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' \\- \ s h i: rrii Of THE I.,!*!-' -^^ WITH THE -^^ M'vnw ail DISTANCE FROM l.ir/i/t/>oo/. t,. .t///t.iM/f7// :'(K»(l ., (fiK/inr ;iiMi(i Siiilr ,.r Mllr 7(»" ti.'l" lli'Miiiunrlii I'liv fil IJ^ ^ A .-^ J L ff .Wi^f (,•. <^ ,>1i»". v-\ '1^ \ U V'.. J/ W \ yj •■.V ; ' -f« HALt'AI '*^, '^ L > /■ t\ '■ •%/.■.,- 7 N' t::^ ''-r. ^ ^^ C \ r< V V \ ♦*: Hii' i.r Mill' ^i \ '^^'". ^^ y % lapi. SjI" Mr. 1 1. M _ rrl ■ (((•' \%r B Ui W' v^^ vJN GUIDE TO NEW BRUNSWICK, BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, &< LATE PASTOR OP MA8CREEN KIRK. ST OEORUB, SEW «Rf.VSW,CK. SeronDi lElritiom Aa/v >.;; >j :3a. k , i; Matthew xxv. 40. 5t*9< ST9/y>«T5. Anns gach Sgriobhadh biodh Ciispiar. Sonraidit an Ughdair ann do shcalladh. il EDLYBURGII . I'HIMED Ur ANDERSON & BRVCE. IIIGH-STREF/r. 1843. ^^V ^ mm \ ^: J 3 6 9 7 1 I I Il PREFACE. Were it not that a Preface is considered by many persons, as an indispensable accompani- ment to a book, the Author of this Volume prefers laying it before the world without one. But to omit comjilying with the general cus- tom in this respect, might seem to indicate indifference to public opinion. .1 The very flattering reception which the first edition of the Emigrant's Guide has expe- rienced from upwards of eight hundred of the Nobility and Clergy of Scotland, has stimu- lated the Author to pullish a Second Edition. The Author, therefore, has now little more to say, than that he is deeply grateful to tliose iv niEFACE. friends who have, with so much Christian kind- ness, aided him with their patronage. He knows no better way to manifest his gratitude, than by pressing forward with unremitting vigour in publishing a Second Edition, enlarged with 07ie hundred pages, trusting it will receive a similar reception as the former. Christopiieii W. Atkinson. Edinburou, May 1U43. i I. i C O N T E X r s. AliOii^'inos of AnuTicu, Action of the Soa on the Coast, Agents, Aj,'rioulture, Alluvium, Arostook. IJiiy of Fumly, liiinks, IJulIc-Islo, niack-River, Buildings. ( anipo-lk'Uo, Chatham, Chaplains, Churches, Church Society, Chinese Languajj;o, Copper Oi-e, Clerfifv, Climate, Coal- Fielil, Counties, Cumberland. Deer-Island, Dorchester, l)ouj,'las. Distance from each place. l-^ast-l'ort, Estpiimaux Languap;e, Executive Council. Kails of St. Ceorgeand St John, Fredcricton, French-Lake, Friar's-IIead, Functionaries (Public.) (Jagetown, Geographical, Geology, (J rand Falls, Grand Lake, Grand Manan, Granite, Ground Cleared, Gypsum. Hampton, Hopewell, Houses, House of Assembly. Indian Belief, Courage, Dances, Feasts, Language and Sa- gacity, Indian Island, Inhabitants, Information to Tra- vellers, Iron, Iron Ore, Ivanhoe. Jacksontown, Jeraseg. Ivennebocasis, Keswick, King's College, Kingston, Kent. Lat. and Lon. of the Province, ditto of Headlands, Lakes, Lead Ore, Legislative Council, Light Houses, Limestone. iMadawiska, Magaguadavic, Maguerville, Magnesia, Manure, Marine Hospital, JNIascreen Kirk, Mechanics Institute, Ministers Licensed to solemnize Marriage, Minerals. Nashwaak, Newcastle, Nipisiguit, Northumberland. Officers of the Assembly, ditto Crown, Ocnabog, Oromocto. J'arishes, Peat, Petitcodiac, Petition for Land, Price of Land, Pilots, Poetry, Portland, Preparation for Sailing, Profes- sors, Proviuce-IIall. ^ mm 2 Qiuico, «^ueeii's Council, Queou's C:ouuty. Kostiffouche, Hestook, Rivors, Itoads, llock-Salt, Hoyal Mail Steamers. St AndreAv's, St Ann's, St David's, St George's, St James' St John's, St Martin's, St Mary's, St Patrick's, St Ste^ phen's, Sea-Coast, Servant's Wages, Shepody, Signals Slate, Societies, Soil, Subscribers, Sussex Valley Thoroughfare, Tide at St John, Time for going through the Falls at do., Tobeique. University of King's College (Fredericton), Uphara. Vaccnie Establishment, Vaccine Surgeons. Washademoac, Western Isles, Westmoreland, Woodstock Yoik County. f i A- EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. s, IC f .