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, , U^t-^^-t^ ^4t*»^^ ^ U^ Aii.hj-^(i'^-6 
 
 y Shction II., 1895. 
 
 [81] 
 
 Tkaws. R. 8. C. 
 
 IV. — The Jamaica Maroons — Hoxo they came to Nora Scotia — 
 
 How they left it. ■ {/!, 
 
 By D. BiiYMNKi{, LL.I) , Dominion Archivi.st. 
 
 (Rend May. tA, 18!)4.) 
 
 % 
 
 Tho I'choos of tho ton-or ciiuso'l \jy tlu; Maroons in .lainuicu still 
 lingered wluui i was a boy. but they must long since have died away, as 
 it is nearly a century since these negroes were removed to Xova Scotia 
 and thence transferred to Sierra Leone. 
 
 For the early history' of the ^[aroons I have relied chiefly on the 
 account by liryan Edwards and oti that by Dallas. The one was iiubl'shed 
 in 1796, in one volume, and is, in reality, an >tlicial answer by the legis- 
 lature of Jamaica to charges made against tho authorities in the island ; 
 the other, largely, if not whollj-, a comjiilation fi'oni statements niad(* to 
 Dallas by Mr. (^uurrell, the commissioner sent, during the (inal outbreak, 
 to Cuba for dogs and slave-hunters, and subsequently in charge of the 
 .Maroons on their removal to Nova Scotia. It was published in 1S03, in 
 two volumes, much of it consisting of an eulogium of Mr. Quarrcll, to 
 whom is ascribed the chief honour of restoring ])eace to the island, but 
 his statements on that and other subjects are not to be relied on entirely. 
 I'^)r the history from 17!)G, I have consulted, the original correspondence 
 contained in the Public liecord Oltice, London. 
 
 The origin of the name "Maroon" has been the subject of much 
 controversy. Long, in 1774, calls them "hog hunters," frf)m Jiarano. a 
 ycjung pig. The J^Jncyclojiedie. quoted by Kdwards, derives it from 
 .<iniaran, an ape, from their hiding in the woods. Lucas, in hi.s recent 
 work, "A Historical (rcography of the liritish Colonies," says it is an 
 abbreviation of cmu/'OM, derived from the Spanish or Portuguese cima, 
 •• a mountain to])," and refers to the " Encyclopedia Britannica " for 
 further information, but that work throws little light on the subject. 
 These various derivations depend almost entirely on the statements of 
 early adventurere, who are not £;reatly to be trusted in matters of phil- 
 ology. I am inclined to think, but I give tho suggestion with reserve, 
 that the mime is a direct apjjlication of the word marron, " a wild or stray 
 dog." Littr^, in his great French dictionary, gives the name as nvyre 
 marron, " a fugitive slave who betakes himself to the woods," an explana- 
 t;.m which might suit any of the derivations. The question is one of no 
 great importance, but it may be noticed that the Malagasie slaves in 
 Mauritius, imported by the Dutch, were known, when they fled to the 
 ivoods, by the same name as those in Jamaica. , 
 
 Sec. II., 189.5. 6. 
 
f;:: 
 
 'J 
 
 82 
 
 ROVAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 The island of Jamaica was taken possession of by Columbus I'or 
 Spain in 14!)4, and was subsequently granted to liis family, the vicissitudes 
 of whose fortunes it would be out of place to deal with here. It was i 
 twice taken before its tinal capture during Cromwell's time; once by 
 Shirley, in 159(5, according to Dallas, or 1597. according to Lucas, wlios'i 
 accuracy I am more inclined to trust, for I did not think it necessary to |] 
 se\rch for the oHicial authority ; it was again taken by Jackson in 1(535. 
 These were, ])roper]y speaking buccaneering exj)edition8 for the sake of 
 plunder, at least they ended, if they did not begin, with that object in 
 view ; for they were certainly not regularly organized attacks for the w 
 acquisition of territory to form ]iart of the national domain. ^ 
 
