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Les diagrammes suivants * illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 /. . bM^.ii:M'lvjLOJ •> ' r r 1 „ l \.J TjyfjrrnLD o.v 77//: 2o:h of .H'^'y/', vm TIIK DAY Rr:co?.iML:'; }>;:•) r.y Tiji: * i '1 i'RESWKNTOF THE UXlTEl) STATES roll Piilviic Humiliation and Prirve]-, TO wiiiru AP.s Atnii', OBSERVATIONS / ON tut; PKOPRUaY OF rilEACniXG OCCASIOX.U. ON Political Subjects. BY JONATHAN FRENCH^ 3/i.'u"sfer o/'^Ae Church, in Xi'rth-Ha:iii.'ton, IS'. £{. Exr.rEn .• BY K. c. ii:-:vr.s ■.NJi;.[iT flU-i?, / ?■ X f'l \ g^'ilS '- ^ '**»*< ^-A*te"*«»*i-= sE^^^.I.o^^. ii. SAMURLxx'lv. 14. And Dnviti fihUinto Ca<\ I am in a grr.af straif : let u^fnU non' i;}'n thckan^ of thr Jjiti-tl ; Jor hh mtrcks are ^rc'j.1 : aw! let mc not fall into the hand of vvjn. DAVID'S sill, in niusincj Tsraei to he nuin]joroJ, probably cons''' ted ii> pridi', vnnity and aijiljiiioii. \V'lifn he Mas afterward huiublod undor the ii\it;hfy hand of God, like a true pcnifeut, bolni; more rrudy to condcnui hinistlf th.ui othtri, he *' sjuike \»nfo theL.trd, wht-n h(*s.»\v ilicatu;''!, that smote the; jjeopli*, and said, Lo, 1 have sinned, and I have dono wickedly ; Ijut these sheep, (moaning the people) wliat have tliey doiu' ?" The people, however, were far ffon\ being so guillloss as D.ivid siipjiosed. Tlieir sins were the primary occasion of the jed^inent, tliat fell upon thofi).^ In the beuinning of the chapter 5'. is said, *'a^'ain the ani;er iT, atul *^ tlioui^li Uil' L'>n] voiiUl foi^ivt his SMI oil rf'K'ufiitici', yet, a^ it was a |)ul)li<; ofu-iiif, lu; vould correct it in ,\ piii)lic inaniMT, by ^]c■:Aruyhy^ liis siibji'ot'; hi-foio his ryr.-?."* " 'i'hi- word of the I.funl C'.mc uiilo tlti" piojjlict Clad, Divid'a soiTj sixyiii:;, Gi> rmd s:iy unto Divid, Tims !i;iit!» the Lord, I oQ^r llice three tiiin';s, choose cIicl' ouc of tluMii, that I iiuy do it unto tluT. So Cad came to D.ivid, and told hirn and said unto liiiu, s!i:ill sctcu yi-ars of fdiniiiu cotnc unto tlice in thy land ? or wiit tiiou fiou tlute months hcforo thi:.'j enemies, while tJjcy pursue thve ? or llial thi^fc be three days pestilence in thy Jand ? no'.v advise, and set^ iv!i:^t iinsvvcr 1 shall return to hiia that sent inc. And D.ivid Ruld unto Gad, J am in a great slruil .: let us fall novv into tlie hand of tho Lurd ; for his mercies are great : and let nie not fall into the hand of man." The direetion, or |iermi';.s''jn of God is to be acknowledged iti all the Cilamitios wliicli men experience. *' Is there evil in the city and the Lord hath not done it ?" The Psalmist vimvini; Saul and liis attendants, instrumontally, as the sword and hand of God, ■wherewith he chastised others, prays in the 17th |)sa!m, *' Deliver my soul frotn the wicked, which is thy sword, from men, which are thy hand, O L >rd, from men of the world, which have their portion in this life." But when there is evil in the city, the wickedness of men has procured it. The overruling providence of God is to be aikiiowicdi;ed in all events ; but there is a plain Oistinction between his committin;; and his sulTering providence. I),ivid, theri'f(jre, made a very just distinction in the text, betvrcca falling into the hand of God and falling into the hand of man. He (hose to endure the immediate chasfisements of God, whose mercies are Jircat, rather than such calaniitics as men arc instru- jnental of inflictiug ; for he knew, tliai man, wlien let loose up- on his brother man, and actuated by hostile ;^assions, be- comes a monster more outrageous and relentless, than the beasts of the desert. The ferocity of man, when his passions are unrc- strained, ic attested by (he iiorrid events of every age. The an- cient historian, Plutarch, says, and adduces melancholy instances Mvhich prove, *'' that no beast is more savage, than man, when possessed of powrer equal to his passions." In view of the horrid massacre of the Shechemites, with what abhorrence of the naturd and dire effects of the ungovcrned passions of man, did the good old patriarch, Jacob, exclaim concerning the fruit of his own body, Ijis own sons, Simeon and Levi, *' Instruments of cruelty are in their habitations. O my soul, come not thou into their secret ; unto their assembly, mine Iionor, be not thou united : forin their aoger Ihey slew a nan, and in their self will they digged down a * Dr. Scott, *.^- - ' ,. • ' ^* ■^ * If 5 \va)l. Ciirrt'fl be l^.eIr cn^cr for it v/ss fierce aii<^ their vs-ritlj for it way rnic!." Atu-au'.iii.; to tlifi (lisdiictiMi of tin' U :•:(, pcrr.ons may ]tc srild to fall into tl.i! IkuicI?! of f.'oil, ulicti f.M/iiric, I'Slili'tici', li;^hli,iii ', voicaii'jcs, liuirlcaofS, carl}i(jtK;hi,s, or any oi!u:r iinmi:illatc cm;- .culioiiois of divine jtislioo, an* coiiinili.sicnK'd Ji;,'aiii;t jlittn. A'; JusfaiKC-i, 1 m'iiiht liU'iUi jii tlie f.n:iiiies am\ pcsiilt'iicc";, wl.tih Is- rael oflen c'xpiriiMiCic!. Ai;iot)i; rvciits of ciio(li.'ri> ticu'S, I X)ui',hl nu'ution tlif scarcity in SfoiUntl aiul Irelnnil, thci farniiic iu P«J,ri^;, .Mul (livcrsi" other parts of J''ra:iff, and the scarcity in Hritaliv Oiul I\)!aDtl. i mii'.lit nifiitioii the torrent fri,t:i the inoiiiitam?j wliich ,sv.c;.it away 2000 persons in Spain. I niiglit mention tlio desolating; f;artliqiia];cs at Lima, Callao, LisI)OM, (yiibi and many other places. Jl ini;;hl mention the pligiic, which, \vii!\in less tlian half a century, raged in Smyrna, Tunis and l\<^y\'A. To come to our own times and country, I niight mention the sjjotfed fever of recent date, and the malii^nant jiesfiiential fever, Vihlcb a few years ayo raged in several of our sea. ports, atid of w Jiieh about .OGOO dicl in ihe city of Philadelphia. *^ We know him that hafh sa-d, Ven- geance lje!oni;oth unto me, I v/ill recompence, saith the Lord. And again, The Lord >^!ull jnd^e hlo people. It is a fearful thing to fallinto the hands of the livinr; God." lleb. 10. 30, SI. But David considered falling immediately into the liand of man, as the. most deplorable of calamities. Great are the mereiir. of a just and avenging God ; but *' the tender mccics of the wiekcJ are cruel." Prov. 12. 10. ', Persons may be said to fall into (lie hand of a man, when re- duced to a state of scrviiude, or imprisonment, by those, with whom they were at peace. Such was the case of some, mentioncv! in the bihie, and to come to our own times, such is the ca"e of those of our seamen, who have been ** imi)ressed on board British vessels ;"* and also of such of our seamen, as have been *' seized * Much has been said respecting the impi'Si^ament of American sea- nicn, ns one of the threat ciuics tor the present war. ^Ir. Fester in his letter of Jim e 1, 1812, to I\Ir. Monroe says, " I have it in charge to re- peat to you, Sir, for the information of your i;overnmeiit, that the f;ovein- ment of His Uoyal Highness the F'rince Regent will co:itinuL' to j^ive the inost positive orders against the detention of American ciiizens on board his Majesty's ships ; and that no ditVicuIties, beyond what are recpiisite for clearly ascertaining the national character of individuals, whose cases are brought before the Lorils Commissioners of the Admiralty, will be interposed to prevent or delay their iintuediate discharfie." The impress- ment of our seamen is a wrong, which ought to he redressed, not pallmted. But the vvhole number of our impressed seamen according to the most ienglhencd list ever pretended l»y the advocates for the preu'ut war, is very small indeed, compared \^■ith the n«n\ber of Persons held iu ahxiUite slavery, eveu in ihe fingle state of Virginia. Iliccae oi ihf southern of lish izcd sea- hi3 re- el n- the )arc! site ascs be ess- ted . HTst •, is Uitf by Frrnch crii'r.i;is, ami manuclcJ aiu! couGucd in I'rLiich prif. IVrsoiis fill iiiio Ihi^ liaiul of in.'ii, wIumi iciliucil to ;'. 'A'Ac of filavtry. \\\ fiiul IK) I'KMiliiMi of .sl:ius l)cfor»; Jlic (lchii;f ; hut of iIh;-*' ill a biitf of f!. ivory aflcrvv.ud \<'v rc.ul uficit in sciipMuc ; as wc d(j in Viwiou:? Iii.roriis iUU'i tit anil nujilorn. 