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iivi»ii^i*«'ik»M«>*^t''

The Great

CANADIAN north-west:

-->s :e> E E c 13: «-

-OF THE-

Hon. J. B. PLUMB,

-IN THK —

Senate of Canada,

— ON-

The Dominion Lands Bill,

MAY 8th and gth, 1883.

REPORTIiD I!Y

Official Reporters of the Senate.

A. S. WOOnilURN, PRINTF.R AND I'UHI.ISUKU, OTTAWA.

^TCiitL

0051*00

SiPElEOiE^:

-OF THE —

HON. J. B. PLUMB

— ON THE-

Great Canadian North.- West.

Official Rtport from the Debate in the Senate on the Dominion Lands Bill, May 8-g, i88j

by Holland Bros., Senate Reporters.

Hon. Mr. PLUMB— I venture to
addr.iss the House at this stage of the
Bill \.'ith a view to two things, first to say
that [ am entirely in ac( orcl with the hon.
genthman who has moved this Bill and
with the Bill as it has been introduced
into he House. It must be well known
that all measures of this kind are to a
large extent experimental. Whatever
legislation is required for the purpose of
providing for settlers in a new country
when: everything is untried, where the
want? to ')e provided for are comparatively
unknown, must be largely subject to revi-
sion, and it would be most impro])er for
any government to adoi)t a hard and fast
rule, and decide that any regulations
which had been adopted were to be per-
manent. Experience has shown that
certain 'Cgulations which were in the first
instoi ce thought to be salutary must now
be somewhat modified, and the growth of
the regulations from the beginning, when
the North- West was first acquired, until
now marks the gradual increase of the
intereU taken in that country, the
rapid developement of its resources,
and the necessities which, from time to
time, have forced themselves ujion theGov-
ernmt nt and have been adopted in favor of
increasing tiie population and of Accommo-
dating as far as possible tiiosc who are going
upas|.ioneerstotakei)Ossessionof the land.
One ( f the prominent features of lliis Hill
provides ihat the homesteader shall not be
restric ed to the acquiring of but one
homestead, but shall have the privilege,
untler certain circumstances, of relinquish-
ing thi first and of taking another. In

the previous regulation the settler ex-
hausted his right by taking the first home-
stead. I think it is in the interest of
settlement, and in the interest of the
country that after due notice the pre-
emption right shall be rescinded. I have
no doubt that it gave rise to constant
difficulty and that it was not in the interest
of the country. It is also provided, that
there shall be stringent provisions made
to prevent what is called claim-jumping.
It is well known that in the North-West a
class of speculators have been constantlj
on the watch to take advantage of the
circumstances of first claimants, and
the absence, failure, or inability of any
settler to fulfil the conditions of settlement
from causes which he might not be able
to control. After he had selected a good lot
they followed him for the purpose of avail-
ing themselvesof hismischance. lam very
well pleased to find that the Government
have seen fit to protect any settler who
has not wilfuily forfeited his claim to
protection. Many interesting reflections
occur to every one who has watched the
development of the North- West from the
inception of settlement as a Domin-
ion domain after the purchase of the terri-
tory from the Hudson Bay Company,
.At that time little was known of the actual
advant.iges that were acquired by the pur-
cliase. Little was known of the actual
conditions of the country. It was the
home of wild Indians and of the wild
animals that they hunted for subsistence.
It was in the interestof thosewho previously
controlled the country that its resources
should not be known ; it was intended by

them, so far as they could, to keep it for
purposes for which they liad hitherto held
it, as a fur-bearing preserve, and it
was after a very long time and under
very great difficulties, that it was dis-
covered that the Great North-West was
to be the future garden of Canada — the
great possession which would ultimately
recoup Canada for all the expense incurr
ed in connection with its purchase
and development, and provide the means,
not only for opening it up for settlement,
but probably for the reimbursement of a
very large portion of the public debt.
Gradually it has come to be known that
nearly all those portions of the region
West of Red River, and South of parallel
sixty, which were supposed to be almost
valueless, are equally prolific with those
which were at first known to be productive,
and I intend with the permission of the
Senate to call attention to some of the pecu-
liar features which, I think, have warranted
and justified the Government in making
the predictions that they have made in
regard to the future of the country. It
will be remembered that various projects
have been entertained for the opening up
of the wilderness, and at the same time
fulfilling what were considered to be the
obligations incurred by the Government
at the time of Confederation. One of
those obligations, the greatest, the most
important, and the most weighty, was the
union of the Eastern and Western
limits of the Dominion, by a line of
railway. We were told, and we were
told with authority, that the Dominion
had prematurely entered upon those obli-
gations. We were told that the Dominion
had not the financial strength to construct
a railway of so great a length, arid that
the burden of taxation upon the people
would be too heavy — that the under-
taking was entirely premature. I had
the honor, during the discussions
that took place upon that subject, to point
to the fact that a few men, practically un-
aided by the Government, during one of
the most difficult financial periods in the
United States, in the midst of a great war,
had by their own enterprise, energy and
'courage succeeded in building a railwny
from Sacramento to connect with the Union
Pacific at Cheyenne that was being pushed
across from this side of the continent.
Four or five men in California united

by their own exer-

able to construct

the Sierra Nevada

enormous outlay.
Union Pacific in .
aided somewhat

in this effort and
tions they were
a railway across
through a country beset with form-
idable difficulties and at that time prom-
ising but very little return for the
Then on this side, the
he hands of a few men,
by Government sub-
sidies, as were those on the ^Vestern sec-
tion-- mainly of lands — which were then
supposed to be comparatively valuless ran
its line west until the two met some-
where near Cheyenne. I argued from
that that if a few private individuals were
able to accomplish so much in the
way of railway enterprise, the Dominion of
Canada was powerful enough to build her
own line. The event has proved that
everything that was predicted by those
who were most desirous for the construc-
tion of our railway has been more than
verified, and why ? Simply because the
fertile territory extending from the Red
River to the base of the Rocky Mountains
has ])roved to be the means by which the
whole outlay is to be re-couped with a
speed and certainty beyond the predictions
of the most sanguine. In 1874 it was
enacted that a subsidy should be offered
of 55,000,000, acres of land, and
$io,oco a mile and interest guaranteed
for 25 years upon an amount of
capital, which was not a fixed quantity.
The sum proposed, however, was calcu-
lated to be equivalent to something over
$49,000,000 in cash, and the value of the
land, whatever it might be, was to be
added. With that offer, which was char-
acterized by the leader of the late Gov-
ernment as truly liberal, before the public,
such was the fear that there was no ade-
quate value in the North-West lands, that no
bidders could be found. Mr. Fleming
made the attcmi)t ; Mr. Mackenzie made
the attempt ; the offer was open for years,
but there could be found no Company
who would venture to undertake so diffi-
cult a task. Subsequently, upon the
return of the Conservatives to power,
100,000,000 acres of land were placed at
the disposal of the Government by
Parliament, for building the railway.
Then those who were the prophets of
evil predicted that we had not the power
to carry out the project, and contended
that we might as well give ten acres ot

