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KINGSTON. ONTARIO

■• ■»

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REPORT

o»

E CEPHALOPODS

OP.THK

N0RTHEA8TEM COAST OF AMERICA.

A^. E. VERRILL.

EXTRACTED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER
OF FISH AND FISHERIES FOR 1879.]

WASHINGTON:

aoVBBNMENT PBIMTINO OFPIOB.

1882.

-i^w*^

■ fl 4,,

p. C. 180.

REPORT

THE CEPHALOPODS

OF TIIK

NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

A.. E. VERRILL.

CEXTRAOTED PROM THE ANNUAL RRPORT OF THE UOMMISSIONKIt
OF FISH AND FISH KJt IKS FOR le!7'J.)

WASHINGTON:

OOVBBNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1882.

^L43d.2.V^ c

OOO.-REPORT ON THE CEPHALOPODS OF THE NORTHEASTERN

COAST OF AMERICA.

By a. £. Verrill.

Pabt I.— The gigantic squids {Architeuthis) and theib allies;

WITH OnSEBYATIONS ON SDflLAB LABGE SPECIES FBOM FOREIGN
LOCALITIES.

The early literature of natural history has, from very remote times,
contained allusions to hw^e species of Cephalopods, often accompanied
by more or less fabulous and usually exaggerated descriptions of the
creatures* In a few instances figures were attempted which wcit.
largely indebted to the imagination of their authors for their more
strikiug peculiarities.

In recent times, many more accurate observers have confirmed the
existence of such monsters, and several fragments have found their
way into European museums.

To Professor Steenstrnp and to Dr. Hartiug, however, belongs the
credit of first describing and figuring, in a scientific manner, a number
of fragments sufficient to give some idea of the real character and affini-
ties of these colossal species. More i)articular accounts of the speci-
mens described by these and other recent writers will be given farther
on.

Special attention has only recently been called to the frequent occur-
rence of these " big squids," as our fishermen call them, in the waters
of Newfoundland and the adjacent coasts. The cod-fishermen, who
visit the Grand Banks, appear, from their statements, to have been

*The descriptiou of the "poulpe" or dovil-fiah, by Victor Hugo, iu " The Toilersof
the Sea," with which so many readers have receutly become familiar, is quite as fab-
ulous aud unreal as any of the earlier accounts, and even more bizarre. His descrip-
tion represouts no real animal whatever. He has attributed to the creature habits
and anatomical structures that beloujj in part to ihi' 2'olyps and in part to the poulpe
iOctopiot), and which appear to have been derived largely from the several descrip-
tions of these totally distinct groups of animals, contained in some cyclopedia. Theao
ho has confounded and hopelessly mixed up. As if to make this confusion worse
confounded, ho applied to his creation the name of " Ccphaloptera," tho designation
of a gigantic genuine fish (a "ray ") found on our southern coasts, aud also called "devil-
fish" by the tishcrmeu. His account of the general appearance of tho Octopux, however,
is not so bad. and was evidently based on a very superficial personal examination of
an ordinary specimen of Octopus vulgaris,
[I]

KEIHJllT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND 71811 HRIKS.

[2]

\ou'^ faiitiliar with them, and ocnasionally to have caiitiircd and unoxl
thfin for bait. Tlio whalemen have also repeatedly stated that sjierm-
whales feed upon hnge squid, and that, when wonnde«l,they often vomit
large fragments of them, iu such a condition as to be recognizable.*

I have somewhere seen a statement to the effect that a huge scpiid of
this kind was cast ashore, many years ago (in the last century, I believe),
at the Island of St. Pierre, near Newfoundland, but have forgotten the
authority for the statement.

The first reliable account, known to me, of specimens actually taken in
American waters by our fishermen and whalemen was published by Dr.
A. S. Packard, in 1873. t In that article Dr. Packard described a por-
tion of a jaw from a largo specimen (our No. 1) taken by the Gloucester
fishermen on the Crrand Banks, and a very large pair of Jaws taken
from the stomach of a sperm-whale (our No. 10). St)on after this, in
1873, a large living specimen (our No. 2) was encountered by Thcophi-
lus Picott and another fisherman, in Conception Bay, and one of the
tentacular arms which they secured was preserved in the geological mu-
seum at Saint John's, Newfoundland, by the Rev. M. Ilarvey and Mr.
Alexander Murray. Both these gentlemen wrote good and interesting
accounts of this specimen, which were extensively copied in the maga-
zines sind newspapers, while a photograph of the arm itself was also
secured and ilistributed.

This important addition to our knowledge of these creatures was
followed, about two weeks later, by the capture of a nearly perfect speci-
men (our No. 5) of the same species, near Saint John's. Mr. Harvey
and Mr. Murray likewise secured this specimen, and published detailed
accounts of it, which gave a more accurate idea of the character of the
genus and species than had anj' previous descrijjtions.

My own attention was specially directed to these large Cephalopods,
at that time, on account of being so fortunate as to secure for study
most of the preserved portions of all the specimens referred to above,
with some additional ones, detailed below. For these very interesting
specimens I am especially indebted to the zeal and kindness of the
Rev. M. Harvey and to Prof. S. F. Baird. To Dr. A. S. Packard I am
indebted for the use of the jaws of No. 10. Mr. Pourtalfes, curator of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, has also kindly sent the specimens
belonging to that museum, and Mr. W. H. Dall has contributed his speci-
mens and drawings of a species from Alaska. Special acknowledg-
ments to others will be found iu connection with the descriptions of the
specimens.

Although I have, in several former papers, | given details of the time

• See Maory's Sailing Directions. Also articles by N. S. Shaler, American Naturalist,
vol. vii, p. 3, 1873; by Dr. Packard, op. cit., p. 90; and by Mr. W. H. Dall, op. cit.,
p. 484.

tAmerican Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 91, February, 1873,

t American Jour. Science, vol. vii, p. 158, Feb., 1874; vol. ix, pp. 123, 177, Plates
II- V, 1875; vol. x, p. 213, Sept., 1875; vol. xii, p. 236,1876; vol. xiv, p. 425, Nov.,

'. [2]

nd luscd
t siicTin-
Ml vomit
ni/iiblo.*
H<iui(l of
believe),
otteii the

taken in
Ml by Dr.
leil SI por-
loucester
,\v« tiiken
M' this, in

Thoopbi-
)ne of the
>gical ran-
' and Mr.
uteresting
tlic niaga-
' was also

,tures was
pfect speci-
r. Harvey
id detailed
jter of the

>halopod8,
for study

to above,
[uteresting
>ss of the
tkard I am
Icuralor of
I specimens

his speci-
Iknowledg-
lons of the

)f the time

In Naturalist,
)all, op. cit.,

I, 177, Plates
>. 425, Nov.,

[3]

CEPIIAI^POn.S OP NORTIIKASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

and place of oiicurreiu-e of many of the specimons enumerated below, it
secniN desirable to bring together, in this place, accounts of all these,
in order that the various desciriptions and measurements may be more
rea<lily r,ompared, an«l also that errors in some of the former accounts
may bo corrected and new information added. To facilitate the compari-
son of the general a(>counts of more than twenty-five examples that I am
now able to enumerate from our coast, I have given, by themselves, the
statements of the time and place of their occurrence, with such general
descriptions and measurements of each as are most available, reserving
the more detailc<l special descriptions of the preserved specimens for
the systematic part of this article.

This seemed the more desirable because the information concerning
many of the specimens is so scanty as to rentier it imjiossible to refer
them, with certainty, to either of the species now recognized or nirmed.
It is i)rob{ible, however, that only three forms are indicated by the
Ifirgo Newfoundland specimens of Architeuthis, and two of these maybe
merely the males and females of one sj)ecies. (3ne of the principal dif-
ferences usually indicated by the measurements is in respect to the size
and length of the shorter arms, one form having them comparatively
sto , often "thicker than a man's thigh," while the other ♦orm has them
long ami slender (usually li to 5 inches in diameter, with a length of
G to 11 feet). In case these differences prove to be sexual, those with
stout arms will probably be the females, judging from analogy with
the small squids nearest related.* In the three specimens, of which I
have seen the arms, they are long and sleiuler, but in one the arms are
much longer in proportion to the body than in the others; there are
also differences in the dentictilation of the suckers of the short arms.
These ditterences appear, at present, to indicate two species.

A few words of explanation may be desirable here, in regard to the rela-
tive value of the measurements usually given, and also with reference to
the parts most useful to preserve when, as will usually happen, the whole

1877. American Natnraliat, vol. viii, p. 167, 1W4 ; vol. ix, pp. "21, 78, Jan. aud Feb.,
1875 Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist., March, 1874. Transactions Conncctient
Acad. Science, vol. v, p. 177, Plates XIII-XXV, 1879-'80.

•By examinations of very nuraorous specimens of our common squids, Ommastrephes
illecebroaus and Loligo Pealei, I have satisfied myself that the adult females of both
commonly differ from the males by having the head, the siphon, the arms, and the
anckers relatively larger and stronger thau in the mules. In compariiig specimens of
the two sexes having the body and fins of the s.ime length, this difference is often
very evident. The large suckers of the tentacular arms ofttm show an increased size
in the female, in a very marked degree. The short arujs show a greater increase in
diameter than in length. In one of my former articles (Amer. Journ. Sci., ix, p. 179,
1875) the increase in size of these parts was erroneously, but inadvertently, said to
be in the male, but this error has 1)een corrected in my subsequent articles Still, it
is true that both sexes vary to a consi-lcrablo extent in the size of the suckers, even in
adult specimens of equal size, so that a male may easily bo selected with suckers
larger than those of some females of the same size. In these common squids I have
found no great variation in the relative size and form of the caudal fins, when adult,
and of the same sex. I have often found the males more common than the females.

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

[4]

cauuot bu Hiived. Tho incusurements of thu Hoft. cxturiml parts uf
Gupliulopods are, fur thu iuu8t part, only upproximato, and they are not
all of equal value, for some {tartu are more eliangeable in size and shape
than others. The lonj^, contractile tentacular arms, especially, are lia-
ble to threat variation in length according to their statA) of contraction
or extension, and therefore their relative length is of little or no value
in discriminating species. Unfortunately, this, either by itself or com-
bined with tho length of the 'body' as total length, is often the princi-
pal one given. The circumference of the body varies, likewise, accord-
ing to its state of contraction or relaxation, and the 'breadth' of the
body, when such soft creatures are stranded on the shore, will depend
much upon the extent to which it is collapsed and flattened from its
proper cylindrical form, and is of less value than the circumference.
Measurements of the length of the body, to the mantle-edge, and to the
bases of the arms; length and circumference of the various pairs of
short arms; of the length and circumference of the head; size of the
eyes; length and breadth of the tail-fin; size of the largest suckers on
the different arms; and size of the 'club' of the long arms, are all very
useful and valuable. The shape of tho tail-tin should be carefully noted,
also the presence or absence of eyelids, and of a sinus or groove at the
front edge of eyelids. The size and shape of the thin internal ' bone'
or 'pen' is particularly desirable. All parts of Coplialopods contract
to a very great extent, wlieu preserved in strong alcohol ioi- some time.
Even the horny jaws and sucker-ringH may ilecrease as much as 20 per
cent, in size, and the soft parts much more. Usually it will not be pos-
sible to preserve the pen in any satisfactory shape by drying, for it
cracks in pieces and curls up. It may bo preserved packed in salt, in
brine, or in alcohol. The same is true of the beak. The horny rims of
the suckers can usually be dried, but are better by far in alcohol or
brine. The parts most useful for preservation in alcohol or salt, in cases
when only a portion can be saved, are the long tentacular arms, espe-
cially their terminal 'clubs,' with the suckers in place; the short arms,
with their suckers; of these the left arm of the lower, or ventral, pair
will probably be the most valuable, being usually the one that will
show the sexual distinction, by the alteration of its suckers, toward the
tip or in some other part; the lateral arms next to the ventral are next
in importance; the caudal fin, and if possible the entire head, should be
preserved; also the 'pen,' if possible. In cases where the head cannot
be saved entire, even with the arms removed, the beak and tongue, and
other fleshy parts in and behind the beak, should bo carefully preserved,
as nearly entire as possible, either in strong brine or in alcohol of not
less than 80 per cent., which is generally the best strength for all kinds
of Cephalopods.

'I
I

19. [4]

parts of
y are not
nd Hhapo
•, are lia-
utractiou
no value
f or corn-
lie priuci-
B, accord-
h' of the
11 depend
I from its
Qiference.
ind to the
I pairs of
ize of the
ackers on
•e all very
illy noted,
9ve at the
iial 'bone'
3 contract
ionio time,
as 20 per
ot be pqs-
ug;, for it
in salt, in
ly rims of
ilcohol or
t, in cases
:m8, espe-
lort arms,
itral, pair
that will
)ward the
are next
ihould be
,d cannot
gue, and
reserved,
ol of not
all kinds

[5]

CEPlfALOronS ok NORTIFF.ASTERV coast of AMHRIPA.

OenernI drHcripiinn of the Kcirral Ajncr'icaii uprciinens, and of their necur-

fence.

No. 1.— Grand Dankh kpkcimkn, 1S71. (Architeuthix 2»inceps.)

riato XI, llKuri'M U, 'M,

This HpcciiiHMi was found dead and floating' at the surface, on the
Grand lianks of NewfountUand, in October, 1871, by Captain Campbell,
of the schooner "15. D. Ilaskins," of Gloucester, Mass. It was taken on
board and part of it used for bait.* Dr. A. S. I'ackard ha« fe'iven, in the
American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 1)1, February, 1873, a letter <'rom Mr.
James G. Tarr, of Gloucester, Mass., containing most of the facts that
have been published in regard to the history of this individual. But its
jaws were sent to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. f^ . V. Whitman,
and were sent to me by Professor Baird to be described s'ld figured.
The horny jaw or beak from this specimen is thick and si vong, nearly
black; it is acute at the ai)ex, with a decided notch . angle on the iu-
8i<le, about .75 of an incli from the point, and beyond .»iO noteli is > large,
prominent angul r lobe. Mr. Tan* states that the nuite o; the vessel
measured the bouy of tliis specimen wivh a rule, after '^ w.is hoisted on
boanl 'id that it measured 15 feet in length and 4 feet 8 inches in cir-
cumference. The arms were mutilated, but the i)ortions remaining were
estinuited to be 9 or 10 feet long and 22 inches in circumference, two
being shorter than the rest. It was estimated that it weighed 2,000
pountls, and would have filled eight or ten barrels.

No. 2.— Conception Bay specimen, 1873. {Arehiteuthis Haneyit)

A large individttal, seen resting at the surface, was approached and
attacked by two men, who were in a small boat, near Portugal Cove, in
Conception Bay, October 27, 1873. Full accounts of this adventure,
written by llev. M. Ilarvey, have been published in many of the maga-
zines and newspapers.! Two of the arms, which it threw across the
boat, were cut oil' with a hatchet and brought ashore. One of these was
a short or sessile arm, the other was one of the long, slender tentacular

•Ihavo been informed by many other fishennen that these " big squids," a8 they
call tliciii, arc occasionally taken on tlit* Grand Hanks and usod for bait. Others state
that they have seen them in that region, without being able to capture them. Nearly
all the specimens hitherto taken appear to have been more or less disabled when first
observed, otherwise they probably would not appear at the surface in the day-time.
From the fact that they have mostly come ashore in t'lo night, I infer that they iinhabt
chiefly the very deep and cold tiords of Newfoundland, dnd come up to the surface only
in the night.

tSee Amer. Jour. Science, vol. vii, p. l.W, 1874; and Anier. Natiualist, vol viii, No.
2, p. 120, Feb., 1874, in a letter from Mr. Alexander Murray. Also, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lend., p. 178, 1874; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, p. 101, 1873; The Maritime
Monthly, iii. No. 3, March, 1874, p. 193; The Now York World, Nov. 9, 1873; The
Montreal Gazette, Nov. 26, 1873; The Boston Traveller, Nov., 1873.

liJI

r 1

h^r]

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISnERIES. [6]

arms. A portion of the latter, measuriiig 19 feet in length, was pre-
served by the lie v. M, Harvey and Mr. Alexander Murray for the uiu-
seuui at Saint John's, Jfewfoundland. It was photographed, and euts
copied from the photograph were published in some of the English mag-
azines.* Before it was secured for preservation it had been considerably
injured, many of the larger suckers having been torn off or mutilat<'d.
Owing to this fact they were originally described by Mr. Harvey as des-
titute of marginal denticulations, but he subsequently re examined the
specimen, at my request, and informed me that they were all originally
denticulated. Of this specimen I have seen only the photograph and
some of the smaller suckers. This fragment represents the distal half
of one of the long tentacular arms, with its expanded terminal portion
or 'club' originally covered with cup-shaped suckers, about 24 of which,
forming two central rows, are very large, the largest being 1.25 inches
in diameter; others, alternating with these along each margin, are
smaller, with the edge supported by a serrated ring. The tip of the arm
is covered with numerous smaller suckers, in four rows. The part of
the arm preserved measured, when fresh, 19 feet in length and 3.5 inches
in circumference, but wider, "like an oar," and G iTiches in circumference
near the end, where the suckers are situated.

It is stated that G feet of this arm had been destroyed before it was
preserved, and the captors estimated that they left from G to 10 feet
attached to the creature, which would make the total length between 31
and 35 feet. According to Mr. Murray, the portion preserved measured
but 17 feet in length when he examined it, October 31, 1873, after it
had been a few days in strong brine. The other arm was destroyed and
no description was made; but the portion secured was estimated by the
Rev. Mr. Gabriel, who saw it, to have been 6 feet long and 10 inches in
diameter; it was evidently one of the eight shorter sessile arms, and its
siae was probably overestimated. The fishermen, who were doubtless
somewhat frightened, estimated the body of this individual to have been
about GO feet in length and 5 feet in diameter, according to Mr. Harvey;
'jut if the proportions be about the same as in the specimens since cap-
tured (No. 5 and No. 14), as I believe, then the body could not have been
more than about 10 feet long and 2.5 feet in diameter, and the long
arms sbould have been about 32 feet in length.t Allowing 2 feet for
the h4kSky i0\e total length, would, therefore, be about 44 feet.

The following extract is from a letter written by the Rev. M. Harvey
to Dr. J. W. Dawson, and published in the Montreal Gazette, February
26, 1873: "Two fishermen were out in a small punt, on October 26, 1875,
off Portugal Cove, Conception Bay, about nine miles from Saint John's.

*Seo Auniils aud Magazine of Natural History, IV, xiii, p. (58, Jan., 1874; and The
Field, Dec. 13, 1873. The central lino of this photograph is reduced four aud a quar-
ter times, while thp front part is reduced about four times. •

t Doubtless these long arms are very contractile, aud changeable in length, like those
of the ordinary squids.

roA
On
ate
cla
oft
livi

ES.

[G]

[7]

CEPIIALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

, was prc-
or the niu-
l, and cuts
glisU mag-
risiderably
mutilati'd.
rey as des-
Diincd tlio
origiiKilly
graph and
distal half
lal portion
4 of which,
1.25 inches
largin, are
of the arm
he part of
1 3.5 inches
mmference

ifore it was
to 10 feet
between 31
I measured
73, after it
trcyed and
ited by the
} inches in
ns, and its
doubtless
have been
r. Harvey;
since cap-
have been
the long
2 feet for

Harvey
February
20, 1875,
nt John's.

4; and The

niul a qnnr-

I, like those

Observing some object lloating on the water at a short distance, they
rowed towards it, supposing it to be a largo sail or the d4bru of a wreck.
On reaching it one of the men struck it with his 'gaff,' when immedi-
ately it showed signs of life, reared a parrot-like beak, which they de-
clare was 'as big as a six-gallon keg,' with which it struck the bottom
of the boat violently. It then shot out from about its head two huge
livid arms and began to twine them round the boat. One of the men
seized a small ax and severed both arms as they lay over the gunwale
of the boat; whereupon the fish moved off and ejected an immense quan-
tity of inky fluid, which darkened the water for two or three hundred
yards. The men saw it for a short time afterwards, and observed its
tail in the air, which they declare was 10 feet across. They estimate
the body to have been 60 feet in length, 5 feet in diameter, of the same
shape and color as the common squid, and they observed that it moved
in the same way as the squid, both backwards and forwards.

"One of the arms which they brought ashore was unfortunately' de-
stroyed, as they were ignorant of its importance; but the clergyman of
the village assures me it was 10 inches in diameter and feet in length.
The other arm was brought to Saint John's, but not before G feet of it
were destroyed. Fortunately, I heard of it and took measures to have
it preserved. Mr. Murray, of the geological survey, and I afterwards
examined it carefully, had it photographed, and immersed in alcohol ; it
is now in our museum. It measured 19 feet, is of a pale, pink color, en-
tirely cartilaginous, tough and pliant as leather, and very strong."

No. 3 Coombs' Cove specimen, 1873. {Architeufhis Rarveyi 9 ?)

Another specimen (No. 3), probably considerably larger than the last,
was captured at Coombs' Cove, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland. The fol-
lowing account has been taken from a newspaper article, of which I do
not know the precise date,* forwarded to me by Professor Baird, to-
gether with a letter, dated June 15, 1873, from the lion. T. R. Bennett,
of English Harbor, Newfoundland, who states that he wrote the article,
and that the measurements were made by him, and are perfectly re-
liable :t

" Three days ago there was quite a largo squid run almost ashore at
Coombs' Cove, and some of the inhabitants secured it. The body meas-
ured 10 feet in length rind was nearly as large round as a hogshead.
One arm was about the size of a man's wrist, and measured 42 feet in
length ; the other arms were only feet in length, but about 9 inches
iu diameter, very stout and strong. The skin and flesh were 2.25 inches

• Tho exact date of this capt.uro I do not know, but i* was probably iu the autumn
or wiuior of 1872.

t Through Mr. Sauderson Smith, who visited Mr. Bouuott after tho "publicatiou of
my lirst article, I J >aru that this specimen is the same as tho one designated as No.
in my early papers, and that tho measurements of No, ('», as given to mo by Mr. Har-
vey, are incorrect, owing to his mistake in supposing that 4'2 foot wae tho total length,
instead of tho length of tho longer tentacular arm.

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]

thick, and reddish inside as well as out. The suction-cups were all
clustered together, near the extremity of the long arm, and each cup
was surrounded by a serrated edge, almost like the teeth of a hand-
saw. I presume it made use of this arm for a cable, and the cups for
anchors, when it wanted to come to, as well as to secure its prey, for
this individual, finding a heavy sea was driving it ashore, tail first,
seized hold of a rock and moored itself quite safely until the men
pulled it on shore.''

Mr. Bennett, in a memorandum subsequently given to Mr. Sanderson
Smith, and communicated to me by him, states that both the tentacu-
lar arms were present, and that the shorter one was 41.5 feet in length.
The large diameter of the short arms, compared with their length and
with that of the long arms, and their shortness compared with the
length of the body, are points in which this specimen apparently dif-
fered essentially fi'om those that have been preserved and are better
known. It was probably a female. The total length, as I understand
the measurements, was 52 feet.

No. 4. — BoNAviSTA Bay specimen. {Architeuthia Harveyif)
Plato III, figures 4, 4a. Plate lY, flgnres 1, la.

A pair of jaws and two of the suckers from the tentacular arms were
forwarded to me by Professor Baird, of the Sraithsonian Institution.
These were received from Eev. A. Munn, who writes that they were
taken &om a specimen that came ashore at Bonavista Bay, Newfound-
land ; that it measured 32 feet in length (probably the entire length,
including the tentacular arms) and about C feet in circumference. The
jaws are large and broad, resembling those of No. 5 both in size and
form, but much thinner than those of No. 1, and without the deep
notch and angular lobe seen in that specimen. The suckers also agree
with those of No. 5, but are a little smaller.

No.' 5.— LoGiE Bay specimen, 1873 {Architeuthh Earveyi, type.)
Plate I. Plato II. Plato 111. Plate IV, figures 4-11. Plato V, figures 1-5.

A complete specimen was captured in November, 1873, at Logic Bay,
about four miles from Saint John's, Newfoundland. It became entangled
in a herring-net, and made a desperate effort to escape. It was killed
by the fishermen, with some difficulty, and only t*fter a struggle, during
which its head was badly mutilated and severed from the body, and the
eyes, most of the siphon-tube, and part of the front edge of the mantle
were destroyed. It is probable that this was a smaller specimen of the
same species as No. 2. Fortunately, this specimen was secured by the
Rev. M. Hairvey, of Saint John's. After it had been photographed and
measured, he attempted to preserve it entire in brine, but this was
found to be ineffectual, and after decomposition had begun to destroy
some of the most perishable parts, ho took it from the brine and, divid-

lES. [8]

)S were all
i eacli cup
of a hand-
le cups for
bs prey, for
B,tail first,
il the men

. Sanderson
he tentacn*
)t in length,
length and
id with the
)arently dif-
d are better
understand

arveyi t)

ir arms were

Institution.

\,t they were

, Newfound-

Dtiro length,

irence. The

in size and

Lit the deep

•s also agree

rveyi, type.)

[giuoa 1-5.

[9]

CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA.

ing it into several portions, preserved such parts as were still un-
decomi)osed in strong alcohol. These various portions have all been
examined by mc, and part of them are now in my possession, and,
with the photographs, have enabled me to present a restoration, be-
lieved to be tolerably accurate, of the entire creature (Plate II). In
this figure the eyes, ears, siphon-tube, and front edge of the mantle
have been restored fi'om a small squid {Ommastrephea). The other
parts have been drawn directly from the photographs and speci-
mens.* There were two photographs of the specimen,t one show-
ing the cutire body, somewhat mutilated anteriorly, the other showing
the head with the ten arms attached (Plate I, fig. 1). The photographs
were made by Messrs. McEenny & Parsons, of Saint. John's. The
body or mantle of this specimen was abont 7 feet long aud between 5
and 6 feet in circumference; the relatively small caudal fin was
arrow-shaped and 22 inches broad, but short, thick, and very pointed
at the end ; the two long tentacular arms were 24 feet in length and
2.5 inches in circumference, except at the broader part near the end ;
the largest suckers, which form two regular alternating rows, of twelve
each, were 1.25 inches in diameter, with serrated edges. There is also
an outer row of much smaller suckers, alternating with the large ones,
on each margin ; the terminal part is thickly covered with small ser-
ratA>d suckers; and numerous small suckers and tubercles are crowded
on that portion of the arms where the enlargement begins, before the
commencement of the rows of large suckers. The arrangement of the
suckers is nearly the same as on the long arm of No. 2, but in the
latter the terminal portion of the arm, beyond the large suckers, as
shown in the photographs, is not so long, tapering, and acute, but
this may be due to the different conditions of the two specimens.
The eight short arms were each 6 feet long ; the two largest were 10
inches in circumference at base; the others were 9, 8, and 7 inches.
These short arms taper to slender, acute tips, and each bears more than
100 large, oblique suckers, with serrated margins, and over 200 smaller
ones toward the tip.

* The flgnre was originally made, from the photographs only, by Mr. P. Roetter, of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, but after the arrival of the specimens it had to
be altered in many parts. These necessary changes were made by the writer, after a
caroful study of the parts preserved, in comparison with the photographs and origi-
nal measurements. As published in my fi-st paper (1875), the eyes and back of the head
of the figure wore restored as in Loligo. Subsequent studies and additional specimens
showed that this genns is closely allied to OmtMutrepkm. Therefore, the head would
h8.ve been more correctly shown had it been restored with reference to that genus, as
has been done in this pai>er. The most obvious difference is in the eyes, which have
distinct lids and an anterior sinus.

t Cuts made ficom these photographs have been published in several magazines and
newspapers, but they have been engraved with too little attention to details to be of
much use in the discrimination of specific differences. . I have, therefore, prepared
new figures firom these photographs with the greatest care possible (Plate I). These
figures are particularly valuable, as showing the arrangement of the suckers on the
short arms.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]

The portions of the yen in my possession belong to the posterior part
of the blade, with fragments from the middle; although neither the
actual length nor the greatest breadth of this part can be given, we
can yet judge very well what its general form and character must have
been. It was a large, broad and thin structure, of a yellowish brown
color, and translucent. Its posterior portion (Plate III, figure 3) re-
sembles that of LoUgo, but its anterior and lateral edges are entirely
different,, for instead of having a regular lanceolate form, tapering to
both ends, as in LoUgo, it expands and thins out toward the lateral and
anterior borders, fading out insensibly, both at the edges and end, into
soft membrane.* The posterior end, for about an inch and a half, rapidly
narrows to a point, which was probably involute and hooded for a short
distance; from this portion forward the width gradually increases from
1.2 inches to 5 inches, at a point 25 inches from the end. where our
specimen is broken off; at this place the marginal strips are wanting,
but the width is 5 inches between the lateral midribs {d, d"), which
were, perhaps, far from the margin. Along the center of the shell
there is a "♦irong, raised, smooth, rounded midrib, which is very con-
spicuous in the middle and posterior sections, becoming angular near
the end. On each side of the midrib is a lateral rib of smaller size.
These at first diverge rapidly from the central one, and then run along
nearly parallel with the outer margin and about .4 of an inch from it,
but beyond 11 inches from the point the margins are torn off; the lateral
ribs gradually fade out before reaching the anterior border; near the
place where they finally disappear they are about 6 inches apart.t

No. 6 (OF FORMER ARTICLES)— SAME AS No. 3.

No. 7.— Labrador specimen.

Dr. D. Honey man, geologist, of Halifax, Nova Scotia, has published,
in a Halifax paper, a statement made to him by a gentleman who claims
to have been present at the capture of another specimen (No. 7), in the
Straits of Belle Isle, at West Saint Modent, on the Labrador side: ''It
was lying peacefully in the water when it was provoked by the push of
an oar. It looked fierce and ejected much water from its funnel ; it did
not consider it necessary to discharge its sepia, as mollusca of this kind

* Probably there may have been a narrow prolongation or shaft beyond the portion
preserved, bat of this there is no fragment.

tMr. Harvey pablished popular aocouutB of this apocimeu, and of the praviously
captured arm of the larger one (No. 3), in the Maritime Monthly Magazine of Saint
John, New Bronswiok, for March, 1874, and in several newspapers. Acknowledgments
are also due to Mr. Alexander Murray, provincial geologist, who codperated with Mr.
Harvey in the examination and preservation of these specimens, and who has also
written some of the oooounts of them that have been published. See also the Ameri-
can Naturalist, vol. viii, p. 123, February, 1874; American Journal of Science, vol. vii,
p. 460; Nature, vol. ix, p. 322, February 26, 1874; Appleton's Journal, January 31,
1874 ; Forest and Stream, p. 356 (with figure), January, 1674.

[10]

ior part
her the
ven, we
ist have
1 brown
•e 3) re-
entirely
ering to
eral and
}nd, into
', rapidly
r a short
ises from
here our
wanting,
'), which
the shell
rery con-
alar near
iller size,
run along
h from it,
he lateral
near the
,rt.t

tublished,
[ho claims

7), in the
Iside: "It
le push of
[el; it did

this kind

Itho portiou

praviously
ae of Saint
vledgments
LvrlthMr.
jio has also
I the Ameri-
Ice, vol. vli,
lanaary 31,

[11] CEPHALOPODS OF NOBTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMERICA.

generally do in order to cover their escape. The men in the boat de*
termined to secure it. After it had taken tJie boat in its arms, they
tried to ship it with their oars. One of these broke, but another boat
coming to aid in the capture, the squid was taken hold of by a grapnel
and rolled into a seine-boat. The boats were engaged in the herring-
fishing. This also appears to have been the squid's occupation about
the time of its capture. The length of its longest arm was 37 feet ; the
length of the body 15 feet ; whole length 52 feet. The bill was very large.
The suckers of its arms or feet, by which it lays hold, about 2 inches in
diameter. The monster was cut up, salted, and barreled for dog's meat.*^
In this account the length given for the << body " evidently includes the
head also. This creature was probably disabled, and perhaps nearly
dead, when discovered at the surfoice, and this seems to have been the
case with most of the specimens hitherto seen living. Animals of this
sort probably never float or lie quietly at the surface when in good
health.

Kos. 8 Am> 9. — ^Lamaline specimens, 1870-'71.

Mr. Harvey refers to a statement made to him by a clergyman, Bev.

A. E. Gabriel, of Portugal Gove, that two specimens (Nos. 8 and 9),

measuring respectively 40 and 47 feet in total length, were cast ashore

.at Lamaline, on the southern coast of Newfoundland, in the winter of

1870-'71.

No. 10.~SpebM'WHALe speoimbn. {Arehiteuthis prinoeps.)

Plate XI, figures 1, 2.

This specimen, consisting of both jaws, was presents to the Peabody
Academy of Science, at Salem, Mass., by Gapt. N. E. Atwood, of Frov-
incetown, Mass. It was taken from the st(»nach of a sperm-whale, but
the precise date and locality are not Inown. It was probably from the
North Atlantic. The upper jaw was imperfectly figured by Dr. Packard
in his article on this subject.* It is one of the largest jaws yet known,
and belonged to an apparently imdescribed species, which I named
Arohiteuthift priiweps^ and described in my former papers, with figures
of both j^wci.

No. 11.- -Second Bonavista Bay specimen, 1872.

The Bev. M. Harvey, in a letter to me, stated that a specimen was
cast ashore at Bonavista Bay, December, 1872, and that his infbrmant
told him that the long arms measured 32 feet in length,* and the short
arms about 10 feet in length, and were "thicker than a man's thigh."
The body was not measured, but he thinks it was about 14 feet long
and very stout, and that the largest suckers were 2.5 inches in diameter.
The size of the suckers is probably exaggerated, and most likely the

* American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 91, 1873.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP PISH AND FISHERIES. [12]

length of the body also. It is even possible that this was the same
specimen from which the beak and suckers described as No. 4, firom
Bonavista Bay, were derived, for the date of capture of that specimen
is unknown to me. The latter, however, was much smaller than the
above measurements, and it is, therefore, desirable to give a special
number (11) to the present one.

No. 12.— Harbor Graob specimen, 1874-^75.

Another specimen, which we have designated as No. 12, was cast
ashore, in the winter of 1874-^75, near Harbor Orace, but was destroyed
before its value became known, and no measurements were given.

No. 13.— Fortune Bat specimen, 1874.

Plato IX, figure 11.

A specimen was cast ashore, December, 1874, at Grand Bank, Fortune
Bay, Newfoundland. As in the case of several of the previous speci-
mens, I was indebted to the Bev. M. Harvey for early information con-
coming this one, and also for the jaws and one of the large suckers of
the tentacular arms, obtained through Mr. Simms, these being the only
parts preserved. Although this specimen went ashore in December^
Mr. Harvey did not hear of the event until March, owing to the unusual
interruption of travel by the severity of the winter. He informed me
that Mr. G^rge Simms, magistrate of Grand Bank, had stated in a
letter to him that he examined the creature a few hours after it went
ashore, but not before it had been mutilated by the removal of the tail
by the fishermen, who finally cut it up as food for their numerous dogs;
an^that the long tentacular arms were 2G feet long and 16 inches in
circumference ; the short arms were about one-third as long as the long
ones; the "back of the head or neck was 36 inches in circumference"
(evidently meaning the head behind the bases of the arms) ; the length
of the body <<&om the junction to the tail" was 10 feet (apparently
meaning from the ba se of the arms to the origin of the caudal fins). He
thought that the tail, which had been removed, was about one-third as
long as the body, but this was probably overestimated. In No. 14 the
tail, from its origin or base, was about one-fifth as long as the balance
of the body and head. Applying the same proportio7\s to No. 13, the
head and body together would have been 12 feet. In a letter to me,
dated October 27, 1875, Mr. Simms confirmed the above measurements,
but stated that the long arms had been detached, and that the bases of
the arms measured as those of the tentacular arms (they had previously
, been cut off about a foot from the head), were triangular in outline, the
sides being respectively 5, 6, 5 inches in breadth, the longest or outer
side being convex and the two lateral sides straight. He, moreover, says
that all vhe arms were covered with large suckers /roM the base outward.
Hence, it is probable that he made a mistake as to these stumps, and

S ri21 I [^^] CEPHAL0P0D8 OP NOETHEASTEBN COAST OF AMERICA.

that they really belonged to a pair of sessile arms. Probably the tentac-
ular arms, when extended, had been cut off so dose to their contractile
bases that their stumps had afterwards become contracted within their
basal poaches, and were therefore overlooked. He adds that the body
was 3 leet broad (doubtless it was much flattened from its natural form),
and that the measurements were made while the body lay upon uneven
ground, so that its exact length could not be easily ascertained, and
that the caudal fin had been cut off at its base. As the tail-fins of Nos.
5 and 14 W3re about one-fifth the length of the rest of the body and the
head together, this specimen, if belonging to either of those species,
should have been about 12 feet from the base of the arms to the tip of
the tail.

The large sucker in my possession is 1 inch in diameter across the
denticulated rim, and in form and structure agrees closely with those
described and figured by me from the tentacular arms of Nos. 4, 5, and
14 (Plate IV, figures 1, 4, and Plate IX, figures 1, 1 a).

The jaws are still attached together, in their natural position, by the
cartilages. They agree very closely in form with the large jaws of Arohi-
teuthis princess V. (No. 10), figured on Plate XI, but they are about one-
tenth smaller.

No. 14.— Catalina SPECIMBN, 1877. {Arehite^ithi8 princes.)

Plates VIII-X.

A nearly perfect specimen of a large squid was found cast ashore, after
a severe gale, at Catalina, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, September 22,
1877. It was living when found. It was exhibited for two or three
days at Saint Jol.n's, and subsequently was carried in brine to New
York, where it was purchased by Keiche & Brother, for the New T*rk
Aquarium. There I had an opportunity to examine it very soon after
its arrival.* I am also indebted to the proprietors of the aquarium for
some of the loose suckers. Other suckers frt>m this specimen were sent
to me from Newfoundland, by the Rev. M. Harvey. Although some-
what mutilated, and not in a very good state of preservation when re-
ceived, it is of great interest, being, without doubt, the largest and best
specimen ever preserved. The Catalina specimen, when fresh, t was 9.5
feet from tip of tail to base of arms; circumference of body, 7 feet; cir-
cumference of head, 4 feet ; length of tentacular arms, 30 feet ; length of

* See American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xlv, p. 425, November, 1877. When
examined by me it was loose in a tank of alcohol. Dr. J. B. Holder gave mo valuable
assistance in making this examination, and also made one of the drawings of the caudal
fin. It was afterwards "prepared" for exhibition by a taxidermist, who misplaced
the arms, siphon, and other parts, and inserted two large, round, flat, red eyes close
together on the top of the head I Continued soaking in strong alcohol had reduced its
dimensions to about one-half their former measurements when examined by mo two
years later.

t Measurements of the freshly-caught apecimon were made by the Eov. M. Harvey,
at Saint John's, and communicated to me.

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]

longest Bossile arms (ventral onest), 11 feet; circumference at base, 17
inches ; circumference of tentacular arms, 5 inches ; at their expanded
portions, 8 inches ; length of upper mandible, 5.25 inches ; diameter of
large sucker^, 1 inch; diameter of eye-openings, 8 inches. The eyes
were destroyed by the captors. It agrees in general appearance with
A. Harveyi (No. 5), but the caudal fin is broader and somewhat less
acutely pointed than in that species, as seen in No. 5 ; it was 2 feet and
9 inches broad, when fresh, and broadly sagittate in form. The dried
rims of the large suckers are white, with very acutely serrate margins ;
the small smooth-rimmed suckers, with their accompanying tubercles,
are distantly scattered along most of the inner face of the tentacular
arms, the last ones noticed being 19 feet firom the tips. The sessile
arms present considerable disparity in length and size, the ventral ones
being somewhat larger and longer than the others, which were, how-
over, more or less mutilated when examined by me ; the serrations are
smaller on the inner edge than on the outer edge of the suckers. On the
smaller suckers beyond the middle of the arms the inner edge is without
serrations.

No. 15.— Hammer Cove specimen, 1876.

In a letter from Rev. M. Harvey, dated August 25, 1877, he states
that a big squid was cast ashore November 20, 1876, at Hammer Gove,
on the southwest arm of Green Bay, in Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland.
When first discovered by his informant it had already been partially
devoured by foxes and sea-birds. Of the body, a portion 5 feet long
remained, with about 2 feet of the basal part of the arms. The head
was 18 inches broad ; tail, 18 inches broad ; eye-sockets, 7 by 9 inches;
stump of one of the arms, 3.5 inches in diameter.

^e only portion secured was a piece of the <peu' about 16 inches
long, which was given to Mr. Harvey.

No. 16.— La TOE Cove speoimeNj 1877. (Architeuthis princi^8f9,)

In a letter dated November 27, 1877, Mr. Harvey gives an account
of another specimen which was stranded on the shore at Lance Gove,
Smith's Sound, Trinity Bay, about twenty miles farther up the bay than
the locality of the Gatalina Bay specimen (No. 14). He received his in.
formation from Mr. John Duffet, a resident of the locality, who was one
of the persons who found it and measured it. His account is as follows :
<<On November 21, 1877, early in the morning, a 'big squid' was seen
on the beach at Lance Gove, still alive and struggling desperately to
escape. It had been borne in by a < spring tide' and a high inshore
wind. In its struggles to get off it ploughed up a trench or furrow
about 30 feet long and of considerable depth, by the stream of water
that it ejected with great force from its siphon. When the tide receded
it died. Mr. Duffet measured it carefully, and found that the body was
nearly 11 feet long (probably including the head), the tentacular arms

base, 17
ixpanded
imeter of
rhe eyes
knee with
irhat less
i feet and
rhe dried
margins;
tubercles,
entacolar
be sessile
itral ones
rere, how-
ttions are
i. On the
is without

he states
mer Cove,
bundlaud.
L partially

feet long
The head

9 inches;

16 inches

ftcep«f 9 .)

account
ace Cove,
bay than
edhisin.
10 was one
s follows :
was seen
erately to
inshore
[)r furrow
of water
e receded
body was
lar arms

[15] CEPHALOPODS OF NOBTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMERICA.

33 feet long. He did not measure the short arms, but estimated them
at 13 feet, and that they were much thicker than a man's thigh at their
bases. The people cut the body open and it was left on the beach. It
is an out-of-the-way place, and no one knew that it was of any value.
Otherwise it could easily have been brought to Saint John's with only
the eyes destroyed and the body opened." It was subsequently carried
off by the tide, and no portion was secured.

This was considerably larger than the Oatalina specimen.

The great thickness of the short arms of this specimen, and of some
of the others, indicates a species distinct from A. Harveyif unless the
sexes of that species differ more than is usual in this respect among
the smaller squids. The length of the sessile arms, if correctly stated,
would indicate that this specimen belonged to A. princepa. In the
female Ommastrephes illccebrostis, the common northern squid, the head
is usually larger, the short arms are stouter, and the suckers are often
larger than in the male, of the same length.

No. IT.—Trinity Bay specimen, 1877.

Mr. Har^'^ey also states that he had been informed by Mr. Dufi'et that
another very large 'big squid' was cast ashore in October, 1877, about
five miles farther up Trinity Bay than the last. It was cut up and used
for manure. No portions are known to have been preserved, and no
measurements were given.

No. 18.— Thimble Tickle specimen, 1878.

The capture of this specimen has been graphically described by Mr.
Harvey, in a letter to the Boston Traveller of January 30, 1879 : ,,

"On the 2d day of November last, Stephen Sherring, a fisherman
residing in Thimble Tickle (Notre Dame Bay), not far from the locality
where the other devil-fish (No. 19) was caat ashore, was out in a boat
with two other men; not far &om the shore they observed some bulky
object, and, supposing it might be part of a wreck, they rowed toward
it, and, to their horror, found themselves close to a huge fish, having
large glassy eyes, which was making desperate efforts to escape, and
churning the water into foam by the motion of its immense arms and
tail. It was aground and the tide was ebbing. From the funnel at the
back of its head it was ejecting large volumes of water, this being its
method of moving backward, the force of the stream, by the reaction
of the surrounding medium, driving it in the required direction. At
times the water from the siphon was black as ink.

<' Finding the monster partially disabled, the fishermen plucked up
courage and ventured near enough to throw the grapnel of their boat,
the sharp flukes of which, having barbed points, sunk into the soft
body. To the grapnel they had attached a stout rope, which they had
carried ashore and tied to a tree, so as to prevent the fish from going

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]

out with the tide. It wuh a happy thought, for the devil-fish found
himself efi'ectually moored to the shore. His struggles were terriflo as
he flung his ten arms about in dying agony. The fishermen took care
to keep a respectful distance from the long tentacles, which ever and
anon darted out like great tongues from the central mass. At length
it became exhausted, and as the water receded it expired.

<<The fishermen, alas I knowing no better, proceeded to convert it
into dog's meat. It was a splendid specimen — the largest yet taken—
the body measuring 20 feet fh)m the beak to the extremity of the tail.
It was thus exactly double the size of the New York specimen [No. 14],
and 5 feet longer than the one taken by Budgell. The circumference
of the body is not stated, but one of the arms measured 35 feet. This
most have been a tentacle.''

No. 10.— Three Arms specimen, 1878. (Architeuthia princes t)

Mr. Harvey has also given an account of this specimen in the same
letter to the Boston Traveller, referred to under No. 18. This one was
found cast ashore, after a heavy gale of wind, December 2, 1878, by Mr.
William Budgell, a fisherman, residing at a place called Three Aims,
on the south arm of Notre Dame Bay. It was dead when found, and
was cut up and used for dog-meat. Mr. Harvey's account is as follows:

« My informant, a very intelligent person, who was on a visit in that
quarter on business, arrived at Budgell's house soon after he had
brought it home in a mutilated state, and carefully measured some por-
tions with his own hand. He found that the body measured 15 feet
ftom the beak to the end of the tail, whfch is 5 feet longer than the
New York specimen. The circumlerence of the 'jody at its thickest
part was 12 feet. He found only one of the short arms perfect, which
was 16 feet in length, being 5 feet longer than a similar arm of the
New York specimeu, and he describes it as < thicker than a man's
thigh.'"

The statement that the sessile arms were longer than the head and
body together, indicates that this was a specimen of A. princes, like
No. 14, but larger.

No. 20.— Banquereau specimen, 1870.

This consists of the terminal part of a tentacular arm, which was taken
by Capt. J. W. Collins and crew of the schooner " Marion " from the
stomach of a large and voracious fish (Alepidosaurm ferox), together with
the first specimen discovered of the remarkable squid, Histioteuthis
ColUnaii V. The fisli was taken on a halibut trawl-line, north latitude 42°
40', west longitude 62° 57', off Nova Scotia, January, 1870. This frag-
ment, after preservation in strong alcohol, now measures 18 inches in
length. It includes all the terminal club, and a portion of the naked
arm below it. This club is narrow, measuring but .75 of an inch across its
front side, while the naked arm is 1.25 broad, and rather flat, where cut

ss.

[16]

Ash found

terrifloas

took care

ever aud

At length

convert it
)t taken—
)f the tail.
in[No.l4],
iumference
feet. This

rineefpst)

n the same
lis one was
378, by Mr.
iree Anns,
found, aud
as follows:
mit in that
;er he had
1 some por-
red 15 feet
sr than the
its thickest
feet, which
arm of the
m a man's

head and
•incepSj Uke

I was taken
I " from the
^ether with
listioteuthis
latitude 42°
This frag-
inches in
I the naked
Ih across its
1, where cut

[1 7] CEPHALOPODS OP NOilTlIEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

off. From the commencement of the large suckers to the tip it meas-
ures 9.25 inches. It had lost most of its suckers, so that it cannot be
identified with certainty. Part of the large suckers and some of the
marginal ones still remain, though the homy rings are gone; Diameter
of large suckers, .50 of an inch ; of marginal ones, about .12 of an inch.
The suckers have the same form and arrangement as in the larger spec*
imens of Architeuthis. It may have belonged to a yottng A. ffarveyi.

No. 21.— Gape Sablb specimen. {8tkenoteuthi» megaptera Y.)

Plate XVI.

This specimen was found thrown on the shore, near Gape Sable, Nova
Sootia, siter the very severe gale in which the steamer '< Gity of Boston"
was lost several years ago. It is preserved in alcohol, entire and in
good condition, in the Provincial Museum at Halifax, where it is well
exhibited in a large glass jar. It is the type-specimen of Arohiteuthis
megaptera, described by me, September, 1878.* It is a comparatively
small species, its total length being but 43 inches ; its head and body
together, 19 inches ; body alone, 14 inches ; its tentacular arms, 22 and
24 inches ; short arms, from 6.5 to 8.5 inches ; tail-fin, 13.5 inches broad
and iuches long.

This species differs widely from all the others in the relatively enor-
mous size aud breadth of its caudal fin, wbich is nearly as broad as the
body is long, and more than twice as broad as long. It has been made
the type of a new generic group.

No. 22.— Brious specimen,' 1879.

Mr. Harvey states that portions of another large squid were cast ashore
near Brigus, Conception Bay, in October, 1879.

Two of the short arms, each measuring 8 feet in length, were found
[with other mutilated parts, after a storm.

No. 23. — James's Cove specimen, 1879.

From Mr. Harvey I have also very recently received an account of
mother specimen, wliich was captured entire, about the first of Novem-
jer 1879, at James's Cove, Bona vista Bay, Newfoundland. It seems to
lave been a fine and complete specimen, about the size of the Catalina
Jay specimen (No. 14). Unfortunately, the fishermen, as usual, indulged
immediately in their propensity to cut and destroy, and it is doubtful if
my portion was preserved. The account referred to was published in
the Morning Chronicle of Saint John's, Newfoundland, December 9, 1879,
md was credited to the Harbor Grace Standard. The author of the
irticle is not given. The following extract contains all that is essential:
j"A friend at Musgrave Town sends us the following particulars relative
jto the captiu-o of a big squid at James's Cove, Goose Bay, about a month

•American Journal of Science, xvi, p. 207, 1878.

BEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]

ago. Our corroMpondent says : < Mr. Thomas Moores and several others
saw something moving about in the water, not far from the stage. Oef-
ting into a pant they went alongside, when they were suntrised to seed
monstrous aqoid. One of the men struck at it with an oar, and it im-
me<1iately stmok for the shore, and went quite^upon the beach. The
men then suooeeded in getting a ro])e around it, and hauled it quite
ashore. It measured 38 feet altogether. The body was about feet in
length, and two of its tentacles or horns wore 20 feet each. There were
several other smaller horns, but they were not so long. The body was
about feet in circumference. Whou I saw it, it was in the water, and
wa^ very much disfigured, as one of the men had thoughtlessly cut off
the two longest tentacles, and had ripped the body partly open, thereby
completely spoiling the appearance of the creature. The foregoing par-
ticulars I obtained from Mr. Moores.' "

No. 24.— The Grand Banks specimen, 1880.

Plate V, fignreH 5-7. Plato VI.

This spoolmen, which I have designated as No. 24, was found, dead
and mutilated, floating at the surface, at the Grand Banks of Newfound-
land, April, 1880, by Capt. O. A. Whitten and crew of the hooner "Wm.
H. Oakes," and by them it was well preserved and i sented to the
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. It is of great inter-
est, because it furnishes the means of completing the description of parts
that were lacking or badly preserved in the larger specimens, especially
the sessile arms and the buccal membranes.

The specimen consists of a part of the head, with all the arms attached,
and with the suckers in a good state of preservation on all the arms,
though the tips of all the short arms, except the left of the second pair,
are destroyed, and all of the arms are more or less injured on their outer
surfaces. The jaws and buccal membranes, with the odontophore and
oesophagus, are intact! Parts of the cartilaginous skull, with some of
the ganglia and the collapsed eyes, are present, but the external surface
of the head is gone and the eyelids are badly mutilated. No part of the
body was preserved. The tentacular arms, with all the suckers, are in
good preservation. Unfortunately, the distal portions of both the ven-
tral arms had been destroyed, so that the sex could not be determined.
The color of the head, so far as preserved, and of the external surfaces
of the sessile arms, is much like that of the common squids.

Eeprodiiotion of lost parts.

This creature had been badly mutilated long before its death, as its
healed wounds show, and to this fact many of the imperfections of the [
specimen are due. At the time of its death, or subsequently, the ex-
tremities of the ventral arms and of the third right arm appear to have :
been destroyed, besides other injuries. But both the dorsal arms and]

IE8. rt8] I [19] CEPHALOPODA OP A'OBTHEASTEBN COAST OP AMERICA.

both the lateral arms of tho left aide had previously been truncated at
12 to 13 inches from their bases. The ends had not only healed up en-
tirely, but each one had apparently commenced to reproduce the lost
portion. The reproduced part consists, in each case, of an elongated,
acute, soft papilla, arising fh>m the otherwise obtuse end of the arm.
At its base one or two small suckers have already been reproduced, and
minute rudiments of others can be detected on some of them. Whether
these arms would have been perfectly restored in course of time is, per-
haps, doubtful,* but there can be no doubt that a partial restoration
^ould, at least, have been effected. On the basal half of several of the
arms some of the suckers had also been previously lost, and these were all
in the process of restoration. The restored suckers were mostly less than
one half the diameter of those adjacent, and iu some cases less than one-
third. Among the restored suckers were some malformations. One has
a double aperture, with a double horny rim. In one case two small suck-
ers, with pedicels in close contact, occupy the place of a single sucker.
In another instance a small pediceled sucker arises from the pedicel of
a larger one, near its base.

Nos. 25, 26, &c.

Architeuthis abundant in 1875 at the Orand Banks.

From Gapt. J. W. i. oUins, now of the United States Fish Commission,
I learn tb , in October, 1875, an unusual number of giant squids were
found flouting at the surface on tho Grand Banks, but mostly entirely
dead and more or less mutilated by birds and fishes. In very few cases
they were not quite dead, but entirely disabled. These were seen chiefly
between north latitude 44° and 44° SCV, and between west longitude 49°
W and 49° 50'. He believes that between 25 and 30 specimens were
secured by the fleet from Gloucester, Mass., and that as many more were
probably obtained by the vessels from other places. They were cut up
and used as bait for codfish. For this use they are of considerable value
to the fishermen. Captain Collins was at that time in command of the
schooner " Howard," which secured five of these giant squids. These
were mostly from 10 to 15 feet long, not including the arms, and aver-
aged about 18 inches in diameter. The arms were almost always muti-
lated. The portion the t was left was usually 3 to 4 feet long, and at the
[base about as large as a man's thigh.

One specimen (No. 25), when cut up, was packed into a large hogs-

I head-tub having a capacity of about 75 gallons, which it filled. This

tub was known to hold 700 pounds of codfish. The gravity of the Archi-

uthis is probably about the same as that of the fish. This would indicate

more nearly the actual weight of one of these creatures than any of the

/*T1iat mutilations of the arms in species of Octoput are regularly restored ia well
known, but it has been stated by Steenstrup that this does not occur in the ten-armed
forms. I have repeatedly observed such restorations in Loligo and Ommastrephea.

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF PISH AND FISHERIES. [20]

mere estimates that have been made, which are usaally much too great.
Allowing for the parts of the arms that had been destroyed, this sped-
men would, probably, have weighed nearly 1,000 pounds.

Among the numerous other vessels that were fortunate in securing
this kind of bait. Captain Collins mentions the following:

The schooner <^ Sarah P. Ayer," Captain Oakly, took one or two.

The " E. R. Niokerson," Cp.ptain McDonald, secured one that had its
arms and was not entirely dead, so that it was harpooned. Its tentac*
alar arms were 36 feet long (No. 26).

The schooner << Tragabigzanda,'^ Captain Mallory, secured three in one
afternoon. These were 8 to 12 feet long, not including .the arms.

TSiese statements are confirmed by other fishermen, some of whom
state that the '< big squids " were also common during the same season
at the " Flemish Cap," a bank situated some distance northeast from the
Grand Banks.

The cauoe of so great a moi'tality among these great Cophalopods can
only be conjectured. It may have been due to some disease epidemic
among them, or to an unusual prevalence of deadly parasites or other ene-
mies. It is worth while, however, to recall the fact that these were ob-
served at about the same time, in* autumn^ when most of the specimens
have been found cast ashore at Newfoundland in different years. This
time may, perhaps, be just subsequent to their season for reproduction,
when they would be so much weakened as to be more easily overpowered
by parasites, disease, or other unfavorable conditions.

HlMtloteuthia Collinsii Verrill.

In addition to the foregoing examples, all of which, except No. 21, are
believed to be referable to the genus Architeuthis, I have, in former arti-
cles* described a very remarkable large squid, belonging to the genus
Histioteuthis, in which a broad thin membrane or web unites the six
upper arms together nearly to their tips, while the lower ones have a
shorter web uniting them to the rest. Although small, when contrasted
with the gigantic specimens of Architeuthis, it is considerably larger
than any of the common small squids, and as it inhabits the same locali-
ties with Architeuthis, and has some points of resemblance to the latter
genus, especially in having the smooth-rimmed suckers for uniting to-
gether the long tentacular arms, I have thought it best to mention it in
this part of my article, in connection with the species of Architeuthis.
The only specimen known was obtained (with No. 20) from the stomach
of a large and voracious fish {Alepidosaurusferox), having a formidable
array of long, sharp teeth, eminently adapted for the capture of sucli
prey* It was taken by Capt. J. W. Collins and crew, of the schooner
"Marion," in deep water oft' the coast of Nova Scotia, and presented to
the Unitea States Fish Commission. This spef'ies (JET. Collinsii) is flg*-
ured bn Pln-te XXIII, and will be described farther or.

•American Journal of Science, vol. xvii p. 241, 1879; vol. xix, p. 29, pi. 14," 1880;
Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, pp. 195, 234, pi. 22.

[ES.

[20]

I too great,
this speci*

[21] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA.

Moroteuthis robusta (Dall, sp.) Verrill.

In this connection I may also refer to a gigantic Pacific Ocean species,
obtained by !«Ir. W H. Dall, on the coast of Alaska, in 1872, which
will be described as fully as possible in another part of this article,
when discussing the foreign species of lar^e Oephalopods (see Plates
XJIf and XIV). Three specimens were observed and mbas'"'«^d by Mr.
Dali. The largest one measured, from the base of the "rms to the end of
the body, 8.5 feet. The ends of all the arms had been destroyed in all the
specimens. It was originally t briefly described by me under Mr. Dall's
MSS. name, Ommastrephes robustiiSf but a more careful study of the
parts preserved, especially the ' cone' of the 'pen' and the odontophore,
convinced me that it belongs to the family TcuthidtB, characterized
especially by having rows of sharp claws or hooks on the 'club' of the
tentacular arms, instead of suckers, j: It was of spec 'al interest, to add
I another generic type to the list of gigantic specie^.

t American Journal of Science, vol. zii, p. 236, 1876.
t Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v., p. 246.

BEPOBT OP COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22]

;:!iiii

[23] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

SPECIAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST SPECIES.

Arohiteutfcis Steenstrup.

ArMteuthus Steenstrup, Oplysninger om Atlanter, CoUossale Bltoksprutter,
Forhandlinger Skaad. Naturf., 1856, vol. yii, p. 182, Christiana, 1857 (name
proposed, but no generic characters given).

ArchiteuthU Harting, Yerh. K. Akad., Weten., Natuurk., IX, 1860.

Megaloteuthia Kent, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1874, p. 178 (no generic charac-
ters given).

Size large. Body stout, nearly round, swollen in the middle. Caudal
fin, in the typical species, relatively small, sagittate. Head large,
short. Eyes very large, oblong-ovate, with well-developed lids and an-
terior sinus. Sessile arms stout, their suckers large, very oblique, with
the edges of the homy rings strong'y serrate, especially on tlie outer
margin. The suckers of the badal half of all the arms, except the ven-
tral ones, differ from the distal ones in being denticulated all around
and less oblique. The margin has around it a free-edged membrane',
which closely surrounds the denticles when the sucker is used, and
allows a vacuum to be produced. Tentacular arms very long and slender,
in extension, the proximal part of the club furnished with an irregular
group of small, smooth-rimmed suckers, intermingled with rounded
tubercles on each arm, the suckers on one arm corresponding with the
tubercles of the other, so that by them the two arms may be firmly
attached together without injury, and thus used in concert ; other simi-
lar suckers and tubercles, doubtless for the same use, are distantly
scattered along the slender part of these arms, one sucker and one
tubercle occurring near together. A small cluster of smooth-edged
suckers also occurs at the tips. The internal shell (imperfectly known
in one species only) has a thin and very broad, lanceolate posterior
blade, expanding forward from the end, with divergent ribs.

This genus is closely allied to Ommastrephea, from which it may be
best distinguished by the presence of the peculiar connective suckers
and tubercles for uniting the tentacular arms together.

ArchiteuthiB Harveyi Vorrill.— (Harvey's Giant Squid.)

Megaloteuthia Harveyi Kent, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, p. 178.
ArchiteuthU monaohus Yerrill, Amer. Journal Science, vol. ix, pp. 124, 177, pi.

2, 3, 4, 1875; vol. xii, p. 236, 1876. American Naturalist, vol. ix, pp.

22, 78, figs. 1-6, 10, 1875 (f non Steenstrup).
Ommastrephea Harveyi Kent, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, p. 492.
Omma8trephea {ArcMteuthie) monaehut Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol, i, p.

184, pi. 83, fig. 379, pi. 84, figs. 380-385, 1879. (Descriptions compiled and

figures copied from the papers by A. E. V. )
Architeuthis Harveyi Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, pp. 197, 259, pis. 13-

16 a, 26, 1879-'80. Amer. Journal Science, vol. xlx, pp. 284, 287, pi. 13,

1880.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FTSIl AND FISHERIES. [24]

Plates I— VI.

The diagnostic characters of this species, so far as determined, are
as follows: Sessile arms unequal in size, nearly equal in length, de-
cidedly shorter than the head and body together, and scarcely as long
as the body alone, all bearing sharply serrated suckers; their tips
slender and acute. Tentacular arms, in extension, about four times a^
long as the short ones ; about three times as long as the head and body
together. Caudal flu small, less than one- third the length of the mantle,
sagittate in form, with the narrow lateral lobes extending forward
beyond their insertions ; the posterior end tapering to a long, acute tip.
Jaws with a smaller notch and lobe than in A. princeps. Larger suck-
ers, toward the base of the lateral and dorsal arms, with numerous acute
teeth all around the circu' aference, all similar in shape, but those on
the inner margin smJillo'* rhan those on the outer. Eemainder of the
suckers on these arms, and all of those on the ventral arms, toothed
on the outer margin only. Sexual characters are not yet determined.
* Special description of the specimen No. 5. — The preserved parts of this
specimen (see p. 8) examined by me are as follows: The anterior
part of the head, with the bases of the arms, the beak, lingual ribbon,
&c.; the eight shorter arms, but without the suckers, which dropped off
in the brine, and are now represented only by a few of the detached
marginal rings ; the two long tentacular arms, which are well pre-
served, with all the suckers in place ; the caudal fin ; portions of the
pen or internal shell; the ink-bag; and pieces of the body.

The general appearance and form of this species* are well shown by

*Mr. W. Saville Kent, from tho popular descriptions of this species, gave it new
generic and specific names, viz, Megaloteulhia Harveyi, in a communication made to
the Zoological Society of London, March 3, 1874 (Proceedings Zool. Soc, p. 178; see
also Nature, vol. ix, p. 375, March 12, and p. 403, March 19). My former identifica-
tion was based on a comparison of the jaws with tho jaws of A. tnonachus, well fig-
ured and described by Steenstrup in proof-sheets of a paper which is still uqpub-
lished, thoughin part printed several years ago, and referred to by Harting. The agree-
ment of the jaws is very close in nearly all respects, but tho beak of the lower jaw is
a littlo more divergent in Steenstrnp's figure. His specimen was a little larger than
the one here described, and was taken from a specimen cast ashore at Jutland in
1853. Mr. Kent was probably unacquainted with Steeustrup's notice of that specimen
when he said (Nature, vol. ix, p. 403) that A. monacltua " was instituted for the recep-
tion of two gigantic Cephalopods cast on the shores of Jutland in tho years 1639 and
1790, and of which popular record alone remains." In his second communication to
the Zoological Society of London, March 18, 1874 (Proc, p. 490), he states (on the
authority of Crosse and Fischer) that a third specimen " was stranded on the coast
of Jutland in 1854, and upon the pharynx and beak of this, the only parts preserved',
. the aaiue authority founded his species ArchiteuthU dux." The specimen here referred
to is evidently the same that Steenstrup named A. monachus, in 186C. The confusion
in reference to these names is evidently due to this mistake.

The statement that Arohiteuthia dux Steenstrup is known from the beak alone is evi-
dently erroneous. Steenstrup himself, Harting, and Dr. Packard, in their articles on
this subject, all state that the suckers, parts of the arms, and the internal shell or
pen were preserved, and they have been figured, but not published, by Professor Steen*

lES. [24] B [25] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

rmined, are
length, de-
;ely as long
their tips
>ur times a^
bd and body
the mantle,
Dg forward
p:, acute tip.
jarger suck-
lerous acute
tut those on
inder of the
•ms, toothed
determined,
larts of this
'he anterior
gual ribbon,
L dropped oflf
he detached
:e well pre-
rtions of the

sU shown by

8, gave it new
ation made to
loc, p. 178; see
liuer identifica-
chus, well fig-
jis still uqpub-
ig. The agree-
le lower jaw is
:le larger than
at Jutland in
that specimen
for the recep-
[years 1639 and
unication to
[states (on the
on the coast
trts preserved,
here referred
The confusion

Lk alone is evi-
T . ■• •*

lielr articles on

emalsheUor
kofessor Steen-

Plates I and II. The body was relatively stout. According to the
statement of Mr. Harvey, ic was, when fresh, about 213"" (7 feet) long
and 5A feet in circumference. The 'tail' or caudal fin (Plate I, fig. 2,
and Plato IV, fig. M) is decidedly sagittate, and remarkably small in
proportion to the body. It is said by Mr. Harvey to have been 55.9=™
(22 iuches) across, but the preserved specimen is considerably smaller,
owing, undoubtedly, to shrinkage in the brine and alcohol. The pos-
terior termination is unusually acute, and the lateral lobes extend for-
ward considerably beyond their insertion. In the preserved specimen
the total length, from the anterior end of the lateral lobes to the tip of
the tail, is 58.4™' (23 inches) ; from the lateral insertions to the tip, 48.2""
(19 inches); total breadth, about 38"" (15 inches); width of lateral lobes,
15.2™ (6 iuches). The eight shorter arms, when fresh, were, accord-
ing to Mr. Harvey's measurements, 182.9^" (6 feet) long, and all of
equal length,* but those of the different pairs were, respectively,
25.4"", 22.9™, 20.3"="', and 17.8™ (10, 9, 8, and 7 inches) in circumference.t

strap. Harting has also given a figure of the lower jaw, copied from a figure by
Steeustrup. In the proof-sheets that I have seen this specimen is referred to as "A.
titan," hat Harting cites it as A. dttx Steenstrnp, which is the name given to it by
Steenstrup in his first "notice of it, in 1856. Therefore, two distinct species were con-
founded under this name by Kent. His rejection of the generic name, Archiieuthia,
might, perhaps, have been justified on the ground that Steenstrnp had never pub-
lished any definite description of it, and that he had mentioned no distinctive generic
characters in his brief notice, had not Harting's article given, indirectly, sufficient
information to justify us in adopting the genus. But Kent's genus rests on no better
foundation than Architeuthi8, for he gave to it no characters that can be considered
generic. Actual generic characters of Architeuthis were first given in my articles in 1875,
but those then given for the pen and <Ien(t(ton were erroneous. Previous to that time
no characters had been published, either by Steenstrnp, Harting, or Kent, sufficient to
distiuguish the genus from Ommastrephea and Loligo, much less from Sthenoteuthis, to
which it is most closely allied.

I have more recently been led to consider our species distinct from the true A. mo-
nachua by correspondence with Professor Steenstrnp, from whom I learn that the cau-
dal fin in his species does not agree with that of the species here described, and that
n his species the ventral arms differ from the others, both in form and in the charac-
er of the suckers. Certain differences in the arms can be detected in the photograph
f our specimen (reproduced on Plate I), in which, fortunately, the ventral arms are
ell displayed. Unless these differences prove to be sexual characters, which is not
kely, they would indicate a specific difference. Therefore, I have, for the present,
dopted the specific name given by Kent to the Newfoundland specimens. The name
as given as a well-merited compliment to the Rev. M. Harvey, who has done so much
bring these remarkable specimens into notice. Nevertheless, it is probable that
hen the original specimens of A. monaehm shall have been fully described and fig-
•ed, so as to make the species recognizable, one of our species may prove to be idon-
cal with it. At present I am nnable to decide whether the affinities of A. monachua
ay not be with A. princepa rather than with A. Harveyi. Recently I have had an op-
ortunity to study the suckers of a young specimen of our species (No. 24) In place,
this the suckers on the basal part of the ventral arms differ from the corresponding
mes of the other arms in being denticulate only on the outer side.
*It is possible that they may have been originally somewhat unequal, and that
utilation of their tips made them appear more nearly equal than they were in life,
tin the original statement it is not mentioned to which pairs of arms these dimen-
ions apply. After having been five years in alcohol, the ventral arms now measure

EEPOET or COMMISSIONEB OF FISH AND FISHERIES [26]

They are, except the ventral, compressed trapezoidal in form^ and
taper very gradually to slender, acute tips; their inner faces, along the
proximal half of their length, are occupied by two alternating rows of
large, obliquely campanulate suckers, with contracted apertures, sur-
rounded by broad, oblique, thin, aorny, marginal rings, much broader
on the outer side than on the inner, and armed with strong, acute teeth
around their entire circumference, but the teeth are largest and most
oblique on the outside (Plate IV, figs. 5-8). The suckers gradually
diminish in size to the tips of the arms, where they become very small;
those toward ihe tips of the arms appear to have been denticulate on
the outer side, and entire, or nearly so, on the inner margin. The ven-
tral arms still have, as they show in the photograph, the inner face
much broader than it is in the others, especially near the base, and
they are more nearly square than any of the others. Their suckers are
more numerous, farther apart transversely, and closer together in the
longitudinal series, there being about 46 on the proximal half (3G inches)
of each, while on each of the subventral arms there are only about 30 on
the corresponding portion ; the suckers also diminish rather abruptly i?r
size at about 26 to 30 inches from the base, beyond which they are
scarcely more than half as large as those on the sec^"^d and third pairs
of arms, at the same distance from the base; it is probable, judging
froia the small specimen (No. 24), that all the suckers of the ventral
arms were denticulate only on the outer margin. The largest of these
suckers are said by Mr. Harvey to have been about an inch in diam
eter when fresh. The largest of their marginal rings in my possession
are 16""" to 17""" in diameter at the serrated edge, and 18""" to 21"'"' be
neath.

The horny rings are yellowish horn- color, obnque, and more than twice
as high on the back side as in front. A wide peripheral groove runs
entirely around the circumference, just below the denticulated margin;
it is narrower and deeper on the inner side. On the inner side of the
largest kind (c, d, e, g) the edge is nearly vertical, and the denticles point
upward pr are but slightly incurved ; but on the outer side the edge and
denticles are bent obliquely inward; along the lateral sides the edge is ,
more or less incurved, and the denticles are inclined more or less forward,
toward the inner edge of the sucker (figs. 5, 6, 6a) . The denticles are golden
yellow, or when dry silvery white; those on the outer and lateral mar-
gins are largest, flat, lanceolate, with sharply beveled lateral edges and
acuminate tips ; those on the front margin are shorter, narrower, acutely ;
triangular, and in contact at their bases. On the largest of these suckers
there are forty-eight to fifty denticles. Some of the suckers (figs. 7, 7a, 8)
of rather smaller size (a, b) are more oblique, with the outer side of the

7.5 inches in circumference, and one of the lateral ones (perhaps one of the third pair]
8 inches. The marginal membranes and crests had decayed, apparently, before the
arms were preserved. The terminal portions of the arms are also gone, so that their real ]
length cannot be given.

■Av'

ERIES [26] m ["27] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

in fonn^ and
ces, along tlie
lating rows of
pertures, sur-
much broader
ig, acute teeth
^est and most
:ers gradually
De very small;
lenticulate on
^n. The ven-
the inner face

the base, and
eir suckers are
together in the
lalf (30 inches)
ily about 30 on
ler abruptly ijv
R'hich they are
and third pairs
)bable, judging
I of the ventral
argest of these

inch in diam-
I my possession
gmm ^Q 21""" be-

Qore than twice

•al groove runs

olated margin;

ler side of the

denticles point

e the edge and

des the edge is

or less forward,

icles are golden

ad lateral mar-

eral edges and

prower, acutely

■f these suckers

■8 (figs. 7, 7a, 8)

iter side of the

of the third pair)
rently, before the
i,80thattheicreal

hoiay rings relatively wider and more incurved; the denticles of the
outer margin are strongly incurved and decidedly narrower and more
acute than the lateral ones, which are broad-triangular ; the inner or
front denticles are rather smaller, aeute-triangular, and usually inclined
somewhat inward. On these there are forty to forty-six denticles. The
rings of the smaller suckers are still more oblique and more contracted
at the ax>erture than those of the larger ones, with the teeth more in-
clined inward, those on the outer margin being largest.

Among the loose sucker^rims there are some which differ firom the
others in having the rim more oblique, and the inner edge with nearly
obsolete teeth. These suckers of the second kind differ fh>m the cor-
responding ones of A. princepa in having, on the outer margin, more
numerous, more slender, and sharper teeth, which taper regularly from
base to tip and are not so flattened. The larger of these sucker-rims
(i) are li.S"'"' in diameter across the base; aperture, O"""; height at back,
ymm. J^ fifont, 2™"; number of large denticles on outer margin, ten to
fourteen ; the inner margin, except in the smaller ones, is either finely
toothed or distinctly crenulated, and there are usually one or more irreg-
ular, broad, sharp lobes or imperfect teeth on the lateral margins. The
teeth of the outer margin are regular, strongly incurved, tapering from
the base to the very sharp tips, and sharply beveled on the edges. A
smaller one (j), ll"*"* across the base and 4.5""" across the aperture, with
height of back 0"""", has five regular sharp teeth on the outer margin,
two broad irregular ones on each side, while the front edge is nearly
entire. These are supposed to come from the ventral arms. Others (h)
are completely intermediate between the two principal forms, having
very oblique rims, with a small aperture, but distinctly denticulate all
around, the denticles on the inner margin being distinctly smaller than
on the outer.

Measurements of sucker-rims from short arms {in millimeters).

a.
(ale.)

b.
(ale.)

e.
(ale.)

d.
(dry.)

«.

/•

ff-

J-

Diameter, outside, at base.....

17
13

7.6

3
46

20
16

3.6
60

19
16

7.5

20.6
16.5

7.6

3
49

16
9.6
9.5
3

14.6

2
14

Diameter of aperture

4.5

Height of liomy ring, back side

Heiglit of liorny ring, front side

Kumber of distinct denticles

1.5

The two long tentacular arms are remarkable for their slendemess and
great length when compared with the length of the body. Mr. Harvey
states that they were each 731.5'"" (24 feet) long and 7'"= (2.75 inches) in
circumference when fresh. In the brine and alcohol they have shrunk
greatly, and now measure only 411.5'"' (13.5 feet) in length, while the
circumference of the slender portion varies from 5.7'"" to 7.25™ (2.25 to
3.25 inches). These arms were evidently highly contractile, like those
of many small species, and consequently the length and diameter would

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF I J^H AND FISHERIES. [28]

varj- greatly according to the state of contraction or relaxation. The
length given (24 feet) probably represents the extreme length in an ex-
tended or flaccid condition, such as usually occurs in these animals soon
after death. The slender portion is nearly three-cornered or triquetral
in form, with the outer mgle rounded, the sides slightly concave, the
lateral angles promicf'nt, and the inner face a little convex and gener-
ally smooth (Plate I, flg. 1, e e.)

The terminal portion, bearing the suckers, is 76.2°'" in length and ex-
pands gradually to the middle, where it is 11.4'="' to 12.7"" in circumfer-
ence (15.3'™ when fresh) and 3.9"" to 4.1™ across the face. The sucker-
bearing portion may be divided into three parts. The first regio". (» to t i)
occupies about 17.8'="' (7 inches); here the arm is rounded-triquetral,
with margined lateral angles, and gradually increases up to c maxi-
mum size, the inner face being convex and bearing about forty irregu-
larly scattered, small, flattened, saucer-shaped suckers, attachexl by very
short pedicels, and so placed in depressions as to rise but little above
the general surface. The larger ones are 5""™ to 6'""" in external diameter ;
3""" across aperture; 1.5""" high. The smaller ones have a diameter of
4'""' ; aperture, 2.5™"" ; height, l""". The horny ring (Plate IV, Figs. 9, 9a)
is circular, thin, and of about uniform breadth all around ; the edge is
smooth and even, slightly everted ; just below the edge there is a groove
all around ; below this a prominent, rounded ridge surrounds the pe-
riphery, below which the lower edge is somewhat contracted. A thick,
soft membrane surrounds the edge. These suckers are aC first distantly
scattered, but become more crowded distally, forming six to eight irreg-
ular alternating rows, covering the whole width of the inner face, which
becomes 4.1'='" broad. Scattered among these suckers are about an equal
number of low, broad, conical, smooth, callous verrucse, or wart-like
prominences, rising above the general surface, their central elevation
corresponding in form and size to the apertures of the adjacent suckers.
These, without doubt, are intended to furnish sepure points of adhesion
for the corresponding suckers of the opposite arm, so that, as in some
other genera, these two arms can be fastened together at this wrist-like
portion, and thus may be used unitedly. By this means they must
become far more efficient organs for capturing their prey than if used
separately. The absence of denticulations prevents the laceration of
the creature's own flesh, which the sharp teeth of the other suckers
would produce under pressure, and the verrucse prevent the lateral
slipping, to which unarmed suckers applied to a smooth surface would
be liable. Between these smooth suckers and the rows of large ones
there is a cluster of about a dozen small suckers, with sharply serrate
margins, from 5""" to 8""" in diameter, attached by slender pedicels. They
are arranged somewhat irregularly in four rows, those of the outer
rows more oblique, and corresponding in form with the larger marginal
suckers.

The second division (ii to iii), 35.6'='" in length, succeeds the small suck-

JIE8. [28] I [29] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

ation. The
th in an ex;
nimals soon
)r triquetral
joncave, the
: ami gener-

igth and ex-
n circumfer-
The sucker-
igio". {itoii)
d-triqnetral,
to e maxi-
forty irregu-
jhed by very
little above
lal diameter;
I diameter of
, Figs. 9, 9a)
; the edge is
•e is a groove
iinds the pe-
d. A thick,
rst distantly
) eight irreg-
face, which
out an equal
or wart-like
•al elevation
!ent suckers,
of adhesion
as in some
is wrist-like
they must
than if nsed
aceration of
her suckers
the lateral
[rface would
f large ones
rply serrate
icels. They
the oater
er marginal

I small suck-

ers. Here the arm is liattened ou the face, i-ouuded on the back, and
provided with a sharp dorsal carina, increasing in width toward the tip.
It bears two alternating rows of about twelve very large, serrated suck-
ers, and» an outer row of smaller ones, ou each side, alternating with the
large ones. The upper edge is bordered by a rather broad, regularly
scalloped, marginal membrane, the scallops corresponding to the large
suckers, while prominent transverse ridges, midway between the lar^e
suckers, join the membrane and form its lobes. On the lower edge
there is a narrower and thinner membrane, which runs all the way to
the tip of the arm. In one (the lower) of the rows of large suckers there
are eleven, and in the other ten, above 20"'° in diameter. The former row
has one additional sucker at its proximal end, 15"'° in diameter, and
three others at its distal end, respectively 16*°°°, 12*"", and 8""° in diameter.
The other row, of ten suckers, is continued by a proximal sucker lO'"'" in
diameter, and by two distal ones, respectively 15""" and 13""" in diameter.
The number of large suckers in each row may, therefore, be counted
as 12, 13, or 14, according to the fancy of the describer, there being no
well-defined distinction between the larger and smaller ones in either
row. The largest suckers, along the middle of the rows, are from 24°""
to 30""' in diameter (Plate IV, fig. 4, a). They are attached by slender but
strong pedicels, about lO"-"- long and C"-"" to 7"'"' in diameter. The outer
or back side of these suckera is 16""^ to 18" " high; the inner side 10"™ to
ll""", so that the rim is about 24"" to 28""' above the surface of the arm.
The horny rings are 7"'"' to 8 " "" high and have the aperture 20"""' to 23'""' in
diameter. Each one is situated in the center of a pentagonal depressed
area, about 25""" across, bounded by ridges, which alternate regularly
and interlock on the two sides, so as to form a zigzag line along the mid-
dle of the arm. These large suckers are broadly and obliquely campan-
ulate, but much less oblique than those of the short arras; the marginal
ring is strong, and sharply serrate all around; the denticles are acute-
triangular and nearly equal. The rings are somewhat calcified and
rather rigid when dried; a well-marked broad groove runs around the
entire circumference, below the bases of the denticles.

The small marginal suckers (fig. 4, b) are similar in structure, but much
. more oblique, and mostly 9'"" to 11'" " in diameter; they are attached by •
[much longer and more slender pedicels, and their marginal teeth are
[relatively longer, sharper, and more incurved, especially on the outer
\ margin. The peripheral groove is broad and deep, but is interrupted on
I the outer side for about a third of the circumference ; the outer third
I portion of the homy ring is somewhat flattened from the circular form.

The terminal division (iii to iv) of the arm is 22.8'^"' long. It gradually be-
comes compressed laterally, and tapers regularly to the tip, which is flat,
bluut, and slightly incurved. Just beyond the large suckers, where this
region begins, tlie circumference is 9™. The face is narrow and bears a
large number of small pediceled suckers (Plate IV, figs. 10, 10 a), ar-
ranged in four regular, alternating rows, gradually diminishing in size

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30]

to near the tip of the arm, where the rows expand into a small cluster
of about ten smooth-edged suckers. The suckers, except in the final
group, are much like the marginal ones of the previous division, and at
first are 5""" to T""" in diameter, but decrease to about 2.5"™ near the tip of
the arm. They have sharply serrate, oblique, marginal rings, higher
on the outer side, with a peripheral groove on the inner and lateral sides
only. In our preserved specimens the rings are gone from many of these
small suckers, but those of the two rows next to the lower margin appear
to have been larger than the others.

The suckers of the final group are close to the tip, which is slightly
recurved over them. They are flat, attached to short pedicels, and pro-
vided with a narrow homy rim, which has the edge smooth, or nearly so,
and surrounded by a thick membranous border. The diameter of these
suckers is from .5""" to 2""". They are rather crowded, and the cluster is
broader than long.

The color of the body and arms, where preserved, is pale reddish, with
thickly scattered, small spots of brownish red.

The form of the jaws* of this specimen is well shown by Plate III,
tigs. 1, 2. When in place the tips of these jaws constitute a powerful
beak, looking something like that of a parrot or hawk, except that the
upper jaw shuts into the lower, instead of the reverse, as in birds. The
color is dark brown, becoming almost black toward the tip, where its
substance is thicker and firmer, and smoothly polished externally. The
upper jaw (Plate III, fig. 1), in 1875, measured 79""" in total length,
25'""' in transverse breadth, and 66™"" in breadth or height. The lower
jaw (fig. 2) was 76™"" long, 70""' transversely, and 67™"' broad, vertically.
It was larger when first received, but has subsequently shrunk con-
siderably more, in alcohol.

The upper mandible has the rostrum strong, convex, acute, and
curved considerably forward, with concave cutting edges, and a slight
notch at its base. The anterior edges of the alse are irregular and
uneven. The palatine lamina is broad and thin.

The lower mandible has the rostrum stouter and less curved, the tip
acute, with a distinct notch just below the tip, the cutting edges nearly
straight, and with a moderately deep and rather narrow notoh at its
base ; a ridge runs backward from near the tip, in a curved line, cir-

*In order to explain the terms employed in describing the various parts of the jaws
of Cephalopoda, as used in this article, I have introduced figures of the jaws of one of
our common small squids (£oIi(;o j>a!!(<IaV.) from 1. 2. .

Long Island Sound. The nomenclature adopted is
essentially that used by Professor Steenstrup.

Fig. 1. Upper mandible: a, rostrum or tip of the
beak; b, the notch; c, the inner end of ala; d, the
frontal lamina; e, the palatine lamina; ai, the cut-
ting edge of beak ; he, anterior or cutting edgo of ,
ala.

Fig. 2. Lower mandible: a, rostrum; db, cutting edge; be, anterior edge of ala; d,
mcntum or chin ; e, gular lamina.

1RIE8. [30] 9 [31] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

small cluster
t; in the final
vision, and at
lear the tip of
rings, higher
I lateral sides
nany of these
largin appear

Bh is slightly
eels, and pro-
, or nearly so,
neter of these
the cluster is

reddish, with

by Plat« III,
te a powerful
Ecept that the
n birds. The
tip, where its
ternally. The

total length,
t. The lower
lad, vertically.
J shrunk con-
acute, and
;, and a slight

irregular and

orved, the tip

edges nearly

H notch at its

rved line, cir-

arts of the jaws
le jaws of one of
2.

edge of ala ; d,

3umscribing a more flattened area, on which are grooves and ridges
Iparallol with the notch. Beyond the notch, on the anterior edges of
Ithe aliB, there is, on each side, a broad, low, obtuse lobe or tooth, be-
,'ond which the edge is even and sUghtly concave to near the end of
the alte. The lamina of the mentum is short and strongly emarginate
v^^in the median line. Detailed measurements of the parts are given in
the table of measurements on a subsequent page.

The roof of the mouth, or palate, between the anterior portions of the
palatine laminic, is lined with a rather firm, somewhat chitinous or
mrchment-like membrane, having its surface covered with strong, acute,
recurved, yellowish teeth, apparently chitinous in nature, attached by
broad, oval, or roundish flattened bases (Plate V, figs. 4, 5). These
teeth are mostly <!urved, and very unequal in size and form, the various
sizes being intermingled. They are arranged in irregular quincunx, in
lany indefinite rows. Many irregular, roundish, rough, white, stony
[granules are also attached to this membrane, among the teeth. Similar
[granules (Plate V, fig. 4rt) occur in large numbers on the thinner exten-
sion of this membrane, which everywhere lines the mouth and pharynx.
The radula is about Cd"""" in total lengtb, with the dentigerous por-
tion, where widest, about 11"'"' in width. The teeth are in seven
rows, with an exterior row of small, unarmed, thin, rhomboidal plates
)n each side, thus conforming to the arrangement in the other ten-armed
[Jephalopods. The teeth are deep amber-color to dark brown, and not
[unlike those of Loligo and Ommastrq^hes in form. Those of the median
[row have three fangs, the central one longest ; those in the next row,
[on either side, have two fangs, while those of the two outer lateral rows,
[on each side, are acute and strongly curved ; the outermost longest and
[simple, the next to the outer often having a small denticle on the outer
[side, near the base. (See Plate V, figs. 1, 2, 3.)

The membrane of the odontophore is broad, firm, and thick; the
[dentigerous portion occupies only about a third of its width, in the
[middle or broader portion, where it is bent abruptly back upon itself.
[The lower or ventral portion measures, from the anterior bend to the
[end, 20"""'; it narrows gradually to the broad, obtuse end, the width of
|the dentigerous portion decreasing from S"""" to 5'""", the naked lateral
membrane decreasing from 8""" to a very narrow border. The upper
jortion, from the bend to the end, measures 42"°"" in length (in a straight
^ine). The upper surface is deeply concave and infolded, at first, with
the lateral membrane broad and recurved; farther back it becomes
lore flattened, with the dentigerous portion broader (ll""""), while the
lateral membrane is abruptly narrowed and then extends to the end as
very narrow border. Toward the end the rows of teeth become more
Iseparated and the teeth smaller and paler, while the membrane becomes
Ithinner and narrower.

The internal shell, or pen, was represented by numerous detached
I pieces, which, after much trouble, I succeeded in locating and match-

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OK FISH AND FI8HEKIE8. [32]

ing, HO iiH to r«Htore the i>o8terior end and Home of the middle portions,
givitig gome idea an to what its original Htructaro munt luivo been. The
texture and structnre of this pait of the pen was somewhat like that of
Loligo, but it was thinner, and had leHH definite outlines, and less of the
peculiar quill-shape seen in the latter. The anterior end of the blade,
instead of being even and regular in outline, appears to have been broadly
rounded, or somewhat abnii>t, with an indefinite outline, thinning out
gradually on all sides into a soft, llbrous membrane, while the shaft, or
or quill-portion, was not so distinctly diifei-entiated from the broad, thin
blade, which tapered to the posterior end, and was probably slightly
hooded at the tip. The fragments in my possession belong to four moie
or less separated sections. The first section includes 11 inches of the
posterior end, f^om close to the extreme tip forward ; the second section
includes about 9 inches, belonging to the posterior portion, and extends
to about 25 inches from the posterior end, but lacks the extreme lateral
margins outside the costse (Plate III, fig. 3) ; the third section consists
of about 7.5 inches, belonging to the middle region, but does not include
the whole width on either side of the midrib ; the fourth section is about
10 inches in length, and probably came from near the anterior end of the
blade, apparently representing nearly the whole width on both sides.

From these fragments we can restore pretty accurately the last 25 inches
and 12 inches or more of the middle portion, though the precise form of
the indefinite anterior end of the blade must remain doubtful. The ex-
treme posterior tip is broken ofi', but it was evidently pointed and thin
as in Ommastrephea. At the mutilated end the breadt'i is now about a
third of an inch. From th "^ i)oint the lateral edges diverge rapidi/, with
a slightly concave outline, i about 1.25 inches, where the breadth be-
comes 1.20 inches ; beyond thi^j . 'nargins are nearly straight, and di-
verge gradually to the end of the iiio. 'action, at 11 inches from the tip.
At this place the breadth is 3.10 inches, tue marginal portions outside of
the lateral costse being about .40 of an inch and the midrib about .25 of
an inch broad. Beyond this point a section about 4.75 inches long is
entirely wanting, and the succt^dding section lacks the marginal iM>r-
tions, the lateral costie forming tl 3 margins on both sides. At 19.50
inches from the tip the breadth between the lateral costse is 3.75 inches;
at 25 inches it is 5 inches bro^ti. Whether the marginal portions origi-
nally extended to this point with a breadth as great as they have at 11
inches is uncertain, for their breadth decreases somewhat to that point,
from a poirt about 4 inches from the tip, where their breadth is .GO of
an inch. The midrib is strongly marked, being raised into a semi-cylin-
drical form, and of somewhat thicker material than the lateral portions;
its breadth and liight steadily increases throughout both these sections
and the following one, until it becomes nearly half an inch broad, but
in the section fi'om nearer the middle it is low and narrow, and de-
creases rapidly toward the end. The lateral costre are well marked,
considerably elevated, and well rounded ; they run at first close to and

[i\:\] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA.

j nearly parallel with tlio inidril), but ufter the first 3 inches they diverge

quite n'f-iihirly to the point, «t 25 inches from the end, beyond which we

cannot traeo them, until they reappear in the first part of the anterior

I section, where they are (luite small and soon fiide out entirely, at some

'distanwi from the extreme end. Near the posterior end, between the

principal costie and the margin, there are on each side two additional

Icosta^, much less distinct, and w.Any faint radiating lines . But these dl-

rerge more rapidly, ard mostly run into the margin at to 8 inches fh)m

[the posterior end. The anterior portions and posterior portions are pale

irellow or bluflP, fading to whitish at the thin margins, and deei)ening into

jale amber at the midrib. Their substance is flexible, translucent, and

^very thin— scarcely thicker than parchment, except at the midrib and

BOStfl).

The third station evidently came from the middle region, where the
Ibhell was thickest and broadest. This piece is 7.50 inches long and 4.10
jroad, with a strongly convex midrib, .30 to .35 of an inch broad, run-
Ining through the center, but without any lateral coSta». In this portion
|tho sluill is much thicker and firmer than in the others, and of a decided
jrownish yellow or dii" amber-color, but quite transhuieut; it is finely
striated with close, nearly parallel lines. The breadth and form of this
niddle portion must remain undetermined for the present. The ante-
rior section is quite incomplete, but is over 10 inches long, and shows
in extreme width of about inches, or 5.75 where the lateral custie dis-
ippear. Some of the fragments extend forward 8 inches or more be-
yond that point, and gradually fade out, both at the ends and lateral
margins, into a white, soft but tough, fibrous membrane. So far as this
jortion is preserved, it indicates a broadly rounded and ill-defined an-
jrior mj^rgin.

