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(716) 482- 0300 -Phortf
(716) 368 - S880 - Fox '
[Mmm,^ TVoiMMfiofM o/ti$ Canadian IniiituUi, 1890,]
THE FORMATION OF TOROI^^TO ISLAND/
:a-
/
:• \, By L. J. Clark, Esq.
: V ^ r (Redd 26th April, J 890,)
My attention has been somewhat abnormally directed towards the
lalfe, and to lake surroundings, and lake currents during the last two or
three years, and, in the course of my investigations, I became aware that
there were different theories, p-^rticularly as regards lake currents and
Island formation. , Without very much external aid on the subject but
^Mareful process oi deductive reasoning, I formed a theory, which,
4ike all young theorists, I^considered quit'e unassailable, andwhiqh I still
view in the same light, but, alas, my theory is rtot^\hew.
I have found, since making a more critical study of the subject, that
it received a very large share of attention nearly half a century ago by
men who hdve madea name and feme for themselves^ not only in Canada,
but in other lands as well, in connection with questions of world-wide'
interest, in one instance at least, and who are still aliveartd in a position
$9 compare their past theory of wiiat the future of the Island would be
W^h what I'c really is. ;I refer to such men as Mr. Sa^idford Flcuiiug
: Mi^ Kivas Tttlly^Mr. Henry Yule Hind, and Mr. Hugh Richardson.*
I find there Is quite a wealth of literature on the subject, which I have
read with great interest, and which in the main agrees as to the source
whence the material, forming the Island, is derived. I hav6 also placed
under contributi6h that never failing source of information, « the oldest
inhabitant," and I now place before you the tinited results of iiiy cogita-
tions on the subject. \
- ■,.::■;■.■■■■. ■ '"''■■■■■■-... ■ ■■;■ -■ \-'':^.':---"' :■•■■■ ^'H^
At the^utset, I will call attention to two theories that have been put
forward, but which on examinkion^ I think, will be found iiisufficient
for the purpose. The/; j/ is that the Niagara River has been a factor in
the Island formatibn in this way. ir is ^d that the direction of the
river at its mouth is in a line with ScaWoro' Heights, that the great
volume of water makes straight across the lake, strikes the north shore,
defffects to the west, and carries along the material from the Heights, of
which the Island is formed. I heard' a gentleman say that this was the
Mr. Richardson is dead.
vf.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTB.,
[Vou I.
piXKlucing cause, and that the portlbn of the Island arourtd where the
lighthouse stands was the first to make its appearance.
To disprove this theory, it is only necessary to say that the velocity of*
the waters of the Niagara River at its mouth is not sufficient to transport
the weighty materials of whi^h the greater part of the Island is formed.
To move the heavy shale, which forms a considerable part of the Island,
would require a velocity of from five to eight feet per second. So that,
if it lost none of its velocity in crossing it would not be able for the work.
But that is in the region of the unthinkable. It is pretty well established
that the temperature of the water of the Niagara River is raised „one or
more degrees, by the concussion of the Falls and the rough treatment it
receives in coming through the rapids; It would, consequently, be
lighter than the water of Lake Ontario, and, would spread out, to a cer-
tain extent, over the surface, and thus, through increased friction, lose a.
part of its velocity: This has been well established by the factthat after
great freshets that have be6n sufficient to give turbidity to the water of
the river, it has been noticed that five miles out from the shore the dis-
colored watrt- has extended five miles to the east and west. By the time
-it v/ould get across it w o u l d b e-a m c r c attenuated film o n thp surf a ce oL^
the lake, weak in its current and subject to the influence of every '^ breeze
that blwvs." So that we may hardly look for it to gather up its dissi-
pated energies fo^ the herculean task of building up the Island. But the
' very fact that thi Niagara River deposits its detritus in a bar near its
own mouth ought to be sufficient evidence that it will not have strength
to load up again when it gets across to this side. Mr. Fleming says "such
a theory is wild and incapable of defence, though some are bold enough
to venture it." , V*
The other theory is that the material has been brought down by the
Don, Humber and other streams to the west. But this theory fails as far
as the Humber and Mimico Rivers are concerned, inasmuch as there is a
depth of 90 feet of water between the outlet of the Bay arid the Light-
house Point, across whicli it would be impossible to transport the ma-
,terial of the Island without leavingfsome traces on its route..