'i'iu' ilonuusi Jiad iiKiny bl.iM'j, fiver whom tlioy I.fld the jio'-ut of lif.' and dcatli. Thf ll»'li)(;i wfit; iii.uk' slaves by ilu- S;)ail(in.s, tj(\m,'d in a barlja- roiis iiianaLT, and ofini innrdfrnl without .'uiy slicv; of jiintici*. In inodorci tinics, ihc Indi.ms of south Aiuciici wci.! reduced to tlic most ahj'.'cl soiviuidc by the Spaniards, and coMi,>flIi'J to were out their wr.;lc'i]i:d livfs*in dis:nal mine:;, to enrjcli iln-ir iinri;jhtoou3 8ubju;afoi-s, and cnnl opj'ressors. I ui'.^ht nivi-tion tlie aliused nci^rues in sonih Aimi rica ami the Werif-India islands. IJut to eome nearer honu', jnsfire and re:; "id to truih demand, that 1 inon- lion n fact so di"i»;ra(ofiil to my country, as th.* slavery of the people of collar, in this laiid of boasted liberty, and that in some of the western and soutlicrn stulo« thoutandi. and thouiauds aro held by th'.' t^roai oni-s of the land in toilioute bondage, ad.ninis- terinc; to the jiride, wealfh and inftuence of thiir lordly masters.*" Persons n\a) be &.;i;! to fall into the Jiand of man, w !ien tlii^y ari) exposed tut!)'.' fury of treaeherons men, of lawl.ss mob-^, or of an unrosliained anil niijirinci|/led soldioiy. As inr.tances, 1 might rncnii'jn the triaeherons jnassacri: of the Sliechemites by the sons of Jacob (Gen. 31 chap.); aud the murder of the suns of Jerubbaal, by Abimi'leeh, who hired vain and liijht persons, which followed biin, and he wont unto his Tither's house at Oph- vali, and slew of his brelhien throe iicorc* and tea j)ersons. Jiidi^. 9 ch. Among events of latter limes, 1 mi^ht ineniiua " the barlurous massacres of France isi the 16th century, in which the sliives is hopeless, hut it is the opinion of not a tew airiOHT; our most patri- otic and best intoiincd men, that the sulijei-t oC impressm :n'. nii'^ht have been hnuurably adjuhtod without war. On 'his subject oiir Re[)it'beiita- tive, Mr. Sullivini huys, " \Vc have been told that iiei;ociaii'in had bicu tried until it had Ijeconie liopelcis. Is this true ? Documents in tlie of- fice of the Secretary of State prove that it is not true." He says t'lirther, " Will war procure tlieir release ? Who is so blind as not t(» see lliat if war should continue for live, ten, or twenty years our unforluiiate euun- tryinen will ije detained on board Hiiti'ih Sliips ; and that liundredB aud thousands will be added to the nimd.er ?'' — Mr. Sidtiiuii's Speech a! the liocldtii^ham ConvrntiOiiof Ih''. VrUnds of Peace. • Acrordini; to the census of 1810 there were in Oil. and ^liss. 51.748 iluvf'S, (leor, 10.3, MO. S. Caro. lOO.nti'i. JC. aud W. Tenn. 41,:.:55. N.Car. l(i»/J'-!l- K<.-n. {30,501. Virn. .S!:»i,.5U}. iMaiyl. 111,502. In N.York, 15,017. N. Jcr. 10,851. Del 1,17. Con. 310. It. Isl. 108. In Oliio, Vermont, xMassachusetib and N. Hampshire none. . . ^ ; . { f 4^. '^:i i ucrii hnn^vten rtfiiscil olinTioDrc to tlic; cr'iol nMnt!i!c? of l],a Frcm-li .Moii.iri'h, sayln;; flin/ viin l('i;al pjit-cis ami only ^ \c- ciihvith thi» former ; hut an ouliagc t'xric(lin;;ly aii^rava'cd, whon it is ronsiilcrcd that it was corni-.tittcd in uiir land of liberty, vho"5e rxcolli'nt constitutions am! laws cn^'ai^c fcnirity to the property and pcrso7T!^ Ihc rights and liberties of the people. SVlicn David jaid, Let nic not fall into (he hand of inaii, he gpecially nferred to ihe deitriutivf cH't els of Waii. »nore terrible in liis cs(iniati(tn, than fatnine or j:e5(ilenct\ ^\ i... nmon^ tlic .sons of tiien could jii(li;c nuTO accurately of war than D.ivid ? lie had been conversant with its trctr.ondous ^ccnes. llis car;? had been accustomed to *' the confused noi-c of the warrior," and llis eyes to the shockin;; si{;ht of " garnicnls rolled in blood." lie was not a stranger cither to successful, or unsuccessful war, lie was acquainted with the c\ils incident to it, in its diversilicd forms and events. In view of the coinjilicaied miseries, inflict- ed by the hands of unrelenting men, he sluank from the calam- ities of* war, rather than from '* the pestilence, that walkethiri darkness, or the destruction, lliat wasteth at noon day," whca from the immediate hand of God, From our context it appears, that if Israel had been involved in war, it would on their part have been unsuccessful ; but tlic words imply, that it would have keen so only three months ; during that time, they were to Hee before tlieir pursuing enemies, whose destroying sword would overtake them. In general, (he events of war arc various. On one side at least its calamities fall with peculiar weight, and usually on both its evils are severe and extensive. A painftil subject, the evils of li-ar, is now applicable to us, in view of the judgments, which have fallen and are falling ou our country. The great expense of treasure vhicli war occasions, is com. paratively a small part of the waste and evil, which it brings. What is the mere expense of war, to '* the sulTcrings, and miserable deaths of such multitudes of human creatures, thougU ♦ Quinry's obsuTv.'itinns oi\ ilie act of parliament commonly culled tli-^ Boston port bill, with tlvniiilits on elvit society, v\o. published in 177->. from which seveiftl quotaiit^ns in these sermons are taken. i y I I s Kivry o:io of tliiiu is a iiumTci" roiiinuKt.vl hy (!i(> inidiors oftltii c.«!.;:iity ; l)*.''Mti tlio iii);;ii!ii'r.iM(' ami fri>'in!% .!sf.'»i .!is, iu'iimi 'iiiti'.'-', .i uI \M.|.i'tl..«".Si'S of cvr.y Jiiiul, mI.uIi iu'>cr fail tn h»> it- .iif»iu!.ifi(>."v 'I'la- « x,.rnM' of »v.»r, tliMii.;h Mil il!, (•<>;ini.jr((l »•. ifli jioujc of Us oihiT I'vils, is ^rtat in lluU cou;i(lri('(J ; for wii diriHiy Iciiils lo iliain ilic itboiirrcs of II finiiitr) aiiil iiDiMUiMi.li it!, iiili:il)i(.iiii;i. Tl>itii;);s ticci's;.;r) for tlic j'.iyiMfnt of ill lilies f'^r '•'•I'sijlanri', niilit.iry sfon-s, Sec. i>ucl1 tho iiaiion.Al r.v;ii'nsfH, Wuralwr^s iiitci rti;,(.-i aiid soiiu (i;iu':{ tu'arly d-stroys camtnjrcr, anil ihiisdrii:, up a foii;if;ii'» ofr«'Vcnuc. To cnriy on war, biinljiiiomc ta\t s citluT din-c (ly, <'r indlrecily under tht;u;irn»' of d"tirs, .irc laid iijioti ili.- jx-oidc. Stall buidc:iJi are more ^;rcvioiis to Ij-j httrii, Nccaiisi- v n to .■-iifli f» di'fc;n.".' rlic( !:s, 6>.ai;n<'if('.s aiul pahics comnicrce, men f:.uid!?:t.', hade and u!;nost oil kinds of bii'inri^?, wliicli (louri.h io times of pcaci*, th?.t thcic is !i'S3 cncoura^tiKpat to "utrrjiriro, atwi li'sa aljility to-tncct. iocrcaiiii^ expenses. To ii)\\k\ rv. ^nr.sivc .".rr.ies, fa.idlies an- of- ten put lo great iiiCimvcnieuccs, straits, am! din'uulties. JIus- 5)auds or oilier rct.iti'>ii«, oti Hho;ii fainiliis d'jj.end, are l.»!;cn from llit'ir homes, frcjiu labors by >v|iii:!i th.y were roiid ''):if. Ing to tfu! comfort and iiiiproxiny ilie eirciinisfancc^ of tliclr families ; by N?Iiieli they wern useful to tliose nrouud tl'icm, and thiia coe.tribuliiig to t!ie \!nbiic proi|c \a?it amount ncceisaiy to cirry on a \var, but also the private and public loss, wliieli Is oecasionLd by such* nuniborr> bcint; taken from the peaceful and useful einpio) ir.ents of private life. If wars for coiupiest somiitiinrs incn-ase (lie power and wealth of tlm greedy and Hnil)iu »tis tyrants who wage thcrn, \ii most cases they waste tlie sul)stancc, aud diminish tlic pros])cri« ty of nations. Look back to the last war in this country, and, a f'^v excepted, did not the soldiery in t^eneral serve a tiard siTviccj and rcturo, such as survived to return, emi.ly as tljcy vveni? JJy war the public becomes involved in debts, from which it reijulrrs years and ycs-iS of peace to recover, and wlileh must at last be paid by furth«;r burdens liid upon the people. If we would count the cost, let us view some of the expenses of the war, in which these states were formerly inv dvcd with (xreat-Dritian, Accordin;/ to the Amerlc?.a edition of Kncyclopedia published ia 1790, '* the cost to (ireat-Uiitian is moderately compultd at 115,651, 'Jl 4 i.Sc the addition;:! anniiiil burthen »)y it,atJ,6.';7,5/\"'^. siiiri' J.inu iry 1775. I do uot recollect having seen any climate e'er '«&: I; 'it 9 have firon a sfatcniont of tlic (l.b(s, in wliiih (]ili CiTinfry v/as in- volviil af the close of (lii: nar, so far as (licy cotild be. then iiscer. tairiod. In the adilrt-s of Con^ross to Ific States in 17S3, tlifj Uniti'il Stall's di-Ms v/rri' csflmatcil at 4-jOOO, 370 dollar^, and tha annual iiitiMcst at 2,415,05fj dMllars.