To this species I refer, with some doubt, the tentacular arm of No. 2,
)reserved in the museum of Saint John's, Newfoundland. It agrees essen-
tially in form and size, as will be seen from the description^and meas-
irements, with the corresponding arms of No. 5. Still, it must be re-
lembered that, as yet, no reliable distinctions have been made out
jetween the tentacular arms of A. Harveyi and A. princeps.
The total length of the tentacular arm of No. 2 was estimated at 30 to
• feet. The portion saved measured, when fresh, 579.12 "" (19 feet). The
bircumference of the slender portion was 9"" to 10 " ; of the enlarged
pcker-beariug i)art, 15.24"" (6 inches); length of the part bearir.g
buckers, 70.2"" (30 inches) ; dii> meter of the largest suckers, 3.17"" (1.25
jches). Calculating from the photograph, the portion bearing the larger
suckers Avas about 45.7™' (18 inches) in length, and about G.35™ (2.5
Inches) broad across the face; distance between attachments of large
Suckers, 4.27' " (1.G8 inches) ; outside diameter of larger suckers, 2.95™ to
'" (1.10 to 1.25 inches) ; inside diameter, l.SG '" to 2.54"" (.74 to 1 inch);
imeter of the small suckers of the outside rows, 1.02 "" to 1.22"" (.40 to
j.48 of an ^lich). Mr. Harvey afterwards sent to me a full scries of meas-

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34]

urenients of this arm, as then preserved. It had contracted excessively
in the alcohol, and was only 13 feet 1 inch in length (instead of 19
feet, its original length), the enlarged sucker-bearing portion being 27
inches ; the large snckers occupied 12 inches ; the terminal part bear-
ing small suckers, 9 inches; circumference of slender portion, 3.5 to 4.25
inches J of largest part, C inches; breadth of face, among large suckers,
2.5 inches; from face to back, 1.62 inches ; diameter of largest suckers
outside, .75 of an inch ; ai)erture, .63 of an inch. It will be evident
from these measurements, when compared with those made while fresh
and from the photograph, that the shrinkage had been chiefly in length,
the thickness remaining about the same, but the suckers (which had
lost their horny rims, and therefore their size and form) were" consid-
erably smaller than the dimensions previously given. Comparing all
these dimensions with those of the Logic Bay specimen, and calculathig
the proportions as nearly as possible, it follows that this specimen was
very nearly one-third larger than the latter, but the large suckers ap-
pear to have been relatively smaller, for they were hardly onc-twelftb
larger than in the Logie Bay specimen. As the relative size'of the large
suckers is a variable sexual character in certain species of squids, it i.s
possible that the difference may be a sexual one in this case.

A few of the horny rings from the small distal and lateral suckers
(Plate IV, ligs. 3, 3 a) were sent to me by Mr. Harvey. These agree
well with the corresponding suckers of No. 5.

To this species I formerly referi-ed the jaws and two large suckers a
from the 'club' of the tentacular arms of the Bonavista Bay specimen |
(Xo. 4, see p. 8). In form, size, and proportions the jaws resemble
those of the specimen (I^b. 5) described above, so that the size of these ;
two individuals must have been about the same. These jaws had beens
dried, and were very badly broken when received, so that only part of I
their dimensions could be ascertained at first, but I have recently par-
tially repaired them, so as to study them more fully (see tablo under A.
princcps)^ The total length of the upper mandible was about lOS""";
tip of beak to notch, 16"""; notch to end of proper catting edge of ala-,
75"". The lower mandible (Plate III, figs. 4, 4 a) shows both sides of i
the rostrum and alae. The notch and tooth are well marked, and the
tooth in '"rent of it is narrower and much more elevated on one side
than on the other. It is, therefore, quite possible that it belongs to A.
princeps. The suckers (Plate IV, figs. 1, 1 a) had been dried, and
have lost their true form, but the marginal rings are perfect, and only
23.4"" (.92 of an inch) in diameter, but though somewhat smaller than
in the specimen just described, they have the same kind of denticula ;
tiou around the margin. Their smaller size may indicate that the speci
men was a male, but they may not have been the largest of those on
the tentacular arm.

To this species I also refer a young specimen (Yo. 24) which was
louud floating at the surface, at the Grand Banl. of Jfcwfoundlandl

RIES. [34]

excessively
istead of 19
ion being 27
il part beax-
n, 3.5 to 4.25
irge suckers,
:gest suckers
1 be evident
e while fresh
ifly in length,
s (which had
wore" consid-
Jomparing all
id calculathig
specimen was
o suckers ap-
ly one -twelfth
/.eof the large
)f s(iuids, it is

ise.

literal suckers 1

These agree *^

large suckers
Bay specimeu
aws resemble
e size of these |
jaws had been
it only part of
recently par-
abio under A.
about 105""";
edge of ala*,
both sides ofi
rked, and the
,cl on one side
belongs to A.
en dried, and
■ect, and onlv
smaller than
of denticula
that the Rpeci
st of those oil

>4) which was
Newfoundland

[35] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

April, 1880, by Capt. O. A. Whitten and crew of the schooner "V^m.
H. Oakes," by whom li, was presented to the United States Commission
of Fish and Fisheries. It furnishes the means of completing the
description of parts .that were lacking or badly preserved in the larger
specimens described above, and especially of the sessile arms and the
buccal membran; i (Plate VI).

■ The coloi' of the head, so far as preserved, and of the external sur-
faces of the sessile arms, is a rather dark purplish brown, duo to minute
crowded specks of that color, thickly distributed, with a pinkish white
ground-color between them. The outer buccal membrane is darker;
the inner siurfaces of the arms are whitish; the peduncular portions of
the tentacular arms have fewer color specks, and are i)aler than the
pother arms. ,

f This creature had beeu badly mutilated, as described on p. 18, long
<^before its death, as its healed wounds show, and to this circumstance
many of the imperfections of the specimen are due.

Sessile arms.

With the exception of the left arm of the second pair, none of the
sessile arms have their tips perfect. Therefore, it is not possible to ^ive
their relative lengths.

The dorsal arms are the smallest at lyase, and the third pair largest.
Dhey are all i)rovided with a rather narrow marginal membrane along
sach border of the front side. These niembranqp are scarcely wide
enough to reach to the level of the rims of the suckers, though they may
lave done so in life. The front margin, bearing the suckers, is narrow on all
^he arms, but relatively wider on the ventrals than on any of the others.
Bach sucker-pedicel arises from a muscular cushion that is slightly
[raised and rounded on the inner side; these, alternating on the two
jlides, leave a zigzag depression aloug the middle of the arm ; from each
|)f these cushions two thickened rauscular ridgss run outward to the
kdge of the lateral membranes, one on each side of the pedicels of the
lackers. These transverse muscular ridges give a scalloped outline to
le margin of the membranes. These marginal membranes J^^re nar-
)we8t aud the suckers are smallest on the ventral arms. TI»e dorsal
id lateral arms are strongly compressed laterally, but slightly swollen
couvtx in the middle, and narrowed externally to a carina, which is
lost i)rominent along the middle of the arms, and most coTispicuous on
le tV f d -p-^' f arms. The dOrsal arms are rather more sUndcr than
le second pair, and were probably somewhat shorter.
The left arm of the second pair has the tip preserved, with all its
ickers present. On this arm there are 330 suck.:rs in all. The total
pc^lii of the arm is 26.25 inches. The first 50 suckers extend to 12.25
iches from the base; the next 50 occupy 4.5 inches; the next 50 cover 3.5
iches; the next 100 occupy 4.25 inches; the last 80 occupy 1.75 inches.
Chis arm is ,80 of an inch in transverse diameter near the base; 1.20

RFPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP* FISH AND FISHERIES. [36]

inches Ir jm front to back ; breadth of its front or sucker-bearing surface
(without the lateral membranes) is, where widest, near the base of the
aim, .50 of an iach ; the width gradually decreases to .18 of an inch at
20 incnes ixom the base ; beyond this the arm tapers to a very slender
tip, with numerous small, crowded suckers in two regular rows. At the
base (Plate VI, fig. 4) there is first one very small sucker; this is suc-
ceeded by two or three much larger ones, increasing a little in size;
beyond these are the largest suckers, extending to about the 25tb,
beyond which they gradually change their form and regularly diminish
in size to the tips. The larger proximal suckers, up to the 25th to 30th,
are relatively broader than those beyond, and have a wider and more
open aperture, and a more even and less oblique horny ring, which is
sharply denticulate around the entire circumference, witb the denticles
ratJier smaller on the inner than on the outer margin, jut similar in
form. These are about .31 of an inch iA external diameter. They show
a gradual transition to those with more obUque rims and smaller aper»
tures. Beyond the 30th the horny rims become decidedly more obliu i :
and one-sided, with the denticles nearly or quite abortive on the inm ,
Bide, and larger and more incurved on the outer margin, while tLe aper-
ture becomes more contracted and oblique. At first there are eight to
ten denticles on the outer marghi, but these diminish in number as the
suckers diminish in size, till at about 6 inches from the tip there are
mostly but two or three, and the aperture is very contracted. Still
nearer the tip there are but two blunt ones; then these become reduced
to a single bilobed one ; and finally only one, which is squarish, appears
in the minute suckers of the last two inches of the tip. The first two or
three suckers at the base of the arm are more feebly denticulated than
those beyond, with smaller apertures.

On Tnany of the suckers (Platfe IV, fig. 2 a) there are stUl remaining,
in more or less complete preservation, a circle of minute horry plates,
arranged radially, or transversely on the edge of the membrane around
the aperture, similar in arrangement to those described in another part
of tnis article on the suckers of Sthenoteuthis pteropm (Plate XVII, fig.
9). They are less developed, however, than ih that species, being thin-
ner and more delicate, nor do their ends appear to turn up in the form
of hooks. They seem to be generally very thin, oblong, scale-like struct-
ures, with rounded or blunt ends and slightly thickened margins. These
structures will probably be found to vary with age, and perhaps with
the season. They appear to be easily deciduous, and are often absent
in preserved specimens.

On the dorsal and third pairs of arms the suckers have essentially the
same arrangement, form, and structure, and on these three pairs of arms
the larger suckers difler but slightly in size. The character and arrange-
ment of the suckers on the distal portion of these arms is well shown on
PJ te VI, figs. 3, 3 «, which rei'.coont a portion of one of the tliiid pair
of arms, commencing at tl e OVth sucker.

ro/.i «r371 CEPHALOPODS of northeastern coast of AMERICA.

:ries. [o6J ■'■ -^

aricg surface
e base of the
of an iuch at
, very slender
•ows. At the
; this is sac-
Little in size;
)ut the 25th,
larly diminish
1 25th to 30th,
der and more
ring, which is

the deuticles
jut similar in
'. They show

smaller aper

more obllo'i :
e on the inm
rhile tLe aper-
re are eight to
aumber as the
) tip there are
tracted. Still
scome reduced
arish, appears
he first two or

iculated than

|)ill remaining,
horcy plates,
ibrane around

another part
ite XVII, fig.
^s, being thin-
jip in the form

le-like struct-
Irgins. These
] perhaps with

often absent

[ssentially the
I pairs of arms
' and arrange-
7m\1 shown on
|ilic tliird pair

The ventral arms are trapezoidal in section at base, and rather stout.
Breadth of front surface, near the base, exclusive of membranes, .55 of an
inch ; transversa diameter, .95 of an inch ; front to back, 1.25 inches. The
sucker-bearing surface is, therefore, broader than in the other arms.
The suckers are, however, distinctly smaller, and the proximal ones are
different in form from the corresponding ones on the other arms. They
lare narrower and deeper, with more oblique and more contracted aper-
es, more oblique horny rims, which are denticulated on the outer mar-
ins only. On the larger ones there are 12 to 15 sharp, incurved denti-
les. In fact, the proximal suckers on the ventral arms agree better
ith the middle suckers, beyond the 30th, on the other arms, for there
xe none having wide-open apertures, surrounded by nearly even homy
ms, denticulated all around. The suckers diminish regularly in size,
nd in the number of denticles, till at the 200th (where th^ arms are
roken off) there are but three denticles.

Foun^ A. Ilarveyi, No. 24. — Meaaui emenia of arms (in inchee)

•

Kcar
ba«e.

At
5 in.

10 in.

At
15 in.

20 in.

DORSAL PAIB.
RrAfulth of front excladinff merabrftnes.

.35

.20

.75

1.06

.50
.30
.60
.00

.30
.20
.40
.70

KrAftftth 4ii' ln.tArA.1 tneiubraues .......................

SECOND FAIR.
TotAl lentrth

26.25

Bread til of front •

.40

.25

.80

1.20

.50

.20

1.10

1.08

.40

.20

.98

1.40

.50

.30

.65

1.20

.50

.25

.70

1.60

.55

.25

.90

1.12

.35
.15
.35

.85

.40

.15

.40

1.20

.30
.10

.22

.18

Diaiiiet4'r, transversely .--- -.

.39
.60

.10

Diameter front to bacK

.40

THIRD I'AIB.

Breailtb of fiont

Diameter, trri' . ■'e'^fiel 7

Diameter, frtr t ^.'' hiiclc .,,,■

rouilTll PAIR.
Breadtii A .11 ,

liread'. i f !■ •. v irr. • t*

Diameti ti*. '■ *' r> 'v --,...,

Diameter, tVout . hac'i

' ii. 1 ■ V JLAK ARMS.

rotallength

58.75

.46

&25

4.25

2.60

.70

.60

Diameter of slender portion

Eiengtli of club

K.engtb of part occupied by 24 larsest 8ack«r8

1-ength of part occupied by small di8b»1 iaokera —
wreatettt breadth of club

Spiameter, front to back

Sessile arms, from base to particular suckers.

35th.

50th.

To
100th.

To
160th.

To
200th.

250th.

To
300th.

tip.

Dorsal pair, base to guokera

7.6
7.75
7.26
6.25

12.25
12.25
12.25
10

Second pair, baae to suckers

Tblrd pair, base to suckers

16.75

20.25

22.90

24.60

25.75

26. 2S

Fourth pair, base to suckers

18.50

20.75

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [38]

Measurements of tuckers of sessile arms {in inches).

On first pair of arms, external diameter

On first pair of arms, aperture diameter. . . .
On second pair' of arms, eztemnl diameter.
On second pair of arms, aperture diameter
On third pair of arms, external diameter . . ,
On third pair of arms, aperture diuneter. . .
On fourth pair of arms, external diameter. .
On fourth pair of arms, aperture diiuueter . .

15th.

.31
.25
.31
.26
.81
.22
.25
.15

30th.

.24
.16
.27
.18
.28
.18
.21
.11

Both.

.16
.10
.20
.11
.22
.12
.10
.10

100th.

.15
.08

.14
.07

Tentacular arms. — (Plate VI, fig. 2.)

The tentacular arms are both entire, with all the suckers well pre-
served. The total length is 65 and 67 inches respectively; length of the
expanded portion or club, 8.25 inches ; diameter of the peduncuhtr por-
tion varies froL ^^ tn ,70 of an inch ; at the base, .90 inch; breadth of
the proximal paif le club, where it is broadest, .70 inch ; diameter,

from front to back, 6 ach ; external diameter of the largest suckers, .35
inch ; height of their cups, .28 inch ; of lateral suckers, .18 inch ; of the
largest marginal suckers on the distal portion, .14 inch.

The peduncular portion is somewhat thickened and rounded at the
base, but through most of its length it is slender, varying in size, and
nearly triangular in section, with the corners rounded, each side ineas-
uring, where largest, .60 of an inch in breadth. At about a foot from
the base the small smjoth-rimmed suckers and their opposing tubercles
begin to appear on the inner surface. At first these are placed singly
and at considerable intervals (2.5 to 3.5 inches), each sucker alternating
with a tubercle on each arm ; farther out they are nearer together, and
toward the club they alternate, two by two, on each arm; near the
commencement of the club they become more numerous, and are ar-
ranged somewhat in two rows; just at the commencement of the club
they become more crowded, forming three and then four oblique trans-
verse rows of suckers, with the same number of tubercles alongside of
them ; on the basal expansion of the club, which is its thickest portion,
these suckers and tubercles become very numerous, covering nearly the
whole inner surface, forming rather crowded and irregular oblique rows
of six or more. These smooth-rimmed suckers are followed by an irreg-
ular group of about twenty, somewhat larger, denticulated suckers, oc-
cupying the entire breadth for a very short distance. Then follow the
two median rows of large suckers, alternating with a row of marginal
ones, q{ about half their size, on each side. The first three or four
large suckers of each row gradually increase in size ; then follow six to
eight nearly equal ones of the largest size ; these are followed by two to
four distal ones, decreasing in size. In one of the rows there are foiu*-
teen that distinctly belong to the large series ; in tbe other row there
are twelve. The distal section of the club is occupied by four regular

RIE8. [38]

fiOtta.

100th.

.16

.10

.20

.15

.11

.08

.22

.12

%ji

.10

.ii

'■^

.10

.07

ers well pre-
lengtli of the
iunculctr por-
1 ; breadth of
h; diameter,
st suckers, .35
! mch ; of the

unded at the
r in size, and
ich side meas-
t a foot from
3ing tubercles
placed singly
,er alternating
together, and
[rm; near the
and are ar-
it of the club
•blique trans-
alongside of
Ickest portion,
g nearly the
oblique rows
Id by an irreg-
|d suckers, oc-
len follow the
of marginal
three or four
follow six to
ed by two to
[here are four-
Iher row there
four regular

[39] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

rows of small denticulated suckers, more strongly toothed on the outer
margins, and similar in form to the mtifjinal suckers of the middle
region. Of these the two rows next the lower margin are decidedly
larger than those of the two upper rows. Close to the tip there is a
group of about a dozen u^inute suckers, with smooth even rims. The
middle portion of the club is bordered on each side by a rather broad,
thin, scalloped membrane. The distal section has a broad keel on the'
outer margin.

Suckers of tentacular arms {in inches).

Diameter of largest Buckers 35

^ Hight of largest 28

f; Diameter of lateral 18

Hight of lateral 09

Diameter of smootb-rimmed ones 10

Diameter of tubercles 08

Of largest lateral suckers of diptal seot'on 14

Of median lateral ones of distal section 11

•

Buccal membranes and jaws. — (Plate VI, fig. 1.)

This specimen fortunately had the buccal membranes and other parts

bout the mouth perfectly preserved, which has not been the case in the

arger specimens. The outer buccal membrane is broad and thin, rather

eeply colored externally. Its margin extends into seven acute angles,

ne of which is opposite each of the lateral and ventral arms; but on

jtLe dorsal side there is only one, which corresponds to the interval be-

ween the two dorsal arms. From each of these angles a membrane

uns to, and for a short distance along the side of, the opposite arm, ex-

ept froui the dorsal one, which sends off a membrane which divides, one

art going to the inner lateral siirfacc of each dorsal arm. The mem-

ranes from the upper lateral and ventral angles join the upper lateral

ides of their corresponding arms ; those from the lower lateral angles

o to the lower lateral sides of the third pair of arms. The inner surface

f the buccal membrane is whitish, and deeply and irregularly reticulated

y conspicuous soft wrinkles and furrows, which become somewhat con-

ntric toward the margin. Beneath this membrane are openings to the

uiferous cavities. The inner buccal membrane, immediately surround-

the beak, is whitish, thickened at the margin, and strongly irreg-

ly wrinkled and puckered.

The jaws have sharp, dark brown tips, changing to clear brown back-

ard, with tholaminsB very thin, transparent, and whitish. The upper

audible has the rostrum regularly curved, with a distinct ridge, in

ntinuation with its cutting edges, extending down the sides, and only

slight notch at its base.

The lower mandible has a notch close to the tip, with the rest of the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [40] i [4

inner edge iiciirly straight ; at the base is a rather large and wide, V-shaped M Ar
notch, the tooth beyond it being broad-triangular and rather large;
• beyond the tooth the aloe are white, soft, and cartilaginous.

Measurements of jaws {in inches).

Transverse diameter of buccal mass 1. 50

Vertical diameter of buccal mass 1.70

Upper mandible :

Tip to end of frontal lamina 1.25

Tip to notch 57

Tip to lateral border of lamina 77 ^M*™

Lower mandible : W^®^

Tip to border of mentum 45 >%|of

Tip tu lateral border of alae 70 '^^ori

Tip to inner end of alse 1.02 ^f-pf

Tip to bottom of notch 32 1.

Hightof tooth 06 J'***

Notch to inner end of alae 80 JBlori;

Mentum to inner end of alio 1.20 S'jawi

The portion of the oesophagus preserved is 14.75 inches long and about ,«"**^
.15 of an inch broad, in its flattened condition. 9^*^

The radula (Plate V, figs. 5-7) is amber-colored, .18 of an inch broad, m^ ^
The tridentate median tefeth have moderately long but not very acute n^' *'
points, of which the middle one is a little the longest. The inner lateral 9^^^
teeth are bideutate, and somewhat broader and longer than the median wP ^
ones I their outer denticle is well developed, but considerably shorter Jf
than the inner one. The next to the outer lateral teeth are larger at base W; "'
and much longer, simple, broad, tapering, flattened, slightly curved, ^*^
acute at tip. They appear net to have the small lateral denticle observed mf "^
on the corresponding teeth of the adult Architetithis (see Plate V, figs, i^^^^
1, 2). The outer lateral teeth are similar to the preceding, but rather j^
longer and not quite so broad at base. The marginal plates are well- 1^^^
developed, thin, somewhat rhomboidal. W^ *

The internal cavity of the ears is somewhat irregularly three-lobed, f^r ^^

with several rounded papillae projecting inward from its sides, very much ^y^™^

as in those of Ommastrephes. Each ear contained two irregular-shaped ^^F?f

otoliths, one of which (Plate V, flg. 8) was much larger than the other, ^E ^

in each ear. fSi^l

«B)v f''
The eyes were both burst, and most of their internal structure was de- W . '

stroyed. So far as preserved they closely agree with those of Omma- m ^

strephes. The eyeballs were large and somewhat oblong in form, and W . ^

appear to have been nearly 2 inches broad and 3 long. The eyelids w

are badly mutilated, but the anttrior sinus can be imperfectly made -^ ^ *

out. It seems to have been broad and rounded. The aquiferous cavities 'W. , .

appear to have been like those of Ommastrephes. The form and,^uc ;a

ture of the cartilaginous < brain-box* also appear to be essentially the W

same as in the genus last named. ^^^p.^

•Tk

lis full

ERIES. [40] ■[41] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA.

ride,V-8haped
rather large;

18.

1.50

1.70

1.25

1.02

•to

1.20

long and about

"an inch broad,
not very acute
lie inner lateral
ban the median
lerably shorter
e larger at base
lightly curved,
snticle observed
) Plate V, figs.
Ing, but rather
plates are well-

rly three-lobed,
ides, very much
Tegular-shaped
than the other,

ructure was de
hose of Omma-
ig in form, and
The eyelids
perfectly made
liferous cavities
"orm and^truc
essentially the

I Architeuthia prlnceps Verrill.— (King of Giant Squids.)

Aidiitenlhia princepa Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. ix, pp. 124, 181, pL 5,

187.'). American Naturalist, vol. ix, pp. 22, 79, figs. 25-27, 1877. Trana.

Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 210, pi. 17-20, 1879-'80. Amor. Jour. Science, vol.

xix, p. 288, pi. 12, April, 1880.

Ommastrephea (Architeutkis) princepa Tyron, Manual of Conchology, p. 185,

pi. 85, 1879. (Figures copied and description conipilod from papers by

A. E. V.)

Plates VII-XI.

This species is distinguished by the length and inequality of the short
arms, of which the longest (ventral or subventral) exceed the combined
length of the head and body by about one-sixth; by the denticulation
of the suckers of the short arms, of which there are two principal
forms, some having very oblique horny rings, with the outer edge very
BtroL iy toothed and the inner edge slightly or imi)erfectly denticu-
^ilated; the others having less oblique rings, with.the denticles similar 'n
brm all round, iLi/Ugh smaller on the inner margin; by the stronger
jiaws, which have a deeper notch and a more elevated tooth on the ante-
or edge ; and by the caudal fin, which is short-sagittate in form, with
[the posterior end less acuminate than in the preceding'species.*

This species wa^ originally based on the lower jaw mentioned as No.
, and on the upper and lower jaws designated as No. 10, in the first
art of this article. The jaws of No. 10 were obtained from the stomach
f a sperm-whale taken in the North Atlantic, and were presented to
he Essex Institute by Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, Mass.,
ut the date and precise locality of the capture are unknown. The size
nd form of these jaws are well shown in Plate XI, figs. 1, 2. The total
ength of the upper jaw (fig. 1) is 127'""' (5 inches); greatest transverse
readth, 37""" (1.45 inches) ; front to back, 89™™ (3.5 inches) ;. width of
%alatiue lamina, 68.9""" (2.32 inches). The frontal portion is considerably
broken, but the dorsal portion remaining appears to extend nearly, but
.not quite, to the actual posterior end, the length from the point of the
eak to the posterior edge being SQA""" (3.4 inches). The texture is
rmer and the laminse are relatively thicker than in A. Harveyi'. The
ostrum and most of the frontal regions are black and polished, gradu-
lly becoming orange-brown and translucent toward the posterior bor-
er, and marked with faint striae radiating from the tip of the beak, and
y faint ridges or lines of growth parallel with the posterior margin ; a
bght but sharp ridge extends backward from the notch at the base of
he cutting edge, and other less marked ones from the anterior border
f the alaj. The tip of the beak is quite strongly curved forward and
cute, with a slight shallow groove, commencing just below the tip, on
ach side, and extending backward only a short distance and. gradually
'adiug out. The front or cutting edge is nearly smooth and well cunved,
he curvature being greatest toward the tip ; at its base there is a broad,
ngular notch, deepest externally. The inner face of the rostrum is con-

* The possibility that this and A. Harveyi may be only the sexnal forms of one species
lis fully recognized by the author.

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [42]

vex in the middle and concave or excavated toward the margins, which
are, therefore, rather sharp. The anterior borders of the alaj are convex,
or rise into a broad but low lobe or tooth beyond the notch, but beyond
this they are nearly straight, but with slight, irregular lobes, which do
not correspond on the tw^o sides. The anterior edges of the alia make
nearly a right angle with the cutting edges of the rostrum. The pala-
tine lamina is broad, thin, and dark brown,becoming reddish brown and
translucent posteriorly, with a thin whitish border. The surface is
marked with unequal divergent strite and ridges, some of which, es-
pecially near the dorsal part, are quite prominent and irregular; the
posterior border has a broad emargination in the middle, but the two
sides do not exactly correspond.

The lower jaw (Plate XI, flg. 2) was badly broken, and many of the
pieces, especially of the alee, are lost, but all that remain have been
fitted together. The extreme length is 92""" (3.63 inches); the total
breadth and the distance from front to back cannot be ascertained,
owing to the absence of the more prominent parts of the alse; from tip
of beak to posterior ventral border of mentum, 42.6"'"' (1.68 inches); from
tip of beak to posterior lateral border of alae, SS-O""" (2.20 inches) ; from
tip of beak to posterior ventral border of gular lamina,*60"'"' (2.37 inches) ;
from tip of beak to bottom of not'^h at its base, 20"'"' (.80 inch) ; tip of
beak to inner angle of gular lamiua, 47'""^ (1.85 inches); height of tooth
from bottom of notch, 6.25""' (.25 inch) ; breadth between teeth of oppo-
site sides, 15""" (.60 inch); breadth of gular lamina, in middle, 44.5"'"' (1.75
inches). The beak is black, with faint radiating striae, and with slight
undulations parallel with the posterior border; the rostrum is acute,
slightly incurved, with a notch near the tip, from which a very evident
gr( ve runs back for a short distance, while a well-marked angular
ridge starts from just below the notch and descends in a curve to the
ala, opposite the large tooth, defining a roughened or slightly corrugated
and decidedly excavated area between it and the cutting edges; the
cutting edge below this ridge is nearly straight, or slightly convex; the
notch at its base is rounded and deep and strongly excavated at bot-
tom; the tooth is broad, stout, obtusely rounded at summit, sloping
abruptly on the side of the notch, and gradually to the alar edge. The
anterior edge of the ala, beyond the tooth, is rounded and strongly
striated obliquely; it makes, with the cutting edge, an angle of about
110°. The inner surfaces of the two sides of the internal plate of the
rostrum form an angle of about 45°.

The lower jaw of No. 1 (Plate XI, figs. 3, 3 a) is represented only by its
anterior part, the alae and gular laminae having been cut away by the
person who removed it.* It agrees very well in form and color with the
corresponding parts of the one just described, but is somewhat smaller.
The lateral ridges of the rostrum are rather more prominent, and the

* The specimen waa given to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. G. P. Whitman, of
Kockport, Mass., in 1872. (No. 2524.)

ERIES. [42] H[43] CEPIIAL0P0D8 OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

argins, which
DB are convex,
I, but beyond
1)68, which do
the alte make
n. The pala-
sh brown and
he surface is
of which, es-
irregular; the
), but the two

I many of the
in have been
es); the total
e ascertained,
alse; from tip
1 inches) ; from
inches); from
"■(2.37 inches);
inch) ; tip of
leight of tooth
teeth of oppo-
lie, 44.5""" (1.75
kud with slight
;rum is acute,
|a very evident
xked angular
a curve to the
tly corrugated
Ing edges; the;
ly convex; the?
savated at bot-
[mmit, sloping
lar edge. The
and strongly
mgle of about
,1 plate of the

[ted only by its
away by the

I color with the

awhat smaller.

fnent, and the
p. Whitman, of

[area within it is narrower ami more deeply excavated, especially at the
(base of the notch, where the excavation goes considerably lower than
the uiner margin. The notch is narrower and not so much rounded q.t
lits bottom. The tooth is about the same in size as that of No. 10, and

appears to be even more prominent, because the anterior edge of the
ala is more concave at its outer base; it is also more compressed and

[ess regularly rounded at summit. This jaw measures 32.5'"'" (1.30 inches)
im the tip to the posterior ventral border of mentum; l?"""" from the

;ip to the bo'ttom of the notch ; 4""" from bottom of notch to the tip of the

;ooth.

Both these lower jaws agree in having a very prominent tooth on the
Jar edge, witi\ a large and deeply excavated notch between it and the
tutting edge c f the beak, and in this respect differ from the lower jaw
>f A. Harveyi, for in the latter the tooth or lobe is broad and less promi-
lent, while the notch is narrower and shallower. This seems to be the
test character for distinguishing the jaws of the two species. But they
Aso differ in the angle between the alar edge and the cutting edge of
;he rostrum, especially of the lower jaw, for while in A. Harveyi this is
lardly more than a right angle, in A. princepa it is about 110°. More-
iver, the darker color and firmer texture of the jaws of the latter seem

be characteristic.

To this species I have referred the Catalina specimen (No. 14, p. 13),
•reserved in the New York Aquarium. The jaws of the latter, which

ere examined and carefully measured by me, agree very closely, both

form and size, with those of No. 10, the type of the species, but are a

ifle larger. The total length of the upper mandible is 133'"'"; greatest
treadth, 99"""; from inner angle of anterior edge to the dorsal end of

■ontal lamina, 95"""'; tip of rostrum, or beak, to the dorsal end of frontal

a, 92"'"' ; tip of rostrum to bottom of notch, 19'""' ; notch to inner end

Jpf anterior edge, 38"'"'; transverse breadth between anterior edges, 17""°.

The total length of the lower mandible is 95"'"'; breadth from gular
[amina to inner end of alae, 99""""; front edg^ of jaw to posterior end o)

liar lamina, 83™"'; breadth of alae, 41'"'"; posterior edge of alae to end
tf gular lamina, 44.5"'"'; tip of beak to bottom of notch, 22"'"'; notch to
[nner angle of aloe, 70"""; depth of notch, 3.5""".

The general form of this species is very well shown on Plate VIII.

!hi8 figure has been made from the sketches and measurements made

^y me soon after the specimen was received in New York and before it

been "mounted" (see p. 13). The head was, liowever, so badly in-

•ed that it could not be accurately figured, and this part is, therefore,

be regarded as a restoration, as nearly correct as could be made under

le circumstances. It may require considerable corrections, both as to

ize and form. The caudal fin is remarkable for its small size, as in A.

'harveyi. Its breadth is scarcely more than that of the greatest diameter
tf the body. It is short- sagittate in form, with strongly divergent side
[obes, which extend forward beyond their lateral insertions, and end in

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [44]

a rounded or blunt angle. The posterior end is somewhat prolonged
and acute, but less so than in that of A. Harvcyi, which it otherwise re*
sembles. One of the figures (Plate X, fig. 2), was made by me several
weeks after it had been placed in strong alcohol, and had shrunk con,-
siderably ; the other (fig. 1) was made by Dr. J. B. Holder after it hk\
been in alcohol only a few days.

When fresh, the caudal fin was 84"' in breadth, but when sketched by
Dr. J. B. Holder its breadth was 71""; its length, from posterior tip to
lateral insertions, 48.3""; from tip to end of lateral lobes, 61°*".

The length of the body and head together, when fresh, was about
289"° (9.5 feet), but when measured by mo it was about 218™.

The sessile arms were unequal in size and length, the longer ones con-
siderably longer than the head and body together. Mr. Harvey found
that the longest arms, said to be the ventral ones, were 335"° (11 feet)
long and 43.2'^"' (17 inches) in circumference at base. When first «xani
ined by me the ventral arms measured 10.5 feet, and' were longer than
any of the others, but all the rest were more or less mutilated at the
tips, and several had thus lost a considerable portion of their length, so
that it is quite probable that originally the subventral arms (or third
pair) were actually longer than the ventral ones. The circumference of
the third pair of arms, when measured by me, was considerably greater
than that of the ventral ones, the former being 11.25 inches, the latter
10 inches. Hence, I have inferred that the greatest circumference (17
inches), measured by Mr. Harvey, applies to the third pair of arms.

The ventral arms have both outer angles bordered by a strong, thick
marginal membrane about an inch wide. The arms are all more or less
trapezoidal in form, and taper to very slender tips. When examined by
me they had already lost nearly all their suckers. A few remained near
the base of one of the arms of the third pair. These were 25""" (1 inch)
in diameter, with the aperture IS.S'"" (.62 inch) across; the denticles on
the outer border of the marginal ring were broad -triangular, acute, and
strongly incurved, much larger than those on the inner margin.

Of the detached suckers, I have been able to study with care 18 speci-
mens from the sessile arms. Part of these are represented only by the
horny marginal rings. The three largest difi'er f^om the rest in having
, the denticles less incurved and more nearly alike all around the margin,
those on the inner edge being only somewhat smaller and more slender
than those on the outer margin, while the rings themselves are less ob-
lique and eccentric. These probably came from the basal half of the
lateral arms. The other suckers all belong to one type, like those seen
npon the third pair of arms, described abovo They differ, however,
very muqh in size, in the number of denticles, and in the presence or
absence of more or less perfect denticles on the inner margin, this, in
the smaller ones, often being without any distinct denticles whatever;
the horny rings are very oblique and the aperture eccentric. Suckers
of this kind probably originally occupied the entire length of the ventral

SRIES. [44] m 1^45 J cepiialopods of northeastern coast of America.

[at prolonged
otherwise re-
by me several
d shrunk con,-
r after it hi \

a sketched by
)sterior tip to

}h, was about

nger ones con-
Harvey found
335«» (11 feet)
len first exani-
re longer than
iitilated at the
heir length, so
arms (or third
rcumference of
erably greater
thes, the latter
jumference (17
ir of arms.
i strong, thick
kU more or less
1 examined by
remained near
e 25""" (1 inch)
le denticles on
lar, acute, and
largin.

I care 18 spedi-
ed only by the
rest in having
ad the margin,
I more slender
res are less ob-
sal half of the

ike those seen
iffer, however,
le presence or

largin, this, in
eles whatever;

trie. Suckers

of the ventral

arniH and the distal half or the other arms. The diameters vary from
8""" to li4"™ external! v; the apertures from 31)""" to liO""".

One of the most y:fect of these suckers (ft) is preserved in alcohol,
with the soft parts (Plate IX, flgs. 5, 0), and was sent to me from New-
foundland by Mr. Harvey. This has the greatest external diameter
22'""'; diameter of aperture, lO™"'; height of cup (outside), 16""; height
t center, 15"""; height near inner margin, at attachment of pedicel, G"""";
ength of pedicel, 14"""; diameter of pedicel, 1.5""". In a side-view the
lucker is oblique and gibbous ; the lower surface is convex centrally, but
as a deep notch or pit near the ft'ont margin, in the bottom of which
e slender but strong pedicel is attached, and the horny ring has a
corresponding notch ; the outer or back portion is much swollen and
produced downward and backward, and here the homy ring is corre-
lipondingly high. The aper.ture is nearly circular, but is rather shorter
■ ||from front to back than transversely. In this and some of the other
iuckers of similar size the entire circumference of the margin is ftir-
ished with rather large, sharp denticles, which are -strongly inclined
nward and considerably larger on the outer than on the inner margin,
here are about thirteen of the large teeth, occupying rather more than
alf the circumference ; these are broad at base, beveled ofT to an acute
ge on the sitles, and somewhat acuminate, with sharp tips. Those on
e middle of the outer border point inward to the center of the sucker,
ut those along the sides point rather obliquely to the front margin,
he front margin is occupied by about seventeen smaller, unequal,
cute denticles, those in its center the smallest and most regular ; these
re acute-triangular and their points are directed more upward than
hose of the opposite edge. The horny rings are light* yellow (when
ried they are white and osseous), their denticles yellowish white, and
ften silvery white and lustrous at tip and along their edges, especially
hen dried. The large suckers of this form I refer to the basal half of
he lateral and dorsal arms. The suckers smaller than the above have
ewer of the larger outer teeth, and usually fewer and less perfectly
bnned teeth along the front margin. Those that have the aperture
or less in diameter usually have the front margin of the ring only
regularly fissured, with the intervals minutely denticulate or crenulate,
hile the outer half of the margin may bear nine or ten large and well-
ieveloped denticles, with broad, stout bases and sharp edges aid lipuj
e edges of these teeth along the middle are usually convex, and tiioii
e outline is incurved to the acute point. One of the smaller suckers
xamined has the aperture about 4.5"'"' in diameter, with the same form
s the larger ones ; this has about six largo, sharp denticles, like those
bove described, on the outer half of the margin of the rings, while the
ont margin is nearly entire and smooth. The smallest one (j) is simi-
lar, with but four distinct large denticles, with another imperfect, lobe-
ike one on one side, and with a smooth front margin. These probably
ame from the distal half of the various arms.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FI81I AND FISHERIES. [46]

The three largest HuekerH (Plate IX, fig. 0), HiippoHed to be from near
tlie ba.se of the lateral arms, have about 45 marginal denticles, of nearly
uniform Hi/e, and less incurved than in those above described. In these
the back side of the horny ring is less expanded, and therefore the
suckers were less oblique than in the smaller ones. The largest of these
(rt) had the aperture 20""" in diameter.

Mfnaurementa o/Huvkerit of short arntH {in millimetera).

TriiiiMvcrno diameter, outnide .
])iHnii-t«T of aperture, inside . .
Hiuht iif liuruy rinfi, W-.k Hide,
Uijfht of homy ring, front iil«l»
Niiinber of luriiu doutivleM ....
XiiiiilwrMif Binall dentii-leH

24
20
10
6
2.1
22

21
10.. -5

13
17

«.

8.S
12
10

20
»

12
8

H. 5
11

»
12

H
11

2.6
12
15

7
U

.t
10

9.S

8.5

1.5

The long tentacular arms agree very closely with those of A. Harveyi
(No. r>) in form and in the arrangement of the suckers on the 'club.'
When fresh they measured 914.4 " (30 feet) in length, with a circumference
of abor.l 12.7 "" (5 inches), except at the enlarged club, which was
20.32 "^ (8 inches) in the miudle. But when first examined by me they
had shrunk to 731.5"" (24 feet) in length, and the circumference of the
slender portion was 9"" to 10"" j that of the club was 15.24'^'" (6 inches).
At that time the club was 77.47"" (30.5 inches) long; that portion bear-
ing i-he larger suckers was 48.26™ (19 inches); the wrist or portion bear-
ing the smaller and partly smooth-rimmed suckers and tuber'' was
15.24 "" (6 iu^'hes) long; the terminal portion, bearing small den1 ed

suckers, was 22.80""" (9 inches) ; the breadth of the front of the cIud was
7.62 '" (3 inche^. The terminal portion had • a strong emna-like mem-
brane or crest along the back, and was here 5™ (2 inches) wide from
front to back.

The large suckers (Plate IX, figs. 1, 1 a) of the tentacular arms are
nearly circular in outline, and are broad, depressed, little oblique, con-
stricted just below the upper margin, and then swelled out below the
constriction to the base. The calcareous ring is strong, white, and so
ossified as to be somewhat rigid and bone-like. The margin is sur-
rounded by numerous (about 45 to 50) nearly equal, acute-triangular
teeth, sometimes separated by spaces equal to their breadth, at other
times nearly in contact at their bases ; their edges are so beveled as to
be sharp, while there is a triangular thickening in the middle of each
at base. A wide, deep, and concave groove extends entirely around the
rim a short distance below the margin ; below this the lower part of the
rim is somewhat expanded and irregularly plicated, varying in width.
The laigesc ring examined by me measures 31"'" in its greatest diameter
externally ; the aperture is 26'""' and 23 " "" across its longer and shorter
diameters;* greatest hight or breadth of rim, 11""'; least hight, 8'""';
breadth of groove, 1 .5"'" to 2'"'".

• * This specimen is somowhiit warped by drying, so that tlio aperture is not bo cir-
cular as when fresh.

:RIF,S. [46] ■[*- . J CEPITALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

be from near
lc8, of nearly
ail. In these
thcrelbre the
•gest of these

s
.....

0.S

8.5
S

1.5

»f A. Harveyi
m the 'club.'
jircumference
►, which was
tl by me they
ference of the
i"" (6 inches),
portion bear-
portion be&r-
tiibef was
deni ed

the cluD was
ina-like mem-
js) wide from

liar arms are
oblique, con-
)ut below the
Rrhite, and so
irgin is sur-
tetriangular
dth, at other
)eveled as to

ddle of each
y around the

r. part of the

ug in width.

est diameter
and shorter
hight, 8'"™;

Tlic marginal suckers (Plate IX, flg. 10), alternating with the largo
ncH on the club, are very oblique, with the rings strong and very one-
ided, the height of the back being more than twice that of the froi»t
ii»rgin. The aperture is not circular, the outer portion of the margiiA
>eiug incurved or straight. The groove below the margin is narrov/
' iuid deep, especially on the sides, but only extends around the front
jpind sides, being entirely absent on the outer third of the circumference,
^he denticles are about 22 to 24, slender, acute, not crowded, the most
f them being separated by spaces greater than their breadth at base,
he outer ones are strongly incurved ; those along the sides are curved
forward obliquely toward the front margin, while those on the front

argin point upward and sometimes rather outward. The denticles
re of nearly equal length, but those of the front margin are both move
ilender and more acute ; they all have sharp, beveled edges antl a

ickened median ridge or tubercle. The largest ring examined was
4""" in diimieter; height or breadth of back side of rim, 8"""; of front
ide, 3.5'""".

The small suckers, covering the last division of the club, are very
iinilar to the marginal ones last described, except that they aio much
mailer and more delicate, with a narrower and less oblique rim. The
enticle.s of the inner margin are very acute, and point obliquely out-
ard and upward. Greatest diameter of the one <I .scribed, 6""" ; hight
i' back side of rim, 4""" ; of front side, 1.5""".

The small terminal group of smooth rimmed suckers, seen in No. 6,
ere not noticed, but they were not looked for specially.

To this species I have also referred the specimen (No. 13) from Grand
ank, Fortune Bay (see p. 12, where the general measurements are
iven). Fortunately, Mr. Simms was able to obtain the jaws in pretty
ood condition, and also one of the largest suckers of the tentacular

ms. These specimens were forwarded to me by the Rev. M. Harvey,
hey had been dried, and the jaws, which were still attached together
y the ligaments, had cracked somewhat, but all p3<rts were present
ixcept the posterior end of the palatine lamina, which had been cut or
roken off. Although these jaws had undoubtedly shrunken consider-
ibly, even when first received, they were afterwards put into alcohol

d have since continued to shrink, far more than would have been

ticipated, so that, at present, the decrease in some of the dimensions
(mounts to 20 per cent., while even the harder portions have decreased

om 5 to 10 per cent, from the measurements taken when first received
ly me.* Wlien first received, in 1875, the upper mandible measured

' Thoro is no reason to suppose that the shrinkage has been any more in this case
iau iu the others, but I have not had an opportunity for making comparative meas-
rements from the same specimens when recently preserved, and again after long

preservation in alcohol, except in one other instance (No. 5), in which a similar

|hrinkago was evident. (See table of measurements, p 22.)

re is not so cir-

EEl-ORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

[48]

111'"'" in total Light or breadth; 88"'™ from tip of beak to anterior end
of palatine lamina ; 20""" from tip of beak to the bo+tom of the notch.
The lower mandible measured 93™"' in total length; 80""" from tip of
beak to inner end of alas ; 19"'" from tip to bottom of notch.

At the present time (January, 1880), the breadth of the upper man-
dible is about 90" "" ; from tip of beak to anterior end of palatine lamina
(at junction with anterior edge of alae), 89'""' ; tip of beak to bottom of
2otcb, 19"™ ; breadth of palatine lamina, flS™"" ; beak to posterior end
of frontal lamina, 90"'"'; beak to posterior lateral edge of alse, 43"^;
notch to end of anterior edge of alae, SS""™ ; notch to end of hardened
or black portion of same (proper cutting edge), IT™""; transverse
breadth at notches, 16""". The lower mandible measures, in length,
82"'"' ; beak to inner end of alae, 67™"' ; to bottom of notch, IS"™ ; breadth,
alae to mentum, TS"™ ; end of aJae to outer side of gnlar lamina, 84"™" ;
inner side of gular to mentum, 50™™ ; breadth of gular, 44™™ ; breadth of
alse, anterior to posterior edge, laterally, 29™™ ; tip of beak to posterior
ventral end of mentum, 33™™ ; tip to posterior lateral border of alae, in
line with cutting edge of rostrum, 45'"'" ; posterior lateral border of alae
to end of gular, 40™™; depth of notch, 3'"'"; breadth of tooth, 8'""";
notch to end of cutting or hardened edge of alae, 20™ " ; to inner end of
alae, 55™™ ; breadth transversely, across teeth, 16""". (See also the fol-
lowing table of measurements of jaws).

The beak of the upper mandible is sharp, strongly and regularly
curved, mo<st so near the tip : a radial ridge runs from the notch to the
lateral borders of the aid? ; the anterior or cutting edges of the alae are
souiowhat convex and irregularly crenulate. The lower mandible has a
sharp beak, with a shght notch close to the tip ; the cutting edges of
the rostrum ar«»- otherwise nearly straight ; the notches at the base are
deep and narrow V-fhaped. The teeth are rather prominent, obtuse,
slightly bilobed at the summit ; the one on the right side of the mandi-
ble is more prominent than the other, owing to the fact that the edge
of the ala, beyond it, is more concave in outline. There is also a broad j
and slightly prominent lobe in the middle of the anterior edges of the
alee. The sides of the rostrum are strongly excavated toward the base
and around the notches, and radially striated. The jaws are darkj
brown, becoming blackish toward the tips.

lES. [48] Ji 49] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTIIEASTEItN COAST OP AMERICA.

Comparative measurmstiia of jawa {in incUea).

upper man-
atine lamina
to bottom of
►osterior end
►f al», 43™'";
of hardened
; tmnsverso
8, in length,
jmm. i)readth,
lamina, 84"™ ;
"; breadth of
k to posterior
ier of ahe, in
border of alje
,f tooth, B'"";
3 inner vend of
I also the fol-

^ud regularly
e notch to the
jf the alse are
landible has a
tting edges of '
t the base are
inent, obtuse,
of the raandv
that the edge
8 also a broad
edges of the
ard the base
,ws are dark

UPrBR UANDIBLB.

engtb, btiak to end of palatine

Ireatest breadth, palatine to frontal

Ireatest transverse diameter

Qner end of al» to dorsal end of frontal. .

lip of beak to same

^p to anterior end of palatine lamina. . . .

Jp to bottom of notcli

Mtcli to end of anterior edge of ale

ansverse breadth at T^otcE

ansverse breadth between edges of aln

eadth of palatine lamina

ad of palatine to edge of fhintal lamina

ak to posterior edge of alae, laterally. . .

2.00 +

LOWEIl HAN'DIULE.

lotal length. Iicak to end of gulor

lentuiu to inner end of ulte

otal breadth, gular lamina to end of alic

'eadth of t^ulor lamina

tttcrior e<lge of aloe to end of gular

lamina

|p of beak to cud of nienturi, medially.

.1 to end 01 gulur lamina, medially

cadtl'. of ala;, laterally '.

^d o: Kular lamina to tutt), laterally

1 of beak to bottom of notch 62

I to posterior edge of ala;, laterally 1. 67

I to inner end of alai 2.33

Ip to inner angle of gular lamina 1. 20

Btch to inner angle of alaj ; 1. 92

fepth of notch I .12

yadth of tooth in front of notch j .30

^read of jaws between teeth

A. Harveyi.

8.S5
2.49 +

2.37 +

Vra"'
"."eo""

■S'S

2.M

2.06

3.44

A. princeps.

3.85

2.60

2.55

.61
tlO

1.18

.68

2.63

1.70
2.20
1.40

2.55
2.6a
1.50

2.45

.85
1.85

.03 +
1.50

.60

1.50 +
2.10 +
1.18
1.77

.12

8.50 +
1.45
8 +
3.40 +

.75
1.15

2.32
3.15
1.05 +

3.03

1.30 +

.67

.15
.35

1.75

3.15
1.68
2.37
1.50
1.60
.80
2.20

4.50

3.07
.81

3/5 +
d.64 +
1.15
2.06 +
.X17

.76
V30

.63
1
2.30

.77

1.85

.15
.32
.60

3.45

1.70

3.24
3.08
3.32
1.74

2.68

1.31

2.40

1.15

1.58

.71

1.78

2.67

1.28

2.17

.12

.32

.64

5.25
3.68

3.76
3.62

.75
1.50

.69

3.75
'3." 88

3.25

1.63

1.75

.87

2.75
.13
.38

' K08. 1 and 10 had been dried for many y "ars. All the others had been preserved In alcohol— Nos. 4
d 13 for several years ; No. 5 about one year ; !No. 14 tor only a few days. Tho amount of shrinkage
icoDsiderablc in those i)re8erved long in alcohol or dried.

Comparalire measurementa of Architduthia Hcrveyi and A. princepa (i/i incliea).

No. 5.
A. Harveyi.

No. 2.
A. Harveyi.

No. 14.
A. princepa.

r<i8li.

al length, to tips of short arras ' 166 ?

allcngtli, to tipsof tentacular arms j 382)

Mil liiise of ariiiM to tip of tail 92?

•til luise of arms to origin of ilns ! 75?

nl, from base of anus to niantlo (ubovri) 1 10 (

py, e(ljj;e of niuiitle to lip of tail (»bove) 82

11)1 (ail to iuseltieii of flu 1 Igf

mUli of eiuulal tin ^...i 22

bill iiiil of liuily to outer angle of llu '.'..'... 27 {

but eilge or (111, outer anslo to side of body I 2

Tiiiuleicuee ot bitdy ', gg

Biliii leieiiee of head !!.!!!!!..!!!!!!".'."'

Ik< li of tcudieiilar arms ..""!!!!!!!!'..! i i .! gg' "

liilh of Hutkoi-boariug portion '• ,•)()

h«lli of uons^l hriiiH (liist pair) , 72/

SKtIiot lalenl aiii-s (aeroml pair) J 72/

llUlli or l.ile'alariun (thiril pair) 72 (

ti^thot veutral aniiH (fourtu pair) ] 72

leumler<'iie.)of llistiiairof annM, at baijo i 7

r< iinilev'^.e ot'-Kcoud i>air of arms, ut base b

|eiiiiilereiiee ol second pair. 3 feet from bfl80

Tre-
sorved.

Fn-sh.

Pre-
served.

I Fresh.

«tO

loot

161

348 f

■|-

360

132

Pro.

served^

212
372

24.1

6'J

280

30.:

100

120

9.50
7.00

+
+
+

!■■■

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [50] | [51
Comparative meaaurementa, ^c. — Continued.

Circumference of third pair, at bade

Circnmference of third pair, 3 feot from base. . .

Circumferenco of fourth i)air, at base

Circnmferenco of fourth pair, 4 feet from base .

Circumtcrcnce of tentacular arms

Circumference of terniin.il club of game

Diameter of largest sucker of tentacular arms .

Diameter of largest sucker of sess.lo arms

Aperture of latter

DETAILH OK TE.NTACLLAU ARMS.

Length of ' club ' or expanded portion

Of part of club bearing 24 largest suckers

Of 'wrist' or part witli group of small suckers.

Of terminal nart, with small suckers

Breadth of club in middle

Breadth of wrist

Breadth of slender middle portion

Breadth of tip, from front to back

Circunifereuco of club

Circumference of wrist

Circumference of middle port ions of arm

IMstaneo between jxMlicels of large suckers

Distance between pedicids diagoually

DKTAILS OF SUCKERS OF CLUn.

Largist suckers, diameter in middle

Largest suckers, diameter of homy ring

Diameter of facets around suckers

Largest suckers, hight Irom attachment

Largest suckers, length if pedicels

Lfirgest suckers, iight of ring

Secondary suckers, next t') wrist, d'ameter .

Harginiil suckers, diameter nf rings

Marginal suckers, hight of r.ngs, outer side.

Sessile suckers of wrist, dia'ueter

Suckers of terminal section, diameter

No. 6.
A. Harveyi.

No. 2.
A. Harveyi.

Fresh.

3.75

Pre-
served.

7.6

2I-3J

1.25

2.75

4.5

LIS

.84
.68

14
7
D

1.5
1.6
1.15
1.75
4.5
5

2i-3J
1.15
1

1.15
.92

.40
.32
.24
.40
.28
.12

i-A

Ko. 14.
A. prinoepa.

Fresh.

4
6
L28

2.5
2.6

Pre-
served.

1.25

27
14

1.68
1.32

1.28

2.5

1.5

Fresh.

5
8.
1.25
1
.80

Pre-
served.

1.5
5.5
6

3Mi
1.44
1.31

1.24

1.40

.48

.28

1.25
1.15

11.25

9
10

8.5

1
.80

30.5
19

1.5

34-4

1.15
1.25
.75
.50
.42
.44
.60
.35

The dried sucker from the tentacular arm appears to have been one
of the largest (Plate IX, fig. 11). At the present time the transverse
diameter of the ring, outside, is 28"""; diameters of the edge, 24""" and
22"""; greatest hight of the ring, including denticles, 9.5'""", least hight]
on inner side, CS"""'. There are forty-eight marginal denticles, which
are nearly the same in size and form all around. They are narrow,
triangular, acute, with the edges beveled, sharp, and with a cent»*al,
thickened, triangular ridge on the outside. The ring is white, hard,
smooth, and osseous in appearance.

Of the other specimens enumerated in the first part of this paper, it
is probable, judging from the proportions giyen, that Nos. 16, 18, and
19 also belonged to A. princeps. Nos. 18 and 19 appear to have been
much larger than any of the examples of which portions have been pre-
served, and it was very unfortunate that the persons who secured them
did not know their value, for they were both found within a few miles of
the settlement at Little Bay Copper Mine, on the south arm of Notre
Damo Bay, and could easily have been taken to Saint John's.

n, p.

ES. [50] I [51] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Observations on Hie specimens described from foreign localities.

Ko. 14.
A. prinoepa.

Fresh. ,

Pre-
erred.

11.25

e.5

1.25

.80

30.5

1.5

1.25

1.15

1.25

.75

.50

.42

.44

.CO

.35

ive been one ]

le traHSverse I

ge, 24""" and

; least liight

icles, which

are narrow,

h a central,

white, hard, I

Ihis paper, it
). 16, 18, and
have been I
Ive been pre-
lecured them I
1 few miles of I
rm of Notre I

.'8.

A.— Atlantic ocean species.

We are largely indebted to Professor Steenstrup and to Dr. Harting for
our earliest knowledge of the specimens preserved in European museams^
or cast ashore on the European coasts. Professor Steenstrup* has given
accounts, compiled from contemporary documents, of a specimen taken
at Malmu, Sweden, about 1546 or 1549, and of two specimens of huge
Cephalopods cast ashore at Iceland, in 1639, and November or Decem-
ber, 1790.

The specimen of 1790, described in the MSS. of Svend Paulsen, 1792,
had tentacles 3 fathoms long; the body (with head) was 3^ fathoms
long. That of 1639, described in Olafsens og Povelsens Reise til Island,
ii, p. 716, was 4 to 5 fathoms long.

In the article published in 1857, be also briefly mentioned a specimen
cast ashore at Jutland, December, 1853, of which the jaws were pre-
served, and on which he then based the species Architeuthis monachus;
and another specimen, which he named Architeuthis dux, taken by Capt.
Vilh. Hygom in the Western Atlantic. He has also since described and
flguredt the jaws of the specimen of Architeuthis monadiits obtained at
Jutland in December, 1853.

In the same memoir, of which I have seen only the first few pages, there
are references to a description and figures of "A. Titan,''^ obtained in
1855 by Captain Hygom in north latitude 31°, west longitude 76°. The
j latter specimen appears to be the same as that referred to in 1856 as A.
I dux, and the same that Hartingf mentioned, under the name ^^Architeu-
this (lux Steenstrup," as collected at the same time and place, ;nid of which
I be published an outline figure (see our Plate XII, fig. 4) of t lower jaw,
I copied from a drawing furnished to him by Steenstrup.

Harting states that the pen or 'gladius' of this specimen is 6 feet

[long. Many important parts of this specimen were secured, and I

regret that I have been unable to see the figures and description of it,

referred to by Harting as forming part of Professor Steenstrup's unpub.

lisbed memoir. But to judge by tbe outlftie figure given by Harting, it

I is a species quite distinct from those described by me. The lower jaw

'Meddelelse om tvendo Kiasmpestore Blijekaprutter, opur-«^'no lfi39 og 1790 ved
I Islands Kyst, og oin nogle andre uordiske Dyr. Ftirhaudlinger Skandinaviske Natur-
IforakercB, v, pp. 950-957, 1847, Copenhagen, 1849.

Oplysninger om Atlanter colossule Bltekspruttor, Forliandlingcr, Skand. Naturf.,
1 1856, vii, p. 182, Clirlstiania, 1857.

tin a paper, of wbicli I have seen some proof-sheets, given by him to Dr. Packard,
I entitled "Spolia Atlantica." This mcuioir has not been published. The plate (1)
Itbat I have seen is marked "Vid. Selsk. Skrifter, V. Raskke, natnrv. og mathem.
lAfd. iv Bind;" and there are references to three other iilatcs, illustrating "A, Titan,"
l&c.

} Description de qnelqnes fragnuuits de deux C<^phalopode8 gigiintesqucs. Publi^cs
|iar I'Acaddmio Royale des Sc.iitnces h Amsterdam. 1860. 4to, with three plates.
I(Verh. K. Akad. Weten., ix, 1861.) The figures have been partly copied in Tryon'a
iManual of Conchology, i, plates 60 and 86.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [52] I [5I

resembles that of A. Harvey i more than A.prineeps, aud is a little larg'^r
than that of our Ko. 5. The beak is more rounded dorsally, less acute,
and scarcely incurved ; the notch is narrow, aud the alar tooth is not
prominent.

M. Paul Gervais, in the Journal de Zoologie, ix, p. 90, 1875, gives a
short description of this species, based apparently on the proof-sheets
and unpublished plates (not seen by me) of Steenstrup's article referred
to above. He describes it as follows: A large species, of which a frag-
ment of an arm preserved in the Museum of Copenhagan is nearly as |
large as the arm of a man. The sucker-bearing surface of the arm is
extended bilaterally into a membrane exceeding, on each side, the arm
Itself. Diameter of the opening of the suckers 0.020"" ; of the suckers
themselves 0.030"*. Length of the dorsal bone (pen) 2*"; breadth [long-j
ueur, by error], measured in the middle of its length [longueur], 0.17™.
He refers to Steenstrup's Plates III and IV.

In a letter to the writer, dated September 4, 1875, Professor Steen-
strup states that, in addition to the specimens above mentioned, there |
are, in the museum of the University of Copenhagen, two complete speci-
mens of ArchiteuthiSy preserved in alcohol. Both are of comparatively!
small size. One, from the northern coast of Iceland,* he refers to A. \
monachus. It has tentacular arms 10 feet long, and sessile arms 4 feet j
long. The other is a Still smaller one, from the warmer parts of the J
Atlantic, possibly the young of A. dux.

It is evident, therefore, that at no distant day most of the remaining |
doubtful points in respect to the structure and relationship of the spe-
cies of this genus can be cleared up by Professor Steenstrup, even ifj
additional specimens should not be obtained.

The publication of Professor Steenstrup's detailed memoir upon thisl
genus would give great pleasure and satisfaction to all students of thisl
class of animals. His thorough knowledge of the group, and his numer [
ous and important investigations of the Gephalopods, published duringj
many years, will give special value to his conclusions.

Harting, in the important memoir referred to, describes specimens ofl
two species, both of which are apparently distinct from all the Newj
foundland specimens enumerated by me.

The first of these (his Plate i) is represented by the jaws and buccal!
mass, witli the lingual dentition and some detached suckers, prescrvedl
in the museum of the University of Utrecht, but from an unknown localT
ity. These parts are well figured and described, and were referred toj
Architeuthis dux by Harting. The form of the lower jaw (see Plate XIJ,|
fig. 1) is unlike that of A. dux, for the beak is very acute, the cut!
ting edge is concave, the notch shallow aud broad, and the alar tootlj
is somewhat prominent. The size is about the same as our No. 5. Tbej
suckers (Plate XII, fig. 2 a,2h) are from the sessile arms, aud agree!
pretty nearly with those of A. Harveyi, The edge is strengthened bj[

*Thi8 one ib referred to by Dr. Packard, Amer. Nuturalitil, vol. vii, p. 94, 1873.

1^, a, I

mES. [52] I [53] cephalopods of northeastern coast of America

an oblique, strongly denticulated ring, which, it all the suckers figured,

including both larger and smaller ones from the short arms, has regular,

acute, subequal denticles all around the circumference, in this respect

agreeing with A. Harveyi. The internal diameter of the largest of these

suckers is .75 of an inch ; the external 1.05 inches. They were furnished

with slender pedicels, attached obliquely on one side. The lingual teeth

I (see Plate XII, fig. Ic, copied from Harting) are in seven regular

(rows, and i'esemble closely those of Loligo. On that account mainly, in

la former paper, I proposed to designate it by the name of Loligo Hart-

lingii. But since that time I have been able to study the dentition of the

Ispecies of Architeuthis and Sthenoteuthis, and now refer Harting's spe-

jcies to Architeuthis, without hesitation, although the dentition is poorly

Iflgured. Professor Stccnstrup, in a letter to me subsequent to the pub-

llicatiou of my former papers, also expressed the opinion that Harting's

jspecimen belongs to A. monachus. If distinct, however, as is possible,

|it may be called Architeuthis Hartingii.

The other species described by Harting was from the Indian Ocean,
jand belongs to the genus Unoploteuthis (Plate XII, fig. 4, jaws).

In this genus there are large, sharp, curved claws (see Plate XV, figs.
1-5, a, h)j both on the club of the tentacular arms and on the sessile arms,
|in place of the suckers of ordinary squids. The teeth of the odonto-
iphore, in Harting's species, are remai'kably small and simple (see fig.

5, c, d, after Harting). As this species does not appear to have had a
|special name, I propose to call it Unoploteuthis Hartingii.

D'Orbigny* gave the name Enoploteuthis Molince to a large species, of
I which the body was estimated to be about 4 feet long, found floating
land mutilated in the South Pacific, south latitude 30° 44', west longitude
jllOo 3i ', by Banks and Solander, in 1709, on Captain Cook's second
jvoyqge Of this, fragments are preserved in the Museum of the College

)f Surgeons, London.t
A similar species, perhaps based on the same specimen, was recorded
|by Molina, from off the coast of Chili, as Seppia unguiculata.

Lieutenant Bouyer, of the French steamer "Alecton," encountered a

luge Cephalopod, in November, 1860, between Madeira and Teneriffe.

[t3 body was estimated to be between 15 and 18 feet in length. A long
land laborious attem^it was made to capture it, and a slip-noose was

passed around the body, but on attempting to hoist it on board, the vope

cut through the soft flesh and the tail alone was secured. A slreich of

the animal was made by one of the officers.
Thf* original account of this occurrence, given in the Comptes-K43ndus

)f the French Academy of Science for 1861, is as follows:
M. Flourens read the following report made to the minister of the
larine by M. Bouyer, lieutenant commanding the "Alecton."J

* Histoiro Nat. des Cdphalopodes Acdtabulifbres. p. 339, 1845.
t See also Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, i, p. 529.
tComptes-Rendus Acad, of Sciences, vol. liii, p. 1263. For the following transla-
tions I am indebted to Mr. Sanderson Smith.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF PISH AND FISHERIES. [54] ■ U

* " Sainte- Croix de T&NtRWVE,

^^^Aleeton,^ December 2, 1861.

"Monsieur le Ministre: I have the honor to inform your excellency
that I anchored at T6n6rifife the Ist of December, at eight o'clock in the |
morning.

"From Cadiz to T^n6riflfe, that is to say, firom the 27th of November
to Ist of December, I have encountered the most favorable weather;
thus, making use of my sails, setting the safety-valve at 0.30 — in a word, |
economizing fuel as much as possible, I have been sometimes able to re-
duce the consumption to tons a day, going to 7 or 8 knots, with a |
moderate breeze from the northeast.

"A singular incident has marked my voyage. On the 30th of Novem- !
ber, 40 leagues from T6n6riffe, Jit two o'clock in the afternoon, I encoun-
tered a monstrous animal which I recognized for the gigantic cuttle-fish
[poulpe geant], the contested existence of which seems to ha^e been
consigned to the realm of fable.

"Finding myself in the presence of one of these strange beings that I
the ocean sometimes produces from its depths as if to offer defiance to j
science, I resolved to study nearer by, and try to gain possession of it.

"Unfortunately, a heavy swell, taking us on the side, caused the 'Alec-
ton' to roll irregularly, and interfered with the evolutions, whilst the I
animal itself, though almost always at the surface of the water, nioved
itself with a kind of intelligence, and seemed to wish to avoid the vessel. [

"After several encounters, which permitted only of its being struck by
several balls, I succeeded in approaching near enough to place a har-
poon in it, as well as to get a running noose around it. We were pre-
paring to multiply the fastenings when a violent movement of the ani- 1
mal caused the harpoon to come out; the part of the tail where the cortlj
was fastened broke off', and we brought on board only a fragment, weigh-
ing 20 kilograms [about 44 pounds].

"We had seen the monster near enough to make an exact painting of j
it. It is the giant squid [encornet], bu^ the form of the tail seems toj
make of it an undescribed variety. It seemed to measure 15-18 feet toj
the head, shaped like a parrot's beak, and enveloped by 8 arms, from I
5 to 6 feet long. Its appearance was frightful, its color a brick-red, and!
this half-formed being [Stre 4bauchd], this colossal and slimy embryo, hasj
a repulsive and terrible appearance.

"Both officers and men begged me to have a boat lowered and to goj
and seize again upon the animal and bring it alongside. They would,]
perhaps, have succeeded, but I feared that in this hand to hand encoun-
ter the monster might throw his long arms, furnished with suckers, over!
the sides of the boat, upset it, and perhaps strangle some sailors witbj
his formidable scourges, charged with electrical effluvia.

"I thought that I ought not to expose the lives of my men to satisfy!
a sentiment of curiosity, even though thih curiosity had science for its?
basis, and, notwithstanding the fjvei of excitement which accompanies]

ai
frc

r541 I [^^1 CEPHAL0P6DS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

such a chase, I was obliged to abandon the mutilated animal, which, by
a sort of instinct, seemed to carefully avoid the vessel, dived, and passed
from one side to another when we again approached it."

The following is a translation of a letter addressed to M. Moquin
Tandon by M. Sabin Bertholet, consul of France, which was also read
before the Academy. It contains some additional particulars:

"SainteCroix de T]&n6rifpe, December 12thj 1861.

"On the 2d of November last the steam dispatch-boat 'Alecton,' com-
manded by M.Bouyer, lieutenant commanding, anchored in our har-
bor on its way to Cayenne. This dispatch-boat had encountered in the
sea, between Madeira and T6n<Sriflfe, a monstrous cuttle-fish \Poulpe\,
which was swimming at the surface of the water.

"This animal measured from 5 to G meters in length, without count-
ing its eight formidable arms, covered with suckers, which crown its
head. Its color was brick-red. Its eyes, not rising above the sur-
face of the head, had a prodigious development and frightful fixity. Its
mouth, shaped like a i)arrot's beak, might have measured [offrir]
about half a meter. Its body, spindle-shaped, but very iiuich swollen
towards the center, presented an enormous mass of which the weight
has been estimated at more than 2,000 kilograms [4,400 pounds]. Its
fins, situated at the posterior extremity, were rounded into two tieshy
lobes of very great size. It was on the 30th of November, about
half-past twelve, that the crew of the 'Alecton ' perceived this terrible
Cephalopod swimming alongside. The commander immediately stopped
the vessel, and notwithstanding the dimensions of the animal he ma-
neuvered to obtain possession of it. A running noose was arranged
in order to catch it, guns were loaded, and harpoons prepared in all
haste. But at the first balls which were fired at it the monster dived,
passing under the vessel, and speedily reappeared on the other side ;
again attacked with harpoons, and after having received several shots,
it disappeared two or three times, each time showing itself some min-
utes afterwards at the surface of the water, agitating its long arms. But
the vessel followed it continually, or slackened its speed according to the
movements of the animal. This chase lasted more than three houis.
The commander of the 'Alecton' desired, at any cost, to fl'spose of this
enemy of a new kind ; still, he did not dare to risk the lives of his sailors
by lowering a boat, which this monster might upset by seizing it with
a single one of his formidable arms. The harpoons, which were thrown
at it, penetrated into the soft flesh and came out wit^ 3ut success ; sev-
eral balls had traversed it uselessly. Howes er, > ' x-eceived one which
seemed to wound it grievously, for it immedjittely vomited a great
quantity of foam andbiood mixed, with glutinous substances which had
a strong odor of musk. It was at this instant that thoy succeeded in
seizing it with the running noose; but the roye slipped along the elastic
body of the mollusk, and stopped only near the extremity where the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [56]

two fins originate. They tried to hoist it on board. Already the greater
part of the body was out of water, when the enormous weight of this
mass caused the running noose to penetrate the flesh and separated the
posterior part from the rest of the animal. Then the monster, released
from this noose, fell back into the sea and disappeared. They showed
me, on board the * Alecton,' this posterior part. 1 send you a sufficiently
exact drawing of this colossal poulpe, made on board by one of the of-
ficers of the < Alecton.*

" I ought to add I have myself questioned old fishermen of the Cana-
ries, who have assured me that they have several times seen, in the open
sea, great reddish calamaries, 2 meters or more long, which they did
not dare to capture."

Messrs. Crosse and Fischer have, ftom the figure and this narrative
of the officers,! proposed to establish for this specimen a species, which
they named Loligo Bouyeri. The figure is imperfect, but evidently rep-
resents a ten-armed cuttle-fish, though only eight arms are shown, and
the tail is represented as truncated.f In fact, these figures and the de-
scription are not sufficient to indicate specific or exact generic characters.
The eight short arms, shown in the figure, are stout, tapered, and less
than half the length of the head and body together. It was most prob-
ably a species of Architeuthis, to judge from the caudal fin, described as
consisting of two lobes of small size. It may be designated provision-
ally as Architeuthis Bouyeri.

In a popular work entitled " Les Monstrei? Marins," by Armand Lan-
drin, Paris, 1867, tJiere is also a detailed acccuiic of this encounter,
which, while agreeing in most points with those already quoted, con-
tains some additional i>articnlars. Although it is put in quotation-
marks, and is stated to be by M. Botxyer himself, the original place of
publication is not given, ii ' I have not been able to ascertain its
origin. In this account the eyes are said to have been " flat, glaucous,
and as large as saucers [assiettes]." " The part of the tail that we had
on board weighed 14 kilograms ; it was of a soft substance, exhaling
a strong odor of musk. The part which corresponds to the backbone
[pen] began to attain a sort of relative hardness. It broke easily, with
an alabaster-white fracture. The entire animal, according to my esti-
mate, weighed two or three tons [4,000 to 6,000 livres]. It blowed
[soufflait] energetically, but I did not observe that it ejected the black
ish substance by means of which the small calamaries of Newfoundland
destroy the transparency of the water in order to escape from their
enemies. The sailors told me that they had seen to ihe south of Good
Hope poulpes similar to this, although of less size."

The description in this work is accompanied by a cut representing

* This colored drawing was shown to the academy.

t Journal de Conchyliologie, 3d ser., vol. ii, p. 138, 1862. See, also, Tiyon'sManua
of Conchology, vol. i, p. 87, pi. 69, 1879 (figure copied firom ''The Universe").

t One of the published figures, as explained above, shows ten arms andaU the other
essential characters of Architeuthia,

tIES. [56] ■[57] CEPRAL0P0D8 OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA.

the creature swimming just beneath the surface of the sea. This is
unhke either of the other two iUustrations that I have seen, but the
lorigin of this figure is not given. In the popular work " The Ocean
Iworkl," by Louis Figuier (London edition, 1869, p. 462), there is also an
laccount of this encounter, which is for the most part a translation
jfroin the original accounts given above, accompjinied by a figure which,
the author states, " is copied from M. Berthelot's colored representa-
tion of this scene." This is a very fair representation of a genuine Archi-
\teuthis, and is of especial interest, if we recollect that when this figure
ras made there was no figure extant, nor any authentic description of
the form and structure of Architetithis. The head is undoubtedly rep-
resented too large, but the form and proportion of the, body caudal fin,
irms, and tentacles are very much like those of the Newfoundland ex-
imples.

Popular accounts of this, as well as of other large Cephalopods of ear-
lier occurrence, are c<5ntained in many other general works besides those
referred to above. *

In "Les Monstres Marins" (p. 44), referred to above, there is the

|following accon.nt, inclosed in quotation marks, but without any state-

lent of the source from which it was taken :

"An American captain, whom I knew very well, in New York," says

5. H. Itdvoil, " told me that in 1836, when he was in the neighborhood

jf liucayes Islands, his ship had been attacked by a cuttle-fish, which,

stretching out its gigantic arms, had reached and dragged into the sea

two men of his crew. With a blow of his hatchet, the chief steersman

cut oft' one of its arms. This monstrous appendage measured 3 J meters

(Hi feet) in length, and its thickness was that of a man. I have seen

[his curious specimen of natural history in the museum of Mr. Bamum,

|n New York, where it is preserved, shriveled and folded on itself, in an

enormous jar full of alcohol."

Some of our older readers may, perhaps, have seen such a specimen in
iarnum's Museum, which, however, has not been regarded in thifi coun-
try as a very reliable source of scientific information on such subjects.
*ossibly this specimen, as well as the story, may have been an ingenious
Invention.

Accord 'iig to Jeffreys (British Conchology, vol. v, p. 124), a huge

'ephalopod was stranded in 1860 or 1861, between Hillswick and Scal-

foway, on the west of Shetland. "From a communication received by

^rofessor AUman it appears that the tentacles were 16 feet long, the

)edal arms about half that length, and the mantle-sac 7 feet; the man

^le was terminated by fins ; one of the suckers examined by Professor

illman was ^ inch in diameter."

Mr. Kent, in the articles t already referred to, mentions a sessile arm

* Among these popular works, of peiinanent value, containing such accounts should
be cited "The World of the Sea," translated and edited by the Rev. H. Martyn Hart,
jonddn, Cassell, Petter & Galpin, from "Le Monde de la Mer," by M. Moquin Tandon.

i Proceedings Zoological Society of London for 1874, pp. 178 and 493.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.* [58] I [gf

of a giaut CepLalopod which has been long preserved iu the British
Museum, but of which the origin is unknown. He states, in the first
article, that it is just 9 feet long and 11 inches in circumference at the
base, tapering off to a fine point. There are about 150 suckers in each of I
the two alternating,' rows, those at the base being .75 of an inch in
diameter.

In his second article he refers this arm doubtfully to Ommastrephes
*odMriiSf and gives the following description :

''The length of this arm, from one extremity to the other, is just 9
feet ; the circumference at the base 11 inches ; and from this it grad-
ually decreases, terminating in a fine point. The suckers are arranged
in two rows throughout the extent of the arm, numbering, approxi-
mately, 150 to each row, or a total of 300 to the whole organ. Forty-
three suckers only are stationed on each side in the first or proximal
half of the arm ; one hundred on each side occupy the whole length, j
with the exception of 14 inches, this smaller length including the re-
maining fifty on each side, which are very minute and crowded together. 1
The comparative distances between the suckers throughout the whole
length in each row are as follows: Between the first and second sucker, i
1^ inches ; half way up the arm, 1 inch ; at three-quarters of the entire |
length, ^ inch; and within 6 inches of the distal extremity, 4 inch.
The relative diameters of the suckers at similar distances are : At the I
base, extreme outside measurement, ^ inch; inside measurement of
corneous ring, ^ inch ; and, those suckers a little past the first few being
the largest, half way down, ^ inch outside and ^ inch iuside men«urement;
at three-quarters length, ^ inch; and at 6 inches &om the extreme
point, ^ inch outside measurement, gradually diminishing from here to |
the size of a pin's heail.

''The shape<aud structure of the suckers upon this British Museum I
specimen agree with those of Ommastrephes todarm, as given by D'Or-
bigny, corresponding also with those figured by Harting, referred by
him to the same species, and anticipated by the same authority to be |
also identical with Professor Steenstrup's ArchiteutMs dux. More mi-
nutely they may be described as hemispherical in shape, the stalk or I
peduncle being attached laterally at the base of the hemisphere, the
point of insertion of the same in the cup being marked by a conspicuous
pit-like depression. The homy ring is obliquely set, and much deeper |
at the side opposite the insertion of the stdlk ; the inner margin is ser-
rated; aad in most examples the serratures bordering the deeper side I
are considerably larger than in the other portions of the circumference;!
in some instances the serratures, except at the particular point men-
tioned, are altogether aborted, having the inner margin of the ring quite I
smooth ; in other examples, and more especially among the larger suckers, [
the teeth or serratures are equal or subequal. The average number of |
the teeth of the largest rings is twenty."

Mr. Kent, unfortunately, does not state to which pair this arm I

aiES.' [58] H [59] cephalopods op northeastern coast of America.

I the British
I, in the first
sreuce at the
)r8 in each of |
f an inch in

hnrntutrephea

ber, is just 9
this it grad-
are arranged
iug, approxi-
•gan. Forty-
or proximal
vholQ length,
ading the re-
ded together.
>ut the whole
Bcond sucker,
of the entire
mity, 4 inch.
) are : At the
asurement of
irst few being
neasurement;!
the extreme
from here to

tish Museum!
ven by D'Or-

referred by I

ithority to be |

X, More mi-

the stalk or I

nisphere, the

conspicuous !
much deeper j
uargln is ser-
e deeper side I
rcumference;]
r point men-
;he ring quite!
rger suckers,
ge number of i

lir this arm

belongs. But from his description of the two forms of suckers, it ia
probably one of the lateral arms, if it is in this respect like our young
A. Harveyi (No. 24). It evidently belongs to an ArchiteuthiSf and is
very near to our A. princep$.

In the Zoologist, London, 2d series, No. 118, p. 4520, July, 1876, there
is an article entitled "Notice of a gigantic Gephalopod {DinoteuthU
proboscideus), which was stranded at Dingle, in Kerry, two hundred
years ago. By A. G. More, F. L. 8." The article is chiefly a reprint of
the rude but interesting jMpular accounts written at the time of the
capture, and upon these Mr. More proposed to found a new genus and
species. The character which he mainly relied upon, as of generic value,
is the power of projecting the beak in the form of a proboscis. But this
is habitually done by the various common species of OmmMtrepliea, Lo-
ligo, &c., and perhaps by all ten-armed Cephalopods. There is not suf-
ficient evidence, from the published accounts, that this specimen differed
in any way from the Architeuthis monachua. It was described as 10 feet
in total length; the long arms having been mutilated, the part remain-
ing was 11 feet long, and as thick as a man's arm; the short arms varied
from to 8 feet in length, and were as thick as a man's leg, and had two
rows of large serrated suckers ; the proboscis (buccal mass with beak)
was the size of a man's fist; the beak was '' somewhat like to an Eagle's
Bill, but broader." The whole animal was said to have been as large as
a large horse. The length of the head and body together was 8 feet.

Mr. More has kindly sent me a tracing from the original figure. This
shows a broad, oval, flat body, and a small caudal fin. The body or
mantle had evidently been split open and spread out flat.

This fact is also evident from the original descriptions, reprinted by
Mr. More, m which the sides of the mantle are described as follows:
"Over this Monster's back was a mantle of a bright Bed Color, with a
Mnge round it ; it hung down on both sides like a Carpet on a table,
falling back on each side, and faced with white." The liver, according
to the descriptions, had been removed: "When it was dead and opened
the liver wayed 30 pound." The proboscis had also been removed be-
fore it was exhibited, and it is therefore very probable that the figure
and descriptions represent it as more extended than was natural.

The measurements given indicate a specimen smaller than several of
the American examples, and but little if any larger than our No. 5, from
Logic Bay.

The more important of these ancient letters are hero reproduced:

'■^Letter No. 2, from Thoma» Hoohe {Dublin) to Mr. John Wickim (Lon-
don) December 23, 1673.

" Loving Friend : I send you this onely pursuant to my former of the
Fish, which I now confirm to be as I gave you the first Account with
this addition of certainty, that knowing the man by name James Stew-
ard, and hearing two or three nights since of his being at a Printers

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FI3II AND FISIIERIE.S,

[60]

neer our houso to got tlio Lord liieutcnants Order Printed, which he
gave him for exposing what ho hath of the flsh to view, I sent, desiring
to speak with him, and he came, having then the Picture with him of
tho Fish, and ho gave me himself the full account of it, viz.

" That in the month of October last, I think alK)ut the 16th day he
was alono riding by ihe sea-side, at Diuglo-Icosh and saw a great thing
in the Sea, which drew his eye towards it, and it came just to him ; when
he discerned the horns it began to look ft-ightfully, he said he was some*
times afraid to look on it, and when ho durst look on it, it wa3 the most
splendid sight that over he saw ; The Horns were so bespangled with
those Crowns, as he calls them ; they shewed he saith like Pearls or
precious Stones ; the Horns it could move and weild about the Head as
a Snail doth, all the ten ; tho two long ones it mostly l)ore forwards, the
other eight mov'd too and fro every way ; When it came to shore its
fore parts rested on the shore, and there lay ; He got help after awhile,
and when he saw it stin'od not to fright them, he got ropes and put
them about the hinder parts, and began to draw it on shore, and saw it
stir'd not to hurt them, they grew bold, and went to pull with their hands
on the Horns, but these Crowns so bit them, that they wore forced to quit
their hold ; the crowns had teeth under every one of them, and had a
power to fasten on anything that touched them ; they moved the Horr^
with handspikes, and so being evening they left it on the shore, ai'd
came in the morning and found it dead. The two long Horns are about
one 11 foot, the other 9 ; the other 8 Horns, about C and 8 foot lon^ a
peice, and as thick as a man's arm every one of them. He hath brought
up to Dublin but two short Horns of the Crowned ones, and the little
Head, being not able to bring the rest the way is so long.

"The certainty is attested by many at the place, and is no doubt a
very certain truth, the mantle was all red on the out-side, which for the
colour sake he kept a peice of it, it was five inches thick, and white un-
der ; when they cut the Fisli it had not a drop of blood, nor scale, nor
fin, my man took a draught of the Picture which I have here enclosed,
he said it was as big as any horse as ever he saw, it had no leggs.
"Your loving frir jd,

"THOMAS HOOKE."

^^ Letter No. 3, from Tiionias Clear to hia son, dated Drangon, neer Clonmell,

December 19, 1673.

"Dear Son: I did the last week write to you, which 1 hope you
have received, to which I refer yod. This inclosed paper is a form of a
strange and monstrous Fish, that was cast on shore in the County of
Kerry in Ireland, about a month since by a storm, you need not doubt
the truth of it, for I have myself seen part of it, and have one of the
Crowns by me to produce, I refer you to the paper for a relation of it ;
remember your duty both to God and man; be carefull in both, and the

[61] CKIMIALOPODS OF N0UTIIEA8TKBN fOAST OF AMERICA.

Lord direct you witli all our Dear loves to you and all friondH, coucludos
biui that i8 your very afl'ectiouatc loviug Father.

"TUOMAS CLEAB."

" The Monster Described.

<'TLiH Mouater was taken at Dingle- I-ea»li in tlie eounty of Kerry,
beiug driven up by a groat storm in the Month of Oetober last 1073;
having two heads, one great head (out of which sprung, a little head
two foot, or a yard from the great head) with two great eyes, each as
big as a pewter dish, the length of it beiug about nineteen foot, bigger
in the body than any horse, of the shape represented by this tigure,
having upon the great head ten horns, some of six some of eight or ten,
one of eieven foot long, the biggest horns as big as a man's Leg, thet
least as his wrist, which horns it threw from it on both sides; And to it
again to defend it self having two of the ten horns plain, and smooth
that were tho biggest and middle horns, the other eight had one hundred
Crowns a peece, placed by two and two on each of them, in all 800
crowns, each Crown having teeth, that tore any thing that touched
hem, by shutting together the sharx) teeth, being like the wheels of a
A^itch, l^e Crowns were as big as a man's thumb or something bigger,
that a man might put his finger in tho hollow part of them, and had in
the ji something like a pearl or eye in the middle ; over this Monster's
back was a mantle of a bright Red Colour, with a fringe round it, it
hung down on both sides like a Carpet on a table, falling back on each
side, and faced with white; the crowns and mantle were glorious to
bohold : This monster had not one bone about him, nor flns nor scales,
or I'eet, but had a smooth skin like a man's belly. It swoom by the
) ppits of the mantle ; The little head it could dart forth a yard from
tho great, and draw it in again at plesure, being like a hawk's beak
and having in tho little head two tongues by which it is thought it
1 eceived all its nourishment ; when it was dead and opened the liver
wayed 30 pounds. The man that took it came to Clonmel the 4th of
this instant December, with two of the horns in a long box with the
little head, and the figure of the fish drawn on a painted-cloth, which
was the full proportion of it, and ho went up to Dublin, with an intent
to shew it to the Lord Lieutenant." , .,. ,

^^ Letter No. 4, manuscript.

"In a Letter from a very Sober person in Dublin dated 27th of
December 1073.

"Yesterday I went to See part of the Seji Monster, which was taken
at Dingle, viz. tho two Bigg llornes and the little head, the Homes aro
iieare foure foot long, and about six inches thick towards tho Koot, and
full of little Coronetts about tho Compass of a groat, and teeth in every
one of them, they were flxt to tho Home, with a string like a Veiue, by
which I conceive they received Nourishment, lather then that the nour-

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [62]

ishment should be conveyed through them downe the Homes to the
Beast. The head was not soe bigg as my fist, the mouth and two hard
shells upon it very black and shap'd somewhat like to an Eagles Bill,
but broader; In the mouth there was two tongues, and (as the Man
declared that tooke this monster) the Beast had naturall power to draw
this head in or putt it out of the Body as necessity required."

In the Zoologist, June, 1875, p. 4502, and August, p. 4569, and in the
August number of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol.
xvi, p. 123, Mr. More also gave an account of the capture, and briefly
described the beak, odontophore, and portions of the tentacles and arms
of another specimen, taken off Boffin Island, on the west coast of Ire-
land, April, 1875. The tentacular arms are said to have been 30 feet
loug; the expanded portion, 2 feet 9 inches; the large central suckers,
nearly I inch in diameter; those of the outer rows, .5 of an inch; one
short arm is said to have been 8 feet long and 15 inches in circumference
at the base when fresh. It had small suckers without teeth on the
horny rings, on the ' wrist' of the < club' and scattered along the tentacular
arms, as do our specimens. The rounded tubercles that always accom-
pany these smooth-rimmed suckers are not mentioned, but doubtless
they were also present. The beak was 5.25 inches long and 3.5 inches
broad, dark reddish brown, " with a large tooth in both margins of the
inner mandible and a much smaller notch on each side of the out-er
mandible."

Mr. More believed this to be distinct from the Newfoundland species,
and referred it to A. dtuc, but his description agrees closely with the cor-
respondiug parts of A. Harveyi (No. 5) described by me, except in the
relatively somewhat greater size of the sessile arms at base. In this
re8])^ict, however, it is equaled or surpassed by our No. 14, and by others
of the Newfoundland examples. This may also be only a peculiarity of
the,fems»le. The measurements indicate a specimen intermediate in size
between our Nos. 5 and 14, but the description is not sufficient to indi-
cate with certaiLty to which of our species it was nearest related. A
more detailed description, with figures of the suckers and odontophore,
would probably settle this point. Mr. More supposed that the lateral
suckers of the tentacular club were larger ir his example than in A.
Harveyi, but that is not the case.

Prof. G. O. gars, in l-s recent work (MoUusca Eeg. Arct. Norvegise,
p. 377), also mentions a specimen of Architeuthis (12 feet long) cast
ashore on the Norwegian coast, at FoldenQord, in 1874. He refers it
doubtfully to "A dux Steenstrup" (from the Kattegat), by which we
should understand A. monachus, without doubt.

In "Nature," vol. xxii. No. 25, October 21, 1880, p. 585, under the
caption "An Octopus," there is an account of the stranding if a large
Cephalopod, early in October, at Kilkee, County Clare, Ireland, from a
letter of the Kev. E. T. Gabi)ett. The description, though very imper-
fect, is sufficient to show that it was not an Octopiis, but probably an

IIES. [62] fH- fi3] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN c6aST OF AMERICA.

irchiieuthis, which had lost its tentacular arms, as is often the case

fith stranded specimens. The kngth of the head is given as about 3

Ifeet, and its diameter is given as IJ inches — probably a mistake for IJ

ifeet. The more important points are as follows: "Its arms had been

[jartially broken; there were eight of them, each as thick as a. strong

lan's upper arm, and beneath each were two rows of suckers like cup-
[)ing-glasses, more than a shilling size ia circuit. When perfect, each
)f these arms miist have been from 12 to 15 feet long, and from the

jint of one nrx to that of its opposite was a length of nearly 30 feet.

le animal's length, from the inseition of its suckers to the end of its

3dy, must have been nearly 20 feet — ^perhaps looro. Its mouth, like a
jarrot's beak, was as large as two joined hands of a large man, with

le fingers outstretched. It weighed about -4 cwt.''

Examples from the Indian Ocean and New Zealand.

In the Jouri;al de Zoologie, vol. iv, No. 2, p. 88, 1875, M. Paul Gervais
las given a partial summary of the gigantic Oephalopods previously
mown, and 1 as mentioned an additional species {Architcuthis Mouchezi
^6\m\), a which portions were brought to Paris by M. V61ain, from the
island of Saint Paul, Indian Ocean, where it was cast ashore in Fovem-
ier. He also quotes the brief notice of the animal by M. Yelain (:^
;!oniptes-Rendu8, t. ixxx, p. 1002, Stance du Avril 19, 1876). It is stated
jlhat this example belongs to the same group with Ommastrephes. A
lescription and a rude figure of it, made from a photograph taken in
the position in which it lay upon the shore, ha^ also been jiublished by
|I. Velain in the Arch, de Zool. Exper., vol. vi, p. 83, 1877. The figure
las been copied in Tryon's Manual of Conchology, vol. i, pi. 82. Ac-

)rding to this figure, the tentacular arms wtjre verj long and the short
Imis were truncated, probably owing to mutilation. One of the tentacu-

IV arms was saved, and, with the beak, was preserved in Paris. The
[•audal fin was narrow and lanceolate, adhenng to the sides of the body
)y its entire length. In the latter feature this is very different from
uiy of the northern species.

In the Archives de Zool. Experimoutale, vol. vi, 1877, M Velain has
)roposed a new genus {Moucliezia) for this specimen. The peculiarity
^f the pen appears to be the only character of any special importance

jferred to by him.

Mr. T. "W. Kirk, in the Transactions of the Wellington Philosophical
Society, for October, 1879, p. 310, hais published accounts of *he occur-
ence of five specimens of " giant cutvle-fish " on the coai^t of New Zeai-
ind:

No. ] . The first of these was cast ashore at Waimarama, east coast,
|n September, 1870. Of this the beak was preserved and sent tc Mr.

