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II est film* i partir da rangle supArieur gaucha.'de gauche * droksi. et de haiit fnbas. en pre|iant le nombre d'Images n^cessaire.Les diagraromes suivants IliustrAnt la m*thoda. 6 :/■ mcMocam tKounioN tist chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) W- «■>■ /APPLIED IN/MC3E Inc 1693 East t^oin Street Rochester, New Vork 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 ^ Phone (716) 288- 9»W- Fox ■:.» ;'^.« i*H J r« i jfii. ^ ^ I fj ' J*' \ ^ • -" '''^ '" V^ ^i " 1 .w k * ' I . h>f y / k r »* V » .''■^^. *3*l^?!f>V -^..^ i.-**^ >J ^ ■ • . t ."i • ' ^ \' , ^ . '1 • . • ' *\ ' i "' .. f ■m /^ -/fr^ ■^ ,/ fifi- • 1 1 '. ■ ■-'"^ . ■I- ■'■■ ' V ^ ■ ■"■■■, ■■..< -. . > ■ r :;:;'■ r^ .^,, ,-._.: ■■ :'''::^ ... '...•..■ • ■ : .' '■ ■ .,,_.. :..__^ ,_.^-, jT .w^ ; ■'■ '" ■ . ^ • ■'*.- ' ' ' • . .;■-., •.1 .. ^..- 'g;..-- Jo'- ' ■ ; ' :• ,. ■-. :. "■•:.. ...„A • .■-•:.' ■'' ' ' .. " ' -■" ■ % ■..-.■ ^ ■, : ■ ■ ■■ ■ -ag ^;'>^' ' .^ ".fr-'' > REV. JOHN JWORRISON, ■■ wr^'l:'; HOME OWNERSHIP VERSUS RENTED HOUSES riDotal 'Reeultd BY \ REV. JO ^N MORRISON \: TORONTO ;j WILI.IAM BRIGGS, WEStlEX BUILDINGS 1900 ••;l .TBjp'^tei'*'' "i '*;'■'*« ^■ At a meeting of the Mothoi Rented Houses, Moral Results. " It waS moved by Rev. Jos. W. Holmes, seconded by Rev. J. V. Smith, D.l)., and carried,— That the paper be given to the public in printed form. In compliance with the resolution I now send it out, praying that it may help those who^'are now tenants to the .decision— We will have a home ! JOHN MORRISON. London, Edith Street, " April, 1900. « \ I- t '* \ \ \ -V \ i Books and Reports Consulted. •' Juvohllo Offcnttom." lly DoukIhh MorriHoq. •'Crim«ji.ilm,l Iti Oiiu«o«." By IKmKlaH MorrMoi*. ^ ,r^ •• Social 'Uw of 8ervi«!«." Kiclmnl T. Kly. ^^ |^ "Soeialiiim from UenoniH to Kovolation.'**'- Hy Kev^ F. M. aproguo. '* Compemliuiii of tho United HtuteH Coiihuh." 3 v«>l»., 1800, Proocediiigi of tho Hoveiith Annual Meeting «>f tho UnitotI Htato* LoaguQ of L»M!al BuiliUtig ami Loan AiwoolntitMiH, July, IHOIt ~ •* The Housing l»rr, K. K. L (Jouhl. 21>t numbor, 1898. ■ . I- ■ ■ ■■ Report of tho Tonoment HouAe Commilteo, fitato of Now York» 1894. Eighth HiKjcial Re|M)rt of tho Unitod Stated ConnniashHior of LalM>r on ti>o HoHHing of tho VVorkjng I'ooplo; IffOii. fitatistical AbHti-act of tho United HtatOM, ilat numbof, 1898. . Reports of Suporintendont Neglected and l)ei>en- *.» The, Commom. The Church Economist. . mnommmim ■*■ G>rre8pondence with John Nolan, Philadelphiia, Secretary of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching. Edward % Devine, New YorkrSecretary of the Charity Society jOrglinization. ^ Rev. Walter Uidlaw, Ph.D., New York, Secretary of the Federation of Churches and Christian Workera. Dr. E. R. L. Qould, New York,*Government Expert and Statis- ■;.■ tician,.' \' ' :„■:'. J. J. Kei^o, Toronto, Superintendent of Ontario Neglected and Dependent Children. J. Stewart Coleman, Toronto, Secretary of the Children's Aid .■■ Society. ■ /'■•.\/, ■,.■•■' . E. L. Shu BY, Dayton, Ohio, Manager of the Advance Department, National Cash Register Company. -Cabroll D. Wright, Washington, Commissioner Department of •■ ■_■ Labor.- ■ ' ; ^■ P. AusTik, Washington, Chief of Statistical Bureau. T. R. Ryan, Washington, Secretary Department of the Interior. R. W. Gilder, New York, Editor Cenfitry -magazine. Rev. Graham Taylor, D.D., (^licago. Professor of Christian Soci- ology, Theological Seminary. Joseph SAUNDEiisj London, Secretary Children's Aid Society.; .V > t r HOME OWNERSHIP VERSUS RENTEI) HOUSES. /Doral/ 1Rc9ult0, Longfellow says : . ♦ , ''' Each man's chimney is his golden milestone, " Is the central point from which he measures every distance ' " j t • ►» "Through the gateways of the world around inm^ Domestic Life, Cardinal Mannibg^ said, "Domestic life creates a •nation." The opposite is also true, Lack of domestic life unmakes a nation. It was a principle, of Emer- son's that the real spirit of the age must be looked for in the inner life of a nation's home. Fichte, Rosseau, and their congeners, in arguing^ for the " socia,l contract," miss this point entirely. The home rather than the individual is the social unit, and around the home are to be fought the decisive social battles of the future. « ^, i The home is the great typal fact of the moral universe. The family relation best expresses the eternal nature of the Trinity, and best satisfies the highest needs of man. As the beginning of human life, according to the Biblidal story, constituted a home, so the end, the heaven toward which men journey, is also called home. The race began/as a family, and the highest social and moral progress consists in the development of the home instinct. > Family. Whatever makes against the family makes against the