 When the Spaniards took |)os.session of the island, the native pojiu- 
 lation is represented to have numbered about two millions, described as 
 mild and inoffensive, possessed of many of the arts of civilized life and 
 proficient in agriculture. After the death of the first governor, whose 
 rule was mild and gentle. Ins successors, it is asserted and preserved in 
 history, determined to clear the land of the inicient inhabitants, and 
 ap]iarently effected their object, as, according to Dallas, not a solitarj" 
 Indiviilual of that race could be found when the island was taken posses- 
 sion of by Venal 'leri and Penn in 1(555. At thiil date there were about 
 1,500 negro slaves in possession of the Spaniards, the great bulk of whom, 
 with many of the dispossessed Spaniards, their former masters, took to 
 the woods and mountain fastnesses, and thence carried on an irregular 
 warfare, no country in the world .giving greater facilities for attacks of 
 this nature, being mountainous, wooded, and full of almost inaccessible 
 retreats, with narrow, tortuous and rugged approaches, overlooked by 
 steep wooded hanks, from the shelter of which a few determined men 
 could exterminate a well-appointed army without loss to themselves. 
 
 A question arises as to the positive truth of the charges against the 
 Spaniards of their ruthless and blood-thirsly slaughter of the natives, 
 when it is compared with the attachment shown by the slaves for their 
 Spanish masters. It is well-known that mitive races, of hanlier frames f* 
 than those who inhabited Jamaica, have dwindled and become extinct in * 
 the face of civilization, even when no ill-treatment could be alleged against ^ 
 their conquerors. J'rom causes of tliis nature, therefore, the race may i 
 have died out without any blood-thirsty or predetermined design on the 
 part of the Spaniards. It is probably impossible now to solve this ques- 
 tion. The real cause of the inveterate hostility of the Maroons to the 
 new owners of the island has not been so much as touched on. Some 
 explanation of it may be found in the temper and disposition of the 
 soldiery, who, from the first, were insubordinate and mutinous ; not only | 
 disobeying their officers, but wantonly destroying the cattle, grain and 
 property of the unfortunate inhabitants who liad remained on their lands jiin 
 when the others fled to the woods, raising in them a spirit of hatred, and i§ 
 
 ,f 
 
 ■X 
 
 f 
 
w 
 
 [ukymnbr] 
 
 TIIK JAMAICA MAROONS 
 
 83 
 
 
 t4 
 
 driving thorn to join in tiio mountains tliosc who hud already taiccn 
 shelter there. In the liands and under tiio control of a strong mai\ like 
 Cromwell, the troops employt'd in the reduction of .laniaiou might have 
 been kept in order, hut a body of men stronu'lj^ einhned with levelling 
 principles and impatient of the slightest control, es])ecially refusing obedi- 
 ence to the royalist d'Oyley, could only have boon kept in military sub- 
 jection by the determined i)ower of the leader of the Ironsides whom he 
 disciplined into a trustworthy force. Ilencn; the violence and scenes of 
 disorder in the island, and hence, there seems little doubt, the blootly 
 reprisals made by the fugitive Spaniards and negroes, who burned ai.d 
 destroyed animate and inanimate alike, whenever they had or could make 
 opportunity, slaughtering without mercy eveiy man. woman and child of 
 their hated conquerors, giving no quarter to any one, no matter of what 
 age or sex. 
 
 A few trifling advantages over the Maroons were counterbalanced 
 by the slaughter of soldiers and others caught straying out of bounds. 
 Want of provisions and amn\unitioii secured, in HM]A, the surrender of 
 part of the fugitives, but a large body held out and kept the interior of 
 the country in such a state of alarm that few ventured fav from the 
 coast ; the wliitos who attempted to form settlements inhand being ruth- 
 lessly slaughtered. 
 
 A proclamation oftering a free pardon, 20 acres of land, and freedom 
 from slavery, bad little, if any. etfeet, and Juan de Holas, the head man 
 of the party which surrendered, was killed when in command of an ex- 
 pedition for the reduction of those who held out. Under pretense of 
 negotiating for peace, the hostile blacks obtained breathing time, and 
 having lulled the white inhabitants into security, the slaughter began 
 with greater intensity and the island was under a reign of terror for 
 upwards of forty years, according to Edwards. Even counting from the 
 renewal of the outbreak after 1664. this state of atfairs lasted till 1738. a 
 period of 74 years. In reality, the duration of the Maroon war, without 
 cessation, was 82 years, for the peace of 16(54 was only partial, and. so far 
 as the part which held out was concerned. w.\s only a truce, dui-ing which 
 preparations Avere made for fresh hostilities. 
 