■: CHAPTER I. At a period when the Queen's Government, in pursuance of a wise and liberal policy, are using every means to encourage emigration to her Bri- tannic Majesty's possessions abroad, and thus add to the strength and security of the more distant portions of the British Empire, it be- comes the duty of every well-wisher of his country, and friend of his species, to lay before the public whatever information he may possess in relation to the subject ; and, however limited may be his means, to cast his mite into the ge- neral treasury of knowledge, and if possible aid in directing attention to those portions of these colonies which a settler can occupy with the greatest comfort, and improve to the most ad- vantage. The object of emigration is threefold : — To relieve the Parent State of its superabundant population ; to increase more rapidly the num- ber of inhabitants in the colonies, and thus to promote their advancement in wealth and im- -^m EMIGRANT S GUIDE. I' portance ; and, thirdly^ to provide the means of subsistence for those who are anxious to leave the scenes of their earlier years, to secure else- where " a local habitation," and a more com- fortable and happy home. With reference to the first of these objects : So far as the Pa- rent State is concerned, it matters little what fate awaits the venturous emigrant, so long as the land of his nativity is relieved from the incum- brance of his presence ; still, the philanthropist everywhere must feel an interest in the destiny that awaits him ; and a paternal government will watch over his course, and endeavour to direct his uncertain steps to the haven of hap- piness and repose. The colony, however, whose prosperous con- dition must chiefly depend upon the possession of an intelligent agricultural population, is deeply interested in securing some portion of that in- dustrial wealth, which is continually extending itself towards the American Continent ; and it therefore becomeis an object of importance, that information should be widely disseminated as to the capability of each of those possessions, to contribute to the promotion of the general good; and to the emigrant himself, it is of vital con- sequence that he should become acquainted with that colonial possession which, other advantages EMIGRANT S GUIDE. jon- in- V ling id it 1 that j; IS to ''? , to i )od; 1 con- ■■■3 4. -I vith 'i ^ iges 1 being cc|ual, is nearest in proximity to the British Isles. Almost all the moral and industrious emi- <;rants to this Province, whatever have been their occupations, have succeeded in securing to themselves a competency, and many have ob- tained wealth. The lower class of labourers, when they have devoted themselves to steady habits and industry, have been successful ; (of this I have been an eye-witness, when I visited the several settlements which was under my ministerial charge — the district over which I had to ride every month being upwards of 160 miles,) and whc. e there are instances to the contrary, they may generally be attributed to idleness and intemperance. The inquiry made by persons in the Mother Country, who are desirous to settle in New Brunswick, is, what employment will they find there ? And when they are informed that the principal occuoation of the inhabitants is lumbering in the dense forests, amidst the deep snows of winter, they have no desire to venture upon a pursuit with which they are altogether unacquainted. Thou- sands of emigrants, after they have landed in the Provinces, embark for the United States, where a greater variety of employment in min- ing, manufacturing, and other divisions of la- ■^^ emigrant's guide. bour, affords them an opportunity of choosing that kind which is most congenial to their for- mer habits. It is in vain to ask the miner, or manufacturer, to settle in a country where his branch of business is not known, and to which the productions of his art are exported. It is by offering encouragement to the diffe- rent trades and occupations of the Mother Country — by unlocking the available natural treasures of the Provinces — the objects from which their labour will yield them profit and a competency — by directing them to the natural wealth contained in the earth, the soil, and the forest, that they will be disposed to emigrate, and to open and improve those resources that aboimd in almost every section of the country. It has been too frequently supposed, that coun- tries abounding in mines, are unfavourable to agriculture : but such an opinion is extremely erroneous ; for, although the soil in the imme- diate neighbourhood of metallic veins is often unproductive, those veins are not of so frequent occurrence, or so extensive, as to affect the fer- tiJUy of any considerable track. In proof of this, it is only necessary to refer to Great Britain, v/hose mineral productions have been the great source of her wealth. It is equally ccvtain, that Ncav Brunswick, almost