^" Jjv.t us turn froti) tlit.; cxiiciis'.:s to view soinc oilier evils of war, A slate of war is unfavorable to thci promoti'j'^ of useful knowledge. Amid the juivations and burthens, the terrors and distresses of war, the advancement of seienec and the peaceful arts is impeded. I5y war tlie beautiful worlisboili of nature and art arc demolished. The pleasant f;rovr3 and fertile fields are laid Avaste, the humble dwelling once the abode of contentment and peace, together with the stately edifice, and the temple of tijc Most High, the God of peace, are swept away by war, that *' besom of dest niello n,^' War produces private and public misery. Its evils often fall heavy, sometimes heaviest ou the common people, even though they do not desire it. *' Private soldiers, snld Tiberius Gracchus, fight and- die to advance the wealth and luxury of the great." War is sometimes carried into peaceful territories, and pours desolation on those, who have wished no ill and iuficted no in- juries on their murderers. "When wc consider the evils of marllimc war, (he principles ond eflects oi privateering cannot eseajie our notice. This hind of warfare seems to be aimed chiefly at the private property of defen.'eless, and perhajs peaceably disposed individuals. If thi? kind of warfare is allowed by the Ia\f of nations, does it seem consistent with the law of love, prescribed by Hitn, who judgctli among the nations ? Does it seem consistent -.uth that christian prc- ccj)t, '*all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to j-ou,do yc even so to them : for this is the l.iw and the prophets ?" Who can doubt tlie dctnoralizing cfi'ects of a kind of warfare, whose ain) 13 booty, and which tends to reconcile and habituate those who arc engaged in it, to acts of plunder as well as scenes of carnage? "Would you view the miseries of naval war in its more gigantic forms ? See the embattled ships, hear the reiterated roaring of their cannon, think of the mangled limbs of your fellow creatures, carried away to satiate the monsters of the deep ; observe the stricken colors, and (he wretched captives, the halt, the maimed and mangled, crowded in clojc confinement, aniiil the shouts of their victors ! — Or see the shivered, but unyielding tlag ♦According to the statement in niodj;et's F.rontmiea the public debt of the Unilfd States in 1701 vas priiiripiil ;muI intertst 7(3,781,95;'. (inlU. and 7C cents. In Mr. Giilhlin's answer of .Tai), 10, 181'J to the ehiiir- man of the committee of ways and means, it is stated, that " the aiuu;.d interest on the cxistin;^ debt amounts to !2/J JO.OOO dolb,'' A J \ ; ( • I 10 follyv.in^ lis slnlving ik^fciulirs ! — Or l)cliolJ the tliip on ftrej hour (!u; (romciuluous cxplofion of (Im bursliiii,' powder room, scattuiii)^; (o (lie wiiuls and wave?; tlic helpless crew — and hurr)iiii; tlivir immorlal souls into cfcinity. "Would you view tho evils of niaiitinic war, inflieted en the defenceless sca- boaid of a country? Observe the consternation and distress of the inhabitants on (he approach of fri[;ates and ships of war ; behold (owns and cities falling in ruin, ;.'v involojjod in flame, and crowds of disconsolate inhabitantSj flyingin wild diiiniay from the liorrid scene of carnage and desolation ! Coiif/ider the ill cflects of uar concerninfj those, who form tl;e land armies. If soldiers survive the sliock of battle, not only their health, but their moral principles and habits are endangered by (he great change in their mode of life. Many, it is to be fear- ed, having changed their ordinary and peaceful occupations fov varying and tumultuojis scenes, the mixed society, the alternate idleness aud fatigues of the camp, will form such piinciplcs -*ncl habits as will unfit them for returninfj again to sober anil regular employments. If some of sound and e; lablishcd principles and habits maintain (heir integrity, an army must be allowed to be " an ill nursery for young men." a situation of temptations and of danger to the morals and characters of such as are not well established in the ways of virtue, and in wliich even such are exposed to dangerous temptations. The demoralizing tfiects of war are generally if not universally aclvnowlcdgcd. Aged persons observe, and I believe it is generaU ]y allowed, that increasing violations of tlie sabbath and disregarOt to public \vorshi[)arc among the evils, which to this time are felt, and arc to be traced as cfi'ecfs of a stale of war, w lien it was last experienced in this country. Necessity was (hen urged for inarching troops, conveying intcllii'enee, transporting mililary stores, &c. Though necessity at (hat time, the practice of using the sabbath as a common day having become customary, laws have since been found inell'ectual to restrain, even where there has been religious principle enough to make laws for that purpose. On every sabbath we notice these things. Even our public stages, if not authorized and directed, seem statedly from morning to night to trample on God's holy day unrebuked. The violation of the sabbatli is one of the many demoralizing ell'ccts of war, I name this particnlsrly because so evident to us all. ** War not only takes oil the public attention from domestic concerns, furnishes occasion for abuses, obstructs the remedy of inconveniences, till they grow inveterate and hard to cure; in short, disorders and nnliinges the whole system of civil all'airs ; but war is also a state of no less wickedness than calamity and terror. Whenever it breaks cut^ one side, at least, must have acted ^/ 1 ( II <• £ric7on'']y cor.lravy to luiiiiuiill^ p.nd juslicc ; contrary (oo, iu all liUtliMoodj to Solemn trciilics ; am! Hi tt from no belter motive tlic progress of science and destroys the works of .^'^cs. War corrupts I lie hearts and lives of men, and wounds the interests of rclinion and morality. "War spreads ' a general {;loonj over the beantifnl face of nature ; disturbs thu jxMce and destroys the liopes of families, and pierces the bosoms of old var would be of short continuance, yet he considered it a more dreadful judgment, than famitie or pestilence. How then ought our minds to be solcmmzrd, when wc consider, that not even a choice of jtidgmonts is ofl' red to us ; that we have no [)roinise of a speedy tenniualion of the war in wiiicli we are involved ; that no finite being can answer the anxious inquiry, When shall the end be ? May the God of peace haye mercy upon us, for Christ's sake* Amen. * Emmons> \ I !■ J I » •• SERMON. DEUTERONOMY iv. GO, r.l, frhen thou art in tril'iihidon, and all thcsr thuij^s are coinrvpon thee, €vcn in the lalUr (1iuis,ifthov turn to the Lnrdthi/ Gnrl^nnd i;htilt be obedi- ent I'.ufn his vo'cc, (Jar the Lord Ihjj Cod is a merciful God,) he nill 7iot Jorsahe thee, neither drstroj ihcc, nor forget the covenant oftlijfathefs^ Tvhich he saarcunfotheni. ■ THIS cliapkT begins with cnrnoslcxliorlatlons (o obey God. It prorct'lib wi(h |)ro;)lu'tic wariiirii^s of the conscquoncos of dis. obi'dicMCi-, and wiih tiiulors of mercy to the sinceroly ponitcrit. In forcsi:;Iit of Israel's bacU^liilings and disobedionco and of the ralaniitics, which ihcy would tluss bring upon thomsclvcs, a merci- ful, thojigh avingini; God, pointed out to them in the text the only way of diiiy and of liopc in stich a time; turn to the LurJ thy G')d and l)e (»l)edient unto \\\s voice; comprising in this short sentence their duty to tlienisilves, their country and their God. The pious anion;; tiie Jews esteemed this passa'^e exceedingly precicMi5. Ju a timo of great distress, when Ahasucrus had been pciRcadcd to issue a decrie, threateninc; the ruin of the. Jev^s, the humfile and pioub Morderai is said to have caused the book of the law to be l)rought to the i;ateShiriiian, covered with sackcloth, and therein to have read to the assembled afilicled Jews the words of our text.