[irk by Mr. Meinertzhageu, whose account of the occurrence, with a
rather crude description and some measurements made by an eye-wit-
jiicss, Mr. Kirk has prhitcd. Ue gives no description of the beak, un-

REPORT OF COMMiaSIONEll OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [64]

fortunately. The dimensions given are as follows : Length from tip of |
tail to root of arms, 10 feet 6 inches ; circumfierence, 6 feet ; length of ]
arms, 5 feet 6 inches. '< The beast had eight tentacles, as thick as a j
man's leg at the root ; horrid sucker^ on the inside of them, from the |
size of an ounce bullet to that of a pea at the tip ; two horrid goggle {
eyes ; and a powerful beak between the roots of the arms. His head ap-
peared to slip in and out of a sheath. Altogether he was a most repul-
sive looking bi;pte."

It is probable that this specimen had lost its two tentacular arms be-
fore death, and that it was actually of the same species as the other \
specimens recorded by Mr. Kirk. Mr. Kirk, however, seems to think ;
that the above description refers to an Octopod.

No. 2. " The beak of number 2 was deposited in the Colonial Museum j
by Mr. A. Hamilton. The animal was captured at Cape Campbell by |
Mr. C. H. Bobson, a member of this society, who very kindly furnished I
me with the following information. Writing on the 19th June, 1879, he j
says :

" ' In reply to yours of the 12th about the cuttle-fish, I may state that j
while stationed at Cape Campbell I found several specimens of large ff
size, all, however, more or less mutilated, except one, the beak of which j

I gave to Mr. Hamilton. It was alive and quite perfect, the body being \
7 feet long, eight sessile arms 8 feet long, and two tentacular arms 12 \
feet. I am, however, only writing from memory. Mr. Hamilton has-
the exact measurements, and I remember distinctly that the total length |
was close on 20 feet.'

" I am sorry to say that Mr. Hamilton has mislaid the notes and meas i
urements, but those given above cannot be far out."

No. 3. The third specimen was examined and measured by Mr. Kirk,
personally, where it lay on the beach. He also made a drawing of it, but
it has not yet been published to my knowledge. It was found on the
beach at Lyall Bay, May 23, 1879, by three boys. Mr. Kirk states that I
■ it had been somewhat mutilated by the natives before he saw it, and the |
pen or bone had been cut across ; but he preserved all the pieces of the I
pen, the beak, tongue, and some of the suckers. Most of the suckers :
had been torn off.

" The length of body from tip of tail to anterior margin of the mantle
was 9 feet 2 inches, and 7 feet 3 inches in circumference; the head from
anterior margin of mantle to roots of arms, 1 foot 11 inches; making the
total length of the body 11 feet I inch. The head measured 4 feet iu
circumference. The sessile arms measured 1 feet 3 inches in length, ami |

II inches in circumference. Each of these arms bore thirty-six suckers,
arranged in two equal rows (as shown by the s(!ars), and measuring from
if to 4 of an inch in diameter. Every sucker was strengthened by a
bony ring armed with from forty to sixty sharp incurved teeth. The
tentacular arms had been torn oil' at the length of G feet 2 ijiches, which |
was probably less than half their or'giiial length.

lem, from the

ERIES. [64] ■!-(]:, -j CKPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMEUKICA.

" The fins were i)osterior, and were mere lateral expansions of the
Imantle. They did not extend over the back, as in the case with Onycho-
\teuthis, &c. Each measured 24 inches in length and 13 inches in width.
" The cuttle-bone, when first extracted, measured 6 feet 3 inches in
liength and 11 inches in width, but has since shrunk considerably. It
ras broadly lanceolate, with a hollow conical apex IJ inches deep."
No. 4. "Another specimen, measuring 8 feet in length, was lately
lught by a fishing party near the Boulder Bank, at Nelson, concerning
irhich I have only seen a newspaper cutting, and have not been able to
obtain particulars." ,

No. 5. " '.- Ifth Was found by Mr. Moore, near Flat Point, east coast,
description was sent to Mr. Beetham, M. H. R., who, I believe, in-
snds communicating it to this society."

From the above descriptions it is not possible to decide with certainty
whether these specimens belong to the Architeuthis-gToxig or whether
they are more nearly allied to the Onychoteuthisgron\i, like MoroteuthiSy
for the armature of the tentacular arms is not known. The broad-
pnceolate form of the pen, with a small conical hood at the end, would
Seem to indicate affinities with Architeuthis, and the presence of true
suckers on the sessile arms, and small size of the fins, are favorable for
that \'iew. Altogether, the descriptions indicate that this New Zealand
ppecies is related to, and perhaps identical with, the one discovered at
pe Island of Saint Paul, and first named by M. V61ain Architeuthis
fouchezi. It is to be hoped that Mr. Kirk will soon give detailed de-
scriptions and figures of the portions in his possession.

otes and meas-

C. — Examples from the North Pacific.

The following species, although the specimens when found had lost

)me of their most characteristic parts, appears to be nearly related to

)nychoteuthi8, a genus having sharp claws instead of suckers on the

I club' of the tentacular arms, and a cluster of small tubercles and

imooth suckers on its 'wrist,' to unite the arms together. It probably

|s nearly related to the group Lestoteuthis, characterized below.

loroteuthiB robusta (Dall, sp.) Verrill, 1881,

Ommastreplm rohmtm (Dall, MSS.) Verrill, Amcr. Journ. Sci., Tol. xii, p. 236

1870.
Onychoteuihw {Lestoteuilm) robnuta Verrill, Trans. Couu. Acad., vol. v, pp. 195,

240^ 252, pis. 2:5, 24, 1880.

Plato XIII. Plato XIV. ''

Thi.s largo and very interesting species* was discovered by Mr. W.
I. Pali, near Iliuliuk, Uualashka Island, oil" the coast of Alaska.t He

'This is iho specioa referred to as perhaps Onychoteulhia Borgi by Mr. Dall in his
ote upon largo Cephalopods, iu the American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 484, 1873,
t The first specimen waa found by Mr. M. W. Harrington, of Mr. Ball's party, on the
hst shore of Amaknak Island, Captain's Harbor, Unaladbka, April 26,

KEJpBT OF COMMISSIONER OP PISH AND PI8HERIES. [66]

found three 8per;men8 thrown upon the beach, April 26 and May 8,
1872. He made descriptions, measurements, and some very valuable
drawings of them, while fresh. The specimens had all been more or less
mutilated by the ravens before they were discovered. He preserved the
pharynx, beak, and odontophore of No. 1, part of the * bone,' a piece
of the cauu*^^ fin, and the basal part of one of the ventral arms, with five
of the suckers adhering, from one of the other specimens (No. 2), and
has generously placed them in my hands for examination, together with
his drawings, measurements, and notes.

The parts remaining of the largest specimen (No. 3) when found had
a total - .ngth of 427*="' (ll feet), but the ends of the tentacular arms had
been destroyed; length from tail to base of tentacular arms, SGO"™ (8
feet, 6 inches) ; to front edge of mantle, 232.4' '" (7 feet, 7^ inches) ; width
across fins, 107"'" (42 inches) ; diameter of body, 45.7'^'" (18 inches) ; slen-
der basal portion remaining of tentacular arras . 55'"" (61 inches) ; their I
diameter, 6.3"="' (2.5 inches) ; short arms (ends gone), 76'="' to 102 «"• (30 1
to 40 inches) ; length of pen, 226' "' (7 feet, 5 inches).

According to Mr. Dall's note the color was reddish, in flue rpd dots I
on a whitish ground, with a darker stripe on the outer median line of
the arms. The eyes were bluish black, furnished with lids, und with a f
small sinus in front; diameter of the opening, 2.5'='" (1 inch).

The mandibles re racted into a short, yellow, puckered muzzle,
which was included in a longer, plain, proboscis-like tube, extending!
an in ih or two beyond. Siphon, short and thick.* Kegion of the eye
somewhat raised. The nuchal collar is well marked, and slightly above
it, on each side, is a raised epidermal ridge, from which three wavyj
raised crests or frills, attached at their inner edge, pass obliquely back-
ward, on each side. No cranial cartilage was observed. Mantle firm I
and dense. The neck has one median dorsal and two ventral facets, i
long, oval-shaped, with a median depressed line, but otherwise smooth!
and white ; the dorsal moves on a smooth part of the inside of the man [
tie ; the ventrals move on similar raised facets of the mantle beneathl
The caudal fin was rather broad, "lanceolate or, spear-shaped, acute atl
tip. Gills yellowish olive, with obliquely transverse laminie. Gizzard!
yellowish, the muscles laid like a coil of sx'un-yam, in layers transversej
to one another.

The pen (Plate XIII, figs. 4, !;) was gone from the first specimenl
(No. 1) and broken in the others. It was found unattached in the dorl
sal cavity. It had a th'okcncd median lib, but becomes very thin atl
the sides, and is divided by sharp, stiff ribs or folds into three longif
tudinal areas on each side (Plate XIII, fig. 6). The posterior end isl
one-sided, funtiel-ahaped close to the tip, which is inserted into a longj
round, thick, firm, cartilaginous cone, which tapers to a point posteril

* No valvo is shown in Mr. Dall's sketches.

ES. [66] I [67] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

orly. The portion of the peu (of No. 2) preserved* and forwarded to
me includes all the cone and a part of the posterior end of the quill-por-
tion, attached within the concavity of the cone (Plate XIV, fig. 7).
The anterior end of the cone is concave and very obliquely terminated,
the dorsal side extending forward some distance along the dorsal side
of the quill. The whole length of the preserved cone (doubtless mnch
shrunken by the alcohol) is 44.5'™ (17.5 inches); of the oblique anterior
termination 15.25™ (6 inches); greatest diameter 4"='" (1.6 inches). The
cone is nearly round, firm, translucent, brownish or deep amber-color,
and composed of numerous distinct concentric layers. The concavity of
the anterior end firmly embraces the remnant of the funnel of the quill,
which has numerous small costae converging to the apex ; two of the
dorsal costae are much stronger t. . the rest, forming a strong ridge
each side of the smaller median couta, which lies in a deep median de-
pression or furrow.

The tentacular arms had lost their clubs ; but the part remaining was
cylindrical, 2.5 inches in diameter. The other arms were somewhat
thicker. The few suckers remaining on them were attached by slender
pedicels, and arranged in two alternating rows ; they were furnished
with horny rims having the edge entire, except where irregularly broken
away ; those of the distal part of the arms were gone.

The portion of the arm of the second specimen preserved in alcohol

aii'l sent to me came from the base of the left ventral arm. It is 65""» in

length ; diameter from inner to outer surface, not including marginal
membrane, 45""" ; including membrane, 04'""'. It is well rounded on the
inner face, but more flattened on the upper side, while the outer surface
is broadly rounded ; the outer angle has a strong, thick marginal mem-
brane, 19""" wide (see section of this arm, Plate XIV, fig. 8, c). The
sucker-bearing surface is broad, with a slight marginal membrane along
each margin (6, ¥), rising into broad, flat, somewhat thickened, blunt
lobes alternating with the suckers. Two alternating rows of firm,
smooth, rather irregular-shaped tubercles run along the median region,
between the rows of suckers, with which they alternate, on each side.

This segment of the arm still bears five suckers, which appear to rep-
resent the first, second, and fourth pairs, though there may possibly
have been others before the first of these. They are all similar, ratner
small in proportion to the arm, round, but little oblique, decidedly con-
vex beneath, and with a rather long, slender pedicel (fig. 8, a). The
horny marginal rings are dark brown, yellowish at the thin edge, which
is entire and nearly smooth, except where broken. The largest of these
remaining suckers are 8.5'"™ in diameter outside ; aperture, 5'"™ ; height
of cup, 7""™; length of pedicel, 3™"'.

• Mr. Dall states that he attempted to dry the rest of this pen, and that of No. 3,
but they turned brown, and then black, eflfloreoced, and decomposed. Ho also states
that the pen, when fresh, was translucent whitish, and that it changed to brownish
yellow in the alcohol.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [68] I [69"

The exposed parta of the jaws are black and polished ; their internal
laminae are reddish brown, becoming translucent yellowish toward the |
margins.

The upper mandible (Plate XIV, fig. 5) has an elongated, tapered, ,
considerably incurved, and sharp rostrum ; the notch is rather narrow
and deep, and a well-developed, triangular, lateral groove runs down
fipom the notct for some distance, its upper border being in line with
the cutting edge of the rostrum. The anterior edge of the alee, so far |
as normally exposed, is nearly straight, but slightly undulated.

The lower mandible (Plate XIV, fig. 6) has the cutting edges of the I
^jstrum slightly concave, with a slight notch close to the tip, which ii|
small and incurved ; the notch at the base is broad and shallow, bor-
dered externally by a slight, angulated ridge; the exposed anterior I
edges of the alse have each two slight lobes, but are otherwise nearly
straight ; the alae are broader toward the inner end, which is obtusely |
rounded.

The lower mandible now measures, from the tip of the rostrum to the I
posterior dorsal border of the mentum, 13"""; tip to the extreme pos-
terior end of the gular lamina, 50"'"'; to the dorsal angle of the same,
33"""; tip to the inner end of the alse, 46"""; to the bottom of the notch, |
13™"'; breadth of alaj, 24'""'; transverse breadth at notches, 12""".

The upper mandible, from the tip of the beak to the end of the!
palatine lamina, is 71""" long; from tip of beak to end of frontal lamina,!
SS"""; to bottom of notch, 11'""'; length of exposed (dark) portion ofj
anterior edge of alae, 14'"".

The odontophore (Plate XIV, figs. 1-4) has a very broad, thin, mar-l
ginal membrane, yellowish white in color, becoming brown and thick I
ened toward the dentigerous portion, where there is a row of very small,!
thin lilates, bordering the outer row of teeth ; the ventral portion of the!
dentigerous band is dark brown, regularly convex, and narrowed grad [
ually to the obtuse end; the dorsal portion is considerably longer,L
abruptly bent backward, with the borders incurved, gradually decreas-l
ing to the posterior end ; on this part the teeth become much smaller!
and paler.

The outer lateral teeth, on the anterior portion, are long, &lender,L
sharp, and strongly curved ; the median ones are much shorter, witlil
a shaip, strongly curved central point, and a very small, almost rudij
mentary denticle on each side; the inner laterals are a little longer thanl
the median, with a stout incurved point ; on the outer side of its base!
there is a small denticle; the teet\ of the two outer rows, on each side,|
are simple.

Length of odontophore, from anterior bend to ijosterior tip of dorsall
end, 22"'"'; to tip of ventral end, 14"""; breadth of lateral membrane,!
in middle, 11"'"'; of dentigerous belt, anteriorly, 3""".

The following measurements ^:eTQ made by Mr. DaU from the fresh|
specimens:

RIE8. [68] I [69] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Tabic of measurcmcnta {in inches).

Ko.1. Ko. 2. No. 3.

I Total length (to mutilated ends of tontaclcd)
I £886 of arms to tip of tail (head and body) ...

I Base of arms to e<ip;e of inttntle (liead) .

I Edge of mantle to tip of tail (body)

I Length of tail-flus (insertion to tij))

I Breadth of tnil-fins

ILengthof 'pen'

iBresdth of pt^n, in middle

I Length of tentneulur arms (ends gon<0

I Length of longest '"ssile nnns (ends gone) . .

I Diameter of body

■Breadth between insertions of tins

iDiamoter of eye

6
46

13.5 +

30 +

7.5

110 +
67
6
61

33.75
25.5
60

43 +
23.5

8.5
1

167 +

102
10.5
91.5
48
42
89

12.25
61 +
40 +
18
5
1.25

The generic aflBnities of this species must be regarded as still some-
Iwhat doubtful, owing to the absence of the tentacular clubs, and most
lof the suckers of the sessile arms. The characters of the 'pen;' of
Ithe dentition, especially of the median teeth; of the nuchal frills; of
|the siphon; and of the cartilaginous facets, constituting the mantle

fostenings, all indicate that it belongs in the family TeuthidcCj near
\Onychoteuthis. But in this family there is a great diversity as to the

irraiigement of the hooks and suckers constituting the armature of the
larms. Some of these combinations are as follows:

TEUTHID^.

Sessile arms with suckers only.

Onychia. — Tentacular club with two central rows of hooks, rows of
|small suckers along each margin, and a cluster of suckers and tubercles
3n the 'wrist.' Sessile arms with smooth suckers. {Teleoteuthis V.)

Onychoteuthis (typical). — Tentacular club with two rows of hooks,
wth an apical cluster of suckers, and with a cluster of suckers and
tubercles on the wrist. (Plate XV, figs. 6, a-c.) Sessile arms with
suckers in two rows.

Ancistroteuthis (typical). — Two central rows of hooks, with proximal
ind apical suckers on the club, as in the last. Pen narro\^, widest an-
Briorly, with a long, terminal, hollow cone.

Oonatm. — ^Tentacular club with one or two central median hooks, and
^yith numerous, multiserial, small suckers, distally and laterally. Ses-
sile arms with four rows of suckers, those of the two central rows larger,

all serrate.

Sessile arms with both stickers and hooks.

Abralia. — Tentacular club with two rows of alternating hooks and
suckers in the middle, and with a cluster of suckers on the wrist and
f;wo rows at the tip. Sessile arm* with hooks on the basal portion, and
|two rows of small suckers toward the tips. Pen dilated in the middle,
looded at the tip. Buccal membrane with suckers.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [70]

Lestoteuthis (gen. uov.). — Tentacular club with numerous suckers, and
few large central hooks. Sessile arms dissimilar; lower ones with four
rows of suckers; upper, with two central rows of hooks, alternating with
marginal suckers on each side. Pen narrow, with a short, hollow, term-
inal cone. (Type, L. Kamtacliatica Middendorft', sp.)

Sessile arms icith hooks only.

Verania Tentacular club with hooks; sessile arms with hooks in two

rows. Fins large and broad. Pen lanceolate.

Acanthoteuthis. — Tentacular and sessile arms with hooks. (Fossil.)

Ancistroehirm. — Tentacular and sessile arms with hooks in two rows.
Pen lanceolate. Fins extending forward to edge of mantle.

Mnoploteuthia (typical). — Tentacular club with two rows of hooks, and
with a cluster of small connective suckers and tubercles on the wrist.
Sessile arms all with hooks, in two rows, extending to the tips. Fins
short. Pen lanceolate.

The position of Moroteuthis among the genera enumerated above must
remain uncertain, for the present, because the armature of the tentacular
club is unknown. But as it has smooth-ringed suckers on the ventral
arms, at least at the base, it is probable that the genus is more nearly
allied to the genera in the first group. But it differs very decidedly
from all those named, in the form of the pen, and in having a long, solid
cartilaginous cone, shaped like a large Belemnites, appended to its pos-
terior end. In respect to this feature of the pen, this genus differs from
all existing genera, and seems to have affinities with some of the meso-
zoic fossil genera.

In Onychoteuthis and Teleoteuthis* the i)eii has a more or less lanceo-
late form, with a small posterior hood or hollow cone, without a solid
appendix. Qonatus and Lestoteuthis not only differ from Moroteuthis in
the pen, but have four roAYS of serrated suckers on the ventral arms.

The genus Ancistroteuthis (type A. Lichtensteinii) agrees somewhat
better in the form of the pen, which is widest near the anterior end, from
whence it tjtpers back to a long and oblique, compressed, posterior,
hollow cone, but without a solid appendix at the end. It has numerous
longitudinal nuchal crests, like Onyclioteuthis.

It is not improbable that it may become necessary to establish a dis-
tinct family for Moroteuthis, when its armature becomes known. In that
case the family should be called Moroteuthidce.

LESTOTEUTHIS Verrill, 1880.

The characters of LestoteuthisEamtschatica, which I proposed to take as
the type of this generic group, are not yet fully known. The peculiari

* This name is proposed as a sabstitute for Onychia Lesueur, 1821 (^non Hubner, 1816).
The type-species is T. carribcea (Los., sp.), T. pJatyptera D'Orb. and T. Krohnii Verany
appear to be additional species. •

[71] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

looks in two

in two rows.

ties in tbo armature, both of tUo sessile and tentacular arrus, as given
above (p. 70), are quite sufficient, however, to warrant separation
IVoiii all the other genera. Its pen, as figured, also differs lioui all others
liithcrto described. It is narrowest anteriorly, gradually and slightly
exi»anding backward to the onesided, conical hood or cone, which is not
inserted into a solid terminal cone, as in Moroteutim rohusta, and tho
blade is relatively larger. The caudal fin is large, rhomboidal, and
acute posteriorly, as in the latter. The tentacular club bears two large,
abruptly curved, claw-like hooks in the middle, with numerous small
suckers around them and on tho proximal part. The length of tho head
and body of the original example was about 28"'" (11 inches).

This genus is, in the character of its armature, very much like Oonatus
Sars ; the structure of its pen appears to be similar.

Mr. Dall has described a small species (probably young) from the coast
of California, which may possibly belong to the same group. He re-
ferred it doubtfully to Onychotetithis (0. lobipennis Dall).

A large Cephalopod, referred doubtfully to Ommastrephes, lias been re-
corded from Japan and described by Dr. F. Hilgendorf.* It was taken
on the east joast of Japan, north latitude 35° to 30o. It had been split
open, salted, and partly dried, and the viscera had been removed. The
ends or clubs of the tentacles were also gone. In this condition it was
on exhibition in Yeddo. The following are the measurements given : Tii)
of tail to front edge of mantle, 186™ (6 feet, 1 inch); mantle to mouth,
about 41*^'" (1 foot, 5 inches); longer sessile arms, 197"" (6.5 feet); from
tip of tail to tip of sessile arms, 414'='"; total expanse across outstretched
tentacles, 600""; circumference of mantle (breadth as cut open), 130^^"';
length of caudal fin, 00 ""; breadth of caudal fin in middle, 45™'; breadth
of forward end of caudal fin, 28'="'; diameter of posterior tip, 1"'; tongue
of funnel, 10'='" broad, 6'"' long; eye-opening, which was oblong-oval

"' ; distance between eyes, 26
breadth of sessile arms, 11'^'"

without an obvious sinus, 19'
oval skin of lip, 12'^'" by 8'^^'";

; diameter of
of tentacles,

2'^'" to 3""; diameter of horny rings of suckers on base, 1.5'='"; height,
0.7'""'; number of denticles, 37.

The great size, and especiallj^ the length, of the caudal fin m propor-
tion to that of the mantle (^) render it probable that this was not a spe-
cies of ArcMteuthis. The form of the fin, its length exceeding its breadth,
is unlike the usual proportions in Ommastrephes and Sthenoteuthis. It
is more probable that this specimen belonged to Moroteiithis robusta, or
to some related form not yet characterized.

D. — N'ote on large species of Octopus.

Although this article relates specially to the gigantic species of ten-
armed Cephalopods, it may not be amiss to add a few lines in respect to
species of Octopm that attain large dimensions. It is certain, however,

'Mittheikingen der deutscben Gesellachaft flir Natur und Viilkerkunde Ostasiena.
Herausgegebeu von dem Vorstande, Ist Heft, p. 21, May, 1873, Yokohama, Japan.
See also American Journal of Science, vi, p. 237, September, 1873.

Ill

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FIHII AND FISHERIES. [72] I ry]

that none of the latter that have hitherto been examined by naturalists
reach dimensions to be compared with those of the species o( Architeu-
thiSy Moroteiithis rohunta, and their allies.

The common Octopus of the west coast of North America (O. ptmctatus
Gabb) is one of the largest of its tribe hitherto studied. According to
Mr. W. H. Dall,* it occurs abundantly at Sitka, and there " reaches a
length of 10 feet, or a radial spread of nearly 28 feet, but the whole
mass is much smaller than that of the decapodous Ccphalopods of lesser
length. In the Ootapus above mentioned the body would not exceed 6
inches in diameter and a foot in length, and the arms attain an extreme
tenuity toward their tips." Dr. W. O. Ayres tells me that he has often
seen this species exposed for sale in the markets of San Francisco
(where it is eaten chiefly by the French), and that specimens with the
arms or 7 feet long are common. A smaller specimen, presented to the
museum of Yale College, was over 4 feet long and weighed 14J pounds.

Prof. "VV. H. Brewer states that he has seen specimens in the San
Francisco markets which spread 14 feet across the outstretched arms.

The common Octopus vulgaris (''poulpe" or "devil-fish") of the Medi-
terranean, Bermuda, an(1. West Indies sometimes grows to a somewhat
formidable size. According to Verany, the largest one seen by him was
9 feet long and weighed 25 kilograms (Tryon). This one was captured
by a fisherman with his hands only.

A large species, perhaps the same, occurs in the West Indies. Ac-
cording to Prof. B. G. Wilder,t a correspondent, Mr. J. S. George, of
Nassau, New Providence, mentions in a letter the occurrence there of
an Octopus " 10 feet long, each arm measuring 5 feet ; the weight was
estimated at between two hundred and three hundred pounds." It was
found dead on the beach. This estimate of the weight is altogether out
of proportion to the measurements given, which would correspond to a
weight of not more than tliirty or forty pounds at the utmost.

Specimens of similar size have been recorded from other parts of the
world, while more or less fabulous accounts of more gigantic forms are
numerous, especially among the early writers. Fragments of huge
species of Octopus are said by many writers to have been vomited by
wounded sperm-whales, but no scientific examination of any of these
has been made. At present it seems most probable that all the large
fragments recorded as being vomited by sperm-whales belong to species
allied to Architeuthis.

There is no satisfactory evidence that any of these species of Octopus ever
intentionally attack man, or that any one has ever been seriously injured
by them. They are rather sluggish and timid creatures, seeking shelter
in holes and crevices among rocks. They feed mainly upon bivalve mol-
lusks and Crustacea, but will also eat fish, and may, perhaps, like lobsters
and crabs, devour the bodies of persons who have been drowned. There

* American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 485, 1873.
t AmoricuQ Naturalist, vol. vi, p. 772, 1872

JIE8. [72] ■ j-y;}] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

is j,M)()(l reason to believe tbat uiost of the suppcsed cases of Oct(^U8 at-
tiickiiij,' and (lrowniu{( persons (like that of an Indian girl of the Oregon
coast, often cited), are merely instances of accidental drowning, or sui-
«i(U's, and that the presence of an Octoptis is a post-mortem circum-
taiice. Their power and ferocity, as well as their size, have often been
excessively exaggerated.

Tart II. — Monographic revision of the Oephalopods of the
Atlantic coast, from Cap). Hatter as to Newfoundland.

The number and variecy of Cephalopods known to inhabit this coa^t
liave been very much increased within a few years, principally through
the investigation of the marine fauna carried on by the United States
Fish Commission during the past ten years. Many of the ne' ly dis-
covered species have been captured from time to time by the dredging
parties of the Fish Commission. Several very interesting new forms
have been presented to the Fish Commission by the enterprising and
intelligent fishermen of Gloucester, Mass., many of wh' m have, during
the past three years, saved and brought home at all seasons large col-
I lections of marine animals of all kinds, including a very large number
of new and strange species, of the greatest interest.* Mr. A. Agassiz,
while dredging in deep water oflt" the coast, on the Coast-Survey steamer
" Blake," last season, obtained three additional new forms, which are also
included in this revision. Descriptions of most of these new species
have already been published by the writer in various articles in the
American Journal of Science, Bulletin of the Museum of Compariaive
Zoology (vol. viii), Transactions of the Connecticut Academy (vol. v),
Land Proceedings of the National Museum (vol. iii), but many additional
|tleta.il8 and some new figures have here been added.

In this revision thirty-two species are included ; of these, two are
Iprobably extralimital. Of the thirty species of Cephalopods that we
Inow know to belong to this fauna, twenty-five have been added to it
Iwithin the past ten years; of these, eighteen species have been de-
Iscribed as new by the writer ; among these were six new genera.

Subclass DIBRANOHIATA, or AOETABULIFERA.

tCryptodihranchiata Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., vol. xxxii, p. 172, 1824.
\^la'l(tbuliferca F^rus. & D'Orb., 1835; C6phal. Ac6tab., pp. v, xxxv, 1.

D'Orbigiiy, Hist. Cuba, Moll., p. 5, 1853.
Dibranchiata Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. ii, p. 103, 1838.
\Anlepedm Graj, Catal. Brit. Mus., Moll., vol. i, p. 3, 1349.

Branchial cavity large, containing a single pair of laJ-ge, highly spe-
Eialized gills, each having a muscular branchial heart at its base. Siphon
ised in locomotion, with or without an internal valve, completely tubu-

* The number of separate lots thus brought in and presented to the Fish Commis-
sion amounts to over 900. Besides the invertebrates, many new and remarkable
Bshes are included in these donations.

KRPORT OF COMMISSIONEK OF FISH AND FISIIKRIEH. [74]

lar. Tlic interior lateral or ba.siil lobes of the siphon are flexible, and
capabhi ofactinj; as valves to close the opening of the branchial sac by
prossin}? against the inside of the mantle when it contracts. The jet ot
water thus forced throufjh the siphon by its reaction propels the ani-
mal backward or forward, or in any direction opposite to that in which
its flexible extremity may be turne«l.

Body varying in form from subspherical fo long-conical. Sides often
with fins. Mantle destitute of an external shell. The internal shell,
when present, is dorsal,* an«l may bo either horny or calcareous. Sessile
arms in four pairs, around the head, provided on the inner surface with
suckers or with hooks (modified suckers). Eyes highly developed.
Jaws in the form of a sharp, horny beak, the upper jaw shutting into
the lower oue ; jaws hollow and supported by strong internal cartiliiges.
Odontophore usually with seven (rarely five) rows of sharp teeth. An
ink-sac opening near the end of the intestine, at the base of the siphon.

The exposed surfaces of the body, tins, head, and arms contain within
the skin small sacs or vesicles tilled with bright-colored fluids of dift'er-
ent colors, but most commonly various shades of purple, brown, red,
and yellow. These vesicles aie known as chromatophores. They arc
under the control of nmseular fibers, which ai:e so attached to them
that, by contracting, they cause the chromatophores to expand into
larger, flat, and more or less round si>ots of color. By the flattening
and enlargement of the chromatophores the colored fluids are spread
out into thin layers, making them appear of lighter tints. Sometimes
the chromatophores overlap each other in several strata when expanded.
When their muscular fibers relax the vesicles coutract into minute
spherical si)ecks, and then appear much darker in color, but are more
widely separated, so that the general color is paler. By this means
all these animals are able to eftect rapid changes in their colors for
purposes of concealment, or in accordance with varying conditions of j
nervous activity. The muscular fibers of the chromatophores are con-
trolled by the nerves of the mantle, and contract by reflex action, and I
also, apparently, in accordance with the will of the creature. Their con- [
tractility often persists for some time after the death of the animal.
When freshly-caught specimens are put into alcohol the chromato-
phores expand.

* In this article, the terms used iu describing the Ibiiii and relations of parts are
those in most common use among systematic writei-s on this group of animals. No|
attempt is here made to decide the still unsettled questions in regard to the homolo-
gies of the arms and siphon with the foot or other parts of Gastropods, nor to apply I
the later views of Huxley and others as to the general axial relations of the oody,
For my present pirrposes I have thought it best to call the oral region the anterior I
end and the opposite extremity the posterior end; when the animal is in its normal j
horizontal position, the side which is uppermost is called the dorsal side and the lower!
surface is called the ventral. The prehensile organs are called sessile arms and tenta-[
onlar arms, and the locomotive tube, is called thp siphon, without reference to the|
homologies of these organs.

lES. [74] I [75] CEPIIALOPOUS OP NOBXnEASTEUN COAST OF AMERICA.

This HubduHS indudos two very imtiinil (livision.s:
J)ecrtcet'a. — lliivii)}; inside the eirclo of cij-lit seHslle nrnis, tN\o long ton-
tacular arms, with suckerH or hooks oil the di.stiil portion. Suckers pod-
loeled, and with Ijorny rims. Lody eU)n{^uted, always with lateral flns.
Ociopoda. — llavinj; oidy the eight sessihi arms. Suckers not pedi-
celed, and destitute of horny rings, liody rouiuled, rarely liuned.

Sides ofteu
ernal shell,
lus. Sessile
jurface with

developed,
hutting into
]\ cartilsiges.
I teeth. An
:' the siphon,
ntain within
ids of differ-

brown, red,
s. They are
hed to them
expand into ]
iie tlatteuing
8 are spread
Sometimes ]

lU expanded.

into minute
tut are more
tills means I

ir colors foi

conditions of |

ores are cou-
action, and |
Their con-
the animal. I

le chromato-

Order I.— DECACERA, or DECAPODA.

Decapoda Lt-ach, Zool. Miscol., vol. Hi (t. Gray) 1817 (woit Latr., lHOf>).

II. & A. AdaiiiH, fiuuoiii, vol. i, p. 25.

D'OrbiRiiy, Tabl. Mdt'i. dos C<?phal., p. r.7, 1820; Ilisf. Cuba, Moll., p. 30, 1853.
Decacrra lilaiiiville, Diet. St-i. Nat., vol. xxii, I82'l ; Man. Mai., p. 'MW, 1825.
Sephinia Gray, Catal. Brit. Mns., Moll., vol. i, p. ;J5, 1841).

Body generally elongated, often acute posteriorly. Head furnished
with ten i)rehen8ile arms, bearing pediceled suckers or hooks. Four
pairs of arras are shorter, tapering from the base, and covered with
rows of suckers along the whole length of the inner face ; the fifth pair
of arms, known as tentacles or tentacular arms, differing from the rest,
and arising from a pair of pits or pouches, are situated between and in-
side the bases of the third and fourth pairs of sessile arms, and have a
long and more or less slender and contiactile peduncular portion and a
terminal, usually enlarged, sucker-bearing portion. Beak at the end of
a protractile pharynx, surrounded with a loose outer bu(!cal membrane,
which is usually sevei^angled and united to the arms by bridles. Siphon
usually with an internal valve. Eyes movable in the sockets, with or
without lids, l^ars behind the eyes. Head united to the mantle either
by a dorsal and two lateral, free, connective cartilages or by three mus-
cular commissures. Mantle cylindrical or conical, supported by an in-
ternal dorsal, horny ' pen,' or by a calcareous internal dorsal shell or
'bone;' always with muscular flns along each side, which are usually
united posteriorly. Male with one or more t the arms hectocotylized.

This group has been divided by D'Orbigny into the following two
tribes, which are, perhai)s, more convenient than natural :

Oigopsidw. — Eyes naked in front, furnished with free lids, with or
without an anterior sinus; pupils circular.

Myopsidcc. — Eyes covered by transparent skin, sometimes with a thick-
ened fold, forming a lower lid ; pupils crescent-shaped.

OIQOPSIDiE.
V Family TEUTHID^ Owen (restricted).

Teuthidw {pars) Owou, TrauH. Zool. Soc. London, vol. ii, 1838.

Teuihidoi {parn) D'Orbigny, C6phal. Ac6tab., p. xxxvii (Introduction), p. 328, 1835-'48.
Onychoteuthidw (pars) Gray, Catal. Brit. Mus., Moll., vol. i, p. 45, 1849.
H. & A. AdamH, Genera, vol. i, p. 30.

Tentacular arms furnished with sharp horny claws or hooks, which
correspond with peculiarly and highly modified sucker-rings ; true den-

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [76]

ticulated suckers may or may not accompany the hooks; tip of arm
with a cluster of small, smooth-rimmed suckers ; proximal part of club
with a mixed group of connective tubercles and smooth-ringed suckers,
by which the arms can be fastened together and used in concert. Ses-
sile arms with hooks, with suckers, or with both. Eyes with free lids
and a sinus. Mantle united to neck by three simple, movable, con-
nective cartilages. Siphon with a valve and with dorsal bridles. Nu-
chal or alfactory crests well developed; sometimes several longitudinal
crests exist on each side. Pen thin, lanceolate, usually with a posterior
hooded portion, and, sometimes teiminated by a solid cartilaginous cone.
Odontophore in G\eloteuthis and Gonatus with only live rows of teeth,
in others with seven rows.

For a synopsis of the hitherto-described existing, genera of this
family, see pp. 69, 70.

Owen's family Teuthidic included nearly all the Decacera having homy

internal shells. As adopted by D'Orbigny, it included Ommaatrephidic

and Teuthidm.

CHBLOTEUTHIS Vcrrill.

Traus. Coun. Acad., vol. v, p. 234, Jan., 1881; Builotiu Mas. C'omp. Zool., vol. viii,
p. 109, 1881.

Allied to Enc^loteuthis, Lestoteuthis^ and Abralia, but with a more
complicated armature than either of these genera. Ventral arms with
dfcuticulated suckers, arranged in four rows ; other arms have two me-
dian rows of sharp incurved claws, (distal jortions liave lost their arma-
ture). Tentacular arms long, with broad clubs, strongly keeled exter-
nally, and with series of connective suckers and tubercles extending for
some distance along the inner surface of the arms. Tentacular club pro-
vided with a marginal row o " 'onnective suckers, alternating with tuber-
cles, along one margin ; with a central row of unequal hooks, some of them
very large ; with submedian groups of small, slender-pediceled suckers
(oi hooks) ; with marginal series of small suckers ; and with several
rows of small suckers covering the prolonged distal portion of the face.
Connective cartilages on the base of the siphon simple, long-ovate ; tha
corresponding i>roce8ses of the mantle are simple longitudinal ridges.
Odontophort> with Ave rows of teeth.

The caudal fin, pen, and many other parts are destroyed.

Cheloteuthis ranojc Verrill.

CheJoteuth IS rapax Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 234, pi. 49, figs. 1-1/
Jan , 1881 ; Bulletin Mus. Comp, Zool., vol. viii, p. 110, Cephalopoda, pi.
2, fife's. 1-1/, 1881. ,

Plate XV, figures 3-3/, 4.
The body was rather short and thick, tapering rapidly backward.
The caudal fin appears to have been short-rhomboidal, but this is un
certain. The siphon is large, with an internal valve. The connective
cartilages (fig. 3 c) on the sides of the base of the siphon are long-
ovate, with the posterior end widest and rounded. The corresponding
cartilages on the inside of the mantle are simple longitudinal ridges.

IIES. [76] S [77] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

tip of arm
part of club
jed suckers,
ncert. Ses-
ith free lids
ovable, con-
ridles. Nu-
longitudinal
1 a posteriov
ginous coae.
)W8 of teeth,

Qera of this

iaving homy |
<imastrepMd(C

Zool., vol. viii,

with a more
al arms with
lave two me-
at their arma-
keeled exter-
ixtending for
liar club pro-
g with tuber-
some of them
celed suckers
with several M
n of the face,
ng-ovate; tha
udinal ridges.

[)1. 49, figs. 1-1/,
Cephalopoda, pi.

ly backward.
)ut this is un
he connective
hon are long-
corresponding
udinal ridges.

Head large, with very large eyes ; pupils round. The arms are long and

taper to slender tips ; the dorsal ones are smaller and shorter than the

others; the lateral and ventral pairs are nearly equal in length, and

about as long as the mantle ; the ventral arms are somewhat more slender

than the h teitil ones. All the arms appear to have borne slender-pedi-

celed claws or hooks, with strongly incurved horny points, but only the

\ fleshy parts of these are left, in most cases, and the tips of the arms are

bare. On the ventral arms these hooks were smaller, and in four rows ;

the fleshy portion of these consists of a C!PS,il rounded head with lateral

I lobes, running up. "i one side, into an incurved beak, so that the shape

[is somewhat like a bird's head. On the other arms the claws were in

[two rows only, but they were much larger ; in a few cases, on the lateral

[arms, the horny claws are left. These are strongh compressed and

[deeply imbedded in the muscular sheath, only the shavji incurved point

projecting (figs. 3 c, 3 d).

The tentacular arms (fig. 3) are long and strong, their length being
imore than twice that of the sessile arms. The club is rather stout, long,
idecidedly expanded, and has an elevated, crest-Uke keel on the distal
|half of its dorsal surface ; this keel rises abrujjtly at its origin, and is
colored on the outer side, but white on the face next to the inner surface
)f the club. The club is broadest near its base, the distal third is nar-
row and the tip rounded. The armature is remarkable : in the middle
line there is a row of six medium-sized hooks (fig. 3, a"), followed by two
mcli larger ones {a, a'), situated near tht^ middle ; these have lost their
lorny claws ; scries of minute, slender-pediraled suckers ruu along the
elub, either side of the m^idian line, and beyond the largo hooks these
rows unite and entirely cover thu fcice of the distal third of the club
(tig. 3, d), there forming about eiglit rows ; at the tip there is a circular
jroup of minute suckers {d') ; toward the base of the cluo the lower
Bide is expanded and bears a row of five peculiar suckers (tig. 3, e),

laving a marginal

series of sic ^; ^r, minute, incurved spimdes; these

suckers have very thick basal processes, which are appressed and di-
rected toward the central Mne of the club, bearing the suckers on their
^nner ends, attached by short pedicels ; round connective tubercles alter-
lato with these suckers, in the same row; beyond these there is a trian-
gular marginal grou]) of slender-pediceled suckers (c), of about the same
fcize; other rows of minute pediceled suckers (or hooks) occupied the
pbinedian area between the marginal ones and the central line, wLich
indicated by a strong white cord. The opposite margin of (he club
Ipnears to have borne several rows of smal} suckers, but this part is
}adiy injured. A band of minute papilla? (e'), ap])arently the remnants
)f suckers and alternating connective tubercles, extend.^ downward for
lore than half the length of the tentacular arm; at tirst this band is
|ike a continuation of the connective suckers and tubercles on the margin
)f the club, and the i)apilla]! are apparently in a single row, while the
surfiice near them is crossed by fine transverse grooves or farrows ; but

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [78]

farther down the arms there may have been two or more rows of suck-
ers which have been destroyed.

The beak (flg. 3/) is somewhat compressed, with very acute mandi-
bles. The upper mandible has the point long and regularly incurved,
with the cutting edge regularly arched, without a basal notch, and form-
ing, with the anterior edge, an obtuse angle. Lower mandible with a
strongly incurved tip and regularly concave cutting edge, having no
basal notch and only a slight tooth on the anterior border, which forms
a very obtuse angle with the cutting edge. The radula has but five
rows of teeth (PI. XV, fig. 4), the inner lateral rows being absent.

Color mostly gone,.but where still remaining, as on the back of the
tentacular club, it consists of minute purple chromatophores ; inner sur-
face of sessile arms purplish brown.

Measurements {in millimeters).

Leugtli of body 78

Length of dorsal arms 58

Length of second pair of arms 86

Length of third pair of arms 87

Length of ventral arms 85

Length of tentacular arms 225

Length of club 29

Breadth of club 7

Brc-with of tentacular arms 5

Breadth of lateral arms at base , 6

Breadth of dorsal arms 5

Diameter of eyeball 19

Length of connective cartilages on siphon 14

Breadth of the same 4

A specimen of this remarkable squid, in very bad condition, was taken
from the stomach of a fish trawled at station 893, in 372 fathoms, about
100 miles south of Newport, E. I. It was accompanied by a sjiecimen
of Ommastrephes illecebrosus, in a similar condition. It had lost its pen,
its epidermis, and most of the horny hooks and sucker-riiicfs ; the head
was detached from the body and the caudal fiu was nearly destroyed ;
the eyelids were gone, but the eyeballs remained. The description must,
therefore, remain imperfect till other specimens can be obtained.

Several loose horny hooks of a Cephnlopod belonging to this family
were also dredged in the same regiovi. They resemble the hooks of
Onychoteuthis BanTcsii (Plate XV, fig. 4), but may have belonged to C.
rapax. A larger one, from station 892, is bent nearly into a half circle.

GONATU3 Steenstnip (/"HON Gray).

fGonatus ' ay, Catalogue Mollusca Brit. Mns., voi. i, Cephal. Antep., ]). (>7, 1840 (char-
acters inaccurate).
?H. & A. Adariis, Geueni, vol. i, p. 36,

Body slender, tapering; caudal fins sliort, broad, united posteriorly.
Pen narrow anteriorly, thin and lanceolate posteriorly, willi a terminal,
hood-like expansion. Ventral arms witli four rows of small, pcdicellated
suckers; others with two larger median rows, with a lunny ring, having

(i7, 1840 (cliar-

[79] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

a single large booked claw on the outer edge; outer snckers with longer
])edicels, the horny ring with several small denticles. All the suckers
have a circle of minute scales or plates around the aperture. Tentacles
long and slender, the terminal part dilated into a narrow club, with a
membranous keel ; the club is covered with minute denticulated suckers,
like the outer ones of the sessile arms; smaller suckers extend for some
distance along the arm; center of the club with one or two larger
claws, resembling the median ones of the lateral arras, their horny rings
having a small aperture, and bearing, on the outside, a large claw-like
liook. Odontophore with only five rows of teeth.

By Dr. J. E. Gray the free eyelids of this species were overlooked,
and on that account he referred it to the family Loligidce. H. and A.
Adams have made the same mistake. Their statement that the siphon
has no valve is equally erroneous.
GonatuB Fabricii Stcen8tn,p.

Se^'ia loUgo FabriciuH, Fauna Grtonlaudica, p. 358, 1780 (good description).
OnychoteuthiH Fai ■icil Liflitonstciu, Isis, vol. xix, 1818,

Mdlb'r, Jvroyer's Tids3., vol. iv, p. 76, 1842.
LoUgo Fabricii Blainville.Dicl. Sci. Nat., vol. xxvii, p. 138, 1823.
Oiiychoteuthisf amwna Mt'>llor, Ind. Moll. Griinl., Kroyer's Tidss., vol. iv, p. 76,

1842(yonnyO.
' '^usawfrna Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., vol.i, Cephal. Antoi;".,p. C8, 1849?

ii >.^ A. Adiims, Genen; vol. i,p. 30, ])I. 4, fig. 2?).
(ri>,i.».;k« amwnus G. O. isiiK, Moll. Keg. Arct. Norvegiio, p. 33fi, pi. 31, tigs. 1-15
(ext'«'lloiit), pi. xvii,fig. 2 (dentition), 1878.
Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. i, p. 108, pi. 73, lig. 290(de!icr. from Gray, fig. from

H. & A. Adams, G<'nera?).
Verrill, Pror. Nat. Mu8.,a-o]. iii, p. 302,1880; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p.
237, pl.45, tigs. 1-1 b, 2-2 d, .Jan., 1881.

Plate XV, lignres 1-lr. 2 -2d.

Body small, elongated, rather slendei tapering backward; front
dorsal edge of mantle extending forward iu a blunt lobe or angle.
Caudal fin very short, but broad, nearly twice as broad as, long, the
front edges extending forward beyond the insertion as rounded lobes;
lateral angles subacute; posterior angle obtuse. iVrms stout and rather
long, the dorsal and ventral i)air8 stouter than the lateral. Ventral
arras bear four rows of small suckers; on the others the msdian rows
(2 c, 2 d) are larger than the outer ones, with shorter pedicels, and the
very oblique horny ring, having a small opening, is dev^eloped into a
single, large, hooked tooth on the outer side: around the inner side of
the aperture there is a partial circle of small flat scales, in several rows.
The suckers of the outer rows (2 a, 2 b) are about two-thirds as large,
with longer and more slender pedicels and with lateral apertures ; the
horny ring has about five aciTt«i-triangular teeth on the outer margin,
and there are several rows oi email scales forming a broad circle entirely
around the aperture. The tentacular arms are long and slender, witU
broader clubs, which bear a large number of minute suckers, mu< n like

',\ '-1

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [80]

the outer ones of the arms, arranged in many crowded rows, some of
which extend beyond the chib along the arm; in the middle (flg. 1 h)
there are usually one or two larger suckers (absent in our specimen), iu
which t;ie horny ring has a small aperture, and is developed into a large
hook-shaped claw on one side, and a complete circle of suiall plates sur-
rounds the horny ring.

Pen thin and delicate, narrow anteriorly, with slender lateral ribs ;
posteriorly, for more than half the wliole length, expanded into a thin
lanceolate form ; posterior tip laterally dilated, with the edges involute

(ftg- 1).

A young specimen of this species, in nearly perfect jireservation, was
recently presented to the United States Fish Commission by Oaiit. Will-
iam Demsey and crew of the schooner " Clara. F. Friend." It was taken
from the stomach of a cod, off Seal Island, ISTova Scotia.

Greenland (Fabricius, Moller). Porsangerfjord, northern coast of Xor-
way (G. O. Sars). Coast of Finmark, in stomach of "coal-fish,'' abun-
dant (G. O. Sars, Norwegian Exp. of 1878).

D'Orbigny, Gray, and other writers have erroneously referred the
Onyehofeiithis Fabricii (based on the Sepia loJirio of Fabiioius) to 0.
Bankfiii. The detailed Latin description given by Fabricius applies
perfectly to the jiresent species, and not at all to 0. BankftiL He do-
scribes tlie four rows of suckers on the short arms, the small suckers and j
two large central hooks on tlie tentacles, the short caudal fin, etc.

Family 0M:\[ASTREPHID/E.

Teuthidw (parn) D'0)l)ig., Coplial. Acdtab., up. xxxvii, 328.
Onychoteuthidcv (pam) Gray, Catal. Brit. Mu,<j., Moll., vol. i, [>. 45, 1849.
Ommastrephidce Gill, Arrangement Finn. MoUusLs, p. 1, 1871.
Tryon.Mau. Couch., vol. i.p. 107, 1879.

Body elongated, tapering to a })oiut posteriorly, shorter and less acute
in the female, often very lurge {ArchUvHthls). Sessile and tentacular
arms without hooks, but provided with suckers, having denticulated
horny rings; tentacular arms with an expanded club, having four rows]
of suckers on its middle portion, those in the two central rows larger;
luoximal portion with or without smooth-ringed connective suckers ami I
tubercles: tip with a cluster of smooth-ringed >-uckers. Siphon in a deeii j
groove, sittached by four bridles and strengthened by a median long!
tudinal dorsal band, free in the middli"; uu internal valve. Eyes withy j
romnl pupil; lids free, with a dii'tiuct anterioi sinus. Xuchal or audi
tory crests consist of three longitudinal uuMubraues on each side, nnitidl
by a transverse one iu front. Connective cartilages of the mantle threo;|
the lateral ones ia the foriuof a longitudinal ridge, with a smaller trans
ver.se oue across its |K«>teriorend; corresponding cartilages on the siphon j
long triangular, with a longitudinal and a transverse groove. Two <n
ducts. IIectocotyliK<Hl arm of the male eitiier the right or left \ eutrall

Pen usually very naiTow along the muklle ])ortion, and with threJ

ror.T H [811 CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

58 [ooj m

ribs; anterior iiful posterior poxtioDS expauded, the latter with the edges
involute, and forming a terminal bood or hollow cone.

OMMASTREPHES D'Orbigny (restricted).

Ommas')q)]ica (pui.^) D'Oibiguy, Voy. Am. Mdrid., 1835; L'<?pLial. Acfitab., p. ;341.
niexand Toihrodes Steeustnn), Ovcrsigt K. Dauske Vidensk. 3elsk. Fovhaudi., 1880,
p. 90.

Body elongated, pointed posteriorly. Caudal fin broad, transversely

rbomboidaL Pen nanowed behind the middle, with a strong median

riband large aiai'giiial ribs on each side; near the posterior end thin and

concave, expanded into a lanceolate Ibnn ; at the tip involute and slightly

booded. l:Iead large. Eyes with lids, having a distinct sinus in front.

Arms stout, the third i»air usually stoutest, with a. doi-sai keel : ."Jl the

r arms liave marginal membranes, strengthened by transverse muscular

ridges, exterior to the suckers. Suckers of the arms deep and oblique,

with horny rims, Avhich are strongly denticulate on the outer margin,

I the median tooth usually largest. Tentacular arms vath.er long and <5on-

1 tractile, stout, with a moderately wide terminal club, which Ixas along its

I middle region two rows of large central suckers, and a row of smaller

niarginal ones alternating with them on each side; proximal part of

jcUib with small denticulated suckers only; distal part of club with four

[to eight rows of small denticulated suckers.

Sii)hon-tube j)laced in a groove on the under side of the Lead, and

jattached to the head by a lateral bridle on each side behind the eyes,

land by a pair of bridles on its dorsal surface, at the bottom of the

[depression in which it is lodged. Terminal orifice transversely elliptical,

[furnished with an internal valve. The depres-sion back of the siphon

[is smooth in our species, in Sv^-me oth^^r species longitudinally furrowed.

Mantle- fastenings ("apparatus of resistance"), situated on the basal

fixteusiou of the sii)hon, consist of two large triangular bosses, each

[with an elongated and somewhat ear-shaped longitudinal fosse, and a

Bhallower transverse one. On each side of the iuner surface of the

nantle is a corresponding T-shaped cartilage, consisting of a short,

baisod, longitudinal ridge, swollen posteriorly, and a lower transverse

fid go, which lit closely into the fosses on the siphon. Tlje dorsal side

[)f the head Las a me«Jiavi longitut'iftal facet, that fits uf»on its coun-

ierpart on the mar II • \«'r the aTitenor pait of the pen, which gives it

jiupport.

The nu<'hal crests are formed by u transverse tegumentary fold
behind the eyes, from which run backward, on each side, tlnve hmgj-
[luliiial lamelhv, which are delicate, and have a sensory (p , ^ oltuc-
|ery) function,

ihiocal membrane seven-angled, thin, corrngated on the inner jinrface,
^esiitnte of suckers.

Itraiichial amides and gills large. Livei" massive, jMuuach and c«?cal
[i)poiidage voU\minoUf».

t:,

1(1

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FI&II AND FISHERIES. [82]

The male has one of tbc ventral arms (which may be either right or
left in our species) hectocotylized near the tip, by an enlargement and
flattening of the bases of the sucker-stalks, while their cups become small
or abortive.

The female has oviducts developed on 1/oth sides, but they are small
and simple, opening below th<! bases of the gills. Two symmetrical nida-
mental glands, which are comparatively small and simple in our species,
are situated behind the heart.

Professor Steenstrup. in the paper last quoted in the above synonymy,
has given a revision of the Ommastrephes group. He divides the old
genus Ommastrephes into three genera, viz: I. Illex, which includes!
O. Ulecebrosm, with 0. Coindetii, the closely allied Mediterranean form:j
II. ToDARODES, which includes only the well-known Ommastrephes to-
darns of the Mediterranean, to which he restores the name sagittutiis\
Lamarck, which has been otherwise employed by other authors during [
half a century ]iast ; III. Ommatostbephes (restricted), which corre
sponds exactly with Sthcnotetithis, established by me in a i)aper pub-
lished several months earlier, (Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 222, Febru- 1
ary, 1880.) In anotlier part oi his article he refers to my paper, whicL
had been promptly sent to him, but he makes no reference whatever toj
the genus Sthcnofeuthis, nor to the species S. megaptera^ which, as a spe-
cies, had been described by me still earlier (1878) and in far greater de-
tail than most of the other species which he mentions, and which should,
under his system of classification, bear the name of Ommastrephes me-
gaptera, Nor does he point out any new characters for distinguishing j
this generic group other than those first given by me, viz, the presence I
of connective suckers and tubercles on the tentacular arms, proximal toj
the club, and the great development of the membranes on the lateralj
arms. Under the ordinary rule of nomenclature, by which the first corl
rect subdivision made in an older genus shall be entitled to priority,!
•while the original name shall be retained for the remaining group, the}
name Sthenoteiithis ought to be maintained for the division first establ
lished by me, while Ommastrephes (restricted) should be retained for a|
part or all of the remaining species.

While I very much regret this confusion of names, I perceive no wayl
to remedy it except by the application of the usufil rules of priority. Ii
can certainly see no necessity for the imposition of new names wheii
others equally good were already provided. As for the distinction be 8
twcen lUex and Todarodes, it seems to mo very slight and scarcely oil
generic importance. Illex is characterized by having eight rows otj
small suckers on the distal part of the club and a smooth siphonalj
groo\ e. Todarodes is characterized by having four rows of distal suctj
crs and some small groo^ es or furrows at the anterior end of the siphonaij
groove.

But I have a species (which I refer to 0. Sloanei Gray) from Tasnifil
nia which agrees with Illex in having a smooth siphonal groove, ]m

S [821 I [83] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA,

sr riglit or
jment and
jome small

■f are small
trical nida-
)ur species,

synonymy,
les the old I
ell includes
mean form : !
antreplies to-
le sagittatm\
liors during I
vhicli corre
paper pub
222, Febru-
)apcr, wliicLl
whatever to I
ich, as a spe-
r greater de-
?hicli should,
lastrephes me\
ftstinguishingl
;he presence!
^ proximal tol
a the laterall
the first cor f
to priority]
g group, thej
1 first estabi
itaiued for aj

with Todarodes in having only four rows of distal tentacular suckers,
and in the sharp denticulation of its large suckers. According to Steen-
strup's system this would have to be made still another genus, or else
his generic characters would have to be entirely changed in order to
admit it into either of his groups. The existence of eight rows of suck-
ers in Illex seems to be due merely to tbe crowding together of the or-
dinary four rows ; nor can we attach much importance to the superficial
furrows in the siphon-groove. Therefore, my own opinion is that Illex
and Todarodes should be reunited and should retain the name Omma-
strephes* m a restricted sense. The absence of connective suckers and
tubercles on the tentacular arms will be the most important diagnostic
character to distinguish it from Sthenoteuthis and Architeutkk. DosidUsus
is, perhaps, only an abnormal Sthenoteuthis with partially reproduced
arms.

Ommastrephes illecebrosus Vorrill. — (Sliort-fimied S(iuitl.)

Loligo illecebrom Lcsuctir, Jouru. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. ii, p. 95, plato
not nnmbered, 18'21 (lignres inconvct).
Blainville, Diet, des Sui, Nat., vol. xxvii, p. 1'12, 182H. '

Gould, Inv(!it. Mass., ed. 1, p. 318, 1.841 (habits).
Loligo piscatorum La Pylaie, Ann. des Sci. Nat., vol. iv, p, 319, 182!"), pi. 16

(liabits iis o!)8orv(ul at Saint Pierre).
Ommastrephes sagittatits (2^ars) D'Orbig., C<'5)bal. Aeetab., p. 345, pi. 7, figs. 1-3
(after Lesueivi').
Gray (pars), Catalogue Moll. British Muh., part i, Cephal. Antep., p. .^8, 1849.
Binney, in Goidd's Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 510, 1870 (excl. syn.), pi. 86, figs,

341-344 L341 is imperfect]* (not pi. 2i, (ig. 339.)
Tryon (parr), Man. Couch., vol. i, p. 177, pi. T"^, fig. 3'' 2 (very poor, after Le-
sueur), pi. 79, fig. 343, 1879 (not pi. 78, figs. 341, Cw).
Ommastrephes illecebrosa Verrill, Anier. .lonrn. Sci., vol. iii,p. 281,1872 (syn-
onomy); Report on Invert. Vinoy. Sd,, &e., 1873, pp. 441 (ba its), 634
(descr.); Amcr. Joum. Sci., vol. xix, p. 289, April, 1880; (illcvebrosus)
Trans, Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 2()8, i)ls. 27, 29, figs. 5, 5 a, pi. 37, fig. 8, p).
38, fig. 2, pi, 39, figs. 2, 3 a.3 6, iag0-'81.
niex illccehrosus Steenstrnp, Oversigt K, Dansko Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl.,
1880, p, 90 (author's separate copy, received August, p. 20),

Plates XVIII-XX.

trom Tasrafij
groove, }m

Body, in the younger specimens, long and slender ; in the adults, es-
pecially when the stomach is distended with food, and in the breeding
season, rather stout ; most so in the large females ; in preserved speci-
mens the apparent stoutness of the body depends very much upon

* I can SCO no necessity for the proposed reformation of the original spelling of this
word by changing it to Ommaiosircphes, for usage justifies the elision of a syllable in
80 long a name. The original spelling has been unchallenged for over forty years,

"This species is not well figured in the last edition of Gould's Invertebrates, Plato
25, fig, 339, which Mr. Binnoy refers to it, really represents a Loligo. Plate 26, figs.
341-344 (erroneously referred to Loligopsis pavo), was doubtless m.ade from a specimen
of this species, but, if so, the long arms were incorrectly drawn, and confused with the
short arms.

iiiii

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [84] I [g,")'

wlietber the mantle was iu a contracted or expanded state when tho
animal died. Caudal flu transversely rliomboidal, or broad spear-shape',
about one-third wider than long, its breadth usually leas than half the
length of the mantle ; the posterior borders are nearly straight and form
nearly a right angle at the posterior end ; the anterior margins are some-
what convexly rounded, and the front margin extends, at the sides of
the body, considerably forward beyond the insertion of the fin. Ratio
of fin-length to mantle-length 1 : 2,48 to 1 : 3 (the latter in the young
ones). Average proportions, in eight adult specimens, of fin-length
(from insertion) to length of dorsal side of mantle, about 1 : 2.55 ; breadth
of fin to length of mantle, average, 1 : 1.90 ; length of hea<l (dorsal edge
of mantle to base of arms) to mantle-length, average, 1 : 7.15.

The head is large, well rounded ; the exposed portion is shorter thau
broad, its breadth about equals that of the body, inordinary contraction;
its sides, iu the region of the eyes, are somewhat swollen ; the under
surface is flattened, and has a deep, nearly smooth excavation, semicir-
cular, or rather semielliptical, iu outline, to receive the dorsal half of the
siphon- tube, which fits into it closely.

The sides of the head, back of the eyes, have a rather prominent, i
transverse ridge, back of which the head suddenly narrows to the neck,
The transverse ridges curve backward slightly and meet on the dorsal |
side of the head, where they are less prominent. Three thin, lamelli-
form, erect folds of ttie skin extend backward from the transverse ridge, ■
on each side of the head ; of these the middle or lateral one is about in
line with the lower eyelid ; the upper one is, at its origin, about midway
between the latter and the median dorsal line, but its posterior edge
bends downward and joins that of the one below; the lowest of the I
three is shorter and curves upward, and finally joins the middle one at I
its posterior edge. These folds form, therefore, in connection with the I
transverse ridge, two well-defined lateral areas or facets, of delicate and I
evidently very sensitive integument, placed just in front of the mantlef
opening, on each side, where they must be bathed by the inflowing curl
rents of water. A pair of large special nerves extends directly from the I
cephalic ganglion to these organs. It seems probable to me, therefore,!
that they are the seat of a special sense, analogous to, if not identical!
with, that of smell. They are, also, closely comiected with the organs!
of hearing, and the crests may be of some service in concentratiugl
sound vibrations. A small auditory j)ore is situated within the lowerj
facet.

The pupils are round and the eyes are large, though the opening beBn fresh
tween the lids is usually rather small, especially in alcoholios8pecimeiis|
In these the aperture is usually contracted to a small, obliquely-transl
verse, irregular-triangular form, or even to a narrow oblique slit ; whenl
more open, the aperture is still usually somewhat angular; the anterio|
sinus is narrow and extends downward and forward.
The eyelids form, when nearly expanded, an irregular oval, the longes^

ion, semicir-

ES. [84] ■ [85] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

diameter placed transversely and somewhat obliquely, while the narrow
and deep sinus extends forward and somewhat downward. Whon partly
closed (Plate XIX, fig. 4) the opening between the lids generally be-
comes more oblong, and sometimes approaches a triangular form.

The mantle is thick and very muscular j its anterior margin has a con-
cave outline beneath, forming a slightly prominent angle on each side ;
from these anglfes it advances somewiiat to the slight median dorsal
angle, which projects forward but little, and does not form a distinct
lobe, and sometimes it is hardly noticeable, even us an angle, the trans-
verse outline of the edge on the dorsal side being, in that case, nearly
I straight, or advancing a very little in the middle.

The sessile arms are rather stout, tapering to acute tips. The dorsal

I arms are a little smaller and shorter than the others ; the second and

third pairs are nearly equal in size and length, the second often a trifle

the longer; those of the fourth pair are usually Intermediate in length

I between the first and second pairs.

All the sessile arms are stout and armed with similar suckers. Along

[their inner angles, outside the suckers, they are all similarly provided

with marginal membranes, which rise to about the same height as the

suckers, on each side. Just proximal to each sucker, on the inner face

of the arm, arises a thickened, transverse, muscular fold, that extends to

Itbe edge of the lateral membrane, which often recedes between their

[extremities, so as to have a scalloped outline.

The dorsal arms are a little shorter and decidedly smaller than the
[others. The two lateral pairs of arms are stoutest and longest, and
[nearly equal, sometimes one pair and sometimes the other being longest.
iThe ventral arms are a little longer than the dorsal and shorter than
Ithe lateral ones. The dorsal and upper lateral arms are trapezoidal in
Isection, with the inner face rather broad. The dorsal arms have a
slightly elevated, median dorsal crest, commencing near the base and
mning to the tip. Those of the second pair have a broader, mem-
branous fold on the lower outer angle, along the whole length. Those
Df the third pair are stouter than the others, aud much compressed lat-
erally, with the outer surface rounded, close to the base, but becoming
compressed and keeled farther out, and having a high median ridge
or crest along its middle region, becoming narrow toward the tip. The
rentral arms are trapezoidal in section, with a narrow fold along the
outer .angle, which is acute, while the inner ventral angle is rounded.

The tentacular arms (Plate XVIII, figs. 1 a, 2) are long; when extended,
[n fresh specimens, they reach back beyond the base of the caudal fiu.
Chey are rather stout, rounded-trapezoidal along the peduncular portion;
along the upper-outer angle a thin fold runs from the base to the tip,
becoming on the back side of the club a wide carina, which often folds
iown obliquely toward the upper margin of the club; two less marked
[folds run along the inner angles, defining a narrow inner face along the
rliole' length, but on this face there are no suckers, except close to where

ft*

UKPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF FI8II AND FISHERIES. [86] IH [^^

it bcgiriH to exi)aiKl into tho broader face of the club; along the sides of
the club the marginal membranes become much wider, rising to a level
with the suckers, and have transverse muscular ridges opi)()sito the
marginal suckers, producing scalloped edges.

In the male of our species one of the ventral arms (Plate XVIII, figs.
3,3 a) is strongly hectocotylized, somewhat as in Loligo. But in this
species it is tho right arm about as often as the left that is modified.
Toward the tip of the arm, for some distance, the pedicels of the sneakers,
especially of tho outer row, become shorter, and tho bases of the sucker-
stalks become larger, broader, and transversely compressed, while the
cups of the suckers themselves decrease rapidly, till they become very
minute, and on a number of the most flattened and largest stalks they
are entirely abortive, in the case of the medium-sized males, but very
close to the tip they may again become normal. The inner row ol' suck-
ers is more or less modified in a similar manner; but fewer of the sucker-
stalks are att'ected, and these are usually not so extensively altered,
though in the larger males many of them are commonly destitute of cups
and have the same flattened form as those of the outer row, witii whicli
they are usually united along the median line of the arm, forming a
zigzag ridge. In a very large male (J), wirh the right ventral arm modi-
fled, the alteration of the sucker-stalks becomes obvious at about the
45th sucker, and there are, beyond this, about 80 modified suckers,
extending to the very tip; of these, about 30, in the outer row, are repre-
sented only by the flat, lamelliform bases of the sucker-stalks, without
cups; on the inner row the small cups extend for about ten suckers
farther than on the outer. The lamelliform processes are united medi-
ally in a zigz&g line along the entire tip. The modifled partis about an
inch in length. This arm is as long as its mate (though in other speci-
mens it is often shorter); but it is broader, stouter, and more blunt at
tip, both the inner face and lateral membrane being increased in width.
The younger males, 4 to 6 inches long, have the corresponding suckers
less extensively modified, and the cups, though very much reduced in
size, are usually present on all or nearly all the stalks.

The portion of the tentacles whicli bears suckers is always less than
half the whole length. The relative size of the suckers varies greatly
in both sexes, perhaps in connection with a renewal of their horny
rings. But in some extreme cases the loss of the sucker, or of the en-
tire club, and the regeneration of a new one will best explain this varia-
tion.

The club is long and moderately broad, gradually widening from the
peduncular part of the arm, and tapering at the end to a rather blunt,
flattened, and curved tip, which is strongly carinated on the outer side
by a thin lamina. The suckers commence a short distance in advance
of the expansion of the club. They are at first small, deep cup-shaped,
and somewhat scattereil, in two alternate rows, but all of these small
ones have oblique rims, strongly denticulated on the outer margin with

four
smal
I suck
Tl

[87] CEPIIALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

four or live long incurved teeth, while tlu! inner edf^e is smooth. Of tho

I Kinall ones, before the conunciujenient of the two median rows of largo

[ suckers, there are from ten to llftcen.

The middle region of the club is oceupied by two rows of large suckers
(lig. -) and by a row of small marginal ones, on each si<le, alternating

I with the large ones. The uppermost of the two rows of large suekera

I contains one or two more suckers than the lower, and they are also
larger. The number in the upper row is seven to nine, in the lower five
to seven, the largest specimens having the greater number. Of these,
thd three to five middle ones in each row are decidedly the largest, aud
have the edge of the marginal ring nearly smooth and even; at each

I end of each row the suckers diminish in size and the edge becomes

I denticulated, at first by the formation of uarrow incisions, which leave
broad, stout, blunt denticles; but as the suckers diminish in size theso

I become longer, narrower, aud more acute ; their inner margins remain
smooth. The large suckers are broad and moderately deep, somewhat
swollen below, aud a little oblique. The marginal suckers are much
smaller, shallower, more oblique, and have the entire rim finely and
sliarply denticulated, the denticles being longer aud strongly incurved
on the outer margin. Beyond the rows of large suckers there is, at first,

I a small gioup of sharply denticulated suckers, in four rows, resembling
the marginal ones in form and size; but theso rapidly decrease in size

! aud becouie more crowded, till they appear to form eight crowded rows
of very small suckers, with minute apertures, which 0(!cupy the entire

I face of the terminal section of the club to the tip ; at the extreme tip
there is a cluster of small smooth-rimmed suckers, as usual.
The suckers of the sessile arms are largest on the two lateral pairs,

I on which they- are nearly equal, aud the largest are about the same in
size as those on the tentacular club, the latter being often the smaller in
the males, but usually tl>3 larger in the females ; those of the ventral
arms are smallest; those of the dorsal arms are intermediate in size be-

1 tween those of the Lateral and veutral arms. The first few suckers (three
to five), at the base of each arm, are smaller than those beyond, but in-
crease regularly in size; they have the edge of the rim nearly entire, or
with only a few blunt teeth on the outer margin ; then follow about
twelve suckers, of the largest size. These large suckers (Plate XIX,
figs. 5, 5 a) are deep, oblique cup-shaped, somewhat swollen in the
middle, with oblique horny rims, which are entire on the inner margin,
but on the outer have a large, strongly incurved, acute median tooth,

bu each side of which there are usually four or five shorter, flat, blunt

1 teeth; but toward the base of the arms these are fewer and shorter,
while distally they become more numerous, longer, and more acute, and
often the edge is more or less denticulate nearly all around. The larger
suckers are followed by a regularly decreasing series of thirty to forty
smaller secondary ones (figs. G, 6 a), not counting the numerous very
small ones, within one-third of an inch of the tip. These secondary

..>1^J^.

IMAGE EVALUATION
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Sciences
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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER.N :. 145B0

(716) 87 2-4503

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REPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [88]

suckers grade gradually into the large or primary ones, both in size and
form; they are, however, armed with four or five very sharp incurved
teeth on the outer margin, of which the median one is longest, while
the inner margin is usually entire. Iliey are very oblique and one-sided
in form. The membrane around the rim of all the suckers is thickened,
but most so on the basal ones ; it usually recedes behind the large median
tooth, leaving there an emargination.

The outer buccal membrane is not very large ; its inner surfctce is
closely covered with lamelliform folds and wrinkles; its border is pro-
longed into seven aonte angles, from which membranes extend to the
opposite arms, going to the upper sides of the second and fourth pairs
of arms, and to the lower side of the third pair; but the seventh angle
is in the median dorsal line, and the membrane from it bifurcates, one-
half going to the inner side of each dorsal arm. Immediately around
the jaws there is a circular, thickened, rugose oral membrane, with a
strongly lobed edge, while its inner surfece is radially wrinkled and
covered with scattered rounded verrucee. A plain fold intervenes be-
tween this and the outer buccal membranes. The beak and pharynx
can be protruded its whole length, when in use. At such times the oral
membranes are partially unfolded.

The jaws are sharp and incurved at tip, reddish brown to brownish
black in color, with the posterior borders of the laminse whitish and
translucent. The upper mandible has a much incurved tip, with the
cutting edges regularly curved, and with a shallow notch at their bases,
beyond which tue anterior edges rise into a broad, obtuse lobe or low
tooth, by which the hardened and dark-colored part, as seen by trans-
mitted light, has the form of a, sharp angular tooth, but its actual pru-
jection anteriorly is bnt slight, because the translucent edge beyond it
rises to about the same level. The lateral-posterior borders of the
frontal laminsB are sinuous and incurved in the middle; the palatine
lamina is broad, with the posterior lateral edges incurved and sinuous.

The lower mandible has the extreme tip strongly incurved, forming a
slight notch close to the tip, below which the edges are slightly incurved
or nearly straight, with a decided V-shaped notch at the base; the an-
terior edges, beyond the notch, form a triangular tooth of the jiiuer
lamiufe, but this is obscured, unless viewed by transmitted light, by the
outer alar lamina, which rises at its anterior edge, where it is translu-
cent, nearly to a level with the tooth ; the inner ends of the'alse are wider
than the middle, and broadly rounded ; the gular laminse are short, nar-
rowed posteriorly, with their inner edges incurved, and with a thickened,
prominent ventral carina.

The jaws of a large specimen measure as follows: Upper mandible, tip
to posterior end of palatine lamina, 22™'*; to dorsal end of frontal lamina,
1G™» ; to posterior lateral edgeof same, Q""* ; to base of cutting edge, 5*" ;
inner edge of palatine lamina to dorsal end of frontal lamina, IT"*" ; lower
mandible, tip to inner end of alse, 13"""; to ventral notch of alse, 4*'";

BS [BSl I [8d] CEPHALOPODS OF NOBTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMEBICA.

in size and
p incurved
gest, while
4 one-sided
I thickened,
brge median

r snrfEUse is
irder is pro-
ctend to the
fonrth pairs
iventh angle
urcates, one-
»tely aronnd
rane, with a
rrinkled and
itervenes be-
md pharynx
imes the oral

lo brownish
whitish and
tip, with the
,t their bases,
le lobe or low
een by trans-
lis actual pi'o-
Ige beyond it
orders of the
; the palatine
and sinuous,
red, forming a
jhtly incurved
base; the an-
I of the finer
d light, by the
e it is translu-
s'alsB are wider
are short, nar-
t)h a thickened,

mandible, tip
frontal lamina,
ting edge, R-*;
ia,17"»"; lower
jh of alas, 4"";

to ventral notch of gular laminse, O""" ; to posterior end of same, 16^*>n ;;
to base of cutting edges, 5°"".

The buccal mass has, on the outer surface of the dorsal and lateral
sides, a broad, thin, brown horny plate, with a notch i>08teriorly, in the
median line.

The odontophore (Plate XIX, fig. 3) is remarkable for the length
and sharpness of the teeth, especially of the central and outer rows.
The median teeth (a) have a long and very aeate median dentide, with
much shorter lateral ones. The inner lateral teeth (b) have broad bases
and a long and very sharp central denticle, with a much shorter lateral
one on the outside. The next to the outer lateral teeth (o) are sim-
ple, slender, and sharp. The outer lateral teeth (d) are much longer,
strongly curved, and very acute.

The; pen (Plate XVIII, fig. 4) is long and slender, with a slender mid-
rib and strong marginal ribs ; the anterior end is thin, broad pen-shaped,
subacute ; from very near the anterior end it tapers gradually backward
to about the posterior fourth, where it becomes very narrow, apparently
consisting only of the consolidated lateral ribs and midrib, the former
showing on the ventral side a thin groove between them, the latter ap-
pearing as a slender ridge on the dorsal side. The post^or porti(m is
narrow-lanceolate in form, with thin edges and a strong midrib, com-
posed of the united marginal ribs of the anterior portion; the thin
edges are incurved, so as to give a canoe-shaped form to this portion,
and near the tip the edges unite beneath into a short, hood-like tip.
Anteriorly the lateral ribs show two grooves on the ventral side, and
appear to be composed of three united ribs.

The ground-color of a specimen taken by me in 1870 at Eastport,
Me., whep first caught, was pale bluish white, with green, blue, and
I yellow iridescence on the sides and lower surface; the whole body,
head, and outer surfaces of arms and fins were more or less thickly
covered with small, unequal, circular, orange-brown and dark brown
spots, having crenulate margins ; these spots were continually chang-
ing in size, th>m mere points, when they were nearly black, to spots
l'""> to 1.5*°™ in diameter, when they were pale orange-brown, becoming
lighter colored as they expanded. On the lower side of body, head,
and siphon the spots were more scattered, but the intervals were gen-
erally less than the diameter of the spots. On the upper side the spots
were much crowded and in different planes, with the edges often over-
happing, thus increasing the variety of the tints. Along the middle of
[the back the ground-color was pale flesh-color, with a distinct median
[dorsal band, along ''"hich the spots were more crowded and tinged with
I green in fine specks. Above each eye there was a broad lunate spot of
llight purplish red, with smaller and much crowded brown sitots. The
Inpper surface of the head was deeply colored by the brown spots, which
[were here larger, darker, and more crowded than elsewhere, and situ-
jated in several strata. The under sides of the arms and fins were
[colored like the body, except that the spot? were smaller and much lew

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BEPOBT OF COMVISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [90]

nnmerons. The Backers were pare white. The eyes were dark, blae-
black, sarrounded by aa iridescent border.

The colors change constantly, when living or recently dead, by means
of the continaal contraction and dilation of the chromatophores. The
different tints pass over the surface like blnshes.

In specimens recently preserved in alcohol the same pattern of color-
ation is asaally visible. The dark dorsal band on the body and head,
and the dark patches above the eyes, as well as smaller dark patches
in firont of the eyes, can be plainly seen. In these darker parts the
chromatophores are mach crowded, and have a purplish brown color,
varying to chocolate-brown in spefcimdns longer preserved. On other
parts of the body the chromatophores are more scattered and usnally
reddish brown in color, with a circular or elliptical outline ; when ex-
panded, the larger ones are about 1""" in diameter. The under surfaces
of the fins, siphon, head, and arms have fewer and smaller spots, and
are, therefore, lighter colored, and appear nearly white when these
spots are contracted.

A treeh. bpeoimen, caught in Gasco Bay, in 1873, had the following
proportions: Length of head and body, not including the. arms, 221i°|°;
length of caudal fln, 86°"° ; breadth of fln, OO™" ; diameter of body, 35°"» j
length of upper arms, 80""» ; of second pair, 100""° ; of third pair, 100°>°» ;
of the ventral pair, 90°'°' ; of tentacular arms, 182'°'°.

Of our species I have measured large numbers of specimens pre-
served in different ways, and also fresh, and have found no great varia-
tion in the form and relative length of the caudal fln, among specimens
of similar size and in similar states of preservation, nor do the sexes
differ much in this respect. The young, however, differ very decidedly
from the large specimens in these proportions. The modes of preserva-
tion also, cause much of the variation in the proportions of fins and arms
to the mantle. The two sexes are probably equally numerous, but in our
collections the females usually predominate, and the largest specimens
are usually females, though equally large males occur. In 31 measured
specimens, in alcohol, from various localities and of both sexes, the
average length, from tip of tail to dorsal edge of the mantle, was 176°"°
(6.96 inches); from tip of tail to insertion of fln, 66°>°> (2.60 inches).
Average proportion of fln to mantle-length, 1 : 2.68. Among these the
proportions varied fr^m as low as 1 : 2.48, in some of the larger ones
(with mantle above 8 inches), up to 1 : 3 in the smaller ones (with the
mantle less than 3 inches long).

The following tables are intended to illustrate the natural variations
in the proportion, due mainly to age, and the accidentu^l variations
caused by differences in the modes of preservation and strength of the
alcohol. The effect of strong alcohol is to shrink the fins relatively
more in breadth than in length, and to reduce the diameter of the body
and arms out of proportion to tiieir length.

The specimens from Bastport, Me., designated G, H, I, B, were col-
lected at one time, in midsummer, and preserved in the same way, in

Ine f when ex-
mder surfiaces
ler spots, and
e when these

ipecimens pre-
ao great varia-
ong specimens
r do the sexes
rory decidedly
es of preserva-
I fins and arms
•ons, butinour
gest Bi)ecimens
n 31 measured
9th sexes, the
itle, was 176°"°
(2.60 inches),
dong these the
he larger ones
ones (with the

ural variations
atu^l variations
itrength of the
fins relatively
iter Qf the body

[91] CEPHALOPODS OF NOBTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMEBICA.

alcohol of moderate strength, repeatedly changed ; at the present time
the strength of the alcohol is about 80 per cent. They are in good con-
dition, moderately firm and not badly contracted. Those designated as
D, Bf F, N, O, P were also cjHected at one time, in August, and pre-
served together. They are in fiur condition, but not so well preserved
as the former lot. Those numbered ii to xiv were preserved together
about the last of July. They were placed in strong alcohol, and are
hard and badly contracted. J, E, and L were preserved together, bat
were originally found dead on the beach and in a. relaxed state. They
are only moderately contracted by the alcohol.

MtasuremenU of Omnuuirephet illeeebroaui {in inche$).

Tail to tip of AanaX

Tail to tip of aeoond pair urns '.....

Tail to tip of third pair ansa

Tall to tip of fourth pair anna

Tail to tip of tentaomu arms

Tall to baae of dorsal arma

Tail to center of eye

Tail to edge of mantle, above

Tail to edge of mantle, below

Tail to insertion of fin

Breadth of fin

Between lateral insertions

Fiont edge, outer angle to insertion

Oator angle to tip oftail

Ciioamference 01 body

Breadth of body

Breadth of bead at eyes

Breadth of eyempening

Breadth of siphon at bridle

Length of head, mantle to base of dorsal

aims ,

Length of dorsal arms

Length of 2d pidr —

Length of 8d pair

Length of 4th pair

Length of tontaoular arms

Length of dub —

Breadth of dorsal arms

Breadth of ad pair

Breadth of 8d pair

Breadth of 4th pair

Brtadthoftentaoulararms

Breadth of dnb

Front to back of 8d pair..

DiAlOTKB OF BUCKBBS.

Largest on tentaonlar arma.

LargMt on 8d pair

Largest on ventral arms. . . .

FBOPOBTIONS.

Fin-length to mantle-length, 1 : . . .
Ffai.breadth to mantle-length, 1 : . .

Length* to breadth of iln,i:

Length of head to mantle,!:

Length of dorsal arm to mantle, 1 :
: Tenucnlar suckers to mantle, 1 : .

09 P9

13.40

14.80

14.20

18.10

10.50

10.00

B.80

&fi0

8.20

8.80

4.20

2.20
8.80
4.80
1.70
LOO
.40
.78

L40

8.76

4.30

4.10

8.80

0.80

3.80

.85

.45

.46

.44

.25

.80

.05

.18
.18
.11

2.60
2.04
L87
&14
2.20
47.77

laoo

18.70
1&70
13.00
17.60
9.40
&90
8.00
7.50
a20
4.80

8.20
8.25
4.80
1.80
LSO
.46
.70

1.40

8.80

4.20

4.26

&80

8.00

8.60

.36

.44

.42

.28

.80

.60

.17
.16
.11

2.60
1.86
1.34
5.70
2.22
47,06

1)9 E9

12.75
i8.'25'

10.60

ii.oo

15.5
9.00
&26
7.75
7.80
3.10
4.26
.SO
2.00
8.16

12.00
7.00
7.35
7.10

1*75'
a 78
.40
LOO
2.90

L85
.86
.06

L25

8.25

4.00

8.60

6.60

2.76

.28

.35

.36

.32

.30

.22

.50

.15
.14
.10

2.50
L82
L37
6.20
2.86
5L66

L15

.65

.80

2.70

3.15

3.00

2.80

4.t>0

L86

.26

.30

.28

.30

.18

.40

.11
.11
.09

2.58
L87
L87
8.87
2.62
64.54

Jrf ±cf

18.60
14.80
14.20
13.40
15.50
10.00
0.50
8.70
a 10

aeo

&1S
.65

a&o
a 50
a60

2.15

L66

.86

.78

L80
2.65
4.40
4.65

aso

6.80
a55
.36
.46
.60
.46
.28
.26
.66

.17
.20
.11

2.48
LOO
L46
a 70

aas

6L20

10.50

ia80

U.00
10.60
12.20

a80

7.76
7.60
7.16
2.90

aso

.45
2.80

a 00

4.30

L80.

L20

.20

.80

2.20

2.70

2.67

2.43

4.00

L76

.PO

.36

.85

.20

.22

.45

.11
.14
.09

2.68
L97
L80
9.30
a40
6ai8

10.50

ILIO

1L20

ILOO

18.60

a20

7.70

7.20

&66

a80
ago

Brf

2.10

2.90
4.00
L40
L80
.28
.66

LOO
2.48
a 12
a 16
8.76
4.10
LOO

.13
.14
.07

a 67
L84
L80
7.20
a06
55.88

Wd" Fteah.

a2&

a6o

a 70
a38

ZIO
2.66

L45

aoo

LIO

LOO

.25

.80

L75

8.25

a 25

!? 00

«.50

L30

.20

.26

.25

.17

a 71
a 15

L2e

7.12
a25

iao4
ia84
ia84

18.44

laia
a84

a44t

a60

L40

aao
4.00
4.00
aoo

7.98

* The length of the fln, in these tables, means the distance fh>m the lateral insertions to the tip of
the tail, which is somewhat less than the extreme length.

Some specimens, included both in this and the following tables, show
small differences in their measurements (made at different times), doe
partly to the different degrees of extension employed in measuring
them, and partly to the fact that the alcohol had been changed and its
strength altered.

! '

BEPOBT OF COMMISSIOyER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

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EtIES. [921 I [93] OSPHALOPODS OF NOBTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMEBIOA.

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^33333S3SSS33|!238SSS 68

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [94]

Off the coast of Rhode Island to Gnmberland Golf. Abundant from
Gape God to Newfoundland. About 100 miles south of NewiM>rt, B. I, |
in 65 to 372 fathoms (U. S. Fish Gom.). Vineyard Sound, Massachu-
setts, rare, large in winter, small in May (Y. N. Edwards).

Kecent explorations have extended the range of this species much I
farther south w^d, in the deep water near the edge of the Gulf Stream.
Although we cannot be certain that specimens caught in the trawl were
living at the bottom, owing to the possibility of their entering it during
its ascent, it is very probable that they do actually inhabit thosedepthal
This is rendered more certain by the fact that we found adult sped-f
mens in the stomachs of fishes {Lophius) taken at stations 865 and 893.1
The most southern specimens known were taken by Mr. A. Agassiz, od|
the "Blake," off Gape Hatteras, in 263 fathoms.

Ommaetrephes illecehroBua. — Spwiinma examined.

Number.

10280.

10027, J .
10027, K.
10027, L .

8.T.U....
X

3,G...
«I08,E,I.
968S,R...
1>.K.F...

N.O.P..

10028....
10278, q.

«66.

Gccxxxn

Locality.

Kewport,B.I

Vinevatd Sound

ProTincetown, llaoa

... .do

Balein, Mass

Gloucester, Mass.. loo. ?83.

CascoBay, Me

Off Segniii Island, Mo. (SO fath-
oms).

Mount Desert, Me .
Off Cashe's Ledge.

Eastport, Me .

!So

......do .•.•.••..... •••••.

Hallfcx,N.S ,

Kewfonndland

Cumberland Onlf

KorthlaUtnde40°06'i westlon-

^tnde 70° 28* (OS fathoms).
Korth latitude 8So SX 20" ; west

loiigitade70oS8' (STSfMhoms).
XortI latitude 88° itC 80"; west

longitade740M'(a68&thoms).

When col-
lected.

1872.

Nov. 2, 1876..

....do

..; do

May, 1870 . . .
July, 1870...

...do

....do

...do

Oct is, 1878
1878

1878.
1870.

1860 ,

1873(100.21).

1870...
....do.
...do.
1873...

....do

...do

J. S. Willis.
J. M. Jonea.

...do

L.Kumlein.
1880

.do
.do.

Boceived from —

United States Fish

Commissioi..

T.N.Edwards

....do

...do

....do

ITnited States Fish

Commission.

...do

...do...;

...do

J. H. Bmerton

United SUtes Fish

Commission.

...do

(Lot 517) United

States Fish Com-
mission.

A.B.VerriU

United States Fish

Commission.

A.E.YeiTiU

...do

Ukiited States Fish

Commission.

...do

Smithsonian

J.M.JoBes

...do

Katlonal Museum . . .
United States Fish

Commission.
...do

"BUlie" expedition.

Specimens.
No., sex.

1 young.

1 (f , left hand.

Icf, right hand, I
Icf , figured.

Syonng.

28+, duplicate I

J'-
1 young.

young.

SO +, large.
ImntUafid.

hand.

1^, right band I
8 $,lsiga.

8 9.
lyoong.

Dow
1 9j^8P'

1 mutilated,
ladnlt

Do.

3 9, adult

Several of the smaller specimens included in this list are so young
it is impossible to determine their sex with certainty without dissectioij
The hectocotylization of the ventral arm in the male is scarcely recogj
nizable in those with the mantle less than 4 inches long.

The Mediterranean form {Omtnastrephes Coindetii Yerany), nsnall
identified with the var. b of Loligo sagittata Lamarck, 1799,* is clos

* It seems more probable, however, that Lamarck's deaoriptiou applied rather to (
Bariramii (Les. sp.) of the Oulf Stream region. Blainville and others have thus afj
plied it, correctly, as I believe.

EBIES. [94] ■ ^95-j CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Lbundant ftom
Newport, E. I., I
nd, Massachu-

) species mnchl
e Gulf Stream.

the trawl were
bering it daring
it those depths,
nd adnlt sped'
QS 865 and 89a|

A. Agassiz, onl

nak

fiah

Fiab

Specimen*.
No., aex.

1 yoang.

iited
'om-

1 (f, left hand.

1 cf|riKhthMi4.|
Irf, flgored.

3 TounK. I

28+,dupUostMl
1$.
1 young.

Pish

young.

Plata

an-.
FiBta

lition.

Imut^imd.

a (f'.leftbHid- .,
Id', right hud. I

8 9.
1 yonng.

Da
ig,lwg».

Do.
1 matUatod.
1 adnlt

Do.

39, adult.

ure so young
Lthout dissectioil
is scarcely reco|^

Verany), usuaU
1799,* is clos

upplied rather to (
►there have thus »p|

related to our species, but if the published figures and descriptions can
be relied upon, it can hardly be identical, as D'Orbigny and other writers
have considered it. The American form has a more elongated body,
-with a differently-shaped candal fin, which is relatively shorter than
the best authors attribute to 0. sa^ittatus. The figure given by Yerany
is, however, an exception in this respect, for in it the body is represented
about as long as in some of onr larger specimens.t It should be re-
marked, however, that Lesueur's figure of 0. illeeebrosua shows the body
too small and too short in proportion to the size of the fin, and the fin
wrong in shape and occupying more than half the length of the mantle;
the proportions of the arms are also erroneous. But Lesueur explains
these defects by his statemeu ; that the figures were, hasty sketches
made for the sake of preserving the colors, and that he saved a speci-
men by which to correct, afterwards, his drawings and description, but
the specimen saved turned out to be TMmius pavo, so that the original
sketches were pnblishe<l withou*. correction. Tryon's iftg. 342 is a poor
copy of one of Lesueur's, published without credit to him.

If the European form be really identical with the American, the dis-
tribution is very anomalous, for while the former is a Southern European
form, inhabiting the Mediterranean and scarcely extending north of the
southern waters of Great Britain, where it appears to be rare, our spe*
cies is a strictly northern, cold-water form, rarely found south of Gape
Cod, even in winter, unless in deep water. Its range extends quite to
the Arctic Ocean.

Notes on habitn.