 Cudjoe, the leader with whom peace was made in 17;58. was a man 
 who from his physical and mental qualitications obtained the chief com- 
 mand over the different groups of Maroons. For j^eare he had, by the 
 skilful disposition of his forces, defied every attack, taking advantage of 
 the peculiar formation of the mountain recesses and the difficult ap- 
 proaches. Hut experience taught the white commanders how best to 
 meet the tactics of the Maroons by means suited to the contest with an 
 enemy who could fight and disappear with little loss, after causing great 
 injury to the invading force. In 1730, two regiments of regulars were 
 sent to the island as a reinforcement, corps of rangere, light auxiliary 
 
 \ 
 
7^ 
 
 84 
 
 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 tro'ipH wero employed, atid the whole of the iiiilitla ealled out. so weriouH 
 hud beoomo the danger to the iHhirid I'rorn this giierilhi wurlure. Tlic 
 MarooiiH, aetive. hardy and brave, and knowinii' every pass and the most 
 BViitable places for lying in wait, made the task of redueing tiiem one of 
 great ditlieulty and danger. To the white I'orees were added loyal 
 negroes, known as " black sliot," mulattoesand Indians, the latter brought 
 from the Mosquito shore. Attaeks were made eonstantiy on the pro- 
 vision grounds of tiie Maroons, and a" harassing war was carried on 
 against them, but at great loss of life to the attacking parties. To avoid 
 long marches and facilitate the attacks, posts were established in situations 
 as near as possible to the .Maroon settlements, and, when possible, in such 
 positions as to |)rcvent them from obtaining access to their provision 
 grounds. These i)0st8 were garrisoned by white and black troops and 
 baggage negroes. Their iluty was to make excursions, scour the woods 
 and mountains, and destroy the provision grounds and haunts of the 
 Maroons. To assist in these daties, every bari'ack was furuislied with a 
 pack of dogs to track the enemy and prevent surprises at night. Jioth 
 sides became tireil of the contlict, and it was only a question of time 
 which shoidd first hold out the otter of peace to the other. The constant 
 alarms, the hardships of military service, and the intolerable expense 
 without any adequate results, urged the Avhite inhabitants to secure 
 peace on any terms. The famine to which the IVI^aroons were exposed, 
 hemmed in. as they were on all sides, with their provisions destroyed and 
 access to water rendered almost imjtossible, drove the Maroons in the same 
 direction, so that they were tempted to surreiuU'r unconditionally. For- 
 tunately for them, their des[)erate state was not known, and the extreme 
 step of an unconditional suri'ender became unnecessary by Governor 
 Trelawney proposing overtures of peace. On the Ist of March, 1738. as 
 the result of negotiations, a treaty of peace was concluded between the 
 Governor and Cudjoe. acting fin- tlu- Maroons, by which it was slii)uliited 
 that to one body of them should be assigned in jierpetuity 1,500 and to 
 aLOther 1,000 acres. The second clause of the treaty provided for their 
 perpetual freedom ; the sixth that Cudjoe, his adherents and successors 
 ■were U^ assist in hunting down all rebels on the island ; the seventh that 
 they were to as.sist in repelling invasion. Other clauses j)rovided for the 
 redress of grievances and injuries committed on or by Maroons ; they 
 were to apprehend fugitive slaves, for whom a reward of thirtj' shillings 
 each was to be paid, afterwards increased to three pounds. Laws and 
 regulations wore from time to time passed for the government of the 
 Maroons. As the ostensible cause of the last conflict that preceded their 
 deportation to Nova Scotia was the violation of the treaty by tiie 
 flogging of two of the Maroons, it may be as well to examine its terms. 
 By the eighth clause it was agreed that in the event of injury being done 
 to any of the Maroons, application should be made to the commanding 
 
[iiuymnkk] 
 