eir own exer-
to construct
sierra Nevada
t with form-
hat time prom-
eturn for the
Dn this side, the
Is of a few men,
vernment sub-
he ^Vestern sec-
hich were then
ely valuless ran
wo met some-
I argued from
ndividuals were

much in the
he Dominion of
igh to build her
as proved that
licted by those
or the construc-
)een more than
)ly because the

from the Red
ocky Mountains
lis by which the
-couped with a
1 the predictions
n 1874 it was
lould be offered
of land, and
rest guaranteed
n amount of

fixed quantity.
;ver, was calcu-

something over
the value of the

be, was to be
which was char-
f the late Gov-
tfore the public,
ere was no ade-
est lands, that no
Mr. Fleming
^lackenzie made
i open for years,
d no Company
dertake so diffi-
ntly, upon the
ivfs to power,
1 were placed at
"jovcrnnient by
[T the railway,
he prophets of
i not the power

and contended
ive ten acres of

land as 100,000,000 ; but that vast tract is
now in the hands of the Government, as a
trust for the purpose of recouping the
Country and the people for the
advances made towards the construction of
our trans-continental highway : 25,000,-
000 acres have been handed over to the
Canadian Pacific Railway Comi)any, with
a cash subsidy of $25,000,000, and the
portions of the Railway constructed by the
Government ; and the remaining
75,000,000 acres are in the hands of the
Government. With that 75,000,000 they
are dealing under this Bill. At the
time of the discussion upon granting
100,000,000 acres of land, the Premier
made a calculation in regard to the
expected immigration into the new country,
in regard to the sales of land
that would be made there, and in
regard to the probable results at the
time when the completion ot the rail-
way might be expected. I remember
the derision with which his prediction
was received by the opponents of
of the Government. I intend to .show,
as the second branch of my argument,
that, so far from being extravagant,
it was (juite within the mark ; that
the results for the last two or three years i
have proved conclusively that anything
that was then estimated will be far ex-
ceeded if the ratio of increase continues
that has been shown during the last two
or three years. Before that, however, I
wish to say that the basis upon which the
calculation was made was the growth and
development of several of the new States
and Tt.iitories of the United States,
which under similar circumstances had

been brought under cultivation by railway
facilities, and it was natural to suppose
that under like circumstances, with a soil
as good as if not better than they had, the
North-west might claim to have similar
advantages. I have lately examined the
statistics of the United States as pre-
sented in the census returns, and compar-
ed them with the census returns of Canada.
I have been utterly astounded at the
results that I have found of the growth
and development of some of the newer
states on which the calculations of my
right hon. friend the leader of the Gov-
ernment, just referred to, were based.
These statements were so marvellous that
I ask the attention of hon. gentlemen who
are listening to me now, to the brief
resume that I shall make of them, because
I think nothing can be imagined that
can more greatly strengthen the case
which has been made on our side, and
those believing as I do in the resources
and general prospects of our great posses-
sion to which we are all looking with
the deepest interest in respect to its
capacity to relieve the burden which is to
be thrown on the country by the con-
struction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
I take for my example three States of the
Union— the State of Nebraska, which is a
comparatively new one, and which ten
years ago, had scarcely any population ;
the State of Minnesota, which 20 years
ago was almost unknown, and the State of
Kansas, which had but a few settlers in it
20 years ago. The following table will show
the enormous growth in the population
and development of those State*. :

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Prfxl

The inrrease of fnrm acreage, in the
whole United States in the twenty years be-
tween i860, and 1880, was 130,166,601
acres: ofthis39,68o,7.39, or thirty |)er(ent.,
were added hy tliose tliree states, chiefly
forcultivation of wheat, corn and oats. Now
I argue from this tliat the growth of
those three cereals is extending in a
certain direction. We all know that the
wheat culture of the United States is
gradually centering in the newer states of
the West. From that it is fair to infer
that if the wheat crop decreases in those
states the final result will he that the
Canadian North-West must become the
great wheat-field of North America. 'J'he
same authority which I am giving you
here shows that the average yield of wheat
of the United States is less than twelve
bushels to the acre. There is no doubt
that the average yield in Minnesot, which
is one of the most fertile of all the wheat
growing states of the Union, has declined
un.il it is now not more than 15 or 16
bushels to the acre. Throughout the
United States, the old wheat-growing
lands have become exhausted. 'J'he great
Geneseecountry, which I used toknow when
a boy, cannot now produce wheat, and tiie
old mills that were provided for the pur-
pose of grinding the filmed Genesee
wheat, are now supplied by wheat from
Montana and Nebraska. From all this it is
safe to argue that the chief production of
wheat will [>e in the North-West. Twelve
bushels to the acre does not pay the
husbandman, if high cultivation and
manuring are required. Fifteen busiiels
to the acre scarcely pays where such
cultivation is necessary, for the aver-
age price is but $1.06 per bushel
m the United States. The same
may be true of corn, but the Domin-
ion will never be a corn producing
country. It is also true of oats ; the
average yield of oats, as given in the
United States census, is 27 bushels to the
acre. The average yield in the North-
West, as given by the reports— which I
can produce, and which are in tables
which I have before me— of 50 or 60
returns from Manitoba and the North-
West, is over 60 bushels to the acre, in
some cases 80 ; and the average over
weight is some five or six pounds to the
bushel, the average weight being 371.:^
pounds to the bushel. From the North-

