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THE

TRAVELLERS' HAND BOOK

FOR THB

STikTB or WIIW-

AltD

THE PROVINCE OF CANADA

Jf./GoS

coNrAiRiira

BRIEF ACCOUNTS OF THE TOWNS, THEIR PUBLIC BUIL
INQS AND OTHER OBJECTS OF INTEREST — NATURAL
AND ARTIFICIAL CURIOSITIES — HISTORICAL MEMO-
RANDA — MODES OF CONVEYANCE — TABLES OF
DISTANCES BY RAILROAD, CANAL, STAGE.
AND RIVER ROUTES IN EVERY DIRECTION :

THE WHOLE ARRANGED ON A NEW PLAN,

RT WHICH CVERt INTERESXmO OBJECT ON THE LXAOIHO KOUTKt
18 BROUGHT INTO TIEW.

*^/iA»

WITH MAPS, &(

SECOND EDCTION.

LIBRARY

BY H. S.

imnmt, 1 tv \r

NEW. YORK:

PUBLISHED
AT THE GEOGRAPHICAL

No* 133 Broadway.

BY T.H TANNER^ T^'^.^/ >.7/
•HICAL.EstA*lifS6atiWT,^==^ (/

1844.

JT^J*

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tV * v»

Entered according to act of Congreu, in the jre nr 1843, by H. S. Tanner,
in the Clerk'e ofilce of tlie Diitrict CourlTor the Southern Diitrict of New.

York.

TREFACE.

Among tlie multitudo of UuUles, Directories

1843, by H.S.Th liner,
mhern Diitrict of New.

ind T

irists \a wliich our bool<-stures abound,
there is scarcely any that presents that syste-
matic arrangement and perspicuity whicli are
so desirable to the traveller and tourist.—
Whilst most of the works now extant are re-
plete with important and intcresiing/ac7.s, they
are, without exception, defective in point of ar-
rangement, and in regard to the relative im-
portance of the several objects brought into
view. In the present work, an endeavor has
been made so to digest its varied contents, as
to enable the tourist to examine, seriatim, every
object of interest along the route he may select,
and thus to ascertain what is most deserving of
his attention : for example, assuming the city
of Albany as one of the radiating points, a brief
account of the city and its interesting objects,
modes of conveyance, &c. is given: then follow
tables of distances from Albany to another point
of departure — Utica, for instance — and then a
concise description of each interir»ediate place
of any importance, with directions to such cu-

PREFACE.

riosities in and around each as should not be
overlooked by an intelligent inquirer. In this
manner every leading route by railroad or
otherwise, is concisely, and, it is hoped, satis-
factorily treated. One of the most important
features of the present work, is brevity ; a
quality that, we are sure, cannot fail to recom-
mend it to the favorable attention of the travel-
ler, who is, whilst in transitu^ unable or at least
unwilling to enter into those elaborate and fa-
tiguing details, which disfigure most similar
works. In conclusion, the author has sedulous-
ly endeavored lo construct such a work as he
himself has often felt the want of whilst travel-
ling, and such a one as would naturally sug-
gest itself to the mind of any intelligent tra-
veller.

It
a

i-
ir

>
l-

3i:i)c ^TratJcUerBN^fiiiPertE"^^^^

nearly 7° of longitude, the whole ^

Generat. View.
over ^}p of hit. and ne£

forming an outhnc of about 1 ,400 miles in length, which
encloses an area of 49,01)0 s^quare miles ; having N. Ca-
nada; VV. Pennsylvania and Lakes Ontario and Erie ;
S. Pennsylvania and New-.Teraey ; and E. Connect!-
cut, Massachusetts and Vermont. Its population, by
the national census of 1840, was 2,428,931, as fol-
lows : Albany County, 68,.'J93, of which Albany is the
capital ; Allegany, 40,975, cap. Angelica ; Broome,
22,338, cap. Binghauiton ; Cattaraugus, 23,872,
cap. Eilicottsvilie ; Cayuga, 50,338, cap. Auburn ;
Chatauque, 47.975, cap. Mayvilln ; Chemung, 20,735,
cap. Elrtiira ; Chenango, 40,785, cap. Norwich ;
Clinton, 28.157, cap. Plattsburg; Columbia, 43,252,
cap. Hudson ; Cortland, 21, G07, cap. Cortlnnd ; De.
iawarp, 35,396, cap. Delhi ; Dutchess, 5:2,398. cap.
Poughkcepsic; I'.rio, C2,4G5, cap. Bufralo ; Essex,
23,G34, cap. Elizab'<tli ; Franklin, 1G,318, cap. Ma-
lone ; Fulton, 18,049, cap. .Johnstown ; Genesee,
29,924, cap. Batavia; Grtenc, 3f),44J], cap. Catskill ;
Hamilton, 1,907, cap. Lake Pleasant; Ilerkiincr,
37,474, cap. Herkimer ; Jefferson, GO, 984. cap.
Waterlown ; Kings, 47, G13, cap. Brooklyn; Lewis,
17,830, cap. jMarlinsliurg ; Livingston, 35,140, cap.
Gencseo ; Madison, 40,008, cap. xMorrisviile ; Mon.
roe, G4,902, cap. Rochester; Montgomery, 35,818,
cap. Fonda; Niagara, 31,132, cap. Loc!% port ; New-
York, 312,710, cap. New-York; Oneida, 85,310,
cap. Utica; Onondaga, 67,91 1, cap. Syracuse ; On.

tario, 43,501, cap. Canandaigua; Orange, 50,739,

1» '

STATE or NEW-YORK.

I
i

11!

cap. Goshen ; Orleans, 25,127, cap. Albion ; Oswe-
go, 43,G19, cap. Pulaski ; Otsego, 49,628, cap. Coo-
perstown; Putnam, 12,825, cap. Carmcl ; Queens,
30,.324, cap. North Hempsted ; Rensselaer, 6(1,259,
cap. Troy; Richmond, 10,965, cap. Richmond;
Rockland, 11,975, cap. New City ; St. Lawrence,
56,706, cap. Canton ; Saratov a, 40,553, cap. Ballston
Spa ; Schenectady 17,387, cap. Schenectady ; Sene-
ca, 24,874, cap. Ovid ; Steuben, 46,138, cap. Bath ;
Suffolk, 32,469, cap. Riverhead ; Sullivan, 15.629,
cap. Monticello ; Tioga, 20,527, cap. Owego ; Tomp-
kins, 37,948. cap. Ithaca ; Ulster, 45,822, cap. Kings,
ton ; Warren, 13,442, cap. Caldwell ; Washington,
41,080, cap. Salem; Wayne, 42.057, cap. Lyons ;
Westchester, 48,686, capitol Bedford ; Wyoming,
29,663, cap. Warsaw ; Yates, 20,444, cap. Pennyan.

Physical Structure. — The state, intersected by
several mountain chains, presents a great diversity of
soil and climate. Thouph the western parts are less
broken than those of the east and north, yet the en-
tire surface, with partial exceptions, is cither hilly or
mountainous.

The Hudson flows from a mountainous region, and
is precipitated into a deep valley, at or near its junc-
tion with the Mohawk. The Hudson valley is one
of the most remarkable in th.e hydrography of the
United States. From the Mohawk to Sandy Hook
it may be regarded as a long narrow bay rather than
a river.' The banks are, for the most part, abrupt,
rising in some places to the height of 1200 or 1500
feet ; in many parts precipitous, as nt the palisades, a
few miles above the city of New*. York, and scarcely
ever less than 100 or 200 feet above the surface of
the river. The pass, known as the Highlands, is
flanked on both sides by enormous walls of nearly
vertical rock, which presents every variety of form.
The rude and deep valleys that intervene between
the gigantic prominences, the dense and almost im-
penetrable forests by which they are covered, and the

STATE OF NEW-YORK.

majestic grandeur of the mountain peaks, afford one
of the most impressive landscapes to be found in na-
ture. Here the great primitive ranges pass the Hud-
son, and here only do the ocean tides penetrate into
the vast interior plains of the United States. The
ridges of which we are speaking, after leaving the
Hudson, deflect towards the north, pass through
Dutrihess County into Massachusetts, thence into
Vermont, vvhfire they are known as the •• Green
Mountains," and tijence into Canada.

The range Ibrming the N. W. limits of Sullivan
and iJlster, pnssps into Greene, where h attains
its greatest elevation ; and thence through Schoharie,
Otsego, lierkimer, and Montgomery, crosses the
Mohawk by the Little Falls, enters Herkimer, as.
euming the na-aie of Sacondago, and finally crosses
the St. Lawrence at the " Thousand Islands." One
of the lateral ridge? of this group extends towards the
north, and attains to the height of upv/nrds of 5,000
feet: Mount Marcy, ti-e culminating point, is said
to be 5,467 feet high. The Caiskill group, the next
in point of elevation, rises to its greatest height a
few miles west of the town of Catskill.. Its principal
peak, the Round Top, is 3,804, and Pine Orchard
House, a celebrated place of resort, is 3,000 teet above
the adjacent river. All the subordinate chains east
of tiie Hudson pursue a course nearly north.

Nearly the whole of the northern part of the state,
cornpri'hcnding Fultrm, Warren, Efscx, Hamilton,
Herkimer and parts of Montgomery, Saratogn, Wash-
ington, Clinton, PVanklin, St. Lawrence, Lew^s, and
Oneida Counties, belongs to the primitive forma'.ioi^;
as docs also the souih eastern portion, embracing parts
of Orange, Ulster, Greene, Putnam, Dutchess, Colum-
bia, Rensselaer, and some other counties. These two
groups are separated by an elongated deposit of sedi.
jincntary rocks. The first mentioned is flanked m the
S. E. by a spur of the lower transition ; on the N. E. by
tertiary, and on all sides by transition rocks. It is

STATE OF NEW-YORK.

composed of granite, gneiss, primitive limestone, hy-
persthene, serpentine and sienite : these, with the
addition of mica and talcose slates, form the second
group. With some exceptions the remaining por-
tions of the state may be referred to the transition
and the old red sandstone series. The first is com-
posed of sandstone, shales, limestone grit, salt, pyp-
sum, iron ore, conglomerates, &,c. ; and the latter of
micaceous shales of various hues, sandstones, con-
glomerates, trap, grits, &-c. 'J'he Catskill Mou.i-
tains occupy the principal field of the old red sand-
stone, which is here largely developed. These
several formations abound in their appropria^'e mine-
rals and fossils. Li the primitive are foupd iron ore
in great abundance, both magnetic and specular ox-
ides ; ores of copper, lead, and zinc hnve been tuund,
but, with partial exccpiions, have not been wrought
to much advantage. In the tronsition rocks are
found salt, in solution, which i-* manut'actured to a
great extent, chiefly in Ononu'aga county ; gypsum,
water lime, argillaceous ox.iJe of iron, limonite, mar-
ble, several varieties, sili-ious sandstone, a valuable
material for building ; ffates and red sandstone of va-
rious textures. Peat and marl are more generally dif-
fused. The principal fossil renininR oi' this group are
the atrypas, bellcrophon, calyniene, isotelus, &,c.

The plains of New-York are few in number, and
limited in extent : the principal are, one on the east.
em end ofijong Island; a long narrow strip on the
south eidd of Lake Ontario; a few alluvial bottoms
along pome of the streams, and in the elevated table
Irfhdsofthe mountain region. The principal isAes
are, Ontario and Erie, the former of which is com.
rpon to New-York and Canada, and the latter to N.
York, Ohio, Canada, and Michigan ; Lake Charn.
plain, which forms a part of the boundary between
New- York and Vermont ; Lake George, a tributary
of the preceding ; Black Lake; Oneida hake ; Cay,
vga Lake ; Seneca, Canandaigua, Skaneateles, and,

STATE OF UEW-YORK.

CrooTied Lakes, near the centre of the state ; Chau.
tauque, Long, Owasco, Backet, Otsbgo, &c. The
Rivers consist of the Hudson, which rises in the
northern part of the state, runs in u general S. E.
course to Sandy Hill, and thence due S. to its dis-
charge into the Atlantic Ocean, 340 miles in length.
The Mohawk, which unites with the Hudson a few
miles above Albany, is the only branch of the latter
worthy of notice, 150 miles. The St. Lawrence
washes the N. W. quarter of the state for about 100
miles, forming the boundary between New- York and
Canada west.

The chief affluents of this portion of the St. Law-
rence are, — Backet, 145, Osxcegatcljie, 140, and
Black Bivers, 125 miles in length ; which rise in the
high grounds near the sources of the Hudson. Those
of Lake Ontario are, Oswego and Genesee, 150 miles
in length ; and of Lake Erie, Buffalo Creek, 40 miles
long. Tiie southern portion of the State is watered
by the sources of the Delaware and Susquehanna,
rivers of the Atlantic, and those of the Alleghany,
which flows into the Ohio at Pittsburg, Pa. The
minor rivers are, — Beaver, Canisleo, Chateaugay,
Grass, Indian, St. Begis, Sacondaga, &c.

Islands. — Long and Staten Islands; the former
about 150 miles long, and of a mean breadth of 18
miles ; and the latter 18 by 12 miles, are situated in
the S. E, quarter of the State ; and Grand Island, ia
the Strait of Niagara.

The Water Falls are those of Niagara, Trenton,
Genesee, Cohoes, &.C.; all which will be described
herealter. . *

Railways. — The principal Railways, finished or
in the course of execution, are : —

1. The New York and Erie ; from Tappan, (now
called Picrmont,) on the Hudson, 25 miles above
Now- York, to Dunkirk, on the eastern shore of Lake
Erie, 445 miles.

2. Mohawk and Hudson ; from Albany to Sche-
nectady, IG miles.

STATE OF NEW-.YORK.

:•]'

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3. Utica and Schenectady, 77 miles.

4. Syracuse and Utica, 53 miles.

5. Auburn and Syracuse, HG milfls.

6. Auburn and liochester, 78 miles.

7. Ttmawanda; from Rochester to Attica, 42 miles.

8. Attica and Buffalo, 31 miles.

The Railways numbcrod from 2 to 8, inclusive,
form a continuous line from Albany to Buffalo;
whence there is a railway, i23 miles in length, to
Niagara Falls.

9. Albany and West Stockhridge ; from Green-
bush, on the Hudson, opposite AU)any, to West
Stockhridge, in Massachusetts, 38 miles.

Tliis work, in connection with the Western and
the Boston an'd Worcester railways, of Massachu.
setts, form an uninterrupted railway from Albany
to Boston.

10. Hudson and Berkshire; a branch of the pre-
ceding, 34 miles in length.

11. Saratoga and Schenectady, 22 miles. This,
with No. 2, constitutes the line from Albany to Sa-
ratoga Springs.

12. Rensselaer and Saratoga; from Troy to Ball-
ston, Spa., where it intersects No. 11.

13. Schenectady and Troy, 20 miles.

14. Catskill arid Canujuharie, 78 miles.

15. Ithaca and Owego, 28 miles.

16. Corning and Blossbtirg ; from Corning, on
the Susquehanna, to Blossburg, Pa.

17. Lockport and Niagara Falls, 24 miles. —
(Travellers on the Erie Canal, destined for the Falls,
take the cars at Lockport.) ♦

18. Skaneateles ; from Skaneatclcs to Elbridge,
ij-J niiloFi.

19. Ne IP. York and Harlem; from New York to
White Plains, 28 miles.

CANAf.s. — 1. Eiie; from Albany through Sche-
nectady, Utica, Rome, Montezuma, Rochester, and
Lockport, to Buffalo, 3G3 miles.

STATE OF NEW-YORK.

2. Champlain ; branches offfrom the Erie Canal, 8
miles from Albany, and extends to Whitehall, on
Lake Champlain, G4 miles. Glenn's Falls feeder
12 miles.

3. Black Elver; also a branch of No. 1, from
Rome to the High Falls of Black River, in Oneida
and Lewis counties, 36 m. Boonville Feeder 10 m.

4. Cuijuga and Seneca ; from Geneva to Monte-
zuma, 23 hiiles.

5. Chenango; a branch of No. 1, from Utica to
Binghamton, 97 miles.

6. Genef^ec Valley; a branch of No. 1, from Ro-
chester to Olean, on the Alleghany river, 108 miles-
Dansvillc Branch 12 miles.

7. Ostoego"; a branch of No. 1, from Syracuse to
Osvvego, on Lake Ontario, 38 miles.

8. Hudson and Delaware; from Eddyvillc, near
Kingston, on the Hudson, to Honesdale, Pa., 108
miles.

9. Chemung; from Jefferson, at the head of Sen-
eca Lake, to Elmira, on the Tioga branch of the
Susquehanna, 23 miles. Feeder from Fairport to
Corning, 16 miles.

10. Crooked Lake; from Penn Yan to Dresden,
8 miles.

Cities and Chief Towns — New York, the great
Metropolis, 312,710 inhabitants; Brooklyn, 36,283;
Albany, 33,721 ; Rochester, 20,191 ; Troy, 19,334;
Buffalo, 18,213; Utica, 12,782; Poughkeepsie,
10,006; Lockport, 9,125; Neicburgh, 8,933 ; Sche-
nectady, 6,784; Plattshurg, 6,416; Auburn, 5,626;
Ithaca, 5,650; Catskill, 5,339; Williamsburg,
5,094; Oswego, 4,665; Geneva, *,368; Batavia,
4,219 ; Saratoga Springs, 3,384.

Government. — The Governor and Lieutenant Gov-
ernor are elected every two years. The latter is Pre-
sident of the Senate, which consists of 32, and the
House of Assembly of 128 members. The former
are elected for four years and the latter for one year,

-~»»-

STATE OF NEW-TORK.

For the election of Senators the State is divided
into eight districts, each of which chooses four Sen-
ators, one of whom is elected every year, The mem-
bers of the Lower House are elected by counties,
and are apportioned according to population. The
general election is held in October or November, as
the Legislature may direct, which meets on the first
Tuesday in January.

The Ch mcellor and Judges are appointed by the
Governor and Senate. The former, and the Justi-
ces of the Supreme and Circuit Courts, hold their of-
fices during eood behavior, but not after they attain
the age of sixty years. The Judges of the County
Courts hold their offices for a term of five years.

The right of suffrage is accorded to every white
male who has attained the age of 21 years, and resi.
ded in the State one year next preceding the election,
and six months in the county. Men of color who
possess an unencumbered freehold estate of the value
of $250 are entitled to vote.

History. — The leading features in the early His-
tory of this now important State is the navigation of
the Hudson, in 1G09, by Henry Hudson, an Enghsh-
man, in the service of the Dutch East India Com-
pany. Settlements on the river soon followed, when
Fort Orange (Albany) was erected.

In 1612 settlements were made by Dutch emi-
grants on Manhattan Island, chiefly along its southern
shore, to which they gave the name of " New Amster-
dam." The colony, under the title of the " New
Netherlands," soon began to flourish, and accord-
ingly attracted the attention of the EngHsh, who now
claimed a prior right to the country, but ultimately
relinquished the claim, when tho New Netherland-
ers were permitted to enlarge their settlements with-
out further disturbance at that time. They were,
however, greatly annoyed by the Swedes on the Del-
aware and the English settlers in the East, with
whom border contests were of frequent occurrence.

STATE OF NKW-YORK.

One of tlie results of this condition of things was the
rclinijui.-hinent of a part of Long Inland to tlic En-
glisli, in H'u)0. Stiniulatcd by this important acqui-
siliun, the Eiighi-h renewed their claim, and in 1G64
the entire country was granted to the Duke of York
and Albany, by his brother. King Charles II. The
Duich, unable to resist the force sent against them,
burrendcred to Colonel Nichols, who at once assumed
the govcriunrnt, and changed the name of the Prov-
incc to New York. In 1 G73, during the contest with
the English, the Dutch regained possession of the
colony ; but, on the termination of hostilities, in the
following year, was restored to the English, with
whom it continued until wrested from them by the
revolution of 177G. In 1683 the first Colonial As.
sembly met and assumed the exclusive power of
enacting laM's and levying taxes. During the revolu-
lion, which succeeded the accession of the Duke of
York to the throne of England, the Colonists took
forcible possession of the fort, and declared for the
Prince of Orange ; and Jacob Leisler, a prominent
leader in the movement, assumed the office of Gov-
ernor. He maintained his authority for a time against
all ojiposition ; but, owing to his arbitrary and unjust
proceedings, was, after several bloody conflicts, com-
pelled to surrender the government into the hands of
Colonel Slaughter, who had been appointed Gover-
nor by King William ; and who caused Leisler to be
apprehended. lie and one of his accomplices, na-
nied Milbourne, were executed soon after ; though,
as it appears, contrary to the intentions of the Gover-
nor, who designed to pardon them. Nothing of mo-
ment occurred to disturb the Colonists during the
period from the revolution in England, in 1G88, down
to 1741, when they were thrown into great alarm by
a supposed plot of the blacks to burn the city ; which,
however, appears to have been unfounded.

In 17G5 the City of New York was the scat of a
Continental Congrtsa, and in 1776 it was occupied

I' 'fl

rTOP^^fp-

CUT OF NEW-YORK.

by the Bn.ish, who retained possession until Novem-
ber 2.>, 1163. In 1785 Congress met here, and ia
1789 the first Conf,'res3 under the new Constitution
assembled, when the first President was inaugurated
in New. York.

During the contests with the French in Canada,
and the more recent wars between the Americans
and British, New York became the field of important
conflicts ; and the entire State may hence be regarded
as classic ground. Some brief accounts of those con.
flicts will be given hereafter, in their appropriate
places.

Education. — There are, in the State, several insti-
tutions, established by law for the promotion of know-
ledge ; the chief of which are : —

A State University, located in the city ; Univer.
sit]/ of the City of New York; Union College, in
Schenectaday ; Hamilton College, in Oneida County;
Geneva College, to which a Medical Department is
attached ; College of Physicians and Surgeons, in
the city ; Albany Medical College ; New York In-
stitutionfor the Deaf and Dumb, a few miles above
the city ; Institution for the Blind. There are, also,
distributed over the State, 140 Academies rnd a vast
number of Common or Primary Schools. The fund
for the support of the latter exceeds $2,000,000.

CITY OF NEW YORK.

New- York, the Metropolis of the State, and the
most populous, wealthy, and commercial city of the
Union, is situated at the confluence of the Hudson
and East rivers, on one of the finest harbors in the
country ; in N. Lat. 40° 42' 40'^ and E. Long. 2o
54' 30'' from the Capitol, at Washington ; having E.
the str^t called East river, which separates it from

CITY OF NEW-YORK.

Long Ipland and unites the bay of New York with
Long Island sound ; VV. the Hudson, which forms
a pnrt of the boundary between the States of New-
York and New.Jersey ; S> New-York bay ; N. Spuy-
ten Duyvel creek and Harlem river.

The city, properly so called,. or that portion of the
island where the population is mostly concentra-
ted, occupies ihc souiliern f[uaricr of Manhattan or
New-York island ; the wl«olo of which, including
the viilaycs of Harlem, Dloomingdulo, Yorkville, and
Manhattanville, together with some adjacent islands,
are under the exclusive jurisdicfion of the City Cor.
poration, and constitute the County of New- York.
According to the census of 1840, the city, with the
suburbs just mentioned, contained 31:2,710 iiihab-
itants. The population at this time, (September,
1843), no doubt exceeds 350,000. The densely built
part of the island, or "the city," has an outline of
nearly 12 miles in length. The principal street,
Broadway, in which most of the retail fancy business
is transacted, is a splendid street, 80 feet in width,
extending northward from the Battery to Union Park,
a distance of nearly three miles.

Nearly the whole of the lower part of the city is
devoted to commerce and its kindred pursuits ; and,
since the establishment of omnibuses, which now
traverse every part of the city, merchants and others
doing business in that quarter have their residences
in the upper or more modern porti<m of the town.

The streets in the old part of the city arc mostly ir.
regular and narrow; but those of a more recent date
are generally straight, wide, and well paved, and in-
tersect each other at right angles.

In the early stages of the city, narrow, inconve-
nient and ill paved streets, lined with dull, heavy look,
ing buildings, were its characteristic features ; but so
great is the alteration in these respects, that at pre-
sent but few cities can boast of wider or handsomer
streets, more sumptuous public building?, or better
Constructed and splendid private dwellings.

I ! I

•

CITY OF NinV-YORK.

IVfill.^trect is almost exclusively occupied by the
Banks, Biokors, nnd otlicrfl cni^ngcd in fisml opcru-
lions ; Pearl-strcet, by tiic Dry Goods and Hardware
Merrhanta ; Front-strcet, by the Wholesale Grocers,
Coniiiiission Merchants, cV.c.; and Scjulli-ntreet, by
persona engaged in Foreign Coniniorcc. The Third
Avenue, a continuation of liie Bowery, is the prin-
cipal outlet towards the N. E. It is Macadamized
09 far as Ifarlcm, a distance of about 7 miles, and is
one of the finest pav" i ways in the country. Fourth,
Fifth, Sixtli, Seventh, and Eighth Avenues are wide,
handsome, and partially paved.

New- York is sujiijlicd with an abundance of excel-
lent water, by means of a capacious arpicduct, which
conveys the water of the Croton river, a branch of
the Hudson, a distance of nearly 42 miles. This
iTiagnificcnt work, which has been eflected chicily
through the exertions of the Corporation and the pub-
lie spirit of the citizens, will have cost, when entirely
completed, not less than Jj^ 12,000,000. (For an
elaborate description of the Croton Aqueduct, eee
Tanner's Account of the Internal Improvements of
the United States.)

There are two Gas Companies, which supply ^as,
not only to the streets, shops, and factories, but also
to many private dwellings.