emigrant's glide. in- to equal in extent to England, is not only capable of being rendered a mining, but also an agri- cultural Province. At the present period, the great supply for exportation from the Province, is derived almost altogether from the forests, which are yearly declining before the axe of the lumber-man, and every other division of labour suffers from those pursuits, that scarcely render the shippers of timber a profit. The pioneers who first visited the forests, re- mote from any dwelling, and discovered groves of timber that once overshadowed the soil, con- ferred a favour upon their successors, and se- cured for a time a revenue to the Province ; so will those who, by their foresight, may be the means of bringing into operation other and more permanent objects of enterprise. The most important of all the resources of the Pro- vince, are her mines and mineral productions. New Brunswick, of which I am about to treat, extends from its south-west point on the Islg^nd of Grand Manaan, at the entrance of the Bay of Fundy, in lat. 44-40, Ion. 67-10 to the 48th deg. of north latitude ; and is bounded southerly by that bay, and an isthmus of fifteen miles in width, which separates the Bay of Fundy from the Bay of Verte on the eastern coast, where is the termination of its southern G emigrant's guide. line in lat. 46, long. 64. Its eastern limit ex- tends north^vardly along the Northumberland Straits and Gulf of St Lawrence, till it strikes the Island of Shippegan, at the south entrance of the Bay of Chaleur, in lat. 48, long. 67 ; and it is bounded to the northward and westward by Lower Canada, and to the westward by the River St Croix ; and a line runs from its source to the high lands that extend to the head of Connecticut River, United States. The steady increase, and growing prospe- rity of this noble colony, are but little known abroad, and the people of England have yet to learn that a Province, nearly as extensive as all England, watered by noble rivers, whose fertile alluvial banks team with riches, has within a very few years sprung from comparative insig- nificance, into one of the most valuable of the British North American possessions. The ac- cessibility of its coasts, particularly on the Bay of Fundy, (the harbour of St. John being open all the year,) the magnitude and extent of the rivers — the fertility and richness of its virgin soil — the abundance of valuable timber, and the vast amount of mineral wealth, (the largest coal-field in the world being found within its limits) all combine together to render this a most thriving colony. EMIGRANT S GUIDE, The people of New Brunswick are most loyal to their Queen, and truly devoted to British laws and British supremacy. They see enough of the workings of democracy among their neighbours to avoid it as a pestilence, and they cling to the pillar of the British constitu- tion, as the only sure support of true liberty. They clearly see and feel, that under the ban- ner of Old England, the laws are equally ad- ministered — that every man is fully protected in his person and property, and that they really and truly enjoy more civil and religious free- dom than is possessed by their neighbours, who boast greatly of the superiority of their insti- tutions. The climate of New Brunswick is healthful — there are no periodical diseases ; and when the constitution has not been injured by expo- sure or excess, individuals usually attain a good old age. Everywhere the purest water is abun- dant — a luxury unknown in many parts of Up- per Canada ; and it will be perceived that nu- merous navigable streams intersect the country, offering every facility for the conveyance of produce to market. Its numerous and extensive rivers form, during the winter season, when the intensity of the frost has covered them with ice, level and excellent roads, which are marked 1 8 emigrant's guide. off and designated by lines of bushes fixed in the ice, by officers whose duty is prescribed by law. The mails for England and Nova Scotia pass to and from Canada twice a-week, without suffering any interruption from the severity of the season. Throughout the Province the ut- most tranquillity prevails ; and during the four years I was in the Province, no wild beast ever disturbed my peace, or ill-disposed person cros'^- ed my path ; and when I have entered the houses of the inhabitants, I have met with an hospi- table and most confiding frankness. The ut- most toleration