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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film^ d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant Ie nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illuetrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 I I I 1 "CADILLAC'S village: OR "DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. ■> M WITH LIST OF PROPERTY OWNERS AND A History of the Settlement 1701 TO 1710. COMPILED BY C. M. BURTON DETROIT, 1896. w A series of articles prepared by me for the Sunday Nficft-Tnbunc of Detroit, and which appeared in that paper during the summer of 1896, have been arranged into the form of a pamphlet for better preservation and dis- tribution, among those who are interested in the study of Detroit's early history. Notwithstanding a good deal of labor has been expended in attempt- ing to make this a perfect work, 1 am painfully aware that it contains many errors, but I am also certain that it contains a vast i amount of entirely new historical matter, that can. and probably will, be used by other students than myself. The Kev. Christian Denissen, concerning whose work I have spoken more at large in the following pages, has consented, at my urgent request, to correct ia few of the mistakes in my work, and I have gladly availed my- self of his assistance, and have added his work as a supplement to my own. Detroit, Nov. 20, 189G. C. M. BUllTON. i i I DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. A List of Property Owners and a History of the Settlement from 1701 to 1710. The early history of 0?troit is scarcely known. The recorrls that contain its story are to he found In Montroal, Quebec and Paris. Maclt- Inac was established long before Da- trcit was thought of, but iL existed merely as a missionary post, and as a rendez\ous for voyag-eurs and a depot for supplies for the Indian .rade. It was never a colony, and no thought of colonization was ever coupled with its name, nor was it established or maintained witli any expectation that a colony would be founded. It was so far north, and the climate was so cold that there was no certainty of a corn crop any year, and Indian corn was the only bread food that Wi • raised until after the establishment of Detroit The Indians frieiidly to French interests were all living in the north, for they had been driven from this part of the country by the Iio- ((uois in the long series of wars, which immediately preceded the (.stablish- mcnt of a military post at this point. Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac had been the commandant at i-lackinac from 1694 to 1G98, and while occupyins that ijosition had cast his eye south- v.-ard as a better location ».han Mack- inac for founding a colony. With the foresight of a skillful diplomat he rea- soned that the location of a perman- ent colony on the Detroit river would tend to keep the English from trading among the upper or French Indians and, moreover, If the post once estab- lished was properly managed, tlie commandant could draw aioupd it all the Indians of the west, and ihui; numbers, added to the strength of a French garrison, would compel a peace v.'ith the warlike Iroquois. He was light In his reasonings and if his plans had been carried out as ho laid them one may reasonably think that the French power would still be strong in America. •Having obtained pi:imissio.''i from his government to found a col- < iiy at Detroit, he set out on his er- rand in the spring of 1701, and reached the site of the future city on the 24tis of July. The palisades, at once erected for the post, inclosed an arpent of land, a French acre of 192 leet on a side. HUNTING FOR FURS. Most of the business carried on in this western country was hunting the fur-bearing animals, prepariuK their furs for market, and trai. spoiling tliem to Montreal. Kut '.he hunters had to live, and a trade was carried on between the latter place and the upper country, as this was i-alled, by means of canoes and bateaux. These canoes were loaded at Montreal antl brought to Detroit either ov^r the Ot- tawa river away up north, coming down through the Georgian bay, or through the Niagara route, ever the Lakes Ontario and Erie. The latter loute was the easier of th-.' two, for there was but one portage at Niagara DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. Falls, while over the Otlav.-a routo there wore at least 30 portag^.i. Tlie first trip Cail'llac miulo was over the Ottawa route, for the Fr'.nch gov- ernment feareil that ,he Irorjuois In- dians woiilil attack him if ne went on tlio Xiapara route, but the next year, 1702. there wns less fear of inese war- like Indians and the shorter and easier road was taken. There were traders, capitalists in a small way in Montreal, who fitted out tliese canoe loads of merchaniMse and t'ent them to the upper country. On? 01 these merchants would employ a trustworthy voyag-eur who might, per- haps, have an interest in uie enter- prise, to fit out an expedition to the upper country. The canoe ocing load- ed, ag'-eemPnts i:r contracts were made with a sutticient number of men to con- duct the enterprise. All these agree- ments and contracts with the employes were reduced to writing before a no- tary in Montreal. If the parlies were able to write they signed their names to the agreements, and if they were il- literate, that fact was slatea in the contract. These contracts were re- tained by the notary, and now lorm one of the best evidences of tne early life of this first western colony. I have thousands of these agree- ments, extending from IGSO to I'lUO, and tliey contain not only the names of the early voyageurs, but their placesof res- idence and occupations, dates ■)( their visits to the western country, times and terms of employment, a.id lhi>j' frequently show the value of services and commodities and the volume of trade carried on. SPRANG UP, AS IF BY MAGIC. To the Indians, the advent of Cadil- lac, with his little troop, was a revelation, and it worked a revo- lution. The little village sprang up as if by magic, and the Indians flocked to It from all sides, from all quarters they came, singly and In nations. What on the 23rd of July, 1701, was a wilderness, and on the next day was a houseless city of 100 souls, in eight months time was a rival of Montreal and Quebec in trade, had a population of 6,000 beings, and was the metropolis of \merlca. The Indians, tar outnumbering the whites, were encouraged to settle around the fort, and their villages, four or five ill number, wf^re above and below the palisaded inclosure. The next three years were devoted to the building up of the village and putting on a firm foundation the work already laid out. The lots within the palisades were all very small, gen- erally about 20x2Zi feet, and probably entirely covered by buildings. The civilians owned their own houses, while those of the soldiers belonged to Cadillac. To the soldiers small gardens of half an acre each were fenced off, a short distance east of the Inclosure and fronting on the east side of Randolph street, between the river end Fort street. CITY'S ANCIENT BOUNDS. It was not until 1704 that the found- er obtained permission to make con- veyances of the lands in and around the village, though It is very prob- able that the persons who took pos- session of parcels before that date, and built on or cultivated them, did so with the tacit understanding that their titles would be confirmed some day. By the time Cadillac had ob- tained permission to make transfers to his inhabitants, the boundary lines of the village had grown too small, and so the palisades were set farther out, and new palisades built, to In- clude a more extended territory. The principal street of the village was Ste. Anne street, running about parallel to the present Jefferson ave- nue, and occupying nearly the north- erly line of that thoroughfare, so that the southern tier of lots and St. Louis street fell entirely in that street. The westerly line was not far from the present line of Shelby street, and the easterly line was a short distance west of Griswold street. At the east- erly end, and at first without the palisades, was a church, occupyine DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. Iho Rrour.d, on which Is the present banking house of A. Ives & Sons. When the vlllape limits were extend- ed, the line was moved to the east and wesit and reached to Griswold street on the east, and Wayne street on the west. The conveyances, made by Ciidlllac during the remainder of his stay in the place, were forwarded by him to the colonial office, and are now deposited in the department of mar- ines. In Paris. Of all these convey- ances, I have a complete copy, and have undertaken to arrange them in a manner to construct a map of De- troit, as it was in 1708. The arrange- ment of these tracts so as to form a village plat, has been a task of no small proportions, and has been ac- complished only after weeks of dill- gent study. VILLAGE ON HIGH GROUND. It may be that this map is faulty. I have no doubt that It is, in some particulars. But it will do as a foundation to work from, and a bet- ter one may be constructed here- after, when more information can be obtained from which to work. I am better pleased with the form of the village, as Indicated on this map, than with any published map of later date. In order to prove the accuracy of the map, I had it traced on the pres- ent city map, and find the lines of lots existing before the fire of 1805, many of which still serve as boundary lines of present buildings, coincide very nearly with the Cadillac con- veyances. The map also Indicates that the southerly line of the village was nearly the center line of Jeffer- son avenue, and was thus on a high ground, while all other maps I have seen indicate the southerly line as south of Jefferson avenue, on the verge of the slope toward the river. It seems to me reasonable that the palisades would not be driven in a hillside, and hence, that my con- ception of the village plat is more rational than the ideas of those who have platted the village on the verge of the hill. Now, about the real estate owners, and the prices they paid for the prop- erty owned by them. We must under- stand that iho real e.state itself was of no great value. There were mil- lions of acres, unclaimed and un- cultivated, to be had for the asking. so tnat the prices derived by Cadillac from his sales are really the prices which the purcha.sers were willing to pay for the protection afforded by his government, and by the palisades. Cadillac was the seigneur, or lord, and had applied for the office and title ot marquis of Detroit; and these little parcels of land he sold were ulsposed of on condition that the pur- chaser should occupy or cultivate, or retain possession of. In person or by tenant, and should pay to the lord, an annual stipend. This was not great, but it was suffi- cient to keep the palisades in repair, to maintain the soldiery, and provide for Cadillac and his family. Perhaps the revenues would not be sufficient to do aP this, but It did a part, and there were other souri-es o» revenue on which the lord could depend. The trade of the post was In his hands, for some years, and a con- siderable revenue was obtained in this manner. The Company of the Colony had the exclusive right to the trade at Detroit at one time, and during this period, Cadillac had a salary of 2,000 livres, and was not obliged to maintain the soldiers at his expense. A llvre was a French coin of the value of 20 cents, but at this time the relative value of this motley was greater than at the present time. WINDMILL GRINDS THE CORN. The company did not want Detroit colonized. They preferred to have the country devoted to hunting, rather than to agriculture, but they gave up everything ic Cadillac in ft05, and after that date the whole expense of the government fell on his shoulders. There was another expense that fell alike on Cadillac and the inhabitants, and that was the maintenance of the DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. cluirch and the priest. The church llscir, iitid all the vestments and 1 arapIu'riinHa, liclonKed to Cadillac, a^s hl.s individual property. A large portion of the expense of maintain- ing the parish prU st was also borne by him, but the inhabitants paid a purl. Taxes, as we tinderstand them, wt re unltnown to the people of th^t ilay, but those traders who came to Detroit solely to trade, and who did not reside here, were compelled to pay something for the church privl- leires that they enjoyed. Cadillac own- ed the public mill— a windmill— used to Krind corn and wheat. This re- turned a yearly net revenue of 500 crowns. EARLY LAND RENTALS. On the accompanying map I have idaced numbers on the various lots to conform to fhe report made by Cad- illac. They do not agree with the or- der of alienation, but all the trans- fers were made between 1707 and 1710. The names of the purchase.