Besides the Park, Union Square, &c., which will
be noticed presently, there are several other public
walks in various parts of the city, as Washington
Square, near the University ; Tompkins^ Square, in
the N. E. quarter of the city ; University I'lace, St.
Johu^s Park, &.c.

New. York Bay, the recipient of the noble Hudson,
communicates with the Atlantic ocean by three dis-
tinct channels, io wit: — one by the "Narrows," at
the point of nearest contact of Long and Staten isl-
♦inds, which conducts into what is termed tlie Lower
liay, and thence past Sandy Hook and the S. W. end
of Long Island into the ocean ; one through lull Van

CITY OK NEW YORK.

y tlie
poru-
ware
)ccr3,
t, bv

prin-
iiizcd
mi is
iirlli,
wide,

Kiihl, or "the Kills," Statcn island pound, and Am-
boy bay, and one thrMUi;h the East river and Lone;
island sound ; whieli lorui u navijjahle comniuniea-
tion between the city an I ilie jiopulouH towns on tlie
shores of Lon^ island, Connecticut, and liliode isl-
and. The- (irnt ia ii'-ed almost exclusively by vessels
en,uaged in the lorcign traile, and those destined (or a
sonthern port. The Hudson, one of the fiiirst nav.
igable streams in the world, afi'ord.s un uninterrupted
water communication with the towns of Newbur<f,
I*oughkee{)sie, Catsk.ll, Hudson, Albany, Troy, &,e.,
and throuj,fh thorn with a vast extent of country in
every direction. There ore several small islands in
the bay, below the city ; which, with their castles and
forta, ^'ive additional beauty to the scene. No spec-
tacle can be finer than that presented by the harbor,
thus studded with greon islands, when viewed in con-
nection with the city, with its lofty spires, domes, and
shipping. 1'ho hiyh grounds on Staten Island and
those oi Brooklyn afford such a view.

The Battery, an enclosure which is situated on
the extreme southern point of the island, forms one
of the most delightful promenades of the city. It is
a place of great resort, and is occasionally used by
the military, on gala days. " Castle Garden," a sort
of appendage of the Battery, with which it eoui muni-
cafes by a draw-bridge, is also much frei|uented.

The Bowling Green, a small oval area, near the
Battery, has recently become an object of attention,
in consequence of thoerection of a beautiful fountain
in its centre. The arrangement of the jets is admi.
rable : ihey are so distributed as to represent, on one
side of the rocky mound, from which the water is
ejected, an unbroken fall of 12 or 15 feet in height;
and on the other, a succession of tiny cascades ;
forming, altogether, one of the most tasty ornaments
of this city of fountains. The beauty of this foun-
tain is greatly enhanced when illuminated at night ;
for which purpose gas lamps are stationed around
the b ;se of the rocks. 2*

: <■%

J' .'3

riTV OF NEW- YORK.

'f -

Passing up Broadway, the next object worthy of
attention is Trinity Church, now erectinir. Its extc-
terior walls ore composed of an highly indurated sand,
stone, chis-eled and wrouglit in tlie most admirable
style. Its depth, from front to rear, is 1S9 feet, width
84, height G4, and iieiglit of the spire 2G4 feet. It
will, no doubt, be a magniiiccnt structure.

The City Hotel, the next extensive building, is at
the corner of Cedar-strcet and Broadway.

A short distance above the City Hotel, at the corner
of Broadway and Fulton streets, stands St. PaiiVs
Church, one of the finest buildings in the city, with
a spire 234 feet in height. On the right, and nearly
opposite St. Paul's, cummciices the Park, another
public walk, aleo decorated with a fountain. The
Park is a triangular field, surrounded by un iron rail-
ing, and ornamented by lrr?es, paved walks, (fcc.

It contains the CHy Hall, one of the most splen-
did and extensive buildings in the city. It is 21G in
front, 10.5 in depth, and 65 feet in height. The front
and ends, as well as the outer cokunns, are of white
marble. The rear wall is composed of the red sand-
stone, so comniuu here. The original cost of this
structure was ujiwards of J$r>00,OUO. It is occupied
by the city councils and courts of law. The gover-
nor of the state, fur the time being, has an audience
chamber in the second story, which is decor^Ued
with portraits of distinguished Americans. The Me.
chanics^ Jiistiinla holds its meetings in one of the
basement rooms of the City Hall, and the American
Institute, in a building in the rear of the Hall, for-
merly occupied as tlie County Alms-house.

On the east side of Broadway, nearly opposite the
south entrance of the Piirk, is (Union Hall, the upj.cr
rooms of which are occupied by the Aniericnn Mu~
seutn, and others by the Mercantile Library, consist,
ing of 23,000 volumes.

Proceeding up Broadway a few steps above St.
Paul's Church, the AstorHouoe presents itself. Thia

CITY OF NEW-YORK.

lf>

IS at

is an immense liotcl, built by J. J. Astor, and is
justly rogardcd as one of llie best in the city. A
short distance above the Astor, on the same side of
Broadway, is FcaWs Museum, and about half a
mile further on, ia llie Academy nf I^esign, and Neiv-
York Society Library, both in the same building,
whicli is siiuated at the corner of Broadway and
Leonard. street, and in which the annual exhibitions
of the Academy are held. The library consists of
40,0u0 volumes. A commodious Jleadins^ Room is
connected with this institution. The Lyceum of
Natural History next presents itself in Broadway,
near Prince-street. The object of this institution is
to promote physical science in all its relations. The
Acadeniy is rich in specimens in the various depart-
ments of Natural History, which are admirably ar.
ranged. At the intersection of the Bowery, Broad-
way, and the Fourth Avenue, is Union P-ork, a
beautiful promenade with a magnificent fountain. —
In the distance from the Battery to Union Park seve-
ral other handsome churches, some splendid private
mansions and hotels, in no way inferior to tho?o just
mentioned, will arrest the attention of the stranger.
Among the latter arc —

Philadelphia Hotel, where the steamboats land,
foot of Battery Place — Battery Hotel, corner of Bat.
tery Place and Greenwich street ; connected with
the ab(»vc — Atlantic Hotel ; to which is attached a
Pl)Ieiidid garden, where music is to be heard every
evening — promenade and refreshnumts ; opposite the
Bowling Green and Fountain — Piuuker'ii 3[anfiion
House ; a quiet, orderly, hotne-like Hotel — Blan-
card^s Globe Hotel — St. Gcorge^s Hotel; similar to
the above — Wavcrly House, corner of Exehango
Place and Broadway — Trr rrnf TfnrifftMi^^_^^' ""r
corner of Pine. street and AJfOft(l\v«M-T:K/"^w^^^'*<</ /
also on the temperanco. pTao,' lt8 %TOnd*vrfty— 4^y
Tortoni ; conducted Jly Mr. Bardotte, in the style of *
o similar house in PjCfis. Th| n^^jobjftppyyrthy of

Zjify^'fi ^.ii^a^^i/

CITY or ^EW••YORK,

a traveller's aftcntion is the Map Establishment of
T. R. Tanner, 153 Broadway, west side ; where they
can be supplied with all traveling works published in
this country ; maps, guide and geographical works —
Howard lluiise; tirst class hotel, corner of Maiden
Lane and Broadway ; a fine i)roniinent building —
Franklin IlQiine, corner of Dcy-street and Broadway;
also an excellent Hotel — Ameiican Hotel, corner of
Barclay-strcet and Broadway ; conducted by Mr.
Cozzens, so well known at the Military Apadem)',
West Point. This hotel is a resort of the officers of
the Army and Navy — Washington Hotel, corner of
Reade-strect and Broadway — Atheneeum Hotel, cor-
ner of Leonard-street and Broad way — Carlton Houses
corner of Leonard-street and Broad vvay.

As Broadway abounds in objects of interest, this
may be regarded as the leading route for strangers in
viewing the city, we shall now proceed to describe
or point out such other objects in the several quarters
of the ciiy as may seem to deserve notice.

Cus'totn Howe, at the corner of Nassau and Wall
streets. This is built in imitation of the Parthenon at
Athens. Its exterior walls are of white marble, and
the whole edifice is so constructed, inside and out, as
to be entirely fire pro!>f. Each front contains an en-
tablaiure, with several Doric columns of white marble.
The business hall is circular, and surmounted by a
dome which is supported by 16 Corinthian columns,
30/eet in height. The entire length of the building
is 200 feet, breadth 90, and height 80 feet. It was
erected bv order of the General Government, at a
cost of $"1,175,000.

Merchants* Exchange, in Wall-strret, occupies the
sitCjOfa similar structure, which was destroyed by fire
a few years since. Its front on Wall. street is 200 feet,
depth 171 and height 77 feet: from its base to the
vertex of the dome, 121 feet. It is constructed
throughout of granite, brought from Quincy, in Mas-
sachusetts. The front recess is decorated with 18

CITY OF NEW-TORK.

ishment of
vliere they
iblisherl in
il works —
f Maiden
juildiiig —
!roadway;
corner of
i by Mr.
\padem3',
officers of
corner of
lotel, cor-
on House,

Test, this

■angers in

describe

1 quarters

and Wall
thenon at
rble, and
id out, as
13 an en-
e marble,
ited by a
colunnns,
budding
It was
int, at a

upies the
d bv fire
200 feet,
e to the
structed
in Mas-
with 18

lonlo columns, each formed of a singlo block of
granile, HS feet in height and 4| feet in diameter. —
The Rotunda, or Exchange Room, is 100 in diame-
ter, and 90 feet higii : it contains 8 Corinthian co-
lumns, of Italian marble, each 41 feet high and 4|
feet in diameter. The Exchange was built by ajoint
stock company, at an expense of $1,800,000.

Hall of Justice, corner of Centre and Jjconard
streets, is a remarkable structure, composed of gra-.
iiite. It occupies an area in common with the City
Prison, or Lock-up House, 253 by 200 feet, and is
built in the Egyptian style. The Criminal Courts
hold their sessions in this building, which, with its
adjunct, the City Prison, arc better known among the
citizens as " the toaibs."

Colmnhia College, opposite Park Place, founded
in 1754.

New-York VrAvcnnty, situated opposite the east
side of Washinj;,'!on Sciuare, is a Gothic edifice 180
feet in front and 100 deep. It consists of a main
l>nilding, with wings and towers at each corner. An
immense window of stained glass decorates the front,
and forms one of its most striking features. The
Historical Society, with its library of 12,000 vo-
lumes, occupies rooms in the University buildings.

Next to this is the beautiful Gidhic Church, occupi-
ed by a congregation of tlie Dutch Reformed denomi-
nation, in charge of the Rev. Mr. Ilutton.

Among the multitude of churches (upwards of 170)
distributed through the city, the following deserve spe-
cial notice from their arcliitectural beauty : Trinity
Church, in Broadway, ojiposite Wall St.; a magnificent
Gothic Structure — Si. iVn/ZV, corner of Broadway
and Fulton street — Dutch Beforined, near the Univer-
sity — St. .Tahn^s Chapel, opposite St. John's Park — St.
Patrick's Cathedral — ( 'hurchof theMessiah — Church
of the Ascension — French Protestant Church,\hoomc
street — Bajitist Church — St. Lule\^ Church, Hudson
strcet~67. Peter's, Hard ay etrcot — St. Thomas

9<y

CITY OF NEW-YORK.

Church, a goihic church, corner of irouston-sfreet
and Broadway — Unitariun Church, Mercer-street.

Therti arc some rural Cemeteries in and near the
city. That of Greenwood, in Brooklyn, is distin-
guislied fur the beauty of its scenery and the taste dis-
played in the arrangement of its numerous avenues.

The principal Benevolent Institutions are : —

TJew. York Hospital, in Broadway — Alms-hovse
and TIau'se of lief age, at Bellevue — Asylumfor the In-
sane Poor, on IJlackwell's Island — Lunatic Asylum
and Orphans^ Asylum, at nioomingdale, 5 miie^ north
of the city — Marine Hospital — Seavxan^s Bctreat and
Sailors'" Snug Harbor, on Staten Island — U. S. Naval
Hospital, Brooklyn — Institution for the Blind, 8th
avenue — Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 50th
etreet, 3 miles from the City Hall — Orphans^ Asy~
lum, in 12th street — I2oman Catholic Orjyhans'' Asy-
lum, Prince-street — New-York Dispensary zuA the
Northern Dly}en>^ary, supply the indigent with med-
icines and medical advice gratuitously — Long Isl.
and Farms, a branch of the Alms-house, established
for the instruction and maintenance of pauper child-
ren. Besides these there arc several Benevolent So-
cieties, for the relief of distressed foreigners of every
description; Bible and Tract Societies ; Missionary,
Sunday School, and Education Associations, &c., &c.

Placssof Ajiusemext. — In addition to six regular
Theatres, in various parts of the city, thpre are sev-
eral Public Gardens, where musical and dramatic en-
tertainments are occasionally given : Niblu's, Vaux-
hall, and Castle Gardens are the principal.

By the aid of the omnibuses, hacks, and cabs,
which may be found at any moment, a stranger may
be conveyed to any part of the city or adjoining vil-
lages at a small expense. Passage to any part of
the state, and indeed to any part of the world,
forded almust daily, by the innumerable rail,

IS a

f-
•oads,
stages, steamboats, or sailing vessels, which are con.
stantly departing from the city in every direction.

street
treet.
ear the
distin-
ste dis-
/enues.

xs-hovse
the In.
Asylum
9 north
real and
S". Naval
ind, 8 th
Hfe, 50th
ns' Asy~
/ws' Asy.
and the
ith med.
Long Isl.
tablished
ler child-
olent So.
I of every
ssionary,
, &c., &c.
X regular
! are sev-
matic en-
's, Vaux-

nd cabs,
iger may
iiiing vil-
y part of
rid, is af.
ailroada,
are con.
ction.

ENVIRONS OF NEW- YORK.

The principal place in the vicinity of New York
is Brooklyn, finely situated on Long Island, opposite
ihe S. E. side of the city.

It is ail incorporated city of King's county, with
36,283 inhabitants. The streets, with some excep.
tions, intersect each other at right angles, and are
generally wide and well paved.
' Its comfnanding situation, salubrious atmosphere,
and commodious buildings, have induced a vast num.
ber of persons doing business in New York to ocate
themselves here. The means of communication af-
forded by steam ferry.boats, which are constantly ply.
ing between the two cities, and scarcely ever take
more than four minutes in crossing, make it more
convenient to many persons to reside at Brooklyn than
in the upper parte of the city. Hence, the rapid in.
crease of Brooklyn; which, in 1810, contained only
4,402 inhabitants. Besides the usual county build-
ings there are, within the corporate limits of Brooklyn,
32 Churches, belonging to various denominations, 3
Banks, 3 Insurance Companies, a Lyceum, a hand-
some structure of granite ; City Library and Reading,
room, and some other Literary Tnstiutiions. The U.
S. haVe a Navy Yard on Wallabout Bay, in the east-
ern part of the city, to which a Naval Lyceum is at.
tachcd. The Naval Hospital stands a few hundred
yards E. from the yard. Greenwood Cemetery, of
which we have before spoken, is situated in the south-
ern quarter, and Colonade Garden on the heights.

On the " Heights of Brooklyn,", near which the
Americans were defeated with immense loss on the
27th August, 1776, may yet be seen the vestiges of
miUtary works constructed in the early stages of the
American Revolution.

The remains of 11,000 Americans, who perished
on board the British prison ships during the contest,
now repose beneath the banks of the Wallabout.

Williamsburg, — A recently built town, situated
on the East river, N. E. of Brooklyn, and opposite

EAviuo^'s or Ni:w-yoRK.

'■( if

6. "

the S. E. part of Now York, with which it has fre-
qucnt communication, by means of several steam
ferry. boats. Population by the census of 1840,
5,094. Its chief builduiys arp, a town hall, 7 churches,
and the usual proportion of factories and work-shops,
togeiher with some handsome and tasty private
dwellings.

Astoria. — A flourishing village of Queen's County,
6 miles N. E. from New- York. It has a population
of about 750 ; 4 churches, an academy, several thri-
ving factories, and an extensive botanic garden. It
occupies a beautiful position on Long Island sound,
near that remarkable whirlpool, called by the Dutch,
Ilelle Gat, " JMl Gate," and by the more rc.^ned,
" Ilinl Gate." Astoria is one of the favorite summer
residences of the New-Yorkers.

Middletown. — A small village of Long Island, con-
sisting of 15 or 20 buildings ; situated 3 miles S. E.
from Astoria.

Neictown. — A clever little town of Queen's county,
5 miles E.N.E. from Williamsburg; containing 500
or 600 inhabitants, 4 churches, and the i.sual pro-
portion of taverns, stores, and factories.

Flushing. — An incorporated town of Long Island,
situated on Flushing bay, an arm of Long Island
sound. Population about 2,000. This is the seat
of several literary institutions, as St. Paul's College,
St. Thomas' Hall, St. Ann's Hall, &c. The Lin-
nxan Botanic Garden is here. These, and other
advantages, render Flushing one of the most attrac.
tive places of resort on the island. It is about 10
miles distant from New York.

Jamaica. — A large and well built town of Queen's
county, 11 miles from Brooklyn, with a population,
according to the late census, of 1650. Its chief build-
ings, besides those of the county, arc 5 churches, 1
academy, 8 hotels and taverns, and several manufac.
lories of pianos and carriages, 2 printing offices, &lc.
The Long Island Railroad Company have a large

ENVIRONS OF NEW-YORK.

h it has ire-
vcral steam
IS of 1840,
7 churches,
work-shops,
sty private

sn's County,
I population
several thri.
garden. It
land sound,
the Dutch,
)re refined,
ite summer

[sland, con-
miles S. E.

m'g county,

tainingSOO

i.sual pro.

ong Island,
oiig Island
is the seat
's College,

The Lin.
and other
lost attrac.

about 10

jf Queen's
lopulation,
hief build-
lurches, 1
manufac-
lices, &c.
e a large

dcp6t and machine shop here. Constant communi.
cation with Brooklyn, Flushing, Hempstead, Rocka.
way, &c., is afforded by the railroad or stages, which
ply in all directions. Jamaica Bay, 5 miles S. from
the town, abounds in wild fowl, oysters, clams, &c.

liockaioay Beach, — A celebrated watering place,
on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, 22 miles S. E.
from New- York.

There are, in addition to the " Marine Pavilion "
and " Rock Hall," both well kept, several private
establishments ; where, with less parade and show
of style, the invahd may enjoy the refreshing sea air
and bath in their utmost perfection, and at a moderate
expense ; whilst those who inhabit the former are
expected, and expect, to pay hberally for their ex-
travagant accommodations.

Bedford. — A small village of King's county, 2
miles E. from Brooklyn,

Flutbush. — A neat village of King's coiinty, 4
miles S. E. from Brooklyn ; containing an academy,
2 churches, and about 4.')0 inhabitants. Near this
village, in August, 1776, was fought the disastrous
and memorable h-tit't.- of Long Island, between the
American and British forces.

New Zhrecht. — A small village, situated about 1
mile from the shore of the Atlantic, and 7 miles of
Brooklyn. It contains some 35 buildings, work
shops, and about 2U0 inhabitants. About one mile
South from New Utrecht is Bath; situated on the
verge of the ocean, which is much frequented ''•aring
the summer months for sea bathing. It consists of
little else than the Hotel and its appendages.

Gravesend. — A village situated 2 miles S. E. of
Bath and 8 from Brooklyn.

Coney Island. — Also a bathing place of great re-'
sort, forms a part of Gravesend township.

Fort Hamilton — This fortress, which, in connec-
tion with forts Lafayette and Tompkins, commands
the N^riowE'i is i&ituat«d on the western end of Long

. '•'§

i »M

«6

ENViROXS of NEW-YORK*

Island, and about 8 miles nearly due South from New
York. A small assemblage of houses has grown up
around it, including 1 church and an extensive
boarding house. It has recently beconie a place of
fashionable resort, chicHy for the convenience of sea
bathing.

New Bvighton. — A village of country seats, erected
for the accommodation of some of the "best society"
of New- York. It occupies the most northern point of
Staten Island, at the entrance of the "Kills," which
separate the island from the .Jersey shore. The town
plot, which fi.r the most part ia the result of expensive
excavation, descends rapidly from the base of ths
adjoining hills, and the buildings range in a line with,
and at nearly an equal distance from, the margin
of New. York bay. The situation is very fine, com-
manding a view of the bay, with its islets, the city,
Long Island, &c. The houses, with their white
fronts and massive columns, present a beautiful ap-
pearance from the water. There arc 2 extensive
hotels and several boarding houses. Population
about 400. A short distance to the West stands the
Sailors' Snug Harbor ; a sort of Greenwich Hospital,
or Asylum for superannuated mariners. It consists of
a large building, with wings, so arranged as to accom-
modate a large number of inmates. Two miles east
of Brighton Ues the Quarantine Ground, the Marine
Hospital^ and Tompkinsville. The latter is a large
town, containing upwards of 1,400 inhabitants, 3
churches, several hotels, and beautifully situated on
the high ground in the rear of Fort Tompkins. At-
tached to the Quarantine establishment are, the Ma-
rine Hospital, for the reception of patients afflicted
with contagious diseases ; a Yellow Fever Hospi-
tal ; a Small Fox Hospital ; besides several other
buildings, for the Physician, Health Officers, and
others.

Steamboats leave the lower part of the city every
hour during the day for New Brighton, the Quaran-
tine Ground, and Tompkinsville.

E^*vIRO^•s OF kew-york.

\h from New
as grown up
n extensive
le a place of
lience of sea

eat?, erected
)est society"
hern point of
[ills," which
. The town
of expensive
base of ihs
1 a line with,
, the margin
•y fine, com-
5ts, the city,

their white

)eautiful ap.

2 extensive

Population
St stands the
ch Hospital,
[t consists of
as to accom-
'^o miles east

the Marine
ter is a large
habitants, 3

situated on
ipkins. At-
are, the Ha-
nts afflicted
ever Hospi-
everal other
Officers, and

le city every
the Quaran-

Jersey City. — On the West side of the Hudson, op-
posite New York, is situated on a point or cape, for-
merly called Pauhis Hook. The city is regularly laid
out, with the streets, which are generally wid^, qross-
ing each other at right angles. The public buildings
are, 4 churches, a lyceum, academy, high school, a
bank, a pottery, glaas factory, and about 300 private
dwellings. Population, 3,072. The New Jersey
Railroad Company iiuve an extensive depot here ;
and the Morris Canal, from ^ordentown, intersects
the Hudson in the lower part of thfe city.

Harsiinus is a small village, directly in the rear of
Jersey City, containing 125 inhabitants. And still
farther North is Pavonia, another suburb of Jersey
City, containing some 250 inhabitants.

Bergen. — Seat of Justice for Hudson county. New
.Tersey, is finely situated on Bergen Hill, 2 miles
West of Jersey City. It contains 2 churches, a
court-house and other county buildings, with 3.00 in.
habitants. Bergen, until recently, presented the ap.
pearance of one of the Dutch villages of early times.
The primitive manners, customs, and dress of the
people, and their mode of building, have been rigidly
maintained by a remnant of the inhabitants ; hut,
since the little Dutch village became the capital of
a county, a spirit of improvement has been awakened
amontr them.

Hohoken. — A ncvv village of Hudson county. New
Jersey, ctmtaining about 200 inhabitants, an L'pisco-
pal church, and several public houses. Hoboken is
much frequented by the citizens of New- York. The
" Elysian Fields," so called, contain some beautiful
walks. A fine view of the city may be had from the
high grounds of Hoboken. Hoboken has recently
acquired additional notoriety, as the scene of a most
shocking tragedy, in which a young girl. Miss Rogers,
was murdered by some unknown hand. The village
of Weftt Hoboken, situated on the summit of Bergen
Hill, commands a fine view of the city and harboi.

ROUTE FROM

WechmpJcen — A small settlement on the Jersey
shore, consisting of some 20 or 30 buildings; beauti.
fully situated, about 2 miles North of Hoboken, on an
elevated bluif of the IJudson. * ,

B honing dale. — A remarkably neat village of New
York county, situated on the left bank of (he Hud.
son, 5 miios above the City Hall. An Orphan's
Asylum is established here. The village consists
chiefly of country seats, and contains some 400 in-
habitants. About 2 miles beyond Bloomingdale, on
the same side of the river, is

Manhattanville. — Containing about 500 inhab-
itanls, an Episcopal church, and some extensive
factories. Ti'e New York Lvnniic Asyluvi occu.
pies a con^manding position in the southern part of
the village.

Harlem is situated 2 miles S. E. of ManhattanvillG,
on Harlem river, near its discharge into Long Island
sound. It is a flourishing village, with a population
of 1,500, 4 churches, and a superabundance of
M hotels," besides a commodious dopAt belonging to
the New York and Harlem Railroad Company, and
several factories. The ears for Harlem start every
hour from the deput, N. E. of the City Hall.

■I

ROUTES FROM TflE CITY OF NE W.YORK.
To rhiladelplda, via S, Amhny and Bordentown.

\* PI' ces marked thus f are describeJ iu other parts of the work.

Steamboat.
Castle William,.... 1

Iledlow's Island,... 1 2
New Brighton, .... 5 7

Elizabethport, 5 12

Perth Amboy, 15 27

South Amboy, 2 29

Eiiilroad.

Spot? wood, 9 38

Hightstown, 13 51

Bordentown, 13 64

Burlington, 10 74

Philadelphia, 20 94

KF.U-YOR!