everywhere prevails with refe- rence to religion. In fact, the people are not aware how well-off and happy they are. Those who intend to embark to a foreign shore, will do well to attend to the following instructions : — On engaging a passage, inquire for a vessel not less than six feeh between decks — a steady captain, and well-known. If you take not the cabin, choose your berth as near to the centre of the vessel as you can, i, e, half way from the bow to the stern ; in this part there is less motion when at sea, than in any other. There are two conditions under which you can engage your passage ; firsty To find your own provisions : in this case, those with whom you engage a passage, finds fuel, EMIGRANT S GUIDE. 9 water, and berths. Secondly, To be found in what you may require during the voyage, (bed- ding excepted, the phiees for these only pro- vided). In most vessels you may choose either of the ways. If you conclude to find your- self, provide similar kinds of food to what you have been most accustomed to at home, and the same quantity to what you have been used to, for about six w'ceks. Potatoes arc more palat- able at sea than on land. Coarse ship-biscuits are the best you can take ; at the same time, you must provide yourself with bedding and medicines — bedding, except in the Liverpool Packets, is never provided — medicines, you will require of a purgative nature ; about two dozen of aloes pills ; if you dissolve six table-spoon- fulls of the best Epsom Salts, and three of Cream-of- Tartar, in a quart bottle, filling it with fresh water, you will find, by taking a wine- glass full before breakfast, great benefit there- from. If you have a family, it will not be amiss to take two pounds of Epsom Salts, and one pound of Cream-of- Tartar. Take also one ounce of Aromatic Elixir of Vitriol, it is for purifying the water you drink, which, at sea, sometimes become very unwholesome ; from ten to fifteen drops will be sufficient for one tumbler of water. Take also some vinegar to ^ i 10 EMIGRANT S GUIDE. use with your sea provisions, which arc all salt : some sprinkled about your berth will be of great service. The following articles you must provide your- self with before you sail, — tools of all descrip- tions can be obtained cheaper and better here than in America. If you are a mechanic, take with you those suited to your own trade — clothing for your own wear, especially flannels, druggets, printed calicoes and woollens, such as merinoes and coarse pelisse cloths. The next, and not of the least importance, you ought to be in possession of, is a certificate from your minister, and should it simply state who and what you have been known to be — what is your object or reasons for emigrating ? But the best recommendation you can have, is a letter from some person who has known you here, and who has a friend or acquaintance in the place you intend residing, to whom he can address. Should you fail in these, you must make up your mind to wait until your own actions can speak for you. A pocket compass will be of great service to you. There are many instan- ces of persons getting lost, and wandering for days and weeks in the woods of America. If you lose yourself in the woods, select a course, and follow it, turn neither to the right nor to 1 ! EMIGRANT S GUIDE. 11 the left, till you come to a road — without a com- pass, you cannot bo sure of proceeding a straight course. If, on landing, you Intend to purchase a ciuantity of land, it will be best to apply in the following manner : — a To His Excellency Major-General, &c. Sec. The Petition of , of the Parish of , in the County of . Humbly Sheweth, That he is a British subject, born in , and docs not own any lands. That he wishes to obtain, by purchase, a track of land, for immediate settlement, containing acres, and situated as follows, . The said land is at present in a wilderness state, no improvement having been made thereon, and he requests that he may be allowed to pur- chase it at per acre, payable , and, if so allowed, he is prepared to, and will settle himself upon, and improve the same forth- with, and conform in all respects with the re- gulations for granting land. And as in duty bound, will ever pray. 12 EMKiRANT S GUIDE. i If you arc a first-rate mechanic or artisan, and contented with your trade, remain in the hirge towns in which there art* people who have money to spare for matters of taste. If your moral conduct be good, you will