-s, arr.anged according to the numbers on the map, are also given, with the consideration for each iiarcel. The names are sometimes indefinite, for these French- men liad curious habits of changing tlieir name, passing by different names at different times, and even In the little village Cadillac did not seem to know the first names of all his peo- ple, as frequent references are made such as "a man named Rencontre," "a man named Beauregard." Generally, when a parcel of land was conveyed, there were two items in the consideration required. First, a fixed rental, payable every year and probably accejjted in lieu of all taxes, except (he tithes for maintaining the church, and second, a certain sum which Cadillac required for privileges extended to the purchaser, as for Instance, suppose the purchaser was a blacltsmitli. Cadillac having the exclusive right of trading at the post, would grant this purchaser the right of blacksmithing to the exclusion of all others, and would receive an ex- tra compensation for this privilege. The ownership of the land remained in Cadillac, and no man was entitled tc his lot unless he took and main- tained actual possession of It. If he abandoned It, it reverted to Cadillac, and he sold it to some other per- son. From refeiences in some of the con- veyances, it appears that there? were transfers made to ])arties not included in the report. We know that a man named Roucherville, and another named St. Aubin owned lands, but we do not have tle.r deeds. Cadillac's conveyances were not con- fined ti. il-e vdlage. He granted a good many farms and the boundary lines of these tracts can be as dis- tinctly traced as If made today. These farmers lived within the palisades, for It was sometimes dangerous to live, unprotected by soldiers. The farmers liad rents to pay for the farm lands, similar to the Inhabitants of the village. But where a farmer had two i)laces, one in tlic country, and one in the city, a different and lower rate of rents was demanded. This list doubtless con- tains "h" names o. the most influen- tial of the first settlers of Detroit, and many of them are familiar as the ancestors of tlie families of French descent, still remaining with us. I give the name of the lot owner, the number of his lot and the date of the conveys nee and consideration paid. (iV(? ^fap on opposite page.) DETROIT'S ORIGINAL. COLONISTS. 1— Pierre Cliesnp, March in. 1707. for :i livres rent and 10 llvrea for other rights srlven up, all payable in furs, or In such coined money as may be current. 2— Andie Cliouet. dit Cameraud. March 10, 1707, for 3 livres rent and 10 livres for other rlKhts 3— Pierre Taverau, dlt La Grandeur, March 10, 1707, for 38 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. This lot was afterwards conveyed to Robert Germain. A sol, or sou, was a small coin, or penny. _- — 1 - — rrJT^ —rr It -^ K « 82 •» .,- « is I •J I- o U Q as gNAVM 10 DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC, 4— .Idsepli Despro. or Depre, March 10, 1707, for 2 llvres rent and 10 llvres for other rights, 5— Solomon Joseph Dvs Vestln, March 10, 1707, for 40 sols rent and 10 llvres for other riRhts. This lot was sold to Richnrd le Michel IJizailluii. 6— Pierre I>KPr, dit Parlsien, March 10, 1707, for 40 sols rent and 10 llvres for other rights. This lot was sold to Jacques Car- dinal. 7— Bonaventure Corhplen, dit L'Esper- ance. March 10, 1707, for 24 sols rent and 10 llvres for other rights. This lot was sold to Francis L.ivernols. 8— Jacob de Marsac, dit Desrocher. March 10, 1707, for 3 llvres and 2 sols rent and 10 llvres for other rights. 9— Ms. D'Argenteuii. March 10, 1707. for 50 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. This lot waiJ sold to Nicolas Ro-se. 10— Jean Richard, March 10, 1707, for 40 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. This lot w.as abandoned and afterward granted to Jacques Hubert. 11— Jean Labatler, dit Champaign, March 10, 1707, 2 llvres rent and 10 livres for other rights. This man's name is given in another place as Abatis. This lot was surrendered March 27, 1709. 12— Estlenne Boutron, dit Major, March 10, 1707. 3 llvres rent and 10 livres for other rights. This lot reverted to Cadillac and was newly granted to Antoine Magnant. 13— Pierre Hemard, March 10, 1707, for 50 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. This lot was sold to Jacques Hubert. 14 — Antoine Dupuis, dit Beauregard. March 10, 1707, 3 livres rent and 10 livres for other rights. This lot was sold to Jean Bap- tiste Duplessis. 1.5— Jacques Ijanglois, March 10, 1707, for 6 livres and 10 sols rent and 10 llvres for other rights. 16— Gulllaume Bouet, dit Deliard, March 10, 1707, for 2 llvres and 10 .sols rent, and 10 livves for other rights. This lot was subsequently sold to Pierre Robert. 17— Michel Masse, March 10, 1707, for 8 llvres and 8 sols rent and 10 livres (or other rights. IS— Michel Canipo, March 10, 1707, for 5 llvres and 6 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 19— Louis Normanii, March 10. 1707. for 2 livres and 10 sols rent and 10 llvres for other rights. This was subsequently sold to Alexis Lemoine. ^0— Francois Tesee. March 10, 1707, for 40 sols rent and 10 llvres for other rlght:i. On the 20th of June, 1710, this parcel was con- veyed to Antoine Carriere. 21— Pierre Chantelon, March 10, 1707, for 56 sols rent and 10 llvres for other rights. This lot was later conveyed to Jean Le Soeur. 22— Francois Bienvenue, dit de L'Isle, March 10. 1707, for 3 llvres rent, and 10 livres for other rights. Many descendants of this man still live in and around Detroit. They generally go by the name of Dellsle, and some of them have coupled the two names together, as Bienvenue-Dellsle. 2S_pierre Est eve, March 10, 1707, for 50 sols rent and 10 llvres for other rights. 24-Bliiise Surgere, March 10, 1707. for 3 livres rent and 10 llvres for other rights. 25_pierre Porrler, March 10. 1707, for 50 sols rent and 10 llvres for other rights. 2fi— Antoine Ferron, March 10, 1707, for 40 sols rent, and 10 livres for other rights. 27— Pierre Tacet, March 10, 1707. for 50 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. This was afterwards f>old to Jean Coutent. 28— Francois Fafard de Lorme, March 10. 1707. for 4 llvres and 10 sols rent, and 10 llvres for other rights. 29— Michel Disier. March 10, 1707, for 50 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 30— Jacob de Marsac, March 10, 1707. for 40 sols rent and 10 llvres for other rights. This lot was sold to Charles Charon. 31 — "A man named Rencontre." March 10, 1707. for ,50 sols rent and 10 livres for other privileges. There was a "Rencontre" street in the village, which. I suppose took its name from this person. 32 — "A man named Desloriers," March 10. 1708. for 50 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 33— A man named Xalntonge. March 10, 170S. for 50 sols rent and 10 livrcS for other rights. Tlie name seems to indicate that the owner of this parcel was an Indian, though it would not be very likely that an Indian would pay rent, or would follow a trade. He sold a lot to " a man named Bouche.' 34 — Jacques Du Moulin. March 10, 1708, for 3 llvres rent and 10 llvres for other righta. 35 — Guilleaume Aquef, dit. Laporte, March 10. 1708, .'or 50 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. This grantee in other places is named Aquenet. Pierre Chesne, who owned the lot on Ste. Anne street, adjacent to this DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. <1 lot. purchased it, thus giving him two frontiit^es. one on Ste. Anne and the other on St. Joachim street. Pierre Chesne (or Chene, as it is now commonly called), was one of the most Important men of that early day, and many of his descendants still reside in Detroit. 3fJ— Louis Gustineau. March 10, 1708, for 50 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 37— Joseph Parent, March 10, 1707. for 3 llvrfcs rent and 10 livres for other rights. Parent was a blacksmith. It has been stated by some who have written regarding IJetroit's early history, that Parent and Pierre Roy were living among the Indians in the neighborhood of Detroit before the arrival of Cadillac and his party, and con- sequently that they were the first white people here. 38— Martin Ririer, March 10, 1707. tor 3 livres rent and 10 livres for other rights. Nicolas Rivard, afterwards purchased this parcel. .39— Qullenchlve. March 10. 1707. for SO.aols rent and 10 livres for other rights. Tlie grantee was an Indian chief, I think, and he afterward.^ sold the parcel to Julien Dervisseau. 40— M. Derance, March 10, 1707, for 30 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 41— Du Figuier. March 10. 1707, for 54 sols rent and 10 livrew for other rights. The lot was surrendered by Du Figuier and resold to Paul Guillet. 42— La Montagne. called Pierre Mouet, March 10, 1707, for 4 livres, 10 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. Baptlste Trudeau subsequently purchased this prop- erty. 43— Pierre Mallet, March 10, 17u7, for 8 li\res rent and 10 livres for other rights. 44— Antoine Dufre.sne. March 14, 1708, for 5 livres rent and 10 livres for other rights. 45— Jean Baptiste Chornlc. March 10, 1708, for 32 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. Subsequently transferred to Jean Chevalier. 46— Jean Casse. March 10, 1708, for 50 soU rent and 10 livres for other rights. Sold to Zacharie Plante. 47— Paul Langlois, March 10, 1707. for 50 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 48— Jerome Marliard, March 10, 1707, for 40 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 4S— Andre Bombardle, March 10, 1707i for 50 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 50— Pierre Du Roy. March 10, 1707. for i livres rent and 10 livres for other rights. 51— Pierre Roy, March 10, 1707, for 3 livres 18 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 52— Piancols Marque, March 10, 17'J7, for 26 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. Jean Paquet pu.chased this lot. 53— Antoine Magnant. March 20. 1708, for 5 livres rent and 10 livres for other rights, 54— Francois Bonne, July 7. 1708, at 5 livres rent and 10 livres for other rights. 55— Toussaints Dardennes. March 20, 1708, at 30 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 56— Pierre Bassinet. March 20, 1708, at 20 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights, 57— Francois Brunet. June 20, 1708, at 40 sola rent and 10 livres for other rights. 58— Antoine Beauregard, July 17, 1708, at i2 livres rent and 10 livres for other riglits. This was surrendered to Cadillac. 59— Marie Le Page, March 20, 1707, at 3 livres 12 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. This is the only record of a con- veyance to a woman m tne early Detroit. Madam Le Page had a husband living at this time, but subsequent events, as well as this conveyance, lead me to think that he had separated from her— probably with just cause. Her name and a little of her history appears in the directory below. 60— Jacques Campo, March 1. 1709. at 40 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 61-Jean Serond. March 10, 1707, at 50 sols rent and 10 iivres for otlier rights, Joeepli Trudeau bought this lot subsequently. 62— Pierre Robert, March 14. 1709. at 6 livres rent and 10 livres for other rights. 63— Larramee, March 6, 1707, for 50 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 64— Rene Le Moine, March 20, 1709, at 40 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 65 — Jacques Le Moine. Sept. 1, 1706. at 40 sols rent and 10 livres for other righiH. 66— I'aul C.ulilet, Dec. 10, 1709, at livres rent and 10 livres for otlier riglits, 67— Joseph Rinard, June 27, 1710, at 30 sols rent and 10 livres for other rights. 