TO PHILADF.LrillA.

the Jerspy
igs ; beauti-
okcn, on an

Ingo of New
of the Hiid-
n Orphan's
ige consists
ome 400 in-
lingdale, on

500 inhab-
10 extensive
iylnm occu-
hern part of

nhattanvillo,
Long Island
a population
>undance of
belonging to
mpany, and
1 start every
all.

t^ W.YORK.

vdentovm.

Is of the work.

oad.

9 38

....13 .51
....13 G4
10 74

20 94

Castle Willinm, a strong fortress belonging to the
United Slates, situated on the West side of Gover-
iior's Island, and conslituting one of the principal
ilufcnccs of the city and harbor of New York. It
was erected previously to the late war with Great
Britain ; it is now garrisoned and well supplied with
ordnance <>f great power.

liohin'^f Href. — A. ledge of rocks in New- York
Bny, njion which a light-house has been erected ;
which, with

JJedloir^s Idand, also belongs to the United States.
It is p'lrmounted by a small military work, cnlled
Fort Wood, designed to co-operate with Casile Wd-
lianis in the defence of the city.

New Brightnn.i

Elizahelhport. — A very neat and flouriehing vil-
Inge of New .lerscy, whicli has recently started into
notice ; being at the eastern terminus of the Eliz-
nbethport and Somerville Railroad, now in operation.
Its site was, until lately, known as Elizabethtown
Point, and was the landing place for Eiizabelhtown,
which is situated a few miles in the interior. Pop-
ulation abou' GUO.

Perth Amhoy. — A city and port of entry of Mid-
dlesex county. New Jersey, at the confluence of
Karitan river and Staten Island sound. Popula-
tion 1,303. It derives its name in part from James,
Earl of Perth, one of the origiiial proprietors of the
ground ; which was laid off into town lots in 1683,
and incorporated in 1784. A large portion of the
buildings are elevated forty or fifty feet above the
adjacent bay.

The Brighton House, a large hotel, erected here
several years since, forms a striking object of atten-
tion. Like many other "experiments," the hotel
failed to realise the expectations of its proprietors ;
and it is now occupied, during the summer months,
by a wealthy family of New York.

South Amhoy is a mere landing place, where the
Camden and Amboy railroad terminates. Here the

iidl

ROUTE FROM

passengers lor lyiiladcliihia quit tlic steamboat and
enter the cars.

Spotswood. — A neat village of Middlesex County,
containing about 150 inhabitantf", 2 churches, and
the usual i'actorioa, shops, &lc.

Jlig/itatown. — A tlirivinif villo'::''; which, since
the completion of the Camden and Amboy railroad,
has become a place of conaidorablo note. The vil-
lagc is rapidly improviiiu, by the erection of many
neat and substantial buildinnjg, which now amount to
Xnore than one hundred, with about 700 inhabitanfa.

JBordeniown. — A town in BurlinLrton county. New
Jersey, containing about 1,700 inhabitants. The
town is situated on a hifth bank ; which, while it
gives it a commanding position, scrvea to obstruct
its view from the river. The Delaware and Raritan
Canal has its western termination hero.

Joseph Buonaparte, many years since, selected
Bordentown as a place of residence, where he con-
tinued for somp yei^rs. The buildings and grounds
are among the most conspicuous objects of the place.

Burlington. — A city of New Jersey, situated on
the left bank of the Delaware, containing 3,434 in.
habitants. Among the buildings are, six places of
worship, a city hall, a lyceum, bank, several exten-
sive boarding-schools, &.c. The town is regularly
laid out, with streets crossing each other at right an-
gles. They are mostly well built ; some with side
and front lots, which serve to beautify the town and
give it a neat and airy appearance. The " bank,"
which is chiefly occupied by country seats belonging
to Philadelphians, consists of a beautiful grassy plane,
with a gentle inclination towards the river. Hero is
the residence of Biahop Doane, a Gothic structure,
surmounted by a cross, and resembles one of the
Catholic Missionary stations of former times. (For
a full description of Philadelphia, see Tanner's Cen*
tral Traveler.

INEW-TOUK TO nilLADELPlIIA.

uboal and

X County, ,
dies, and

licb, since

y railroad,

Tlio viU

I of many
amount to

laliitanta.
unty, New
mis. The
h, while it
to obstruct

II d Raritan

e, selected
re he con-
id grounds
f the place,
situated on
g 3,434 in.
X places of
vcraX cxten-
is regularly
at right an-
E5 with side
e town and
he "bank,"
ts belonging
rassy plane,
it. Here is
c structure,
one of the
imes. (For
mner's Cen*

Fio7n New. York (o riiihtdrlphin, via NcicBruna,
vnck and Ticntou, by Jiailroad,

•Teraey City

Newark, 8

Eli7.al)cthtown 5

Railway 5

Matoucliin, 9

9
14

'26

New Brunswick,. .. 4 .OS

Princeton 17 49

Trenton, 10 59

Pordontown, .'> G4

Philadelphia, 30 94

Jersey Ciiy.i

NetBark — This is by far the larorest, nnd as a man-
ufacUuing place, the most important town, or rather
city, lor it v.i orjc'inizcd as puch, in t)ic Plate of New
Jersey. Its population, accordin,g to the census of
1840, is 17,392, a lar<>e portion of which is engaged
in the various rnauulhcturins, which al)ound here to
an unusual extent. Newark was first settled in IGG6,
by people from New England. It is the scat of jus.
tice of Essex county, and may now be regarded as
the metropohs of t)ie state.

The Passaic, hero a beautiful stream, flows along
the eastern side of the town, and gradually curves
towaids the east, in its passage into Newark bay,
three miles distant from the city. The town plot,
except in the immediate vicinity of the Passaic, is
elevated surne thirty or forty feet above the river;
and the country, on the west, continues to rise lor a,
few miles, and then descends in the direction of Eliz.
abethtown. It.s streets and avenues are wide, and
shaded by an abundance of trees, which add greatly
to the beauty of the city arid to the comfort of pas.
sengers. The city is supplied with water from a co.
pious spring, a short distance from the town. The
commercial facilities of Newark have been greatly
augmented of late, by the completion of the Morris
Canal, and the various railroads which now pass
through the city. These, superadded to the almost
innumerable manufacturing establishments in and

RCIITE FROM

r--

about the place, give it an active and busiqess-Iike
appearance, gn^tifying alike to those who are practi".
caliy engaged in tlieni, and to those who witness their
operations.

Among the articles manufactured heic, most of
which arc sent to distant markets, may be mentioned,
leather, saddlery and harness, carriages and carriage
furniture, hats, boots and shoes, in immense quan-
tities, brass and iron castings, soap and candles, tin
and sheet-iron ware, clothing of all sorts, Venetian
blinds, cabinet furniture^, jewelry, clocks, tools and
agricultural implements, ropes and cordage, malt
liquors, pottery, together with a host of other matters,
"too numerous to mention.'*

Besides the factories, most of which are on a large
scale, there are several breweries, grist and saw mills,
dyeing houses, and printing offices, each of which
issues a newspaper, &c. There are schools innu-
merable, academies, and severat literary and scien-
tific institutions. Of churches, the Episcopalians
have two ; the Presbyterians five ; th^ Baptists two ;
the Dutch Reformed one ; the Methodists three ; and
the Roman Catholics one. The other public build-
ings are the court house, county offices, three banks,
and the immense depdt of the New Jersey Railroad
Company.

Situated in the immediate neighborhood of the hos-
tile armies, the people of Newark were kept in a con-
stant state of alarm during the revolutionary struggle.
On one occasion the British sent from New. York a
detachment consisting .of five hundred men, who
burnt the academy and committed other excessey.
They were, however, induced to quit the town before
they could accomplish the destruction of the place,
which, no doubt, was their object.

Elizabethtown. — A beautiful town, situated on
Elizabeth creek, in Essex county, containing about
five hundred buildings and 3,000 inhabitants. It is a
borough town, and one of the oldest in the state, its

NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA.

site having been purchased from the Indians by a
company from Long Island, so early as the year
1664. Owing to its contiguity to New- York, the
quiet of Elizabethtown was frequently disturbed by
the contending parties during the revolutionary war.
In one of these conflicts, a resident clergyman of the
Presbyterian church was killed, after witnessing the
destruction of his church, which was burnt by the
British. Thtrc is in this town an unusual proportion
of handsome dwellings and churches; which, with
the wide and regular streets, impart an air of great
neatness and beauty to the place, and render it a
very desirable residence.

I The Elizabethport and Somervillc railroad, as
well as that from Jersey City to New Brunswick,
pass through the town. These, with turn])ikcs and
several good common roads, afford extensive facil-
ities for conveying to market the agricultural pro-
ducts and manufactures o( the town and adjacent
country.

ivmong ilie' latter may be nlCntiAnpdji. oil-doth,
eartl«nware, ropes and cordage, cotton bagsin^ -tiS.
and sheet-iron ware, clocks, carriages, leather, iron
castings, steam engines, and machinery of all kinds.
The place is also provided with several literary, sci-
entific, and benevolent institutes, which afford to the
inhabitants the means of intellectual enjoyment and
moral culture, amid the busy scenes of their daily
occupation.

With all these advantages, it is scarcely necessary
for us to add that Elizabethtown is a flourishing
place,

llahway. — A large and thriving town of Middlesex
county, formed by the union of sevoial villages.
One of these was formerly colled " Bridgetown ;"
but as there was anotlier Britlgptown in the state,
the legislature, by special enactment, united the
whole, under the name of Kahway, .after the river
upon whoso banks they are tjituatcd ; by which

ROUTE EROM

name they are now n;??nera]ly known; Tiieir unl(ed
population is 2,533, originoUy from New England.
The Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists and Friends
have places of worship here. That of the Presbyte-
rians is a beautiful structure. Among the liberal
institutions of the place, which possesses many, there
are a public library, an "Athenean Academy," so
called, a fine building, erected by a company ex-
pressly for the institution, which partakes, in some
measure, of the nature of a high school. There are,
also, Sunday schools attached to most of the churches;
six or eight well conducted public schools, a bank, a
printing office, from which a weekly newspaper is
issued. If the people of Rahway have been thus
liberal in providing means fir the moral and intellec-
tual improvement of tiieir youth, they have been no
Jess so in the erection and embellishment of their
dwellings, which present a remarkably neat appear,
ancc. Rahway may be, with truth, styled a man-
ufacturing place. Establishments on an extensive
scale arejn^&ny -operation here. The manufactures
-ttrirftist of silk printing, carriages and carriagesfurni-
ture, hats, shoes, clothing, clocks, earthenware, and
cotton goods.

Matouchin.—A mere hamlet of Middlesex county,
containing about twenty buildings. It is, however,
situated in the centre of a populous and fertile coun-
try; which, from the numerous buildings, may be
regarded as an extended village.

New Brunswick. — This place is situated in the
counties of Somerset and Middlesex, and is the seat
of justice of the latter. It is an incorporated city,
and next to Newark tlie largest town in the state.
It is situated on the right baok of the Raritan, about
twelve miles above Aniboy bay. Its population is
8,693, and the number of buildings is about twelve
hundred. The pubhc buildings, &c., consist of the
court-house and its appendages, college edifice (Rut-
gers' College) and grammar school, an Episcopal

NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA.

'heir unifed
V England,
nd Friends
Presbyte-

tlie liberal
nany, there
ademy," so
mpany cx-
s, in some
There are,
3 chnrchesi
, a bank, a
wspaper is

been thus
nd intellec-
ve been no
nt of their
cat appear,
ed a man-
i extensive
mufactures
riagesfurni-
[iware, and

5ex county,
3, however,
ertilo coun-
ts, may be

ited in the

is the scat

orated city,

the state.

■itan, about

pulation is

3ont twelve

nsist of the

Jifice (Rut-

Episcopal

church, a Presbyterian church, a Baptist church,
Catholic chapel, two Methodist churches, one Dutch
Reformed church, two academies, some incorporated
schools, several common schools, and two banks.
In addition to the splendid viaduct of the New Jer-
sey Railroad, there is a fine wooden bridge across
the Raritan, one thousand feet long, with double
ways. The Delaware and Raritan Canal terminates,
and the JMew .Jersey Railroad and that to Trenton
unite here. These railroads form an important hnk
in the great north and south line, which will, ere
long, extend without interruption, from Portsmouth,
in New Hampshire, to New Orleans, Pensacola, &c.
Some of the buildings have an antiquated appear,
ance, having been erected on the first settlement of
the place, in 1713, which was then called " Prig-
morc's swamp." Tho?e built by the Dutch colony,
which emigrated from Albany, though of a more re.
cent date, are no less remarkable, not only in their
pcci!l""'' construction, but also from their position,
haviiii, "'•• gable ends fronting on the streets. Al-
bany > I nay bo readily distinguished by its char.
acferiE. '<" '.lices. Constant communication between
New Brunswick and the city of New York is afforded
by several steamboats, railroads, and turnpikes.
There are also excellent turnpike and common roads
leading in every direction, by which the city of New
Brunswick enjoys considerable commerce, not only
in the agricultural products of the contiguous country,
but also in the manufactures of its numerous work-
shops.

Princeton. — This nttractive little town has been
long celebrated as the seat of Nassau Hall, one of
the oldest and most respectable colleges in the coun.
try. It contains also a theologicel seminary, estab.
lished some years since, by the Presbyterians. Both
institutions are in a flourishing condition, and are
successfully prosecuting the objects which they have
in view.

ROUTE FROM

Princeton, by the new arrangement of counties, is
embraced within the limits of Mercer coumy, and
lies a small distance to the north of the railroad to
New Brunswick. Its position is considered one of
the most salubrious in the state, being considerably
elevated above the surrounding country, and of course
is free from those exhalations common to low lands.
Princeton is an incorporated town, and contains
about three hundred and thirty buildings, with 3,055
inhabitants, including the inmates of both colleges.
There are five places of public worship, and several
schools of a high order, for both males and females.
Whether we rcgnrd the position of the town, its neat
and attractive dwellings, or the general intelligence
of its inhabitants, wo know not a more desirable
place of residence than Princeton.

One of the most important incidents of the revolu^
tion occurred in the neighborhood of this town. On
the night of January 3d, 1777, the American and
British armies lay encamped on opposite banks of
the Assanpink creek, near Trenton. The British
commander, confident of success in the coming con-
flict, only awaited the approach of day to begin the
*vork of destruction. In this critical situation, and
tnenaced by a force every way superior to his own,
Washington determined to abandon his position on
the Assanpink, and by a circuitous march along the
left flank of the enemy, fall into their rear at Prince-
ton. When it was dark the army, leaving its fires
lighted, and the sentinels on the margin of the creek,
decamped with perfect secrecy. About sunrise, two
British regiments, that wcro on their march to join
the rear of the British army at Lawrence, fell in with
the van of the Americans, conducted by General
Mercer, and a very sharp action ensued. The ad-
vanced party of Americans, composed chiefly of mi-
litia, soon gave way, and trie few regulars attached
to them could not maintain their ground. General
Mercer, while ^aliiiutly e^vcrting himself to rally his

NEW-YORK TO riIILAl>Ji.i,i-.,i a

ounties, IS
uniy, and
railroad to
red one of
nsiderably
d of course
low lands.
1 contains
with 3,055
fi colleges,
nd several
d females,
^'n, its neat
ntelligence
s desirable

the revolu-

own. On

jrican and

! banks of

'he British

iming con-

I begin tho

ation, and

his own,

)osition on

along the

at Prince-

g its fires

the creek,

inrise, two

rch to join

ell in with

General

The ad.

efly of mi,

attached

General

rally his

broken troops, received a mortal wound. General
Washington, however.who followed close in their rear,
now led on the main body of the army, and attacked
tho enemy with great spirit. While he exposed him-
self to their hottest fire, he was so well supported by
the fcatne troops which had aided him a few days bo-
fore in the victory at Trenton, that the British were
compelled to give way, and Washington pressed for-
ward to Princeton. A party of the British, that had
taken refuge in the college, after receiving a few dis-
charges from the American ficld-piccos, surrendered
themselves prisoners of war; but the principal part
of the regiment that was left ihcre saved itself by a
precipitate retreat to Brunswick. In this action up.
wards of a hundred of the British were killed and
nearly three hundred were taken prisoners. Great
was the surprise of Lord Cornvvallis when the report
of the artillery at Princeton, and the arrival of breath-
less messengers, apprised liiin that the enemy was in
the rear. Alarmed by the danger of his position,
he commenced a retreat ; and being harassed by the
militia and the country people, who had suffered by
the outrages perpetrated by his troops on their ad-
vance, he did not deem himself in safety until he ar-
rived at Brunswick ; from whence, by means of the
Raritaii, he had communication with Nev*^ York.

Trenton. — The capital of the State of New. Jersey,
is situated on the left or cast bank of the Delaware,
in Mercer county, of wliich it is the seat of justice,
twenty-eight miles north-cast from Philadelphia, and
fifty-nine south,. west of New York. Its site is im-
mediately upon the mouth of the Assanpink, near the
lower falls of the Delaware. It is approached from
the Pennsylvania side by a fine bridge of five arches,
supported by stone piers and abutnifints. There are
now about 1,000 buildings of every sort, and 4,035
inhabitants. The place was incorporated as a city
on the 13th November, 17S2. Its public buildings,
and other objects of curiosity, consist of the Stat<5

h ■iJ

ROUTE FROM

House or Lcgfislativc Hall, Governor's House, County
Offices, fcftate Pnsun, and City Hall.

In addition to the above, there arc in and about
Trenton, several beautiful churches, two banking
houses, an academy, many boarding-schools, a vast
number of common schools, and other institutions of
a puWic nature ; together with the usual complement
of stores, taverns, manufactories, cotton mills, print-
ing offices, some of which issue weekly journals ;
several literary and scientific institutions, and in
short, all other components that constitute a little
city such as Trenton.

Among the leading avenues of trade possessed by
Trenton, those by the canals and railroads are the
most important. The Delaware and Raritan Canal,
from Bordentown to New Brunswick, and its nav-
igable feeder, pass through Trenton ; whence rail-
roads extend to Philadelphia and New Brunswick ;
and another, which intersects the Camden and Am-
boy railroad, a short distance from Bordentown.

The manufacturing facilities of the city have, of
late, been materially improved. A company, incor-
porated in 1831, has just completed a short canal and
mill-race on the bank of the river, by which a valuable
water power is afforded, and now extensively and
profitably employed.

The name of Trenton occupies a prominent place
in the annals of our revolution. It was here, in 1776,
that General Washington, with five thousand five
hundred men, after crossing the Delaware, amid all
the dangers of an inclement night, attacked the
British forces, under Colonel Rahl, who was mor-
tally wounded by the first fire. His men, in the ut-
most dismay, attempted to file ofl^ towards Princeton ;
but General Washington perceiving their intention,
moved a i)ortion of his troops into the road in front,
and thus frustrated their design.

Their artillery having been seized, and the Anier-
icane pressing upon them, they surrendered. Many

NEW-YORK TO KASTON, PA.

ie, County

xnd about
banking
ols, a vast
itutions of
mplerneiit
ills, print,
journals ;
i, and in
te a little

sessed by
Is are the
an Canal,
d its nav-
ence rail,
unswick ;
and Am-
town.
y have, of
ny, incor-
canal and
a valuable
iively and

ent place
, in 1776,
sand five

amid all
eked the
was mor-
n the ut.
rinceton ;
ntention,

in front,

le Anier-
Many

of the Hessians were killed — a thousand were made
prisoners — while a few escaped and fled in the direc-
tion of 13ordontown. Of the American troops only
two were killed and two frozen to death. Wash,
ington, soon after this brilliant affair, re-crossed the
Delaware with his prisoners, six pieces of artillery,
a thousand stand of arms, and some military stores,

Bristol. — A beautiful village, situated on the west
bank of the Delaware, nearly '^oposite to Burlington.
Its high and commancji g j in early attracted the
attention of the firs- ttler^ nd a town, calie l
Buckingham, was laid off, and subsequently incor.
porated by Sir William Kieth, in J 720, under tha
name of Bristol.

Among the numerous attractions of this beautiful
spot are two mineral springs, at which buildings, for
the accommodation of visiters, were erected some
years since, and dignified by the name of Bath.
Bristol contains at present about two hundred and
fifty dwellings, with 1,734 inhabitants, a bank, sev-
eral places of worship, a masonic lodge, &c.

The houses, es[)ecial!y those 021 the immediate
bank of the river, present a remarkably neat and
handsome appearance. The Delaware division of
the Pennsylvania Canal terminates here, in a spa.
cious basin, which communicates with the Delaware
river. This canal, with the Lehigh Company's
Canal, forms an uninterrupted water communica*
tion with the anthracite coal region of Northampton
coufity.

Bordentown.f

From New. York to Eofiton, Pa., via Morrisville and
Schooleifs Mountain Springs.

Newark, by rail-road, 10

Morrisiown, do 20 30

Mendliam, by stage, 7 37

Chester,... do 5 42

ROUTE FROM

li.

German Valley, by •;;age, 5 47

Schooley's M. Springs, by stage, ... 3 50

insfield,
Easton.

9 59
74

Newark.f

31orristoicn.—'SeB.t ofjui,..cc of Morris county, and
one of the most populous and thriving towns of New
Jersey. It is beautifully situatnd on an elevated
plain, which rises gradually from the river bank.

Most of the public buildings, and some of the best
dwellings, face an open square in the centre of the
town. There are, besides the buildings devoted to
county purposes, several handsome churches, an
academy, and a due proportion of stores, manufac*
tories, workshops, and taverns ; grist, paper and saw
mills. There are also printing offices, from which
weekly journals are issued i Sunday schools, a bible
society, a temperanco society, and several institutiona
of a like description. With but few exceptions, the
houses are well built; each is surrounded by culti-
vated gardens, which impart to the place an air of
niuch rural beauty. By means of pipes laid in the
streets, most of the w cr used in the town is brought
from a never-failing ug, about two miles distant.
The Morris and Esb.,x railroad, twenty miles in
length, from Newark, terminates here. Population
4,01.3.

Mendham. — A village of Morris county, contain-
ing a Presbyterian church, a boarding-school, several
stores, mills, and about sixty dwellings. Population
1.378.

Chester. — A village of I\Torris county, containing
forty or fifty buildings, including two churches,
which extends for nearly a mile along the road from
Easton to Morrisville. Population 1,3:21.

German Valley, a small scltlcmont in Mor:;ia
county, oa the south branch of the Raritan.

NEW-YORK TO EASTON.

) 47

J 50

\ 74

Junty, and

lis of New

I elevated

bank.

3t'the best

lire of the

levoted ta

irclies, an

manufac*

rand saw

0111 which

Is, a bible

istitutiona

)tioiis, the

by culti-

an air of

aid in the

3 brought

distant.

miles in

opulation

contain-
1, severa!
3pulation

mtaniing
Imrches,
3 ad from

orria

Schoolcifs Mountain Springs. — A celebrated place
of resort of invalids and others, in pearch of health
or pleasure. The water of these ppriiigs, which are
situated in a small depression of iMusconicong moun-
tain, in Morris county, N.J., is chalybeate, is strong-
ly marked by the usual ferruirinous iniprcg;iations,
and the other characteristics of such springs. They
are used to gicat advantage in chronic cases and gen-
eral debility. Independent of the benefit to be de-
rived from the use of the wntors, the efreat elevation
of the springs (nearly 1,100 feet,) produces an agree-
able temperature, which braces and invigorates the
frame. T'lie accommodations here arc in no way
inferior to other establishments of ;hc kind elsewhere.
There arc three extensive hotels, besides several pri.
vate boarding houses, which a'fjrd to visitors the
opportunity of selecting the location most congenial
to th(;ir wishes.

M(inf<field. — A pretty little villnge of forty or fifty
buildings in W^arien county, New Jersey. Jtissup.
plied with water by means of pipes, which conduct
it to several fountains in the village.

Eastoit. — This is by far the largest and most im-
portant town in this section of the state, and is the
scat of justice of Northampton county. It was in-
corporated as a borough in l^eiitnmber, 1789, and
now contains a population of 5,510. The town is
situated on a point of land farmed by the Delaware
and ijchigh rivers and the Bushkill creek. The
streets are laid out at right angles to each other, and
along the cardinal points. The lower part of the
town, near the Delaware, is on an elevated level, but
the western extremity rises by a gradual acclivity, to
a considerable elevation.

There are within the boundaries of the borough,
three oil mills, six grist mills, two saw mills, two dis-
tilleries, three tan-yards and tanneries, one brewery,
and thirty-one dry-goods and hardware stores. A
library formed in 18II, containing about four thou-

llOUTE FROM

;

i ij

Band volumes. A mincralogical cabinet. A college
calloii the Lafayette College, in which the ifiarned
laiigiiages, &c. are taught. Several places of public
worship. A court-house, erected 1758. Four fine
bridj^es ; one over the Delaware, a inoat substantial
structure, erected at an expense of j^8U,0l)0 ; one, a
chain bridge, over the l.ehigh, an the Philadelphia
Fond; and two over the liuslikill. Theie are two
banks,— one tlxe Kastou Bank, with a capital of
$40,000.

JFioin New. York to Passaic F.Us, hi/ railroad.

Jersey City, 1

Bergen 2 3i

Acquackanonk, 9 I'i

Pp.tcrson and the Falls 5 17

Jersey City.f
BergcnA

Acq^dcTianonk. — A village of Passaic county, sit-
uated on the right bank of the Passaic, 12 miles N. W.
from New- York. It contains two places of worship,
one cotton factory and about 450 inhabitants, who.
are chie'ly engaged in manufacturing.

