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1 2 3

THE PATRIOTIC PARTY

VERSUS

THE COSMOPOLITE PARTY;

OR, IN OTHER WORDS,

RECirEOCAL IREE TEADE,

VERSUS

^CIPROCAL EPtEE TIUDE:

FROM THE WRITINGS OF

ISAAC BUCIIAJNAN,

OF IHE " URnWH COLONIST," VlULmiEt, AT TURuNTO '■°«»"''O.NDE.Wg

■'"'irv'rLJ'r'.'.^'^lV'''"'''^'''''"' '" ^^'"^ ^'^'-^ ^^^^' ^^^•'^ '^^^l'«' ^^'« (.•ANNOT«UPPC..K
FRfcL TRADL, l.N«LAM), Ai^ llEiyc; POSSESSED NOT OKI.V OF MOST CAPITAL BUT MO^T
IM).;STRY. MUST HAVE THC AUVANTA.a-: OVER ALL THE NATION. OF THE EART^,^
/r^, m Buchanan', statanent of IToUclionU views, cU the „pcnin. of the Irnpnial Parliame,,, in
JaKuaru, 1847.

TORONTO

PttlKTED By SCOBU.: & BAL

1848,

FOUR, KING STREET.

INTRODUCTION.

Tbk Publishers of the following collection
have in view to shew, that the great end of
Government (the employment of the working
classes and their elevation), cannot be at-
tained but by tlie creation of a patriotic, native,
or practical party, to oppose the cosmopolite,
foreign or theoretical doctrines, which have
become fashionable lately. They hope, how-
ever, this will not be viewed as a parly thing,
for the principles of the British Coloniat remain
free as they have ever been, from any leaning

to men, farther than they have been viewed,
as the best inslnuninilx of practical patriotism.
They understand that individual to be a pa-
triot who makes tv'o blades of corn grovr where
only one grew before, and who secures to the
grower llie (ireutcst. price, which can bo per-
manent, or in other words, which is con-
sistent wit;, the general prosperity of the
country.

Turonio, April, 1843.

Copy of a Despatxli from Governor-General ihe
Earl of Cailicart, K. C. fi., to the Right
Hon. IV. E. Gladstone.

Government House,
Montreal, January 2Sth, 184C.
Sir,— My attention having been very ear-
nestly called, by the members of the Executive
Council of this Province, to the apprehenwons
they havebeen leil lo entertain, by discussions
which have recently appeared m the English
newspapers, pointing strongly to a change in
the Corn Laws, I am induced at their earnest
desire, even with no better foundation, to bring
the subject under yourconsideration by the mail
which leaves iliia uight, as tlie opportunities
for communication at this season are so
unfreqnent, as to produce inconvenient delays.
The Provi ice of Canada is so vitally interest-
ed in the question, that it is a duty of the Execu-
tive of the I'lovuu'o lo ur;^e on the consideration
of Her Majesty's Ministers, a lull statement of
the uece;.sity of continuing* protection, to the
colonial tiade in wheat ami llour, and of the
elFect of any changes by which the piotectiou
hitherto given would be taken away.

The improvement of the iiiler;ial communi-
cations by water in Canada, was undertaken
on the sirenijth of the advanta'ie of exporting
to England our surplus wheat and (lour by Que-
bec. iShouid no such advantage exist, the rev-
enue of ttie Province to be derived from the
tolls would fail. The means of the Province
to pay principal and interest on thodebt guaran-
teed by i'/iglaud would be dimmiHlu'd, and the
general proijperity of llie Pioviuce would be so
materially atiecled, as to red ;co its revenue
derived from Conimereu, thus rendering it a
possible case, tliit the t;uarantee given to the
public creditors, would have to be resorted to
by them for the sulisiaction ot their claims.
The iarger portiuft,neai!y rd! of t!t3 surplus
produce ot Canada, ii jirown in the western
part of it ; an I it an enactment similar in
principle to the Duties Drawback Law, should
pass Congress, penniliiug ('anadian product!
to pass throu;jh llie United iSlates for shipment,

and the Enclish market was open to produce
shippeil fiom American ports, on as favoura-
ble terms as if shipped Irom Canadian ports,
the larger portion ol the exports of Upper Ca-
nada would tiiid its way through the canals of
the state of New- York, instead of those of
Canada, leiuiering the St. Lawrence canals
compariUively valueless. The effect of the
Duties Drawback Law has been to transfer the
purchase of sugar, tea, and many other goods
to New- York, trom whence nearly all of these
articles for the supply of Upper Canada are
now imported.

ShouKI such a change in the export of Canadi-
an produce take place, it will not only injure the
Canadian canal and forwarding trade, but also
the snipping interest engaged in carrying
the.«.e articles Irom Montreal.

A change in the Corn Laws, which would
diminish the price the Canadian farmers can
now obtain, would greatly alloct the consump-
tion of Ihitish rnaulaclures in the Province,
which must depeiul on the means of the fai-
niers to pay for them. An increased demand
and consumption has been very perceptible
for the last two yeais, and is mainly attiibu-
table to the flouishing condition of the .agri-
cultural population of Upper Canada,

Even if a lelaxalioii of the system of pro-
toftion to the colonies is to bo adopted, il is
of intinito cooieipiene,! that it should not be
sudden. The ruin that such a proceeding
would cause, is incalcuable.

The political conseqiii'iices !is to the govern-
ment of the colony involveil in the loregoing
su;rges!ions, are sulhcieiitly obvious (viz. —
alienation from the Mollior Countiy, and
annexiliun lo otir rival and enemy, the United
Slate.->.i, as also must be those arising from the
trade ol Upp'T Canada, being as i( were trans-
ferred from Montreal to Nmv-York, This lat-
ter con.Hideialion beloius, ho.vevi'r, less to the
operation of I he Corn Laws, ihouiih partially
connected with that branch of the pubject.

I trust tiie importancd of these observations
will form a sutUcient apology for ray inirud-

ing them tipon you at this time ; but as the
•abject to which Ihey refer will, in all proba-
bility, ensago the early attention of the Bri-
tish Parliament, I have tlioui^lit it riylit that
you should have some previous knowledge of
the bearing any such mrtusuro would have on
the interests of this colony.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) CATHCART.

MEMORANDOM TRASMITTED PROM
NEW YORK BV Mk. ISAAC BUCH-
ANAN, TO MOST OF THE INFLU-
ENTIAL POLITICIANS IN ENG-
LAND.

New York, 1 December, 1817.
By the nrrivals from the West Indies I see
that the Planlers are up m arms, as miijht rea-
sonably be expected, nguingt the iMi^rlish Navi-
palion Law.-', and if I inistuke not, iho dissatis-
faction expressnd at the general condiMoii into
which Sir R')bert Peel's Free Trade has
phinged the Sugar Colonie?, will soon take the
form of disaflfoction. I am satisfied that look-
ing only to their material interests, the sooner
the West Indies become a purt of the United
States the better, and when I add to this tiie
horror which as a Colonist, I myself feel, at
having my interests li;ible to be pluyid with,
bv such mcp as are now called Stilesmen in
England, I scnrcely see the pn-;sil)ility, of any
of England's Cilonies in tiie Western Ilemis-
plierc, being lung retained by her, al hough the
Qneen has not at this moinoiil more loyal sub-
jects, or eubjeeis who wonld ^trugule so much
or so effectually for the integrity of the Empire,
if they were not abused.

It becomes ♦hen a vital question, how to
have the Colonies to England? This is vital aa
regards tiie interests and t'eelings of tiie Colo-
nists, tor they are still satisfied that they could
bo better off attached to England, and thry
would be prowd to remain so, but it is an infi-
nitely greater and more vital question, as it
affects the artificial millions in England, if, as
I believe sincerelv, England's only chance of
anything approaching Free Trade, is in extcn-
•>i(»n of Empire. My firm persuasion is that the
same blockheadtsm among our Peel and Whig
Statesmen that has all but lost England her
Colonics, has even more nearly brought the
mother country herself, into a condition of the
most fearful social convnUion, any country
ever experienced either in ancient or modern
times; and I see clearly that a remedy could not
HOW be attained by simply a retrograde move-
ment from Free Trade. Politicians have so
debauched the Public mind, which they found
weak fiom the depressed an;*! dependent cir-
cumstances of the workin" classps?-. th^t tho
Public would not have patience (indeed they
could not afford to have patience,) till o frra-
dual revival is effected. It is only the consu-
mers in England that are rich. The labouring
ttcu tt ee de)>cndeBt tiiai a temporary

cessation of employment is death to their
famili'^s. liesiJts, the change to a principle
o^siljisltneas for our own labouring clatieif or
pro' eel ion, we mu^t at once get the foreign
exchanges turned, or do away with gold be-
ing necessary to the currency, otherwise we
can have no confidence and little trade— we
cannot do the former. (We cannot turn tho
exchange.) We must therefore do the latter.
Delay is death to thou>ands of the labouring
classes, and death too I am firmly of opinion to
every institution of England, not excepting tho
Crown !

I leave to others what appears to me the
dangerous policy of not -speaking out the truthi
or what they believe to be the truth, on the
subject of England's prospects. In a paper
published in the Newspapers at Home, at the
opfMiing of last session of Parliament headed
".V<iio lirUish Colonial Stfstem" I showed
what I then believed and still think ought to be
done. From that paper I quote the following
details.

[Hfyefolln-ws the proposition for a great Bri-
tish Free Trad'; League, or Zollverein, which
amj nation could at any time join, by agreeing
to reciprocate. This we give below. See
Jiflcenth page.*]

But I have expre<!sed above my opinion, now
/o ip, that more js now tvantrd to save Eng-
land, for under Sir R. Peel's Currency Bill of
1819 it would be a lotig time before we could
got the foreign exchansres turned in our favour
and until they are so, England's Banking sys-
tem is praciically like a clock that has run
durrn. I therefre view it to bo vital that we
animate into active and permanpnt existence,
England's banking system, (the life's blood of
hor trade and her means of enijiloying her pop-
ulation,) in the only way this can be done, vizr
imikiiig gold not necrsntry in the circulation.
The issue of One Pound Notes sufficiently se-
cured; but not payable in gold, would at once
restore confidence and give the country time to
breathe, till (he homely principles of protection
to native liibuvr, which I advocate, have time to
develope themselves, which (i would etake my
existence on it,; they would do more and more,
till every industrious man conhl make sure of
permanent employment, which I would view
an infinitely greater glory to England, than the
increase of hundreds if millions, to the over-
grown capitals of tho upper classes or capita-
list!-, which under Sir Koher: Peel's Billof 1819,.
ere forineil into a class of middle mtn, sucking
the heart's blood of the industrious as much or
more than the middb; men by whom Ireland is
cursed. Ca|)i:alist9, in fact, in England are
by Sir Robert Peel's bill of 1319, converted
into a curf;e to the country instead ot being the
greatest benefactors of her industry.

The chief pacticat danger arises from Par-
liament's ignorance of the (juestion of currency,
and Sir R.'^Pcel being atiacked on hw bills of
I34t and 1845> the restrictions of which I
would retain a^ most wholesome, allowing »
wnarU amount of paper to ba a legal tender, bol

'ontractmg its issue as at present. Sir Robert
Tocl will have an easy victory over his oppo-
nontF. because they raise the wrong question, und
England bolbre unoiher Parliament can bu jrot
together, will imvo been the scene of bloodshed,
lor men cannot be e.vpectoil to starve, or at all
uvonta Ihey will not see their families starved,
Mod etiU remain quiet.

ISAAC BUCHANAN.

\\ S. It h either gross ignorance ot' tlio
ruhjcct ofthi; ciirrencj/, or groit,fr iniquity Cor
men to pretend that by a paper circulation, von
must necessarily dcpn.i'iato ihe currcficy. You
of course will luivolho Bank Nolo less valuable
than the Sovircign, at all titnoa when tlic
foreign exchanges are agamst England, whidi
will be conlinvdlly under a free trade system ;
but, you will have at such timcf, labour and
every othor property in the countrv, iqually
dcprccialcd. These are now so. The (.liject
IS to see that the note ia not depreciated aa
compared with (isatpar with in fact) the gene-
ral commodities. At present, the note being
t^iuai to gold (which is in demand and (here'-
fore scarce,) buys too many days or hours of
ihe poor man's labour, and leaves hia family
:»oggars. Tiie note may be retained at par,
'.nth land or any other (jrnperiy, (except gold
It a fixed price,) in the following way, as I
nave so often before detailed.

•' Having made the note of the Bank of Eng-
land a legal tender tveryvv'here but at tiia
Bank Counter, grve ihc Hank the choice of oiT-
4'ring (is a legal tender its notes, endorsed by the
Government, lo the extent of (the public debt;
i.o the Bank) t'ouneen millions, on condition
:hat no such issue be made, without havimr ft
Sovereign in the Bank to represent each pound
aote given o'jt."

I would bind the Bank never to hold less than
:en millions of ypccie, but I would double the
Bank'g c^ipilaL The. paper in such case wovld
'>e a certificate of deposit of gold, but the liold-

•r could not gel it except at the market price
I WOULD NOT MAKt) THE LEAST
iillANGE IN THH LAW, beyond what the
.ibovc indicates, fori view the retention of Sir
Ji. Peel'a restrictions of 1314 and l;]i:j, nearly
.IS vital as the sweeping away of his gold stand-
ard of laui. Ill this 1 dilTer from "most cur-
rency Reformers, but, these are generally free
traders, who!i) consistency makes opu, )so tlie
! ruth, and ilie word *' Putrioti^ni' I fear, ia
awaniingin the lic.ionary of FreoThinkera or
Cosuiupulites, in cuumLrciul as well ; a i-elio-j.
o.i.i matters, whose practical inlidelity lea'ds
thein to believe in no aysteni (chaog) instead of
to propose better systems. 7'A.y belirve it
/net in nothing (!) that exists or ever wd! exist,
.S.ich men were easily krpf under by Sir Hubert
I'eel, while he s ood on the rock of the prin-
ciples he forniprly^ profes..ed. Alaa tijul he
=!i)iild not, have iKidcr.jond tiiat it, wa.sijt."er
.idinitied ny tht'se pnnci lea th:it by a uiaii'a
•l;jjasing himself and di^bauching hia ass,)- iatus,
ic couli by possibility save his couiitry, a

uuatry of wh ee character he was tbe coi,sti-

tutional expression to the world, and whose
(Government never asked for support except lo
the extent it was uu embodiment of what w

right.

My patriot countiyman Fletcher, understood
things better, and of him it is recorded that
'• He would lose his life lo serve Hcutland, but,
would not do a base thing to save her,"

REMAIIKS ON FREE TRADE.

From the BriMi Coloniat, July 7th, 1816.

It appears, iVom the debates in the Imperial
Parliament, and recent remarks of some of our
eouteiiiporaries in this province, that eonsidor-
ablo misapprelit'iisioa cvisls in relation to tlio
action taken (Imiii^r the lulu session, by iho
Canadian Legislature, on the ipiestionof thu
pro| osed alterations in iho English corn laws.

For some lime before the session of the
Piovincial Lc;Liisla!iire was openetl, tiie inten-
tion of the Inip.'rial (rovermneiit, to elfect by
the aid of Parliament very important chan"'ed
ia the corn lawsj was publicly known ; and
accordingly, on the •lH\\i January last, Earl
Catlicait adiliessed his celebrated despatch to
the Colonial Secretary, ilepiecatiiig such
changes generally in the interest of Canada.
This despatch was written by the advice ef the
Executive Council of the pioviuee, the mem-
bers of which eiileitained the most serious
apprehensions as to the effect the proposed
eliaugijs would produce on fie interests eom-
niittei} to their care. It was tins despatch that
called forth, I'lom tlieColonial Department, Mr.
(iladslone's celtbialed tiespatcli (No. 32),
dated 3rd March, 181(), in which he informs
the Governor (General of the intentions of the
Imperial (iovernmeut, in relation to the corn
and timber diuies. The publication of this
la.-t despatch, in Canada, caused the greatest
possible sensation. The people were taken
completely by surprise ; and as they consi-
dL-ieil that the (Jovernnient measure would,
without doubt, be hurried through its different
stages ill the Imperial Parliament^ with the
utmost despatch, they regarded remonstraiico
from the colony as of no avail, and contented
themselves with quietly submitting to what
they coiiceivc'l tlu^y liad not the power to
avert. Had the iiihabiiauts of Canada the re-
motest idea, that so much time would have
elapsed belwetJii tlie introduction of the mea-
sure and its filial disposal by the Imperial
Parliament,— had they the sliahtest hope that
tin; time was .■^ulIil•ient to enable them to be
heaid in either house of parliament, durin"
•ihe pioixresa of the measure, — instead of the
sullen silence whieli'licy h.tve obstuveti,they
wonlil have asscmbie.l in •.heir respective
townships, ciiriities and districts, and united
with one voice in unanimously adoptinir poti-
tionsto the Crown and Parliiiiaeut, praying to
be tre^ited wilii that dtgiee of special favor
which tlioir peculiar ciicumstauces demand,
and which as colonists they an^ by every
piinciple oi'oiiuity utuliuslice^ entitled to vx'-wi

9SttiMlSMHl'9'Li^'ll.

OTcr the foreigner. If raay bo that (hose peti-
tions might litivo had very liltlo importance
attached lo ihern, if sunt homo. Thuy iniyht
be replied to in a siiiiiliu tnaiitior to tlio an-
swer iraiismitted to thu llaiiiiltoii Hoiird of
Trade, — but allliou;,di ihey iniuht not iiilliieiieo
the jjovenimeiit in the piONOciilioii ol'itH course,
ill carryiiij^ il.s I'avoi ita measure thron^^h itio
parliament, lliey would at least have had the
edoet of shiel lin;^ iho (.'anadian people froiii
mifirepreseiitalioii, in either houi^e, and of
jjlacin^ before the public what tiieir real sen-
timents are on llio very important point at
isHue.

It becomes matter of leas surprise that iho
silence of the (.'anadian pe()[)le has been eon-
t-truod into willing cuM-<ijnt, when we bad tha
the openly declared sentimenls of the Legis-
lative Assembly of tlio Province, have been
wilfully and ])reverfely rnisin!erpreted and
misapplied. In each and every of the ad-
dresses of the Loitislalive Apsenibly, on iho
corn (piestion, which were Iransmilted to
London dnrins.' the late session, the contem-
plated changes, so far as they relate to this
province, were not only not acquiesced in but
strongly deprecated. These addresses were
of conr.so conlincil to an expiession of opinion
as to the probable effect which the measure
would have on those interests which it was
the peculiar duly cf the L(!gislative Assemblj'
to watch over and protect. They wore not
even treated with common fairness by the
home f^'overnmenl. They wercMised for pur-
poses diaraetiically opposed to ihose t^or which
tliey were avowedly intenih'd. The senti-
ments conveyed in Lord Calhcart's despatch
of 28th January, are emphatically the senti-
ments of the ureal body of the people of the
province; and had that despatch been laid
before the Assembly, on 26th ?.Tarch last,
along widi that of iVIr. Gladstone, in reply to
it, we do not entertain th(.' shadow of a doubt,
but that the adihess of the Legislative Assem-
bly to the Queen, which was on th;it day
(26lh March) adopted, in refereiice to the com
duties, would have echoed every sentence
which Lord Cixthcart's despatch contains.
We can, however, conci-ive adequate '•'.'asona
foi not laying his Kxceliency's despatch be-
fore the legislature at that lime.

In addressing the Assembly on 26th M.trcl!,
the members of the Executive Government
were fully aw-are of the term.'s of the despatch
which, by their advice, the Governor General
had sent to Englaiul on 28th January ; and
insteail of asking the Assembly to concur in
an address contaiiungsc'utitnentscnlirely simi-
lar to tbo«e conlainetl in tliat (k'spilcli, they
jjought merely tlie concurrence ol'thatloJy in
an address to the Queen, deprecating the pro-
posed chaiiiies, and praying her Majesty, i:i
1:10 event of tlieir bv-iiig linal'y ma\o, to admit
Canadian Hour at a nominal duty of L!. per
qnaiter, instead of Is., as projjosed in Sir
Robert Peel's measure. Can it bo believed
that this very aildress was used by her Rfa-
j'Sty'a ut.vcru!iio..t in England,, to show ibui

the Canadian Assembly aotnally concurred in
the proposed corn measure j that the only
alleration thoy desired in it, was the admission
of their own products at the lowest nominal
duty ; and that they dissented from the terms
of Lord Calhcart's despatch, — a despatch
which, at that time, the Assembly had not
even seen! Such conduct is paltry in the
extreme ; but it was soon delected. Whatever
may bo the result of the measure, the colony
owes much lo Lord Stanley, Lord George
P>entinck and ethers, who stood boUlly forward
in defence of their cause in this hour of need.

But although the homo government endea-
voured lo misrepresent tlie feelings of the
legislature anil people of Canada, in reference
to the address cf the Assembly of the 26th
March, ami to put that address forward as a
disavowal on the part of the Assembly of the
sentiments con'ained in f^ord Calhcart's des-
patch of 2Slh January, already referred to, it
did not avail much. For while Earl Darhousie
was making the attempt in the Housoof Lords,
the second Address, adopted by the Assembly
of Canada on 12lh May, had reached London.
Its arrival created quite a senantion ; and it
was brought to light by the watchfulness of
Lord George Benlinck, in the House of Com-
mons, and by the diligence of the' leading
journals, more particularly the London Stand-
ard, to the no small disappointment of the
government.

Tho conduct of Mr. Gladstone, in withhold-
ing from the Earl of Dalhousie all knowledge
of that Address, when his lordship was en-
trusted with the care of the government mea-
sure in the House of Loids, cannot be regarded
in any other light than as being highly repre-
hensible ; for had Lord Dalhousie been put in
possession of that address, when moving the
second reading of the corn bill, his lordship
would have been spared the disagreeable ex-
posure which has resulted from its conceal-
ment ; and he would,, mo'eover, have abstained
from alleging; the nourrence of the Canadian
Legislature in a t..;, ^ure to which they were
notoriously deeply opposed.

It will bo remembered that the address fO'
which we have reference is the one brought
forward by Mr. Robinson, when the intelli-
gence had reached the province of the corn-
bill having been postponed for some weeks,
in the House of Commons, to admit of the
Irish Coercion Bill being taken up. The time
thus allowed was very appropriately availed
of by the Canada Assembly, and the address
in question adopted and transmitted to Eng-
land. Instead of concurring in Sir Robert

Peel'

, tht

's measure, tno Assembly, in this addrespj
altnbute ihe happiness and prosperity of the
people of Canada, advancing in steady ami
succesafid progression, to the moderate system'
of pro'eelion atljided lo her staple eoinniodi"-
ties— grain and lumber ; and they view with
serious apprehension and alarm, as detrimental
to the best interests of the colony, the adoption
of the proposed principle of commercial inter-
courae,. now u«dec the conaid^rotioa of th«:

(mperial Parliament. Without giving Iho ad- {ireal sources of wealth, which require bu»

dr«4rt mire in ilotail (which oui readeiB can p.Tseveruiire and Hi;er;;y alone foi their proper

nee in full in the Brili^h Colonixt t>i 2'2\u\ May dovolopineiit. It is quite proper to resist, by

1816), we make the following exiraci from it, fvyrvcoiistitulioiiii! tneams our Iteinir deprived

to ahow the ooincidtMico ot opinion whicli of atlvaiitasus ajiparciit or real, which we may
Hxisted between the Assemhly and Loid Catii

aireiidy passes.*; liul, once dfjirivud of them
carl, a* contatned in Ins lorilslnn'^ ili^si)aic(i by lawful aiit.'iority, it were abject folly logivu
of 28th January,— althoiish that despatch had way to despondoiicy. luMead of that, it is
not, at that time, been known to the A.ssem- just the lime for redoablcd enor;;y — for tracing
bly. The following is the exiraci : out now souiccs of iminisiry and impiovometit,

to make up for llio lo-^ses siHtained, and to
'< It therefore bocDmes our ilnty, ns f.iithfid Rnl)>-

jecfsofyoitr Maj^siy, to point out what we sin-
cerely believe innsl be the result of meiisurt'S
which have for their object the repeal of the iavks
affording proiectioii to llie Canaduin expor' traile
First, it will disrouraje those at present engaijeil

to .

iiicreaso a.i rmioli as possible onr material
weilth. Lot this be the ca-»o henceforward
in Upper Canada, and the industrious will
Burely meet with their due reward.

in agricultural piirsiiils, bom cxtomliiig their ope-
ralions; seconilly, it will prevent the iriUux of

THE EFFECTS OF FREE
TilE EMPIRE.

TRADE ON

respecldble emii^rHiiis from the mother country,

who have for muny years inst settled in iari;.'

numbers on 'he waste lamis in the Province, and Pfom the British Colonist of thi 7lh Julyf IMS.

wboby their inilnsiry and capital, have materially

contributed to Ihjt happy advaiicenient of the
country which we have before jiotiied ; and,
lastly, it is much to be fearej thut should the
inhabitants of Canada, from the withdrawal of all
protectioH to their ataplo products, (iiiJ that they
cannot compete with their n.ii'hbours of the
United Slates, in the only maiket open to ihetn,
thoy will nalurally, of necessity, beyin to doiiht
whether remaining a portion of the Biitish empire
wiUbeoIlhat paiarriuunt advantaije which they
have hllherlo fnund it to be. Tliese, we humbly
hubmit, are coMsiderali'insof grave importance,
Iroth to your Majesty and to the people of this Fro-
vrncej and we trust we need not assure your
Majesty that any changes which woidd lend in the
remotest degree to weaken the lies that have for
so many years, and under trying circumslanres,
bound the people of Canada to that land which
they are proud to call their mother country, would
b«f viewed as the greatest mislorlune which could
befall them."