 THE .lAMAICA MAIiOONS 
 
 8S 
 
 (ttlifiir or ii iii!ii!;isti'iiti' "ii tlu^ i.viu;iilMiiirlio()(l : sliniiM llic 'iijury Ixmmhh- 
 mittod by il Maroon on ;i wMUi pcrsoM. lie A'iis |o l)c i^ivcii up to Justico. 
 No montion is miulf in i1h^ treaty of tlic |n'iiiilty. wliicli M is phiin from 
 iill till' rirciinistaiict's was to he Ilic usual iiunisliincnt for llic particular 
 olft'iicr. wlu'tlK'r tliat luul liccn conuuiltcil In' a Maroou or liy a wliili'. 
 For criiiK'S coniinitti'il atnoiiy,' tliciiiscivcs tlu' puiiislnnciit, sliort of ijcath, 
 was to 1)0 lUuiided by tlu> captains. So extreme au ollenee as suiijeeted the 
 criminal to s\icli an expiation wuw to lie in tlie same nuiiiner as was ,|ouo 
 in similar cases amoui;" other frei* iioifroes. 
 
 ( 'udjoe's treat} did not. liowevci'. r<'stoi'o peace at once. A party 
 un<lei' Quaco, known as the Windwai'd body, still lield out. am' inflicted a 
 Higual di'fout on the troops sout after thorn, so comjilcto. indeed, tliiit the 
 troop.s were ii;lad to escape, loavinuj the dead and wounded on the Hold. 
 It was more than a year lieforo a complete jtacitication was cHected, tho 
 treaty witli t^'iaco bein<jj signed in the summer of 17;i!>. " 
 
 I'oaco onco established, tiio reguhitions so solemnly ])assed i)y the 
 Tjogishiture of .luinaica appear to hiiv'o become a dead letter. Tho 
 character and habits of the .NLaroons are so ditferently described by tho 
 two authors, Kdwards and l>allas. as to be altogetlier irreconcilable. The 
 descri|ttions by Kdwards api)ear, on the whole, to bo nearest the truth ; 
 Dallas, whilst attempting to explain thonx away, nnconseiously admit- 
 ting their correctness. The accounts of the occurrences in tho slave 
 revolt of ITCiO, furnisli a good example of this diversity of opinion. In 
 jmrsuanee of the treaties, tht^ Maroons were to take part in the attack t)n 
 the revolted slaves, Kdwards states that they set out on the expedition 
 and returned with the ears of t lie rebels, whom tliej' represented they had 
 slain, so that they miglit get the stipulated reward. b\it that it was 
 discov(ired afterwards they had simply cut the ears otf coi'pses and had 
 been of no service. A few nights after this occurrence, he continues, tho 
 ti'oops wore attacked by ii concealed enems' and a number of the soldiers 
 kUled, but not a Maroon was to be .seen, so that it was at tirst supposed 
 they were the assailants, but after tho tight (hcv were found lying down 
 in conceiilinent. ■' The picture " says Edwards, '• which 1 have drawn of 
 '• eharactei" and manners, was delineated fi-oni the life, after long experi- 
 '• ence and observation." Dallas, on the other hand, speaking from 
 hearsay, says they were active in the suppression of rebellion, and stood 
 forth with determined spirit against the insurgents, and in 17(iO. tins same 
 year spoken of b}' Edwards, they lost several of iheir people. Their 
 long contest, even under every advantage of coneealmeni, proves they 
 were not cowards ; but Dallas, agreeing with Edwards, states tho fact of 
 their marital, or <iuasi marital, connection with the plantation s s, 
 which may fullj' account for the inaction described by Edwards. 
 
 For some 3'ears after the treaties of 1738 and 173!t, ^^''^^y l^'"^! '^ yvan- 
 dering, idle life, any cultivation that was done on their farms lu'ing the 
 