West returns I have taken the weight
of 65 different croi)s of wheat and
have found them to average 64'^ pounds
to the bushel, which shows not only
that the crop is very prolific, hut that
the wheat is heavier than the average in
other countries. I understand that 60
pounds is the average in Iowa, and in
some of the older states it does not weigh
more than 56 pounds to the bushel. But
there is another and most important con-
sideration. Owing to the peculiar nature
of the soil in the North-West, the roots
go down deeper -^nd afford great-
er sustenance to the i)lant, and con-
secjuently it produces a betterberry than it
does anywhere else on this continent. It
is well known that a prominent miller of
Minnesota, a few years ago, went up to the
North-West to [)rocureseed, findingthat the
crop in Minnesota was gradually deteriorat-
mg. He found there that a head of wheat
I)roducpd three kernels in a cluster, where
therewere but two in Minnesota or Dakota,
making a difference of one-third in the
product, the heads being the same length.
It is found also that further North, at
Prince Albert, and on the Peace River,
there were four or five kernels in a cluster
which in coniijarison with the product of
Minnesota, of 1 7 bushels to the acre, would
give 35or4obushelstotheacre. Thisiswell
authenticated, and it is entirely owing to
the nature of the soil, and forms a profit
which is perfectly enormous, and which
gives the North-West value as a wheat
growing country beyond any known
country in the world. The tenant farmers
who were sent out to this country from
(ireat Britain, and delegated by their Agri-
cultural Societies to visit the North-
West, visited Dakota and Minnesota also.
One of the most intelligent of those
delegates, Mr. Biggar of Kircudbright,
states that as between Dakota and Min-
nesota and our North-West, he does not
hesitate for one moment to say that the
advantages are infinitely in favor of
our territory. He says that the
crop in Dakota is lesi, by ten to twelve
bushels to the acre, than it is in Manitoba
and the North-West, all of which he says
—the difference of ten or twelve bushels
—is profit. His statement is confirmed
by the statements of several others who
also visited the two countries. It
is obvious that one of the states that

we have to compete with is Montana.
It may he known to gentlemen here
that that great territory which contains
93,881,184 acres of land has, according to
the statements of the local authorities,
only 3,346,400 acres of arable area.
The lands are fertile and have similar
characteristics to our own. Hut their
extent is .so limited that they cannot
come largely mto competition with ours.
Therefore also when we find that the crop
in Dakota is ten to twelve bushels per acre
less than ours ; when we hear that the
crop in Minnesota had fallen two years
ago to a little over fourteen bushels per
acre ; that thegrain itself has. sodeteriorated
in value that it is necessary at .some ])oints
to le-inforce it with the harder wheat -ot the
north, the calculation we make that
ours will ultimately be the great wheat
producing country of America is fairly
based and fairly sustained. But there are
other conditions. The soil of our North-
West is shown by the reports in my hand
to vary from 18 inches to 12 feet in depth,
of absolutely vegetable mould which is
practically ine.xhaustable in either case,
and those plains which were su|)posed to
be perfecdy arid impracticable deserts,
covered with cactus and artemisia,
are found, as soon as the sun-
baked surfiice is broken, to be cultivable
and yield mo.st luxuriantly ; in fact some
of the very finest parts of the country
once supposed to be portions of the
great American desert, have recently
been found to contain the most valuable
and prolific soil of the North-West. It
has also been discovered that the same
climatic conditions extend from our .south-
ern boundary line as far north as the 60th
parallel ; the same flora, the same herbage,
the same conditions which promote the
growth of that flora and herbage are found
from the 49th parallel up to the neighbor-
hood of Peace River, and in some cases
even beyond it. The spring opens at the
same time over the whole range. Seeding
can be commenced at the same time ; the
harvest can be reaped the same time, and
practically there are tracts of country, ex-
tending from 900 to 1000 miles, from the
49th parallel northward, which bear
exactly the same relations as to
crops throughout their whole extent.
There is nothing more remarkable
than the regularity of the rain-falls in the

months of June and July, which are the
growing months in those latitudes, and the
dry sea.son which takes place at the time
of the harvest. The seed is sown and
harrowed-in in A\n'\\, as .soon as it
can be covered, and before the frost is
out of the ground. Seeding on the great
Hell Farm at Qu'Appelle, was begun on the
loth of April this year.* It begins to
germinate in the warm soil on the surface,
and, as the ice thaws beneath, it creates a
moisture that promotes vegetation. In
June and July th': rain-falls take place.

RAINFALL IN INCHES

FOR TIIK. FOUR MONTHS OK VKCiKTATION.

May Iiine Inly Aii(». Tot.il 4 mos.
Winnipeg 2.17 3.42 2.68 7. 11 IS,J7

Toronli) 2.98 3.04 3.72 2.81 12.5s

Rochester, N.Y. 3.04 3.25 3.01 2.60

RAINFALL IN INCHES

FOR TWO MONTHS OF HARVEST.

Seiiti-nilicr. Oclolicr. Total.

Winnipeg 0.73 0.03 • 0.76

Toronto 4.45 2,96 7.41

Kociiester, N.Y. 3.05 3.39 6.41

6th of May is
8th of August,
throughout a vast
The wheat is ripe

Harley sown on the
harves.( . 1 about the
and that is the case
extent of the territory,
for harvest before the month of September,
and at that time, as the weather is perfectly
dry, the berry that has jjreviously attained
a marvellous growth through the richness
of the soil and the frecjuent rain-falls,
becomes hardened and is found to
l)e of the very best quality for making
flour. It is also rich in the nitrogens,
and it is known that there is no flesh-form-
ing ])roduct ecjual to wheat. It is esti-
mated that 480 pounds of wheat are equal
to 550 i)ounds of the best beef,
or to 4,800 pounds of potatoes ; that is
the statement made in the reports of Mr,
Caird, Mr. Bourne and other statisticians in
England. Wheat must continue to be the
staff of life for the human race, and I be-
lieve we have to offer to the world the
greatest, the most extended, the cheapest
and most prolific wheat-fields that exist
on the face of the earth. A comparison
has been made between the chemical
condition of the soil of Manitoba and
that of the most productive soil of Hol-
stein in Europe by the analysis of
Professor Emmerling which is reported by
Senator Klotz, of Keil, as follows, " An-

*NoTE, On this farm 2,700 acrcH Iiave Ijccn sown In
whe.it sinrc th.".t d.-iy, T!ii> liliuiof". v.'en! (> lni-hi',3 liigh
on the ICth of May, aiid promised a heavy >lu^d.

y, which arc the
lalitudes, and the
place at the time
ed is sown and
as soon as it
■fore the frost is
iing on the great
was begun on the
•.* It begins to
il on the surface,
leath, it creates a
vegetation. In
^alls take place.