It will be seen that the Governor Genera!
unA the Executive Council of this province

We intended at first to review the pro-
vincial lei![islativo proceeilinjis on the customs'
act, saparately, and without releienco to the
yeiiuial question of protection or free trade ),
but on further rellection, we fuinid that any
remarks on local le<j;i.slalion, would bo insig-
iiilicant, unless uucumpaiued with a distinct
and full uppreciuliiiti of the piinciples con-
tended for, and a faithful estimite of the con-
aequences bkoly to acciue from tiieir adoption.
The free-trade prooeediiiiis of the Canadian
lesislatiire, ptaiul to the ireiieral question of
free trade in the relation of a pan to the whole.
The invesligalion of a part can furnish no just
conception of the characteristics of all the
parts combined, any more than a whole
viewed in its entirety, is capable of alTordiny
a knovviedgo of the Fpecilic properties of a

Earl; so that the ooiitrasl between the St.
awrence and Eiie canal iiavitration, ex-
pressed in one of Mr. Gladstones's despatches
have, throu2;hout the whole prouness of tlia and echoed by Mr. Cayley and Mr. Draper,
business relatini,' to the proposed chanj^i a, and the views of Canadian protection and
(}(jne all in their power to secure for this colony,

under the circumstances, the t;reatest ailvaii-
■;ageB;lhat after applyiiii,' to their superiors
with but little prosp:^ct of success, the measures
which they proposed and carried in the Fio-
vinctdl Parliament, were thoe meridy which
were imposed upon them by necessitv, and
trom the peculiar circum^lances of the case,
depending for their validity upon the contin-
g^cy of the pioposed imperial act becoming
law. Whatever the result may b<% the go-
vernment and Pa'liamenl of Canada are not
responsible for it ; and however gloomy, in
the eyes of many, the future prospect may bo,
the people must learn to depend entirely and
rtxcliisively on their own exertions, and lo
make up by individual and combined energy
ind mitei prise, what they are likely lo be de-
prived of in the way of legislative protection.
Ttie Parliament may lake away all protection ;
it may impose taxes ami bnrddns ; but it can-
uotdeprrfi} us of our flue noil and climatdi our
•fUadid wator commiuticiaUiodA iuiJ Olhor

reciprocity contained in the addresses of tha
iIou>e of Assembly, are only minute fractions
of the genera' question. In every process of
inquiry, we proceed according to some rule or
standaril of cu nparison, and square our notions
iiccordiuir to tiie extent of our knowledge,
'i'ho protect :o:iist or free trader who conscien-
tiously disdains to measure the arguments of
his antagonist, commits no greater error than
ha who takes a part of the «ubj.ect for the
whole subject, or mistakes the question alto-
gether. It is therefore necessary lo {i[o over
the whole groundwork of protection and free-
trado, and put ourselves in possesHion of
general views, general iiriiiciples, and general
facts, before proceediiiir to criticise what wa»
said or done during the la^t session of the pro-
vincial leiTislaiure, It is only by a compre-
hensive diirest of the whole snbjeet, that we
cm become com|)efeht to pass a correct opi-
nion on any particular part. A machinist
•urreys the whole (itachine, a physician th»
Wbfrftf body, hi}i9t0 iM aiiderlake* tbe repbi*

of tkat portion which in dettmcwl. The com-
mon method of proceeilina, however, in specu-
lative po'iticH, in to take any particular mea-
sure, and dresM it up according to the taste of
the critic. Mr. Ciiyley's resolutions, for
example, are thus procliiimed to be good or
bad, ju8i as tlusy happen to coincide, or not,
with any particular set of iKilioriH, in tliosamo
way that to a di;'«nsed palate a substance ap-
pears sweet or sour without reference to its
saccharine oracideforourt properties. It must
be evident to all who have discernment to dis-
tinguish beiwuon a particular fact, and a jrone-
rai fact deduced from a series of particular
facts, that the value of any opinion is ftxaclly
in proportion to the dei^roe in wliitili it corres-
ponds with views that are based on practical
knowledge ,anil accord wilh sound tlieory.
Now, a general fact caimot be deduced without
first classifyiiii? iho particular facts, neither
can any set of opinions be presumed to bo
correct, before that it has been submitted to a
comparison, with the practical views of stand-
ard authorities and the principles of science.
It would be supereros>atory to ask the ques-
tion — have those who busy themselves most
in the present free trade movement, taken the
necessary trouble to inform themselves suffi-
ciently on the subject, to consult standard
writers and eminent statesmen, and finally, to
classify and arrange the arguments for and
against their opinions, so sis to be able to strike
a'satisfactory balance either in favour of pro-
tection or of free trade ? It is well known that
this general view of the question, is seldom
entertaine(l. Rut as it indicates the only pro-
per mode which ought to I e pursued, and the
only means by which it is possible to arrive
at the truth, we have made h preliminary to a
review of the last sessional proceedings of the
provincial lc<rislatnre.

It may be proper, before entering on the
proposed summary, to notice, that the passage
of the present nieasure of Sir Robert Peel
into a law, will by no means detract from the
necessity and importance of still pressing on
the public mind, the propriety of a more
extended information. The entire repeal of
agricultural protection will iV take placo
until the oxpiry of three yi irf. ; so that a
considerable period is allowed before that any
decided effect can be produced by the opera-
tion of the new tarifV. This is a wise provision,
and there is every reason to calculate that
before the three years expire, there will be a
powerful and wholesome lenction in favour of
the old protective system. Let us not forget
that France had once a Sully, who fostered
her aLfricultural at the expense of her manu-
facturing in<lnptry ; and subsequently a Colbert
who reversed the preference, and directed ail
the national energies into false channels, for
the purpose of augmentinir her mannfaclurinfr
resources and ('driirnercial enterprise. But
after having experienced both extremes, and
flitted her day of political madness in two
opposite tlirections, Franco lias long since
returned to her former sound sense, in this

partictilar at least ; and not only adhere* more
tenaciously now to the principle of protection,
but admits of no preference between agricul-
ture and manufactures as distinct interests.
Let us hope that so it will be with ourselves,
nnd that when our manufacturers and mer-
cliaiils find that, notwithstanding the profuse
liberality of the new tariff, British manufac-
turijd :,'()ods arc still precluded from the mar-
kets of (Jermany, France, Belgium, and the
United States, arul are supplanted in lirar.il,
they will reconsider the nature of protection,
will become awake to the value of a prin-
ciple that they are now incapable of ap-
preciating, and hastily retrace their present
eowse. All the circumstances connected with
the present movement conspire to make this
anticipation the more plausit'lo. Besides an
experiment is necessary. People generally
un(ler?tand actual ocnirencos, or what comes
within the coiinizance of the senses, better
than mathematical certainties, however clearly
or logically stated. It is too abstiact a process
to deduce a result from given facts. Things
must be seen and felt to make an impression.
It is thus that the history ol a political con-
stitutioti is a history of measures enacted and
repealed, of blunders and corrections, of re-
volutionary movements at one time in one
direction, and ai another period in a direc-
tion the very opposite. This contrariness is a
characteristic of legislation and go' ernnaent.
It is occasioned by the antagonism of party
tactics, and the pertinacious and unreflecting
character of pavtizans and political leaders. In
a popular form of government, no shulHe of the
political cards can take place, without impres-
sinff a fresh contradict ion on its administrative
functions and legislative acts. If, then, it is
necessary that public opinion on the subject
of protection and free-trade, should oscillate
between two extremes, before arriving at a
medium, it is reasonable to hope that the issue
of the present movement, will be a return to
sounder views than have hitherto prevailed.
We have had our day of undue agricultural
protection, and we are now about to try the
other extreme of protection to manufactures
exclusively. Sully was wrong, and so was
Colbert ; but their error consisted in sacrificing
alternately one national interest to another by
undue preferences. France never exhibited
during any period of lier history, madness so
2reat,as to prostrate the national industry to
ndvanlacre foreigners. The present position
of Great Pritain is unparalleled. But in order
to comprehend the multiplicity and magnitude
of the consequences involved, and to be able
to pass a correct judgment on the general
que^lion at issue we shall now enumerate the
weiirlity considerations that have been adduced
by standard authorities in political economy,
in favour of protection ; and contrast these
with the absolute biank which exists, on ihe
other side, and the destitution of a single argu-
ment, that can stand the test of impaitial
examination, or quadrate with established
scientific truths. The objections to irreciprocal

free trade are based on the consequences that the price of labour fall* with the fall in the
flow from it. These con«e(iuences are— nrico of footl, it does not again rise when food

ist. Extrrme ond nuUen fiwtmlmis in the becomes .iearer. It is, on the conlrary, kept
priu o//ooc/.— According to Iho pigmy notions down. These results may appear at first viow
of the iroo trade advocates, broiul would bo to contradict iho rule of niipply and iloinatid.
cheap. How does this comport with tho Hut tlie impinvcmontt and iiivor.linns of
fltattismanliko argument of Mr. Ihiskisson, ia rnacliincry, with tho influx o(' th,. Irish njjri-
which the contin^reucios of seasons, and tho culliirnl population into tho munufiicturinjrdis-
caprices of tho governments orcnrn-c;rowina; tricts of Kn^daiid and Scotland must henco-
counlriea are taken into account I Mr. Ihn- fdrth and permanently, by .snpphintin;,' manual
kissoa proved clearly and 8ati>l'actorily. Iliat in ialionraml incrrnsiiiL'tiic supply propoitionully
seasons when coin would bo scarco luilli in ilimini.sli the demand lor if. 'J'lio price of
(iroat Britain and in tlie corn-^rrowiuii countries lal)onr, wlien once rodneed by stich permanent
of Kuropo, these countries wnuKI piohil.it, as opci.itinv' causes is iifierward'i kept down;
they had uniformly done, its expoitation ; ancL and it is (riear tliat when dcnreciated to Die
in providing tor their own necessities, woukF lowest mitiiinnm rate at wliicli it iscnpaWeof
leave the Hiilish to eiicounler all the liorroni siisMiiiiii',' the lalvuirer and lii-^ ianiily, tho
of famine. And that, when tho h;irvest would occasional scarcities that wonl.l be consequent
bo equally abundant at home and abroad, tho on oiir dependence on fnrci'in supplies, would
foreign surplus wuuKl bo {.hipped l.-r l!iu produce iii in;<Tva!s of ficfjU'-nl occnrrenro
Uritisii market, to depress it still more, wliilo sci.'iies of tho most heart-iendin;,' distress,— a»
no British corn would bo adniitliid into any wi^'es couhl not llnclnato upwards to adapt
foreiijn pirt. Thas wo have 000 source (if llcniselves to tlie enhanced price of food, but
extreme lluctiiaiions in tho contin-encv of would ri'nniii :it their fanner nominal, but in
seasons, coupled with the caprices or iieccs- Ihesf allen-d circnmslatiees, ;crn'nily reduced
siliesof foreii;n governments. But there i'? value. It is to protect the laloiiring class
also to bo included the greiit power that would n'/ainst tlie^o frightful exi^jeicies that protcc-
bo acquired, by dexttToiis .*pecnlalors, to jjlay tion is desirable, .vnd to keep hdionr at a per-
:tt hazard with the wanta and necessitiiis of manenlly enhanced value, by regulating the
honest indudlrv. And alsotlie risk of prohi- I'lice of lond.that corn laws ito considered to
bilion in the event ot war. All which causes, be ihe laost inpoitant of all the laws tliat jiro-
would raise and depress the itrice of food, so led national industry.

.IrJ. // sends gold out uf Ihe coitntnj. A
drain of the precious me'alo for the purpose of
exportation, constrains tho Hanks to curtail
their business ; ;ind t!i'' coiij-equence is, emu-
inercial panics, in wlii<'h capital, labour inn!
eri'dit, are merged ia ono common vortex of
ruin.

i'h. D'']irndiin!T (mfmign roinilr'usfjr snp-
jiU's rfj'ond. — 'I'ht-re can be v.u stronger aimi-
uieiit au'ainst irreciprocal tree Iraile, than this

suddenly, and to such extreme degrees, as to
occasion great iiatioiiul sulTerinsr. and in many
instances very f;erions political consequence's.
:2nil. Reduction iftlic nominal and nal price
of labour. — It is no secret that llu! motive
which the great inanui'acliniiig capitalists
have, in desiriii:^: a repeal of the corn laws,
and the object that piom[ited them to join liie
corn law league ami to participate in the dema-
gogue cry oi " cheap bread," is to reduce ila?
leal price of labour, sio as tliey may be enabled
at the expe:ise of the bone* and sinev;s, ami
hungry bellies, a:id ra^'ged garinen's of the
labouring class, to compete with i'oreiirn conn-
tries in the produelinn of cheap maiuiiacturt.'d
goods. Now the pv'ee of l.ibour bears a siriel
relation to the mode of living. In Knu'land,
llie mode of living, owing to the competition
of machinery, is in a downward tendency.
Here is a fact ]5recoded by a genera! rule ap-
plicable to that fa;'t. l?y exteiuliiiL; its appli-
cation, some very satisfactory results may be
obtaiiied. 11 the price of labour is proportioned
to the mode 'of living of the la!");jiing class,
then any ciirumstuuces that will reduce the
priee of tlie sann mode of livin^^, wiil also
operate to reduce ihe price of lal ■nr. This,
observe, is tiie calsrdation made by the capi-
talists. But they slop here ; they go no faillier.
They are satislb.' I if they can only succeed in
rfiibieincT the real ',)rice of la!jour so that cot-
ton can be spun, wove, bleachetl and printed,
cheap enough to enable them to make fortunes
for themselves and families, by nn lersi'lling
foreign competitors. Hov.-evi>r, the downwai "

depeudanc.', ])robali|y cii oiir enemies tor ihe
staple article of fiubsisience. 'J ho scareity
and famine prices duiinu; the last war.shoiiM
warn 11s against commiliinu I'nture mistakes.
\Ve have suro'y not for:;otlen the Berlin de-
CMies. 'J'his is an aru:u!iie!it Oil which the tree
trad(ns oilen stumble. And how do they get
over it ? 'I'ake ai ex implc fioni the speecli
of th'' Karl ol D.ilhou de in the lioiiso of Lords
on the 25th May :—

" Fron thn year ]'i\'2 tiitiie yonr ISM, I'n:;';!riil
was at war with lie' fbiiU'd >tates, the cotmiry
fioni which wo (l''riv»'d inimrasniiibly ilif laiijost
proportion ol nursonpiy oloolloii. \\ Hsilieie any
Moppagf! of till' iaip.orlaioii into laigland of tins
aiiick', l)f!caiue of tho hn.stilitics I I'lir Iroiri it.
(Hear, liear.) Ami a Wka result ia tea wjs extu-
rii-iiceii (iuriri^j thu Chinrso war. And yet ni^b'e
lords wfie in ti/rror at the piosppct of the corn
laws b"ia:j; rcpcalud, fearing lest, if we d('poii(lf'(l
for a siipj)ly of food on foiei;,'!! cnjnitrie.s.our jiopu-
lalioti iiiignt be Iclt to starve, (ib.'ar, lieur.)"

Such sophistry as that displayed by this
free-trade champion is too jialpablo. Every
old woman in the connlrv knows the dilfer-

teMdoiicy of waj^es does not slop here. Though unce, in tiine of war, between a scarcity of

tpa or cotton, and lliat of bread. And any
achriol lioy ca>i tell liow a garrison rn;iy ho
rudiicodh) wuiitot'bidad ; t)iit it would pu/zlo
him to inako out Imw cuitoii or tijaconlil bo
concerned in bringin;; about such an event.

fnh. It croatos iiiid pulH in motion a mass of
human labour and inacliini-ry that camiot bo
kept in couHtant employriuMit.

Ctli. It endau'.'frs tho health and morals of
tho people, by eongrejiatinj? hiunaii beiiij,'s in
lar;?e masHes, and tliereby exposing them to
I>romi-iciiinis and vicioun iutereonrsu, and thii
mortalily of epidemic andeontaj^iou!) diseases*.

Till. It disproportions the burdens of taxation
oil lived incomes and labour.

8lh. It severs iho natural bonds of colonial
allegiance.

9th. It employs foroi;,ni ships, consofpiently
foroii,'n seamen, and trar.siers tho laboui-
i-o(iuired in building and outfit, to foreign
coi'utries.

lOtli. It will break down tho wooden walls of
Old Ungand, and build up those of our ene-
mies.

Thccn are some of tho con'^niinencos. I do
not pretend that wo have done jiLstire to tho
enumeration of them, for they are hurrii-dly
thrown to^vether. But eaeh contains iiiiUter
for a sepanite volume, and food siillieient to
occupy protitably the couitativj hu'idtie.'i of
some who have lent tli'-ir iiilluenee to the pre-
sent movement, without having lirst calculuted
tho risks, or made themselves aeipiainti'd with
tho Ttii!iits of the general (pieslion, and thu
sceral points at issue.
I, We must defer tho contrast for a subsequent
article.

LOSS OF THE COLONIES OF ENGLAND.

['"rom Ihc Scolrh Jlrfhrmrrs^ Gazelle of April
lif/i, ISICi, Pnbiishalalsi in Ihfl Mm-
chcsler Gunrduin, and in manif of tin- prin-
I'ipal Papers in the L'nilcd Kingdom and
the Colonics.

TO THE EUlTOli 01" Till: MANCHESTEU GUAUDIAN.

Glas(;ow, Hlh April, ISIR.

Sir, — As in your aitielo on SatmdaV {Fo-
reign and Colonial Trade) yon grievously mis-
represent tho views, against out-and-out Ireo
trade, wliich I liav(> put fuith in tho Scotch
lirfonncrs^ Gazette, I hope you will not refuse
me the privilege of seltiniv myself right with
tho readers of the Guardian.

Allow mo to say, that thero is not a man in
Vpn-injiji .^yj^op.e Hvrti'ip.thies are more with tho
working classes' than mine are; indeed, I
have always held, that the other classes or
orders in such a society as onrs, are only a
public benefit to the extent that, directly or
indirectly, they are of use and assistanca to
those who laboui for their bread.

My obj«>ction to tho principle of Sir Robori

Pool's legislation, is til.', lie regards tho po-u
only ai consumets, imd legislates for them ool)
in common with the rich. (Mow bloBBcd the
poor would bo to (ind themselves so ar-
cumHtanccd,)

I am of opinion, on the contrary, (as stated
in my h'tter in the Reformers^ Gaxitte
of Itli April,) that, like tlio AmericanH, the
whole ohject of our legidation should be the bene-
fit flflhottc ii'ho labour.

If, then, you and I are both friends of Iho
people, our controversy becomes the friendly
and g(.'nerous one of whose plan shall benefit
them most.

Now, I object to what you call the prinriplr
of free trade, bcanso I do not call it a princi-
l)lo or system at all, but just in trade what
free-thiiiking is in religion, a departure from
all pri ciplu or system, than which tho wor^t
possible embodiment of sincere belief is less
fatal or dangerous to tho commuiuty.

To Sir Robert Peel's tarifT, as reducing tho

proleclioiion rnanufactuiod goods, I would ob-
ject, still more tluui to the removal of protection
to Ihitisli and colonial corn, were it not that
one of the immediate etl'ects flowing from the
latter, viz.,— the loss of tho Hritish North Ame-
rican Colonies— would bu irrc i i^diable.

I frankly admit, however, that with free
trade in manufactures, the retention of a du»y
on foreign corn ought not to be submitted to
by the Hritish artisan.

Theso measures must go together, or toge-
ther be stopped.

If they pass into law, we will not only lose
tho trade of the colonies, but the colonies
themselves ; and, with them, Jir.s'//;/, our naval
Rijpremaey, and, secondly, Ireland.

With regard to tho possibility of retaining
the colonies, f defy the Colonial Minister, or
any one else, to show me any bond of union
l;etween Canada aua England, after free trade
is introduced.

Tho fact i3, that iiinorantly governed as that
colony bus been by Downing-street, the loyal-
ists will not be able to stand their ground
au'ainst the republicans in Canada We^t, if
the former are armed whh no /flc/j in •■."our
of the British Government; and if the .~' in-
strous principle is avowed, that England wants
territory in A.nerica, not to benefit, but only to
rule, or misnde it !

The Kepublican party in Upper Canada are
nil free traders, and a favourite means of
getting the province free from England (by
making it of no use to the mother country) used
to be tho pushing for free trade with the-
United Slates.

In 1836, the Lower House of the Canadian
Parliament (which had then a majority of
Republicans) petitioned the King on this sub-
ject, and the following remarks of my own,
in the colony at the time, I liappen to hate
preserved ; —

Now I allege no euch absurdity, althougfi t

. ^ V think thai, hud we for the last twenty years

' Ihepditum carries to the foot nf the Throne fjl' owed a sou ml and exteM^iv• Hysiem, of

oursvtp.us populatioTiy
have bit'ii very inde-

WUAT 1 AI.LKOE IS,
THAT TMK ONLY PERMANENT DF.PENDANCE Of
Tin; BlllTISII ARTISAN IS I'HOSPEKITY OV BlUTISH
AJilUCULTUKE, OK VVHICM CoLONlAI, INDUSTUY

IS A BkANcu. I alleire, rnoieovL'r, and that
trulkfulUj, that the Colonisil, like the Home
tiado, has tlie only limit to its piirchaaes of
rnaiuiiinMnies in the extent of its entire means,
while Brother J()tiathan,and all other foreign-
ers, will not take Eniilish goods for onc-halj
the amount evnx of that part of their means

" Though addressed 'o the King, the province
''m evidently its intended sphere of usefulness.
'* The petition carries to the Joot of the Throne

" nuggestio s, which ifacqiiiisodin, wouhl leave re noting to tht cohmi s o
'^'^ Canada of 710 tise to Knglcvd. In fart, the this counlrv might now 1
repent of our frontier duties would at once pendent olforeign tiado,
" endangtr the connertion with England, seeing
"that we could expednolh'hg less than th<' re-
" peal, as a C07isr<juence, of those laws ofthn United
^'Kingdom whicli give our prod ice advantages
*' in the home market, in return for our emplotj-
<' ing the British artizan and ship-owner. The
" Rrpublicans ((he presmt pclitioners) wVl then
<« triumphantly say to us, where now are all
'- your old arguinents, to show the value to our
''^farmer of the connection?"

In the following year (1837) the Slate of which lliey draw from England.
New York stopped specie payments, by act of The following extract of my letter of 14th
the legislature, and we had thus brought be- March, in the Scotch Ht formers' Gazette, will
fore us more clearly than ever, that even as a show exactly the views I expr^^ssed : —
protection for our circulation, duties on the In a former number it was shown that free
front'er were required, and that if free trade trade must necessarily, tn /7s wri/nc/wrf, lose
had existed, tl.e only safety for the slocks of us the colonies, becau>e the principle of pro-
our merchants and the labour of our farmers tection abandoned, the colonial .•system (which
and mechanics, (in Canada they feel as is a mere br?.nch of it) falls also, or, what is to
brethren), would have been to depreciate our my mind far woi8e(and could only last a year
currency also, and retain our gohl, till our or t«vo), the colonies become a drag on the
neighbors returned to a specie standard. empire, having ceased to benefit the mother

I go into these particulars to show that free country, in any way after they have thrown off
triuie between Canada and the United States, (the the Imperial Parliament's right to legislate for
necessary consequence of the introduction of their trade, and commenced free trade with all
free trade into England), is equivalent to the world.

TUE separation OF THE COLONY FROM Eng- But I argue for the retention of the colonios
LAND. The Americans will not in turn tree only, because it is the intere-( of England,
tradi; \yith us ; and having ail the disadvan- I hold that it were better for England to lose
tape's of the trade with the United Slates, the her colonies, magnitiicent thoujrh they be,
ii.itural desire of the Canadians to have the than lo forbear doiiisranythinc, which is showa
advantages of it too, will precipitate the anne.v- to be clearly in favour of the oppressed popu-
ation, sooner than the cfeneral difTerence lation in this country.

Thouirh I before pointed out, that the ac!op-
tion of tree traile would necessarii}' lose the
colonies, (whose markets there is no reason for
us going to the expense of defending, unless
our manufactures are protected there), I do not
preteml to argnt' thai, to save the colonies, for
their sake alone, should prevent us adopting
free traiie in England, if the greater and more
immediate interests of the mother country

botween the views and habits of the Canadian
:iad the American, would lead parties at a dis-
tance to expect it.

The loss of British America thus effected,
the empire, instead of soon being able (through
applying enlightened and active manaijement
i.:i these colonies) to raise up a colonial trade
iitriiisically as valuable as all our foreign
trade, will have the present colonial trade

reduced to the average of the United States would be advantaged thereby
or about one-fourth the amount per head that Far, however, from this being the case, I
colonists take of British goods. This is ihe view free trade as tendina; to reduce the extent
oonsumniafion sodevoutly desired by the Ame- of our own manufactures, to deL'rade the con-
ri(;;ms. They will tell you otherwise ; but dition of our manafacturers, and thus tc secure
never let us forget the sumpathisers of 1837 and for the aristocracy, by-and-bye, a monopoly of
1S38, nor allow ourselves to be gulled into the political power in' England, as rendering it. in
belief, that the hearts'-vvish of every Ropubli- character more an agricultural country than
cm, is not to see the United States possessed at present !

of (Quebec, and monarchy driven from Arne- In fact I view that free trade is suicide on
rica. and vol to see Washington's favourite
project carried out, of nnnOTng' to their .<epub-
lic ibe (Gibraltar of our West Indian colonies,
the Bermudas, to make them a nest of hornets
for the annoyance of English commerce in
times of trouble.