find yourself much higher, comparatively, upon the scale of respectability, but otherwise, you will not be much different from what you might be in the metropolis of England, Ireland, or Scotland. But if your calling be less independent upon the superfluities of the rich, remain not in the cities and ports any longer than you can help. With reference to land fit for settlement, that is to be found in abundance, and of excellent quality ; as, notwithstanding the ease with which men of wealth were enabled formerly to appropriate to their own use extensive tracks of country, still there are thousands of acres spread over a wide extent, upon which large bodies of settlers can be located with advantage, and who, after a few years of moderate toil and exertion, will find themselves in possession of a property that will every year become more valuable ; and who may secure for their relations, &c. perma- nent comfort and a prosperous condition. There are various parts of the Province, however, to which I could not possibly advert, and which, having been long settled, may not offer induce- i i EMIGRANT S GUIDE. l.S monts to the man of property, but where the industrious emigrant, whether male or female, will be certain of obtaining employment, pro- vided an exorbitant rate of wages is not re- (piired. If single men would be satisfied with from £20 to £30, per annum, exclu- sive of their board and lodging, and would hire out for about tliree years, they would soon obtain the rcjpiisite sum to procure a hundred acres of land, which is from 2s, Gd. to 35. 6d. per acre, and which would be suffi- cient for any man. And Avere young persons of either sex, to engage themselves in this way, they would be certain of succeeding to comfort and independence — would become useful mem- bers of society — and would strengthen those ties by which this Colony is already attached to the Parent State, and render it secure against foreign aggression. Be not too hasty to make a purchase, or a settlement, you may obtain wild lands nearly in every county. By going a few miles from the principal roads, you may obtain cultivated farms, with respectable houses, and strong fen- ces upon them, but still may have all the sub- stance wrought out of them ; and, on the other hand, you may obtain those Avhich are not so impoverished, yet may have some material dis- 14 emigrant's guide. iidvantage, well known to the man of experience. It will be to your advantage to spend a year or so in examining the different parts, so that you may judge for yourself. Uncultivated lands, perhaps, may be the only ones that will meet your means ; but the habits and privations of a frontier life — of living in the woods, are too great a contrast to what you have been accus- tomed to, for you to enter upon them all at once. You have been used to only one kind of work ; it is only in the villages that you can find enough, or perhaps any of this kind of work to occupy you. If you are a farmer, it is only to the already cleared and improved lands that you can turn your hand. By close indus- try and frugality, (and by those of your family, should you have one,) you should be able to add to what capital soever you may be in possession of, whilst, ill the course of acquiring the know- ledge and information which I have endea- voured to lay before you, that you stand in need of, to assist you in doing this, I offer you the following considerations : — The localities of a place, nvc those other places, conveniencies, or things that stand con- nected with it, viz. towns, by-roads, schools, churches, mills, water for drinking, and healthi- ness in general. In this country, these things I EMIGRANT S GUIDE. 15 er n- seldom occupy our thoughts in removing from one place to another ; but in the interior of America, their value is known, because the want of them is frequently felt. Towns you are near to, in effecc, if you are on a good road, or a canal leading to them ; be- sides all along these, there are generally stores established, at which you can dispose of pro- duce, and purchase such things you require, if inconvenient for you to attend the principal markets. By-roads must be considered by you in more ways than one. These are opened up, and kept in repair by the land-proprietors in their vicinity, who are assessed to work upon them a certain number of days in the year, according to the value or extent of their property ; and the better they are, and the more of them com- pleted, for, according to the district plans, they are generally very numerous, although only one at a tim? may be opened. The less pro- prietors will be assessed, the more valuable will be their properties. Wild lands have been divided into lots, and sold at 2^. 