When living, this is a very beautiful creature, owing to the brilliancy
I of its eyes and its bright and qutckly-changing colors. It is also very
I quick and graceful in its movements. This is the most conunou " squid ^
I north of Gape God, and extends as far south as Newport, B. I., and in
deep water to the region off Gape Hatteras. It is very abundant in
I Massachusetts Bay, the Bay of Fundy, and northward to Newfound-
land. It is taken on the coast of Newfoundland in immense numbers,
and used as bait for codfish. It occurs in vast schools when it visits
the coast, but whether it seeks those shores for the purpose of spawning
or in search of food is not known. I have been unable to learn anything
personally in regard to its breeding habits, nor have I been able to ascer-
tain that any one has any information in regard either to the time, man-
ner, or place of spawning. At Eastport, Me., I have several times ob-
I served them in large numbers in midsummer. But at that time they

t According to Jeffreys (Brit. Conch., vol. v, p. 229, pi. 5), the EogliBh 0. tagittaiut

I has the fin "f^om | to nearly i the length of the mantle;" and the form of the pen,

[especially of the posterior end, as fignred by him, is different from that of onr speoies,

Professor Steonstmp, in a recent article (Oversigt K. Danske Yidensk. Selsk. For-

I liandl., 1880), separates the Mediterranean from the American form. He restores, in

the same article, the name sagWatua to var. a of Lamarck (= 0. iodanu of most modem

authors), which he now calls Todarodetaagitiatua. .

BEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [96]

1 -'

seemed to be wholly engaged in the pursuit of food, following the schooLg
of herring, which were then in pursuit of shrimp {Thysanopoda Norvt-
gioa)y which occur in the Bay of Fundy, at times, in great quantities,
swimming at the surftioe. The stomachs of the squids taken on these I
ocoMions were distended with firagments of TkytwMpoda^ or with the
flesh of the herring, or with a mixture of the two, but their reproductive
organs were not in an active condition. The same is true of all the
^Moimens that I have taken at other localities in summer. From the
fMt that the oviducts are small and simple, and the nidamental glands
little developed, I believe that it will eventually prove that Uds species
discharges its eggs te^ in the ocean, and that they will be fbnnd floating
at the snrfhce, either singly or in g^tinons masses or bands, not having
any complicated capsules to inclose them. Nothing is known as to the
length of time required by this species to attain its fhll size. It prob- 1
ably lives several years.

This squid is an exceedingly active oreatm«, darting with great ve- 1
locity backward, or in any other direction, by means of the reaction of
the jet of water which is ejected with great force firam the siphon, and
which may be directed forward or backward, or to the right or left, by
bending the siphon. Even when confined in a limited space, as in a
fish-pound, it is not an easy matter to capture them with a dip-net, so
quick will they dart away to the right and left. When darting rap-
idly the lobes of the caudal fln are closely wrapped around the body*
and the arms arc held tightly together, forming an acute bundle in front,
so that the animal, in this condition, is sharp at both ends, and passes
through the water with the least possible resistance. Its caudal fln is
used as an accessory organ of locomotion when it slowly swims about |
or balances itself for some time nearly in one position in the water.

The best observations of the modes of capturing its prey are by I
Messrs. S. I. Smith and Oscar Harger, who observed it at Province- [
town, Mass., among the wharves, in large numbers, July 28, 1872, en- 1
gr^^ed in capturing and devouring the young mackerel, which were!
swimming about in "schools,^ and at that time were about four or flyel
inches long. In attacking the mackerel they would suddenly dartl
backward among the fish with the velocity of an arrow, and as 8ud-[
denly turn obliquely to the right or left and seize a fish, which was!
almost instantly killed by a bite in the back of the neck with theirl
sharp beaks. The bite was always made in the same place, catting outl
a triangular piece of flesh, and was deep enough to penetrate to the I
spinal cord. The attacks were not always successful, and were some-

* This position of the fins is very well shown in Plate S6, fig. 341, of Binney's edition J
of Qoald's Invertebrata of Massachnsetts. This figure Avas probably drawn by Mr. [
Borkhardt from living specimens formerly kept in Cutting's Aquarinm, in Boston,!
about 1860 to 1863. This figure is very good, in most respects, except that the cliibtl
of the tentaeles have been confounded vrith the ventral pair of the sessile arms, andl
thus the suckers are represented as if they extended along the whole length of tlie|
tentacles.

iRIES. [96] H [97] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEABTEBN COAST OF AMERICA.

timefl repeated a dozen times before one of these active and wary fishes
could be caught. Sometimes, after making several nnsuooessfhl at-
tempts, one of the squids would suddenly drop to the bottom, and, rest-
ing upon the sand, would change its uolor to that of the sand so perfectly
as to be almost invisible. In this position it would wait until the fishes
came back, and when they were swimming close to or over the ambus-
cade, the squid, by a sudden dart, would be pretty sure to secure a fish.
Ordinarily, when swimming, they were thickly spotted with red and
brown, but when darting among the mackerel they appeared translu-
cent and pale. The mackerel, however, seemed to have learned that
the shallow water was the safest for them, and would hug the shore as .
closely as possible, so that in pursuing them many of the squids became
stranded and perished by hundreds, for when they once touch the shore
they begin to pump water from their siphons with great energy, and
this usually forces them farther and farther up the beach. At such
times they often dischaigo their ink in large quantities. The attacks
on the young mackerel were observed mostly at or near high-water, for
at other ti^^es the mackerel were seldom seen, though the squires were
seen swimming about at all hours, and these attacks were observed
both in the day and evening. .

It is probable, from various observations, that this and other species
of squids are mainly nocturnal in their habits, or at least are much more
active in the night than in the day. Those that are caught in the pounds,
and weirs mostly enter in the night, evidently while swimming along the
shores in "schools.'' They often get aground on the sand-flats at Prov-
incetown, Mass., in the night. On the islands in the Bay of Fundy,
even where there are no flats, I have often found them in the morning,
I stranded on the beaches in immense numbers, especially when there is
I a full moon, and it is thought by many of the fishermen that this is be-
I cause, like many other nocturnal animals, they have the habit of turn-
ing toward and gazing at a bright light, and since they swim backwards^
they get ashore on the beaches opposite the position of the moon. Thiy
habit is also sometimes taken advantage of by the fishermen, who cap-
ture them for bait for codfish. They go out in dark nights with torches
in their boats, and by advancing slowly toward a beach, drive them
I ashore. They are taken in large quantities in nets and pounds,, and also
1 by means of "jigs" or groups of hooks, which are moved up and down
in the water, and to which the squids cling, and are then quickly pulled
oat of the water. They are also sometimes caught by fish-hooks, or ad-
I heriug to the bait used ibr fishes.

Their habit of discharging an inky fiuid through the siphon, when
I irritated or alarmed, is well known. The ink is said to have caustic
I and irritating properties.

This squid, like the Loligo, is eagerly pursued by the cod and many

I other voracious fishes, even when adult. Among its enemies while

young are the full-grown mackerel, who thus retaliate for the massacre

of their own young by the squids. The specimens observed catching

■>.ia

i I

I i

■<t.

BEPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [98]

yoang maokerel were mostly 8 to 10 inches long, and some of them wen |
still larger.

This species, like the common LoUgOj has the instincts and habits of |
a cannibal, for small squids of its own species form one of the most com'
mon articles of its diet. From an adnlt female of ordinary sise (O, of our I
tables), caaght at Eastport, Me., I took a great mass of fragments of
small squids, with which the stomach was greatly distended. These
fragments completely filled a vial having a capacity of four fluid ounces.

From the rapidity with which the squids devour the fish that th«y

capture, it is evident that the jawc are the principal organs used, and

that the odontopbore plays only a subordinate part in feeding. This i«

confirmed by the condition of the food ordinarily found in the stomach,

for both the fishes and the shrimp are usually in firagments and shreds

of some size, and smaller creatures, like Amphipods, are oiten found

entire, or nearly so ; even the vertebrte and other bones of herring are

often present. On the other hand, in some specimens, the contents of

the stomach are finely divided, as if the odontopbore had been used for [

that purpose.

Notes on the visceral anatomy.

Plate XIX, flgnro 1. Plate XX, figure 1.

This species, in common with others of the same genus, is very differ-
ent £rom Loligo Pealei in the xorm and structure of many of its internal I
organs. The branchial cavity is larger and the gills {g, g) originate farther
back and are much larger than in Loligo, their length being about two-
fifths the entire length of the body ; they originate back nearly at the
middle of the body. The liver ({, I) is niuch larger and more conspicu-
ous, consisting of two large, oblong, lateral lobes or masses, closely
nnited together in the median plane, with a groove along the dorsal side, I
in which lies the oesophagus. The ink-bag (t) is elongated-pyriform,!
wiUi a silvery luster externally, but blackish when filled with the ink.!
The size and form of the stomach and its c<Bcal lobe («, s") vary greatly I
according to their degree of distention with food. When well filled I
they are very large, saccular, and more or less pyiiform, the ooecal lobe I
extending back nearly to the end of the body. The walls of the stomaoh I
are in part thick, muscular, and longitudinally plicated within. The in- [
testine (A) has two spatulate papillae, one on each side of the anal oriflcal

The heart (H) is large, somewhat irregular and unsymmetrical, with I
fbur points, the two lateral continuous with the afferent vessels {bo) d\
the gills ; tJie anterior passing into the anterior aorta {ao) ; the poste-T
rior median one, continuous with the posterior aorta, gives off first il
small ventral branch, which supplies the reproductive organs, and then,!
later, a median ventral artery (o), going to the mantle; while much £u-[
ther back it divides into two branches (o', o'), which supply the sides ofj
the mantle and caudal fin. The branchial amides (a«) are large and|
ovate, with a small, round capsule at the posterior end.

The anterior urinary organs or 'kidneys' (r, r) are voluminous, deeply!

EBIES. [98] I [99] CEPHAL0P0D8 OF NOBTHEASTEKN COAST OP AMBBICA.

of them wen

lobulated organs, iutimately united together and connected with the
veniB cavie, and mostly situated below and in front of the heart, bat
there are two more compact glandular portions (r') extending, as asaal,
backward along each of the posterior vensD cava {v&') in the form of a
long pyriform gland. Just in front of the bases of the gills, on each
side, there is a circular opening («) through the peritoneal membrane,
which probably gives exit to the urinary excretions.

The reproductive organs of the female, however, present the greatest
divergence firom Loligo and allied forms. Instead of having a single
large oviduct on the left side only, and opening fiw forward, we find in
this genus two small oviducts (od), symmetrically placed and opening
much farther back. The ends are fSree, near the bases of the gills, bat
behind them, instead of passing over tBe dorsal sides of the bases j , he
gUls, as in Loligo and other genera. The apertures of the oviducts ai e
simple elongated slits. Moreover, instead of the large and very con-
spicuous, uidamental glands, situated in front of the heart, as ^ t Loligiif
we find in Ommastrephes much smaller and simpler glands (xx)^ situate d
much farther back, side bv nde, near the median line, behind the heart

The ovary (ov) is a loug, pyriform, lobulated organ ; its auteriui end
is attached to tl 'K)sterior end of the stomach, and is divided mto sev-
eral short lobes, which clasp 'the end of the stomach ; its small posterior
end extends backward into the concavity of the hooded portion of the
I pen {p").

The spermary or testicle of the male (Plate XIX, fig. 1, t) occu-
pies the same position as the ovary ; it is a more compact organ, with a
smoother surface, and the anterior lobes are longer and narrower and
extend farther forward along the sides of the stomach. The prostate
I gland and other male organs resemble those of Loligo (see Plate XXIX,

8. 1, 2).

It must be borne iji mind, however, that none of the specimens ex-

I amined were in their breeding season. Consequently, the reproductive

organs were all much smaller and less conspicuous than they would

have been in breeding individuals. This is particularly the case witJi

the ovaries and oviducts, but the same remark would also i^ply to

I the nidamental glands, which might assume a different form, as wdl as

I much greater volume, at the breeding season.

The specimens dissected had all been preserved in alcohol, which
[would cause l^ese organs to appear smaller than is natural.

Sthenoteuthis Verrill.

lOmtiMwtrepkw (para) D'Orbigny, Yoy. Am6t. M^rid., Moll. (1835?); C^phal. Ac^tab.,

183»-'48.
iSfkmioteuthis Yerrili, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 222, Feb., 1880; Amer. Jonm. Sd.,

vol. xiz, p. 289, AprU, 1880.
|0mM(9tlrQ>kM fiteenstrop, Ovenigt K. Danske Videnak. Selsk. ForluuidL, 1860^ p. 89,

(aep. copy, p. 19, zeoalved Ang., 1880).

Ibis group was institated to inclnde certain species of aqnida xamaik-
lable for the connective suckers on the tentacular anns, for the large

BEPOET OP COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [100]

size and high developr ent of their organs of locomotion, especially of
the caudal fin and siphon, and for the presence of a broad, thin web
along the lower side of the lateral arms, outside the suckers.

The tentacnlar arms are, like those of Architeuthis, very long, slender,
and provided at the base of the club with smooth-rimmed connective
suckers, alternating with rounded tubercles, for the mutual adhesion of
the two arms ; the central part of the club is, as in ArehiteuthiSj pro-
vided with two central rows of large serrated suckers, and a row of
smaller marginal ones on each side, of different form, alternating with
them. The lateral arms have a well-developed median crest (most de-
veloped on the third pair) along the outer side ; on the lower inner
angle there is a thin, membranous web, often more than twice as wide
as the arm, along the whole length, much more highly developed than
in typical Ommastrephes, in which a narrow marginal membrane occnri
On the ventral arms the inner face is broader than on the others, and
the two rows of suckers are farther apart. The suckers on all the sessile
amis are strongly denticulated on the outer side of the rim, with smaller
or obsolete teeth on the inner side.

Gaudal fin very large, rhomboidal. Internal bone or pen similar to
that of Ommaatrepheaj decidedly hooded at the posterior eod.

Odontophore with seven rows of teeth ; median tooth with three large |
denticles; inner lateral teeth with two unequal points ; two outer lat-
erals simple, slender. Eyes as in Ommastrephea.

This group is related on one side to Architeuthis, on the other to Om-
nuutrephea. The armature of the tentacular arms will distinguish it I
from the latter, and the large caudal fin and broad n^pmbrane of the
sessile arms from former.* The dentition of the type is peculiar, so
far as known. In addition to the typical species, this genus vfUl doubt-
less include several species with marginal webs that have hitherto been
referred to Ommastrephea, but they are often too indefinitely described!
and figured to show the special characters referred to.

Among those that belong, without much doubt, to this genus, in ad- 1
dition to those described below, are S. Oualanienais (Lesson), and 8. pela]
giciu (Bo8c),.and possibly O.gigas D'Orb., though the latter does notj
have the wide lateral membrane on the arms.

Sthenoteuthia megaptera Yerrill. — (Large Broad-finned Squid.)

ArchiteatMa megaptera Yerrill, Amer. Joum. Sci., vol. xvi, p. 207, 1878.
Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. i, p. 187 (description copied from preced-l
ing paper).

SthmotoutUis megaptet a Verrill, Trans. Couu. Acad., voi. v, pp. 223, 286, pi. 21,1
figs. 1-9, pi. 27, fig. 6, pi. 45, figs. 5, 5 a, lfi80-'81 ; Amer. Jonm. Sci., voL|
* xix, p. 288, 1880.

Plate XVI, figs, 1-10.

Although very much larger and stouter than any of the ordinary!

squids, this species is much smaller than the species ot Arehiteuthia, thel

* Aooording to the Htatement of Qerrftis, Arohiteuthit dux has oimilar membranes.

■'t '^ '

JIES. [100] I [101] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA.

total length of the body and head being but 19 inches. Body i-olatively
short and thick. The caudal fin is remarkably large and broad ; it is
more than twice as broad as long, and the length is about half that of
the body. Its form is nearly rhombic, with the lateral angles produced
and rounded and the posterior angle very obtuse, the posterior edge
as preserved, being slightly concave.

The ventral anterior edge of the mantle is concave centrally, with a
I slight angle on either side, about .75 inch from the center. From these
I angles it is again concave to the sides. On the dorsal side the edge ad-
vances farther forward than beneath, terminating in a slightly promi*
nent obtuse angle in the middle of the dorsal edge. The nuchal crests
around the ear consist of a slightly elevated transverse ridge, with three
thicker and much more elevated laminae, which extend forward, on the
head, one in the median line of the eye, with one above and one below
lit, the lower one longest and least elevated, curving downward beneath
[the head. The two upper ones are broadly rounded at top. Behind
Ithe transverse fold there is a deep, irregularly crescent-shaped fosse.
[The eye-sockets are large, oblong, and furnished with distinct lid-like
jmargins. The eyes are large, prominent, oblong, and naked ; the an-
Iterior portion is & .vollen laterally on both sides. The short arms are
Itrapezoidal, the dorsal ones somewhat (about 1.25 inches) shorter, and
Ismaller than the others, which are nearly equal in length, the second
■pair being stouter than the rest and a little longer. The dorsal arms
[have a slightly prominent membrane along the outer angles ; the sub-
jdorsal or upper lateral arms are narrowed to an acute edge oi crest on
the outer angle, but on the inner angle have a broad, thin, marginal
lembrane outside the suckers. The lower lateral arms are similar in
Bize and form, and also have a very broad, lateral, marginal membrane
lext to the suckers, on the lower side. The ventral arms are more
Blender and a trifle longer, and have narrower marginal membranes,
le tentacular arms are slender, elongated, expanded toward the tip,
ind have suckers arranged much as in the gigantic species, even to the
gmoothedged suckers and opposing tubercles proximal to the large
puckers, as I have described thom in Arehiteuthis Harveyi. The sucker-
earing portion is margined by a scalloped membrane on each side.
The small proximal suckers of the tentacular arms occupy about 44.5""
[1.75 inches) at the commencement of the terminal club ; they are about
.5""" in diameter, circular, regularly cup-shaped, with a nearly even,
temooth rim; they are raised on slender pedicels. Alternating with
pbese are smooth, rounded tubercles, which are also on pedicels and
blightly larger than the intervening suckers. There are four suckers
pd four tubercles in the row along the inner margin ; along the outer
aargin there are few^r, smaller suckers, but without horny rings ; if
Ihey originally had such rings they were probably smaller than the
khero. The large suckers (Plate XVI, fig. 9) forming the two central

_ DW8 oii the terminal club are furnished with a somewhat oblique dark
lor membranes.

'■^'m

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OP PISH AND PISHERIES. [102]

brown ring, very strongly and sharply toothed aroand the outer portion
of the edge, and usually with one tooth larger and longer than the rest
on the middle of the outer margin ; inner margin with much smaller, |
very acute teeth, of unequal size. The teeth are gold-colored at tip.

Larger suckers of the sessile arms are very oblique, with the rim |
strong, dark brown, bearing large, strong, sharp, much incurved, un
equal teeth on the outer side of the rim ; the inner margin is entire.
The ventral arms bear about 44 similar suckers, exclusive of the minute
ones close to the end ; the largest ones are situated beyond the middle |
of the arm. The lateral ar^ls bear about the same number of large
suckers, with numerous minute ones at the tip. The dorsal arms bear, {
each, about 30 suckers, exclusive of the small terminal ones.

The 22d sucker of the left ventral arm (Plate XVI, figs. 8, 8 a) has a |
strong, somewhat elliptical rim, with seven strong and very acute in-
curved teeth on the outer side, and with the opposite margin on the in-
ner side smooth for more than a third of the circumference. The median I
tooth on the outer margin is decidedly larger and longer than the others, ,
and abruptly bent inward above its base. It is elongated and gradually
tapered to the very acute tip, but thick and channeled externally at its |
base. To the right and left of this are three similar, but smaller, un
equal teeth, all strongly curved inward toward the inner margin, but not I
convergent to the center. Of these, the second from the central tooth,
on each side, is the largest, and the third is the smallest. Between the
latter and the smooth inner edge there is a small rounded lobe, or blunt}
tooth. Peduncle broad toward the rim, tapering rapidly to the slender I
baee. Outer sides of rim much higher than inner. Greater diameter,
10""; lesser, 7"""; greater interior diameter, 7"""; total height, 13°™ ;|
longest tooth, 2.6""".

The exposed portion of the upper mandible is black; the point is I
strongly curved, acute, with a smooth cutting edge, separated from the
inner lobe by a deep, acute notch; inner lobe or edge of alse thin,!
broadly rounded, with a slightly rounded, uneven edge. Length ofl
mandible, 29"""; distance from bottom of notch to tip, 10""; internal |
breadth between lobes, 8"".

The lining membrane of the palate (Plate XYI, fig. 2) is pale, trans- 1
lucent, covered with rather large, whitish, translucent teeth, variable!
in fbrm and size, but mostly rather broad at base r^nd tapering to an I
obtuse tip; some are more slender and acute. Ifo granules were de-|
teoted on the membrane.

The odontophore (Plate XYI, figs. 3-7) was too much injured to shovl
its general form, but it appeared to resemble that of A. Rarveyi. The!
lateral membrane was broad in the middle, translucent, white. Nol
plates outside the lateral teeth could be detected. The teeth all havel
slender, acute tips. The median teeth have three points of nearly equall
length ; the inner lateral ones have two points, the outer one sotnewhatl
shorter and smaller than the other; the two outer lateral teeth are 8im[

BBIES. [102] I [103] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA.

e outer portion
r than the rest
much smaller,
lored at tip.
, with the rim I
I incurved, un-
argin is entire,
e of the minute
ond the middle
amber of large!
»rsal arms bear,
tnes.

gs. 8, 8a) has a I
L Tory acute in-
irgin on the in-
je. The median
than the others, I
4 and gradually
Bxternally at its |
but smaller, un
margin, but not I
le central tooth, I
t. Between the
pd lobe, or blunt
y to the slender
I'eater diameter,
height, 13°»;|

^) is pale, trans- 1

teeth, variablel

I tapering to an

mules were de-

ple, long, acute, the outermost rather narrower at base and somewhat
longer.

Total length, lOO"" (43 inches); length of body and head, 48.2«»» (1»
inches) ; length of body fix)m dorsal edge of manUe, 35.56°™ (14 inches) ;
from ventral edge, 33.16<"" (13 inches); of head from edge of mantle to

Meaauremmta of Sthenoteuthis megaptera and 8. pteroput (in inches).

Length, tip of tail to end of doraal arms

Length, tip of tail to end of third pair

Length to end of tentaoolar arms

Length tobaaeof arms

From base of arms to mantle.

Tip of tail to edge of mantle (above)

Tip of tall to edge of mantle (below)

Tip of tail to center of eye ,

Length of caudal fln (tip to insertion)

BreMlth of candal tin

Breadth between lateral insertions

End of body to outer angle of fin ,

Front edge of Bn, from outer angle to insertion .

Circumforento of body ,

Breadth of bcly ,

Breadth of head

Diameter of eye-opening (longitudinal)

Diameter of eye-opening (transverse)

Length of tentaouiar arms

Length of dorsal arms (first pair)

Length of snlidorsal arms (second pair)

Length of subveutral arms (third pair)

Length of ventral arms ( fourth pair)

Breadth of first pair of arms at base

Breadth of second pair of arms

Breadth of third pair of arms

Breadth of fourth pair of arms

Breedthof tentacular arms

Breadth df terminal club of same

Length of siphon iu mid<Ue

Breadth of siphon at bise

Breadth of aperture of siphon

UETAIU OP TBNTACULAB ABMB.

Length of ' club, ' or expanded part

Length of part bearing large suckers

Length of 'wrist,' bearing smaller suckers .

Length of tip, with small suckers

Breadth of 'club' in middle J

Breadth of middle of arm

DETAILS OF BUCKKRS.

Diameter of largest suckers of t«ntacular arms .

Diameter of rims of same

Diameter of largest suckers of dorsal arms

Diameter of rims of same

Diameter of largest suckers of second pair

Diameter of rims of same

Diameter of largest suckers of tliird pair

Diameter of rims of same

Diameter of largest suckers on ventral arms

Diameter of rims of same

JAWS.

Upper mandlblo, total length

Upper mandible, tip of beak to bottom of notch

Upper mandible, tip to dorsal edge of ftnntal lamina

Upper mandible, breadth between anterior lobes of alas.

Upper mandible, breadth of palatine

Lower mandible, total length

Lower mandible, depth, end of alas to montnm

Lower mandible, beak to notch

25.5

43
19
5
14
13

13.5

3.33

6.5
12.6

L25
.75
24

6.5

8
.75

L12

1.00

LOO

.88-. 60

.75

6.5
3.25
L26
L60
.76
.60

.40

.310

L16
.40

27.5
29.5

20.5

6.26

14.75

14.5

1&6

6.75

1L25

7.25
6.5
U.6
4.76
8 +
1.75
L26

7.26

8.75

9.25

9.26

.76

.80

.90

.40-. 76

2.6
.2
.1

.28
.20
.40
.28
.32
.24
.30
.23

1.68
.40

L32
.32
.84

Lie

L12
.44

L25
.34
.98
.25
.70
.91
.87
.81

1 J

*• !?

:! ,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [104] ■ T

base of arms, 12.7«™ (5 inches); length of long tentacular arms, 65.8'='"
and 60.9'='" (22 and 24 inches) respectively ; of first (dorsal) pair of arms,
ICS"" (6.5 inches); of second pair, 20.3«"> (8 inches); of third pair,
21.6'="» (8.5 inches) ; of fourth pair, 20.3""' (8 inches) ; length of caudal fin,
15.24""' (6 inches); breadth, 34.3""' (13.5 inches); transverse distance
between insertions of caudal fins, 5.9""' (2.33 inches) ; breadth across
body in middle, l^.T"" (5 inches) ; circumference of body, 31.7""' (12.5
inches); length of eye-opening, 3.2""'; its breadth, 1.9"™; length of
sucker-bearing portion of tentacular arms, 16.5""' (6.5 inches); of por-
tion bearing large suckers, 8.25""' (3.25 inches); breadth, 1.9""* (.75 inch);
length of terminal portion, 3.8"™ (1.5 inches); diameter of naked or pe-
duncular portion, .8"™ to 1.25"™ j breadth of dorsal arms at base, 1.9"'°;
of second pair, 2.57"™; of third pair, 2.54"™; of fourth pair, 2.54""";
diameter of largest tentacular suckers, 9™"" to 10™™ ; of t'heir rims, 7™" I
to 8™™ ; diameter of largest suckers of ventral arms, 10""" (.40 inch); of
their rims, 7'"™ to 8'"'".

Color, in alcohol, reddish or purplish brown, specked with darker |
brown on the iorsal surface of the body ; upper side of head and outer
sides of arms thickly covered with specks of purplish brown; inner
surfaces paler, much as in the common small squids ; sides yellowish
brown; under surfaces yellowish brown, tinged with purplish.

The original specimen was cast ashore during a severe gale near Cape j
Sable, Nova Scotia, several years ago, and was secured for the Pro-
vincial Museum at Halifax, by J. Matthew Jones, esq. It is preserved |
entire in alcohol and is still in good condition.

I also refer to this species an entire beak with the odontophore, pre-
sented by Capt. George A. Johnson and crew of the schooner " A. H. I
Johnson." It was taken at Sable Island Bank, Nova Scotia, in 28O-3O0
fathoms, September, 1878. This beak (Plate XVII, fig. 2) has the
exposed parts black, the internal laminiB reddish brown. The upper
mandible is sharp and strongly incurved, with a small narrow notch at
its base, irom which runs a raised lateral line ; beyond the notch the
anterior edge of the ala is convex and slightly uneven. The lower!
mandible has a small not<;h below the incurved tip ; below this the cut-
ting edge is slightly concave to the basal notch, which is narrow on the
right side, but broader and V-shaped on the left; beyond the notch the
alar tooth is narrow, prominent, and truncate on the right, but broader
and blunt on the left. Opposite the notch and tooth the side of the
beak is strongly excavated. Total length of upper mandible, 31™"";
hight, palatine to frontal, 24™™; tip to bottom of notch, 8.5™™; tip to
dorsiU edge of frontal lamiuee, 24.5™™; breadth between anterior lobes I
of alsB, 6.2™™ ; breadth of palatine, 17.5™™. Total length of lower manf
dible, 23™™; hight, mentum to inner end of alse, 22™™; tip to notch,]
7.8™™ ; tip to end of mentum, 8.2™™ ; tip to dorsal end of gular, 16™'
transverse breadth at alai' teeth, 7™™.

The odontophore is similar to that of the typical 8. tnegaptera, but thel

IIES. [104] ■ [105] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

• arms, SS.S"""
I pair of arms,
9f third pair,
I of caudal fin,
erse distance
readth across
y, 31.7""* (12.5
!">. length of
ches); of por-
.O"" (.75 inch);
f naked or pe-
at base, l.O""" ;
L pair, 2.54«'»;
tVelr rims, 7™"
'" (.40 inch) ; of

d with darker
tiead and outer
brown; inner
ddiBS yellowish
fplish.
gale near Cape
,d for the Pro
It is preserved |

mtophore, pre-
thooner " A. H.
»tia, in 2.80-300 1
ig. 2) has the
n. The upper
[arrow notch at
the notch the
in. The lower
fw this the cut-
narrow on the
the notch the
it, but broader
he side of the
,ndible, 31""";
,8.5"""; tipt«
anterior lobes
of lower man-
tip to notch,!
[f gular, 16«"»;

ttera, but the

lateral denticles of the median and inner lateral teeth are relatively
shorter, and these, with some other di£ferences, render it doubtful
whether this beak actually belongs to that species. The odontophore is
4""" broad ; the teeth are all sharp, rather slender, pointed, and pale
amber-color. A slight, smoothish, marginal ridge borders the dentiger-
ous zone on each side, but is scarcely divided into distinct plates. The
median teeth have three shari), rather slender denticles, the median
about a third longer than the lateral ; the inner lateral teeth have a <
long point, with the acute outer denticle much shorter ; the teeth of
both outer rows are long, considerably incurved, acute, the outer ones
the more slender.

Several additional specimens of this species have recently been re-
ceived. The most important of these consists of the tentacular club
and the pharynx, with the jaws and odontophore complete (Plate XVII,
fig. 1). These are from a specimen of which the head and arms were
found in the mouth of a codfish on the eastern part of Oeorge's Bank,
by Manuel D. Mitchel, and were by him presented to the United States
Fish Commission. The portions of the specimen not saved were used as
bait for cod. The arms were described as 18 inches long.

The part of the tentacular club in my possession, which does not in-
[ elude the proximal portion, is 175™™ long, 17™™ broad in the middle ;
the distal portion, beyond the large suckers, is 62™™ long ; breadth of its
sucker-bearing face, 8™™ ; fiN)m front to back, including width of dorsal
i keel, but not the suckers, 18™™ ; diameter of largest suckers, 12™™ ; of
horny rings, 11™™ ; of aperture, 8™™'; hight of homy ring, outer side,
including teeth, 6.5™™ ; length of pedicels, 5™™ ; distance between pedi-
cels, 15™™. The large suckers agree very well with those described and
figured from the type-specimen (Plate XVI, fig. 9); this portion of
the club had nine of these large suckers in each row ; their pedicels
arise from the middle of deep squarish depressions, between which run
thick transverse ridges, which bear the smaller marginal suckers to-
ward their outer ends, and then support the marginal membrane. A
part of the large suckers have retained their homy rings, but all the
marginal and sn<u.. distal suckers have lost them. The homy rings
I of the large suckers (fig. 10) are oblique, much higher on the outer
I than on the inner side; the edge bears about 28 sharp, incurved, well-
separated, unequal teeth; of these the largest is at the middle of the
louter edge ; another smaller one, but larger than its fellows, is at the
I middle of the iimer edge ; two others, in size similar to the last, occupy
Ithe middle of the lateral edges ; thus the edge is divided into four equal
Iparta by the four larger teeth, between which there are five or six
Ismaller, very acute teeth, separated by spaces greater than their
Ibreadth. The homy rings are amber-broken, the teeth are golden ye^-
llow at tip. The distal portion of the club is compressed, with the face
Inarrow and tapering, but with an elevated dorsal keel ; it bears four
Icrowded rows of small, pediceled suckers, the two rows on one side of
Ithe median line 'being composed of very much smaller suckers than the

{■ 4rfl

V. ;J-

BEPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [106]

other two. At the very tip of the club there is a round cluster of small, I
smooth suckers, as in Arehiteuthia. The buccal mass is 52*°" in lengtli (
and 42""" in diameter. A thick buccal membrane, covered with low, ir-
regular vermcte, surrounds the jaws. The jaws are sharp and strong; I
their exposed portions are black, the alae reddish brown. The beak of
the upper jaw is long, strongly incurved, acute, its cutting edge regu
larly curved, with a deep notch at its base, from which a well-deflned
groove runs downward. The lower jaw is sharp, its cutting edge is
most concave near the tip, below which it is nearly straight; sides
covered with fine radiating lines ) basal notch broad, shallow, angular; I
beyond the notch there is a broad, low, angular tooth. The surface of I
the fleshy palate is covered with low, rounded verructe. The odontol
phore is broad, with shari>, pale amber-colored teeth, which agree well I
with those of the original specimen (Plate XYI, figs. 3-7); outside I
of the lateral teeth there is a narrow, raised, chitinous ridge, apparently!
not divisible into plates.

Another specimen, consisting of the buccal mass and jaws, but with- 1
out the odontophore, was presented to the United States Pish Comnus [
sion (lot 797) by Gapt. Gharles Anderson and crew of the schoonerj
" Alice G. Wunson," of Gloucester, Mass.

The jaws of this were slightly larger than in the one just described,!
They agree well in nearly every respeet, but the notch at the base ofl
the lower mandible ?8 narrower and the tooth beyond it broad and|

rounded.

Measurements of jaws {in iMllimeters).

Number of lot.

Upper Jaw, ttp to bottom of notch . . .

TnuiSTerse breadth, at notches

Tip to end of frontal Lunina

Lowerjaw, tip to bottom of notch ..

Tiptonotchofmentam

Tip to ventral end of gnlar lamina . .
Hentum to inner end of lateral ala> .

Breadth of lateral alie....

Breadth of odontophore, across face .

810.

5.5

797.

The fifth specimen, received in lot 879, October, 1880, consists of tw«|
of the sessile arms, but the suckers have lost their homy rings, so tha
the identification cannot be very positive. Tbe largest arm, which u|
not quite entire, is 255""" long, and 23"'"» in diameter at the larger end
It was taken from the stomach of a cod, on the Grand Banks, and prfr|
sented to the United States Fish Commission by the captain and crev
of the schooner "Otis P. Lord."

Specimens examined.

Lot.

810
797
879

Locality.

Fathoms.

Cape Sable, N.S...
Sable IsUnd Bank.
George's Bank —
East slope G.'sB..
Grand Banks

Beach

280-300

Cod stomach.

....do

....do .......

When re-
oeiveH.

Name of yessel,

Sept., 1878
Aag., 1880
Aug., 1880
Oct., 1880

A. H. Johnson.

Sultana

AIG.Wnnson.
Otis P. Lord...

Keceived from.

Halifax Mns'm
tr. 8. Pish Com.

....do

. . . .do .......

Specimens.

1, entire.
I,jaw8,&c.
1, jawv and ami
l,Jaw8.
l.utna.

riOGlB t^^^] CEPHXLOPODS op northeastern coast op AMERICA.

nster of small,
52°"" iu length |
d with low, ir-
rp and strong;!
. The beak of
ing edgeregu'
a well-defined I
attlng edge is
straight; sides
dlow, angular;!
The surface of |
. The odonto-
hich agree well I
. 3-7); outside I
4ge, apparently

jaws, but with-
8 Pish Commis [
)f the schoonerj

> just described,!

at the baseofj

id it broad and!

810.

797.

14
25

16
5.5

consists of two|

|y rings, so tha

arm, which H

1 the larger eud

^anks, and prfr|

Lptain and crei

I'm

Speclmeua.

1, entire.

l,j»W8,&C.

1, Jam and unl

l,3»w».
l,uina.

Bthenoteuthls pteropus Yerrill.

Omnuutrephea pteropu$1 Steenstrup (MSS., 1856).
Tiyon, Man. Conch., i, p. 179 (no description).
Sthenoteuthit pteropus Yerrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 228, pi. 27, fig.

7, la, pi. 36, ligs. 5-9, Fob., 1880; Amer. Jonm. Sci., vol. xix, p. 289, Apr.,

1880.
OmmaUntrephea pteroptu Steenstrup, Oversigt K. Danske Yidensk. Selsk. For-

handl., 1880 (received Aug.), pp. 76-81, fig. 7, p. 79, fig. 2, p. 81 (details).

jrlate VII, figure 2. Plate XYII, figures 3-9.

A large squid, 74.8°™ (29.5 inches) long from tail to tip of longest sessile
arms, similar in size and form to the preceding, and closely allied to it^
has been sent to me by Mr. G. Brown Goode, who obtained it at Ber-
muda. It is probably the Ommatoatrephes pteropus of Steenstrup.

The body is stout, acuminate posteriorly; the anterior border of the
mantle, beneath, is even, and not distinctly emarginate in the middle.

The caudal fin is large, broad, transversely rhomboidal, but neither
so broad nor so large proportionally as in 8. megaptera. The siphon is
very large and broad (63""" long by 50""" broad), with a large aperture,
25mm vnde. The eyeballs are very large, elongated, me.^uring, although
somewhat collapsed, about 42°'"' long by 31'""' broad. The eye-openings^
as distended, are large, oblong, elliptical, with a broad sinus and slightly
thickened edges.

The arms are stout and rather long, the third and ventral pairs being
nearly equal in length; those of the second pair are about 12.5"'"' shorter
than those of the third ; the dorsal ones about 63'""' shorter than those
of the second ; the dorsal arms are 18.4°"' long, trapezoidal in form,
the outer face convex and about 1.9°"' broad ; the lateral and inner faises,
1.2°"'; along the inner angles there is a narrow membrane, outside
the suckers (fig. 7, a). Those of the second pair are 24.7°"' in length;
their transverse breadth is about 2°"'; from inner face to outer angle,
1.9°"'; along the outer angle, in these, is a thick, acute-edged crest,
widest in the middle of the arm; along the lower inner angle, outside
the suckers, there is a broad and very thin membrane, 2.5°"' or more in
width (fig. 7, 5) ; along the upper inner angle is a similar membrane,
about .e*™ wide.

The arms of the third pair are 26°'" long (31°" from center of eye to
tip of arms) ; they are compressed, 2.25°"' broad at base ; on the outer
angle, along the middle, there is a very prominent crest (fig. 7, c), so
that, in this part, the distance from inner face to outer angle is 4°"' ;
along the lower inner angle there is a very broad, thin, delicate web,
where widest at least 5°'" to 7°"' (2 to 2.75 inches) wide; it is consider-
ably torn and may have been still wider ; it is widest beyond the middle
of the arm; on the upper inner angle the corresponding membrane is
about 0.6°™ wide (fig. 7, c). li-ansverse, thick, fleshy ridges run out
from between the suckers a short distance on these membranes, and then
&de out. The ventral arms are 2.25°"' broad at base and tsapezoidal ;

.;l)' f

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [108]

they have a smaller crest along the outer angle, and a narrow membrane
along each inner angle.

All the nessile arms bear similar suckers (Plate XVII, figs. 8, «t-o), all
of which are provided with 7 to 13 large, very acute, incurved teet^ on
the outer margin of the very oblique homy rings, and with much smaller,
sometimes rudimentary ones on the inner margin, much as in 8. megaptera.
The largest of all the suckers are near the middle of the second pair of
lateral arms, from the sixth to the sixteenth, and especially from the
ninth to the fourteenth; the diameter of the ninth is lO*^, the edge of
its rim 8^^. On the dorsal arms the eighth to the thirteenth are the
largest ; the diameter of the ninth is T""; edge of homy rim, 5""". On
the third pair the eighth to the fourteenth are largest; the diameter
of the tenth is 8°"", its rim e""™' On the ventral arms the fourteenth
to the twentieth are largest; the diameter of the flfteenth is 7.5°"», its
rim 5.5'°°>. On the ventral arms the rows of suckers are more separated
than on the other arms, their inner faces being wider. On the lateral
arms, toward the base, the two rows are nearer together, while the suck-
ers of each row are distant, so that they almost form one irregular row
at first. The suckers are all very oblique, with the homy rims very low
or narrow in front, and very high on the outer side ; these rings are dark
brown, but the teeth have a golden luster.

The thick fleshy margin (fig. 9), outside the denticulated edge of the
homy ring, is completely covered all around by a series of thin, bracket-
8hai)ed, horny plates, light brown in color, arranged radially and movable
with the membrane to which they are attached for the most of their
length; both the outer and the inner ends are free and turned upward,
like a small tooth or denticle; those of the inner end are mostly acute,
and form^ circle of minute movable denticles, nearly in line with the
large teeth of the homy ring, five to ten occupying the intervals between
the large teeth of the largest suckers; those plates that stand opposite
the teeth of the ho ny ring are shorter than the others, and often broader,
and have no dentiv le on the flat or npcurved inner ends, which fit to the
form of the base of the tooth in front of them ; the outer ends are abruptly
bent upward and often inward, forming a denticle or flattened hood, usu-
ally rounded at the end. These marginal plates vary greatly in width
and form, even on the same sucker, accoiAing to position, and small,
imperfectly developed, wedge-shaped ones are interpolated between the
larger ones, around the periphery.

One of the largest suckers, the twelfth of the second pair of arms
(fig. 8, bf &'), has 22 teeth on the horny ring; of these five are small, but
sharp, on the middle of the inner border; nine, on the outer border, are
largest; and four, on each side, are intermediate in size. The median
tooth on the outer margin is largest, and the one next to it, on each side,
is a little smaller than the second one from it. The thirteenth sucker
of the ventral arms has, on its ring, eighteen denticles ; of these nine
are very large, with the median more decidedly the largest, and the one

58. [108]
r membrane

J. 8, or-o), all
red teeth on
ach smaller,
S.megaptera.
cond pair of
lly from the
, the edge of
enth are the
m, S""". On
the diameter
e fourteenth
I is 7.5°»°», its
jre separated
)n the lateral
bile the suck-
irregular row
rims very low
rings are dark.

d edge of the
thin, bracket-
and movable
most of their
led upward,
mostly acute,
line with the
als between
tand opposite
►ften broader,
Ihioh fit to the
are abruptly
led hood, usu-
>atly in width
|n, and small,
between the

I pair of arms
re small, bnt

tsr border, are
The median

I on each side,
eenth sucker
rf these nine

I, and the one

[109] CEPHALOPODS OP NOBTHEASTBBN COAST OP AMEBICA.

on each side of it is shorter as compared with the next; six, on the inner
margin, are minute, and these are connected with the larger series by
one or two somewhat larger ones at each end of the inner border.

The stumps of the tentacular arms are flattened, oval, and smooth,
measuring about 10""" by 18""" near the base; their length is about 28""
(11 inches), which is doubtless less than half their original length.

According to Steenstrnp (op. ult. cit., p. 81, fig. 2), there are, in his
example, a few connective suckers and f^ubercles on the proximal part of
the club.

The siphon is very large and lodged in a broad groove in the lower side
of the head ; the anterior part of this groove, which is separated from
the rest by a transverse fold of the skin, is covered by about twelve nar*
row, longitudinal ridges, separated by strong longitudinal ftirrows; an
additional outer ridge, on each side, is separated fh>m the others by a
wider interval; several of these ridges and fiirrows extend backward
beyond the transverse fold. The dorsal side of the siphon is strength-
ened by a thick, longitudinal, muscular band, which becomes free from
the siphon farther back, and is united to the head by a small median
connective strap; either side of this are the two broad connective bridles,
and at the sides of the siphon, near the ears, on each side, is a broad
lateral connection between the mantle and head, with a large aquiferous
opening beneath it.

The exposed parts of the jaws (Plate XYII, figs. 3, a, b) are black and
polished ; the laminte are reddish brown, with broad, thin, yellowish-
white margins. The upper mandible has a long, sharp rostrum, with reg-
ularly curved cutting edges, and a small, well-defined, V-shaped notoh,
from which a short groove runs backward, beyond which there is a slight
ridge ; anterior edge of alte, beyond the notch, forming no distinct lobe
or tooth, but slightly convex and irregularly crenulate ; posterior lateral
borders of alie with a broad, sinus in the middle ; palatine lamina long
and thin, with sinuous posterior margins; frontal lamina broad, extend-
ing well backward.

The total length of the upper mandible is 42">"> ; tip to posterior end
of frontal lamina, 33""" ; to notch, 10""™; greatest breadth (or hight), from
palatine to end of frontal, 30™"" ; transverse breadth, across frontal,
15mm . transverse breadth, across anterior edges of alse, 8™"".

The lower mandible has a strongly incurved beak, with the cutting
edges rather suddenly incurved at about the proximal third, and a well-
developed, broad, V-shaped notch at base, beyond which there is a
slightly prominent, broad tooth; alae broad, the inner ends broader
than the middle, well rounded;, mentum short, with a broad dorsal
cmargination ; gular lamina short, the inner edges incurved.

The total length of the lower mandible is 29">"'; tip of beak to end of
mentum, lO"™; to ventral end of gular, 21"""; to bottom of notch, 11""" ;
to inner ends of alas, 24"'">; breadth, fh)m inner ends of alae to mentum,
28«»"; breadth of gular lamina, IT"""'; breadth of alse, 12.5"""; greatest

w. ^

BEPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [110]

transverse breadth, across ale, 32"" ; transverse breadth, across anterior
edges of alee, at teeth, 11">">.

These Jaws agree pretty nearly in form and sice wi^h those of 0.
pUrcpiUf as flgored by Steenstmp, but the latter have a deeper notch in
the upper mandible, with a more evident lobe beyond it, while the lower
mandible has a broader and less triangolar notch.

The baooal membrane is large, thin, prolonged into seven acute angles
or lobes, of which the upper is in the median plane, opposite the inter-
val between the dcrsal arms; the six others are opposite the three other
pairs of sessile arms. The inner surface of this membrane is covered,
near the periphery, with small rounded papillse ; externally it is oon<
nected to the arm by seven membranous bridles, corresponding to the
seven angles ; of these the dorsal one forks, one branch going to th«
inner margin of each dorsal arm ; the upper lateral ones join the mar-
ginal membrane of the upper angle of the upper lateral arms; the lower
lateral ones join the lower marginal membrane of the third pair of arms;
the ventral ones join the marginal membrane outside of the sucker-
liearing face of the ventral arms. In front of the bases of each of the |
dorsal and tentacular arms there is a large opening to the space beneath
this membrane.

The beak is closely surrounded by a thick, prominent, lobed, and I
wrinkled fleshy collar, with papillae on its inner surface; outside of this
there is a smooth, sharp-edged, erect collar, less prominent than the {
inner one. t

The odontophore is similar to that of Ommastrephes ; it is sharply bent I
upon itself anteriorly, with the ventral end less than half as long as the
dorsal ; the dentigerous zone is yellowish brown in color, and bordered
laterally by a thin ridge formed by a row of small plates ; the lateral
membrane is broad, thin, and pale yellow, running straight across, from
the ventral end, at right angles to the dorsal portion, and then folding
bacl^ upon itself joins the dorsal part of the odontophore farther back,
near its middle; beyond this point it is very narrow and rolled in.
Length of the dorsal portion, 19°>°> ; of the ventral, 9<°°> ; breadth of the
dentigerous zone, anteriorly, 5*^ ; breadth of marginal membrane, ante-]
riorly, 7""°.

The median teeth (Plate XYU, fig. 4, a) are broad, with three stent I
points, the middle one nearly twice as long as the lateral; the inner
lateral teeth (h) are much longer, with one long stout point and a short
denticle <m the outer side, below the middle; the two outer rows (o,d){
have simple, long, and rather stout, curved teeth, those of the outermost
row a little longer and narrower than. the others. The teetb differ de-
Qldedly from those of S. megaptera in the shortness of the lateral denticles
of the median and inner lateral teeth; moreover, all the tooth we stouter]
ftnd less acute.

The pen (Plate XYII, figs. 5, 5 a) resembles that of Ommastrephes ; it is ]
Ung, widest anteriorly, bordered by strong ribs, obtusely pointed at the

ElIES. [110] l[ni] OEPHALOPODS OF N0BTHEA8TEBN COAST OF AMEBICA.

«ro0S anterior

h those of 0.
eeper notch in
rhile the lower

n acate angles
(Site the inter-
he three other
»ne is covered,
tally it is con-
tondiug to the
I going to the
IS join the mar>
rms; the lower
d pair of arms;
of the sucker-
of each of the |
) space beneath

ant, lobed, and

outside of this

linent than the

i is sharply bent
f as long as the
and bordered

; the lateral
ht across, from
id then folding

further back,
and rolled in.
breadth of the
embrane, ante-

[ith three stout

Bral; the inner

lint and a short

}uter rows (0, d)

' the outermost

Iteeth differ de-

ftteral denticles

oth are stouter

interior end, gradually narrowing to the very narrow slender portion
ibont three inches from the posterior end, beyond which there is a thin
margin, which expands into a lanceolate form, widest at 1J2S inches from
the end; the terminal portion forms a short, hollow hood, formed by the
Enfolding of the margin, and marked by slender, divergent, raised lines,
stronger laterally, and with a dorsal keel. The central rib begins at the
interior end, increases in size to the middle region, then narrows to the
Blender part, where it forms a slender, prominent rib, only visible dor-
illy, and then becoming confluent with the lateral ribs extends as a
^barp keel to the end. The lateral ribs commence at about .75 inch
)m the anterior end, and each at first consists of three riblets; farther
t>ack another appears on the outside margin, but is separated only by
slender groove, and toward the slender part of the pen they all co-
Uesce into a single rib on each side, which nearly meet in the middle line
rentrally, where they are separated by a slender groove, which disap-
irs farther on. Total length of pen, 349'"'" (13.75 inches) ; greatest
breadth, 22.5""" (.90 inch) ; length of posterior cone or hood, .9^ (.35
ich); breadth of posterior expansion, 15'"'".

This specimen is entire, except that it has lost the clubs of the ten-
cular arms. It is in fair condition, though considerably contracted
by long preservation in too strong alcohol. The head, however, has
|)een pulled out from the mantle to an unnatural extent, so as to increase
[he total length from 3°"' to 4*"" at least. The ventral arms do not show
ly of the sexual modifications characteristic of the male squids, there-
fore, it is doubtless a female.

Most of the measurements are given in the table with those of 8.
^legaptera (p. 103); some of the more general are as follows: Length
om end of body to tip of dorsal arms, 69.8°'° (27.5 inches); to edge of
lantle, dorsally, 37.5<"" (14.75 inches); to base of dorsal arms, 52«°> (20.5
aches); to center of eye, 47'=*°; to lateral insertions of fin, length, 17«"'
|6.75 inches) ; to outer angle of fin, along posterior edge, 18.4<'"> (7.25
iches) ; breadth of fins transversely, 28.5°°> (11.25 inches); outer angle
I lateral insertion, along front edge, 14o'° (5.5 inches); between lateral
isertions, 5«" (2 inches); breadth of body, 11.9«'"; circumference of
iy, 29.20"' (11.5 inches).
This specimen, which was obtained at Bermuda, by Mr. G. Brown
iroode, now belongs to the museum of Wesleyan University, Middletown,*
ponn. Mr. Goode informs me that it was picked up on ilie north shore
|f the island, in December, 1876, and that it was regarded by the inhab-
its as a novelty or great rarity, and was noticed as snch in the local
newspapers.

Stenoteuthis pteropua has been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea
|nd the warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean.

\astrepk€8; it is I
pointed at the

BEPOBT OF COMMISSIONEB OF FISH AND FI8HBBIE8. [112]

•tlMnotatttlils BarUamll Verrill.

Loligo mgiltattii (pan) Lnniarck, 1700; Anini. sans Vert., vol. vii, p. 665.
Lotigo nartramH LMOour, Journ. Phil. AomI., I, vol. ii, p. 00, pi. 7, 1891.

Blainvillo, Diet. 8ci. Nat., vol. xxvU, p. 141, IfSS.
LoHgo iiagiltatut Ulaiuv., Diet. Soi. Nat., vol. xxvii, p. 140.
Omnuutrepkeii BartramU D'Orb., Voy. Ani^r. M^^rid., Moll., p. 55, 1838 (t. Gray);
C^ph. Acdtab., pi. S, flfia. 11-80; Hiat. Cuba, Moll., p. 59.
Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Maa., Cephal. Antep., p. 02, 1849.
Verrill, Invert. Vineyard Sound, dto., p. Ml [635], 1874 (non Binney in Oould,

Invert. Mass. ).
Tryon, Man. Concb., vol. i, p. 180, pi. 80, figs. 361, 302 (after D'Orb.).
. atkmotmitkU BartramU Verrill, Trans. Conu. Aoad., vol. v, p. S83, Feb., 1880;
p. 1288, Jan., 1881; Amer. Jouni. Soi., vol. xix, p. 989, Apr., 1880.
OmiiMtoatrephee BartramU Steenstrup, Orenigt K. Danake Videnak. Selak. For-
handl., 1880, p. 79, fig. 2, p. 81, fig. 3, p. 89; anth. sep. copy (received
Aug.), p. 9, flg. 2, p. 11, fig. 3, p. 19.

Body cylindrical, elongated, slender, tapering but little in front of the
fin ; anterior edge of mantle with a very slight median dorsal angle.
Caudal fin short and transversely rhomboidal, with the outer angles
acute, posterior angle obtuse, and the front edges rounded and project-
ing forward beyond the insertion. Length of fln (from insertion) to its
breadth, asl : 2; length of fln to mantle, as 1 : 2.80, in a your female
specimen with the body 3.25 inches long. Head short, as bro as the
body; eye-opening angular, higher than long, with a narrow, oblique
sinus. Nuchal crests nearly as in O. illccehroHus, consisting of a low,
transverse, undulated ridge extending aix)und botli sides to the dorsal
line, and with three raised longitudinal ciests on each side. Siphon
large, sunken in a deep pit ; anterior border of the pit with a series of
6 to 12 or more (varying with age) small and short furrows, which e^
tend inward only a short distance from the edge. Arms rather short,
not very unequal; the dorsal ones are a little the shortest and smallest;
the third pair are the longest, the second and fourth pairs are interme-
diate in length and nearly equal ; the arms of the second pair are frir-
nished with a well-developed membrane along the lower outer angle,
and with a thin marginal membrane of moderate width along the inner |
angles, outside the suckers, that on the lower side extending beyond the
suckers. Those of the third pair are compressed, 'with a well-developed
membranous keel on the median outer edge, beyond the basal portion;
on the lower inner angle there is a broad, thin, marginal membrane, ex-
tending beyond the suckers, and a narrow one on the upper side ; the I
dorsal and ventral arms have narrow marginal membranes. Suckers of
the dorsal and lateral arms furnished with horny rings, which have the
edge divided into small, acute-triangular teeth, largest on the otlter |
side ; on the ventral arms the suckers are smaller, those on the prox-
imal half of the arm having smooth-edged rings, while those on the I
distal portion are sharply toothed on the outer edge. Tentacular arms
slender and moderately elongated, with distinctly broader clubs, which j
are keeled on the back side and furnished with a thin marginal mem-
brane on each edge. The suckers form two median alternating rows

B8. [112] H[lld] CEPHAL0P0D8 OP NORTHEASTERN C0A8T OF AMERICA.

il, p. 665.
0, pi. 7, 1891.

1838 (t. Gray);

InneyinOould,

D'Orb.).

S3, Feb., 1880;

.,1880.

iBk. Selsk. For-

copy (received

a front of the
lorsal angle,
outer angles
L and project-
sertion) to its
rour female
bro as the
rrow, oblique
ing of a low,
to the dorsal
iide. Siphon
ith a series of
;v^8, which e^
rather short,
and smallest;
are interrae-
pair are fur-
outer angle,
mg the inner
g beyond the
ell-developed
asal portion;
lembrane, ex-
ler side ; the
Suckers of
ich have the
n the oftter
»n the prox-
ihose on the
tacular arms
clubs, which
xginal mem-
latingrows

uf larger, oblique, dentate ones, of which seven to nine in each row-
are decidedly the largest; alternating with those, on each margin, there
JH a row of smaller, more oblique, sharply denticalate, marginal suckers;
<liHta1 face of the club narrowed and covered with four rows of minute
crowded suckers, and a small cluster at the tip; the proximal part of the
club has an irregular group of few, small, denticulate suckers, beyond
which, extending down on the upper margin of the arm, is a row of about
live or six or more e-mail, smooth-edged, connective suckers, alternating
with small round tubercles of corresponding size; along the lower edge
of the arm, for about the same distance, there la a row of more minute
pediceled suckers. The horny rings of the larger median suckers are
oblique, and the edge is divided into many small slender teeth, longer
on the outer or higher margin; the teeth of the marginal suckers are
similar, but more unequal and more incurved.

Specimens in. alcohol generally show a distinct dark purplish brown
jdorsnl stripe, where the chromatophores are very much crowded.

According to D'Orbigny (Hist. Cuba, Moll., p. 62) the colors of this
Ispecies, when living, are very brilliant, and are continually changing.
AloAg the middle dorsal line there is a broad violet stripe, with a stripe
of reddish yellow on each side of it. These bands are closely defined,
jand do not grade into each »ther. Body elsewhere bluish; flns rosy,
ith a carmine-red int each side of the darker median stripe. The sur-
face is throughout covered with small reddish-violet chromatophores.
'he liead is dark violet above, rosy beneath. Upon the eyes there are
;wo elongated spots of brilliant blue, and below a spot of bright red.
The color of the ink, according to the same authoi:ity, is not blaclc,
lat coffee-and-milk color. It is emitted very rapidly and discolors a
[arge area. Length of body, ISO"" ; diameter, 27'"™ ; diameter of head,
length of tentacular arms, 75"""; length of dorsal arms, 42"'"»;
length of third pair, 66™"> ; length of fourth pair, SO""" ; length of can*
A fin, 60«"«; breadth of fin, »«■""'.

A young specimen, in alcohol, has the following dimensions : Total
[ength to tips of lateral arms, 121™"> ; tail to base of arms, 93">"' ; body,
\2F"^; length of caudal fin, to insertion, 29"""; its breadth, SS"""*; diam-.
iter of body, IG"'"' ; length of tentacular arms, 48™"'.
Middle Atlantic and West Indies to Brazil and Cape of Good Hope.
mges chiefly between 35° south and 36° north latitude ; common in
[he region of the Gulf Stream.
This is an exceedingly active species, swimming with great velocity,
kud not rarely leaping so high out of the water as to fall on the decks
►f vessels.* On this account it has been called the ^^ flying squid^ by
laiiors.

• D'Orbigny (Hist. Cuba, Moll., p. 62) relates that in a beautiful night in October,

It 34° south latitude, off South America, he himself saw two specimens leap out of

ae water so high as to fall on the deck of the vessel, which was nearly fifteen feet

^bove the surface of the water. It is supposed that this is done in their efforts to

»pe from predatory fishes that pursue them.

i i

IILPORT OF COMMISSIONEB OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [114] | [1.

Tbis is a more slender species than 0. iUecebroeus, with a shorter fin,
and it has but four rows of small suckers on the distal part of the club,
instead of eight. The most important difierences, of generic value, are
the presence cf conneetive suckers and tubercles on the tentacular arms,
and the great develoinnent of the marginal membranes on the lateral
axms. The grooves in the siphon-pit are of comparatively little impor-
tance.

Abohitextthis Steenstrup (see page 23).

This genus, which includes the most gigantic species known, differs
from Sthenoieuthis mainly in having a smaller and differently shaped cau-
dal fln, and in lacking the broad lateral membranes on the lateral arms.
The pen is also different, judging from the portions preserved. The large
tentacular suckers are more evenly and regularly denticulated; and
those of the sessile arms are smaller, with less claw-like teeth.

From Ommastrephes it differs in the form and size of the fln and
pen, and especially in having connective suckers and tubercles at the
bases of the tentacular clubs.

Arohiteuthls Harvejri Verrill (see pages 23-40).— Giant Squid.

(Plates I-VI.)

Fishing banks off Nova Scotia to Labrador. Northern Europe!

Architeuthis princeps Verrill (see pages 41-50).— Giant Squid.

(Plates VII-XI.)

Newfoundland and the Grand Banks to Labrador. Northern Europet |

Family MASTIGOTEOTHID^ VerriU.

Bulletiu Mns. Comp; ZooL, viii, p. 100, March, 1881.

Body slender, pointed behind. Caudal fin large, rhombic. Mantlel
united to neck by three movable cartilages. Siphon with an interDall
valve and one pair of dorsal bridles. Eyes l&rge, not prominent; lidsl
free, simple. Buccal membrane 6-angled, without suckers. AnnsiTee;|
suckers in two rows. Tentacular arms (in the typical species) not ei|
panded into a club, the terminal portion round, tapeiing, covered wit!
a multitude of minute suckers, in many rows. No auditory crests. Fe
narrow, with a long, hollow posterior cone.

This family differa from OmmastrephicUiB in lacking diotinct lachryi
sinuses and auditory crests, in the remarkable character of the tentacc
arms, and in the simple connective cartilages. From CMroteuthidceajA
HisUotmthidw it differs in having the siphon provided with a dorsal bridlij
and internal valve, as well as in the armature of tentacular arms.

It is doubtful whether Calliteuthi8 belongs near this fanily, its tent
ular arms being unknown, and its pen being entirely different. Fo8si|
bly it may belong to the Ohiroteuthidce.

ss.

[114]

shorter fin,
of the club,

value, axe
Msular arms,

1 the lateral
little impor-

aown, differs
J shaped can-
lateral arms,
i. The large
Bulated; and
)eth.

f the fln and
)eroleB at the

EuTopel

lern Europel

^mbic. Mantle!

ith an intemall

Irominent; Udsl

Arms free!

kpecies) not exj

r, covered "witf

r crests. Pc

ict lachry
'thetentaci
\iroteuthidv!
L a dorsal bridli
laranns
lUy, its tem
ferent. Possii

[115] • CEPHAL0P0D8 OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Mastiooteuthis Yerrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. t, p. "^f Jan., 1881 ; Bulletin Mns. Comp. Zool., vol. viii, p.
100, March, 1881.

Body elongated, tapering to a point, confluent with the 7«itdal fin
posteriori:^' Caudal fln very large and broad, rhomboidaL, occupying
about hah the length of the body. Mantle fastened to thb base of the
siphon by an ovate, ear-shaped, elevated cartilage, on each side, fltting
into corresponding deep, circumscribed pits ot* the base of the siphon.
Siphon with a bilabiate aperture, an internal valve, and a pair of dorsal
bridles. Eyes large, with round pupils ; lids free, thin, apparently with
a very small anterior sinus. Arms very unequal, the ventral ones much
the longest. Suckers small, in two regular rows. Tentacular arms long
and round, tapering to the tips, shaped like a whip-lasb., without any
distinct club ; the distal portion is covered nearly all around with ex-
ceedingly numerous and minute suckers, which leave only a very narrow
naked line along the outside. Pen narrow and bicostate anteriorly, very
slender in the middle ; posteriorly much larger, with a long tubular
cone (figs. 1 (, 1 c). This remarkable genus differs widely from all others
hitherto described in the character of the tentacular arms and suckers.
This, with the great size of the caudal fin, gives a very peculiar aspect to
the species.

MastigotentbiB Agasaizil Verrill.

Bulletin Mns. Comp. Zool., vol. viii, p. 100, pi. 1, fig. 1, pi. 2, figs. 2, 3-.^ «, J881 ;
Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 287, pi. 47, pi. 49, figs. 2, 3-3 e, Jan., 1881.

Plate XXI. Plate XXII, figures 2-2 d.

Body elongated, round anteriorly ; posteriorly tapering rapidly to the
sicnuotr, acute, terminal portion, ^ liich is confluent with the caudal fln
to the tip. Front dorsal edge oi mantle emarginate in the middle.
Caudal fln very large and broad, transversely rhomboidal, obtuse pos-
teriorly, its length, from origin to tip, aboat equal to half the combined
I length of the head and body. Eyes large, with thin lids, which appear
to have had a distinct but very small sinus in front; pnpUs circular ;
iris brown, in alcohol. Sessile arms very unequal ; ventral arms much
larger and longer than the otiiers, about equal to length of head and
body; dorsal arms very smaU, scarcely one-third the length of the ventral
pair ; two lateral pairs nearly equal, decidedly longer and stouter than
the dorstd pair. A delicate, thin, marginal membrane extends along the
|arm8, outside the raws of suckers, to the slender tips. Suckers small,
two regular rows on all the arms, subglobuJar, with small oblique
kpertiires, surrounded by small homy rings, whicl^have a nearly entire
largin, and by several series of minute plates (Plate XXII, flg. 2 d).
Basal web, between the arms, very small. In the smaller specimen,
rhich is a male, the right ventral arm is longer than the left, and the
tip appears to have been flattened, and the marginal membranes seem

-%' • :

-'■i

life?' .

BEPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHEBIES. [116]

to have been wider, with the edges infolded, so as to form a sort of far-
row on the outer side, but the suckers are mostly gone, and it is too
much injured to be accurately described. Tent;acular arms long, more
than twice the combined length of the head and body, slender, round,
gradually tapering to the tip, like a whip-lash, the distal half of their
length covered with very numerous, crowded, minute, pediceled suckers
(fig. 2 5), which cover nearly the entire surface along the terminal por-
tion, leiiving only a narrow naked line along the back, but farther firom
the tip this naked space becomes gradually wider and the band of suck>
ers narrower, and after thede crowded bands of suckers cease, scattered
suckers, placed mostly two by two, extend for some distance along the
proximal part of the arms. The suckers of the tentacular arms are so
small that their form cannot be seen with the naked eye ; they are deep,
cup-shai)ed, with a small circular aperture, supported by a homy rim,
which is often arm<dd with two or three sharp teeth on one side (fig. 2 c).

Golor of body and arms, so far as preserved in alcohol, deep brownish
orange ; on the upper side of the back and caudal fin the color is better
preserved, and shows small, occellated, circular spots of orange-brown,
with an inher circle of whitish and a central spot of purplish brown.
Similar ,spots also exist on the head and arms, and also on the lower side
of the body, where the color is best preserved.

A considerable amount of a bright orange oily fluid, insoluble in alco-
hol, exuded from the viscera. Examined by means of the spectroscope
this fluid absorbed part of the green, all of the blue, and most of the
violet rays. The stomach contained fragments of small Crustacea. The
pen is pale yellow, thin, and slender anteriorly, with two sublateral
oostse, and narrow delicate margins outside the costae ; in the middle it
becomes stiU thinner and narrower, with the margin inrolled ; farther
back the margins become much wider and th* n unite together ventrally,
forming a long, hollow, conical portion, extcTiding to the acute posterior
tip; this portion is not so broad as deep, and has a slight dorsal keel
and a ventral groove.

Measuremmu. (Inmilli'mek -).

Sex.

Total length to end of seMile anns.
Head ana body combined

Length of body

X«ngfh of oaadal fin, ftom origin ,.

BreiMthof oandalfln

Breadth of body

Length of dorsal arms

Length of second pair of urns

Length of third pur of arms

Length of ventral anna •

Length of tentaonlar arms

Breadth of dorsal arms, at baw

Breadth of ventral arms .?

Breadth of tentacular arms

Diameter of eye

I<engfh of pen

Breadth of pen anteriorly

Breadth of pen posteriorly

Depth of pen posteriorly i.

Uale.

187
fiO
46
80
42
16
24
88
34
80

7.6

Male.

132

4fi

«0

112

813

108

%3t

2.N

4.N

S. [116] I [117] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA.

jort of fur-
Ld it is too
long, more
ier, round,
ilf of their
led suckers
rminal por-
^rther flrom
md of suck-
,e, scattered
se along the
arms are so
icy are deep,
I homy rim,
lide (flg. 2 c).
lep brownish
)lor is better
»nge-brown,
plish brown,
he lower side

•luble in alco-
spectroscope
L most of the
istacea. The
sublateral
the middle it
►lied; farther
berventrally,
iute posterior
dorsal keel

Ible. Hale.

Spedmeiu examined.

187
60
46
80
42
IB
24
88
34
80

• •

7.B

■

■•l

•

Loodity.

Seoelved from—

Specimen.

Ko.

Sex.

24
23

occxxT. M'.L.88<'a6'aO"|W.Lg.7eo

ocoxxviU. W. L. 840 W 26" ; W. Lg. 76° 22' 60" .

647
1,632

1880
1880

Blake...
...do ....

Mii8.Coinp.Zool..

1
1

122

99
60
75
23
46
SO
60
112
812

108

2,21

2.M

4.M

Calliteuthis Verrill.

Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xx, p. 393, for Nov., 1880 (pablished Oct. 85); Proo. Nat-MoB., yoL
iii,p.362, 1880; Trans. Conn. Aoad.,ToI.v, p. 295, Jan., 1881 ; Balletin Mas.
Comp. Zool., Tiii, p. Ill, March, 1881. «

Body short, tapering to a small, free tip. Fins small, united behind
the tip of the body. Pen with a sho:t narrow shaft and thin lanceolate
blade, as in Loligo. Siphon not sunken in a furrow, but united to the
bead by a pair of dorsal bands ; an internal valve. Mantle united to
tbe sides of the siphon by simple, linear, longitudinal, lateral ridges,
corresponding with connective cartilages on the sides of the siphon,
wbicb are long-ovate, with a raised margin all around. A dorsal, elon-
gated, connective cartilage on the neck, opposite the pen. Arms long,
not webbed. Suckers in two rows, largest on the middle of the lateral
and dorsal arms ; horny rings of suckers smooth on most of the suckera,
j simply dentate on the distal ones. Eyes large, with rounded openings
I and thin, free lids. TSo nuchal frills or crests. Buccal membrane simple,
[ sack like, with seven connective bridles. Internal anatomy of the female
similar to that of Ommaittrephes. Oviducts and nidamental glands sym-
metrically developed on the two sides. Oviducts opening in front of the
bases of the gills, the openings simple, long, narrow, oblique. Two long,
ligulate nidamental glands, with acute anterior ends, lie side by side and
a little apart, on the middle of the visceral mass, behind and over the
heart ; each of these consists of two halves, folded together, and covered
on the inner surface with fine transverse laminae ; they open along the
[outer edge.

This genus may, perhaps, belong to the Chiroteuthidce.

I Caliiteuthis reversa Yorrill.

Amer. Joam. Sci., vol. xx,p. 393, Nov., 1880 ; Proo. Nat. Mn8.,vol. iii,p. 362,
Dec. , 1880 ; Trans. Conn. Acad. , vol. v, p. 295, pi. 46, figs. 1-1 b, Jan. , 1881 ;
Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. viii, p. 112, pi. vii, figs. 1-1 b, 1881.

Plato XXII, flgureH 1-1 c.

Body rather short, tapering backward, subacute posteriorly; front
ledge of mantle advancing somewhat in the middle and forming an ob-
hise angle ; considerably emarginate beneath. Caudal fin small, short,
Ithin, each half nearly semicircular, attached subdorsally, posterior end

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OP PISH AND FISHERIES. [118]

emarginate and free from the tip of the body, but not extending much
beyond it. Head large, flattened above. Eyes very large, with simple,
thin, free, circular lids, without any sinus. Openings of the ears be-
hind the eyes, minute, with a small, erect, clavate, fleshy process of the
skin. Arms long, tapering, equal to the length of hea<l and body com-
bined ; the lateral pairs are equal; the dorsal and ventral nearly equal,
somewhat shorter than laterals ; suckers deeper than broad, well rounded,
laterally attached by slender pedicels ; homy rings with smooth, circu-
lar, thin edges, except on the small «uckers, toward the tips of the arms,
in which the outer edge is divided into a number of small, narrow, blunt
teeth. On the ventral arms the suckers are much smaller. Basal web
rudimentary ; a narrow, thin, simple membrane along each side, outside
the suckers. Tentacular arm i rather slender, compressed,' smooth at
base, the ends absent, riolcy reddish brown. The ventral surface of
tbe body, head, and arms is more ornamented than the dorsal surface,
being covered w»th large, rounded verrucae, their center or anterior half
pale, the border or posterior half dark purplish brown; upper surface
of body with much fewer and smaller scattered verrucae ; a circle of the
same around the eyes ; inner surfaces of sessile arms and buccal mem-
branes chocolate-brown; tentacular arms lighter ; suckers pale yello\^,
with a light brown band. Caudal fin white, translucent. Iris in the
preserved specimen, brown. Gills with the free edge brown, and a
brown line On the outer edges of all the lamina)

Total length, to end of lateral arms, 133""" ; to base of arms, 67""" ;
mantle, SV^ ; • of fin, 17"™ ; breadth of fins, 24""' ; of body, 20™"' ; diameter
of eyeball, 16™™ ; length of dorsal arms, 58™™ ; of second pair, 67"™ ; of
third pair, 68™" ; of ventral pair, 60™" ; breadth of dorsal arms at base,
5™"' ; of lateral, 6™" ; diameter of largest suckers, 1.2™".

Dredged by the steamer " Fish Hawk," of the U. S. Fish Oommission,
at station 894, about 100 miles south of Newport, R. I., N. lat. 39° 63',
W. long. 70° 58' 30", in 365 fathoms.

Family CHIROTEUTHID^ Gray (restricted).

Loligopridfe {pars) D'Orb., C^phal. Ac^tab., p. 320, 1B35-1848.
ChiroteuthidcB {para) Gray, Brit. Mus. Catal., Moll., vol. i, p. 42, 1849.

Body small, connective cartilages three, movable. Eyes with free,
simple lids, no sinus. Siphon small, with neither internal valve nor
dorsal bridle. Nuchal or auditory crests absent. Buccal membrane
seven-angled, without suckers. Buccal aquiferous openings six. Ses-
sile arms simple; suckers with horny rings, which are encircled by a
groove; web rudimentary. Tentacular arms very long and slender,
with a large club; tip with a spoon-shaped organ, opening backward;
peduncle with connective suckers and tubercles; club with rows of sin-
gular small suckers, having a swollen bulb on the long pedicel. Pen
lance-shaped, with a long, narrow shaft.

Chiroteuthia D'Orb. is the best known genus.

ni81 B [119] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Cbiroteuthis Bonplandi D'Orb. (f).

LoUgopsia Bonplandi Verany, Acad. Turin, ser. ii, voL i, pi. 5 (specimen with-
out tentacular arms, t. D'Orb. ).

Chirotcuthis Bonplandi D'Orbigny, Cdphai. Ac<Stab., p. 226 (description com-
piled from Verany).
Verrill, Bulletin Mns. Comp. Zool., vol. viii, p. 102, pi. 3, figs. 1-1 b, 1881 ;
Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 299, pi. 47, figs. 1-1 6.

Plate XXXII, figures 1-1 c.

A detached tentacular arm belonging to a species of Chiroteuthis was
taken by the United States Coast Survey steamer "Blake,'' in the sum-
mer of 1880, at station ccciii, lat. 41° 34' 30", long. 65° 54' 30", in 306
fathoms.

The arm is very long and slender, the length being 780""" (or over 30
inches), its diameter being from LS""" to 2""™, except near the base, where
it is 3""', and at the terminal club, which is 6'""' broad and 54""" long.
The arm is white, with purplish specks, and is generally roundish, ex-
cept at the club; along the greater part of its length there is a row of
rather distant sessile suckers, the distance between them being usually
from 12"'"' to 18"""; these suckers are larger than those of the club, and
jiave a nearly flat upper surface and no horny marginal rim is preserved.
A row of small, simple, scattered pits, i>erhaps homologues of these
suckers, extends up the back side of the club. These smooth suckers evi-
dently serve to unite the tentacular arms together when used in concert.
The club is much stouter than the rest of the arm, convex on both sides,
and but little flattened; on each side it is bordered by a well-developed
scalloped marginal membrane, supported by a series of transverse, thick-
ened, but flat, tapering, acute, muscular processes, with their ends pro-
longed beyond the edge of the intermediate membrane, producing a
deeply-scalloped border; on the distal half of the club these muscular
supports are separated by spaces greater than their breadth, but on the
proximal portion they subdivide into two or three parts, which become
crowded close together, showing only narrow intervals or merely a groove
between them. At the tip of the arm there is a thick, ovate, dark pur-
ple, spoon-shaped, hollow organ, about 4""" long, with its opening on the
back side of the arm. This so strongly resembles the spoon-shaped organ
of the hectocotylized arm of some Octopods as to suggest the possibil-
ity of a similar use for sexual purposes. The suckers are crowded in
four or more indistinct rows. Their pedicels are long and slender, hav-
ing beyond the middle a large, dark purple, fluted, swollen portion or
bulb, beyond which the pedicel is more slender; the cup of the sucker
is small and lateral, with a very oblique, oblong, horny rim, which is not
distinctly toothed (fig. 1 h) ; but its extreme outer edge is sometimes
slightly beaked and much thickened.

The fleshy border of the suckers is covered with small angular and
irregular scales (fig. 1 c) ; its edge is tinged with purple.

This tentacular arm is referred to C. Bonplandi only provisionally, for

If- 3

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [120] | [12

no perfect specimen of the latter, with the coiTesponding arms present,
has been described. It appears to differ from the tentacular arm of C.
Veranyi D'Orb., which is the only other species sufficiently described to
be recognized as belonging to this genus.

Family HISTIOTEUTHID^E, nov.

LoligopsidcB (jpara) D'Orbig., C^phal. Ac<5tab., p. 320, 1835-1848.
Chiroteuthida {para) Qray, Catal. Brit. Mob., Moll., vol. i, p. 42, 1849.

Body small, short, with caudal fins. Mantle united to the neck by three
movable cartilages. Siphon with neither dorsal bridle nor internal
valve. Head large. Nuchal crests absent. Eyes large, not prominent;
lids free and simple; no sinus. Buccal membrane with six smooth
4obes; buccal aquiferous openings four. Two brachial openings at
the bases of the tentacular arms. Six upper arms united by a very
broad web ; suckers in two rows ; rings convex, with small, oblique
apertures. Tentacular arms long, with a well-developed club, bearing
large central and small marginal suckers ; proximal part of club with
connective suckers and tubercles. Pen broad, short, lanceolate, much
like that of Loligo.

HiSTiOTBUTHis D'Orbigny, 1839.

fTufioteut/tts F6ru8sac <& D'Orbigny, Histoire Naturelle des- C^plialopodes Ac^tabuli-
fferes, p. 226.
Gray, Catal. British Mus., Moll., vol. i, p. 34, 1849 (description after D'Or-
bigny).

This genus is remarkable for having the six upper sessile arms united
together nearly to their tips by a thin, elastic membrane or web. The
ventral arms are also united together for a part of their length, and their
common web* is joined to the great web, in the median line, by a bridle-
like membrane. The tentacular arms are very long, and have expanded
clubs, with a broad dorsal keel. As in Architeuthis and Sthenoteuthis,
they are furnished with a series of small smooth-rimmed suckers, alter-
nating with tubercles, on the proximal part of the club and adjacent part
of the arm, for the purpose of uniting the arms together at will ', but in the
following species a row of such suckers and tubercles also extends along
one side of the club, opposite part of the large central suckers. The
large suckers are serrated, and alternate in two rows ; two rows of large
marginal suckers exist on one side and two rows of much smaller ones
on the other. At the extreme tip of the arm there is a cluster of small
smooth-edged suckers, as in Ommaatrephes, Architeuthis, &c.

The mouth is surrounded by a broad buccal membrane, with six
angles or lobes, but without suckers. The body is relatively short, with
short, bilobed caudal fins. The eyes are large, and have distinct lids.
The dorsal bone or pen is thin, short, lanceolate, and somewhat quill'
shaped, with a long blade. ,

lft=.;

S. [120] I [121] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTEHN COAST OF AMERICA.

18 present,
r arm of C.
escribed to

jck by three
lor internal
prominent ;
six smooth
jpenings at
a by a very
aall, oblique
lub, bearing
)f club with
folate, much

odea Ac6tabuli-
fion after D'Or-

arms united
)r web. The
th, and theii
by a bridle-
e expanded
'thenoteuthis,
ickers, alter-
idjacent part
1; but in the
:tend8 along
ickers. The
■ows of large
smaller ones
iter of small

le, with six
short, with
istinot lids.

^ewhat quill-

The species, so far as known, are brilliantly colored, having occellated
spots on raised verrucee, in addition to the ordinary chromatophores of
squids.

The two foreign species, hitherto described, are both from the Medi-
terranean.

HiatioteuthlB Collinsii Vcrrill.

HUtioteutkU Collinni Verrill, American Journal of Science, vol. xvii, p. 241,
March, 1879 ; vol. xLx, p. 290, pi. 14, April, 1880 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol.
V, p. 234, pis. 22, 27, figs. 3, 4, 5, pi. 37, fig. 5, 1880.
Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. i, p. 166, 1879 (description copied ijrom
the original one).

Plate XXIII, Plate XXIV, figures 3-6.

A large and handsome species, with the broad, thin,, dark-brown web
extending between and nearly to the ends of the six upper arms. The
enter surface of the head and arms is covered with large, slightly raised
warts or tubercles, which are dark blue with a whitish center, specked
with brown ; three rows extend along the ventral arms and two along
the others ; a circle of these surrounds the eyelids, but the edges of the
eyelids are narrowly bordered with dark brown. Color between the
wartii pale purplish brown, with small, raised dark-brown spots, reddish
specks, and white granules ; web and inner surface of arms uniform
dark reddish or purplish brown; suckers yellowish white, their pedicels
specked with brown ; tentacular arms light orange-brown. Eyes mu-
tilated ; their lid8\ form a large, simple, rounded opening.

Tentacular arms slender, about 2 feet long and expanding near the
lend into a broad, long-oval, sucker-bearing portion or club (PlatQ
XXIV, fig, 3), which is bordered by a membrane, widest on the upper
edge ; it ends in a tapering tip, on the back of which there is a thin,
crest like membrane or keel, enlarging proximally to its end, where it
forms a rounded lobe. The most expanded portion of the club bears
six rows of suckers, with finely serrate homy rings; the two central
rows contain much the largest suckers, four or five in each ; the more
central of these two rows contrins four suckers, larger than the rest,
land of these the two median are largest ; outside of these two median
I rows are two regular marginal rows of nearly equal, medium-sized, ser-
jrate suckers on the upper edge ; and along the lower edge of the club
I there is one row of few similar but smaller ones ; outside of these there
lis an incomplete alternating row of much smaller marginal ones. On
Ithe lower edge of the proximal portion of the club, extending from the
jmiddle backward, there is a row of four small, smooth-edged, unequal
Isackers, alternating with rounded, sessile tubercles that fit into corre-
hponding suckers on the other arm ; a row of similar but smaller suckers
lexteuds for about 6 inches along the inner surface in the median line
jof the arm, alternating at first singly, and then two by two, with tuber-
cles, and gradually becoming more distant. The end of the arm, beyond

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [122]

the oxpandeil club, bears miuuto seri'ate suckers, at first in six rows,
decreasiug to two toward the end. The extreme tip bears a small group
of minute, smooth-edged suckers. The largest suckers of the club are
decidedly constricted below the margin, and then swell out at the basal
portion. The edge of the Jiorny rim is divided into very numerona
small, iucurved, and crowded denticles, nearly equal in length, but part
are thickened and obtuse, while the rest are more slender and acute.
Diameter of the largest suckers 6.5""" ; of the largest in the second row,
5.5"™ ; of the largest in the lateral rows, 3""" to 4"'"" ; of the largest smooth-
rimmed marginal suckers, 2'""' to 2.5"" " j of the smooth-rimmed suckers |
of the wrist, 1.5""" to 2""".

Sessile arms stout, trapezoidal, tapering to slender tips, and bearing I
two rows of numerous suckers. All the arms on the left side e an
inch or more longer than the corresponding rif^ht ones. The dorsal aud
ventral arms of the same side are about equal, and decidedly shorter
than the two lateral pairs, which diSier but little in length. Web about I
two-thirds as broad as the length of the arms, uniting the upper three I
pairs together, and as a narrowing border extending along their sides!
to the tips. The lower lateral arms have a thin, crest-line membrane on I
their outer median surface, commencing at the basal fourth and extend- [
ing nearly to the tips. The ventral arms are united together, toward!
the base, by a web, which is also joined to the main web, in the median I
plane. A narrow outer web, arising from the outer angles of the arms,!
also unites all the arms together for a short distance above their bases.!

The suckers (Plate XXIV, figs. 5, a, b) are all similar in form. The!
larger ones on the dorsal arms are, perhaps, a little larger than those on!
the lateral and ventral ones. The largest are subglobular, laterally atl
tached, and gibbous ; the aperture is small, usually with three or four flat,!
blunt, or rounded lobes or denticles on the outer margin, with none on the|
inner margin. The pedicels of the larger suckers are very stout at baso,
tapering up to their attachment on the lower side of the sucker, wherej
they axe small and slender. The largest suckers of the dorsal arms aie|
5""° in diameter; their apertures, 2"""; length of pedicels, 4""" to 5"
The largest suckers on the ventral arms are not so large as those on thel
others ; the largest are 4"™ in diameter. Only a few suckers (five or sixJ
and these of very small siize and nearly in one row, extend below thel
level of the ventral web, which is attached along the inner margin, in[
side the row of suckers. The larger ventral suckers are depressed
oblique, with a very one-sided horny ring, which has a small, obliqutl
aperture, with about three bluntly rounded, slightly prominent lobes ot|
denticles on the outer margin, while the inner margin is smooth.

The membranes about the mouth are arranged nearly as in Omina-I
strikes. The mouth is surrounded externally by a broad, elevated,|
smooth, dark chocolate-brown buccal membrane or collar, which
prolonged into six angular lobes, corresponding to all the interva
between the arms, except those between the second and third pairsjl

as. [122] I [123] cephalopods of northeastern coast op America.

1 six rows,
jmall group
he club are
it the basal
jT numerous
:th, but part
and acute,
second row,
gest smooth-
ned suckers]

and lieariug
; side e an
le dorsal aud
ledly shorter
Web about
upper three
ig their sides
membrane on
li and extend-
ether, toward
in the median
8 of the arms,
ii, their bases,
n form. Thel
than those on
', laterally at
le or four flat,!
;h none on th«l
stout at bast
lucker, wlieitl
>sal anns are|
[Is, 4™" to 5'
,s those on tli«|

■8 (five or six),!
id below the

|er margin, in
Lepressed and
mall, oblique
jinent lobes oi|
Imooth.
as iu OmvMs\
»ad, elevate
lar, which
Ithe intervi
third pairs

this buccal collar is connected ^.o the interbrachial membrane by six
membranous bridles, corresponding to the six lobes; on both sides of the
dorsal aud ventral bridles are large poaches. The beak (Plate XXIV,
fig. 4) is immediately surrounded by a thick, fleshy, lobedand wrinkled
collar, and outside of this by another less prominent and less wrinkled
one.

The exposed parts of the mandibles are black, the inner lamincB
bright reddish brown. The beak of the upper mandible is very acute,
strongly incurved, with scarcely any distinct notch at the base of the
cutting edge, but with a conspicuously-excavated V-shaped area ; the
anterior edges of the alse are irregularly and slightly denticulate or
crenulate. The lower mandible has a much incurved beak, with the
catting edges decidedly concave, and a very small notch at their basesy
but with abroad excavated area along their sides and bases; the ante-
rior edges of the alee are slightly convex and form a very obtuse angle
with the edges of the beak or rostrum; a small, thin tooth exists just
beyond the notch; the alse are broadest near their inner ends; the
gular lamina is peculiar in having a prominent, thickened, curved, lat-
real rib on each side, running to the end of the prolonged and subacute
lateral lobes, and another dorsal one, running to the dorsal emargina
tion. Length of upper mandible, 30"""; hight, palatine to frontal, 20™°';
hight (or breadth) of palatine, li""; tip of beak to end of frontal, 22"'°';
to base of cutting edge (notch), 7.5"""; notch to inner end of aJae (union
with palatine), 7.05 """; beak to posterior lateral border of alte, 13.5"'"';
transverse breadth across outer side of alae, O.S"""". Lower mandible,
length, 23"'"'; inner ends of alae to mentum, 22.5"'"'; tip of beak to dorsal
border of gular lamina, 17"""; to inner ends of ala?, IS""""; to notch, 8.5""';
breadth of alae in middle, S"""; greatest transverse breadth across alae,
23""" ; across anterior edge, at teeth, 7.5""; notch to union of gular lamina
iiud alsB, 6.5""; breadth of gular lamina, 12.5"".

The odontophore is rather short, the dorsal portion not much exceeds
iug the ventral in length; the lateral membrane is broad and thin, its
posterior border extending transversely straight across to the dorsal
fold, nearly at right angles to the dorsal portion of the odontophore;
the dentigerous portion, including a thickened lateral ridge outside
the teeth, is light red in color. Length of dorsal portion, from anterior
bend, 8.5""; of ventral portion, 8""; breadth of dentigerous zone, 3"°.
The median teeth (Plate XXTV, fig. 6, a) are short, with a strongly in-
curved, acute central point, and with small, inconspicuous or rudimentary,
blunt, lateral denticles on each side ; the inner lateral teeth (6) are longer,
without a distinct lateral denticle ; the two outer rows have simple, rather
Blender, strongly incurved, acute teeth, the outermost a little longer
and more slender. The plates along the border appear to be so closely
united as not to be easily separated entire; they fbrm a continuous but
Blight, narrow ridge, which has an undulated surface. The membrane

Of!

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [124]

lining the palate bears pale yellowish, scattered, stout, not very acute,
and but slightly curved teeth, with bases not much enlarged ; among
these are clusters of small, stony, smoothish granules, often aggregated
into masses of considerable size. The gnlar membrane also bears ag-
gregations of small, smoothish, rounded, and angular granules, with
others that are larger, oblong, and oval, smooth, and more or less regu-
larly arranged. The oesophagus is very long and slender, dark colored.

Meaauremmtt of Hiatioteuthia Collituii.

Tentacular arms, length

Diameter at baae

Breadth of olnb, without membrane

Its membranous border

Length of club

Length of the slender tip

Of dorsal crest

Length of dorsal arm of leftside

Of Ist lateral (2d pair)

Of 2d lateral (3d pair) 1

Of ventralarm

Breadth of lateral arms at base

Thickness

Diameter of eye-opening

Diameter of bead at base of arms

Breadth of web l>etween arms

Diameter of largest suckers of tentacular arms.

HllUmeters.

Inches.

eogand 63S

24 and 2J

13.6

.60

17.6

.70

0.2

.26

3.76

1.36

1.60

866

432

438

17.26

361

14.26

22.6

.00

.76

22.6

.90

3.80

203 to 254

8 to 10

.20

Taken from the sbomaxih of Alepidosaurusferox, lat. 42° 49', long. 62<3
57', off Nova Scotia, by Capt. J. W. Collins and crew of the schoonei
"Marion," 1879.

All parts back of the eyes are absent ; the eyes are mutilated, but the
specimen is otherwise in excellent preservation, even the web and suck-
ers being nearly uninjured.

In addition to the original specimen, above described, another speci-
men, represented by the jaws alone, has been received by the United
States Fish Commission from the Gloucester fisheries (lot 843). This
was obtained on the Western Bank, off Nova Scotia.

Another beak was dredged by the " Fish Hawk," at station 893, south
of Newport, E. I., in 372 fathoms.

These jaws agree well in size and all other characters with those of
the original specimen (Plate XXIV, fig. 4).

Family DESMOTEUTHID^ Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 300, Feb., 1881.

For the reception of the genera Besmoteuthis V. and Taonius St., as
defined below, I established this new family, which had previously been
confounded with CremchidcB and Loligopaida.

Body much elongated, pointed posteriorly ; caudal fin narrow, termi-
nal, mantle united to neck by a dorsal and two lateral muscular commis-
sures. Pen lance-shaped, as long as the mantle, with a long, narrow
shaft ; blade incurved or hooded posteriorly. CBsophagus and intestine
very much elongated. Nidamental glands and oviducts large, symmet-
rical. Eyes large, protuberant; lids free and simple. No auditory
crests. Siphon large, with neither internal valve nor dorsal bridle.

ri241 I [^^^J CKPUALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

very acute,
ed; among
aggregated
3 bears ag-
Qules, "With
r less regu-
axk colored.

en.

Inches.

n.-)5

24 and 25

.60

.70

.25

2.75

1.25

LSO

17.26

14.25

.90

.75

.90

3.80

8 to 10

.24

19', long. 620
bhe schoonei

ited, but the
eb and suck-

lother speci-
the United
843). This

)n 893, south
ith those of

ionitis St., as
Iviouslybeen

|irrow, termi-

lar commis-

long, narrow

Wd intestine ]

l^ge, synunet-

fo auditory

arsal bridle.

Arms with depressed suckers. Tentacular arms with a well-developed
club, bearing suckers.

DBSMOTBUTHIS Verrill.

TaoniuM (part) Steenstnip, 18G1.

DmMteutkU Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 300, Feb., 1881.