* '* When thou art in tribulation and all these things are come upon thee even in the latter days, if thou turn to the Lord thy God, and shalt be obedient unto his voice, (for the Lord thy God is a merciful God,) he will not forsak , thee, nei- ther destroy the, ntu* forget the covenant of thy fathers, which he sware unto them." These words seem pertinent to our present circumstances, and may lead us to consider the tribulations, which have come upon us, and the duties \t!iich in this season of calamity wc owe to our« selves, our country, and our God. The tribulations, which have come upon us, are many ; bnt those, which stand foremost, demandiut; our special considcratiou on this occasion, are z:ar icitk a foreign potsery and iliviid the influence, that the fV-'*t murderer of budies and souisi has upon the minds of men ever in the detennlnalioria of senates and in t!ie cabinets of king.". Nor can v;iln glorious conunanilers more delight in ^ee.Ui^g renown, power or revetige, by the destruction of the huiiMti sjiecies, than their inferiors do, in listing under their ban- ners, seconding; their aims, and rushinjT upon diinger and death, Ihp.t they may attempt tlie slaughter of thor.e who never injured, or even saw them !" *' The aunab; of mankind form one continu- cd narration of blood, slied in tiic most wanton and unnecessary manner, in pursuit of that bui)ble, honor, or in Eeelcinj; to* wrest tl'.e sword of veni;eance froiji tlie Iiundy of the Supreme Judi;e? The millions tli;»t have thus perished miseriihly Iiatthcr, CAceed s'.nvoGt imagination." *' Yet alJ the blood thus shed must be one day accounted for, as for murder, on whom- soever that load of guilt may fall. Surely then, war should be always considered as t;ie last resource, a desperate remedy, never to be used when the welfare of the state csn be otherwise secured! A righteous cause, a willingness for peace on reasonable term«, anil a well grounded conHdencc in God, should be considered as tlic grand requisiten, in ;i e mann^^einent of this direful appeal to thcs Supreme Arbiter of Jngs ami nations."* I will alsj cite th: observations of M. dc Vcittcl in his Icno of fialions. He speaks of v,ar as *' but a wretched expedient against those, who spurn at justice and refuse the remonstrances of rca- son. It ii in extremities only that a just and wise nation, or a gooJ prince, has recourse to it. Those, who run to arms without necessity, are the scourges of the human race, barbarians, enemies to society and rebels to the Uw of nature, or rather to the com- mon Father of mankind. Jf umanity is shocked at a sovereign, ■who lavishes the lives of his subjects, who exposes his people to trie havoc and miseries of war, when they mi;;ht enjoy an honor- able and salutary peace. JJesidcs the misfortunes, drawn on his subject-), for vihich he is accountable, he is guilty also of tho^e, he carries amidst an innoceut people. The slaughlcr of men, ths ♦ Dr. Scott on Dcut. CO and 2 Chron. 11. ti »C, >r' 15 |>2lK-g(! of rlllc?, ilic devaslailoM cf pro^ir;ce•!, nrc '.('•>' rrl:,.i^. Hi' is ir.'.j)Oii.'ib!e to Crod aiul accomitiiblt' to iiririj fur c\ try |-ci5oii Ihat is killiil. Thu violiiucs, tlic crimcr, tlic vruloii . di. cidt i;, attt-ndaiit on ihc licentious lunr.ilt cT ariii^-, j cl'iifc lii*: co'.iccicnio mul blaclion liis acc(.iinf, as hi* is the orl^iiiil a-jthor of tlitrr. aU." In tin: holy scrip tint.:-, ny l)rfthrcii, mc riiu! Mrittiu, " ]i' i| 1)C |iuir.il)!t', as riiicli as lidli in yon, live peart aljly v. i(!i all run. 1 Di'arly Lelovt-d, avenge not ycMrH-lvc?, 'juI rallur give j.lace unto ■wrath : for it is written, Vengianoe is mine ; 1 uill repay t-ait'i the Ijord." ^Vh('n ue consirior, ll;;il intentionally talcing, or be- ' ing pnrpose'y accissary to the taking away cf the life cf a fiUov/- creature, by any unjii.nifuihlc means, and Viiil.ont a justifiahl.-j causf, is a violation of tliat plain law of Goil, ** Thou sJialt not kill;" V lien we conililer iliat precept of the gospel, })nrlicular!y addressed to soldier.;, " Do violence to no n.an ;" when we also consider, Ihat othi^r precept of tlio. gospel, '' neither be parfa/.tt: of other men's sins," we infer, that any, who beccme volunteer;! in any unjustiriablo war, if they know it to be such, ])ar*al;e cf the sin of their leaders, and accordittg to tlie spirit of God's la.v, arc no other llian murderers. With respect to the right of snbjocts to judge of tlie l.iwfuhuk-i of war, I will cite tlie obH-rvations of (rrotius, a writer of note, who has been considered by rulers of our vwn and other rations a? valual)li atitiiority. Sjealinj; of subjects beiui; eomraanded to engage »'.» war. lie says )■ If COVlllUhU led tl erenrito, r.s usv.ully ihey are, tlun if it bo evidc::/ to them^ that the cause Ite unjusi they ought riUogcllier to /c'r(?n\':r, for that f7c'J is rall.er lobe obeyed than men. To justify subjects for refusing to execute the wicked commands of their princes, v,e lave several eiianiplcu in sacred story." *' We conclude (lie says) ihAt where the subject dotli not only doubt the lawfulness of the war, but Is by very prob- able arguments induced to believe it unjust, especially if the war be offensive and tiot defensive, he is bound to abstain." How far this nation will be suffered to irfiict the calanuties cf war or^ the inliabitants of the Canadas and ether territories of C. Britain on this eonlinent; how much their armies may be suflercd to injure us ; and what evils their thousand shijs of war may be suffered to inflict on our many absent and uuprotccted merchant- men, and on our almost defenceless sea coast, remains in futurity. Division among ourselves is Ihc other great tribulatirn, which in this season of calamity and war demands our cnrsidi ration. That there is a great division among us as a people^ on the subject of the present war, is well known. However well those on dill'i rent sides of the question may mean, and tlonth all have a right to think and judge for themselves, it is not to be supposed, where there IS a great division, that the opinions of all arc correct. Iq v^ iG -i I I , the prcsoiif c.i'c, ihcTc 'n cjc:\t room and |jro;i( occ;i',!on for JIic cs~ crcisc of ih.H (Mmltir, wluih is pvifn i)y consisknl with (lit- frt-o- ilom of oj'iiiioii ai\(5 Sjk'OcI., ami v^itli ituiciiciulciii'L* and liriMMoss of coiulucf. It is a Kfs tvil for a coiiiitry lo be di\ii!( i!, fliati for alt to he ii!;rcti! in what h v,roii£:. D'lt iinioii in tlut, \\hii;l» is r}(;h(, is greatly to he desired. Division wealirns and tends to the ruin of a ('oniinnnily. A house, or kingdom divided aijainst itself, if its division continue, cannol stand. If any ;^ood cari come out )ar. / of so bail a tliini; as division, it may ho this, its renderint,' at! | ties watchful of, and guarded anainst encroaeliinents upon our civil lights. The iniprovemcnt to l)e made of tlie calamity of division . vsdouhlkss tliis, (hat we he duly hnnil)le on account of if, tfiaf wo study mutual forbearance ; that \vc each a;rant to otiiers the lil)er- ly we claim for ojirselve? ; that we "follow after tht: thini;'-, wlslt h make for |)cace, and things wherewith one may idify another ;" that we avoid bitterness and aniniosities, so that we may *• not bite and devour one another, nor be devoured one of another." Division among a peojdc is a great calamity in time of peace ; in a time of war far greater ; for it is nr) small thin;^ for a people to carry <»ii a uar, even when they have the clearest cause, ^nd arc generally united in it. On the su!)jeel of the present war lliero Is a grrot division among our rulers, no wonder then, that tlure is ain:>ng the peo,de. Tho members of Congress from this State were as nearly eq-ially dl- Tided as they could have been, unless som.; one of ih.'m had s.Moil renter. In the yeas and nays on tht quesiiou of tliis war, wc fin J the votes of Ncwhampshirc as follow. In the Senate, for a de- claration of war, Mr. Cutis ; against a declaration of war, .Mr. Gilmati ; one ai;aiiist one. In the Honsr' of lle,)res' nfatives, for a declaration of war, I\I< s^rs. Dmsmore, llaruer anil Hall ; against a declaration of war, Messrs. Bartlett and Sullivan ; two against three. The division among our rulers appears great, from a view of the whole votes of Congress on the qn»stio.n of this war. Fronj public statements it appears, that in the Senate 19 were for a dts claration of war, and 13 against it ; that in the il use of Re;irc- scntatives 79 were for a declaration of war, and 49 at^ainst if. The division of otir rulers also appears great, when we view the votes of the following great s.clions of our country. From a "view of the votes of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virnifja, North- CaroMna, South-Carolina, Geor;;ia, Kr-itu ky, Tmnesseo and Ohio, it ap|)ears that of the mem!