86 
 
 i;()Y \L SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 work 111' llicir wives, ol' wlmiii ciicli man cniilil liavf as many as \w chowo, 
 tho niiinltcr varyini; from two (o hult'-a-dozi'n. somotinu's more. The men 
 Wi'W iillc.nut lazy, a distinction well liroiiy^ht out l>y \Vasliin<rton Irving 
 in liis •• l{i|) \'an Winlvlc ' wliom ln' ilcscrilios as doini;' no usi'lul woi'k, 
 ImiI wandfi'iii;," for days in imrsnil of ifamc carryini,' a licavy fowlin.i^- 
 |»ii'uo. a Imrdt'n ^r>'atcr tiian wonld liavo ln'cn r('((uiri'd in llio distdiarLfi' of 
 iiis pro|»('r duties; and tin.s was tlio rase witli tlic .Maroons. 'IMic n'>rida- 
 tions for tlulr control, and liy wlfndi tljcir wandcrinifs coniti liavc liccn 
 roHtraiiU'd witliin dnc limits, were not enforced. Tliey U-e|it up a constant 
 intercourse wilii tlie plantation slaves, formini,' temporary marriai^es with 
 them, for tlie marrian'e tie sal iii^htly on them, the children of the.se niar- 
 riai^'i's liecomini; slaves, followini^ tin- condition of the mother. I'roud of 
 their frei'dom. reijardini;' the slaves as infei'ior. no discipl 'ic enforced, they 
 went ahoiit at tiieir own sweet will. ai> idle, vaii;aliond community, and 
 when an attempt was made to control tiiem the incvitahle residt tollowed. 
 tho loni;- indulnvnce liud (h)ne its work and um restraint was possihio. 
 JiXuni pies of thi.s tiro easily to lie found in fanulics and in comniunilios 
 who rei^ard themsch'cs as on a nuudi hiti;her jilanc of intellect and civili- 
 zation than the free hlacks of Jamaica. 
 
 From the signing of tho lust treaty more than half a century (tifty- 
 six years) had passed witiiout an outbreak by the .Maroons, Cudjoe and 
 his generation had passed away; amtlher generation had followed. Of 
 uil the .Maroons who were alive in Hit"), when the tinal slruLC";le boifan. it 
 is prohalile that not one had ihuic an hoiu^st day's work, labour of all 
 kinds being left to the women. It is possil)le that a few may have been 
 ind-strious. hut it is CKtremely im|irobabie. Their jiosition was peculiar ; 
 they did nothing ; they amused themselves; I luy strutted about, black 
 Apoilos, uncontrolled; they looketl down with inetfablo contempt on the 
 negro slav((s, w ho wei-o compi'ilod to worlc and wore sulijeet to being 
 flogged at the caprice of a slave driver; the slaves in turn looked up to 
 them as superior beings. Under (hose circumstances it needed luit a 
 shglit cause to bring about a fresh conflict between them and the j)()Wor 
 which had abnegated its functions and k't authority slip out of its grasp. 
 Tlie pretext was found in tho case of two worthless vagabonds, despised 
 by the Maroons tliemselves, wlio, charged with felony, were tried, found 
 guilty and flogged, as a white man would have been under similar 
 circumstances. The punishment was not in itself objected to, but the 
 executioner of ii was, a recai)tured negro slave kept in ])rison to flog tlio 
 slaves brought thoixi for punishment. Maddened by resentment at what 
 they considered an insult, and still further incensed by the jeers of the 
 slaves, who taunted them with having been subjected to tlio same treat- 
 ment as themselves, the jounger men, contrary to tho advice of their 
 seniors, sent a defiance to government and prepared for a struggle. 
 Probably, however, owing to the counsels of tho more cool-headed among 
 
[lIRYMNEIl] 
 