Passaic palls. — This is a beautiful sheet of water,
which presents an unbroken fall of fifty feet. It is
situated at the town of Paterson, on the Pai-saic river,
whose hanks here are near'y vertical. The water
in its passage, through the lapse of ages, has worn a
deep chasm in the solid rock, which is obviously
retreating, as the abraided banks below testify. No
spectacle can be more imposing than is presented by
the falling liquid, as it glides gently over the brow of
the precipice. 'J'he town of Paterson is admirably
si' uated fur manufacturing purposes at the falls, wiiich
afford a constant and abundant supply of water for
tho vast number of factories in operation in the town.

NEW-YORK TO ALBANY.

which is now one of the most important manufactur-
ing places in tlie United States. The numb»!r of
buildings at present in Paterson and New Manches-
ter, an adjoining village, is upwards of one thuusaud,
and that of thu inhabitants, 7,598. Here are Fres.
byterians, both of the old and new schools ; Dutch
Kcformed, Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, Bap.
tists, Methodists, Seceders, Lutlierans, Friends,
Universulidts, Unitarians, &c. There are in the town
a society for the promotion of literature and science,
which has an excellent library, a Mechanics* Instj.
tute, a Museum, a Circulating Library, a Pubhc Li.
brary, and some other institutions of a similar de.
scription.

7
5

Houte up the Hudson, to Albany, by st am.hoat.

Towns on the West bank. Towns, Sec. on the East bank.

Blooniingdale .... 6

Manhattanvilie... 2 8

Spuyten DuyvelC. 5 13

Yonkers 4 17

Hastings 3 20

Dobbs' Ferry 2 22

Tarrytown 5 27

Sing Sing 6 33

Teller's Point, } „ qc

Croton, \- '^ "^^

Verplrnck City .,. 6 41

PeekskiH 3 44

Anthony'sNoseMt 2 46

Sugar-loafMt 4 50

Cold Spring 4 54

Bui; Mt 2 5G

Brenk-neck Mt..,. 1 57

Fishkill Land'g, ) 4 gi
or Martinsville, )

Hamburg, ......... G 67

29
36
41
44

Iloboken 1

Wehawk 2 3

Bull's Ferry 3 6

Fort Lee 4 10

Piermont 14 24

Nyack

Warren

Stony Point

Caldwell's Landing
Fort Clinton ^

Fort Montgomery >
Bare Mount j

Fort Putnam )
West Point \"'
Crovvs'-nest Mt. ...

Butter Hill

New Windsor

Nevvburg

Marlboro'

Milton

4 48

4 52

3 55

1 56

3 59

2 Gl
6 67

4 71

ROUTli I'ROM

Towns oil the West bank.

Towns, ftc. oil the East Iinnk.

% I

I! '

; I

t i

1 ,

■ I

'-1

NewPulizLandin;; 3 74 nariio?iit 4 71

Pelham

Columbus )
Kingston ^ *"

Gln.sgo\v 10

Bristol 2

Catskill 1)

Athens 5

Coxackic 8

New Baltimore .... 7

Cooymans 2

Albany 12

84 Poii^lilvocpsle

3 74

6 90

IlydcPark (J 80

Ktatcsbiirg 5 85

Riivnbeck 5 90

Barrytowii, or )
Rod [look L L. S

100

lOU

102

IIG Tivoli, or Red )

124 Hook U. L. J

131 Sauircrtics 1 101

133 Hudson 15 IIG

145 Coluinliiaville .... 5
Kiiulcrhouk lan'g 6

Schodack 8

Castleton 2

121
127
135
137
145

"^Groenbush 8

HoboJcen.i see " Environs of New- York," p. 27.

Wehawk.f

Blooming dale. \

Manhattanville.f

BulVs Ferry. — A noted ferry across the Hudson.

Fort Lee. — Tliis fort, which, with Fort Wasliing-
ton on the opposite side of the river, was the scene
of important mihtary operations during the rcvolu-
tionary war. A large body of American militia sta-
tioned here, in atteinpling to retreat, were ovpipow-
ered by a vastly superior force, consisting chieily of
Hessians, wlien they were either slain or consigned
to the prison ships, a fate more terrific than death
itself. The site of Fort Lee is upwards of 3U0 above
the water. A hotel at the landing is much frequented.
A few miles below Fort Lee, commences the Pali-
sades, a lofty basaltic wall, which extends for twen-
ty miles up the west bank of the Hudson. They are
nearly vertical, and range from 200 to 500 feet in
height. The columns, which are divided into seg-
ments, admirably fitted to each other, arc altogether

I i W

NEW-YORK TO ALBANY.

5 85
5 90

7 97
3 100

. 5 121
6 127
. 8 135
. 2 137
. 8 145

p. 27.

of n coarser texture than most other similar forma,
tiunsi, thuuKh. in sotno parts, the angles arc equally
perfect and well (Jefineii.

Spiiyten Dui/ofI Creek. — An inconsiderable open,
inf,' on the east side of the Hudson, which, witii Har.
Ijpin river, separates the island of Mew. York from
the main land of Westcht ster county.

Kinffi^bridge, — A sort of rialto among the New,
Yorkers, crosses the strait a short distonce from the
Hudson.

Yunkers. — A pleasant village of Westchester coun,
ty, situated at the outlet of Saw-mill creek. It is
built mostly on the river bank, which, being some,
what elevated, commands a fine view of the river and
the palisades opposite. Besides the two churches, an
academy and several taverns and store houses, there
are upwards of 75 dwellings, and a population of
about 500.

Ilu.'itinira. — A small village and landing, of the
same county, consisting of 15 or 20 buildings of va-
rious sorts, including one hotel, a button factory, &c.

Dobbs* Ferry is a small settlement and public land.
inu in Westchester county, with a ferry to the oppo,
site side of the Hudson.

Fiermont, formerly Tappan Sloat — This village
having been selected for the eastern terminus of the N .
York and Erie rail-road, the secluded little Dutch set-
tlement of the "Sloat," which had reposed in peace
and quietness for a century or mora, has received
the classic soubriquet of " Piermont,** and is now an
important town of Rockland county. Such has been
the elTect of this movement upon the unsophisticated
village, that its site is now covered by handsome
public and private edifices, which form a stii; i «>.;
contrast with the little Dutch houses of its prinu ive
inhabitants.

'I'here are in the town upwards of 150 buildings,
including two or three churches, and a population of
about 1,100. A pier about one mile in 1 length, which

ROUTE FROM

forms the commencement of the lail-road just men.
tioned, extends over the flats to a commodious dock,
near the channel of the river. The iSew.York and
Erie rail-road will, when completed, exfend to Dun.
kirk, on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, a distance
of 450 miUe. It is now in use as far as Goshen, with
whichdaily communication is had. Tlie little village of
Tappan, which is situated two miles westofPiermout,
is well known as the place of execution of Major
Andr6, whose remains were a few years since trans-
ferred to England, his native country. Two miles
below Piermont, commences,

Tappan Sea. — An expansion of the Hudson, about
ten miles in length and four in breadth, having Tarry,
town and Singsing on its east margin, and Piermont
and Nyack on the west.

Tarrytnwn is u large and well built town, with
about 1,100 inhabitants. This is the town in which
Major Andre was taken by the "Cow-boys," Paul,
ding, Williams and Van Wart, after his conference
with Arnold.

Sleepy Hollow is a little to the north of Tarrytown.

Nyack. — A village ol Rockland county, containing
about 050 inhabitants, three or four churches, and the
usual complement of taverns, shops, &.c.

Singsing — An incorporated town o( Westchester
county, situated in the N. E. angle of Tappan bay,
near Teller's point. It was founderl in 1796, and
derives its na<ne from the indian terms Ossin sing,
(stony ground,) a most apposite name, t^ingsing be-
ing celebrated for its marble (juarries, as the ground
plot consists of a plain which declines rapidly as it
approaches the river, nearly every buildin^r may be
seen in passing. licsides the state prison near the
water's edge, there are 4 churches, (5 public houses,
one ship yard, one iron foundry, an academy, a hand-
fiome marble bnilding, and about 350 dwellings, with
about 2,500 inhabitants.

The Stale Frison, in the «outIicrn part of the towni

NEW-YOnK TO ALBANY.

is an immence pile, resembling military barracks.
Tiie principal building, which is occupied exclusively
by the men, is 480 feet long, 44 wide and 5 stories
high, and contains 1,000 cells. The females are placed
in another building, which stands upon the high
ground in the rear.

Croton river. — From which the city of New- York
is supplied with water, has its principal fountain in
Dutchess county, and after a S. W. course of 45 miles,
enters the Hudson a short distance above Singsing.
It is a beautiful stream, whose waters are so pure and
transparent, that its pebbly bottom may be seen at a
considerable depth.

The Aqueduct, which conveys the water to the
city, is a most splendid work, not surpassed in mag-
nitude, by any similar structure of either ancient or
modern tiin(;s. Its transverse section in the clear is
nine feet high, and seven and a half feet wide, its sides
have an inclination <if about 1 in 7, inward, from bot*
torn to top. It is nearly 42 miles in length, extends
from the great dam about seven miles wp the stream,
through Singsing, Yonkers, and over Harlajm strait,
by an immense bridge, to the distributing basin in
the city.

Teller* s Point. — A peninsula at the mouth of the
Croton, which separates Tappan and Haverstraw
bays.

Croton or Collahurg Landing.— A small village
near Teller's point, containing about 70 inhabitants.

Warren, or Haverstraw. — A village of Rockland
county, situated on the western recess of Haverstraw
bay. Population about 450, with two churches, tav-
erns, stores, &c.

Haverstraw Bay. — An expansion of the river,
which is near about three miles in width and aboat
seven in length. Between Teller's point on the east,
and Vredidicker hook, a rocky eminence nearly 700
feet in height, on the west, it unites with Tappan sea
by a strait about a mile and a half in width. At it»

•fi

■fl

• n

m
-if

ROUTE FROM

north end the river resumes its usual width, which
it maintains for a short distance.

Stony Point, a mihtary post during the revolution-
ary war. This point will be ever memorable in the
military history of the United States, as the scene
of one of General Wayne's most brilliant archiev-
ments. On the 11th of July, 1779, after a silent
march from West point, he suddenly attacked the post,
then in the hands of the British troops, and after a
spirited and bloody contest, succeeded in carrying
the place without discharging a gun : the garrison
surrendered at discretion. Being menaced by a vastly
superi'T force, General Wayne on the following da
withdrew his forces, after demolishing the works ana
securnig the military stores.

Ver plane k\<i City, formerly called Verplanck's
Point, occupies a commanding situation at the west,
eni extremity of the poiiit. It was laid out a few yeara
since into lots, but notwithstanding its eligible position,
the city is still in its embryo slate. There are about
30 buildings of every sort, and some 80 or 100 in ha.
bitants. A short distance above Verplanck, com.
meiice the

Ilighlandfi. — Being that portion of a lofty chain of
mountains whicii has been pierced by the Hudson,
presenting to the eye of the beholder a scene of wild
beauty and picturesque grandeur. The chain here,
upwards of fifteen hundred leet high, has evidently
been rent and torn asunder by the action of water,
by which it is probable the now fertile region above
may have been, in ages long past, submerged, until
relieved by the disruption of the Highlands.

In some places the banks ascend the crest of the
chain by easy step, more or less lofty ; whilst in others
it is reached by a continued succession of rugged
chasms, abrupt precipices and huge masses of naked
rock. The most noted summits are : Anthony*s
Nose, which shows itself immediately on leaving
Caldwell's landing. The rocks near the apex, (1,133

NEW-TORK TO ALBANY.

feet above tlie river,) present a rude representation
of a humiin couiiienance, when viewed from a certain
point; Bare Mount, 1,350 ff et ; Crnics' Ne.-<U 1,410;
Butter Jlil.l,\.h±)', Bull Head, 1,480; Bre'tknerk Hill,
1,187 ; N(^w lieoaw, 1,685 ; Old Beacon, 1,471. They
arc mostly covered over to their very summits with
dense forest;^, wliich add great beauty to the prospect.

Caldii'^eWs Landing — A small setilement at which
most of the river steani-boata touch. Here is a ferry to

PeekskiU. — An important and handsome town
of Westchester county, containing about 1,800 inhab-
itants, eight ciiurches, one bank, several extensive
factories, iron foundries, ore academy, &c. Jt was
here that Palmer and Strang, British spies, were hung,
by order of General Putnam, during the revolution.

Fortft Montgomery and Clinton. — Twool the prin.
cipal defences during the revolutionary war, which
on one occasion were attacked by a British force of
3,000 troops, and, with the garrison, consisting of 600
men. were captured on the 6th October, 1777.

West Point. — The seat of the United States Mill,
tary Academy, established in 1802, which occupies
an extensive and beautiful plain, elevated about 175
feet above the surface of the Hudson. The buildings
consist of an academy, built of stone, 275 feet long
and 75 wide, in which arc deposited the instruments,
models and other aj'paratus; an observatory, 15()
by GO foot, stirmounted by a dome; two barracks, a
hospital, a chapel, Sec, a large hotel, and about 50
other buildings, mostly occupied by the professors and
oflicers of the institute and their assistants. The
entire population, including 250 cadets (the number
autliorizcd hy law.) is about 800. Such are the nume-
rous ntiractioi:sof the j)]ace, that it is visited by a vast
number of pc rsons during the travelling season. Here
resides Mr. R. W. Weir, author of the admirable pic.
ture of the "Departure of the Pilgrims," one of tho
fnest paintings in the capitol at Washington; In the
early part of tho revolutionary contest, West Point

ROUTE FROM

1»

f •?

became an object of attention. At several points
forts were erected, some of which are still to be seen
Fort Putnam, situated on Mount Independence, about
600 feet above the plain, is the first object seen on ap-
proaching the point from the south. This spot and
the adjacent country are memorable as the scene of
Arnold's treachery.

Cold Spring. — A busy and thriving town of Put-
nam county, containing about 200 buildings, includ.
ing 5 churches, 4 public houses, one extensive iron
foundry and machine shop, and some other factories.
Population about 1,300.

New Windsor. — A small town of Orange county,
with 250 inhabitants, two churches, a boatyard, &c.

Newburg. — A.n important incorporated town of
Orange county. It is pleasantly situated on a bank,
which rises by a bold acclivity, and presents a fine
appearance from the river.

In addition to the court-house and other county
offices, there are upwards of 1,200 buildings includ-
ing eleven churches, three banks, fourteen hotels,
160 stores, three flouring mills, three plaster mills, one
brewery, one floor-cloth factory, factories of leather,
ploughs, combs, tobacco, carriages, &c., &c. It has
frequent communications with New- York and Alba-
ny by steamers, which ply constantly along the river,
and with the opposite shoro by sream ferry-boats.
The courts for Orange county sit alternately here and
at Goshen, about 20 miles inland. Immediately op-
posite Newburg is

Martinsville or Fislikill Landing. — Where an ex-
tensive settlement has grown up within a few years
past. The ground on whicfi the village is situated,
forms a part of the " Ruinbout Patent," so called,
which comprehended an area of nearly 200 square
miles. A considerable portion of this immense tract
was continued in the possession of Runibout's de-
scendants from the date of the patent down to the
present time, a period of nearly 140 years. The

>'EVr-YORK TO ALBANY.

, i'i ti

Schenck and Brett families, through whose influence
and exertions the tract has been so greatly improved,
are among the hneal descendants of the original pro.
prietor.

There are now several towns and villages within
this patent, the limits of which were determined by
a mode then common among the settlers, by which
the outlines of tracts were regulated by the distance
an indian could walk in a given number of hours.

Fishkill. — The seat of justice for Dutchess county.
Matteawan and Fishkill Landing, or Martinsville,
are the principal settlements within the limits of Rum-
bout's tract. The two latter may be regarded as one
town, both having attained to their present impor.
tance in consequence of the establishment of facto,
ries in the neighborhood. The site of Martinsville
ascends by a gentle acclivity from the landing place,
until it reaches an elevated plane 80 or 90 feet above
the river, where most of the Irades-people and me-
chanics reside. An extensive pier a quarter of a mile in
length, constructed at a cost of about ^100,000, forms
the chief landing, which communicates with the op-
posite town of Newburgh, by a steam ferry-boat.
There are in the village two places of worship, four
public houses, 10 or 12 stores, one iron foundry, a
machine shop and flouring mill at the mouth of Fish-
kill creek, and about 130 other buildings.

Matteawan. — A remarkably neat and flourishing
village of Dutchess county, situated about one mile
east from Martinsville, on both sides of Fishkill creek.
The ground upon which the town is built is gently
undulating, with here and there a prominent emi-
nence, which, with the adjacent mountains on the
east, and the romantic stream at their base, alto-
gether form a scene of surpassing beauty and love,
liness.

The town, which is well built with houses mostly
in the cottage style, having court-yards in front, pre.
sent an appearance of great neatness and rural beau.

ROUTE FROM

ty. It comprises a principal avenue with smaller
streets, some of which lead to bridges over the creek,
where many of the operatives reside. The factory,
consisting of several detached buildings, in which the
various branches are conducted, is situated on the
right or west bank of Fishkiil Creek, about one mile
above its discharge into the Hudson. On the same
side are most of the dwelling houses and some beau,
tiful seats, among which is tliatof INIr. P. H. Schenck,
who is largely interested in the Mattcawan estab.
lishments.

The Episcopal church, near the Teller mansion, is
a neat and commodious cditii e ; and on the east side
of the creek stands tlie Presbyterian church. Mat.
eawan, from its situation and salubrious air, is likely
to maintain its respectability ; the neighborhood hay.
ing been selected as the residence of many wealthy
families. The present population of the village ex.
ceeds l,000,which, on the revival of business, so great.
ly depressed of late years, will doubtless increase
lapidly.

Hamburg. — An inconsiderable village of Dutchess
county, 6 miles above Martinsville.

Marlboro. — A siriall village of Ulster county, on
the west bank of the Hudson

Milton. — A small settlement on the west bank of
the river.

Barnegat — rA busy little town of Dutchess county,
with about 200 inhabitants, chiefly engaged in Ume
business.

Poiighkeepffip. — A large and commercial town of
Duchess county, and the (it-pot for an extensive and
productive agricultural district in the rear. It is about
midway between the cities of New-York and Albany,
with both of whicli it has almost hourly communi-
cation by means of steam boats and sailing vessels.
Its manufactures, which are vast and various, con.
sist of silk goods, carpets, loco:notive engines, and
railroad apparatus of all sorts, malt liquors, flour,

con.

NEW- YORK TO ALBANY.

plaster, bricks, pins, fire-arms, paper-hangings, snuff
and segars, cordage, carriages. 'I'here are several
iron and brass foundries, grist mills, saw mills, ma-
chine shops, rope walks, lumber yards, &c. &,c.

The oiher buildings consist of a court-house, jail,
alms house, college, a gymnasium, academy, 13
places of worship, belonging to the Episcopalians,
Methodists, Baptists, Reformed Dutch, Catholics,
Friends, &.c. ; three banks, 10 or 12 hotels, work
shops, and about 1,100 dwelling houses, with about
8,000 inhabitants. In the town are also two female
seminaries, a lyceum, a savings bank, a whaling com-
pany, 3 printing offices, from which papers are issued.

The town occupies one of the finest and most pio-
turesque sites on the river, but owing to its elevated
and remote position, it cannot be seen to advantage
from the river.

New Paltz Landing. — A small settlement of Ul-
ster county, comprising 1 church, 1 grist mill, and
about 50 other buildings, with about 200 inhabitants.

Hyde Park, — A handsome village on the east bank
of the Hudson, in Dutchess county. The settlement,
which extends from the river bank to the post road,
a distance of nearly a mile, comprises about 120 build-
ings, including three churches and several exlenpive
manufacturing estabUshments, and about 750 inhabit,
ants.

Pelhani. — A small collection of buildings ,on the
west bank of the Hudson, nearly opposite to

Statcsburg. — Another inconsiderable village on the
east side.

Rhynheck. — Situated about two miles east of the
Hudson, where it has a landing, also a considerable
village, is a large and important town, with a pop.
ulation of not less than 1,200. Here are .3 churches,
4 or 5 houses of public entertainment, 1 iron found,
ry, 1 paper and 1 flouring mill; together with the
usual complement of mechanics' shops, stores, &c.

Columbus, — A small village situated near the mouth

5«

ROUTE FROM

F^il

of the Walkill, containing a dozen or twenty houses,
and tile landing place for

Kingston. — A large and flourishing town of Ulster
county, situated on Esopus creek, and three miles
distant from the former. It is an incor]>orated town,
with about 2,500 inhabitants ; many of whom are
extensively engaged in the coal trade. In the town
are a court.house, jail, 4 churches, academy, 2 banks,
6 public houses, 2 printing oflices, 1 iron foundry,
tobacco, carriage, leather, and many other manufac,
tories. Kingston, or Eaopus, as it was originally
called, is intimately connected with our revolutionary
history.

It was taken and burnt by the British, on the IGth
of October, 1777, the day before the surrender of
Burgoyne. The mcendiaries, on learning the fate of
Burgoyne, precipitately decamped and took shelter on
board their vessels, then lying in the liudsan. A
short distance from Kingston is the busy little town of

Eddyville- — Situated on the left bank of the K.on-
dout, and at the eastern t.^rminus of the Hudson and
Delawire canal, by which the coal and other pro-
duce ot" t!ui Lackawana Valley, iti Pennsylvania, are
transjtor p I to the banks of iIih Hudson. Tiic ciiitif
seat of the coal trade is at the neighb'.iring village of
Rr)Md'»iit. where extensive coal (!t'[)ots a'o established.

End lloulc Lower LnridiuiZ, <'r Harrytown, a small
settlement oa the case side of the Hudson, consisting
of store houses, and other buiklings connected with
the landing. Th'.i u[)per landiiir^- is now called

Tivoli — A much more important town than the
last; it contains 2 c!iari;lies, ij or 3 inns, several stores,
2 grist mills, 1 cloth factory, 2 saw mills, and about
3i)0 inhabitants ; here is a ferry to the village of

SaugeitJes. — A small but neuf village of Ulster
county.

Glar}(rnw. — A village of the same county, contains
some 250 inhabitants.

Brhtal-

A small manufacturing village of Ulster

NEW-YOUK TO ALBANY.

Among the public edifices are a court house, jail,
G churches of various denominations, and 2 Friends*

Cutskili. — A large incorporated town of Greene
county, of which it is the seal of justice. It is situ,
atcd on the west or right bank of the Hudson, at the
mouth of Catskill creek, and extends up both sides
of that creek for | of a mile. Its population is nearly
2,000 ; and public buildings are a court-house, jail,
and other county offices, <> churches, 2 banks, 13
hotels, besides other houses of entertainnr)ent; to-
gether with the usual complement of mechanics'
shops, factories, &c. &c. Population about 3,000. ,
m The Catskill and Canajoharie railroad is now com-

ploted, and in use as far as Gooksburg, a distance of
2G miles. About 14 miles W. S. W. from Catskill,
is the celebrated mountain house of

Pine Orchard. — Which is situated on the N. E.
declivity of Catskill mountams, ut an elevation of
3,000 feet above the surface of the Hudson river. A
mile or two beyoi'J the liotel, are the Katerskill falls.
A short distance aljuve the falls are two small lakes,
from which the water escapes through a contracted
chaniiel, and is [)ercipitated at two bounds down a
perpendiculiir rock to the depth of nearly 200 feet.
Tho cataract and its surrounding objects form an as-
semblage of every thiiig that is sublimely picturesque
and romantic in !)rautifiil Rcer.cry.

Aihens. — An incorporated tov/ii of Greene county,
contuiniiig about 1,UU0 inhabitants. Its chief build-
ings are, 5 places of worship, several taverns, 20
B'ores, 1 extensive cartlicn-ware factory, and about
IGO dwelling houses.

Hudson. — On the west side of the Hudson, oppo-
site Aihens, is a large, handsome and flourishing city
of Columbia county, of which it is the seat of justice.
It was founded in 1783, and chartered in 17S5, and
now coniams about 1,200 buildings of every sort;
and by the census of 1840 it was found to contain
a population of 5,G70.

*1
m

i\i

hOUTE FROM

■I

i'
f

county, containing glass works, 1 grist mill, and
about 25 other buildings.

meeting Iiuiimcs, an academy, a lunatic asylum, 2
banking houses, murkeis, liotels, stores, workshops,
and factories, &c. •fcc. Its principal nianutacturea
consist of leather, huts, bouts and shoes, jewelry,
cordage, sperm candles, malt liquors, iron castings,
and carriages.

Hudson is abundantly supplied with water from
a spring a few miles distant.

The Hudson and Berkshire railroad commences
here, extends in a N. E. direction, and unites with
the western railroad of Massachusetts at VVest Stock-
bridge, a distance of 34 miles ; thence the line pro-
ceeds via Springfield and Worcester to Boston.

ColumbiaviUe. — An incorporated village of Colum-
bia county, situated at the junction of Kinderhook
and Clavarack creeks, one mile from the left bank of
the Hudson. There are two extensive cotton factories
in the village, which afford employment to a large
portion of the inhabitants; of whom there are about
700 within the limits of the village.

Cox^ackie. — A village of Greene county, coi; 'lin-
ing 500 inhabitants, situated about one mile from the
landing on the Hudson.

Kinderhook Landing — Now called Stm/vesant, 18
a pleasant little village, comprising 50 or GO buildings,
including a church, and about 300 inhabitants.

New Baltimore. — An active little town of some 50
or GO houses, and about 400 inhabitants, situated in
Greene county, on the west bank of the Hudson.

Coeymann. — A manufacturing village of Albany
county, containing two churches, several taverns,
stores &,c. ; grist, saw, and plaster mills, two brick-
yards, and about 8U0 inhabitants.