Body very long, tapering backward to a long, slender, acute caudal
portion. Caudal fin long, narrow, tapering to a long, acute tip. Anterior
edge of the mantle united directly to the head, on the dorsal side, by a
commissure, so that there is no free edge medially, and the surface is
continuous, as in Sepiola; the dorsal commissure extends backward and
diverges within the mantle ; two additional muscular commissures unite
the lateral inner surfaces of the mantle to the sides of the siphon.
Eyes very large and prominent, with simple circular lids, "^o aquiferous
pores. Siphon large and prominent, with neither valve nor dorsal bri*
dies. Arms small and short, subequal, with a basal web and lateral
membranes; suckers smallest on the ventral arms, and urceolate, largest
and flatish on the middle of the lateral and dorsal arms, feebly toothed.
Pen extending the whole length of the body, very slender and of uni-
form width for more than half the length, then becoming broad-lanceo-
late, the terminal portion having the edges involute, forming a long,
slender cone, into which the ovary extends. Nidamental glands large,
symmetrically developed on the two sides. Gills small, situated in front
of the middle of the body.

The genus Taonius was proposed by Steenstrup to include this and
T.pavo (Lea. sp.), but he has not, to my knowledge, definitely defined
the genus. As T. pavo appears to be generically distinct from the pres-
ent genus, I propose to retain Taonius, with T. pavo for its type. By
many writers T. pavo has been placed in Loligopsis or Leachia. Steen-
strup himself formerly referred D. hyperborea to Leachia. By Tryon
both have been referred back to Loligopsis.

Loligopsis, as defined by D'Orbigny, in 1839, included T. pavo, as well
as the type of Leachia, but he referred Lamarck's original type of Loli-
I gopsis to the genus, as amended by him, only with doubt.

It seems desirable, therefore, to explain this confusion, so far as pos-
I sible.

Loligopsis Lamarck,* 1812 and 1822, was based only on an imperfect
I figure, made by P^ron, of a small oceanic squid which had lost its ten-
tacular arms. The supposed character of having eight arms was, for
Mm, the only basis for the genus, no others being mentioned. The
species (JD. Peronii) was, however, described very briefly as a small squid
With eight equal arms and two posterior, distinct caudal fins, and it was
compared to Sepiola. It has apparently not been rediscovered by later
writers, unless L. chrysophthalma D'Orb. be the same species, which is
[quite possible. The latter, as figured, is a small, short-bodied species,

*Extr. de Cours de Zool., p. 133, 1812 (t. D'Orb.); Animaux sans Vert., vol. vii, p.
1659, 1828.

Ifi.

fifiili <

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FI8II AND KI8HKR1E8. [126]

Ufith dittinct, separate, small caudal fins, which are free from the end of
the body; its mantle-edge is also represented as flree dorsally. This
evidently is a generic type distinct from Taonius and Desmoteuthit.
Indeed, it probably will be found not to belong to the same /am%
when actually studied. Therefore, it seems necessary to allow the name
LoUgopsis to remain connected with snch small, short-bodied species,
for which alone it was originally used. The genus, in its original sense,
cannot yet be regarded as fully established.

Leaohia Losueur, 1821* {=Perothis (Esch.) Bathke, 1835), was also
based on an imperfect figure of a small Pacific Ocean squid, which had
likewise lost its tentacular arms. The only generic character given was,
as in Lamarck's c&se, the presence of only eight arms — a purely fictitiooB
character. The type of this genus was Leachia cyclura Les. It has a
more elongated body, slender posteriorly, with a more or less rounded
caudal fin, the two sides of the fin completely united together and to the
posterior end of the body. The third pair of arms is much larger than
the others. The anterior dorsal edge of the mantle is represented as
free in all the figures, but, according to D'Orbigny, there is an internal
dorsal commissure, and also two lateral ones. The visceral anatomy of |
one species of this group {L. guttata Grant), which D'Orbigny refers,
probably correctly ,t to the original L. cyclura, is pretty well Imown, and
is widely different from that of Desmoteuthis (see Plate XXIY, fig. 1), as |
well as from that of Taonius, so far as the latter is known.

There can be no doubt whatever as to the generic dictinctness of I
Leaohia, if the anatomy he tr^^en into account. (Se3 the figures of|
Grant and D'Orbigny.)

Taonius Steenstrup, 1861 (type j. '"o). This differs from the two I
preceding genera in its more elongatov. ''orm, narrow caudal fin, &c
From Leaohia and Desmoteuthis it differs in the form of its pen. The|
dorsal edge of the mantle is represented and described as free by D'Or-
bigny. The anatomical characters are not known.

Deunoteuthla hyperborea Yerrill.

Leachia hyperborea Steenstrnp, KrougoU ; o Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, 6r.,|

vol. iv, p. 200, 1856 (sep. copula, ^. 16).
Taonius hyperhoreut Steenst., OvKr^i^t Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk., Forhand-

linger, 1861, p. 83.
Verrill, Amer. Joom. Sci., vol. xvii, p. 243, 1879; vol. xix, p. 290, 1880.
Loligopria hyperloreua Tryon, op. cit., p. 162 (inaccnrate translation, afl«|

Steendtrup).
Detmoteuthii hyperborea Verrill, Trans.. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 302, pi. 27, figi<|

1, 2, pi. 29, fig. 1, Feb., 1881.

Plate XXrV, fignres 1-3. Plate XXV, figures 1, 2 (anatomy).

9 . Body very long, tapering gradually backward, and ending in a|

* Joomal Philad. Acad., vol. ii, p. 89, pi. 2.

t Tryon criticizes this determination because Lesueur "describes and figures tl
smooth species," Trhile L. guttata has two rows of curious tubercles on the ventral udtM
But as Lesaonr only desoribed a figure of the doreal surface, his objection to this identi'[
fication is ftbsord.

ES, [126] I [127] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTKRN COAST OF AMERICA.

long, slenddr, acute tail ; mantle soft and flabby, with a oapaoioas bran-
chial cavity ; anterior dorsal edge advancing somewhat in the middle
and directly united to the head, so as to leave no free edge medially, by
a rather wide commissural band, the sides of which diverge as they
extend backward within the manUe. Gaudal fin long, narrow, lanceo-
late, narrowly acuminate to a very long, acute tip ; the anterior inser-
tions are wide apart, and the ant^uor border is rounded. Head short
and small, exclusive of the eyes, which are very large, globular, and
prominent, their lower sides in contact beneath the head; openings
round, looking somewhat downward ; pupils large and round ; lids thin
and simple. Siphon very large and prominent, extending forward be-
tween the eyes, but without a special groove ; dorsal surface firmly
united to the head by a thick commissure, leaving about half the length
free ; opening large, without any valve.

Arms comparatively small and short, none of them complete in our
specimen except those of the third and fourth pairs, which are nearly
equal in length, the ventral ones a little the shortest and most slender;
the dorsal and second pairs of arms have lost their distal portions, but
the parts of the dorsal arms remaining correspond in size with the
ventral cues, and those of the second pair with the third pair. The
arms are all united together by a thin, delicate basal web, which extends
up some distance between the arms (farthest between the dorsal pair),
and then runs along the sides of the arms, as broad, thin margiaal
membranes, to the tips. Suckers of the ventral arms smaller and dif-
ferent in form from those of the others, all of them being urceolate, with
narrow apertures, surrounded by a slightly enlarged border, and having
small homy rings, with the edge entire, or nearly so, on the proximal
suckers, but on the smaller ones, toward the tip, with a few broad, blunt
teeth on the outer edge. On the dorsal and lateral arms the basal suok-
ors are ventricose and urceolate, like those of the ventral arms, but along
the middle portion of these arms the suckers become much larger, and
have a broad, shallow form, with wide apertures and expanded bases ; the
homy rings of these larger suckers are divided into several brood, bluntly
rounded teeth on the outer edge; toward the tips of the arms the smaller
suckers again become deeper, with more contracted apertures, and with
a few more prominent denticles on the rings.

Outer buccal membrane with seven obtuse angles, and united to the
arms by seven bridles, or commissures, of which the upper one is double.
Exposed part of the beak black; mandibles very acute, strongly in-
curved.

Pen very thin and narrow, and of nearly uniform width (4""°) for more
than half its length ; at about four-sevenths of its length from the
anterior end it gradually expands laterally into a broad, very thin, lan-
ceolate form, becoming, opposite the broadest part of the fin, 30°^ wide,
with very delicate lateral expansions and with a pretty strong dorsal
keel; farther back it tapers and is very acuminate, the lateral margins

• •

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [128]

becomiag iuvolute, so as to form a very long, slender, acute, terminal,
hollow cone, extending to the tip of the tail. The anterior end is ob-
tusely rounded and thin; a short distance from the anLerior end there
ere two thin lateral processes, directed forward, to which the commis-
sural muscles were attached (Plaxe XXV, figure 2).

Color of entire body, siphon, and caudal fln dark brown, thickly
covered with large, roundish, unequal spots of darker brown and paler
brown, intermixed; head, eyes, arms, and web dark brownish purple,
with crowded crhomatophores; suckers yellowish.

Total length, to end of lateral arms, 16 inches ; to dorsal edge of
mantle, 13 inches; length of head, 1 inch; diameter of eye, 1 inch;
length of caudal fin, 5 inches; its breadth, 1.80 inches.*

MeasuremenU {in niTlimetera).

Length to tip of lateral arms

Length to basu of arms

Length to baso of mantle, above

Length of caudnl ilu

BreMlth of caudal fln

Diameter of body

Diameter of eye

Length of 3d pair of arms

Length of ventral arms

Diameter of largest suckers of lateral arms.

Length of pen

Of I nterior linear portion

Of posterior lanceolate part

Breadth of anterior portion

Breadth of lanceolate part

A?,

410

354

830

127

330

180

150

2fa

103
18

26
63
38

A is the specimen described above ; B io the specimen described by Steenstrup from Greenland.
The latter had the dorsal arms 40"" long ; 2d pair 50°"° j tentacular arms 68 and 70°™, respectively. The
larger size of the suckers of the lai^^r may indicate that it was a male.

Our specimen was taken near the northern edge of the Gulf Stream,
West long. 55°, by Thomas Lee, of iche schooner '•' Wm. H. Oaks," Janu-
ary, 1879, and by him presented to the U. S. Fish Commission. Bpffin's
Bay, Northern Greenland (Steenstrup).

. ,,, , .. Notes on the visceral anatomy. -. ,

•::vU .' • ■ . fV. .;•> Plate XXV, figure 1. - ■ , v s (i-

The only specimen of this species obtained had the internal organs
considerably Lijured, but/ the anatomy is so unlike that of the more
common genera of squids that it seemed to me desirable to figure such
parts as are preserved.

This specimen is a female, and the large nidameutal glands {x', xx)
xx') are symmetrically developed on the two sides; these are swollen,
voluminous organs, composed of great numbers of internal lamellae;
the anterior ones {x') occupy the region around and in front of the

* Some of tlirse measuremonta are slightly larger tliau tUoso originally giveu. Tliia
is duo to tbo fact that the specimen has been kept, since first receivod, in somewhat
■weaker alcohol, and has become more relaxed in consequence of thif., combined vritli
repeat* d handling.

ES. [128] I [129] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OV AMERICA.

e, termmal,
: end is ob-
►r end there
he commis-

wn, thickly
a and paler
lish purple,

sal edge of
eye, 1 inchf

A?.

410

354
330

"'2io

127

103

S»

330

180

160

from Greenland,
eapectively. Ihe

ulf Stream,
Jaks," Janu-
on. Bpffin's

rnal organs
of the more
figure sucli

mds (j?', a\i',
ire swollen,
al lamellae;
front of the

' giveu. Tlu3
, in somewhat
ombiued with

bases of the gills, extending forward and having an oblique, oblong open-
ing {op, op') on the outside of the anteiior ends ; the posterior ones {xx,
xx*) are behind the gills and co.er the branchial auricles; the oblique,
slit-like opening is on the outer side of the posterior ends; the gland on
the left side {xx') was mutilated; the posterior vena cava in front of r'
passes through the center of the posterior gland {xx). The ovary (ov)
is a very long organ, attached to the stomach («) and to the sides of its
long coBcal appendage; it extends far backward to near the tip of the
tail, occupying the concavity of the pen {p) ; it consists of great num-
bers of small clustered folicles; connected with its anterior end, and
attached to the stomach, there is a convoluted tube, probably an oviduct,
not well shown in the figure; connected with and opening into the intes-
tine, near its origin, there is a firm, roundish organ, with internal lamellie,
perhaps a part of the stomach or gizzard (fig. 1, s). The stomach was
much mutilated, so that its form could not be certainly made out. What
appears to have been a portion of the stomach, or else the anterior part
of the coecal appendage («,«), had a cavity lined with numerous longitudi^
nal folds ; from this a very long, saccular, ccecal appendage, longitudinally
plicated within («"), runs back, along the ovary, into the caudal cavity of
the pen. ^he oesophagus had been destroyed. The intestine {I, h) is
very long and slender, internally longitudinally plicated, and externally
covered along nearly its whole length, on one side, by close groups of
small glandular folicles (/, l) ; the terminal portion is closely attached to
the ventral edge of the small, smooth, firm, compressed, oblong-ovate
liver (i), and its free, stout anal end {h) is i)rovided with two slender,
taper! Qg cirri. The ink-sac {i') is small, pyriform, between the front
part of the liver and the rectum.

The gills {g, g) are small and short, situated far forward, and con-
nected to the ventricle of the heart {H) by long afferent vessels (bo) ;
the branchial auricles {au, au) are rounded, without terminal capsules ;
the ventricle of the heart {H), as preserved, is small and four lobed, the
largest lobe directed forward and past iug into the anterior aorta. The
condition of the specimen did not permit the circulation to be much
studied. The two large, fusiform, cellular organs (r', r') are probably
renal in nat'ire ; their interior is filled with large, irregular cavities or
lacunte, which appear to be connected with the posterior venaj cava) («•'").

TAONIUS Steenstrup (restricted), • -'•"

Loligo (par ) Lesii*" • Journ. Pbilad. Acad., vol. ii, p. 9G, 1821.
LoUgopm (pars) j.:'' . oigny, C<ipli. Ac6tal)., p. 320 {non Lamarck).

Gray {pars), Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., vol. i, p. 39, 1849.
Taoniua (pars) Steenstrup, Oversigt Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forb., 1861, pp. 70,

85.
Taoiii.-f ■■ orriil, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 306, Feb., 1891.

This genus seems to bear about the same relation to Besmotenthia that
Rossia does to Sepiola. Its relations with Loligopais and Leaohia have
already been discussed (pp. 301, 302). The body is short-jpointed pes-

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [130]

terior^y. The caudal fin is long-cordate, but not slender-pointed. The
pen is lance-shaped, the anterior portion being long, narrow, of nearly
uniforn width; posterior end broad-lanceolate, short-pointed posteriorly,
and, according to the figures, without a cone at the tip. The anterior
dorsal edge of the^mantle is represented as free externally, but there is
a dorsal commissure within the mantle-cavity, and a lateral one on each
side. Arms short, subeqaal ; suckers flat, denticulate, those of the i
tentacles with sharp, incurved teeth. Eyes large, globular, prominent; j
lids free and simple.

Siphon with neither valve nor dorsal bridle. No external ears, nuchal |
crests, nor cephalic aquiferous pores.

Taonius pavo Stceastrup.

Loligo pavo Lesueur, Journal Acad. Nat. Science Philad., vol. ii, p. 96, with |

a plate, 1821.
LoUgopaU pavo Fdrussac & D'Orb., C«5ph. Ac6tab., p. 321, Calmars, pi. 6, figi|
1-4 (after Lesueur) ; Loligopsis, pi. 4, figs. 1-8 (details, original).
Binney, in Gould's Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 309 (but not the figure, pi. 26).
Verrill, Amer. Joum. Sci., vol. xix, p. 290, 1880.
Tryon, Amer. Mar. Conch, p. 9, pi. 1, fig. 3 (after Lesueur) ; Man. ConcL., {
vol. i, p. 163, pi. 68, fig. 252, pi. 69, fig. 2.53, 1879 (descr. from Gray, figures j
from Lesueur and D'Orb. ).
Taoniua pavo Steenst., Oversig'; Kgl. Dansko Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., 1861, pp.|
70, 85.
Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 306, Feb., 1881.

This species differs externally from the preceding in having a much I
shorter, obtuse, oblong-cordate fin, instead of a long, slender, pointedl
one, and by its very distinct coloration. According to Lesueur, the!
general color is carmine-brown, the mantle, head, and arms " coveredl
on every part with very lai'ge ocellations, which are connected togetheij
by str.dller intermediate ones." Length of mantle, 10 inches.

Sandy Bay, Mass. (Lesueur). Newfoundland (Steenstrup). Off Ma|
deira (D'Orbigny).

No instance of the occurrence of this oceanic species on the Newl
England coast has been recorded since the original specimen was dfrl
* scribed by Lesueur in 1821. The circumstances connected with the hi»l
tory of his specimen are such as to render it not improbable that sonul
interchange of labels had occurred in his case. Therefore, the NenT
England habitat for this species needs confirmation.

Lesueur's statement (loc. cit., p. 94) is that when at Sandy Bay, Ma
(on Cape Ann), in 1816, he saw a "great number" of squids {^^Loligos^i
that had been taken by the fishermen for bait, and that " the beautifoj
color with which they were ornamented induced me to take a drawin
of one immediately, but not then having leisure to complete it, I took^
specimen with me to finish the drawing at my leisure. But recently [il
1821], upon comparing this sp'?o)'?5en with my drawing, I was mi>eli si«|
piiscd to perceive that I had wrought with me a very '.listiuct F4 ceiei
firom that which I had observed [0. illecehrosm]. I menvion thl'; ".ii ail

acci

lES.

[130]

loiuted. The
DW, of nearly
d posteriorly,

The anterior
'j but there is
i one on each

those of the |
ir, prominent;

il ears, nuchal I

ol. ii, p. 96, with

ilmars, pi. 6, figs. |

original).

I figure, pi. 26;.

ir) ; Man. Concb.,
trom Gray, figureij

k. Forh., 1861, pp.

having a muchl
lender, pointedl
,0 Lesueur, the!
arms " coveredl

ected togetheij

hes.

rup). Off Mai

U on the Ne»l

cimen was del

bd with the hi»|

bable that somef

efore, the Ne»

ady Bay, Mj
lids {^^Loligosl^
1 " the beautifii
Eike a drawii
|lete it, I tooki
Jut recently [i
J was mvcli stt|
tisitiuet Ri'cci;
Ion th^'^i ' ' ^'

[131] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

stance to explain the cause of the brevity of the following description
[of 0. illecebroaus] taken from my drawing." The drawing was also in-
accurate for the same reason.

MTOPSZD2] D'Orbigny.

Eyes without regular lids, the integument of the head extending con-
tinuously over the eye, and becoming transparent over the pupil of
the eye. In some genera {Bos8ia, &c.) there is a thickened fold of skin
below the eye, constituting a sort of false lower eyelid. Pupil crescent-
shaped. A small mucous pore in front of the anterior edge of the eye,
connected with the orbital cavity.

Family LOLIGINID^.

Teuthidw (para) Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 285, 1847.
LoUgidcb D'Orbigny, C6ph. Acdtab., p. 297, 1848.
''cl'rl(ltr (para) Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mas., vol. i, p. 66, 1849.
■ L''a*{par8) H. & A. Adams, Genera, Moll., vol. i, p. 3.5.

^J more or less elongated, cylindro-conical. Fins elongated, united
1 3»\, acute posteriorly, sometimes extending the whole length of the
I body. Pen large, extending the whole length of the mantle, with an
[acute, short, pen-like anterior shaft, and a broader, thin, lanceolate
I blade. Connective cartilages of the mantle three, movable. Eyes with-
out a thickened false lid. Siphon provided with an internal valve, and
attached to the head by a dorsal bridle. Nuchal crests about the ears
well-developed. Tentacular club large, with four rows of denticulated
suckers on the middle portion. Horny rings of the suckers encircled
[externally by a raised median ridge.

On our coast this family is represented only by the genus Loligo. At
[Bermuda and ."i the West Indies a species of Sepioteuthis occurs, which
will probably ;er«after be found on our southern coast. In the latter
|the fins extf. >' tu .ig the whole length of the mantle.

LOLIOO Lamarck, 1779.

lloJijo {pan) Lama^. -, ./btj. Anim. sans Vert., p. 50, 1801.
|P(eroteu^Ai« (subgenus) Blaiuville, Man. Malac, p. 367, 1825.
\Loligo (restricted) D'Orbigny, Cdph. Acdtab., p. 305, 1848.
Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 307, Feb., 1881.

Body elongated, tapering to a point behind ; anterior edge of mantle
jfree dorsally, and prolonged into a lobe, covering the end of the pen.
ICaudal flu posterior, elor gated-rhomboidal, united to the sii^ps of the
jbody to t>' posterior tip. Mantle connected to the neck by a dorsal
land two '.;eral connective cartilages; lateral cartilages of the mantle
Isimple loDf!' i linal ridges; corresponding cartilages, on the base of the
jsiphou, irreguiarly ovate, witL a median groove. Pen as long as the
jmantlO; anteriorly narrow, with a central keel and two lateral ridges ;
Iposteriorly broad, thin, lanceolate, concave, but not involute. Head
[rather large ; eyes without lids, covered with transparent skin, pupil

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [132] I [1^^]

crescent-sliaped, encroached upon dorsally by the iris ; a small mucous
pore in front of the eyes ; behind the eyes, on each side, there is an
oblique transverse and two longitudinal, erect, thin crests, in relation
with the ears. Siphon situated in a shallow groove, united to the head
by a pair of dorsal bridles, and furnished with a large internal valve.
Six buccal aquiferous pores, and a pair of branchial pores, one on each
side, between the bases of the third and fourth pairs of arms. Buccal
membrane with seven elongated points, covered on their inner surfaces
with small suckers ; in the female with a special organ (Plate XXVI,
fig. 4, s), below the beak, on the ventral side, for the attachment of the
spermatophores.

Sessile arms angular; basal web rudimentary or none; suckers in two
rows, oblique, deep cup-shaped; horny rings toothed on the broad side,
and surrounded w ML a median ridge. Male with one of the ventral
arms (usually the It tocotylized, near the tip, by an enlargement

of the bases of the pet s of the suckers and a decrease or disappear-
ance of the cups. Tentacular arms long and strong, with an expanded
club, provided with marginal membranes and a dorsal keel ; suckers, j
on the widest part, usually in four rows, those in the two central rows |
larger, broad-urceolate; smaller ones cover the proximal and distal por
tions ; no connective suckers on the club or along the arm. Sucker-
rings surrounded externally by a raised band.

Oviduct large, developed only on the left side. Nidamental glands I
large in front of heart. Eggs in fusiform, gelatinous capsules, attached [
by one end, and usually radially united into large clusters.

Loligo F

Vari(

8, 1821.

Loligo Pealei Lesueur (typical form).

Loligo Pealei Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. ii, p. 92, pi
Loligo Pealii Blaiuville, Diet. Sci. Nat., vol. xxvii, p. 144, 1823.
F6ru8sac & D'Orbigny, Odph. Ac^tab., p. 311, Calmars, pi. 11, figs,

pi. 20, figs. 17-21 (details).
Gray (Pealii), Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., vol. i, p. 71, 1849.
Binney, in Gould's Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 514, pi. 25, figs, 339, 340 (figu«
erroneously referred to 0. Bartramii).
. Verrill (Pealii), Report on Invert. Vineyard Sd., pp. 440, 635 (sep. copies, p.
341), pi. 20, figs. 102-105, 1877.
Tryon (Pealii), Man. Conch., vol. i, p. 142, pi. 51, figs. 133-140 (figs, from

F^r. & D'Orb. and Dekay).

Verrill, Amer. Joum. Sci., vol. iii, p. 281, 1872; Amer. Naturalist, vol. viii,

p. 170 (habits); Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xix, p. 292, 1880(deBcr.) (Pealei)

Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, pp. 308-340, pi. 29, figs. 1-4, pi. 37, figs. l-3,j

. pi. 39, fig. 4, pi. 40, pi. 45, figs. 3, 4, 1881.

Brooks (Pealii), Develop, of the squid, in Anniver. Mem. Boston Soc. Natj

Hist. pi. 1-3, March, 1881 (embryology).

Loligo punctata Dokay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., MoUusca, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1

(young).

Binney, in Gould's Invert. Mass., p. 513 (aftei Dekay).

Tryon, Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 14, pi. 43, figs. 10, 11 (after Dekay).

Variety horealia Verrill.

Loligo Pealei var. lorcalia Vorrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xix, p. 292, 1880.

Plate XX\

Plate XX

XXXII,

Bodyr
tion or c(
end, mor(
boidal, \^
according
also, in tl]
length of
althongh
ity. In t;
125'"'" loui
to 1:1.90;
1:1.05 to:
400°"" lonj
1:1.75. 1
mantle, in
varying cc
larger femi
The ante
in a broad
I lateral cart
jconca\e lin
nent raedij

The inai'.l

wLcn the wat

jdition ill whi(

pood, and wh(

[stonter than i

tThis varia

Jchanges durin

death, and pa

These latter ci

(of growth in (

The most mi

Jthe breadth of

[length of the

(in too strong a

"kO a difierent

lender bodies.

ri321 I [1^^] CEIMJALOPODS OF NORTHKASTEUN COAST OF AMERICA.

11 mucous
lere is an
n relation
) the head
Qal valve.
10 on each
3. Buccal
iv surfaces
ite XXVI,
ient of the

tors in two
broad side,
;he ventrd
ttlargement
disappear-
a expanded
}1; suckers, I
entral rows |
I distal per-
m. Sucker-

iUtal glands I
es, attached

|92, pi. 8, 1821,
11, figs. 1-5,1

|39, 340 (flgnn

[sep. copies,?.

|l40 (figs. &oiii|

lalist, vol. viii,!
Iscr.) (Pealei);!
Jl. 37, figs. 1-3,

Lstou Soc. Nal|
1, fig. 1, 1^

^kay).
, 292, 1880.

Loligo Pealei Lesuour — (Continued).
Variety 2)0 Hida Ycrrill.

Loligo pallida VerriJl, Rep. Invert. Viney. Sd., "u Rep. U. S. Com, Fish and
Fisheries, vol. i, p. 635 [341], pi. 20, figs. 101, 101 a, 1874.
Tryon, Man. Conch., p. 143, pi. 52, figs. 141, 142 (descr. and figs, copied from

preceding).
Verrill, Amor. Journ. Sci., vol. xix, p. 292, 1880.
Loligo PealeiviXT. pallida Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 317, pi. 28, figs.
1-6, 1881.

Plate XXVI, figures 1-4. Platw XXVII, figures 1-4 (pens). Plate XXVIII, figures 1-9,
Plate XXIX (anatomy rf). Plate XXX (young). Plate XXXI, figures 1-3. Plate
XXXII, figure 2 (anatomy 9 )•

Body rather elongated, more or less stout, according to state of disten-
tion or contraction,* tapering backward to a moderately acute posterior
end, more acute in the male than in the female. Caudal fin long-rhom-
boidal, with the outer angles very obtusely rounded, and varying,
according to age, in the ratio of its length to its breadth, and greatly,
I also, in the proportion that its length bears to that of the mantle.t The
length of the caudal fin, in proportion to that of the body (mantle),
although variable, normally increases with age, even after sexual matur-
ity. In this species, with specimens having the mantle from 100""° to
125°"" long, the ratio of the fin to the mantle usually varies from 1 : 1.80
to 1 : 1.90 ; with the mantle 150""" to ITS"™ long, the ratio usually becomes
1:1.05 to 1:1.75; in the largest specimens, with the mantle 260"™ to
400°"" long, the ratio varies from 1:1.50 to 1:1.65, rarely becoming
1 : 1.75. The ratio of the breadth of the caudal fin to the length of the
mantle, in the larger male specimens, ranges from 1 : 2.12 to 1 : 2.40,
varying considerably according to the mode of preservation; in the
[larger females it varies from 1 : 1.70 to 1 : 2.12.

The anterior ventral edge of the mantle recedes, in front of the siphon,
I in a broad curve, leaving an obtuse angle at either side, opposite the
I lateral cartilages; from these angles it again recedes, on the sides, in a
|conca\e line, and then projects considerably forward, forming a promi-
Inent median dorsal lobe, which gradually tapers from the base, and

* The mantle, when the gill-cavity is distended with water, has a larger size than
Iwlicn the water is expelled by the contraction of its walls, which is usually the con-
Idition In which specimens die. Moreover, when the large stomach is distended with
Ifooil, and when the ovary is distended, in the breeding season, with eggs, the form is
Istontcr than usual.

tThis variation is largely independent of sex, and is duo partly to the ordinaij
Ichangcs during growth, partly to the condition of the muscular tissues at the time of
Ideath, and partly to the eflfects of the alcohol in which they have been preserved.
IThose latter causes, in the case of preserved specimens,more or less obscure the eflVjcts
|of growth in causing the proportions to change.

The most marked eflfect of strong alcohol is to reduce the diameter of the body and
Ithe breadth of the caudal fin to a proportionally far greater extent than it does the
llength of the mantle and liu. Therefore, with specimens that have been preserved
Tin too strong alcohol, the females resemble the males in form, and the males often look
Dike a dififeront species, on account of their unnaturally long and narrow fins and yory
ilender bodies.

"i;i

Ml*! J

it M

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [134] | [I'i

theu rather suddenly narrows to a point, over the end of the pen; tUo
point, wlieu in its normal position, reaches as far forward as the poste-
rior border of the eye, or even beyond it. Dorsal connective cartilage
long, tapering backwards, with a very prominent, broad dorsal keel;
the anterior end is free and shaped like the end of the pen. Siphon ■ mi
large, rounded anteriorly, with a broad, bilabiate opening; lateral carti-
lages (Plate XXIX, fig. 1, /) long and narrow, subacute anteriorly, pos-
terior end with -i thin, rounded outer lobe ; median groove narrow. Tlie
connective cartilages of the mantle (flg. 1, /') are simple longitudinal
ridges, fading out gradually posteriorly. Head moderately large, usually
narrower than the mantle, smaller in the male than in the female; eyes
large ; luichal crests (fig. 1, b) above the ear, formed by longer upper,
and shoi .er inferior, oblique, longitudinal membranes, the two united
by a doubly curved or V-shaped membrane, having its angle directed
forward, the whole having a rude W -shaped form.

Arms large, stout, the three upper pairs successively longer; the ven-
tral ones a little shorter than the third pair, and a little longer than the
second pair. All the arms have narrow, thin marginal membranes,
strengthened by strong transverse muscular ridges. The first ud
second pairs of arms are trapezoidal at base; third pair stouter, com-
pressed, with a keel on the middle of the outer side. Suckers in two
regular rows on all the arms, deep, very oblique, largest on the lateral
arms; those on the ventral arms are smaller, but otherwise similar.
Horny rings yellowish or brownish (white when fresh), strong; on the
larger proximal suckers the outer or higher side is divided into about
six broad, flattened, incurved teeth, which are blunt, subtruncate, and
sometimes even emarginate at tip, remainder of margin nearly even;
the smaller suckers, toward the tips of the arms, have the teeth longer,
much more slender, and more acute.

The tentacular arms (Plato XXVI, flg. 2) with fresh specimens, in full I
extension, may reach back nearly to the end of the body ; with preserved
specimens they seldom extend beyond the middle of the caudal fin;
they are rather slender, compressed, with a narrow, thin membranous keel
along the outer edge, becoming wider at the club ; on the distal half
of the club it is much wider and runs a little obliquely along the back
part of the upper side, where it is usually folded down against the side,
its inner surface being whitish. The club is rather broad and thick, |
with a wide, scalloped marginal membrane along each edge; these mem
branes are strengthened by transverse muscular ridges, which commenc* I
between the large central suckers and fork at the pedicels of the marg»
nalones. Along the center of the cluV there are two alternating rows I
of large, broad, depressed suckers, about seven in each, with a few I
smaller ones, of the same series, at both ends; along each edge, alter!
nating with the large suckers, there is a row of smaller and more oblique j
marginal suckers, about half as large. The proximal ])art of the clubl
bears only a few small denticulated suckers; the distal part bears a I

as. [134] I [135] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA

le pen; tbo
the poste-
re cartilage
orsal keel;
m. Siplion
iteral carti-
sriorly, pos-
xrow. The
ongitudinal
,rge, usually
emale; eyes
inger upper,
two united
glo directed

er; the ven-
ger than tlie
membranes,
ie first lid
stouter, coin-
ckers in two
n the lateral
wise similar,
rong; on the
id into about
runcate, and
nearly even;
Iteeth longer,

large number of small, sharply denticulated, pedicelled suckers, crowd-
edly arranged in four rows; close to the tips of the arms about twenty
of the small suckers have smooth rims and very short pedicels, but aro
still in four rows. The largo suckers vary greatly in relative size, uccord-
iug to age, sex, season, and locality (Plato XXXI, figs. 1,2, 3) ; they aro
a little higher on one side than on the other, with a broad aperture, sur-
roiimled by a horuy marginal ring, which is divided all around into
sharp, unequal teeth, which aro larger on the outer side (Plate XXVIII,
figs 3, 4, c, c); usually one minute sharp tooth stands between two
larger ones, and these sets of three stand between still larger and less
acute ones; the horny ring is surrounded by a wide, thick, soft marginal
membrane; below the border a groove surrounds the sucker, and below
this there is a basal swelling, equaling or exceeding the margin in^diam-
eter. T. a smaller marginal suckers (Plate XXVIII, figs. 9, 9 a) have
the aperture more oblique and the horny ring much wider on the outer
side, with its outer duarp marginal teeth longer and more incurved;
usually these have the teeth alternately larger and smaller.

The outer buccal membrane (Plate XXVI, fig. 4) is large, thin, with
seven prominent, elongated, acute angles, all of which have a cluster of
about ten to fifteen small pedicelled suckers, in two rows, on the inner
surface (a, &, c, d). These suckers have horny rings, denticulated on one
side. In the female there is a special thickened organ («) in the form of
a horseshoe on the inner ventral surface of the buccal membrane. This
in the breeding season serves for the attachment of the spermatophores
by the male.

The muscular pbarynx (fig. 4, c,/) containing the jaws can be pro-
trud^ its whole length. The inner buccal membrane (/) or sheath
incloSng the beak (;») has a prominent, thickened, radially wrinkled
and puckered anterior margin. On the ventral side the pharynx bears,
externally, two thin chitinous plates, not connected with the jaws. The
points and exposed edges of the beak are hard and black, becoming dark
reddish brown farther back ; the alae and gular and palatine lamina; aro
thin and pale yellowish or light amber-color, in alcoholic specimens.
The upper mandible (Plato XXVIII, figs. 5, 5 a, var. pallida) has a sharp,
strongly incurved point ; cutting edge regularly curved, with a triangular
notch at its base, followed by a i)rominent triangular tooth on the alar
edge, beyond which the edge is nearly straight, but recedes somewhat.
Lower mandible with a sharply incurved point and sinuous cutting
edges, which have a slight tooth below the middle and only a slight
rounfled notch at base, which passes gradually into the very oblique and
receding alar edge. The bilobed palate is covered with a chitinous mem-
brane, which bears transparent, small, sharp, recurved denticles.

Radula with pale amber-colored teeth and thin transparent borders.
The median teeth (Plate XXVIII, figs. G-8) are broad, with a long, acute
median denticle, and a shorter, curved, and less acute lateral one, on each
side; the inner lateral teeth (fc) are short, strongly incurved, with a

>4|

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF IISII AM) riSHERIES. [13G] I [V

longer, acute central denticle and a smaller outer one, and with the inner
angle of the base slightly iirominent ; the next to the outer lateral teeth
(Qg. 0, c) are much longer, broad, tapered, curved, acute; the outer
teetli (fig. 0, (1) are longer, more slender, more curved, triquetral, and
very acute, with a large basal lobe. A row of thin, distinct, roundish
scales (fig. 6, e) forms a border outside the teeth.

The pen (Plate XXVII, figs. 1-4) is thin, translucent, pale yellowish
in fresh specimens, but brownish or amber-color in alcoholic specimens.
It has a short, narrow, anterior shaft and a long, very thin, lanceolate
blade, which is concave beneath, especially posteriorly, for the edges
curve downward, but are not involute; the posterior tip is acute, a little
thickened, and slightly curved downward, so that the posterior end is
shapeU something like the forward part of an inverted shallow canoe;
the cavity at the extreme tip is slightly decked over in large specimens.
In the male (fig. 4) the pen is relatively longer and the blade narrower
than in the female. The extreme anterior end is thin and flexible, and
rather sharply and abruptly pointed, being shaped like a pen ; the shaft
is rather stiff, with a strong, regularly rounded keel, convex above and
concave beneath ; outside of the keel the marginal portion curves out
ward and then upward, so that its convex surface is below, and the
edge slightly turns up. The shaft, \. ith its central keel and marginal
ridges, extends to the posterior tip of the pen, decreasing regularly in
width beyond the commencement of the blade. The blade is at first
very narrow, .ind gradually increases in width : it is marked by numer-
ous slightly thickened ridges, which diverge froui the central lino as
they extend backward ; the edges arc very thin.

In <'ie larger males the i)roportiou of the greatest breadth the
blade t* > the total length of the pen varies from 1 : 7.50 to 1 : 9.3G. tu the
females it varies from 1 : 5.60 to 1 : 0.10.

The following description of the colors was made from a freshly caught
adult male specimen (1 G), taken in New Haven Harbor, May 18, 1880.

Upper surfaces of the body, head, and caudal fin thickly covered with
rather large chromatophores, which are mostly rounded or nearly cir-
cular, except along the middle of the back, where they are more crowded
and darker, and mostly have along-elliptical form (perhaps accidental).

The chromatophores, when expanded, are light red to dark lake-red,
varying to purplish red and pink; when contracted to small points,
they become brownish purple.

On the head, behind the middle of the eyes, and toward the margin
of the caudal fin, the spots are smaller and less numerous, the interven-
ing bluish white ground-color showing more largely. Over most of the
dorsal surface the chromatophores are arranged more or less evidently
in circular groups ; usually the central chromatophore is a large, round,
dark-purplish spot ; this is surrounded by a circular space of wbitisli
ground-color, and by a circle of roundish chromatophores, mostly of
different shades of lake-red and pink, and a deeper lying circle of pale

I - m

:S. [130] I [137] CEPIIALOPODS of NORTIIKASTERN coast of AMERICA.

h the inner
iteral teeth
the outer
iietral, and
t, roundish

ie yellowish

specimens.
I, lanceolate
r the edges
cute, a little
erior end is
bUow canoe;
e specimens,
de narrower
flexible, and
!u; the shaft
X above and
1 curves out
low, and the
md marginal

regularly in
ide is at first
ed by numer-
ntral line as

eadth 0f the
9.30. tuthe

•eshly caught
tf ay 18, 1880.
covered with
or nearly cir-
ore crowded
accidental),
iark lake-red,
[small points,

the margin
the interven-

most of the
ess evidently
large, round,
Ie of whitish I
les, mostly of
Ijircle of pale 1

ciiuiiry yellow ones. On the lower side they are so thinly scattered
that they leave much of tlie translucent bluish white ground-color visi-
ble between them ; along the median ventral line the spots are more
Tiumorous, producing a distinct median stripe. The caudal tin is clear
bluish white beneath, and very translucent, becoming almost transparent
no!U" the margin.

Exposed part of the siphon similar to the ventral surface of the body,
but with the spots more sparse, and mostly disappearing near the margin
and at the base j lower side of the head, in front of the eyes, sparsely
spotted. Outtr and upper sides of the upper arms and outer surfaces
of the ventral p ir similarly, but somewhat more densely, specked ; both
sides of the ventral arms and lower sides of the lateral arms pinkish
white and unspotted. Tentacular arms pale translucent, bluish white,
with the outer surface, except at base, rather thinly specked with small
pniplish chromatophores ; the inner surface and upper side of the tip
and the suckers are translucent white ; rings of suckers white.

On the inner surface of the dorsal and lateral arms, between the
snckers, there are a few large chromatophores, and a double row of them
runs out obliquely on the muscular thickenings of the marginal mem-
brane, alternating with the suckers, on each side : suckers pure trans-
lucent, bluish white (becoming yellow or brown in alcohol).

The pupils of the eyes are deep bluish black ; on the upper side they
are encroached upon by a sinuous downward extension of the iris,
which is silvery or pearly white, with brilliant, green, opalescent reflec-
tions at the upper margin.

Scxiuil differences.

The sexes differ to a considerable extent in proportions. If we com-
pare specimens of equal length, the female will have the body relatively
stouter and less tapered posteriorly than the male j the head is decidedly
larger;* the arms are longer; the suckers are usually distinctly larger,
especially those of the tentacular arms. But if we compare specimens
having the head and arms of equal size, the male will be found to have
II decidedly longer, more slender, and more tapered body, and a some-
what longer and narrower fin. (See Table B, for comparative propor-
tions.)

In the adidt male the circumference of the head to the mantle-length
I usually varies from 1 : 2.55 to 3.45, averaging about 1 : 3.10; in the female
I from 1:1.75 to 1: 2.45, averaging about 1:2.25.

The ratio of the breadth of the fin to the mantle-length, in the male,
I varies from 1 : 2.12 to 1 : 2.45, averaging about 1 : 2.25 ; in the female, from
1 1 : 1.70 to 1 : 2.12, averaging about 1 : 1.90.

'Some of the uominal European species of Loligo, that have been based on the
[ smaller size of the head, arms, andsnckers, are probably only the males of the common
species. The sexual variations in this genus have apparently been very imperfectly
uiulerstood by Eu'-opoan writers generally.

i
4 »

•vr

REPORT or COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FIHIIKRIES, [138]

Tho ratio of tlio diameter of tlie largest tentacular suckers to tlio
mantleleugth varies, in the male, from 1 :5() to 1:90, averaging about
1 :(i5; in the female it varies from 1:30 to 1:51, averaging about 1:45.

The proportion of the length of the dorsal arms to the mantleleng^li.
in the male, averages about 1:3.50; in the female about 1:2.75.

Tho pen of the female is relatively broader and shorter than that of
the male (see Table A).

The best and most positive external characters for distinguishing the
sexes are the hectocotylized condition of the left ventral arm of the
male, near tho tip (Plate XXVI, flgs. 3, 3 a), and tho presence, in the
female, of a horseshoe-shaped sucker, or place for attachment of the
spermatophores, on the inner buccal membrane, below the beak (flg. 4,
«,) These characters, however, are not present in the very young indi-
viduals, and in those with the mantle two or three inches long they
appear only in a very rudimentary state.*

A. — Sexual variations in the pen (meaauremvnta in inches).

Length of pen . . .
Length of shaft..
Length of blade. .
Breadth of abaft.
Breadth of blade.

PROrOBTIONS.

Greatest breadth to length 1 :

rfp.

rf9V.

d-iov.

rfW.

?E.

$ EE.

?17V.

10.50

10.20

9.65

8.60

7.75

7.66

7.65

1.40

2.10

2.20

2.00

2. 00

1.10

1.50

9.10

8.10

7.85

6.50

5.75

0.55

a 05

.60

.35

.40

.15

.38

.35

1.40

1.15

1.02

.98

1.00

1.35

1.25

7.50

8.86

9.36

8.67

7.75

5.60

0.04

? An.

7.50
1.50
6.00
.35
1.30

5.7»

The specimen marked An is from Capti Ann, Mass. (var. iior«a{i«) ; that marked 9 E is var. pallida,
from Astoria, X. Y. ; the rest are from Vineyard Sound, Mass.

The adult males have the left ventral arm conspicuously hectocoty-
lized (Plate XXVI, figs. 3, 3 a) by an altera^on and enlargement of I
the sutker-pedicels and a decrease in the size ol(ithe cups of the suckers, [
some of which usually disappear entirely, espeomlly in the outer row.
The modification commences at about the 18th to 20th sucker, by the I
swelling of the bases of the pedicels; on succeeding suckers this rapidly
becomes more marked, and the swollen bases of the pedicels become
more elongated and gradually become compressed transversely, while
the size of the cups rapidly decreases till at about the 28th to 30th they [
are very minute and rest at the summits of the large, flattened, acute-
triangular supports; from the 30th to 35th the cups usually become
mere rudiments, or disappear in large males; beyond this the cups I
again grow larger and the pedicels decrease in size, till the small suckers!
become normal on the tip of the arm. Aboui twenty-five to thirty of I

* Professor Steenstriip formerly adrancud tlio opiuion that the males of Octopus and j
other genera of Cephalopods wore provided with the hectocotylized arm from the first, F
but this we have not found to be the case. The hectocotylized condition of the arm in j
ioZijio is' developed in proportion to the development of the internal sexual organM
and is first distinctly noticeable in the larger of the young ones taken in autumn, and|
in the spring in the young ones that have survived their first winter.

:'■■•■ W

KS. [138] I [130] Ci:iMIALOPOD;< OF NORTIIKASTKRN COAST OF AMKIMCA.

the suckers of tl»c outer row are thus modified iu the larger males. Of
the iuner row a 'uewhat smaller number of suckers show distinct al-
teration, and these are less extensively altered; their pedicels are
.swollen and their cups reduced, but not to so great an extent, and
usually none of the cups are entirely absent.

In young males, with the mantle about 70""" to 90"'"' (young of the
previous year, or i)erhaps of the first year, when three to ilve months
old), these modifications of the suckers began to appear, at first very
indistinctly, by a slight enlargement of the bases of the pedicels and a
scarcely noticeable decrease in the size of the cups. In specimens with
the mantle 100'""' to 130'"'" long (probably young of the previous year,
nine months to a year old) the modification of the suckers^ though much
less marked than in the adults, is sufficiently distinct, the pedicels having
become distinctly longer and stouter, while the cups are evidently re-
duced in size, but none of them are abortive in such specimens.

Loligo Pealei var. borealis Verrill.

Plate XXVII, figure 1 (peu). Plate XXXII, figure 2 (anatomy).

Since describing this variety, I have had opportunities to examine
a much larger series of specimens from Cape Ann. These show very
plainly that this form passes by intermediate gradations into the typical
form, so that it cannot be considered as anything more than a local or
geographical variety. The diflferences iu the proportion of the fin to
the mantle, noticed in the original specimens, do not hold good with a
larger series. The only varietal character of much importance is the
relatively smaller suckers, and this is much less marked iu most of the
later examples than in the former ones, and is a character that varies
greatly in the specimens from every locality.*

In the original specimens the 'pen' (Plate XXVII, fig. 1), while having
the general form of that of L. Pealei^ tapers more gradually anteriorly,
and has a narrower, more tapered, sharper, and stiffer anterior tip.
The variations in proportion are sufficiently indicated by the measure-
ments given in Tables A, B, and C, in which those specimens designated
as 2 G to 5 G were measured while fresh. The one marked An 2 is
from the lot originally described as variety borealis, and illustrates the
abnormally small size of the suckers.

Loligo Pealei . var. pallida Vorrill.

Plate XXVIII, figures 1-7. Plate XXIX, figure 1 (anatomy).

This geographical variety or subspecies is distinguished from the
typical form chiefly by its shorter and stouter body in both sexes, its
broader and larger caudal fin, and the larger size of the suckers, es-
pecially those of the tentacular club.

The caudal fin is broad-rhomboidal, often as broad as long, or even

* Probably tliose with abnormally small tentacular suckers are instances in which
the arms, the clubs, or the suckers have been lost and afterwards reproduced, as ex-
plained below.

9 Eis var.i>allici«,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONKR OF FIHII AND FISIIRRIES. [140]

broader than lung in adult spccimous. Tho ratio of the breadth of tho
fin to tho ninntle-lougth in the larger specimens (with mantle ISO*""' to
225'"'" long) is, in the males, from 1 : 1.75 to 1 : 2.00, while in L. Pealei,
of corresponding size, the ratio is 1 : 2.15 to 1 : 2.30 ; in the females of
var. pallida, of similar size, the ratio varies from 1 : 1.45 to 1 : 1.75 (see
Tables F, G). Tentacular arms long and slender, varying in length ac-
cording to the amount of contraction, in extension longer than the body,
the club or portion that bears suckers forming about one-third the whole
length. In a few males the larger suckers on the middle of this portion
are not so large as the Inrgest on the lateral arms, but usually they are
twice as large. In some feniales tho principal suckers of the tentacular
arms are very much larger than In others, and considerably exceed those
of the males of equal length ; they form two alternating rows, of eight
to ten each, along the iriddle of the club ; external to them there is a
row of smaller suckers alternating with them on each side; the suckers
toward the tips are very numerous, small, and crowded in four rows; at
the tip there is a group of about twenty minute, smooth-edged suckers,
in four rows Outside of the suckers, on each side, there is a broad
marginal membrane, having the edges scalloped, and strengthened be-
tween the scallops by strong transverse muscular ridges; another mem-
branous fold runs along the back side, expanding into a broad mem-
branous keel or crest near the end. The arms of the ventral pair '•e
intermediate iu length between those of the second and third pai

Ground-color of the body, head, arms, and fins pale, transii. .^i
yellowisV. white; the upper surface is covered with pale brown, unequal,
circular spots, which are not crowded, having spaces of whitish between
them ; the spots are more sparse on the head and arms, but somewhat
clustered above the eyes ; entire ventral surface pale, with small, dis-
J^^ant, brownish, circular* spots, which are nearly obsolete on the siphon
and arms. The geiieral appearance of the animal, when fresh, is un-
usually pale and gelatinous. The pen is broad, quill-shaped, translucent,
and amber-colored.

A medium-sized male specimen, recently preserved in alcohol, meas-
ured 145°"° from the base of the dorsal arms to the posterior end of the
body; length of body, 120°""; length of caudal flu, 70™°'; breadth of
fin, TS™""; length of first pair of arms, 42"°'; of second pair, SO""; of
third, 60°"°; of ventral pair, 53°""; of tentacular arms, 150"»°>. (For
other measurements, see Tables B to E.)

Astoria, Lcug Island, Nov. 16 and Dec. 7, 1871 (Eobert Benner).

This form has been received hitherto only from the western part of
Long Island Sound, where it is abundant with the schools of menhaden,
on which it feeds.

Reproduction of lost parts.

I have observed in this species, as well as in Ommastrephes illecehrosus,
numerous instances in which some of the suckers have been torn off and

::l^ .:■

[141] * CtPIIALOPODS OP NORTIIEASTEUN COA.' T OF AMEUICA.

afterwards reproduced, lu tmuh examples new suckers of various sizes,
t'rotu those that are very miuute up to those that are Imt little siimdor
tliau the uoriual ones, can often be found scattered among the latter on
the same individual. It seems to me possible that some of the :*ij>cci-
mens having the suckers on the tentacular arms unusually small may
have reproduced all those suckers, or, still more likely, the entire arm.

I have seen si)ecimens of this species, and also of 0. iUecchrosuH, which,
after having lost the tips, or even the distal half of one or more of the
sessile arms, have more or less completely reproduced the lost parts.*
In such cases the restored portion is often more slender and has smaller
suckers than the normal arms, and where the old part joins the new
there is often an abrupt change in size. Probably this ditt'erence would
wholly disappear after a longer time.

An unquestionable and most remarkable example of the reproduction
of several entire arms occurs in a small specimen taken off Newport,
R. I., August, 1880. This has the mantle 70""" long; dorsal arms,
22"'"' J 3d pair of arms, 30'""'. The three upper pairs of arms are per-
fectly normal, but both the tentacular and both the ventral arms have
evidently been entirely lost and then reproduced from the very base.
These four arms are now nearly perfect in form, but are scarcely half
their normal size on the left side, and. still smaller on the right side.
The left tentacular arm is only 24""" long, and very slender, but it has
the normal proportion of club, and the suckers, though well formed,
are diminutive, and those of the two median rows are scarcely larger
than the lateral ones, and delicately denticulated. The right tentacular
arm is less than half as long (12"""), being of about the same length as
the restored ventral one of the same side j it is also very slender, and
its suckers very minute and soft, in four equal rows. The right ventral
arm is only 14""" long ; the left one 15""" long ; both are provided with
very small but otherwise normal suckers.

In another specimen from Vineyard Sound, a female, with the mantle
about ISO™"' long, one of the tentacular arms had lost its club, but the
wound had healed and a new club was in process of formation. This
new club is represented by a small, tapering, acute process, starting out
obliquely from the stump, and having a sigmoid curvature; its inner
surface is covered with very minute suckers. The othCi" arms are normal.

Eggs and young.

".V,.y

The eggs are contained in many elongated, fusiform, gelatinous cap-
sules (Plate XXX, fig. 7) which are attached in clusters by one end to
sea- weeds or some other common support; from the point of attachoient
they radiate in all directions. These clusters Jire often six or eight inches
in diameter, containing hundreds of capsnles, which are mostly from two

* Perhaps the Dosidicua Eachrkhtii Steenstrnp is only an Ommaatrephea or Sthenoteuihia
which had lost and partially reproduced the tips of all the arms. At any rate, no
sufficient characters have been given to distinguish it generically.

l.'-i

I 1-1

REPORT OF C0MM:<SI0M:R of fish and FISIIPlRltS.* [142]

to three inches long and filled with numerous eggs, the 7»-ainber varying
from 20, or less, up to about 200. The transparent eggs are arranged,
in the well-formed capsules, in six or more rows, and are so closely
crowded that they touch eacL other and often take polygonal forms,
especially when preserved.

How many of these capsules are deposited by one female is very un-
certain. Probably several females are concerned in the formation of
the larger clusters. The eggs are mostly laid in June and July, but
many are laid in August, and some even in September. By the 11th of
June, in the vicinity of New Haven, many of these eggs contain em-
bryos in advanced stages of development (Plate XXX, figs. 1, 2). The
embryos, before hatching, can swim around inside the eggs.

These embryos are very beautiful objects to observe under the micro-
scope.

Even at this early period some of the chromatophores are already
developed in the mantle and arms, and during life, if examined under
the microscope, these orange and purple vesicles can be seen to contract
and expand rapidly and change colors, as in the adult, but the phenomena
can be far more clearly seen in these embryos owing to the greater trans-
parency of the skin. In the young the chromatophores are very regu-
larly and symmetrically arranged on the arms, head, and mantle. At
tbis stage of development the eyes are brown. In these embryos a
remnant of '^he yolk-sac (y) appears to protrude from the month; but it
is really connected with the space around the mouth and pharynx, and
into this it is eventually absorbed.

The more advanced of the embryos were capable of swimming about,
when removed from the eggs, by means of the jets of rvater from the
siphon («), which is developed at an earlier stage. The arms {a'-a"")
arc then short, blunt, \ery unequal, with few minute suckers; the dorsal
arms are very small, wiiile those of the 2d and 3d puirs are successively
longer, and have distinct suckers ; the tentacular arms {a'") are longer
and larger thai any of the others, and have larger suckers, which
alread/ in some examples,' can be seen to form foai rows, but in this
stage the peduncular part of these arms is short; the venti-al arms («"")
are about as long as the 2d pair, and bear several suckers. The mantle
{m) is short, and the caudal fins (/) are very small, short, lateral, and
separately attached to each side of the blunt posterior end of the body, '
thus recalling their atJiilt condition in Bossia. The eyes (e) are large
and prominent; the rudimentary beuk {d) and odontophore (/) are dis-
tinctly visible. The two otoliths (o) are very distinctly visible, as
highly refracting ovate bodies, above the basal part of the siphon, one
on each side. The ink-sac (i), attached to the rectum (<), is conspicuous
on account of its dark color; the gills [g) are provided with a small
number of transverse processes; the heart (/*) and the branchial auricles
(V W) are easily seen while they continue to pulsate. The pen exists
only in a rudimentiiry condition, as a thin cartilage.

During July and August the young (figs. 3-5), from less than a quarter

[142] B [143] CEPHALpPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

varying
rrauged,
) closely
i\ forms,

very un-
lation of
July, bot
lellthof
itain em-
,2). The

he micro-

B already
ed under
contract
tienomena
iter trans-
rery regu-
mtle. At
embryos a
atb but it

irynx.

and

ing about,
■ from the
Q8 {a'-a"")
the dorsal
Lccessively
are longer
5rs, which
)ut in this
irms {a"")
'he_ mantle
«ral, and
the body, '
are large
I) are -dis-
risible, as
iphon, one
nspicuous
h a small
al auricles
len exists

a quarter

of an iuch to an inch or more in length, swim free at the surface; and may
often be taken in immense quantities with towing nets. They were par-
ticularly abundant in the summers of 1871 and 1873, in Vineyard Scjud.
These young squids are devoured in inconceivable number?, by flsho«
of many kinds, and also by the a/lult squids of the same spv.cies, and
by the larger jelly-fishes, and many other marine animals. Ti^e larger
sizes, and even the adults, are also greedily devoured by blue-fish, black-
bass, striped-bass, weak-fish, mackerel, cod, and many other kinds of
fishes. Therefore, these " squids" are really of great importf*nce as food
for our most valuable market fishes. They are extensive-!y aned as bait

by the fishermen.

Bate of growth.

I am not aware that any definite information has hitherto been pub-
lished as to the rate of growth or length of life of any of our Cephalo-
pods. By some writers it has been stated that the squids are all annual,
but this seems to be a mere assumption, without any evidence for its
basis.

Therefore, I have, for several years past, preserved lArge numbers of
specimens of the young of Loli<jo Pealei, collected at different seasons
and localities, in ovder to ascertain, if possible, the rate of growth and
the size acquired 'duriug the first season, at least. One of the following
tables (I) shows some of the data thus obtained.

There is considerable difficulty in ascertaining the age of these squids,
owing to the fact that the spawning season extends through the whole
summer, so that the young ones hatched early in June are as large by
September as those that ha'ch in September are in the following spring.
Owing to the same cause, most of the large lots of young squids taken
in midsummer include various sizes, from .those just hatched up to
those that are two or three inches long. They are often mixed with
some of those of the previous year, considerably larger than the rest.
Earlier in the season (in May and the first part of June), before the flrst-
laid eggs begin to hatch, the youngest specimens taken (60"™ to 100=^™
long) are presuiaed to belong to the later broods of the previous autumn,
while those somewhat larger are believed co be from earlier broods of
the previous summer, and to represent the growth of ouo year very
nearly.

Taking these principles as a guide, I have arrived at cc following
conclusions from the data collected :

1. The young squids begin to hatch at least as early as the second
week in June, on the southern coast of New England, and continue to
hatch till the middle of September, and perhaps later.

2. By the second week in July, the first hatched of ths June squids
have gio^n to the size in which the body (or mantle) vi 30""™ to 48'""'
long ; but these are associated with others that are younge" -f all sizes
down to those just hatched. They begin to show a. disposition to go in
"schouls" composed of individuals of somewhat similar si;^e8.

3. By the .second week in August, the largest June squids have be-

I Mi}

-'t\'-'i

1,1" '

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OK FISH AND FISHERIES. [144]

come 50">"' to 68""" iu leD^th of body, and the later broods are S""" to
3Qmm long^ ^g before, with these sizes occur others of all ages down
to those just hatched. It should be observed, however, that in those of
our tabulated lots taken by the trawl the very small sizes are absent,
because they pass freely through the coarse meshes of the net.

4. By the second week in September, the June squids have the mantle
60""" to 82""" long. All the grades of smaller ones still abound. A few
larger specimens, taken the last of August, and in September, 84"" to
llO"" long, may belong to the June brood, but they may belong to those
of the previous autumn.

5. In the first week of November, the larger young squids taken had
acquired a mantle-length of 79"*"' to SS"", but these are probaWy not
the largest that might be found. Youuger ones, probably hatched in
September and October, S""* to 20">" in length of body, occurred in vast
numbers November 1, 1874. The specimens taken November 16, oflf
Chesapeake Bay, having the mantle 40'""' to 70""™ long, probably belong
to the schools hatched in the previous summer.

6. In May and June the smallest squids taken, and believed to be
those hatched in the previous September or October, have the mantle
62™" to lOO™" long. With these Ihere are others of larger sizes, up to
152'"'" to 188"'", and connected with the smaller ones by intermediate
sizes. All these are believed to belong to the various broods of the
previous season. . In these the sexual organs begin to increase in size
and the external sexual characters begin to appear. The males are of
somewhat greater length than the females of the same age.

7. In July, mingled with the young of the season, in some lots, but
more often iu separate schools, we take young squids having the mantle
75"" to lOU"" long. These we can connect by intermediate sizes with
those of the previous year taken in June. I regard these as somewhat
less than a year old.

8. Beyond the first year it becomes very difficult to determine the age
with certainty, for those of the first season begin, even in the autumn,
to overlap in their sizes those of the previous year.

9. It is probable that those specimens which are taken iu large quau-
tities, while in breeding condition, during the latter part of May and
in June, having the mantle 175"" to 225""" long in the females and 200'"'°
to 276"" long in the males, are two years old.

10. It is probable that the largest individuals taken, with the mautle
300"" to 425"'" long, are at least three years, and perhaps, in some cases,
four years old. The veiy large specimens generally occur only in small
schools and are mostly males. The females that occur with these very
large males are often of much smaller size, and may be a year younger
than their mates.

11. When squids of very diflt'erent sizes occur together iu a school,
it generally happens that the larger ones are engaged in devouring the
smaller ones, as the contents of their stomachs clearly show. Therefore,

[144]

B 5""" to

BS down

those of

) absent,

te mantle
I. A few
:, 84""" to
y to those

taken had
bably not
latched in
red in vast
ber 16, off
bly belong

ieved to be
the mantle
sizes, up to
itermediate
aods of the
ease in size
nales are of

le lots, but
the mantle
sizes with
somewhat

line the age
he autumUf

argo quan-
>f May and

s and 200™°=

the mantle
some cases,
ily in small
these very
!ar younger

lin a school,
Ivouring the
Therefore, |

[145] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

it is probable that those of similar age keep together in schools for
mutual safety.

12. Among the adult specimens of var. pallida, taken November 16
and December 7, at Astoria, there are several young ones, from 75™" to
120™^ in length, with rudimentary reproductive organs. These may,
perhaps, be the young of the year, hatched in June.

Distribution.

This species is found along the whole coast, from South Carolina to
Massachusetts Bay.

It is the common squid from Gape Hatteras to Cape Cod. In Long
Island Sound and Vineyard Sound it is very abundant, and is taken in
large numbers in the fish-pounds and seines, and used to a large extent
fbr bait. It is comparatively scarce, though not rare, north of Cape
Cod. The young were trawled by us in many localities in Massachusetts
Bay, in 1878. Large specimens were taken in the pounds at Province-
town, Mass., August, 1879. It was taken in considerable quantities, in
breeding condition, in the fish-pounds at Cape Ann, near Gloucester,
Mass., May, 1880 (var. horealis). It has not been observed north of
Cape Ann. Its southern limit is not known to me, but it appears to
have been found on the coast of South Carolina.

In depth, it has occurred from low- water mark to fifty fathoms. The
eggs have often been taken by us in the trawl, in great abundance, at
many localities along the southern shores of New England, in five to
twenty -five fathoms.

It is known to be a very important element in the >od-8upply of the
blue-fish, tautog, sea-bass, striped-bass, weak-fish, k;!i , fish, and many
other of our larger market fishes.

In the Gulf of Mexico this species appears to be replaced by another
species {Loligo Oahi D'Orbigny). Of this we have several specimens,
collected on the west coast of Florida, at Egmont Key, near Tampa
Bay, by Col. E. Jewett and Mr. W. T. Coons. This species is closely
allied to L. Pealei, but has a more slender form, with the caudal fin
shorter and narrower in proportion to the length of the mantle. The
pen has a shorter and broader shaft, and a narrower and more oblong
blade, which has parallel, thickened, and darker-colored portions be-
tween the midrib and margins (Plate XXVII, fig. 5). The tentacular
suckers have their horny rings more coarsely and equally toothed, there
being only a partial alternation of larger and smaller teeth.

Along our southern coast, from Delaware Bay to Florida, a much
shorter and relatively stouter species {Loligo brevis Blaiuv.) occurs, which
might be mistaken by a careless observer for the present species. In ad-
dition to its shorter body, it has very different large tentacular suckers,
with the teeth on the homy rim coarser and all of similar form and size.
Its pen is also shorter and relatively broader, and different in structure
(Plate XXXI, figs. 4-6).

i t

I* 4

3*>

..,-/

REPORT OF COMMJSSIONER OF FISH AND FISHEBiES. [146J

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|er«,;a.|

[147] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

■I

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHEBIES. [148]

e4oiotf>de>ai«ia4e<ie4'Wi-<r-ii-i'^<#<-<ffi ' *

98S8SSSSSS3S33Sa8

ej ei od ui e> oi ei c4 CO ci '41 1-! 'ih^^i-!

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3S3S33S3333

iS. [148] ■ [149] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

I
j

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^
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1 1"

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EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FI8II AND FISHERIES. [150]

I f

t3
O

<d uj c>j id id >^ e4 »< c4 rl uj >H 1-4 'c4i-<c4

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8. [150]

[151] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTIIEASTEHN COAST OF AMERICA.

s
o

5-6
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I

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [152]

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S ri52l ■[^^^] CEPHALOPOUa OF NOUTIIEAHTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

pj i4 1-! « <«> >H ^4 «4 ri irf r4 si ■

t<i ti ei ^ ^lAriei si uirigi '

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93S3S3S8SSSS!S3Sa'8»S

8S8^9

8^583

■ i>i

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [154]l [155]
I. — Table to illunlrate the rate of growth of I.oligo Pealvi, young.

Locality.

yioerard Sound . . .

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D;>.

Newport, R. I

NarraguiMtt Bar . .
Off Newport, R.!l..

Off Point Judith,
B I

Do"..'."";!.'.".'."
Narraganaett Bay . .
OffBntiiard'aBay..
Narraganaett Bay. .
Off Block Island. . .

Narraganaett Bay. .

Off Cuttyhnnk Isl-
and

North latitude 30°
4V 80", west lon-
gitude 70OM'

Off Block Island.-.
Off Chesapeake Bay

VARIBTY BOBBALIB.

MasBochugetts Bay

Do :.

Off Cape Cod.

Do.

Cape Ann

Depth.

Surface
..do...
..do ...
...do ...
..do...
...do ...

0-20

Surfitce
...do...
..do...

Shore .

16-26..
ie-19. .

16...
19...
4-12.
21...
6...
13...
6....
14...
3-6..

Date.

1875-70.
July 7
July 12
July 15
July 10
July 28
Aug. 2
Aug. 21
Aug. 27
Aug. 28
Aug. —
Sepl 15
Oct. 13
Oct. 20
Nov. 1
May 16
Jnne 3

1880.
July 27
Aug.
Aug. 7
Aug. 12

17.

262.

is!'.

10.
42.
47.
48.

16i....
4i ....

SI ore.

Aug.
Aug.

Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Sept.

Sept.

Lengtl of mantle. In millimeters.

Young of the year.

30 = 25-35"-; ■,
100 .f -10-20..

-45-48"»

4 — 80-08

B00-(- — 10-25

600-f — 10-30

200 + -15-35 ...

20-27-52

18 — 28-60

38 — 25-50: 2-

65..413

80-26-45: 10-

-47-72

3 — 45-50

4 -88-100 --

1000 — 8-20: 3;

^76-82

Tonog of prerlou year,

4 = 28: 5 = 32-44

5-45-60

54=16-33:40 = 32-44: 5 = 60-62,
90 = 15-25: 16 = 30-40....

13 : 60 = 17-38: 20 = 38-66.

14 ' 133 = 16-33: 8 = 38-44.
16
17
28
24
27
31

33=^23-66: 14 = 60-70: 3 = 75-82

72 = 12-28: 6 = 80-42

2 = 48-63: 3 = 70-88

= 24-36: 8 = 40-65

1 rf=84

7 = 3ft-»6: 2 = 60-62

2 = 32-46: 11 = 60-52

10=75-100"
9 = 70-100.

2 5=126-160: 1 cf =17J.

2 = 126-188.
1 = 188.

4 = 112-125.

1 = 152.

8=152-188.

80 = 62-100: 10 = 100-153.

6 = 67-80: 1 = 96.

3 = 84-100.

3 = 89-108': 2 1^=120-165.

1 = 116: 1 = 102.

2 = 86-87: 2 9=105-112.

3 = 83-95.

3 , 23 = 32-50: 4 = 56-58: 1 = J

Sept. 13 i 14 = 16-30

Sept. — 20 = 42-66: 10 = 55-72: 1 = 110.
Nov. 16 i 82

1878.
Aug. 20
Sept. 16
Sept. 21
Sept. 26

1870.
Sept. 9 I 2 « 38
Sept. 20 I 1=75
Oct., '80 j 5 cf 3 9 = 110-156

1 = 31

1 = 88

6 = 28-38: 1 = 50: 5=62.
2.-=:31-38

19 = no.

2 = 130>140

J. — Loligo Pealei. Spedmens examined, mostly adult. To illnatrate dUtribution, ^o.

(Tn last column ad. = adult; {)r.= breeding; in. = length of mantle iu incbcd; j. or juv. = yoiu| I

ip. =large.J

No.

h.k.
C ...
IG..

o', V,oo..

Locality.

TYPICAL VARIKTV.

New Haven, Conn . . .

...do

Near New Haven. . .

...do

...do...

New Haven Harbor.

Long Island

Noank, Conn

...do

Fath.

Shore .
...do ..
. . . do . .
...do..
...do..
...do..
3-4....
6-8....

When collected.

1867.

1870 :

1874

1876

May 18, 1880.

1874

August 5, 1874..
August 24, 1874.

EeccivTsd tvom—

Mr. Hooes

O. H. Perkins..
A. E. Verrm....

...do....,

...do

— do

CO. Byrne

U.S. Fish Coin..

....do

...do

Specimens, hi |
and number.

Id".
Irf.
4 ad.
cf 4ad.
6 ad.

d 1 Ig. br.
a jnv.
cf 3 large.
4juv.
fijuv.

No.

J-9

a-4

D-W....

x.y.z...

AA-HH .

1V-60V..

'An. 1-3;.

30-15G.

A-Z,
1-10..

IE8. [154]|
ng.

[155] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

J.—LoUgo /'Mlei~-Continaed.

tn.

if prevlona year,

BO"".
0.

5-150; 1 rf=17J.
88.

25.

88.

.00; 10 = 100-153.

I: 1 = 96.

10.

18: 2 = 120-165.

1 = 102.

r-. 2 9=105-112.

140

iribution, ^c,

or jw. = yoMj I

Specimens, wi
and number.

Irf.

4 ad.

cr4ad.

6 ad.

d 1 Ig. br.

ijnv.

(f 3 liTge.

4 jnv.

8Juv.

No.

ft-

LdcuUty.

D-W.

X.Y.Z...
AA-HH .

IV-flOV..

I Al.

An. 1-3;.

JO-150.

A-Z.
a-t...
1-10..

Typical VARntTT—
Cuutluuud.

vineyard Soand,

Mmb.

....do

Henemsha

Vineyard Sound

....do

...do

... do

...do

....do

...do

Narracanaett Bay. . .

Hyannls, Maas

Karragansett Bay. . .
Off Newport, R. I...
Off Point Judith,

R.I.
OffCuttyhonk Island
Soutli of Block Island
Off Chesapeake Bay .

VARIETT UOKBALIB.

Annisquaro, Mass. . .

Gloucester, Mass

Massachusetts Bay.

Off Cape Cod

Provincetown, Mass
Cape Ann, Mass....

Salem, Mass

VABIETV PALLIDA.

Astoria, N. Y

....do ....'.

....do

Great Esg Harbor,
N.J.

Fttth.

Shore .

5-8....
Shore.
...do..
6-12...
ft-16...

ft-ao...

Shore .
...do..
...do..
...do..
...do ..
...do ..
...do..
...do..
...do ..
...do..
...do..
,. do..
. . . do . .
...do..
...do ..
16-26..
10

17..
252.
18..

Shore.
..do..

Shore.
...do..
...do..
...do..

Shore .
..do..
..do..
...do..

Whon collected.

July and .tug., 1871

Uecolvi'd from—

U.S. Pish Com.

..do

August, li"i-\

July and Aug., 1876
July 12-26, J876 ...
August 4,5, 1876...
Sepit-mber 16, 1876.
October 13, 1876 ...
October 14,1876...

....do

October 20,1876 i....do

November 1, 1875 ...do

Api4l 3U, 1M70 1... do

May 16, 1876 1. ...do

May and iTuue, 1870..!... do

June3,lH7H j... do

Juno 6, 1876 1. ...do

June, 1876

May 28, 1880

IggQ

August. isSO.....

July 27, 1880

August 7, 1880...
August 14, 1880..

....do

V. X. Edwards.

U. S. Ftsh Com.

...do

... do

...do

V. N. Edwards.
...do

September 3, 1880..
September 13, 1880.
November 16, 1880..

July, 1878

September "21,'i878!
September 26, 1870.

July, 1870

May 18, 1880

October, 1880

Nov. and Dec, 1870..

...do

1872

Samuel Powell.

U.S. Fish Com.

...do

.. do

..do

...do

Z. L. Tauner.

A.Hyatt

A. E. Verrill...
U.S. Fish Com.

...do

J. H. Blake....
A. H. Chirke...

....do

J. H. Emorton.

Robert Beuuer.

do ^..

...do 7...

A. E. Verrill...

'ipecimens, sex
and number.

72 nd.

30 ad.

rfl: 9 2-

7 ad.

Ekks and Juv.

Juv.

5Juv.

3 = 6-7.6 in.

3 = 6-7iu.

(f 6 large.

6 = 4-5 in.

1 = 6 in.

d 10: 9 3.

8 >= 6-7 In.

cf 16: 9 4 ad.
(f 3 = 5-6 in.
d 3 large.
39ad. : 9 12.
(f 48: 9 12 br.
10 ad.

(f 1 very Ig.
3-3.7ln.

^3.6-6.5 In.
= 1.1-1.4 in.

2 = 6.1-5.5 in,

14,juv.

32 juv.

9 3ad.
2Juv.
lllnv.
IJuv.
8 larKOc
16 ad. br.

br.

rf 5; 9 3Juv.

dl: 9' '

2 ad.

rfl7: 9 9.
d" 9 20 ad.
d 9 wl.
1, bass stom.

K. — Specimens examined. Eggs and recently-hatched young of Loligo Pealei.

Locality.

I Near New HavBU. .
J Vineyard Sound . . .
I Long Island Sound.

I Fisher's Sound

I Nantucket Sound. .
iVinoyard Sound...

1)0

I Npar New Ilaven . .

I Off New Uaven

I Gardiner's Bay

lOffNewport, k. I..
' Do.......

NarragansettBay.

I Do

I Bazzard's Bay

Fath.

Shore . .
5-10....

4-8

Surface
8-12....
8-16....
5-10....

Shore .

22-26...
4|

6...
12 J.
4-6.

When collected.

June 10, 1871...
July, Aug., 1871.
August, 1874....
July 28, 1874....
July 26, 1874....
August .5, 1875..
Julv, Aug., 1875.

Sept. 6, 1875

Juuoll, 1880....
August 3, 1880..
June 28, 1880....
August 0, 1880..
August 7, 1880..
August 16, 1880.

August 23, 1880.
August 31, 1880.
August 20, 1881.

Received from-

J. E.Todd

United States Fish Com.

do,

do.

S.I.Smith

J. F. Fowle

Schooner G. H. Bradley.
United States Fish Com.

.do
.do
.do

Eggs or embr}-os.

Well developed.
All stages.
Well developed. '
Just hatched.
Partly developed.

Do.
All stages.
Now laid.
Near batching.
Half developed.
New laid.

Fresh and well developed.
New laid and hatching.
New laid and partly de-
veloped.
Fresh laid.
Partly developed.
Just hatching.

■a

H^f

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [156]
Notes on the visceral anatomy of Loligo Pealei.
(See Plate XX, fig. 2; Plate XXIX, /.ja. l-3a; Plate XXXII, fi^a. 2, 3.)

The gills {g) are large and highly organized in this species, although
considerably smaller than in Ommaatrephea. The bases of the gills {g]
are situated somewhat in advance of the middle of the mantle-cavity, or
branchial chamber, and their tips, in fresh specimens, extend forward
nearly to the base of the siphon (/). The branchial chamber is separated
from the visceral cavity by i. thin translucent membrane (the so-called
peritoneal membrane), through which there are two circular openings
(u), one a short distance in advance of the base of each gill; through
these the secretion of the urinary organs (»*,»•') is doubtless discharged.
Internally the visceral cavity is divided into several compartments by
folds of thin membrane. The largest of these chambers contains the
stomach and its ccecal lobe (S, S'). When the branchial cavity is
opened on the ventral side, as in PL XXIX, fig. 1, and the thin mem-
branes covering the viscera are removed, the renal organs (r, r') are
seen as large and conspicuous organs, especially if the venous system
has been injected with a colored fluid. These organs are mostly situ-
ated close around the heart, above, below, and in front of it, but two
of them, in the form of pyriform glands (r', r'), which are firmer and
have a more compact structure than the rest, extend along the pos-
terior venae-cavae. These extend forwaru and unite with the two I
elongated, saccular organs (r, r), which extend across the ventral side of
the heart and the bases of the gills, and passing farther forward, unite |
on the dorsal side of the intestine to form the anterior vena-cava;
before they thus unite each one receives a vein from the intestine {r")
and gives oft' a large sacculated vessel, or branch, which, passing
up tvard along the sides of the proximal part of the intestine, unite with
two 'arge lobulated renal sacs, which lie above and in front of the heart
and surround the commencement of the intestine; these send tapering]
lobes backward, which receive the blood from the gastric veins ; anteri
orly thvy receive the hepatic veins; laterally they receive the large ves
sels or pallial veins from the sides of the mantle, and also communicate |
with the branchial auricles.

The heart (H) is a large, muscular, and somewhat un symmetrical I
organ, varying in shv^pe according to the state of contraction. Usually ,
it is more or less obliquely four-cornered, with the right side largest and
the posterior end more or less conical. From the posterior end arises a
large artery, the posterior aorta, which gives off, close to its. origin, two
small arteries ; one of these is median and goes forward to the ink-sac
and intestine, passing below and across the heart; the other, arising
laterally, in the male goes to the prostate gland and„ other organs |
connected with it (PI. XXTX, fig. 2, po). A little farther back the pos-
terior aorta dividef into three large arteries; one of tliese (o) is situated ]
in the median plane, and, crossing the branchial cavity along the curved

ES. [156] I [157] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTEiCN COAST OF AMERICA.

anterior end of a thin, median, membranous partition, supplies tlie ven-
tral and lateral portions of the mantle, sending branches both back-
ward and forward; the other two main divisions (o', o") diverge as they
go backward, and supply the caudal fins and adjacent parts of the
mantle. The anterior aorta {ao) arises from tlie right anterior corner of
the heart, and goes forward to tho head, on the right side of the
median line, by the side of the (Bsophagus. Just beyond che constric-
tion, at its origin, it is aomewhat bulbous. A short distance from its
origin it gi^es off a large branch, the gastric artery {so), which sends a
branch to the renal organs, and pa::ses backward over the dorsal side of
the heart to the anterior parts of the stomach, where it ramifies exten-
sively.

The portion of the aorta which passes along and through the liver
gives off several hepatic arteries that supply blood to the liver, r.ad one
b anch emerges from the liver, on the dorsal side, and supplies the
musclea of the neck -region. The ultimate divisions of the aorta supply
the various organs of the head, and a large branch goes out to the tip
of each arm, nearly in the <!fint/er, sending branches to the suckers. A
small v€88f)l, the spermatic artery (fig. 2, go), arises from the anterior
sidf of the heart, and, passing backward over the heart, supplies the
spermary (<).

The large efferent or branchio-cardiac vessels from the gills {bo)
enter the anterior lateral corners of the heart, their dilated basal i)or-
tion serving, apparently, as auricles. The branchial auricles {au), situ-
ated just behind the bases of the gills, are uciirly globiUar, with a
smail, rounded, whitish elevation on the free posterior end; anteriorly
they receive the blood from the sacculated divisions of the anterior
and posterior venae-cavre, above the heart, and from the veins (r, vc')
coming from the lateral portions of the maucle, behind the gills, and
they give off the large afferent vessels (fir), which go to and run along
the dorsal side of the gills. The anterior venacava {re) receives the
venous blood from a large cephalic venous ainus * which surrounds the
pharynx, at the bases of the arms, and is also directly connected with
another large sinus at the back of each eye-orbit. This cephalic sinus
receives the blood from a large vein in tho median line and near the
inner face of each arm. The ophthalmic sinuses receiA e veins from the
eye itself. Numerous small veins enter the anterior venacava, from
each side, ahnig its course, coming from the muscles of the head, neck,
and siphon, and from the ink-sac, liver, «S:c. Two veins, sacculated
posteriorly, go from the ink-sac and intestine back to the renal org.ins.
A small but very distinct vein extends along the dorsal side of the
oll'ereut sperm-duct (p). Two large pallial veins, on each side, come

1^ i

f 1-

' Tho greater part of the venous system can l)o oa.sily injected by insortiisr tlio
Ifiiimla into this sinns, thronsjli the folds of tlio bneeal membranes, just between' the
Itasos of the arms and the jaws, or between the outer and inner bin eal membrancy.
It can also bo easily ii\jected through tho voiui-cava in the lower side of the head.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [158] ■ [159]

from the sides of the mantle {v, v&): one of them {vc'), receiving a
branch from the gill, runs from the anterior part backward; the other
{v'), from the middle part forward ; these unite into one trunk before
reaching the venacavce. The posterior vencecavce {v&') arise mostly
from the caudal fins, but receive branches from the postero-lateral por-
tions of the mantle; each one receives two large branches, one anterior
and the other posterior, just at the point where it leaves the inner sur-
face of the mantle. From this point they run forward, parallel with the
two posterior arteries, and converge to the region of the heart, where
they join the great sacculated venous vessels; along a considerable
portion of their course they expand and become large, elongated, fusi-
form organs (r"), probably renal in function, but much firmer, more
definite in form, and finer in structure than the more anterior renal
organs.

The gills {g) are long, triquetral, acute ; in section they are nearly tri-
angular (PI. XXXII, fig. 3), with the free ventral sides convex,«nd the
dorsal side flat or concave, except along the middle, where a thin me-
dian membrane (d!) arises from a central ridge and unites the gill to the |
inner surface of the mantle. The gills are composed of large numbers
of thin, transverse branchial laminae (Fig. 3, a), which extend outward
symmetrically, on each side, from the large median blood-vessels (bo,
bv), each half of a lamina having a long ovate or elliptical outline. A
somewhat firm central axis or column (c) gives support to tlie" lamiaa
and the large blood-vessels. The great aflferent vessel (bv) starts from
the branchial auricle and runs along the median dorsal side of the gill,
on the inner edge of the axial column (c) ; another parallel venous tnink
or sinus (v) is seen near the dorsal edge of the column. Each branchial
leaf receives from the aflferent vessel {bv) a branch (6) which runs along ]
the dorsal edge, giving off at regular intervals small transverse paral
lei branchlets, which in turn give oflf minute capillary vessels along their I
sides and fade out near the ventral border of the lamellae. Parallel [
with these arise small capillary eflferent vessels, which join larger trans
verse vessels between and parallel with the afferent ones; these in turn I
join the larger efferent vessel that runs along the ventral edge of the
lamina, and these marginal vessels pour their contents into the large
vessel (bo) which runs along the middle of the gill on the ventral side |
and carries the purified blood to the heart.

The alimentary tract is represented in a nearly dorsal view in Plate I
XX, fig. 3. In this figure the pharynx is shown in longitudinal section
in a side view. The buccal membrane (6m) ; the pharynx with its horny
jaws {sm the superior, and im the inferior mandibles); the odontophore,
(od) armed with seven rows of recurved teeth on the radula; and the |
thin chitinous lining membrane, which bears numerous sharp, scattered,
rectirved teeth, both on the palate and in the throat, have already been |
described (pp. 134, 135). The oesopluigns {oc) is a long, narrow, but dilat
able tube, having two oblong salivary glands («</) attached to it Just at tie I

ES. [1581 I [159] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

bilobed anterior end of the liver (I) ; it then runs backward in a groove
along the dorsal side of the liver to a point beyond its middle, where it
passes obliquely through the liver, accompanied by the aorta {ao), and
enters the stomach at oe". The stomach consists of three parts, which
are often sufficiently distinct externally when the stomach is empty, or
nearly so, but when it is greatly distended with food (as often happens)
the divisions almost disappear externally, and the whole becomes one
great, long-pjTiform sac. The first division (S), or "true stomach," is
plicated internally and has thickened glandular walls. It is supplied
with t)lood by a ramified vessel, the gastric artery {so), conspicuous on
its dorsal "urface. This lobe of the stomach is sometimes contracted
into a firm glandular mass, strongly constricted where it joins the more
saccular second stomach; but I have seen specimens, greatly distended
with food, in which it was scarcely or not at all distinguishable as a lobe,
and seemed nearly as thin and saccular as the other parts. The re-
mainder of the stomach (S', S") usually has the form of a long, rounded,
more or less swollen, fusiform sac, tapering backward to a more or less
acute posterior end, which reaches back nearly to the end of the bodyj
anteriorly its most swollen portion is about opposite the junction with
the first stomach and just behind the heart; from this swollen portion
it narrows rapidlj^, but extends forward to the posterior part of the liver,
above and in advance of the heart, where it gives oft' the intestine (A).
The more swollen and anterior portion of this sac or second stomach (S")
has a glandular lining, which, in part (S"), is distinctly radially plicated ;
and it is therefore clearly anatomically distinguishable from the thin and
non-plicated posterior portion (S') or coecal lobe, which seems to serve
mainly for the temporary storage of large quantities of food. The in-
testine {h, li') is a rather wide, thin tube, of moderate length, it arises from
the anterior end of (S"), close to the dorsal side of the heart; the anal
orifice (/i') is provided with two slender clavate papillee. The liver {I) is
a long, rather narrow, somewhat fusiform organ, slightly bilobed anteri-
orly and pointed posteriorly ; along about two-thirds of its length, from
the anterior end, there is a deep dorsal groove in which the oesophagus and
aorta are situated before they pass through its substance ; the posterior
end is undivided and pointed.

The ink-sac (t) is a large flask-shaped, or longpyriform, blackish sac,
with a long tapering duct {i') terminating just within the anal orifice.

In the appearance and structure of the internal reproductive organs
the sexes diff"er greatly. In the female (PI. XXIX, figs. 3, 3a ; Tl. XXXIII,
fig. 2) the single large oviduct (od), situated on the left side, passes over
the dorsal side of the base of the gill and terminates in a large ear-
shaped external orifice (op) nearly surrounded by a broad membranous
flap. The portion of the oviduct behind the base of the gill is envel-
oped by a large, swollen, bilobed nidamental gland (PI. XXIX, figs. 3, 3a,
I'j PI. XXXIII, fig. 2, x'), which is abundantly supplied with blood-ves-
sels, and internally is comi>rsed of a large number of thin, close, parallel

'h!

'rV\

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [160]

lamellfe. Two very large, oblong, accessory uidamental glands {xx) lie
side by side, loosely attached, nearly in the middle of the ventral side,
covering and concealing the heart and most of the reuiU organs; each
of these has a groove along the ventral side and a slit in the anterior
erd; internally they are composed of great numbers of thin lamellae.

In front of and partially above the anterior ends of these, and attached
to the intestine and ink-sac, there is another pair of accessory gland;^ {x),
roundish in form, with a large ventral opening, and having, in fresh
specimens, a curiously mottled color, consisting of irregular red and
iark brown blotches on a pale ground. Their internal structure is ^nely
follicular. The ovary {ov) is large a^nd occupies a large portion of the
cavity of the body, posteriorly, running back into the posterior cavity
of the pen, and in the breeding season extending forward nearly to the
heart. In the breeding season the thip convoluted portion of the ovi-
duct {ov') is found distended with great nainbers of eggs. At the same
time the large glands {x'), around the oviduct, and the accessory nida
mental glands {x, xx), destined to furnish the materials for the formatiou
of the egg-capsules, and for their attachment, are very tuigid and much
larger than at other times.

The male (PI. XL, figs. 1, 2) has no organs correspouding in position to
the two pairri of accessory nidamental glands of the female, but the
single effercEt sper?^atic duct (p) occupies the same position on the left
side as the terminal part of the oviduct of the female. It is, ho^'cver,
a much more slender tube, extending farther forward beyond the base
of the gill, and its orifice is small and simply bilabiate. It extends
backward over the dorsal side of the base of the gill to a bilobed, long
pyriform organ, consisting of a spermatophore-sac (»s) and a complicated
system of glands and tubes {pr, vd) united closely together and inclosed
in a special sheath. This organ consists of the following pr.rts:

1. The vasdeferens (vd), which starts posteriorly from a small orifice
(not figured) in the thin sheath of peritoneal membrane (pr) investing
the testicle (t) ; it passes forward along the side of the spermatophore
sac, to which it is closely adherent, and throughout its length it is thrown
into numerous close, short, transverse, flattened tblds ; anteriorly it joins
the vesiculsT'-seminales.

2. The vesiculne-seminale.a ^fig. 2, pr. in part) consist of three large,
curved vesicles, closely coiled togetlicr, the thii'd one having thickened,
glandular walls ; frcn the latter ^oes a duct which unites with the duct
from the prostate gland to form the spermatic duct.

3. The prf'state gland {pr, in part) consists of two curved lobes, whicli
are closely coiled between and united to the vesicula'seminales.

4. The spermatic duct, formed by the union of the ducts from the
v^sicuUe serainales and in-ostate glands, is a nearly straight tube; it|
passes backward between the prostate glands and speruiatophoresuc,
close alongside of the vasdeferens {vd), to which it is closely bonud
down ; it enters the spermatophore-sac (ss) near its posterior end, at an
acute angle.

T-^

S. [160] ■ [161] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

5. The sperinatophore sac (««) is a long, capacious, pyriform, or .some-
what fusiform, thin- walled sac, pointed at its posterior end j its anterior
end is directly continuous with the long efferent duct {p), which is often
rather wide at its origin but tapers to a narrow anterior end. The ter-
minal orifice is slightly bilabiate.

These organs receive blood through a special artery (fig. 2, po) which
arises from the posterior aorta just back of the heart. After reaching
the genital organ it divides into several branches; one going forward
along the side of the efferent duct; one to the prostate glands and
vesiculiB-seminales; one to the vas-deferens and adjacent parts.

Specimens taken in May, in the breeding season, have the efferent
duct and the spermatophore-sac crowded with the spermatophores. In
the spermatophore-sac, wh.. a is then mucli distended by them, they lie
closely packed in a longitudinal position with their larger ends pointing
somewhat outward .toward the surface, and can be plainly seen through
the transparent walls of the sac.

The spermatophores are slender, club-shaped, with tlie larger end
rounded, tapering gradually to the smaller end, which is usually a little
expanded at the tip and has a very small filament. They vary (in al-
cohol) from 8 to lO™"" in length and 4 to 6""" In the greatest diameter.
They contain a coiled rope of spermatozoa in the larger end and a com-
plicated apparatus for automatically ejecting this rope in the smaller
portion.

The "testicle" or spermary {t) is a compact, pale yellow, long, flat-
tened organ, extending from the stomach (s) nearly to the end of the
pen, in the posterior concavity of which it lies; a band of fibrous tissue,
continuous with its sheath, extends from its posterior end into the hol-
low tip of the pen, to which it is attached. An arterial vessel, the sper-
matic artery (PI. XL, fig. 2, go), which arises directly from the anterior
edge of the heart, runs along the median dorsal line of the spermary
and sends off' numerous branches to the right and left (fig. 2, t). Thia
artery is accompanied by a spermatic vein («r), closely united to it.

r.^

H'i-

If III

Loligo brevis Bluinville.

Loligo brevia Blainv., Journ. de Pliys., March, 18i23 (t. D'Orb.); Diet. desSci.
nat., vol. xxvii, p. 145, 1823.
D'Orbigny, Ci'^plial. Ac<Stab., p. 314, LoUgo, pi. 13, figs. 4-6 (copied from

Lesuenr); pi. 15, figs. 1-3 (orig.); pi. 24, figs. 14-19 (orig.).
Tryoii, Marine Couch., i, p. 142, pi. 52, figs. 143, 144 (after D'Orl''<^ny).
Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 343, 1881.
Lolif/o hreviphnia Lesuenr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Scl. Philad., vol. iii, p. 2*^2 (with
plate), 1824.
Tryon, Manual Conch., i, p. 142, pi. 51, figs. 128-130 (after Lesueur).

Plato XXI, figures 4-4c.

