alberta). It will be the outcome of four
years" resileuce. I must iireface my re-
marks by saying that I have old country
agricultural experimico extending over thirty
years, obtained in eight different counties.
I am well pleased with the country and can
leeommeud it with all sincerity to the farm-
er, be he small or large, who means work.
The elimatj (am .just returned from a three
months trip to England) I prefer to that
ol" the old country,

GRIi^FIN FLETCnBR, J.P.

Mornlngside, Alta.. Nov. 0th, 1806.
(laving been asked to glv.' the public my
oi)inion about this country of Alberta, I give
it with tli(> greatest of pleasure, as I have
travelled a good deal. I came from Mani
tdba about one mid n iiaif years ago, hav
ii g lived down there for a number of years,
I liavt! taken ii|> a homestead ten miles from
fiacoinbe. I have a good garden In tills year
and beiiev,' that roots of ail kinds will do
very well lierv Having travelled quite a
little from Edmonton to Galgary, am pretty
well acquainted with the country, and 1
think that any one coming here with a little
means can make a good lioine, fidly better
tiian any place I know of at present, an
tniil)er for building can b(> had pretty handy:
also lots of hay. and good water. I believe
there Is a great prospect ahead for this
country, especially In stock raising.

J. BLACKSTOCK.

Beaumont P.O., Alta., Dec, 1. 1800.
I ri>movt><l to Allierta from the County of
Kent, Ontario, about eighteen months ago,
this b'^ing my second harvest. I have 3.00(1
bushels of gnin, 500 or which is wheat,
V'own on twelve acres of land. My oats
^^ ill IT.) ,S0 bushels per aero. We li.;ve black
day loam ; also lots of good timber and
water. Potatoes go about 300 btishels per
acre.

EDWARD TOWNSBND.

Wetasklwin, October, 1890.
I left Mincelo.'ia, Michigan, April 10th.
1804, arrived in Wetasklwin April 18th, had
a good look at the country until August,
tlien locat,?d within five miles from Wetas-
klwin. I like tlie CO, i-y well. Of course
I came here without anything ; now I have
a comfortable home and i)lenty to oat, which
I would not have had if I had stayed in
Michigan. If any one w.ints a free hom-
f( r ten dollars and would like to raise cattle
and horses, I know of no better country.
Horses need nc care summer or winter ;
abundance of hay for the cutting.

LEVI BRADSIIAW.

It would be Impossible in the space at
command to print a vithe of tho letters re-
ceived from settlers in tlie several district •<
referred to in this paiiiiihlet, but a small
book entitled " A Few Facts " contalnln.c
answers to a series of direct questions put
to settlers in western Canada can be ob-
tainel from the otHce of the High Com-
missioner for Canada. 17 Victoria Street
i?.W., London, England.

, Oth, 181)6.
ic public ni.v
Iberta, I rIvo
(', as I linvc
from Miinl
rs MHO, linv-
hvr of ycnrs.
II luili'rt from
1 III tills your
liids will do
IUmI quite a
y, aui pretty
utry, and I
with a little
fully better
present, nn
iretty bandy;
>r. I believe
'ad for this
I UK.
JKSTOCK.

3C., 1. 1896.
le County of
months ago,
I have 3,00(1
ii Is wheat,
id. My oats
a lir.ve black
timber and
bushels per

WNSBND.

ober, 189(i.

April 10th.
ril 18th, had
ntll August,
from Wetns-
'.. Of course

now I have

oat, which
id stayed In

1 free hom-
) raise cattle
ter country.

or winter ;

ADSnAW.

he space at
10 letters re-
?ral district -i
but a small
' contalnlnia:
uestlons put
can be ob-
Hlgh Com-
torla Street

Legi»lativf Buildings, Victoria.

PROVINCE OF BRrilSII COLUMBIA

KITISH COLUMBIA is the most
westerly province of Canada, and
extends for about 700 miles north
;ind south, and nearly 500 east
and west. Its limits extend from
the 4!)th parallel— the internation-
al boundary line between Canada
and the United States— on the
scuth to the fiOth depree of nortli latitude,
and from the summit of the
Geography. Kocky Mountains westward to
the Pacific Ocean, Vancouver
Island and Queen Charlotte Islands beiufj
included within its bounds. It contains
au area of 383,000 s(iuare miles, in which are
tt.ountain ransos, numerous forests, many
fruitful valleys and splendid waterways.
The Rocky Mountains separate it from the
rest of Canada, while the Pacific Ocean
tounds It on the west, except for nearly
30O miles on the extreme north, where the
Aliiskan possessions of the United States
Interpose between it and the sea.

The principal harbours of Bri-
Harbours. tlsh Columbia are Esquimau,
the headquarters of H.M. Pacific
Squadron, Victoria, and Nanaimo, in Van-
couver Island ; Coal Harbour and English
Bay (at the entrance of Biirrard Inlet) on
the mainland. There is a dry dock at Es
qulmalt 450 feet long with width of 90 feet
at the entrance.

Of the rivers of Britisli
The Rivers. Columbia the principal are the
Fraser, the Columbia, the
Tliompson, the Kooteuay. the Skeena, tin;
Stikine, the Liard, and the I»eace. The
Fraser is the great watercourse of the pro-
vince. It rises In the northern part of the
Kocky Mountains, runs for about 200 miles
in two branches in a westerly direction, and
then In one stream runs due south for nearly
400 miles before turning to rush through the
gorges of the Coast range to the Straits of
Georgia. Its total length is about 740 mile-!.
On its way it receives the waters of the

W- II

HIilTISI! COLUMHIA.

Ihompson. the Chlllcoton. tho Llllooot, tin-
Nkol.i. tho IhUTlHon. t!u' IMtt, niul luiiiuTous
o(her BtrfftiiiH. Vw tlic last «» mllos of Its
courHe It tlowH tlirouKh a wide alluvial plain,
^^hl(■ll has mainly Ikm-ii tl.'p<)Hlte(l from ItH
own silt. It Is mivlKablo for river boats to
Yale, a small town 110 miles from tho
mouth, and again for a smaller eraft for
about 00 mlh's of Its course through the In-
terior, from guesnelle Mouth to Soda CreeU ;
1 nd larger vessels, drawing 20 feet, can as-
ctnd to New Westminster, situated about
15 miles from the mouth.

An Inland Steanior.

The Columbia Is a large river rising In the
south-eastern part of the provluoe, in tl..>
ncighbourhoo.l of the Rocky Mountains, near
the Kootenay Lake. This lake ^^ ---^ l^:^
„lle by regular steamboat service. He co-
umbla runs north beyond the r,2nd degree
o latitude, when It takes a sud.leu turn and
V us ue south in.o the State of Washington^
i is this loop made by the abrupt turn o
the river that Is known as the "Big Bend
of the Columbia." The Kootenay waters
Jail into the returning branch of this h-op
lome distance soutli of the main line of the
rnllw.iy. The Calumbia drains a total area
of 195.000 squa-e mll'^s.

The Peace River rises some distance north
of th- north bend of the Fraser, and flows
oastwardly through the Rocky Mountains
draining the plains on the other side. It more
properly b .ongs to the district east of the
uount^alns that bears Its name, lu the far
icrth are the Skeena and Stlkine Rivers
flowing into the Pacific, the latter being W
the country of valuable gold mining opera-
tions.

The Thompson River has two branches.
kKOWU as tL North Thompson and the

South Thompson, the former rising In small
hikes In the Cariboo District, and the other
ill tho Shuswap T-akes In the Yale Ulst.ict.
They Join at Kamloops. and flow east of
Kamloops Lake Into the Fraser River at
Lytton.

VICTORIA— (Population, 20,-
Chief Cities. 000) is the capital of British
Colu.Tibia and the chief city of
Vancouver Island. It was formerly a stock-
aded post of th^ Hudson's Bay Con' ny
and was then called Fort Victoria. It is
delightfully situated on a small arm of the
M(a, commanding a superb view of the
Straits of San ,Tuan de Fuca, the Olympian
rouge In Washington, the mountains of the
u alidand, and snow-capped Mount Baker In
the distance. The city's age may <late from
18!'>8, when the discovery of gold on the
n.ainland brought a rush of miners from
the south. It Is now a wealthy, well-built
and very English city, with business and
shipping interests of great importance Three
lines of traus-Paelflc steamers call at this
port. Victoria Is pre-eiidnently a place to
delight tourists, and has ample accommoda-
tion for a large floating population, having
several comfortable hotels. Various public
buildings are also worthy of more than
passing notice, tho new government build-
ings, costing $800,(MM) when completed, es-
pecially being an Imposing strtirture. Many
of the manufacturing interests of the pro-
vince are centered at Victoria. It has one
of the largest iron works on the Pacific
Coast outside of San Francisco, and several
smaller foundries and machine shops, and
many factories. The city is amply provided
with educational facilities, both ]iublic and
private.

N AN AIMO— Overlooking a fine harbour ou
the east coast of Vancouver Island, with a
population of 5,000, but taking in the mining
districts immediately tributary to it tlie
population would prob.ably be betwen 9,000
and 10.000. Nanalmo laidis next to Victoria
in Importance. It It seventy miles north of
Victoria and depends chiefly upon Its cc .
Ing interest and shipping business for sup-
port. Nanalmo Harbour is connected oy a
deep channel with Departure Bay, where
the largest craft find safe anchorage. Van-
couver Island bituminous coal is now aclJ-
rowledged to be superior for all practical
purposes to auy coal ou the Pacific Coast.

r«(

IsiiiK in Hinall
intl tlic .ither
Yalo niHt.ict.

How t'llHt of

aer River at

npulntlon, 20,-
111 of Hrltlsli
3 chief city of
ncrly n Btock-
Jay Coir uy
Ictorla. It IK
11 nrin of the
view of till'
the Olympian
iiitalns of the
nuiit Baker In
jay (late from
gold on the
miners from
!hy, well-built
business and
ortance Throe
•8 call at this
ly a place to
le aeeommoda-
ilatiim, having
^'^arioUH public
uf more than
jrnment build-
completed, es-
ructure. Many
its of the pro-
la. It has one
3n the Pacific
CO, and several
Ine shops, and
imply provided
oth fiubllc and

J-

fine harbour ou
Island, with a
g in the mining
ary to It the
•e betwen 9,000
lext to Victoria
mlli'H north of
• upon its cc -
isiness for sup-
connected oy £L
ire Bay, where
uchorage. Van-
)al is now ack-
or all practitiil
e Paciflc Coast.

ilfl^

?■■ .^»

Shipping Timber at Burraid Inlet, B.C,

CHIEF CITIES,

Four ccmpauies operate the luinos iu tli(?
vicinity of Niinainio. Largo (nmntities are
sent to San Francisco, to the Hawaiian Is-
lands and China, being shipped from uitlier
Nanaimo or Departure Bay. Nanainio Is
also the coaling station for the British squad
run ij the Pacilic. A large number of men
find employment in the mines and about the
docks, and the town for its size is well sup-
plied with the requirements of a growing
population. It has chnrclu's. scliools, liotcls.