Schndack. — A village of Rensselaer county, with
a population of about 400, with a church, stores, &c.
)| Castleton. — A village of the same county, situated
on the east bank of the Hudson, 2 miles from Scho-
dack. Population nearly 400.

NEW-YORK TO ALBANT.

and

Greenhush — A large and flourishing incorporated
village of Rensselaer county, situatf'd on the east
bank of the Hudson, opposite to the city of Albany,
with which it communicates by steam ferry-boats.
Among the buildings, about 130 in number, are 2
churches, 4 public houses, l-'2 stores, 2 grist mills, gas
factory, and un extensive boat-yard. The present
population is about 1,000, and rapidly increasing.

Hero commences the Albany and West Stock-
bridge railroad, which, with the western an ' Boston
and Worcester railroads, form a continuous iuie from
Albany to Boston, a distance of 200 miles.

ALBANY.

A large, rich, and populous city of the state of
New. York, of which it is the capital. Few cities
of its size have their public buildings sofine, nu,
merous, and well kept. Here are many hand^
some churches belonging to various denominations.
The State-house, or legislative hall, is one of the
principal ornaments of the city ; and the immense
basin formed by a pier 4,300 feet in length, is one of
the largest and most commodious on the canal, where
a vast number of canal boats of all sorts may be seen.
The streets are spacious and well paved. In addition
to the facilities of intercourse afforded by the great
Erie and Champlain canals, which commence here,
those of the numerous railroads which centre in Al-
bany are equally important and extensive. Thus
advantageously situated, it forms the principal entre-
pot between the city of New- York and the north
western interior; and with Troy occupies the com-.
iiion centre of an immenso inland trade.

Albany possesses many splendid public and private
buildings, literary and scicniilic institutions, and in
every respect presents the appearance of a well
ordered and prosperous city. Population, in 1840,
33,721. It is one of the oldest settlements in the
United States, tae Dutch having had a fort here as

ROUTE FROM

n'l)

p '!

eorly as 1612. Mnny^f the buildinca of the city, with
their gable ends to the streets, still remain to mark
its origin. A large and respectable portion of the in-
habitants are of Dutch descent, many of whom still
retain much of the primitive simplicity and industry
which characterized their ancestors.

The State House. — A fine stone building, 115 feet
in length and 90 in width, occupies a beautiful po.
sition at the head of State street, at an elevation of
220 feet above the river. The grounds which sur-
round the capitol are tastefully arranged, and form
one of the most attractive promenades of the city.
The other public buildings consist of the City Hallf
a beautiful marble structure, occupied by the various
departments of the Government ; jail, 2 academies,
State Hall. The Albany, Farmers', and Mechanics^
Banks, and the Mufieum, are also remarkably fine
buildings ; Medical College Exchange, in State st.;
Alms-house; 2 Asylums for Orphans; 30 churches,
some very elegant ; 8 banking fiouses,and many others
equally deserving of notice. Institutions for the pro.
motion of Uterature, science, and the arts, are numer-
ous and well conducted. The principal branches of
industry carried on in the city, comprise carriages,
malt liquors, fire arms, jewelry, nails, hats and caps,
snuff and segars, cordage, soap, musical instruments,
tin and sheet iron ware, printing types, woolen and
cotton goods, &,c. ; and its commerce is proportion,
ably varied and extensive. There are nearly 1,400
I-ersons engaged in mercantile pursuits, besides a
vast number employed in the subordinate branches
of trade.

The situation of Albany is one of the finest on the
Hudson ; seated partly on the declivity of a hill and
partly on the margin of the river, it spreads its build-
ings along the bank, and covers the adjacent eminen,
C'!S with its beautiful structures. Its suburbs stretch
in gentle curves along the shore above, below, and in
the rear ; iroin whence is beheld an almost unrivai-

ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 69

led assemblage of picturesque and beautiful scenery.
In the north, the shores of the Hudson, with Troy
and file hlilc villugcH of Waterford and Lansinburg,
whilst in the eaet, the hills of Vermont, with their
verdant sides and towering peaks, bound the i)rospect.
The centre contains the city, with its pirl)lic and
private buildings rising one above the other, backed
by the heights, on which are the Capitol, State Hall,
the Academy, and City Hall.

Hotels. — City, Eagle, Mansion House, United
States, Mongomery Hall, American, Clinton, Con-
gress Hall, Frankhn, Rensselaer, Columbian, &c.

ROUTES FROM ALBANY.

Route from Albany to Niagara Falls, Buffalo, ^c»
via Utica, Hochcster, and Batavia, by railroad.

Schenectady, .... 16

Glenville, 4 20

Amsterdam, 10 30

Tripe Hill, 7 37

Caughnewaga, ... 4 41

Fonda, 1 42

Palatine Bridge, .11 53

St. Johnsville,.... 9 62

Little Falls, 10 72

Herkimer, 7 79

Utica, 14 93

Whitesboro 3 96

Oriskany, 4 100

Rome, 7 107

Verona Centre,... 8 115

Canestota, 11 126

Fayette, 16 142

Syracuse, 4 146

Camillus, 8 154

Elbridge, 8 162

Auburn, 10 172

Cavuga, 9 181

Bridgeport, 1 182

Waterloo, 9 191

Geneva, 9 200

Vienna 9 209

Canandaguia,....14 223

Victor 10 233

Rochoster, 17 250

Churchville, 14 264

Be. gen, 7 272

Morganville, 7 278

Baiavia 5 283

Attica 10 293

Alden, 10 303

Lancaster, 8 311

Buffair, 12 323

Black Rock, 2 325

Tonawanda, 9 334

Fort Schlosser, ...11 345
Niagara Falls,.... 1 346

nt\

■^^

ROUTE FROM

Schenectady. — An incorporated city, and seat of
justice for Schenectady county, is situated on the
right or south bank of the Mohawk, 16 miles from
Albany by the railroad, and 30 by the Eric canal.
It is one of the oldest towns in the state, being nearly
co.eval ^vith Albany. Many of the buiklinfjs are ele-
gant, but like all the ancient towns in New-York, the
various structures present a somewhat incongruous
appearance. Those of a recent date serve to show the
advance in elegance and convenience that has been
effected in the course of a few years. The chief
buildings are, Union College in the N. E. quarter,
which was founded in 1794, and has since main-
tained a high degree of reputaiion ; a county court
house and jail, city hall, 4 banks, 10 churches, 16 or
18 hotels, 1 V :tensive cotton factory, grist mills, iron
foundries, together with the usual stores, work shops,
factories, &.c. There are a lyceum, and an academy
foi females. Population by census of 1840, 6,784.
Schciiectady has frequent communications with the
surrounding towns, by the various railroads now in
use; that to Saratoga, via Ballston Spa, is 22, and
that to West Troy, is 20 miles in length.

Glenville. — A neat hamlet of Schenectady county,
comprising 18 or 20 buildings, exclusive of 1 church,
store, &c.

Amsterdam. — An incorporated town of Montgom-
ery county, situated on the north bank of the Mo-
hawk, containing upwards of 1,800 inhabitants, and
about 300 buildings of every sort; including 4 neat
churches, a bank, an academy, several factories, &c.
The town is connected by a substantial bridge over
the Mohawk with Part .Tackson,

Tripe's mil.— A. mere hamlet of Montgomery
county, containing a church, and some 25 or 30 other
buildings.

Caughnewaga. — Another village of the same
county, comprising about 40 dwelling houses and
a church, with about 200 inhabitants. It commiini-

ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS.

cates, by a bridge across the Mohawk, with Fulton-
ville. (See route by Erie canal.)

Fonda. — A pretty village of Montgomery county,
of which it is the seat of justice, containing about 400
inhabita Its and about TO buildings, including a
court-house, jail, 1 grist, 1 saw, and 1 piaster mill,
carding machine, with the customary complement of
taverns, stores, and shops.

Palatine bridge. — A village of Montgomery county,
consisting of 40 buildings, situated on the north bank
of the Mohawk, immediately opposite to Canajoharie.

St, Johnsville. — A small village, comprising about
50 buildings, with 280 inhabitants, in Montgomery
county.

Little Falls. — A large and flomishiiig settlement,
which has grown up at what are termed ihe Little Falls
of the Mohawk.

The site of the town occupies both banka of the
Mohawk, which has obviously worn for itself a pas-
sage through the primitive rock of which the mountain
is composed, and thus formed an immense gap in
which the town is situated. The rugged and pre-
cipitous sides of this petra-like gorge attain to a
great height, whence a scene of wild and romantic
beauty presents itself on every side. The beds of the
F/tie canal on the right, and of the railroad on the left
bank, have been excavated from the solid rock, which
here and there overhangs the lines, and seems to
threaten the beholder with instant destruction.

Little Falls is essentially a manufacturing place,
having an inexhaustible water power of great extent,
which is still in some degree unemployed. Woolen
goods, paper, iron castings, malt liquors and flour,
are its principal manufactures. Every other article
of necessity, such as hats, boots, shoes, tin-ware &c.,
are supplied by the numerous minor factories of the
place. It contains about 400 buildings, including 5
churches, a bank, and an academy, with nearly

li "

III

ROUTE FROM

3,000 inhabitants. Access may be had from hence
by stagfe to Trenton Falls, distant 26 miles.

Herkimer — 'I'he seat of justice for Herkimer county,
is beautifully situated on the left bank of the Mohawk.
It is an incorporated town, and contains about 900
inhabitants; the chief buildings are a court-house, jail,
hall for the county officers, a bank, an academy, and

2 churches.

Utica.f

Whitesboro. — An incorporated town, and in con-
junction with Kome, the se;.t of justice for Oneida
county.- It occupies a fine situation on the south
bank of the Mohawk, and on the line of the Erie canal.
The town cont liiis a population of about 2,000, a
court house, jail, 4 churches, an academy, an exten-
eive cotton factory, another of water buckets, a grist
mill, &c.

Rome, formerly Fort Stanwix. — A large incorpo-
rated town of Oneida county, of which it is, with
VVhitestown, the seat of justice. Tliere are within
the corporate liniils about 400 buildings, including
the court house and other county buildings ; 6 places
of worship, a banking house, a cotton factory,
grist and saw mills, furnace, and an arsenal belong.
ing 'o the United States. Here the railroad leaves the
Mohawk valley, and passes into that of the Oswego,
and enters the little village of Verona Centre, con-
taining about 100 inhabitants.

Lenox. — A small village comprising some 20 or 25
buildings, in Madison county.

Symciise. — A large commercial and manufactur-
ing town of Onondaga county, of which it is the seat
of justice. Besides 800 or 900 dwellings, there are
an academy, court-house, jail, 8 churches, 12 hotels,
an arcade, 2 banks, 3 grist mills, 3 machine shops,

3 iron foundries, and a vast number of mechan-
ics' shops, stores and warehouses. Syracuse stands
on the Erie canal, at the point where the Salina side
canal leaves the main trunk. The Salina flats ex-

■^

anc

oft

uat

in t

an (

con

IS t

chf
(
a f<j
fis

ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS.

tend between Syracuse and the village of Salina. In
a state of nature, these flats being low, in part marshy,
were subject to occasional inundation ; but, by
means of extensive drains, they have now a dry sur-
face, which is an exuberantly rich alluvial deposite.
The outlet of Salina lake in Seneca river, having been
deepened, contribute also to desiccate the flats.
Syracuse is celebrated for its manufacture of salt, of
which immense quantities, are annually made chief-
ly by solar evaporation.

Camillus. — A handsome village of Onondaga
county, containing about 700 inhabitants, two
churches, and nearly 125 dwelling houses.

Elbridge — A neat little village of Onondaga county,
containing two churches, CO buildings and about 3U0
inhabitants.

Auburn. — A large, handsome and important town,
and seat of justice for Cayuga county. It comprises
nearly 900 buildings of all descriptions, including a
court house and other county offices, a town hall, a
theological seminary, an academy, an incorporated
seminary for females, seven churches, two banks, ten
hotels, one cotton factory, one planing machine, four
grist and three saw mills, factories of cards, millstones,
tobacco, machinery, iron castings, leather, carriages
and many other articles. Auburn is the seat of ono
of the State prisons, an immense ct-talilishment, sit.
uated on the rifihtbank of Owasco outlet. I; stands
in the centre of a *en acre lot, which is enr^)scd by
an elevated stone wall. The principal b"i!dii.;' vliich
contains the various offices, keepers* ajuimcn;, A'e
is three stories high and 186 feet front, ar.d 'he Aiii^-s
on eacii two stories high, 45 feet in fron* and 242
deep. There are 770 cells. The pris'^^ers, usiisall:
about 700, employed in the various braaohes of me-
chanic arts.

Owasco lake, a beautiful sheet of water, situated
a few miles from the village, aflx)rds excellent trout
fishing, and is much frequented. The outlet having'

■ii|;|

'v'i

'19 *

ROUTE FROM

a descent of nearly 100 feet in a few miles, furnishes
a valuable and extensive water power, which is only
partially employed.

Cayuga. — A pretty little village of Cayuga county,
situated on the east side of Cayuga outlet, which is
crossed by a viaduct and bridge, each more than a
mile in lenijlh.

The village consists of about 75 buildings, among
which are a church, several public houses, and about
300 inhabitants.

Cayuga Lake is one of the largest of the series of
Jalies that impart great beauty to this part of the state.
It is abuut 40 miles in length, with a mean width of
two and a half miles, is of great depth, and abounds
with fine fish. Its banks, whicii are celebrated for
thinr picturesque beauty and sublimity, are adorned
svith orchards and cultivated fields, and interspersed
with towns, villages and habitations.

Steam boats ply regularly between Cayuga bridge
and Ithaca, at the head of the lake, where the rail.
-Mid from Ovvego terminates. About a mile west of
'... ' ' JO, is

Bridgeport, — A litile village of Seneca county, con.
sisting of about 3J buildings.

Waterloo — A large and remarkably handsome
town, and, with Ovid, the seat of justice for Seneca
county, containing nearly 3,000 inhabitants. Besides
400 dwellings, there are in the town a court house,
jail, 4 churches, an academy, a bank, 10 or 12 hotels;
together with a woolen factory, G grist mills, 5 saw
mills, several factories which produce pails, tubs,
ground plaster, leather, whiskey, iron castinga, ma-
chinnry, potash, soap and candles, carriages, boats,
&,c., &LC, The town is beautifully situated on both
banks of Seneca outlet, which has been improved so
as to render it navigable for canal boats. A few miles
towards the S. W. it receives the waters of

Seneca Lake. — Situated between Seneca and Tom-
kins counties on the east, and Steuben, Yates and

t
t

h
ti

ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS.

Ontario on the west. It is about 43 miles in length,
two and a half in mean breadih, and nearly 600 feet
deep. The waters are remarkably pure and trans-
parent, containing fish of various sorts. It is navi-
gated by steam-boats from Geneva to Jefferson, where
the Elmira canal leaves the lake. The outlet of
Crooked Lake enters Seneca lake on the west, after a
descent of 270 feet in 6 miles. The banks of both
are highly romantic and beautiful : the entire region
presents a series of landscapes, which render it in a
high degree, worthy of attention from the traveler
and philosopher.

Geneva. — An incorporated town of Ontario county,
on the north-west margin of Seneca lake, containing
about 4,000 inhabitants. Its site is uncommonly fine,
rising by a gentle acclivity from the water side, and
affording an extensive view of the lake and adjacent
country, which abounds in the most enchanting and
beautiful prospects. The aspect of Geneva and its
environs from the lake, is not less beautiful : the en-
tile scenes will amply repay the tourist for bis trouble
in viewing it. The western part of the town is, by
far, the neatest portion of it, and is in part built on
an eminence rising nearly 100 feet above the lake.
Its streets are wide and kept in fine condition, with
handsome and commodious building.s, chiefly occu-
pied as dwellings. The lower part is the principal
seat of business, where the factories, stores, &c. are
mostly located. The chief buildings are those of
Geneva college, 10 churches, 2 banking houses, 2
printing houses, several grist and saw mills, furnaces,
ccr iage factories, and about 500 dwelling houses.

Vienna. — A village of Ontario county, situated on
the right bank of Canandaigua outlet, comprising 200
dwellings, 3 churches, 6 grist mills, 1 furnace, 2 brew
houses, 2 distilleries, carriage factory, «&c. Popula-
tion about 1,.500.

Canandaigua. — A beautiful town and seat of jus-
tice of Ontario county, situated at tlie junction of Ca-

6«

#^1

€6

ROUTE I'ROM

nandaigfua lake with its ouilet. The principal avenue
extends westward from the lake shore, and is lined
by well built and handsome houses for a distance of
nearly two miles. Among the buildings are a court
house, jail and other couniy offices, 5 churches, 3
banks, academy, besides stores, warehouses, facto-
ries, mills, &,c. Populatioii 2,600.

The situation of the town is picturesque and beau,
tiful in a high degree, and, taken in coinieotion with
the adjacent country and its silvery lake, afibrds oiie
of the most delightful prospects in the world. T/u
Lake^whose waters are as clear as crystal, and abound
with trout and other fish, is al)0"c 20 miles in length,
one in breadth, and, like the ot-or.?, very dt-ep.

Victor. — A neat httle village of 300 inhabitants,
situated near the railroad, in Oatarij county.

ROCHESTER.

A large conanercial and n anufacturing city of
Monroe county, situated on boili sides of the Genesee
river, above liie great falis, and six miles from its en-
trance into Lake Ontario. It is the yeat of justice
for Monroe county, and the third city of the state in
point of population, which, in 1810, was 20, ID I, but
has, doubtless, increased greatly since that time.
The Erie canal pf<sses through the city, and across
the Genesee, by a splendid aqueduct, where it is
joined by the Genesse valley canal.

Th • plan of the city is regular, most of the streets
crossing each other at right angles : the public build-
ings consist of tlie court house and other county of-
fices, 20 places of worship, college, afheneum, niu.
scum, 2 asylums for orphans, arcade, 25 hotels, &c.
The productions of the numerous factories and work
shops, in and around the city, consist of broid-stufis
in ajeat Riandance, cabinet ware, woolen and cotton
gc j.jo, carpets, jewel'y, clothing, hats and caps, boots
ard shoes, copper •.:;; i tin ware, carriages, canal and
othi-f boats, iron castings, machinery, prepared luni-

ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLf3.

bcr, sefjars and snufl", saws, bucl;clg and lubs, edge-
tools, a;id many other articles. iloche«ter owes its
great eminence, as a inanufacturinif town, partly to
its advantageous situation, and partly to the industry
and ingenuity of its inhabitants. It is hicated in tiic
r;iidst of a fertile country, interjoeted by canals and
railroads and on a river ndinira! ly adapted for man"
ufacturing purposes. To the natnral facilities thus
afforded, and the means of disposing of its manufac-
tured pnjducts by the aid of its ennals and railways,
may fairly be ascribed the rapid growth of Roches-
ter, and the great prosperity of its people. Among;
the Interesting objects of Rochester, that oi the falls
■claims the first atleuiion.

Gene'ce FalU. — Like those of Niagara, the upper
Genesee fulls consist of three principal Chutes, divi-
dcd from each other by clusters of rocks, into ihreo
nearly equal parts. The irreatcst height of these falls
is 9(3 feet. The lower fall, about a mile and a half
below, has an unbroken pitch of 105 feet, to a rocky
bed, over which the waters pass rapidly to the head
of navigation, whence it ilo^vs calmly iuttj its great
reei|)!ent., the '* beautifid Ontario.'"

Mount Hope Cemetery. — A rural pLT-e of sepul-
ture, situated in the soatiiern surburb-i' the city, and
the

Crr.ind Aqucdu'Ji over the Gonasoc, also deserve
attention.

Churchvillc. — A small vilhige of Monr'.;e couiify,
containing about i)0 buildings including 2 churches,
a woolen factory and 300 inhabitants.

Bergen and jSlorirawivilh. — Two small villages of
Genesee county, each containing about :2U0 inhabi-
tants.

Jj.itavia. — Soat of justice for Genesee county, is
finely situated on the norih bank of Tonawanda creek,
and contains upwards of "2, 000 inhabitants. The pub-
lic buildings are, a court house, jail, arsenal, "2 banks,
5 churches, 1 female boarding school, 1 grist mill, H

, ' (:

ROUTK FROM

K™1

i I

furnaces, and others. [Persons destined for the falls
of Niagara, may proceed by stage hence to Lockport,
distant 30 miles, whence a railroad conducts to the
falls.]

Attica. — An incorporated village of Genesee coun-
ty, containing about QUO inhabiiants, 2 churches, a
bank, and ihe customary complement of stores, tav-
erns and shops. The Tonawanda and Attica and
Buffalo railroads unite here.

Alden. — A village of Erie county, comprising 30
dwellings, 1 church, and about 250 inhabitants.

Lancaster. — A village of Erie county, containing
about 100 buildings, including 4 churches, 1 grist and
2 s^w mills, and GOO inhabitants.

BUFFALO.

The capital of Erie county and a port of entry,
is situated on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, at
the mouth of Buffalo creek : population, by census
of 1840, 18,213. This city is admirably situated on
an elevated plain, and being almost wholly of mo.
dern date, is much more regularly laid out and hand-
somely built than most of the other interior towns.
Buffalo, then a mere village, was burnt by the British
during the late war; but has risen with augmented
PI)lendor from it3 ashes.

The streets, which are mostly wide and furnished
with side walks, some of them being, in the splendor
of their stores and their elaborately painted signs,
nowise inferior to those of the Metropolis. The growth
of Buffalo within the last few years has been most
rapid. Along the lake side, which, prior to 1810, was
little else than a sandy flat, now extends a succession
of handsome buildings, which, with the shipping and
the activity every where displayed, present the ap.
pearance of a large commercial city. The public
buildings consist of a court house and jail, 16 church-
es, 2 banks, theatre, mills, and a vast number of
factories, common to places of this description. The

ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS.

C5J

most important of these arc, 3 for carriages, 14 for
malt liquors, 5 fur soap ami candles, 4 for tobacco,
9 for ironmongery, 2 for chcuiicaLs, and 8 printing
houses. A pier, 1,500 feet in length, extends into
tho lake from the bank, behjw the mouth of Dufl'ulo
creek. Though now of such ini[)ortan&3, little more
than fifteen years have elap&ed since Buffalo was cor-
rectly described by Darby as "a village containing
1,000 inhabitants." The progress of the town in the in,
terval in commerce and in the accumulation of wealth
and population, is unprecedented in tho history of
eettlement. The situation of Bullalo necessarily ren-
ders it a principal scat of the trade between the east.
em cities and the western and north-wesiern states,
and as the population and trade of those states in-
<!r^ased, it could not fail proportionally to augmeni
the trade of Buffalo.

There are now (1843) upwards of 75 steam-boats
and about 350 sailing vessels employed in the lake
trade, much the larger portion of which centres in Buf.
•falo. 4,061 vesselsofevery sort were entered or clear-
ed at the custom-house in 1810. The amount of mer-
chandise sent eastward on the canal in 182(5, wa3
5,131 tons; in 1840, 177,G0G tons. Sliould the popu-
lation of Buffalo continue to increase in the same ratio
as it has done for tho last 12 or 15 years, of which
there is no reason to doubt, it will contain, 30 years
hence, a population of nearly 200,000.

Elnckiock, 2 miles north from Buffalo, on the Erie
canal, is a large incorporated village, containing near-
ly 2.000 inhabitants, with extensive and various fac-
tories, and mercantile establishments. The great
pier, built at the expense of the state, deserves atten-
tion.

T'onawnndn.—A village of Erie county, contain-
ing 700 inhabitants, situated on Grand Inland sounds,
at the discharge of Tonawanda creek. Tho Erie canal
and tho Buffalo and Niagara falls railroad pass
through the village*

■ .^i^lll

■n

-'4

i 'il

ROUTE FROM

Fort Schlosser. — Built by the British during the
old French war, stands in front of the nr-ids, about
a mile above the falls. Here tho stennitv Caroline
was destroyed by a detachment of Uritish troops a
few years since, from which the well known McLcod
affair took its rise.

Niagara Falls. — A magnificent catnract in that
portion of the river St. Lawrence whicli rxtends be-
tween lakes Erie and Ontario, commonly called •'Ni.
agara river '* This river issues from the N. E. ex-
tremity of Lake Erie, near Buffalo, and runs north-
ward 20 miles to Goat or Iris island, where it is preci-
pitated over a limestone ledge into a deep and narrow
chasm, whence it proceeds, with a constandy c ecrcas-
ing velocity, a fnrther distance of 15 miles, and enters
Lake Ontario, between the villages of Niagara and
Youngstown. Li this course of 35 miles the river
descends 334 feet, this being the difference of level
between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

Goat Island, at the very verge of the cataract, di-
vides it into two sheets uf water ; one of these, called
the Horse-shoe, on the Canada side, is 1,800 feet
wide, and 158 feet in perpendicular height; and
the other, called the American Falls, is about 600
in width, and 1G4 in height. The breadth of the is-
land is about 1,500 feet. The rock over which the
water is percipitated, consists of a compact limestone
in nearly horizontal strata, resting upon a mass of
soft shale, which decays and crumbles away more
rapidly th.n the former; so that the calcareous rock
forms an over-hanging mass, projecting 40 feet or
more beyond the concave rock below.

By the continual destruction of the rocks, owing
to the eddies and spray rushing against tliem, the
falls have, within the last 50 years, receded upwards
of 150 feet ; and tiiis process has unquestionably been
going on for countless ages. There seems to be no
reasonable ground for doubting that the falls were
pnce at Queenstown, 7 miles below their present po-

■.>^'i

ALBANY TO MA6AKA FALLS.

siiion. Such being the case, the fiill^ must be dcs.
tined, in process of time, to invade Lake Erie itself,
vvhicli would then be cornpleleiy drained, and its
prf'sent bod thus converted into fertile fields and cul.
livated gardens.