6d, per acre. Chopping, that is felling the trees, and cutting them up, you may have done for about £1, 45. per acre. Logging, that is removing the principal part of the timber from the I >»"■« ^mmm m 16 EMIGRANT S GUIDE. \ •■ ground, and piling and burning up whai is of no use — this will amount to £1, per acre, Fencing into six acres' lots for 10s. A log cabin may be built for about £12 ; a log-house, £32 ; a barn for £24 ; frame houses and barns are about three times the sum. Utensils you will require, are as follows : — A four-wheeled waggon, which may be drawn either by horses or oxen, will cost about £12 ; a horse and harness, £16; an ox, chain, and yoke, £7; a plough, £l, 5s. Stock, a pair of horses, £25 ; a yoke of oxen, £ 10 ; a cow, £5, and furniture you can obtain very cheap — the principal part of which is made of native wood, such as beech, birch, maple and pine. Large stoves are in general used ; those stand in the middle of the floor, and are so constructed, as to answer either for boiling or baking. In this Province, there is an extensive Coal Field, situated between the primary rocks of the county of Charlotte and King's County, and the Straits of Northumberland. On the Gulf of St Lawrence, only the south and south-east sides of this coal field have yet been explored ; the west, north, and north-east sides still re- main to be examined, and its limits, therefore, in the latter directions, yet remain unknown. This coal field extends in a northerlv direction H m i&se^ EMIGRANT S GUIDE. 17 re- c, 111. >ll to liathurst, 150 miles, and to Miramichi, 120 miles, and from the latter place along the coast to Shediac, which mav be estimated at 70 miles. Until the north-east side of this vast coal track is explored, it would be impossible to give an accurate account of its area ; but it may f<>r the present be considered equal to 5000 miles. This track may perhaps be characterized as bc- in,i4' the largest coal field ever discovered on the globe. To distinguish it from the Westmor- land district, and other coal fields in the Brltisli Provinces, it has been designated " The . when they exist in any considerable «]uinitity. and the predominance of either of tlie cartlis, withholds from vegetables that kind of n} ( 30 EMIGRANT S GUIDE. I 4, : the full amount of loss from this awful conflag- ration. A far greater number of inhabited houses have been destroyed than by the great iire of 1837 ; and as they were mostly occupied by several families, it is calculated that nearly 3000 persons have been rendered houseless, nearly all of them being of the working classes. The total amount of property destroyed, includ- ing buildings, merchandise, and household ef- fects, it is thought cannot fall far short of £200,000, but the sum at this time can only be conjectured. The burnt district of 1837, being situated to the southward of the Market Slip, the fire did not extend to that portion of the city. The third distressing fire broke out about one o'clock on Wednesday morning, 17th March 1810. The alarm bell aroused the citizens from their mid-night slumbers, and the lurid flame which was at that hour discernible, di- rected thorn to the fatal spot. Nearly all the buildings destroyed were insured, as were also some of the merchants' stock. Mr James Mal- colm was insured to the amount of £2000. The different engine and fire companies of the city, assisted by the engines from Portland and Carlton, exerted themselves with praise-worthy alacrity. To record the loss of life accompany- I EMIGRANT S GUIDE. 31 0. le 1(1 IV V- \nf the Presbyterian Church in this place, Ijcing ■w— rsr : K ■.■ ■ ■'■*■.