Englisli Bay on the west, is the chief city of
tlie mainland portion of British Columbia.
It is very picturesquely situated on Burrard
Inlet, witli the salt water on three sides of
it, and liacked by ranges of mountains.
'J lie inlet affords unlimi* d space for sea-
going sliii)s, the land falls gradually to the
sea, rendering drainage easy, and the situa-
tion permits of indefinite expansion of the
city in two directions. It has an inexhausti-
blc water sui>i)ly l)rouglit across the inlet

water works, telephone, and several nianu-
facturiug Industries, .and daily and semi-
we(>kly newspapers. Much of the land is ex-
cellent for agricultural piu-poses. 'IMiere is
a week-day train service between Nanaim;>
and Victoria and connections by steamer
^\ ith V'aucouver.

lOSQUIMALT is a small town overlooking
(lie harbour, the niai!i business of wliicli is
connected witli the Britisli scpiadrou, tlie
arsenal, dockyard and hospital. There is an
ilectric car service between Esijuimait and
\ictoria (about three miles). There are
several small villages in the southern part of
tlie island.

VANCOUVER— On a peninsula having Coal
Harbour in Burrard Inlet on tlie east, and
7

from a river in a ravine of one of the
neiglibouring lieiglits. The Canadian Pacilic
Railway was completed to Vancouver in
May, 1887, when the first througli train
arrived in that city from Montreal, Port
Moody having been the western terminus
from July of the preceding year. In 1887,
also the Canadian Pacific Railway Company
put a lino of stoamsliips on the route be-
tween Vancouver and Japan and China,
and in 18!>3 an e.vcellent service was es-
tal)lislied between Vancouver and Victoria
and Australia, via Honolulu and Suva, Fiji
Tlieso three important projects are giving
an impetus to the growth of the city, by
placing its advantages entirely beyond' the
realm of soeeulation.

it '
||

!■ i

1 1

BltlTISH COLUMBIA.

In addifon to the great trauaportatlon
linos of I lie Canadian Pacific Railway and
llie steamship lines to Australia, Japan and
China, the Hawaiian and Fijian Islands,
the city has connection with all important
points along the Pacific coast and with the
irterior. The boats employed in the mail
service between Vancouver and Japan and
Cliina are twin-screw steamships specially
designed for that trade, and malie tlie trip
in about a week less time than any other
line. The Canadian-Australian I.ine givefi
a monthly service to Australia via Honolulu,
ILL, and Suva, Fiji. There is a weekly
sailin;; to Alaska during the summer months
and a semi-monthly sailing in Avinter. All
these steamers call at Victoria, Steamers ply
between Vancouver and Victoria and Nanai-
mo daily, and connection is made at Vic-
t( ria for all Puget Sound ports and to Port-
land and San Francisco. The Beliingham
Pay and British Columbia Railway gives
close railway connection via Mission Junc-
tion, torty-three miles east of Vancouver,
with the different cities an ' towns of the
I'aciflc Coast. Several important industries,
iron works, sigar refinery, cement works.
&c., have beea established in the city, and
there are several excellent hotels.

The following table of distances will bo
useful for reference :—

Miles.

Vancouver to Montreal 2,90C

Vaiipniiver to New York, via Brookville.. 3,1G3

Vancouver to Boston, via Montreal 3,248

Vancouver to Liverpool, via Montreal 5,713

Yokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via San

Francisco 11,281

Yokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via Van-
couver 10.047

Sydney to Liverpool, via Vancouver 12,673

Sydney to Liverpool, via San Frinclso.. 13,032

Liverpool to Hons Kong, via Vancouver 11,649

Liverpool to Honi; Kong, via San Franciso 12,883

Vancouver to Yokohama 4,283

Vancouver to Hong Kong 5,936

Vancouver to Calcutta 8,987

Vancouver to London, via Suez Canal... 15,735

Vancouver to Honolulu, H.I 2,410

Vancouver to Suva, :f'iji 5,190

Vancouver to Sydney, N.S.W 6,960

NEW WESTMINSTER— This city, found-
ed during the Fraser River gold excitement
in 1858, is situated on the north bank of the
Fraser River, fifteen miles from its mouth,
is accessible for deep Avater shipping, and

lies In the centre of a tract of country of
rich and varied resources. It is connected
with the main line of tlie Canadian Pacific
I{ailway by a brancii line from Westminster
Junction and with Vancouver by an electric
railway. New Westminster is chiefly known
abroad for its salmon trade and its lumber
business, but tiie agricultural interests of the
district are now coming into prominence
and giving the city additional stability, par-
ticularly as it is the mariict town of the
Fraser River delta. Tiiere are about forty
large salmon canneries within easy reach
of New Westminster. These establishments
represent an invested capital of over a
million dollars, they employ over eight thou-
sand men during the fishing season, and pay
out over ?750,000 a year for supplies. This
is one of the most important industries of
the region. As in Victoria and Vancouver
lumbering operations are here extensively
carried on, the mills in the city alone having
a capacity of 350,000 feet per day of ten
hours. Thjre is a magnificent system of
vater works, and the city owns its own
electric light plant, which cost $110,000. New
Westminster has the flLJst public library
west of Winnipeg, and a capital public mar-
ket. There are fifteen cliurchos and several
sdiools. The Provincial Penitentiary, Asy-
lum for the Insane, and other public build-
ings are located here. In 1884 the popula-
tion was 1,500 ; in 189G it was estimated
at 8,000.

In addition to Nelson. Rossland. Kaslo
and tiie other new mining centres, there
are a number of smaller towns and villages
in British Columbia, the names of which
are given in connection with the several
sfctions of tlio province to whicii they re-
S])ectively belong.

British Columbia is divided into a number
of districts for electoral and otiier local
purposes, but for tlie convenience of those
intending to proceed to the Pacific Coast
those divisions of the province are herein
otherwise dealt with.

VANCOUVER ISLAND is the largest on
the west coast of America, being about 240
miles long, and with an average breadth of
about 50 miles, and contains an estimated
area of about 15,000 square miles. It is separ-
pted from the mainland portion of Britisli
Columbia by the Straits or Gulf of Georgin.

iS^^ir WESTMINSTEn DISTRICT.

3f country of
is connected
la.lian Pacific
Westminster
by an electric
eliicfly linowu
Q(l its lumber
itorests of the
3 prominence
stability, par-
town of the
e about forty
n easy reacli
stablishments
.1 of over a
er eight thou-
ason, and pay
upplies. This
industries of
ad Vancouver
•e extensively
' alone bavins
T day of teu
nt system of
)wns its own
$110,000. New
public library
al public mar-
>s and several
tentiary, Asy-
• public build-
i-1 the popula-
vas estimated

ssland, Kaslo
centres, there
s and villages
ues of whlcli
h the several
i'hich they re-

Into a number
d otlier lociil
ienco of thos«
Pacific Coast
ice are herein

the largest on
sing about 240
ige breadth of
an estimated
es. Itissepar-
;lon of Brltisli
ulf of Georeia.

at distances varying from 20 to 60 miles
nnd from the State of Washington in the
ITnlte.l States by the Strait of San Juan de
Fuca. The coast liae, more particularly on
the west side, Is broken by numerous inlets
of the sea, some of which run up to the in-
terior of the island for many miles between
precipitous cliffs, backed by high rugge.l
mountains, which are clothed in fir, hemlock
and cedar. At some points are sholterel
bays which receive small streams, waterin-
an open gladed country, having a growth of
wild flowers and grasses-tho white clover
sweet grass, cowslip, wild timothy and a
piofuslon of berries. Tlie two ends of Van-
couver Island are, comparatively speaking,
flat, but there are mountains in the interior
ranging from 0,000 to 8,000 feet on the high-
est ridges. The interior of the island, still
unsettled at any distance from the sea coast
Is largely interspersed with lakes and small
streams. The surface Is beautifully diversi-
fied by mountains, hills and rich valleys
and on the east coast the soil is so good
that great ( ncouragement is offered to agri-
cultural settlement and fruit-growing.

rogioa about Alberni has recently come Into
prominence owing to the rich " field - and
it IS expected that this district will rank
bigh among the gold-producing centres of
the north as developments already well un-
tUT way, progress. Some of the rocks of
he island furnish excellent building mater-
ial the gray granite being equal to Scotch
and English granites.

The principal harbours are at Esquimalt
Mh ch has long been the ren,l..zvous of the
Bnt.sh squadron in the North Pacific, and
at Victoria, the capital of the province.
Both are situated at the south end of the
island, on the eastern side. There are, how-
over, numerous good harbours both on the
east and west coasts of the island, notably
Nana.mo aad Departure Bay on the former^
ami Alberni Canal and Quatslmo Sound on
the latter.

NEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT.

In other parts the soil is light and of Utile
depth, but it is heavily wooded with valu-
able timber. In the Island lakes and in the
Indentations of the coast there is a plentiful
supply of fish, and a fair variety of game
ou shore. The scenery Ig picturesque and
varied.

The island Is rich in mineral wealth, bo-
s'des the great coal mines of Nauai mo, whose
output amounts to 1,000,000 tons annually,
there being discoveries of gold and other
val.abio metals lu several districts. The
7%

This division extends along the coast from
the international boundary line, 49' to 50°
JO OQ the north.

Its eastern boundary is the 122° longitude
and its western the 124'' where it strikes the
^' "1 of Jarvis Inlet, and the Straits of
txeorgia. In the southern portion of this
district there is a good deal of excellent
farming land, particularly m the delta of the
r- raser River. The soil there is rich and
strong, the climate mild, resembling that of
England, with more marked seasons of rain
and dry weather, and heavy yields are ob-
tained wit.iout much labour. Very large re
turns Of Wheat have been got from land in
this locahty-as much as 62 bushels from a
measured acre. 00 bushels of oats per acre
and hay that yielded 3y, to 5 tons to the
acre and frequently two crops, totalling
SIX tons. Experiments have of late year^
Ken made in fruit-growing, with the most
satisfactory results-apples. pl„ms, pears.
Cherries aad all the smaller fruits being
grown m p:.ofusio.,, and at the Experimental
■ arm at Agassi., figs in small quantities
have l,een successfully produced. This part

for new-comers. Those having a little
money to use. and desirous of obtaining a
ready-made farm, may find many to choose
from. These settlement., are not'^all o^ h«
Eraser; some are at a distance from jj

100

HlilTISII COLUMIUA.

on the other streams. There Is considerable
good timber in the western and south-west-
ern portions.

The chief centres of this district are tlie
cities of Vancouver and New Westmiuster.
The climate of this district is very mil;l.
but in the fall of the year there is consider-
able rain in those parts of the district near-
est the coast.

principal settlements being in the vicinity
of the Frasor Uiver, though there are other
settlements at Clinton, Lillooet and elsc-
wherj which, wlien the projected Cariboo
Railway is built, will rapidly become of
more importance. This district is rapidly
coming? to the froat as a gold producer. Con-
siderable milling gold is found near the
town of Liilodet when the Golden Caolie

111 the MiMiitaiiis.

The Canadian Pacific Ilailway crosses the
southern portion of this district to Vancou-
ver, and rail communication is establislied
with the cities situated on Puget Sound,
with Portland, Oregon, San Francisco and
the American systt-m.

There are several small towns and villages
in the district, viz., Steveston, Chilliwaclc,
Ladners and Mission City.

LILLOOET DISTRICT.