68— Antoine Tuffe, called du Fresne, June 28, 1710, at 2 livres rent and 10 liv es for other rights, CADILLAC'S TENANT FARMERS, Of the garden lands within tlie fort v,-e have tlie record of only two trans- fer.s, of half an arpent each, one to Beauregard and the other to Dellsle. The rate of rental in each case was 1 sol per foot, making 4 livres and 10 IS DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. Holfs. The price fixes the size of a lialf arpent as SO feet front. The farm lanclp, ko far as we now know, were nearly all granted up stream, from the fort. One grant, and the only one of which we had positive Itnowledge, up to the discovery of the transfers I liave recently unearthed, was to de Lorme. This farm is still call( d the de Lorme farm, ' from its original proprietor, and is situat(> in the lownsiiip of Grosse Point e, a short distance east of the present water worlds. Having the exact location of this farm, and tiie boundary lines of the others, it v/ould not be as difflcult a task to plari out tlic Frencli concessions as ii has been to map the ancient city. I have a li?t of 31 of these farm grants; some wore made to lot owners in the city. The list of grantees is as follows: 1, Piirre Alallet; 2, Francois Fafard de Lorme; 3, liapliste Gorion; 4, Ja- cob de Marsac; G, Andre Bombardie; 6, Pierre Hemard; 7, iionaventure Com- pien; 8, Jerome Marliara; 9, Pierre Es- teve; 10, Estienne Boutron; 11, Antoine Dupuis; 12, Joseph Parent; 13, Michael Dizier; H, Francois Hosseron; 15, Jacob de Marsac; 10, Antoine Dupuis (this is tlie same as No. 11, above); 17, Fran- cois Marque; IS, Jacques L'Anglois; li), Paul L'Anglois; 20, Antome Texicr; 21, Francois Jardis, 22, Pierre Chant2lor; 23, Jean Richard; 24, "a man named Laloiro, 25, Pierre Leger; 26, "a man named Lefleur;" 27, Micliel Cam- pos; 28, Jean Durant; 29, Blaise Sur- gere; 30, Francois Masse; 31, Damois- sell Magdalaino de la ^Mothe (Cadil- lac's daughter),) a tract of land extend- ing from the lliver Ecorse, three leagues, 9 mile.s, witli a depth of nve leagues, 15 miles, and including Grosse lie and all other islands in the vicin- ity. In addition to the above grants were 13 gardens, of half an arpent each, as follows: 1, Monsieur Dargenteuil; 2, Pierre Mallet; 3, Jacob de Marsac; 4, Jacque.j Langiois; 5, Louis Normand; 6, Pierre Esteve; 7, Jerome Marller; 8, Michael Disier; 9, Estienne Boutron; 10, Bonaventui'P Compiens; 11, Chanlelor; 12, Pierre Porrier; 13. Pierre Lpger. T believe that the above lists will give the names of every resident in Detroit up to the year 1708, excepting only the priest, the officers of the company and the soldiers. CADILLACS HOMESTEAD. Where did Cadillac live? I cannot answer this question satis- factorily now, though I think he lived on the northwest corner of St. Fran- cois and Ste. Anne streets, near the church. If I am right his house was on what is now the north side of Jeffer- son avenue, lialf way between Gris- wold and Shelby streets, about where the old Masonic hall stands. You will observe that the properties bringing the highest prices were those on Ste. Anne street, in the ^ immediate vicinity of this land. This would naturally fol- low, if the house of the com- mandant was located here, St. Anne street, at this point, was the Wood- ward avenue of the little city, and here the aristocracy lived with Cadillac m their midst, What kind of houses did they have? From all I have so far learned, tlie modern idea of a log house was un- kncwn to them. I think their houses, even these of the better classes, con- sisted of stakes, driven into the ground as closely together aa possible and the interstices filled with mortar or mud. These pickets wore cut off, even, at the top, and a pitch-roof of split rails put on. Sawing lumber by hand was too liifhcult a job to permit much sawed lumber to be used, and what could be thus obtained was for inter- ior work, doers, sluitters, etc. It is very probable that no houses had windows, except thoso of the vvealthiest citizens. Glass, for win- dows, was doubtless very scarce and very expensive. I can find no certain tfcorti that there was any glnss win- dov/s at all, though in the description of the church occurs the statement that it containefl a window with shut- tcre and sa.sh frames between, "of 20 squares," each. The squares may refer to the small panes of glass, com- mon even until a few years since, in church window's. A short time after Cadillac left De- troit, to l^ecome governor of Louisi- ana, in 1711, he had a complete inven- toiy of his btlonging.s in Detroit, made by Pierre Cheane and Anloine Mag- nant, and the priest, Father Cherubin Deniaux, and this property was turned over to Pierre Roy for safe keeping. From this list we obtain an idea of the building-s owned by Cadillac, and 1 append their full description. CADILLAC'S BUILDINGS. A warehou.'ie 37i^ feet long and 22 feet wide, 8 feet high, boarded top and •bottom with thick planks of oak, the top with a good ridge and the bottom with square Joints, with Us shutters and doors and locks closing with a kiy, and a wooden staircase, a press for pressing furs, a counter, three .shelves for books, lined with boards for one-fourth of the height. Another house of stakes in earth, 33Vi feet long, 19 feet wide and S feet high, half of planks above, with joints in a good ridge and the rest of stakes, and below, half of beams with square joints, half mortised, and the other part of split stakes, with four cabinets, with their, doors and locks closing with keys. The said hou.se having window shutters and a door closing with a key. A small cellar adjoining the said house, boarded below with split stakes with a shutter and a door closing with a key. Also a porch at the door of said house with the door and lock. Another house of stakes in earth, lb feet long. 12% wide, CVi high, board- ed with split stakes above, and below half of sawn beams with square joints, and the other half without boarding; with its shutters and a door closing with a key. Also a cabinet In the house, with a door and Its hinges, also a postern outside the house, DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. 18 fram ?(i with Its lock. Also a cellar 12^! feet long by 6 wide, adjoining the house, with a door and its iron work. Another inferior house of stakes in earth, 1(1 ft-et long, 12 wide, without either door or shutters, serving as a shed for cattle. Also a barn 50 feet long by 27 feet wide and 11 high, the top roofed with wood, having its tenons broken, with its "battrier" of 34 joists and partly worn out. surrounded with stakes in earth joined together. Another house 33 feet long, 21 wide. 9 high, boarded above with split stakes! surrounded with stakes in earth, nei- ther closing with a door nor by shut- ters, having only four sashes of the shutters and the two side timbers of the door. Also a dove cote, raised on four wooden posts, 6 feet high, 10 square, surrounded with oak beams two inches thick, with square joints, cov- ered with .straw, the two gable ends of earth, its door and its hinges. Also an ice house 15 feet square and B high out of the ground and 15 feet deep in the ground, boarded with split beams, with its door closing with a key. Also a building u.sed as a church, ,35 feet long, 24V^ wide, 10 high, boarded entirely above, with oak Joists in a good ridge, and below of beams with square joints; with its doors, windows and shutters, and sash frames between of 20 squares each, the whole closing with a key. Also a her y bell. OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. 1 ht closely written pages of manuscript, descriptive of 14 DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. what he had done and seen around Detroit, and his plans for the future great city. His letter is very Inter- esting and some Ideas can be ob- tained from it to show the occupa- tions of liis colonist."?. T^he palisades he had erected en- closed an arpent of land, making nearly 800 feet of ricket line. These pickets were small trees, six or eight inches in diameter, driven three or four feet into the earth, and extend- ing some 12 to 15 feet above the ground. There were no women at D -oit during the first year, and probably the men huddled together two or three or more in a hut, but as time went on and women began to come from Quebec and Montreal to join their husbands, each family had its own house. Wild fruit, berries and nuts, grew in great abundance, and the people gathered all they could to preserve for the coming winter. When the convoy left Montreal it had carried only sufflcient food to last for three months, and food had to be procured from the Indians and from hunting, to enable the people to live until the next harvest time. They had ar- rived too late to grow any crops for the fall of 1701, but all hands that could be spared were set at work, preparing the soil for wheat, a quantity of which Cadillac had brought along for seed. This wheat, which he called French wheat, was sown on the 7th of October, 1701, and was cut on the 21st of the succeeding July. The land was not properly pre- pared, but the crop was good. THEY TILLED THE VIRGIN SOIL. In the spring of 1702 he attempted to raise some spring wheat, but was not as successful as with his fall sowing. In the summer of 1702 he had land prepared, and directed Ton- ty, his lieutenant, to have 20 arpents sowed by the 20th of September. Twelve arpents were sown with In- dian corn, which came up eight feet high, and of this there was an abund- ant crop. Every soldier, and there were 50 of them, had a small garden of half an acre for liis own cultiva- tion, and the civilians cultivated larger tr^-'cts of land, so that in the winter of 1702, there were besides the gar- dens, 60 arpents of wheat. Grapes grew in abundance along the river shore, and an arpent of land was set apart, tilled, and set out with the choicest grapevines, in hopes that cultivation would improve the fruit. To use Cadillac's own words: "All this is no easy task, as everything has to be carried on the shoulders, for wf have no oxen or horses yet to draw loads, nor to plough, and to accomplish it, it is necessary to be very active." The Indians were induced to gather around the fort and form settlements. Below or to the right of the fort were stationed the Hurons, and they had cultivated 200 arpents of land, prob- ably all in Indian corn. Above the fort were the Oppenagos or Wolves (Loups). They occupied that portion of the city which was for many years known as the King's commons, and after the lire of 1S05 was known, and is now known, as the governor and judges' plan. When Cadillac permit- ted the Oppenagos to occupy this land it was with the understanding that they should remove whenever the land was needed as a commons. A mile and a half further up the river he located four tribes of the Ottawas. The Miamis also came and asked for land and they were accommodated. A truce had been patched up between the French and Indians on one side and the Iroquois on the other, so that the Iroquois came to the settlement in numbers, but they did not remain there as the other tribes did. FIRST WHITE WOMEN SETTLERS. Madam Cadillac and Tonty's wife, the first white women of the west, came In the spring of 1702, and from this time on families began to come, and those men who were already at the settlement sent for their wives and children. Everything appearea very prosperous and Cadillac was in good spirits. He supposed that he ^ '4 DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. 15 owned Detroit and that the trade to be carried on with it was his, but in 1703 he learned that the company of the colony of Canada claimei the trade of the new post, and ht was obliged to surrender his rig'htp to the company. Frb'm this company he re- ceived a salary as commandant, but his interest iM the prosperity of the post was gone and he gave littls en- couragement to people at Montreal and Quebec to settle at the new place. He made great efforts to regain his lost rights, and in 1705 he was en- tirely successful and the company was directed to return to him everything that he had before possessed. Now again did the people begin to flock to Detroit. More people came now than ever before, and a greater prosperity seemed to attend the en- terprise. The limits of the village Inclosure were extended to permit the erection of more dwellings for the new comers. Lots were granted to those who would build within the pal- isades, gardens were granted to those who would cultivate them, near the fort, and farms were staked off for others who would follow that pursuit. Every man had his occupation and there were no drones. There were farmers, artisans and soldiers. Every man was a hunter and during the hunting season one may well conceive that the village was nearly deserted and that only a sufllcient numVer re- mained to protect the place from the savages. In 1706 Cadillac brought three horses and 10 head -^f cattle to the place. Evidently tw .. of the horses died, for in 1711 there was only one horse, named Colin, " remaining, but the cattle multiplied and at that date there were 29 animals belonging to Cadillac. PLEASURES OP THE POST. While the lines of caste were pretty strictly drawn to separate Cadillac and his immediate friends and com- panions from the soldiers and voy- ageurs, the latter associated on friend- ly and intimate terms with the Indi- ans. The unmarried soldiers were en- couraged to n'larry the Indian women, and a close study of the parish rec- ords of Canada incline me to lu'lieve that it wa.