nation, against society, and against the race. The modern home, is threatened by a false economic system without and a growing indifference within as to the possibilities of true home life. Those forces which have made the modern city, with its distrac- tions, its lack of privacy, its nerve-racking turmoil, .its thinness of life, also threaten the home. These are the days when every force availaUe must be brought into the battle for social and moral improvement. Environment. There is no environment so close as home environ- ment, and none so powerful in its influence. ■ Great cities are the danger points of modern civilization, and unless adequate attention is given to_ preventing congestion of population, and the protection and in- crease of real homes, that " Serbonian Bog "of which Professor Huxley speaks will inevitably appear. The home is the character unit of society. The relation between hunftnity and -its environment is very close. Strbng-willed, intelligent people may create or modify environment ; the weaker^ willed, the poor, the care- less and the unreflective become subject to it. For all save the exceptionally strong, home environment largely determines the trend of life. Qvic Advance. It is a question whether any city's civic iadvance can be guaranteed without our laboring classes being brought to see tW th4y must have proprietary rights in m ore t han the stt^eets and parks, Washing ton ■ 1 i ;:.:»;. ii'..:'-.. i Gladden saya: "To fix some visible jjoal ahead in the direction of independence, and then settle on a well- defined path by which to reach it, would be to many individuals and families like an edict of emancipation. To resolve we will have a home af our own, we will have a bank account, and add a definite sum to it- every week— such a purpose as this would lift many a household out of the slippery paths that go down to the abyss." . ' ■< '' ' Moral and Social Evils. ¥ A careful study reveals the fact that physical, moral and social evils bear the closest relation to bad housing, which is the all too common lot of those who are residents of rented houses and not home owners. Good health means earning power, and anything causing a loss of earning power is a serious matter. Lord Beaconsfield said: "The health of the people is really the foundation upon whigh all their happiness and their power depend. Few realize the logs of productive energy through sickness brought on by bad living environment. Sir James Paget, the dis- tinguished physician, estimated that the loss to jEnglish wage -earners from such cause amounted to fifteen million dollars per annum. This he affirms is a purely preventable loss. It was found that^upon the lowest average every workingman losrabout twenty daysl . : ' Housing. The housing of the working-classes is the pulse- beat of national life. The best preparation for life's duties and struggles is to be found in a good home. Emerson says : " The truest test of civilization is the kind of man the country turns out." Evei^ head of a family made independent is so much gain to tke whole nation. Whatever makes for . home owner- Vship conduces to the general good. Home and good m' ■tenahts against society, but they respond quickly to improved conditions and home ownership. The man inflamed by his environment and condition to regard his fellows with envy, uncharitableness and hatred, is apt to beeomei ft dangerous character ; but lift him from a tenement life to home ownership, make him one with those who have property interests, and ' he ceases at once to be a public eneijay and becomes a useful citizen; frugality and thrift are encouraged, resulting in improved manhood with happier and better lives. Every multiplication of home owners advances civilization and strengthens the state. A •French writer has well said: "No home, no family, no manhood, no patriotismu A man will fight for his home; who would fight for a tenement or a boarding-house?" " ,. Home. The home is the safeauard of human liberties. To the masses of humanity great wealth is not their aspiration; the preservation of home and happiness through a fair competence is the zenith of their expectation and hope. The home is as sacredly the bulwark of the ^tate as it has ever been, and its sup- port and defence were never more urgently needed '¥' i I 8 I '¥' i I than iioVir. The real liome is something more than a mere habitation, more than a place where jiarents and chiliren unite around a common centre; it is where tlie sense of ownership comes in to make of it a permanency, to give property value, and to interest the family in good citizenship. A man's own home is pis castle which he will guard with watchful eye. Dr. Hortpn, commenting upon Christ's com- mandment to prfty in secret, says : " We cannot reat content jwitli conditions of life in which many millions