This division lies directly south of Cariboo
and is bisected by the Fraser Uiver. The
country is as yet only sparsely settled, the

and other mines are being operated. Several
promising quartz-bearing locations are being
developed in this district, and as machinery
capable of treating the refractory ores are
of the most improved methods the excellent
results already attained are attracting min-
ers aad mining men in large numbers. Agri-
culturists, however, as well as mining men
find the Lillooet district attractive. There Is
u large area of the finest grazing land in
this district, and cattle thrive well. The
valleys are wonderfully rich, and fruit of
an excellent quality, chiefly apples, is grown;
pf ach-is, pears and plums t^re also cultivated,
and 3'naller fruits grow in profusion.

the vicinity
re are otlier
t and elsc-
ted Cariboo
become of
b is rapidly
)ducer. Cou-
ld near tlio
olden Caolie

ited. Several
)ns are being
IS machinery
:ory ores are
the excellent
tracting min-
mbers. Agri-
mining men
ive. There is
.zing land in
e well. Thf;
and fruit ojC
lies, is grown;
so cultivated,
usion.

101

Bluf Bell Mine, Kocti'iiay, 15.0.

YALE DISTRICT.

101

f/-*'

YALE DISTRICT

Is oil the cast, of Lilloopt niul Now Wer<t-
iKinstor. It extends southwards to the lu-
te riiational boundary and eastward to the
range of high lands that separate the Oknna-
San Valley from the Arrow I/ikes. The
Yale district affords openings for miners,
luml)erme'i, farmers, and ranelimcn. For
the purpose of localizing the information
here given this disti'iet of the province may
be subdivided into the Nicola, tlie Oivana-
gan and tlie Nortli Thompson countries.

'nil-: NICOLA v,\i,i,i:v,

forming the central part of tlie Yale district,
^■Ilile specialiy ad:ii)t?d to pastoral pursuits,
is well fitt.Hl for agriculture and the growth
of all classes of C(>reals. Tlie crops already
grown are excellent in (piality and the yield
exceptionally large. Nicola Valley is Ijo-
coining as famous for its grain, roots, vege-
tables and fruits of all kinds as it has been
fer its bunch grass fed cattle.

Tlie valley is also rich in its mineral de-
posits. The principal mines for the precious
metals are in the Similkameen .section where
hjdraulic companies are operating. There
K a large area of bitumimus and good cok-
ing coal at Coldwater, where magnetic imn
ore is likewise found. Tlie richest ])latinuui
mines on the continent have been discovered
on Tulameen and Slate Creeks. A railway
is projected from Speiice"s Bridge, wliicli.
wlien comjjleted, will largely develop the
mines in tliis valley.

TIIIC OKAXAO.W VALI.KV,

soutli of Kamloops and the Canadian Pacific
Hallway, and east of the Nicola Valley, is
ore of the finest sections in the wliole pro-
^iiice for agriculture and stock raising pur-
suits. In this part are be found the most
extensive farms in the province, as well as
the largest cattle ranges. The district is an
fxtensive one and within its borders aif
to be found largo lakes, the piiiicipal one
b(ing Okanagan, whilst such streams as the
Spallumcheen and other large rivers flow
thron,.^li the district.

Oka-iagan is famous as a grain-growing
cfuntry. For many years tills industry was
not prosecuted vigorously, but of late a
inark.Ml change has taken i)lnce in this re-
pict and sunples of wheat raised in Okana-

gan, sent to the Vienna Exposition, were
awarded the highest premiums and bronzj
medals. One of the best flourishing mills
in the Dominion is now in operation at En-
derby, 24 miles .south of Sicanious, and con-
nectol with it by rail. The flour manufac-
tured at these mills from Okanagan grown
wheat is equal to any of its kind on
tlie continent. Tliere Is another mill at Ver-
non and one at Armstrong, erected in 1806.
Tliough Okanajaa is an excellent wlieat-
produi'ing country, considerable attention is
now b.Mng given to the various kinds of fruit
culture, and an imporiant uioveineiit is on
foot looking to the conversion of the grain
fields into orchards and hop fields. Atten-
tion has been more particularly turned to the
production of Keinish hops, and during the
past four years hops frmi tliis section have
broiigiit the highest prices in the English
I arket, competing successfully with the
English, tiie continental, and those grown
in other parts of Amei'ica. Some English
hop nerchants have receiilly become in-
terested in hop-growing in the Okanagan
valley. Tlie Earl of Aberdeen, Governor
General of Canada, has a large fruit farm
near Kelowna, on the oast side of the lake,
and over 13,000 acres near Vernon, in the
Coldstream Valley, wliere general farming.
liop,4:ro Willi, and fruit raising are carried on.
His orchard of about 125 acres is the pomt
of attractim for visitors to Okanagan. An
excellent quality of cigar wrapper and leaf
tcbacco is i rown about Kelowna, shipments
of Mhich are yearly increasing, but the pro-
duction has not yet become general.

-\ large quantity of the very best land,
lightly timbered and easily brought under
(ulti\;itlon remains open for settlement.
Water is abundant in many sections, whilst
ii. some it is scarce, rendering irrigation by
artesian wells a necessity in these places,
although this necessity does not arise every
year.

Okanagan is also a rich mineral district,
and in the different parts valuable gold,
silver, plaiiiunn, copper and iron deposits
liave been discovered, and are being deve-
loped.

The Shuswap and Okanagan Railway
runs from the main line of the Canadiaa
Pacific Railway, at Sicanious, to Vernon, the
chief town of the district, a distance of 40
miles. The Coldstream or White Valley, the

«'■

102

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

ill

^i)

Slmllkameon and the country round about
jielowna, where extensive fruit orchards
have been established, Is a rich and valuable
section, and to these parts there Is easy
access by rail and steamer. Crops grow
luxuriantly, but the dry climate necessitates
irrigation. There Is, however, ample water
In til ^ hills, and no difficulty presents Itself
on this score. From Okanagan Landln;;,
near Vernon, a flne steamer, the Aberdeen,
piles to Kelowna (formerly called the Mis
sion) and to Pentlcton near the _outh end of
the lake, and the provincial government Is
ccmstfuctlng roads to open up the Boundary
Creek country and Slmllkameen Valley, the
former being rich in mineral wealth, and the
latter a famous hunting ground for mountain
sheep and goat. The Boundary Creek dis-
trict lying along the international boundary
contains a large area which is believed to
be mineralized thronghout its extent. Some

li'to prominent notice. The climate of the
CMtanigan country is mild and dry. Irrigation
biing necessary for farming and fr it-grow-
ing. There is only a slight sno.vfall In
winter, and the summers are warm and
pleasant.

North of these and of the Canadian Pacific
Railway are the valleys of the north and
south branches of the Thompson Iliver which
flow into the Fraser. In this section are
valuable deposlcs of gold, silver and other
minerals, Including one of cinnabar.

The towns and villages of Ag-
Towns and assiz, Kamloops, North Bend
Villages, and Ashcroft in this northern
division are all along the line
of the Canadian Paciflc Railway ; Pentlcton,
Enderby aid Vernon on the Okanagan
branch, and Rock Creek, Midway, Green-
wood and Oriuid Farks, in the mining region

I'rospcctnis stiirting nut.

valuable mines are being operated extensi-
vely. Its wealth is not alone in its ricli
ores, but its valleys are fruitful and adapted
for grain-growing ; there is excellent water
and timber supply, and grazing lands on
which thousands of head of stock range, are
fcund throughout the district. The country
trlbut.xry to Lake Okanagan is very suitable
for s-ittlement and must eventually become
thickly populated. A railway from Trail, in
West Kootonaj' througli the Hoiindnry Crppk
country to Pentioton will bring this sectiou

111 ar the internatlo-aal boundary which can
be reached from Pentlcton.

KAMLOOPS is 224 miles east of the Paci-
flc, and is situated at the confluence of the
North and South Thompson Rivers, both of
which are navig.ible for a considerable dis-
tance. It is a railway divLsioual point and a
thriving town of 1,50<) poijulation, doing a
good trade with tho farmers, ranchmen and
miners of tho district. Steamboats ply on
K.'imloops ly.nkc, and thare are saw-mills in
constant operation. The town is supplied

:e of the
Inigatloa
it-grow-
) .vfall in
arm and

m Pacific
orth and
rer which
ctlon are
nd other

63 of Ag-
th Bend
northern
the line
'entlcton,
)kanagan
T, Green-
ng region

?hich can

the Paci-
ce of the
3, both of
rable dis-
>int and a
, doing a
imen and
:s ply on
v-mllls In
supplied

»; I

ii!

-y

Map of the Kootfiiay.

WEST KOOTENA V DISritlCT.

103

by waterworks iind liBht.'il by electrlolly.
Flacor iiilnlni,' lias Ikhmi successfully carrlc.!
ou north ol' Kauiloops for 2'\ years and rich
nilnoral discoverlos havo roccntly been niado
within thrco inllos of tho town, carrying
Hold and copper, a"d Honio being free mill-
ing.

ASIICROFT, on the Thompson River, Is
204 miles east of Vancouver. It Is the start-
ing point of the stage line for Clinton, Ul-
looet, 150 Mile Hou.se. Horsefly, Quesnelle
Fork's. Quesnelle Mouth, Stanley, Soda
Creek, Barkervllle and other points In the
I.illooet and Cariboo districts. It Is a busy
place, where considerable freighting busi-
ness is done, and where supplies of all kinds
can be obtained.

Agasslz, on tho main line of the Canadian
Paclflc Railway, Is the site of the Dominion
Government Experimental Farm which has
proved of great benefit to the farmers and
fruit-growers of the province. Over two
thousand varieties of fruit trees are under
test, besides many coreals. roots, fodder
plants and live stock.

VERNON Is a good sized town of 1.000
population, with three prlucipal hotels and
other minor ones. There arc stores of all
kinds, flour and saw mills and two banks.
Having a flrst-rate farming and ranching
country in its Immediate vicinity, beshles
large tracts of valuable tl: -.ber. a largo and
flourl.sliing business Is done at this centre.

ENDERBY AND ARMSTRONG are small-
er, but rising towns, where there are good
hotel accommodation and a variety of stores
and other business establishments, and each
having large grist-mills.

YALE is at the head of navigation on the
r'ras(M- Rlv.n-— 103 miles east of Vancouver,
and is the easterii gateway to the famed
Frasa;' River Valley.

MIDWAY Is a thriving ndnlng town of
growing lniportan(;e, in the Kettle River
district.

GRAND FORKS. 20 miles east and north
of Midway, at tho junction of North Kettle
and Kettle Rivers, has a large minin^' coun-
try tributa.y to it. It is proposed to erect
a smelter at this i)oiut. The Great Volcanic
Mountain mines are north of Grand Forks.

GREENWOOD Is a new town In the midst
of a rich mining section, with a population

of about 000, and close to It the rival town
t)f Anaconla has sprung up.