-5 no very unoomnion thing iur a citizen to have left behind him a lawful wife and to have se'ected an- other .11 Detroit from some savage trilje. I cannot in any other way t^c- count for the disappearance oi some individual at Quebec or Montreal or Batiscan or some of the eastern par- ishes, and the sudden and unexpected appearance of an individual of the same name, whose ancestry is the same, or is undefined, with a new wife while the eastern wife is still in the land of the living. The collecting to- gether of all the parish records of Canada has disclosed many items of this nature. There were no law courts or judges In this city in the wilderness and Cad- illac was the all powerful czar of the settlement. Always clad in military garments, with his sword clanging as it .struck the ground, in his mili- tar.v parade through the etreets of the village, all hats were off at his ap- proach and he owed obedience to but one individual— the village priest. That *iword practicing was one of the jjleas- ures of the post is very evident from •he fact that wlien Cadillac left De- li oit there were 18 swords inventoried among his effects. I do not find the record of any musical instruments and yet dancing must have been one mean.-; of whiling away the long win- ter evenings. In the summer time we know that lacrosse was a favorite frame with both the French and sav- ages, and the acquaintance and Irlendship originatini; in tlieir sum- mer games must have been continued through the winter in something of uniform pleasure to both classes. Tliere could be no sleigh ride parlies, for there were no horses, but possibly there was coasting on the hillside neat the river, and I find in Cadillac's property an account of one hundred small trumpets, probably used to stir up the enthusiasm of the young sav- ages in their hours of amusement. ii IB DETROIT I'NDER CADILLAC SUPPRESSION BY THE JESUITS. The older men of both the French and Indians could gather round the open fire in the great cabins of the Indians and smolte and tell stories, but for the younger people a more active pleasure must be devised. It is possible that the soldiers arranged theatricals, but if they did, these were for the benefit of the French only, for it can scarcely be possible that an In- dian would understand a play. In 1694 Cadillac had reported the at- tempt of the Jesuits to suppress the playing of Nicomede and Mithridate by the soldiers at Quebec, and the Jesuits were partly successful in their tirade. If the :?oldiers desired to en- tertain themselves in this manner at Quebec, it is not difficult to be- lieve that they made the same at- tempt at Detroit, where they would not be reproached by the .clergy. There was an al)undance of brandy always on hand in the pui)lic storehouse, for every boat brought a quantity from below, and as early as 1706 a l^rewery was erected and Joseph Parent was employed at Montreal to come here as a brewer. CADILLAC'S POWERS. There was certainly no Acadian simplicity among the people who lived In Detroit during Cadillac's time. They were continually ciuarreling with each other and with the commandant, and entering protests and complalrfts against those in authority. Instances of this quarreling are very evident from the great number of Jesuit let- ters written on the subject, and some contentions are mentioned in Cadil- lac's correspondence. A clerk named Desnoyers, sent to represent the Company of the Colony, was considered by Cadillac disobedi- ent and contumacious. Cadillac im- prisoned him for two hours. Desnoy- ers considered himself of great im- portance in the settlement and resent- fd the imprisonment as an insult. He immediately made preparations to re- turn to Montreal, and was about to set out on his journey when he was again arrested and imprisoned. Com- plaint was made against Cndillac and he defended himself to Cc unt Pont- chai train. On being asked why he imprisoned the clerk, he replied: "I did so because it is laid down in my orders that nobody, officer or otherwise, is to set out from Detroit without my permission, yet the clerk Desnoyers, to continue his disobedi- ence, had nis boat put in the water and loaded for Montreal (as he says) without speaking of it to me or say- ing anything to me about it, claiming always that he was not subordinate to me." The company threatened to bf even with him for thus using, or misusing, their clerk. This imprisonment, Cadil- lac asserts, is his great "crime." "The audacity to imprison one of their serv- ants, whom they appointed as their principal clerk, a waif and a poor wretch, who came here not knowing which way to turn on his arrival in this country. As to my powers, they are very ample, being to punish ac- cording to circumstances, by censures, by reprimands, by arrests, by impris- onment, or by deprivation of civil rights; and in case of distinct disobe- dience, to run my sword through any one who has so offiiided against me. It is by reason of the remoteness that these orders have always been given to me, and on account of the sedi- tions and Intrigues which have been attempted to be formed here, which I have known quite well how to re- press." There is one more subject of Inter- est on which I desire to add a few answer the oft repeated question of "Who was the first white man at Detroit?" Not who were the first persons passing through the strait, but who first landed at Detroit with a determination to make that place his future home? This question would not have arisen except for statements in some of the earlier Michigan histories, which allege that Pierre Roy and Joseph Parent were located at Detroit before Cadillac DETROIT UNDER CADII-LAC. 17 came. I believe th* statament has no foundation in faot, and f wil. try to prove it 3 untrutfj. Cadillac asserts, in one of hiH earlj' letters, that no one had ever visited this part of t*^e country before. He certainly would not bave made such a statement if two men were then livl.iK there, for he knew these men, as they were both member.^ of his colony. Pierre Roy married an In- dian woman. I take it for granted that he married her within a short time after flrs t meet-ng her and that •he brought her to the villaso as soon as they weie married. Their first child was baptized on April 27, 1704, about three years after the village was founded. Now this evidence is only circum- stantial, of course, but it is sufficient to make one believe that imless Roy came with Cadillac, ho did not come at all until the year 1702 or 1703. De- troit was a sort of neutral ground, not occupied by any Indians perman- ently, for it was above the lands of the Iroquois and below the lands oc- cupietl by the other Indian tribes wi^h whom the Iroquois were then at war. JOSEPH PARENT'S RECORD. The other man who is supposed to have been here prior to Cadillac's time, was .loseph Parent. Joseph Parent was the son of Pierre Parent, of Quebec, and was born at that place Jan. 27, 1669. Jan. 31, 1690, he married Magdeleine Marette, at Beau- port. He removed to Quebec where his first child, .loseph, was born, Aug. 13, 1690. His second child, Marie Mag- deleine, was born Dec. 15, 1G92; the third was Jean Baptiste, born 1694, •95 or '96; the fourth. Marguerite, born July 7, 1698; the fifth, Pierre, born about 1700; sixth, Marie Anne, born May 22, 1702; seventh, Gilbert, bor Dec. 3, 1703; eighth, .loseph Marie, born April 25, 1705. He then removed to Detroit, where his ninth child was born, July 21, 1709. If anything further was neet^ed to show that he could not have lived in this country before the coming of Cadillac, we have a contract made by him CI March 9. 1706, in which lie ai^recs 'o go to Detroit, from Mon- treal, to work at his trade as master toolmaker and brewer, for three vears. I have thus shown conclusively, I tliink, that neither Roy nor Parent lived at or near the present location of Detroit in the year 1700, or before Cadillac came, but that Cadillac is, In fact, our first man. DIRECTORY OF DETROIT, 1701 TO 171(». I have compiled a list of all the people who were in or about Detroit during the first nine years of its ex- istence from the founding of the city, in 1701, till the time that Cadillac ceased to be commandant, in 1710. This list is arranged as nearly alphabetic- ally as the peculiarity of names will permit, and, I believe, upon the same rulfs that govern the compilation of directories, so that this is, in fact, a directory of the city for the nine years mentioned. The foundation of this compilation is entirely unpublished manuscripts, from which tlie names have been taken as they occur, and hence the spelling is sometimes improper: but where a name has occurred more than once in these manuscripts I have chosen that spell- ing which seems most proper. The ma.lority of these people were unable to write or spell the'r names, and the commandant, priest or notary in whose writings the names occur spell them according to sound, or to his ideas of orthography. This would be a further reason for imperfection in spelling. "Where a ptr- soii knew how to write his or her name, it was in a mechanical man- ner; the signer would evidpnlly some- times forget what letters should form the name, and consequently would omit in some signatures letters that apiiear in other places written by the same party. All these things have to be contend- ed with and an imperfect name is not an evidence of lack of earnest study to make my work complete. SOURCES OF INB-ORMATION. Three important series of manu- scripts have been carefully examined 18 DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. for the jjurpose of ascprtainlng the names plven herewith, and the In ■ formation contained 'n conn utlon with the names is taken from these three sources. The manu.scrlpts consist of, first, the letters and reports of Cadillac. These letters are in the a"chives In Paris. They are very volui. ilnous and very interestlnp from an historical standpoint. I have a copy of every one that has been so far discovered. Second, the records of the church of Ste. Anne, In this city. These records are peculiarly valuable, and contain many items of historical Interest, be- sides the birth, marriag-e and death notices. The catholic church, so far as my observation goes, has always been very careful to keep a record of its members, their births, ancestry, mar- riage and deaths. The facts relative to each individual are made matters of record in their churches. Detroit is no exception to this rule, and although we occasionally find mat- ters in other places that show omis- sions and errors in the church records, they are few and only discovered on diligent study of each Individual's life. There was a church building erected and a church record begun as early as 1701. The church was destroyed by fire in 1703, and the records, consisting probably of only a sheet or two of paper, were burned with the church. A new building was at once put up and a new record commenced in 1704. WONDERFIII. TNDIVIDUAI. REC- ORD. The third series of manuscripts con- sists of the notarial ret ords on file in the department of justice, in the city of Montreal. These contain lists of parties who were employed to go to Detroit with the traders, as bargemen or laborers. Many ol them sought employment in this manner, simply to pay their expenses to the upper country, with the intention of remain- ing here if the surroundings suited them, and consequently some of the oldest French families in the city can find the names of their ancestors in these contracts. There are a great many of these contracts, and I have made copies of all such as pertain to Michigan, making several large vol- umes of closelj -written manuscripts, between the years 16!K) and 1760. These, then, form the basis from which I have worked in making this directory. When this portion of my labor was completed, I turned for con- firmation and further assistance to Taiiguay's Dictionnalre GenealoglQue of French families. Too much cannot be said In commendation of this work. The author, Fr. Cyprlen Tanguay, collected the registers of all tlie French catholic churches of Can- ada and Michigan, and, with incredible patience, compiled the entire matter into a grand work of seven volumes. By means of this com- pilation one can trace a French catho- lic from the time of his leaving France until his death; can there find the names of the parents, wife and chil- dren of any of these people. In con- sequence of the wide scope of this work it is possible to follow the domi- ciles and determine the occupation of any person, no matter where ho lived in Canada, or how often he changed residences. In each church where the individ- ual's name appears in the register, suf- ficient data are given with It to iden- tify him, and when these records are all brought together, as Fr. Tanguay has collected them, we have the his- tory of every Frenchman. DF/PRdlT'S MISTY EARLY STORY. We have a similar work of Iccal im- portance now in process of compila- tion nearly completed I believe. I ro- fer to the work of Rev. Fr. Denis.sen of St. Charles' church of this city. His work Is founded upon the same gen- eral principles as that of Fr. ranguay, but Is confined to Detroit and Wind- sor and vicinity. Fr. Denis- sen. hoTvever, has gone out- side the 1 ,:ords of the church and has taken --leh other authencK> records as he can find, and, as he I bought, adapted to his purposes. It. is well known that after the termination of the French regime in 1760 and extend- DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC Ing e^en as late iia 1818, v< ry many protestanta wero baptized in the cath- olic church. There was no other church hero to perform this ceremony. Many of these became converts and their names are frecjuently found in th.i succeeding pages of the church record. It Is, however, to the first 10 yeai.