have np secret chamber where they can lock them- selves lii with God, The proper housing of the pec^le and the prevention of overcrowding constitute » religious question. The Church can hardly read this cojnmandment to the people without l^oring to decurejto every human being the privacy of a home.'' j Social Stability. There need be little comment on the great value of proprietorship from the standpoint of social stability. Everj^ man undertaking it is distinctly helped in a ' far higher degree than he could be in the best class of model tenements. He becpmes reflective, careful, prudent, wedded to order and rational conservatism, and usually turns a deaf ear to specious isms. How much better for a working man to seek to own a home where his wife and children can be provided for in case of his death, or where his old age caii find solace and comfort ! Young married people should reflect on this fact. The time^o provide for such is in early life. Evils of Renting. Many evil results attend a life of renting, one of which is that a very considerable portion of any city's population moves every year or oftener. Thus, .social and Church relations are broken up, and, not being looked after, many who had begun' to attend 9 v^ dhurch, and many yho are church members, fall back into the non-church-going class. John Stuart Mill puts great stress on human surroundings, declaring that the difference between man and man is one of environment only. The evidence we have gathered will not bear so sweeping and absolute a statement, nevertheless, it is a large factor in human life. Im- proved living environment makes possible the cultiva- tion of the higher faculties,, and, in various ways, the amelioration of the social, condition. The housing problem belongs to social economics, not to philan- thropy. There can be no broad jsolution short of housing the masses in suc'h a manner that health, morality, sound family Hfe, and social stability may "be sectired, and home. ownership alone can do it. \ N V State Intervention. Cicero said: "The state is the mother of us all, and therefore responsible for her children," and from early times the state has recognized that truth, and fiveri direct or indirect help to home ownership. .ycurgAis divided the land into twenty-nine thoUsanc| equal parts and assigned one to each citizen. Plu- tarch $ays: " The Dalmatians redistributed their land every seve^ ^ears." England and many of the Euro- pean nations have legislated . along this line, and by free grants of land in their colonies and aid in emigra- tion have sought to turp tenants into home owners. building associations, with this end in ^ view, originated with the Chinese 200 B.C, and in England at the close of the last century; now in the United States, 5,576 are in operation. As the labor question, concretely, is a struggle for better conditions, every undertaking to secure such conditions should meet with encouragement. \ The housing 'problem relates almost exclusively to t^e city, and it is a fact of ex- perience that in all larg^ cities the demand of work- I 4 •■■ \.: • '' N I e ing people for liouseH in populoua (juartera is largely ill excess of the supply, The inevitable results are high rents and overcrowding. Promiscuity in human bee-hives, ren«lering isolation of the family impossible, is a serious drawback to human progress in any line. Bad housing is a terribly expensive thing^o any community, riioreover it explains much that is iiiys- teHous in relation to crime, poverty, drunkenness, illegitimacy, and all forms of social decline. . Drunkenness is sometimes the cause and some- times the effect of poor housing. The most congested districts in large cities are the regal domain of the liquor traffic. In New York, in a ifciement centre, 148 saloons^are located within a ipt«e of ol4 yards long by"375 yards wide. St. Giles' Ward, Glasgow, contains 127 drinking places to 234 shops where food is sold, An index to the patronage in each is shown in that the rent of the latter is only 80 per cent, of the former. This ward contains one-eleventh of the population of the city, furnishes one- third ol its total crime, and its death rate is 40 per cent, hij^ier than for the whole city— its death rate beiug higher than its birth rate. The death rate for the city in 1871, When "The ImpKpvement of Homes Commit- tee" began its work, \^s 32 per 1,000; in 1802, for the game section, it was ?3.0(). Lord Shaftesbury . tellis of a section in London- Lambeth Square^— where! the death rate reached 55 per l,00O; the abolition! of ordinary cesspools and substitution of water-clofieW with self-cleansing drains reduced it to 13 per 1,000;\ . / Beginnings. Every problem of social, domestixj; commercial, and olitical life goes back to the cradle. > The defieets of , ife can be traced back to the irifluences acting upon J^ the child. Plato and Aristotle and Juven^liind Kant .. all contended that the first seven years oN^ child's// fi '■'i. 11 ■iMp v.,:/:. ■•:■.:;■ ■■v^,:-...