You also accuse me of alleging that the
Bnr-isH artisan 18 thr dependant on Colo-
nial TRADE FOR TUK EMPLOVMENT WHICH UE
KKCEIVE8.

the part of Mr. Cobden and the weavers. I
cannot suppo-e any way by which Sir Robert
Peel has Siuiured the supjxjrt of those indepen-
dent members of the aristocracy, who are
favourable to his measure, in the face of the
scorn of their friends, and the inward contempt
of their former political adversaries, and by
their seeing it to be the uhimate interest of
their class.
Sir Robert Peel may have shown them that.

lose

for

«s they in<livi(liiany «re now «We to f nbmit to rather weavew, the final resoJt wHl aumodly
a low they shoiikl do so, as thin would be the be, that the landowneis will be the peima-
onlv means of rolling buck the tide of popular nently predominant and popularor powerful m-
feeling in politics, and securing the reduction tero8t,the weavers having been one-halfdnven
of every iiUereht in the*;(iiMUiy,intollie«flrrotr b;ifk again to the fields by want of manufac-
limit that formerly enabled them to control the turinff employment. The effect, m fact, oi
flovftrnmenl of the country. Sir Robert Heel's meafiwe will be to prevent

Sir Robert Peel's mea-ure, In fact, an he well all progress in manulacturing, and reduce the
knows, while it puis all interest down, puts whole of the interests ol the counlry 1 1(0 a
doum the manufacturing intereat more than any narrower compass, in which, in the way 1 have
other, and will cv nlually make it a secondary pointed out, agricultu.-e will loorri the largest,
interest in Ennlund. "ot because larire, but because all other mler-

Sir Robert Pool's measure may deprive the osts have been made smaller in proportion by
landlords of luxuries, or even comforis, which Sir Robert Peel's liberal measure,
an artificial state ol soci'ity has named neces- Without imputing improper, or rather dis-
saries, but the weaver will be deprived of honourable motives to Sir R. Peel, we assert,
actual employment (us a weaver) : thus, beyondthe fe.ir of contradiction, that at present

1st. The landlords who are not driven to he is the means of misleading the public mind,
become absentees, will not be able to pay for Toward the eiul of his great speech on the
seventy-five per ceut. (or three-fourthp) the evening of the 16lh ult., he says : —
amount of gcods they now take, and a iaiga "And suppose the tenant said, "But this is a
part of that diminished quantity will be foreign labourer's question 1" I aliould answer, " Then
manufacture. my good fellow, if we make this land, which now

2nd. The tenants ahd agricultural labourers produces three quarters, produce five quarters, w«.
i.,7on ;f thou fiiin -K* manv Toods (a thin" shall employ more labourers. There will be a
even i they taite as many gooos, ^ in g,.pa,pr ,{emaml fjr labour, and all parties will tje

impossible), will, like the other classes of the Sted. The estate will be benefited : the gua^
community, prefer some (less or more) foreign ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^jj, i,g improved ; your comfort
articles, and thus a tailing off in tl;f> manufac- ^.^^^ ^^ increased ; there will be more labonr em-
ture of the British article will ace ; but as ployed , and all thia by the application of d little ot
the British au'riculturists and weavers will both that saving which the hon. gentlennan says th<»
have to compete with foreigners of less expen- rich are to derive from the tariff! introduced."
Bive habits or modes of life, who are, in fact, (Loud cheers.)

content with coarser fooil than the English get Those business men who cheered Sir Robert
in workhoutics, and do not require the same Peel knew full well, if he did not, that his
amount of fuel or clothing— their views in rema-k, if true of any land, is only true of the
these respects must, no doubt, come down, to very best laud ; and that showing that some
prevent them starving amiil so cruel a compe- lands would grow two-thirds more wheat, is
lition (foreigners having the use of British mar- just showing that the price of wheat would be so
kets, but not the British in fureicrn market>). reduceil with free trade, as to make it necessary
3rd. The colonies will, in the same way, to throw the pooterlands,(such as would yield no
take fewer British goods, under free trade bd- more than the preterit crops) into woods or
tween each oilony and fiU the ^t)orll, even if their grass, as being worth no rent at all for purposes
means of buying were not reduced. It is self- of cultivation.

evident, however, that, to the extent that th -ir jf j^g poorer lands are thrown out of cnlliva-
wheat, or their timber produces less money, j|o„ it will be impossible to make up the loss
they must take fewer jroods. Q^t ^f an increase of even two-thirds on the

4lh. The manufacturer will not have all ijener lands,and tliere will be nothing like the
these deficiencies in demand, from British and means in the country to buy manufactures
hitherto favoured channels, made up to him, by .„o«p}, ctntPQ—

a similar or greater amount of increase in tho Mr. Hudson m h.s speech states
foreign demand. On the conlrarv. instead of That the probable average price of corn un-
incieasing, the foreicn demand will gradually der the new bill would be from 35s. to 40s. a
fall off; governments abroad will, by their quarter.

duties, prohibit British goods, the more they see The hon. member's calculation will prove
jihat they can in Biitish gold for their proilucts, quiie correct,
find for a few years that impulse for their do- l^, ^g guppose a farm now let thus—

mestic manufictures, which hitherto they have jgO acres, at £3 per acre. . , £300

wanted, but which, in a few years, would not p,oduces 300 quarters at a clear profit

only create in an increased manufaciuring of 26s, 8d, equal to 400

population, a great enduring home market for

•heir produce, (enduring if they don't take up Remainin<» to the tenant £100

hat though the onleal «' ' ^« «.J^ > «"^ '^^ on the two extremes, the landlord and weaver.
thetrneighbours whose lands are in (leDl, and "" "' . . . ^ . ... 1,11.

S^ rpofe ii^ry oue still to the manufacturers, or I think that foreign competition will lead to

the following reauItinfthecMe of the best lands: pose (a most sensibic and patriotic oif« oil
The 100 acres \yill now be let for one- ins part) or building up rival manufactures

half £150 TO THOSK of the British M kchanic, and them

The produce will be raised 60 per cent, so to admit tiikse duty free to compete with

that 36s. Sd. will do instead of Sis. lOd. oukownheavilv-taxed labour, seems to me

(stated by Sir R. Peel to be the present to amount to suicide on the i-art of both

average), 450 quarters, at lis. Id. clear the manufactuuinc and agricultural in-

profit fJ50 tehests oy this country.

I view the free trade proposed as only

Leavingthesameresult to the tenant,, ..£100 removing,' the reMrictioiis finrri, and pivin"

But take the case of land vrhose yield can- freedom to, the industry of foreign countries',

not be increased— Far from lu'inu an oiiconrapornenl to native

The 100 acres will be let for industry, free trade practically denies the

nothing or X 66 13 4 Huitish Artisan's right to labour, by

The produce, 800 quarters, at taki\g away mis oppok iunitv to do so.

lis. Id. clear profil 166 13 4 Small th-ni^h the exports to tiie Colonies

show in your ialile.s, it is wondiM fnl to ine lo soo

Leaving the same result to the the amounlslheyare.knowinshow grievously

tenant.. £100 the progressofiheColoiiifS has been ncirlected,

Neither the two mo-^t practical of p'urposes

The 100 acres formerly produced — ihe amelioration of the circi'mstances

300 quarters, at 51s. lOd 777 10 of the Uritish Artisan, and the procuring

The 100 now produce 300 quarters Permament markets for our manufactures,

at 36s. 6d Bi3 15 lhroui;h plaiitini: in our Colonies a population

• — with Hiiti-ih habils— liave come home lo go-

The ability of the country trade is vernmeiits, which have not usually been many

reduced, or one-lhird £233 15 moiilhs at a time otherwise engaged than in

But the landlord could not stand by and see mere struggles for existence,
his property wholly sacrificed, so that his land 'J'he comparative vahie of Home and Colo-
will be forced back intogiass or woods, as the nial, as compared with Foreign trade must not
colonies will be forced out of our hands by the be judged by mere //"ifj/jTs, ^ '

competition of foreign corn, instead of, as Sii- It should be remembered that as much or
Robert Peel assures us, creating more employ- more prolit accrues, in the Home and Colo-
inent or labour for the surplus population of ninl trade, to Prilisli subjects on the goods af-
the country! tor tln-y leave Maiichesler as belore,"and that

You will thus see clearly my position to be, the Home and Colonial trades take no 'rold
that (as it IS only bij thnir labour iliat the peo- wliile to the Americans we nay more iroldlhan
;i/<;ca/i a/^oin p?-(ji'ision.s) the self-evident pro- goods, and do net materially increase our
position IS, that no amount of '^Jood in the exports to the United Slales; alluou'di in 1845
co!i7j/n/" would 1)0 of benefit to the poor if it ia we look from ihem ],HIM,60() bales" of cotton
not paid lor in Jinthh labour. against H:2!),906 bales in 18-22; with a similar

As anxious only to attam for our oppressed increase in most of our other imports. From
working classes the nearest approach to "a the Colonies you Jiave an ineieasiii"- demand
happy mdependence,'' I would at once give as the population increases; but the United
the people the ray of coufulence and content- States, wilii a population of twenty niillion"
raent, which would flow from their hmwr made do not lake doidile the nuuutity of "oods tliey
(ofrel sure, ihat for the fulKre the uMe object of did when a colony, wiili scarcely^over two
Jmtisk legislation will be, first to procitrc, and millions of a population.
then to render permanent , the lari::est amovnl of 'Tis true that your tables show a lar^ro busi-
cmployment Jor those who lahonr for their bread, ness with the Americans in 1835 and 1836.
Ihis, in reality (apart from Anti-Corn-' nv but your readers will scarc.ly loriret the im-
Hlan-j and humbug) is the gi.alest amount of mense distress ihrnu-h the abiupt sloppnao of
Ijreadjor the poor. ihe inii-hly machinery set in motion in Man-

In the now imminently artificial state of tliis chesleraiid Hndder>lleld to supply fancy "oods
country, I would be wdbui; to adeunee lo the for a demand wA.V/i was so rrtifirial, that the
extremest pomt of liberality lothe ioreiguer, to arrival of one packet from New York blew it
induce a reciproral trade with him. all lo ihe winds !

I would even lu-range to take his wheat on l^ree trade in' F.n-land in corn will not be
llie same dutyfree fooling as home and colo- Ihe iiiimense prartical advantage to the Wost-
nial wheat, 1* the foreigner takes payment in crn .St.iles that many snpi)oso; but no com-
tlie labour of ihe Pnlish artisan. mercia! ndvaiitage whalcver, will induce tho

1 would do aiis as a duty to the working Americans lo a.lopt so suicidal a course, as to
classes, even if the tearing up of every treaty hesilat.. in their present excellent policy, of
and parchment in existence was involved. becoming independent of foreit^ners in staple

_ Hal tor us to adopt a system that not only manufactures, so that we should be irlad if ihc
gives, but professes to give, our hard money present amount of our exports to ihe U, SiateR

TO THE FOREIGNER, to TAKE TO THE NORTH OF ig kcp! Up, wilhout CXpeCtiua any inCICase.

JiUROPE AND America, for the avowed pur- Any man who has been among the in;'

wcnsely ©Ktended Tactories of New England, The total exports of " Calicoes," to ofl etnm

as I have been, roust hold this opinion.

Far different is the staple, greatly irioreasinfr,
and permanent Colonial demand, of which I
ehall now give some particulars.

And that I may n ' be accused of se'ectinf;
linfair data wiib y , ct to the Cotton trade, I
may remark, thai he total iwig-Zi^of yarn in
manufactured col. (.u '^noih exported in 1.S15,
viz.: 202,350,687 lbs., the two leading staples

-'« plain calicoes," and " calicoes printed ^, ^^.||.^^^^ ^^ .^, ^^. ^^ ,-,.^^,i^,„ ^^^^^ ^^^_
and dyed''--referred to below, make up (ac- ^^_^^^^ in 1815, however, the former \ya.s to the

} millions, the colonies havin^r
consumers than the whole of

tries, in two years, Mr. Burn sets down as fol-
lows : —

Total '• Cnlicoeg Plain" to 1«4) 184.%

all Countries .... 3r)6,fM0,4.V2yd9. f.l3,imM.%yd8
T<.{;olunic«asB!)OV0 - - 134,IM5,431 " yoOMSOP "

Baliinco — Exports to other

Counlriea 232,001,1)01 " 303,778,139 "

Thus, in 1841, our colonial trade, in this
staple article of the cotton manufacture, was to
our tiadc with the rest of the world as 134 to

cording to tlie estimate of Mr, Burn, in his ' ,„' , onn ,' '«n'i
Commcrcwl Clance lor he past year w lose ,/,,,, t,,.,^,,„j,,
general correctness will not be doubted) is ,,,,,.„//,,,. ,„,r,/,,/s r

194,080,490 lbs., leaving only 8,280,195 lbs.,
to be otherwise accounted for, as cnteiing into
the production of the liner and miscellaneous
fabrics, of which, however, the colonies take a
fair and yearly-increasing share. The total
value of manufactured cotton goods exported in
1845, not including cotton yarn and thread, is
estimated by the same authority at ,£15,282,-
447. Of this amount, the value of the under-
mentioned staples makes up £13,576,279

In the article of dyed and printed calicoes,
the proportion stood thus:—

T.'Inl "Dvcil nnd I'rinlcil 1841. 1845

CiilKMies'' to all Countries 278,748,27') yds. 31(),H.-)0,0t)7 y.ls
nutc. to Colonica - - - - Vofi'-iiMii " 70,08 1, , ViS ■'

fiiilnncc— F,.vnort3 to nllir.r
Ou.itrifs - - - - 232,827,033 „ 2 10,709,1 39„

Thus, in 1841, the proportion of the colonial
consumption of this most important class of
mp.nufactured fabrics, to the consumption cf

The fallacy of quoting, in such an inquiry as the rest of the world, was as 45 t« 232 millions,
this, merely gross quantities, irrespective of or short of one fifth ; whil.«t in 1845, the pro-
tho sort of goods exported, is exemplified by portion was as 70 to 210 millions, or uptmrds

the fact that, of the other groat branch of our
cotton exports for 1845— the trade in yarns-
amounting in wc!c,hl to 131,937,935 lbs., and in
value to only X'6,596,897— an article upon
which the least amount of indu.stry is employ-
ed, and which is, consequently, least profita-
ble to us ns a nation, nearly two-thirds, or
upwards of 90,000,000 lbs. werit to those corn-
growningcountriesof the continent, whose al-
most worthless commerce with us, we are thus,
by our mea.sures, preferring to the valuable
trade of finished goods, of which labour is the
^rcnt component purl, provided by our own colo-
onies and the home trade. 15v a reference

of two-scvcnths.

I now subjoin the following comparisons, in}
purpose being to show —

Isf, That the trade of our present colonie,'?.
through the neglect of the Government and
otherwise, is yet oidy in its infancy, and that it
is theiefore unfair to judge of it by tlie past.

2ud, That while such trades as that to the
United States are taking (and must necessarily
from the increase of their own manufacturing
ability take), every year, fewer and fewer
fifaplc goods, there is, in the face of every
drawback, a mightily increasing bemam

FROM TflK COLONIES.

then to 7i(/rn'.'; romm(n((// G/i/ncr, for the past Comparative view of Exports to United States

year, I find the following to have been the ex- • and British America.

ports of the two loading articles of the cotton wnw.

manufactures:—" Plain Calicoes," and « Plain Calicoes" to United Stales

1 iul81l 11,957,053

1 Ditto to British America 7,757,332

Balance in favour of United

Slates in 1811 4,199,?2I

" f!a1icoes Printed and Dyed" to

United States in 1841 26,025,<28I

Ditto to British America 10,703,415

Printed and Dyed Calicoes," in 1841 and
1845, respectively, to the undernotcd cohniia'
markets. I should remark that I include
China, although not strictly a colonial market,
partly from its intimate connexion with our
(']a.st India trade, and the iuduence which our
East possessions nfl'ord us in maintaining our
relations with that country ; but chiefly from
the fact of the returns tor 1841 including die
exports to both markets.

i;Xi't>HTS OF (;uTTON COtlDS to the ('OLONIKcS.

Balance in favour of United

States 15,321,8r>f;

B.W.ImlioB--
11. N. Aiiicrirri
("ape <i. !lij|ir
Imlla - - - - f
t'liina - - - - J'
Np\t Holland -

CWLICOES, I'LAIN.

\ CALICOIS, l'lilSTl;I>
1 >NI) llYKIl.

ISll.

ly.-i.

l!-ll.

1843.

Yds. i V(lB. Yds. ! ^(l^.

(),Kn,2-0 10,087. Ual 0,774,200; 20,720,041

7 7:)7,:t:i'> ll,.'>-O.V^^0llO.7l!3,4l,i 13,:!(W,I73

2 0-:-.:).'.2 :i,:"il..'i;i l,004,->:tO ;1,.ViO,302

r n'l.... .■Ill ioo,i!!';.,.i;.r.,., ,,„ ,,,,1 2u,t)8;i,i;tri

113,1(.2,(.0.1 n,(rn)i),27.V--''^'"'"'" 2,wr),ii;i
085,823' sloOI.OOOi 007,0021 :i,8,')0,^0l

Total 1 134. 12.-.,45ll309,3«0,5«0 .13,920,2221 70.Utfl,5J8

"Plain Calicoes" to United States

in 1845 12,41^,981

Ditto to British America 1 l,580,.5S(;

Balance myiwour of United

States, onlij 832,395

*' Printed and Dyed Calicoes" to

the UnitedStates, in 1845 .... 13,097,8.51
Ditto to British America 13,362,17;^

Balance infavowr of BrUitk «« A comparison of the trade of the eaatsrit

Amerwa. 264,322 wiih that of the western worjd, lakinc the

In 1845, instead of 15,321,866 against in value of imports and exports, elands nearly

n , • r r . ,r ■ , thus:— From and to China and the Ea&t Indies,

Comparative view of Expons to United about £16,000,000; and from and to British

u n, • ?'!'"""» ^'■;',"'^ To' ^"'^''*' ^"'^^ America uud the West Indian Colonies.

'< Plam Calicoes" to Uiiii i States i;i4.000,000.

in 1841 . . 11,957,053 " it thus appears that the latter or British

Ditto to British West Indies 9,831,280 American trade requires nearly five times

„ , . . , ,, .^ . »"0f« ships, loimage, and seamen to carry it

Balance in favour of United on. thai- the former or trade to all India and

^^'^'^ 2, 125,773 China ' lereby afibidinj!: an incalculable ad-

«n. • nv M . TT • .o vanlajie to a naval power, and the support of a

"Plain Calicoes" to United btafes naval foice, and aLso to the employment of

,,.'"1*15. 12,412,981 British labour and capital. ^ ^

Ditto to British West IiiMics lfi,9S7,142 '• i'lom the official statement of the exports

„, . . n •,• L r,r and Impofts of Great Britain lo the dilVerenl

Balance m favour British West parts ol the world for the year 1843 to which

/mfievm 1845 4,.574,S61 we have alluded, we find that the whole

instead ot 2,125,733 yards agamst in wei-;ht of cotton yarn and cotton goods ex-

u n V D • . 1 , 1^ ,„ P""^'*^^^ '^'""^ ^''''*'** '^'''''■^'" aniiiially Is 120,000

Laiicoes Printed and Dyed" to ions, and tlie value X23,500 000.

United States in 184L 26.025,281 " It follows, then, that one half the tonnage

Ditto to British West Indies .... 9,774,720 employed in carrying the West Indian exports

„, . . ^ ,, . . (value £2,882,441) wouKl be suflicient to carry

Balance m favour of United (he whole cotton export trade of this country :
« n y Kl '" *^^ r^-- ;,; • ■ 16,250,561 and as regards the North American trade, one-
Calicoes Punted and Dyed" to seventh of tlie tonnage would be suflicient to

United States mis. 5. 13,097,851 carry all that cotton^trade about which Mr.

Ditto to British West Indies 20,729,641 Cobden has made such a noise, but whose

n , . . /.T. •,■ 1 r,r ^^''^^ ^'"^ ?''''^'' intrinsic importance to the

Ba ance infivor of British West empire, no agriculturist nor color.ist has ever

T ♦ J Jr\\'}rf., • • •,• ••••,•■• 7,631,790 siiown any disposition to undervalue that I am

Instead of 6,2o0,5bl yards aaainst in 184 1 ! aware of.

And it may not be inaoropos that I Jiere «' I cannot better finish off this statement

quote the following i,om my letter in the than by repealing that, while the trade of

Scotch Reformers' Gazette of 14tii March, as British Amenca and the West Indies stated in

proving the inestimable value of colonial trade 1843 to be only £14,000,000, employs 2 900'

iis well as the .miuiitv fluctuation which is ships of 970,000 tons, and 60,000 seamen 'our

THE INSEPARABLK CHARACTER OF TiiADi: WIIH trade wiih the United Stales, estimated at

ALL couNTRiKs WHICH ARE iiKYOND TiiK I'ALK £22,000,000, (three-fifths beiu" importsof raw

OF o'.R OWN cuuRE.N-cv AND TRADK LAWS AND cotlon, &c.,) i.s carried iu 350 ships of 233 000

EEGi'LATioNs : tons ; and the impoil fiom China, amounting

1 desire shortly to recur to the subject of to £5,000,000 is brought in 84 ships of 39 712

colonial rule to show lis infniile superiority tons.

over a foieigri trade, or a merclijmanvfacturinfr " The trade of America when our colonv in

commcrcf.,and 1 take my figures horn the onic.al 1769 employed, on the average of three years

statements, of tlie e.xpoils and imports of Great 1,078 ships, and 28,910 seamen, and the value

Kritain in 1843, not luivmg the later returns at ot th.-se goods taken from Great Britain was

^" Tn .r,„ ♦ 1 -.1 i> •. • .1 ^ , . -i;''^370,(K)0 ; the exports of the colony being

In the trade with Britam and her Colonies £3,924 606 Jo

in the western world about 60,000 seamen "The population of the United States is

are yearly employed, lor whom the amount of now nearly ten tunes what it then was, without

Thlfl^^Knannl P^"^'^'""'" «''"","' ^''^ ^"'^ ^">' ^'*'''^ Permanent increase in our exports

han £3,500,000 per annum; an< the repairs, to America, (causes over which we had no

^Ik^T^,:^ replacing of capital m the ships control. l„oii-hi tiiem down in the year 1842

£4,500,000 more. to £3.528,807.)"

an,Jrv //wifn^^'"'*'''" ^''"""" ^""^ ^"*''''' ^*'^"''' '^'"sing my remarks, I desire to
ana ttnna, 10,000 seamen are employed, and recur to the disingenuous conclusion of Sir

will amount lo £500,000; and the replac(!m.^i!t f|imtPd from

i*i S;'l'"'ii,""''"f f^ £800,000; in all, " Yes, the Premier triumphantly concludes-

i'l,JUO,000. The whole, or nearly the whole '« Vm is what ,jou have to decide hy your vote

01 the supplies necessary to maintain these on this question— Will you advance or will i/oi*

seamen and tonnage, are the productions of recede V

British soil and labour, which, in a national And a<iain—

point of view, shows the superiority of such a " Whul should be the motto of a rountry like

trade over a merely manufacturing commerce. thw ! Should it advance or retrograde ?"

Now, Sir Robert Peel knew full well that
he had not shown, and could not show, how
FREE TRADE is to iidvanco, even temporarily,
any one of the areat interosls of this country.

And Sir Robert Peel knew, moreover, that
neither has any class of polilicians, nor any
body of men in EnL'land iVlt, or exprpsised,
any wishordetermination to ui-.cFnKoiiUKTRO-

GRADE IN TllK IJBEIIAT.ITV OK OUR LEGISI-ATION

for the rejjulation of commerce.

Nor is Sir Robert Peel i/^iiorant of the fact

that AI.I- PARTIES ARE WIM.INC AND ANXIOUS TO

ADVANCE to the Greatest extent they think ihey
can without giving; a fatal blow to the in.lustry
of our own people, whether artisans or agricul-
turists. . r • 1
All that Sir Robert Peel's former friends
charge him with is that he shows himself

DETERMINED TO GO FORWARD IN THE DARK !

They only demand an explanation, and it
it seems hi<?h lime that they should do so,
when they can now see in the Premier scarcely
the shadow of his former principles.

Pausing. Sir Robert Peel'.-i followers sim-
ply address their political leader as Hamlet
did the Ghost of his father—
KomW— Whittier wilt thou loml me 1

Speak 1 I'll no no furlhcr. ^ ,.. ,

OAost-Mark me. [This is Sir U. Peel to the life.]

Hamlet— I will.

OAost— My hour is almost como, _

When I tosiilpluiroiis and Icrmenting flames

Must reiiiler up luyaelf.
Hamlet— Mali I pool Ghost !

But the melancholy fact is that the British
Government is now, and has for nearly twenty
years been, in hands so morally weak as to
have no real control of the greater affairs and
interests of the countiy.

The statesmen of the present day aspire to
no more than to be (apparently unconcerned)
iookcrs-on at the fiirhts of the Free Trailers
against the Protectionists, and the Freethinkers
against the Protestants, and side with the
winning party /or the time bcinf.

Such men as Challiam, Pitt, Fox, Earl Crey,
Canning, Wilberforce, and Aiiii-Corn-Law
Villiers, disdained to count numbers in their
moral contests; hut the fact is, that the present
and the other governments we have had,
since the dayri of Canning, have not had the
moral power in Enijland and h r dependencies,
even of the Norths and Walpoles of the last
century.

I am, Sir, your obedient humble Servant,
ISAAC BUCHANAN.

•IVEW BRITISH C«IiOi\IAli

SYSTEM.

From the Scotch Reformers'' ^Gazette.
Glasgow, January, ISlT.

PROTECTION TO THE CURRENCY AND
THE FOSTERING OF BRITISH IN-
DUSTRY ONLY ONE QUESTION.

Thk Vital Question for the Labouring
Man is Employment, not Price. No
Lboislation can make surb or effect-

ing the latter ; but our Laws ought

to be so FRAMED AS TO GIVE OUR OWN PEO-
PLE, AT LEAST, A PREFERENCE
OiNTHE SAME TERMS, of our own
National Employment at Home, at
Sea, and in the Colonies.

A Rf.i)i;ction of PRirKM, the result of Foreign Compett-

tion ; IS Jlsr ANllTllLR WAY K(.R FXI'RKSSINO A WaNT

(IK Kmi'i.()\mknt, k(ir whkn trices and waoks, and

KIIEIIIUIS, ARi; UKlllJCliD ONK HALF, THE EVlI. 18 NOT
ONLY TUAT WK FIND (llltSKl.VES VAYINO THK FOND
H(II.I) RS ANU ANNUITANTS noUBI.F. THE AMOUNT OF BRI-
TISH INDI.SIRV THAT WE IIF.FURE DID FOR THF. MoNEV
HUE TIIKM EACH im-F VE/R; HIT UNDER FRKE TRADE

(or tr/ien the redvclhm in the price of our labor fiowt
fromforei/rn compe.tilion) we shall be subjected to

THE INFINITELY (lltl ATER CALAMITY THAT THE INMIS-
TRinUS CLASSES i1F THIS COUNTRY, IN ADDITION TO PAV-
ING THE ANNUITANT OK MaN OF MoNEY, AS MUOU LABOR
■ AS FORMERLY, (SEEINO THAT THE I'RICE IN MONEY 18
ONLY ONE HALF) WILT. HAVE (OUT OF GflLD, the ftflSIS Of

our i-urrenry) to furnish the capitalist with at

LEAST HALF THE AMOUNT OF HIS CLAIM IN HARD CA8H
TO SEND ABROAD IN I'AYNENT OF FORE;(iN LABOR, TUnft
F03TERIN0 AND INCREASINO THAT FOREION INIIDSTRY TO
COMPETE WITH WHICH IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR US UNDER OUR
NATIONAL BURDENS OR (EVEN TIIOUOH FREED FROK
THESE burdens; TILL OUR POPULATION IS REDCCED

below the rirrumslances or the foreion serf or slave,
FOR THE ACTUAL iranla OF the latter must EVEH

REMAIN FEWER than THOSE OF A PEOPLE WITH HABITS
SUCH AS OURS, AND MVINO IN SO MUCH MORE RIOORODB A
CLIMATE AS THAT OF GREAT IlRlTAIN.