A small, short-bodied species, with short rounded caudal fins, very
short upper arms, and Lirge chromatophoric spots.
Body short, thick, well rounded, rather blunt posteriorly. Anterior

rSTK

'la

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [162]

edgo of mantle with a well-developed median dorsal lobe, and well
marked lateral angles. Fins broad transversely, short, less than half |
the length of the mantle; outer edges well rounded; posterior end very
obtuse. Arms aU short, the two upper pairs much shorter than the two
lower, the dorsal pair very short, considerably shorter than the upper
lateral ones; ventral and lower lateral arms nearly equal in length. [
The dorsal arms are strongly compressed, with a well-marked, thin,
dorsal keel; those of the second pair squarish at base, without a keel;
those of the third pair are strongly compressed, bent outward at the I
base, and furnished with a high median keel, starting from the base, but
highest in the middle ; ventral arms triangular at base, with a wide
membrane on the upper angle, which expands at the base and connecte
them with' the third pair ; a- narrower membrane runs along the ventral
margins. Tentacular arms rather stout at base, compressed farther out,
in extension about as long as the body; club well developed, about |
twice as broad as the rest of the arm ; its dorsal keel thin, elevated,
oblique, commencing at about the middle of the club and extending to I
the tip. The larger tentacular suckers are very regularly arranged is I
four rows of 8 to 10 each, the lateral ones being not very much smaller I
than the median ones. The distal part of the club is covered with four I
regular rows of small suckers, and there is a terminal group of smallerJ
smooth -rimmed one; The largest median suckers (Plate XXXI, figs 4i,[
4c) are broad, cup-shaped, ratier larger than the largest suckers of the!
lateral arms; their horny rimn are armed with regular, sharp, incur\'ed|
teeth, smaller on the inner s'de of the sucker, but there are few or i
small teeth, alternating with the larger ones. The lateral suckers are!
relatively large, deep cup-shaped, oblique, with very sharp incurvedl
teeth on the outer margin. The membranous borders of the large]
suckers are covered with minute, sharji, chitinous scales.

The suckers of the short arms are very deep and oblique, cup-shaped;|
their rims are much the highest on the outeror distal side, where thel
e<lge is divided into several broad, bluntly roUnded denticles, separatedj
by narrow intervals.

The pen (Plate XXXI, fig. 4a) is short with a broad lanceolate blade;l
the narrow part of the shaft is short ; a thin border,widening backwardl
to the blade, commences about half way between the tip and the proper j
blade; the latter is broad and thin, marked with divergent lines ; \m\
tenor end obtuse.

In the female there is no tubercle on the buccal membrane for thel
attachment of spermatophores. I have not seen the male, nor has aDj|
writer described it distinctively. •

* Professor Steenstrup, in a recent paper, (Sepiadarium og Idiosepius, <[ Vid. Selsll
Skr., 6 R., 1, 3, p. 242, note, 1881) has proposed to make this species the type ofJ
new genus, Lolligunoula, because the female receives the spermatophores on the inneil
surface of the mantle, — a character that seems to he scarcely of generic value, unlcsl
it be reinforced by anatomical differences now unknown. Such characters may ])08ei'|
hly exist in the unknown males.

ES. [162] I [163] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

The color is peculiar: it consists, on the body, in alcoholic specimens,
of dark purplish chromatophores, everywhere pretty uniformly and
regularly scattered, on a pale ground-color. When expanded these
chromatophores are large and round; above the eyes they are so closely
crowded as to form dark blotches ; they also cover the outer surface of
aU the arms ; underside of caudal fin white.

In alcohol, a medium-sized specimen measures from tip of tail to base
of dorsal arms, 80"""; total length of mantle, 71™™; breadth of body,
22" ■; breadth of caudal fin, 52"""; length of fin, 39»""; length of dorsal
arms, from base, 17"""; of second pair, 23"™; of third pair, 31™™; of
ventral arms 31™"'; of tentacular arms, 40™™; of club, 22™™.

A larger female specimen, from Charlotte Harbor, Florida, measured^
in length of mantl6, 130™™; diameter of body, 36™™; length of dorsal
arms, 45™™; of second pair, 55™™; of third pair, 65™™; of tentacular
arms, 145™™.

This species appears to have an extensive distribution along the
wanner parts of the Atlantic coasts of America. It was originally
described by Blainville as from Brazil. D'Orbigny records it from Kio
Janeiro. It ranges northward to Delaware Bay. It is common on our
southern coasts, from South Carolina to Florida, and I have seen speci-
mens from Mobile Bay, Alabama, and from Louisiana. ■ '

Loligo brevis. — Specimens examined.

\ I

Locality.

Collected by —

ID -*

Received from —

is'

Isl

641
041

Mobile, Ala

Charlotte Harbor, Fla. . .

Hampton, Va

Saint John's Biver, Fla.
Looidiana Coast

Dr. Nott.

1857

Dr. Marmion

S.F. Baird

Geo. W. Dunbar's
Sons

1880
1881

Museum of ComparatlTe Zoology.

do ,

TTnited States National Museum. .
do

.do,

3 9.
2 9.
1 ?•
1 9-

29.

SBPIOTEUTHIS Blainv., 1823.

This genus closely resembles Loligo, in external characters. It is
distinguished chiefly by having the fins extending nearly the whole
length of the mantle. The body is stout and depressed, somewhat as
in Sepia. The pen is thin and horny, lanceolate, nearly as in Loligo,
but is often thickened near the margins.

There are, however, important differences in the visceral anatomy.
Tiie eggs are much larger and fewer than in Loligo, and the ovary is
short and broad, at tl^e posterior end of the body.

8 ^iotefuthis sepioidea D'Orb. '^

Loligo aepioidea Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., xxvii, p. 146, 1823.
Sepioteuthia triangulata Rang, Mag. do Zool., p. 73, pi. 98, 1837 (t. D'Orbigny).
SepioUmtUa aepioidea D'Orbigny, C6ph, Ac^tab., p. 298, Sepioteuthea, pi, 7, figs.
6-11 ; Hist, rile de Cuba, Moll., p. 34, 1853.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [164]

[165]

Sepioteuthis sepioldea D'Orb.— (Coutinued.)

Gray, CaUl. Moll. Brit. Mus., i,p.81, 1849.
Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 153, pi. 63, flg. 216.

figure from D'Orbigny.)
Verrill, Trans. Cuuu. Acad., v, p. 345, 1881.

(Description copied from Gray;

Body oblong, stout, depressed, tapering but little, obtuse posteriorly,
The flns, together, have a long, rhomboidal form, broadest in the middle
and rounded posterioriy ; they commence a short distance (5 to 10"™
from the anterior border of the mantle and extend to the posterior end,
a narrow crest-like extension of the fins, around the posterior end of the
body, unites tliem together. Buccal membrane witli seven long, acute
lobes, without suckers. Sessile arms rather slender, the third pair
much the largest ; the first very short and compressed. Suckers with
broad rims, having long, slender teeth on the outer side and smaller
ones on the inner. Tentacular club with four rows of large suckers,
about twelve in each ; the central ones have the rims strongly and reg
ularly denticulated with slender, aeute teeth ; the marginal ones are
but little smaller, with similar teeth on the outer edge. The pen is
broad, lance-shaped ; the blade is wide and thin, without any margi lal
thickenings.

The male has the left ventral arm hectocotylized by the enlargement
and elongation of the stems of the suckers, in both rows, on thv- distil
part of the arms, as in Loligo; but in this species the cups arj entirely
obsolete on many of the stems in both rows, the stems becoming long,
conical, with acute tips. The large spermatophore-sac is filled with
spermatophores in some of the specimens examined by me, and there is
a saccular enlargement of the efterent sperm-duct or '* penis" near the
terminal orifice. These specimens have the larger part of the inner siir
face of the siphon covered with a soft^ whitish, glandular-looking mem
brane, which is thrown into longitudinal, convoluted folds.

A large female, taken in July, has a short, thick ovary, and is distended
by comparatively few very large eggs (5-6""" in diameter), which have
a strongly reticulated surface before reaching the glandular part of the
duct. The oviduct is very large, with large glands, and its external
orifice is large and surrounded by a broad and very complicated border.
The accessory nidamental glands are also very large. The short ovarj
is restricted to the posterior part of the body. This specimen had
spermatophores attached to and around a large elevated area on the
lower part of the inner surface of the inner buccal membrane.
' This species is widely distributed along the warmer parts of the
American coast and throughout the West Indies, extending as far
north, at least, as Bermuda, from whence I hare a specimen collected
by Mr. G. Brown Goode. It may, therefore, occasionally occur as fat f27^'
north as Cape Hatteras, but I have seen no specimens from our coast,|
north of Florida.

From the Museum of Comparative Zoology I have received two spec! [
mens from Cuba (Professor Poey); two large males, with spermatol

female,

Size

j[lG5] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

pbores in the sac, taken at Key West by Dr. J. B. i ilor and Captain

I Pickering ; and a large female, with ripe eggs in the oviducts, and

spemi^topUores on the buccal membrane, piken July, 1859, at Port

Jefferson, by Capt. D. P. Woodbury. Other localities are Martinique

j (Blainville, Rang) ; Cuba (D'Orbigny) ; Honduras (Gray).

Family SEPIOLID^ Keff.

Keft'ersteiu, in Brouu, Tliior-Rcich, iii, p. 144;<, 1866.
Gill, Arrangement of Families of MoUuscii, p. 2, 1871.
Tryon, Man. Conch., i, pp. 102, Um, 1879.

Body, short, thick, blunt posteriorly. Eyes with lower lid free, upper
I adherent; sometimes free all around ; pupils often circular. Fins Bepa-
Irate, laterrJly attached near the middle of the body. Tentacular arms
I more or less retractile into large sacs. Pen little developed, not reach-
ling the end of the mantle; sometimes absent. Siphon -valve small; no
■dorsal bridles. Dorsal arms usually hectocotylized in the male. Eggs
(large Tew, not enclosed in capsules.

This family is related to Loliginicke, but differs widely from the latter
|in the eye-lids, visceral anatomy, &c.

STOLOTBUTHIS Verrill, 1881.

Body short, stoat, rounded posteriorly. Eyes with free eyelids ; pupils
hound. Pen none. Arms united together by a broad web. Fins large,
Inarrowed at base. Mantle united directly to the head by a large dorsal
[coinmissure ; lateral connective cartilages of the mantle elongated, fitting
linto elongated, margined pits on the base of the siphon. Siphon with an
liaternal valve. Tentacular club with small, long-pediceled suckers, in
jeight or more rows ; rims not toothed.

The males and some of the females have some of the middle suckers
lof the second pair of arms much enlarged. In the male, the suckers at
Itlie base of both dorsal arms are larger and more crowded than in the
[female, and the web is more swollen at the sides. ; ' ,. 7.

Itoloteuthls leucoptera Verrill. — Butterfly Squid.

Sepiola leucoptera Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xvi, p. 378, 1878.
Tryon, Man. Conch. , 1, p. 158, 1879. (Description copied from preceding. )
Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 291, pi. 15, flgs. 4 and 5, April, 1880 ; Trans.
Conn. Acad., v, p. 347, pi. 31, tigH. 4 and 5 ; pi. 54, fig. 4, June, 1881.
Stoloteuthia leucoptera Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, Oct., 1881.

Plate XXXVI, figures 1, la, 2.

Size moderate; the largest specimens observed are probably full-
grown. Body short, thick, swollen, with the mantle smooth. Ven-
tral surface, in the middle, with a large, somewhat flattened, brown,
beart-shaped or shield-shaped area, bordered with blue, and surrounded,
8xcept in front, by a silvery white band, having a pearly or opalescent
luster. Eyes large, with round pupils; lids free all around. Fins large,

^ 1

: i^

HJlt;

!*■■',

^||«|l'

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [1G6]

thin, broadly rounded, in the living spocimens nearly as long as the
body; the posterior lobe reaches nearly to the end of the bodj'; I he
anterior edge extends beyond the front of the mantle to the eye. The
anterior edge of the mantle is prominent and emarginate beneath ; later
ally it recedes to a great extent ; above it is broadly attached to the
head. Sessile arms short, with a wide basal web, extending beyond the
middle; upper ones shortest; third pair longest; suckers in two rows,
except at tip of ventral arms of largest male, where they form four
rows.

Tentacular arms slender, thickened at base, tapering, extending back
as far as the end of the body ; club scarcely as wide as the arm, with
a free crest at its base, above, curled in preserved specin'jns; the suck-
ers are numerous and very minute, arranged in many rows.

Upper surface of the body is opalescent in some lights, tKickly spotted
with orange-brown, spots most numerous in the middle line and extend
ing to the upper surface of the head ; some also occur on the outer sur
faces of the arms; anterior part of the head white; fins, arms and
extremity of body translucent bluish white, with a thick, transparent,
outer integument; upper surface of the eyes opalescent, with silvery
blue and red tints ; head, below the eyes, silvery white ; above the eyes,
blue.

The largest specimen (,?), taken in 1879 (Plate XXXVI, fig. 1), when
living had the head, above, in front of the eyes, whitish, with few
chromatophores ; back and the base of the fins thickly spotted with
brown ; posterior part of the back with an emerald-green iridescence,
Sides of the body, below the fins, and posterior end of the body, silvery
white. A large, shield-shaped, ventral area of brown, with a bright blue
iridescence, and bordered with a band of brilliant blue, occupies most
of the lower surface. Fins, transparent whitish, except at base. Lower
side of head, siphon, and outer bases of the arms, light brown. Eyes
blue above, green below.

Length of the original type-specimen ( 9 ), to the base of the arms,
14""°, in alcohol; of mantle above, 8™™; breadth, T'""; breadth across
fins, 16""". The larger specimen, of 1879, is 31""" (1.25 inch) long, from
the end of the body to the bases of the arms ; breadth of body, 25""™ (1
inch); length of arms, 19™"' (.75 inch). The largest specimen is a male,

The males (fig. 5) of this species, and some of the females, have a group
of two or three decidedly and abruptly larger suckers on the middle of the
second pair of arms (Plate XXXVI, fig. la); other females, of equal size,
have no such enlarged suckers ; in the male, additional suckers along the
middle portion of the lateral arms are also distinctly larger than on the
other arms. The only evidence of true hectocotylization is the presence
of larger and more crowded suckers at the base of both dorsal arms of
the male. This species is an exceedingly beautiful one, when living,
owing to the elegance and brilliancy of its colors and the gracefulness of
its movements. In swimming it moves its fins in a manner analogous to

«3

104

Onl

3o;i

Ott'

342

047

Off]

952

998

999
1026

ri661 I [1^^] CEPHALOrODS OF NOUTllEAMTEUN C0A8T OF AMERICA.

g as the
ody; the
lyo. The
th; later
ed to the
jyond the
two rows,
form Ibur

iliug back

arm, with

the suck-

:ly spotted
ttd extend-
outer sur-
arms and
ansparent,
ith silvery
'e the eyes,

g. 1), when
, with few
lotted with
ridesceuce,
>dy, silvery
bright blue
upies most
ise. Lower
)wn. Eyes

the arms,
idth across
long, from
dy, 25'°'" (1
Q is a male.
ive a group
iddleofthe
equal size,
■s along the
than on the
le presence
•sal arms of
hen living,
cefuluessof
nalogous to

the motion of the wings of a butterfly. Tliis fact, and its bright colors,
suggested the English name that I have applied to it.

Three specimens, two very young, were taken by the writer and
party, of tlie United States Fish Commission, in the trawl net, 30 miles
east from Capo Ann, Mass., in 110 fathoms, August, 1878. Two largo
specimens were taken by us oft" Cape Cod in 94 and 122 fathoms, with
tlie bottom tem]>erature 1 L° F>, Angust and September, 1879. lleceutly
we have taken it in deeper water (182-388 fathoms) about 100 miles
soutli of Martha's Vineyard. It was, in each case, associated with
Octopus Bairdii and Eossia suhlcvis.

LocaUty.

Fatb.

When ooUcc-
tod.

Received from—

Specimens,
numl>or
and sex.

104

301)

•

Oulf of Maine

Off Cape Cod

110
122
04
312
388
302
2U6
182

Aug. 31, 1878
Aug. 21, 1870
Sopl 10,1879
Aug. 9, 1881
Aug. 24, 1881
Sept. 8, 1881
do

United States Fish Commission

3 J.

342

047

Off Martha's Vineyard
do

\\.r'-

052

008

3J.

009

1020

....do

ROSSIA Owen. ' '

Romu Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc, Loudon, IS^S (t. '^Jray).

Owen, in J. Ross, Second Arctic Voyage, Appendix, p. xcii, pi. 100, 1835.
D'Orbigny, C6phal. Ac6tab., p. 242.
Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus. , i, p. 88, 1849.

Mantle edge free from the head, dorsally, with a small median angle;
it adheres to the head by a longitudinal connective cartilage having
three ridges, fitting into three grooves, which form an ovate or horse-
shoe-shaped cartilage on the back of the head; two elongated, simple,
cartilaginous ridges, one on each side, also fit into ovate pits on the
hase of the siphon. A free eyelid is developed beneath the eye. Pupils
indented above. An aquiferous ]»ore, on each side, between the third
and fourth pairs of arms. No olfactorj' crests. Tentacular arms more
or less retractile into cavities below the eyes; club well-developed, usu-
ally with numerous, nearly equal, minute suckers, in about eight rowsj
rims not toothed; borders scaled.

The males differ from the females in having larger suckers on the mid-
dle of .the lateral arms; both dorsal arms are slightly hectocotylized.

RoBsia Hyattl Verrill. — (Hyatt's bob-tailed squid.)
Verrill, Auier. Journ. Sci., vol. xvi, p. 208, 1878.

Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 160, 1879. (Description compiled from preceding.)
. Verrill, Anier. Jour. Sci., xix, p. 291, pi. 15, figs. 1 and 2, .4.pril, 1880; Trans.
€onn.Acad.,v., p.351,pl.27, tigs. 8, 9; pi. 30, fig. 1; pi. 31, figs. 1,2; pi. 40,
fig. 5, 1881,

Plate XXXV, figures 2, 5, 6. Plate XXXVI, figures 3-6. PI ate. XXXVII, figure 1.

Body subcylindrical, usually broader posteriorly ; in preserved speci-
mens variable in form according to contraction. Dorsal surface cov-

^'J

REPORT or COMMISSIONKR OF I'lHH AND KlSlII'UirS. [108]

ered with Hinull, conical, scattered, whitish papiUu", which are also found
on the upper and lateral surfaces of the head and the bases of the arms;
those around Mm eyes largest; one on the mantle, in the median line,
near the t^ont edge, is often elongated. Front border of mantle sinu
ous, slightly advancing in the middle, above. Fins moderately large,
nearly semicircular, attached from the posterior end for about four-fifths
the whole length, the front end having a small, rounded, free lobe. The
distance from the posterior junction of the tins to the end of the body is
less than that from the anterior Junction to the edge of the mantle, the
center of the fin being at about the middle of the body. Siphon elon-
gated, conical, with a small opening. Head depressed, more than half
the length of the body. Eyes large, the lower eyelid prominent, but
not much thickened. Sessile arms short, united at their bases by a short
web, which is absent between the ventr.il arms; the dorsals are short-
est; the third pair the longest Oipd largest; the second pair and ventrals
about equal in length. Suckers (PI. XXXVI, fig. 5, a), numerous, sub-
globular, not very small, the margin bordered with several rows of
minute scales; near the base of the arms they are biserial, there being
usually four to six thus arranged in each row; then, along the rest of
the length of the arms, they become more crowded and form about four
rows, those in the two middle rows alternating with those in the mar-
ginal rows ; toward the ti[) they become very small and crowded, espe-
cially on the dorsal and ventral arms. The number of suckers varies
with age, but on one of the original specimens they were as follows: on
eacli dorsal arm, sixty; on one of the second pair, fifty-five; of third
pair, fifty -three; of ventral, sixty-five. In this specimen (9), the third
arm of the right side and the ventral arm of the left side were abruptly
terminated (accidentally), while the otherf were tapered to acute points.

The tentacular arms, in preserved specimens, will extend back to the
posterior end of the body; the naked portion is smooth, somewhat
triquetral, with the outer side convex and the angles rounded; terminal
portion widening, rather abruptly, long ovate-lanceolate, curved and
gradually tapered to the tip; the sucker- bearing portion is bordered by
a wide membrane on the upper, and a njirrow one on the lower margin;
the suckers (Plate XXXVI, fig. 5, ft, c) are very small, sub-globular,
crowded in about eight to ten rows in the widest portion.

The males (PI. XXXVI, fig. 6) differ from the females in the relatively
greater size of the suckers on the middle of the lateral and ventral arms,
those toward the tips becoming abruptly smaller, while in the female
they decrease more gradually.

Color, pinkish, thickly spotted with purplish brown above, paler and
more sparsely spotted beneath and on the outside of the long arms; the
inner surfaces of the arms and front edge of the mantle are pale.

Length, of a medium-sized specimen, from bases of the arms to the
posterior end of the body, 40'»'"; of body, 25; of head, 15; breadth of
body, 17; of head, 17; length of fins, 15; of insertion, 11; breadth of

♦-

30, SI

Off s

OffC

42-46

OffC

mil

OffC;

fW6

Off 1

mil

Oulf,

»i

130

OffCi

156

OffGl

mU(

103

OffCi

164

OffCi

181

OffGl

mil«

211

OffCa

214

OffCa

217

OffCa

218

[108] I [1G9] CKIMEALOI'ODS OF NOKTHKASTKUN COAST or AMKUICA.

found
10 artriH;
ian line,
tie Hinii
ly large,
lur-flfths
be. The
a body is
ntle, the
ion elon-
ban balf
iient, but
»y a short
ire short-

1 veutrals
•ous, sub-
I rows of
ere being
he rest of
bout four
I the mar
led, espe-
ers varies
)llows: on
; of tliird

the third
abruptly
ite points.
Ewjk to the
somewhat
terminal
irved and
rdered by
r margin;
► globular,

relatively
itral arms,
he female

paler and
arms; the
ale.
ms to the
)readth of
)readth of

;i flu, S; front of fin to edge of mantlo, 5; longtii of tlu^ froo portion of
the (lonsal iiruiH, 12.r>; of soeond pair, 15; of third pair, 18; of ventrals,
i;5, of tontaiMilar arms, 40; breadth of dorsal arms, at base, 3.5; of
st'cond pair, ;>.5; of third pair, 4; of ventrals, .{.5; of tentacular arms,
at base, 2; at expanded portion, 3.5; length of latter, 10.5; diameter
of largest sucliers of sessile arms, 0.0; length of free portion of siphon,

TIlis species has been taken in numerous localities, by the dredging
parties of tlie U. S. Fish Commission, in 1877, 1878, and 1879, off Cape
Cod; in Mass. Bay, 40-50 fathoms; off Cape Ann, in the Gulf of Maine,
50-100 fathoms; off Cape Sable, N. S., 88-92 fathoms; off Halifax, N.
S., 57-100 fathoms, on a line, compact, sand and mud bottom. It occurs
in 40-100 fathoms. It has also been received through the Gloucester
lialibut fishermen, from the Banks, off Nova ScotJ'i and Newfoundland.

One specimen (lot 241), presented by Capt. Chris. Olsen and crew, of
the schooner " William Thompson," was taken in 60 fathor.s, N. lat. 44°
20', W. long. 59°. Another (lot 372), which was presented by Capt. C.
D. Murphy sind crew, of the schooner "Alice M. Williams," was taken
in 7 fathoms, off Miquelon Island.

The relatively large eggs (PI. XXXV, fig. 5) are laid in August and
September, in small clusters, slightly attached together, in the large
oscules or cavities of several species of sponges.

It is frequently associated with Octopus Bairdii V, and the following
.species.

This species has a strong general resemblance to B. glaucopia Lovdn,
as figured in the admirable work of G. O. Sars, but the latter has shorter
lateral arms, and the suckers of the sessile arms are in two rows, while
they are four-rowed in our species.

Bosria Hyatti. — ^ idmena examined.

Locality.

30,;ii Off Salem, Mm8

33 Off Cape Ann, 13 miles . .
K-4i Off Cape iable, K. S,, 30
miles.
48 i Off C:;i,'» Sable, N. S., 20
miles.
6W6 Off Halifax, K. S., 26
miles.

Ov\f of Maine and Mat-
tachusetu Bay.

130 Off Cape Ann, 14 miles. .
156 Off Gloucester, Mass., 8

miles.
1C3 Off Cape Ann, 6J mHes. .
1154 Off Cape Ann, 7 miles. ..
ISl Off Gloucester, Mass . . . .
IM Off Gloucester, Mass., 5

miles.
211 OffCape Ann, emiles...
^14 Off Cape Ann, 7 miles . . .

217 Off Cape Ann, 6 miles . . .

218 do

Fatb.

8ft-90

101

4'i

73
75
45
45

60
57
45
45

Bottom.

Mud

...do

Sandy mud

Rocky

Fine sand. .

Mud

Saudy mud

Fine sand..

Mud

...do

Soft mud...
Fine muddy sand
Soft mud...
....do

When
coUected.

1871
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.

13
14
21

Aug.

Sept.

1878
July
Aug.

23
15

Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.

16
16

29
29

Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.

17
17
18
18

Received from-

U. S. Fish Com.
do

..do

...do
...do

...do
...do
...do
...do

Specimens,
number and

sex.

3j.

Irf: 1 9;
Ij. ?-

21. 9-

34.

2 J.

Ic^: 2j. 9.

;, „, u. ».

11. cf.
11. 9:lj.

; 1;

■J'

lil

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [170]
Jlossia IJijatti — Coutimit'd. •

223
234
238

264
270
324
304
372

Lot.

241

372
39 Gl.

Locality.

Fath.

Qulf of Maine and Ma*-
sachunetta Hay — Con-i
tiuued.

South of Cape Anu, 7

milca.
Off Glouceater, Mass. , 5 J

miles.
Off.Gloucostor ^lass., 4i

miles.

Off Cape Cod, 15 miles..
Off Capo Cod, 7i miles..
Off Cape Cod, 11 miles..
Off Cape Cod, 15 miles..
Off Chatham, Mass., 21
miles.

Glouceater fisheriet.

North latitude 44° 20',

west loupiiiide .TOo.
Off Miquolon Island ....
Off Gloucester, in cod .

47
43
43

80
47
45
70
70

Bottom.

When

: collected.

Soft mud .

— do

...do

187S.
Sept. 24

Sept. 24

Sept. 20

1879.

Blue mud JuI.V -9

do I Aug. 1

Fine Baud Sept. 1

do ! Sept. 18

...do I Sept 19

Dec, '78
July, '79

Received from —

U.S. Fish Cera..

.. do

...do

..do

.do.

.do.
.do.

Specimens,

number and

sex.

19-
2j.

1 1. o".

n. 9-

11. d-.

11. 9:3j. ?.

Id".

Rossla suble'via Verrill. — (Smooth bob-tailed squid.)

Itossla aublevia Verrill, Amor. Jour. Sci., vol. xvi, p. 20i), 1878.

Tryon, Man. Conch. , i, p. itiO, 1879. (Description compiled from preceding. )

Verrill, Amer Jouru. Sci.,xix, p. 291, pi. 15, fig. 3, Apr. , 1880; Bulletin Mus.

Comp. Zool., viii.p, 104, pi. 3, figs. 2-4 ; pi. 7, fig. 4, 1881; Trans. Conn.

Acad., V, p. 354, pi. 30, fig. 2; pi. 31, fig. 3 ; pi. 46, fig. 4 ; pi. 47, figs. 2-4, 1881.

Plate XXXIV, figures 2-G. Plate XXXVII, figure 2.

Larger aud relatives ' stouter tbaii Bossia hyattij with the fius larger
and placed farther forward, the front edge of the large, free lobe reach-
ing nearly to the edge of the mantle. Head large aud broad ; eyes large.
Sessile arms more slender and less unequal in size than in the preced-
ing, and with the suckers in two regular rows throughout the whole
length, /interior edge of the mantle scarcely sinuous, advancing but
little dcisally. Upper surface of the body and head nearly smootJi, but
in the Urger si^ecimens, especially in the males, usually with a few
very suiall whitish papilhe, most numerous near the front edge of the
mantle, (jc lor, nearly as in the preceding species. The male ditlers
from the ^.emale in having larger suckers on the lateral arms of both
pairs (Plfie XXXIV, fig. (»), and to a less extent on the ventral arms.

The large suckers are oblong, with a groove or constriction around
the middle, the part below the groove larger than that above it; the
aperture is small, ovate, with a smooth rim ; their pedicels are short aud
laterally attached. In the female the corresponding suckers are not
only smaller, but are differently shaped, the basal portion being smaller
than the up])er portion. The suckers of the tentacular arms are very
numerous, minute, shallow, cup-shaped, with obli([ue rims and slender
pedicels; they are nearly equal and appear to forhi 8 to 12 rows.

[170]

cimcna,
ber irnil
sex.

(receding.)
letiu Mua.
IU8. Couu.
8.2-4,1881.

[171] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTIIKASTKRN COA.ST OF AMERICA.

*
Young specimens, with the mantle less than 12""" in length, can

scarcely be distinguished sexually, by external characters. Such speci-

mr lis are not easily distinguished from the young of Kosnia JFtfatil, of

siinil-ii' size.

One of the original specimens ( 9 ) measured, from the base of the arms
to the end of the body, 4G"""; length of body, 31; of head, 15 ; breadth of
body, 22; of head, 23; length of fins, 20; of their insertion, IG; breadth
of fins, 10; iront edge of fin to edge of mantle, 2.5 ; length of free portion
of dorsal arms, 10; of second pair, 17; of third pair, 20; of ventrals, 15;
of tentacular arms, 25; breadth of dorsal arms at base, 3; of second
pair, 3; of third, 3.5; of ventrals, 3.5; of tentacular arms, 3.5; 'of the
terminal portion, 3.75; its length, 10; diameter of largest suckers of
sessile arms, .8; length of free portion of siplv.u, 7'""'.

The pen is but little developed, small and thin, much shorter than the
mantle. The shaft is narrow; the blade increases in breadth rather
abruptly, and is somewhat shorter than the shaft ; its posterior portion
is very thin, with the edge ill-defined.

One of the siiecimens (No. 16), taken by Mr. Agassiz in 257 fathoms,
is a young female differing somewhat from the others in having the
arms shorter, with the suckers more crowded, so that they apparently
form more than two rows. Possibly this should be referred to R. Hyatti
Verrill. Its back is smooth. All three specimens from this same region
differ somewhat from those taken farther north, in shallower waiter, in
having larger eyes and shorter and stouter arms.

This has been tiken by the dredging parties of the U. S. Fish Com-
mission, in the trawl-net, ".t various localities, in 1877, 1878, and 18V9,
in 45 to 110 fathoms, off Massachusetts Bay, in Massachusettf. Bay, off
Cape Cod, off Cape Sable, N. S., and off Halifax. Ic has been brought
in by the fishermen of Gloucester, Mass., from the banks off Nova Sco-

tia and Newfoundland.

was also trawled in some numbers, and of

both sexes, by the U. S. Fish Commission, on the "Fish Ilawk/' in 1880,
off Newport, E. I,, in 155 to 305 fathoms; and in November. 1880, by
Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, on the " Fish I\awk," oft' the mouth of Chesapeake
Bay, in 157 fathoms ; and by Mr. Agassiz, on the " Blake," in 233-200
fathoms, and as far south as lat. 32° 33' 15". It has also been dredgod,
in 1881, by the U. S. Pish Commission, at several stations, about 100 miles
southward of Martha's Vineyard, in 100-458 fathoms (fifty -two speci-
mens). The eggs, which are like those of It. Hyatti, were taken at
895, 897, 939, 1033.

This species very closely resembles the liossia (jlaucopix Lov(m:. of
Northern Europe, as figured by G. O. Sars. Tlie latter is, however,
more papillo&e, and has smaller eyes and head, if correctly figured,
Some of the specimens taken this year resemble War's figure more than
any of those previously observed, it is possiblcj therefore, fhat a larger
ijcries of European specimens would show that they are of the sa uo
species.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [172]
Measurements of Rossia Hyatti and E. suilevis, in millimeters.

Length from base of anns

Length of body

Length of head

Broa<lth of body

Breadth of head

Length of fin

Length of inBertinn

Brca<lth of fin

Front edge of fln to edge of mantle

Length of free portion of dorsal nrms ....

Length of free portion of second pair

Length of free portion of third pair

Length of free portion of ventral anna ...
Length of free portion of tentacular arms

Breadth of dorsal arms.

Breadth of second pair

Breadth of third pair

Breadth of ventral arms

Breadth of tentacular arms

Breadth of terminal portion

Length of terminal portion

Diameter of largest suckers

Length of free portion of siphon

E. Hyatti.

R. sublevig.

2.5

12.5

3.5

8.6

3.6

3.5

8.6

3.5

3.75

10.5

Eossia eublevis. — Specimens examined.

84
85,86

161
194

264
324
364

868
870
880
893
894
895
807

"10

320
321

Lot
265

Locality.

Fath.

United StateiFith CommUtion.

Off Halifax, N. S., 26 miles.
do

Off Cape Ann, 6 miles. .
Off Cape Ann, 33 miles.

Off Cape Cod, 15 miles.
Off Cape Cod, 11 miles.
Off Cape Cod, Vt miles.

United State* Fish Commission.
Of Newport, R, I.

North latitude 40° 2' 18", west

longitude 70° 23' 6'.
Kortli latitude 40° 2' 36", west |

longitude 70° 22' 58". ;

North latitude 39^ 48' 30", west '

longitude 70° 54'.
North latitude 39° 52' 20", west

longitude 70° 58'.
North latitude 39° 53', west

longitude 70° 58' 30".
North latitude 39° 56' 30", west

longitude 70° 59' 45".
Off Chesapeake Bay

Blake Expedition, United States
Coast Survey.

North latitude 39° 59' 16", west
longitude 70° 18' 30".

North latitude 32° 33' J 5", weat
longitude 77° 30' 10".

North , atitude 32° 43' 25", west
longitude 77° 20' 30".

Oloueester fisheries.

North latituao 42° 49', west
longitude 62° 57'.

101
101

54
110

80
45
70

Bottom.

When col-
lected.

192

155

252

372

365 !

238

157

260
257
233

250

Fine sand.
do

Muddy

Blue mnd.

Sand

Sandy mud

...do

Mud

.. 1

...do .....

1877.
Sept. 6
Sept. 6

1878.
Aug. 6
Aug. 31

1879.
Jul, 29
Sept. 1
Sept 18

1880.
Sept. 4

Sept. 4

Sept. 13

Oit. 2

Oct. 2

Nov. 16

1880.
1880.
1880.

Jan., '70

Beoeived
from —

Specimens, nnm-
her and sex.

IJ.S.F.C.
...do

....do.....
...do... .

....do

...do

....do

— do

....do

...do

....do

A. Agassiz

....do

TT.S.F.C.

11. 9= 1.1-
Id-: Ij. ?

11. c^

J. rf: 11. ?: 3j.

11. rf

Id-: 59

Id': 1 9

11. d-

Ij-

11. rf: Ij. 9

ILrf: 11.9:5.1.

1 1- rf (eggs).

1 9 ad.
1 9 ad.
19J.»

IJ.

46
31
15
22
23
20
18

10
2.5

"ib
3

3.75
10
.8
6

lJ-9

11.?: 5.1.

(eggs).

[173] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

liosaia snhleris — Couth.ued.

a
•I

934
025

943
945

040

947

'^Ul
952
997

lOIi

1026

1028

1029

1032

1033

1045

Locality.

United Staten Fifth Commisnon.
Of Martha's Vineyard.

S. i W. 83i ID. from Cray Head
8. 1 W. 86 111. from Guy Ilpad. .
S. by E. i K. 98 m. from Uay

Head.
SSW. 83 111. from Gay Head. ..
S. by W. I W. 84i m. from Qav

Head.
S. by W. i W. 874 m. from Gay

Head.
S. by W. } W. 89 m. from Gay

Head.

S. 85 m. from Gay Head

S. i E. 87* m. from Gay Head.
SSW. i V. 103i m. from Gay

Head.
SSW. i M . 95 m. from Gay

Head.
SSW. i W. 931 m. from Gay

Bead.
,>.SE. 1 E. 108i in. from Gay

Head.
SSE. i E. 109J m. ftom Gay

Zlead.
SSE. h E. 107 ni. from Gay

Head.
SSE. i E. 106 m. from Gay

Head.
OS" Delaware Bay

Fath.

160
224
258

153
202

241

312

210
388
335

216

182

410

458

208

183

312

Bottom.

Mud.

When col-
lected.

Received
from —

1881.
July 16 I U. S. F. C.
do

Ang. 4

Aug. 9 I do . .

Aug. 9 do . .

Specimen" ..um-
ber aiiu sex.

Aug. 9

Aug. 23
Aug. 23
Sept. 8

Sept. 8

Sept. 14

Oct. 10

...do..-.
. . do

...do..

...do ! 2 9

.; 1 <f

11.?: eggs.
21. rf
19: eggs.

11. c^: 4?
2d: 3 9
6

5^:2?

.do
...do

...do
...do
...do
...do
...do

39
29
11. rf

1 j.: eggs.

31. rf: 1 j.

llossia megaptera Yerrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 1549, pi. 3d, fig. 1, pi. 4(^ fig. G, June, 1881.

Plate XXXV, figures 3, 4. . •

Body abort, broad, depressed, covered witb a soft flabby iutegument,
which forms a loose border posteriorly; the front edge of the mantle ex-
tends forward dorsally into a prominent angle, but recedes very much veu-
trally. Fins very large and bnjdd ; their anterior insevtions being but
little back of the antero-lateri> ( edge of the mantle, and their posterior
iufciertion close to the end of the body; the free borders of the fins are
thin and undulated, extendmg forward anteriorly beyond the edge of
the mantle, while the length, from base to outer edge, is about equal to
the breadth of the back between the bases of the fins.

Head very large and broad, the width exceeding ^ hat of the body.
Eyes very large and prominent ; lower eyelids well developed but not
much thickened. Tentacles remarkably long and slender, in extension
about twice as long as the head and body together. The tentacular
club is somewhat thicker than the rest of the arm, rather long, narrow,
tapering to the tip. and covered vith numerous minute, nearly globular,
slender pedicelled suckers, arranged in many rows. (Plate XXXV, tig.

Sessile arms of moderate length ; rounded, very slender at tip ; the
ist, 2d, and 3c' pf-irs are successively longer, while the ventral pair
i.s about equal to the 1st. Suckers rather small, ner rly globular, ar-
ranged in two rows on all the arms (fig. 4, a). The sr jkcrs are all sim-
ilar, but are a littb larger on the od pair of arms. The margin is sur-

'fjitil

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [174]

rounded by small stiales, in many rows; the marginal scales are larger,
forming a circle of denticles.

Color purplish brown with rather large chocolate-brown chromato-
phores; outer portion of fins paie^ thin and translucent; edge of mantle,
siphon, under side of head and arras, and greater part of tentacular
arms whitish, with only minute chromatophores.

Mea»urementa of liogsia megaptrra.

Ijenftth, end of body to doraal edge of mantle, exclusive ofmembnute.

Xrcngth, end of body to ventral o<igo of mantle

Length, end of body to base of dorsal a<TnH

Length, end of body to tip of dorsal arms

Length, end of body to tip of second pair

ijength, end of body to tip of third pair

Length, end of body to tip of fourth pair

Length, end of body to tip of tentacular arms

Breadtli of bidy and tins together

15rea<lth of body between bases of fins

Breadth of body, beneath tins, exclusive of membrane

Brewlth of head across eyes

Biviidth of fins antcro posteriorly

Length of lina, base to edge (outer)

Diameter of eyes

l)iameter of large suekers of lateral anns

t)iameter of large suckers of ('lab'.

Breadtli of club

Length of club

Millime-
ters,

32
24
57
«S
95

103
95

188
63
22
28
36
27
22
1»
LSO

.25

Incheg.

1.25
.95
2.25
3.40
3. ir>

4.08

3.75

7. 45

2.50

.85

I.JO

1.40

1.08

.85

.75

,06

.01

.16

.95

Southern coast of Kewfoundlaud, in 150 fathoms, Capt. K. Markuson
and crew, schooner ''^Notice," June, 1880.

This species is remarkable for the great size of the fins and eyes, and
for the length of the tentacular arms. It appears to be a species specially
adapted for inhabiting greater depths than the species hitherto discov-
ered. It has the same soft, Habby integument observed in Octopus lentus
and Stauroteuihis syrtcnsisy found at similar depths. But the looseness
of the skin may be due in part to Hie condition of the spet;imeu when
preserved. The tentacular suckers are unusually small.

HETEROTi:UTHIS Uray (revised.)
net^oteuihin (sub-gt^nas) viiay, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mns., i, p. 90, 1849.
Verrill, TrauB. Conn. Aoad., v, p,

■X:7.

Jnuo, 18(31.

The body is short, thitik, rounded josteriorly. Fins large and lateral.
Head and eyes large. The anterior border of the inantle-edge is free,
dorsally. Pen shorter than the mantle, narrow anteriorly; posterior
blade small, slightly e\i>anded laterally. Club of the tentacular arm.s
well developed, with numerous suckers, in many rows, those in the npper
niargiuiu rows decidedly larger than tlie rest; the odge of the aperture
is denticulat- -I by small acute scales. Middle suckers of the hiteral and
ventral arni.s distinctly larger in the female; in the male, abrupf ly verv
much larger than the others, lu Hie male, the left dorsal ,mu is hecto-
colylized hy haviag much smaller and more nutuerous suckers, arrangt^tl
in four rows, and by the development of a marginal membrane.

[174]
larger,

•oinato-
aiantlc,
tacnlar

B-

Incbea.

32
H

57
g«

1.25

.95

2.25

3.40

95 1

3.75

oa 1

4.08

3.75

7.45

2.50

.85

1.10

1.40

1,08

.85

Ift

.75

.06

.01

.16

.9:1

larkiison

ayes, and
8i)ecialiy
o discov-

ooaeiiess
\eii when

d lateral.

e is free,

losterior

dar arms

Aw, upper

aperture

teral aiul

pily very

is hecto-

arranjj;«^(l

[175] CEPHAL0P0D8 OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Heteroteuthia teftiera Verrill.

Amer. Jonm. Sci,, xx, p. ."392, Novemboi , 1880 ; Proc. Nat. Mtis., iii, p. 36(), 1880 ;
Bulletin Muh. Comp. ZooL, xiii, p. 103, pi. 3, figs 5-M»; pi. 7, figs. '2-2d, 3-3ft,
1881 ; TrauB. Conn. Acad.,v, p. :V^7, pi. 46, figs. 2-2d, 1-36 ; pi. 47, figs. 5-56, 1881.

PlrttrtXXXIlI. Plate XXXIV, tijrarc 1.

A small and delicate species', very soft, translucent, and delicately
oolored when living.

Body short, cylindrical, scarcely twice as long as broad, posteriorly
u.sually round, but in strongly- contracted, preserved .npccimens, often
uarrovcd and even obtusely pointed; front edge of mantle sometimes
with a dorsal angle extending somewhat forward over the neck, but
usually cmarginate in alcoholic specimens. Fins very large, thin, longer
than broad, the outer edge broadly rounded, the anterior edge extend-
ing ibnvard quite as far a& the edge of the mantle, and consideraldy be-
yond the insertion of tiie fln, which is itself well forward. The length
of the fin is about two-thirds that of the body ; the base or insertion of
the fin equals about one-half the body-length ; the breadth of the fin is
greater than one-half tlie breadth of the body. Head large, rounded,
with large and prominent eyes; lower eyelids free, slightly thickened;
impils indented above. Arms rather small, unequal, the dorsal ones con-
siderably shorter and smaller than the others, the second pair longest.

In the male, the left dorsal arm is greatly modified, and very difierent
from its mate; lateral and ventral arms are subequal. In both sexes, and
oven in the young, tlie suckers alon.j^ tlit middle of the four lateral and
two ventral arms are distinctly larger than the rest, but in the larger
males this disparity becomes very remarkable, the middle snckers (Plate
XXXIll, figs. 1, 1ft, '!/», 3) becoming greatly enlarged and swollen, so
that eight to ten of tlie largest are often six or eight times as broad as
the proximal and distal ones; they are deei), laterally attached, with a
raised band round the middle, and h very small round aperture, fur
Dished with a swootb rim. lii the female (Plate XXXIV, dg. 1) the cor-
responding suckers^ on the lateral arms, are about twice as broad as the
rest. The suckers are in two regular rows, on the lateral smd ventral
arras, in both sexes, ex< ept at the tip, where they form four rows.

In tlie n'ale. the left dorsal arm becomes thickened, and larger from
front '" >..tck,and is usually curled backward (Plate XXXIIIj ligs. 1-3);
its suckers become smaller -:ud iimcU more numerous than on the right
arm, being arranged in four erowded rows, except near the base where
there are but two; the auckcr-stalks also become stout and cylindrical,
or tapered, their diameter equaling that of the packers. The right {inn
remains normal, with two alternating rows of suckers, regularly de-
creasing to the tii>, as in i)oth the dorsal arms of tJie female

Tentacular avm& long, slentl^r, exteHsiblo ; club diatinct!.\ -enlarged,
li.sually curled in jn-eserved examples. Tl»e suckers on the chib are nu-
aierous, unequal, arratiged in abon.t eiylit ck)w rows; those forming the
iwo or thiee rows next cte' u[)per margin are much larger than the rest.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [176]

being three or four tiraes as broad, and have rows of small scale-like
denticles around the rims. (Plate XXXIII, figs. 2a, 3fl, 36.)

Pen small and very thin, soft, ant' delicate. It is angularly pointed or
pen-shaped anteriorly, the shaft n.rrowing backward; a thin lanceolate
expansion, or margin, extends along nearly the posterior half (fig. 26).

Upper jaw with a sharp, strongly incurved beak, without a notch at
its base. Lower jaw with tJic tip of the beak strongly incurved, and
with a broad, but i)romiueut, rounded lobe on the middle of its cutting
edges (fig. 2, a, 6).

Odontophore with simple, acute-triangular median teeth; inner later-
als sunple, nearly of the same size and shape as the median, except at
base; outer laterals much longer, strongly curved forward (fig. 2c, 2d).

Color, in life, pale and translucent, with scattered rosy chromatopho-
res. In the alcoholic specin^ens, the general color of body, head, and
arms is reddish, thickly spotted with rather large chromatophores,
which also exist on the inner surface of the arms between the suckers,
and to some extent on the tentacular arms and bases of the fins ; outer
part of fins translucent wliite ; anterior edge of mantle with a white
border.

Length of body 25 to 30 millimetiers.

Twenty-seven specimens of this species were obtained, by Mr. A,
Agassiz, on the " Blake,'' in 1880, from six stations, ranging in depth
from 71 to 233 fathoms. It was taken, later in the season, in great
abundance, by the U. S. Fish Commission, off Newport, R. I., in 05 to
252 fathoms ; and off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, in November, by
Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, on the " Fish Hawk," in 18 to 57 fathoms. In 1881
it has also been dredged, at several stations, off Martha's Vineyard, in
45 to 182 fathoms.

It is easily distinguished from the species of Eossia by the large size
of the suckers along the middle of the lateral arms; by the inequality
of the suckers on the tentacular clubs; and by the peculiar hectocoty
lized condition of the left dorsal arm of the male. The existence of largo
chromatophores on the inner surfaces of the arms, between the suckers,
is also a good diagnostic mark, by which to distinguish it from all our
species of Bossia, which have the corresponding parts whitish, or with
few and very small chromatophores.

The eggs of this species, containing, in several instances, embryos
so far developed as to permit accurate identification, have been taken
in August and September, by the U. S. Fish Commission, at many of
the stations where the adults were obtained- They were especially nii
mevous at stations 805-807, 872-871, in 1880 ; and at stations i)22, Old.
049, in 1881. These eggs are attached to the surface of ascidians, worm
tubes, skate's eggs, dead shells, etc., singly, but placed side l>y side, ^n
smaller or larger groups. They are about 3""" in diameter, pearly white,
and nearly round, but are slightly flattened where attached, and have u
small, conical eminence, on the uj)per side.

[177] CKPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.
' • Heteroteuthis tcnera. — Specimens examined.

17,18
19
20
21
22
23

865
866
867
860
870
871
872

873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880

809
900
901

313
314
316
321
327
345

018

919

921

922

940

944

949

950

1028

1027

1038

1043

Locnlity.

United States Pigh OommisHon.
Of Martha'* Vineyard.

North
North
Nortli
North
North
North
North

North
North
North
North
Nortli
North
North
North

latitmle 40° 03',
latitude 40° 05'
latitmle 40° 05'
latituilo 40" 02'
latitude 40"^ 02'
Ifttitiide 40° 02'
lUtituUe 40° 05'

west loncitude 70° 23'

18 ", w«'«t lon^'itnde 70° 22' 18"
42", west longitude 70° 22' 06",
18", west louRitudo 70° 23' 06".
a'i", west longitude 70» 22' 38" ,
54", westlongltnd.' 70° 23" 40" ,
30", we8tlonBitude70O23' 52".

Off Xewj/ort, R. I.

latitude 40° 02'. west longitude 70° 57'

latitude 40° 00', we.st lon]Ritude70° 57'

latitude 39° 57', west lonKrtnde 70° 57' 30".

latitudfc 39° 57', west longitude 70° 55'

latitude 33° ,5ti', west lonuitudo 70° 54' 18".
latitude 30" 5,")'. went longitude 70° 54' 15".
latitude 31)° 49' 30", weHt lonnitnde 70° 54'.
latitude 30° 48' 30', west longitude 70° 54'.

Off Chesapeake Bay.

North latitude 37" 22'. west lougitude 74'= 29' .57J

North lat-'ulo 37° 10', west louptude 74° 41' 31

North latitude 37° 10', west longitude 75° 08' 18

192

155

115

100
85
126
120
120
142i
225
252

Blake Expedition, U. S. Const Survey.

OtrCh.irle.stou, S. C 75

North latitudf 32° 24', west loucilude 78° 44' 142

North latitud.' 32= 7', west huigitude 7.8° 37' 30" .... 2-^0
North latitude 3'^° 43' 25' . west longitude 77° 20' 30". i 233
North latitude 34° 00' 30", w(iKt lou<j;itude 76° 10' 30" 178
North latitude 40° 10' l.j, west lon(;itude 70° 4' 30". .i 71

United States Pish Commission.
Off Martha's Vineyard.

S. i W. 01 m. from Giy Head. .
S. i W. 65 ui. from Gav Head . .
S. \ W. 68 J m. from Gay Head.
S. J W. 73 m. from Gaj Head .
;;. I \y. 77 m. from Gay Head
S. by E. 4 E. 97 m. from Gay .Ui
SSNV'. 82 m. from Gay Head . . .

S. 79 J m. from Gay ltea<l .

S. 7,'> ni. from Gay Herd

SSW. i W. 93J ui. from Gay Head....

SSE.} E. lOoim. from Gay Head

North latitude 39° 59', west longitude 70° 00' .
Off Delaware Bay *.

.51J

69
130
124
100

69
182

03
146
130

1880

Sept.

1880

Sept.

Sept..

Specimens, nam-
Iter and sex.

3(^: 7 9: eggs.
3 cf ; 6 $ : eggs.
4d': 10 2:eggo.
20 + rf & 9
15 d- : 17 9
18rf: 119 :32jUT.
1 cf : 2 9 : eggs.

Sd": 1 9--eBK8-
Wcf: 6 9; eggs.

Sept. 13 I 1 c?
Sept. 13 ' 8 d" : 6
vSept. 13 ! 6 d" : 4 I
Sept. 13 ' 1 d : 1 !
Sept. 13 6
Sept. 13 2d'

Nov. 10,3^:29
Nov. 10 I Ijuv.
Nov. 16 ; 2) d : 3 9

I 1880
I 18K0

1880
I 1880

1880
{ 1880

lysi.

July 16

July 18

I Aug. 4

I Aug. 9

: Aug. 23

Aug. 23

Sept. 8

Sept. 14

Sept. 21

Oct. 10

TJ- 5 9

2 r? : 19

1 9 J"^-
5 9

Id: 3 9

2 9 .jnv.

Id: 19
4d
3d: 59

ed-: 09

1 9 : eggs.
1 9 : eggs.

Id": 1$
1 : eggH.

Id-
Irf

Sd:
Id

3 9

^ it

Order II. — Octopoda Leach.

Cephalopoda octopi la Leach, Zool. Mi.scel., iii, 1817 (t. Gray).

F,1rii,s,snc', Tab. Syst., p. 18, WZl.

D'OrbiKuy, Tab. Method., p. 45, 1825; D'Oibig., C<«phal. Ac6tab., p. 1.
(Mocera Blaiiiv., Diet. Sci. Nat., xxxil, 1824.
Oclopia Oi-ay, Cat. Moll. lirit. IMus., i, p. 3, I84'J.

Arin.s e^^ht, similar, all furnished with sucker.s in one or two rowsj
often more or less united by a web; natatory crests wanting. Suckers
sessile, not oblique, destitute of horny rings or hoops. No tentacular
arms. Head often larger than the body. Body short and thick, obtuso

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [178]

posteriorly, usually destitute of fins. Fins, when present, small, lateral,
supported by an internal transverse cartilage. Mantle extensively united
to the head by a dorsal commissure. Siphon without an internal valve,
united directly to the head. No olfactory crests. Eyes united to the
internal lining of the sockets so as to be immovable ; usually furnished
with lids. No outer buccal membrane. Aquiferous pores and cavities
usually absent ; cephalic pores sometimes present. Internal longitudinal
shell or pen absent. An external shell is- present only in the genus
Argonauta. In this case it is formed as a secretion from the inner siu*-
face of the expanded distal portion of the two dorsal arms of the female
only, and serves mainly as a receptacle for the eggs. One of the arms
of the third pair, commonly the right, is hectocotylized in the male.
Sometimes the entire arm is modified and sometimes the tip only.

Family PHILONEXIDiE D'Orbigny.

Phi'.onexidoe {pars) D'Oibig., Moll. Viv. ct Fos., i, l'J9, 1845 (t. Gray).
Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus. , 1, p. 24, 1849.

Body stout, oval, destitute of lateral fins. Branchial opening large.
Edge of mantle united to the base of the siphon laterally by a compli-
cated, prominent cartilage or button, fitting in a corresponding pit on the
inner surface of the mantle. Dorsal commissure narrow. Head with
aquiferous pores communicating with large aquiferous cavities. Arms
simple, more or less united by webs. Suckers i)rominent.

In the male, the hectocotylized arm is developed in a sac, the entire
arm being modified, and usually, when perfected, it becomes detached
from the body. Probably this arm is lost and regenerated each year.

PARASIRA Steenstrup.

Paraaira Steenstrup, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Forening, Kjobcnhavn, 1860,
p. 333.
Keflferstein, in Bronn, Thier-Reich, iii, p. 1449, 1866.
Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 104. Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 361.

Body short, thick, pouch-like, usually ornamented with raised ridges.
Mantle united directly to the head dorsally; 'connected laterally to the
base of the siphon by a deep pit and a raised, cartilaginous tubercle on
each side, which fits a corresponding cartilaginous tubercle and pit, near
the base of the siphon (something as a button fits into a button-hole),
so that it can be separated only by using considerable force. Arms long,
slender ; web rudimentary. Suckers prominent, in two alternating rows.
Gill-opening wide. Siphon large, intimately united to the head except
at its free extremity, which is situated far forward, between the ventral
arras. A large aquiferous pore, each side of the siphon, at the bases of |
the ventral arms.

Sexes are widely different. The hectocotylized, third right arm of the |
male is developed in a pedunculated sac.

[178]

iteral,
united
valve,
to the
rnished
javities
tudinal
e genus
ner sur-
i female
lie arms
le male.

ly.

ing large,
a compli
pit on the
lead with
es. Arms

, the entire
; detached
ich year.

ahavn, I860,

ised ridges,
rally to the
tubercle on
ad pit, near
iitton-hole),
Arms long,
lating rows,
icad except
the ventral I
:he bases of I

It arm of the I

[179] CErHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Fvaaira catenulata Steenitrup.

Octopus tuberculatus Ri88o(f ), Hist. nat. del'Eur. mdrid., iv, p. 3,1826 (t.d'Orbig.).
Octopus catenulatus Fdrussac, Poulpes, pi. 6, bis, ter., 1828 (t. D'Orbig.).
Philonexis tuberculatus F^r. and D'Orbig., C6ph. Ac6tab., p. 87, pi. 6, bis, ter.
Parasira catenulata Steenstrup, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Forening, KJoben-
havn, 1860, p. 333.

Verrill, Aroer. Joiiru. Sci., xix, p. 293, Apr., 1880; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p.
362, pi. 33, figs. 2, 2a, 1881.

Plate XL, figures 2, 2a.

Female: Body relatively large, swollen, rather higher than broad,
dilated below, larger iu front, obtusely rounded posteriorly; upper sur-
face smooth or finely wrinkled ; lower surface covered with prominent,
rounded verrucfe, or small hard tubercles, which are connected together
by raised ridges, five (sometimes six) of which usually run to each
tubercle, thus circumscribing angular depressed areas, each of which
usually has a dark-colored spot in the center ; on the sides these tuber-
cles are less prominent and less regular, gradually fading out above.
The head is decidedly smaller than the body, and smooth both above
and below. The eyes are prominent, but the external opening is small,
round, with simple border. The gill-opening is large, and extends up-
ward on the sides of the neck to the level of the ui)per side of the eye-
balls. The siphon-tube is completely united by its basal portion to the
lower side of the head; its free portion is large and elongated, starting
from well forward, between the bases of the ventral arms. There is a con-
spicuous aquiferous pore, at each side of the base of the siphon, just back
of the ventral arms. The arms are stout, not very long ; the inner sur-
face is broad, with two rows of rather widely separated suckers, which
run along the margins of he arms; the suckers are rather large, and
considerably raised, on stout bases; the first suckers form a regular
circle around the mouth ; two or three basal suckers are nearly in a
single row. The suckers are cup-shaped, with a deep central pit, around
which there are strong radial ridges; toward the base of the arms the
soft, swollen rims of the suckers are wrinkled and lobulated ; farther
out they are smooth and even. The beak is black, with sharp tips. It
is surrounded by a thick, wrinkled buccal membrane.

The arms are slightly united at base by a narrow web, which also
runs along each of the outer angles of the six upper arms, forming more
or less wide marginal membranes, according to the state of contraction,
and by their contractions causing the arms to curl in various directions ;
one of these membranes frequently disappears, the other being so
stretched as to become wide, when the arm is strongly recurved ; on the
ventral arms the upper membrane becomes strongly developed, while
tlie lower one is abortive. There is also a slight marginal membrane
along the inner margins, running between the suckers and connecting
them together. The dorsal and ventral arms are considerably larger and
longer than the two lateral pairs, the dorsal ones are the stoutest. The
j two lateral pairs are about equal in size and length. On the dorsal
i arms there arc about 96 suckers; on the lateral ones about 80 that can

: V

REl'OUT OF COMMISSlDNKIi Or FISH AND FISHEKIKS, [180]

be couiitt'd with the iiakcul eye. The tips are very Blender and covered
with very minute suckers.

Color of body and head above, and of ui)[)er arms, deep brownish
purple; lower surfaces of body and head with siphon and ventral arms,
pale yellowish.

A fine specimen of this interestin}^ species was taken in Vineyard
Sound, Mass., by Mr. V. N. Edwards, in 1870. It was not known pre-
viously from the American coast, and has been regarded as peculiar to
the Mciliterranean and West Indies. The total length of this specimen
is 203 millimeters; of mantle, 51 millimeters; circumference of body, 152
millimeters; length of dorsal arms, from eye, 137 millimeters; second
pair, 94 millimeters; of third pair, 84 millimeters; of fourth pair, 134.5
millimeters.

The remarkable tubercles of the ventral surface mostly have 11 vo ridges
converging to each, rarely six. In all other respects it agrees with the
figures of F6rus8ac and D'Orbigny. According to Targioni-Tozzetti, P.
catenulata is distinct from P. tuberculata. If so, our species should bear
the former name. Steenstrup considers Octopus carena Ver., the male.

Family ALLOPOSID.E Verrill.

Traus. Coiiu. Acad., v, i>. 365, 1881. •

Body thick, obtusely rounded ; arms extensively webbed ; mantle
united directly to the head, not only by a large dorsal commissure,
but also by a median- ventral and two lateral longitudinal commissures,
which run from its inner surface to the basal parts of the siphon. The
male hectocotylized right arm of the third i)air is developed in a cavity
in front of the right eye, and when mature, protrudes from an opening
on the inner surface of the web, between the second and fourth pairs of
arms, and finally becomes detached. It is furnished with two rows of
large suckers, and with a fringe along the sides. The mode of attach-
ment of the mantle to the head is similar to that of Desmoteuthis, among
the ten-armed cephalopods.

ALLOPOSUS Verrill.

AUoposus Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci.,xx,p. 393, Nov., 1880; Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 362,
Dec, 1880 ; Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, p. 112, March, 1881 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., v,
p. 365.

Allied in some respects to Philonexis and Tremoctojms. Body thick
and soft, smooth; arms (in the male only seven) united by a web ex-
tending nearly to the ends. Suckers sessile, simple, in two rows ; mantle
united firmly to the head by a dorsal, ventral, and two lateral muscular
commissures, the former placed in the median line, at the base of the
siphon ; free end of the siphon short, well forward.

In the male, the hectocotylized right arm of the third pair is devel
oped in a sac in front of the right eye (Plate XXXIX, figs. 1, la); as
found in the sac, it is curled up, and has two rows of suckers ; the

ive ridges
3 with the
ozzetti, P.
lould bear
tlie male.

1; mantle
)mmis8ure,
mmissures,
)lion. The
in a cavity
an opening
th pairs of
wo rows of
of attach-
this, among

i., iii, p. 362,
onn. Acad.jV,

Body thick
y a web ex-
ws; mantle
id muscular
base of the

air is devel-
3.1, la); as
ackers; the

[181] CKPIIALOI'OIJS OF NORTIFHASTEKX COAHT OF AMERICA.

groove along its t'djfc is frinKe<l ; near the end, the groove connects with
a rounded, obliciiiely i)hiced, broad. Hat or Hlightly concave lateral lobe,
with transverse wrinkles or plications on the inner surface ; the termi-
nal portion of the arm is a long-fusiform, smooth process.

The permanent attachment of the mantle to the siphon, by means of
commissures, is a very distinctive character.

AllopoBUB mollis Vcrrill.— Wobhod dovil-fiHli.

AllopoHUH inoUh VLTiill, Aiuer. Joiirn. Sci., xx, p. ;J94, Nov., 1H80; Proc. Nut.
MuH., iii.p. 3f)H, 1880; TraiiH. Conn. Acad., v,p. lUMi, pi. 50, HgH. 1, la,2, 2o;
|)1. .51, tigH. :i, 4; liullutin MnH. Comp. Zoul., viii, p. 113, pi. 4, flgM. 3, 4; pi.
8, ligH. l-2a, March, 1881.
OctopuaT, Hp., Vorrill, BuUotin Muh. Comp. Zool., p. 109, pi. 4, fig. 3, 1881.

Plate XXXIX, figs. 1, la, 2, 2a. Plate XLII, fig. 7. Plate XLIV, fig. 1.

Body stout, ovate, very soft and flabby. Ilead large, ris broad as the
body ; eyes large, their openings small. Arms rather stout, not very
long, webbed nearly to the ends, the dorsal much longer than the ven-
tral arms; suckers large, simple, in two alternating rows. Color deep
puri)lish brown, with a more or less distinctly spotted api)earance. To-
tal length of a medium-sized specimen, IGO™'"; of body, to base of arms,
90"'"'; of mantle, beneath, 50"""; of dorsal arms, 70"'"'; breadth of body
70"'"'. Other specimens are very much larger.

This season two very large females, nearly equal in size, were taken:
one at station 937, in 506 fathoms ; the other at 094, in 368 fathoms.
The former weighed over 20 pounds. Length, while fresh, posterior
end of body to tip of 1st pair of arms, 787°'"' (31 inches) ; of 2d pair,
812""" (32 inches) ; of 3d pair, 711""" (28 inches) ; of 4th pairj 711"'"' (28
inches) ; length of mantle, beneath, 1 78'"'" (7 inches) ; beak to end of 4th
pair of arms, 659""" (22 inches); breadth of body, 216""" (8.5 inches);
breadth of head, 280°"" (11 inches); diameter of eye, 64™"' (2.5 inches);
of largest suckers, 10°'°' (.38 of an inch). The body was remarkably soft
and gelatinous in appearance, and to the touch, while living. In fact
it did not have sufBcient firmness to retain its natural shape when out
of water, and when placed in a large pan it accommodated itself to the
shape of the vessel, like a mass of stift' jelly. Color, in life, pale bluish
white specked with rusty orange-brown chromatophores; inner surface
of arms dark purplish brown, suckers white.

One mature, detached, hectocotylized arm (Plate XLIV, fig. 1) was
taken November 16. This has two rows of large, six- or seven-lobed
suckers, a very long fringe, composed of thin, flat, lacerate processes,
along each side; the terminal process is fusiform, acute, and loosely
covered with a thin, translucent membrane, beneath which the inner
surface, bearing chromatophores, can be seen. Length of this arm,
200"""; its breadth, 20'"'"; length of terminal process, 30'""' ; its diameter,
7"""; diameter of largest suckers, 6'"'"; length of fringe, 15'""'.

Two detached and somewhat mutilated arms, with portions of a third
arm and of the basal web, of a large Octopod, probably of this species,

■I'

.,l:''-"

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

1.0

I.I

;;fiM iiiiiM

■ 4

1.8

1-25 1.4 III 1.6

< 4"

►

'e^.

"% ">

''#'' -.'*'

Hiotographic

Sdences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET
^ WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503

n.'i ^

.1:

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [182]

were taken by Mr. Agassiz in 1880, at station 336, north latitude, 38°
2V 50", west longitude, 73° 32', in 197 fathoms. (Plate XLII, flg. 7.)

The largest of these arms is 420""° long an«l 30°"" broad. The suckers
are large, prominent, subglobular, with a contracted aperture, and have
a thin membrane around the outer margin. They form two alter-
nating, rather distant it)w«, except near the base, where several that
are somewhat smaller than those farther out stand nearly in one row,
with wide spaces between them. Diameter of largest suckers, 9 to 11'""' ;
distance between their centers, 20 to 35""". Color, dark purple.

Taken by the "Fish Hawk," at stations 880, 892, 893, 895, about 100
to 115 miles south of Newport, B. I., in 225 to 487 fathoms, Sept. and Oct.,
1880; off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, at station 898, November 10,
1880, in 300 fathoms, by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner; and off Martha's Vineyard,
310-715 fathoms, 1881.

AUopoBua mollis. — Specimeng examined.

880
881
802
893

808

987
•38
8S2
•53
MM

Locality.

Fath.

When re-
ceived.

Off Newport, R. I.

y. lat. W. long.

39° 48' 30" 70° 50' 00"

Farther sonthward

80O 48* 00" 710 06' 00"

300 62' 20" 70° 68' 00"

9V> stf w 7W> 6V 46"

Off Cke>apeak» Bay.

37° 24' 00" 74° 17' 00"

Off Delaware Bay.

38° 21' 50" 73032'

Off Marlha'i Vineyard.

S. by K. t E. 103 m. from Gay Head
S. byXi. X B. 100 m. from Gay Head

S. IE. 87i m. from Gay Head

S. I E. 9l| ni. from Gay Head

SSW. i W. 104| m. from Gay Head

262
325
487
872

300

1»7

506
310
888
716
368

Sept 13, 1880
Sept. 13, 1880
Oct. 2, 1880
Oct. 2, 1880
Oct. 2, 1889

Received from.

U.S.FiahCom.

Nov. 16,1880, do

,1880 "Blake" expedition

Ang. 4,1881
Aug. 4,1881
Aug. 23, 1881
Aug. 23, 1881
Sept. 8,1881

TT.8.Fi8h Com.

, do ....... .

Specimen!.

2rf:

11. frag.

Family ABGONAUTID^ Cantr.
Cantraine, Mall. M^dit., p. 13, 1841 ; H.&, A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 23.
Argonauta argo Linnd.

Shells of this species, some of them entire, were taken by the '' Fish
Hawk" at several of the stations 70 to 115 miles south of Martha's Vine-
yard and Newport, B. I., in 64 to 365 fathoms. At least nine specimens
were dredged. At station 894, in 365 fathoms, two entire and nearly
firesh shells were taken, and another nearly complete. They belong to
the common Mediterranean variety. Fragments were also taken at sta-
tions 865-7, 871, 873, 876, 892, 895.

The capture of a living specimen, probably of this species, on tlio
coast of New Jersey, has been recorded by Bev. Samuel Lockwood,
in Amer. Naturalist, xi, p. 243, 1877.

[183] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Family OCTOPODTD^ D'Orbiguy.

(ktopodida (j,'<ir«) D'Oibigny, Moll. Viv. ot Fos., i, pp. 159, 164, 1845 (t. Gray): {part)

C6phal.Ac6tub.,p.:<.
Octopidn Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mim., i, p. 4, 1849.

Head very large ; external ears, small, simple openings, l)ehind the
eyes. Body short, thick, rounded posteriorly, destitute of lateral fins and
internal cartilages. Mantle united to the head by a broad dorsal com-
missure. Ko complex connective cartilages, nor commissures, uniting
the mantle and base of siphon. Opening to gill-cavity narrow.

Siphon large. Arms with either one or two rows of suckers, and
with a more or less developed basal web. Eyes furnished with an inter-
nal translucent lid and also capable of being covered by the external
integument. Sexes similar externally, except that in the male the right
arm of the third pair is hectocotylized by the formation of a spoon-shaped
organ at the tip.

ELEDOXre L«ach.

Octopus (jpan) Lamarck ; Cuvier ; Blainville, etc.

Eledone Leacb, Zool. Misc., iii, 137, 1817 (t. Gray) ; D'Orbig., C^phal. Ac6tab., p. 72 C»ub-
genns) ; Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 31, 1849.

Body, mantle, and siphon as in Octopus. Suckers in a single row on
all the arms. In the male the right arm of the third pair is hectocoty-
lized by the formation of a small spoon -shaped tip and a lateral groove,
nearly as in some species of Oetopus.

Eledone verniooea Verrill.

Bulletin Mns. Comp. Zool., viii, p. 105, plates 5, 6, Marcb, 1881; Trans. Conn.
Acad., V, p. 380, pi. 52, 53, 188t.

Plate XLIV, figs. 3, :)a.

A stout species, covered above with prominent, rough, wart-like tuber-
cles, and with a circle of the same around the eyes; four or five of
those above the eyes are larger and more prominent. Body thick, broad-
ovate, swollen beneath, moderately convex above, obtusely rounded
posteiiorly.

Male : Head as broad as the body, whole upi)er surface of body and
bead to base of arms covered with prominent and persistent, unequal
warts, ^7hich are roughened by sharp conical papillie, eight or ten on
the larger warts, but only two or three on the smaller ones ; the warts
diminish in size anteriorly, and on th& sides, before they disappear;
around the eyes they form irregular circles; just above each of the eyes
there are two much larger ones, bearing more than twenty conical pa-
pillae; there is one before and one behind these, of somewhat smaller
MZM. Eyes large, the lower lid purple and thickened, overlapping the
upper one, which is thin and whitish.

Arms considerably longer than the head and body, not very stout,
compressed, bearing a single crowded row of large whitish suckers,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONKR OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [184]

which are mostly separated by spaces less than half their diameter ;
margins of suckers soft and much thickened. The three lower pairs of
arms arc very nearly equal in length and size ; the dorsal ones are a
little shorter and smaller. A thin web unites all the arms for about one-
fourth of their length, and runs up along their sides ^Dr about half their
length. The male has the third right arm (Plate XLIY, fig. 3, 3a) hecto-
cotylized at tue tip; the modified tip is preceded by 45 suckers, and is
bordered ventrally by a broad membrane, having a white groove along
. i/S inner surface; the terminal organ (fig. 3a) consists of a small, ovate-
triangular, fleshy disk, with its inner surfaee slightly concave and finely
wrinkled transversely, and terminating proximally in a small point.

Color dark purplish brown, darker purple beneath. Chromatophores
small and densely crowded.

The female is considerably larger than the male, and has the warts
over the back and around the eyes relatively smaller, but of the same
character. The arms appear to be larger than those of the male, but
this is probably due to the fact that the male has become more con-
tracted by the stronger alcohol in which it was placetl.

This female specimen illustrates well the UMciessness of the attempts
to divide the species of Octopus and allied genera into groups or sections
according to the relative lengths of the arms, as J. E. Gray and others
have done, for in this and many other cases the proportions of the arms
of the right side would throw it into one section ; those of the left side
into another. The male would have to be put into a third section.

The two known examples of this species were both taken by Mr. A.
Agassiz, while dredging on the United States Coast Survey steamer
"Blake," in 1880.

Measurements in millimeters.

Total length

End of body to center of eye

Breadth of body

Breadth aorogg eyes

Length of doraaf amiB, from mouth .

Length of second pair of arms

Length of third pair of arms

Length of hectoootylized arm

Length of modified tip

Length of ventral arms

Greatest breadth of lateral arms

Diameter of largest suckers

Ifo. 12.
Male.

202

♦8

185

165

130

4.5
145
12

Nal3.

Female.

Right side.
360

Left Bide.

100

255
260
225

260
235
240

210

225

Specimens examined.

No.

Stat

Locality.

Fath.

When
received.

Specimens.

No.

Sex.

805
312

N.lat41° 83' 16": W. long. 650 51' 25*'

810
466

1880
1880

1
1

K.lat.39° 60' 46"i W.long.70° 11'

[184]

imeter ;
pairs of
68 Tare a
fMit one-
ilf tbeir
i)hecto-
), and is
I'c along
1, ovate-
ad finely
»oint.
tophores

he warts
the same
nale, but
nore con-

attempts
V sections
nd others
' the arms
e left side
tion.

by Mr. A.
y steamer

260
236
240

225

SpMimeni.

No.

Sex.

1
1

[185] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

OCTOPUS Lainurck, 1799.

<Mlopu» (iMrn) Lainarik, Syst. des Aiiiin. mm Vert., p. (iO, 1K)1. Cuvier, R«5g. Auiiii., ii,
1817. D'Orbigny, C^'pbal. Acctab., p. :<. Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 4,
1849. Vrrrill/rraiw. Conn. Acad., v, p. :{(17, 18H1.

Dotly short, thick, moi-e or less rounded, usually flattened, often
tubercular or warty, but sometimes smooth, usually with one or more
tubercles or cirri situated above the eye. Mantle directly united to the
liejwl, dorsally, by a broad commissure, extending below the eyes to the
base of the siphon. Biise of the siphon without any complicated, con-
nective cartilages. Arms unife<l by a more or less extensive basal web.
Suckers sessile, in two alternating rows. Siphon not intimately united
to the whole length of the head, the free terminal portion situateij be-
hind or beneath the eyes. No aquiferous pores nor brachial i)ouch'es.

The sexes are similar in form. In the male the right arm of the third
pair is hectocotylized, it^ terminal portion being changed into a spoon-
shaped organ, smooth on the outer, convex side and furnished with a
i!<erie8 of transverse ridges on the inner concave side, and with a basal
iingular lobe, from which a groove or furrow extends along the lower
margin of the 9>rm to the basal web. In some species of Octopus the
mo<litied tij) is very small, but in others, very large.

The female has the oviducts symmetrically developed on both sides.
The egg-sacs are large, pyriform, not very numerous, attached by the
timall end.

Octopus Balrdii Verrill. — Baird's dcvil-fltth.

Octopus Bairdii Verrill, Amer. Joum. Sci.,v, p. 5, Jafl., 1873; xix, p. 294, 1880 ;

American Natnralist, vii,p. S94, figs. 76,77, 1873; Am. Assoc. Adv. 8ci.

for 1873, p. 348, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, 1874.
G. O. Sara, Molluscs Regionis Arcticte Nonregise, p. 339, pi. 33, figs. 1-10 ( 9 ),

pi. xvii, figs. 8a to 8d (dentition and jaws), 1878.
Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 116, pi. 32, figs. 37, 38 (description and figures from

the papers by A. E. V. ).
Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 368, pi. 33, figs, 1, la ; pi. 34, figs, 5, 6 ; pi, 36,

fig. 10 ; pi. 38, fig, 8 ; pi, 49, figs, 4, 4a ; pi. 51, figs, 1, la ; Bulletin Mus. Comp.

Zool,,\iii,p.l07,pl.2,fig8.4,4a; pi, 4, figs. 1, la, 1881,

Plate XLI, figures 1, 2, 3, 3«. Plate XLII, figures 1-5.

The body is short, thick, somewhat depressed, broadly rounded pos-

Itoriorly, separated fipom the head only by a slight constriction at the

sides. Head almost as broad as the body, swollen above and around

the eyes, concave in the middle above; around the eyes, and especially

in front and above, there are numerous small, conical, often irregular

and rough tubercles ; a little removed from the upper side of each eye

lis a much larger, rough, irregularly conical, erectile cirrus, which has

Isoine small, more or less prominent, conical papilla; on its surfaee; the

phole upper surface of the body, head, and arms is also covered with

Imiiiute scattered papillte, which are usually but little prominent, but in

Isome of the larger males they become much larger and more numerous,

land have the form of small prominent warts.

i n

1 ■"

A
1'^.

fin I

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [186]

The jaws (Plate XLII, fig. 3) have rather blunt, slightly incurved
lips, with the angle at the bases of the cutting edges round and without
any distinct notch. The odontophore (Plate XLII, fig. 4) has a median
row of large, acute teeth with broad bases, without lateral denticles;
the inner lateral teeth are much smaller, with curved, acute-triangular
points; outer lateral teeth longer and more acute; marginal plates
large and distinct.

Siphon large, tapering, capable of being bent in all directions, so as
to be msed for swimming either forward, backward, or sideways, accord
ing to its direction.

Arms subeqaal, relatively short, stout, tapering to slender points,
connected for about one-third of their length by a web, ^^hich extends
as a'narrow membrane along their margins to near the ends. Suckers
small, not crowded, alternating pretty regularly in the two rows ; in
the original type-specimen, which was not full-grown, the arms of the
first pair each had about sixtj'-flve suckers; those of the fourth pair
about sixty. In a larger example ( 9 ) the dorsal arms have about 94
suckers; the third pair about 100; the ventral ones about 00.

In the male, the right arm of the third pair has its terminal portion,
for about a third of its entire length, modified for reproductive purposes
into a large spoon-shaped organ (Plate XLI, fig. la), broadly elliptical
in outline, with the sides incurved, and the end somewhat trilobed; inte
rior deeply concave, with ten to twelve, and occasionally, in the largest
examples, thirteen elevated transverse folds; at the base, there is a fold
bent into an acute angle, the apex directed forward, leaving a deep V
shaped sinus behind it, which is a continuation of a shallow groove,
formed by a thickening of the web along the lower side of the arm, and
terminating midway between it and the fourth arm. At the end, the
arm terminates in a small conical tip, between the two broadly rounded
lobes of the spoon-shaped organ ; at the base of this organ there is a
slight constriction ; the basal portion of the arm bears 30 to 37 suckers,
like those on the other arms. The modified portion of the arm is cod
siderably longer than the distance between the constriction at its base
and the interbrachial web, and about equal to one-half the total length
of the part which bears suckers. The corresponding arm on the left
side is of the ordinary form, and has, in medium-sized examples, about
51 suckers.

The female differs but little from the male, externally, except in hick
ing the modification of the third right arm.

Some of the larger females were filled with mature eggs. These are
large and rather numerous, occupying a large part of the interior of the
body. They are enclosed in long-pyriform sacs, with the small end taper
ing to a filiform point, by which they adhere.

Length of the original male specimen, in alcohol, exclusive of the
arms, 44°"" ; breadth of the body, 31'"'° ; between eyes, IS""* ; lengtli
of arm, of the first pair, from mouth, 57°"° ; from mouth to edge of web.

[E8. [186] ■ [187] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

18°""; length of modified portion of third right arm, 18""'; breadth of
this organ, when expanded, 11. 6°"". Subsequentlj', considerably larger
specimens, both male and female, have been taken.

One of the largest males (station 878) measiirtj, from tip of dorsal arms
to end of body, 163"""; from edge of dorsal web to end of body, 75°"";
from edge of mantle beneath, to end of body, 38"""; bremlth of body,
48""'; of head, 41""'; length of dorsal arms, to beak, 110"'"'; of second
pair, 112""": of third pair, US"""; of fourth pair, 110"""; of hectocotyl-
ized arm, 85"'"»; length of terminal spoon, 33'""'; its breadth, 17""».
This specimen has 13 transverse lamellte in the spoon.

One of the largest females (station 895) taken in the breeding season
and filled with eggs, in alcohol, measures, from tip of dorsal anns to end
of body, 170™"'; edge of dorsal web to end of body, OO"""; mantle, be-
neath, 46""'; breadth of body, 55""; of head, 41""; length of dorsal
arms, from beak, 125""; of second pair, 120""; of third pair, 115""; of
fourth pair, 115"".

When living, the ground-color was usually pale, translucent, bluish
white above, thickly specked with light orange-brown and dark purplish
brown. Its colors were changeable, but apparently less actively so than
in the squids.

This species was first discovered by the writer while dredging, in
1872, on the United States Steamer "Mosswood", in the Bay of Fundy,
off Eastport, Me., in 75 to 80 fathoms. Although so recently discovered,
it proves to have a very extensive range, both geographically and in
depth. It is one of the most common and characteristic inhabitants of
the bottom, in 100 to 500 fathoms, along our entire coast, from South
Carolina to Newfoundland. It was taken in the trawl, by the U. S.
Fish Commission, in 1872, 1873, 1874, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, and 1881, in
depths ranging from 50 to 500 fathoms, at numerous localities, from off
Halifax, N. S., and the Bay of Fundy, to the region 90 to 100 miles
south of Martha's Vineyard and Newport, B. I., where it is common and
of large size. It was obtained by Mr. A. Agassiz, on the ''Blake'', in
1880, at various stations, from N. hit. 41" 34' 30", to 32° 43' 25", in 178
to 524 fathoms.

In November, 1880, it wrfs taken by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, on the " Fish
Hawk", off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, in 157 to 300 fathoms.

The Gloucester fishermen have brought in several specimens from the
banks off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. These were presented by
Captain Murphey and crew, of the schooner "Alice M. Williams" (lots
372, .'JOl, 917); by Capt. J. W. Collins and crew, of the "Marion" (lot
264); by Capt. J. F. Critchett and crew, of the "Commonwealth" (lot
421); by Mr. E. Perkins, of the "Grace L. Fears" (lot 351); by Mr.
Robert Harlburt, of the " '. .rracouta " (lot 605) ; by Capt. Thomas Olsen
and crew, of the "Epes Tarr" (lot 771); and by Capt. J. McDonald
and crew, of the " G. P. Whitman " (lot 792).

.ffl

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF KISII AND FISHERIES. [188]

.1'

^.¥

rrof. G. O. Sars has taken it, off the Norwegian coaHt, in 60 to GOO
fathoms.

It occurs both on soft muddy bottom^} and on hard bottoms. Both
sexes often occur together, but the males are usually the most numerous.

Malesj with spermatophores escaping, have been taken, from July 27
to September 21, at stations 138, 161, 163, 223, &c.

One of the specimens obtained by Mr. Agassiz is remarkable for the
length and slenderness of the cirrus above the eyes (Plate XLI, fig. 3).
This is &n immature male, and does not appear to differ in any other
way from ordinary specimens, of similar size. The appendage of the
hectocotylized arm is small and not fully developed (as is always the
case in young males), and has an ovate-triangular form, a slightly con-
cave surface, and only a few transverse lamellse.

This species resembles 0. lentun, but has a much larger and rough or
lacerate cirrus above the eye. The modified arm of the male is also
different.

It is somewhat related to 0. Orcenlandieus Dewh., but the male of the
latter has the third right arm much longer, with the modified spoon-
shaped portion relatively very much smaller and quite different in form,
and with more numerous folds, and the basal part bears 41 to 43 suck-
ers ; the other arms also have more numerous suckers; the web is less
extensive and the body is more elongated, and appears to be smooth,
and destitute of the large cirri above the eyes.

0, obeaus has the spoon-shaped part of the third right arm relatively
larger, and several of the basal suckers of the other arms in a single
row. It also differs in other respects.

Specimens of this species were kept alive for several days, in order
to observe its habits. Several characteristic drawings, some of which
are here reproduced (Plate XLI, fig. 2; PI. XLII, figs. 1, 2), were made
from life by Mr. J. H. Emerton, showing its different attitudes.

When at rest it remained at the bottom of the vessel, adhering firmly
by some of the basal suckers of its arms, while the outer portions of the
arms were curled back iu various positions; the body was held in a
nearly horizontal position, and the eyes were usually half-closed and had
a sleepy look ; the siphon was usually turned to one side, and was long
. enough to be seen in a view from above.

When disturbed, or in any way excited, the eyes opened more widely,
especially at night; the body became more contracted and rounded,
and was held more erect; the small tubercles over its surface and the
larger ones above the eyes were erected, giving it a very decided ap-
pearance of excitement and watchfulness.

It was rarely, if ever, observed actually to creep about by means of
its arms and suckers, but it would swim readily and actively, circling
around the pans or jars, in which it was kept, many times before resting
again.

In swimming backward the partial web connecting the arms together

:s. [188]
I 60 to oOO

ms. Both
numerous.
)in July 27

bio for the
:li, fig. 3).
. any other
lage of the
always the
lightly con-
id rough or
lale is also

male of the
ifled spoon-
ent in form,
to 43 suck-
web is less
) be smooth,

n relatively
3 in a single

ys, in order
ne of which
, were made
des.

lering firmly
rtions of the
IS held in a
)8ed and had
nd was long

more widely,
,nd rounded,
•face and the
J decided ap-

by means of
vely, circling
lefore resting

rms together

[189] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTllKASTKRN COAST OF AMERICA.

wii8 used as an organ of locomotion, as well as the siphon ; the web and
th» arms were alternately spread and closed, the closing being done
energetically and coincidently with the ejection of the water from the
siphon, and the arms, after each contraction, were all held pointing
strtiight forward in a compact bundle, so as to afford the least resistance
to the motion (Plate XLI, fig. 2). As the motion resulting from each
impulse began to diminish sensibly, the arms were again spread and the
same actions repeated. This action of the arms and web recalled that
of the disk of the jelly-fishes, but it was much more energetic.

The siphon was )>ent in ditt'erent directions to alter the direction of
the motions, and by bending it to the right or left side, backwanl mo-
tions in oblique or circular directions were given, but it was often bent
du'ectly downward and curved backward, sc hat the jet of water from
it served to propel the animal directly forward. This, so far as ob-
served, was its only mode of moving forward. The same mode of swim-
ming forward has previously been observed in cuttle-fishes {Sepia) and
in squids {Loligo).

This species was much more active and animated in the night than
during the day. It is probably largely nocturnal in its habits, when at
liberty. None of the specimens could be induced to take food, and
none survived more than four or five. days, ^though the water was fre-
quently renewed to keep it cool and pure. They had been rather roughly
handled by the dredges and trawls, without doubt; but the unavoid-
able exposure to the higher temperature of the water, near and at the
surface, especially in summer, is sufficient to kill many of the deep-water
animals, wliile others that live for a short time never entirely recover
from the injury thus received.

Octopus Bairdii. — Speciment examined.

No.

85-80

130

i:i8

150
l«l
183
184
182
184
169
207
ill

LooaUty.

United Stat*» Fitk OommUiion.

Bay of Fandy

Off Grand Menan IsUnd.
Cmco Bay

Gnlf of Maine.

Off Cape Sable.
Off \lalifax....

Qulf o/ifaine and l£a*iaehui»tt»
Bay.

Off Gloucester, Mass

Off Cape Ann

South of Cape Ann ...
Off Gloucester, Mass

Off Cape Ann

Off Gloucester, Mass .

Off Cape Ann.
.do

Fath-
om*.

Bottom.

76
80
60
97-110
64

Gravel .

90 Mud

90 '....do

91 I Fine sand.
101 '....do

49
59
42
54
73
75

45
58
42
60
68

Mud

Muddy . . .

Mud

Sand

Fine sand.
do

Muddy ..

Mud

Soft mud

Mud

,...do .....

When
oolleoted.

1872

1878

1877

Aug. 14

Aug. 21

SepL

187a

July 28
July 29
Aug. 15
Aug. 16
Aug. 16
Aug. 16
Aug. 29
Aug. 29
Sept 2
Sept. 16
Sept. 17
Sept 17

Specimens.

Number and itx.

ld':lj.cf:lj.9
1 L o

\<f
ij.d"

1 med.

1 1. d (flg'd).

2 L rf : 2 m. rf
lld':4J.rf:4J.9
4d':49

.cf:29

lj.<^:lj.9
31.rf:lJ.9

2cf'3j.rfi 21.9: 3J.9

1W:21.

itd-tlj.

6j. d-iSl.,

2d''3j.rf ^. .,.,

3l|:li.cr
lj.c/:5!l.d':11.9:2J-5

4i.^:2J9=19

I';

:«.
t-

'?, 1

-fif

iir

■

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FIHH AND FISHERIES. [JDO]
OeU^fut BainUi— Contiuned.

No.

214
22S
2U
334

238

2M
342
304

372

870
874
878
879
880
802

e»3

894
89S

897
898

337
310
33«
821
30«

92S
939

945

948

947

951
952
994

907

1025

1026

1028

1033

1035

1049
1047

LouOlty.

auff «J Malm* rnn* Uai H ukut t U

i(ay— GoBttnned.

OffC»pe Ann

do.

South oi Capo Ann .

do...,.".

Off Cape Ann

Off Cape Cod

do:

Off Chatham, Maaa

Of Newport, R. I.

40O
40O
40"
30°
890
390
390
89°
89°
80°

Ut
02' 18";
02' 36";
00' 00";
55' 00";
49' 80";
48' 30" i
46' 00";
62' 20";
53' 00";
56' 80";

W. long.
70° 28' 0»",
70° 23' 18",
70° 67' 00".
70° 64' 16".
70° 64' 00",
70° 64' 00".
71°O5'0O".
70° 68' 00".
70° 58' 30".
70° SO* 46".

Of ChuapealM Bay.

N. lat W. long.

370 25' 00"; 74° 18' 00".
87° 84' 00"; 74° 17' 00".

Blake Bapfdition, Unittd State*

Oooit Survey.

N.lat.
41° 84' 80";
350 45' 30";
84° 00' 30";
390 69' 16";
38° 21' 60";
32° 43' 25";
41° 32' 50":

W. long.
65° 64' 80".
740 00' 48".
76° 10' 80".
70° 18' 30".
73° 00' 82".
77° 20' 30".
65° 65' 00".

Of Martka'i '^ineyard, TTnited
StaUe Fitk Oommiuion.

S. i W. 80 miles fh>m Oay Head ..
S. by E. i E. 98 milea from Oay

Head

8. by W. I W. 841 milea from Oay

S. by W. i W. 87i milea from Oay
Hei '

lead

S. by "W. i W. 89 mUea from Oay

Hfead.:

S. 85 miles from 0«y Head

S. 1 E. 871 miles frt>m Oay Head. .
saw. I W. 104i mUes from Oay

SSW. I W. iosi miles from Oay

SSW. k W.'ioai'mUes from Gay

Head

SSW. i W. 95 mUes frvm Oay

Head

SSW. i "W. 93i miles from Oay

Head

SSE. } E. 108i miles from Oay

Head

SSE. i E. 106 miles from Oay
Hceil

SSE. t B. 1081 mUes from Oay
Head

Off Delaware Bay ,

Off Delaware Bay

rath-

87
47
46
48
48

80
94

78
70

193
166
86
1421
226
2524
487
373
866
238

167i
300

806

263
178
260
197
338
634

858

203

341

313
319
388

308

335

302
216
183
410

183

120
312
156

BMtMU.

Whan I
coUeotad.,

Spaeimena.

Fine aand.
BoAmod .
....do

...do

Mad

...do

Hard sand.
Sand

Kadandaand
Fineaand —

Mnd

Fine sand ...

Hud

...do

Band

llnd

Sand,
llnd.

Sand and mad

Sand and mnd

Sand and mad

^d and mad

L tadandmnd

1 nd

Bind and mad

Mid

V d

Mu»'

Mud

Mad

Mud

Sand & gravel

Sand

Mud

SHnd

isra

Bspt 17
Bept 31
Sept. 34
Sept 84
BepU 38

1879.
July 39
Sept. 10
Sept 18
Sept 19

lm.9

8<fil9:lL9

lj.rf

Slrfilj.?

1880.
Sept 4
Sept 4
Sept 13
Sept 13
Sept 18
Sept 13
Oct 2
Oct 3

V
im.,f

aid

11.9

rf!lj.9!ll.9

r:ij?

Oct
Oct

3
3

KOT.

Not.

16
16

1880
1880
1888
1880

1880

1881
July

Ang.

Aug.

Ang.