NCHES

K VKCiKTATION.

y Auj;. Total 4 mos.
•S.J7
12.55

8 7. 1 1
2 2.81
)i 2.60

[NCHES

f HARVKSr.

3ctol)cr.
0.03 •
2,96
339

Total.
0.76

741
6.41

5th of May is
th of August,
iroughout a vast
he wheat is ripe
ith of September,
;athcr is perfectly
eviously attained
lugh the richness
S(iuent rain-falls,
d is found to
ility for making
n the nitrogens,
: is no flesh-form-
vheat. It is esti-
f wheat are equal
the best beef,
potatoes ; that is
le reports of Mr.
ler statisticians in
jntinue to be the
n race, and I be-
the world the
led, the cheapest
-fields that exist
A comi)arison
n the chemical
f Manitoba and
ve soil of Hol-
he analysis of
ch is reported by
IS follows, " An-

CH Iiave been sown to
nf. wen! (i Inrhrs liigh
a, heavy ^'^^'A,

nexed I give you our analysis of the most
productive soil in Holstein by which you
will see how exceedingly rich the produc-
tive cpialities of the Manitoba .soil are,
and which fully explains the fact that
the land in Manitoba is so very fertile,
even witlunit manure.' " I'he chief
nutrients are first nitrogen, then
potash and i)hosphoric acid which
I)rcd()minati s there, but what is of i)ar-
ticular importance is the lime contained
in the soil whereby nitrogen is set free
and ready to be absorbed in vegetable
orgariisms. The latter jjroperty is defec-
tive in many soils and when it is found
defective, recourse must be had to artificial
means or by putting lime, marl or clay
wliich contains much lime upon the .same.
According to the analysis of the Manitoba
.soil there is no doubt that to the farmer
who desire.s to select for liis future home,
a country which has the most productive
soil and promi.ses the richest harvests,
no country in the world ofiers greater
attractions than the Province of Manitoba,
in the Dominion of Canada.

Holntoiri MmiitDha Excpss in Maul-

Winnipeg and Battleford than it in at
" oronto, I'enzapce or Ivoenigsberg,
Metrological Report, 1876 :—

S '«' 00
— o ^
3 ■ •

= in i-

I— I ■— 2 ■:;

C -♦ •*• M 94 «» f
« CI M O ■* M »

^ !2 '■* -t 5? ?t :

i fO ^ '^ \£) '

t* t^ -«-i

tn 9> yi
'■o — >n
000

r- X QC

lA >A O

ta
_ a-. 10

. «*

3, ~ -^ t~

S cc -f s> I— o» t~»
r, ^ rt «- o c ©

s •* r- t- -^ •» —

.(• '^ O -.0 C£ CA <0

-J
as

-1
o

a-T

— =—

53 -cr.
<

w :

1 CT) O -H ■» -JS

; — OS = o o

X :c ri lO T^

■■c -^ to ■■o ia

o >rs )fi

rj M O

tc ;e 4C «tf 10

9 •

W) .

3 •

< :

MM. — M

•ra -i< X •^ t

a o o ° o

OS (M O O -^

•^ in 40 10 ifl

Moil
228.7

69.4
682.6

16. 1
486. 1

toli.i Hoil
198.7

13-8
29.4

552-6

6.1

446.1

made in
and dis-

Soil

Potash 30

Sodium 20

Phosphoric Acid 40

Lime 130

Magnesia 40

Nitrogen 40

The above statement was
1872. Subsecjuent exploration
covery justifies the opinion that it may
be also ai)plied to a large part of the
fertile land lying west of Red River.

The fact that the sunlight is longer in
the North-West by two or three hours
than it is with us is another most impor-
tant element in the productiveness of that
country. In the Peace River district, in
the longest days, the sun rises at
ten minutes past three and sets at
forty minutes past eight ; there is but
thirty or forty minutes difference between
the length of the day there and the
length of the day in the Province of Mani-
toba ; consequently the longer sunlight
gives extraordinary growth and vigor' to
the crops during the growing season.'which
extends through the months of May, June,
July and ])art of August. It is shovvn bv
the following tables that the mean temper-
ature of the growing months is higher at

■ — . :.9

: c . te

:k-3

60 •

e 2

.£2

o
H

• -• n as S • —

= ~ N § C

^ 08 K £ O

it
H

2 s-

Wherever the mean temperature in
July and August is at 60 degrees
wheat attains perfection. It is a well-
known law that in the growth of wheat
the further north it can be cultivated
withm the limits of successful pro-
duction the better is the berry, and
that IS undoubtedly the case in the North-
West. it is also true that there is no plant
which is so susceptible to injury by frost
as the oat. The oat plant flourishes almost
as flir north as the Peace River as well as
anywhere else on this continent, and the
priest of the mission at Qu'Appelle
raised last year I am told over 700 bushels
of oats on 9 acres of ground— nearly 80
bushels to the acre. The statistics I i)roduce
will show that from 70 to 80 bushels per
acre is a very common average as report-
ed by the farmers who have sent in their
returns in connection with Professor Mac-
oun'sreport. I have been induced to go into
tliose matters at .some considerable length,
because I believed it was desinble that
there should be, upon the floor of this
House an utterance condensing, as far as
possible, the information which has been
constantly accumulating in regard to our

new country. It is true that much of the in-
formation which I am giving to the House
may lie in the possession of many gentle-
men who have made a study of the sub-
ject. It is 'rue also that we cannot invent
facts ; we have to take them as they
are, but I thought it would serve a useful
purpose, to brmg thtm togedier, ;'_nd it was
solely with the view of lending my mite, so
far a'j I could, to the development of our
noble domain, and to sustain the
Government in their desire to have that
country rapidly settled, that I have collated
figures and facts at very considerable labor,
and h.nve attempted to lay them succinctly
before the Senate. It was not for the purpose
of makinga speech, becausean address upon
such a subject must necessarily be dry,
and I confin- myself entirel> tc a si.nijle,
plain and straight-forward statement of the
case as itstando. It may have happened that
in the course of my remarks I have made use
of information which is known tosomemem-
bers of the House who are familiar with the
country, but I may say that I believe a
great deal I have stated must tie new, for
it has been gathered from sources that
have only been available to the public
within the last four or five weeks, namely the
condensation oftht American statistics and
census, and of the Canadian census, the
tables of which are now just being pub-
lished and laid before the country. I have
also to say that I have availed myself
ofstatements and tables which I have found
in a volume lately published by
Professor Macoun, the accomplished
botanist, who has done so much during
his long .ind thorough investigation of tiie
flora of the Northwest, to inspire public
confidence in that country, and towards
giving us a scientific statement of the
productions of our great prairies. I will
now give to the House an hem which I
omitt'-d to give while speaking of
the new states and territories of the United