MR. ISAAC BUCHANAN'S STATEMENT
OF PROTECTIONISTS' VIEWS AT
THE OPENING OF PARLAIMENT.

January, 1847.

The most important effect which has yet
appeared of Free Trade (so called) is its having
brought out the Protectionist Leaders and the
press strong for the working classis.

The grea't object which the Free Trader
professed to have in view, is unreservedly
acquiesced in by the Protectionist, although
the latter still doubtsthe wisdom of the means,
even if in themselves honorable, taken by
Cobden and Sir R. Peel 'o attain "the greatest
hnefit to thou who labor fur their bread.''

Though Sir R. Peel was siym/ia/Ziisfcf with in
his defection, by 112 Conservale members of
Parliament, it is well known that these gentle-
men are now what are politically called "ioose
fish,'' i. e. they have not remaining one feeling,
or principle, in common with the constituen-
cies they represent ! The preteriiatural cor-
ruption this year in one principal article of food,
was found not to have extended to the others,
thongh lor a time the eye of su-^picion under-
valued them all, so the unexplained de/ection
of the principal Conservatives has led to the
discovery that all the rest are " good men and

true.''

And I hold it to be senseless to sneer at the
Protectionists' commercial views, merely
because every body knows that Lord Stanley's
Church-Toryism put>i his getting the reins out
of the question in the mean time.

It will soon become palpable that
there are not really two Working Con-
STiTurio.NAL Parties in the Statu, ahd

THAT THR WhIOS HAVB A MONOPOLY OF

Power : for it will be self-evident that the
existence of Church questions, prevents the
possibility of our joining the Protectionists or

, 7

SS lh«?j'l^ ^"'''V'r'l' ''" °" "'''''' ''^'''Se one and the .ama customs duty

(say of 10 per cent) on every article imported.
TJiey say mat if one country sends to anothei
country twenty millions of its national labor
(us the United States do to England), and
takes from that country (as the United States
do//-om England) oidy seven millions of that
country's labor, tiik riiiiiTKEN millions of
foreign labor ought to bo taxed in the country
into which it is imported, to prevent the home
labor being actually onaworscjooling than it is,
even if tiie tax were not reijuired for revenue.
The Protectionists, in fact, do not object to
put the foreigner on the same footing as the
Home and Colonial manufacturer and pro-
ducer, PKOVIOFD HE TAKK.S I'AVMENT IN BhiTISH

lador; and this, surely, is being liberal

enough.

ftihjects they might come to be a better repre

mentation of public opinion than the Whigs.
The discussion of the great and vital question

of labor will thus have no clmnce of fair i)lay,

and the greatest ilistreis and misery will be the

inevitable consequence, if we couJd suppose it

possible that the working classes would remain

ijuiel, and permit the throat of their peculiar

interest, the (iuKsnuN ok Labou, thus to be

cut. As reasonably might wo expect the pub-
lic to tolerate the culpable leaving of impedi-
ments in the way of an e.vpie?s railway traiu

to scatter certain death and destruction all

around.

So certainly, therefore, would I calculate

on the Irish Church cpiestion being speedily

(kspatdwd, or the Whigs blamed f'- retainin<r

It as a source of varty roLiTiCAL cap,tai° Th'ey think that the best and most practical

that 1 earnes ly desire the present Ministry to means of securing the workers of En-land the
secure their tenure otolhecbvslrengtheiiinii -■ •-•=■■•
Iheniselves on the question of labor, instead o't'
leaiiiug on llie political weakness ot their
opponents, arising from most of the Protec-
tionists being Church-Ton 's.

Audi now proceetl to show, by what means
or Mi^ASUKKs the Protectionists will probably
characterize themselves.

They will advocate the Ten Hour's Bill, and
otter to secure a free gill of hind in the Colo-
nies, 10 every man who can transport himself
thither. They will sustain thk Navic;atio\
Laws, and encourage British Fisheries on our
coast, as well as in other parts of the world.
And, on the more immediate question of Pio-
tectiuu, they will take the hioh and undoubt

greatest freedom of trade, or in other words,
the best and most permanent and well-paid
kmpi,oymp:nt, is to make it the interest of
other countries to open their ports to us,
by making our opening our ports to those
coiiutiies contingent thereon.

They will abolish the Excise duties, proba-
bly f/i toio, thus setting free our internal trade,
which should surely have preceded our
granting freedom to Foreign labor, and estab-
lish a FnnE Tuaoe Commkkcial League,
with which to countermarch the North Amerir
can Union of States, and the Cermaii Zoll-
veieiu, which at first would only be composed
of England and her Colonies, with China (the
rehisal of the Free Traders to reciprocate with

II ' ' , , — -.._.... wv.v^i,..i- ■i.iujai uj iiic r leu -I lutib'is lu leciprocaie Willi

■cliv strong and popular ground, that alltiiev which country has been monstrous conduct).

i'ANT IS. THAT ST II- 1:1 nv TUtvi^-a yfltrr-tr ,,.... „ , . . ^ . ■'

V.-ANT is, THAT STATE OV THINGS WHICH WJLI,
i;iVK MOST EMPI.OYMKNT TO THE MANUFACTU-

lUNu POPi;f.ATjON,t!ie farmer being (juite salis-
Ijedthat, it the weaver be prosperous, so must
the agricuhnialist, (always, l^owever, bearing
in mind how much the weaver's prosperil?
.iepeiuls uj)nu the huul of (Jreat Hritan and
rrelanJ.) The Protectionists will not here-
^iter busy themselves to oppose Fiee Trade as
;i theory, but will emleavour to show that it i.-;

>OT FRKE TRADE THAT WE IIAVK GOT. TllCy

\s;ll declare that, far from holding objections
to .-eal bona Jul: frki: trade, they cannot

:<L-P;'OSK ANY KNOLISIIMAN IN MIS SKNSKS OB.TKCT-
JN(i TO IT, SIvKING THAT, I'SVIM liOXA FIDL'
rkKK TRADi;, E.NOLAND, AS llI-;iN(; POSSKSSFD NOT
<<XLY OK MOST CAPITAL DUT MOST INDUSiaV,

:mi:sT have the AUVANTAUE over all THE NA-

•rr(JN3 OK TTIK KAUTII.

The Protectionists will arjue that our being
■ib!e to show Adam Sniith's theories to bn
'-'onect, supi^osinp; all the nations of the earth
>ir.reeing; to<r(lhi'.r to Free Trade, or supposing
• ill the world under one Government, is just
f-. lowing his theories to bo most inappiicabL'
•ind impracticable ia the actual circumstances
uf the wciid.

The neai 3st approach to Free Trade the Pro-
tectiouists think that can exist, \yithout a gross
sacrilice either of the one na4ion or of the
'jihor, is a irada ia which each nation shall

But the act will provide, that any nation

MAV AT ANY TIMK COME INTO THE FrEE TraDE

League, by AOREEiNf; to trade with Eng-
land AND HER Colonies on a reciprocal duty

ok 10 PER cent, on the VALUE, IN THE COUNTRY
INTO WHICH ITIS 1MI'0RT1:d, OK EVERY ARTICLE.

That this plan woukl find more employ-
ment and scope for British labor, there can be
little doubt : but, in oider to give it a fair start,
the Protectionists might bo driven, contrary
to their declared intentions, to continue Peel's
Property and Income Tax for a few years.

We would Have Free Trade with the
Colonies, and between the du ferent Colo-
nies IN EVERY ARTICLE, it being stipulated
with each colony, that all the public lands
revert to the Crown, and are hereafter to be
viewed the birthright of any Biitish subject,
who chooses to go and live on them.

In this way, an enormous and incessantly
increasing outlet for manufactures would
spring up in the Colonies ; for, to take one
instance, the West Indies would be supplied
with piuvi^ions and breail stnils from British
Noith America, and these would be paid foi
in British Labour sent to Canada, to clothe
the increasing population thus employed,
instead of being paid for, as at present, in
British Gold sent frora the West ladies, ta the
United States^

least.

In llio mean tiint(, all foreiMjnnoiiiitiies wlio
do not join iliu IJiitish Luugiiu would bo
charged —

'iOri. 7'iml)er (tUo froi^dit from Quebec
being 4".. _^, gainst '2{h. from Memui)

lis. on ii:vj(i\\ and -Jls. on slave -grown.

l/js. on KSpiiitd (iheio being no duty on
13i-iti.-<li). •'

Thu present Corii-l>aw being perpetiialcd
as It stands, exeejit lliat there will be no duty
when the price rises to 5 Is.

All other article.', now in the Tariff to remain
as at present.

And AI.I. articles not in tluj Tariff to pay 10
percent, on the value in this country.

I feel satisfied that the rrotecti(;i:ists liave
their plans much more matured than peoi)le
geneniliv suppose, and that I have iiowiriven
a good hinl's-nip. vi'U', at least, of theohjecto
desired to bo attained by them.

That a policy so generous and enlarged will
bo all carried uul, or even allenipUni, «/ once,
so as to secure it;; success, is a tliin:r which I
scarcely expect, for in all parties there will
always be found small men '■'fearful and
unk'Uoving:,'' whose miniU lead them to
attempt only little mailers, success in whieli
i.s hltle honor, auti failure is disgraceful,—
instead of a spriug at worthy objects in which,
oven in failure, you are associated with great-
iiess, and with what, in your own miiiJ, at
least, is goo;luet;s.

Into the foregoing I have purposely thrown
somethiuy of tlie '• whole hog," my chief
object being to excite the attention of the
Whigs to the I'osMinurv or aaot.!i:ii vwity

STAHTI.Va UP O.N VKUV l'01'l.'LAi: I'Ul.NCIl'LKS

wniLi: r am di-siuous to jiaki; it ai'pauk.nt

Tho Chttreh willno longer bo permitted tc
rule this country in the nairiu of tho (Jovern-
ineiit.

The Rrformntion of tho Irish Ciiurch [^
imi)eralively railed for, as a prelude to the
unprejudiced discussion of tho (jckstion oi.
i.Aiioii, or (>f the full employment of the coun-
Irys industry, that great interest which now
mu.jt alone be legislated for, as seen to involve
the stability of ail that wo hold sacred— tho
hapi)iness of the people, the Crown, and the
iialional credit; but it is also re(piired as a
prelude to the necessary social ameliorations
Jii Ireland, the condition of which conntry is a
disirrace to the empire.

'Ihe other lOstablished Churches may bfa
defended as mailavfi of <:i)ramstamcs, but the
Irish one, as now constituteti, cannot.

>:ome good men within it have been ablo
to do a hltle nood, in spite of the ab.iminable
sy.stem of which they are a part. But let us
compare tiiis with the good that might luu-c
been done m Ireland, aiul shndder when we
think of the heart-binniiigs ami animosities
which their exclusive sy>tom has created,
generally ending in the foulest butcheries by
Ciiri.-,tians of their fellow-Christians.

The vltoli; revennes of the Irish Church will
probably have to be devir.ted to tho endow-
m;jnL of a okkat Ikisii Poor I.aw, charity
being the only religions duty in which the
loririer and present possessors of them con-
.scienliously agree, (the State guaranteeing an
eiiniiablo provision for the nre.sent incumbents
for life.)
Re I

TUATMV "AUTllOlilTir" AMOU.NTS TO .NO MOIii:
THAN THAT OF " KVK.NTS tASTI.NO TJIKIR

suAOows liiireiu;,"

I am sure it may at least be said of my
statement, that it is one which Sir II. Peel is
much more likely to support, than, at the
opening of the last Parliament, he was to sup-
port the measures he ciiried.

Relleclion on the almost insuperable diili-
cnlties attendant on tho iutrotl action of Free
Trade, even with our Colonies, (t!ie only coun-
tries in the world whicli are al>le and wiiiiug
to free Inule with us), musi have the eliect ol
shoii'ing up the humbug that luas been spoken
on the subject of the practicability of Free
Trade tcUh all the world.

But to extend the benefil.s, and if po-.-ihlc?,
tile name of Mugland to the farthest frontiers
ol our Colonies, is no mi'an oliject, thus ena-
bling foreigiieis lo feel that in the remotest
corners of the earth, they can liud Kiiglish
manulactures as untaxeil as in iMmland.

That the Proeteclionists ean come into pow-
er nov) seems (piite out of the question.

The thorough reformation of the Irish
Ecclesiastical nuisance, must be a prelude to
our trusting a class of men who, though
tJnguished for their personal honour, .j
equally distinguished for their Ctiurch-
Toryism.

igiousiiie(|ualIty bani.shed from IrelantI,
the law may and will be vindicatetl ; for mur-
der will then have none of those thousand ex-
cuses, which the present ramified system of
oppressiiiii is daily creatino-.

The foregoing seems our duty, even if we
could not expect //; our da;/, to .see'tlie blessins:--,
of (;ven a good sy.stem of Jaw,ai)|neciatetl by"a
iKilion of men so degiaded, and dead to every
leeliug of national independence, as to have
([uietly submitted so long, to hav(i a church so
unlike Ireland in it.s extravagance, and other-
wise so pali)ably uiiadapted lo the conntry,
fnred on them cixn if it were the best church on
earth.

1 would, however, feel very confident, that
an immedialely good elfect would flow, from
the generous treaiment on our p.iit, of a pnpu-
lalioii individually so warm-hearted. Indeed,
I think there is every reason, from the charac-
ters borne by Irishmen abroad, to believe, that,
if in Ireland we invest them, with Ai.r. the pri-
vilcii'es of British subjects, they will be pre-
pared and forward to perform all their duties
with alacrity.

In such case, liow soon the scene would
change ! Ireland becoming an outlet for
British manufacturing labor, such as no foreign
country can present, and in everything the
ornament and boast of the empire, instead of,
as at present, .^ cause of Shame,

ISAAC BUCHANAN.
Glasgow, January, 1847.

CAN THE BRITISH MOXARfMlY RK

Piu:si:uvKi)?

I ANSWK.R No, i:.Ml'H.\riC.\I.LV No, rNI.KSS
rilK llPl'KK ("l.VSSI S I'KIIMir illK IMMKDIATE
AUOHIION OF MKASL'IU;S VVIIItll TIIKIIl l'i;li-
gONAL INTKUESrs VVll.l., I KKAIi. MAKK TIIKM

DKNouNCE AS Hkvoi.u honaiiv. Juvr AS rut:

,SLAVK-llliK,Kl>lMi I.'illl) OV lU.Pt.'HI.ICAN AmK-
UK'A I'HKKKKS UlSKINli TIIK I.MK<iltITY OK Till;
KePUIIMC IIATIIKK MIAN WANl' Till'. U UK 1 Cll Kl)
INSTirl'TION OV Sl.AVKIlV.

I liclieve tlie peopli' ot Kiiiiland aro as loyal
as ever lo the IVIoiiaivliv, I'l" I 'lon'l bflit'vo
iheir Mfll-iv-pi'i-l will iiiiy intiirt'i' pmiiiit lliem
to tolerate chiiicli-i'staMislimfiiis cxfliisivo
univer-ities, or tiie uiicoiitiojieil iiitt'ileieiico
ofthf nobility in the ieiiislatioii of tlKiComitiy.
The timo lias conii! when nir. possinihiTv of

SAVING TIIKCIIOWN ITSELF, (lt'pt;ilils Oil OUT

having it distinolly uiidcrstooci. llial iheobjm'ls
of thn 2;overnrneiit arL- jn-t the siii'ph", piauii-
oal ami ilisiriterested objects of philaiitliropy,
80 boldly and nneipiivociilly pvpressfd by
Oliver Cromwell, when he said, " If any man

THINKS that the INTEKESTOF THESE NATIONS
AND TIIK INTEREST OF ('lIlUSTI ANITY ARK TWO
SEl'AUATE ANP DISTINCT TIIINCJS, 1 WISH MY
90UI. MAY NEVKH ENTEll INTO HIS SECKEt!"

And I have not the least iloubt tiial every
government, till it lias come to feel itsell the
mere iiistwiment of (Jod'a purposes, is liable
to the moral ooiisecpieiu'cs "f its conduct,

DISQUIET, OVERTUKN aild UEVOI.U IION.

ISAAC IIUCHANAN.

LETTER TO LORD (iKDRfiK liENl'INC'K, M. I'.

New York, '2.')//i Mmrit, 1S48.

Mv Lord,— In ( ssayinij to discii«s the now
critical Po.sirioN oi Knclano, I would iialn-
rally address myself to the \iAN who. I ek-
lievk, ro.MniNEs the Wii.i, and the I'dwer
to serve its VVoiiKis'f; Ci,assks, to a much
preater extent tlian any olher public man in
England ; but 1 do -io, aUo, for the additional
reason, that since the death of my lamcMitcd
friend, Lord Metcalfe, 1 have looked up()n
your Lordship as the purest and ino>t patiiotic
of Ens'ish slatesmim.

The time has come wl;en evf>ry considera-
tion but that of our coinitry must be f()r:jroi!en
by us all, and I expect to see your Lordship
the first to show by your example, that not
only should former aiiti[uithi(>s, luit also pre-
dilections be laid aside by public men, the
monient ihey are seen to be DANnKiious to
the state ill tlie ciioumslances that surround
us.

This is no time to discuss or (jiiarre! about
details. Thp vital (iiic^tion comes home to
every Briton's heart and pride, as well as lo
his material iiiter(>sts, can the P.ritisii Mon-

ARCiiy lit; rHESKllVKD ? TIlK CRKvTF.ST TIIK

MOST K.M'URINO THE MOST DISINTIRESTF.D—

EMBODIMENT OF RIGHT AND PRACTJCAb PRINCI-
PLES T lAT HAS BEKN TKSTH) BY TIME !

I ANSWER No, EMPHATICALI.r No, UNLESS

THB Upper Classes (in whom no onb has

coNrinP.r»rK, si'«rK Sir RonnnT Peel STtrtTl-
fiEP THE Commons, and tiik IJuKK ok VVrl-
i.jNoToN I HE Lords ) pehmit the immediate

ADOI'TION OK MK.\M;uKS Wliril TIIIIR PERSONAL
iNTEKF.'jrS WII.I., I IKAR, MxKK SOME DE-
Md'MK AS Ul vol I'lTON \RV, HOWEVER PATRIO-
TIC THEY MAY n.EI. TIIKM TO »E.

The I'eel Conscivatives, in onler to popu-
larize themselves as a i-Aurv ro consf.rve
1 HE ciiraeii, .siiciiliced what they had told
their constituents they in their licarts believed
to be THE INTEREST OF HIE naiiisii Lahoreu;
and //I'lyare now a moral uultthj, incapable of
servility the crown, while the retention ol
peculiar privilei,'es by their <dass, and its
church, after the interests of industry liave
been betrayed by them in the legislature,

POSITIVELY ENDANOKRS TIIK EXI-TINQ ORDER OF

THiNRS, SO that we have no hope from Sir
Robert I'eel and his "/uosr./i.s/j." (Unless wo
should stoop to use bad instruments, ar<j;uing,
that havinjr sacrificed Hritish Imlustry to the
Chur(di,tliey are the very m,'n lo sacrifice the
Church to British Industry !)

And neither will the people accept assis-
tance from the Protectionists, (allhonuh this is
admitted to be THE oni.v party which has

TAKEN A P PUI-AR OR PATRIOTIC VIEW OF TUB

luoiiTs OK NATIVE i.AiioLR,) becauso. by doing

so, THEY WOULD SACIUFICE TIlKIR KIUHTS OK

CONSCIENCE and hand themselves over, bound
liand and foot, to a miserably sellish church
oliiraichy, which they hate.

The Crown cannot be fiaved by tlie Whigs,
even if they conid ilo so on principle, for they
cannot save themselves as a parly, which is
always tlirir first look out. As for tlie free-
traders or fie(>-thinkeis in commerce, they can
do no more for the working-people (through
whose contentment and haiipiness alone the
Crown can be sustained) than ttie free-thinkers
in reliirion can. The one would land their
bodies in deat;., the oiher their souls. The
total want of ail patriotic principle, or tang^iblo
principle of any kind, in iireciprocal Free
Trade, may appear temporarily to be blessed,
jn<t as the total absence of respect for reli-
gious i)rinciple in a nation may be; hut either
pcradvmturc is a very miserable calculation,
anil I cannot understand how any man, or set
of men, feeling fully the responsibility of a
government, would dare to rely on such
delusions.

I therefore think that tiere exists at present
no party in England with sufiicieiil power or
influence to save the workiiiir-classes from
.stiirvation ; and thai if tiik Crown cannot
oiiciANi'/R AN Executive capable ok this

first DUTY of A ( loVERNMENT, IT .MUST OF
MliKSSlTY BE OVERrilROWN.

AnDIF APPEARS TO MV Ml.-vD, Tli \T IF THB

Monarchy is to be saved, it must be by a

MORE PATRIOTIC (LESS COSMOPOLITE) COMBI-
NATION, IN THE SHAPE OK A NEW PARTY KEPRB-
SENTATIVE OF LABOUR.

Were I a public man in England, at the
critical moment, I would not hesila'e to meet
the Chartist* more than half way. I would

KEL STtltTI-
K OK VVrl-
; IMMKOIATR
IK PKUMOMAL
SOME l)K-
VRR PATRIO-

ur to ])npii-

CONSKUVE

•y liiiil told
Ills liolievoJ
sii liAnoKCit;
iiicuiialilo of

rtiloiilion ot
iss, aiul its
iiliibiry liavo

luLji.sliiture,
,\o oiiDKa or
)t! from Sir

(Unless wo
lis, iir^'uinj,',
ustry to tlie
sacrifice the

ecept assis-
liouuh this is

WIMCM HAS

iKw or TUB
ISO. by doing

R KHJHTS or

over, bound
llish church

' tlio Whig3,
iple, for lliey
ly, which is
or the free-
roe, tiioy can
pie (through
ss aloiio tho
free-thinkers
(I land their
souls. The
L', or tanaible
iprocal Free
;) be blessed,
lect for reli-
ve ; but either
( calculation,
y- man, or set
isibiliiy of a
ly on such

-(ts at present
enl power or
-classes fiom

OWN CANNOT
BLE OF THIS
, IT MUST OF

Tii*T IF THR
rtUST BR BY A
LITK) COMBl-
^ARTr BEPUB-

io;land, at the
itaie to meet
ay. I would

«ftl1 the fww parly the chartbii royamstb, or gold, and a ri«B, an a conneqiipnce, of every
■ociAL KcoNOMisTs, as Opposed to political other commodity {an coirnartd lo money.) At
economists, whoso objects as a party I would present, under the Currency Law (which Mr.
ttato to be— ^ Cobdeii and the Free Traileis would retain,)

l.^/.-1he Social Lvmiomwti will hold it to the export of yoid does not raise the price of
bo the first duly of u fjoforntnent, a< U'/ia^'rcr jrold, but only raise? ilio pricu of interest or
»flfJiyi(T,to make all suio (who are willing to money, and pinpuitioinillv rurs down the
work) ol the actual necessaries of life. price of the poor man's Jalmr. My pla«

'inf/Zi/.-Tliey will hold iliul every means
should bo adopted to raise the outward »!oiii-
fort of the work niy;-c lasses, as well as to
elevate thetn nioraliy and leligiously — an ex-
clusive church e8labli»hment not being one of
these means.

Olher tiling's 1 view as only subsidiary, or
means to the fdienoinu; i/ieat enils. I may,
however, jjive a >ketcli ol what I should de-
mand as POINTS OF oun Chautku.

JOTTINGS ON TIIK SUBJECT OF THE
CIIARTKR.
1st. Tho present and all future national
debts must be viewed as beinjr merely a claim Settiements) the depailmeni of India Kast-
on the realized pmp.Mty ol Hie country, al- und the department of India West— to be
though Hie trade will leel it just ami eciuitablo called—

WOULD MaKK LABOII A SA LKABLK PKOI'IOUTV (aT
ONU PIllCl.; OR ANorilKll LIKH KVKRy Tin.NO
KI.SK) BV CBKATI.NO A CONTI>UAl, DEMAND FOB
IT.

b/hly. To Ireland and the Urilish Colonies,
there must I e a national -svstkm ok coloni-
zation, uiuier a ne.v Cabinet Minister, (to
whom I shall allude presently) and whom I
would call the Ministkuok Kmpi.ovment with
the co-openilion of the ])iiiicipiil Sccrelarios of
State for the Colonies, who sliould be not less
than four in nunibt r U'l/Zi diatinct departments
— say the North American department, the
Australian (lep;utment (includiMg the African

that the sui|)liisof the liKVj-.NUK from tradk,
after paying the current expenses of the go-
verniuenl (this being viewed as indicating the
amount of pioteclion to native Industry) be
handed over to the Coiiunitsioners of Ike Ilii-
VENUK FuoM i>H0PKRTY, wliich hereafter hhoiild
not interfere with thu office of the Chancellor
of Exchequer. Thus it is abuiKlanlly evident
that England has not thk mkans ok pavinu
The intkkkst ok iikh National Di:ut, if
Free Trade is per.-i-teil in, for this involves
freedom from ihe Excise duties also, seeing
that it were mauil'estly absiiril to have foreign
Industry free, and Home Iiuhislry laved.

'2ndly. I would do away with all reslrie'ions
on the internal Tiade of the com. try, (if Free
Tiade in foreiirn labor is persisted in) taking
o/Tthe Excise and all Taxes, leaving only the
property 'lax, to pay the liileiest of the Na-
tional Debt, wiih Cnsl(iHis,Stain[)s (inelncliiig

Secretary of State for the Northern Colonies.
Secretary of Slate for llie Eastern Colonies.
Secretary of State for the Southern Colonies.
Secralary of Slate for the Western Colonies.