>erb of Congress frofn those States, taken collectively, nearly five-sixihs were for a declara- tion of war. From a view of the votes «)f Delaware, New. Jer- sey, New-Vork, Vermont, Connee'icul, Rhode Island, M.issa- chusctts and New-IIaini'shirc, it appears of that the members of 17 !: r I! Vv Cors;;ics3 fioi.i llicic Stiilof, (akou collectivtly, t.ro-tliirds were against a declaration of uar.'"" In this SfP.soii of i)iiMic cilaniKy, of illvisiun arnoiyf^ onrsolvr?, am! war wiili :\ foreign power, the duties \vc owe to oniselve?, our families, our country and onr Cod, rcqnire tliat wc cultivate can- ;reat sacrifice, wlnln Bucli ofthe northern vessels as arc abroad, are exposed to capture, and euch of them as are at hon»e, must lie useless at the wharves, or be put to the worse than useless employment, of privateering. I believe, the great body ofthe friends of peace, deprecate a separation of the States, as an event, wdiich would involve the ruin of this country ; but it is a serious question, whether the measures of our present rulers have not a tendency to produce so dreadful an event ? " We shrink from the separation of the States, as an event fraught with incalculable evils, and it is among our strongest objecticms to the present course of measures, that they have in our opinion, a very (!ang:eroui and alcnnins bearing, on such an event. If a separation ofthe States ever should take place, it will be, on s'^ine occasion, when one portion of the Country undertakes to controul, to regulate, and to sacrifice the interest of another ; when a small Rnd heated Majority \n the Government, taking eounselof their passions, and not of their reason, contemptuously disregarding the interests, and perhaps stopping the mouths, of a large and respectable Minoritif, shall by hasty, rash, aiul ruinous measures, threaten to destroy essentialrights, nnd lay waste the most important interests. It shall be our most fervent; supplication to Heaven to avert, both the event and theofcuii'on ; and the Government may be assured, that the tie that binds is to the Unios, will never be broken by us.*''-'ll\ffmorialofthtficc':'ir.ghuvi Conicntlon i<(cr.'' : 'ul j roj.Io ; for '^ vc fire :»!l finbarlictl in oiu- l!i.!t(5:n, and iDti-f :i;.l; oiiwiiii {j';;c't>a'.s tint cUW t;<)verniiitnt i-f a iVwlv.r Institufion. 15iit r.one of us Ciin l»e so Igniiniut as to siii'iior.u tliiil lliis, or any olIitT juis- f-at^c of sciiptiJir, ri(ii!l;c> ii'i to apprijvc tJic nivnsiiris (ifvuLrs, xTlii'tlu;r (licy are liijlit or wronij;. 'I'iiltc \s a plain distincliuM br- l«-crii f^uvaniiHCfify ant! llio aJminLu'rulorn of i^u-i^vn\nv\\\y tlici]:,h Vg are botiiul to be subject to guvernviciif^ aiul to ruli;rs so far a'; they riglil'v ad* ministir it, for ,i;ovi'Muii'. nt i^ botli an in«lltulif)n of God and an onlir.anec of man. Jjiit >vo arc not bound to approve tl.e meas- ures of r'ders if they wri>ngly administer gofernuient. If their cominauds are ab:su!iitily un!ii\^fiil, ^ve are bound to o!,Ty God rather, tliau man; f(jr His is llie hit;Iie3t of all puw- crti.* If tlieabsurd (yraiuiiealdocirine, that people <>u;;hiloa|iprcvc of and conijily witli (he measures of rolcis, whether rig.'it (jr v, roi:f ; K sn(.h irrational and unseriptural doetrine had*pr?vail;(!, tlii'; v.ould nut have bconn' an independent nation. ** Cases may occur, when it is the C>\\\y of private peiioni; to poirt din i;s, rather thnn (he passions ami ^uejiidice?, of their fellow tiii/en;s, or fellow suhje« ts : ihey should reason, not rail: t!:ry should aim to give useful inform;.tiun, not to vilify the pei-sons of their rulers. If their rulers be the pat- rons of priniipies, that are pe rc>lcioi'S to society, or adopt measures of a (Ian xerosis tendency, their errors may be pointed out, ai.u de- inoubtrated, in dceent and respectful language, without violating * When Daiiitl ki!o\v, that the v ilLiiijf ofthc kine, interdicting:; the uor- ship of the true God, v, r.s signed, hi? in>t\\itlistiiii(i!!i(;; '' prayed and rave* thaid;.s l.'eHjre his God, jis he did ulbretiiiie." When the kinL''s couimund required the three pious tiieud-i oi" J)ai»iel to worship an idol, tliey said, ** We arc nut. euitfiil tu auhuer thee ii\ this mutter. If it be so, oiu-vJcd, wiiniu we serve, ia aiile t'> du'li'. er us froui the huruiui; fiery fiojiace ; and he will deliver us oiil f>f thine h.'U'd, O kin,;. But if nut, be it Ivuouu un- to t'uee, O kinir, that v/t- will n(»l serve thy ^ods," «ice. Dan, ^z 6 ch. In a t'n^r winvc tilt; eouuiKiiHli df iiicu were contrary to thubC ofCJod, " Peter atid tho ctlier r^iJu^tUs a:i/.vcred a:id j;'.id, W«: ougiit to obey God rather tliaa men." Aclbo. 'i'J. /\ ti.', 10 { 1 1*1 t \.hK'li r.iy.'i, Tliui! hli:iH nut jpru!; tul of tiij riili r of thy \)co',U\^'*- 'j''.ivoii.il villi a rc;"»!l>Iic.in form of r.ovcrnini'iiJ. il i^ ),((iiliTil3 our i\n\y to i'.\;ui.!iit' tiio i.io:'.:airc.s of l'io':c;v;)iK'iii!' tl to udiuiui. tt-r iCj fliiit >vi* in.i)' kiio'.v Ikjw to art ; (h:it ihry^ mIio rulo, iiiay bo t'OTiti:r.iii! In otiu'O, If ihoy do mcII ; or, if it.i-y (!o ill, ulnu an- o(!)Cf ccM^titiilioiir.l op.iiortaiiity of cl'(.'OMii^;;ariiu'), iltal »!i_y iii:iy be left O'lJ, ami otIi'U'i, \.I>o ni ty ror unwarily assist oti.crs to ?^v»r xijor a cloak of mnUciou-incss.'" \ It was tlic inai.Mian!mous di'claratidu of ilic iiuKiiindeiit and luiblc nindtd sii!\jvrts of p.n Kuroi'tao kinr^, ii-.any years ai;o, ** Wc, vliu arc i-:!rli of »is as );uod, ami who are alto^clliiT inori; power- ful tlian you, pror.M c oli.diir.co to your >;«tvoriiriU'tit, ir YOU MAINTAIN OUIl lUOJITS A.;i> LIlirUTllS \ it NOT, NOT."| One of the fiinust ?.iul ii;ost able advt'icate3 of American liberty obs(;rvcs, '' The fui inalitles of a free,''ar.(l the ends cf a desi)Otir. state have often subbisti'd tojjethor. Thus decjived v.as the Ue- public of Ilonio." " 'J Iio' eaiifjfMVi'd against tl.c proj.-cts of CiiJ- tar, the. s.'itiics of hit bcr.i^iiitjj deceived tin" Roaiau Ccnuiioii-. vcalthj till tlie Inert a:e of his jower bid d( fiante to oppoLitiou. Coit;bfalLd for his t'.ciuro^ily and niatjnifiet ice, his complacency iind cuniir.tsion, the coiupl.'.'.Hanf cour(ier iu:tde his way into the lienrts of his countryn^cn. Tlu'y would not believe, tho' admon- i.iiicd by ll'.c bcFt of liien and first of patriots, that the smiling Ca?- sar would filc'a away llu'ir lil)eriies, that a native — born and bred a Uonian — v.oiilJ eoslavo his country — the land of his fathers — the land of liir. birth — the land of his posterity. But the ambitious Ciesar aimin/j at autliurity, and Cu•i^a^ armed and intoxicated with power, apprar in veiy diJllrent characters. He who appeared with the niildne.'^s of n fine gentleman in his primaeval slate, in aa advanced station conducted with the sternncaS of a tyrant. Op- posed by a tribune of the people in taUinj; money out of the pub- lick treasury a^;aini;t the laws, Caisar with an army at his heels proclr.inicd, arrr.s and laws do not llourifh together. If you arc noi pleased padded tho usurper) with what 1 am aboiit,you liavo iiotliing to do but to witlidraw. Indeed war will not bear much liberty of speech. When I say this I am departing from my own ri^'ht. For you and all, I have found exciting a spirit of faction^ ■ * President McKcan. tSct';cr. J KoLertson's Hist, Charl. 5. § Ucg;ird for justice, and a man!)' assertion of rights, has too ol'ten been i i : ' ;.. 20 fi^aJr.ii jur^ arc al my ilinporal. Si} In:; f!il», lie r\p|iro:ie]jeil tli j doors of tho (rcv.siMV, as llio Kc)P v/irr not |iiik!uc((), lio?iiit Iiis vorUmoii t(« lin-al; tlrjiii oju'ii. 'j'his is tlic ct)ii)pl;iis:snt C';i'<;»r — rciKiwiK'tl for hir, ;\iniablf qualitlci : I)}' Ms ca'^y uiKlrcss lie dcci'lv. C(l, ami by his arts insKivi'i! hi'' coimtryincii — and prepared llio way for a siii'cc. Mnir Ner ' to spoil i\'\d sl.iiij^Iilcr llit'in."*' ]\latiy of you iloubtk'ss renieiiilxT ihr iruh/ republican pn'nct' j)!e$ of tlif American Cou^'H'.'