^ of our city's history that we look for the ancestry of many of our older ft-m- ilies. The men who came with Cadil- lac and tliose who came to him after his first establishment include the names of Chene, Campau, Belislo, DeLisle, Chapoton, St. Aubin and many others. CONFUSION OF EARLY NAMES. I confess that I do not understand how the old French names are made up. It seems to me that prior to the time that Detroit was founded, each of a family, on his attaining his ma- jority, took to himself such a name as he saw fit— possibly taking the name from some tract of land— some senlory that he possessed and named. Thus we have, in many instances, a family of brothers each bea'-ing differ- ent names. The use of the given nam© was Mttle known and was scarcely ever employed except in official documents where the individual was referred to as being the son of some person whose full name was given. Even as late as 1700 the use of the surname was not fully under- stood and it is no infrequent circum- stance to find the name of a descend- ant entirely unlike that of his ances- tor. I call to mind now, a few local names affected by the uncertainty of names, as the family of St. Aubin. The Detroit ancestor of this family was named Casse and the name St. Aubin was attached as a nickname. His children bore the same name of Casse, but as the third generation was reached, the name St. Aubin was fre- quently used alone and the name Casse omitted; after the lapse of 150 years the name St. Aubin is all that remains and the Casse is forgotten. Take the family of Beaubiens. Their family name was Cullliere. The LafCertys 19 belong to the family of /isslere. These are only Illustrations. There are many other families in Detroit that have as abruptly and unceremon- iously changed their surnames and it needs the constant watch upon eacl name to be able to trace the famlUer through the generations. Another thing about these early French peo- ple that appears odd to us is that the A^omen, upon marriage, did not take the i.ame of their husbands. Wherever a woman is referred to her maiden name is given, followed by the statement that ? he is the wife of some person who Is named and also frequently followed by the names of her parents. This peculiarity fre- quently assists one in tracing the identity of names otherwise obscure. DETROIT'S FIRST DIRECTORY. Abatis. Jean (or Labbatu, see Labatier). Aguenet (or Aguet). called I.rfir'Ort, Gull- leaunie. (Possibly the name :=houia be HaguenotJ. Arnauld Bertrand. merchant, came to De- troit .luly 18, 1702. Badelllac. Louis, cUed I>aplante, mado an agreement to come to Detroit May 29, 1701. the first convoy. Bannois. Jeanne. She was the first wife of GulUaume Bouche, and died in 1703. This name Is given by Tanguay as Beauvals. Barlteau. Julian, called I>a Marche, came May 30. 1705. Baron, Denys, voyageur.came June 21, 1706. Barthe (called Belleville). Jean, a soldier, came Oct. 10. 1706. Barthe (called Belleville), Marie Char- lotte, daughter of Jean Barthe, above. Bom Oct. 27, 1709. Bassinet, Joseph, sieur Tourblanche. Came April 2. 1707. Bassinet, Pierre, brother of above. He came April 2. 1707. Baudreau. Gabriel. Gabriel Baudreau and his wife. Catherine Foretier. were voyageurs passing through Detroit on their way to Mobile. Nov. 24. 1708. Baudreau, Marie Doulse, daughter of Gabriel Baudreau, baptised Nov. 24, 1708. Baugret, Francois, called Uufort, 'came Sept. 10. 1710. Beauchamp, Jacques, came as bargeman. May 30, 1705. Beauchamp, Pierre, brother of above. Came same time. DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. BeauKis (or Baugls), Mlcliol, voyageur. BeaurcKurd, see Dupuls. Belllle (or Bellsle), Henry, llrHt surgeon of the fort. Besnard, Rene, came June 21, 170(i. Sol- dier of Carlgnnn regiment. Blenvenue, Alexis, son of Francois, be- low. He married Josette Bouron. Jan. 17. 1740. Blenvenue, called Delisle, Francois, came Aug. 2, 1707. HlR first wife was Genevlevo Lrfiferlere, and his second wife was Mari- anne Lemolne. He was burled Sept. 29, 1761. aged 88 years. The transformatlDn of French names I.** well Illustrated by this oerson. His descendants are nearly uni- versally known here by the name cf Dt- llsle or DeLlsle, and the surname of two centuries ago la not uncommomy uted to- day, as a chrls-tlan name, and we frequently find. Blenvenue, or Welcome, Dellsles In our real estate records. Blenvenue, Joseph, son of Francois Blen- venue above, baptized March 5, 1704, and burled Dec. 3, 1711. Blenvenue. Marie, daughter of Francil.s Blenvenue above. Baptized Dec. 8, 1705. She married Jacques Roussel April 7, 1725. She Is named Marianne In the marriage rec- ord. Blenvenue, Marie Joseph, daughter of Francois Blenvenue, born Aug. 25. 1709. Blenvenue, Rafael. Burled April 24, 1706, aged 2 years. Unless this Is the same per- son as Joseph Blenvenue, above. It Is scarcely possible that Rafael was a son of Francois Blenvenue. This Is the first re- corded death In Detroit, though there Is other evidence that a child of Alphonse de Tonty died before the first church was burned, in 1703, and that Madam Bou-he died In 1703. Blzalllon (or BIsalllon). Michel, son of Benolt BIsalllon and of Louise Blaye, of Clalrmont, In Auvergne. He married Mar- guerite Fafard (dlt DeL«rme), June 30. 1710. Bluteau. Agathe (In some places this name is spelled Bulteau), wife of Francois Judith Contant, dlt Rancontre. Bollard. Jeanne, wife of Pierre Leger, dlt Parlslen. Bombardier (called la Bombards), Andre. A aoldier and farmer. Bombardier (called la Bombarde), Bernard PhlUipe, son of Andre Bombardier above, bom Oct. 12, 1709. Bombardier, Jean. Son of Andre Bom- twxdler above, bom July 18, 1707. Bone, Morle Anne. The name probably .'*hould be spelled Beaune. She wa» the widow of Francois Liorry and daug'hter of Jean Bone and Mary Magdelalne Bourigier. She married Martin drier June 12, 1710. She came to Detroit Apill 18, 1707, under an agreement to serve Cadillac for three years at 80 llvres per year. l«onne, Francois. Uonnet, Gulllaume (8urnamehlllll)e,vlllag«' of the Mlanils. She died of anmllpox Oct. 20, 1732, and In 1738 he married his second wife, Loulsp Buil'ols, daiiglitor of Francois Lothei a dlt Barrols, and MiU'lanmi Sauvage. Pierre Che.sne was an Interpreter and sometimes called Lii Butte. He was born al)ou* 16U7. Chevalier, Jean. Came May 30, 1705. There Is a record that Angellque Chevalier, daughter of the late Jeun Baptlste CMiev- aller and the late Prancolse Alavoine of this parish marrlod Antolne Nicolas Lauzon. Feb. 27. 1769. Chevalier. Michel. Came Oct. 10, 1710. Chevalier. I'aul. Came July 12, 1702. His wife was AK'ithe Campau. Tliiy lived on St. Paul street, Montreal. Paul, Jean and Robeitt were brothers. Chevalier. Pierre. Chevallt^r, Robert. Came June l,'), 1706. Chomlc. Jean Baptlste. Chouet, (called Camorand) Andre. Chouet. Louis, called Lagirotlee. Soldier In company of Cabana, captain. He was son of Jean Chouet and Marie Magdelelne Magdile. Before setting out for Detroit, May 25, 1701. he gave his prope.ty. In event of his death, to Mary Magdelelne Dellsle. (Mrler. Martin. Son of Nicolas Clrier and Calherln* Prevoost of the parish of St. DenU d' AJ-genteull at Paris. He was a soldier of the company de la Champagne and married Ann Bone, June 12, 1710. I find the name spelled Sliler sometimes, but Martin could write and he spelled it Clrier. Clalrambaut, Francois, esquire sieur I >' A.igremont. Commissary of the marine .11 Cai;ada, sub-delegate of the Intendant and deiiuty appointe' Esperance) P|erre, Son of Bonaventure, above. Was bom Jan. 12, 1710. Comic, Pierre. ("otton. I'lerre. called St. Jean. Came May 30. 1705. as bargeman. f'o"-.ie;, Francois. Came as bargeman May 30, 1706. Cnuk, Marguerite, wife of Francois MasHf. Marguerite Couquo Is refer.-eil to as tho wife of thi' late Jean Fafare, and Marguerite Kouque as the wife of gleur Masse. The.5tlce l8 not done to the name of a man who played a most Important part In the history of America. The birthplace and tho exact dale of the birth of Cadillac are unknown. He was probably born In 1661, in that part of France called Gaacony. He had a good education and it is not at all improbable that he studied for the priesthood. Perhaps he studied with the Jesuits and then left their order, for he certainly displayed a thorough hatred of them through his life. He entered the army at an early age and came to -\m rica to seek his fortune in 1683. He first settled at Port Royal (Annapolis, seaport of Nova Scotia) and built a house, which was destroyed by the Eng- lish under Sir William Phips in 1690. .\t Port Hoyai he fell in with Francois Guycn. who was a privateer. In liis employment wi, Guyon he be- came familiar with the coast line of America and svith tl;e details of American cities. HE TRAVELED FAR. One of the earliest maps of b-js- ton, made by the noted mai) maker, Franquelin. bears upon its face the approval of Cadillac as to its correct- ness, and a report of Cadillac in 1691, warns French navirjators of the dan- gers of Hell Gate at New York. His services as a pilot wore sought after and his opinions regarding the English Atlantic =ettlements i.nd the best mode of attacking them were so highly praised that the klp^ (Louis 84 DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. XIV.) sent for him from America on more than one occasion. In 16i>7 he married Marie Therese Ouyon, the niece of his employer, at Quebec. Ill 1688 he received a grant of a large tract of land In Maine, which was then French territory, and also the island of Mount Desert, which his descendants again obtained in later years. His wife and family were liv- ing at Port Royal at the time of its capture by the English in 1G90 and the destruction of his house left him penniless. He had been a lieutenant in the I re ops, and in 169.% was created a capiain with the rank of ensign in the navy. Frontenac had been reap- pointed to his (dd po.sltlon as governor of New France and a close friend- ship sprang up between himself and Cadillac that lasted during their joint lives. In 1094 he was appointed command- ant ot Mackinac. Here he remained four years, spending the time In look- ing after the Indians and quarreling with the Jesuits. He seems to have taken great delight in bothering the Jesuit priests and exciting them with his sharp letters. His writings are voluminou>, and not always truthful. RUM VS. Rji:LIGION. Great attention was paid to his re- ports by the colonial office, but an oc- casional roniark by the minister of for,iign affairs that "He lies like a Gascon," written en the margin of a report of his, gives one clearly to understand that his sentiment.s were taken with a ,'rain of allowance. One of th.- most important ques- tions of discussion with the Jesuits was the .sale of eaii de vie (rum) to the Indians. The priests alleged that it was unnecessary traffic and inju- rious to the morals of the savages, while Cadillac maintained that the use of the stimulant in restricted quan- tities was riectssary, and moreover, that if the savages did rot get what they wanted at Mackinac they would go to the English to obtain it, and if they went to the English they might be converted to protestantism, and thereby their souls would be lost, and he askcl thu missionaries which was the most profitable thing to do. Look- ing to the welfare of the Indian alone, v.'as ft beitei to be occasionally drunk on F'.ench brandy and his soul saved or occasionally drunk on English rum and he eternally lost? THE FOUNDER OF DETROIT. He was not exclusively occupied with his attention to 'his missionary friends, but found time to explore the country and a.