I am far from believing that the foregoing
machinfny, each Secretary havins the assis-
tance rif two under secretaries, (nativcx of the
pnrlindnr Coloniid D pnrtmcni, whom [ shall
refer to below) will be found at all adequate, a
a few years hence, to Ihe important duties, the
proper perfoimance of wliich would realize
(!00D covk.rnmkntto THK CoLONiEs ; and from
this may be leathered iny idea of thI'; total

INADr.ftUACV OK THK I'lU'.SKNT DEPARIMKNT IN

DowNiNc Strkkf, as the Colonial machinery
of a great empire whose life's blood is

'• Sliips, Ccilnniat und Commerce,^'
and nol the mere "Manufaduring Commerce^'

probate on real estate,) and the Post Othce, to of the Free Trader, oi mere Manchester man.

meet the current expenses of the country. The country should look to the new depart-

'Srdlij. For^three ) ears 1 uouid reduce every inent for the accomplishment of a distinct

allowance and salary, fioin llie (Queen's down and common si;nsk oa practical objixt, such

to the public servant at £3(J0 a year, one as the extension of the country's expoits noi

third — the smaller ones in a less piopoiliou — less in any one year, above the I'ormer year's

and afterthree years I would only increase exports lliari one million of pounds sterling —

them to tho extent absoluiely necessary to with a siuiiiar increase of the productions in

retain the liifrhest talent in ihe service. I the Biitish dependencies, of colion and other

would make this reibiction if I luul no olher raw maikkial, ksskntial to our mannfactur-

object than to bring back the sympathy of the ing independence and supremacy, or as I

governors with ihe di-lrcss of the govermd, expressed it in Mnrch, 1816, '"So systematis-

which Sir R Peel's heartless systems have iny- malteis that, through the labor of a British

done away; but justice lo the national creditor colonial population, we will each year be

(bankrupt as we are) also requires it. gelling more and more cotton, more wheat,

ithlif. I would intirrst the moneyed classes of morn timber, more sugar, more sheeps' wool,

the country in pushinir our expoits of British and all other necessaries, Pavinu British la-

labor, by enabling Cold to lise and fall in the boh for tii£m and Nor British gold, as at

market like any olher commoitity ; so that present." By means of practical govern-

the man ofmonoi would have a direct iiilerest ment like this we shouKl find ourselves very

in encouraging the shipment of British labor, to little dependent on foreign trade, which

prevent foreigners having a demand on us for however won Ul be sure to woo us the more,

gold, seeing that this would cause the rise of the more we become indepenitent of it ; and

(hiM would we be the blemod inrtitiment of hand on htindrcd* of pmetlcal nnd e«peri«neod

bringing indepomloiice to the door of every mon, lunnHwnrllionhovodoscription in ("annda,

jnduslriousfiurjily ill Engliuid, nn iiidepoii- who would, (ora vrry Hiiinll nnniml conaidora-

dence which coil' ' bo de/tendcd on to liust as linn, (lifyond ii fjrniil nl' land) transfer Ihoin-

Idiig as o'/i r«'p< uUiiin 1. iriucinroi'iil i''ri!(' Hclvo:* lo Uio nrv (hs'rn'tN, nliout to bo I'lid

Trade, and (ltd 'in on ii> mihiMe to iho oprn, nH ihc hfiids ol' thrso ertllr-nirnls ; nnd, I

yrtcti ^•''"•t'iplo < !• I wllisliiu'N- as lip- h;ivo 110 doiil't, Ihn Hiinio thinjr would b(i nscnsy

jiosed tft Iff** Vws.n ^iDJi loirlrineM. Ii) all olhrr ('olonii-n, to mm lornlly nrfpiointcd

In Irv.^, ^dsu'iiiK siHju. i' Of I or<iM/Aiiii'v wi 'i thpm, as I nia with Upper ('.inadii.
IS ALTo«eiiiKR A MATTKHmr t.ocnh (in(i.>i- Imidrd liy no riinM'Irniil'ii but tho pront

8rA*(it*. and ono whiili my locd kiinw bdrc inti i -'s nf iiii« riii|iiip, I wdiiUI witliniit nny

riO0« not IJL ii/H i'oi' niterin^' iiiId, liutlicr lli;in liositaiinn itiip'iinllobc .loi.xiCJoi.oMAr, Sr.ciiK-

to (Kll-V '^b'fe 1 sliuild very iiiiicli prftft to flPt taiiii's ok SiaTi; in Li ndiiii, tnrii of jjt niiip,

nn niif r'*"'', Mr. t^inith (/I' J)i iin,-! i,'s pro- i-nd ctinhinin^r |'"'li iim nliuy inlcnt with the

ffissional (ii|i'"'''i/*( ''■^ 'o f'le pnHbibiiily uf n*- ( <i.i:»l cxpiru'mc; nnd tor IbJ.-i wmk my
cidiininp uk; Jiisl , ,r-5s than to rest t!iiti>ri"d
with iSir Uoboit 1'. l'« w«ll known oincml
(//c/hh» on the subject, Ojtiik rArAUiti rir.s

OK J IIK COLUMi:-!, I KX.W MNOItill TO KCIMI-
DIATK, AS 11 IKKI.V W irilOl 1 1 (ir.M.'AJ'lON, A>»
THK Ml'AW. CKKATIUK OK INKXl'I'lllKX Iv, JMi:

liii would III! tlif lldiiouriiblcs IJoborl. Il.Sulli-
viin, and .loscpli 11, iw, (at |ircsont I'rinic
MinisliTs of Ciinfnliiiind iN'uva Scotia, rrspcc-

tivcly,) to prr'^idi; rvor tlio norllicrn nnd
soutliprn c.iloni I--, l.vivjurr i||i> |, resent nblo
iimier .serrelanis, Mr. llHwcNtiud Mi. Puller,

JDF.A THAT TiiH foi.oM/ vTioN SLiLiiX'T IS si'U- to Jipiily tli( mschc-i to tlif! o;i8!rri) and westetii

noDMiF.n WITH iNHiKMoiMAnr.i; niKKitui/ri. I coloiu.iliicparimrntH, Overthpne men 1 would

lliiiik that all the diilieuliy lies in the i;,riiiir;in(;o nibiw no Kupiiciliinis or lordly uiM'-ler, any inuro

and W.I lit of biuii!r4 ('iml InoJn I Imil nlmnit t'lan 1 Would tolniao fl;t; intoricrenci! of nny

stiid) ill ]) iwiiiiifr Street ; nnd 1 dioiild feel Hiow-nioviny' I)o\vitin(.' s'roet clerk, cumbered

1h ' coloniza'ian entcrpnso hairrirecl.'d, Ciipun Willi old iiiii.<ly foriKS and sensdoKS jircco-

tlie prinripln that, a tliin^r well bcj^nin i.s hnlf
finished,) uh* n the views nnd piinciplet iield
by Lord Wtanloy, and luo.-l otiier colotiial miii-
istert, were thrown overboTrd. After b"in<ir
nearly twenty years acoloni?:!. I feel eonfnf nl

de;)'H,

Tims wo would throw n simultanenis plow
of n)iiliil(!iH'einto Ihv iimi'ili mlfnin^ cxtrniuticn
of tho empire, jus' as your ljnr(l,>-hip with Lord
Ashburton, and Mr. llerriefi, if plMrinjr yoin-'

'nasscr'iinjr this; as llie i;niver.-'al ieeiini; in the selve.s in ibe bieaeh of ilio eorvtitetiori. ntthc
vOlonics. 1 would i^ive n free <,'innl, us bi^ j»;cs(Mit en.-i-" of its fate, wniih! nilni in one
birthrijjht, to every lUiin in (ircal Unl.iin, ire- viinifnt t'lp hauhlfd hi art ofllif emphf nnd f>f
land, and the Colonics, of 100 acres of land, in the ii> rid, by beiny nlilo to announee. that fol-
whatcvnr eolony he cbooii'es to ^'o to or reiiiai,) low n: your noble ex.iiiiple, Lords Olnrondon
in a? AN ACTi'Ai- sKTTi-i'.a : thiisaloiu'O would nni! I'almerston (ji!ei;uipar:ilily tlie ablest men
a frleun of hopo and self-re.stv ot be tliro.vii
into the durkesl breast in .Manchester or lil.is-
fjow, while a MorivK to i;co\omv woiiiil bo
furnished to every man, in ^ru'Jieiinfr to.'-othor
Buflicient money to eonvey his fiiiiily tuitlicr.
In jiislioo to the eoloni ts, as well as lol'iir-

111 l-.i;rliin'l) iirvinir coino i.nd l;iid tlieir per-
sonal linlipat'i'es on tl e altar of tlieir rountry,
wore prejiared to iindertnke the foieij^n nnd
home de|iiii til ei:t < of the fMi\(M-iiiiu nt. Lord
i'almerston ::hoiiM be at the IIomk Oit'h r, if
not I'liiMi; .Mims'ikh. Allhoufh it is nil im-

n'sli me a means of knowinir that there exists porlaiit to havn the bcnelit of his Lordship'^

in tho man tho oncrtry necessary for a tetlb r's

strujrrrb}, F w.. .Ui assist nn hetll'r till ho arrived

at his land : when I Khimld furnidi to iho.'O

whoso (well authenticated) cirrumsdinrfii le-

quired it, ne-ric\iltur:il mi])k'moiits und food, lor

the months ihat intervene, till he can {,'et his

first crop, (iiiit no money) all this bciii;:'- done

on a f elf -siijijtm till t^ jniniijili; the land still

beinnf r^tainoil in Bcciinty. 1 wool I {rradually

raise a million, or two millions of pounds strr-

linfT in Ijondon by fit- creation of a new di bt,

railed Coi,.-!-,!/ XII, I'lNns, (.'ocured ititonlv

by the Home (ioven • "f !
whole lands of the eoiij..
applied) ; with thii- i'lo

UOMKS !N THK WOO! > )' r

•rodi

!it. b

111 by the
Woore '.c money is
7 ' ..•ould jiropare
•^fi rierenl trny'^ 'f

(rjicricnrc in f UTJu'ti atlairs, it is self-evident,
tint a man (Hpialy liini, and, if pos-ibh^ mofo
(ietrnnined mi ike ii\<}il 'yiuisi', yet.nt the same
time, more cool, nnd /'••■•.♦ r<i»unil()'d, (combin-
ing, 111 a Wild, the .«)/«/r//, /■ ia dodn with the
fnilllrr in n,) is recpiired, as tl o arbiter ofthe
world's (lestmie- at this j'l", ■■(;.'>,

l']:«f;r,AM) A I tiih iiora is if;iita;ni.v on a
cornsi; of iii:((,:.m',. and with empires liko
inilividiial-, t'.eir f/e:/v((rr//'f/ course is rapid —
'^ fnrilis f-.v7 diycfiisu." arci'nn."

To enable u-\ to (i.\ en ;l;e cure, weinust first
n^'ertain lb'' causes (if lin^land's decline, nnd
prominent nnionir these will ftnnd ( ut the mis-
fruvrninrtit ntid want ef L''"vcrnniont of the
Cidiinii'i' bv which Kerrpnid !i"s been prevented

omirrrnnts ; and I v, uid li ;i a corps of t.'.\|ie- beinff bonelilted by her foreiifn posfessioiu', and

riencedcolonization agents. men ofthe pr(jfes,-ion /e/s / era madr in lor' nuiny vusrs a curse to them.

of farmers to be scattered throuphoiit the ("o- Then we will find, in piirsuinjr our inf|uiry,

lony, to secure to the (>mi;,rrnnt disinterc-trd that the wsc/ey.'-'nrs? dd' our o'.rn creatinp) of

advice, and to I'l.T wrniiN his iif.ach, am, tih: the roliiniea, wnii nviiiled of bv nn unpatriotic

issTBUCTio.Ns vviHcii Till-; (JUKATFST I'ltACTK AT, (Cosmopolite) Combination of'coUon liOrds in

KxPERfENCB CAN FURNISH. I could put loy Manchester, to excite the people in favor of

frtwdgn trar
in preforcno
which our I
to feed the
Hull thcrefi
thanactiiall
rich oldiiivi
continued)
pnod old pi
nnd thiiH ha
invaded, ho
RIy view ot
try, was fi

PTATKJIKNI
OI'RMNH O

the (llitfffo
ll)J7, a iiu'i
to every nn
rial I'nrliun
latiircs. /

EiNCI AM) II
or (lRn.\T NF

"Uissrr uy n
ns I am sat
annatantitil
arisioerifri/,
toritil iiijlui
cured iiiflil
government
pendent cxt
in/,' within i
and acouniu
than doesll:
whatever,
every ad van
lie olfer-, wl
of democrac
Anil as the
ci'ntrali/,'^ ll
1 would iiial

OF Till-: E.Ml'

even in coin
tcitk each o
should not (

JilllTAIN I.N 1

which covim
can create.
To fliow
which, it wi
tiiin) of tlu
the Colonist
quote the i'o
to the Earl i
inont to the
(jlitspoir, ,\
that 1 lay gi
secretaries t
oflhejiartii
local Lpgisli.
the Colony i

" ni'l'ieviiij;
»pven'd in by
jll«l 08 tlio A
Jhmoeracy le
porsisting l,)i
iliofco Bhowed
interest to sii|
end ; and beli

in ("anada,
coniidiTB-
*fcr thnm-

to llO I'lili

itM ; nnd, I

I Ix' ns easy
nr(|iiQintcd

idii.

illioiit nny
ui, i^i;riiK-

of ({I niiiH,
I with the

wmk my
■It ll.Siilli-
ent I'riinc
in, rrspcc-
rllicrn iind

sont iil)!o
\Ii. IliiMcr,
rid uoslctii
en I woiilil
r, nny tniiro
ic(! of nny

cumbered
c.ts [ircro-

oois plow

(Ttri'inilii'f

with Lord

'in^ yoiir-

ii^n, nt llie

ilm in one

niff and nf

0. thnl foi-

(llnrcndnn

!ili!ost mm

tlioir ficT-

ir rduntry,

uicign mid

nl. Lord

Oriirr, if

is nil im-

Iiordship's

(jlt'-cvidoiit,

■ iiil", mofo

it tlic f;nmo

, (coiiibin-

witli the
',>ifcr of the

i;:n,v on a
[ipircd liko
is rapid —

'Miiiist first
((•lino, and
lit the mis-
ent nf the

1 provontfid
:sf^ioiif-, nnd
)•£(• to than.
ir inquiry,
rrntinp) of
unpatriotic
)n iiorda in
n favor of

riMtign trado, on wlil<^ llierftii no (^eperwlance, Ctn«dii wllltwlmt to rtia Empire, I fpal ■■ If th«

in preforcnce to iho Honicnnd ('t)loiiinl TrndcB, «<i«<*u«iiion of the di-laUt of ih« omeliorr»tion« r*

which our Icfrtslation hat the power to retain I"''''*'' iniprnnH) in CBnn<lB w<«r«v»«iyiisfl»«M now.

to feed the industry of Kni;l.ind. Poor John , ' ''I"'"'' '"•*<'^'''"' "• nienii.m iwo \\iwg» which I

IKill thcrof.)ro fmda hiinBdf (nioro (ri-htenod '"«^'' '""? '"■«;•'•; "• wunti„|{ to the pr^ctuml good

lhanacl,mlIyl,urtaHyct)inthopmliconu"n' -fiho «'';«"7^'"; '•' ^•''^'•''■^
rich old invalid, \vli„.odiH.'a8e(M.riunH cnou-[, if .r*.'," .'"^ ""'"'" ?* ? "I''""'""':*'

ptrily through
wt)hf nf Iiii'kU in ihe (Jiiloru'il Dtljcp; iiik), nn a
I'll i dy, 1 pri)|iin(< iliiit fiii'li im[Miriitnt (.'.ilony
•hmild gpl fi Hfpiirnlo ronin in Downing Siicci. and
«liiiul.l have li i iln- diiurt' twn I'rivuio S'.'nro|»ri('»,
one ! whiim iiliiMil I fi(« in ihi- l'ii)vincpnii. , in LnrMliin
nllcrniui'ly. I!<icli (,'oliiny wuuM liiivp ilnn nn inttlli-
gppt mnrhiricry in L"ndon wiih which ''oloninti
CimUl eo-iipt'rnip fur llit'Jr rp'p^riivc inlrrcxiK.

Sirnml — The f^iO('ii',4 (iiil,|,.cu in f'nnadn, from
thfir po^iiioii, hnvo no inllui'rirfl ot IL>r«<i fiiianU,
till' Indiii ! Fou-M. Ill' in iny hiIpt "civIi'i'm ; no.ihil f ' I
(inlv f-hould liicir tliji- Mi 'lii'lr hn-nl "C\.cv» \m vicwi-rt
llin sir iiif!fr on ihi^ nrcniinf, iiul ll- (iosfinor ficne-
rid siioiild he niiii'd wiih ari'riain numhrr of Com-
niitsiiinn in iho diiV.'rcMt ccvicig in ciicl) yriir to
ri'Wiiiil Ppovinciiil I'liiliiiiiinniiiry nnd luhcr scrvirpi
nnd iiiPiit ; for wp niiiy iply il-iut if iho iripigif* oflho
(Janiirli,in jonih imp not Ukcd 'ly liip Uritiuh Govern-
mpnt, tlipy will h« iispd agninit it.

r l!il<p llip libnrty lo nnnd iiprcwjiii snmp of ih«

_ „; / .■ ,r /• .1 I, , ,■ , piiinplili't" nnd wiilin"^ vMch, trom l^^IUi down, 1

I • .i ,■ .11 1 11 Imvp pubhilifd on lim eiili|irf 1 «m now ri'iprrine

ovrcd iiiflilulinn») r.ngiiiiid Ins nn cxociiiuc to

gov.Tnmontndmiltinur.,niu,,ro,npt nnd indc- 'l ,l,ouchMn„, of s,ron?,lipn, >^ my nrpralhy mid-
pendent, execution .it h,nh (i.\«i.mi.s and contnin- j,,,,, f,„ ,:,„„■ j^x.vllpnpvV pmi- i. vnrio.n. lkitkh*
m/,' within it c,■lpabilitlc^s nl onco of pvo^'ross of iiianks from iho Gov(-rnin.>r •. npnt me I. y Lord
nnd nceiimnlnU.in, to a jjrivitor ;irnrtic;il extent Mftcidtp, hnt 1 rannot liiy my lin= ds on tlirm r.r ihe
than does the firiiiciplcid"iiny oliior {fovernniont nn'nu'ni, nnd Mr. lliiririnson (ilm whom no ofTicMnl

1 ws Mil iniii'ii id I C!iiii:»ilii) (•: h'll your Exi-.p1-

loncy iho dpijrpo of rppdit lumohiii ■ lo my opiniont,
I HJinll gpiui a copy of iliis to Enrl Grey."

And on llie snlijeel ofriin vv.i ri.iAR advan-
TAci: To 1 iiK K.Mriui: or Cor.oviAL as coim-
rAunii TO i-oiu;itiN thadi:, I ([uolr the folli)win<r
reiimrks Jrom u h-ttcr of mine wliicli was

continued) i.s that liavin<r deviated frumi his
pood old prinripleifiiviiifr tvilhinhh income,
nnd lliiiH had iii.i i.aiiok imii:i'i:m>?',m:v ishfjiiMy
invaded, he niready rcalizr.H him.-ieir a l»i<rjrnr.
My view of the only cour.sc open to tin. coun-
try, waK fully ( xphiincd in a paper, hci<!ed

PTATt^ilKNT OF I'liO I I'.l TIOMST MKU.S AT THIS

ni'RMNti OK i'AKi,;.AMi;.NT, winch npp'Qicd in
the (lldxgoic I{ I Jo nil it/ lliiziHi; in .Finiiary,
liM7, a mn.licr of uliich new.-p:ipor was Kent
toevery nictnhcr in lioili hoiiM'softhc Impe-
rial I'arliumentns well as tlio Colonial liPjjis-
latnrca. An I I .still feel nn sntisCied that

K NCI AMI II r V I;T at ( OMM \.Mi, Till', I'M'.MUNTS
01 (IRF,AT.M;SilA.MI IIAI'I'INRSS, l.\ A llHonCH I'OS-

■uissp.n iiy NO oTiiKii rmiNniv i.v tiik woui,i>,
(islam sali.-fied that (se! fi-fi- from the cir-
ciiinstanlidl tli.i(i:lrinil.ifrcs ofh'i' rhuirk and
ariitorntry, and iihlr to rilmn tlir dixin'rrcslid

whatever. I see that her .snl'j''cts iniiy enjoy

pvcry advant.'iire of democracy wliich a Jlepuh-

lic oiler-, while they arc ?aved the iKi/i/ni/evilrf

of democracy wiiich are inhrniit in a li< public.

And an the lir.-ii, or ono ot" the (ir*l step^ to

d'ntralizo the proiiurtivc enerificFi of I'lijilund,

1 wouli] make t!ie Coi.o.mks i.NTKi.aAi, i'aut.s

OF Tin; E.Mi'iui:. 'J'hey should have their name. puMished in \]\o Livirpool Stan 'ard, on2Alh

even in eoinmon with th'^ mother country and Marrh, IRUi ;

icilk each, ollin: And iiaiT.vi.N in A,Mi":aiCA, " It i.. .-pirpvidpntilmf ilip pnypr r.irrpnpy to ho

should not only hojioinid V> Great l!ril;im, hut saf.- imist lio small nnd iliii-iuiitiiic in t|,i. onntry when

lilUTAIN I.N ].M)| V East AM) VVkst by every tic ilip hii!U of our Irah' i< with forpij;npr.=. as ihry ih

which common interest, aa well as commm {,''lory ""' '"'i^° '" erchonpr j'/.i nwnvfnc'Mrrs -.r Inhonr):

for cotTimi'rciid conlidpncR (oi cndil) < vi«t» less or
ninrp, jmt loi iheee is K'ss or more movr< ent or rx-
[lorliiiiMii of ih(» jinrioin mptnl.'*. And if -roiish ihe
iiws (f (Jiiiiiiiln uiifl thp Wpst liidip-', two 'licrprpnt
slnplrs, timhir nnd Mi!.'nr, wpip luhh'd to 'Hon and
(•orn, ns ihin;;-' fur whii'h gold iniMt hn i id, liiere
would hi' no Hiifi'tv (f'vpn lis n niiiilrr ofs pip pxis-
tpiicc) for our nvpr supply of l',n;.'lish nili/.i 'is, hiil in
llicir Iransfpri in? Ihi'iiispivp? In ilip I'nilpd S'ntos, |i>
f;rt 'indtT shi'hiT of ihe protection ot iho i. rnt-rican
tiirilf.

It is tuy ^incprn hplicf, that time !« nil thr;? is ro-
qilired, to show tint Fl'.KK TRADIC 13 seiCII>K i.S THK
TAUT OF Hkitish ari;/an«, und ih;it hy not nrefer-
rinir n lU'idtMalp proipcliun to oiil-aiid-onl Irei Iindo,
the ///;(•/«/ pirly will bccoim; very uiipopulur n lliii
oiHitry.

Tliprc is no mnn on either side of party politicg
who undei-Jtands the pmciicil inlerpsis of the Pinpiri?

can create.

To fliow the dcta Is of my views (about
winch, it will ho ohscrvud, there is no complira-
tlon) of the means to retain the nff itions of
the Colonists to their mother cdnntry? I may
fjuotc the follouinjj iVom a letlrr which I wrote
to the Earl of Klfriii on lihs Lord.ship's appoint-
ment to the Canadian (lovcrnmcnt. It is dated
(llusfi^ow. Miirch, \,.H\. It wdl be obhcrved
(hat 1 lay great btreas on havinir two tinder
Fccretarics for each importai:! Colony, vntivcs
ofthrjiarticulir Colnui/, nnd appointed by the
local Lpo-islaturo. each to be in London and in
the Colony alternately :—

" Ijclieviiifr, ns F lio, that Fieo Tradn viii be per-
fevered in by E.iglish sintesnien for skanir's panic
jiut as ihn Amiiicnns (in Ihe line sjiii il (f the

J>emocraci/ vhich Enp'and lira puvHidUy adopted,) bptier than Sir Howard DoiikI is, nnd no one expres-^es
persisting long; in their FinnUins ihoorn-s, llioiigh them so well. Fn his speech on the late debute, Sir
iheto showed themselves wrong liv npsetiing every Howard Douglas explains the true poliry of Eng-
interest to support Ahicb was their whole object and land: —
cjid ; and believing, therefore, that in the muan time " The whole amount of manufactures exported to

Indi* Hopf not pxcwd X'8,OO0.00O; in 18'I4 £'7,- working elawes would remain qiiet and permit l(»

€95,666 imluiliiigCcyl'm If w Arerptnencimrase, llintat of ilitir peruliur itUi'resi, the QiiiSTION or

AS we misilit, the miiiiiBl pniduciirina of Briiish IridJH, Labor, thus to be cut. An rPHnonahly ii ight we e%-

to onab|p"her the I't'tn r to fny for Brilii^h goods, pect ilic public to tolerate the rulnable leaving ol

THKRK ISSCAUCKLY ANY AS9ir.NAni.K. LIMIT, TO THE
INCRKASK OF THAT VAST MAKKKT l.F CONSUMI'TION,

foR THK rRonucTinNs OK Kritish im)Ustiiy; the

DKMXND FOR HuiTISH CoTToN 'ODS IN rARTICULAIl,
if rill- |iM|jiiliiUoM I "(ill lnii Hi ilie luif ol lOs. ptr IxioJ,
would iiiii'vuiii lo £:y.i OUU.t GO blerlin,;,' ; him ilie dc-
iTiiinii for wo .Hern, siiks, |>i.m'r\ , i;l is;*, ]iliitfd wardS,

impeiliments in the way ufnn exprei>it ruilway tiain,
tu scatter certain death and dosiriiciiun all aruund.

In this drcadlul condiijon they v;ill blame
ond jiivstly so, iho goviinmrnt. The Govern-
ii.iiiii will plciid Its good iiitt'iitions, but this
will not teed ihe f<iarving niiisses, who will, in

ciitleiy, iron, hriis?, QM.i .-. |>|.fr in.p cmftus. atul an reply, charpo the Goverminni with at least,

infiniiy of 111 tic I-* tor domebiic use, would bo j-roili- not hiivliiir (tliility to finvml, evcn if it did not

giougly iiictensfd " cause their disasters. No chanfje to people in

Letustako Sir llonnrd Doiisla^'s ndvicn, and these ciri.'iiiiisluncod can be fur the wi.rsc, and

fndoHvor to tiv" c mpioymoit to liiiiish Hiibjpcts a RkvoLUTIO.N MAY COMB UPON EnglaM), ir

in»t<>a(l of f irfi.ntr- Li't iisre-iMg iniz-^ llit'Coloninl
system (whiih i» lite CHU''f • f Knc n'id's gieatiiess)
on tlio priiicijile o( lo ideiaie pioicciioii.