And if the Humber has excavated its huge channel for 30 miles or
more in length, and from J^ to >^ a mile in width, an.d from 100 to 200
feet in depth, without contributing directly to the formation of the Island,
we may naturally suppose the same of the Dbn, '
I say directly, because I believe tiiese streams ha^ft contributed to the
' stfatum of clay that underlies the Isfand arid extends out to an unkiiown
listanccf into the lakei
;C!
.-. „^f ill I^ORMATlOei or TORONTO l»UltD. 3
In this connection, it is interesting to investigate the history of these
streamsA And, in order to do so, it will be necessary for us to go back to
a period anterior to the subsidence of the waters to their present level
All indications point to an ancient lake beach at the foot of the cliff or
terrace, which is situated just north of the present limits of Toronto, and
which runs parallel with the shore at a distance ranging from nothing at
Scarboro' Heights to two or three or more miles in other places The
evidence is pretty strong that the water remained at this level for a some-
what lengthened period, And here I must call 'attention to a difference
of opmion entertained by our two previously ' mentioned friends Mr
. Flemmg and Mr. Hind. Mr. Hind interprets Mr. Fleming to say,'that
#at the time of the subsidence of the /water to its present level the' Don
began to exist. Mr. Hind takes exception to that view, and I think cor-
rectly _ For we cannot imagine the large section of land, forming nearly
the whole of this Province as at present, without any water-courses. But
on the contrary, the first acre that appeared above the siirface of the water
• would have its miniature streams, and, as the continent gradually emerged
, from the water, these channels would become longer and broader and
deeper. And I believe that when the lake stood at ^s former level, the
Don, Humber and other streams existed pretty nJii as they do nOw
the only difference being that their mouth's were situ^ at the then ex-
isting shore-line. Remember^! do not say that Mr.ileming says what
Mr. Hind says he does. \ / -^«— ^
Now, we can easily discover wW became of the immense amount of
detritus brought down by those sti^ams. It formed the present site of
Toronto, and the -stratum ofclayth^t extends' out under the Island and
toan indefinite distance beyond. The sandy portions we find deposited
first near the ancient beach and the clay farther removed.and as we
would naturally expect, the Humber being "the mightier of the two
rivers, the greater was the amount of material brought down and the
more wou4d the bed of the lake be filled up, so we find the land higher
in proximity to the Humber, afid the descent is from the west to the
east. This accounts for the numerous ravines that^were washed out in
the present site of Toronto after the subsidence of the water, all having
a^general direction from N.W. to S.E. One word more as to what caused
the subsidence of the water to its present level. The writers I have pre-
viously referred to, do not throw much light on that part of the subject
but, fortunately the President of the American Association for the Ad-
. vancement of Science; in a lecture delivered in this city last year
showed very conclusively that it was owing to the melting away of an'
immense glacier or ice-field that extended along our northern shore and
cut off the exit of the water by the ^t. Lawrence. Previous to that time,
I
TRAMIAUTIOMI Of TUB UAMADIAM INBTITU'nL
\
[VpL. I.
it is supposed the water of the great chain of lakes found its way to the
sea by an outlet in a south-easterly direction, throujjji Rome— this is not
the one wc near so much about in politics— and Utica, and down the
Hudson River. When this jjreat barrier melted away, the outlet took iU
present course, atid the lake assumed its present level.
On the subsidence of the lake to its present level, all the Don and other
streams had to do was to excavate from their former terminus to the new
shore line. And I would call the attention of my hearers to the much
more ancient appearance of the banks of the Don, for instance, in what
I may style the old part than the new. This may be very well seen on
some of the C.P.R. bridges that\happen to be near or at the terrace.
* Now, having told you how th^ bland was not formed, I shall endeavor
to tell you briefly how it was forined ; and, in doing so, I shall keep very
close to Mr. Fleming's expositioti of the case. The other writers referred
to all give Mr. Fleming the credit for first enunciating the true solution
of the problem. And I cannot di^ better than call your attention to a
copy of some of the maps and drawings that he has used to explain his
■theory. . ^ .--^^ 'v '..V'' .
The limited time at my disposal will only allow me to make brief
reference to the salient features of the probable solution.