WEST KOOTENAY DISTRICT

Is tho next east of Yale, and e-xtends north
and south from tho Big Bend of the Colum-
bia River to the International boundary, em-
bracing, with East Kootenay (from which It
Is separated by the Purcell range of moun-
tains) an area of 16,500,000 acres. West
Kootir.ny Is chiefly remarkable for its great
mineral wealth. Marvellously rich deposits!
have been discovered in different sections,
and new finds are almost dally made, There
Is still a largo area not yet prospected which
will doubtless yield even more phenom-
eii.'il returns of precious ores. It is a country
of Illimitable possibilities, but is only pass-
ing the early stages of development, when
tho v.ist area of hidden wealth Is considered.
Great strides, however, have already been
made, and many of the camps, notably In
the Trail Creek, Rossland, Kaslo-Slocan.
Ainsi\-orth and Nelson districts, are com-
pletely equipped for mining operations. In
the Lardoau, Big Bend and other parts of
this rich region, mining is profitably carried
on, and as capital is acquired through tho
^^orklng o? the mines, or Is brought in, tho
output of ore will be immensely increased.
'J'he output of orj last year appro.ximated
.«!fi,000,0(X>, and with the additional trans-
portation and smelting facilities now being
afforded this amount will doubtless be large-
ly Increased duri.ng 1897. Capitalists and
practical miners have shown their unbound-
ed confidence in West Kootenay by investing
millions of dollars in developing claims,
equipping mmes, erecting smelters, building
tramways. .:-" lad an eminent Americau
r.uthority speaks of it as " the coming min-
ing empire of the North-west." In 189(5, the
population of West Kootenay was trebled,
and the year witnessed the creation of a
number of new mining camps which as-
tonlslied the world with their phenomenal
growth and prosperity. There are valuable
timber limits in different parts of the coun-
try, and saw-mills are in operation. One of
the desirable features of British Columbia
for mining is the presence in all places of
timber and in most of water also.

i-.'i
il

', ; t

The mining districts are easily reachel
from Revelstoke, on tlie main Hue of tho

104

I'HITISIl COLUMIIIA.

Ciiiiivillnii racinc Uiillwiiy, aboiit iiililwn.v
lu'lwwn llu> fiistcni Hlnpi' of (lie Uockli h
iiimI llio rncItU- f<i;ist. From lliU iioliit ;i
Iniiiicli line Hoiitli 1h compl-'lfd In Arrow
hciiil. (It lilt' licj I «if I'piMM- Arniw I-aUn,
fiirm wltlcli tlu' iH'W sIcniiuMS nf tiu' (*o-
liiiiilthi ami Koolt'iiay Stcaiii Navln»ll<>i» <'i'-
arc inkcii 1" Naknsp, near llii' foot of the
laUi'. wluM'o rail comiuniilt-allon witli tli"
towns of (111" SlocMii, llif pi'liiclpal of wlilrli
arc New l»ciivcr, 'I'lircc I'orks. iind SaiKloii,
tlic centre of a rldi milling iculon, lias been
csiiilillHlicd. and there is an t-xcelleiit Ktcani-
Intiit servit'.' on Slix'an Lake. Steamers can
rlsi. lie taken from Anowliead past Naknsp
1o Uolison, at the mniilh of the I,owcr
Koolenay Ulver, ahniu; (he bank of which
iiLiiavlnalile river the «'anatlian I'aeillc Unl!
way rnns to Nelsmi, the metropolis t>\' the
Kootetniy mlniiif.' district. In the vicinity of
which are the celelirated .Silver KliiK and
other ndnes. Kroni Nelson, steamers ply to
Jill the mInliiK towns of the Koolenay J<ake
- I'lhit Bav, Ainsworth, Kaslo, \-t . From
llobson the steamers contlnno down the Co-
lumbia to Trail, from which pobU Uossland.
the centre of the new \ioh] Holds of the Trail
Creek dlslrict, Is reached by railway, and to
Northport In the Stale of W.-ishiiiKlon-

It will tie nnderslood that in
Towns nilnin;; districts, that which Is
and a mere village one year may

Villages, become very rjiiddly a lari;(>
town. If the dlscoveiies in the
lu ii,'libonrh.>od w.irrant it. I'or Instance,
there was lint one year between Hosslaiul
as a small mlain;; camp and a lar^e ami
tlirhiiifj; town, and after one ye;ir more ii
became one of tho largest Incorporated Mes
in llritish CoUunbla. There will be, m die
ccnrse of a few ye ir,s, many towns enjoying
all the ndvanta.i;es of modern civilization in
places which are at present unreclaimed
bush or wild laud. The following are cen-
tres of varyiuj; size ;—

UEVELSTOKE, on the Canadian racllic
Hallway, Is a mining town between the Gold
and Selkirk riinges, and is the chief source
of supply fcr the country south of it, beliii?
the junction point with the Arrow Lake
braiK'h, an ! the Big Bend country to the
north, ropulatlon, 500.

NAKUSP, near the foot of Upper Arrow
Lake, is the initial point of the Nakusp and

Sloca 1 branch of the Canadian Piicmr Flail-
way,

NEW l>i:\VEll, on the easi side of Shicau
Lake, at ilie ini'.iUi of Cai'iienler'N Creek.
is a rapidly growing town, with a po|inlallo/i
of StMl. 1< is III" sell of government of the
Mocan district. Large shipments of ore are
made from here to smeller points, a number
of very valuable mines being clustered about
the town. Th( re Is a daily steambnal com
inniih'alion bet we'll .New Heiiver, Uoseberry,
iSilverlon. Slocan City, Brandon, and other
pi int. < on Lake Slocan, and the town lais
g( od hilel accommidiitlon, iVc.

UOSEMEUKY Is a distrlbuling poliil o;i
the N. and S. IJallway. near the iiead of
Slocan Lake.

SlLV'l'iUTiiN. four miles south of New
I'enver on Slocan Lake, is a growing town
U<ar the c d'dir.iK'd (iah iia Kami.

TEN MILE CHEEK is a large shipping
] (lint on Slocan Lake.

SLOCAN CITY and I'.K.KN I •• »N are sit-
uated together at the foot of Slocan Lake.
near which wonderfully rich lields have been
diScov.'i'ed and mining operations are carried
en exieiislvely.

TllUEE FOKKS is situated at the con-
tinence of Sealon Creek and the north tind
south braiK-hes of Cariieiiler's Creek, on the
Nakusp !ind Slocan Hallway. Large cou-
((ntratlng works ire erected near the town,
with a daily caiiacity of ".() tons. A number
of very rich mines are being operated within
ii short distance of Tiiree Forks.

S.\N1)<>.\, the terminus of the Nakusp and
Slocan Hallway, and a point on the Cana-
dian I'acilic Hallway, and from which Kaslo
is reached by railway, is a new mining town
around which are several groups of the most
.aluable mines, chief among which is the
Slocan Star.

C()I>y is a new town, one mile above
Sandon, and Is growing rapidly, being the
centre for a group of very rich silver-lend
ai d galena mines, amongst which is the
Noble Five.

NEIiSON, an importiiut business govern-
ment, court and customs centre of the liowor
Kootcuay district, with a population of 2,000,
it situated on an arm of Kootenay Lake,
'28 lalles east of Habson, and from it points
on the lake are reached by steamer. A

llcllU lliiil-

•v'h <Uvok.
|iii|iiilaliiiii
lent (if tlic
of (ifi! ni'i-
, II iniiiibiT
(TimI iiliout
iiliiiiit coin
Udsi'hcrry.
jiikI iiilici'

IdWII IlIIH

,' poilll ll?)
IC lll'IHl <>(

U of Ni"\v

iwiiiLC town

re slilppinj.';

>.\ iuv sit-
ocnu LfiUo.
< liavc bi'fii
iir<' ciUTiud

It till" oon-
nortli and
■(•(•U. on the
Larfjo con-
r the town,
A nnnibor
iitfd within

S'iiliusp and
1 tlio Ciiua-
iliich Kaslo
iiining town
of tho most
hieli is tho

ndle above
, being tlie
1 silver-load
liich is the

ess govern-
f tho Lower
ion of 2,(DO0,
enay Lalve,
)m it points
steamer. A

' tn!i

k-SUV

■r

smelt

erecte

rifcts

miles

KAf

bases

slope

1,000,

WEST KOOTENAY DISTRICT.

105

Bmelter witli a dnily capacity of 250 tons is centre. Several mines are already operated

erected here, and an aerial tramway con- (xtenslvely and &v^ payin« large moutbiy

nccts it with the celebrated Hall mines, 41/2 dividends, while new di^ ..veries indicate

miles ^lista >t. Uiat the full richness of this region cannot

KASLO, on Kootenay Lake, is one of the y<^t b;5 even approximately estimated. Large

bases of supplies for mines on the eastern shipments of ore are being made from Le

slope of the Slocan district. Population, IJ"i. War Eagle, Josie. Nickle Plate, Crown

1,000, which is increasing. Point, Evening Star, Columbia and' Koote-

AINSWORTII, oa Kootenay Lake, is tlie ''"^' ^' ^^•' J"mbo, Cliff, Iron Mask, Monte

centra of the Hot Springs mining district, ^^'^^^°< ^t. Elmo, Lily May, Poorman and

from which considerable ore is annually ^*'"^^' l<^'i'li"S mines, while the Centre Star

shipped to the smelters. Hot sulphur springs "'"^^ "^''^^" Pi'opertios have large quantities

are in tlie immediate locality. ^^ ^''^-' fl"»'P ready for sliipment. With iu-

T„rnr7> Tuv , T- X . <i"P'is>Ji1 lione smelting facilities, the output

IILOl BAY, a so on Kootenay Lake, is of the camp will be Immensely increased

where the extens.ve smelting works of the The most notable silver mines are in the

Kootenay Mming and Smelting Con>pany, f,,„ed Sloe in district, from wh ch la ge

^vh,ch have a capacity of 100 tons daily. .,„>„,onts of ore have been and are be iS

ai; MS" ''"'''^ '"" '"" '"'"''^'' "^-^-^-V.eneral chantctet Of i?s ore S
' ■ l>iKli grade salona, often carrying 400 ounces

IRAH., on the Coluaibia River, a town f-1' silver to the ton, an 1 averai^ing 100 ounces
Mithout an existence in 189-1. is th(> landing and over. The principal mines are the Slo-
place for Rossland and tiie Trail Creek cui Star, wliich i)aid ,$300,000 In dividends
mining region with which it is connected in 1896, Enterprise, Reco, Good Enough
by rail. Extensive smelting works with a Whitewater, Alamo, Ruth, Two Friends!
capacity of 400 tons daily are erected here Dardanelles, Noble Five. Washington, Payne
and the town boasts of first-class hotels, Idaho, Mountain Chief and Grady ' groups
i.owspaper. general stores, &c. Its popula- Tlie Wonderful, two miles from Sandon is
tion of 1,500 is rapidly increasing. tlie only liydrauli-ing galena mine in the