^certain a better place ihan Mackinac for building a fort which would resist the encroach- ments of the English. He resigned his position as commandant in 1698 and went to Europe to place before the king a proposition for founding a colony on tlie i:)etroit river. His i Ian was approved and he returned in 1700 with autfiority to proceed on hi?, er- rand as soon as possible I have, be- fore this, given a shoit account of his journey to Detroit and the found- ing of Fort Pontchartrain, which was the original and olticial name of this post, on the 24th of July, 1701. The unpublished accounts of what Cadil- lac found here are interesting in the extreme. It was the paradise of North America. Here he founded a col- ony protected by a garrison of farmer soldiers, and his colony was a success as long as lie remained, but he was removed from his comn.and In 1710 and appointed governor of Louisiana. He reached his new post In 1713 and remained un- til 1717, when he returned to France. He was subsequently appointed gov- ernor o'l Castel Sarrazin, in France, and retained that ofhce until his death. De La Mothe Cadillac, Aiitoliit?. Ensign in the troops, son of Cadillac. De La Mothe Cadillac, Antolne (or Jean Antolne), son of Cadillac. Bu.ied in the church. April 9. 1709, uged 2 years 2V4 months. 1 think this is th« same as Jeai; Antolne, who was baptized Jan. 19, 1707. A DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC, 3S De L.a Motlie Cadillac, Fi'ancois. Son of Cadillac Born March 29, 1709. De La Mothe Cadillac, Jacques. Son of Cadillac. Cadot in the troops of the de- tachment of marines. De La Mothe Cadillac, Marie Af?atha. Daughter of Cadillac. Born, Dec. 28. 1707. De La Mothe Cadillac, Hene Louis. Son of Cadillac, Born, March 17, 1710.* De Launay, Joseph. Came Sept. 27, 1710. De L'Halle, Constantln. Recollect priest, killed in 1723, ht.9 body was exhumed, transported and reburied within the church of St. Anne. De Liard, see Bouet. De Lisle, see Blenvenue. De Lorme, see Pafard. Delpeche, Francois, Came May 17, 1710, Demera, MaximlUen, Came May 30, 1705. Deniau Cheruliin. Recollect priest, pas- tor of St. Anne's. Deniau, Rene. Died July. 17.10. apred 80 years. De Paris, Denis. Depre (or Dcspre). Joseph. De Ranee, see Le Gautler. Derruon. Pierre. esquire sieur de Budemond. Dervlgseau, JuHen, Lieuteffiariit in the troops. DesTutels. Gilbert, dit Lapolnte. Came ag bai66:r>an May 30, 1705. Deg Jardins, Suzanne. Wife of Pierre La Fleur. Deslorlers, Jean Baptiste. Jean Baptiste du Fournel dit Deslorlers, aged 50 y^ars, was buried Oct. 31, 1731. Desmoullns, Charlotte, dit Phllls, daugh- ter of Jacques Desmoullns and Charlotte Sanarlas, was born Nov. 22, 1709, and died Jan. 8, 1710. Desmoullns, Jrequeg dit Phllls. Hla wife was Charlotte aarias. Desmoullns, Jacques. Son of the above Jacques Desmoullns; was baptized March 30, 1708 and died April 14, 1728. Deamoullns, Marie. Wife of Blaise Son- tleureuse. Desnoyers, Joseuh. Married Mag'dulelne Robert, daughter of Pierre Robert and Angellque Tholm,-. Desrocher, or Derocher, see Maraao. Desroslers, Jean Morean. Came as bargeman May 30, 1705, Desroziers, Joseph, called Dutremble. Came Sept. 27. 1710, Devlnon, Pierre, esquire sleur de Budemond. Lieutenant In the troops. Dlzier, Michel, called Sans Quartler. Farmer. Dounay, Antholne. Came in the summer of 1704. Dubor, Dominique, Came as voyageur, June 12, 1706, Du Chomlc, Louis. IXicharme, Joseph. Came Sept. 10, 1710. Duoharme, Louis. Voyageur, brother of Joseph. Came May 22, 1709. Duclos, Jacques. A soldier. Dumouchel, Francoise. Daughter of Bernard Dumouchel dit Liaroche. On the sixth day of July 1703 she agreed to go to Detroit to serve Mr. and Madam De L«a Mothe (Cadillac), for two yeara at ISO iivres per year. DuTnouchel, Paul. Came May 15, 1708. Duftant, Marie Renie. Du Figuier, (see Fournier). Dufresne, Antoln.?. Dufresne, Marie Magdelaine, Wife of Pierre Mallet. Dumay, Jacques. Jacques Pierre Danau esquire sieur de Muy. Chevalier of the Royal and Military order of St. Louis, died May 20. 1758. Dumay, Marguerite. Wife of Andre Bom- bardier. Dumouche, Francoise. Dupuis Antolne. (called Beauregard). Farmer. His wife was Marie Anna Mar- andeau. Dupuis, Antolne. Son of above, was born June 21, 1707. Dupuis, Joseph, Son of Antoine. Sr.. above, was born Jan 31, 1709. Dupuis, Marie Anne. Daughter of An- toine above, was born March 13, 1710. Duroy, I'ierre, dit Deslauriors, Poldier in the company of De La Mothe Cadillac. He came April 11, 1707. Hs is also men- tioned as a soldier in the company cf Dulhud. (Duluth). Du Vesitin, Salomon Joseph. Durand (or Durant) Jean. Farmer. Dussault, Marie. Wife of Jacaues Langlols. Du Sault, Marie, fille mmeure. The par- ents' names are not en. Dutan, Jacques. Came as bargcmHii May 30. 1705. Dutremble, Jean Baptiste. Came in 170S. Dutremble, Joseph. Came Sept. 28, 1706. Du Vant, called La Franchise, Pierre. Soldier de la (3ompagrnle de la Corne. "W 26 - i Esteve, Pierre. Called Farmer, see Stebre. Estienne, Estlenne. B. her of Domi- nique Estienne. Came April 26, 1707. Estienne, Jacques. Came April 13, 1707 wUh a canoe load of merchandise for Slear de Bourmont, ensign in tlie troops. Fafard, Charles, dit Delonne. He oame April 25, 1707. His father waa Francola Fafard, dit Delorme. The descendants from this pioneer are universally called Delorme. Fafard, Etienne dit Delorm*. Son of Francois Fafard, born Sept. 24, 1708. Fafard, Francois, dit Delorme. Farmer and interpreter for the king-. He died Jan. 28, 1734, aged about 80 years. His first wife was Magrdeleine Marguerite Jobln and his second wife was Barbe Lioisel. Fafard, Joseph. Son of Francois, above. He was bom Sept. 24, 1708. He and Etienne were twins. Fafard, Magdelelne. Daughter of Fran- cols Fafard. above. She married Prudent Robert, Jan. 7, 1711. FaJard, Marie Joseph, dit Delorme, daughter of Francois above, married Pierre Auclair. of Charlesburg. Fafard. Marie Marguerite, daughter of Francois above. Married Michel BlssUon, June 30. 3710. Fafard, Marguerite, daughter of Jean Fa- fard and Marguerite Couck. Married Jean Baptiste Turpln, May 5, 1710. Fanereau. Charles, voyageur. Lived in Detroit Oct. 6, 1708. Farland, Jean. Faverau. Pierre. Called Zia, Grandeur. Fayolet. Pierre, called St. Pierre. A sol- dier of the company of St. Ours. He was In Detroit May 2, 1709, and acted as god- father to Pierre Casse. Ferron. Antoine, farmer. Filiatreau, Jacques, voyageur. Came May 30, 1705. He lived at Jjichlne and never resided in Detroit, though he came here several times. Filie. Michel, esquire, sieur de Therlgo, sergeant of troops. Commissioned to bear letters from France to Cadillac. He came Oct. lu, 1706. Fortler, Catheri k wife of Gabriel Bau- dreau. They wc e married at Montreal Aug. 15, 1701. Fortler, Marthe (or Marie Marthe), wife of Francois Clialut dit Chanteloup. They DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC L>a Jeun*i#e. were married In Montreal June 10, 1706. She was a sister of Catherine above. Fournler, Louis Rene, sleur du Flgnier, ensign In the troops of this country, per- forming the functions of major of the troops in Fort Pontchartraln. He was bom at Montreal May 14, 1673. His moth- er's name was Helene Du Figuier. Frapler. Marie Magdelelne, wife of Pierre Stebre, dit la Jeunesse. They were married at Quebec April 12. 1706. and she died at Detroit. Dec. 22, 1759, aged 80 years. Frigon. Francois. He was born in Nor- mandy and came to Detroit May 30, 1705. Frotant. Angellque. Probably Protean, which see. Gagnler, Jacques. Came May 17, 1710. Galarneau, Louise, wife of Francois Marquet. She was born Feb. 2, 1690, and married April 26. 1706. Galllen, Marie Anne. Her first husba '■! was Jerome (Hieronymus) Marl' 6!t Sansquartler, and her second bust /as Bernard Phillipe. Gareau (or Garro or Garraud), Domi- nique. Came Oct. 3, 1708. He was born at Boucherville Jan. 13, 1684. Gare.'^u, Jean, "ame Sept. 25, 1707. He was bon? at Boucherville Nov. 3, 1679. Gareau, Pierre. Came as bargeman May 30. 1705. He was born at Boucherville May 1. 1673. He lived In St. Paul street, Mon- treal. He was siometlmes called St. Onge, Saintonge, or Xaintonge. The three Gareaus were brothers. Dominique and Jean never resided In Detroit, but came here together in 1708 and at various other times. Pierre owned a house and. lot In the village, con- veyed to him by the name of Xaintonge. Gatineau. Louis, sieur Duplessis, came to Detroit June 21, 1706. He was married Jan. 22. 1710, to Jeanne Lemoyne, at Batiscan. He Is described as a merchant of Quebec. Gaultier. Marie Louise, wife of Jean Casse, called St, Aubin. Gaultier (or Gautier), Pierre, dit Sagul- noira. Came May 22. 1709. He was born March 25, 1669, and died July 25, 1754. Gazallle, Jean, dit St. Germain. Came Sept. 10. 1710. Germain, Alexis, son of Robert Germain, a native of the parish of Pointe aux Trem- ble, near Quebec, and came to Detroit May 19. 1708. He was killed May 19, 1712, by a gunshot given by the Ytaganish Indians, with whom he was fighting at Detroit. Germain. Robert. Came May 18, 1708. He DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. 87 was a brother of Alexis. Bom at Quebec Sept. S, 1680. Gervaia. Etienne de Bourguion. July 10, 1703. he agreed to go to Detroit as a hunter. Giard, Anthoine. Came May 30, nO,!. He was horn at Montreal Aug. 31, 1661. Glard, Gabriel. He was born at Mon- treal April 15, 1675, and came to Detroit as a l)argeman May 30, 1705. He was mar- ried three times. Giguiere, Jean Raptiste, being about to set out for Detroit June 28. 1701, he made a present of his property In the event of his death to Lorn Jan. 28, 1663, and died at Montreal Dec. 10, 1711. Glial ''n, .Joseph. Came Aug. 26, 1708. Gode (or Gaude), Jacques. Came as voy- a,geur Nov. 6, 1707. He was married Aug. 15. 1743. to Marie Louise St. Martin, of Detroit. Godefroy (or Qodfroy), .Jacques, dit Mau- boeuf. Paul Chevalier and Jacques Gode- froy. dit Mauboeuf. voyageurs, and Jo- s-'ph Senecal. tool maker and voyageur. formed a partnership Sept. 10, 1710, to carry on the business of trading at Detroit. To J'^is business Chevalier contributed 255 livrt«>. Senecal 165 Uvres and Godefroy 43 llvres r^-id two guns. The partnership was to continue for two years, and If any of the partners (?'ed In that time another IT ui would bi. taken In to fill the place. Gains and losses to be shared equally. Gontreal I5ef. 22. 1672. Guillemot, Marie Chretlenne. Came to De- troit in the employ of Cadillac Aug. 30, 17)0. She was a daughter of Jacques Fran- cois Guillemot and Madeleine Diipont. Was born at Montreal Sept. 29, 16115. Heturned there and married Jean Jacquiers, Nov. 24. A715. and died Nov. 23. 1734. Guillet. r^aul. merchant. Born 1690. Died In Montreal June 7, 17.')3. His full name seems to have been Paul Alexander Gull- let. He acted as godfather to Paul Alex- ander Campau Sept. 14, 1709. and the In- fant appears to have been named after *ilm. He came to Detroit May 19, 1708. Gustlneau, ly^uls. Guyon. Jean, dit Lachapelle. Came Sept. C. 1710. Guyon. Marie Therese, wife of Antolno De Ija Mothe Cadillac. Born at Quebec April 9. 1671. Married June 25, 1687. [The, first woman in Detroit). Hamelln, Ftene, voyageur. Came May 18, 1710. • Hemart (or Hainiart), Marie Ty)uise. Horn Dec. 1. 1709. Daughter of I'lerre Halmart. Hemart (or Halmart), Pierre, farmer iind soldier in the company of Mr. Liorimier. Married Marie I>aland June 12. 1706. The records of St. Anne contain a certifi- cate of baptism, Oct. 20, 1707, of Francois Delalnart. son of Pierre Delainart and Marie Filiastreau. Fr. Tanguay concludes that Hemart and Delainart are the same. Henaux. Pierre. Sr., came to Detroit Sept. 27. 1708. l^erhaps the name shouKl be Hunault. Henaux, Pierre, Jr. Came Sept. 27, 1708. Hubert. Ignace, called Lrficrolx. Came April 20. 1709. He was a son of Ignace Hu- bert, of BoucherviUe. Hubert. Jacques, dit I..acrijix. Sr. Tame as bargeman Mty 30. 170[. Hubert. Jacques, dit l^a'^roix. Cam" in 1706. He was horn May 12, 1KS4, and mar- ried Sept. 5. 1705. to Marie ("urdinal. He was a son of Jacques Hubert, of Montreal. Hubert. JjOu's. voyageur. fame Nov. 6, 17117. He was a brother of Ignace, above. Hubert. I'lerre. son of Jacques Hubert, dit la Croix, and Marie CardinU. Was born at Lietrolt Dec. 11. 1709. and died Oct. 11. 1724, The family Is gene.-ally known by the name of L.acr ...v. Hubert. Pierre, voyageur. Camo Aus;. 11. 1710. He was a brother of .lacques Hubert, above, and married Frincoise Cardinal. Huet, Pierre, called Duluth. came April 2. 1707. He was a son of Joseph Huet. born Nov. 12. 