^s in 177J. 1 v^asthcn unborn; but I have roiu! and ailnurcil tliiir >vritin^s am! cortlially cinbraced llicir jirluciplos. I will quote f)onui excellent paisayes from llicir voles ami procetdini^s. ** In erery cascof oppc^ition by a people to their rulers, orof ons slate to. luotiivr, duty to Almighty (jIo(!, llic Creator of all, reqtiiros, that a true and impartial j'id,;Tiient be formed of tin: measures leading to such ojjposllian.; and of the causes by which It has been provok- ed, or can In any dej^ree be justified: That neither aflcction on the one liand, nor resentment on the other, bein^ permitted to give a wron»5 bias to reason, it may be enabled to take a dispassion- ate view of all the circiunstances, and settle the i)ubllc conduct on tfie solid foundations of v/i^'dom and justieo. I'rom Councils thus tcmjicrcd arise the surest hopes of the divine favor, the firmest encouragement to the parties cii^iijed and the strongest rerominen- datiori of their cause lo the rest of iiianl:ind"f " Be assured that the happiness of a people Jneviubly depends on their liberty and their spirit to assert lt."i The enjoyment of liberty and even its support and preservation consists in every man's being allowed to speak Ills thoughts and lay optn his sentiments."^ Speakint^ of ** the rights without which a people cannot be free and happy" lliey say, " The last right we shall menlion regards the freedom of the press. The importance of this consists, be- sides the advaiwement of truth, s ciencc and morality, and arts in general, in its diffusion of liberal sentiments on the administra- tion of government, its ready communiealion of thoughts between subjects, and its coufequcntial promotion of union amon^ tbcra, whereby op[)ressive ollleers arc ashamed, or intimidated into more honorable and just modes of conducting a(Tair3."j[ To these noble scutimenis, of the patriotic republicans of 1774> let w^ subjoin the late patriotic and truly republican observations of his Hon. De Witt Clinton of New-York. " A state of war • See Quincy's ohseivations, &c. published in 1771, from which the quotation from Dr. Itobcrlson was also taken. f See " Extracts from tho vofcs ai-d proroodinr;? of the American Con- tinental Conf;r«'S=;, held Jir Pliihulolpliia, 5tli Sept. 1774. I'liblishtd l>jr order of the C'ont;resb." H'lston tdiuon, p. 29, t The same, p. 48. § p. ^i6. || p. 43. -*'i'. i '■ "i! !!• 21 :t docs tiol cTesfroy or t!Im!iilsli tlie rl.'.lils of (lie cill/rn lo fian\InR Iho ciMidiict «)f |)iil>!io ir.on ami (Im- frr.iffnry of public mrasiircs. ]1 V >J'0!l 1, s iil'u* of (lio "frcidotii of iiivcf.fijiitiori'' a-, ** ifio hirlli ri'Iit niK'I (lici Ijo.T-t of I'vcty ArncritMn citi/.-n."' in lilt! fust SiUfiiirc of ;i circni.ir Irtkr, niklrci'ud ]>y the Continental Cofi^,'r<.'.ss to tlieir conslitm iila In J779, vo finil tNi folloNvlng very just rcpuhliraii sniliiMcnt. *' In Govcrnnicnts raisctl on llit; ^onerous jirlnripti-n of equal liberty, (lie rulers of tlic state ore (he servants of the people, and not tin: masters of tl M)" 1 1 1 1 i I ri'junJ, flie M.trin !i'r:»i>;;!!i'3 of iumvs iiripir >.'flN.'rs'^ cr (I: C-Mni'r--i(ii)U3 of lilt , iImI, or llu.* nd'iT Ml.ii M i.'.'i.'r. 'i iafjii «> Oi'l.iiu \.',(KJii :i:t(l loiMi a.i oj ii.;.."i o;i tli.* i.uporJ.Mil Mi!ti;i.'t m' (iu; j)rrson( **.;ii is a f-uuu.) nu.nd Owiy. 'I'hv piodimjiiun for V\h il.t^ ".s stjIiMiuiiiu'S rii'K.' .'His Ibco L'i.li' i.'ii; ou our nnir,. 'J'liut wc niiy 1 CUOV.' vii.it lo jlo, It is our sviinus iluty ti> make up our mhuls on //j^; tiuviuuUouii <^:u'^ri'ji} :,'h.':lu'r fliis i.tir h ju>f{ft'.il>t'^ vt U'ljit;:^. frJuiUc ; for v,c uiw.^i tiiV.o I'ctl, ihul wi- tlu t.j!^, nml oiil) t!. .f, vliicli i^ c'oii.Iifi'nl V. t!h il»f I'iti. ;••.■; of o:ir cjjM'.r'K'iiC'--, an:l I'.t; iovc;i!i.\l V ill of Cjo.! ; for tlu:''.; I.-.y u')u:i us tlic ^i-Mliil of;i!I tiV.'ili'.i'wr.ii.-] I>;:(. Id us m U'M'jpr tl.st llir (luficr; wc owe t o oiirr>tlv'. S our ll'.'it ^VlJ f.'.iiil!ii.'s, our Cijuittry, ir-'J ouj (»);!, not only rv'quirc. foiisciciiJiousIy !t:ril;!!:iln the ('rivik^;C3 (joil lins :;rautcil n-i, b'.ii that In viv\v of our ill dt-crrt am\ the taliiiiiitii','', whicii h:\ve cjn.'j upon lis, Nfc turn to hcll.t.T inliictv'i! by Ihu iminftliiti; h.uu! of C-J, o.* whi;llu'r hj si'.dVra tluaj to fall into tlio liiiTid of uiaii, si* i^i il;u fjri'.U occa.sioii, the jirocurinj cnu-.c of all. That our coiUilry r.j a wfjolt! may r;turii tiufo (in'I, t!n! sovi'jal parts of it, ami pti: u.^.s lu it, must turti to llhw. Jji't us, mIio furiu a part of i;, jcjok into out.nUts, coubiocr Ihi' number iuid a,j';rav:;tion of our t,:;\i f •>' ^nd, tlirou}',h oi:r {;r'.>at rilcJir.lcr, hvvk iliviuc j;racc to cu:i!;lo us to rcptMjt of o!ir sins an;l turn fro:n thoin by a tlioroni^'i amcndiiii.'iit. Jitt us poisc.iS am! ca!li\;i(c tiiy nuiik anil !;;i:"ii. l»le S[>irit of our anci'storj;. Tlivir pii-ly aiid virtue is v, oiihy of n-nu'iiibrance and imitiilion. They appialcd to God, th-t they cainu not i'.rto tliis \vildcruc;s lo b'^-Ai yrtat thiii^js for * This is not inleniL'il asii rer.tftioa on U':\vsp:tpi.TS in j;U'!)(.!al, b'it has spuciiil r(.'f^.Ti.'ii"e to ier it may be well lor ur>to take papers on imh sirlL?, if u tare able; and it" not, it may be well for ueij,ld;ors, ^v!io t;:':? t!idt'r«'nl jmpers to excl.an;^e them rt):n!;uJy with each other. Tiit il". ill be to little i;ood purpo^^e, that we read anj uukis \vc " \\e:;;li and con- sider'' well what v.e read. t From the manner in v. hieh the v\ liter had uniloindy ^pd'.fn in puld..: tooeeriiin;; the present *\ar, his /irjc. (V ronld l!,i\e no doihls, I'.s to hi^ M-'ntiment.-., mi tliis snl.ject. i o iIhj r>' :- Vr lie explicitly declare^, tln-.t h'J believes thii war lo be, on tlie part ol'lhii uaiioa unjubt, ujuut •.:.<; ury, and l»i 'hiv oli'i.'iisive to (J'-d. 'I OS (hcm!c!-,c"5 b'.it for tl'.c 5r.1;c of :i }.';-.or r:u1 qnlft I'.fo." Tlhy solrritfl)' ontrri'J into ruxnant wKli fJ.jil to bo liis jicii;)!..-, ar.ft vo'uc, atul Ik'. will r.ot f(i»-.,:ilvu i;,'', iwitlur distroy !;;, iitT for:;. I tlio covenr.ut of oiiv fatliiTS. ])Ut if v>'c '.vil! p,ot l;c i:» ;friutril aiiil riiucii;^, llii) ('vils, wliicli have conn; ujioii »!P, ar..' lii;t t!in htM^inniug ofsorrov.s. It is oi'.r incuiiibcnt duty to iirr.y c^irnc^tly f«r foii^ivincss anil divine favor, nor c.u» v. o rt:\=onabIy hope for mercy, unless v.c limr.bly ami pcnid'iitly ask it. And in yiiin i\o wo fast or pray, v.iili'.';;; vvc form sincere rc'olulions of amendni;Mit, and carry llio?c r'f?oln{i;!ns into cIFoct. I\ov; \tO are in (rihnliition, and ail tlieyt' tliiti^'s have come xipou us, let us consid( r our ways and turn unto il;c Lf;:d. Wliile hii ju.'l.;inent.s are abroad in tli,; rartli and fal'.in;;; heavily on us, if we will learn riglit'-ousncs and be obedient to the voice of CJod, he uilltnrn to ur. ; tlie I^ord of hosts will be with us ; the God (,'f Jacob will deft lul us ; sva sliall have the testimony of our ovra co'.v.cienrcs to cheer us; and need not fear what man can do uuto u>'. Amen, -'=^^^i£^s:iS>-r£:p' OBSERVATIONS o.v Tin: rnopiiinv of riiL.icni.\Cr occasioxji.lv o-Y POLITICAL SUBJECTS. THE OiTice of gosjicl ministers docs not preclude thc.n from the counnon \irivileges of citizens. They are not unacquainted with tlie rights, which our constitutions cngaijc to them as well, as to olher classes of the connnunity. If, in common times, sonic of theni have not voted at the elf ctions of general and state ofTi- ceis, and if they have said less than some others, they have prob- ably read and thought as much, and have obtained iS correct infcr- iration, and have felt as sincere concern for the prosperity of their Country, as have some, who wish them to be silent on these sub- jects* There are times, when it is evidently the duty of nr.nlstcrs of the gospel, to call the attention of their people to public aflair'}. This observation is made, not so much on account of any thing said in the preceding sermons, as with reference to the general subject of preaching occasionally on ])olitical concerns; a subject much agitated, or rather, which greatly ac,.tates, at thiJ present day. I-t is the law of otir Creator, that we should fear ITIm, andlu'cp Ills comjuandnicnts aluays. As individuals, uieiubcrs of families, v • 4 •' 24 ii: 1.; 115 iV •• nolglibuis, or niomSors of puMic sociofy, one ami tJic sauic rule is given to 05. We aro rii|airo(l id our sevt;rYith c2v\i otiicr." Tlial in too lii.