Rossland is the largest town in tlie West "^^orld. Th(; Slocan is admitted to be the
Kootenay, Its growth having been phenom- i'i<^'liest silver mining region in America to-
onal. From a small mining camp in 1894 it •^"y- •'^"•1 1'''^'^ <^l>e advanUge of excellent trans-
has grown TO the proportion of a tliriving. portation facilities. On Kootenay Lake are
bustling city with a population of (5,000 in ^^^ ^^'-^l '^nown Ainsworth group wliich are
January, 1897, which is increasing at tlie ^'^^'"^ sliippers of ore. The Toad Mountain
rate of 4,000 or .5,000 y(>arly. At Rossland. <lis<rict arnmd Nelson, and south of It, has
are the celebrated Le Roi. War Eagle and ^ distinct gold, silver and copper belt, the
otiier mines whose illimitable richness '^'•"^^ ^'e'^g of that cliaracter known as " gray
brouglit this regioa into prominence. The f"l>l>er." Tiieiv nvi a number of rich mining
city, wiiicli is eight miles from the United Properties in tliis section, amongst others
States boundary line and seven miles from ^^^ Silver King or Hill mines, purchased for
'J'rail, lias good hotels, woll-furnishe 1 stores. ^^■500,000 by an Englis-h company, whicli
public and private schools, ciiartercd banks, '""'^^ constructed an aerial tramway to con-
is liglited by electricity and has a system of ^'^^^ ^^^ mines witli their own smelter at
waterworks. Nelson. A number of free milling gold

There are numerous mines ''^'^' ""uZr^T- ''T\ °''' ""'''"^ ^•'^■
Mining at work in .lifferent sections of Z'^l'JllTr^}^, "''° ''''''''' ''^ ""'
Localities, the district, chiefly in the Lower ; *' ^'f ^'*'"' '^''^'^ profitable results.
Kootenay country in the nor U T^ T '""!'"'' °' ''''' '"'"^ °* *^°
of which are the Kaslo-Slocan mines n T f- '"f^^f ^« '" ">« K««tenay were
the centre, .hose around Nelson and lins """^ "^ t"\«-'^>"^"n R'ver cotmtry, between
worth, and in the south those of the Goat !• 7^ '\""*""'y ^''^'^'- «"'^ the inter-
R.ver and Trail Creek districts. There ar. ''."^ '^"■•^•;>«'"f^'--V- In the north, in the Ille-

no richer gold fields tlmn tliose of the Latter K.Tf ^. and Trout Lake

"'"*-' districts ar-- rich propert:.-s which are boin-

inoutl(mca district, of wliich Rossland is tlie

worked, anJ around Lardeau, some valuable

106

BRITISH COLUMIilA.

placer gold mines and extcuslve deposits of
galenjt ar.; boiug developed. Between the
Geld Range and the Selkirks Is the west
side of the Big Bend of the Columbia River,
that extends nortli of the 52nd parallel. This
bend drains a gold region yet awaiting com-
plete exploration, but which has every it'di-
cation of gieat mineral richness. Throi'gii-
out tiie whole Kootenay country new dis-
coveries aro made every year, so that whicli
Is the richest claim of a district during one
season may be surpassed by a dozen others
In tho following year.

The wages paid labourers are from $2.50
to .lis per day ; $3 to $3.50 for miners ; $3
to $4 for mechanics. Board is from ,^(5 to •^1
per wtjek at mine boarding liouses ; from Sfi
to $10 at private boarding liouses ; aud
transient rates at hotels are $2 to $3 per day.

tlon of the Crow's Nest Pass route for a
short line of the Canadian Pacific Railway
fnd the probable construction of brancli
roads and otlier lines within a few years
w ill aid marvellously to its prosperity. East
Kootenay is, speaking generally, a good
agricultural and pastoral as well as mining
country, and during the past year has added
a large nund)cr of actual farmers to its
population wlio have taken up and are culti-
vating land.

It contains a valley nearly 300 miles long,
from the international boundary line to the
apex of the Kootenay triangle of the Big
Bend of the Columbia, with an average
width of 8 to 10 miles. In the centre of which
is inclosed tiio motlier lakes of tho Columbia,
2,S50 feet above sea level. Tlie Columbia
River flows north from these, and the Koot-

A .Mining' .Sliiiiity.

EAST KOOTENAY DISTRICT.

East Kootenay, lying between West Koote-
Lay and the eastern boundary of the pro-
vince, comprises the larger part of tlie
famous Kootenay region of British Colum-
bia, which is entered from the east at
Golden, on the Canadian Paclflc Railway.

East Kootenay, though not yet opened to
the same extent as West Kootenay is known
to be a rich mineral country, an<l men are
now actively engaged lu working its new
mines and prospecting for others. Tlie selec-

enay River soutli tiirough tlie valley. " It
is," says Judge Sproafs report, " one of the
prettiest and most favoured valleys in the
province, having good grass and soil, a fine
climate, established mines and promising
mines, excellent waterways and an easy
surface for roiul-makiug. Its chief navigable
V aterway leads to a station of the Canadian
Pncilic Railway."

Nearly the whole of tlie area of the valley
des<Ti)>f><! is !i huncl) grass ccviilry, .nfford-
ir.g excellent grazing. The grass country i*

route for a
flc Railway
of branch
. few years
)erity. East
ly, a good
1 as iniuiug
r has added
iiiers to its
ad are cnlti-

I miles long,
• line to the
of the Big
an average
tre of which
10 Coiiiuibia,
e Columbia
id the Koot-

valley. " It
" one of the
lUeys lu the
il soil, a flue
d promising
nd an easy
iof navigable
he Canadian

of the valley
miry, nfford-
ss country ii*

0:
lit

. !

Towns.

CARIBOO DISTRICT.

107

250 miles long, of an average width of five
miles, besides a number of lateral valleys
of more limited extent. It is safe to say
that the whole of the valley is fertile,
though except In a few places its agricul-
tural capabilities have not been tested. The
atmosphere is clear and dry and the snow
fall in winter light, but in a district so ex-
tended climatic conditions vary considerably
from local causes.

The country is more thinly wooded than
the West Kootenay district, and affords great
facilities for fishing and hunting ; big game,
trout and salmon abounding.

Much is expected of the oil fields in the
scuth-east portion of East Kootenay which
wtre discovered several years ago, but wliicli
have been waiting capital to develop them.
Over .a large area of ground there are in-
dications of the presence of oil.

The towns of East Kootenay
Towns. are Field, near Mount Stephen ;
Golden, on the Columbia River
at the mouth of the Wapta, and Donald at
the b-ise of the Selidrii Range, all on the line
of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Fort Steele,
a mining centre of importance on the Koot-

The present communication of the district
is effected by the Kootenay mail line of
steamers plying from Golden Station, on the
Canadian Pacific Railway, southward for
120 miles to the Columbia Lalces. A steamer
leaves Golden once a week (Tuesday, 6 a.m.),
for Canon Creek, Carbonate, Humphrey's,
Galena, Sliorty's, McKay's, Gordon's, Wind-
ermere and Adela. connecting at the tram-
way with S. S. Pert to Thunder Hill and
Canal Flat, at which there is a connection
with North Star, Fort Steele, Tobacco Plains,
on th3 United States boundary, and Jen-
nings, Montana. The steamers connect with
tlie trains uf the Canadian Pacific Railway.
The steamboat company operates a series of
tramways to connect the upper lakes and
mines and owns a fleet of barges used in
the transpjrtation of ores and other heavy
freights.

CARIBOO DISTRICT

lies north of the Lillooet District, and im-
mediately west of the North-west Territories
of Canada. The famed Cariboo mines, from
which millions of dollars of gold have been
taken, are in this district. This is still a
virgin field for the miner, the immense out-

-■llri J

The Road to Ciiriboo.

^ vviuucrmere, on the Lower Columbia peee.^sitatine tb'^ «ninlT— it -.- -
^lanoiooKe. obstacles to the full development of the mar-

■ill

! I

I h

' rl

108

JiRiriSff COLUMBIA.

voUously rich gold Ileitis of Cariboo liiive
been liirjrely overcomo by the construction
of the Canndian Paclflc, and the iniprove-
iiient of tlie lUMvat highway from that rail-
way to northern Uritish Columbia, with the
result tliat tlio work of develoi)nient has
recently been vigorously and extensively
prosecuted. During the past few years several
costly hydraulic plants have been Intro-
duced by different wealtliy mining companies
wldch are now operating well-known claims,
and there is every prospect of a second
goMen harvest which, in its Immensity and
value will completely overshadow tliat
wliieh ni;ide Cariboo famous thirty years
ago. Among the numerous Cariboo enter-
prises is tlie Slough Creek Mining Company,
with a capital of l?r)00.(K)0, which is develop-
ing a valuable property on one of the prin-
cipal watercourses witliln a few miles of
the famous "Williams Creek (from which
about ii;2(),n00,0()0 in gold have been taken
out witliin a distance of two miles) and in
close proximity to Island and Burns Mount-
ains, whose rocky summits are <a mass of
quartz veins. The Horsefly Hydraulic Min-
ing Company, witli a capital of !?2."')0,000,
works a series of eleven claims wliich are
located in the drift gravels on tlie western
banli of the Horsefly, a tributary of the
Upper Fraser River, near Quesnelle Lake.
200 miles from Ashcroft. The Cariboo Hy-
draulic Mining Company, with a capital of
$300,000, is actively prosecuting work on its
claims on the south fork of the Quesnelle
River, on extensive ground exceptionally
rich in gold deposits. This company, for its
hydraulic purposes, is conveying water by
seventeen miles of ditching, which supplies
a capacity of 3,000 miner's inches over a
course of two feet deep, with a top width of
<:leveii feet, and a bottom of seven. This
feeds tour liydraulic " giants,"' or monitors,
Cf\rryiug a 300 feet head of hydraulic press-
ure that will easily disintegrate gravelly
conglomerate wliorein the gold of tlie mine
Is contained. The Alontroal Hydraulic Gold
Mining Company is also developing Its
claims rapidly. In addition to the properties
of these companies, tliere are numerous other
large gi'avel deposits, many of which are
now being prepared for working by com-
panies with amole capital, and which only
require properly directed exertions to Insure
large returns. Gold is found in many of the

valleys and in the streams emptying into
them. Cariboo is not without agricultural
resources, and there is a limited area in
scattered localities in which farming and
raucliing are carried on ; but this region
will always jirove more attractive to the
miner tlian to the settler. A railway is pro-
jected from a point on the main line of the
Canadian Pacific, through the district, which
when completed will open up many desirable
locations and largely assist in developing
the immense ndneral wealth already known
to exist. At present communication is by
woekly stage line from Ashcroft, but on ap-
plicat.on in advan 'e, arrangements can be
made at any time for the transportation of
large or small parties by special convey-
ances. The roads are excellent, the stopping
places convenient, and tlie trip is not an un-
comfortable one. Tiie chief settlements are
at Bridge Creek, Lac La Hache, Soda Creek,
Alexandria, Quesnelle and Barkerville. This
district covers such a large area that it con-
tains more tlian one climate.

CASSIAR DISTRICT.

ts the most nortlierly district of British Col-
umbia, and occupies the Avhole western por-
tion of the province from tlio 20° longitude.
It is not an agricultural country, but con-
tains some very rich gold mines, and indica-
tions are numerous of further mineral
Avealth to be developed. There are some
prosperous fish-canning establishments on
the coast, and parts of the district are thiclc-
ly timbered. Communication with the Cas-
siar district is principally by water. Steam-
ers start at regular dates from Victoria for
the Skeeua River, Port Simpson and other
points on the coast within the district.