 TlIK JAMAICA MAHOONB 
 
 87 
 
 tliom, they propiisi'd a conroronci!, ulloifini,^ lliat th«>v were ilcsirouM of 
 coming to toriiiH. Tlio olijoct was. thorn can In- no dmilit, to i^iiin tinio 
 until Un' troops hud lol't tho if'hind, ordors havin" hn«n given to thut 
 ullbct. Tlio (iovcrnnr, doci'ivcd i)y tlioir assurances, allowed the troo])s to 
 embark and sail. 1 nt on receiving aniiientic intelligence that the .Maroons 
 wore determined to rise, ho was fortunately enabled to recall at least a 
 portion of the troops before hostilities l)egan. The first dotianco was 
 gh-en early in .Inly, 17!»r). the first actual outbreak nearly a month later, 
 wlien the Mai'oons burned their own town, attacked the outposts and 
 took to till' mountains. Before the end (d' .laii\iary, ITiXI, the war was 
 practically over, the great body of the .Maroons had signified their desiro 
 to surrender on conditions, one of these being that if they fulfilled the 
 agreement to come in at once and lay down their arms, thoy should not 
 be removed from llic island; the third that they were to send back all 
 fugitive slav(!s wI>o ha<l taken icfngi' among them. The non t'nitilnH'nt 
 ot' this latter also left the determination of their destination an open 
 question. Neither of the.se conditions was comi)lied with and the Gov- 
 ernor and Legislature determined to send them off. The agrecmcnl not 
 to send liieni away was accepted by (icneral Waljjole on his word of 
 honour, and when the resolution was taken to e,\pel the .Maroons from 
 .famaica, he felt keenly w hat he considered to be a breach of his agree- 
 ment and refused to accept the sword of honour voted for him by the 
 Assembly. This feeling was. no doubt, highly creditable to (iencral 
 Walpole's high sense oi' honour, but the circumstanc appear to indicate 
 that it was due to an overstrained estimate of the obligation lie had 
 incurred towards tlie Maroons. That thoy did not come in and lay down 
 their arms is undoubted, and that a second ex]iedition to force them to 
 come in is fully provi^d. That the other condition was also violate(l, by 
 tho non-delivery of tie fugitive slaves, is not open to doubt. Add to this 
 the necoss'ty of getting rid once for all of a most dangerous element to 
 the community and the removal was not only justifiable but necessary. 
 Not on the latter ground had that stood bj' itself, and that the terms of 
 the treaty liad been carried out. for in that case the agreement, however 
 imprudent, could not have been iHsrcgarded, except at the cost of public 
 dishonour. 
 
 The final surrendi-r was accomjilished by means of the .second expe- 
 dition, and the part played by the Cuban bloodhounds in securing this 
 result has lieen made the most of. According to the account of (Jeneral 
 Wal])ole. the liighest evidence on the subject, the dogs had notliing to do 
 with the surrender, which he attributed entirelj' to his method of dealing 
 witi. the Maroons by gentle means. Speaking of his success in bringing 
 about a surrender. Tieneral Walpole. writing on 23rd January, linO. says: 
 " The dogs liad certainl}' nothing to do with it ; it was not, 1 apprehend, 
 " known to the Maroons that they were with us, for tlie Maroons had 
 ' moved the day before we did." 
 
 UHOL 
 
88 
 
 ROYAL HOCIETY (.)[ CANAKA 
 
 Tlic Miii'oons, iil'tiT llu'ir roinpl<'to surrcniliM". 'wore trail tfcnvd to 
 ban'iii'Ux. strDtiji'ly f,'iiiiril»'il, ami prfpai'atlinis were made inr tlicir Mlii|i 
 men t. it l»'iii£j tlio intention to scttlo thcni in [jowcr Canaila on landH 
 ucqnirt'tl for (liat pni-poso. UppiT ('anadu Inul alHo lii'cn Husj;;L?t'st('il as a 
 snitalilc jilacc. i)iil finally tlie decision was ai-riveil at that tliey were to lie 
 taken to ilalil'ax. tliere to renuiin nnlil instnietions wcm'c received from 
 the Secretary of State and .NfessrH. Qnarrell and ( )idilerlony. the conunis- 
 saries wlio were to accom|)any the lianishod >raroons, were din^ctod 
 aecordinu'ly. On the 2t!th of .Iinie. 17!H), the trans|iorts liavin<f Mietu on 
 board sailed Ironi I'ort IJoyal harbour, in coin|)any wit ii a lartje Meet 
 bound tor Rnrope under convoy, from which they purled on icacbin^' the 
 coasi. and on the 2tth .Inly (iovernor Went worth wi-ote to the Under 
 Secretary of State that they lia<l arrived at Jlalifax, but wi re not yet 
 landed, and tluit he thoujicht they would make excclli-nt settlers. Tiio 
 date of anival is not given in (Jovernor Went worth's letter; one of the 
 vessels arrived on the 21st. and tlic rest on the 'J3i'd of July, the passage 
 luiving thus taken close upon seven weeks. 
 