States which ^ think is of great interest
to us, and from which we may draw an
inference in regard to the mineral resources
of tne country which we are about to open.
I hold in my hand a statement of the
production ot the j)recious metals in the
states in which mining is carried on East
of the crest of the Sierra Nevada. It will
be found in this statLUient, that the total
production of the prcciuus metals in that
region, to the clos^ of the year, ended the

30th of Tune, 1882, published in the
American Almanac for 1883, is $284,978,-
620. What I want to call particular
attention to is this fact, that of that
amount the .surn of $58,062,382, or about
one-fifth of the whole, was produced in
Monrana, directly alongside of the South-
ern boundary of our North-West Territory,
which, probably, has the same geological
formation in its mountainous districts fand
we may reasonably suppose that when
mvestigations are n ide in the moun-
tamous districts north of the 49th
])arallel, similar results will be obtained.
I'he total production of the precious
metals in Montana, has been, of gold
$54,481,833, of silver $6,580,549. In
Dakota, alongside of it, the i^roduc-
tion was $14,101,133, but Dakota,
It must be remembered, is a country of a
dilTerent character from Montana. The
estimate for Montana in 1881 is$4,96o,ooo
that for Dakota is $4,070,000. I think
we have every reason to expect that
snnilar results will attend the prospecting
of the country which is about to be opened
up by the Canadian Pacific Railway by a
pass further south through the moun-
tains than was at fi- jt supposed practicable,
which will, in that way, probably give
additional advantages to those who wish
to go in and prospect for the precious
metals.

With rcgar ] to the cro[) in Manitoba
and the iNorth-Wcst I have made some
statements as to the growth of wheat.
I now wish to say that according to the
United States Census the average wheat
yield for ten years is shown to be :—
Minnesota 17 bushels per acre.
Massachusetts 16. "

«
(t

Pennsylvania 15.

Wisconsin 13.

Iowa 10.

Ohio TO.

Illinois 8.

The average yield in Manitoba from
1877 to 1880, as far as can be asxertained,
was 26 bushels to the arre, the average
weight of which, as ascertained by com-
parison of 56 crops, was 62^4 pounds to
the bush-'!. The heaviest wheat in the
United States is, in Muinesola 65 pounds;
Ohio 60, I'ennsylvania 60, and in Illinois
58 pounds to the bushel ; the heaviest in
the Canadian ::ynh-West is 66 pounds
to the bushel. l"he average weight of the

barley

the bi

bushel

refcrrci

In Mit

to the

Iow£

Wise

Chic

Indi;

Ilhnc

Thro
barley i
and brij
]iroceec
the hen
malting
found i:

In a
the No
bushel
the av(
80 bus
coinmoj
acre ha'
Western
is, in ^
Ohio 2^

Potatc
frequent
and the
showed

At m
peg the A
inches in

dug in I
north, or
ripen in
Little Re
north lati
grt-'es noi
year — wli
due nort
From W
1300 mil
the same

Taking
g spring il
about Ap:
anemones

published in the
1883, is $284,978,-
to call particular
fact, that of that
',062,^82, or about

was produced in
gside of the South-
rth-West Territory,
e same geological
nous districts ; and
ipnose that when
le in the nioun-
1 of the 49th

will be obtained.

of the precious
IS been, ot gold

$6,580,549. In

it, the produc-
3, but Dakota,
, is a country of a
I Montana. The
t88i is$4,96o,ooo
370,000. I think
1 to expect that
1 the prospecting
bout to be opened
ific Railway by a
nigh the moun-
l)osed practicable,
, probably give
) those who wish

for the precious

op in Manitoba
lave made some
rowth of wheat,
iccording to the
le average wheat
tvn to be : —
per acre.

Manitoba from
n be aixertained,
TO, the average
jrtained by com-
62^ pounds to
St wiicat in the
-■sola 65 pounds ;
, and in Illinois
; the heaviest in
t is 66 pounds
igc weight of the

barley of the North-West is 50 pounds to
the bushel, and the yield averages 40
bushels to the acre during the period
referred to by a comparison of 37 crops
In Minnesota the average is 25 bushels
to the acre.

Iowa 22 bushels.
Wisconsin 20 bushels.
Ohio 19 bushels.
Indiana 19 bushels.
Ilhnois 17 bushels.

Throughout the North-West Territories
barley is a sure crop, of the finest quality
and brightest color, and the further you
l^roceed to the North-West the plumper
the berry, and the greater the yield. I'or
malting purposes no better barley can be
found in the world.

the 26th of April in 56 degrees north
latitude.

Red River and Peace River break up
about the i5tii of April. Red River
closes in the first week in November and
Peace River much later.

Seed time is from the middle of April
to the middle of June. Wheat sowed as
late as the loth of June usually escapes
the frost. On Peace Riverfarm work begins
April 20th. It is stated that seed can be
put in with perfect safety in the autumn
before the ground is closed with frost, and
does not germinate until the following spring
owing to the dryness of the atmosphere,
and by this means the crops come to
maturit} much earlier.

In a comparison of 51 cro.js of oats in
the North-West the average weight per
bushel was found to be 37'^ pounds
the average yield is 60 ^ bushels, and
80 bushels to the acre is not an un-
common yield, while 100 bushels to the
acre have actually been raised. In the
Western Staies the average yield of oats
IS, in Minnesota 37 bushels, Iowa 28,
Ohio 23.

Potatoes grow luxuriantly there ; they are
frequently found weighing 5 [jounds each,
and the average of over a hundred croiis
showed 318 bushels to the acre.

At Hay Lake, 800 miles west of Winni-
peg the white variety has been grown 1 7 i^
inches in circumference, and the purple
15K' inches. New potatoes have been
dug in latitude 56 degrees 12 minutes
north, on the 2rst of June. Cucumbers
ripen in (juantities from English seed at
Little Red River 58 degrees 30 minutes
north latitude. At Fort Simpson, 62 de-
grees north latitude, melons ripen every
year— when started under glass— qot miles
due north of the American boundary
From VVinnipeg to Peace River, points
1300 n^lcs ajiart, spring commences at
the same time.