^.ny instances tlx^y have uotliin^ to do "With each other, >Te have much reason to fear ; but that every j-.o- Jitical act onyht to be in conformity, to the priueiplfs of religion, and may justly be reproved by (he minlsfers of religion if it is not, cannot reasonably bo doubted. *' Wo may be honest or dishonest, faithful or unfaithful, \<\ our relations to the state, as well as to private connexions. Politieal duties art; therefore moral dutios. What is politically riglit is morally ri^llt, what is jioUticdly wrong is morally wrong. Christian ministers and triosc with >vhom they arc nearly connt-eted have righrs of perjun;;, liberty and sometimes property, vrhlch the fate of the governuioct and country may deeply affect, (( Till within afe\7year3 it has teen generally represented as a merit in the Clergy to iuteri;3t themselves in their country's cause; it has been in.iiiteil jurtie- tilarly by some of the waiiuest leadiTS in our late revulutiun tli:it this order of men cn^ht to throw their weii^ht into the political scale; and are under a moral and religious, as well as i;ivil o'l- ligation to warn the people of the dangers, which threaten their liberty and happiness." On this subject, *' the Proviucia! Con- gress (of a New England State) in 177-1; addressed a circular letter to the ministefi; of the gospel." << Provincial Con;;r'jss, Dee. G, 1774, It was resolved that th.^ followiuff letter be atidresbed to the several ministers of the gospel thronjihout this province. *' Rev. Sir, ^Ve cannot but acknowledge the goodness of Heav- en in constantly supplying us vrith I\linistera (jf the gospel, whose concern has been (he temporal and spiritual happiness of this peo- ^)le. In a day like this, when all the friends of civil and religious freedom are exerting themselves, to deliver this country from its present calamities, we cannot but place great hopes in an order of men, who have ever distinguished themselves in their country's cause, and do therefore recommend to the ministers of the gospel in (he several towns and other places in this colony, that they as- sist in avoiding that dreadful slavery, with wliich we arc threat- cnrd."* No class of citizens have been more uniform, in tlieir political sentiments, than mlnisfLrs of the gospel. They have uot changed with the times. With few exceptions, they have been, and still • See the prccediiv.' fiuotarions in President Kirl^hnul's sermon deliver- ed May 9, 1793. bee a so Goidyu's Ilijtory of the Kevoluliyn. 'i 25 hTi'y friciif^s and atlvocatcs of mJional lihcr{y, truv rcjuiMici'iisw., atiil ^•■■)u^ !;ovcmn)cnt; and if llicy InlifVciJ iIk; |»rc^■l.t war to l»i; jfst and iiCLCsraryj uo class of citizens wotild ifiurc 7»a!uiih!y ad- vot.it'j it. It lias hi'iti ohsorvcd, thut tliorc arc (iinc?, wlirn It is tl;c duty of (he niinisicrs of thf j.Dspel to call the attctition of their jno- |i!e tu public affairs, 'i l!»*rc are occasiDns, fthii-h r.'.j[uiie, and sciiplurc, prercpts and t:ca!iiple>, which aiitliorizo it. Ciirist fays, '' Search tho scriptures." John 6. 30. ^* All j-criptiire is given by iuspiiation of God, and is jroflitable for doctrine, for reproof, fur correction, for icstrucfiod in rij^'ht- coiisiiess," &c. 2 Tim. 3. 16. '^ Study to shew thy stU" approved unto God, a workman that ncodeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth." 2 Tim. 2. 15. In the scriptures it is said, when (he rI.;h(eous arc in au- thority the people rrjoice : but %vhcn the wicked beureth rule the peoi)lc uiourn." Prov. 29. 2. The Scriptures speali of ** niea that had nndtistanding of the tines, to know what Israel ousht to do." 1 Ch. 12. 32. They also speak of such as cause (he, |)cup!e to err. ** As for n)y people, childrtvj arc ihcir oppres- sors, and women rule over tlicm, O my people, the} which lead thee caus(! tlice to err, and destroy tlie way of thy paliss." Isaiali 3. 12. Shall not ministers (Kcasiouully address their people con-' rcrning such dillerent cfiaracters as arc described in scripture? iS'ehemiah, on account of the general cry of the po(»plc, rtbnk.Ml the rulers themselves, when they oppressed the peo[jlt. '* Tlien I oonsulted with myself, and I rebuked the uoblcs, and (he rulers, and said unto them, yo exact usury, every one of his brother. And I set a great assembly against thcni." Neh. 5. 7. In the 33d ch. of FiZekiel the duty of a watchman in a time of j)uhlic calami- ty is pointed out. ** If when he seeth the sword come upon thu land, he blow tnc trumpet, and warn the people ; Then whoso- ever heareth the sound of the trumpet, and taketh not warning ; if the sword come and take him away, liis blood shall be upon his own head, lie heard the sound of the trumpet and took not warning, his blood shall be upon him : but he that taketh warn- ing shall deliver his soul. But if the watchman see the s^urd come, and blow not the trumpet, and the people be not warned ; if thu sword corne and take any person from among them, he is talicii away in his iniquity ; but his blood will I require at the watch- man's hand. So thou, O son of man, I have set thee a watchman unto the house of Israel," &c. Much of Jeremiah's preaching related to ihc political as well, as spiritual state of the Je«s, and tho rations around them. He was often called to address thoi-e, who ditlered from him in op.iniou. His commission was, *' Thou therefore gird up thy loins, and arise^ aud speak, unto them all that I command thee : be not dis- I i • I t*- 26 I ! %• t'. I. ?•; ijiayoil at their ru*cs, li--.! I cjnfcnuil (lice before (licm." Jcr. 1. 17. Jerem!.i!r.s roll, wiifltn in the. r(i.;n of Jtlioialiim, fLl.ifctl to lialional sins aiu! c.\bin!tiv?. Tiiis roll Jfrcnudli (!i recti d Ji.iincli U) ro.ul in public. " Gd tho\i and read in tin- roll, -.vhich thon liast wridtMi from my mouth, t!io words of tlic Lord, in the cars of the pooplcj in (he Lord's house upon fl:,- fa^iing day : and also thou shait read them in the cars of all Jn ' ili liiat come out of their cities. It may be they will present th-ir supplication before the Lord, and will return every one from his c^il way : for groat h thoani^prand the fury that the Lord halli pronounced a.'ainst this people." Jer. 36. G, 7. " The reader is denired to examine the prophecy of Zejihaniah. Several parsagis in thaf book as well ar, vnrious other passd^jes in the old lestauienf, arc lure omitfod f'lr (he sake of brevity. To preach the doctrine of Christ's e.Yj)iatory sulTerings and death ^ on the cross, is a most important duty of (ho christian minister. There are also other f nbjeets, on which chriytian ujinisters should occasionally preacli. T.'irrefore tin; siune Apostl,-, who says in Ms epistle to tlie Corinthian?, " 1 determined not to know liuy thiuij asnonj^ you save Jesus Christ and him crucified," in another «|)islle, hnd occasion to write concerning rulers and civil govern- uicnf. In his epistle to the Roniiuip, 13 cli. he says, <' Let every ■ soul !)C subject unto the higher po\v;rs ; for there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of GoC. Whoso- ever, therefore, resisteili the power resisteth the ordinance of God ; and tlicy (hat resist s!iaU receive to themselvea damualion. For rulers a!;p not a terror to good works but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power ? Do that which is good, and. thou shall have praise of the same. For he is the minister of God to thee for good. , But if thou do that which is evil, bo afraid ; for lie beareth not the sworu in vain ; for he is (lie miniater of God, a rerengcr to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. Where- fore ye must needs be subject, iiot only for M'ratli, but also for , conscience sake," kc. Is civil government an ordinance of God, and must ministers say nothing concerning it ? Are the |)ov/crs of-, jjovernmcnt ordained of (iod, and is it not the duty of ministers, to impress on the minds of the people, especially of an elective government, (he great iinporlancL', (he solemn ^nty, of vesting these powers in the binds of men, who will conscientiously fulfil the great ends of government, which the Aposlle has pointed out; Djcn, who will not abuse llu'se powers ; who will not prove a ter- ror to good works, but will be the ministeis of God for g'»od, so that they who do good shall have praise of the same ; men, who ■will prove a terror only to the evil, that they wliich do evil may be afraid ; men, who will not resist the powers, charters or con- stitutions, by which they on>:ht to be ruled as wt-ll as to rule; so that no sub- ject shall have occasion to resist their authority, hs contrary to the luwg of \1 ^ \ / V 27 QoA\ 5^iiu-i3 we Tv.ustVit sti.ijcTt, not only for\vr;u!),l)Ut fi)rron^r!pnrc f^nVf, i-- it rot till" il'Jiy i'^ ,i:o>j)el miniitcrs to acli-:ioni.