Let U9 |r»ff r to [irodu'V our cotton, sii:;ar, timbpr,
&/C , from tim lalior ot HiumIi sulij-i ts, who liuvo
British Imliits, and consom,) Uiliisli in ini.luciores
enlirelv, rath r tiiiiii troni the dctrndi'd labor of the
Amt'rii.'un sliivi' ; nnd then our dfiinnid will bo for
niKmir.icluiKs Hiid not fur eoM, llu' nutioiial currency
will eet out i>t' ii^ p' cient Jevcns/i ah(> txcileU atate,
wbich gives nu (l'|it:r.iliiliie lo llie miinil.ii'liirer, Hiid
!((?e|>!« tlitr Ub'iiiii;^ I'liisd ulwHvs vMlLin a ft-w ixetkciuf
absulule want.

At present it \* no maticr bow good und certain a
mprcbiinl's prosj nU-i nrr of dM|io-iii:; of gooilu, he
cannot buy ibeiii if tl.o lird.ish nioncij n-.rket \* lio-
rang'd, or, ill oilur wor Is. if >|«Cie ^llioeroundworli
on wiiich is built nil ciilidiMiCK and credit) i* being
exported lo fiieign c luol ies nr b'-yo d f/c home and

Coionia! /»-(7(Zc, or in oili. I wnids beyond tlie range of iicnlly I'oreinost, as iisiial, in support of the
our own' CuHRK.vcy LAWS."' IMoiiarcliy, witlioiit reqiiiriiiij any desertion

fi/L THPJ Tl.Ml:: n.\S COMK WHKN by ih<m of the tree and proofossive priticiples,
WK MTST HKIM A i'O.slTlON J'OIJAVE by whi< h, in ail hisiory, Scotbiiid has been
A KEASONAULt: i:Xl'EC'l'\TI().\ 'I'llAT <:'i.ir!icterizt'd, and wiihnnt any vioiatiors of
EVi;ilV (■L.\S.S OF MI'.N WILL lUI their nationHl t^en;ime:u of entire freedom of

Rktrkkciimint a.vd the mu.st swukpinq riK-

FORM OF rilK Cl'RRRNCV, ARK NOT MADK, WITHOUT
A MOMKlvr's llELAY, SIMUI.TANKoUSLT WITH
SUCH rOLITlCAL AMERATIO.VS IN IRELAND, AND
OTIIKRWISE, AS WILI, THROW THE NOW GLOOUV
MINDS OF THE POPULATION FORWARD TO A UAP-
PIEB FUTURE.

Part of my ohjf'ct in these explanations has
been, to show what I believe to be ihe charac-
ter cf the Charter OF Conditions, on which
iior Majesty's IScoitish subjects nlhome, an(^ in
the still Loyal (ihoiioh they also have been
much .nlienated by I'lrmer misinnougerncnf, anij
by Enulisb Eccles^iat^tical insolence) Colonies
of Canada, Nova t^cotia and New Brunswick,
may confiilenily be expected to reinaiti perina-

CIIRKRFULLV I'ilEl'AllKI) To DO ALL
Tlli'l DUUi'.S OPTHK SUiULC'i", AND
WHEN, AS A MATTKR OF ('(UJllSE,
WE .MUST Yii.L!) i <) KVE ■: Y ONi; ALL
THE SUBJECT'S I'KIVILKGKS. A mm
can scarcely be ex|iec!c(i to lay his lil'o and prop-
erty on the altar of hn counlry, if li.; hus
rot the same extent of j/i/c/v,'?/ in and attach-
ment to tlif oou.'iiiiiieiit as i.>< c joyed by his
neighbor. Upi.ndiia on.und alone thcnl would
insist on Ike vitut nicisfily of iminniialvbj
doinff (tu-ay widi Chunk intnhlhhmvids and
exclusire IJiiirirsilii's. I would let each iri-
ciirnhent enjoy wli.'il he at present linti (iiiiing
hii life, hii! at hi.ii caHi, 1 .-^iuijld h;ive the cler-
gyman's incoiiio diverted II the piirpcbc of
Common School Kdiicutioii.

If any other nas .ns were wanted to show
this impor"ani nfonn bein^j imjierativily culled
1

personal ihonght ami action :

"Tliy .ipiiit, ln(lr[!('iii!ciire, irt iiiesbrire,
l,oril of till' l.ioii lie.irt, ,imi| '".mle rye ;
Thy .s|e|is I II Ibllow with my bosoiii tmre,
Nor licod tlio sioriii Hint scowls along the sky."

Her M.njo.sty's Sooni^h siihjocts a'e always
finst in the triimipliH of ijibcrty, but yet no peo-
ple piace. so int» llg- nt or just, and therefore, bo
hioh a value on a CoNfiTiTurioNALLv disinter-
est! » Monarchy like ours, adapted to thb
spirit OF THE AOE ; ond whenever a rally for
our Queen and Country is called for, themoua-
tam cry will not be lUited in vain—

" Claim nnn (Inidlteil'n gvnlihh a rheile"

"tieii.sof lii^hl.iiidcrH, «liouKler to nhuulder and back to-

l)i>rk."

No [leople have hnd more, from time to time,
toconipliiin of than the Scotch, but they have
always declined allowing any set of men,
(cinboiiied as a government,) tu force then into

for, we would fi-id it m the fact tliat diurch disoyalty to their country's principles. They

quarrdg dniiifihosf who lire mxitualb^ the. jieo- '"^^'c Hoinetimes convicleil the monarchy of

pie's advoratis ill Ihe (juisiiuii. of p'oticlion to disloyalty Jo //ic/V principles, and have on such
the JSrilitiit. iiihorvr ur iirtiznn. At (he opon

ing of Parluimeiit in .lumiary, 1817, lieing tlicn
in Glasgow, I publi.-hcd tbetbilowing remarks
on this vital pint :—

" liie disciH'^iiin of tbo gtfgt and vita) (piestlon
cf labor wdl ilnm linvc no iliuur,' of fiir pliiv, and
Iho greatest di<iri'»H iind inlrn'ry will b«) the iaaviioldu

occasion.s chrinycd Ihcir fnCn. To this ii 5S
owing that the Hanover Family are now
Sovereigns of Greit Hritain. In fnct, thb idRa
IN Scotla.\d or the throne is, that it is the
embodiment of thiir own treedoin and inde-
pendence ; ond it is the [)roudest consideration
of Scotchmen, that from their country eman-

cjunnt^uence, if wu cuuid auppuse it putitiblu that tbu ATJiD IN FIIACTICAL SIIapk TilK rRiNCIFI«IiS OV

anit permit lb*
le Question or
ly II ight «re ex-
pable leaving iii
f>» ruilway tiain,
iun ull aruund.

3y will binme
The Govern-
liunf, but thin
s, who will, in
with at loast,
en if it did not
'fQ to people in
he wcrsc, and
« Kngland, if

SWUKPING IlE-
MADKjVVITIIOUT

kouslt with

Ireland, and

B NOW GLonur

ARD TO A HAP-

[planatione hiis
be ihe charac-
I0N3, on which
it h'ime, an() in
Iso have been
iiugement, and
jncc) Colonies
Bw Brunswick,
remain perma-
siipport of the
iiny desertion
sive principles,
land has been
f violatiors of
re freedom of

illnrp,
:lr rye ;
Jill linre,
along the sky."

cls a,'e olwnys
)ut yet no peo-
li therefore, bo

\LLY DISINTKR-
lAPTKD TO THB

'vor a rally for
I fur, the tnoun-
in —
>>*

ilder and back to-
rn time to time,
, but they have
y set (if men,
force them into
ficiples. They

monarchy of
d have on euch

To this it is
nily are now

I filCt, TUB IDRA

), that it is the
om and muB-
t consideration

;()UNTHy EMAN-

rRiNciFi«Ks or

FRBBDOM which hiivG bccnmc the law of nations.
The reader of history finds the parlinment at
Perth, which destined the Stuart family to
the throne of Scotland, declaring sentiments so
practically democraiic in spirit, as Ihoae afler-
warda inculcated by George Huchanan, in his
Lex Regijm, &tr., &,c., or more recently em-
bodied in the Constitution of the United
States of America. Walter, the Steward
or ScoTLANn, was chosen successor to tiie
throne, after the de.ith c.f the then king, and he

and his sons were to be SUPPORTED O.NLV

wmLE they performed the stipulat ons of
LIBERTY c/ear/^ laid down /></ parliament in

TUEIR title to tiie throne GIVEN THEM BY
THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND.

No Scotchman could be loyal to his govern-
ment except he believed it to be a mere em-
bodiment OF what is right, or of Vv-hat ha
thinks right. Dear to him ns is the locality of
the " land of the mountiiin ani the Jiood,"
Scotland is dearer to him from its associations
with his politiciil and religious predilections.
As regards all that they have valued most in
their country, Scotchmen from the remrlest
period would seem, very nearly, to have realized
Dr. Chalmersa beautiful abstraction nboiit
Heaven wlien he says Heaven is a state of mind,
noT A locality. Their attachment lius not
been to their country as a locality only, as his
country is to the Spaniard, who is [we are told]
" provd of a land that gave liini nought but
life." Their loyalty has not been to tlie ino-
naichy, quoad hoc— bul to it as the monument
not only of their independence of foreigners,
but of their seen riy against internal venality
In fact, we view in the throne human nature
elevated by us above motives to political
VICE, atiapoiver behinrl whiiMi a niinurity of
the nation nmy constitniionally rally, when
abused by the tyrant mnjoiiy. And iCany fur-
ther illustration is necessary, (in proof that
Scotchmen support the monmchy as an EiMbooi-
ment of what is r;ght,) we (rei ii in tiie de-
claration of our illiisiri.us countryman Fletch-
er of Saltoun," He toovld lo»e his life to
serve Scotland, hut he would not do a base thing
to save her.'^ Fletcher felt that thn govern-
ment was no longer the expros,-ion of his coun-
try's principles, when it requirrd a base or sla-
vish thin/2- at the hand.'i of any Scotrhman, and
that, in doing a bane thing, he would not save
but destroy his country. In a word, we hold
the monarchy sacreil, because we hold the li-
berties and RIGHTS SACRED of which we make it
the embodiment : and onr allegiance to it is
just in proportion as we see the crown agree-
ing with us in respecting our national rights and
privileges,

By the late Irish newsjiapers, I see that
Scotland is expected \o sympathize whh Ire-
land, at this terrible crisis of the histo y of that
unhappy land, and she undoibtedly will do so.
Scotland ref.i.-;t('d the iiiip'>8ition of the Knglish
I<^tabli6hment in her ovm country, with her
best blood, and hbe has despised Irishmen fur
aothiDg more than that want uf moral courage

v,-hich ling tolerated that badge of bondage so
long in THEHiconntry

In the case of Inland, my couiitryin'n will,
no doubt, be apt to err as usual on the side of
doing too iiuicli, rather than too lit le, for the
principles of their native country ; but they
never will siiur their eyes to the danger, that
they may, <' avoiding frcylla, full into'^Charyb-
dis." And it will be to eery honest and true-
hearted Scotchman among us, a matter of (he
most anxious concern, lest in avoiding the
open and menacing roeks of black Prelacy, or
High Chun ii Higotry, uo should suddenly and
against our inclinations and true interests, get
whirled into Ihe nnynunded abyss of Revolu-
tionary Republicanism that ivc see yawninc to
enihraco us.

I have always thought it a pity that, there
could not bo raised up in Ireland a sufficient
amount of moral cour.igc to make the popula-
tion re|)udiate the presump:ion, insol nee, and
oppression of the Church ot' England ; for
without thi.-', I fear the Iri.-hman is morally
incapable of the indignation which would fire a
Scotchman's breast, at the idea of suffering
foreigners to interfere in the assertion of his
national liberties, a scntinent of my native
country, whii'li Burns has onmortalizeJ.

" Ue Uriions still— to r.ritain true,

" Aiiian;,' oiirs(>l« uiiiti.Nl -,
"For NKVER but liy Uritish haiiii»,
"Must British wraugs l/o ri^'i'cil."

But I will never believe ihut these dastardly
Irishmen speak tliesentiinenis of iheir country,
who invoke roKEiGN inteiikerk.nce (Corsooth)
in the asseriion of their nuiional liberties, as if
any counUy ought to be free, or couul reiuin its
fiecdom, which has not maiilinuss and moral
courage enough lo assert it.

THUOUlill UNSEEMLY DIVISIONS AMONG THEM-
SELVES, THE Irish HAVE certainly appeared

TO have been dead TO EVERY FEELING OF

NATIONAL INI>EPi;.NUENCK ; BUT THEY WILL

lUSK FROM TIIEIU LETHAhGY, LIKE A GIANT

FROM HIS SLEEP, TO ALT ON TIIE WoliDS SO OFTEN

QUOTED BY THE GREATEST MAN IrJiILAND

EVER PRODUCED : —

" Here litary tioinlsMiun, know y« not.
Who woulil hv fiCf, T(ii:JHi:Lvi.a must strike tho blow,"

'' Si) rt'i tttinl . , iIm Ti Iom! . Wciiilil 1 cfili iil^i V on tlie
Lisli Clnircli Qiieslio'i liiiiiff sperdily dmpiilchcd, or
the \Vliii;s li!:uiii'rl f.ir re;iiii.inu ii w* ii source of
fAST roi.iTicAI. CAPITAL, iIjmi I cflriif'stl V (b'sl re flm
presiTit Minisiry to rfcure their leiiuro of < Itiprt, hy
Hi. rjjlh' renJ iherrsplve* on th ques'ton cf l(d)or.
snsteiid ef leanitig on thn poliiii-iil «e'iluifss of their
oppont'iif,, Bii-ii'g from moit ot tile piuitctionisu
buiiig Church Idiies,

If I'HK Ciiuncii roiiroUAi'ioM DO not without

OKI. A IT Vlhl.l) To OUR JUST ]>tMAM)S, TUli C:UOW,\ 13
LO-T.'

There is nn absokile neeessitv for an immediate
reconuliation among all ddSfcs of the British
people lo save the monarchy. The peoplr

HAVE so OfTEN FAILED IN THKIH ATTEMPT TO
EXTRACT ANY THING OUT OF THE JUSTICE OF THR

Church, that they ^ow expkct nothing
Kit KPT FROM ITS FEARS. Kxpcriencc has
satisfied the pcple, as wi II as the Church, that
DO new combination (even if the people's cir^

cnrastancca had not been iimdo, by Free Trade, descendants, nil however being' required to be

too desperato to allow them iinio to think of
combining) cnn ever grapple sucrcst'ully with
such ponderous corpuriitiotia as those of the
clerjryaiid tlio liuvyers in Enn;land. Even the
vain attempt at present wouhl bo acconipauied
by an amount of personul yacnIicG qiiilc out of
the qiie^fioii to expicl, m Iho now uneasy a:id
miseritblo state of iho middle and worliiu^f
classes. And fkkli.ng tiik.msklvks hkli'lkss

To EFFKCT IMMKOIATH KKFURM IN THl-; MA til I MI
OF COVKR.V.MK.NT, TIIKV 3IAY UK SO MISGl'IDKO
AS TO 1)0 WllA-r TflKY CAN liKKAK IT TO PIKCKS,

a fact which should ever bo before the eyes of

every government; that it muy feel its awl'ul adoptid, as practically, the average of parlia

duly registered as such, a certain time before
each election.

'Jth. — The chief argument for the continuance
of the laws of entail and primogeniture being
removed by the popularizing of the flouse of
Lords, I sec no sufficient reason to retain these
laws on the statute book.

10//(. — Vote bi/ Ballot and Trienniiil Par
lianwnts are things to which there should be no
objection. The attempt to make them con-
stitutional questions is siiriply ridiculous. Per-
ha;is, however, the duration of the Parliament
as in ihe (Colonics (four years) had better be

responsibility in tolerating asiy thing which
tends directly or indirectly to the starvution of
the mastes. 1 hidd these convictions altogether
free from the least enmity in my mind to par-
ticular tenets or churches, for my prcj.idicea
would loud mo to give the public endowment
to the Churches of Enghind nnd Scotland in
preference to any other church that would take
them. But I see that the polilieul advancement
of the present day will repudiate the idea of
any one i)retend!ng to the spirit (,f a n:an sub-
mitting to such marked inferiority, or of more
than iiAi.F the hyalty beintr e.xpecled from

men'.." will be much shorter.

lltli —Repeal of the Irish Union must be
granted, if one elTect of the foregoing Reforms
is not to bring about good government in Ire-
land ; but I would withstand any presentrcpeal
till 'this is proved by two or three years' trial.
I am confident that through such a govern-
ment in England as I have described, the Irish
may procure all the benefits they desire or
could possibly realize through the o.xistence of
an Irisli independence, wlii'e, from what I
have seeii of Ireland, I feel even more con-
fident in ossertinir, that the evils from whicii

him to whom you give only u\i.v the privil- the absence of a local parliament would saxr.

IreUnd, would be found to bo only lcs.s than
those ariiing from the present existing aiiu-jeK
and misgovernrnent, just as I have expressed
my conviction that under our Monarchy it is
yet possible for us to enjoy all the benefits of
Democracy and be saved the evils, so, Cwhilo
odinitling the justice of Irish demands) I think
the redress of the wrongs through the English
Parliiment, if possible, would save Ireland
infinite evils.

1-llh. — As a siccn heticeen the Government

egos of the subject. l.\ fact I no .not rdijf.vf,

IT VOSSIHLr; to sustain TtIK CHOWN OF KXI-

1.AND i;xli:pt tur i'.xch^'sivk prktk.\sio>3 of

TIIK KSrABLISUI^U ClILRCHll'j ARi; TUT DOWN FOR
liVKR.

Itli. — No co.vsini::tATioN wotld siaki; :m:;

CONSKNT TO ALTER Till: I'ROl'KKTV I'lilNCU'LK
OF TIIK FRANCHISK OF VGTl.KS FuR MIOI RKRS OF

Till-; llousi; OF Commons. My experience in this
country {the United Slates) as well os my
own ctmvictions of right nnd wrong, combine
to prevent iiie being a party to sinfj'ion tho
principle of men having their hand in the pub-
lic ])urse, that have nothing in their own. Men
of property accordirg to iny idea, should con-
trol the property of the C'untry as W(llas be
at the exptnso of defending it. IJiil there is a
certain degree of representation which the
poore^t miin is entitled lo, and to attain this
I propose to furm apecjde's House as follows :
!]//(. — Without degrading the Lords from
bring an enudbled (•/(/.■*.■', I wu.ildform ihem into a

I'DOPJ.KS llOL'Si:, ORiaKCTlVI-; UOUSI) OF LORDS,

making it necesinry, before any Lord can
take is seat in Parliament, that ho be elected
by a particuhir fons'iluei.cy- 'I'o sncli election

and the Pe-iplc of its being d stinctly under-
stood that, henceforward, the great aim of tho
British monarchy is to bo tho amelioration of
the condition, both physical and moral, of thr>
working classes, I would insist on a now^
ministerial office being created, the occupant of
which would not bo ex|iected to leave office,
when a change of ministry occurs, unless the
change is cau~;pd by flilfeioncos on the (Question
of Lnhor. 'Vluh minister .-should bo the Leader
of the People's House, (my new or popularized
Hoiise ofLords)undcrthe titlcof //ic Ministcrof
Employment, (IFoiiic and (Jolonial) of the pro-
tection and ])romotion of which ho will hav(»
the rcsponsibiliiy. And he should have control

I would applw/a />/7ac/;;/(' (;/'i(/i/('( /■&•(// i'i(//>7/i,'-c of the most amijio means to enable him to

—firally because tlie llouso of Lords do not
control the country's purse-strings, nnd seeund-
/.V, beciiuse it is only out of ihe propi rlied rla.-s
[liiniled, as arc the persons for whoui members
oi' Churches can voto as their clergy min,] liiat
a representative may be chosen. The limit of
the ennobled class (who might t-it in the new
House of Lords; I would extend to include

command fucrcss in this vital enterprise, seeing
that on it, or in other words, on tho immndiato
ami proper settlement of the (Question of Labor
is seen to depend tho permanency of all that,
us Englishmen, we hold sacred, viz: tho
happiness of the people, the crown and tho

national credit, all of wiiieh interests are now
threatened with paialyis (absence of all con-
any descendant of any man who was a peer of fidence) even by the anticipation of the legiti-
England, Ireland, or Scotland, nt the accession mate and unavoidable effects of theoretical or
to the throne of tho Hanover family, and any irreciprocal Free Trade, if persisted in. I had
man who has since been made a peer, or bia in view such a machinery u I would furniab

by the mi

letter to thi
goto, Z4th J

" The aggi
been increas
band* of th<
facturer nov
remained in
who, in fam
their circuni!
intellectual (
eminence in
liintrcus of /.
if over pn
'J rant of the
if thai Kcrc
F.jpcrimcnt
1,11 over the
in. those ad
knoic/e(lse,7,
aiiwnp the n

Rathf.'i- lliii
ii'ins, and to
support the
for llii>'e yea
(ii'teeii per re
t '[■ I In- third
tiunise sjster
rn to pusli fo
ilnclion?. anr
)}ic cnndilum
f.iet wring di

There nov
t\% thfi prpst
and sound pr

The pffi'ct
lait-^r ninrkei
I'cc'l iind the
Tiid chilli c'ln
'liiO, nt a timi
ttKinufuciiirn
!:-;iuilly fxpcr

i5iit iLx? CO
■■; at bos'., liut
ion. iitid if f!

• lovidc porir
OM'ir labor,it
'h.slregs nmo
md-by bo §ri

i\e)vvp|tninfi;

llltlll \V(> liuvi

ini.'ji ; nor V

• iiiiui system

Mij com
f her tin

.\theism, I

■ trenglhen
mitt's sohei
ioipetial P
: -id bel'ore

■ )o only rt

■ ''milted of
' .IIS to the

, I v.- prnpos
'fllmployr,

" Th-it >: j)

1 cnrn''d oi

ciirH su'-'p

1 r in nf. :",iri

Jiiirjul fiiK

'■< n".i>mpt c

" ill) honor,

« \>\s\T,g at w

#->#.sn»^-

? required to be
tain time before

"the continuance
logenittiro being
of the House of
m to retain these

Triennial Par
icrc should be no
nako them con-
idiculous. Per-
■" tlie Parliament
•) had better be
eragc of parlia-

Union must be
e?oinj;f Reforma
crnmcnt in Ire-
ny present repeal
irce years' trial,
such a govern-
ciibed, the Irish

they desire or
the cxistpnco of
, from what I
even more con-
;vils from whicii
ont would save
I only less than

existing abuses

have expressed
Monarchy it is

the benefits of
nil?, 60, Cwhiio
rmnnds) I think
uo'h the Knjrlish
i save Ireland

'he Government
Ktinctly tmder-
reat aim of the
amelioration of
d moral, of the
sist on a now
the occupant of
to leave office,
Hirp, tmless the
m the (Question
(1 be tlie Leader
■ or popularized
if //if Ministcrof
ial) of the pro-
h ho will hav'>
Lihl have control
enable him to
;tcr|)rise, seeing
1 the immediate
cslioii of Labor
ncy of all that,
red, viz: the
:rown and tho
eresta are now
nee of all con-
i of the legiti-
f theoretical or
sted in. I had
would furaisb

by the mnitter of employment when in my you are associated with greatnosn, and with what,
letter to the Liverpool IStandard, dated Glas- «" y"' """nd at least, is goodness,"
gate, Z4th March, 1846, 1 said, It is only by measures of a revolutionary

" The aggregate capWal! in England, 'tv »'*vi'< l;a» character (snmg- only the Crown and the
been increased, but it has found its '^ray into the House of Commons unlovched) that an actual
hands of the money-lenders, with whom the manu- revolution can be saved. My views of the

well
17/4
ian
causes
eminence in commerce at so dear a prire as' the '^ ""^^ "f ""^ coinpurnUve consequence. ^'e
diHtress of the wnrkinf; classes, and n cniiHiinancc must at once grapple with llie fact that the
rf over prodiielion, Irt vs, by n pnriiannmfary People are ajiproaehi'ii'^ a stiitc of Starvation,
tsrant of iheimhlie money ^amillhm rounds a y.ar. 77,^ i/,„, /^ y „,.uck is not against the

knoicledscvliich arcfotuilncccssary lokeepus first terial interests of anp class, hut to put vp and

seevre those of oil classes, in the permanent
elevation of the value of labor, thnaiirh seeur-
iuff a eontinval demand for it, ly vpseltin'f

\ anoiip the nations

J Rather tliiin not have a ridicsl chnnffo in nur sys-

t(?m8, and to enable it to be nitcinptf d siifelv, I would
; support the r.iinislor in liiyiiif^ on an ii'icome-tox
• fi)r tliiee yeaii, of twenty per cent, for thi? iiist vPHr,

(iltot'n per cent, fur tlie jtecornl year, and ten per cent.
; tir the third year, to enii'ole liiin to construct an itn-

nu!iise system of imniigriit.ion to the cokmies. lu well

na to push forward nur colonial c(jtton, and other pio-
; Hiictionc. and to amc/inrale in every possible way,
; tli.c condition of the indvs'riovs classes in the manu-
j Jiieluring districts and Irehnd.

There never was before so cloriousan nppnrtunily

as the iireseiit for this country to rctinn to homely
■ and sound |)rinoi('les, and tnere may never be ngiin.
The effi'ct of the cunstruction of railways on the
,; hh^r inarlt'el is such that (indepeudenl of Sir Robert
I Peel and tlie political econ.iniisis.) evnry man, woman
f iind child can set employment and high wnses, and
; that at a tirne wh'Mi there is scarcoiy one arlicle of

tnanufucture fir which there is one-half the demand

'!-:i)aily experienced at this season of ihoyoar.

Hut lUM'onstruciion of railways, like fue'.jin trade,
- -s at hes!. but n teinp"rary employirn'iit (or ajiopula-
i ion. vtndW ^riat niitiomi/ r.ifsns be not now t.ikcn to
I jiovide (lerinuiiiMil outlets both fir thn people and
I 'heir labor.it is e:i«y to foieseetlmt wretchedness ainl
I distress among oil classes t)(\\\e: coinnmniiy, will by-
I and-by bo «>teuter, more sevf-re, and niorelasiinjr, (sn
■ i\evweliuine now is the iiiciease ol our populalion.)
■j ihan we have over bi'tore exiu-riencoil in the worst
;_ o'l.'S ; nor will it matter wl. ether nnmiiial/i/ the cul-
:; .inial system or tho ihi'ory of liee trade is in operation."
i My convictions of the diini^er to Enp:land
I 'f her unprineiplcd coursn of ('(uiitnercial
I Atheisiii, (as I may call ii) cuntiniuul to
: .t;cng(hrn latln^r tiinn In \n- anded down In/

tune's sober seemid thoiigltt, and wiicn Iho
I iiiipoiial Piirliauii nt mot in Janiiarv, lo47, I
I I lid brfore every member of it my' viows of
, "he only remedy winch the natiu'o of thinrrs
■'^ dniilted of. The closo nf that jiajjor nlhided

I I ais to the Organization of L'rlmr, which I

I I .wjjrnpo.-e to be entrusted to tho Minister
I 'f Employment.