^ Taking one year with another the first

S spring ilowcrs make their appearance

about April 15th. Captain Butler found

anemones covering a whole hillside on

On the great plains north of the Qu'Ap-
pelle Valley, from the month of July
until September, Professor Macoun and
his party found the ground literally cov-
ered with mushrooms, which could be
gathered, to use his own expression, by
the cart-load. One of these, found at
Long Lake, in July, 1879, measured 30^
inches in circumference, 2^ inches
through the centre of the cap, and
weighed three pounds. He also found
the giant puff-ball (Lycoperdon) which is
delicious and harmless, as I myself can
testify, having frequently eaten it.

Strawberries are abundant at Fort Ellice
on the 15th June.

At Prince Albert wheat ripened in 1879
about the middle of August.

At Clear Springs the Mennonites grow
their own tobacco. The plants are four
feet high, grow luxuriantly and come to
full maturity.

Mr. T. H. Brown, of Poplar Point says he
sows his gram as soon as the frost is out of
the ground sufficiently to allow the harrow
j to cover the seed, having ploughed in
the fall, and has raised as good vegetables
there, with comparatively little cultivation,
.3s he has seen raised in his native place
in the County of Kent, in England, where
market gardening is carried on to perfec-
tion. Professor Macoun found 96 varieties
of grasses. He states that but one
poor grass is found among them

and gives the following analysis
some of them as compared with
timothy, showing that they compare
favorably in flesh producing and heat
producing qualities with the timothy
grass so favorably known to our Ontario
farmers.

^ X — 1- a> "* CC
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t; ID

It has been objected in some quarters
that the policy of the Government in
granting large tracts of land to companies,
and selling lar-^e tracts to individuals is
against the true interests of the country,
it is also contended that we owe a
duty to the settler by which he
should be protected ; and in the other
House a resolution was offered on the
Bill which is under discussion, providing
that the lands of the North-West should
be held absolutely and solely for the
actual settler, and only granted to him in
such quantities as he should be capable
of successfully cultivating. In view of
what I have stated — in view of the possi-
bility, and the probability that the older
wheat-producing countries are becoming

exhausted ; that their yield per acre is
steadily decreasing, it is almost certain
that our great North-West, the enormous
territory of at least 200,000,000 acres
which seems to be specially adapted to
the culture of the plant of which nothing
can supply the place, is destined to become
the wheat field of the world. In view
of that it seems to be a very narrow policy
to insist that culture should be post-
poned and limited until the whole of the
land can be taken up by the actual settler
who is to till the soil, as it would seem,
with the work of his own hands. Nothing
can be more adverse to the general inter-
est of the world than the adoption of such
a policy. I contend that it should
be the aim of the Ciovernment to
develop the productive power of
that country as rapidly as possible; and
it should also be their aim that one
class (jnly should not be permitted to
occupy it. My giving out large tracts
of land to men of means, labor can be
employed, and the laborer who gets
constant employment and good wages,
will at no distant day become a landed pro-
prietor in his turn. It is a very narrow
policy to insist that a man must have a
moderate amount of capital in order to
acquire lands in the Northwest. The
policy which is urged by certain gentle-
men is a sort of pseudo philanlhrophy
which will exclude the capitalist, and the
laborer without means, from any partici-
pation in its advantages. I believe i
that the policy of the Government in
granting large tracts can be fully
justified. 'I'here is ample room for l
everybody. The homesteader or the set- I
tier has no vested right to any particular ^
portion of the soil. The Government
always have the right to withdraw, and
always have adopted the policy of
withdrawing from settlemr^nt any por-
tion of those lands, and no man has
a right to question that feature in the
public ])olicy. There is room enough
under the provisions of the Bill now be
fore us for the actual settler, the small
homesteader; there is provision enough
for all who will require lands, for almost
the whole of Europe, and all those who
are likely to come from the United
States, in addition to those who m.iy
emigrate from t!ie older Provinces of
the Dominion. Millions of acres are at

45, 000 ;
data up
populati
we hea
arrival c
gration >
migrant;
and I 1
ing as
a supplj

yield per acre is
: is almost certain
'est, the enormous
100,000,000 acres
Deci'jlly adapted to
t of which nothing
destined to become
le world. In view
very narrow policy
should be post-
1 the whole of the
' the actual settler
as it would seem,
n hands. Nothing
the general inter-
e adoption of such
that it should
CJovernment to
;tive power of
as possible; and
r aim that one
be permitted to
out large tracts
ms, labor can be
iborer who gets
ind good wages,
:ome a landed pro-
is a very narrow
nan must have a
ipital in order to
Northwest. The
)y certain gentle-
do philanthrophy
:apitalist, and the
from any partici-
ages. I believe ^
Government in '
can be fully
imple room for i
teader or the set-
to any particular
rhe Government
o withdraw, and
the policy of
em^^nt any por-
\d no man has
t feature in the
is room enough
the Bill now be
lettler, the small
provision enough
lands, for almost
id all those who
3m the United
those who may
;r Provinces of
J of acres are at

the disposal of the settler. There is no
restriction practically upon him, for the
35,000,000 acres taken by the Pacific
Railway, and the few grants that are
made to colonization roads and com-
panies, are but small items in the great
whole. The railway is compelled in
order to reach its lands, to build branch
lines without further subsidy which will
open up the alternate sections to the
settler who could not reach them with-
out its aid, and the colonization com-
panies are compelled to become em-
igration agents. The statements made by
the hon. Minister of the Interior in 1880,
at the time the 100,000,000 acres were
granted by Parliament for the purpose
of developing the North-West, and build-
ing the Canadian Pacific Railway, were
severely criticised by the Opposition.
That gentleman stated .n his estimate
that the incoming population for the
year 1882, would be 35,000, and that
there would be 5,000 a year added from
that time until 1890.