Aug.
Aug.
Aug.

Sept

S«pt

Sept

Sept.

Sept

Sept.

Oct

14
lU
10

11.9:8J.9
ll.rf;8J.

ILrf
Irf: 19
Irf: 1$

11-9
2(f! 39
ai(f: 89
2 L (f : 8 1. 9

ILtf
2d-i49

lcf<flg'd).

4rf!f9J.

Id"! 19

Irf

IrfJ.

lrf:l9J-

Id" J.

lLrf:8J.<f
lrf:19=lj.

4 9:6<^i8j.
lL9:4rf

49:a<f

11. «f

lj.«f

l<f:l 9

4j.

1 1. d* : 1 L 9

1 <f

Irf

11. rf
11. rf
19

[191] CEPHALOPODS OF N0RT1IEA8TEBN COAST OF AMERICA.

Oetoput AiMU— Coutinaed.

Lot

S6t

373

421
901

LockUty.

tto 4*' K. Ut i Oe IT' W. long.
440 17' 00" N. I 680 IC 00" W ..
Off ]fii(iMloB bind

BuiqiuiNAa, off Vot* SooUa.

480 14' 00" N. i 01° 07' 00" W .

721 Oraad Bank .

COS

771
792
(17

Brown'iBMk

Off SiOiit Petor't Bonk .

Banqnereau, K. S ,

Fftth-

aoo

380

Bottom.

380 IfarUn

130 OiMO L. Feani
7 AUmX. WU-
liMfia.
Coamonweatth
AllMlT WU-

Umim.
Oay UnnnlnH'

... BMTM>ODt«. .

80 I KppB Tarr ...

...I O.P.Whitmui
...: Alice M.Wil

When
eoUMtod

187S-'80.
Jan.
June 8
July —

Aug. 14
Oct. 8

July 8

Jan. —
July -
Auk. —

Speelmwu.

11. rf
IJ.: 101.9

Im.ff
I111.9

11.9

1 mutilatad.
lrf:l 9
11.,^
11. rf

In the last column of this table, I=large; i=youiig; m=inedinm sized ; ^s=male;
9 = female.

Ootopua lentua Verrill.

Verrill, Amer. Joiiru. Uci., xix.p. 138, Feb., 1860; p. 294, April, 1880; Trans.
Conn. Aoad., v, p. 375, pi. 35, figs. 1,2; pi. 51, fig. 2; Bulletin Mns. Comp,
Zool., viii, p. 108, pi. ' fig. 2, i .

Plate XLIII, figures 1, 2, female. Plate XLIV, figure 2, male.

Female (type-specimen): body broad, stout, depressed, slightly emar-
ginate at the posterior end, rather soft to the touch, and in some speci-
mens gelatinous in appearance ; a thin, soft, free, marginal membrane
rims along the sides and around the posterior end of the body, becom-
ing widest (about 12°><") posteriorly ; in some of the more strongly con-
tracted specimens this membrane is but little apparent. Head large,
broad, depressed, with the eyes large and far apart; above each eye
there is a small, simple, conical, acute, contractile cirrus. A wellde-
reloped, thin web connects the arms, considerably above their bases,
and then runs up to the tips as a broad margin to each arm.

The arms are rather large, stout at base, with a broad inner face, and
taper gradually to very slender tips; the first and third pairs are nearly
equal in length ; those of the second are also about equal in length to
the fourth pair, but are somewhat shorter than the first and third. The
arms on the right side are all somewhat longer than the corresponding
ones on the left. The arms, measuring from the beak, are more than
twice as long as the body. The suckers are arranged in two distinct
rows, to the base.

Color of head and body, above, and of body, beneath, deep reddish-
brown, closely specked with darker brown, and with many small round-
ish spots of whitish on the body and arms.

Length of the type-specimen (female) from the beak to end of body,
not including marginal web, 60'""' ; breadth of web, 22 ; total length, 194 j
breadth of body, 40; breadth of head across eyes, 32; of eye-openings,
10; of eyeballs, 17; length of mantle, beneath, 38; length of first pair

* '■

{

11}

KKI'OUT Ol' (OMMIS.SIONKK Ol' I'ISII AND FISIIKKIKS,

[192]

11 J,':

If'i*

' i

of'aniiH, 112 iind lOu; of socond pair, 103 and 00; of third pair, 112 and
100; of fourth pair, 94 and 97; breadth of those of the three upper
pairs, 8; of the ventral pair, 7""".

Male: BiMly deprosHed, rounded posteriorly, with only a trace of a
lateral and iwKterior fold; surface soft and nearly smooth, but showing
a small number of minute white papilltu sparsely scattered over the
dorsal surface. Cirrus above the eye small and simple, usually con
tracted into a small wartlike papilla. Head broad and flattened ; eyett
large. Arms rather long and slender, with slender tapering tips, their
bases united by a rather wide web. Suckers small, very prominent,
forming two regular rows quite to the base.

The first two pairs of arms are nearly equal and somewhat longer
than the two lower pairs, which differ but little between themselves.
The hectocotylized arm (third of right side) bears thirty five suckers, in
two rows, and a remarkably large, terminal spoon-shaped organ, which
occupies more than a third of the total length of the arm; its sides are
bent up and the edges inroUed, so as to form a deep cavity ; its outer
end is broadly rounded laterally, and terminates in a central, narrow,
acute lobe ; internally there are nine large, high, oblique lamellii', with
deep fosste l)etween them; the proximal end has a large, acute, triangu
lar lobe, with involute margins; from this lobe a broJid groove extend-s
along the lower edge of the arm to the inacgin of the web ; where it
terminates there is a distinct thickening of the bounding in embraue.

The two males of this species, described above, were dredged by ]\Ir.
Agassiz, on the Blake, in 1880, in 404 and 003 fathoms. They agnut
well in the peculiar characters and large size of the appendage of the
hectocotylized arm. The females only were previously known. Al
though these males have a mere trace of the loose membranous fold of
skin, along the sides and around the posterior end, so conspicuous in
the original female specimen of this species, they agree so well in other
characters that I unite them without much hesitation. It is probable
that the presence or absence of the membranous fold, in this and other
species, may be due merely to differences in the state of contraction
when they die, or even to differences in the strength of the alcohol.

Meaturementt in millimetert.

{:$■

Right side, d

Left side. J

Right side. 9

Left side. 9

Total lunffth

96
84
64
28
22
65
61

104

Posterior end to center of eye

Eve to tin of dorsal arms ............

Breadth of bodv

112

103

112

Breadth of heart

Length of dorsnl nrmn f^m mouth . .
Length of Mcond pair from mouth . .

105
96

106

Len^h of hectocotylized arm from

Length of spoon-shaped appendage. .

23
16

Ko.

718
737
N7
Ml

3. [102] ■ [^l(i;i] CKPirALOFODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA

r, 112 and
ree upper

trace of a
t showing
[ over the
mftlly con
iiied J eyes
tips, their
[)rominent,

hat longer
heuiselves.
suckers, in
{Tan, which
ts sides are
; its outer
ul, narrow,
nelhe, with
ite, triangu
)ve extends
); where it
'mbraue.
Iged by Mr.
They agn-o
dage of tlie
nowu. Al
lous fold of
ispicuous in
rell in other
is probable
is and other

contraction

alcohol.

I«ft Bide. 9

105

106

The first specimen of this species was taken ofl' Nova Scotia, near Lo
lliive Uank, in 120 fathoms, by Capt. Bamuel Peoples and crew of the
schooner " M. II. Perkins ", and presented to the U. S. Fish Commission.
A few others have since been brought in by the Qloucester flshtrmen
froui the bank fisheries. Mr. A. Agasaiz dredged it on the Blake in
im), as far south as N. lat. 33° 42' 16''. It ranges in depth fVom ICO to
603 fathoms.

In the soft consistency of the flesh and skin this species resembles
Octopua obeswt. It differs in the shorter and posteriorly cmarginate
body, and especially in the arrangement of the suckers, which in that
species are in a single series toward the bases of the arms.

Ootopu$ lentUB. — Specimetu examined.

Ho.

718
737
W7
M8

SUt

820
329

LooAllty.

Fath.

When
ooU'd.

N. Ut. 33° 42' 15". W. long., TIP 0- 50" (B1»ke)

N. l»t. 34° «» 40", W. long.. 75° 14' 40" (Blake) . . .
Le Have Benk, K. H. inch. M. H. Perkine)

S. of NuwfounilUnil (nch. Proctor Bnithvra)

8t. Pt^ter'H Bank (soli, AnKUsta U. Jobnaon)

BamiuertMn (ach. Enua Tarr) . .

K. lat 44° 32' ; Or. Bank (aoli. Uu> Cunningham)

404

008
120
ISO
200

18«M)
1880
1879
1880
1880
1880
1880

Specimens.

No.aodaes.

i(fl 9
1 (f (flgd).
1 9 (HK'd).

■111.
1 I.

Octopus obeaua Verrill.— (Stout devil-fish.)

Octoput obeaut Vorrill, American Joum. Sci., vol. xix, p. 137, Feb., 1880; vol.
xix, p. 294, Apr., 1830 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 379, pi. 36, figs. 3, 4, 1881.

. Plate XLII, figures G, 6a.

Male: Remarkable for the great size of the spoon-shaped organ of
the right arm of the third pair. Body relatively large, stout, oblong-
oval, somewhat flattened above, obtusely rounded at the posterior end ;
soft and somewhat gelatinous in texture; skin, so far as preserved,
smooth, soft. No cirrus exists above the eye, in our specimen, but the
skin is not so well preserved in that region as to render it certain that
a small one may not have existed, in life. Eyes very large.

Arms moderately long, the dorsal longest, others successively shorter;
all are somewhat laterally compressed at base, tapering to long, slender
tips; a moderately developed web connects them together at base. The
hectot'otylized arm (third of right side), bears at the end a very largo,
broad and thick, but not very deep, spoon-like organ, occupying more
than a third of the total length of the arm ; its inner surface is crossed
by eleven oblique, thick, rounded folds or ribs, ten of them converging
backward to the median line and at their outer ends joining a marginal
thickening; the distal end terminates in a median pointed lobe, with a
thin, rounded, lateral lobe each side of it; the proximal border is
formed by the last (eleventh) fold, which is V-sbaped, with the apex
pointing distally. A broad, thin, marginal membrane extends along the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AN1> FISHERIES. [194]

lower side of the arm, from the terminal organ to the base. The suck-
ers have been partly detached from this f; m.

The suckers of all the arms are moderately large, nearly globular in
form, rather numerous ; the first six to. ten at the base are nearly in one
line, except on the left arm of the sceond pair, and appear to form onlya
single tow; in this part the inner face of the arm Is narrow, most so on
the right arm of the second pair, and least on the left arm of the same
pair ; farther out this face becomes broader and the suckers are in two
distinct rows. The suckers are destroyed on the distal portion of all
the arms.

The color of the body and arms is mostly destroyed, but so far as pre-
served, is pale pinkish, more or less thickly speckled with distinct red-
dish brown spots, roost conspicuous at the bases of the arms and above
the eyes (elsewhere the color is probably not so well preserved). Length
of body, from posterior end to base of arms, 82""*; to center of eye, 72;
to edge of mantle, beneath, 49 ; to tip of right dorsal arm, 213 ; left,
198; to tips of secoi'fl pair, 200; to tip of right arm of third pair, 173;
of left,* 197; to tip ot right of fourth pair, 187; of left, 178: to edge of
web, 110; breadth of body, in middle, 40; breadth of head, across eyes,
38; breadth of dorsal arms, at base, 8; diameter of largest suckers, 3;
length of spoon-shaped end of right arm of third pair (hectocotylized),
35; breadth, IC; length of the rest of arm, to mouth, 65°"".

Taken from the stomach of a halibut, 36 miles east from the N. E.
light of Sable Island, in 160 t(i 300 fathoms, by Charles Euckley, of the
schooner H. A. Duncan, and presented by him to the U. S. Fish Com
mission, 1879.

A second, smaller specimen, apparently of this species, was also taken
from the stomach of a halibut, from Banquereau, off Nova Scotia, in 150
fathoms, and presented to the U. S. Fish Commission by Capt. Ohaa.
Markuson and crew, of the schooner " Notice", April, 1880. The latter
specimen was, however, in too bad condition to afford any additional
characters.

This species differs from Octopus Bairdii V. and 0. Untus V., from the I
same region, in its longer and larger body, and especially in having the
basal suckers in a single row. The ' spoon' of the hectocotylized arm is
very much larger than in 0. OrSnlandicus, and considerably larger and |
flatter and more deeply trilobed at the end than in 0. Bairdii.

Octopus plsoatorum Verrill. — (Fishermen's devil-fish. )

Oetoput pitcatorum Verrill, Amer. Joani. Sci., vol. xviii, p. 470, Dec, 1879; vol.
xix, p. 294, Apr., 1880; Trans. Conn Acad., v, p. :«7, pi. 36, figs. 1, 2, 1881. |

Plate XL, figures 1, la.

The body of the female is smooth, depressed, about as broad as long;!
obtusely rounded posteriorly, not showing any lateral ridges nor dorsal]
papillsB. No cirrus above the eyes. Arms long, rather slender, taperf
ing to long, slender, acute tips, the upper ones a little (2.5'"") shorter thanj

Octopus

1 hav
of Eurc
It is pre

[195] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

those of the second pair, which are the longest ; the third pair are aboat
one-half inch (12'"'") shorter than the second; the ventral pair about one-
fourth inch (6'"">) shorter than the third. In our specimen all the arms on
the right side are somewhat shorter than those on the left, and the web
between the 1st and 2d pairs is narrower, due perhaps to recovery from an
injury. The web between the arms, except ventrally, is of about equal
width, and scarcely more than one-fourth the length of the arms, meajsu
uring from the beak. Between the ventral arms the web is about half
as wide as between the lateral.

The suckers are moderately large, alternating in two regular rows,
except close to the mouth, where a few stand nearlj"^ in a single line;
about fourteen to sixteen are situated on the part of the arms included
within the interbnichial web. The whole number of suckers on one arm
is upwards of seventy.

Color of the alcoholic specimen, deep purplish brown, due to very
numerous crowded, minute, specks; eyelids whitish. The front border
of the mantle, beneath, and the base of the siphon and adjacent parts, are
white ; end of siphon brown. Lower side of head and arms lighter than
the dorsal side.

Total length, from posterior eul of body to tip of arms, of Ist pair,
158"""; 2d pair, 160; 3d pair, 146; 4th pair, 133; to web between dorsal
arms, 82; between ventral arms, 63; to edge of mantle, beueath, 30; to
center of eye, 39. Breadth of body, 31 ; of head across eyes, 30 ; breadth
of arms, at base, 55 ; diameter of largest suckers, 2.5 ; length of arms
beyond web, 1st pair, 76 ; 2d pair, 82 ; 3d pair, 71 ; 4th pair, 69""».

Two specimens of this species, both females, have been obtained. The
first was from Le Have Bank, off Nova Scotia, in 120 fathoms, taken by
Caj t. John Mclunis and crew, of the schooner "M. H. Perkins", October,
Wid (lot 530); the second was taken by Capt. David Campbell and crew,
of the schooner "Admiral", near the Grand Bank, north latitude, 44° 07' ;
west longitude, 52° 40', in 200 fathoms, December, 1879 (lot 590).

This species resembles 0. Gronlandictis, of which the males alone have
been described, and it may eventually prove to be the female of that
species.

This species is easily distinguished from 0. Bairdii, by its more
elongated body, its much longer and more t'^.pered arms, with shorter
web; by the absence of the large, rough, pointed papillae, or cirri,
above the eyes, and by its general smoothnesri. The white color of the
anderside of the neck, siphon, and mantle-border also appears to be
characteristic.

Octopus rugoBus Bobc.

1 have seen several specimens of a large Octopus, allied to 0. vulgaris
of Europe, which were taken at Beaufort, N. C, and near Fort Macon.
It is probably 0. rugosus.

wml^

: :

1''

w f

n '

■III

■:t:'^

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [196]

Family CIRRHOTEUTHID.T. Keff.

Kofferstein, in Bronn, Thicr-Roich, iii, p. 144H, IfjtiG.

Body somewhat elongated, furnished with a short, thick tai>ering fin
on each side, supported by an internal transverse cartilage. Mantle ex-
tensively united to the head. Arms united nearly to the tips by a broad
umbrella-shaped membrane or web. Suckers in a single row, alternating
with slender cirri.

STAUROTBUTHIS Yerrill.

Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xviii, p. 468, Dec, 1879; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 382, 1881.

Allied to CirrhoteuthiSy but }^ith thd mantle united to the head all
around, and to the dorsal side of the slender siphon, which it surrounds
like a close collar, leaving only a very narrow opening around the base
of the siphon, laterally and ventrally. Fins long, triangular, in advance
of the middle of the body. Dorsal cartilage forming a median angle,
directed backward. Body flattened, soft, bordered by a membrane.
Eyes covered bj'^ the integument. "Web not reaching the tips of the
arms,' the edge concave in the intervals. Suckers in one row, with a
pair of slender cirri, alternating with them, along most of the arm. Cirri
absent between the basal and terminal suckers.

Stauroteuthis ByrtenslB Vcrrill. — (Finned devil-fish.)

Yerrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xviii, p. 468, Dec, 1879; xix, p. 294, pi. 16, Apr,,
1880; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 382, pi. 32, figs. 1-5, 1881.

Plate XXXVIII, figures 1-5.

Female: Head broad, depressed, not very distinct from the body. Eyes
large. Body elongated, flattened, soft or gelatinous, widest in the middle,
narrowed but little forward, but decidedly tapered, back of the fins, to the
flat, obtuse, or subtruncate tail. The sides of the head and of the body,
forward of the fins, are bordered by a thin soft membrane, about 12°'°
wide. The fins are elongated, sub-triangular, obtusely pointed, placed
in advance of the middle of the body, supported by internal cartilages
which unite with a transverse dorsal v-sh^P6<l one, situated behind the
fins. Siphon elongated, about 12""° long, slender, round, with a smaJl
terminal opening. Mantle-edge so contracted and thickened around the
base of the siphon as to show only a very small opening, and united to
it in the middle line anteriorly or dorsally. Eyes large, distinctly visi
ble through the integument.

Arms long, slender, sub-equal, each united to the great web by a
broad membrane developed on its outer side, widest (about 38""" or 1.5
inches) in the middle of the arm, while the edge of the web unites di
rectly to the sides of the arms and, as a border, runs along the free por-
tion toward the very slender tip. This arrangement gives a swollen or
campanulate form to the extended web. Edges of the web incurved
between the arms, widest between the two lateral pairs of arms. The

ri961 I [^''^] CKPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTKKX COAST OF AMKHICA.

arms bear each fifty-five or more suckers, in a single row. Those in tlio
middle region are wide apart (12""" or more) with a pair of slender,
thread-like cirri, about 25 to 32""" long, midway between them. The
cirri commence, in a rudimentary form, between the 5th and Gth suckers,
on the dorsal arms, and between the 7th and 8th, on the lateral and
ventral ones. They cease before the 23d sucker on the dorsal and lateral
arms, and before the 22d on the ventral ones, which bear each 14 pairs
of cirri. Near the mouth, and beyond the last cirri on the free portion
of the arms, the suckers are more closely arranged. The jaws (figures
4, 5) have short, pointed and biit little incurved tips ; the cutting edges
of both jaws have regularly curved outlines. They are small, with a
deep cavity.

Beyond the last cirri on the dorsal arms there are 33 to 35 small
suckers. The 2d arm on the right side appears to be imperfect. On
this arm there are biit 19 suckers beyond the last cirri; then follow 15,
or more, minute, wartlike tubercles, extending to the tip. Color, in alco-
hol, generally pale with irregular mottlings and streaks of dull brown-
ish; inner surface of arms and web, toward the base, and membrane
around the mouth, deep purplish-brown. ^

Length from end of body to base of arms, 160"™ ; length to posterior
base ot fins, 63 ; to anterior base, 101 ; width across fins, 126; in advance
of fins, 53 (not including lateral membrane); across eyes, 44; across end
of tail, 30; diameter of eye, 30; width of fins, at base, 33; their length,
44; length of arms, 330 to 355; portion beyond web, 63 to 76. Edge of
extended web, between upper arms, about 101 ; between lateral arms,
about 203 ; entire circumference of web, about 1218""', but its exact ex-
tent cannot be ascertained, because in our specimen the web between
the ventral arms was badly torn.

The oviduct is single and nearly median, its orifice being a little to
the left of the median line. A large nidamental gland, consisting of a pos-
terior, yellowish portion, and a much larger, round, dark brown, anterior
portion, surrounds the oviduct ; the portion behind these glands is thin,
tubular, and contains large round ova. The anterior portion, in front
of the glands, is large and much thickened, and terminat,es in a slightly
bilabiate orifice, at the base of the siphon. From the portion of the
oviduct in front of the large glands, I took a large mature t^gg, covered
with a hard, dark reddish brown case.

The egg, seen endwise, has a brosid, elliptical outline, and while the
two ends are truncated and smoothish, the sides are ornamented with
numerous regular, roughened, elevated ribs. Greatest breadth of the
egg, 11"""; thickness, 7"""'; length, 6"". The anal orifice is not raised
on a distinct elevation. A small urethral papilla arises in front of the
base of each gill.

The only known exami)le of this remarkable species was taken by
Capt. Melviu Gilpatrick and crew, schooner " Tolar Wave ", north latitude

l)ering fin
[antle ex-
)y a broad
Iternating

p. 382, 1881.

B head all
surrounds
,d the base
in advance
lian angle,
membrane,
tips of the
row, with a
arm. Cirri

>4.pl.l6,Apr.,

>ody. Eyes
the middle,
e fins, to the
of the body,
about 12"'"
ited, placed
al cartilages
behind the
vith a small
i around the
nd united to
stinctly visi

.t web by a

3gmm or 1.5

eb unites di
the free por-
a swollen or

ivob incurved
arms. The |

'.i

!* !

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [198]

43° 54', west longitude 58° 44', on Banquereau, about 30 miles east of
Sable Island, Nova Scotia, in 250 fathoms. Presented to the U. S. Fish
Commission, September, 1879. (Lot 472.)

Meaturemcnta of Stauroteuthia ayrtetuia.

I<ength, posterior end to tip of dorsal arms

Lengtli to tip of second pair

Lengtti to tip of thirti pair

Lengtli to tip of foartb pair

Lenf^h to edge of web between dorsal arms

Iiength to base of dorsal arms

Leugtii to cbiiterof eye J

Length to anterior base of fin

Length to posterior base of fin

Length to outer end of fin

BreMth across fins :

Breadth of flns at base

Breadth of body in middle, excluding border

Breadth of body, with membranous Dorder

Breadth of head across eyes

Breadth of eyo

Length of arm-tips beyond last cirri, first pair. ...
Length of arm-tips biiyond last cirri, second , lir .
Length of ambtips beyond last cirri, third pair...
Length of arm-tips L>cyond last cirri, fourth pair..

Length of longest cirri ..

Length of siphon

Its breadth

Upper mandible, total length ...

Ito height

Beak to posterior lateral border of aUe

Height of palatine lamina

Lower mandible length

Its height

Beak to posterior border of aln

Beak to inner end of ale

Breadth (or depth) of gnlar lamina

6.30
6.76
4.00
2.70
3.75
6.00
1.30
2.10

aoo

1.75

1.00

4.00

4.25

3.60

1.25

.60

.20

.52

.36

.16

.32

.40

.38

.24

.80

.20

160

146

101

126

101

lO?"

12.5

9.5

7.5
S

r.-:'-

[108] I [l^^O] CEPHALOPODS OF NOETHEASTEKN COAST OF AMERICA.

iS east of
J. S. Fish

SXJPI^LI^MEISrT.

e'ab"

""iw"

6.76

146

4.00

101

2.70

3.75

6.00

126

1.30

2.10

3.00

1.75

1.00

4.00

101

4.00

101

4.25

lOP

3.50

8S>

1.25

.50

12.5

.20

.52

> ^l

.36

.16

.32

.38

9.5

.80

7.5

.20

After the preceding pages were put in type, a number of additional
specimens were received, some of them of great interest. Among these
there are some forms that appear to have been previously unknown.
These are, therefore, described in this place. Moreover, several papers
have been published, on the same subject, during the printing of this
report. Some of these include certain of the species above described,
and, therefore, may well be noticed here.

ARCHITBUTHIS Harting, 1861. (S«e pp. [25], [114].)

Architeuthtu Steenstrnp, Forhandl. Skand. Natarf., 1856, vii, p. 182, 1867 (no deacrip-

tion )
Plectoteuthis Owen, Descriptions of some new and rare Cephalopoda. Part II.

<[ Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xi, part 5, p. 156, pi. 34, 35, June, 1881.

Professor Owen, in the paper quoted, has given a somewhat detailed
description, with figures, of the large cephalopod arm, long preserved
iu the British Museum. This arm had previously been pretty fully
described by Mr. Saville Kent, in 1874, whose description has already
been quoted by me. (See pp. [57-59].) Professor Owen, like Mr. Kent,
fails to state to which pair of arms the specimen belongs. This is a
very important omission, for in Archit€uthis,a.» in many other genera, the
arms belonging to different pairs differ in form and stiucture. The de-
scribers of this arm would, doubtless, have been able to ascertain to
which pair it belongs by a direct comparison with the arms of Ommas-
trephes, or any other related form. For this arm. Professor Owen en-
deavors to establish a new genus and species {Plectoteuthis grandis).
The genus is based mainly on the fact that there is a marginal crest
along each outer angle, and a narrow protective membrane along each
side of the sucker-bearing face. These peculiarities are precisely those
seen in the ventral arms of Architeuthis, and have already been described
by me in former articles, and in this report (see pp. [35], [37], [44]), both
as found in A. Rarveyi and A. princeps. Similar membranes or crests
are found on the dorsal arms of Sthenoteuthis pteropus (see PI. XVII, fig.
7 a), and other related species.

The suckers on the arm, as described and figured by Professor Owen,
are like those of Archiieuthis. Therefore there is no ground whatever
for referring this arm to any other genus, and Plectoteuthis must become
a synonym of Archiieuthis.

Whether the arnv in question belongs to a species distinct from those
already named, I am unable to say. There is, apparently, nothing to

^1-:

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [200]

l; M

base specific characters upon, except the form of the siiclvcrs and of tlieir
horny rings. But the description of the liorny rings is not sufficiently
precise, nor the figures sufficiently detailed to at!'ord such characters.
If the arm is one of the ventral pair, as seems probable, the suckers, as
figured by Professor Owen, and especially as more fully described by
Mr. Kent, are of the same form, and agree closely, but not perfectly,
with those of either of the Newfoundland specimens, for in the latter
the suckers of the ventral arms are not denticulated on the inner side,
or but slightly so. But they also agree well with those of Architeuthis
Hartingii, as figured by Harting. Those of the original A. dux Steenst.
have neither been described nor figured.

As this arm cannot, at present, be referred with certainty to any of
thes named species, it may be best to record it as Architeuthis grandis,
until better known.

In the same article. Professor Owen has given a good figure (pi. 33,
fig. 2) of the tentacular arm of the Newfoundland specimen (my No. 2),
copied from the same photograph described by me (see pp. [0], [33],
[34]). To this he applies, doubtless by mistake, the name, Architeuthii
princeps,* without giving any reason for not adopting my conclusion
that it belongs to A. Harveyi. But he does not, in any way, refer to the
latter species, although he mentions the specimen (my No. 5), or rather
the photograph of the specimen, on which that species was based. He
apparently (p. 162) supposes that both photographs and Mr. Harvey's
two series of measurements refer to the same specimen, which is by no
means the case, as had been sufficiently explained by me, in several
former papers-t

The brief account, given by Professor Owen, of the large cephalopoda
described by others, includes none additional to those noticed by me in
this report. On the other hand, he omits those described by Harting;
those described by Mr. Kirk, from New Zealand ; those from Alaska; and
several others.

* By a singular mistake, Professor Oweu, on p. 163, states that this species wtw
named A. prince2)s by Dr. Packard, in February, 1873. But according to his own
statement, on p. 161, the specimen was not actually obtained till December, 1873, at
least nitw vwnths after Dr. Packard's article was printed. In truth, the name princepi
was first given by nio, in 1875, to designate a pair of largo jaws, as explained on p.
41. Neither this nor any other name appears on the cited page of Dr. Packard's arti-
cle, though he elsewhere referred it doubtfully to A. monachua.

t It seems incredible that Professor Owen could have made these mistakes had he
examined either of my former papers in which these specimens have been described
in detail, not only from the photographs but also from the preserved specimens. He
does, however, refer to ray detailed paper in the Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v. Biit as
he states (p. 162) that in it a "brief notice is given of Mr. Harvey's squid," it is fair to
suppose that the reference is taken at second hand, for it is not to be supposed that
he would have considered my description, covering over sixteen pages, and accom-
panied by five plates, as a " brief notice." None of my earlier papers are referred to,
nor does he mention the largo species, Moroteuthia robusta, in his account of the large
cephalopoda hitherto described.

KS. [200] I [201] CEPIIALOI'ODS OF NOKTHEAS TKRN' COAST OV AMERICA.

1 have heard of but one autlienti(! instance * of the ocenrrence of spoci-
ruens of this genus at Nowfoundlaiul, since the finding of the small
spcciraeu (No. 24), in April, 1880. (Scr, pp. [ISJ, [34-40J.)

Tlie latest specimen (No. 27) was taken at J'ortugal Cove, Newfound-
land, November 10, 1881. Acconling to a description in the New York
norald, of November 25th, this specimen was nearly perfect, and had
been shipped to New York, packed in ice. The following measure-
ments of the fresh specimen were given on the authority of Inspector
Murphy, chief of the Board of ^^ublic Works Department: Length of
body, 5.5 feet; length of the hea<l, 1.25 feet; total length, to end of ten-
tacular arms, 28 feet; circumference of body, 4.5 feet; breadth of cau-
dal fin, about 1.25 feet. A photograph of this example was made by
Mr. E. Lyons, of St. Johns. This specimen is considerably smaller than
the Logic Bay specimen (No. 5), but if in as good preservation as stated,
it will, when it can be st lied, give an opportunity to complete the de-
scription of the head, eyes, and certain other parts that have not been
seen in good condition in ;iny of the previous specimens.

STHENOTEUTHIS Verrill, 1880. (See p. [99].)

Ommatostrephes Steenstrup, Overigt K. D. Viil-nsk. Selsk. Forh., p. 89, Aug., 1880;

the same, March, 1881.
XiphofriithiH (subgenus) Owen, op. cit., p. 104, pi. 28, figs. 1, 2, June, 1881 {non Huxley).

This generic group has been discussed by Professor Steenstrup in two
recent papers,t published during the printing of this report. In the
lirst paper quoted,^ Professor Steenstrup gives figures (cuts) which, with
tlie descriptive remarks, will hereafter enable others to identify his Om-
matostrqphes pteroptcs with more certainty. He has given diagramatic
cuts of the base of the tentacular clubs, showing the arrangement of the
connective suckers and tubercles of 0. pteropus, 0. Bartramii, 0. gigas,
0. pelagicu8, 0. oualaniensiSj and Bosidicus Eschrichtii (p. 11), and cuts
(p. 9), showing the siphonal grooves of O. pteropus, 0. Bartramii, 0.
pacijicus, Todarodes sagittatus (="0. todarus^), and Illex Coindetii{=:^^0.
sayittatm,^ auth.). On pp. 19 and 20 he has given a synoptical table of
the several genera that he recognizes in this group, which he names, Owi-
mntostephini (= Omnuistrephidw Gill, Tryon, Verrill). On plate 3, he fig-
ures ^^ Illex Coindetii,'" female, with the gill-cavity opened, showing a

'A purely fictitious and sensational account of an imaginary capture of an Archi-
UitthiH has been published in Lippincott's Magazine, for Aug., 1881, p. 124, by Mr.
Charles F. Holder.

t De Ommatostrephagtige Blfckspruttor indbyrdes Forhold. <Oversigt K. D. Vi-
densk. Selsk. Forhandl., 1880. Presented April, 1880. [Author'a edition received
Aug., 1880.]

Professor A. E. Verrils laic'] to nye Cophalopodsliegter, Sthenoteuthis og Lestoteutbis.
Bciiu-crkninger og Berigtigelser, 1 pi. ["avec nn r^sumd en Francais," not received].
From the same, 1881. Advauce copy, received by Tne, through the kindness of the
author, is dafed, in MSS, March 3, 1881.

} The part of this paper relating to the nomenclature of the genus Ommaatrephea (Illex
Steeust.) has already been discussed on pp. [82], [83].

JiKl'OUT OF COMMISSIOXEU OF FISH AND FISHKUIKS. [202]

II:.

'^1

'^*v.;

largo cluster of spormatophores attached to the iuner surface of tho
mautle, l)ehio(l the base of the gill, and a smaller ene, in front of the gill.

In the second article referred to above, Professor Steenstrup discusses
the genus Sthenoteuthia versus '•'■OmmatoHtrephesP He recognizes the
identity of (Sf/tenofeMf/tw and his restricted genus 0»i/na^o«<rc/</te«, as well
as the priority of date of the former. lie also refers to *S'. nietfaptera as
^^Ommatostrephes megapteraP

lu the last paper* (juoted above, Professor Owen has described a
cephalopod, without locality, under the naftie of Ommastrcphcs enaifer,
for which he proposes the subgeneric name, Xiphoicuthia. The latter
name is, however, preoccupied. Ilis species is a typical example of my
genus Sthcnoteutlm (1880), and appears to be identical in every respect
with S, pteropus (see my Plate VII, figs. 2, 2a, and Plate XVII), as
described by me. But Professor Owen fails to mention one of the most
characteristic features of this group of squids, viz, the connective
tubercles, and smooth suckers on the proximal part of the tentacular
club. Nor is his figure sufficiently detailed to indicate this character,
nor even the actual arrangement and structure of the other suckers of
the club. The high median crest and broad marginal web of the third
pair of arms are well shown, but these are about equally broad in iSf.
pteropus and S. megaptera, and are also present in all the related species
of this group.

Owen's specimen had a t( tal length of 3 feet; length of body 15
inches; of head to base of dorsal arms, 3.7; of third pair of arms, 12;
of tentacular arms, 21; breadth of caudal fin, 12.G; length of their
attached base, 0.6; breadth of body, 5; length of first, second, third,
and fourth pairs of arms, 8.9, 11, 12, and 9.C inches, respectively. Tbo
specimen is a female. It agrees very closely in size with the Bermuda
specimen described by me, and its proportions do not differ more than is
usual with alcoholic specimens of any species preserved under different
circumstances, and in alcohol of different strength. The original speci-
men of S. megaptera is considera jly larger. .

OminaBtrephes illecebroBus v. (Seep. 83.)

This species was taken in many localities this year by the U. 8. Fisb
Commission, in deep water, off Martha's Vineyard. Most of the living
specimens were young, but large ones were often taken from the
stomachs of bottom-dwelling fishes, in the same region, showing con-
clusively that it regularly inhabits those depths.

* Among the other species figured and described in this paper, there is a handsome
species from the China Sea, described as LoUgoima ocellata, sp. nov. (pp. 139-143, pi.
26, figs. 3-8; pi. 27, figs. 1, 2). This is evidently not a true Loligopais, and belongs, in
all probability, to my genus CaUitcuthis. It agrees very closely, even to the colora-
tion and the form of the fins and pen, with my C. rerersa, but dift'ers in haviug serrated
suckers. It is much larger than my specimen, but, like the latter, had loHt the ten-
tacular arms. This species should, therefore, be called Calliteuthia ocellata. The geuua
probably belongs to the Chiroteuthidse.

[203] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Additional speciment examined.

Locality.

818
»19
923

92S

»aa

940
949

1025
1033
1038

Off Martha'M Vineyard.

S.* W.,61 niili>8fW)in r,«yTIpftc'.

S. W.,K> iiiilcH lii)iii Gay Uuad

S. W., 7H4 iiiiltH from Oiiy H«ncl

S. W., 8:i{ niilefi I'ruiu Gay Ueiul

S. W., m miles from Gav Ilf'wl

S. by E. t E., 08 niileH from Gay Uea<l. . .
S l)v E. i E., 07 niilfts from Guy Head. ..

8. W., 79J mill's from Guy Htad

S. a W. i "VV., 85 miles fn.m Gay Head .
S. S. K. i £., 1U4I miles from Gav Head . .
S. by E. i E., 89J milt-s from Gay.IIend .
Newfoaudland

Date.

1881.
Jnly 164

fill

July 16

Jnly 16

110

July 16

224

July 16

258

Auft- 4

130

Auk. 4

100

AuK.23

216

Sept. 8

183

So|it.14

146

S.pt.21
1880.

Surface.

Received from.

ij U. S. F. C. . . .

.... do

.. do

...do

...do..

...do

.. do

...do

. . do

H. L. Osbom .

No of speeimeM
and sex.

1 l.,f^'om flsb.
3 1., fhtm Lophiat.
3 luv.
6 Jut.
'. JUT.
l1.il jUT.

1 1.; ijnv.

1 1., in LopholatiluB.

1 1., in tlsh.

1 1., in Merlucius.

1 1.

8 1. c/i 101. 9.

Mr. H. L. Osboin, in the American Naturalist, vol. xv, p. 306, May
1881, has jjiveu an account of the habits of this squid, at Ne\vfoundlaud,
and of the methods of capturing it there for bait.

Enoploteutbis Cookil Owen. (See p. [53].)

Tmns. Zool. Soc. London, xi, p. 150, pi. 30, figs. 1-3; pi. 31, figs. 1-4; pi. 32, figs. 1-6;

pi. 33, fig. 1 (restoration), June, 1881.
Seppia unguiculata Molina, 1810 (no description).
Enoploteuthig Molinw D'Orbigny, Ceph. Ac6tab., p. 339.
f Enoploteuthis Hartingti Verrill, this vol., p. [53], pi. 12, fig. 4; pi. 15, fig. 5, 1880.

Professor Owen has very recently described in detail, and has given
excellent figures of most of the existing parts of this large and remark-
able cephalopod, which have been preserved so long and have so often
been referred to, but hitherto have never been scientifically described,
(see p. [53]). It is to be regretted, however, that Professor Owen has
neither described nor figured the dentition of the radula in a manner to
euable it to be used as a systematic character. His statement in regard
to it is of the most general kind, and shows only that there are seven
rows of teeth. It is also a matter of surprise that he has not compared
any of the portions described with the corresponding parts of the equally
large and very closely allied Enoploteuthis, carefully described and
figured by Halting in 18G1 (see p. [53J), and to which I have given the
well-merited name, E. Hartingii. It is not improbable that the two
forms are really identical, but this cannot be oertainly determined from
the figures, because the corresponding parts are not always represented
in the same positions, and it is uncertain whether the (!orresponding arm
is preserved in the two cases. Hartiug figures, rather poorly, the teeth
of the radula, which appear to be very peculiar, if his figure is correct^
(see my Plate XV, fig. 5, c, d).

The shape of the mandibles appears to be different in the two species^
However, and the large hooks also differ in form.

■■'■.^»'

EKPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISIIKRIES. [204]

LE8TOTBUTHIS V. = CHIlLOTBUTHIS V. ^- OOI*ATUS StiMiist. (non Gray).

The second of Professor Stecnstrnp's rece.ut papers* coutaiiis a detailed
discussion of Oonatus Fabricii Steenst., with which he also unites Ony-
choteuthU Kamtschatica Midd., the type-species of my genus Lestoteuthia
(see p. [70J). lie may bo correct in uniting these forms, for ho states
that he has received specimens that agree with Oonatus Fahricii, from
the North Paciflc.t Moreover, taking the characters of the genus Oon-
atus, as now understood, by Professor Steenstrup, the description and
figures of Middeudorft's species apply well to that genus, and my descrip-
tion o{ Lestoteutkis well defines Oonatus Steenst., except for the mistake
in regard to the tip of the pen. But when I proposed the genus Lesto-
tcuthiSf no writer had ever so described Oonatus, and the data necessary
for the correlation of the two species did not exist in the literature of the
subject. I have already alluded (p. [79] and elsewhere) to some of the
very serious errors of Gray, U. & A . Adams, and others, as to the gen-
eric and even family characters of Oonatus.lf. Professor Steenstrup, in
his last paper, has exposed a greater number of errors, some of which
are questionable. He has, however, been fortunate in securing speci-
mens of larger size and in better condition than those examined by
other writers, and has given good figures and a very full exposition of
the characters of this very interesting species. Two excellent speci-
mens were taken by our party, this season, on the "Fish Hawk." One
of these is an adult male; the other is young, with the mantle 30""" long.
The latter agrees well in size and form with the specimen described and
figured by G. O. Sars, as Oonatus amcenus, while the former agrees with
Steenstrup'a figure of the adult O. Fabricii. But both differ decidedly
from a Cumberland Gulf specimen, which is doubtless the real Oonatus
amcenus Gray, and has four rows of true suckers on all the arms, and no
hookSi It does not appear that Steenstrup has seen this form.

The fortunate acquisition of these specimens has enabled me to ascei-
tain, for myself, not only that Professor Steenstrup is correct in consid-
ering two of the forms that have been described from the North Atlantic
as simply the young and adult of the same species, but also, that all the

* See note on p. [200].

IThe figures, however, show differences in the form of the pen and caudal fin, which,
if correct, may still indi'-ate specific difiereuces.

t The genus Gonatm, as established by J. E. Gray, if we judge by his description,
was a very dififoront grou^) from what Steenstrup understands by it. Among the false
characters given by Gray are the following: 1, It was said to have no eyelids; 2, to
have no valve in the siphon ; 3, to have no siphonal dorsal band. But he also says
that it has nearly equal and similar suckers in four series, on all the arms, "all with
small circular rings"; and the club was said to have "ranges of small, nearly sessile,
equal-sized cups," with one "large sessile cup, armed with a hook in the middle of
the lower part." From the fact that he received his specimens from Greenland (coll.
Moller), we must believe that he actually had before him the real G. amcenus. M]^
specimen from Cumberland Gulf has the suckers as described by Gray, on all the armi.

If oat of Gray's errors have been copied and adopted by Woodward, H. & A. Adams,
^i;!yf>«i, and many other writers. i

•rr

'• [204] I [20;')] CKpn\Loi'ODH of nouthkastkkn coast of America.

non Gray).

[I detailed
lites Ony-
'Moteuthia
he states
•tdi, from
enus Oon-
[)tion and
y descrip-
e mistake
nus Lesto-
necessary
;ure of the
tme of the
to the gen-
mstrup, in
3 of which
ring speci-
imined by
position of
lent speci-
wk." One
SO"""" long,
cribed and
igrees with
: decidedly
•al Qonatu8
•ms, and no
m.

le to ascei •
i in consid-
th Atlantic
that all the

al fin, which,

i description,
lonR the false
eyelids; 2, to
t ho also says
ms, "all with
nearly sessile,
the middle of
eenland (coll.
anumm. M^
m all the armi.
& A. Adams,

essential and i>cculiar featnres of the armature, both of the sessile' and
of tiie tentacular arms, including the special, lateral connective suckers
and tubercles of the club, are present, though minute, even in the very
young individuals, such as described by G. O. Sars. The fact that these
characters have been overlooked is undoubtedly due, in many cases, to
the imperfectly preserved specimens that have been examined. This
was, at least, the case with the ouly American s])ecimens seen by me
until this year. They had all been taken from fish stomachs, and had
lost more or less of their suckers and hooks.

A careful and direct comparison of the adult G. Fabricii with the
mutilated specimen which was last year described by me as Cheloteu-
thi8 rapaXf has convinced me that they are identical, and, therefore,
GheloieuthiH becomes a synonym of Lestoteuthis. Two of the charac-
ters, viz: the supposed presence of two central rotes of hooks on the
ventral, as well as on the lateral arms, and the supposed absence of the
small marginal suckers on the lateral arms, relied upon for character-
i/.ing Cheloteuthisj were doubtless due to post-mortem changes. The
ventral arms had lost the horny rings of the suckers, and the soft parts
had taken a form exceedingly like that of the sheaths of the hooks of
the lateral arms. But by the careful use of reagents, I have been able
to restore the original form of some of the distal ones sufficiently to
show that they actually were sucker-sheaths. The third character, orig-
inally considered by me as more reliable and important, was ^he exist-
ence of the peculiar, lateral connective suckers and alternating tuber-
cles on the tentacular club. This is mnc shown by Professor Steenstnip
to be a character of his Gonatus. But no one had previously described
such a structure in connection with that genus. Even in the recent and
excellent work of G. O. Sars, in which "G. awianw*" is described in
some detail, and freely illustrated, there is no indication of any such
structure, although the armature of the club is figured (see my Plate
XV, fig. 1 &), nor is the difference between the armature of the ventral
and lateral arms indicated.* , „

I add a new description of the genus Lestoieuthis, and also 'of my
largest example of L. Fabricii.

LESTOTEUTHIS Vcrrill (revised). (See pp. [70], [78].)

Gonatus Steenstrup, op. cit., pp. 9-2() {non Gray).

Gonatus Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, pp. 250, 2Uy, 18H0 {non Gray).

Lextoteuthis Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p.2G0, Feb., 1^80; p. 390, Oct., 1881.

Cheloteuthis {C'hiloteuthia hy typ. error) Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, ji. 292, .Jan., 1881.

Cheloleiithis Verrill, Bulletin Mns. Conip. Zool., viii, p. 109, March, 1881.

Odoutophore with only five rows of teeth. Mandibles very acute,
strongly compressed. Lateral connective cartilages of the mantle are

* According to Gray, in Gonatus all the sessile arms bear four rows of similar and
nearly equal suckers; according to G. O. Sars they all have two central rows of
sucker-hooks. My former doscriptiou was based mainly on the figures and descriptioo
of 6. O. Sars, my only specimen, at that time, being an imperfect young Leetoteuthie,
like that of Sars.

El ^*

■-]

I =n-*JJ'T"

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FIKII AND FISHERIES. [20G]

\- J

Blmplfl ridgeH; those of the siphon ovate. Nuchal olfactory crests one
or more on each side, lonpritudinal. Caudal fln of wlult, large, spear-
shaped. Ventral arms with -four rows of denticulated suckers. No
trace of hectocotylization detected.* Lateral and dorsal arms with two
marginal rows of small suckers and two median rows of larger hooks.
Tentacular arms with a central row of hooks, the two distal ones largest;
with a large distal and two lateral groups of small suckers, in nupierons
rows; and with a lateral group of peculiar connective suckers, alter-
nating with tubercles, near the lower margin, and a row of smaller ones
extending for a long distance down the margin of the arm; upper mar-
gin of the arm with a band of small, pediceled suckers along about half
its length. Pen narrow, with a short, hollow, posterior cone.

QonatuH Gray, typical {non Bars, Steenst.), differs in having on all the
arms four rows of true suckers, all of which are similar, and have the
marginal ring divided into a series of several sharp denticles on the
higher side. This may be a sexual character, but the two forms should
be kept separate, awaiting further evidence. Steenstrup does not give
the sex of his specimens.

LestoteuthiaFabrloU(Fabr.) Verrill. (See pp. [76], [79].)
f Onychoteuthia KamtschatiiM Middendorff, 1849.

Gonatua Fabricii Steenstrup (part), in Murch, Faunula Molluacorum Ins. FaerO-
erne, <[Vid. Mcddel. uat. For., 1867, p. 102; Fnunnla Mollusc. Islandie,
• <Vid. Meddel. nat.f'or.,Kjobenhavn, 1868, p.227.
Oonatut Fabricii Miirch (pan), in T. R. Jones, Arctic Manual, p. 130, 1875.
Steenstrup, Oversigt over d. Kongl. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., ?881. [Sep.

copy, p. 26], pi. 1, figs. 1-7.
Verrill, (jxirs) Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 291 ; this vol., p. [79].
Cheloteuthia rapax Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad.; v, p. 293, pi. 49, figs. 1-1'; Bul-
letin Mus. Comp. Zool., vlii, p. 110, pi. 2, figs. 1-1', 1881.

Plate XV, fig. 1-lc, 2-2(J, 3-3/, 4. Plate XLV, fig. 1-ld.

Body elongated, tapering to an acute posterior end ; anterior edge of
mantle nearly even dorsally, with a slight median emargination ; lat-
eral angles well-marked, in line with the internal connective cartilage,
which forms a long, simple, longitudinal ridge. Caudal fln broad, spear-
shaped, broadest in advance of the middle; the lateral angles are well
rounded; the tip is very acute; the anterior lobes are broadly rounded,
projecting forward beyond the insertion. Head large, short, and broad;
eyes large, occupying most of the sides of the head ; eye-lids well de-
veloped, thickened, with a narrow, oblique sinus. Siphon large, in a
deep groove, with two stout, dorsal bridles; lateral connective cartilages
largo, long-ovate, posterior end broadest. One olfactory crest on each
side, behind the eye, in the form of a low, longitudinal membrane;
slight indications of another, lower down; a small, fleshy, flattened,
projecting papilla near the auditory opening. The outer buccal mem-

* My largest specimen, although apparently adult, is not sexually mature,
specimen might be hectocotylized.

An older

*The f
the type <
small sue
above e' i

< [2001 I [^^^1 CEPHAL0P0D8 OF NOBTIIEASTKRN COAST OF AMERICA.

Brests one
gc, spear-
leers. No
\ with two
;er hooks.
»8 largest;
nupierons
:er8, alter-
laller ones
ipper mar-
about half

f on all the
il have the
lies on the
rms should
es not give

im InB. Faerfl-
18C. Islaudite,

J30, 1875.
1881. [Sep.

Il-

gs. 1-1'; Bui-

ior edge of
lation; lat-

cartilage,
'oad, spear-
es are well
y rounded,
and broad;
ds well de-
large, in a
B cartilages
58t on each
membrane;

flattened,
uccal mem-

i-e. An older

brane has seven distinct angles. Anns rather long and strong; tmpe-
zoidal in section. The dorsal arms are considerably shorter than the
others; order of length is 1, 2, 4, 3; the third is but little longer than
the second pair; ventral arms decidedly more slender than the others.

Ventral arms with four rows of denticulated suckers (Plate XLV, flg.
Ic), those of the two inner rows larger; lateral and dorsal arms with
two marginal rows of small suckers and two inner rows of larg(>r in-
curved hooks, inclosed, except at the sharp tips, in muscular sheaths,
which have lateral basal expansions and short pedicels. (Plate XLV,
fig. lb.) Tentacular arms* long and strong, quadrangular; in my spec-
imen they reach back beyond the base of the fin; the club is large and
broad, with a long, narrow distal portion, having a strong dorsal keel;
in the middle are two very large, curved hooks (figs. 1, la), the distal
uuo smaller; proximal to these there is a row of five smaller hooks, de-
creasing proximally, and between these and the large hooks there is, on
(me arm, a single small sucker, on the other arm a single sucker takes
the place of the proximal hook, while an odd, small sucker stands to
one side of the row ; along the upper margin of the club there is a broad
band of small, denticulated suckers, on long pedicels, arranged in oblique,
trans' Tse rows of five or six; this band of suckers is interrupted oppo-
site e large hooks; beyond the hooks a lar<?e group of similar small
suckv .8 covers nearly the whole distal portioi of the club (Plate XLV,
fig. 1); at the tip of the club then is a circle of small smooth suckers;
along the lower margin of the middle portion of tlie club there is a band
of small suckers, like those on the other margin; along the basal third
of the nuirgiu and supported on a thickened marginal expansion of the
club, there is a row of six special, smooth, connective suckers, at the
inner ends ol transverse, muscular ridges (fig. le); between and alter-
nating with these suckers, there are deep pits and as many small, round
tubercles, destined to fit the suckers and ridges of the other club; con-
tinuous with these a row of similar, but smaller, sessile, connective
snckera and tubercles extends down along the margin of the inner face
of the arm, for about half its length, becoming smaller and more simple
proximally; an irregular band, formed of two or three rows of small,
pediceled and denticulated suckers, extends down the other margin of
the arm, with some scattered ones along the middle.

The pen (Plate XLV, fig. Id) is thin, long and narrow ; anterior part
aoout half as wide as the middle portion, slender, concave, with thick-
ened margins; the anterior end is very thin, acute; the two marginal
ribs converge gradually, as they run backward, and unite near the pos-
terior end; the widest part of the pen is a v<ttle behind the middle; the
thin margins begin at about the anterior third, gradually increasing in

*The figure given (Plate XV, fig. 3) of the somewhat injured tentacular club of
the type of Cheloteuthia rapax represents the structure nearly correctly, but many of the
small suckers and tubercles on the arm, below the club, had been destroyed, the edge
above e' is ii^jured, and of the large hooks (a, a'} only the sheaths remain.

1:t'

li'- R

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [208]

width to the widest part, when they still more gradually decrease pes
teriorly; but toward the end they expand into the obli(iuely hooded
portion, or terminal hollow cone ; this portion is strengthened by a dor
sal mid-rib, and by numerous small ribs which radiate forward from the
tip, one on each side being stronger than the rewt. In life, the cono
contained part of the testicle, and at the tip a cartilaginous core.
Length of pen, in alcohol, 133"""; greatest breadth, 7"'"' ; of shaft, 2.5™'";
length of cone, on shortest side, 7"'"'.

General color of body, fins, head and arms, deep retldish brown,
tinged with purple; back darkest; the color is due to large chromato
phores rather uniformly and closely scattered over the whole surface;
on the arms and siphon they are smaller, but they cover all the surfaces
of the arms, except the lower side of the tentn-cular arms and the face
of the club. Total length, 263™'" (10.25 inches) ; length of mantle, 153""°
(6 inches) , length of dorsal arms, 57""" ; of 2d pair, 71""" ; of 3d pair,
77mm. of 4th pair, 70"'"'; of tentacular arms, 100™"'; length of flu,
from insertion, 03"'"'; from anterior lobe, 70'"'"; greatest breadth, 68"'"',
breadth of head, 29'"'".

Notes on the visceral anatomy of the male.

In its anatomy this species resembles Ommastrephcs. The branchial
cavity is very large, extending back nearly to the base of the lin ; the
median longitudinal septum is ftir back, gills Very long, but not reach
ing the margin of the mantle, attached nearly to the tip ; its structure
is like that of Ommastrephes. Liver orange-brown, very large, massive,
nearly a?, in Ommastrephes, but larger, extending back farther than llie
base of the fin. The circulatory and renal systems are similar to those
of Ommastrephes, in most respects. The posterior aorta goes back some
distal le before it divides, about opposite the base of the fin, into the
medio-ventral artery of the mantle, and a caudal artery. Two largo
ventral renal organs lie below and to each side of the heart, and bleud
together, in front of it, into a Large mass, which has a pointed lobo
extending forward; posteriorly two lobes extend back, as usual, along
the i)osterior venae-cavfe. The first stomach is rounded and the second
stomach is a large, long-pyriform sac; the intestine is long; theiak-sac
is long-i)yriform. The reproductive organs are small, indicating that
the specimen is still immature, and probably only one year old. The
spermary or "testicle" is small (length 18""", diameters 2'"'" and 4"""),
flattened, tapering backward, partly inclosed by the hoo<led portion of
the pen, and with the anterior end attached laterally to the posterior
end of the ca?cal lobe of the stomach. The prostate gland, vesiculii'
seminales and spermatophorc-sac are small; the efferent duct is long
and slender, extending forwral over and beyond the base of the left
gill. .

,>»• *^

^■-%i

■■u

s. [208]

[209] CEPIIALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA.

i-ease pes
ily hooded
i by a dor
d from tbe
!, the cono
nous core.
iaft,2.5""»;

ish brown,
cbromato-
lie surface;
lie surfaces
lid the face
ntle, 153""»
of 3d pair,
gth of flu,
adth, C8"",

le branchial
che tin; tbe
t not reach
ts structure
fe, massive,
ler than the,
lar to those
i back some
flu, into tbe
Two largo
t, and bleud
oiuted lobo
asual, along
the second
the iuk-sac
icating tliat
irold. The
'" and 4"""),
d portion of
be posterior
id, vesiculi'-
duct is long
e of the left

MOROTEUTHIS Verrill. (Soo pp. [65], [70].)

Type, Onychoteuthis (or LestoteuthisT) robusta, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, pp. 246-250.
Moroteuthis Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v^ p. 393 Oct., 1881.

After referring the type of Lestoteutlm to Oonatus (not of Gray), Pro-
fessor Steenstrup admits that the gigantic species, L. (?) robtista V , is the
representative of a distinf f genus, to which he would restrict the name,
Lestoteuthis.

But L. Kamt8chatica was especially given by me as the type of Lesto-
teuthiSf and the characters of the genus were derived entirely from that
species, while L. robtista was referred to it only with great douot, owing
to the fact that its armature is almost unknown. Therefore, if Lesto-
teuthis hereafter becomes a complete synonym, it should be dropped,
when it cannot be kept for its special type-species. For the gigantic
species, I proposed (Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xxii, p. 298, Oct., 1881) a
new genus, Moroteuthis.

This genus will have, as known characters: A long, narrow, thii
pen, terminating posteriorly in a conical, hollow, many-ribbed, oblique
cone, which is inserted into the oblique, anterior end of a long, round^
tapering, acute, solid, cartilaginous terminal cone, composed of concen-
tric layers, and corresponding to the solid cone of Belemnitcs in position
and relation to the true pen; elliptical connective cartilages on the base
of the siphon; nuchal, longitudinal crests, three, much as in Omma-
strephes; eyelids with a distinct sinus; caudal fin large, broad, spear-
sbaped ; ventral arms with smooth-rimmed suckers at the base. The
rest of the armature is unknown,

Moroteuthis robusta is the only known species.

Chiroteuthis lac^rtosa Yorrill. (See p. [119].)

Chiroteuthis Bonplandii f Verrill, Trans. Conn. Aca*;'., v, p. 299 (tion Vorany).
Chiroteuthis iacertoaa Verrill, Tiaus. Conn. Acad, v, p. 10*', pi. 56, figs. 1-1/,
Nov., 1881.

Plate XLVI, figs. 1-1/.

A nearly complete male specimen of a Chiroteuthis, lacking only the
tentacular arms and the distal portion of tbe left ventral arm, was re-
ceived after the preceding pages were put in type. The stumps of the
tentacular arms, remaining, bear tbe same kind of unarmed sessile
suckers as did the arm described on p. [ 119], and figured on Plate 32,
figs. 1-16. It api)ears to be a new species, and is very distinct from C
Bonplandii. Tbe sessilt^ arms are very largo in proportion to tbe bead
und body, and tbe ventral arms are niueb larger tbau any of tbe others.
Tbe body is small, obconic, tapering rapidly backward to tbe origin of
the caudal tin, where it becomes very small, and coiilinues to taper to
the very slender posterior end. Tbe median dorsal angle of tbe mantle-
edge projects far forward, as a broad angular lobe; lateral angles
rounded and not prominent. Caudal fin relatively large, as compared
with the body, broad-ovate in outline, widest near tbe middle, tapering
backward to an acuminate, slender tip; very broadly rounded laterally.

^.I'i

1^^

mi
m
I' ■■-

If ■;

li :{

BEPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [210]

narrowing abraptly anteriorly; the anterior lobes are small, rounded,
and project only slightly forward beyond the insertions. Siphon large,
with a well-formed valve, fieur back from the orifice; dorsal bridles rudi-
mentary. Connective cartilages on the base of the siphon, broad-ovate,
eac-sh(^;)ed, with two rounded prominent lobes projecting into its con-
cavity, one posterior, the other ventral, so that the pit is three-cornered
(fig. 16). The corresponding connective cartilages of the mantle consist
of two pits, separated by a prominent, triangular tubercle (fig. Ic).
Head large, in proportion to the body, tapering backward from the bases
of the arms. Eyes large ; lids thin and simple, without a distinct lach-
rymal sinus. Behind and below each eye is a long (4°""), slender, dav-
ate papilla (fig. 1/), probably olfactory in function. .

The sessile arms are large and, except the ventral^ unusually round-
ed; the inner or sucker-bearing faces are much less dififerentiatcd than
usual, scarcely differing from the other sides in color, and bordered by
only a slight or rudimentaiy membrane on each side ; the rounded prom-
inences from which the sucker-pedicels arise axe also colored and not
much raised. The dorsal arms are rather long and tapering, but much
shorter and smaller than the others, slightly compressed, and with a
slight median crest distally. The next pair are similar in form and
structure, but considerably longer and larger. The third pair are much
longer and larger, with the outer angles well rounded, and a strong me-
dian crest extends nearly to the base, but is wider distally, where the
arms are strongly compressed. The ventral arms are considerably
longer and stouter than the tJiird pair, and very different from all the
others in form ; they are strongly compressed in the direction parallel
with the median plane of the head, and have the lower and outer angles
well rounded, and the sucker -bearing face wide and scarcely differenti-
ated from the lateral faces; but on the superior lateral sid<^ there is a
wide and thick crest running the whole length of the arms, ip'iVing them
a strongly and obliquely compressed appearance. The suckers on the
ventral arms are smaller, fewer, and more distant than on any of the
others ; those at the bases are largest and three or four stand nearly in
a single row; farther out, along the middle of the arm, the^ are dis-
tantly arranged in two rows and rapidly become small. The left ventral
arm shows no signs of being hectocotylized; the right one, however,
has lost half its length by mutilation. On all the other arms the suck
ers are regularly and much more closely arranged in two rows, and de-
crease more gradually in size from near the base to the tips.

The suckers on all the arms are similar in form; they are rather deep,
narrowed at the rim, slightly constricted above the middle, and swollen
below, and very oblique at the base; the pedicels are slender and nearly
laterally attached; the horny rings are very deep and oblique, and
strongly denticulated on the outer or higher side, but on all the arms
they are smooth on the inner side; the median, outer denticles are long,
slender, close together; laterally they become shorter, broader, acute-

arms.

[210] I [211] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA.

roanded,
on large,
Llesradi-
ad-ovate,

its con-
•comered
le consist

(fig. Ic).
the bases
anct lach-
ider, clav-

lly round-
iatod than
(fdered by
ded prom-
d and not
, but much
and with a

1 form and
ir are much
strong me-
, where the
onsiderably
rom all the
ion parallel
uter angles
y differenti-
H there is a
r.ving them
kers on the

any of the
id nearly in
ifc^ are dis-

left ventral
le, however,
ns the suck
)W8, and de-

rather deep,
and swollen
and nearly
iblique, and
all the arms i
les are long, I
ader, acute-

triangular and cnrvAd forward. On the larger suckers (Plate XLYI,
figs. Id, le) the outer teeth are obtuse, but on the distal ones they become
more slender and acute. The margins of the suckers are surrounded
with small, elongated scales.

The buccal m^nbrane is thin and much produced, with the angles
little prominent; it is attached to the arms by eight thin, but wide,
bridles, the two superior ones united together near their origin. The
web between the arms is rudimentary but distinct. The pen (fig. la) is
very unlike that of C. Yeranyi, as figured and described by D'Orbigny.
It has a long, narrow' shaft, of nearly uniform width, and a long poste-
rior portion, a little wider than the shaft, corresponding in length to
that of the caudal fin; at the commencement, this portion expands into
narrow, free, incurved margins, but these unite quickly so as to form a
long, narrow, angular, tubular portion, tapering to a very slender tip;
this portion (fig. la'') has a distinct dorsal keel, with a groove each side
of it, two dorsal angles, and a ventral angle along eaon side; the narrow
shaft has a dorsal keel, with the sides bent down abruptly, nearly at
right angles, and a little incurved, so as to produce a squarish keel
above, with a deep angular groove below, while the very narrow mar-
gins bend outward abruptly (fig. la') ; the shaft increases very slightly
in width, to near the subacute anterior end, but preserves the same
form, and there is no distinct dilation of the margin anteriorly, such as
D'Orbigny figures in the pen of C. Veranyij nor does the posterior por-
tion resemble his figure, though if split open and flattened out it would
resemble it more nearly.

This specimen is an adult male, in the breeding condition, for its
spermatophore-sac is much distended with spermatophores. The color
is much like that of C. Veranyi. It is everywhere thickly specked with
small, purplish brown chromatophores, except on the buccal membrane
and the bases of the tentacular arms, where there are but few ; the head,
around the eyes, and the end of the siphon ai'C darker; a row of very dis-
tinct, rather large, round, dark purple spots runs along the inner surface
of the ventral arms, just outside of, and alternating with, the upper row
of suckers, which they about equal in size.

Total length, to end of ventral arms, 383*°™; to end of third pair,
366"""; to end of dorsal arms, 298°'"' ; tail to dorsal mantle edge, 125""°;
to base of dorsal arms, ITS'"""; length of dorsal arms, 120™"; of second
pair, ISO"*""; of third pair, ISS"*"; of venti-al, 205"'"'; length of caudal
fin, 60°"': its greatest breadth, dl™"; breadth of head at eyes, 20°°;
of dorsal arms, 7°°; of third pair, 10°°; of ventral arms, 13°°; of
bases of tentacular arms, 3°° ; diameter of largest suckers of lateral
arms, 2.25°°.

Brown's Bank, oflF Nova Scotia, taken from the stomach of a cod (lot
956). Presented to the TJnited States Fish Commission by Capt. Wm.
Dempsy and crew, of the schooner *< Clara F. Friend," June, 1881.

The internal anatomy is somewhat peculiar in several respects, but will
not be fully described in this place.

b -I

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [212]

pi i

III 1

III

y*-'

The gills are short and broad, with very long lamelljE. The repro-
ductive organs occupy a large part of the visceral cavity. The testicle
is a large, thick, broad-ovate organ, with the two sides folded together
around and closely united to the large caecal lobe of the stomach. The
testicle does not extend back beyond the origin of the caudal fln, the
visceral cavity being very narrow in that region. The prostate gland
and vesicula seminalis are large and swollen, and the spermatophore-sac
is also large. The efferent duct is large and long, extending far for-
ward; it expands at the end into a spade-like form, with an acute tip;
its orifice is oblique ear-shaped, situated on one side, near the end, and
is protected by a lobe or flap. The stomach is saccular, and the large
ceecal lobe is not very long. The liver is thick. The posterior aorta
goes far back, nearly to the origin of the fin, 1 efore dividing, for the
median septum of the branchial cavity is place J far back. The ink-sac
has the ordinary pyriform shape.

A second smaller specimen, which proves to be a young female, in ex-
cellent preservation, was trawled by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, on the " Fish
Hawk," October 10, 1881. This was taken, oil' Delaware Bay, in 435
fathoms, (station 1048).

This specimen agrees nearly with the type-specimen, described above,
in the form and proportions of the body, head, arms, caudal fin, pen,
etc., and in the structure and denticulation of the suckers. The caudal
fln is slightly broader in proportion, while the suckers are deeper and
relatively smaller, especially those on the ventral arms, which are de-
cidedly smaller than those on the lateral ones. They are finely and
sharply denticulated on the outer edge, as in the type.

The color is, however, quite different, for in this example the skiu
and flesh are translucent and beautifully specked with regular, round,
often rather large, not crowded, dark brownish red chromatophores;
the larger of these, especially on the under side of the fin and body, are
ocellated; on the head and arms the chromatophores become smaller
and more crowded, more nearly as in the type. The row of large dark
purple spots, along the ventral arms, are, in this example, decidedly
raised and wart-like. One of the tentacular arms is perfect. These
are very long and slender, and bear, along their whole length, rela-
tively large rounded, waii;-like, dark purple, sessile suckers having a
small central pit. These suckers are about two-thirds as broad as the
diameter of the arm, and from close to the base of the arm to the dis-
tal fourth they are separated by spaces mostly equal to about twice
their diameter; distally they are less numerous. The tentacular dab*

•This arm dlflfera considerably from the cue described ou p, [119] and figured on
Plate XXXII, figs. 1-1&, especially in having much more numerous sessile suckers
along the whole length of the arm, and in having shai-ply denticulated suckers on the
club. This may indicate that the latter belonged to a diifcrent species. But it is
possible that the latter had suffered iivjur^, before preservation, snfiQcient to cause
these differences.

[212]

?. reprc-

testicle
;ogetlier
h. The
[ fin, the
DC gland
ihore-sac

far for-
cute tjp;
end, and
the large
ior aorta
y, for the
le ink-sac

ale, in ex-
the "Fish
ay, in 435

)ed above,
a fin, pen,
?he caudal
leeper and
ch are de-
finely and

the skiu
far, round,
itophores;
body, are
te smaller
large dark
decidedly
let. These
igth, rela-
having a
l-oad as the
to the dis-
)Out twice
jular club*

Id fignred on

Bile suckers

lickors on the

Ls. But it is

lent to cause

[213] CEPHALOPODS OF XORTHE ASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

is well developed, with a broad marginal membrane along each side,
having scolloped or notched edges. The club terminates in an ovate,
subacute, dark purjile, hollow organ, with its opening on the outer side
of the arm. The suckers (Plate XLV, fig. 5) are regularly arranged in
fonr rows. The stalk is long, with a dark purple, fluted summit sur-
mounted by a very slender pedicel, bearing the sucker, which is hooded,
with a lateral opening; the horny ring bears several slender, sharp
teeth on the outer side, the central one being much the longest; the soft
rim of the sucker is covered with many rows of small scales, the inner
ones with acute tips. The lateral suckers do not alternate with the
median, but the two arise close together, opposite each other, and in
line with the teeth on the edge of the marginal membrane. The inner
surface of the club is specked with brown chromatophores, and the
marginal membranes are crossed by brown lines, corresponding to the
notches in their edges.

Total length to end of ventral arms, 194"""; to end of third pair, 160;
to end of dorsal arms, 127 ; tail to dorsal mantle edge, 59; to base of
dorsal arms, 86; length of dorsal arms, 41; of second pair,, 56; of third
pair, 69; of ventral, 110; of tentacular arms, 180; of club, 17; breadth
of club, 5; length of caudal flu, 27 ; its greatest breadth, 24; of dorsal
arms, 4; of third pair, 5; of ventral arms, 8; of bases of tentacular
arms, 1.5; diameter of largest suckers of lateral arms, 1""".

This species differs widely from C. Bonplandii in the sessile arms, etc.
It is much more nearly related to G. Veranyi, from which it differs de-
cidedly in the pen; in the suckers; and in the caudal fin, if these parts
are correctly described and figured, for the latter.

BRACHIOTBUTHIS Yerriil.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 405, Nov., 1881.

Allied to Chiroteuthis. Differs in having the lateral connective car-
tilages of the siphoQ simple, long-ovate, and the corresponding cartilages
of the mantle in the form of simple, linear ridges; a rhombic caudal fin;
pen with a simple, linear, anterior portion, suddenly expanding Into a
much broader, lanceolate, posterior portion, which is naturally infolded;
arms slender, the ventral ones not distinctly obliquely compressed;
tentacular club without a spoon-like cavity at tip.

The siphon has a valve and dorsal bridle as in Chiroteuthis, and the
suckers, so far as preserv^ed, are similar, but those of the club are more
numerous, and their pedicels apparently had a less pronnnent bulb be-
low the sucker.

In addition to the type-species, this genus probably iucludes the
Chiroteuthiit Bonplandii Verany, from the eastern Atlantic.

C. Bonplandii, as figured, has a very similar pen, but the shape of
the caudal fin is different, and the arms are more nearly equal in length.
The arms are also represented as having small swellings at the tips.
Its tentacular arms are not known.

I' u >

r,jt f

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [214]

,«

Brachioteuthis Beanii Yerrill.

TrauM. Conn. Acad., v, p. 406, pi. 55, flgs. 3-36; pi. 50, figs. 2, 2a, Nov., 1881.
Plato XLV, figs. 3-36. Plato XLVI, figs. 2, 2a.

Male : Body rather small, tapering backward to an ar ite posterior
end; dorsal mantle-edge with a broad obtuse angle; caudal fln large in
proportion to the body, broad rhomboidal; outer angles prominent,
anterior to the middle; the anterior lobes project forward considerably
beyond the insertions, and are rounded. The form of the fln is much
like that of Ommastrephes. Head thickened at the bases of the arms,
not so large in proportion to the body as in C. lacertosa: Eyes large,
eye-lids thin. Siphon large, with two strong dorsal bridles ; internal
valve broad, rounded, somewhat back from the orifice; connective car-
tillages long-ovate, broadest behind (fig. 2a) ; dorsal cartilage of neck
oblong, with a strong median ridge and two deep parallel grooves.
Lateral cartilages of mantle (fig. 2) are simple linear ridges, extending to
the edge of the mantle. Arms not very large, somewhat rounded, long
and slender; the dorsal ones are much smaller and shorter than the others ;
two lateral pairs nearly equal in size and length, more than two-thirds
the length of the mantle. Ventral arms shorter and much more slender
than the lateral, more than half the length of the mantle; the ventral
arms show but little of the c jmpressed, oblique form, so conspicuous in
the preceding species, and the crest or fold of skin along the outer-
rentral angle is narrow, thin, and not very conspicuous; the suckers on
the ventral arms are in two alternating, not distant rows, often appear-
ing almost as if in on" row toward the base, where they become smaller,
but are of the normal cup- shaped form, with finely denticulate rings and
tlender pedicels; the tips of both ventral arms are much injured, bui,
small, normal, long pediceled suckers can be traced to the tip of the left
arm; the right arm is denuded of its skin and suckers at the tip. The
suckers of the four lateral arms are in two rather close rows, larger,
oblique, low cup-shaped, attached by slender pedicels, which are some-
what swollen just below the suckers; most of them have lost their
horny rings; marginal membranes rudimentary. Web between the
arms rudimentary.

Tentacular arms very long and slender, in alcohol about twice the
length of the mantle ; a few scattered sessile suckers are found along
the whole length of the arms; tentacular club well-developed, long-
ovate, oblique, with a thick wrist and flat or concave sucker-bearing
face: ckers small and very numerous, crowdedly arranged in many
row.:, tobably sixteen rows or more), some of the middle ones larger
than rest; suckers not well preserved, but all appear to have been
alike in form; pedicels long and slender, with a smooth and not very
large swelling below the base of the sucker; the suckers have lost their
horny rims, but the sheaths are shaped much like those of C. lacertosa,
the distal portion being hood-shaped, with a lateral opening, while the
basal part is swollen laterally. The tip of the club is simple, without

E8. [214]

2a, Nov., 1881.

Lte posterior
I fln large in
I prominent,
considerably
I fln is much
of the arms,
Eyes large,
les; internal
onective car-
lage of neck
illel grooves,
extending to
ounded, lonj?
an the others;
an two-thirds
more slender
i; the ventral
onspicuous in
ng the outer-
he suckers on
often appear-
come smaller,
late rings and
injured, but
tip of the left
the tip. The
rows, larger,
ich are some-
ive lost their
between the

out twice tlie
found along
eloped, long-
ucker-bearing
iged in many
e ones larger
to have been
and not very
lave lost their
C. lacertosa,
ing, while the
mple, without

[215] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

any sueli spoon-shaped appendage as is found in tlic preceding species.
Buccal membrane large, with a free thin edge which scarcely forma
anglqg.

Pen (fig. 3a) with a narrow, linear anterior portion, consisting of more
than half its length, decreasing in width backward, then suddenly ex-
panding into the posterior portion, which is broad and thin, and infolded,
so as to form a large, compressed posterior cavity; the anterior portion
is concave beneath, with no mid-rib, the edges ex-curved and slightly
thickened; when spread out and flattened the posterior portion has a
lanceolate form, rather abruptly widening anteriorly and very gradually
tapering backward, with a double midrib, and some delicate lines ])ar-
allel to it, while the lateral expansions are very thin and delicate.

The teeth on the odontophore (Plate XLV, flg. 36) form seven rows:
the median ones have a large, acute, central, and two small lateral den-
ticles; the inner lateral teeth have a large, acute inner denticle, aud
a very small outer one ; the next to the outer teeth are somewhat stouter
than the outermost, which are very acute and strongly curved; no mar-
ginal plates were observed.

Color of body mostly destroyed, in the typical specimens, but small,
light purplish brown chromatophores are uniformly scattered over the
parts best preserved; this is also the case on the head, siphon, and outer
surfaces of the arms, where the skin is well preserved ; scattered spots
also occur on the inner surfaces, between the sucker«.

The male described above has the mantle 62""" long; length of caudal
fin, 31; its breadth, 30; end of tail to base of arms, 85; length of dor-
.sal arms, 26; of second pair, 48; of third pair, 45 + (tips gone); of fourth
pair, 35; of tentacular arms, 118; of sucker- bearing portion of club, 16;
breadth of tentacular arms, 2; of club, 4; of lateral arms, at base, 3.5;
of ventral arms, 3; diameter of ej'e-ball, 8; of largest suiikers of
lateral arms, 1.2; length of pen, 62; of anterior, narrow portion, 38;
its breadth anteriorly, where widest, 2; where narrowest, 1.25; length
of posterior portion, 24 ; its breadth, 8'"™.

The supposed female has lost the tail, but the arms are in better con-
dition than those of the male; it diflfers from the male in having dis-
tinctly smaller suckers on the lateral arms. Length of dorsal arms,

•»7inm .

of second pair, 44; of third pair, 46; of fourth pair, 37; of ten-
tacular arms, 120; of club, 16™«.

A larger specimen (station 994), which has lost its head and pen and
therefore canuot be positively identifled, has a much darker color. It
is dark purplish brown over the whole body.

Two typical specimens were obtained off Martha's Vineyard, at sta-
tions 1031 and 1033, in 265 and 183 fathoms; one, of doubtful identity,
at station 994, in 368 fiithoms, by the U. S. Fish Commission, in 1881.
All three were from flsh-stomachs.

This interesting species was named in honor of Dr. T. H. Beau, the
ichthyologist, who took charge of the fishes on the "Fish Hawk" this
season.

ii!

N? I

B'{'

»K '

't'

REPORT 01' COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2 a 3]

Hlstioteuthis Collinsil Verrill. (Seep. [121].)

riato XXIII. Plato XXIV^ ligs. 3-7. Plate XXV, flga. 1, 1«. Plate XLV, (igs. (5, 6a.

The teeth of the odontophore originally described and figured (p. [123],
Plate XXIV, fig. 0) were not the most developed of those on the same
odontophore ; therefore, I have prepared another figure (Plate XXIV,
fig. 7). The pedicels of the larger suckers on the tentacular club are
very iieculiar. They are, when extended, long and remarkably stout,
their di.imeter being more than half that of the sucker. They are
cylindrical, and are capable of being invaginated to near the middle,
so that they can be lengthened out or very much shortened by a sort of
telescopic motion. The up])er end is thick, and so fits the basal part of
the broad sucker that it .icts as a piston, very perfectly. (Plate XXXV,
figs. 1, la.)

Two additrjnal examples of this interesting species have been re-
ceived. The first is in nearly the same condition as, but is considerably
smaller than, the one originally described. The head and arms alone
remain, but these are well enough preserved to show the characteristic
color-marks. It was taken from a cod, on the western part of the Grand
Bank, N. p., by Captain Johnson and crew, of the schooner "Augusta
Johnson" (lot 962). Presented to the U. S. Fish Commission, June, 1881.

The last example also consists only of the head and sessile arms, and
is not in so good condition as either of the others referred to. It is about
as large as the one originally described. This was taken by Capt. Chas.
Anderson and crew, of the schooner "Alice G. Wonson," in 180 fathoms,
near the northeast part of George's Bank, October, 1881.

DasmoteuthiB teuera Verrill.

Traus. Conn. Acad., v, p. 412, pi. r>5, figs. 2-2d, pi. 56, fig. 3.

Plate XLV, fi«8. 2-2d. Plate XLVI, fig. 3.

Two small but perfect specimens of this new species were taken in
the "trawl- wings"* this season, at station 952, in 388 fathoms.

The specimens are both males, but show no positive evidence of hec-
tocotylization. The eyes are very large and prominent, occupying the
whole of the sides of the head, wide apart dorsally, but nearly in con-

•The "trawl-wings," whieh were first invented and used by the U. S. Fish Com-
mission, this summer, consist of fine nets attached to a support extending out from
each end of the trawl-beam. When in use they are about two feet above the sea bot-
tom. They are provided with an interior funnel-shaped net to prevent the escape of
animals captured. They have been of great value to us for capturing, and retaining
in excellent condition, many kinds of free-swimming deep-sea animals, not otherwise
obtainable, or if taken in the trawl crushed by the great masses of fishes, echinoderms,
actinia), etc., usually taken in every haul in those waters.

Among the things captured in the "trawl-wings" are not only several cephalopoda
(including ^Hoposu*, Leatoteuthis, Boasia), but Cymhulia calceolus, and other Fteropods;
vast numbers of Sagitta, one of them bright orange-colored; numerous species of
Copepod Crustacea, some of them of great size ; Schizopods ; Salpse ; Acalephs, in-
oluding one very remarkable now form of Siphonophora, etc.

r2x(5] I [21 '] CEI'IIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

tigs. 6, 6a.

(p.' [123],
the same
e XXIV,
'club are
aly stout,
They are
e middle,
f a sort of
sal part of
e XXXV,

) been re-
ttsiderably
^rms alone
racteristic
the Grand
"Augusta
Tune, 1881.
1 arms, and
It is about
3apt. Chas.
$0 fathoms.

e taken in
Ins.

nee of hec-
upying the
irly in con-

S. Fish Com-
ing out from
ethe aeabot-
tlie escape of
ind retaining
not otherwise
echinoderms,

I cephalopoda
er Pteropods;
us species of
Aoalephs, in-

Uitt beneath; eyelids thin, entire. The body is long, somewhat fusi-
foMii, slightly smaller in advance of the middle. The tissues are exceed-
ingly thin, delicate, pale, and translucent, so that the pen and other
organs can be seen through the mantle. Anteriorly the edge of the
mantle is directly attached to the head, medially, by a muscular com-
missure, and there is no free edge (such as D'Orbigny figures in Taonius
pavo) at the narrow middle portion of this band. This commissure is
broader within the mantle, and there is another large, oblique, muscular
commissure, extending forward to the edge of the mantle, on each side,
extensively uniting the inner surface of the mantle to the sides of the
siphon. These commissures leave only a rather narrow opening to the
gill-cavifv. on each side, and one small ventral one, and the interior
ventral t. ity is partitioned off from the lateral ones.

The siphon is large, projecting forward between the lower sides of the
large eyes; it has no valve in the ordinary place, but toward the base,
on the dorsal side, there are two erect, rounded, ear-like flaps, each ac-
companied by a prominent papilla (i'), and farther forward a raised, me-
dian, transverse fold, and a central papilla (i). (Plate XLV, fig. 2d.)

The caudal fin is comparatively small, narrow-ovate, tapering to a
short, blunt posterior end, and with the anterior lobes narrowed and
scarcely projecting beyond the insertions.

Arms rounded, rather slender, tapering to slender tips: those of the
third pair are much the longest, and like the second pair, bear along
the uistal half suckers much larger than the proximal ones; tips short,
with few small suckers. The dorsal and ventral arms are about equal,
and not much more than half as long as the third pair; they bear smaller
suckers, in two rows, regularly decreasing distally. The second pair is
intermediate in length between the first and third pairs, with two rows
of larger suckers on the outer half, suddenly decreasing distally, with
minute ones close to the tip. The large suckers (fig. 2 b, 2c) on the second
and third pairs of arms are much larger than the others, but similar in
form, deep cup-shaped, convex in the middle, obliquely attached, with
a smooth horny rim, except on the distal ones, which have blunt denti-
cles externally. There are about sixteen of these suckers on each of
the lateral arms, but eight or ten are decidedly larger than the rest.
The large suckers commence nearly at the middle of the arms and ex-
tend to very near the tips. The third pair of arms have a thin median
carina on the outer side, along the distal third. All the arms have a
wide marginal or i>rotective membrane along the inner edges, outside
the suckers; these membranes are strengthened by transverse thick-
ened, muscular processes, opposite each sucker; between these the mem-
brane recedes so that the edge is scolloped. The ventral arms have
also a membrane along the outer, ventral angle. I am unable to detect
any positive signs of hectocotylization, either in the dorsal or ventral
arms. Perhaps the presence of the very large suckers on the lateral
I arms may be a sexual character, but if so, they are symmetrical on the
two sides.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [218]

'ft

1 i

ij^U

Tentacular arms (PI. XL VI, fig. 3), rather stout, tapering from the
thickened base, and in our specimens, equalling in size, and not mud
longer than, those of the third pair; club well developed, rather broader
than the rest of the arm, with a dorsal keel and wide, marginal, protec
tive membranes; the suckers are arranged in four regular rows; the
larger suckers are about equj\l in size to the larger ones of the dorsal
arms; of these there are eight or nine in each row, the marginal ones are
scarcely smaller than the median ones and similar in shape, but more
oblique, all there suckers are cup-shaped, obliquely attached, with long
pedicels; the marginal ring is denticulated all around, the teeth ou the
outer or higher side being slender, sharp, and incurved; those on the in
ner side minute. The distal part of the club is short, and covered with
four rows of small suckers, similar to the larger ones in shape and arma-
ture; at the tip is a small group of minute suckers, apparently unarmed.
At the proximal end of the club there is a group of small denticulated
suckers, and four irregular rows of minute, connective suckers, attached
by short pedicels, extend along the inner surface of the arm to the nid-
die or beyond ; these are interspersed with minute tubercles, more dis
tinct distally, near the club. The outer buccal membrane is narrow,
without distinct angles.

The pen is very thin, pale yellow ; the anterior iJortion is narrow and
slender; the posterior portion, commencing opposite the origin of the
fins, is lanceolate, with two faint, close ribs along the middle, and less
distinct parallel lines each side of these ; the tip is a hoUotr cone, about
10«"«" long.

The teeth of the odontophore (PI. XLV, tig. 2 a) form seven rows; the
median teeth have a very large and long median denticle, and a small
lateral one on each angle; the inner lateral teeth have a large inner and
a very small outer denticle; the two outer rows of teeth are rather
stout; a marginal row of rather ill-defined elliptical plates on each side.

Color of mantle pale yellowish white, with scattered, conspicuous,
round, or more or less elliptical, puri)lish-brown spots, 2 to 3""" in diam
eter, and 5 to lO"""* apart. Eyes dark purplish or chocolate browu;
head, siphon, and outer surfaces of arms thickly specked with purplish
brown chromatophores.

The length of the largest specimen is 163'""', from end of tail to tip of
third pair of arms ; length of mantle dorsally, 110"^°' ; mantle to base of
dorsal arms, 11"""; diameter of eyes, 17'"'"; breadth of head across
eyes, SO""* ; breadth of body, 26"'"' ; length of caudal fin, 45""" ; its
breadth, 28°'"' ; length of dorsal arms, 20"'"' ; of second pair, 25""" ; of
third pair, 32'""' ; of fourth pair, 20""" ; of tentacular arms, 35""™ ; of club,
11""™ ; breadth of lateral arms, at base, 3. S™"* ; diameter of largest
suckers, 2. S™"*.

Oflf Martha's Vineyard, 87^ miles from Gay Head, station 952, in 388
fathoms. U. S. Fish Commsssion, Aug. 4, 1881.

J. [218] I [219] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

from tbe I
not mucli I
er broader I
lal, protec I
rows; tbe I
the dorsal I
al oucs are I
, but more I
, with long I
»eth ou the I
eouthein I
vered with I
s and arma- I
y unarmed. I
enticulated I
rs, attached I
to the Bid- I
D, more dis I

is narrow, I

narrow and I
rigin of tbe I
le, and less I
cone, about I

n rows; the
and a small
je inner and

are rather
>n each side,
jonspicuous,
jmm in diarn-

atebrowu;
ith purplish

tail to tip of
le to base of
head across

■)

45"

its

9f»n""j of

20"

■wr,

mm; of club,

of largest

952, in 388

Notes on the visceral anatomy.

Anatomically, this species closely resembles Desmoieuthis kyperborea.
(See Plate XXV, fig. 1.) It has a similar short, thick, compressed, ovate
liver, with the intestine in a groove along its ventral edge, and the small
ink-sac imbedded in its antero-ventral surface. The gills are laterally
placed, short, with long lamellte. The heart is small, irregularly tubular,
oblique, with four angles or lobes where joined by the principal vessels.
Tbe efferent vessels from the gills are long and conspicuous, because the
bases of the gills are distant from the heart.

The alimentary tract consists of a short, narrow rectum, attached to
tbe liver, and ending in a bilabiate aperture, guarded by two slender
papillie; of a long, rather wide, tubular portion, extending back to the
base of the caudal fin, and covered, along the ventral side, with lateral
rows of clusters of small follicular glands, which, near the liver, diverge
into two, separate, large, lateral clusters; posteriorly, where the rows of
follicles cease, there is a small, firm, bean-shaped glandular organ, 1am-
ellose within, probably serving as a gizzard; this is followed by a long
tabular, or fusiform, more or less saccular stomach and a ciecal append-
age, running back nearly lo the end of the body ; at its anterior origin
this csecal appendage is separated from the stomach by a constriction.

The testicle is a rather small, slender, lanceolate organ, attached lat-
erally, for its whole length, to the side of the csecal appendage. The
prostate gland and vesiculse seminales have their usual position at the
base of the left gill, but they are small and probably not fully developed;
the efferent duct extends over and a short distance beyond the base of
the gill, and is slender and pointed. The renal organs are very different
from those of the common squids {LoUgo and Ommastrephea). The pos-
terior part of the anterior vena-cava becomes glandular in front of the
heart; there it parts, sending a long, smooth vein to the base of each
gill; there each of these veins expands into an ovate renal organ, be-
fore joining the branchial auricles.

Arohlteuthls Harvesri Verrill. (No. 27 ; see p. [201].)

Since the preceding pages were put in type, I have been able to ex-
amine the specimen* mentioned on p. [201].

This specimen was purchased by Mr. E. M. Worth, and preserved, in
alcohol, at his museum, 101 Bowery street. New York, where I had a
good opportunity to examine it, about two weeks after it had been put
in alcohol.

Although this is more nearly complete than any specimen hitherto
brought to this couptry, the arms and suckers are not so well preserved

* An account of this specimen, accompanied by a wood-cut, apparently copied from
the photograph, was published in " Harper's Weekly " for December 10. This tigure,
though poor, gives a fair idea of the general appearance of the creature as it would
look if lying tlabby and collapsed on the shore. The peculiar appearance of the cau-
dal fin was due to mutilation of that organ.

5 'S >•

i. ii

'',t'

RKPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FI8II AND FISHERIES. [220]

as in ftomu of the other examples. All the sesHilc arms have lost more
or less of their tips, so that the actual length cannot be given, and
many of their suckers are either injured or lost ; the tentacular arms
are also iigured and most of the large suckers of the clubs are de-
stroyed; the candal flu was not only torn by handling, but one-half uf
it had, apparently, been destroyed and the wound healed before the
death of the creature,* so that its true form cannot be determined; the
eye-balls were burst, and most of the pen was gone.

The head, eye-lids, siphon, and f^ont edge of the mantle are, however,
in fair condition, and aa these parts have not been well preserved in any
of the previous examples, some new and valuable facts were learned in
regard to the structure of these organs.

Many of the following characters are of generic value: The eye-lids
were large, not much thickened, and only slightly augulated, and with
a shallow sinus; diameter of opening about 120""" (4.5 to 5 inches). The
transverse nuchal crests, behind the eyes, are distinct, but only slightly
elevated ; of the longitudinal ones, only one, on each side, is distinct,
but it is short and not very high ; the others (unless they had been rubbed
off) are rudimentary. The siphon is large and broad ; aperture, 102'""'
(4 inches) broad, slightly bilabiate, with a broad valve within; dorsal
bridles moderately developed. Siphon-pit shallow, smooth. Connective
cartilages, on base of the siphon, simple, long-ovate, slightly oblique, and
only a little concave. Connective cartilages on the sides of the mantle
short, and close to the front edge, very simple, consisting of a short,
slightly raised, longitudinal ridge. The dorsal ingle of the mantle-
edge projects forward considerably beyond the sidet '^6 an obtuse angle ;
the lateral angles are also distinct. The body is largt ^ broad in the
middle and anteriorly, but tapers very rapidly to the base v. 'he candal
fin, which is relatively small.

This specimen, when examined by me, measured as follows : Length
of mantle, to the lateral angles of the front edge, 4.16 feet; from edge
of mantle to inner base of ventral arms, 1.25 feet; drcumference of
body, 4 feet; length of caudal fin, tip to anterior end o{ lobe, 21 inches;
breadth of one-half of fin, median line of tail to outer edge, 8 inches;
length ■.! tentacular arms, 15 feet; of club, 2 feet; fvoni arst of the large
median suckers to the tip, 20 inches; length of ventral arms (minus tips),
4.66 feet; their circumference at base, 8.5. inches; length of the dorsal
arms (minus tips), 4.5 feet; their circumference, 7.5 inches; circumfer-
ence of second pair of arms, 7.5 inches ; of third pair, 8.5 inches; diame-
ter of largest suckers of sessile arms, .75 of an inch.