First, the material of which the Island is formed came originally from
the Scarboro' Heights; ' ^
Second, the mechanical force whkh transported the material to its
present resting place was the storm action of the waves, which is now as
active as ever. *
In proof of the first premise we find the material on all parts of the
Island to be identical in its nature with that composing the Heights :
Prof. Pike informed me that he had made an examination of the material
from both places and he found them to be of the same geological forma-
tibn. Then its continuous connection, until recently, with those cliffs to
the east, is also evidence to the same effect.
■ ,..-■ ♦ ■■.■■".■
In proof of the second premise, we have the well authenticated fact of
the gradual extension of the Island'to the westward. Mr. Hind points
.out that previous to his time it was ascertained that thirty acres had been
addttiio Lighthouse Point from the time of the first surveys. I was
credibly informed, a few days since, by art old citizen thatj he remem-
bered when the Lighthouse was clo?e to the beach.
Wave action on a beach is tolerably Well understood. When the direc-
tion of the wave or wind is perpendiclular to the beach the eflfect is entirely
J889-90.J TKi roRMATiow or tobomto iri,and.
desthict{ve. The waters, In their agitation, become loaded with sand and
other material, whtth it bears aw^y as the waves recede, and which It
deposits at various distances from the shore according to its fineness or
coarseness. Some of it vjfill be carried out to such deep water as to be
beyond the influence of the' waves to bring It back again. This is entirely
destructive. But when the waves inpinge on the bcach«-at an angle it
causefs an Onward movement of the material of the beach. This is clearly
shown In Figures I. and II. The particles held in .suspension are thrown
up th? Incline in the direction of the .wave, and when the force is spent
It moves back tov^r^s the water-line in the most direct course, that is per-
pendicular. The lighter parts will be carried higher and moved to a
greater distance forward as shown in Figure 1 1. Thus we find the fine
sand away to westward, while the'heavler portions remain along the bar
In front ot Ashbridge's Bay.
During violent storms, astonishing changes take place In the beach. A '
summer sojourner at Balmy Beach informed me that, during the great
storm of 1885 or 1886, when the Lake Shore Road, near the Hu'mber,
was washed away, the whole of the beach from the Heights to the head
of Ashbridge's Bay, with the exception of a few hundred feet in front of
his own place, was washed away. The same gentleman Informed me
that large boulders, scflRpfmes weighing hundreds of pounds made tb«ii:,
appearance after storms and bedame permanent landmarks, unless taken
by the pleasure-seekers of the locality to form rockeriifes to adorn- their
front yards* \ • ' ', j.
■ ' ■■■■ -, ■ ■■ ■.''":/^v:
This shows the great transporting power of water When in motion.
But proof of that need hardly be cited, at this day whert some of the
greatest disasters to life the world has ever known, have jbeen attributable
to the uncontr611ed fury of water when broken loose frolm its /bounds, as,
for instance, the Johnstown disaster. , . v I _^ _ _ , ^^ t^
i;
Mr. Sandfbrd Fleming supposed that when the last s^bsidehce of water
took place, instead of there being an abrupt cliff a,t Scarboro', as at
present, the land fell off in east slopes to the water's ed|^e, as shown
in Figures III. and IV. Then, oWing to the long^reach of 180 miles of
Jake to the east, the immense waves raised by the; easterly winds began
to produce their abrading effects Ion said promontory, and the abraded
material was carried and deposinri to the west, forming a spur, as in
Figure V. The same action continuing produced results as shown in
Figures VI., Vll., and VJill., untillWe have our present harbor. . .
Mr. Hind takes objection slightly to Mr. Fleming's View of the pro-
montory extending such a distanGc&intp the lake. He bkses hU objectioli
I \
TMMfACTIONa Or TUB OAMADIAN INNTITUTK
IVOL. I.
f
i .
oh the fact that the depth of water at aboiit one mile from shore U 48
feet,— I verified this fact myself last summer, so that there has been little
change in 40 years,— and this he considers to be below the depth at which
wave action would be felt, or produce much cflTect, And this seems rca*
sonable,^ for at a distance of about 2000 feet from shore we meet with a
ridge, the top of which is only about 26 feet below the surface, although
on either side it quickly falls away to 33 feet. Now, if the waves had
much of an erosive effect at over 26 feet in depth, it would probably remove
the top of this ridge, but I found i^ there last summer jyst where Mr.