 The tirst eni|)lo3'ment in which tl»e Maroons were engaged after 
 binding at Halifax was on the fortifications erected on tlu' demand of the 
 Puke of Keut, then general in coiumand of the district, an aMack being 
 apprehended fron. the s([iuidron \inder coninumd of Admiral l{icliery, 
 in jn'osoeutior. of the war by revolutionary Prance then in progress. The 
 Maroons were hou.sed in temporary huts, rented houses and tents close to 
 the place of their em])loyment ; and they workc^d dieerfully un('.ei' the 
 direction of tiie Duke, otl'ering, in<leed. to work for the King's son with- 
 out pay, an olVer wjiicb. of course, was not accepted, 'i'beir conduct gave 
 general satisfaction, relieving the people of Halifax of the a])prehension 
 that had prevailed from the accounts they had received of the ferocious 
 and bloodthirsty character of the new arrivals. The weather, too. was 
 favouraltle to the dilfusion of a spirit of satisfaction among the Maroons, 
 as they arrived in the warm season, th;^ heat of which api)roached. if it 
 did not equal, that of the island which Inid been tluir home. By the 
 end of October they were settled on the lands ])urcbased for them, not 
 witliout internal disputes, and their want of experience in dotending 
 themselves against the cold must have caused great discomfort, although 
 tile correspondence does not show tjiis. Wentworth writing in November 
 that they were onjoj-ing comfort and hai)piness. 
 
 From the tirst the riovernor did not jilace much contidence in tlie 
 cmmissaries. but assumed the whole care and nniuagement. alleging that 
 1 commissaries were strangers to this business, and, as far as can be 
 judged from the correspondence, there was a mutual dislike. The winter 
 passed over (juietly, but in the si)ring, after the ex[)erience of the cold 
 season, a sjiirit of restlessness seemed to prevail among the .Maroons. 
 Whether this prom])ted the proposal of Ochterlony, one of the Jamaica 
 
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 TItK JAMAICA MAKOONS 
 
 80 
 
 cotiiiiiissiirii's, or wlii'lht'i- \w tirst suf^ff ostoi I liu^ muvurm-nt, is not •Iciir. 
 I)iil ill till! nmiitli of Ai>ril, 17!t7. Oclilcrloiiy pri'sciilfd to Went worth liin 
 Hclii'iiic lor ('iiiT)oilyiii/^ tlio Maroons as u ri'ifiim'iit, liiiiisclf to lie coloiiol, 
 to be traiisCorrcMl to tin- ('a|ti' of (food Jlopo. Tlio plan was not rogarded 
 in u lavounilili' linlil liy Wt^ntvvortli, ulio rfprcscntcd lo tins Socrotury of 
 Stilt'- ilial the ri'i;-iiiii'Ml uniild lie micumlx'rfd witli a Iraiii of woiiioii and 
 cliildrcii doulili' tin- imiiilu'r of tlit^ nicii, and to turn sudi a liody of men 
 looso at tlio Cape wit li arms in tiicir liaiids would lie dani^erous lo the 
 community. The safest place for lliom, he maintained, was Xova Heotia, 
 where they coiild do no mischief nor mix with jvople who could corrupt 
 them. He char^fcd Ociitcrlony with licinjf actuated hy interested motives, 
 hoping to make a fortune as colonel. Tia- .scheme was dofetitcd. and 
 Octherlony was dismissed from his otliee, on tlu* charge of causing seri- 
 ous losses to .lamaica h}' his mismanagement. The Maroons were then 
 2)laced in chai'ge of (/'a[it. Howe, under whom they are rejiorted to have 
 mudo sutisfaclory progress, hut that they made any real jirogress is 
 exceedingly doiihtful, for although a favourable re|»on is made of the 
 eiiiidren at school, the men, it is complained, would do no work, liojiing 
 to be kept in idleness, a fact not to bo wondered at, considering that 
 whilst in .Jamaica they did absolutely nothing but amuse themselves. 
 