The depth of the water is much greater on tlie
Canadian, than on the American side; and hence,
while the scarcely hidden rocks below the American
fall cause the (lood to be broken into foam, the deep
green hue of the other, is but slightly changed by the
crests rising above it.

The finest view of the falls, pprbuns, is from the
Table rock on the Canadian shore, aiM mi the b uka
above, whence the rapids may be en l ,1 : the lat.
ter, however, are best seen from Goat Island^ to
which access is had by means of a bridge from the
American side. On the north side of Goat Island,
the rocks projecting inti the river immediately over
the falls are reached by another wooden bridge, be-
low which the water rushes with frightful velocity.
From these rocks, on which an observatory has been
erected, the view over the precipice is at once ter-
rific and grand.

As the banks of the ravine below the falls ris6 to
the height of 200 feet or more, artificial means are
necessary forefl^ecting a descent to the water's edge.
A spiral staircase has been constructed on each side,
and another in front of Goat Island, by which one
may descend to a ledge, styled "Termination Rock,"
actually underneath the great fall : by these means
the falls may be viewed in almost every possible di-
rection.

Among the principal waterfalls throughout the
world, there are several that exceed in height those
of Niagara : but, with regard to the quantity of water
discharged, in an unbroken mass, there are none that
can be compared to those of Niagara. In these re-
spects they are pre-eminent.

'If.,*'

;4»

»-i

. :' *: 3

^2^.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

1.25

128

■ 2.5

|50

■^ Ui 12.2

140

2.0

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'»

.■»

PhotDgraphic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716)«72-4S03

72 ROUTE FROM

The following tabid exhibits the relative elevations
of the moat remarkable cataracts :

Staubach, Switzerland 900 feet.

Tequendama, S. America, 800

Velino, Italy, 300

Montmorenci, Canada east, 24G

Caterskill, New York, 210

Niagara, (mean height) 161

There are several interesting objects in the vicinity
of the falls which deserve attention ; among them may
be mentioned the Burning Spring, near the outlet of
Chippewa creek whirlpool, two miles below the falls ;
Sorcerer's cave, just below the falls ; the battle fields
of Chippewa, Lundy's Lane and Queenstown; Fort
Schlosser, where the steamboat Caroline was des-
troyed ; the remains of Brock's monument, near
Queenstown ; Welland eanal in Canada, extending^
from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, and the villages of
Chippewa, Manchester Falls, liewistown. Queens,
town, Whitehaven or Grand Island, Tuscarora and
Seneca Indians — the former near Lewistown, and
the latter 4 miles S. E. from Buffalo.

The vicinity of Niagara has, in some degree, be-
come classic ground. Among the battles of the last
war, between Great Britain and the United States,
there were perhaps none more sanguinary, nor the
contest between the combattants so obstinate as those
of Queenstown, October 18th, 1814, in which Gen.
Brock was killed ; of Chippewa, July 5th, 1814, and
of Bridgewater.

Houte from Albany to Buffalo, via Utiea and So"
Chester, by the Erie canal.

West Troy 7 Schenectady, ....17 30

Cohoes Falls 3 10 Amsterdam 17 47

Lower aqueduct . 3 13 Fultonville, 10 57

Ifj^oM ALBANY TO BUFrALO.

Canajoharie, 12 69

Fort Plain 3 72

Little Falls IG 88

PIerkimer,Ui).Br. 8 96

Frankfort 5 101

Utica 9 110

Whitesboro', 4 114

Oriskany, 3 117

Rome, 8 125

New London,.... 7 132

Canastota, 14 146

New Boston, 4 150

,Chittenango, 3 153

Manlius Centre,. 9 162

Lodi, 8 170

Syracuse, 1 171

Geddes 2 173

Camillus 6 179

Jordan, 11 190

Port Byron, 9 199

Montezuma, 6 205

Clyde 11 216

Lyons, 9 225

Newark, 7 232

Port Gibson, 3 235

Palmyra, 5 240

Fairport 12 252

Piiisford, 7 259

Rochester 10 269

Spencersville, ....12 281

Brockport 8 289

Ilolley,,..^. 15 294

Hulberton, ,. 4 298

Albion, 6 304

Knowlsville, 7 311

Medina, 4 315

Middleport, 6 321

Lockport, 12

Pendleton, 7

Tonawanda, 12

Black Rock, 9

Buflalo, 2

West Troy. — An incorporated town of Albany
county, situated on the right bank of the Hudson, im-
mediately opposite to the more •• ancient Troy" of
Rensselaer county, which will be noticed hereafter.

West Troy is a new town, the great mass of its
buildings having been erected within tlie last 10 or 15
years. It now contains more than 1,000 buiklings,
including 10 churches, 20 extensive manufactories,
a bank, a .vast number of warehouses, stores and
Workshops, and about 900 dwellings, with a popu.
lation of 5,500. The United Stales Arsenal, an im-
mense establishment, consisting of 33 buildings and
extensive grounds, is situated in West Troy, and
forms one of its most conspicuous features. The
Hudson is here crossed by a fme bridge and horse
lx>ats.

333

340

352 .

361

■^

363

'i'^''

ar\tr

ROUTE FROM

Cohoes Falls.— A beautiful and romantic cataract
of the Mohawk river, situated near its extrance into
the Hudson. The principal fall has a descent of about
70 feet, but the entire fall, includinj? the rapids above
and below, exceeds 120 foet. A fme view of the falls
may be had from the bridge about half a mile below.

Lower Aqueduct. — Hero the Eric canal crosses
from the south to the north bank of the Mohawk,
-which it follows for 6 miles, and then repasses the
river, by the Upper Aqueduct, and resumes its course
along the south or right bank of the stream.

Schenectady.f

Amsterdam.^

Fultonville. — A village of Montgomery county.con-

taining 70 dwelhngs, a church and about 400 inhab-

"itants, chiefly occupied in manufacturing and the

lumber trade. A bridge across the Mohawk connects

it with Fonda on the north.

Canajoharie. — A large and thriving town, situated
on the line of the Eric canal, containing a population
of 1,400, 3 churches, an academy, 2 flouring and 2
saw mills, furnace, brewery, &.c. A railroad, hence
to Catskill, is in course of execution, a portion of
which, extending from Catskill to Crooksbury, 26
miles, is now in operation.

Fort Plain. — A village of Montgomery county, sit,
uated on the right bank of the Mohawk, containing
1,500 inhabitants. The public buildings are, two
churches, a bank, 3 mills, 1 furnace and 1 distillery.

Little Falls.i

Herkimer upper brids^e, extends across the Mo-
hawk to the village of Herkimer, situated on the north.
(See R. R. route from Albany to Buft'alo.)

Frankfort — A village of Herkimer county, situated
on the Erie canal, containing 500 inhabitants, two
churches, a woolen factory, &c.j

prii
ab(

ALBANY TO BUFFALO.

UticaA

Whiteshord'A

Oriskany. — A large village of Oneida county, com-
prising 2 churches, 2 extensive woolen factories, with
about 1,200 inhabitants.

liomcf

New London. — A small settlement of about 35
buildings and 200 inhabitants, in Oneida county,

Canastota. — An incorporated village of Madison
county, containing 800 inhabitant*, 3 churches, sev-
eral minor factories, tStc.

Neio Boston. — A small but neat village of Madi-
Fon county, containing about 150 inhabitants.

Chitienango. — A large, handsome and flourishing
town of Madison county, comprising 200 dwellings,
3 churches, a railroad depot, 2 water lime and 1
woolen factory, grist mill, and about 1,100 inhabi.
tants. A valuable medicinal spring, composed, in
part, of sulphates of lime, magnesia and soda, car-
bonate of lime, &c., with sulphuretted hydrogen and
carbonic acid gases, has recently been discovered in
the vicinity of Chittenango.

Manlius Centre. — A village of Onondaga county,
containing a church and 50 other buildings, with
about 300 inhabitants.

Lodi. — A villace of Seneca county, of about 60
buildings and 400 inhabitants.

Syracuse.^

Geddes. — An incorporated village of Onondaga
county, with 700 inhabitants, 1 church, &c. Geddes
is celebrated lor its maiiafacture of salt — saline
springs having been found in the village.

Cajnillus.f

Jordan. — An incorporated manufacturing village
of Onondaga county, containing about 200 buildings,
among which are, 3 churches, 3 grist and 3 saw
mills, 3 factories, with about 1,300 inhabitants.

,:.'**«?.-«. wii.JiJrfiiHvX'.

ROUTE FROM

Port Byron. — An incorporated village of Cayuga
county, consisting of 160 dwellings, 3 churches, 1
extensive grist mill, 3 leather factories, 4 saw mUls^
&c.

Montezuma. — A thriving village of Gayuga coun.
ty, situated at the junction of the Eric canal with the
Cayuga and Seneca canal. It contains about 700
inhabitants, with 1 church, stores, taverns, &c. Im-
mense quantities of salt are made here from the s&.
line springs, which abound in this section of the
state. The Moutezuma marshes, consisting of a
narrow strip of wet land, extend along Gayuga outlet
and Seneca river for a distance of 15 miles.

Clyde. — An incorporated village of Wayne county,
comprising 3 churches, an academy, 4 grist mills, 1
saw mill, 1 furnace, 2 glass factories, and about 150
dwellings. Population about 1,100.

Lyons. — A large incorporated town and seat of
justice of Wayne county, containing nearly 2,000
inhabitants. Its principal buildings are, a court
house, jail, 5 churches, 1 bank, 2 largo warehouses,
2 grist and 2 saw mills, 1 furnace, and other facto-
ries, which produce leather, potash, machinery, car-
riages. Access to the neighboring towns is had by
means of stages, railroad cars, canal boats, &c.,
■which are constantly arriving at and disparting from
this active place.

Newark. — A village of Wayne county, containing
230 buildings and 1,300 inhabitants. Among the
buildings are, 3 churches, 1 steam flouring mill, 2
furnaces, and some other factories.

I'ort Gibson. — A village of 200 inhabitants, with
a church, &:,c., in Ontario county.

Palmyra. — A large incorporated village of Wayne
county, containing upwards of 2,000 inhabitants, 4
churches, an academy, hotels, stores, &c , with the
customary proportion of tradesmen's warehouses^
shops, offices, &c. It is deliphlfuUy situated in the
centre of a productive ogricultural district, and is^

ALBANY TO BUFFALO.

altogether, ono of the most attractive villages of the
state. Its manufactures are extensive and valuable,
consisting principally of flour, iron castings, carriages,
and many other articles.

Fairport. — A village of Monroe county, containing
about 180 inhabitants.

Piitsford. — A village of Monroe county, contain,
ing 700 inhabitants, 2 churches, &c.

Hochester.f

Spencersville. — A village of Monroe county, con-
taining a church, 50 dwellings, 2 grist and 2 saw
mills, a carriage factory, a furnace, and about 300
inhabitants.

Broclport. — A pleasant incorporated tOMfn of 2,000
inhabitants, situated in Monroe county, containing 3
churches, an academy, 1 grist and 1 saw mill, a
carding machine, and many similar establishments.

Ilolley. — A village of Orleans, containing about
300 inhabitants, 2 churches, and 70 dwellings.

JIulberton. — A village of the same county, with a
church and 250 inhabitants.

Albion. — Seat of justice for Orleans county, and
one of the most pleasant villages on the canal, both
in point of situation and plan. It is incorporated, and
has, in addition to the usual county buildings, 2 flour.
ishing seminaries, 2 banks, 3 churches, 8 large ware-
houses for the accommodation of the canal trade, a
grist mill, and several merchants' stores, taverns, &c.

Knowlesville. — A clever little village, 7 miles be-
yond Albion. It is incorporated, and has about 500
inhabitants, 3 churches, and 3 or 4 factories.

Medina. — An incorporated village of Orleans coun-
ty, situated on Oak Orchard creek, where it intersects
the Erie canal. The present number of inhabitants is
about 900, with 160 buildings, including 5 churches,
7 warehouses, 3 grist mills, stores, taverns, &c., &c.

Middleport, in Niagara county, is a neat village,
comprising 70 or 80 dwellings, 2 churches, 3 grist

ROUTE FROM

,i!

arid 2 saw mills, and 6 extensive factories of leather^
iron castings, potash, &c.

Lockport. — An incorporated village of the first
class, and seat of justice for Niagara county. With
the exception of Duffalo and Rochester, it is the most
important commercial and manufacturing town in
western New York. Lockport now numbers up-
wards of 7,000 inhabitants, and nearly 1,000 build-
ings of every description : included among the latter
are, a court house, jail, 13 churches, 30 hotels, 2
banks, and about 40 extensive factories, which pro-
duce immense quantities of articles ; such as cottonr
and woolen goods, prepared lumber, ground plaster,
machinery, iron castings, and agriculturnl instru-
ments of %very sort, carriages, leather, bread stuffs,
and many other articles. The power employed by
these factories is derived from Lake Erie, through
the medium of tlie Erie canal ; which, having a de-
scent here of 60 feet, supplies an almost unlimited
amount of hydraulic force. The prodigious excava-
tions through which the caiial now passes and de-
scends the terrace into the Ontario valley, and the
ponderous locks by which the descent is effected,
are every way deserving of careful examination.
This is one of the most costly sections of the canal,
having been cut through compact rock for a great
distance, both horizontally and vertically.

Passengers for the falls leave the canal here, and
proceed by the railroad a distance of 24 miles. Con-
veyance in almost every direction is afforded by the
canal boats, stages, or cars, which leave Lockport
daily.

Pendleton. — A small settlement of Niagara county,
situated at the junction of the Erie canal and Tona.
wanda creek, containing nearly 200 inhabitants.
There is a sulphur spring about two and a half miles
east from Pendleton, which is becoming a place of
some resort.

TonatoaR(2a.— A village of Erie county, comprising

ALBANY TO BALLSTON, SPA, &C. 79

about 150 buildings, includin;;r a church, workshops,
A^c. The railroad from BuH'iloto Ningara passes
through the village, which is one of the stopping
places.

^uffalo.i

Excursion to Ballston, Spa, Saratoga, and Lake

George,

Schenectady, by railroad, 16

Ballston, Spa, . •• 14 30

Saratoga Springs, " 7 37

Fortsville, bystage, 11 48

Glenn's Falls, " 6 54

Caldwell, " 9 63

Ticonderoga, «• 37 100

SchenectadyA

Ballston Spa. — The springs of Ballston Sjia have
long been celebrated for their medicinal qualities,
and are resorted to by vast numbers of invalids and
others. The waters resemble those of Saratoga,
though not so strongly impregnated with the mineral
ingredients which characterise the latter. They are
chiefly saline and chalybeate, but in various degrees.
Some are exceedingly cold, and strongly charged
with oxid6 of iron and carbonic acid gas. Their
mediv:inal qualities are of the cathartic and tonic*
kind. The chief ingredients of these celebrated
waters consist of chloride of sodium, bicarbonites of
magnesia and soda, carbonate of lime, with slight
traces of carbonate of iron, silex, and alumine.

In addition to about 320 dwellings, there are, in the
village, 4 churches, 1 bank, a court house, jail, and
several excellent hotels and boarding houses, reading
rooms, &c. Ballston Spa is, in every respect, one
of the most pleasant and salubrious places of resort
itt the county. Here is a railroad to Troy.

AOUTli: FROM

<l*

One of tho principal drives from the 8pa is to

Bullston Lake, 5 miles soullnvnrd, where equip,
ments for fishing and fowling niny be obtained.
A few miles to the S. E. is liuund Lake, another at-
tractive spot, aboiimling al.so witli fi^h and fowl.
The waters of these liikes arc discharged into the
Hudson by Anthony's Kill.

Saratoga Springs. — Tho most celebrated of these
springs occupy the central part of Saratoga county,
and are about cqui. distant from Schenectady and
Glenn's Falls. Every accommodation is afforded
the visiters by the spacious and elegant hotels which
abound here. Tho most noted of these are, the
United States, near the railroad depot; Congress
Jlatl, near Congress f pring ; Pavilion, near Flat
Kocksprir.g; Union ILill, opposhe Congress Hall;
Columbir.n, near the Pavilion ; WasJdngton Hall, in
the nonh end of the village ; American, Adelphi,
Montgomery, uuJ Mansion Iluusc. In the eastern
suburbs, Prospect Hall and Highland Hall', to-
gether with some other hotels and extensive board-
ing houses. There arc also commodious bathing
houses, circulating library, reading rooms, minera-
logical cabinet, &.c., &c.

Among the other buildings are, 6 churches, a rail-
road depot, an academy, 2 foundries, printing offices,
&c , and about 32.5 dwellings.

The springs of Saratoga, now the resort of thous-
nnds of persons in search of health or pleasure, from
almost every part of the world, were discovered long
anterior to the revolutionary war.

Congress, Washington, Putnam, Pavilion, Iodine^
Hamilton, High Rock, and Flat Hock, are the names
by which the principal springs are known.

In addition to these are others, called the Ten
springs, which include the Union spring, about
a mile east of the others. The ingredients which
compose the waters of these springs are nearly the
same in all, differing but slightly in the relative quan.r

ALUANY TO SAnATOOA. 61

tity of each. Dr. Steel's analysis of one of them,
(Congress spring,) afTords a sufficient insight into the
nature and qualities of the entire series.

From 231 cubic inches (one gallon) of tho water
were ol)taincd —

Grains.

Chloride of sodium, (sea solt,) 385

Hydriodate of soda, 3 5

Bi.carbonate of soda, 8 982

•• magnesia, 9.5 788

Carbonate of lime, : 98 098

" iron 5 075

Silex, 1 5

HydrO'bromatc of potash, a trace.

Total Grains .')97 943

Carbonic acid gas, cubic inches, 311

Atmospheric air , 7

Gaseous contents, 318

Saratoga Lake. — Situated about 5 miles S. E. from
the spring, is much frequented by the lovers of roman-
tic scenery by which this beautiful lake is surrounded.
Its waters abound with several kinds of fish ; as
perch, pike, pickerel, &c.; and the variety of wild
fowl and other game which inhabit its borders, afford
ample amusement for the sportsman. The waters of
these springs flow through a small ravine into Owl
lake, thence into Kayaderoseros creek, a tributary
of Saratoga lake, which has its discharge into the
Hudson through Fish creek, about 10 miles E. of Sa-
ratoga, on the falls of Fish creek, which are also
much frequented as one of the *' lions " of the neigh-
borhood : and a little further on, near Schuylersville,
is the battle-ground of Saratoga, where the British
Urmy, under General fiurgoyne, surrendered to tho
American forces, October 17, 1777.
Fortsville. — A post office of Moreau township.

KOUTE I'UOM

! i'

Glen*a Fulh. — A cntoract or rather n cascade of the
Hudson, with an ontiro descent of 70 feet. Tlio rock
18 hero cut and obrnided in the most extraordinary
manner ; caves, crevices, and tforgcs of almost every
imnpinnblo form arc pii'scnteij to tlio sight; over
whicii, or thi\)ii;j:h which tiic wMcr |ihi.'r:cs, or silently
insiinintcs ilHelf, until itreaulus the hi'd Ijelow, where
it calmly rcpn?c3 as If wearied with tliu mighty strug-
gle just ended-

The rock, rin hori;contal secondary limrptonc, is rich
in its appropriate iuf.-.siis!. Some of the finest speci-
mens of the triiobito have been found here, together
with many other organic remains.

The falls can bo best seen from the fine new
bridge, immediately below.

Here an extensive and thriving town has gro\vr»
up, consisting' of nearly 300 buildings with about 2,000
iidiabitants. Among the former arc, 3 churches, 10
or liJ mills of various sorts, some for sawing the
bcantiful black marble which is found on both sides
of the river.

Jessui)''s Falh. — Ten miles above Glen's Falls is a
cataract of the Hudson, wJiich here descends in an
unbroken sheet from a height oi' 100 feet. Hadley's
Falls 3 or 4 miles higher up the stream, also deserves
attention.

Caldwell — A village and seat of Justice of "Warren
county, containing about 2;25 inhabitants, a court
lioiipc, jail, 1 church, several hotels, mills, &,c.

Among tiic relics of former wars in this vicinity,
are Forts Geor<r', soudi-east of tiio village, Willi, vi
Henri/, near the fi>i-nior, and Giigc; and still further
south-east, is lHotifli/ Fond, into which the dead
bodies of about 1,000 French and Englit^h soldiers
were thrown after the battle of He]>t. 7, 1775.

T/te Lake House. — The principal hotel of the place,
is nmch resorted to, and is the point of deporture of
the steamboat which conducts the traveler through

Lake George. — One of the juost beautiful and ro-

AMIANV Tu IJ.VLI.STON 81».\, &C,

mantio sheets of wntcr in the ptnte, is ronncctcd by
a narrow clinnncl uiid deep foil with Lnko Chnm-
plain, to which it is trihutnry. It has in its iinrncdi-
nte vicinity, or rather ri:<ini,' from its banks, sonio of
tho most elevated siinituits in this part uf tlio state,
having tlieir prccipitoiiy aides covered witli forest
trees.

There is a vast numbci of stnnll island.^ in tliO lake,
many of wliich are pictnrcsqiio and iieautiful to a
high degree. One of them {Diamond Island) con.
tains beautiful (luaitz erystalH, resembling, in their
purity ond form, diamonds of tlio first water. Travel-
ors uniformly bear testimony to tho tranquil beauty
and sylvan scenery which characterivce this beautiful
spot. Nature here assumes her most charming and
alluring aspect, to graiify and astonish her admirers;
here rocks piled on rocks rise to a towering height, and
seem to threaten with instant destruction those who
venture beneath their overhanging summits. In somo
places, tho scenery is of the softest and most agree-
able kind, consisting of finely sloping banks orna-
mented with foliage of every \^\xq. Tho beauty of tho
scene has not yet been marred by the encroachment
of art; nature here reigns triumphant. The waters
of the lake, which arc elevated 210 feet above tho
ocean, and perfectly pure and transparent, abound
with salmon, trout, pickerel, pike, perch, silver and
lake trout. At the fool of the lake is

Alexandria. — A village of Essex county, situated
on Lake Champlain, at the outlet of Loke George,
containing about 300 inhabitants, mostly engaged in
the lumber trade.

The fall between the two lakes, which is nearly 20O
feet, affords an abundant supply of water for man-
ufacturing purposes ; but, with the exception of somo
5 or 6 saw mills and a few other works, the im-
mense water power which nature has here provided,
remains almost wholly unemployed.

Fort Ticonderoga. — Situated on the.northcrn point
formed by the junction of the two lakes. Of this once

5 ''L

ROUTE FROM

important work nothing but the broken walla rema'iC*
presenting a melancholy contrast with the animated
scenes around. It is considerably elevated above
Lake Champlain, which is seen for a great distance
towards the north and south. Its position, it was
considered, rendered the post nearly impregnable until
attacked from a more elevated point on the opposite
side of the outlet of Lake George, which had until
then been deemed inaccessible.

The most important incident connected with this
post, then in the possession of the French, was the at-
tack of Gen. Abercrombie, with a force of 16,000 men,
on the 5th of July, 1758; who was signally repulsed
with a loss of 2,000 men, whilst that of the French
did not exceed 50. The French garrison consisted
of 3,000 men, including Indians.

The steamboats of Lake Champlain stop at the
landing near Fort Ticonderoga, by which passage
may be had to St. Johns, and thence to Montreal.

Route from Albany to Montreal, via Saratoga, f^akp
Champlain, c^c,

Saratoga, 37

Sandy Hill, by stage, 19 56

Kingsbury •' 5 61

Fort Ann " 5 66

Whitehall " 11 77

Ticonderoga, by steamboat, 26 103

Crown Point, 14 117

Westport, by steamboat, 11 128

Essex, " 11 139

Port Kent, ♦• 18 157

Plattsburg " 18 175

Rouse's Point, " 30 205

St. Johns, « 22 227

La Prairie, by railroad, 16 243

Montreal, by steamboat 9 252

Sandy Hill. — An incorporated village and seat of

ALBANY TO MONTREAL.

justice of Washington county, with a population of
1,100, and some 300 buildings, including a court
house, jail, &c.; 3 churches, 9 extensive factories
propelled by the water of the Hudson, which here falls
about 12 feet. A short distance below the village are
JSaker*s Falh, having an unbroken descent of 50 feet.

A navigable feeder of the Champ'ain canal, and
the Saratoga and Washington railroad, pass through
the village.

Kingsbury. — A smallhaniletofWashington county,
containing a church and 20 or 25 buildings.

Fort Ann. — An incorporated village of the same
county, situated on the Champlain canal, comprising
3 churches and nearly 100 other buildings, with
about 600 inhabitants.

Whitehall. — An incorporated town of Washington
county, situated at the extreme head of Lake Cham-
plain. It contains about 2,500 inhabitants, 350
dwellings, 3 churches, a bank, 15 factories, besides
a due proportion of taverns and workshops ; but ita
chief business is connected with the canal and trans-
portation trade. Here the Champlain canal termi-
nates, and here the lake navigation commences.
Steamboats and sailing vessels on the former, and
canal boats on the latter, are the chief modes of con-
veyance employed here, and arc very extensively
u;3ed. Canal boats depart twice a day for Troy, and
steam once a day for St. Johns and the intermediate
places.

Ticonderoga.i

Croipn Point. — A military post of former times, of
which the ruins only remain : they may be seen from
the water, perched upon a point on the side of the
lake, opposite Cedar point.