He also stated that the sales of land
would reach a certain figure, and the
general results in 1890 were summed up
in an aggregate, which was treated with
utter derision by those gentlemen who
always seem inclined to take a ^loomy
view of the progress of the Donunion,
and who, from the logic of their position,
are compelled to stand in opposition to
anything likely to promote the progress
and development of the country. They
car.not help it ; they must either give up
opposition, or they must take that posi-
tion, for the forward movements are made
by the Conservative party. Sir John
Macdonald estimated that the incoming
population would be 35,000 in 1882. It
actually reached 58,751. For the year
1883 his estimate was 40,000 ; the present
estimate of the Minister of Agriculture
is 75,000, and it will probably be
exceeded. For 1884 he estimated
45,000 ; the Minister of Agriculture has
data upon which he estimates the incoming
population, for that year, at 100,000, and
we heard within the last week of the
arrival of the advance guard of the emi-
gration of this year. Three thousand im-
migrants were then to be landed at Quebec,
and I heard railway managers di>iu;-,s-
ing as to how they were to piuvide
a supply of rolling stock for transport-

ation; and statingthey would be compelled
togoas far west as Chicago in order to bring
down cars enough to carry this vast
force to the Land of Promise. In
his statement Sir John Macdonald estima-
ted the number of acres of land that would
be sold in the three years of 1880,
1881 and 1882 at 5,280,000. The
land actually sold up to the pre-
sent time exceeds 10,000,000 acres.
The revenue from the land sales for the
same three years was estimated by Sir
John Macdonald at $1,479,000 which
was also derided by the Opposition.
The actual revenue during those years
from that source, amounted to $2,634,772.
In 1879 the population of Manitoba and
the North-West— these are not official
figures, but figures I have made up from
the census returns and from other data-
was 122,240. It is a moderate estimate
to say that 10,000 people went in in 1880;
15,000 in 1881 ; we have the figures for

1882 which I have given, 58,751 ; and for

1883 we have the calculation of the Min-
ister of Agriculture, 75,000, and in 1884,
according to that calculation it is expected
that 100,000 will be added, making the
population 380,991. In the table in the
previous part of my address it will be
found that by the census of 1870, the
population of Kansas was 364,000 ; that
of Minnesota 439.ooo, and of Nebraska
123,000. Taking the increase of these
States which was 1,302,000, for the sue
ceeding ten years as a basis, the popula-
tion of Manitoba and the Northwest as-
suming it to reach 380,991 in 1884, would
in 1894 reach in ti.e same ratio 916,000.
The ca'culations of the Rt. Hon. Leader of
the Government given to the House of
Commons in r 880 carried on tc 1894 would
give a population of 617,000. It would
therefore seem that the actual growth of
the three States in ten years exceeds
that claimed by Sir John Macdon-
ald for the Northwest in ten years
by about fifty per cent. I have
(luoted very largely from the reports
of Prof. Macoun. I consider that
he has been one of the most useful of
those who have been sent out to explore
that country. With untiring zeal and
enthusiasm, he has spent almost ten years
of his life in this investigation. 1 believe
as a practical botanist he has a very high
rejiutation. He was commissioned by

IH ■■!

Mr. Fleming in 1872 to examine the flora
of the Drairies between Winnipeg and
Edmonton. In the same year he was
sent with Mr. Charles Horetsky to explore
Peace River District. In 1875 he
accompanied Prof. Selwyn, as botanist, to
British Columbia, thence by Peace River
Pass descended Peace River to Lake
Athabasca, and saw the country as far
North as latitude 59 : thence he journeyed
Eastto Winnipeg— 1,200 miles. In 1S79
he investigated the causes of the supposed
aridity of the Southern District, the results
of which I have already stated. He
argued from this that the rainfall was
ample, but could not percolate the ground
as rai)idly as it fell, and in the dry atmos-
phere was evaporated and lost, and
that the apparent aridity vanished
before the first labors of husbandry.

Mr. Blodgett, an eminent American
authority upon climatology, speaking of
the North-W'est says : —

" Climate is indisputably the decisive
condition ; and when we find the isother-
mal of 60 degrees for summer rising on die
American plains to the 01st parallel, it is
imi)ossible to doubt the existence of
favorable climates over vast areas now
unoccupied. Spring opens at the same
time along the immense plains from St.
Paul to the Mackenzie River." He also
says that the plains of the North-West
and their woodland borders, have a
valuable surface of fully 500,000 square
miles, and it is claimed that that valuable
surface certainly extends from parallel 49
on the sout'i, to 60 on the north, and if
bounded east by the 95th meridian and
west by the Rocky Mountains, would
contain, 667,600 square miles, liut it
must he remembered that vast tracts of
eciually fertile land which will probably
be as available and profitable to the
cultivator, lie north of the 60th parallel.
The question is asked hj some statisticians
in the United States, whether the great
interior of the American Continent, within
American territory, will continue to con-
tribute to the exjiort of wheat and Hour,
referring particularly to Montana, Idaho,'
Colorado, Utah and Nevada ; and Mr.
Taylor, United States Ciounsd at Win
nipeg, who has carefully studied the sidi-
ject, says : —

" Let us take the nior,t favorable of all,
Montana. Grand as are its resources, I

am constrained to believe that only one-
thirteenth of its surface is within reach of
the unavoidable conditions of irrigation.
I'he United States Commissioner of
mining statistics in 1868, said that the
area of Montana was 1,16,689 stpiare miles
amounting to 93,881,184 acres, yet no
greater proportion is claimed by the local
authorities as susceptible of cultivation,
than one acre in thirty, or a total of
3'346,4oo. 'I'he remainder, however, is
valuable for grazing and sheep farming."

I may mention in connection with the
general tenor of my remarks, and as an
additional reason for making them, that
within a short time the most viru-
lent and unjustifiable attack has been
made ui)on the North-West, that I ever
remember to have noticed. In an English
financial journal a studied assault upon the
whole policy of the Government, and upon
the whole condition of the Northwest, the
value of its lands, and particularly upon
its climate, was published and circulated by
tens of thousands in (Jreat Britain,
and largely in Canada. It seemed
to have been made in the interests of
persons who desired to prevent the
growth and development of the North-
West and the sale and settlement of its
lands. It was an attack partly u[)on the
Canadian Pacific Railway, partly upon
the North-West land comi)anies and
largely upon the (iovernment itself.
That attack contained several of the most
absurd statements that can be imagined.
Fancy a man sitting in the foggy atmos-
|)here of Fondon writing, perhaps, by gas
light at mid-day, surrounded by all the
disagreeable odors which pre\ail in the
business parts of that great metropolis,
and talking learnedly there about the
insalubrity of the Great North-West,
where zymotic diseases are almost
unknown! Fancy him saying that
nobody can live in that wintry climate,
when we all know that in Ontario and
Quebec where the thermometer often falls
tar below zero and where the climatic
conditions are not more f:ivorable, there
is nothing more exhilerating or healthful
than the clear, crisp, frosty air of a winter
day— nothing more enjoyable. We all
know that immunity from disease '"ol-
lows this low temperature in the North-
West. Wc know that no more healthy
children are to be found than in the coun-

ties ol

Ontario

rily p

out of

feet de(

zero, a

])rincip

tier goi

was th;

climate

providt

use.