■»» I 40 i:m[(;rant s ciCiDK. I .i'» • Icstitutc of ji regular minister, have, in eonsi- her Atkiiisoii, nivin^' ((hirinj^* the three years he lias been in this Provinee, and more particularly the last year in which he has officiated as our minister.) the undeniable proofs of his sincerity, zeal, and nbilitv. in the work of the ministry, chosen and ai)jK)inted the said Mr Atkins4^>n to be the pas- toi* of the above church, with the entire a[»pro- bation of the congregation, and that Mr A. is henceforth to receive for his ministerial labours in this parish, the sum of £100. per annum : and we trust he will continue to have the re- spect and love of his people, which he has al- I'eady obtained, and that his vahudjlc labours may more than ever be appreciated by those wlio may henceforth have the pleasure of sitting under his ministry. Signed, June, a.d. 1840. and the third of the reign of Her Most Gra- cious Majesty, Queen Victoria. George Mac- Kenzie, Esq. ; Peter M'Diarmid, Esq. ; Hugh M'Leod, senr. ; Donald M'Kenzie; Archibald M' Vicars; George M' Vicars; Thomas Lailand. Mascreen, St. George, N.B. The above appeared in the '• St. John Cou- rier and Christian Reporter." in June, a.d. 1840. After Mr A. was appointed to this church, 1 \ .y it II '«*«<«M*»- »• -V^hV-f i N" ^- i1 N :■■■ I v^ ■■#4**«-:j ■^rr'^J^''^^^^ r.-^- •o-'-*» O » If/ ' i!|?' ' '. i i' 1 f ! i EMU. RANT S Gl IDE. 41 lie used every means to have it completed. In May and October 1840, lie collected upwards of £20 in the city of St. John, and £35 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, both of which sums have been paid into the hands of the Committee al- ready mentioned, and which also appeared in St. John papers to that effect. The church still remains in an unfinished state. In con- nexion with this place, is a small settlement called L. Tang, which is inhabited by a few Scotch families, who left their country about twenty years back, (viz. Argyleshire.) L. Tete. with the above settlements, are in the parish of St. George. Pennfield is the next parish I shall notice. This place is situated to the eastward of St. George, and obtained its name from a number of families who emigrated from the United States, and who belonged to the Society of Friends. Its soil is excellent, and its coast is indented by L. Tang and Beaver Harbours. At this place I preached every other Sabbath for a considerable time, it being oply six miles from St. George. During my visits to this parish, I was kindly entertained by Joseph Knight, Esq. J. P. who always took great care that not only myself, but my horse should not want. There is in this parish 168 inhabited houses, and 170 ^ 42 EMIGRANT S GUIDE. 5 : i^' i P'l ''^ families, with 2235 acres of cleared land. The male population of St. (ircorjnre, St. Stephens, St. James, St. David's, St. Patrick's, and Penn- field, f^o in the winter into the woods for the purpose of lumbering, without which many would not be able to raise their numerous fa- milies. The plan of these winter campaigns is as follows : — An enterprising farmer enters in- to an engagement with a timber merchant, wbcrebv the person with whom the farmer makes his engagement, furnishes him and his gang or gangs, of twelve or more men each, with provisions and other necessaries, taking for the same the timber and saw logs of the farmer, and in spring pays him the balance due for whatever ({uantity of timber he has furnish- ed him with. During their stay in the forest of spruce and pine, the men raise for them- selves small huts with boughs and trunks of trees, and cover them with spruce bark, one for the oxen, one for sleeping in, and a third for cooking. The two latter are divided by a stout plank bench running length ways from end to end ; they overspread the whole nearly two feet thick, with pliant and ever-green twigs of the hemlock, and by a verv large hre, defy the uttermost efforts of the sternest North Ameri- can winter, and the wild beasts which, bv h EMIGRANT S GUIDE. 43 le >f 4 clianec, may surround them. Having erected tlieir domicile, the sound of the axe daily reverberates through the dense wood. How how the sturdy maple, spruce, &c. beneath the stroke ! The oxen haul the timber as soon as it is cut down, on the slippery surface of the beaten snow, to the nearest brook, one of the feeders of the nearest river, where it is yarded on the ice until the grand break-up of the ice, which is about the beginning of April, in which month — " The -wintor 's nearly ^one, the eai'tli I-is lost Her snow-white robes, and now no more her frost, Candles the grass, or casts an icy cream Upon the silver lake, or crystal stream." When the vast body of snow that overspreads the country, swells the various streams into impetuous torrents, carrying the ponderous pro- duce of these romantic winter expeditions down into the main rivers, I have seen rafts, in pro- ceeding from Fredericton, &c. of from 12,000 to 18,000 tons of timber : and I have known the Maguagadavic (at which village I residc