Rust found it several years ago when taking soundings of that part of
the lake. j 1
But, on the other hand. It occurs to me that if the cliff had formerly
extended only a few hundred or even a thousand feet farther south than at
present, the bar which now encloses Ashbridge's Bay, would have Ijeen
driven right on the mainland and have formed a beach, as there api-
pears to have been no stream there sufficient to head it off, as the
Don might be capable of doing when it got further west. However,
this is not a point of vital importance to the existence of the Island.
It may be claimed that storms from the west would have a coun-
teracting influence. Of course they would, but onjy in the ratio of
40 : 180, other things being equal. And this, no doubt, accounts for
the somewhat peculiar coast-line on the city side of the Island. High
and low lake level periods, which have been known to recur at irregu-
lar intervals, also had something to do with the ^irregularity of the
said coast-line. According to the American Engineer's Report, between^
the years 1825 and 1838, Lake Ontario rose nearly 7 feet and Lake
Erie nearly the same, which would change the appearance of the Island
very much. But it is not necessary to pursue that phase of the subject
further. •■'■. .;^-; ', -" ^""" .:^ ' ■ ; '■■■■■■'
the phenomena of travellin^beaches and deposits, similatlo the one
under consideration, are by no means rare. One, on a small scale,
that came under my own observation, and with which many of you
may be familiar, occurs near Grimsby, at what is called the lily pond.
The cliffs to the east consist of drift clay containing small fragmentary
portions of rock entirely unwater-v/orn. As the cliff becomes under-
mined, portions break loose and fall into the water. The clayey por-
tions become dissolved, and are carried out to be deposited on t^ lake
hottom, while the fragmefftary rocks become water-worn, and are driven
westward where they have formed a ridge ^six or eight feet in height
and fifty feet in width across the mdath of the pond, leaving the open-
ing;at the very western side^__ |
W8900.1
TttI rOBMATlOW or TORONTO ISLAND.
Another place I viHited Ust nunimer, viz.: Irundequoit Bay, near
Rochester, presents a similar feature. Mr. Hind calls attention to It in
1^54. He sjiys that the opening was then ^ of a mile farther west than
it was formerly, and was becoming shallower, '
The mouth of the Aux Sables, in Lake Huron, presents a rcmarkablie
illustration of the onward progress of a beach in the direction of the
prevailing winds. ' ' -v
Rondeau Harbor, in Lake Eric, is almost a fac simile of Torcmfj
Harbor, and many other examples will occur to you on a littl4|leflcctioh;
If I had time, I would like to call attention to the formation of the
marsh. In the early history of the Don, no doubt, it poured its waters
directly into the lake, while the spur, shown in Figure V., was in its
Infancy, and, at the time it was following Greeley's advice Under the
powerful influence of the easterly storms, the Don was also .trying to
obey the same injunction by turning, if not its face, at least its mouth
toward the west. But the embryo Island prow more rapidly and soon
overhauled the Don, and after a lengthened period of high lake level
during which time the young giant was working unseen, came a period
of low level, when the Don found its progress menaced by the spit of
sand running northward to near the site of the old windmill. I have ex*
amined various maps of Toronto for the purpose of obtaining light on
this part of my subject. The earliest is Bouchette's, which was made in
1793- This shbws that the bar running northward had entirely clMcd
the present mouth of the Don, and that another mouth existed about
halfway between the mainland and the present gap. At this time, I
believe, began the deposits which formed the marsh. - * \ *
Mr. Lawson, tea merchant, King Street, informs me that he rememWs
both mouths, the latter being called the big mouth. A '
Jefore the Island affordect the protection it does at present these
months may have been constantly shifting, and at times both-^ay have
been closed up. Indeed, some writers tell us distinctly that such has
been the case, and that the vvater of the Don had no visible out- let, but
made its way out by filtration through the bar. At such a time sedi^
meritation would goon rapidlyi -.v
This is pretty much my own theorj- — at least I don't saddle it on any
one else, though others may have a prior claim to it.
However interesting the subject of the Island formation may be to the
s dentii^t, Island preserv a tion is of f a r gre a ter intere s t to the financier an d
busines^.man of Toronto. The rep9rts that reach us of the destruction
going oh at the east end of the Islaild are of an alarming character, and
it behooves our city guardians to tajice steps for its preservation before
aftur beautiful Island wiish(K from our sight
V-. ,
DravMns •bowing the D«f*lobment ©f Toronto Harbor.
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