been

weeks !

coal in

called

mense

authori

which

will n

of the

Belly

parts o

Pacific

lands V

five n

of coal

that sei

which 1

(withou

the bu;

I ha(

speak

perhajis

session,

trespass'

of my I

it woulc

devour,

feelile \

items wl

ation w

condens

a comp

dress to

be qu(

assure m

a single

stantiate

over the

as I havi

gooilly h

the grave

brings w

if from t

are desti

we are b

:ve that only one-
' is within reach of
itions of irrigation.
Commissioner of
>68, said that the
.6,689 squaie miles
184 acres, yet no
limed by the local
ble of cultivation,
rty, or a t(;tal of
ainder, however, is
1 sheep farming."
nnection with the
•emarks, and as an
making them, that
tiie most viru-
attack has been
^Vest, that I ever
-'d. In an English
id assault upon the
jrnment, and upon
;he Northwest, the
particularly upon
i and circulated by
1 (Jreat Britain,
Ja. It seemed
1 the interests ot
to prevent the
lit of the North-
settlement of its
: partly u|)on the
ray, partly upon
comjjanies and
jvernment itself,
everal of the most
can be imagined,
the foggy atmos-
-^, perhaps, by gas
inded by all the
h prevail in the
great metropolis,
there about the
•eat North-West,
.'s are almost
m saying that
t wintry climate,
in Ontario and
ameter often falls
lere the climatic
i favorable, there
ting or healthful
ty air of a winter
oyable. We all
om disease ''ol-
.> in the North-
no more healthy
than in the coun

ties of Huron and Bruce, in Northern
Ontario where I have seen thein mer-
rily playing and enjoying themselves
out of doors when the snow was two

feet deep,and the mercury ten degrees below
zero, and such a climate was one of the
I)rincipal arguments urged against the set-
tler going into the North-West. Another
was that there was no fuel, and in such a
chmate settlers would not be able to
provide themselves with a supply for winter
use. The discoveries which have
been published within the last few
weeks show that the underlying beds of
coal in that part of the country which is
called the lignite formation, are so im-
mense that ic has been stated, and I believe
authoritatively, that the farming lands
which are underlaid by these coal seams
will not be more valuable because
of the coal. On the Bow River, the
Belly River, the Calgarry and various
parts of the country through which the
Pacific Railway is to pass, there are coal
lands which are estimated to contain
five million tons to the square mile
of coal of the very best ([uality, and
that seems, once for all, to settle that
which was the great, and I may .say
(without wishing tc perpetrate a joke)
the burning question in the North-West.
I had great reluctance in rising to
speak on this subject. I feared
perhaps, at this late jieriod of the
session, I might be considered as having
trespassed upon the patience and kindness
of my fellow memljers ; but I felt that
It would be of service to us all to en-
devour, so far as I might in a
feeble way, to concentrate the different
items which form very largely the inform-
ation which we now have and to
condense the prominent points into
a compendium in the shape of an ad
dress to this House which might safely
be quoted as authoritative: and l
assure my hon. friends that I have not m.nde
a single statement which cannot be sul:
stantiated. We must feel, upon look' ,
over the whole case, that we have indeed, ;
as I have fiintly endeavored to ..how, a |
goodly heritage, and it entails uyiun irs j
the grave responsibilities which vast wealth
brings with it to the posse.ssor. We hold
It from the Creator, in trust for those who
are destined to go in and possess it, and
we are bound faithfully to execute that

tru.st to the best of our ability, laying
aside prejudice, partizanship and all 'idea
o( personal advantage, and looking only to
our country's good and to the greatest and
most permanent benefit of religion civili-
zation and humanity. In view of such
solemn and vast responsibilites, a generous
acknowledgement should be awarded, and
a forbearing and kindly spirit should be
manifested to those upon whom they
directly rest ; and who I am sure it can-
not be denied, are Aiirly and honestly en-
deavoring to meet those responsibilities
Their duties are arduous and laborious
and I believe the country fully approves
the manner in which they have been
discharged. The people have twice
emphatically endorsed the policy of
the leader of the Conservative party in
respect to the North-West— once by anti-
cipation, we having clearly enunciated it as
one of the main issues at the polls
in 1878 : and the second time after
tull and ample discussion on the plat-
form, in Parliament and by the press, when
promise had become performance, and
the great work of uniting by a band of
steel the widely separated Orient and
Occident limits of the Dominion, and of
ojjening up to settlement and cultivation
the vast fertile solitudes through which
it takes its course, was going forward more
rajiidly than the most sanguine calculations
could have foreshadowed. Farremovedand
wholly free from political convulsions
which agitate and threaten other parts of
the world, it seems destined to be the
favored centre of the oldest and most
honored of all the industries— the tillage
of the soil. The arts of peace can there
be cultivated and can flourish without let
or hindrance. Ample provision is made
for all who come, and labor will there meet
its full reward. We want the people of
the older provinces to be the pioneers There
can be no sound objection to the healthy
current of population flowing westward
which has similarly coursed towards and
over the prairies of the Republic. It is to
the Provinces that we must look to carry
thither the methods of government, the
municipal organizations which are the
safety, the pride, and the boast of our
Dominion and of the mother country from
which they are derived— the great un-
written Constitution in which

" Freedom slowly broaiiens down
From precedent to precedent."

It should be our duty and our privilege
to hold fast to the liberty which we have
inherited, and to do our endeavor to hand
it down unimpaired to those who are to
succeed us, and through this to secure to
those who may cast their lot with us the
priceless blessings of law, order and se-
curity to life and property with their at-
tendant privileges and advantages.

In conclusion, I wish to say that I be-
lieve under God there is a great destiny
reserved for the coun'.ry which we hold in
trust, and a great destiny for us of this
whole Dominion also if we are true to our-
selves aud true to the responsibilities
which rest upon us. That we may be able
ourselves, and by our example teach those
who may come after us to carry out thos.;
trusts and to adhere to the sound doctrine
which has made us what we are, must be
the dearest wish of us all.

■i

Ii to say that I be-
is a great destiny
' which we hold in
iny for us of this
we are true to our-
le responsibihties
at we may be able
:ample teach those
to carry out thosj
he sound doctrine
It we are, must be
.11,