Gold, silver and copper, besides
Minerals, other minerals are found both on
the mainland of British Columbia,
Vancouver Islaad and the Queen Charlotte
Islands, and to the far north beyond the
limits of the province in that division of
Canada known as the North-west Terri-
tories. It is in that division that the Yukon
River and Its marvellous gold discoveries
are situated, and these are reached at pre-
sent only by way of British Columbia. It
is impossible to say where within the limits
of British Columbia immense discoveries
will not be made. On the southern bound-

emptying into
It agricultural
lilted area iu
farming and
lit this region
•active 1o the
•ailwiiy is pro-
lin line of the
district, which
uany desirable
in developing
ilready known
nication Is by
jft, but on ap-
iiicnts can be
nsportatiou of
pecial convey-
t, the stopping
p is not an un-
cttlemeuts are
10, Soda Creek,
rkerville. This
'oa that it con-

ICT.

of British Col-
e western por-

20° longitude,
ntry, but con-
ies, and indica-
rthor mineral
here are some
blishmeuts on
itrict are thick-

with the Gas-
water. Steam-
m Victoria for
)sau and other

district.

copper, besides
found both on
Itish Columbia,
ueen Charlotte
th beyond the
lat division of
pth-west Terri-
that the Yukon
old discoveries
cached at pre-
Columbia. It
ithin the limits
ise discoveries
Duthern bound-

MINERALS. 109

ary are the ininos of the Trnll district, in- central uiluluj,' centres, or in taking in nia-
ciucllng those at Kossiand and in every dlsi- chinery for smelters and concentrators,
trict from iho boundary to the extreme north There are large areas still open to the poor
tlie precious metals have been discovered, prospector, and there are numerous openings
Until recently the work has been practically for the capitalist. To the agricultural settler
placer mining, a mere scratching of the sur- the existence of gold is of double slgulfl-
face, 3et over fifty millions of dollars have cance. He is certain of a nuirket for his pro-
beeu scraped out of the rivers ami creeks, ance, \vi is not debarred from mining a little
Bars have been washed out and abandoned, on his own account, and he is never deprived
witiiout sufficient effort being made to dls- of the hope that he will one day become the
cover the quartz veins from which the fortunate discoverer of a bonanza
streams received their gold. Abandoned m,^„ +„. , . ^ ^ , , .
diggings have been visited after a lapse of ,overv ^^^1^'," .°, ^1^ ''°''' f ^'^ ''''■
years, and new discoveries have been made ZZl^^^'lTT """"f ""''T °''^

m the neighbourhood. "'"^'^f '''"*' "l^' ''''''' "P^"*''! "P ^^ the

Canadian Tacific Railway, was estimated at
The recognized and greatest authority on $()0,0(H),000. It is now far in excess of this,
mineralogy in Canada, Dr. G. M. DaAvson, With present facilities for prospecting, much
F.R.G.S., M'ho for tifteen years was engag- l>eavler returns are expected, for tlie era of
ed In exploring British Columbia, says: "Tlie scientific mining in British Columbia has
explorations of the Geological Survey of only commence i.

Canada have ah-ady resulted in placing on The Britlsli Columbia Bure-iu

record the occurrence of rich ores of gold Mineral of Mines gives the total mineral
and silver in various places scattered along Output. production of that country from
the entire lengtli of the Cordilleran (Rocky it earliest history, commencing

Mountain) region in Canada. ♦ * ♦ Be- with 1858, down to the commencement of the
cause a mountainous country, and till of present year. The total production for all
late a very remote one, the development of years is stated to be as follows •—
the resources of British Columbia has here- Gold (piacf.) " ,57 r,^.

tofore been slow, but the preliminary diffl- Gcia (quartz) ^ ...'.'.'.'..'.'. 2 mill

culties having been overcome, it is now. Silver 4,028 224

there is every reason to believe, on the verge ^^ead ' ' i^eoelm

of an era of prosperity and expansion of Copper '254,'802

which it is yet dilHcult to foresee the amount '-'°''' "''■'' '='''^'' 33,93t,427

or the end. * * * Everything which has °""'"°S ^t"""- "S^c 1.200,000

been ascertained of the geological character °"^" materials 25,000

of the province, as a whole, tends to the be-

lief that so soon as means of travel and $100,'J3l,604

transport shall be extended to what are still ^^ ^^^'' i^''^^^^' Sold half the amount was
the more inaccessible districts these also "'^^ained between 1858-1808. The largest
will be discovered to be equally rich in min- ^'^^^^ "^^''""^ '" ^^^'^- "'"''^^'^ $3,913,5(53 were
erals, particularly in precious metals gold '"''*^" *™"^ ^^^ Cariboo diggings ; from that
and silver." ' yoar the output steadily declined, until in

T • . , , 1^^3 the gold output from the placer mines

In givmg evidence before a committee of r. ached only $350,131. It has since then
the ouse of Commons, a member of the been steadily increasing, and. as severa"

hrn'T,' ,fT '^'''^^o"''''^-^"''^'^ "■''''' '•'^'■^^ '^^^'•-"'- --P-'S are ^ow engaged
hav ng travel ed over 1,000 mUes through in washing the auriferous gravels in the

thirf m \ *;^' ' ''"^ '''' ''"'''' '""'''^ '''''' neighl>onrhood of Barkerville and Quesne le

there will yet be taken out of her mines the output from this region may be reason:

wealth enough to build the Pacltic Railway." ably expected to Increase considerably fom

lis means many millions. Since this was year to year. 108,945 ounces of gold have

said ra iways have been built into the prov- I .:therto been obtained from lode mines and

ed auriterous ranges, and steamboats have this within the space of four yeaj ?u

nrdifflcuiTv T ''"^'f- "'' '''''' ''''''' '' "'^^ '^'^^^ '''' "'^tP"* ^'^^ ^«'"«'l '^t 123,404, which
no difficulty in reachmg the .southern and rose in 1890 to $1,241,180. This is almost em

'i^

•ii
'At

/{/{ITISII COLUM/ilA.

tlrely tlio output of the Uossl, ;1 iniiics, n» years In tlio varlaus .nluliij,' caiiips of tlie

tl)c fontrllMitloiis from Caiui) M'Kiiiiu'y ami Cariboo and West Kootoiiay (llstrlets, an

tlu' I'ooniiaii Mine at Nelson were liicoii- liierease Is iioticejilile in aim )st every cnco

H'derable. The silver lias been oblained but In otlK-r parts of the province the pro-

durlu^' the last ten years. In 1887 17,»!00 ductlon decreased, owing t<j the rush of

ounces were produced, of the value of $17.- miners to the Uossland and 81oean camps •
831 ; In isi((!, ;5,i:{,-.,:{43 onuies were mlne<l, ^g^j.

which broMvht In only .fil'.KM). (iSl). owlnt; to hiRiuniug Cruek ) 4o,;oo

tto decline in the value of this metal. Lead liutMii/llo iS^iOO

was first obtained In any quantity In 1800. Kclthley Cieek U2.5m

when ll.'t.OOO pounds were obtained, valued Oariiprville 81,000

1800.

t r.?,ooo

61,100

137,050

82,900

''.ii'iboo District I 282,400

nt ^rt.SO"). ("opijer, which will eventually
prove to be the b.ickbone of the Trail Creek
Camps, was not produced until 1804, and in
three years has increased from $lli,2;{4 to
ijilOO.iVJO.

The I'ollo'Ving t-ible showlnj,' the total out-

lut of minerals during the last seven years other onnips

will give a very fair Idea iif the growth of

the udnlug iutlu.stry:- Wtst Kc jtenay..

Alnsworth | 388,944

'"^'e's'u C3,C08

Slw'ttii 1,057,C.77

Trail Creek 702,4,")7

10,520

. 384,0.=i0

$ 189,589

54.",529

2,010,048

1,243,350

14,209

$2,223,206 ?4,0U2,';35

1890 $2,608,308 „„ „

1891 3,546,702 ^''^' "'"'-•''''•'^ «" Vancouver Island have

1892 3,017.971 *"'^" worked since the year lS,->0. in 1800

1893 3,588,413 r^'K"'"'" ^'''pments took place and 14,240 tons

1891 4,225,717 ■*'<'•■'' l>''"<liiced; this rose in 1801 to 1.0120,007,

5,655,302 being the largest output yet recorded.
7,146,425 • Great iro i d-posits exist on Texada Island.
As it is only within the last two years tlitit n"<l copper deposits have l)eeu found at
ore shipiiii'iis of any (piantlty have been several points on the coast of the mainland,
nr.ado from the Kootenay mlue.s, the Increase Howe Sound, Jarvis Inlet, the Queen Char-
in succoodlng years will be In a far greater Ictte Islands and other points. Cinnabar
ratio than lias been shown up to the jiresent. »n*\ platinum have been found In small

189:,

1896

At the commencement of 1807 there wen;
vpwanls of fifty shipping mines in this
division of the province

The comparison of the amount of the

(luantities during the process of washing
gold.

A ledge of clnnal)ar. found on Kiuiiloops
Lake, is operated l)y tlie Cinnabar Mining

n-etals produced during tlie last two years <'onipany. Tlie tru^i vein is reported as being
can bo seen from the subjoined table : ^^ inches thick, and tiiere appears to be a.

1896 ''"*^*'' scattered (pumtity besides. Assays

give a big percentage of mercury, and tlie

Ouncas. "''"^^ '*^'^'*-'^ '« °o"' 'jei"g actively worked,

27,201 is pro.iounced to bo very valuable.

62,259 lu Alherni District on tlio west coast of

Vancouver Island a considerable amount of

wcrk is In piogross. Numerous quartz veins

have been discovered and are being opened

up ; a mill run from one of the claims gave

The rapid increase In the output of lead a yield of ^.TO per ton. In the same district

Is mainly due to tlie development of tlie two hydraulic claims have commenced work

galena properties In the Slocan district. which <>n CJiina Creek with every prospect of

'I. many cases carry 70 per cent of lead, success.

Gold (placor)
GoM (qudrt.',)
Silver

Copper ....

1S95.

Ounces.

24,084

39,264

1.496,522

Lbs.

952,840

Load 16,475,464

3,135,343
Lbs.
3,818,556
24,199,977

extensively

In 180a 18.215 tons of ore yielded an average Bituminous coal has been

of 117 oun.es of silver per ton and 52 per ^,orked for many years past at Nanaimo

cent of lead, giving a net profit of ?75 per on V.incouver Island, at which place there

ten. Comparing the output for the last two are large deposits, and :udications or coal

; <'aiiips of tlie
y illHlrletH, an
)st ovt'iy ciijio
'jvlnee tlio pio-
> the rush of
locau caiiipB :
Sa5. 1800.

•.■ioo $ np.ooo

61.100

137,050

82.000

l.iOO
1,300
,000

,400

,944
.008
,077
,457
,520

384,050

$ 189,589

545,529

2,010,048

1,243,350

14,209

,206 $4,002,'; 35

r Ishinil have
l,S.-n. In l.SOO
ind 1-1,210 Tons
fll to 1,029.097,
Bcorded.
Toxad.T Tslnn;l,
ii'cu found at
the mainland.
B Queen Cliar-
ts. Cinnabar
iind in small
s of washing

on Ka in loops
iiiabar Minln>j
lorted as being
pears to be u
<h's. Assays
cury, and the
ively worked,
able.

west coast of
!)le amount of
s quartz veins

being opened
e claims gave

same district

imenced work

prospect of

1 extensively

at Nanaimo.