1682. DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. Janot. Pierre. Came May 22, 1709. nephew of Robert Janot. Janot, Robert (called La Chapelle). Came Aniil 2. 1707. He was uncle to Joseuh Baz- inet. lilt Totirblanche. Jardis. Francois, called Rencontre. Far- mer and lot owner In the villaKS. Jean. Raymond, dit Godon. Contracted Oct. 12, 1703. to CO to Detroit as a farmer. Jobln. Marie Masdelcine. wife of Fran- cois Fafart. dit Delorme. interpreter. She died at Detroit. Jan. 29. 1711. agred about 40 vear.s. Joiy. Jean, surnamed Jolvcoeur, serdeaiit in the troops. He was a native of the parish of liury, diocese of Xalntes. Died at Detroit. Mich.. March 20, 1707. and buried in the cemetery of Fort Pontchar- train. Juillet. Jean, called Laplante. Came to Detroit as a bargeman May 30. 1705. Ijabatier (or Abatis) Jean. Owned a lot in the villaKe. Jenn Labattu. Cochant. dit ChamnaKne. a soldier. Died in Detroit. Feb. 15, 1712. I think this is the same per- son. Laberge. Guillaume, entered into an aKteement Oct. 12. 1703, to come to Detroit as a farmer. Labrierre. see Normand. La Ferriere. Genevieve, wife of Francois Bienyenue. dit Delisle. Born Dec. 8. 167'J. She died before 1709. Her family name Was Charon. . Lafleur. see Poirler. Laferte, see Levoir. La Forest, Mareuerite. wife of Antoine Levroir. She was born In 1689 and married Antoine Terou Laferte (Levroir) June 10, 1706. La Grandeur, see Faverau. La Jeunesse, see Stebre. L'l Jeunesse. Etienne. came in 1706. Lalande, Marie, wile of Pierre Heniart. Laloire. r -. farmer. There is nothinfi from which the first name can be deter- mined. Taneuav Klves the name Alliiire as the same surname as this. Lamareux, Francois, sieur de St. Ger- main. Came April 2. 1707. Francois Lim- oureux, dit St, Germain, a merchant, was born 1675 and died Dec. 30. 1740. La Marque. I'ier.e. called Sans Soucy. Came as bargeman May 30, 1705. He lived at Liaprairie, and his wife was Magdelelne Delisle. La Montasne. calla Mothe, Marie There,se, daughter of Cadillac, baptized Feb. 2, 1704. Lamy, Joseph. Set out from Montreal Sept. 6. 170S. to conduct Miidani Ranez to Detroit. I^imy drifted farther west to Kaskaskia, where he became one of the trufsteea of the church in 1717, and was killed by the Indians in 1725. Lanarias, Charlotte, probably Sanariaa, which see. Langlois, Antoine, son of Jacques Lang- lois. Born Nov. 13, 1709, burled July 26. 1710, at Detroit, aged about 8V2 months, Langlois, Jacques, farmer and black- smith. Born in 1676; he married Marie Dussault. He resided for a time in De- troit, but returned to Montreal, and died there Jan. 30, 7733. Langlois, Paul, farmer. Came April 11, 1707. Laplante, Catherine. Wife of Bonaven- ture Complen dit L'Esperance. Her name, according to the record of baptisms in Sorel, where she was born, was Marie Catherine Badalllae, dit Liiplante, and she was married at Montreal, June 10, 1716. Liaporte, see Aguenet. Ijapralrie, Jullen. Came Aug. 19, 1710, Larivee, Jean. Came May 19, 170S. He was born Aug. 12, 1607, and died Sept. 9, 1729. L'arrilmee — Tanguay mentions a mm by this name, his first name being unknown, who died In Montreal, Sept. 23, 1736. La Salle, Jean. A s^oldier of the com- pany of Duluth, native of Peyrourade In Beam, died Jan. 24, 1707. His b'Xly was burieil in the church of the fort Pontchar- train du Detroit. Laude. Joseph, dit Mata. Agrceil to go to Detroit as farmer, Oct. 12, 1703. La Vallee, Jean Baptiste. Soldier of the company of the Cassagne. native of Uuintin. bishoprick of St. Brieux, In Brit- tany. Died Nov. 19, 1711, aged about 30 years. Lavols, Jacques, dit St. Amour. Came as bargeman. May 30. 1705. He was a .soldier of the company of La Come, and married Marie liarbe Cesar, at Montreal, Nov. 28, 1711. Leboeuf. Pierre. (7anie as bargeman. May 30, 1705. His wife was Marie Francoise Auzon. He never came here to reside per- manently, but some of his children did. Lp Coutant. dit Rencontre. Magdelaine. daughter of Francol.s Judit I^e Coutant, dit Rencontre, bom Feb. 5, 1710. I DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. 89 Ii'Ecuver. Pierre. Lecluc, Jean Baptlste. son of Jean Leduc. of Montreal. Came Oct. 11. 1710. He was born In 1684, and married Marie Catherine Descaiy. Lefebvre. LouLs, Came as barseman May 30. 1705. His father was Jean Baptist Le- febvre. of Montreal. Lefebvre. Nicholas. Came May 22. 1709, voyaseur. (His father. Jean Baptlste Le- febvre, lived on St, Peter's river.) Lefrautier. Francol.s. .«ieur de la ValU>e Ranee (see Deranee). Lieutenant In the detachment of marines In Canada. Came Oct. 2, 1709; died Nov. 12. 1710. Leger. BourRery. Came April 2. 1707^ Leser. called Parlsten. Marie Jeanne, daughter of Pierre Le)?er. baptized Dec. 15, 1707. LeKer (dit Parlslen). Marie Jeanne, dauehter of Pierre Leeer. dlt Parlslen. Born AuR-. 9. 1709. These two children of the same parents bear the same name. There is no record of the death of either. Leser (called Parlslen). Pierre, farmer. His wife was Jeanne Bollard, to whom he was married at Quebec. Mav 15. 1706. Legros, Jean, called Lavlolette. born Dec. 22, 1673. He married Marie Buet. Nov. 24. 1700. He came to Detroit Sept. 6. 1708. Leeros. Nicolas. Came as bargeman May ."iO. 1705. He was an elder brother of Jean Lcfrros. and married Marie Charlotte Tur- pin. Le Malre. Charles, dit St. Germain, vov- apreur. Came Oct. 17. 1707. with a canoe of merchandise for the Recoliet fathers. He was a captain of militia in Lachine. Born 1676. died 1751. Le May, Michel. Aereed April 25, 1704. to come to Detroit as a brlKadier (fore- man of a boat's crew). Le Mire. Jean, de Marsolet. Came as bartfenian May 30. 1705. His mother's name was Louise Marsolet. Le Moyne Alexis, sleur de Meniere. Came before Oct. 2. 1709. Le Moine. Jacques. merchant. Came June 21. 1706. Le Moine. Rene, mercha,nt. Le Moyne. Marie, wife of Francois Bien- venue. dit Dellsle, married In 170S. He had another (flr.st) wife. Genevieve LJiferiere. Marie Le Movne, ased about 70 years, was buried Sept, 6. 1764. Le Moyne. Rene lor Rene Alexander). Came Oct. 12. 1706. Born in 1668, he mar- ried Marie Renee Le Boulanger. Feb. 2. 1712. Le Page, Marie. Boin in Montreal. 1684. she married June 12. 1706. at Montreal. Francois Beauceron. The date of his death is not Riven, but it was before 1709. for she is mentioned at that time as a widow. She Is the only woman to whom anv land was con- ve.ved by Cadillac, within the palisades. Her husband was livinc at this time (1707). but she was probably separated from him. as he Is not mentioned. She must have subseiniently married Joseph Vaudry. for they are called leeal hu.sband and wife in 1720. and had a child, Mary Magdeleine. It is with the name of Maiie I.#paKe that the first great social scandal of Detroit is con- nected. The pages of St, .Anne's record with Klarlng plainness the false step of this unfortunate woman. It is impossible to tell. now. the penance that she performed in atonement for her wrOne-doing. The church record, possibly, operated to deter others from following In her path. Wheth- er the man lost prestige or not is un- known! but we do know that he left De- troit about the time this affair became public, and returned to Montreal, where he was appointed the trusted agent and attor- ney for Cadillac. an. .s Magdeleine Du- fresne. widow of Francois I'eiletier. Mallet. Rene, voyageui', came Nov. 6. 1707. Apparen'pal. Juno 9. 1706, and she returned and died there Jan. 8. 1730. Ma.-fiuet. Francois. His wife was Louise Galt?rneau. and they were married April 26. 1706. at Quebec. They leW Detroit some time before Cadillac did, and their third child. Pierre, w.is Dorn m Montreal In 1710. Marquet. .loseph, son of Francois Mar- quet. born May 22, 1707. Marqm't. Marguerite, daughter of Fran- cois Marquet. boi'n March 20, 17ii9. De Marsac de Cobtrou. Francol.s, son of Jacob de Marsac. Baptized Oc«l. 22. 1706. He married Therese Ocik- Campau In 1734. and one of their daughters. Marie Louise, became the wife of Robert Navari'e in 1762. • De Marsac de Cobtrion, Jacques, son of Jacob de Marsac. Born Nov. 7, 1707; died Dec. 24. 1745, aged about 40 years. The priest guessed at his age. but the record shows that he was 38 vears of age. De Marsac de Cobtrion. Jacob, sieur Desroclieis. sergeant In a company In the detachment of marines. His wife wa.s Therese David. He was buried April 27. 1747. aged 80 years. Their son Jacques married Marie Anne (^hapoton. daughter of Jean Chapoton. surgeon, Jan. 25. 1745. Marsac. Jerome. Marsille. Andre. Martiac, Jerome, dit Sansquartier (or Sanscartler). son of Maurice Martiac and Jeanne Damiot. of the parish of Chaubou- ilne. bishopric of Brines in Limozin. Died June 10, 1709. He was a soldier of Deti-olt. His wife was Marie Anne Gallien. His name is sometimes spelled Mariilac. Mirtlac. Magdellene. daughter of Hieros- mes Martiac (called Sansquartier). Bap- tized Jan. 22. 1707. Martiac (cab d Sans Quartier). Pierre .lerome. son o' Jerome Martiac dit Sans liuartier. Baptized March 2S, 1709. Martin Claude, came June 15, 1706. Masse Francois, farmer. His wife was Margut Couk. called l>at1eur. Thev DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. 81 Mar- I were married in 1702. She had been the willow of Jean Fafard, Mii?8e. Jeanne, becanu' the wife of Michel Camuau in 161>«. She had a dauKh- ter Marie Anne Camnau, who became the wife of Pierre Belleuerche. Masse. Michel. He lived in Montreal but visited Detroit. Maurlsseuu. Jacques, voyaReur. ("ame June 15. 170(i. Maurivan. Jacques. Came 1706. Maurivan, Louis. Came 1T06. Melain, Marie, wife of Blaise Fondurose, a sijldier. She was born in 1689, married June 9, 1706, lived In Detroit several years, but returned to Montreal and died there April 26, 1713. Merssan, Jean, dlt Laplerre. Came as bargeman, May 30, 1705. He is mentioned as a Marguillier, or church trustee, prob- ably of Quebec, by Tanguay, He was bom in 1685 and died April 16, 1718. Michel, Jean, agreed to go to Detroit -. ^ farmer, Oct. 12, 1703. He probably lived ,t St. Francois du Lac. Mikltchia, Joseph. Slave belonging to Michel Bezailln: Tette Plate (flat head). Baptized, March 10, 1710, 16 years old. Milhe«; (or Mill-), Marie Therese, daughter of Louis Normand. dit La Briere. bom at DetioK, Sept. 1. 1705. Ouabankikcv^ Marguerite, an Indian of the Mil mi t.ibe. the wife of I'ierre Roy. There is no record of her marriage, though the priest called hef a legal wife. She died of smallpox. Oct. 31, 1732. She had six chil- dren, baptized in the c vurch at Detroit. Pachot. Jean Marie Duniel. He Wiis born July 30. 1694, and was the son of Francois Vienay Pachot and Charlotte Francoise Juchereau. After his father's death, his mother mariled Francois de la Forest, a lieu"tenant under Cadillac, and afterwards commandant at Detroit. Paquet, Jean. He was born in 1682. and Feb. 20. 1708. maivied Marie Charland. Parent. Joseph, farmer, master toolmaker and brewer. His wife was Magdeleine Ma- rette. whom he married at Beauport. Jan. 31. 1690. On the !>th of MJrch. 1706, ho agreed with Cadillac to go to Detroit to work at his trade for' three years. I'arent. Mai'ie. daughter of Joseph Parent and Magdeleine Marette, dit Lespine. bap- tized Jan. 21. 1709. Parent. Marie Madelaine, daughter of Jo- seph, above, bo.'n at Beauport, Dec. 15, 1692. and came with her parents to De- troit between the years 1706 and 1709. l^-irent. Marguerite, daughter of Joseph, above, born at Montreal. July 7. 1698. Parlslen (-"ee Leger). Pastorelle. Anne, wife of Andre Channet, dit Camiraud. He was her second husband. 88 DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC, Her first husband was Jean Moiloeau. Patenostie. Jean, of St. Lambert, came Sept. 6. 1710. Pepin, Jean, camo as barReman, May 30, 1705. Periin. Mathieu. di* Giraho (or Oaraut), came Oct. 2. 170!). He was taUon prisoner by the Iroquois while taklnR Koods to Fcrt Krjntenac In 1888. The next year Jeanne Pllet was also taken prisoner by the Iro- Quoln. They met as prisoners, and forming an an. but because he was called Duval. I conclude he was a child of this marriage. Rencontre, or Rancontre. see Jardls. Reneau. Laui'ent. voyageur. came May 23. 1710. He married Anne Guyon at St. Augustin in 169!}. and after 1698 he lived at Montreal. Rhudlllon, Louise, wife of Jean Baptiste Gourlou. This name shoi-ld be ChaudlUon. Phe was born Jan. 11. 1682, at Sorei, and married Gourlou June 22. 1701. Rlchai'd Claude, came April 2, 1707. The only Claude Rlchai'd 1 find was a son of Gulilaume Richard. l)orn Jan. 30. 1684. I find no record of hia marriage or death. Rlcha.d. Jean, farmer and interpreter for the king. His wife was Marie Anne Ladecouverte (or Yon). Being dangerously wounded July 7, 1708. he states that he left with his sister, Mme. Duplessis, 720 Ilvre.