:- " Thn [■. jvliey so g'->ni-ro':'j and enlarged will be
1 ear I'd out, or even nt'einpted «/ ohc^, so ns to
^ cure su--es, is n thing which I siarceiv expect,
tl r in «!'■ -iriioB there wll niwnys be fomnl small tnen
'i Ji-arjul and viibelierinp," whose minds lead them
mieiTipt only little matters, sticcess in which is

//('.' monopoly ivhick gold now evjoys over all
other properly, not ercepting the poor man's
labor.

And it is impos.«ible for me to take so gloomy
a view of the Irish character at home, when I
think of the character borne by hishmen
abroad, and when 1 i-ecnil the remeiid>iance of
your Lordahip's jtatirgyric of ihn character of
the Irish pjople, (in your (3 real Rttilway
Speech,) yiuir eiilo'ry nf iheir })atiei!ce amidst
the most direful suUcrings, when your Lordyhip
doelared that if you only wore allowed to till
their bellies with good beef uikI mutton, and
tlieir cottages witti fine wheat and sound liecr,
and tlicir puckrtswith Krglisb gold, to purchase
the blankets of Wiltshiie, the fiiatian.s of Man-
chc'jtcr, and the cotton prints of t^torkp<irt,
yoit, thoi'gh a (•'iixon, would answer with your
head for their loyalty, nc.d would lead them
through their irarm hearts and sympathies net
to .sever hut to cement the Union of Ireland
with Kngland.

Voiir Lordship's obrdiont servant,

ISAAC BUCHANAN,
Formerly President of the Hoards of
Trade of Toronto and Hamilton
C. /r., and member for Toronto
{the then .Metroj.olis) in the Pirst
Parliament of Vnited Canada.
" ],i;tt!:r To'JKi; Mi;Mr.!';!S(iriiii' canadiax

I'.VUlJA.MCN'l'.

(■■i,A-(io\v, i'lh Aiirii. ISIT.

HoK. Ci^.NTi.i'Jir.N ANn (;i;ntlkjii:n. — The
most headstrniig Free-trader mtisi now feel,
\\vn\ bei[in to see, tlintthe unlnxed import of
foreii;!) I.iinir is doiruncntal ni.t <inly lo the
no-ricultiiral body in Kiiojand and the colonists
fiind, indirectly ihroufjli iheiii, to all other
classr-sj, but iilso duci'Lly to every interest of
thr cuiiiifo ili.-iuioh causinu a va-t ('iminution
ofthe cuircney by the removal toother coun-
tr:osofour precious trietals.

It is Inu- that the famine in Ireland is tl»
ostensible f;iiise of part of the evils this coui-

ile honor. Hnd fi.ilme is disgra'-eful, instead of try liow labors under, but it is (equally trrw
4>ulng at Worthy objpc:ii in which, even in failure, that our Cunder iSir Robert Peel^ having takua

the suicidal course of depressing home employ- white-washed, thoy can live under the undue

ment and encournging foreign, is the cause of and cruel competition nf untaxed foreign labor,

that want of coiijuience which w\\[ prevent the I pray ) ou to rest sutisfied that the present

poitibHitu of England ruing tuprrior to the euffbringa of this couiitiy are in no degree

pretent aittrett without a most serious inter- couaed by the conduct of the Bonk of England

ference wiih the currency. bit entirely by the wnnt of confidence caused by

There is no doubt ll.at England is better Sir Robert Peel's Free-tiade measures,

situated to carry out Pree-tradotlion any coim- This is introvertibly a bullion, and not a

try in the world, and if other Cdunlnos w.mld Bank of England, panic ; iind one which will

repicrocute, liie ndvantiige wonl.i be ours in convulse ths monetary affairs of the whole

every case, for even tin- circtinislanccs of the empire, and not only those of Lombard-street,

natives of Hindosfan wore not so di'graded as To be sure we have not ns yet got a bullion

not to bo lowered by Brilish (•()m|)e:ilioi). Eng- panic in the shape of a run upon ihe bank and

lishmen would therefore nil bo Free-truders us this shows the bank's innocence of the cause of

mutter of iheory ; but it i-j about to be siiown tlie suction of gold, but we have a bullion panic

10 be even England's e.vporienci of/zYf imparls m the hijflior and less cqnivocal sense of a run

without re<-ipriiciti/, which, in hiiter irony, is on. the count r;/ tor (r»[t], and from the enduring

called Free-trade, (in me convrrtite ffrnnii .') cruise that it is the inost profitable and disposa-

that it matters not whether the cause of exres- ble property foreigners eiin lake abroad.

cive ini|)ori8 into Entrliind, be famine or Free- Sir Robert I'e^l's Free-trade measures will

trade, the diielnl efTeits are the same, viz. — rcndera depreciation of the currency inevitable.

ruin to (i!l. By them he has undermined the prosperity, and

1st. We have a rodnetion of emplnymont struck a fatal blow ut the integrity of the em-

to the people of England to very nearly iliu pire.

whole amount wo j.ay lor f>reion' labor. Even the A''ational Debt of England will be

2nd. A reduciion of England's ability to f"n>i(l to be only so mvch wtistepaperifwe per-

manufactnro, ihrongli the siiiierstruclnreof our ''«' '"" oxir present suicidal course, for it iasecur-

ciirrency bi ing brought down by the removal *"(/ only by the industry of the empire, from

of gold, its bisis. u-hich we have taken a .cay the nbility toperform

3rd. We giilTer from //r' g^ftt to our rivals peculiar duties and bear peculinr burdens, by
in manufactures being exactly eqiiivab'nt to the removal of ati its peculiar privileges.
«iur loss, a better sti ck of the precious metals One shudders lo ihmk of the individual mis-
giving an increased potrer to manufacture to ery which will be inflicted on the population
foreign countries fso that in (act the less gold here, if we persist in viewing the currency and
England has the better, as, all our gold gone, Free-trade as two quesiions instead of one, as
the question of lab t will bo understood, even in reality they are — a fact that you well know,
by the mean capacities of Whigs and I'ecl- f'oui ilie cruel experience of Canadian indus-

by the mean capacities
men.j

To these general effects might be added ihe
particular one as rcfra ids the United States,
that our new huvs will turn a proportion of the

cotton land into wheat and Indian corn, thus, .. - j.-.. „.,w„ .1.^- «„cii j unu

by diminishing its (|iiantity. raising the price the honor to represent the melropolia in the
of cotton to ttie En(:lish millowner. first Purliameni of United Canada,

I particidarly dosire to gu:ird you agninht I remain, lion. (ienllemen,and Gentlemen,

try, when the Lr-giBJature of the Wtate of New-
York stopped specie payments in 1837.

And begging you not to suppose for a mo-
ment that I um k'sa tlm irreconci lea ble opponent
of class interests that you knew me when I had

hciiig deceived, hy tlic dvff'v.ow being written
by some of the London ne\vsp;ipers, ijito the
idea that Free-trade hns lit:le or nothing to do
Willi our present degraded state ill this Country.

You will observe I have been cautiou.s in not
charging Free trade with getting us into this
state, (Ihoiigii I believe tSir R. Peers UM
measures have tiiucb to do with it,) and that
my diarize ai^ainst Free-trade is, that under it
no (iusticify or confi Icncc ixi.-ts tu gel us out
of the tcrape,

1 miy, however, state my firm conviction,
that the evils ari.-mg from the potato rot uio
nothing compared with tin se which (in tlie
absence of the potato m ) .\vould have lluv.n
liom the |)ric4! of w h'.^at, being lowe.ed inei.aif,
not by an mcrcnstd qiiuiilily't>>"., our own
growth, but by foreign impoituUons, fur wLiv:h
we had lo pay gold.

your obedient humble servant,

ISAAC BUCHANAN.

PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE ON
THE CURRENCY.

From the Liverpool Stant'ard, March 14, 1848.

The Steamer from New York, which arriv-
vcil here ou Salniday, luing.^ us the following
letter, in which ih,..re are suriL'eslionH that
eaiinot fiiil to bo of uso to the Parliamentary
Coiomillee 011 the Currency. The letter i*
iiildresyed to tho Curi(Micy Correspondent of
the A'.w York Express :—

hv.w York, '2:hd Feb., 18-1?*,
" Sin,— As iiu old » Money'' Reformer I hare
had inliiiite pleasure iu rending your masterly
■ iticies in iht.' Express, on tli<:* currency, and

Our hone trade would now he going thionirh more especially Ironi .seeipir that you have
the ordeal ol a general oa.'krupt.'y, unconsuled avoided the fatal error ol allowiui; Hit ytiieral
even by li.e prospect tbut, after thus t'etting pnncijjle oi * Money' to be confounded will*

der the undue
I foreign tabor.
It the present
in no degree
ik of England,
'ence caused by
isures.

•n, nnd not a
ne which will
of the whole
imbard-street.
got a bullion
I he bank, and
jf the cause of
3. bullion panic
sense of a run
I the enduring
s ami disposa-
ibroad.
measures will
icy inevitable.
)rosperity, and
y of the em-

n gland will be
tper if we per-
for it is gecur-
rmpire, from
'ity to perform
ir burdens, by
'vUegea.
KJividual mis-
'le population
currency and
>nd of onei as
fiu well know,
Indian indus-
>tate of New-
1837.

I'se for a mo-
'oble opponent
le when I had
opolis in the

I Gentlemen,
'IIANAN.
TTEE ON

mh 14, 1848.

which arriv-

ihe following
L'ejiiioiis that
arliamenlary
rho ItUler in
espoiulent of

Fd>., 18-18.
Drmer I hare
our masterly
urrenoy, and
at you have
i lilt gtufcral
ouuded wilU

the sobject of Banking, which Im a question lo aUempt torelain a standard of value in a

rather of circumstance or locality ihauof prin
ciplo. Sometimo aijo I took iho liburiy of
sending you, tlirougli Mr. Hrooks, a ronj^h
sketch of what I think should be done in Kii;^-
land in * Money'. Permit me now lo remark
that I trust that my views entirHJy ai»ie6 with
yours, and thai you will persist in not enienng
into the subject oi whether iho Banking in the
United States is ri:j;ht or vvronj. If we cany
our principle, this country will be iiili:ii;ely
more prosperous inulcr the worst pystem of
Banking, than it could pos-iibiy bo uniirr the
best, if ihe humbug of (JoM is perp:'tuat(;(l.
Gold 1 have always viewed as a cannibal tliat
creates confivleiico only to (ieslroy it. The
prejudice however in favor of Gold (as at
ieast the lesser evil), is so iiivetciate that 1
don't think ' Monkv liKFonM' will ever be
carried, exce[)t we profess our williiifrness to
retain cold as the sixuiu rv ok tiii.; cukiu'.ncy,
and confine our objections to its being the
MEASUiiE OF VAi^uK. Ou the grounds that the
change of the value of (iold rolvs the labour-
ing man, thus — liie jjiodiice of a man's labour
brings iu France— (In a /ortign ceinitry the
pries got is not dictated by the cost of the
article-.)— 105 cents, of which 100 go(?stothe
industry of the United States, and 5 cents \>>
the capitalist or the man of money in U.S. —
but money becomes dearer through the export
of Gold from U.S. — and the man of money
demands a pniportiori of 10 or 15 or ~0 cents
of the 105. ISow this he is enabled lo do
through your having iuhpted tiie principle of
8ir Robert reel's Bill of 181!). by which a
bank note is made exactly in relation to sold,
as a dock wairant is to indigo — the scarcity of
the article raises the value ofthe wanaiit, and
the same eiihaiicemeiU oecurs to the bank
note, although lo blind the people it is not
allowed tO «xprcss itself directly, but only
indirectly through e.iiiitalists' * money'' fetching
more interests and (oinnianding more com-
modities and labour wlitiu gold gets scarce
ihrough exportation.

" What 'money' reformers want, as I under-
stand, is that the whole industry iiiid property
of thiscounlry, be removed beyond tlie changes
•)n gold, which are biouidit id^nul by foreign
inrtueiice. We want to show ihe absiinlity, of
every kind of industry and properly being
[iiade unsaleable .itid worth haif nothing, (us
waa lately the case in l-n^^land), because of
the importation of double the (juantity of
foreign labor, we can j)ay for by our home
industry. It is euouuh tliat our home industry
bo inlerfered with liy the competition of fo-
reign labor, without having the whole currency,
nnd also banking or conlidence of the country
demolished, by the 7n')(i(;of ptir/iiig forihat fo-
f!.;igii labour. If g;ilti mn.-il be pai ! (as d course
it must for our iinportadons), let us arrange
that its exportation ."hail not diminish the home
trade. (Jold must be ])nt in the same cate-
gory as all othi!r to//i/m)(iii/(?s,aiiil permitted to
rise and fall according to the law.'i of supply
Mi 4entaad. It were pre-eminently absurd

country whoso imports c.veeed its exports,
except such a one as wouKI repre«ent a gra-
dual reduction, as the counlry'.s industry and
properly would of course be more and more
imp3veri>hed, the more the country outlived
its iiiconie. I'lit even if there could be any
doubt as to the above, it must be self evident,
that gold would go to no greater piemium than
the extent of the exportation of the article, or,
in oilier words, the e.Meiit of Foreign Ex-
changes against us; and that when the
foreign ( xclianges are at par. notes a legal
Ti'.iNUKn, and gold would be the same value.
We cannot prevent gold appreciating. It does
so now— and at present its d' ing so to that
extent depre(naies all other properiy and labour
— a slate of things so utterly ridiciilou.s that it
will not -stand long in America. Quite in con-
sistency with these opinions, I am an advo-
CATK KoR Sni R. l'i;KL'sKK.sri(,T;o.\soN Bank-
i.NG ; and I see that the recent Currency
Committee in EnLrlaiul will come to nothing,
because the qukstion raisfd will be' Sir
R. I'eers restrictions on bankiiisz,' instead of
the simple question of i*iii.ncii'i..s, 'tuk (■fa-
r.i NCY,' or iVio.NKY, to speak mne correctly.
I have long seen what you seem lo see clearly,
that we may have a .notk that will not depre-
ciate in reference to gold, any more than any
other ])roperty. For in.staiice, you might take
propi.Tty in New York to the value of a hun-
dred millions, and issue bonds ttiereon to
twenty millions. Those bonds would surely
be as good as, or better (more sct-nblt), than
any other projrerty in the city. l)ut, as I have
said, the prejiidii.'e in favour of gold is so
inveterate, that to gel a change commtnced from
wrong lo right principles, I would consent to
anan;:e the national money so as to leave
the people their ooLor,?* baubi.u liil they got
tireiloflhe expense of it. VViilioul interfer-
ing with the piiisent legal tender, I would add
thereto, say, twk.m'v .vi^LioNs ok PAPiia, thR
iirv'Kipis oa Kviiii .N. Ks or thk uki'osit of
(iOLi) TO that valuk, lu a new deparlment of
the treasury at vVa-hinuten (or of the proposed
mint at New York), allowing the Government
lo increase the i,>siie of notes, lo the extent
tlii;re is an export ol uold.or in other winds lo
the extent the 20,000,0110 of gold ri-^es in value
in ihe market, decreasiui: tUe circulation of
faprh, Till: Kvn)l•^CK ofdki'osit, le ihe extent
the ireld falls '\.\ vulue ; or, in ()ther words,
the foreign exchanges g t righted. Thus, I
feel satisfied, would riir. i.ndustuy of thr

Ui\ITRD HtaTKS liK SKT FKKK FKOM FORKra.V

i.vFLUK.NCH, wwA il can bi; set free no other
way. This plan would not affect the foreigner,
for if irold, whi(di he wanted, was high, so
would be the indig) or other articles he had
inSjiortud. The mere capitalist or ' »io.M;vi;o
MA.x' would pay the propijr tribute lolhe indus-
try of the connlry, for the divideiul.s he weuld
get on his .stocks would buy le.ss labour, and
thus, and thus alone, we shall be able to make
it the interest of the money market to encour-
age uativo and discourage foreign labour in

Ihe markela of the United States, because two days awp, I had only time to refer you to a

the moro the latter took tlic place of tl:o comiminicalion of mine to "a Currency Re.-

former, tlie more gold and all other conimodi- funnei^' in tliis country.

lies would rise as compared with money— My olijoct in sending tills to you was to shevr

(' money' I understand to be a leii;al tender or thut if llio Committee of the House of Com-

issuE Br THK Govj:KN>iKNr ; ' eurrency,' |)ro- mons does not contino itself to the considoration

perly speakinir, is bank note.", or private ot' '' the principles of monei/,'" but fiiitera into

issues). I commenced to write a short note, tiic discussion of '■Hhc subject of butikiii"- " it

but have been insensibly led on, and for the will prove an abortion.

length of this episllc 1 iiavo to oiler many apo- The monicd a;is!rocraoy of Enfland will

iogies. lluis continue to devour the substance and even

"Lotmeiiicoiielusioti,reniaik, lliatofcourso subsisti'nce of tlio class w\\o labour for their

on my plan there would bo no ^aui or iiitereat bread, and, so o^irravated will free trade make

accruinij on the twenty milliona gold ; but the operation of this grindincr and inhuman

neither would there be any loss to the public, system that arevoluliunin England will betho

l]y and by the country would cerne to sea that consc(picnce.

a LAKGi; GAIN TO Tin; I'lMiLic would bo made 'J'he di^trc.-'a of the working classes will

by holding to the whole or part of the amount become unbearably great, and llmugh (Jovern-

dividend paying securities.
*' I am, sir, your obedient, humble servant,
'< ISAAC liUCHAXAN."

mcnt may deny that this has been caused by ihe
(iovorniiiciit, it will be svlf-vvident thut
Covernnient has not hud power or the will to
prevent the starvation of the thousunds.

To prevent a revcilution in J'lnnhnd, th..!
great object of all government, the indipen-
dence from starvdlioii of the workin'" classes,

The following is the Pt.ax ok Cukrencv
FOR England alluded to in the foregoing
letter: —

" I would permit the Bank of England to must nut only be seen to bo the tirsrebje't of
issue /oi(u7f(';i «u7/ion,s, the amount the public the existing Government, but that oiiJi;cr

owe the Bank. Tiiuse noles will be j)ayable
ill gold, silver, or in a new class ok notks,

rilK MKIIK K\ IDENCKJ OK TJIE J>EI'()S1T IN THE

Jink's vaclts ok (;oLn oii silvkh, to the

MUST 1!R ATTAfNEI) WITUOl-f UKLAY.

For my own piutllirmly believe, and have no
iiesitation in saying, Ih it gold in Enulamj not
liKi.NG ALLowEUTo RISK IN PRICE, and being by

AMOL'NT (at the market-price of gold and law made necessary to lier mercantile system

*^'^1';,'** of confidence or hanking, has already directly

'• Ifien I would compel the Bank never to caused the death (f ;housandsin IVIanchester

hold less than ten millions of specie, to ih(3 and the other manufacturing districts, and mu^i

wiiole amount, or any pait of which, the J. fccfsu/iVy be the cause of tens of thousands of

Jiank would have the ])ower of issuing no/e.?, deaths arid of incalcuablo misery among tho

Kkwh would be a Ugidltndcr because an evidence working classes o-cnerallv.

^fdqmit. ^ To force hack gold inlu*England the price of

" Ihe Baniv might increase these le^al-ten- labour and all other property has to be crushed

der notes to the e.aent it possessed specie."' down to starvation or beymid starvation liii.;t,

, .,.. „ ,, „ ,■ , In this way t!ic exchunifes lire fot n(.7fi(/i////u

►rqiient ri-iii f In uiir Iidiiiu iriidB to iiif i.v.nt u,e r.ir.ii;ii '"fncd lu lavoiir ot hnglauij ; bllt let US look

i-i«.»ii-c, jjeuii'iiiiia us, us luuiciiiiu by iiHincruabta i»iice at the diretul ellcol of ih;s on the industry of

^-^ ..„-^^._. Eniiland.

WE MUST RECUR TO Mil. PITT'S
PRKNCIPLESOEMO.NKV, UR iSTAll-
VATION MIST EN^UE.

<iVt>t»Us I.uniiua linnlrn' Crcvlar of Muich 11, ISJISJ

W'o now give a lef.er IVciu Mr. Isaac
Buchanan, a meicliant of Glasgow, Ti, route,
Montreal, and Xcv Wnk, dated at iho hibl city
01) tiie -iath of February. ^V'i,•l^uvc^ may no
ih.jught i>f liiJ reuieilies, the writer of this letter

'J'he export of gold fVoin En;jland, by remov-
ing the base of the inverlci pyrnmid," brought
the whole confidence or hariking (the mean.* of
munutacturing and shipping manufactures; into
the dust.

'i'lie failure of English merchnnts de>troved
English credit all over Iho world, and this give.-.
t!ie ujipearaiiCe of the balanee of trnde beinsf
mors and more in favour (;f England, beeauso
few bill-drawers being undoubted, the parties
owing money in England, iiref'r going to ttus

understands the evils of our curreney sv.teoV ""i\' ^•^"["■-'v'^ in<>Mo .;f remittane-, gold.
and its malignant opera; ion and consecpiences *^"^"' '' ^'"''' '''"' '"'"''" '" J^";;!'^"'' tf"^'o
thoroughly, ll.s letli'r, written ai New 'fork,
three weeks before he e ji.id k:, w uny.hinfr of
the sudden and unexpetlel rcvololio," in

Fiance, is abiuiuieiy pio| l,ft,f', ;ind it onirhi
to operate as an awful warning lo thoio moat
obttinaie and siupid of all lanuKcj— ilie lacu f
the iion law of lo tl: —

i\i;w York, iZih Fibruanj, laJJJ.
DttAO, h'ui,— By llio stcauicr UiUruin, sailed

Would have been little or no export of the urii-
cle from fiom England and none from Ainorico.

To t!io extent gold rose in England would
bilh 'f ixiJtaii<st' Hit Kii^l.iitd iiave dcprc-
eial(!d in Mew Vork, and the importers iiera
of Bill, sh manufactures would have got money
orih n on llnj^land for a largi r sum.

To this e.\ eat the Aimrican iuiporter could
.have bought more goods or (as woui.i have
been the case) lie could, have ^iven aft additional

refer yoiv to a-
Currency He-
rn was to fchoM*
ouse of Coni-
B consideration
lit eiitera into
f banking/' it

England will
tunco and even
')uur for their
ee trade make
and inhuman
ind will be thu

f classes will
oiiifji (lovern-
caused by iho
■evident tliut

fir the Will ta
LiH.'inds.
England, ih-i

the indtpcn-
rkmir classes,
first cbje't ot
niAT oujKcr

AY.

(', and have no
I'Jnula.M) ^0T
and being by
aniile system
e:u]y directly
'.1 iMancheiitoT
icfe, and inuit
i' liiousands ot'
r among Iho

id the price c^f
to be crtisiicd
.rvation liinif,
3fut nvimniillif
t kt uri look
e industry of

wl, by rernov-
unid, briinj:ht
the mean* ul'
acliirta; into

ita df-troycd
ind thiH ^ive--.
r trude b(';ni?
land, l^lva^l^o
!, t!i(i parMcs

^roinjr to t|j3
.■^, glild.

nglaiid thno
rt (>(' the tuli-
oin Americo.
igliiml would

iwivu dc^r>.'-
iportiTd licia
e got mom y
1,
iiporter could

woui.l have
a»adtlU»oiiui

price for his piirchaaeg in England ; for if lie
did not pay r/»i txlra price, he would to tiie
extent he got hia moufy remitted at a lowtr
r/ite of exchange have Jiad an advantage over
the American manufadnrer, while the irreatir
tke discount Lills on England got dotvn to in tho
New York market, the greater iidvantogc the
English agric iilturibt would have had over Ihu
American who it grower.

At probont Ike arlijiciul s}jiftnns of England
c.uise the noiiiinal rate ot' cxchango to do 10
ptr Cfiit. pniuiiini for bill:^ on l^ond'ii, when,
if things were loft to regulate tliumsclvc.-^, the
rate would naturally be i^robubly U) per cent,
disrount.

The crushing cfToct of this on the labourincr
men in England i^', tiiul it eiiiild' .s i!io English
buyer of Amoricaii vvheiit to give riy per cent,
more to the Amoriciin grower, ,ind that it givej
a iO per cent, advantage to American inunuiaij-
lures sold in New York over lJriti;ih, whicli
latter could be sold 20 per cent, lowrr, uiilesd
(as would be Ih'^ case) t!io price of labour ri,<c
to the extent gold would rise in p/i'ce if Eng-
land, returning to it.-i faiih in Mr. I'itt, would
repeal Sir Hubert; Tcei's) Gold Uid of la IS).

I am -satisfied that tho drc'idful evils which [
t'.iiticipule are a'loiit to atll.ct the working men
in Englanil may be pn'ven'ed U'l iiddina; to the
present legal Ivndrr in England twenty nil-
lions of paper, i.o repre&enl which (tor the pro-
nent at lea.st) ihi re may be kept an cqul amount
(.f gold at its market price in the JJriLi.-h Trea-
aury or tho liank of England, as explained in
liiy letter to " the Currency lleformcr.''

Your obedient huuible t^ervant,

I^;AAC JJL'CllANAN.

A PIlOVliN'ClAL CURRENCY REQUIRED
FOR CANADA.