Ii place there

lions of coal

'^'

TIMUEH.

have been tuuad at several other places on
that iMlaiul.

Several soaniH of MtiiinlnoiiH coal have
teen .ll,seovere<l on the uiahilau.l and the
New WeHtaihmter and Nicola (llMtrietH. and
other Indlcitlons of coal have bocn fonnd
1" many parts. The same formation exists
■ i the mainland as on the Island, and the
New Westminster and Nicola coal beds are
probal>ly small iwrtlons only of a large area.
A most phenoni..iial discovery of coal has
heen made In the Crow's Nest Pass of the
Uocky Mountains. Here no fewer than
twenty seams are seen to outcrop, with tola-
thickness of from 132 feet to 448 feet.

Anthracite coal Is now being extensively
inined at " Anthracite," on the line of the
Canadian Pacific Uailway, Just outsMe Bri-
tish Columbia. Some comparing favourably
with that of Pennsylvania has been found
in saams of six feet and throe feet In Queen
Chr otte Island. Fragments of anthracite
have been picked up on several parts of
Vancouver Island, and this would seem to
Indicate that the seams found in Queen
Charlotte Island will be traced to Vancouver.
No other province of Canada.
Timber, vo country in Europe, and no
i state in North America, compares

w.th British Columbia in respect to its tim-
ber.

There ar- prairies here and there, valleys
free Irom wood, and many openings In the
thickest country, which in the aggregate
make many hundred thou.sand acres of land
on wnlch no clearing is required, but noai-
each open spot is a luxuriant growth of
v ood.

The finest gro-vth is on the coast, and in
tlie Gold and Selkirk ranges. Millions on
miUloiis of feet of lumber, locked for cen-
turies past, have now become available for
commerce. In 1895 the quantity cut amount-
ed to 112,884.640 feet, an increase of about
40 per cent over that of the previous year.
The trees of British Columbia include :-
Douglas Spruce (otherwise called " Douglas
Fir," "Douglas Pine," and commercially
Oregon Pine)." A well known tree It is
straight, though c.-arse-grained, exceedingly
tough, rigid, and bears great transverse
strain. For lumber of all sizes and planks
it is In gn>at demand. Few woods equal it
or frames, bridges, ties and strong work

Kenerally, and for shlp-tjulldlng. Its lengtn.
slralghtness and strengtl, specially Ut it for
masts and spars.

The White Pine, resembling the White
1 ine of the eastern provinces, making the
>r^>st valuable lumber In their nuirkets ; the
Black Pino, the Bull Pine, the Yellow Cy-
piess (commonly called the Yellow Cedar)
the Western Larch ^sometimes called Tama-
nick). Knglemann's Spruce. MenKle's Spruce
the Gi^at Silver Fir. Balsam Spruce, besides
Oak, Kim, aiaple. Aspen, and other deci-
duous trees. These several growths are
fnind more or less throughout the p ,vince
both on the mainland and the adjacent is-
lands. The Douglas Spruce, the largest and
irost valuable, attains its greatest size In
the neighbourhood of the coast, but is found

n British (Jolumbia the several classes of
trees named are to some extent localized.

The most valuable fishery of
risheries. British Columbia is the salmon
They literally team ,'n the Fraser
and Columbia Itlvers, una during the sea-
Mms of th». salmon ruus, broad expanses of
river, or deep pools may be seen packed with
wriggling masses of splendid fish making
their way to the spawning grounds. The
greater number of the canneries where these
flsh are put up for export are on the Fraser
Itiver, but there are some in the more north-
ern part of the province.

The salmon make their way for greai dis-
tances up the rivers. The salmon of tlie Col-
umbia fill the streams of the Kootenay •
those of the Fraser are found six in.ndred
>n les m the interior. There are tlve d^er
ent kinds of this flsh. the spring or tyhee
cockeye cohoe, dog and humpback, (the tw^
atter being of no commercial value, and
tney arrive from the sea a* difJerent time,
Ihere are tifty-flve cannenes in the province
each employing about 300 men during the

$40,000, equipped, so that about $2,000 000
are invested in the enterprise. Of TesT
thlrty-flve are on the Fraser r7hT'

?l,0r8,038 ; In 1890 to .$3,487,432 • and In
1894 to ?3,954,228. The ..anual saimorpa k
has increased since the beginning of the in
dustry in 1876 from 9,847 cases to 566.39.''. in
ISOo, valued at $2,831,875. No matter how

i! 1

112

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

great the catch In any year it does not seem
to affect the number anyway in other sea-
sons, but to meet any danger of depletion,
the Government has esiablislied tisli liateli-
eries. In addition to the export of canned
salmon, the flsh consumed yearly in the pro-
vince and exported fresh, amounts to $250,-
000. During the fourteen years, 1883 to 180G
inclusive, the value of the salmon caught
was $25,000,000, and to this should be added
the catcli of halibut, sturgeon, herring, oola-
chan, trout, cod, &c.

The oolachan, which come in great num-
bers, supply a valuable oil largely used by
the natives. The black cod, a superior food
flsh, abounds from Cape P'lattery northward.
Cod, similar to the eastern variety, are taken
on the banks off the coast of Alaska. Hali-
but of flna quality and large size are plenti-
ful in the inner waters, on the banks off the
west coast of Vancouver Island, and further
north. The halibut fisheries are just being
developed, and during the past three years
large quantities were exported. The esti-
mated catch of last season was 4,000,000
pounds. Sturgeon of very heavy Aveight and
occasionally up to 50 pounds, are numer-
ous in the Fraser and large rivers ; 1893 and
1891: were the first years for exporting this
fish, and higher prices were secured than
for sturgeon caught elsewhere. There is a
great future for this industry, especially in
the manufacture of caviare, which Professor
Prince, Dominion Fishery Commissioner, has
pronounced equal to the Russian article.
The surf smelt and common smelt and an-
chovy are abundant, and valued for the
table. Herring is plentiful, and trout abound
in the lakes, rivers and streams of the whole
province.

These coasts afford wide fields for occupa-
tion, and dispense reward with less niggard
hand than in the older home where every
loaf has many claimants. There is no rent
to pay, no leave to ask to run a boat ashore
—the land is his wlio occu])ies it. A man
who, in other seas, toils year in and year
out for otlicrs, may here own his own home,
his piece of land and his boat by no man's
favour.

As indicated In the description of
Land, the several districts forming the mam-
land portion of British Columbia, tlie
li'nd varitj in quality in different sections.

There is almost every description and quality
of land from the rich river bottom land,
such as that in the Fraser delta, to the light
covering of moss and sand at high altitude
vu the mountains. Between Yale and the
coast in the Ncav Westminster district,
wljere the rain fall is regular, the land of
the valleys is rich and heavy ; east of Yale
where tlie rain fall is sliglit and irregular,
there is a considerable quautity of good land,
very productive, under irrigation. In the
Nicola and Okanagan valleys of the Yale
district, and in both the Kootenays, there is
a qu.intity of very fertile land in some
parts, as in the Okanagan se<.'tion, requiring
irrigation and in other places sufficiently
cared for by the rainfall. On the higher lands
the bunch grass grows freely and affords the
best pasturage for cattle. Where water is
convenient for irrigating purposes, grains
and vegetables succeed well in those sections
(illierwise used only for grazing. xVlong the
Fraser valley fruit ripens well. A great
number of varieties have been tried at the
experimental farm at Agasslz, and the more
delicate fruits have been successfully culti-
vated. Still greater success has been
achieved in the Okanagan valley, a consider-
able distance east of Agassiz, so that in all
parts of British Columbia south of the Cana-
dian Pacific Railway, the land, when worked
as circumstances reciuire, is found to be of
first quality for agricultural purposes. Nortli
of the railway line, in the districts of Liilooet
and Cariboo, there is a considerable quan-
tity of land adapted to farming, and still
larger tracts admirably suited for cattle
raising.

Crown lands in British Co-
Provincial lumbia are classified as either
Government surveyed or unsurveyed
Lands. lands, and may be acquired

by entry at tlie Government
Lands Office, pre-emption or purchase.

The following per5ons may pre-empt Grown
lands :— Any person being the head of a
family, a widow, or a single man over 18
years of age being a British subject, may
record sur/tyed or unsurveyed Crown lands,
which are unoccupied, or unreserved, and
unrecorded (that is unreserved for Indians
or others, or unrecorded in the name of any
other applicant). Aliens may also record
such surveyed or unsurveyed land on mak-

tlon and quality
r bottom land.
Ita, to the light
It blgh altitude

Yalo aud the
iustei- district,
ar, tiio land of
f ; oast of Yale

and irregular,
ty of good land,
gatiou. In the
^3 of the Yale
tenays, there is

land in some
i,'tiou, requiring
ces sufficiently
he higher lands
and affords the
/liere water Is
irposes, grains
1 those sections
ing. xVlong the
well. A great
en tried at the
1, and the more
;cessfully culti-
3SS has been
ley, a considor-
;, so that in all
th of the Cana-
I, when worlied
found to be of
iiriioses. North
riets of Lillooet
;iderable quau-
ning, and still
ted for cattle

; in British Co-
ssifled as either
unsurveyed
ly be acquii-ed
10 Government
nirchase.

ire-empt Crown
he head of a
! man over 18
I subject, may
1 Crown lands,
^reserved, aud
lhI for Indians
name of any
ly also record
land on malc-

o
O

"M
■s

a
1

mil'

-; »i

PKOVINCIAL GOVERNMENT LANDS.

113

Ing a (loclaiation of luteutlon to become a
British subject.

The quantity of land that may be reconlert
or prj-empted is not to exceed 320 acres
northward and eastward of the Casca.le
or Coast Mountains, or ICO acres in the rest
of the province.

No person can hold more than one pre-
emption claim, at a time. Prior record or
pre-emptio.'i of one claim, and all riglirs
under it, are forfeited by subsequent record
or pri-emption of another claim. Land re-
corded or pre-empted cannot be transferred
or coiveyel till after a Crown grant has
been issued. Such land, until the Crown
grant is issued, is hel 1 by occupation. Sucli
occupation must be a bona flde personal
residence of the settler, or his family. The
settler must enter into occupation of the
laud within tliirty days after recording, and
must continue to occupy it.

Continuous absence for a longer period
than two months consecutively of the settler
or family is deemed cessation of occupation;
but leave of absence iiiay be granted not ex-
ceeding four montlis in any one year, In-
clusive of two months' absence.

merchantable coal raised or gotten from the
hind, not including dross or tine slack.

No Crown grant can be Issued to an alien
who may have recorded or pre-empted by
virtue of his declaring his intention to be-
come a Britisii sul)jeit, unless he hus be-
come naturalized. Tlie heirs or devisees of
the settlor are entitled to the Crown grant
on his decease. Landlords mav divert for
agricultural and other purposes, the requir-
ed quantity of unrecorded and unappropri-
ated water from the natural channel of any
stream, lake, &c., adjacent to or passing
through their land, upon obtaining a writ-
ton authority of tiie Commissioner.

The farm and buildings,
Homestead when registered, cannot be
Act. taken for debt incurred after

the registration ; and It is free
from seizure up to a value not greater than
$2,500 (£500 English) ; g,>ods and chattels
are also free up to $500 (£100 Engiisli) ; cat-
tle " farmed on shares " are also protected
by an E.xemplion Act.