-; :, ■-/\.;': ;■■::■■/■■ ■■._-..■•■■ life are the decisive years of its history, in which . ^^^ general opinion modern educators all agree. Carlyle ., ^ says: "The first five years determines tlie entire sub- ^^ sequent life." Phillips Brooks said :" He who helps '^ a child helps humanity, with a distinctness, with an l /^ immediateness which no other help, given to human " creatures in any other stage of their human life, can possibly give." Every child well born and prop- erly liome trained is a splendid gift to the nation. _ Amongst the tenant population the children, by lack •• of occupation and by the uncongeniality of their sur- — ^ ^ rounding^, are forced upon the street, and commence their education in lives that are demoraliijing ; and statistics prove, both at home and abroad, that the large centres of population, as oUr modern cities, where the smallest percentage of home ownership is found, produce the greatest number of juvenile crimi- nals; while the well-populated country districts, where th« majority own their homes, are Cpmpara- ^ tively free from them. All oyer the civilized world the greatest percentage of crime is committed in dis- tricts w^hich are most thickly populated. In Leeds, in 1880, with 250,000 people, not a single - laborer or mechanic owned his own home. In Massa- chusetts, in 1875, only one male laborer in one hun- dred owned a home. In 1880, in New York, one- third of the people lived in 22,000 tenement houses, and from that one-third came 53 per cent, of the city's dead. About 90 per cent, of the childr^ born in ; such surroundings die in infancy, and Prof. Richard T. Ely says : " In the United States causes of divorce .^ have been shown by the National Department of Labor to be largely economic, and from 1860 to 1880 ; increased twice as fast as the population." Joseph s Arch never would have been able to fight the battles > Jj he fought for freedom had he been a tenant instead of a householder. Had he been a tenant he would have been an anarchistic socialist; being an house- holder he became a stalwart reformer. — — — — — 12 .%:■ ^ I Opinions of Experts, Dr. E. R. L. Gouia says: "My own opinion is that individual house ownership is sure to make a man a better citizen. The fundamental social problem is the tenenient- house problem." Edward T. Devine says: "The tenement house is largely responsible tor most of the poverty and crime and vice that we meet with in our large citiwi." ^ •• E. L. Shuey says : " We find as a rule that the best workmen own their own homes, and that the more interested a man is in Bis property the more likely he .is to be contented and do good work. On the Question of morals we have no doubt." ., , J Stuart Col'eman says, regarding the children brought into the police court, " It is satV to say 90 per cent, of them come from rented homes." J. J. Kelso says: "It is certaittly beyond question that the best citizens are those who own their own homes'; and 1 have often thoiight that if more ine- chanics dnd laborers had sottie stake in the com- munity, they would be better men in every way,j,and the tone of the community would be elevated. Jt is very rarely ijhe case thU children go astray whose parents own their owi^i dwelling; the proportion, would not be one in t\^enty or thirty. Ownership always gives people a s^nse 5f dignity, self-reliance and thrift, and this spirit is naturally absorbed by, the children, as they grow up." , ,t Joseph Sanders says: "On looking over the (Lon- don) Juvenile Police Court record, extending from 1st October,- 1898. to 1st October. 1899. I find that 152 cases have been dealt with before the pohce magis- trate. Of these, 12 were the children of property owners, 140 the children whose parents reside in rented houses." ' ^ A^ , ,v . e The United Staties census of 11W0^ shows that ot every one hundred^ families who live on the farm, sixty-six own their own homes ; in cities of 100,000 13 ■■^\ .*■ , . < y and less, about 30 por ccmt. own their own honicn ; in citioH of nioru than 100,000 population, Iohh than 23 per cent, own tlioir own honies; in Boston, 18.43 out of every one hundred; in New York, ({.33 out of every one hundred. And, aH the homo ownership decreases and rented Iiouhoh increase, so does crime, vice and jjfeneral innnorality increase in more than proportionate ratio. , ^^ — LacI^ of Knowledge. — . The social inferno out of which crime springs is little understood by an onlinarV observer of the tend- encies of our iftodern civilizatioii We must explore it if we are to discover a cure-^or the poisonougu ^vapors which constantly ascenncIusion. 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