The arms have a stout appearance, especially toward the base, and
do not differ' very much in size. In the form of the arms and in the
structure of the suckers this specimen agrees essentially with those that

* Owing to this fact, which was not understood by those who saw and figured it
at first, some of the cuts that have been printed give the tail very peculiar and re-
markable forms.

;8. [220] I [221] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTKRN COAST OF AMERICA.

i lost more

given,

and

cular arms
lbs are de-
one-half of
befoi-e the
mined', the

e, however,
rved in any
B learned in

Che eye-lids
id, and with
iches). The
»nly slightly
, is distinct,
been rubbed
rture, 102'""'
thin; dorBul

Connective
obliqae, and
P the mantle
' of a short,

the mantle-
btuse angle ;
broad in the
he caudal

)W8: Length
from edge
amference of
je, 21 inches;
ge, 8 inches;
t of the large

(minus tips),
of the dorsal
circumfer-

ches; diame-

he base, and
8 and in the
ith those that

■ and figured it
pecaliar and re-

I have already described. The mandibles are nearly black; their ante-
rior alar edges have a deep notch and a prominent tooth.

The color, which is partially preserved on the arms and ventral side
of the body, agrees verj^ well with that of Omniastrephes illecebroaua.
The skin is bluish or pinkish, thickly specked with small purplish brown
chromatophores.

Arohiteuthlsprlnoeps? V. (No. 28.)

In a letter ft'om the llev. M. Har^'ey, dated December 10, 1881, he in-
forms me that he had been told by Mr. 0. D. Chambers, magistrate of
Harbour Bufi'et, Placentia Bay, N. F., that a very large specimen of
Architeuthii had been found on the beach at Hennesey's Cove, Long
Island, Placentia Bay, during the first week of November last. This
was discovered by Albert Butcher and George Wareham, who cut a
portion from the head. The specimen had been miich mutilated by
crows and other birds. The locality is uninhabited. The men esti-
mated the length of the body and head at 26 feet, but this is probably
100 large an estimate.

CompecUis of the families, genera, and species of Cepluilopoda included in

this paper.

In the following synopsis the species that have actually been proved
to belong to the fauna of the northeastern coast of America, or the
waUjrs adja» >nt, are numbered serially. They have all been personally
studied by me, except Taonins para.

Subclass DIBRANOHIATA. (See p. [73].)

Order I.— DECACERA Blainville. (See p. [75].)

OIGOPSIDiE. (See p. [75].)

The division called Oiyopsida; includes two very diverse groups, differ-
ing very widely in their visceral anatomy, as well as in the structure of
the eyes, siphon, and mantle connections. These may be called Ten-
ihidea and Taonidea.

The former will include all the Oigopsidte described in this paper
except the DesmotetUhidw. The Taonidea will include the Besmoteuthidte
iind also several allied forma, which have usually been carelessly referred
to Loligopsis.

TEUTIIIDEA Verrill.

Eyes with free lids, not stalked. Siphon with a subterminal valve.
Mantle attached to the siphon by free connective cartilages. Stomach
large, pouch-like; intestine short.; liver very large; ink-sac large. Pen

I I

REPORT OP COIIMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [222]

^oi'uy, well developed, as long as the mantle. One of the ventral anns
is usually hectocotylized in the male. Arms with suckers, or with
claws, or with both.

Family TETJTHID^ Owen (restricted). (Sfje pp. [69], [75].)

For a brief synopsis of the previously known genera of this family,
see pp. [69-70].

Enoploteuthis. (See pp. [70], [203].)

Enoploteuthis HartiagU YerriU. (Pp. [53], [303].)
EnoploteuthiB CookU Owen — E. Molinai D'Orb. (Pp. [53], [203].)

MoROTEUTHis Verrill. (See pp. [70], [209].)

Moroteuthls robusta (Dall) Verrill. (Pp. [65], [209].)

GoNATUS Gray. (See pp. [204], [206].)
Oonatua amcsuus Gray. (Pp. [204], [206].)

Lestoteuthis Verrill (See pp. [70], [76], [78], [204], [205].)

1. LeBtoteutUs Fabricii (Licht.) Verrill. (Pp. [76], [79], [206].;

Family OMMASTREPHID^E. (See pp. [80], [201].)

Ommastbephes. (See pp. [81-83], [202].)

Ommaatrephea (^para) D'Orbigny, Voy. Am. M^rid., 1835; C^phsl. Ac^tab., p. 341,
Illex and Todarodes Steenstrup, Oversigt k. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand.,
188C, p. 90.

2. Ommastrephes lllecebrosuB (Les.) Verrill. (Pp. [83], [202].)

Sthenoteuthis Verrill. (See pp. [99], [201].)

3. Sthenoteuthis megaptera Verrill. (P. [100].)

SthenoteuthlB pteropuB (Steonst.) Verrill. (Pp. [103], [107], [202].) ' "'

4. Sthenoteuthis Bartramii (Les.) Verrill. (P. [112].)

Architeuthis (Steenst.) Harting, 1881. (See pp. [1-20], [23], [51-65],

[114J, [1991.)

^roAiteitfftiw Steeust., 1856 (no description).

5. AichiteuthlB Harveyi Verrill. (Pp. [23-40], [114], [200-201], [219].)

6. Architeuthis prinoeps Verrill. (Pp. L'*l-!>0], [114].)
Architeuthis monachus (StaensO- (Pp- C24], [51-62].)
Architeuthis dux (Stsenst.) Gervais. (Pp. [24], [51], [200].)
Architeuthis Hartlngii Verrill. (Pp. [53], [200].)
Architeuthis Bouyeri Verrill. (Pp. [54-57].) ''
Architeuthis (f) Mouchezi Vclain. (Pp. [63-(55].)
Architeuthis grandis (Owen) Verrill. (Pp. [57-59], [200].)

The number of the foreign species, mostly nominal and imperfectly
known, will undoubtedly be much reduced when they become better
known. Probably A. dux and ^l. Bouyeri are identical, but there is as
yet no proper zoological description of either. The former has been
very briefly describnl by Gerrais, and Harting has published an out-
line Dguie of one of the mandibles.

;. [222]

itral arms
J, or with

[75].)
iis family,

205].)
110

ic6tab., p. 341,
Isk. Forhand.,

[23], [51-65],

!191.)

1 imperfectly
lecome better
lit there is as
ner has been
ished an out-

[223] CEPHAL0P0D8 OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Family MASTIGOTEUTHID^ VerrUl. (See p. [114].)

Mastigoteuthis Verrill. (See p. [115].)

7. MaBtigoteuthls AgaMdsU Verrill. (P. [115].)

Family OfllROTBUTHID^ Gray (restricted). (See p. [118].)

Chiboteuthis D'Orb. (See p. [118].)

Chiroteuthis is the only genm in this family that has been hitherto
recognized.

8. ChlroteutUs laoertosa Verrill. (Pp. [119], [209].)

Bbaghioteuthis Verrill. (See p. [213].)

9. Braohioteuthis BeanU Verrill. (P. [214].)

Calliteuthis Verrill. (P. [117].)

10. CalUteuthlB reversa Verrill. (P. [117].)
CaUlteuthls ocellata (Owen) Verrill. (P. [202].)

Family HISTIOTEUTHID^ Verrill. (See p. [120].)

HiSTiOTEUTHis D'Orbigny. (See p. [120].)

11. Histioteuthis CoUinsU Verrill. (Pp. [121,210].)

TA OXIDEA Verrill.

Eyes large, stalked or prominent, having free lids, but no sinas.
Mantle united to base of siphon and back of neck by three muscular
commissures. Siphon large, without a true subterminal valve, but
usually with special elevated processes, or flaps, in the basal portion.
Stomach small, far back ; intestine very long, covered with lateral fol-
licular glands ; liver small, far forward; ink-sac small. Pen slender an-
teriorly, as long as the mantle. Hectocotylized arm not observed. All
the arms bear suckers.

Family DESMOTEUTHID.^ Verrill. (See p. [124].)

Body much elongated, mantle united to tho neck by three muscular
commissures. Siphon without a true valve, but witL three peculia}*,
special thickenings, or raised processes,* in its basal portion. Byes
i prominent. Intestine very long ; ink-sac small.

Desmoteuthis Verrill. (See p. [125].)

1 12. Desmoteuthis hyperborea (Steeust.) Verrill. (P. [126].)

1 13. Desmoteuthis tenera Verriil. (P. [21C].)

Taonius Steerstrup (restricted). (See p. [129].) \\

1 14. Taonius pavo (Lc8.) Steenstrui.. ^oce p. [130].)

MYOPSIDiE D'Orbigny. (See p. [131].)

This artificial divisio^^^ includes two very diverse groups, which not

* Of these organs the median doraal one is larger and more complicated than tho
lothers (see PI. LV, fig. 2d, m ; and Ag. 4n). It seems to mo probable that this organ
lis the true homologuo of the foot of gastropods.

i .

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [224]

only differ widely in the condition of the eyes, but also in the nature cT
the hectocotylization of the arms, and in anatomical characters.

To one of these groups, containing the family SepioUdw, I propose to
apply the name Sepiolidea.

The other division, Sepidea, includes the families Sepidoi, Loliginidce,
Idioaepidw, and perhaps SpiruUdce; but the latter might, perhaps, be
best placed with several fossil forms in a division of which it is the sole
surviving genus.

SEPIDEA Verrill.

The integument extends entirely over the eye, and there is a pore in
front of it. Pupil crescent-shaped. Body commonly elongated. Pten
various, rarely absent, usually large, broad-lanceolate or ovate, either
horny or calcareous (spirally coiled, tubular, and chambered in SpiruUty
in which it is posteriorly situated). One of the ventral arms of the
male is usually hectocotylized.

Mantle usually with three connective cartilages, rarely with one
(uorsal) or three muscular commissures.

Family LOLIGINID^. (See p. [131].)
LoLiGO Lamarck. (See p. [131].)

15. LoUgo Pealei Les. (P. [132].)

16. Lollgo (LoUiguncula) brevis Blaiuv. (P. [ 101 ]. )

Sepioteuthis D'Orbig. (See p. [163].)
Sepioteuthla seploidea D'Orb. (S(>e p. [164].)

SEPIOLIDEA Verrill.

In this group the eye-lids may either be entirely free all around, or
the upper one may be attached to the eye-ball. Pupil either round or
crescent-shaped, Body short, obtuse. Fins lateral, separated. Pen
small or rudimentary, sometimes absent. Sucker-rings smooth. Dorsal
arms, in the male, usually hectocotylized, one or both.

Family SEPIOLIDyE. (See p. [165].)

Stoloteuthis Verrill. (See p. [165].;

17. Stoloteuthis leucoptera Venill. (P. [105].)

RossiA. (See p. [167].)

18. RoBsia megaptera V. (P. [17:5].)

19. Rossia Hyatt! V. (P. [1(57].)

20. RoBsia sublevis V. (P. [170].)

IlETF/.OTEUTnis Gray. (Seep. [V,J.j.)
31. Beteroteuthis tenera V. (P. [175].)

, !•■% .{|'

s. [224]

i nature cT
rs.
propose to

LoliginidaSj
erhaps, be
is the sole

s a pore lu
ated. Pten
rate, either
in Spirwlay
rms of the

f with one

I around, or
er round or
rated. Pen
►th. Dorsal

[225] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA,

Order II.— OCTOPODA Leach. (See p. [177].)
Family PHILONEXID^ D'Orb. (See p. [178].)

PARA3IBA Steenst. (See p. [178].)

Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Forening, Kjobenhavn, 1860, p. .3.33.

22. Parasira oatenulata Stecnat. CP. [179].)

Family ARGONAUTID^ Cantr. (See p. [182].)
Abgonauta Linn^.

23. Argonauta argo Liiin^. (P. [183].)

Family ALLOPOSID^ Verrill. (See p. [180].)

Alloposus Verrill. See p. [180].)

24. AUopoaoa molUs Verrill. (P. [181].)

Famil 1 OOTOPODID^ D»Orb. (See p. [183].)

i'Ci'OPUS Lam. (See p. [185].)

25. Octopus BaJrdil v srrill. (P. [185].)

26. Octopus lentUB Verrill. (P. [191].)

27. Octopus plscatorum Verrill. (P. [194].)

28. Octopus obesuB Verrill. (P. [193].)
Octopus mgosus Bosc. (P. [195].)
Octopus vulgaris Lam. (P. [72].)
Octopus punctbtus Gabb. (P. [72].)

Eledone Leach. (P. [183].)

29. Eledone verrucosa Verrill. (P. [183].)

Family OIRRHOTEUTHID^ KeflF. (See p. [196].)

Staubotet; irR Verrill. (P. [196].)
3a StauroteuthlssyrtensiaVe'. >l. » [196].)

v:-:.t

lis

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [226]

A'-i-

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

All the figures were drawn from nature by Mr. J. H. Emerton, except when other-
wise stated.

Platg I.

Figure 1. — Architeuthis Harveyi (No. 5). Head and anna ; ^ natural size. From a pho-
toj^raph of the specimen when freshly caught. The back of tho head rests npon an
oar, so as to cause the beak to protrude, while the arms hang down . in a reversed
position. The diameter of the bathing tub was 38.5 inches: a, left, and a', right
ventral arms; h, left, and (', right arms of the third pair; c, left, and o', right arms
of the second pair; d', right dorsal arm, mostly concealed behind the others; e, loft,
and e', right tentacular-arms, folded severs' times over the oar ; i to iv, the ' club';
i to ii, the 'wrist'; it to iii^ the part bean. " '>/n suckers; Hi to iv, the terminal
division ; o, the beak.

Figure 2. — Part of the body and caudal fin of thn a. ^ i; lecimen ; ^ natural size. From
a photograph made at the same time with the preceding ; u, mantle cut open ; t, tip
of tail ; h, right, and {, left lateral lobes of the caudal fin.

Plate II.

Figure 1. — Architeuthis Harveyi. — A restoration, ^ natural size, based on the preced-
ing figures aud on tho specimens received. (See note, p. 9.)

f j:

Platk III.

-Architeuthis Harveyi (No. 5). Upper mandible ; natural size.
-Lower maadible of same ; natural size ; lacks a small piece at a.

Figure 1.-
Figure 2.-
Fignre 3. — Posterior part of the * pen ' of the same specimen ; } natural size.

Tho

dotted lines indicate missing parts.
Figures 4, 4o. — Architeuthis Harveyi. (Spocimeu No. 4.) The two sides of the broken

lower mandibles; natural size.
Figures 1 aud 2 were drawn by Mr. J. H. Blake, from the alcoholic specimens ; figure

3 was restored and drawn by the author ; figures 4 and 4a are camerardrawings by

the author.

Plate IV.

Figure 1. — Architeuthis Harveyi (No. 4). One of the larger suckers from the tentacular
arms ; natural size. From a dried specimen.

Figure la. — Portion of the marginal ring of the same sucker, seen from the inside; en-
larged.

Figure 2. — The same. (No. 24.) Distal part of arm. Front view ; natural size.

Figure 2a. — The same. Front view. 50th sucker of 2nd pair of arms ; enlarged 12
diameters. The marginal scales are destroyed ou one side.

Figure 3, 3a.T-Arohiteuthis Harveyi V. (No. 2). Homy ring of one of the marginal
suckers of the club ; 3, side view ; 3a, the same, front view ; enlarged 3 diameters,

Figure 4. — Architeuthis Harveyi (No. 5). Suckers of tentacular-club ; side view, natu-
ral size ; a, one of the larger suckers ; h, one of the marginal suckers.

Figure 5. — The same specimen. Homy marginal ring of one of the suckers from near
the base of ventral arm; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figures 6 and 6a. — The same specimen. One of the largest and least oblique of the
hr.ray rings from a sucker near the base of one of the lateral arms ; top and side
views ; enlarged li diameters.

[226]

hen other-

'rom a pho-
Bt8 apon an
a reversed
ad a', right
, right arms
liers; e,loft,
the 'club';
he terminal

Isize. From
open ; *, tip

the preced-

size. The

of the broken

imens ; figure
drawings by

[227] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Figures 7 and 7a. — The same specimen. One of the rings from a medium-sized and
more oblique sucker of the middle portion of the lateral arms; top and sr'^e views;
enlarged 1| diameters.

Fignre 8. — The same specimen. Another ring from a more distal, smalle ', and more
oblique sucker, top view; enlarged 11 diameters.

Figures 9 and 9a. — ^The same specimen. One -of the homy rings from one of the
smooth-rimmed, sessile, connective suckers on the 'wrist' of the 'club' of the ten-
tacular arms; top and aide views; enlarged 3 diameters.

Figures 10 and 10a. — ^The same specimen. One of the small suckers from the distal
portion of the 'club', top and side views ; enlarged 3 diameters.

Figure 11. — The same specimen. Caudal fin ; ^ natural size ; drawn from the pre-
served specimen.

Figures 4, 5 and 11 were drawn by the author, also figure 8, which is a camera-
drawing. The others are by J. H. Emerton.

Platb V.

Figure 1 . — Architeuthis Harveyi V. (No. 5). Teeth of the odoutophore, from the an-
terior portion ; enlarged 18 diameters ; a, median ; h, inner lateral ; c and d, the two
outer lateral teeth ; e, marginal plates. Drawn from detached teeth.

Figure 2. — The same specimen. Teeth from farther back, on the dorsal portion of the
odontophore. Lettering as in fig. 1.

Figure 3. — The same specimen. Anterior portion of odontophore, showing the teeth
nearly in their natural positions ; enlarged about 3 diameters.

Figure 4.— The same specimen. Portion of t le membrane lining the palate, showing
the teeth, and hard granules attached to it ; enlarged.

Figure 4a. — The same specimen. Two of the granules from the membrane lining the
month ; enlarged 18 diameters.

Fignre 5. — ^The same specimen. Another portion of the lining membrane of the pal-
ate; enlarged.

Figure 6. — Architeuthis Harveyi V. (No. 24). Teeth of odontophore ; a, median; b,
inner-lateral ; c, c', and d, from two outer lateral rows ; enlarged about 24 diameters.
DrawTi from detached teeth.

Figure 7. — The same specimen. Portion of raduln, showing most of three transverse
rows of teeth ; enlarged 18 diameters.

Figure 8. — ^The same specimen. Otolith ; a, side view ; b, firont view ; much enlarged.
All the figures are camera-drawings by the author.

Plate VI.

le tentacular

he inside; en-

iral size.
; enlarged 12 I

the marginal |

3 diameters.

ic view, natu- 1

kersfrom near

ablique of th6|
; top and aid

Figure 1. — Architeuthis Sarveyi Y. (No. 24). Young. Pharynx and beak, with odon-
tophore ; 0, oesophagus ; natural size.

Figure 2. — ^The same. Distal part of tentacular-arm, with club ; natural size.

Figures 3 and 3a. — ^The same. Segment f^om distal portion of left arm of the third
pair of sessile arms, front view ; 3u, the same, side view ; natural size.

Figure 4. — The same. Basal portion of right arm, of second pair. Front view ;
natural size.

Plate VII.

Figure 1. — Architeuthis princeps Y . Side view. Restored mostly from No. 13; ^^ natu-
ral size.

Figure 2. — Sthenoteuthit ptcropus V. Side view of the specimen from Bermuda ; i natu-
ral size. '

Figure 2a. — Caudal fin of the same specimuu. Dorsal view ; ^ natural size.

i .1

5'-^,

i ' 'I

•1i

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [228J

Plate VIII.

Arohiteuthia princcpa V. (No. 14). General figure ; from the recently preserved speci-
men; restored in accordance with the measurer tents of the freshly canght speci-
men ; ^t natural size. Drawn by the author.

Plate IX.

Figures 1 and la. — Arohiteuthis princepa Verrill (No. 14). A marginal ring {torn one
of the large stickers of the tentacular-arlu ; 1, side view, enlarged 1^ diameters; la,
portion of the rim ; enlarged 3 diameters.

Figures 2 and 2a. — The same specimen. One of the medium-sized, oblique rings of a
suclrer from the distal part of a sessile arm ; enlarged li diameters ; top and side
views.

Figures 3 and 4. — The same. Top <<.nd side views of one of the smaller aud moreMis-
tal rings, from a sessile arm ; enlarged 3 diameters.

Figures 5 and 6. — ^^The same. Top and side views of a complete sucker, with its pedi-
cel, from the middle of a sessile arm ; enlarged 1^ diameters.

Figure 7. — The same. Top view of one of the smaller, very oblique, distal sucker-
rings, from a sessile arm ; enlarged 3 diameters.

Figure 8. — The same. Portion of the_ homy ring of a medium-sized sucker from the
middle of a sessile arm ; top view ; enlarged 6 diameters ; from a camera-drawing.

Figure 9. — The same. Side view of the homy ring of one of the largest and least
oblique of the suckers from near the base of the lateral arms ; enlarged 1^ diam-
eters.

Figure 10. — The same. Side view of the horny ring of one of the marginal suckers
of the tentacular-club ; enlarged 3 diameters.

Figure 11. — ArcMteuthia princ^a (No. 13). Portions of the homy ring of one of the
large suckers of the tentacular-arm, much enlarged ; a and b, portions of the mar-
gin, from the outside ; c, portion seen from the inside.

Figures 8 and 11 are camera-drawings by the author; all the others are by J. H.
Emerton.

Plate X.

Figure 1. — ArcMteuthia princepa Y. (No. 14). Caudal fin from beneath ; frbm the spec-

.. .. a few days after it had been placed in alcohol; about ^ natural size.
Figurd 2. — ^The same specimen. After it had been preserved several months in strong

alcohol ; about ^ natural size.
Figure 1 was drawn by J. B. Holder, M. D. ; figure 2 by the author.

Plate XI.

Figure 1. — ArcMteuthia princepa V. (No. 10). Upper jaw ; natural size.

Figure 2. — ^The same. Lower jaw ; the dotted line shows the partb that are present

on the opposite fide.
Figure 3. — ArcMteuthia prinoq^a (No. 1). Part of lower jaw ; sidevievr; natural size.
Figure 3a. — The same. Front view ; natural size. The rest of this beak had been

destroyed.
Figures 1 and 2 were drawn by the author; figure 3 by J. H. Emerton.

Plate XII.

Figure 1. — ArcMteuthia Hartingii V. Lower mandible, showing the anterior portion

only ; natural size.
Figure la. — The same. Section of a sucker from a sessile arm of the same specimen;

lb, homy ring of the same; natural size.' After Harting.
Figure Ic— The same. Teeth on the radnla. After Harting.
Figaxe 2.— Arehiteuthia dux BteeoBtrvp. Lower mandible; natural size. Copied £ix>jn

Harting's figure, after Steenstmp.

[228J

ved speci-
ght apeci-

; from one
neters; la,

rings of a
>p and side

d moreMis-

th its pedi-

jtal suoker-

:er from the
ra-drawing.
it and least
;ed 1^ diam-

inal suckers

f one of the
of the mar-

b are present

natural size,
lak had been

srior portion
le specimen;

Copied from

[229] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Figure 3. — Architeiithia monachua St^^cnstrup (Typo specimen). Lower mandible; natu-
ral size. After Stecnstrup.

Figure 4. — Enoploteuthis Hariingii Verrill. Anterior portion of jaws; natural size;
After Ilarting.

Figure 5. — Moroteuthia robuata Vennll. Section of the soud, terminal cone of the pen ;
natural size.

Plate XIII.

Figure 1

Side view of one of the specimens, as found

re by J. H.

am the spec-

ze.

ihs in strong

Moroteuthia robusta (Dall) V.
on the beach ; ^ natural size.

Figure 2. — The same. Dorsal view. The dotted lines indicate portions of the arras
that had been destroyed; ^ natural size.

Figure 3. — The same. Side view of the head and siphon, with the anterior part of
the mantle, cut open ; e, the eye ; a, siphon ; o, o', o", the three nuchal olfactory
crests ; c, o', c", the connective cartilages attaching the mantle to the neck ; c, late-
ral cartilage of mantle ; &, lateral cartilage at base of siphon ; c", dorsal cartilage
of neck; m, m', cut edge of ma. le.

Figure 4. — The same. The entiro uorsal * pen ' ; side view ; ^ natural size.

Figure 5. — The same. Ventral view.

Figure 6. — The same. A portion from the middle of the ' pen ', less reduced.

All the figures were made from the fresh specimens by Mr. W. H. Dall.

Plate XIV.

Figure I.'— Moroteuthia robusta (Dall) Verrill. Odontophore ; side view ; enlarged 3f

diameters.
Figure 2. — ^The same. Part of a ro^ of the teeth from near the anterior bend of
the odontophore; enlarged 22 diameters; a, median tooth, front view; a', side
view of same ; b, first lateral ; b', the same, side view ; c, second lateral, front
view ; d, outer lateral, front view.
Figure 3. — The same. One of the inner lateral teeth , side view ; enlarged 54 diameters.
Median tooth, side view ; enlarged 54 diameters.
Upper mandible, natural size.
Lower mandible, natnral size.

Anterior end of terminal cone, showing a portion of the post-
erior end of the ' pen ' inserted into it ; i natural size.
Figure 8.- -The same. Section of a ventral arm, close to the base; natural size; a',
one of the suckers, side view ; b and b', marginal membranes ; c, crest or mem-
brane along outer angle ; e, median vein, near inner surface.
Figures 1 to 4 are camera-drawings by the author; the rest are by J. H. Emerton.

Plate XV.

Figure 1. — Leatoteuthia Fabricii Yertill. Young. Pen ; enlarged 2 dinmett'rs. Copied

from 6. O. Sars as Gonatua amcenua.
Figure la. — The same. Part of odontophore. Copied from G. O. Sars.
Figure lb. — ^Th« same. Portion of tentacular club, front view ; enlarged. Copied
from G. O. Sars.

I Figure 2. — The same. Young. General figure, dorsal vfew : enlarged 2 diameters
From an American example.

I Figures 2a, 26. — The same. l>ont and side views of one of the suckers from the outer
rows of a lateral arm of the same specimen,

I Figures 2c, 2d. — The same. Front and side views of a hook-suckor from the median
rows of the same arm.

I Figure 3. — Leatoteuthis Fabricii VerriM (Cheloteuthia raj)ax). Club of tentacular arm,
front view ; enlarged 2 diameters. The homy hooks are lost from the claws o, a',
a" ; b, c, small lateral suckers; rf, d', small suckers of distal portion ; i, el, connec-
tive suckers and tubercles.

Figure 4. — The same.
Figure 5. — The same.
Figure 6. — The same.
Figure 7. — The same.

™')

-\\ M

n v..

P"'

.''fff

1 ■<?? p

%:■

■Si" V.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [230]

Figure 3a. — The same spocimcn. One of tlio suckers corresponcliug to o of flgnre 1,
front view ; mucli enlarged.

Figure 'ib. — Tbo sauie specimen. A sniall suclcer, corresponding to d of figure 1.

Figures iks, 'Sil. — Tlio same apecimeu. Front and side views of one of the claws, with
its enclosed homy hook or * nail ', from the middle of a lateral arm ; enlarged 8 diam-
eters.

Figure 3e. — The same specimen.

view ; enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 3/. — The same specimen.
Figure 4. — The same specimen.

Connective cartilage from base of siphon, front

Beak and pharynx, side view ; onlurged 2 diameterN.
Teeth of the odontophore ; enlarged 22 diameters.
Figure .'>. — EnoplotetithtH JlarUnqii Verrill. Two hooks, a, 6, from the arms, side views ;

0, d, medial' and lateral teeth of the odontophore. After Harting.
Figure 6. — Onychoteuthia Banksii. One of the large hooka from the middle of the club ;
a, side view ; a', front view ; 6, 6', corresponding views of one of the smaller hooks
of the club; c, side view; o', front view of horny ring from one of the small suck-
ers in the proximal cluster of connective suckers and tubercles of the club ; enlarged
6 diameters.

Plate XVI.

Figure 1. — Sthcnoteathia megaptera Verrill. Type specimen. Body seen from beneath;

i natural size ; from the alcoholic specimen.
Figure S . — The same specimen. Part of the membrane lining the palate ; enlarged 8

diameters; a and b are from diifereut places.
Figure 3. — The same specimen. A single row of teeth from the odonte hore ; enlarged

8 diameters.
Figure 4. — The same specimen. Teeth from the odontophore; enlarged 16 diameters;

a, two median teeth; b, inner lateral teeth; c and d, teeth of the two outer lateral

rows. Drawn from the detached teeth.
Figure 5. — The same specimen. . Two of the outer lateral teeth, profile view ; enlarged

16 diameters.
Figure 6. — The same s]>ecimeu. Several lateral teeth in their natural sequence;

enlarged 10 diameters.
Figure 7. — The same specimen. Two teeth from the next to the outer row; enlarged

16 diameters.
Figures 8 and 8a. — The same specimen. Twenty -second sucker of a ventral arm;

front and side views, enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 9.— The same specimen. One of the largest suckers from the club of the ten-
tacular arm ; front view ; enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 10. Sthenoteuthia megaptera V. from George's Bank. Large sucker from the tea-
• tacular club, front view ; enlarged 2 diameters.
Figures 8, 8a, and 9 are toy J. H. Emerton; the others are by the author; 2 to 7 are j

camera-drawings.

Plate XVII.

Figure 1 . — Sthenoteuthia megaptera Verrill, from George's Bank. Beak and inner buccal

membrane, front view ; natural size.
Figure 2.— The same. . Another specimen. Side view of jaws and odontophore; nat

ural size.
Figure 3. — Sthenoteuthia pteropua Verrill, from Bermuda. Jaws; a, upper; b, lower

mandible; natural size.
Figure 4. — The same specimen. Isolated teeth from odontophore ; enlarged 25 diamo

ters; a, median teeth, front view ; b, inner lateral ; c, middle lateral ; d, outer lateral

tooth.
Figure 5. — The same specimen. Anterior end of the pen; natural size.
Figure fw. — Posterior end of the same pen.

[231]

Figure
natut

I'iguro :
b, of I

I'igure J
etcrs ;
side Li
front ■
Figure S
of the
horny
border
Figures <

Figure 1,

Oeuera

front v:

Figure 2.

enlarge

Figure 3,

from El

peduncl

tion of

Figure 4.-

Figuros r> ,

arms; ei

Figures S i

lateral a

Figure 7.—

of the cl

Figure 8.—

their nat

eral teet;

Figure 1. —
The perit
ductive
F, caudal
heart; c, <
on the bai

/./; »«',

tum; ao.
tral arterj
auricles ;
has been
(renal) orj
hooded po
specimen
Figure 2.-7
Figure 3. — T
enlarged 2
eral teeth

[230]

figure 1 ,

re 1.

iWH, with
sd 8 (liani-

loa, front

iliamotors.
imoters.
ide views ;

f the club ;
lUer hooks
imall 8uck-
; enlargt'd

m beneath ;

enlarged 8

•e; enlarged

6 diameters;
Duter lateral

)w ; enlarged

il sequence;

w; enlarged
entral arm;

lb of the ten-
rom the teu-
t; 2 to 7 are

inner buccal |
lophore; nat-
ter; h, lower I

ted25diam<3-l
lonter lateral!

[231] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTIIEAStERN COAST OF AMERICA.

Figure 6. — The same speciiuen. Conuectivo cartiliigo from the haso of the Niniioii;
natural size.

Figure 7. — The same specimen. Transverse sectiouH of sorao of the arms ; ((, of dorsal ;
b, of second pair; o, of third pair; natural size. The suckers are omitted.

Figure 8. — The same spocimoii. Kings of suckers of tlie sessile arms, enlarged 2 diam-
eters ; a, a', side and front views of the 15th and 13th suckers of a ventral arm ; b, b',
side and front view of one of the largest suckers of a lateral arm ; c, <•', side and
front views of one of the larger suckers of a dorsal arm.

Figure 9. — The same specimen. Part of the border of one of the larger suckers ( I'ith)
of the second pair of arms ; more enlarged, showing part of the dentate edge of the
horny ring, with a portion of the circle of small iilates, attached to the moinbrauoua
border.

Figures 4 and 7 are by the author ; lig. 4 is .\ camcra-lucida drawing.

Plate XVIII.

Figure 1, la. — Ommastrephes illecebrosua V. Young male from Proviucetowu, Mass.
General figure of ventral side ; f natural size; l<i, club of the right tentacular arm,
front view ; 1^ natural size.

Figure 2. — The same. Club and part of tentacular arm, of a larger female specimen;
enlarged 1^ diameters.

Figure 3, 3a. — The same. Hectocotylized right ventral arm of a large male specimen,
from Eastport, Me., showing the sexual modification of the suckers and their
peduncles toward the end of the arm; 3a, transverse section of the modified por-
tion of the same.

Figure 4. — The same. Pen of a young specimen ; l^ natural size.

Figures 5 and 5a. — The same. Side and front views of a large sucker of the lateral
arms; enlarged f diameters.

Figures S and 6a. — The same. Side and front views of a smaller distal sucker of the
lateral arms ; enlarged ^ diameter.

Figure 7. — The same. 9 • Side view of the horny ring of one of the largest suckers
of the club; enlarged 3| diameters.

Figure 8. — The same. From Eastport, Mo. Part of the teeth of the odoutophore, in
their natural positions; enlarged 10 diameters; a, median teeth; b and b', inner lat-
eral teeth ; v, middle lateral teeth ; d, outer lateral teeth.

Plate XIX.

Figure 1. — Ommastrephea iUecebrosm. Male, ^ natural size. Opened on the ventral side.
The peritoneal membrane, most of the renal organs on the right side, and the repro-
ductive organs, except the testicle (t), have been removed. M, mantle cut open ;
F, caudal fin; P, posterior part of pen; S, stomach; S', ccpcal lobe; H, systemic
heart ; c, the eye ; 6, olfactory or nuchal crests ; d, siphon ; /, /, connective cartilages
on the base of the siphon ; f, f, connective cartilages of the mantle, which fit into
/, // m', lateral muscles of neck; g, g, gills; I, liver; i, ink-sac; h, intestine i»r rec-
tum ; ao, anterior aorta, going to head ; ho, efferent branchial vessel ; o, median ven-
tral artery of mautie; o', o', lateral arteries going to mantle and fins ; n h, branchial
auricles; v c, anterior vena-cava; vc", posterior vena-cava of left side (the right one
has been removed); r r, saccnlar ventral renal organs; r', more compact glandular
(renal) organ, connected with the posterior venas-cava? ; t, testicle or spermary ; p",
hooded posterior tip of pen, inclosing the end of the spermary. From on alcoholic
specimen.

Figure 2.— The same. Jaws ; enlarged li diameters ; a, superior ; b, inferior mandible.

Figure 3. — The same. Part of the' teeth of the odoutophore in their natural positions,

enlarged 25 diameters ; a, median teeth :
eral teeth ; d, outer lateral teeth.

6 and b', inner lateral teeth; c, middle lat-

ij- :« '

i'l;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [232]

Figure 4. — The Hume. Side view of the head aud Niphun, after removal of part of the
mantle, } natural size ; 1, 2, 3, 4, bases of Ist to 4th pairs of sessile arms ; ( a, base of
tentacular arm ; m, mantle ; b, b', olfactory crests around the ear ; d, siphon ; /, /,
one of the connective cartilages for attaching it to the mantle.

Figure 4a. — The same. Lateral connective cartilage, n, on the inside of the mantle,
which fits closely into the cartilage pit (/) on the base of the siphon.

Figures 5 and 5a. — The same. Side and front views of one of the larger suckers of
the lateral arms, enlarged 4 diameters.

Figures 6 and 6a. — The same. Side and front views of a smaller distal sucker of the
lateral arms ; enlarged 4 diameters.

Figure 3 is from a camera-lucida drawing by the author.

Plate XX.

Figure 1. — Ommmtrephes illecebroam Verrill. Female ; less than natural size. Letter-
ing as in Plate 19, figure 1, with the following additional letters: (", lower nuchal
facet, with the auditory pore ; u, urethreal openings in the peritoneal membrane,
communicating between the gill-caVity and the visceral cavity, containing the renal
organs, r, r; v c', lateral pallial veins, or venie-cavu! ; o v, ovary; o d,o d', right and
left oviducts ; op, the anterior opening ; o x, x x, nidamental glands.

Figure 2. — Loligo Pealei, var. pallida. Anatomy of the alimentary canal, &c. ; f nat-
ural size. The organs are shown nearlj' in a dorsal view, except the jaws, which
are viewed from the side aud in section ; b m, buccal membrane ; 8 m, section of supe-
rior mandible ; i m, of inferior mandible; o d, of odontophore, with teeth ; o e, o e',
oesophagus; a g, salivary glands; 8 d, salivary duct; g I, subcesophageal ganglion;
1 1, liver; ao, ao, anterior aorta, running parallel with the oesophagus along and
through the liver ; S, first stomach ; S', second stomach or coecal appendage ; S", third
stomach, strongly plicated within; A, intestine or rectum; h', anal orifice and papil-
Ite; i, ink-sac; i', orifice of its duct; H, ventricular heart; bo, cut end of one of
the branchio-cardiac vessels ; g o, genital artery, going to testicle ; so, ao, branches
of gastric artery ; t, testicle or spermary ; v d, vas deferens ; p r, prostate gland and
vosiculiB seminales; 8 a, spermatophore-sac ; p, 'penis' or efferent duct.

Plate XXI.

Figure 1. — Maatljoieuthia Jgaaaizii Verrill. Dorsal view ; slightly enlarged.
Figure 16. — The same. Pen ; ventral view ; enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure Ic. — The same. Side view of the same pen.

Plate XXII.

Figure 1. — CalUteuthia reversa Verrill. Ventral view ; natural size.

Figure la. — The same. Beak, buccal membranes and base of arms ; front view ; nat-
ural size.

Figure 16. — The same. One of the larger suckers from a lateral arm; much enlarged.

Figure Ic. — The same. Pen ; ventral view ; somewhat enlarged.

Figure 2. — Maatigoteuthia Agaasizii Verrill. Front view of the beak, buccal mem-
branes (b, d), and bases of the arms; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figure '2n. — The same. Side view of head, siphon, and anterior part of mantle,
showing the cartilage (c), on the inner surface of the mantle, which interlocks wit^-
c' on the base of the siphon; e, olfactory (?) papilla near the ear; p, an aqnifei'ous
pore (f) ; a, siphon ; ( a, base of tentacular arms; 1, 2, 3, 4, bases of corresponding
pairs of arms.

Figure 26. — The same. Portion from near the end of one of the tentacular arms ; en-
larged 16 diameters.

Figure 2c. — The same. Suckers from the tentacular arm ; much enlarged ; a, side
view ; a' and a", front views.

gans;

^ t

[232]

rt of tbc!
1, base of
ion ; /, /,

[) luautle,

uckers of

Ler of the

[2.').')] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN CO/.ST OF AMERICA.

li^Mirc "Jfi.— Till' Hniiie. Ouc of tho Huckers from tho mldd^.o of a lateral arm ; front
view ; much oulargod.

Figure ic, — The same. Three rows of teeth on luo radula, in their natural posi-
tions ; enlarged nearly 50 diameters.

I'LATK XXIII.

UMioteuthia Collituii Verrill.
Hpccimen ; 3 natural size.

Side view of the head and arms ; from tho preserved
Drawn by J. H. Emerton.

Plate XXIV.

I. Letter-
rer nuchal
aembrane,
^ the renal
, right and

kc; 4nat-
iws, which
on of supe-
h; oe, oe',
I ganglion;
along and
e;S", third
> and papil-
i of one of
to, branches
B gland and

, view ; nat-

jh enlarged.

uccal mem-

of mantle,
srlocks wil»-
n aquiferous
rresponding

ax arms ; en-

jed; a, aide

Figure l.—DeamoteuthU hyperborea V. Ventral view of a female ; J natural size.

Figure 2. — The same specimen. Dorsal view of the head and arms. Part of the arms
are imperfect.

Figure 2a. — The same. One of the arms, left of the third pair ; natural size.

Figure 2b. — The same. One of the larger suckers from the middle of third pair of
arms ; front view ; enlarged 8 diameters.

Figure 3. — Histioteuthis Collimii V. Original type. One of the tentacular arms;
front view ; f natural size.

Figure 4. — Beak of the same specimen ; a, upper ; b, lower mandible ; natural size.

Figure 5. — Suckers of the same specimen ; a, side, and a', front view of one of the
larger suckers of lateral arm ; h, side, and b', f^ont view of a distal sucker; enlarged
2i diameters.

Figure 6. — ^The same specimen. Teeth of the odontophore ; isolated and enlarged 25
diameters ; a, median ; b, inner lateral; o, and d, outer laterals ; e, marginal plate ;
k, g, and/, other views of the lateral teeth. The teeth are not drawn in their natu-
ral positions.

Figure 7.— The same specimen. Teeth on the radula in their natural positions ; en-
larged 22 diameters.
Figure 6 is from a camera-lucida drawing by the author.

Platk XXV.

Figure 1. — DesmoteuthU hypoborea Verrill. Female ; about 1 natural size. Specimen
opened on the ventral side. M, mantle ; F, caudal fin ; P, P', posterior part of pen ;
c, c, eyes; d, siphon; d o, aperture of same ; d", base and posterior entrance of same;
/', commissure attaching the siphon to the mantle laterally ; g, g, gills; i, ink-sac ;
S', first stomach, or gizzard ; S, S, lobes of stomach ; S", cocal lobe ; {, I, long, ta-
bular intestine, plicated within, and with clusters of follicular glands externally
along the sides ; h, rectum ; j, liver ; H, systemic heart or ventricle ; b o, branchial
efferent vessels ; a, u, branchial auricles ; v o", posterior vena-cava ; r', renal or-
gans ; or, ovary ; o v', some ovitles larger than the rest ; op, op', right and left ovi-
ducts; ac', nidamental glands of the oviducts ; xx, xx', accessory nidamental glands.
From a somewhat mutilated specimen.

Figure la. — The same. Pen ; ventral view ; i natural size.

Plate XXVI.

I Figure 1. — Loligo Pealei Lesueur. Female from Vineyard Sound. Ventral view ; f
natural size ; 1, dorsal arms ; 2, 3, 2d and 3d lateral arms ; 4, ventral arms ; t, ten-
tacular arms; a, ventral olfactory crests around the ear ; e, eye; p, aquiferous pore ;
8, siphon.

I Figtire 2. — The sa'me. Tentacular arm of a large male ; enlarged 1^ diameters.

I Figiires 3, 3a. — Front and side views of the heotocotylized left ventral arm of a male,
showing the sexual modifications of the suckers and their peduncles, toward the
tip ; enlarged 1^ diameters.

,;1„ , , ji-U

'HI

It,

.^^

'i'iA\ '

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER 01' FIHII AND FISHERIES. [234]

Figure 4.— T'lOHuiiH'. Fcmulo; fntut view of this Ix-uk iiiul Imccul iiicinbrancs; uat-
ural h'/,;- • m, inuntliblcH; /, inner fold ; <; Hecontl fold of the buccftl mnmbrane ; a,
d'UHal; b, c, laccial; d, ventral an^liw of tho oiitcr buccal inenibraue, with their
Biiiull suckcMH • », i)oculiur horHcmluM'-Hhapcd tubercle, for tlio attaclimcnt of the sper-
niatoplioroH dii -ing copnlation.

1'l.ATK XXVII.

Figure 1. — Loliyo I'ealci, viir. borraliM. FcniuleHpocinieti, from Annitiqiiani, MaHs. Pen;
natural Hize. ReprcHented aa tlattened to hIiow the full width of the thin portiou.

Figure 2. — Loliijo I'ealei Lch. Female Hpecimen, from Vineyard Hound. Pen ; natu-
ral Hize ; reprcHented an before in the Haiue nuinner.

Figure 3. — The same. Pen of a young Hjiocimen from Vineyard Sound ; natural size,
Itnproscnted in the Hame way.

Figure 4. — Tlio same. Pen of a male ; } natural Mize. Viewed in the Hame mauuvr
Od flguroa 1 and 2.

Figure 4a. — The same. Pen ; side view of tip ; enlargetl.

Figure 5*. — Loligo Oahi D'Orb. Pen ; | natural size.

PlATf' XXVIIl.

Figure 1. — Loligo PeaJd, var. pallida Verrill. Male, from Ausonia, N. Y. Dorsal
view ; about i natural size.

Figure 2. — The same. Pen ; about J natural size.

Figure;!. — Tlie same. Male. Suckers enlarged 3 diameters ; 6', front view of tenlli,
from third arm ; b, side view of the same ; c, side view of the horny ring of the
fifth large sucker of the tentacular club ; c', front view of the same.

B^igure 4. — ^The same. Female. Suckers : a, lateral, and a', front view of tenth
sucker from the third pair of arms; e, t'io, and c', front view of the fifth large
sucker of the tentacular arm ; enlarged 3 diameters.

Figure 5. — The same. Upper mandible : a, rostnun or tip of the beak ; b, the notch;
0, the inner end of ala ; d, the fro:ii<dl lamina ; c, the palatine lamina ; a b, the cut-
ting edge of beak ; h c, anterior or cutting edge of ala.

Figure 5a. — The same. Lower mandible: a, rostrum; ab, cutting edge ; be, anterior
edge of ala ; d, meuiMm or chin; c, gular lamina.

Figure G. — The sanrit-. T&rt of the teeth of the odontojdiore ; enlarged 50 diameters;
a, median tooth, front vi>'w; o, udxt to outer lateiai teeth ; d, outer lateral teeth;
e, marginal plates ; all ar ) in their natural positions, except a.

Figure 7. — The same. Portion of the radula ; enlarged 22 diameters.

Figure 8. — Loligo Pealei, Portion of the radula ; enlarged about 20 diameters.

Figures 9, 9a. — ^Tho same. Male ; side and front views of the horny rmg of one of
the marginal suckers of the tentacular club ; enlarged 10 diameters.

Figure 10. — Teeth on the lining membrane of the palate ; enlarged 25 diameters.

Figure 11. — Chiroteuthia lacertosa. One of the tentacular suckers; front view; en-
larged 75 diameters.

Figure 11a. — The same sucker, with pedicel; front view ; enlarged 22 diameters.
Figures 5 and 5a were drawn by the author ; figure 9 was drawn by J. H. Blake,
from nature ; the rest, by J. H. Emerton.

Plate XXIX.

Figure 1. — Loligo Pealei, var. pallida. Male. Ventral view ; about f natural size,
The mantle has been cut open, a little to one side of the median •line ; most of the I
peritoneal membrane has been removed. C, lower side of head ; M, mantle ; F, [
caudal fin ; a, lachrymal pore ; a', muscles ; b, olfactory crests ; o, eye ; d, siphon,
cut open ; d", cavity of siphon ; e, valve of siphon ; /, one of the connective carti-
lages of the siphon ; /, one of the connective cartilages of the mantle, in tho form I

-.v'

E8. [234] I [235] CKPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

nbnmca; uat-
riPinbrane ; a,
lu', with tbeir
nt of the sper

n, Mass. Pen;
) thiu portiou. ^ |
1. Pen; nntu-

; natural size.

I (tame mouuct

N. Y. Dorsnl

; view of toulli,
rny ring of the

view of tenth
• the fifth large

i; b, the notch;
la ; ab, the cut-

ge ; b c, anterior

Bd 50 diameters;
er lateral teeth;

iameters.
ring of one of

diameters,
front view ; en-

i diameters,
by J. H. Blake,

J natural size,

ine ; most of the

M, mantle ; F,

eye ; d, siphou,

Bonnective carti-

intle, in tho form

of II ridge, fitting into the siphonal cartilage; g, left gill ; h, rectum ; h', termina-
tion of the intestine or rectum ; i, ink-»ac ; (', duct of ink-wio ; /, portion of livor,
in positiim ; in', w»', muHcnla'° colamns connecting the hea<l and siphon with dorsal
portion of the body ; H, s.' stemio heart, or ventricle, crossed l>y the artery of tho
ink-siic ; a o, bnlboiis base of anterior aorta ; o, ventral palliul artery, or in<>dian
branch of the posterior a(»rta, supplying tho ventral parts of tlie mantle ; <>', one of
the caudal arteries or latv al branches of tho posterior aorta going to the caudal fin
and posterior parts of the mantle; a u, a u, branchial auricles; b r, atl'crent vessel
going to tho gills ; b o, efferent branchial vessels, returning the blood to the ventri-
cle, their swollen basal portions acting as auricles; v o, anterior vena-cava; r, r,
ventral renal organs, two ventral sacculated branches of the vena-cava (on the left
side, the vein from the ink-sac and rectum is shown); >■', r', two pyriform renal or-
gans, or sacculated and glandular portions of the posterior venie-cavte, directly con-
nected with r, r; r, v o', lateral pallial veins, going to the dorsal sacculated divi-
sions of the vemc-cavie ; v c", v o", two posterior venie-cavie, returning from tho
caudal fin and mantle ; S, the first stomach, or gizzard ; S', large, saccular cwcal ap>
pendago of the stomach ; S", glandular, plicated stomach, in continuation with tho
anterior portion of S' ; (, spermary or testicle ; p r, prostate gland, with the vesi-
culie-seminales and apermatophore-sac ; p, efferent spenn-duct or ' penis ' ; P, pos-
terior portion of the pen.

Figure 2. — The same. Dorsal view of the reproductive organs, part of the renal or-
gans, heart, etc., dissected out. The lettering is as in figure 1, with the following
additions: r d, » d', vaa-deferens, closely folded upon itself ; ca, vesiculiD-seminales;
as, spermatophore-sac ; po, genital artery; (fo, spennatic artery and vein; p t, part
of peritoneal membrane.

Figure 3. — Loligi "^'alei. Female In the breeding season. Oviduct, filled with ova, dis-
sected out. 'al view, about ^ natural size ; v o, commencement of convoluted,
thin membrf ^rtion of oviduct ; o d, entrance to glandular portion ; o d', gland-
ular portion of oviduct, surrounded by the large, laminated gland, x', the arterial
vessels of which have been injected ; op, orifice of the oviduct.

Figui Q 3a. — The same specimen, seen from tho dorsal side.
Figures 2, 3 and 3a are from drawings by the author.

Plate XXX.

Figure 1. — Loligo Pealei, Embryo taken from the egg, ventral view, much enlarged ;
a, a, a, ventral arms, tentacular arms, and third pair of sessile arms ; c, c, eyes on
stout peduncles or lobes from the sides of the head ; in, mantle-edge ; h, branchial
auricles ; y, unabsorbed yolk-mass.

Figure 2. — ^The same. An embryo, within the egg, somewhat more advanced than
figure 2, side view, less enlarged. The lettering is as in figure 2, with the follow-
ing additions: a', second pair of arms; a", third pair; a'", tentacular arms ; a"",
ventral arms; a, orifice of siphon; o, otoliths; /, radimentary caudal fins. Chro-
matophores are developed on the mantle.

Figure 3. — The same. \u embryo at the period of hatching. Ventral view, enlarged
about 15 diameters. The yolk-sac (y) is nearly absorbed ; o', third pair of sessile
arms; t a, tentacular arms ; va, ventral arms; b, beak; {, odontophore; r, teeth on
the radula; «, siphon ; o t, otolith; m, mantle ; /, caudal fin ; ff, g', gills ; /, ink-sac ;
t, rectum ; /*', h', branchial auricles ; «, u', rudiments of tho stonmch.

Figure 4. — The same. Young, just hatched, seen as a transparent object, enlarged
6 diameters; from a specimen raised from the eggs at Newport, R. I., August
5th. Ventral view; a', tho third pair of arms; t a, tentacular arms; ra, ven-
tral arms ; the suckers show on <a, the tentacular arms ; b, the beak ; 1, odontophoro ;
e, the eye ; /, caudal fin ; g, gill ; h, ventricle of the heart ; k', h', branchial auri-
cles ; i, ink-bag ; m, mantle ; o t, otoliths ; a, siphon ; a', base of siphon ; t, end of in-
testine ; u, stomach ; y, portion of yolk-sac, not yet absorbed. The chromatophores
are omitted. .

li ii:

;,:i

KEPORT or COMMISSIONER OF EISH ANT) TIGHERIES. [236]

Figure 5. — The same, i somewhat older larva, takcu swimmiug a.t the surface.
Dorsal view ; enlarged about 7 'liameters. The dorsal arras are still very small ;
the tentacular arms are much the largest ; the chromatophores are largo and sym-
metrically arranged, but only a part of th'3m are shown in the figure ; the caudal
fins do not reach the posterior end.

Figure 6. — The same. Young female. Dorsal view of a specimen taken at Newport,
S. I., in August. Enlarged 2 diameters. From a fresh specimen.

Figure 7. — The same. One of the egg-cajisules, slightly enlarged.

Figure 8. — The same. A very young embryo, earlier than figure 1 ; dorsal view ; a,
rudiments of the arms; o, otoliths; 8, inner folds of the siphon; g- rudiments of the
gills; c, "eye-stalks," or swellings of the sides of the head; m, mantle; p, shell-
area; y, yolk.
Figures 1 and 2 are from camera-drawings by the author; figure 8 is copied from
Brooks; the rest are by J. H. Emerton.

Plate XXXI.

■■!} r

Figure 1. — Loligo Peald. Portion of middle of club, showing the four rows of suck-
ers ; enlarged 4 diameters. From an individual having larger suckers than uimal.

Figure 2. — The same. Portion of the middle of tho tentacular club of a specimen
from the same lot and of nearly the same size as figure 1, but having small tentacu-
lar suckers ; enlarged 4 diameters ; a, a', largest median suckers ; h, b', lateral suck-
ers.

Figure 3. — The same. Portion of the homy ring and marginal denticles of one of the
large median suckers of the tentacular club; much enlarged.

Figure 4. — Loligo hrevU Bv. Female. Dorsal view ; natural size.

Figur > 4a. — The same specimen. Pen ; na^^ural size.

Figure 4i>. — The same. Portion of horny ring and marginal scalcb of one of the large
tentacular suckers ; much enlarged.

Figure 4c, — The same sucker; l-r''8 enlarged; front view. From a mounted specimen
which, by contracting, has everted the denticulated border of the rim.

V-.', i:',...':l

Plate XXXII.

Figure 1. — Chiroti'ithis lacvitoaa Verrill. One of the tentacular arms, outer side; natu-
ral size.

Figure la. — The sume. Front view of club ; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figure 16. — The jame. One of the suckers, front view ; enlarged 10 diameters.

Figure 2.— Loligo Pedlei, var. horealis. Female, in tho breeding season. Ventral view;
about I natural size. The mantle bas been cut open nearly in the median line and
the peritoneal n: embrane partly removed. The lettering is the same as iu figure 1 of
PI. XXIX, with the following additions: 1, 2, 3, 4, first, second, third, and fourth
pairs of sessile 'j,rms : t a, tentacular arms ; d', external orifice of siphon; o v, ov',
ovary, mostly concealed by the oviduct ; v o, commencement of glandular portion of
oviduct; x', large gland surrounding the oviduct; od', anterior portion of oviduct;
op, orifice of oviduct; xx, pair of la'^e, ventral, laminated, uidamental glands; x,
pair of folliculated and mottled, accessory uidamental glands; u, one of the uretli-
ral openings of the peritoneal membrane.

Figure 3. — The same. Section of gill; enlarged about 8 diameters; a, one of the
lamella; with the efferent vessel along its edge; a', its outer end; bo, the main
efferent or branchio-cardiac vessel, returning the blood to the heart ; b v, the main
branchial vein, or efferent vessel; b, one of tho branches supplying a lamella; v,
another vein in the muscular stem, c; d, membrane uniting the gill to the mantle;
e, membrane running across the dorsal side of the gill.

S. [236] I [237] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

be surface.

verjr small ;

go and sym-

tho caudal

at Newport,

sal view ; a,
inents of the
le; p, shell-
copied from

IW8 of 8uck-
(han uimal.
a specimen
mil tentacu-
lateral suck-

af one of the

of the large
Bd specimen

Tside; natn-

metcrH.
entral view ;
lian lino and
tu figure 1 of
and fourth
on; V, ov',
ar portion of
1 of oviduct;
il glands; x,
?f the uretli-

one of the

0, the main

b V, the main

1 lamella; t<,

the mantle ;

Plate XXXIII.

Figure 1. — HeteroteuthU tenera Verrill. Front view of male ; enlarged 2 diameters.
Figures la, lb. — The same. Front and side views of one of the larger suckers of the

lateral arms of the same specimen; more enlarged.
Figure 2. — The same. Jaws, side view; enlarged 4 diameters; a, superior; b, inferior

mandible.
Figure 2a. — Tbu same. Tentacular club; enlarged 5 diameters.
Figure2b.— The same. Pen; enlarged 6 diameters.
Figure 2c. — ^The same. Part of the radnla; much enlarged.
Figure 2d. — The same. Part of the ri»dula ; more enlarged.
Figtire'3. — The same. Dorsal view of a male; enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 3a. — The same. One of the larger marginal suckers of the tentacular club,

front view ; much enlarged.

Figure 3b. — ^The same. Portion of the margin of the sucker, more enlarged, to show

the scales.

Plate XXXIV.

Figure 1.-
Figuro la.
Figure 2.-
Figure 2a.

larged.
Figure 2b.

larged.
Figure 3.-
Figure 4.-
Figure .'5 .-

ample;
Figure 6.-

SeterdieuthU tenera Yeriill. Dorsal view of female ; enlarged 2 diameters.

— The same. A group of eggs; enlarged 2 diameters.

-Sotaia aublevU Yerrill. f . Dorsal view ; natural size.

— The same. One of the suckers of the tentacular club, side view ; much en-

— The same. Marginal scales on the edge of the same sticker ; more en-

-The same. Pen, ventral view ; enlfirged 6 diameters.*

-The same. Ventral view ; enlarged 1^ diameters. ' '■'

—The same. One of the arms of the third pair, from another female ex-

eulitrged 3 diameters.

-The same. Corresponding arm of the male ; enlarged 3 diameters.

Plate XXXV.

Figure I. — HUtioteuthia Collinaii Verrill. One of t'le largest median suckers of the

tentacular club ; side view ; enlarged 4 diameters.
Figure la. — The same. One of the suckers from next to the outer row, of the same

club'; enlarged 4 diameters.
Figures. — Roaria Hyatti Verr.ll. Side viev of young male; enlarged 1| diameters;

from life.

Figures. — Rowia »ie^aj><cro ^'errill. Female : dorsal view ; natural size.

Figure 4. — The same. Suckers; enlarged 22 diameters ; o, front view of one of the

largest from the third pair of arms ; b, c, if, three suckers from the tentaoulav club.
Figure 5. — Roaaia Hyatti Verrill. Egg containing an embryo ; enlarged 6 d^amcteis.

The shaded portion represents the yolk .^till remaining unabsorbed.
Figure 6. — The same. Pen ; enlarged 6 diameters.

Plate XXXVI.

Figure 1. — Stoloteuthia leucoptera Verrill. Male ; from a specimen taken in 1879 ; en-
larged li diameters.

Figure la. — ^The same specimen. Male; upper lateral iirni, showing the greatly en-
larged, middle suckers; enlarged 4 diameters.

Figure 2. — ILe same. Young female , ventral view ; enlarged 3 diameters.

Figure 3. — Roasia Hyatti Verrill. A young apocimen ; enlarged 1| diameters.

Figure 4. — The same. Adult female ; dorsal view ; enlarged 1^ diameters.

Figure 5. — The same. Female ; suckers ; enlarged *i2 diameters ; a, one of the largest
from third pair of arms, side view ; b, c, two forms of suckers iVom the tentacular
club.

Figure 6. — The same. Lateral arm of ". male ; enlarged 3 diameters.

, « >

['1

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [238]

Plate XXXVII.

Figure 1. — Bo8»ia Hyatti Yerrill. Female ; ventral view of the head and arms ; en«

larged 3 diameters.
Figure 2. — Bosaia aublevis Yerrill. Female; ventral view of the head and arms; en*

laiged 3 diameters.

Plate XXXVIII.

Figure 1. — Stauroteuthii* ayrtenais Verrill. Dorsal view ; i'o natural size.
Figure 2. — The same. Lower side of head; a, siphon; e, eye; a, the auditory pore.
Figure 3. —The same. The siphon, turned back.

Figures 4 and 5.— The same. Superior and inferior mandibles ; enlM'ged 2} diameters,
'"his plate was drawn by the author, from the alcoholic specimen, except figures 4
and 5, which ar^ by J . fl. Emerton.

Plate XXXIX.

, ;«*^*

Figure 1. — AUopoaua mollia Verrill. Young male; side view, showing the sac contain-
ing th*^ hectocotylized arm, cut open, so as to expose the partially developed arm;
i natural size.

Figure la. — The same specimen. Hectocotylized arm removed from the sac ; enlarged
2 diameters. *

Figure 1. — The same. Young female ; ventral view ; i natural size.

Figure 2a. — The same specimen. Dorsal view; | natural size.

Plate XL.

Figure 1. — Octopua piacatorumYeTrill. Female; original type. Ventral view; | natu-
ral size.
Figure la. — rhe same specimen. Qorsal viev.

Figure 2 — Paraaira catenulata Steenst. Femal* ; front view ; i natural size.
Figure 2a. — The same specimen. Side view of body and head ; | natural size.

Plate XLI.

Figure 1. — Octopua Bairdii Verrill. Male ; ventral view ; natural size ; h, terminal
spoon-shaped organ of the hectocotylized arm ; i, the groove along the lower side of
the arm.

Figure la. — ^^he same specimen. Hectocotylized arm ; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figure 2. — Hh^ ^ne. Male ; figured in the act of swimming ; dorsal view ; a, termi-
nal spoon of hectocotylized arm. From a living specimen ; nearly natural size.

Figure 3. — Ootopm Bairdii var. Verrill. Side view of a young male, enlarged about
1} diameters.

Figure 3a. — The name specimen. Terminal appendage of the hectocotylized arm ;
more enlarged.

PL.1TE XLII.

I'igure 1. — Ootojnia Bairdii Verrill

natural size.
Figure 2. — ^The same.
Figure 3. — The same.
Figure 4. — The same.
Figure 5, — The same.

Male ; dorsal view from a li^ mg specimen ; nearly

Side view, from life ; nearly natural size.

Jaws; «, superior; i, inferior maudibles; enlarged 2 diamet^ra.

Portion of odontophoro ; enlarged 22 diameters.

Spermatophores. A, one with the inner sac (S) partly extruded;
t, the point from which the extension commences ; enlarged 1^ diameters ; B, another
spermatophore in its original condition ; a, filament at large end ; b, filament at
small end
Figure 6. — Octopus obeaua Verrill. Male ; original type. Uasal portion of one of the
lateral arms, to show the arraugoment of suckers; enlarged IJ diameters.

. [238]

anus; en«
anns; cn-

ory pore.

\ diameters,
pt fignies 4

jac contain-
elopod arm ;

c; enlarged

lew ; I natu-

ize.
1 size.

; h, terminal
lower Hide of

iters.

w ; o, termi-
tural size,
larged about

tylizod arm;

imen ; nearly

1 2 diameters.

■tly extruded;
a; B,anotlicr
6, filament at

of one of the
crs.

[239] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMERICA.

Figure 6a. — The same. Terminal portion of the hectocotylized arm; enlarged 2

diameters.
Figure 7. — AllopoBut mollis Yerrill. Part of a large mutilated specimen. Portion of

an arm, with slickers, from near the base : natural size.

Plate XLIII.

Figure 1. — Octopus lentus Verrill. Female ; original specimen. Ventral view ; f natu-
ral size.
Figure 2. — The same specimen. Dorsal view ; f natural size.

Plate XLIV.

Figure 1. — Allojtosiis mollis Verrill. An entire, detached, mature hectocotylized arm;

i natural size.
Figure 2. — Octopus lentus Verrill. Side view of a male ; enlarged about 1^ diameters.
Figure 3.—Eledone verrucosa Verrill. Side view of a male ; J natural size.
Figure 3a. — ^The same specimen. Distal portion of the hectocotylized arm, to the edge

of the basal web, showing the terminal appendage and the lateral groove.

Plate XLV.

Figure 1. — Lestoteuthis Fabrieii V. One of the tentacular arms ; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figure la. — The same. The larger claw ; side view.

Figure 16. — The same. Lateral arm ; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figures 16', 16". — The Si^me. One of the hooks; enlarged 4 diameters.

Figure Ic. — The same. Portion of ventral arm ; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figure Id. — The same. Pen, ventral view ; a little less than natural size.

Figure 2. — Desntoteuthis tenera V. General figure of male, dorsal view ; natural size.

Figure 2a. — The same. Teeth of odontophorc ; enlarged 22 diameters.

Figure 26. — The same. One of the larger suckers of the lateral arms; front view; en-
larged 8 diameters.

Figure 2c. — The same sucker ; side view.

Figure 2(1. — Valve-like apparatus within basti of siphon; larger than natural size; S,
orifice of siphon ; m, median organ ; i', lateral papilla, and i, medio-dorsal papilla;
n, n', lateral cushions.

Figure 3. — Brachioteuthis Beanii Verrill. Dorsal view of the male ; natural size.

Figiire 3o. — The same. Pen, ventral view ; enlarged slightly.

Figure 36. — The same. Teeth of the radula ; enlarged 22 diameters.

Figure 4. — Desmoteuthis hyperborea. Side view of one of the large suckers of the 3d
pair of arms ; side view ; enlarged 8 diameters.

Figure 4o. — The same. Peculiar organs on the interior of the medio-dorsal side of
the base of the siphon ; enlarged 2 diameters ; i, median, i', lateral papiilcc.

Figure 5. — Chiroteuthis lacertosa V. Youug female. One of the suckers of the ten-
tacular arms ; front view ; enlarged 22 diameters.

Figure 6. — Histioteuthis ColUnsH. One of the larger suckers of the median rows of
the tentacular club ; side view ; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figure 6a. — The same. One of the suckers of the snblateral rows of the tentacular
club.

Plate XLVI.

Figure 1. — Chiroteuthis /aoerfosa Verrill. Dorsal vi':w of the male; a little less than
three-quarters natural size ; t a, stump of one of the tentacular arms, with a few
of the sessile suckers remaining.

Figure la.— The same. Ventral view of the pen ; enlarged about 3 diameters.

t^'dfy'

,» -» la

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [240]

R<ip

^J'i'

Figure la'. — The same. Section of the anterior part of the pen; la", section of the

posterior part of the pen ; mnch enlarged.
Figure 16. — The same. Connective cartilage of siphon j enlarged 3 diameters.
Figure Ic. — ^The same. Lateral connective cartilage of mantle.
Figures Id, le. — The same. One of the larger suckers of the 3d pair of arms ; front and

side views; enlarged 6 diameters.
Figure ]/. — The same. Papilla, or rhmophore, from behind and below the eye ; en-
larged 3 diameters.
Figure 2. — Braohioteuthis Beanii Y. Connective cartilage of the mantle ; enlarged.
Figure 2a. — ^The same. Lateral connective cartilage of the siphon ; enlarged.
Figure 3. — De»motmthi» tmera V. Tentacular arm ; enlarged 3 diameters.

!•

Rtiport U, 8. F. C. 1879.— Veirill. CephaiopoUa.

PLATE I.

,Xo. :i(:i),

•■•■••V .•;.;. x-f;:*^:

■■'■J':'

v«.iQn.

1 •&■

-'iM

ir^;.

-.jfi

• 5 'a

I-

. •■ ;v.t .u •

Report U. 8. F. C. 187».— Verrill. Cephalopoda.

Pi ATB n.

■'#'•

Vt natnral size.

lit

^ ■*=»•■

'^L

■Hi

iv'

., H ■■

■ft

fiS

Itoport T7 S. F. C. 1879.— VerrilL Ceplwlo|HMU.

PLATE nZ.

I If

ill

f 1

^'?

»di

Report U. 8. F. C. 1879.— V«rrill. Cephalopod*.

1024.

'■ ; .' ''■'

■:'.'.V-

V ; ■ ';■■

y ')

in ■ '

Id* port

uy/^y

• ,f

rlli'r

l(»port IT. 8. V. C. 1S.T»— Verrill. Ceplwlopada.

PZiATB ▼.

MihlUU.

No. ion.

111

so.u2a.

. m

Beport U. S. F. G. 1870 VerriU. Coiihulopoils.

FI.ATIJ VI.

No. 1033.

No. 1037.

No. 1031

S' .

J, H'CMIRTQN rnOH NATUNe,

WM.P, nOflrMRUP kCO., SurFALO.N. f.

|1r>-"'^

f'f-4., ■

,i' >^

Keport XT. S. F. C. 1878.— Verrlll. Cephalopoda.

PLATE Vn.

T4M

lit i '

'1 1' <;1

If -I

t,-

»ei

:t.,i-

■r'^'^- -

Report IT. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrlll. Cephalopoda.

PZiATB VUL

Report U. S. F. C. 1879.— VerrUl. Cephidopoda.

PLATE IZ.

XIX

Na.aO|j.

No. lUlt.

■■aM

'. //. limei'toH &* jt. Ji. Vcnritt/rivn tutturi.

ll'm.J'.j\orthruf Q- Co.UHsravirs,BHffiiIo,N.l' .

iil

Report n. 8. F. C. 1879.— VerrlU. Cepluaopods.

PLATE Z.

ira.lOS(.

U 'li'

Bepi

frH'.'s!

.'. •*

1 If

Bepiwt n. S. F. C. 1879.— VerrtU. CephftlopoOa.

PLATE XI.

^ii^^

Koport U. H. r. C. l«7>.-VwriU. On]

pxtAm zzz.

Rep<

Report n. 8. F. C. 1A79.— VeiTill. Cephalopoda.

PLATE xni.

;/ ••

."I

No. 1080.

Keport

1 '

k-ij

/
/

/
//

.-''. //. Mmerton ^

mmmmmmmi

liepoi't U. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Cephalopoda.

PLATE XIV.

No. 1081.

7, If. JStiicrt'ii Cf' A. li. Vtnilt. from nature.

tl'i/i. P. Northriif & C«„ Jln^rnrcrs. Buffalo, 2\'. y.

'I*

-R

■ IIHM11IIIIIWIIII

RBHI

K43pcrt U. S. v. C. 187».~VeiTiU. Copbalopods.

PLATE XV.

145;?

144T

145)

Na.ll(U.

SLIb

1450

14B* ^

(CI

y MM

»eport U. S. F. C. 1879.-

-VerriU.

Cephalopoda.

j^ «"

^^^m

^'"^^

"W "'

^ »o. 1062.

No. 11)63.
10

PLATE XVI.

l-fl' J

:-a i >

■I

|!' ■.

( ••

M'!i<.-:' ' •• ,'

Keport U. S. K. U. 1879.— Vecrill. CephalopoUs.

PLATE XVn.

Wo. 1057-

>'o. 1058.

li'l'S

, i

imn

Report U. S. F. C. 1870.— Veirlll. Cephalopoda.

PLATB XVm.

u .■:>')

-Nn. 11170.

JTo. 1089

Ao. Iu7l

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

'^^ ^ ^.. ^^^ i^

1.0 :- "-

,'.. 132

I.I

1.25

M 12.5

112.2

1^ illlio

I!!

1.4

1.6

w m

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

4^^

L1?

}3 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4S03

: ^'' igtrt

(

Keport U. S. F. C. 1S79.— VerrUl. Cephalopoda.

PLATE

1^0.0074

[1 I

' r

.::ii

R«

inv

l*:i

Seport TT. S. F. C. 1879.— Venill. Cephalopoda.

PLATE JLX,

iiiitiisi

B«port U. K F. C. 1879.— VurriU. Ci-phalopods.

PLATE XXZ.

.■'.zry^

1 1

B«port U. S. F. C. 1870.— VerriU. CepbaloiMKl*.

PLATE XZn.

i f\

ill

i:si

linf

: * *!

Bcport U. S. F. C. 1870.— Vi-rrUl. Cepbalnpmla.

FLATS ZXZn.

m
"I

Sfil

^1 ■

Report

3 y

J}.

Na.li

,;1

Report U. 8. F. C. I870.-Vorrtll. Ci!plialu|MMla.

PLATE XXIV,

It!

m
m

■;U H

B«port U. S. F. C. 1870.~yerrm. Cephalopoda.

PLATE XZV.

I ' I

It ■ fi

' i

1459

Report I

1 /;3

' B

1 m

v&^

'\ik.

ifi

X"" rf~

Bepoit U. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Cephklopoda.

PLATS XXVI,

1
r

; <■

?S; ■

lib

ill

i 1

* 1

1^^

iiil

lie

|%! ,1

Keport TJ. S. F. C. 1879.— VerrlU. CephaloiMxIii.

PLATE XXVII.

■^i is:!'

1 m

B«^ V. 6. F. 0. 1879.— VertUl. Oephalopodi.

PLATE XXVIII.

N0.U02,

ii -

Report U. 8. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Cepbalopods.

PLATE ZXIZ.

Bepor

Report U. S. F. C. 1870;— VerrOL Cephalopoda.

PLATB TTT.

: ,'1

Report U. S. r. C. 1870.— Venill. CephklopmU.

PLATB XXXI.

> i

■ '1

Beport U. S. T. C. 1870.— Verrill. Cephalopoda.

PLATE XZXn.

t'< m

1140

Keport IT. S. F. C. 1379.— Ve-riU. Cephalopoda.

PLATE XXXni.

« ...:.:,v.,,,.;iS^r:'

'MWm

\Wmmm

'fliffl

I ■;■■■'

!W6

Beport U. S. F. C. 1870.— Verrill. Cephalopoda.

PLATE Toaav.

1464

lias

JJo. 1090.

*
' I '

I i

' .

t'i^'t

1470

Bcpi)rt U. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Cephalopoda,

PLATE XXXV.

11'

■M^

Report V. 8. F. C. 187B.— Verrill. Cephalopoda.

PLATE XZXVT.

1489

Nn. insn.

h:'.' 7

lie

Report U. 8. F. C. 187B.--VerrlU. Ccplmlopodi.

PLATE XZZVn.

No. IU9I .

No. 10B2.

Kir f

R«p

'.1 i

■d^£. y err lit J

B«port U. 8. F. C. 187».— VerrlU. Crplirtlopo<:i».

PLATE XXXVUL

A^£, ytrriUJront nature,

rVm. P. Narthrut & Co.,£it£ravers, £ujalo, N. Y.
)

Keport V. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Cephalopoda.

PLATE XXXIX.

Uepo

W !'

Keport U. 8. F. C 1879.— VerriU. Cephalopoda.

PLATE XL.

II';

Kepori V. S. F. C. 1879 ^VerrilL Cephalopoda.

PLATB XLI.

1480

148-^

XJ,?^

Keport 11. 8. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Oephnlopods.

PLATE ZLn.

Seport T7. B. F. C. 1879 Verrill. Cephalopoda.

PLATE XTiTTT.

f> V

Jfn. niw.

Wm.J>.!{orthrup Cf Co..j:ngravtrs.S>iffaUiN,y,

Report V. S. F. C. 1870.— Vemll. Cpplmloj mU

PLATE XLIV.

f I

«MBMMn»—

•UMiateaiMM

Rtiport V. 8. F. C. 1870.— Verrill. Cppbolopodi.

PLATE ZLV.

Keport U. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Ccphaloi)o<l».

PLATE ZLVI.

!''' II

i!' i

Pai

Part

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pajre.
Pakt T. — The gifiantic squidH (Architeuthit) imd their allies; withob' .: 'vationson Hiniiliir large

speciert i'rom foroign loealities. - [1]

General dfacription of the sevnral Amt^riran specimens, and of their occurrence. . . [n]

(/'omparativo measurements of the specimi'ns [2'i]

Special descriptions of the Atlantic coast species [23]

Observations on the specimens described from foreign localities:

A. — Atlantic Ocean species [51]

B. — Kxainples fomi t he Indian Oci'an and Now Zealand [63]

C— Examples fmm 1 lie North Pacific [05]

I). — Note on large species of Octopus [71]

Part II. — Mcmofiraphic revision of the (Cephalopoda of the Atlantic coiUlt, from Cape Hatteras

to Newfoundland [73]

Dibranebiata [73]

Ordeu I. — Decacera [".')]

Order 11.— Octopoda [177]

Supplement [199]

Conspectus of the families, genera, and species of Cephalopoda included in tliis paper . [221 ]

Explanation of plates . [220]

Index [243]

[241]

Architinit
■Arrhitoutl
Arj?onautii
Arjfonauta
-A^i'gouauta
At wood, Ca
Baird, Prof,
'^iiiiquoreau

^^•'lUiolot, Ji
"lake, J. JI .
IJoiiii vista J{|

VI '.vi.')

f*"ii,V< r, M.. 1

Israel) ioteiitL

Biachioteiith

Brigiis spccii]

C:il]itputlii»

Cnllitouthis o

Calliteuthis n

Cftrapbeli, Cap

i:isrr)Ex.

■Abralla Page.

•Acanthotenthis.... 89

■Aiotiibnlifera • 70

-AKassiz, A 73

;^li">ka, examples from 73

Alocton •• encounter wlth'sqmd ^' -^' "^

-ilepidosaurna fe,ox H 55

Alloposidas 16, 20, 124

Alloposus 180, 225

Capo^Sab.eapeci.eMStbenotenthU.egnp.^'''^''

Catalii

180,255
181, 225
128
219
208
150

197

70
00
7:f

^llopoeus mollis

-^iK'istrotouthis "

■Antepedm

Arcbiteufbis

Aichit.Mitbis Boiiy,,n "''' ^^'*' '""• 2-':

^••'■liitrutbis ,lux . . 24 25 --,, m VJ "'^' ^~'

ArcUiu-uthis grandis ' ' ^**' "-' ^'"'' -""• 2:':^
Arcl,it,.uf|,i.s Hariin-ii -""---'

'■'■''''•"""^"'•-■^'■^7;8:Hi5.ir2/Vr;:f
«.H4o,52,5,5=ro2!'^:;;

A '•obitoutlus me(rapt,.ra '"*• ^'"'' ^""' -^''^ -'2-'

Arcbiteuthu mo„acbu« ::23:24;25:5,:n2, 53, 5 ;r

-'00, L'L'o

8.11,13,14,15,10,24 r, 07

33.34,41, 43, 60, ,52, 59, 114'

199, 200, 221, 222

25,51

2."J,]99,o22

182, 225

sis ,n, '^'""'"'■•"tbis IacoM,„«„

Arcbitontbis Mouchezi
Arcbiteuthisprinceps'.

Architeiithis titan

Arrbitoutbns

Arj?onautid!D
Arjfonauta
Argou.auta argo

Afwood, Capt.N.E
Baird, Prof. ,s. Jf

-•\»wood,Capt.N.E 18-'.225 p::' *;""-" ^^'''i

Baird, Prof. ,s P 1141 p"" "' "*'"l"'s Bairdii .

«;-H.o..,t,A^s^,£"'"-^'- 78 k:::;;;^^^'-"'-^---::::::::-

"'"k'', 'T.H 55 p::^ " . •^•■P'"t^^"tbis sepioidea ...

Hay specimen (Architeuthis

Hoiiiivisfa,
v.vi .') .

«"".v.r,M.. letter from

wrachioteiitbis..

B'acbioteuthia Beanii."

Ungiis specimen, 1879
Calliteutbis ...

•-■■220,234
Har-

• 8,11,34

• 213, 223
• 214,223

ina specimen, 1S77 /A.. ^;; 1, , 17

ceps) " '^'oniteutbls prin-

Ceplialopoda octopoda ^"',43

CepbaJopwls of the AtlanHn ."; '^7

Matters to Ne wfifuSd t' '""" """^'^
revision of the . . . °^- ■""nograpbic

Cbanibers, C. D 78

Cboloteiitbis ... 221

Cbelotetitbis rapax : 78,204,205

'^biroteiitbidiB .... ^'' ''*■ 205, 206, 207

Cbiroteutbis ^'*' ^^O, 202, 223

118,223

lacertoaa H", 209, 213

ChiroteiKhiN Veran vi "B, 209, 214, 223

<'inbo(oiitbii|n« 120,211,213

Ol™.', Tbonmn, letter from' ^^' 22S

< olliiiH, Cij.f.j y^y go

^'"■■"■•■I.ti.n l{,.v specimen 187a ', a J"'"''2«.124
'bw Haivr.viO . 'Arcbiteu.

Coombs' Cove «pecimon'l872";A" ;:

riarvryif-, '^°' ^**72 (Arcbiteiitbis

'•'■.vpiodil)rancbiata

<'.VmlmIiacalceoIus

l>all, W.il ...

I>a«-R„,,, .;. W- ' ' " ' ' ' ^' 2^' '"^- 66, 71, 72, 229

I>I'(11(CI,T •■

l^''<'apo(ln 75,221

IJfimotentbida> 75

Dc.siii(>ti.uibi.s 124,223

Bi'.siiiiid.iin.;.. 1 1 125,223

125, 120, 219,223

21ft 2^

73,221

141,201

176

141,155

186

169 ^

171

183,225

5, 33

216

'"■'""""■'«'"«''.vp,.rborea'

l^'Hii.oteothis tenera
iJ'biiiiicIii.ita

W"ot<nthi.s]
Dof

.,. P'obo.scideus
I)<'sid.c„.s i,:s,„nVl,tii

i;W.s.;tI,oli;:oroab.i... "

J'-^rKsofOctoiMLsBairdii.

Klcdoii

ic verrucosa

Calliteutbis ocellata ^'7,223

Calliteutbis reversa 202, 223

Campbell, Captain "^' 202, 223

[242] 6

isiiop; ,),,„tijis

Eiioploteiitbis Cookii

aioplote„tl,isHartingii

Em.ploteu»bi.sllolinffi

J«<»u.,n«v«p,eimen,1874 " '"
Gabbett, Kev. R. J ■•

Gabriel, I{,,v. A. E.

Gervais, M. Paul 6.11

62,63

183, 225

226

70, 222

203,222

•■ 63,203,222
■••63,203,222

12,47

[243] CEPIIALOPODS OF N0RTHEA8TERN COAST OF AMERICA.

«f!1

Pagp.
Oiftantio squitls (Architeatbis) and their al-
lies; with obsurvations on similar larxe

specie* from foreign localities 1

Gloucester, Mass., flshermen 5, 20, 78

GonatuB 60, 78, 204, 205, 206, 222

Gonatus amoBna 79

Gonatas amoenns 79, 204, 205, 222

Gonatiis FabricU 79, 204, 205, 20fl

Goo(l(f, O. Brown 107, 1 11

GraiKl Banks Hpoc.'mons (Architeatbis). 6, 18, 10, M

Habits of Loligo Pealfci 97, 98, 143

HabitB of Octopus Balrdii 18M

Habits of Umniastrephes illecebrosus 95

Habits of Sthcnoteuthis Bartramli 113

Hammer Cove specimen, 1876 14

Harbor Grace specimen, 1874-'75 — ... 12

Harger, Oscar 96

Haiting,Dr 1,24,51,52

Harvey, Rev. M . .2, 6, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 16, 17,
26,27,83,84,44,45,47,221

Heteroteuthia 174, 224

lIotDroteuthis tenera 176, 224

HilL'endorf, Dr. F 71

Hist ioteuthidjB 1 20, 223

Histioteuthis 120, 223

Histioteuthis CoUinsU 16, 20, 121, 216, 223

Holder, Charles F 201

Holder, Dr. J. B 13,44

Uont'yraan, Dr. D 10

Hooku, Thomas, letter from 59

niex 8:t,82,222

Hlex Coindfetii 201

Ill><x illecebrosus 83

Indian Ocean and New Zealand, examples

from 63

Irt>1iui<l, examples ft'om 59, 62

Jamcs'H Cove specimen, 1879 17

Japan, uxitmples from 71

J e fl rev H, M r 57, 95

Jones, J. Matthew 104

Kent, W. Savillo 24, 57, 58, 199

Kirk, Mr. T. W 63,04

Labrador specimen 10

LamaUiit'. specimens, 1870-'71 11

Laiicu Cove specimen, 1877 (Architeuthis

piiiiccpsf $) 14,50

Leacliiii cyclura 120

Lciicbia guttata 126

Leacliiu b,\-perbQrea 120

Lcstoteiitiiis 70, 76, 78, 204, 205, 209, 222

Lcstotoutbis Fabricli 70, 79, 205, 206, 222

Lcstoti'iithis Kamtschatica 70, 209

Lustoteuthisf robusta 209

Logic Bay specimen, 1873 (Architeatbis Har-

veyi,type) 8,24

LoligidiB 131

Loliginidas 131,224

Loligo 129,131,224

Loligo Bartramil 112

Loligo Bouyeri 56

Loligo brevipinna 161

Loligo brevis 145,161,224

loligo Fabricli 70

LoHgoGahi 145

Loligo HartingU 53

Page.

tioll'io iUfcebrosa 83

Loligo pallida V 30, 133

Loligo piivo lao

Loligo I'ealcl 8, 132, 130, 140, 143, 145, 156, 224

Loli'.'o I'calcl var. borealls 132, 130, 145

Loligo Pcalci var. pallida 80,133, 130, 140, 145

Loligo IValli 3,98,132

Loligo piHcatoruni 83

Liiligo imnctatu I,'i2

Loligo sagittata 04

Loligo Hagittatus 1 12

Loligo Ht'ploidea 163

Lollgnphldit 118,120

LollgoimiH 125,129

LoligojiHis lionplandi 110

LoligopHis chrysophthalmA 125

LoligopMis hyperboreus 126

LoligopHis onellata 202

LoligopsiH pavo 83,130

Loli opHis I'eronli 125

Lolllguucula 162, 224

Mastigoteuthidae 114, 223

Mastigoteutbis 116, 223

Hastigoteuthis A^cassizli 116, 223

Measurements of—

Architeuthis Harvey! .22, 27, 87, 88, 89, 40, 40-50

Architeuthis princepa 22, 46, 40-50

Desmoteuthis hyperborea 128

Kledone verrncosa 184

Histioteuthis ColllnBli 124

Loligo Pealei 137,146-150

Loligo Pealei var. borealls 146

Loligo Pealei var. pallida 151-153

Mastigoteutbis Agassizii 116

Moroteuthis robnsta 69

Octopus lentuB 192

Ommaslrophes iUecebrosns 91-93

Rossia Hyatti 172

Rossia sublevis 172

Stheuoteuthis megaptera 103

Stbcnoteutbis pteropus. . 103

Megalotcutbia 23

Mfgalott'iitbis Harveyi 23,24

Moore, Mr 65

More, A. G 59,62

Alorotfuliiis 70,209,222

Monitcuthis robusta 21, 66, 70, 71, 72, 200, 209

Munii, liev. .\ > 8

Murray, Alexander 2, 6, 10

MyopHida^ 75,131,223

New Zealand, examples ft-om 63, 64

North Pacific, examples from the 05

Octoccra 177

Octopia 177

Octopidas 183

Octopoda 75, 177, 225

OctopodidtD 183, 225

Octopus, note on large species of 71

Octopus 1, 10, 71, 138, 181, 183, 186, 225

OctopuH Bairdii 167, 169, 186, 194, 195, 225

Oct<)])us carena ISO

OctopuH catenulatus « 170

Octopus Grrenlandicus 188, 194, 19,5

Octopus Icntus 188,101,104,225

Octopus obesus 188,103,225

""•■OHT or co„„««,o^,, ^ ■

■■ USB AND FISBEBIES. r24 n

Octopus pl«caton,ra

•'i-topiiH piincfntus .

OctopiiH ruKcwua

OotopwH t.,l,oroulatu8

Oct«p„„ v„]^,„.^

^'Kopeidm

OmnintoHtn-phiiii

0min.it08tr„p/„«

Oramat„Btr,.phe8Bartranni""
On,matoHtreph,.«„ig„,"'""---

0'nmat<«tr.,ph«H..4":p---

Om™HtoBt..epl..,o„„TaStn«ta""
Ommaostrephespacifleu*'""'-
Ommato8fr„ph„Hp„, "'

Ommatoatrephespto^r

Om^at„nrephes«„«Cu,

0n.matO8tr„pb„^ "«

Oramaetrephes ' ■ •

Om,na«tropho« Bart„«,U

Omma8tr.,ph„8Cola,,otu

Ommastrepbesenslfer

Omma«trop,,e,g, •

Omn,««trephH8 Harvoyi m

Offlmaatrephesllleoebroaa 23

Owmastrophos mogaptera "'' 2«2. 221, 222

0.nma8trepbe8 t:;t;"^^P'^ceps ... ff

Om.mmt, opbea ,„bu Ju^ 107, no

0^r''"-'"'""«'«H«ittatu8 21,6,

0«mtt8t.-..phe8 Sloanei 82, 83, 95

Ommast riphido, . . 58, 82, 95

I'^y-bia 80,201,222

Onychote„thi,I«, eo

(^nychoUM.this 75,80

"».vchot,.„thi8? amcena 69-209

OnAd.,.,oufhi8Bank8il.." 79

nl ' ^**'""'W Bor^l . 78, 80

^yf>t.»msF^UHoU 65

"n.v choteuthi8 Kamtaohatioa ■ ■ 79, 80

0''.Vch«t.H.thi8lobipe„4 204,200

p"'7P''"f-Richar,i;: '203

1 ackard, Dr. A. .S ^"9, 200, 202, 203

"" ^5- ".24, 52.' 200

Ro88la Hvatti

«088i« mewptew'

""""ia sublevla

Sagitta

Sars, I'rof. o Q

■'^Pliinbi

Seplnloll^o .'.'

^•'I'ia uuKuicuiata'

Spfildoa

S«Piola I,.ncopter» •

»"Pl"lid.a

S<'pii>lidn)

S<'Pi<)t.i,tbi8.

S«Ppm „n„ui,uiau

olmnis, (jforg,,

Smitb, P,„K s I

Smitb, .Snnd,T8,m ■■"' *

Wwb.. 8pe..eMi^;^-;^^,_^

Statirotouthi8 ..

Sfauroto,,,,,,.^ ,,;--- • ■1()«,223

f>teen8trnp, Prof.J j";.:^-: "4, 19«, 225

'- 2^' 26, 51. 52, 68, 82, 95, ,4

Sthonoteuthis '82, 201, 204 .,on

ftJ.'notouthisBart.^^-;--

St^en.„eutbi8«i«a,

•W,I70, J7i,33j

178, 174,2i.t

107,170,224

21fl

<e,206

70,80

■ 53

224

104,106

224

165, 1'24

ie.'J, 224

163,224

103

208

12,47

06
7,8

il,41

.99,201,222
112,222

17,82,loo,"io4.,55''
^then„t,M,thi8 pelagic„8 '"*' "»• 20^'. 222

5 ''.'not,.,„bi8 0>.alanlen8i8 ' '' "'' """' ">-■ 222

St<d(.t<Mithi8

St»l"t<'utbi8 b^eoptera
THnii.T,Liout. Z.L

Tnouid.-a

TaoniiiH..,

l''">ni.m hyperboreuV;

165,224

165, 224

212

223

125,126,129,223

126

I^arasira

Paraairaoatenuiate

^ara8hat»beroulata";

Perothis

^hilonexida) ..

monexi8 tubercniatn,.'

Pfcctoteuthi8«randis

5:XS^e,8pe..en^--

■178,225
170, 180, 225

180

120
■■■-178,225
■ 179,180
■■■■ 221
199
■ -■ 109
■•201,210
131

Tannins pavo .. ,„ jnn

l'a.r, Jamo8 G.. Jotter from ' ''"' ''"' '''• '''■ 223
Telooteiithis 5

ToIeot,MUbi8 caribbffia 69. 70

leb,ot..,ubi8Krohnii. 70

^''iitliid.x' 7^

Toulbidca .. 80.75,80,131 222-

J'"».l.loTiokIo8peeimoni87« ^21

P'incops?) , • ' ^''^^ (Architeutbi,s

Jv«an„p„da NorVegioa ^O.r.i>

l"<birofl,.u •

^'"""a ""* 19,35,141

Rossmglaucopig..""" 167,224

I6»,17l

To<birodo.s

T-larodes 8asittat„8

-'^'■awl- wings

j!""'>'«»y«P«cin,en;i877 ■■■

V«51ain, M '

^'■rania . .

^^I'itinaa, G p

^';f-n,c,.pt.o.A::;

Wildt^r, Prof. B. G

Xiphotfuthis

W'ofLoIigoPeaiei

• 81,82,222
•-■ 05,201'
■•■ 210
15
120,20.)
■•• 03,05
70
.'5, 42
18, .55
72
301,202
"2,143,154,155

" '"S" i-ealel. , : *"'< 202

^"""K of ommastrephes Ul^y. ' ' "2' "3- IH 155

Yo-ngofOctopuaB^rdU ""■*""'« 94

188