Westport. — A village of Essex county, on the west
shore of Lake Champlain, containing GOO inhabitants,
2 churches, an academy, &.c. There is a ferry her^
to the opposite shore of the lake.

ft)

ill:

ROUTE FROM

Essex. — A village of the same county, situtitod on
the west shore of Lake Chaninlaiii, coiitnining G50
inhabitants, 3 cliurches.

A ferry coin^.Tiu;ucatc3 with the village of Charlotte,
on the eastern shore.

Fort Kent. — A busy little villngc of Essex county,
with about .'5'JC) iii'iabilai^t.s, a church, and the usual
proportion of taverns, workshops, &c. The jjositiori
of Port Kent ia one of great beauty ; it aflbrds an ex-
tensive view of the lake, and opposite shore of Ver-
mont.

Platishurg. — An incorporated village and scat of
justice of Clinton county, situated at the head of Cum-
berland bay. Lake Cliarnplain, at the outlet of the
Saranac. Its present population is about 2,750. The
chief buildings, besides the United States barracks
in the south part of the village, are, a court house, jail,
4 churches, a bank, a;i academy, 20 factories which
produce cotton and woolen goods, flour, prepared
XTiarble, lumber, leather, ninchiiicry, soap and candles,
besides many other articles from the shops, &.c. The
falls of the Saranac havitig an entire descent of about
•10 feet, supply a water pov/cr of great extent.
Plattsburg is favorably situated both in regard to ths
lake trade and that of the interior, which is extremely
rich in agricultural and mineral productions.

Flattsburg and its viciinty are memorable as the
scene of most important events during the recent
conflict with Great Britain. It was near this place
that the British General, Sir George Prevosjt, with
1-1,000 men, was signally defeated by the Americai^
General, Macomb, with only 3,000 men, on the 11th
of September, 1814; and on the same day another
victory, equally decisive, vv'as achieved over a British
fleet by Com. M'Do:iough, with a force greatly in-
ferior to that of the English.

Rouse^s Point. — On the west shore of Lake Cham-
plain is the scat of an important military work, com^
monccd by the American government prior to the latb

ALBANY TO MONTUKAL.

1 on
G50

war; but on fixing ihc boundary line between thft
United States and Canada, under the treaty of Ghent,
it was found to be north of the lino, and consequently
within the Britiph territory. It thus became British
property, and as such was held by the provincial
government, ui.'il lesiorrd to the United iStates iu
obedience to the Ai-hbuilon treaty of 18-12.

St. Johns. — 'I'his is the first important place on the
lake, or rather outlet of ChampUiiu, williiii the British
dominions. It is situated about 21 miles north of the
boundary line, on the left bank of the Sorel, ajid com-
municates by railroad with

La Prairie. — A neat little village of La Prairie
District, Canada East, situated on the right bank of
the St. Lawrence, opposite the south-east angle of
Montreal island. A steamboat plies between La
Prairie and Montreal.

MohtrtalA

Route from Albany to Montreal, via Troy, Easton^
and Whitehall, by stage and steamboat,

Troy, 6

Lansingburgh, 3 9

Schagticoke point, 7 16

Easton, 10 26

Atgylc, 20 46

Hartfort, 10 56

Granville 7 6.3

Whitehall, 9 72

Montreal, as above 175 247

Troy.f

Lansinghitrgh. — An incorporated village of Rens.
Bclacr county, on the cast bank of the Hudson, con-
taining 3,200 inhabitants. In addition to 500 dwell-
ing houses, there arc 7 places of worship, 1 bank, an
academy, and 26 extensive factories, whose produce
is iron and copper ware, floor cloth, brushes, prepared

m
111

ROUTE FROM

gypsums, flour, fire-arms, soap and candles, malt
liquors, shoes and bouts, hats, h.c.

Lansingburg is environed by a beautiful and exceed-
ingly populous country. On the opposite side of the
Hudson, which is here crossed by a bridge, is

Waterford. — A very handsome and thriving vil-
lage of Saratoga county.

The Diamond Hock. — A celebrated eminence, com-
posed in part of quartz crystal, is situated about one
mile east from the village.

Schagticoke. — A small settlement, with a post of-
fice, in Rensselaer county.

Easton. — A village of Washington county, con-
taining 350 inhabitants, 3 churches, with the usual
complement of stores, taverns, &c.

Argyle. — An incorporated village of the same
county, containing 550 inhabitants, with 3 churches,
grist and saw mills, stores, &c.

Hartford. — A little village of the same county,
containing 150 inhabitants, 2 churches, &c.

Granville. — A village of Washington county, of
100 buildings, with about 600 inhabitants.

Whitehall.f

Montreal.^

From Albafiy to Whitehall, by the Champlain canal.

West Troy, 7

Waterford, 4 11

Mechanicsville,... 8 19

Stillwater, 4 23

Bemufe' Heights, . 3 26

Schuylorsville 9 35

Fort Miller, 5 40

Fort Edward 8 48

Kingsbury, 5 53

Fort Ann 7 60

Whitehall, 12 72

West Troy.f

Waterford. — An incorporated village of Saratoga
county, situated on the Hudson, where it is joined
by the north outlet of the Mohawk. The village con-

ALBANY TO AVIIITEIIALL.

tains 4 churches, 1 bank, an academy, and 17 exten-
eive factories, which produce leather, fire engines,
machinery, iron castings, buttons, cordage, flour,
cotton goods, &c. The vilhige is connected with
Lansingburgh by a fine wooden bridge. The Rens-
selaer and Saratoga railroad from Troy passes through
the village.

Mechanicsvillc. — Situated on the west bank of the
Hudson, in Saratoga conn(y, contains about 100
buildings and 550 inhabitants. Among the former
arc, 2 churches, a cotton factory, 1 grist, 1 saw and
1 plaster mill. The village is intersected by the
railroad from Troy and Saratoga, and the Champlain
canal,

Stilhoatcr, on the west bank of the Hudson, in
Saratoga county, contains about 500 inhabitants, 3
churches, an academy, &.c.

Stillwater is distinguished in tlic annals of the revo-
lution. The battles of Saratoga, Bcmus' Heights,
&c., which resulted in the surrender of General Bur-
goyne to the Americans, under General Gates, in
1777, were fought in this neighborhood.

Betmis' Heights. — The field on which one of the
battles just mentioned took place. A small settle-
ment, with a post ofiice, now occupies the ground.

Schuyler svillc, on tiie west bank of the Hudson,
in Saratoga county, contains 600 inhabitants, 3
churches, an academy, 1 cotton and 1 woolen, 1 iron
ware, 1 machine, and some other factories. It was
near this vihage that Burgoyne surrendered, October
l7ih, 1777.

Fort Miller, on the east bank of the Hudson, in
Washington county, contains 300 inhabitants, a
church, and 3 or 4 factories.

There is a fall here of 20 feet, and a dam of 8
feet, by which the water is raised to supply the canal.

Fori Edicard, of Washington, contains 500 inhab-
itants, a church, and several factories, stores, &c.

The village derives its name from a fortress, buil?

ROUTE FROM

during the old French war. It is also memorable as
the scene of a most ahocking tragedy, in which Misa
McCren was murdered by a party of Indians, who
had undertaken to convey her to her friends : but a
dispute having arisen among them respecting the
promised reward, and being attacked by a party of
American soldiers, they slew the unfortunate young
lady, whom they left on the ground, tomahawked and
scalped.

Kingshury. — A small hamlet and post bffice in
Washington county.

ForUAnn. — An incorporated village of Washing-
ton county, situated on the left bank of Wood creek,
a tributary of Lake Champlain. It contains 80 dwell-
ings, 3 churches, and about 500 inhabitants. The
remains of old Fort Ann, erected in 1756, may still'
be seen here.

WhitehaU.i

From Albany to Ithaca, via Cooperstown, by stage.

Duanesburg, 20 Smyrna, 20 94

Esperance, 6 2G Deruyter, 21 115

Cherry Valley,.... 2G 52 Truxton 10 125

Cooperstown, 12 G4 Cortland 13 138

Burlington 10 74 Ithaca, 21 159

Duanesburg. — A small settlement, with a post
office, in Schenectady county.

Esperance. — An incorporated village of Schoharie
county, containing 500 inhabitants, a church, and
some small factories.

Cherry Valley. — An incorporated village of Otsego
county, containing 1,200 inhabitants, 3 churches, a
bank, an academy, &c.

About 18 miles beyond Esperance are

Sharon Springs, which have of late attracted
unusual attention ; they arc situated in the town of
Sliaron, Schoharie county, a few miles cast of Cherry

ALBANr TO ITHACA. 91

Valley. The waters of these springs, which resemble
those of Central Virginia, being highly charged with
sulphuretted hydrogen gas, are efficacious in rheum,
atic, cutaneous, and dyspeptic disorders. The mine,
ral substances found on analyzing one gallon of tho
water, were

Sulphate of lime, IM G3 grains.

"" magnesia 42 40 "

Chloride of sodium, 2 24 «•

" magnesium, 2 40 ••

Hydro-sulphuret of sodium, . i

" calcium,.. > 2 28 "
Vegetable extractive matter, . )

Total grains 160 94

Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, 16 cubic inches.

Situated in one of the most salubrious sections of
the state, surrounded by romantic and beautiful sce-
nery, with waters possessing in a high degree medical
and healing properties, the springs of Sharon must
henceforward be regarded as one of our most attract-
ive and fashionable watering places. A splendid
hotel, built on a liberal scale, has been erected for the
accommodation of invalids and others. •

Travelers from Albany destined for these springs,
have a choice of route. In addition to the above,
either the railroad or Erie canal may be taken to
Canajoharie, whence to the springs it is about 12
miles.

C'ooperstown. — An incorporated village and seat
of justice of Otsego county. It occupies a fine posi-
tion on the outlet of Otsego lake, commanding an
extensive view of the lake and adjacent country. Its
population is about 1,500. A court house, jail, 5
churches, a bank, an academy, and some extensive
storehouses, constitute its chief buildings.

Burlington. — A small hamlet, with a post officer
in Otsego county.

^11

ROUTE FUOM

Smyrna. — An incorpornrcd village of Chennnjpro
county, containing 450 inliabitants, 2 cliurclies, and
3 factories.

Dernyter, — An incorporated villngo of Madison
county, having 400 inliabitants, 2 churches, an acad-
emy, shops, &.C.

Truxiun — A village of 300 inhabitants, 2 churches,
a furnace, and 2 or 3 minor factories.

Cortland. — Seat of justice of Cortland county, con-
taining 1,300 inhabitants, the usual couiity buildings,
3 churches, 3 mills, and some mechanics' shops.
The site of Cortlarid is well chosen, and the village
itself is handsome and well built.

Ithaca. — An incorporated villago and scat of jus.
tice of Tompkins county, is beautifully located on
Fall creek, near the southern angle of Cayuga lake.
Its plan is judiciously arranged, with wide and com-
modions streets, lined with neat and some splendid
houses; and in all respects it is one of the finest, as
it is the largest, town in this section of the state.
Population about 4,500. The public buildings con-
sist of a court house, jail, G churches, an academy,
3 banks, &c. The factories arc located principally
upon Fall, Catcadilia, and Six Mile creeks, which'
nflbrd an abundance of hydraulic power. Among
these are, 1 paper mill, 3 furnaces, 1 oil mill, 1 cot-
ton and 1 woolen factory, 2 plaster and 2 flouring
mills, 1 brewery, 2 machine shops, 1 carding mill,
and others ; together with an extensive rope walk»
boat yard, &c. Its advantages for trade are in no
respect inferior to those already mentioned. It has
a water communication with the Erie canal to the
north, by means of Cayuga lake and its outlet, which is
navigated by steamboats. Towards the south, extends
the Ithaca and Owego railroad ; and on all sides are
several good common roads, leading to Binghamton,
Cortland, Cayuga, Geneva, Jefierson, and Elniira>
respectively.

ALBANY TO BOSTOrr.

Boute from Albany to Boston, by railroad.

Kinderhook, 16

Chatham four corners, 7 S3

Richmond 18 41

Pittsfield, 8 49

Dalton, 5 54

Washington, 8 62

Chester, 19 81

Springfield, 21 102

Palmer 15 117

Warren, 10 127

Charlton, 16 143

Worcester, 13 156

Framingham, 23 179

Boston, 21 200

Kinderhook. — An incorporated village of Colum.
bia county, containing nearly 1,500 inhabitants, 2
churches, 1 banking house, and factories of carriages,
hats, leather, &c.

Chatham four corners. — A little village of Cdlum.
bia county, comprising 30 dwelling houses, with about
180 inhabitants.

Eichmond. — An incorporated town of Berkshire
county, Mass., containing 1,097 inhabitants, chiefly
employed in agriculture. Its manufactures consist
of pig iron, shovels, leather, boots, shoes, &.c.

Pittsfield. — A large manufacturing town, and the
centre of an extensive agricultural district of Berk-
shire, Mass., containing 3,747 inhabitants. The
place, originally called Pontoosuck by the Indians!",
was for many years a frontier town, garrisoned fo^
the protection of the inhabitants against hbstile In-
dians. Pittsfield is finely situated in the Housatonic
Valley, at an elevation of 1,000 feet above the ocean,
and surrounded by a country beautifully variegated
by hill and dale.

Its manufactures consist of cotton and woolen

m,
■^#1

nouTE rnoM

goods to a great amount, fire nruis, iron castings, tin
ware, &c. ; and its chief buildings arc, 4 churches, a
banking house, academy, 1 cotton factory, &c.

Dalton. — An incnrporntcd town of Berkshire,
Mass., contjiining 1,255 iiihnbitanis. Tlie produce
of its factories consists ofwoolfii goods, iron castings,
leather, pajer, hoots niul whites.

Washington. — An incorporated town of Berkshire,
Mass., containing 91)1 inhabitants, 1 church, 8 saw
and I grist mills.

Chester. — A town of Hampden county, Mass. con-
taining 1,G32 inhabitants, 2 cotton and 1 woolen
factories, 1 fulling mill, 5 saw and 2 grist mills,
stores, &.C.

Springfield. — A large and beautiful town of Ilamp-
den county, of which it is the scat of justice, situated
on the east or left bank of the Connecticut, incorpo.
rated in 1G45. It comprises the usual county build,
ings, court house &c., 6 churches, 8 cotton, 4 paper,
and 3 leather factories, 2 breweries, 3 saw and 3
grist mills, several printing oflices, from v.'hich four
weekly papers are issued, 3 ncademies. Population
of the township, including the village of Chickopee,
4 miles above Springfield village, 10,935.

The United States has here an extensive manufac
tory of arms, consisting of 4 large brick buildings
and several work shops, and employing about 250
workmen. The power employed by this establish-
ment is derived from Mill and Chickopcc rivers,
branches of the Connecticut.

West Springfield. — On the opposite side of the
Connecticut, which is here crossed by a fine bridge
1,234 feet in'length, is a rcmarknlily neat village, con-
taining 1 church, several mills, S^c.

Palmer. — A mere hamlet of Hampden county, con.
eisting of 15 or 20 dwelling houses, &c. and about
130 inhabitants.

fu Warren. — A small village of Worcester county, sit-
uated on Chickopec river, containing 2 cUurches, 3

ALBANY TO UOHTON.

cotton and 1 woolen fiictoricp, 2 fulling, 3 grist and
4 envv mills, 1 iorrro, ^c.

Cluirlton. — A vilhigo of Worcester county, contain-
ing I cottoa fiictory, J fulliiifj, 10 saw and 7 grist
inillg, &.C.

'\Vi>rcc>'U:r. — A lnr,i,o nml thriving,' town, and seat
of jii-slice lor Wurqcstcr cuunly, cDiiiaiiiinif 7.'t97 in-
habitantd. It ia favorably situated in tlic infdst of a
fertile counti y, inlcrscctcd by cxctllciit roads in every
dircctiu;i. Tlio J'uston an. I Worcester railrouil ter-
minates, and tlio western railroad commences hero,
as does that to Norwich. The DIackstono canal,
which extends to Providence, also commences here.
The chief buildings consist of those devoted to tho
county courts and ofiiccs, 4 churches, a banking-
house, a hall belongin;^ to the American Antiquarian
Society, State Asylum for lunatics, 1 cotton, and 1
woolen factory, 1 furnace, 2 paper, 2 grist and 2 saw
mills, 4 [irinting ofiices, each of which issues a week-
ly paper. Dy means of the various railroads, daily
communication i^ had with Boston, Albany, Norwich,
and the intern;c:dialc towns.

Frarnin^ham. — An incorporated town of Middle-
sex county, comprising, in addition to several neat
dwelling houses, a church, 1 leather, 4 woolen and
1 paper factories, 4 grist and 4 saw mills.

JJocton.f

TROY.

A large commercial and manufacturing city of
Rensselaer county, of which it is the seat of justice,
and the fourth in point of population of the state of
New- York ; containing 19,334 inhabitants.

It is very advantageously situated on the east bank
pf the Hudson, a short distance below the head of
3loop navigation ; having in the rear an extensive fer-
tile region, of which it is the depository. Its faciUties
for intercourse are in no way inferior to its agricul-
tural advantages, having the Champlain canal in the

'11

ROUTE FHOH

aouth, tho Erie canal from tlio west, tlie noble Hud-
son ill the south, together with the use of tho various
railroads which extend in ahnost every direction.

Among the principal buildinfr« nre, a court house,
built of marble, a jail, an nhns liousc, two extensive
market houses, 3 Kpiscoj-al, 7 rresbyterinn, 2 Bap-
tist, 3 Methodist, 1 Catholic, 1 Univcrsniiat churches,
and a Friends' meetiujj.house ; G bnukin^f iiouscs, 21
hotels, 7 cotton, and 2 woolen factories, 4 furnaces, 8
forges, 3 fulling and 2 rolling mills, and slitting mills ;
3 breweries, 5 carriage factories, 7 tnn-yards, together
with a large number of minor establishments of a
simiUar description. The power employed by these
extensive concerns, chiefly hydraulic, is derived from
the Hudson, in which a pool has been formed which
creates a fall of 11} feet. In addition to this valuable
power, another is afTurded by the Poastcn kill, whoso
waters are conducted by means of a tunnel 800 feet
in length into the city, and thus a fall of 180 feet
has been efTected.

The falls and cascades of Paosten and Wyani'a
creeks deserve attention.

Troy is also distinguished for its literary and sci-
entific institutions ; among these are the Rensselaer
institute, Troy Female Seminary, Troy Academy for
Boys, Lyceum of Natural History, Young Men's Mu-
tual Improvement Association, together with several
benevolent institutions. Troy is supplied with excel,
lent water from the Piscawen creek. The water is
conveyed to a distributing basin, 90 feet above the
Hudson, and situated n the north quarter of the city.
The city communicates with West Troy on the
opposite side of the Hudson, by means of a bridge.
Steam and canal boats, cars and stages, afford almost
hourly communication with the surrounding towns.
The Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad extends hence,
via Waterford and Mechanicsville, to Ballston Spa, a
distance of 24 miles, where it intersects the Schenec
tady and Saratoga railroad. Tho Schenectady and

AOCTES FROM TROY. 9?

Troy railroad extends from Troy along (Ik ^nuth bank
of the Mohawk to Schenectady, a distance ot :il) miles,
where it joins the great western line t( HulFulu &.(;.*

By Steamboat. Miles.

From Troy to Albany.f G

*• Hudson.t 35

«• Catskill.t 40

•• Poughkeepsie.t 77

♦• Newbur^r.t 90

'•• West Point.t 99

M Sing Sing.t 118

«• Piermont.t 127

•• Ncw-York.t 151

By jRailroad. Miles,

From Troy to Ballston, Spa.t 24

" Saratof^a SpringSjT 31

" Schenectady.t 20

" Utica.t 97

'• Syracuse.t 150

" Auburn.t 176

" Geneva.t 212

•• Canandaigua.t 227

" Rochester.t 254

" Attica.t 297

'• Buffalo.t 327

" Niagara Falls.t 350

By Erie Canal. Miles.

From Troy to Schenectady.t 23

*• Canajohaiie,t 62

♦• Little Falls.t 81

" Utica.t 103

" Syracuse.t 164

«• Montezuma.t 198

•• Lyons.t 218

" Rochcster.t 262

" Lockport,t 326

•• Buffalo.t 356

',^

ROUTE FROM

By Champlain Cannl. Miles.

'From Troy to Mcchanicsville.t 12

" Fort Miller,t 33

" FortAnn,t 53

«« Whilehall,t 65

By Stage. Miles.

From Troy to Lansingburghjt 3

" Easton.t 20

" Ilartford.t 50

M Whiiehall.t 66

»• Bennington, V.,t 26

By Railroad, Miles.

From Troy to Greenbush,t 6

" Pittsfield, Mass.,t 55

" Springfieldt " 109

" «• Worcester.t " 162

•« Boston,t " 206

UTICA.

A largo and flourishing commercial city of Oneida
county, having a population, according :o the census
of 1840, of 12,810, and upwards of 1,700 buildings.
Among these are, 18 places of worship, an ex-
change, 4 banks of discount and deposit, and 1 for
savings ; county hall and offices, 2 academies, 1
asylum for orjjhans, a museum, &c. The New- York
State Asylum for Lunatics, an immense establishment,
is situated about half a mile to the west of the city.

Its principal manufactures consist of machinery,
iron castings, steam engines, oil-cloth, musical instru-
nients, carriages, snulfand scgars, malt liquors, canal
boats, &c., &c.

Utica is the centre of an extensive and productive
agricultural district, and as such, enjoys superior ad-
vantages : it is also indebted for its rapid increase
and prosperity, in a great measurci to its situation on

i i

OTIC A TO SACKETT'S HARBOR.

the Erie canal, which here presents an oppearance
of life and animnfion peculiarly striking to one who
is not familiar Avith such scenes. — Canal boats, rail-
road cars and stnges, are constantly arriving ot de-
parting ; these enable travelers to proceed without
delay to any point thoy may desire. About 14 miles
nearly due north, arc llic famous

Trenton Falls, on West Canada creek, a branch
of iho Moiiawk. They consist of a succession of
cascades, formed by tlie passage of the stream over
a limestone ridge. The principal fall has a descent
of about 70 feet ; none of the others exceed 30 feet
in vertical height. The aggregate fall of the entire
fieries is about 40U feet, extending in a direction from
north to south nearly 4 miles. The rock, a slaty
limestone, has every appearance of having been
abraided by the action of the water, even to its top.
most stratum. In some places the sides of the narrow
ravine are nearly 200 feet above the surface of the
stream, which is constantly encroaching npon its
bed, and sinking gradually deeper into the solid rock.
Much of the pathway which extends along the right
bank of the stream, consists of a narrow shelf, cut
from the rocky side — so narrow and rugged, thai
supports were found ncccppary. These consist of iron
chains, adjusted horizontally, and fastened to bolts
inserted in the rocks : by thi; aid of these conrrivan-
CCS, which the ])!issenger grasps with his hands, he
is enabled to traverse the nntirc ravine ; but not with-,
out imminent danprr of being precipitated into the
roaring cauldron below. An interesnng and aceom-
lilished young lady (Miss Thorne) lost her life somo
years since at one of those dangerous passes.

't%»

■ll'1

100

ROUTE FROM

ROUTES FROM UTICA.

From Utica to SacketVs Harbor, by stage,

Trenton 14 Lowville 4 54

Remsen 4 18

Boonevillc 14 32

Turin 11 43

Martinsbui-cr 7 50

Denmark 9 63

Watertown 19 82

Brownville 4 86

Sackett's Harbor... 8 94

Trenton. — An Incorporated village of Oneida couii'
ty, containing about 450 inhabitants, 2 churches,
stores, Sec. A short distance from the village are
the romantic and beautiful cascades called Trenton
Falls, mentioned nt page 99.

lieinsen. — A village consisting of about 70 dwell*
ings, 3 mills, «Stc., in Oneida county.

BooncvUle. — A village of Oneida county, contain.
ing 650 inhabitants, 2 churches, 1 grist and 1 saw
mill, tan yard, &c. The Black river canal passeft
through the village.

Turin. — A small village of Lewis county, com-
prising 50 buildings, 2 churches, 1 woolen factory, 1
tan yard, 2 grist and 2 saw mills.

Martinsburg. — Seat of justice ofXewis county,
containing between 6 and 700 inhabitants, 3 churches,
a court house, jail, a bank, an academy, 1 woolen
factory and several mills. The post road from Utica
to Ogdonsburg passes through the village.

Lowville. — A village of Lewis county, containing
700 inhabi<"ants, 3 churches, an academy, a bank,
mills, ^c.

Denmark. — A neat little village of Lewis county,
containing about 200 inhabitants, a church, and an
academy.

IVatcrtmun. — A large and important village of
Jefferson county, of which it is the seat of justice.
It is favorably situated on the south side of Black
river, and contains the county buildings, 7 churches,
state arsenal, 3 banking houses, 3 printing offices,

TITICA TO SACKETT's HARBOR.

101

}iall oftliG Black river Institute, Manual Labor School,
Young Men's Literary Association, &,c. Among tho
factory buildings arc, 3 for carding, I for llannel, I
for broadcloth, 1 for cotton goods, 2 for woolens, 4
for carriages, 3 carding mills, 5 grist mills Ti tan yards,
1 paper mill, 3 machine shops, 2 furnaces, 4 saw'
mills, 1 brewery, together with every other establish-
ment common to a large and busy town.

The villages of Juhelville and Williamstown, on
the opposite bank of Black river, which is here crossed
by fine bridges, may be regarded as appendages of
Watertown. The entire population of the whole is-
about 4,500.