 The number who left .ramaica and landeil at Halifax is nowhere 
 clearly stated. ••About " (iOO are said to have been on board the trans- 
 ports on leaving I'ort K'oyal, but this can have been only an approximate 
 estimate. The first enumeration reported i.s that made by the surgeon, 
 Oxiey, on 1st July. 17117, who yives the total as 521), increased 1st August 
 to 532, and on 1s^ September to Siii, both increases being due to births. 
 But that these iiuist h),\'e been more numerous seems evident, as one death 
 is nnied and there were probably more, so that there must have been 
 births to countcrbulance the losses by death. 
 
 Hariy in 17'.II> Wentworth coini>lained of intrigues to foment discon- 
 tent among the .>[arooiis. who but tor these would have been hapjiy and 
 contentetl, yet in the same desjiatch he reports tint they are determined 
 to get back to Jamaica— two statements which it is not easy to reconcile. 
 In 17!tt!. before the Maroons had been sent to Nova Scotia, a corre- 
 spondence had bi'i'i. opuricd by the Secretary of State with the African 
 Com])any on a proposal to send them co Sierni Leone. But the experi- 
 ence of the company with the negroes who had fled from the Ignited 
 States during the war ending in 1783 and taken refuge in Nova Scotia, 
 from wffich they were removed in 1792, led the directors to i-efuse to 
 entertain the idea of dealing with another body of negroes who.se reputa- 
 tion could not be held to warrant such a step. The conduct of the tiret 
 body of negroes hatl been turbulent and mutinous, causing great anxiety 
 and expense to the company, and not unnaturally the directors dreaded 
 that the Maroons would make common cause with their brethren in 
 
90 
 
 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 C'(»loiir. This is not the opinion that was lu'lil at tiu' tiuic. as it was thon 
 supposed that the African Company had heLMi exoi'tiny intUionce to secure 
 the removal of the Maroons from Xova Scotia to Sier^i Leone. An 
 examination of the corres|»ondence shows that this belief wius ill-founded. 
 Early in 1799 tlic Secretary of State reo]ienc(l nej^otiations witli the 
 African Company, which did not respon(l with warmth ; in fact, .showed 
 a great unwillingness to undertake the cliarge of these people. In May 
 "Wentworth wrote that he had heard of the negotiations, but his letter of 
 the 2;5rd was very cautious, (^n the 24th. the following day, he gave the* 
 proposal for the rcmcnal nf hisapj)r()val, and added, showing tin; changed 
 feeling towards them after neai'ly three years' residence in the ]irovince, 
 that the inhabitants had great satisfaction at their being taken away. 
 Diiliculties. however, continued to be raised liy the African Company to 
 their rece]}tion, owing to the danger ai)pi'ehended from their being 
 settled on the mainland, an<l the neceasity of placing them on an isfand 
 from which an exit would not be easy. Finally they recommended the 
 acquisition of the i.sland of Eulam, at a sutHcient distance from Freetown, 
 which would not only accommodate tliem but the Caribs — an inciJental 
 evidence of the intention to remove that body of ]teoj)le also from the 
 West Indies, where they had ])layeil the same part in St. Vincent as the 
 Maroons had done in Januiica. Oiistades to their speedy shijtment atose, 
 too, in Xova Scotia, where transports could not be obtained, although in 
 February, IHUO, they were ready to embai-k at an hour's notice. When 
 this was overcome, the agent for the African Company protested against 
 their sailing before August, as otherwise they would arrive in the rainy 
 season. On the 6th of August Wentworth reported that they had em- 
 barked and were ready to sail, but before leaving they made an otVu- to 
 contract for the delivery of 500 slaves, prcsumal)ly to be caught after 
 their arrival at Freetown — not a good augury of their future behaviour. 
 They arrived in Sieri-a Leone on the 1st of October, 1800. assisted to quell 
 an insurrection among the negroes previously sent from Xova Scotia, 
 tbireof whom were executed, several banished, and some of the ring- 
 leaders escaped among the natives. The conduct of the Maroons in 
 Africa was on the whole satisfactory, but they still retained a longing to 
 return to Jamaica, so that little cultivation was done nor is it likely 
 much woul'i have been done in any case, although they aie reported to 
 have beccine good mechanics and labourers. What l)ecame of them 
 subsequently it is beyond the scope of this paper to trace. 
 
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