<». for which he holds her note, now in the hands of his cousin, Jacques Lanir- DETROIT UNDER CADILLAC. iols. and he wlslies ur series of artlcloa and tlie Directory of Detroit from 1701 to 1710, as published in tiie Sundoy News-Tribune. 'IMio many new facts you furnisli on that interesting i»eriod of De- troit's infancy must be very acct'ptable to every lover of local history. Xo directory can be complete withctut a full and well authenticated list of all the ofticers, soldiers and civilians who arrived here with radillac" on the 24th of July, 1701. In your indefati}:abh> researches, 1 liojie you will yet t\v.d all the names of the whole party wlio founded Fort rontchartriin at t.lie Detroit. You have the taste, tlie means, and the ability to Iv/lng to llRht that coveted treasure. Cadillac must have made a record of all tJiose enuan^d by him to undertake that ditflcult expedition from Montreal to Detroit, to establish that well-planned post for the French (Jovernment. lie always gave such an elaborate ac- count of himself, his doings, his surroundings and his plans; certainly he did not omit to record the full particulars of the greatest achieve- ment of liis military life, the founding of tlie most imjxn-tant post in the Nortliwest of America, a work entirely his own, in concei)tion and execution. He made his prejiarations in Montreal; there he selected with care men who could stand tlie hardships of this arduous task. He must have liad a list of his soldi«'rs, for all had to be paid regularly; the civilians who accompanied him must have made agreements with their leader, for they were in quest of gain. Written contracts signed before a notary were the fashion In those days. Cadillac and his party took tlie Ottawa route to Detroit. The French voyag(>urs of those times had calculated with precision the difficulties of tlieir trii)s. Coming west, they favored the Ottawa route; going east, tliey preferred traveling by tlie Niagara ri>rtage; this gave thcni as much a,s pcond day nftcr their hindlu>», tho 26th of July, on the feast of St. Aiiu, the priests, tlu> government fhii plains of the, party, held religious services for the new .settlers, and muss was celebrated for the lirst time at Detroit; the liicii)ient church was dedh-ated. on account of the fea.st of the day, to St. Ann. and St. Ann's elnnvh has nMuained to this day the mother church of Detroit. There is no account tliat any white man ha De- trr "1 River previous to ("adillac You i)roved .satisfactorily that uelth'>r Peter Roy nor .foseph I'arent could have been liere bef(H'e JiUy of 1701. There is no >;nnind for the belief that a Francis Peltier preceded Cadilliic. It could not liave be3n Francis Peltier, tlie son of Fraud" Peltier and .M;;rKaret MaKdelene Morisseau, foi- he died in Lower Canada before 1698; his widow, .Majrdelene Thunay, dit Dufresue, marrlt^l aualn at .Montreal ou the 9th of January, 1698, Peter Malllet. His son. John Francis Peltier, born at Sorel. liOwer r!ui;i(hi. August 1.S, 1691, came to Detroit with liis stei>falher"s family almut the year 1705-06, and nuirried there March 25, 1718, Mary Louisa Robert. Peter Roy married, probably in 1703, a Miamis Indian, and took up his residence In the village of the Miamis. wlio had been imluced by Cadillac to come f;nd settle nt ir Detroit. Cadilhic mif^ht have wished that the men of his pai-fy m.arry Indian women, but Peter Roy is about tlie only one who did so. Tliose vigor- ous pione<>rs did not shape their love affairs on the utilitarian plan. The younfr men jrrew lonesome in tills wilderness, and their thoughts would w'ander back to the gills they left behind them. Permission was readily gninted to any one wlio wanted to return to I-ower C'lnada to secure a bride. According as these treasures wer«' imported to De- troit, the place grew more civilized, and the inhabitants felt more at home, and contented. The French of Detroit and vicinity never inter- married with the Indians to any great extent; there liave Iteen a few exceptional cases, but such marriages w«'re rare. and. Ivecanse so rare, they were all the more noticed. No bride suits the Frencli licart as rt^ell as the frank, modest, polite, charming French maiden, who has the desirable faculty to grace her home as a (pieeu and bring happi- ness to her surroundings. In the eighteenth century the girls m.-irried very young. The marriage bond was considered indissoluble; divorces were unknown; scandah)us inlidelitit'.s, at least on tlie part of the women, .seem -not to have occurred. Marriages were contracted witli all the precautions with which the Church guards that sacred contract. The settlers of the outposts were in constant communication with tlie people of Lower Canada. They knew eacli ot.lier iiiul their niarriago relations. It was almost impossible for a man to ab.'indon his lawful wife In Lower Canada and marry surreptitiously in Detroit or vicinity. 3S FR. DENISSEN'S LETTER. Tilt' Freiifli lionic witli its coiitonlednoss, iiiiule the niaintcnaiico of Fort routchartraiu jit Detroit feasible. Detroit owes ujucli to the French luotliers of the oig'hteentli century. Your directory sliows wluit sh—e tlu»y liad durin>x the lirst teu years of our city's existi'uce. Alh>\v me to nialvc a few interpolations in yorr jircat \vorl<. Ayniard seems to rfle to be tlie correct spellinij: for lleniart or .Mainiart. Tht> name is jriven also as Adhemard and llayniard. Peter Ayinard mar- ried at Lachine. June 12, 1706. Mary Ann Lalande, sidiug at present at Mt. ('leniens, at the Clinton Uiver, near New Baltimore, an City of Lille. Belgium. He left Detroit after 1709. and remained in Lower Canadii. His grandson, Philip Homl>ardier. dit Iiabomi)arde, moved with his family to Sand- wich. Ont., about 1788. where his descendants can be fOund at t^e present day. Charles Cabassler came t-^ Detroit on business. His son. .Tosepli Cabassier, born at Montreal May 2. 1722, came to Detroit and marrie*} * I * FR. DENISSEN'S LETTER. .jg there JanuaiT 10. 1752, Angelica Bienvemi, dit Delisle. His descond-mts are still in Detroit or viciuity. Anthony Cjinipau, born at Montreal .Tanuary 1. 1702- Michael Canumn, lK)rn at Montreal January 22. 1706, children of Michael Cam pau, were resident.s of Detroit. ' Henry Canipau. born at Montreal December 3, 1704 and M-iry \nn Cecilia Canipa.., born at Montreal .Inne 21. 1707, children of James Campau, were residents of Detroit before 1710. Paul Duniou'-hel was in Detroit on business and did not settle there. His son, Paul Duniouchel, Iwrn at Montreal January 11 1717 came to Detroit, married there January 16. 1/49, Jane Chapotou! dau;,^htcr of Dr. J..hn Chapoton, and Mary Masdelene Esteve. His wife died the n.^xt year, and he returned to Lower Canada. Louis \ital Dumouchel, born at Montreal Deeenil)er 12, 1745 prandson of Paul Duniouchel. Sr., came to Sandwich. Out., and married there No- vember 22, 1773, Ma^delene Gouyou. They are the ancestors of all the DumoucheLs of the vicinity of Sandwich and Amhorstburg. John Le Due, who paid a visit to Detroit October 11, 1710 moved there with his family about the year 1732. Many of his descendants reside in Detroit and vi'cinity at the present day. Kene Maillet was a brother of Peter Maillet. He did not remain in Detroit; some of his ),'randcliil(lren settled there. John Francis Peltier, born at Sorel, Lower Canada August 15 1691 was a is the j^reat-great-preat-grandfather of Priscdla Mary Ann Peltier, wife of Alexander Chapoton, our well-known contractor. Mary Peltier, born in 1697, sister of John Francis Peltier, also came to D(>troit with her stepfather. Mary Louisa Robert, born at T^chine December 15, 1698. came to Detroit May 19, 1708, with her parents. Peter Robert and Angelic.-, Ptolome. She married John Francis Peltier. After his death she mar- ried again, at Detroit, January 7. 1725. .John Louis Campau Slic was buried at Detroit April 2. 1776. She is the great-great-gramlmother of Daniel .T. Campau. of our city. Peter Robert, born at Lachine Novem- ber ;,. 1704, is a brother of above Mary Louisa. He is the ancestor of many of the Roberts of Monroe and vicinity. Robert Reaume, brother of Charles Reaume, together with Joseph Trotier, dit Desruis.seaux, and Toussaint Pothier, dii La verdure, was 40 FR. D-NISSEN'S LETTER. enp;a^ee Tonti accompanied Cadillac, as cap- tain of the militai-y expedition, to establish Fort Pontchartrain at the Detroit, in 1701. Jealous of Cadillac, and encouraged by his (Cadillac's) enemies, he plotted the failure and destruction of the post at Detroit. This led to the incendiary th-e in the fort of Detroit, in the latter part of 1703, when the church, the house of the Recolets and the parish records were burned. History sustained an irreparable loss by the burning of those registers, containing the births, marriages, deaths aud historical notes of the three infantile years of Detroit. Beyond doubt, the baptism of Tonti's daughter Teresa was registered in those books. Tliis Teresa Tonti is the first child born in Detroit, of whom we have any certainty. Tonti married at Montreal February 17, 1689, Mary Ann IMcote de Belestre, born at Montreal February 9, 1673, daughter of I'eter Picote de Belestre and Mary Pars. Mary Ann IMcote de Belestre was buried at Montreal Sept. 11, 1714. Alphonse Tonti married again at Montreal May 3, 1717, Mary Ann La Marque. Alphonse Tonti was commandant of Fort Pontchartrain of Detroit, from 1720 to 1727, in whicli year he died, aud was buried at Detroit November 10. T>ie following Tontl children must have resided at Detroit previous to 1710. Pliilip Tonti, born at Montreal September 30, 1689; Mary Fran<.'e^ Tonti, born at Montreal October 19, 1690, became a nun of the Congre- gation of Notre Dame, by the name of Sister St. Anthony; she was buried at Montreal June 14, 1748; Alphonse Tonti, born at Montreal October 30, 1691; Mary Helena Tontl, born at Montreal February 22, 1693; Louis Tonti, born at Montreal February 25, 1694, Avas buried there December 12, 1715; Henry Hector Tonti, born at Montreal December 21, 1695; Charles Henry Tontl. bom at Montreal May 13. 1697. became governor of Fort St. Louis; Claude Joseph Tonti, born at Montreal August 18, 1700; Teresa Tonti, born at Detroit, in 1703. Tuffe, dit Dufresue, Antoine. This name is also found as Tuve. m Tuve. FR. DENISSEN'S LETTER. 4t The correct name is Thunay, dit Dufresne, Anthony, born in 1680, son of Felix TJuumy, dit Dufresne and Isulwlle Left'bvre. Autliony's sis- ter, MaKdoleue, mari-ied Francis Felti«M*, and, after his dcalh, Peter Maillt't. His otlier sister, Margaret, married Toussaint I'otliier, dit Laverdure, wlio escorttnl Mrs. Cadillac and Mi's. Tonti to Detroit. In one of your articles you say: "I confess that 1 do not under- stand how the old French names arc made ui)." The various chanj^oa of French names are truly a puzzle to the student of genealogy. The following explanations and illustrations, 1 think, will account for most of those innovations: 1. The early colonists of Lower Canada obtained from the French Government grants of extensive tracts of laud. Tliese grants were executed in the mediaeval phraseology used under the feuy the governnu^ut. The owners of these vast estates considered themselves seigneurs of this new country, and were very proud of the affixes to their names. In business trans- actions these additions to their signatures were used with all their flourislies. At baptisms the title had to be entered in the parish reg- isters; at marriages the affix to the old family name sounded high both for bride and groom in the verbose marriage contract; respecta- bility was increased by the presence of many witnesses with titled names. In this nuiuner the owners of large estates in Lower Canada, at a certain period of the seventeenth century, looked upon themselves and upon each other as a quasi-nobility. Their children naturally as- sumed those titles and often thouglit more of the affixes than of their own family names. Feudalism was about dead, and fast dying in Europe in those days, and therefore could not gain foothold in America. In the elgliteenth century we do not tind new titles originating; still the old ones remained. The grandchildren ami great-grandchihlreu of these titled pioneers often discarded tlie old family name and were known only by the new title. Hence the new names that the gen- ealogist has to contend with. As an illustration, take the Trotior family. The Trotiers of America all descend from Julius Trotier, born In 1590, in the parish of St. Martin, in the Town of Ige. in the province of Perehe, France. He, seemingly a common citizen, came with hia family to Canada about the year 1645. His childi-en married in Canada, and, in the course of time, had large families. They obtaine