Land is considered abandoned if unoccu-
pied for more than two mouths consecu-
tively. The fee on recording is two dollars
(8s.) The settler shall have tiie laud survey-
ed at his own instance (subject to the recti-
fication of tlie b(mndaries) within Ave years
from date of record. After survey has been
made, upon proof, in declaration in writing
of himself and two other persons, of occupa-
tion from date of pre-emption, and of hav-
ing made permanent improvements on tiie
land to the value of two dollars and fifty
cents per acre, the settler, on producing the
pre-emption certificate, obtains a certificate
of improvement. After ol)taining the certifi-
cate of improvement and paying for the
land the settler is entitled to a Crown grant
m fee simple. He pays five dolliirs therefor
The price of Crown lands, pre-empted, is one
dollar (4 shillings) per acre, which must be
paid in four equal instalments, as follows ■-
First instalment two years from date of re-
cord or pre-emption, and yearly thereafter
but the last instalment is not payable till
after the survey, if ti,e land is unsurveyed.
The Crown grant reserves to I lie Crown a
royalty of 5 cents per ton on every ton of
8

All the lands in British
Dominion Columbia within 20 miles on
Government each side of the Canadian
Lands. Pacific Railway line are the

'"■"Pi''"'y of Canada, with all
the timber and mim-rals they contain (ex-
cept tlie precious metals). This tract of
land, with its timber, hay, water powers,
coal and stone, is now administered bv the
Department of the I„t..rior of Canada, prac-
tically according to tlie same laws and re-
gulations as are the public lauds in Mani-
toba and the North-west Territories, except
that tlie homesteads must not only be resid-
ed upon and cultivated for not less than six
months in each of the three vears after
entry, but they must also be paid for at the
rate of one dollar per acre. Dominion lands
in tiie province may also be acquired by i.ur-
chase, free from settlement conditions. Agen-
cies forthedispo,sal of these lands have been
established at Kamloops. in the mountains
and New Westminster, on the coast. The
minerals in this tract, other than coal and
stone, are administered by the British Col-
umbia Government.

Though the trade of Britisii Col-
Trade, umbla is still unimportant when
compared witii tlie extent, resour-
ces and immeii.se future iio.s.sibilities of tlK»

114

lililTlSH COLUMlilA

province, still it has greatly develniH'd dur-
ing the past few years. It is now the
largest in the world per head of impiilatlon
except Holland. In 1871 the Imports were
$l,789.2as, and the exports $1,858,050,
and in 189(3, $5,526,490 Imports and $10,-
576,524 exports— a total of $1(!,103.011.
Prominent exports are flsh, coal, gold, silver,
tinilier. masts and spars, furs and skins, Hsh
oil and hops. A large portion of the salmon,
canned and pickled, goes to Great Britain,
Eastern Canada, the United States, South
Africa and Australia ; the States and Ha-
waii.'in Islands consume a large share of the
exported coal, and great (juantities of tim-
ber are shipped to Australia, some to South
Africa, China and Japan, and ports in South
America. To Great Britain, China and the
United States are sent the valuable furs
and peltries of land animals and the much-
prized seal and otter, &c. Valuable ship-
ments of flsh oil, principally obtained from
dog-fisli at the Queen Charlotte Islands, are
consigned to the States annually, and also to
the Hawaiian Islands. Gold and silver ore,
valued In the millions, is shipped annually
to the smelters in the United States. These
industries, tliough already of considerable
importance, are destined to become very
large as well as very profitable enterprises
in the near future. A large inter-i)rovincial
trade Avith Eastern Caua<hi, Manitoba and
the Xorth-west Territories is rapidly devel-
oping. Witli the shipping facilities offered
by the Canadian Pacitic Kailway and tlie
magniflcer.t steamship lines to .lapan, Cliina,
Australia and the Hawaiian and Fijian Is-
lands, backed by her natural advantages of
climate and geographical position, and Im-
mense resources in timber and minerals,
British Columbia is gradually obtaining her
proper share of the commerce of the world.
There is no other country on the globe more
richly endowed with varied resources of
wealth, as fisheries, timber, minerals, pas-
ture and arable lands, &c., and all are open
to those wlio choose to avail themselves of
these new and attractive fields for enter-
prise.

There are several climates in
Climate. British (Columbia. In tlie sotitli-
ern portion, both of flie mainland
and of Vancouver Island, the climate Is su-
perior to tliat of sontlieru England or cen-
tral France. In this section of tlie province

snow seldom falls, and then lies but a few
luurs or days. Vegetation remains greeu,
and the flowers are bright through the gi'eat-
er part of nearly every winter ; while In
spring and summer disagreeable east winds,
excessively heavy rains and long-c(mtiiiued
fogs are unknown. (ienerally speaking,
spring commences in February In all parts
of the province west of the Cascade Mount-
ains. East of tliese mountains the Avinters
are sliort but sh.arp, continuing frt)ni six to
ten or twelve weeks, with a temperature
down sometimes as low as— 20° or even- 30°
Fahrenheit. Summers in this region are cor-
respondingly warm. In tlie northern por-
tions of the province the c.)ld of winter is
severe ; but everywhere the climate Is salub-
rious and healthy.

From Europe.— The Cana-

How to Reach lUan trans-Atlantic steamers

British freui Euroi)e , from about

Columbia. 2otli Noveinoer to 1st May,

laud their passengers at

Halifax, Nova Scotia, or St. .lohn N.B., the

Canadian winter i)oris. From botli places

passengers are carried direct to Montreal by

rail. During the summer and autumn

months (about 1st May to 12tli November)

steamers land passengers at Quebec, and

thence the continent is crossed to Vancouver

via tlie Canadian Pacific Kailway. When

landed at New York the route thence Is via

Montreal.

The Atlantic passage usually takes from
eight or ten days and the railway trip from
Montreal live days. A passenger can usu-
ally go through to British C()lunil)ia from
Enghuid ii'i a fortnight by crossing the ocean
fo Montreal and the continent on the Cana-
dian I'acific line.

It is advisable to b<iok through to Van-
couver or N'ictoria, or whatever place In
British Columbia the passenger desires to
reach, tlie tickets being exclianged at the
port of landing—Halifax. St. .lohn, Quebec,
Boston or New York. Efforts may be made
to Induce passengers to purchase tickets by
roundabout routes, which ofteiitimes necessi-
tate- expensive stoppages and inconvenient
transfers on the way. A passenger should
insist on having a ticket by the Canadian
lines of steamer and railway.

Wlrle passing tiiroiigli Eastern Canada,
colonists for British Coluiubia sliould apiilj'.

los but a few
.Miiaius greeu,
ugh tliu gi'eat-
vv ; whllo In
le cast winds,
oug-eoutimioa
illy speaking,
Y In all parts
iscado Mount-
s the Avintors
g frtun six to
tcniporature
' or even— 30°
•eglou are eor-
nortlanii por-

I of winter is
mate is salub-

'.— The Cana-

ntie steamers
from about
■ to 1st May,
usseugers at
uhn N.B., the

II botli places
> Montreal by
and autumn
til November)

Quebec, and
to Vancouver
hvay. Wlien
tlience Is via

y takes from
iVay trip from
iger can usu-
i)lunibia from
>ing the ocean
on the Cana-

ough to Van-
;ver place In
;er desires to
nnged at the
John, tiuebec,
may be made
use tickets by
times necessl-
inconveuient
senger should
the Canadian

ilern Canada,
should apply.

*■,''.

i.i

OL'XERA L INFORM A TION.

115

In case of ueed, to tht- U>m\ Gweinuient Im-
iiiigniMou offi.i-r.s or h> uny „mclal of the
Canadian Paciflo Railway Company, who
will give honest advluo and information.

Intondinjf pas«on;rors can obtain ticliets
througji to all i„,iuts in British C ,mbla,
together with n,,. fullest Information relative
to the ,,st ,, slrnhlo places of location for
farming, cattle-growing, mining and trading,
b.v apply hig hv l,.tter or visit to the office of
the Iligii Commissioner of Canada, 17 Vic-
toria Street S.W. London, or to the Cana-
dlan t}overnm<-iirs Agent, (.r to the Agent
General for British Columbia, 39 Victoria
S^treot. London H.\y., or to agents of the
Canadian I'aclti,. I{ailu-;,y, ix,ndon, Liver-
pool and Glasgow, or any of the Canadian

GhiTot """"''■' '" ^^"''"° "'■ ^^'^^••P'*"' a°d

From the United States.-Prom Oregon,
J^ashington. Nevada and California via
Huntingdon, li.C, or Vancouver.

From^ the Dakotas. Minnesota. Illinois,
Kfn.sas Iowa and Missouri, via the Soo-
Paciflc ine, entering Canada at Portal, and
connecting with the Canadian Paciflc Rail-

On Arriving in
British Columbia.

From Eastern States via Montreal, P.Q., or
Prescott, Ontario. <,r via Toronto.

The colonist from Great
How to send Britain is recommended not
Money to Brit- to take English coin to Brit-
ish Columbia, ish Columbia. In Great Brit-

^. ,„ ,. "'° ^•' *'''""'<1 pay that por-

tion of h,s money not wanted on the pass-
age to the Post Office and get a nK.ney cn-der
or it payable in Vancouver or Victoda -or
I.e m.iy pay his money to any bank in
London^ having an agency in British Colum
bin. .such as Bank of Montreal. Bank of Brit-
ish Columbia, Bank of British North Am-

erica, Imperial Bank. This will avoid
risk from loss on tlie way.

Uulte<l States currency is taken at par In
business circles.

It is sometimes better

for an Intending farmer of

moderate means to place

his money on first arrival

in the Government Savings Bank (which

allows interest), to take lodgings and to

work for wages for some time in order to

gam a knowledge of colonial life and modes

of management.

The (Government, or Canadian Pacific
agent at port of arrival will furnish infor-
mation as to lands open for settlement In
the respective districts, farms for sale de-
mand for labour, rates of wages, routes of
travel, distances, .-xpense of conveyance &c

Tile colonist should be careful of his cash
eapital, and not put it into Investments liast-
ily. There are Canadian Government Sav-
mgs Banks in the province.

Necessaries of life cost
Pnce of Board no more than in the ad-
and Lodging. Jacent United States terri-
tory, and can be purchased
at a reasonable advance upon ruling prices
in Ontario and the provinces of Eastern Can-
ada. Good board and lodging at hotels costs
from about |5 to .?«..% per week, or 20s to
2Bs. sterling, though there are boarding
houses where the rate is much less.

Further information concerni^ig any
special point not dealt with in this publication
referring to British Columbia can be had by
writing to the High Commissioner oj Can-
ada, 17 Victoria Street, S. W., London, or to
the Agent-General for British Columbia, S9
Victoria St., S. ]V., London.

3
Si
3
■a

'•f^rfn'ftffnfmmmaa

Tjiff PINK ■

' SjaamiH TERRITORY.

CHART SHEWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATION OF CANADA TO E

CANADA.

TORY.

OF CANADA TO EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES

CANADA.

EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES

lio'U'cv/ l,nni/i(iiile ^'Fd.ii l.iniililiiil

or PART ov

-i'k

'V/" ?

>; ...^y^.y^'^:^

^^m