To the Editor of Ike Driliih CuloaisL

Dz.'.K Si.!, — The foil -uir.g paper was wriitcn
for a Member ol tho Currcnry Coinuiiitee of
the House of CommontJ, and to send to my old
friends in ll.e Canadian i'arli'iment. A provia-
fiai paper money, or local le^ial Tender, no
lunger ali'ou-ing a commodily which Eoreinn-
eneaa ivilhJruw to reiiuiia the leiintiifes blood
t>f the la'emal Trade, is dcmaiidi'd by the
rireumxtiinci's and pijsilion i4' iho Canadac? |'cr-
hnps more urgently t!ia,i) by tho^e of any other
country, except lieliuid. And that such is the
catif, issi li-e\iuent iVi-ui (he ju-oscnt eypeiicnco
1 r tlie Colony. Already havo the pe'^[,le of
Canada bctu stopped on the threshold of their
laicer of Railway enler|)rite, by the blasting
f_fe:.ls on the Currenoj of tho recent nieasiircs
of iho ImpLiial rarliaiUf :3t, while the gentral
prospcniy of ll-.e Colony is last bci.ig [.aralvsed
by icur oi adiau; oi'l^pccic to lliu Lulled Kiiiitis
M payment fir (Jo ds which Ihe Canadians
r.i.c,vc under Eroo 'I'radc, iis ihe irrci ipiocal
B\?ti;m of y.r iioijcrt iVel is leiimd in hiUt r
Jiony. J have uodoubl that a long l.tld view
at itniiU' wiilcoioe to be icen to bccuricct, that

Customs and Currency are one question, or dt
all events, that in tho consideration of practicil
men, they cannot bo separated : i. e. with a
lixed metal standard of value we can only
protect the currency [tho life's blood of tho
Trade] through Custom House protection, or
through keeping our Exports above our Imports.
Yours faithfully,
ISAAC BUCHANAN.

JOTTl.NGa 0\ Tfli: SlJIfJIX-rOFTIll^CURIUONCY.
Nkw Yoik, \{)lh March, 1818.

You are aware that I hold iho view that the
British I'arliament should adhere to the jj/-m-
ciple of Bank Restrii tion, as embodied in iSir
Ilobert Peel's Bill of la M, although I see it
vi'ul to the Industry of the Count n/, that tSir
U. I'ci I's Bill of laii) should be so far repealed
as to make the J]ank notes and other evidences
of debt to bo payable in Gold only at the Mar-
ket price.

I do not mean to say that lhe«moim<of circu-
liUion, which «ir Robert I'cel has fixed on, ia
en. .ugh in prosperous times, although, whatever
increaseis permitted, \ \io])q t\\G principle of
lleslriclion will be stuck to, otherwise wo shall
have no fx round of calculalion or covfidence in
Bank J\^otes or Cocernnient iisues.

1 cannot conceive how any man can i-alisfy
himself that promised convertibiliti/ on demntd,t
is a sidHci( nt source of the Public's confiiienco
in Bank Notes, whether the experience of Eng-
land or America is adduced, and to my mind
noihingcanbe clearer than the fatal mistake
the Free Traders make in thinking that an
increased issue of paper would ha\e prevented
or -.niligated the latu crisis. An increased issue
of Bank Notes (when the rate of Interest is not
iixcd as it lately was by Lord John R ueseli's
1 .-Iter") just mean--, a less,nedrate of discount,
by which a greater profit would have been
made by ppeciibtors, who might invest thd'
I)rocceds of their .Toint-Bill in a shipment of
Cioh', unilmore Hold would therefore kavebeeu
shipptd,

'Hvj permission to Gold to fluctuate in price

a? aconinKulili/, in obedience to the Law ot sup-
ply and demand, (instead of the value of Monei/
or Interest being made to Huctuate by the
doiinnd for (iold) would ni-^et this difficulty;
and it would almost meet the cruel ease which
is pos-iblt>, (and well put in the last number of
tlu: iVc.tni aster Review) ofO.dd becoming so
ahundiint, as t.o greatly to fall in exchangeable
value as to cause the ruin of the Holders of tho
I'uld.c Securities and all other annuitants. It
would ah.'o do away with the command over
England's prosperity and fiijancial safety, at
pre;erit poifcCKscd by the great foreign holders
of l!riti,-h Funds.

But )ny present object is prarticallii to grap-
ple with the vital Enquiry : Hhy things are
alieays so ui,easy in the United >7a/t'» as well
as ill E':g!and / America's great and uiiex-
lau-icd naiiunal resources, and her Peoplt's
entire confidence in these, ought t.) havo ex-
empt e J her Iroin tho catalogue of Countries
ditreaiicd in Money matters, but it is not so y

•^-andmyinvcstifrntionintnpf) frcminofly con- throat of his best nisfotner, the Home and

tradictory aMatoof ihinjrs, hosronvJnLcd mc, Colonial trade, (which is baatd on a^ricul-

tliHt Ami.Ticj owes this to her fDllo'.Mn^ ollior lure.) "

nationainassiirninjrCul.l, notonlvnH a ^ccn- Now if the Amcricnn had no fear of the

nty fur the circulation, hiw aa ^Jired standard pxport ofT.nld, tho Imporler woird have the

oj ,alm. rurm/rt/m/s remove;! from I ho category of

I have no [nnrrcr any doubt, that fhnso Jluc- hi. dillicultioH, he could afford to nivc a greater

lu^ituins ickich il'fmt eirn luuitenl nilailalKtnf, prire in Manchpstcr ulien Ecclianeea beim

oretohcattnlmted tofrol.l not boiii;: allowed a^.n-nft Ennland, civsi-d tk^ price of Gold

tnri.-cand tu'l as a ronwi'idil;/. \V.! brin^r there to rise, fas he would "et bis Hill of Ex-

Uoods here, ao New York) we so!! them and cbafirro ..n LdimIo,. at a proportionate discount,)

liok around tor a rcliiru or romiit uu:.;. We and thus tho substitution of pai er an a loi'iil

tind every arfie o Uut would nn-w.T our homo tender in Eiii^laud, i.s vital to ibe Manchester

ninrkt'tH, intl.t'<d, f/;rafi/s?;</ir/v is prof^perifj/ inaiuifiicturor, as is t.Uo, m a loss d.'jrree the

Afrfj with tho exception of ^r„ld. Ciold is same cliansje bein^r ctlbcLed iu America '

li'vefore the only article we cun take, which i* ;« onniliir ,,f ..ii i ; , .1 >

I i„ I ' ,' It IS equally nt vImI uinortaiu'e, that mnrr

Mill Inrive us no I0.SS in our own nnrk"t. Wo 1,0 a,,hot,t,iin,i f , „ 11 ■ j • u.l 'l

. I .1 Ml- 1 , ■ I "f sut)stituiou tor ffiil. //( »'//rtr/vc</, whether the

..L'" ^"1 r'""' "•;' '""■ '"'""" " f- i"^''"^-'*^ «'■ '^^ -'Vmerican Agricultural or Manu-

orjramzes ih. Ameri.-an Currency, lu other facuring producer is considered,
words, we imve to t.aci-iticr' iho orn.^niritv ..f ** *^ o>

P. S.

ISAAC BUCHANAN,
Forme, ; President of the Boards of
Trnile of Torinilo and HainiUon,
C'. //'., and Member for Toronto
in the first Vurliaineiil of United
Canada.

liet me,' to prevent misconception,

sliorlly recapitulate I ho views I fonnerly ex-

words, we have to ^acntico the piospi nty of
the American WoikinL' (."la<i=r8, our customers,
!n order to presirve their fixed standard for-
sooth 1 whtTOiis, if {Told was aibivoJ (in refe-
rence to the Hank JVotes in tthieu we fret
jutym^nt of our imparled eninmoditi/,) to rise to
a p:ire thil wouM leave a loas in HnLrbind, wo
would prefer reo.i'.tin^r in f ho Indust y of this

country,— or, incase p^old still roumins tho eiiini.iy lunifimnuit; nii- viewa 1 lonneiiy ex-
cheipest, it? departure from theciuintry would pl;iined, of what oufri.t 10 be done in muitetaru
have n lelfeet in disorfraoizin'/ the currency, if refurm, pretnis nj,^ that the prealest advantage
popn- evidenr-f of depiinite (f Viidit i'.TQ made a will flow from our closely adhering to defined
/rifrt'' /fwrfc/" eqi!.il!y wiihsrold n:ui Mlver. The terms, in monetary and currency discussions,
f-onf .sion cr. ated by the Free Tnub rs or IJnl- Monej/ means the emblems issued by Govern-
I onis's is this :— Ihey say— well, then — if you ment, whether these be paper or metal, if mad»,"
rcijUire to pay ten per cent, more fr your irold, by law a Ic^al tender. Currenn^ means the

" "•■"•-"♦ «....«-«„... .' - - — - issues of Hanks or iodividuils, which we arc

not bound to receive io arquittance of a debt
due to us. Monetf therefore is Currency, but
Cnrrennj (properiy so called) is only Money
if the R C('/i'c;-clioo-es.

\sl. 1 think tlia!. in all countries, the papf^r
moneij should rrpiewenl a certain amount of
(Tidii onlv when th^'t (jold is nt a certain price,
(f)r instance in Enuland I would have the
note v.'hich wo make a leua! tender to brar
" the Treasury or lian'i of Knzln'id in lieu
of this pound note, hive laid vp f!;old and will
pay da'Is. and 3 trrains u-hrn the price if
M. i.^_, ...V. .-.J I'liii.i tia v> ,i5n I in; ,-\iiii: m:.iii lor fi'old is jCi'l 17s. lOh I. pa i/i'ii^ vroportionabtv
gold, atafixolprire, what' verlhe c/rc//ms'//ntYs less gold irhen llie price of irold rises, andpro-
in America, and the result is that tho export of portionaldy more tchen Ike price of frold ftlls,
irold extirpalos confiiie.nce anil tne ciirrenc}/, the amount of these paper evidences of the
and no soles of Kn;ilNli jroo Is can be inaile, depnsilc of ^old, bein<r irnidua'ly increased a.i
except at a ruinou-) sa<Tifiro, (no better illus- frold rises, and ic'iidwillif decreased to tka
tration of this can *,« (jnerMlnn the mi^-^hty lo>8 trlent frnlds falls in p- ice.")
of American holders (d' Cotton in F/rverpiiol, <i>nd. I think that fa F.mxland no rhanje is
through tho late export of gold fr. m Hug- o/»so/i/<-»/i/ necessary, except to comnel the Hank
'^|L,'-) of Knjrlalid to hold never less than Terr Millions

The Free Tradcrsdon't sc^m to see, that one of nr obi, to which amount, or as much more na
man imports L'oods into the (Jnite.l iStatPs, ami she holds 111 po'd and t-ilvor, she would be en-
anolher man exports proilure from i^e United tilled to issue paper, which I would by l^nw
States,— -80 that the coiisiirnnr in M inchestcr make a leg :l tender, r-deiMiiald" not ns at pre-
sets nofidvan aire, incase his jroods arc Mdd at sen", nt an ounce of pold for jilfj \'!<. lOJI. but at
SO per cent, loss, from the consuleration that the quantity of ^nld indicated by its market
the same caiisp reduced American Wheat, jm- price as above. 'J'o fix the p ice at wliich Gold
ported by the Liv rpool Merchant 30 per cent, could he demanded, Parlminent. might appoint
also. The latter 18 indeed an evil t. the Knjf- Five London Merchants, superior to alt Go-
lish naaiiufacturer, because it teodj to cut the vornioent ood Unak. iafluciice, a» Commifc-

?rjnire to pay ten per
you must jpt 10 per ceut. more tor your trooi.'s
— granted — bit the Importer without req liring
to pay more for his gold, gets the 10 per cent.
(or whatever is the rise,) advance on Ida
foreien artcle, as no dtsti iction en he made
between native and foreign proilint-or between
goods payable (as the J\'.ilive Trade if) in
frtinmodities equally infli'cd, and fro. ds pava-
bl' (as the Fureij^n Trade is) in troldniikno
infation.

The Free Traders forjjet that the price of
pouds is fired by the circuimtance? if this mar-
ket, and not by theco-t of the iro..(!sin I'inglaed.
They are so blind !is to ask the Ame ic^n f )r

I he ITome and
t(l ou o^jricul-

no fear of the
ivou'cJ have the
1)0 catefjory of
fjivc II greater
cclidiigea brin^
price of Gold
li.t Bill of Ex-
inatu discount^
er lis a loynl
le Manchester
ss (li'jrrce, the
Liiienca.
ce, that piprr
ca, whether the
tiiral or Manu-

ICMANAN,
''ihc Boards of
will Hitmiltun,
r for Toronto
>ienl of United

misconception,
foniipily px-
e in monetary
•est advantiige
ing to dfjined
cy discussions,
od by Govern-
ineitil, if mad*.'
\ri} iiii;ana the
which we arc
iMce of a debt
Currency, but
i only Aloney

irs, the pap^r
in amount (if
certain price,
ould liavo the
cndcr fo bear
'zlo'id in lien
golif and will
I the price of
iroportionahly
rises, and pro-
of s^old fills,
• liners of Ike
'y increased a*
:reased to tha

no rhnnje is
inru'llhf Hank
1 Terr Millions
inch more na
would be en-
i^ouid by Lnw
not ns at pro-
■>. injl. but nt
h]f it It mark el
III which Gold
might appoint
ir to nil Go-
bs Comniife-

•ionert, who would daily piibli«h tht market
price of Gold in the tendon, Gnzette, and in all
tht! Urge townnof the Uiiiicd Kmgdum.

ic. a

CRUEL EFFECTS OP THE FIXED
STAND AFll) ON THE BANKS, AND
THROUGH THKM ON TIIK PUBLIC,
ESPECIALLY ON THE PRODUCER :

Ikinfc 'I JVote written htf Mr. Isaac Buchanan,
to the principal Financierg of the United
Statea an(t Canada, in aewung them hia
" Jotlinga on the Currency,"

Post's Buildinos, N. Y., March, 1U48.

Mr. Inaac Buchiinan picsents his compliments
to ami Hikes ilie liberty to bring

before him some views on the subject of gold
and other specie.

These were wrilten with no further object,
than to send to un influenliiil member of the
English Commi'lee of Parliauient on ilie cur-
rency, but were at'lerwords prmted to put in
the hands ((ler Brihinnia) ol'ull the members of
thatcommiliee, iindof miiny bankers and others)
who are to c<-nie before it.

Mr. Buchunon is confident that the internal
trade of no country, (whose exports do not
vastly exceed iis imports) can be secure from
periodical distrust and perpelval uncertainty,
except by gold being olluwid (in relerence lo
bank notes) to fluiiunte in price, according lo
the law of supply arid demand, like every other
commodity.

At present the price* of t^pecie at which the
bank may be culied on to redeem their issues, ia
fixed by law ; but no law can fix 'he vutue* of
specie, so that specie, when scarce, (or in de-
mand for export,) actually becomes eniiaiiced,
es opposed to ll;e pr.ces of all other things,
except bank notes — and the bat ks cannot iasue
to a profit.

The banks, therefore, cease to issue their
usual amouniH, and //((' Utile ihcy do i^sue i^
charjjed an enhamed inlertat, to keep down iho
demand for discounts.

Now, Mr. Buchanan thinks that if specie
were permilled lo rite as he proposes, (a lixcd
"r certain weiglit of <:n!d being the l-'fjal tender
when the prict' (jf gold is at a certain price,)
this would save the count r\'s iniernallraile and
nionetary system from the cruel and blasting
influence on ihes , and on all proocrty, of a de-
mand Kfiecie to i-hip, whether created by the
prcceedH of foniirn gooiis stild in New York,
or by the selling out of the public stocks by
foreif.'ners.

Thi.- coiiritiy would, by this plan, also get
all the advinta/jo oi puper iiumey, witiiout ihe
olijtctuinabic accoiupiniiimcnt ol a bank, as the
(iov( rniiicnt of the United Slates would, no
doubf,keepin lutirown bands the preroijaiive
ot coining (loper money. A department of liie
proposed mint at Nfw Ymk might ifisue ihe
paper evidences of deposit oi specie which

* Wi- inuat diitiidguith buiween/irtee and value, in
ft lure.

are t« be •
and silver.
The said

legal tender equally with gold

pnper money, Mr. Buchanan—it
will be observed— pn.posPB to secure bjr the
full (though fliiciuaiing) value of specie in the
market.

VIEWS OF Til PI AMKRICANS ON THE
yUUJKCT OF IRRECIPROCAL FREE
TRADE.

The following extract?, from an article on
the I'rolective Syilem, in Itunt^s JVew York
Merchnnra Ma^<izine, will give a very correct
idea of the view if the Jimericans, on the sub-
ject of Fre-^! Trade ; —

•'The Piolcctivo iSysfem originated with
the mother country, and was interwoven even
with our Colonial rxislence. When, therefore,
we tepaiated from Groat Britain, we adopted
the same policy, and mrned llint system, which
England bad ein|doyed Cor inr special benefit,
to our own account. This system has grown
up with UP, and is essential not only to our pros-
porily, hilt to our independence as a n;'tioir
We miyht as well dispense with our fleets and
our armies, recal our foreign ministers and
consuls), annul all treaties wiih foreign powers,
and repeal all laws in relation to navigation
and cohuiierce, as yield the principle of pro-
tectmg our own industry against tin; policy of
other nutK ns. We might, in fact, as well give
up our national rxistcncr, as yield the great
principle on which that existence is founded,
and wiiliciit whxhour independence could not
be maintained."

"Labour is the great source of wealth and
proepHrity ; and that system of policy which
stimulates industry, and gives lo the labour(.r
the reward of liis toil, is best adapted to the
wants of ilic country. Tlie protective system
is purely demociatic in its tendency. It fobters
induslry, and enables the poor man, who hai
no capital, but his own labour, no sur) lus but
wliat is found in his own sinews, to acquire a
competency to Huppori and educate his fnmi!y.
It. is designed not for the few, but for the
many : an. I though it will be productive of the
common good, iti< peculiar blessings will fail
upon the labouring elassc-j."

"But there is a sort of looseness in the
phrase ' Free Trade,' which renders this dis-
cussion embarrassing. The advocates of this
doctrine do xv\ tell us with siilBcient precisi'-n
what they mciui by Uie phrase. Ii" they mean
that we should take otf all restric;,i<m3 from
commerce, w hcther other nations do or not, it
i.s one thing ; bi.t if th.ey mean liial, we should
do it tow-iids those n^tio.is which will r.cipro-
ca'e the favour, if is quite another I liuig. But
the phra-p mus! imply n trade whn h is muiu-
uliy bcrieii: !:;!, (jr it tuust not. If it dues i:ot
imp'y a t;fld.' that is mutually nnre.-tricteri and
muinally beneficial, lliat is a t;ooil reason for
rejecting it. I have m t made snflicient pro-
ficiency in thescicnce of politicalnon-resistance
to advocate a system of trade which cnuchw

other Hationg by impoverish! ng: ub. I cannot
conHenltoopen our ports, dutyfree, to those
nations which threw ovory embarruesment in
the way of our commerco. My political erred
Aoca not require mc to love other nations bet-
ter than my own. Hul if Fno Trude iinfilie^ n
trndo mutually luivantnireoup, I iini willinp
to adopt it ; but tliiis cm n -vor bo dnru; liy
takinsr olV nil commn.TKil restriotioiiH. If tho
trndo is to bo mutuallv liencrinnl. it uinHt not
only imply aronprocily in coinmfrcinl ri'rrulft-
tione, but a similarity in condition."

"\Vp, asa natian, arc pc'rulinrly ?ilir.tf'd.
We an separated from ih- Old World liy dis-
tonre, and by tho nature of our iriatitiitionn.
()ur Icr.dinj cbiv.Mctorirtic is, that our citizens
lire frecmrn, and are labourers. The nauiro of
our infllituliotiM tends to rl'viite the '.voikinp
classes, nnd to secure to the luhouror iin nui[ile
lemun'Tation for his toil. Tliis rni^rs the
price of labour — it makes the labourer a man.
So long- as we rctnin this our national rharac-
teristic, by protc'-tinj,' our own indii^'ry, our
(toun'.ry Wi!| l)opn),>p"rouy. R'll l"t the |le;ip-
inp but. delusive doctrines of Froe Trade obtnin
in our land — let tiuit policy under which we
have crown up and prospered be alfindoiied,
iind let U3 open our jiorts io the fi-bncH of
those nations whose hardy hibonrrrs can ohtiiin
but a shillinjT a-day, and board thcnisclve:^, smd
it requires no spirit, of prophecy to predict the
enibarrnesmont tinridislrcKs whnh would cn>tie.
When o'lr niivi;.'ators ore drivpu from the
ocean, and our nianifucturerr< and nuciinnics
from liieir nulls and their workshops, and all
are corupelled to cultivate tho s'li!, the beaulina
of p'rec 'J'rade would l)e realized. We itiirrht
have agfriculturnl products--, but wo should h'lve
no market. HKlXi; DHl'HNDKNT IM'ON
OTHHU NATiON>! FOIl MANV OF Till:
COMFORTS OF LIFF,. AND AT TI.'F,
SAMFTIMi:i)t;i'f^,IVi:iM>F a MARKF.T
FOllOUK IRODCCF, WF .SlIOlI.I) I5F
€OMl'FI.LFI) TO TOil, FOR A MI'HH
IMTTANCF, ANDSIiOtJIJ). LIKF 'J'A\-
TALUS IN THEFAUf.F. FFIUhli !\ TI!K
MIDST OF ACRICUl.TFilAL 1M.!:N'J'\ . '
M.'ANADIAN FARMERS LISTEN to this.)

"Our manufiicturers, thf'rnlbre, must aban-
don their business nltojjffhi'r, or the price of
I ibour must come dov.n to tlie European stnnd-
ard. Is this desiraWo ' Do llie Free Trade
men wish to nee the hardy labourers of this
country reduced to tho necessity of to lii.fr
fnurtcn or Hi.v'.een hours adL>y, fo-- the nsitry
f-um of Ifi., exchipive •■i' iir;ird ? Thi^i is the
Kuropciin rale of waj^C;', ;i.- ;:j)pear.s from r. Re-
port made to the English Parliament. ;n ];; i).
We will j^ive a brief BtatPmont of the price of
wnpca, 8ri fialherfd from Ihnt Report : —

" .Ivrra^e Price?, per wcel of the. If.nid-
loom fleavers ir. I'^iiropr, inrluilinir Hie ftrn-
rrrg of Silk, Ciilto'i, Limn, and }t ovUvn, m
(ill their varieties, erclufive of hnnril —

Great Britain K« Od per week.

France 7 "

Switzerland, 5 7 «'

Belgium • • 6 per week

Austria .1 O "

Saxony t 1 «'

These aro the nvcrago prices jjiven for adult
male labourers, female labour being irom flO to
iio prr cent. lr»«. Here is a picture of for-
ei^'ii labourin 1!!40. But, low as these prices
ii;e, it npi'oiir* by a Report to I'arliament, in
l;iH, that tiio pru s had fjilleu al least 10 or
I'.' per cent, from tho preceding); year. We
a«k, afjiiin, whellier the friends ot Free Trade.
wlio profess to be the iViendH of the people, uro
desiroiH of seeirijr the \'r\.'.i\ independent lahour-
eisol' thiseouniry brou^jlji down to the Euro-
j^cjin Ktnndard — to Iho miserable pittance of
eicht or ten peni-o u day ? A trreiitcr ovil
(ould not bo intl'-ted on our ritii'.ens — a more
withcrin;:ral(niiity could not befal our country.
I'lio wcfitli of n nriiion consists priiicijially m
thi! luhour of its rHi/.en.s ; and. an a jfcnoral
th.rip.tlMTeean be til surertest of n-itional pros-
perity, than the [)r:ce 'latlahnur will command."

' A;'.t)Vi: AM. WE AREIN FAVOUJIOP
THE IMIOTECTIVK SWSrEM, RECAU^B
IT I'ROMori;.^ 'J'KE INTEREST OP
Tl!EI.\no('Ri:RS OF THE OOlTK'i'Ry.
'JiiiS, AFTER AEE. IS 'J'llE INTERrlST
WlilCM REQUIRES MOST FROTtJC
TlON. The rich ui-ncai: .ily ujionhis money
for his support. If the titues'nre hard, hii, mo-
nnj hecmitef m'>rcv<ihinh!r. as it will command
u Hotter interest, and furnish hini more of the
conilorts and luxuries of life l^:t to the poor
man. the lahourer, who hns no capital but bis
aliility to toll — to such a oi'C a prostration of
hnsiiicj;; is nb.s'dule ruin. Nou-, ns the protec-
tive policy i.s calcu'atcd to ^vivc busine-s, and
;,'ive the labourer the duo reward to liis toil,
we re<jard it ns the poor man's system— ns his
r:ph!lfil inheritance.

" Tliia system bos already done mucii for
tie poor man. There i« no article of clothing-
whicii poes into the consumpiion of the poor
unn'*; family so extensively as Ciitions in va-
ri.i'M fiir;;;« ; tmd this policy has reduced the
p M- ■ ( t' coiMrnoo co ton cloth more than
i' r '^-ijUarterH. Tho-,esliirtin;Ts which in 1);l«
uc ;il co.-t thirty cents per yard can now be
purrhased fir t-ix, ccuIh ; rind other cotlin;)
h'lve Inllen nenriv in the K.'inio proporli.rn.
\v''' coll,;;:! , ■ i' ■; t . til' special Consideration
of lii'.st; who I'la liicir iiread in tlic Kweat of
their brow, who couitilute the great maps of
the people.

'•We fcay, in fori-pr '^ n. that Conffress not
only poKsess the pov,-r to i y protective duties,
but the fjood of thf counTy demands the ex-
ercise of thin poner. So ihmmht tho'fallier
of ills rouhiry' — so thon^rht the ]iatrinfH and
CMfcsof til'.' revolution. And .shall the mere
iheorist?^ of this day. Witli their refined clnspt-
dreams, lend ns from the paths v. hieh our falh
ershavo trod, ond which experience has sbowu
u- to he paths of wisdom nnd prosperity ?

"Every f'-elinp of national honour, every
dictate of patriotism, every interest in tU*
country, cricp out agamst it-"

»k

r nduit
1 flO to

of for-
prices
ont, in
10 or
. We
Trade,
Ao, aro
liibour-
Enro-
nce of
•r ovil
I more
iiintry,
nlly in
cnoral
1 pros-
nam]."

r op

'i'Ry.

uionpy
»?.s mo-
nninnd
of the
e poor
Kit hia
ion of
irotpc-
••s, and
e to)!.
-ns hia

r!i fur
otiiing-
? poor
in va-
hI the
3 than
n DJIR
n\v be
nttins
ir'j.in.
M-fii.ion
ont of
laFS of

.SH not
flu ties,
10 ox-
fnilior
(k atiil
( mere

•lo.KPt^

" frith

BhoWB

(M'ory
ill xliHe