-!i tlit- i>oo|»l(.', lliat they cl;.;0;C /!<;? for x\\\v:s lli'j.sf, «!:') " k';ir M()l (Joii nor rcj.'aiil in;m ;" J.iikt- J3. .\. },iit ti;at tliry " proviiJo nut of nil t!,c p'.'(>|;!e, ;iIj1o men, siirli as tr:,: Co'J, >i-'C" ('Mnuli, hntingcovctouiiic^s ; ami [ ; or uiiti) ijuv- elisors, rs unto tlieni tlsnt are st nt hy him for the puiiisliniont of evil doorij and for t!ic pruise of tliem tliat do well, I'orso is the will of God, t!i;\t with ^^•ell doing ye may put to sileiic* the ii^norance of foolibh men. As free and not r.^ins vonr lihertv for a clonk ofivialiciousness, but as llie ser- vants of God." 1 Pet. '2. 13, (N:c. As civd govcrinnent is an ordinance both of Cod and man, i^ is certainly the finty of the ministers of religion, to iir^e tlie people to jiive their snflVajres foi ench men, and only for such to rule over thcMi, as tliey liave reason to lielievo will manifest by a wise and reli;;ii)iis administration of 'jovernnicnt, that they are artoally sent of God for the punishment of evil doors and the {-raise of tlieni that do well. It 13 crrtaiidy proper, that the people should he persuaded i\ol to use tlieir lib- erty for n cloak of maliciousncjs ; but to use it as the servants of God, as those/who knew they must L;Ive an account to him how they use it. Goil lias committed most precious privileges to this people. O that they KouUI consider that they mu=t be ansu ciahle to Ilim if they abuse, or neg' lect to inij)rovo them ! Priviieires involve duties, and bring great respon- sibility on those to whom they are comnutted. Tiie Apostle Paul says, "I e-Aliort, tliM first of all, supplications, pray- ers, intercessions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men ; For kings, on(l for all tl;:it jue in ;uithorily ; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all i;odline?s and honesty." 1 Tim. 2. 1, 2. An imj)ortant reason for praye -3, &c. for those in authority is hero given, that we may lead a quietand peaceable life in all godliness and honesty. Are the ministers of religion exhorted to speak unto the Most High God on these important subjects, and must we not be allowed to speak concerning them to our fell'iw men ? With reference not only to the final judgment, but to the destruction of the temple and cih; of .ferusalem, Clirist said, " What 1 say unto you I say unto all, Watch." Mark 13. 37. With reference not (»nly to spiritual but to temporal and national calamities, Jesus " when be was come near beheld fhe city, and wept over it. Saying, If thou hudst known, even ifiou, at least in this thy day, the thino^s which belong unto thy peace ! but now they are hid <'rotu thine eyes.'* Luke 19. 41, 42, i'cc. The precepts anil examples of Prophets, and Apostles, and of Christ himself clearly shew, tljat it is the duty of o;ospcl ministers, on some occasiijns to address the people on political subjects. These observations will be concluded, with a tevv extracts from a ser- mon, delivered before the Convention of the Clergy of Massachusetts, in 179G, by Dr. Eclknup, who was distin;_Miish»'d as a minister, and whos* name istamiliar to us, as the historian of Xesv-Han\pshlre. " There is a monopolizing spirit in some politicians, which would ex- clude clergymen from all attention to matters of state and government ; which would prohibit us from bringing pnlitioal subjects into tb.e puljtir, asjd even threaten us with the loss of our livings if we move at all in the 'political sphere. Bvtt my brethren, \ c'^ii'^idcr politics as intimately con- :\ (.«. r I. n I:. I! i '.I "C f i H !! s nrctoil vNjtIi nuiia'ity, :n:w l;i'lli with rf!!:',ioi). If iIk- polltiiwl churaLtf :■ i)t";> p'\)i-!<.' is b;itl, tlioir iiiciul'i 'arc cquallv biuf, ami tliLir ifli;;ion is L,n;j;} for nothing;. TIk.' siiino mail wlio ni>|Hriit in tlif cli.'iuu tir of a jjiiliticinn, ii :•!'■'.' a sulji'i't ofiii>):aI ;;'.>VL'iiiiiiLnt, aiut a caiulnlalc fid- iimuoilality 'i'lii-nlorc il'lu' acl ni;!itor wroiij; as a politirian, lit' acts tqualiy li^lii ot vroii;^ a-, a juljcct of (<(.iiri:. moral ^',()vt;iiiiu.M)t ; his charatlcr a<) a pohti- ci.in >vili I i- liiuu::!it into ihf tziar.d i^'vicw at tlic la.jt da}, air! h!s fiilurr state vill l)f (li tcrmiiicil acroidiutjy. 'I'liis (lo'.tiiim I am sciisihlc is nut aj^i'ooalilo to tlio liiaitifc ofbomc iiicn, v.Iiu act uith a tolfiablc nj^anl to |irinc!|j|(.'e) of aioralily in their toiuir.oii biisiiitis ; hut when tl-.iv <;ct into a political I Oily, relax tl>cir ideas uf morality, and endeavoitocany apoiiit hy any moaii-> whatever. Ai.;aiiibtsue!i aa idea of politicb,! think it my duty to piotr.->t ; for 1 believe that honcity is the be,',t policy, both in private and public lite. "lliul the Apostles lived in these days, and amony us, wlio liavc t!ie ))rivile;^e of choosing our onu rulers, 1 have no doiibt that tliev wonid have exhorted us to e.\ercibe our privileges by none but honest and lauful means. They would lune advised the people to carry the principles of Ciiristian morality to a town meeting as well as to the cxchanjie. They would have advised le{',isIat.ors to carry the same principles to the senate and house of assembly; they would hu\e advised executive and judicial otiicers to carry the samepiinciides to the bar, to the bench, to the council-boartl, and to t!ie Governor's chair, 'ihey would haveadvijcJ us CO be cou.-'iitciit and unifurm in our re^rards to t.^od and man, in every sltr uatlon, private or public; and this is the duty of <;ospel minihiters. " It is very strange thnf wc may not preach on tlie "jame subjects which are rec: ni;neiuied to us as subjects of prayer. In tlie annual proclaina- lions fcr fasts and tlinnks-^ivings v.e are exhorted to pr.ay and givethnnl.s on a <;reat varj,ety of political sal jects, furei^ji and domestic. And wh.nl good rc;!son can bo f;iven why these same subjects should not be discours- ed C'n, as well as prayed over ? It is expected, that we brln-^ them into the puljiit in oiu- prayers, and it is by some people hi^Jily resentetl if we do not. When we have them in our mind as prtjper subjects for devo- tion, why should we not sjieak and discomse on tlieir. Ibr ?I e instruction of our hearers .' Must we make an address to God on political subjects, and mav we not make an address to our brethren on the same subjects." " But ' there is a generation that are pure in their own eyes, thoui;U their teetli are as sw urds !' And how liberal arc some tongues, some pens, and some presses, witli their abuse, when we appear warm and zealous in the cause of our country ! When we sjuak or write in support of its lib t-rties, its conslilution, its peace and its honor, we are bligmati/.ed as busy- bodies, as tools of a party, as mtildlmi; with what does not belong to us, and iiMMpin;; a'ltlujrity over our brethren. " Whatever mav be the views of those wht) are of a diflerent opinion from Hpc, res[»ectint; this njalter, yet 1 coi.sider their principle, that the- cUtl'V have no rii;iit to meddle with politics, and their endeavor to stop oiir iiionth>, fiS * pre;;nanl with mischief,' tendini; to l.tep the people in i;:nor- ance, a::d exp05)ii;; them to be misled by thoiC v. ho would always prett'Ou tlr.it the peo['le :liall u'overn, proviiled that they shall i;overn the people." "'Jill.' time ha' been when s()i!ie ol' the.-i; s ime | erMins were very four? orcn;;^;i;.'iii;; tht- cler.v in poli'ics, eiiconu.i^iiij^ them to v^rite and pieach or, tr> u-.e a phraf; of their own, ' blow the trumpet,' in del'e'i'ce (jf the lib- ♦•rtu's of their C'luutry. IJut, alas, hovv rhanj;eil, iiow fallen ! From iUcl' ■politicinn-*, and sucii |:itriols, ihei^noil Lord deli/cr uj !" THE KND. I \