Brownville. — An incorporated village of JefTerson
county, situated on the north side of Black river,
containing about 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, 1'
cotton, 2 satinet, and 1 white lead factory ; 2 iron
foundries, 2 machine shops, 1 oil mill, 1 tan yard, &c:

SacketVs Harbor. — An incorporated villrge of Jef-
ferson county, containing about 2,300 inhabitants.
It is favorably situated at the outlet of Black river,
on one of the finest harbors of Lake Ontario. The
principal buildings are, 3 churches, 1 bank, an ex-
tensive rope walk and ship yard, 1 grist, 3 saw and
1 plaster mill, 1 machine shop, 2 furnaces, and 1 tan-
yard.

•' Madison Barracks," erected bv the government
of the U. States, during the late w<ir with Great Bri-
tain, consist of a large storehouse, a h ispital, aguard'
house, and 3 commodious barracks, ilie whole being
enclosed by a picket fence. Sackeii's Harbor be-
came quite conspicuous during the late struggle with-
England. Here most of the war vessels of the U.
States, on the lake, were built and equipped ; and
here may still be seen the remains of the largest of
those vessels.

■ 5 Mi

9»

102

ROUTE FROM

lioute from Utica to Ogdenshurgh, by stage,

Denmark, as above, 63 Somcrville, 8 94

Carthage, 6 69 De Kalb 18 113

Amwerp, 17 86 Ogdensburg, 15 127

Venmark.f

Carthage. — An incorporated village of Jefferson
county, comprising 120 dwellings, 2 churches, an
academy, 2 forges, 2 furnaces, 1 nail and 2 axe fac
tories, 1 rolling mill, 1 grist and 2 saw mills, 1 oil
mill, several stores, taverns, workshops, &c.

The •' Long" falls of Black river at this place, afford
a most valuable and extensive, water power, which as
yet is only partially employed.

Antwerp. — A small village, consisting of 60 or 70
buildings, including 2 churches, and some small fac.
tories, situated on Indian river, Jefferson county.

Somerville. — A little village of St. Lawrence coun-
ty, of 30 or 40 buildings.

De Kalb, of St Lawrence, is a small village, con-
taining some 50 buildings, including several mills,
taverns, stores, «fcc.

Ogdensburg- — An incorporated village of St. Law-
ranee county, situated on the right bank of the St.
Lawrence, at the junction of the Oswegatchie. Its
present population is nearly 4,000. Its public build-
ings are, 5 churches, an academy, 2 banking houses,
3 flour mills, 1 tan yard, I cloth factory, 2 iron foun-
dries, a brewery, 2 machine and several other shops,
taverns, and about 100 stores of various kinds. A
steam ferry boat plies across the St. Lawrence to
Prescott, in Canada West. Passage by steamboat
may be had daily, from Ogdensburg to the principal
towns on the St. Lawrence, and above the village,
on Lake Ontario.

UTICA TO BIJirOHAMTON.

103

Houtcft from Utica to Binghamton, by stai^e.

New Hartford 4

Paris liiil G 10

Waterville G IG

Madison 8 2i

Hamilton G 30

Earlville 6 3G

Sherburne 5 41

Norwich 11 52

Oxford 8 60

Greene 14 74

Chenango Forks... 7 81
Bins:hamton 12 93

New Hartford. — A village of Oneida county, situ-
ated on both banks of the Sadaquada creek, contain*
ing 850 inhabitants, 4 churches, 3 cotton and 1 leather
factories, mills, a bleaching and dyeing concern, &c.

Paris Hill. — A pretty little village of Oneida
county, consisting of some 30 or 40 buildings, includ-
ing 3 churches, with the customary stores and
taverns.

Waterville, — A neat and thriving village of Oneida
county, containing about 1,000 inhabitants, with 2
churches, an academy, a bank, and factories of
starch, woolen goods, iron castings, steel springs,
lumber, machinery, musical instruments, and flour.

Madison. — Aii incorporated village of Madison
county, comprising about 100 buildings, 2 churches,
taverns, &c.

Hamilton — A largo incorporated village of Madi-
son county, containing nearly 1,700 inhabitants. Its
chief buildings arc, 3 churches, a college, (the Ham-
ilton Literary and Tlieologicallnstitution,) belonging
to the Baptists, an academy, with the usual comple-
ment of stores, shops, &cc. The Chenango canal
passes through the village.

Earlville. — A village of Madison county, with 700
inhabitants, 2 churches, stores, &c.

Sherburne. — An incorporated village of Chenango
county, situated on the left bank of the Chenango
river, and on the line of the Chenango canal. Its
chief buildings are, 4 churches, an academy, 1 furnace,
I pottery, with about 700 inhabitants.

BlNGnAMTON.

Norwich. — An extensive incorporated village, andf
scat of justice of Chenango county, containing about
1,600 inliabitants. Besides the customary county
buildings, court-house, jail, &c., there are 230 dwell-
ings, 4 churches, 1 saw mill, 2 giist mills, store-
houses, &c. Its manufactures consist of leather and
leather goods, broadcloth, coaches and carriages of
all descriptions, musical instruments, machinery, iron
ware. These, in addition to an extensive trade with"
the surrounding fertile country, and the facilities of^
transportation afforded by the Chenango canal, give
to Norwich an imposing and business-Hke appear-
ance.

Oxford. — An incorporated village of Chenango,
county, containing about 1,500 inhabitants, with 200
dwellir^s, 5 churches, an academy, 2 large store-
houses, 2 mills, 1 foundry, carriage factories, print,
ing offices, &c.

Greene. — A village of about 120 buildings and
800 inhabitants, in Chenango county. Here are 4
church'^s, 1 grist and 1 plaster mill, 1 cloth and 2
leather factories.

Chenango Forks. — A village of 100 buildings, in-
cluding a church, in Broome county, situated at the
point of junction of the Tioughnioga with its recipient,
the Chenango river, and on the canal from Utica to'
the Susquehanna. Its manufactures consist of cloth,
leather, and boots, &c.

Binghamton. — An incorporated village of the first
class, and seat of justice of Broome county, contain-
ing about 3,000 inhabitants. The public buildings
arc, a court house, jail, 10 churches, several acad-
emies and schools; and its factories consist of 2
grist, 4 saw and 2 plaster mills, canal boat yard and
dry dock, steam furnace, machine shops, tan yards,
and lath and plough and gun factories, &c. ; together
with many store-houses for the accommodation of
»he canal and river trade, whicli is here extensively
prosecuted by means of the SusqucLunna and Che-

nan

Th(
will
p6t
adj
pac
froi

ROUTES FROM UTICA. X05

nango canal, tlio latter terminating at Binghamton.
The New- York and Eric railroad, now in progress,
will pass through the village, where an extensive de-
p6t has been constructed. Access to any of the
adjacent villages is afforded by the numerous canal
packets and stages, which arc constantly departing
from tho village in every direction.

From Utica to Little Falls by canal, 32 miles.

'« <' by railway, ... 21 "

*' Schenectady t by canal, . 80 «*

«« " by railway, 77 "

" Albany + by canal, 110 "

" " by railway, 93 *«

«■• Rome t by canal, 15 "

«* " bj' railway, 14 *•

** Syracuse t by canal 61 *«

** " by railway, 53 ••

" Rochester t by canal,.. ..159 •*

»• " by railway,. ...158 «•

*• Saquoit by railway, 9 "

" Sharon Springs by stage, 43 **

*• Bridgcwater " .... 18 «*

«« Cherry Valley " .... 40 "

" Cooperstown " .... 37 '•

" Morrisvillc " .... 27 "

«• Oneida Lako " .... 28 «•

•• Cswcgo by railroad and

canal .. 99 '*

" High Fan's" of' Black* R.* 41 «*

" Middlevillc 13 «

• r.v

ROCIIESTER.t— (See p. 66.)

Jiorite from Eochcater to Olean, by stage,

Scottsvillc, 12 Nunda Valley, ....10 49

Caledonia, 8 20 Angelica, 20 69

Moscow, IG 3G Olean,.... .....30 99

Mount Morris, .3 39

IOC ROUTE rnoM

ScottsviUc. — A village of Moiiroo county, contain •
ing about 550 inliabiiauts, 2 churches, fi grist, 2 saw
and 1 plaster mill, distillery, ashtr.v, «Stc.

Caledonia. — A villafrc of Livingston county, com-
prising' 80 dwellings, 2 churches, a brewery, saw
and grist mills, &.c.

31oscou\ — A. village of liivingston county, contain-
ing about 450 inhabitants, 3 churches, taverns, stores,,
shops, &c.

3Ioiint Arorris. — An incorporated village of Liv-
ingston county, with about 230 buildings, including
4 churches, 1 furnace, a pottery, 4 mills, propelled
by the waters of the Genesee, and 1,300 inhabitants.
The canal hero sends oO'a branch to Dansville, dis-
tant 11 miles.

Nunda Valley. — A village of Allegany county,
with nearly 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, an acad-
cmy, 1 woolen factory, 1 furnace, 1 macliine shopt
etorcs, &c.

Angelica. — An incorporated village and seat of
justice for Allegany county, with about 1,000 inhab-
itants. In addition to about 150 well built dwellings,
there arc, in ihe village, a court house, jail, a bank, SS
churches, a woolen and leather factory, saw and
grist mills.

Clean. — A neat village of Cattaraugus county,
beautifully situated on llic right or north bank of the-
Allegany, coiUaining 700 inhabitants, 2 churches, 4
mills, &:(.'. The Gcnosce valley canal, which unites
the Eric canal at Rochester with the Allegany river,.
terminates here, after having passed through or near-
every town on this route.

From Oleanto Ellicottsvillc, bystage SOmiles.

" Frankliiivilio, " 25 ♦*

«» Bolivar, " 15 «

" Whitcsvillc, " 35 "

" Friendship, " 20 ««

*' Rochester, by canaJ, ...101 ^

ROCIIESTEU TO HATH.

lor

From Olcan to Pittsburg, Pa., by Alloj^'any

river, 910 miles.

" Coudcrsport, Pa., 35 '•

Route from EocheHer to Bath, hij stage, via Gcneseo
and Avon Sjmngi^.

Henrietta, 8 Dunsvillo, 18 48

Avon Springs 12 20 Liberty, 12 GO

Geneseo, 10 30 Batli, IG 7G

Henrietta. — A small village of Monroe county,
containing 190 inhabitants, 30 dwellings, 2 churches,
a high school, stores, &c.

Avon Springs. — Celebrated medicinal springs,
much resorted to by invalids and others, situated in
the town of" Avon, Livingston county. The waters
of these noted springs, 12 in number, are beneficial
in cutaneous affections, and in disorders of the di-
gestive powers generally.

They are composed of carbonate and sulphate of
lime, sulphate of magnesia and soda, sulphuretted
hydrogen and carbonic acid gases, with shght traces
of chloride of calcium.

Their temperature is uniform, (45<^ ofFah.,) and
specific gravity, 10.018.

Geneseo. — A large and beautiful village of Liv-
ingston county, of which it is the seat of justice, con-
taining about 1,000 inhabitants. Its chief buildings
are, a court house, jail, a bank, 3 churches, a high
school, together with the usual proportion of taverns,
stores, mechanics' shops, &c. Geneseo is finely sit-
uated about 4 miles east of the Genesee, which, from
the commanding position of the village, is seen, in
connection with its canal, to great advantage.

Dansville. — A large and busy village of Living-
ston county, containing about 1,700 inhabitants, 4
churches, and a bank. Dansville is admirably sit-
uated for manufacturing purposes ; a fall of 65 feet,
in the Canaseraga creek, affords an almost unlimited

1! .1

■f

108 ROUTE FROM

power, which is, as yet, but partially employed.
The village is connected with tlie (Jcnesee valley
canal by a branch 11 miles in length. The man-
ufactures of the place consist of paper, which is made
in large quantities, leather, iluur, iron castings, and
nearly every article of domestic use, as hats, shoes,
soap, candles, &c.

Liberty. — A neat little village of Steuben county,
on the Conhocten creek, containing 50 dweUings, 2
churches and nearly 300 inhabitants.
\ Bath. — An incorporated village and seat of justice-
of Steuben county, containing the county buildings,
5 churches, 230 dwellings, a bank, 2 printing offices,
1 grist, 1 plaster and 1 oil mill, a tan yard, and a
furnace, with 1,500 uiliabitauts.

From Bath to Crooked Lake, , 6 miles.

" Kennedyviile, 5 ♦•

♦• Avoca, 10 «•

•• Angelica, 50 "

•« Adamsport, 23 *•

•• Campbell, 12 '•

. «• Corning, 27 "

♦• Elmira, A) ♦•

*• Seneca Lake, 2d "

From Rochester to Batavia, by railway,... 30 miles.

" Buffalo, " ... 73 "

" *' by canal, 94 "

** Niagara Falls, by canal

and railway, 88 «•

" Canandaigua, byr'way, 27 ••

[.'• Auburn, by railway,... 51 «•

" Utica, " ...157 "

" Palmyra, by canal 29 "

" Lyons, •' .... 44 "

" Syracuse, " .... 98 "

" Utica, " ....159 «

" Olean, •• ....107 "

•* Lake Ontario, « .... 10 "

BUFFALO TO DETROIT. 109

BUFFALO.t

Route from Buffalo to Detroit, by steamboat.

Dunkirk, 40 Cleveland, 70 184

Erie, Penn, 42 82 Sandusky, 54 238

Conneaut, O., ....32 114 Detroit, 62 300

Dunkirk. — An incorporated village of Chautauquo
county, situated on the S. E. margin of Lake Erie,
where the Hudson and "Erie railroad has its western
terminus. It comprises about 220 buildings, in-
cluding 2 churches, several mills, with 1 ,200 inhab.
itants.

Erie. — A large and flourishing town, and seat of
justice of Erie county, Penn., situated at (he head of
Presque Isle bay, and contains a population of 3,412.
Its chief buildings are, a court house, jail, 8 churches,
an academy, a bank, a vast number of extensive
warehouses for the lake trade, iron foundries, grist
and other mills, tan yards, ^c.

Conneaut. — A nrat little town of Ashtabula coun-
ty, Ohio, situntcd on the Conneaut river, near its en-
trance into Lake Erie. Population 2,642.

Cleveland. — A large and important city of Cuyaho.
ga county, Ohio, beautifully situated on the southern
shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga
river. It is the emporium of an extensive trade by
the lake, and the Ohio and Erie canal, which latter
extends from Cleveland- to Portsmouth, on the Ohio
river. In common with every other part of the state
of Ohio, the growth of Cleveland is almost unproce-
dented. A few years since its site presented not a
trace of civilization ; now it yields only to Cincinnati
in point of population, which exceeds G,000 souls.
The plan of the town is very regular, with wide and
well graded streets, Hned with fine building?. Main
street, the principal avenue, is 120 feet in breadth.
The chief public buildings, some of which front on a
public square, consist of a court houtie and the usual

«-:

ROUTE FROM

county offices, 8 handsome churches, Q banking
houses.

Sanduahj. — A town of Erie county, of which it is
the seat of justice, beautifully situated on the south-
ern margin of Sandusky bay. The buildinys, which
arc coHHtructcd mostly of stotn^, consist of 350 dwell-
ings, 4 elegant churches, and an academy, with
1,500 inhabitants.

Detroit. — The capital of the state of Michigan,
and the most extensive and important city of the N.
W. region of the United States. It occupies the gate
between the upper and lower lakes, and commands
a vast and lucrative trade with the growing interior.
In additiun to about 1, 710 dwelling houses there are,
the Capitol or legislative hall, with its offices, city hall,
10 churches, some of which are large and elegant, 4
banks, a theatre, a museum, a state penitentiary,
mechanics* hall, 2 asylums for orphans, 3 furnaces,
breweries, pott«ries, &,c. Public and private schools
of the first order are numerous. Benevolent aiid
hterary institutions also abound bore. There are 3
printing offices, from which 3 daily and 4 weekly
newspapers are issued. Detroit is one of tho oldest
towns in the United States, having been founded by
the French settlers, in 17G3. It was incorporated as
a city in 1815. The central rtiilway, which is de-
signed to intersect the state from east to west, is fin.
ished, and in operation from Detroit to Jackson, a
distance of 80 miles. This, with good common roads

and the facihties of intercourse
must insure a full share of tradr
justly regarded as the commerci
section of the country.

"uided by the lakes,
1 -> Detroit, which is
.! emporium of this

Eoutefrom Buffalo to Erie, Penn., by stage.

Hamburg, 14 Westfield, 15 60

Irving, 16 30 Erie, 30 90

Fredonia, 15 45

BUFFALO TO FIIIE, PA. Ill

Hamburff. — A post ofTico, with a few dwellings, in
Erie county.

Irving. — A mere hamlrt of 12 or 15 buildings, of
Chautauquc county, situated at the outlet of Cattarau.
gua creek. It is a port of entry.

Fredonia — A large and flourishing village of Clmu-
tauque county, situated .3 miles from Lake Erie. It
was incorporated in 1829, and now contains 1,200
inhabitants. Among tlie buildings are, 6 churches,
an academy, 4 mills of various sorts, a furnace, and
a clothier's establishment. Some of the streets and
houses of the village arc lighted from a natural gas.
ometcr, situated near the bed of the adjoining stream,
from which issues immense quantities of carbiiretted
hydrogen gas. Several similar inflammable springs
have been discovered in the neighborhood,

WestJJeld. — An incorporated village of Chautauque
county, containing 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, an
academy, 6 mills, and several factories..

Erie.f

From Buffalo to Mayfleld ..i 65 miles.

" Ellicottville, 48 "

" Genesco, 62 "

" Welland canal, 20 "

" Niagara falls, by railway,. 23 '*

«♦ do the Canada side,. 19 "

" Attica, by railway, 31 *•

«• Batavia, 43 "

" Rochester, 73 "

*« Pendleton, by canal, 24 "

«• Lockport, 31 "

« Albion 60 "

" Brockport 71 ••'

" Rochester, 95 "

(
*.

■ M
«

trig

112

ROUTE FROM

NIAGARA FALLS.t
Boute from Niagara to Montreal, by steamboat, ^c.

Queenston 6

Niagara village . . 7 13

Toronto 30 43

Port Hope 66 109

Coburg 36 145

Oswego 74 219

Kingston 58 277

Elizabethtown....48 325

Prescot 14 339

Hamilton 18 357

Cornwall 28 381

CoteauduLac....32 417

Les Cedres 7 424

Cascades 7 431

La Chine 16 447

Montreal 8 455

From Niagara to Lockport, by railway, ....24 miles.

4t
11
«t
*<
(%

Rochester, R.R. & canal,88

BufTalo, by railway, 23

do stage, Canada aide, .19

Chippewa, 2

Fort Erie, 18

Welland canal, 5

Stoncbridge 17

Lewistown, 6

it
It
It
(t
(t
<t
«t

JRoutefrom New. York to Boston, by steamboat and
railroad, via Stonington.

Hell.gate

Flushing bay 4

Throg's point 3

New RochelleL.. 8

Stamford 17

Stratford point ...26

New Haven 13

Faulkner's islandsl2

9 Connecticut river 19 111

13 River Thames.. ..14 125

16 Stonington ....16 141

24 Kingston, r. way 23 164

41 Providence 24 188

67 Mansfield 17 205

80 Boston 24 229

Hell.gate. — A narrow, crooked, and difficult strait
in the East river, formed by projecting rocks, by which
the water passes with such velocity as to endanger
vessels in navigating this modern Charybdis. By
skillfi-! management, Hell-gato is now passed with.

NEW-YORK TO BOSTON.

113

out apprehension, and the terrors with which it was
formerly approached are no longer felt by navigators.

Flushing Bay. — An indentation of Long Island, at
the head of which is the pretty village of Flushing
mentioned at page 21.

Throg^s Point. — A projection of! West Chester
county into Long Island sound, on which is situated
Fort Schuyler, a military post recently erected by the
United States government, for the defence of the city
of New- York. Immediately after passing Throg's
Point, we ent^r

Long Island Sound. — An extensive arm of tho
Atlantic ocean, about 100 miles in length from W.
S. W. to E. N. E., and of a mean breadth of 12
miles. Its widest part is off New-Haven harbor,
where it is 22 miles in width. The Sound, which
communicates with the adjacent ocean, both at itg
eastern and western extremities, has Long Island on
the south, the coast of Connecticut on the north, and
that of West Chester county of New. York, on the
west. Its outlines are numerously indented by bays
of every form, and its surface diversified by many
small islands which serve to beautify the view. The
navigation of Long Island sound affords a most de-
lightful excursion, as it combines both river and ocean
scenery in the utmost perfection, without the dull
monotony of the latter.

New Enchelle Landing. — The port of New Ro-
chelle, a village of West Chester county, containing
800 inhabitants, -a town hall, 3 churches, several
boarding schools, button factory, and ink and car-
riage factories ; many extensive hotels and boarding
houses for the accommodation of the citizens of New
York, many of whom spend the summer months
here.

Stamford. — A beautiful town of Fairfield county,
Connecticut, containing about 2,000 inhabitants.

Stratford Point. — A noted landing place in Fair-
Held county, Connecticut. *

10»

ti!

■ i^ti

114

llOUTE FROM

nil

New. Haven TIarhor. — A bay of Long Island sound,
at the liead of which is the beautiful city of New
Haven.

Falkner's Islands. — A small cluster of islands
about 5 miles off' the coast of New-Haven county.

Connecticut River. — This is the principal river of
New England, which has its first fountain in Canada,
and after passing southward and dividing the states
of New-Hampshire and Vermont, and intersecting
those of Massachusetts and Connecticut, enters Long
Island sound about 30 miles east of New Haven.
The entire course of this beautiful stream is marked
by scenery of the most romantic and alluring descrip-
tion. It is diversified by hill and dale, and towards
the north, it assumes an almost Alpine aspect, with
every characteristic of the most rugged and mountain,
ous regions. In approaching its discharge into the
sound, it gradually declines and gently meanders
through the green fields of Connecticut, to its final
union with its great recipient, Long Island sound.

Eiver Thames. — A small stream of the state of
Connecticut, having the towns of New London and
Norwich on hs right bank ; the former about 4, and
the latter 20 miles from its mouth. This river forms
a part of a route from New York to Boston, which
will be noticed hereafter.

Stonington. — An incorporated village of New
London county, Connecticut, finely situated in the
S. E. extremity of the state, and on the margin of the
Btrait between the main land and Fisher's island. It
contains about 1,500 inhabitants, many of whom ve
engaged in the whale and seal fisheries. Stonington
became quite conspicuous during the late war with
Great Britain. On the 10th of August, 1814, it was
vigorously bombarded by a British fleet, which, how.
ever, was soon obliged to withdraw withe dccom.
phshing its object.

Hejre the passengers for Boston leave tht .earn,
boat and enter the tare.

NEW-YORK TO BOSTON.

115

Kingston. — A small villngc of Rhode island.

Providence. — A large commercial and munufactur-.
ing city of Rhode Island, of which state it is the seat
of government. It is advantageously situated on both
sides of Providence river, a tributary of Narraganset
bay. There are in the city and its dependencies not
less than 4,000 buildings of every sort, including some
elegant public and private structures. Among these
are many handsome churches, and several edifices
belonging to Brown's University, established in 1770.
The arcade, 222 feet in length and 72 in breadth, built
of stone, is a beautiful building; together with many
others devoted to literary, scientific, and commercial
purposes. The manufactures of Providence and its
neighborhood, in which nearly one-fourth of the in-
habitants arc engaged, are vast and various ; consist-
ing chiefly of cotton goods of every variety, iron,
copper and tin ware, and machinery of all kinds,
jewelry, &.c. Besides the railroads to Boston and
Stonington, respectively. Providence enjoys the ad-
vantages of the Blackstone canal, which affords a
navigable communication to Worcester, Mass. By
the aid of these valuable auxiharie?, combined with
excellent common roads, its domestic intercourse with
the neighboring towns is largely promoted. Provi-
dence has also an extensive and valuable foreign
commerce, especially with India and the islands of
Oceana : t^is, however, has somewhat diminished of
late, owing to the diversion of much of its capital to
the purposes of domestic manufactures.

Boston — The great metropolis and capital of tho
state of Massachusetts, and the fifth city of the United
States in point of population and extent. It is beau-
tifully situated on a peninsula, which juts from the
main land into Massachusetts bay ; by which, and
Charles river bay on the west, it is nearly surround,
ed. The former bay, which forms the harbor, is
studded in every direction by several pretty islands,
some of which are crowned with tasty structures ana

i'il

,f,,i,

■S'-i

116

ROUTE FROM

fortifications. These, with the numerous bridges ex-
tending from the city to the opposite shores and the
adjacent villages, impart great beauty and interest
to the entire landscape, when viewed from any of the
neighboring eminences.

The city itself is somewhat irregular in its plan,
and, with some exceptions, is disfigured by narrow and
crooked streets. Those of a recent date are, how-
ever, laid out on a more commodious and liberal scale,
and lined for the most part with elegant and substan-
tial buildings. Among these, the following deserve
notice : the Old State House, on Washington and
State streets ; State House, on Beacon street, in which
the beautiful statue of Washington, by Chantry, is pla-
ced, and from the dome of which the city and its envi-
rons may be seen to great advantage ; Faneuil Hall,
in Dock square; Massachusetts Hospital, on the
banks of Charles river ; Faneuil Hall Market, and
Quincy Hall, on Dock square, is an immense pile,
536 feet in length ; Tremont House, on Beacon and
Tremont streets, contains 180 apartments; New Court
House, in Court square, 176 feet in length and 54 in
width; Houses of Industry, Correction and Refor.
mation, in South Boston ; Trinity Church, in Sum-
ner street ; St. PanVs Church and Masonic Hall, in
Tremont street ; Washington Pank ; Suffolk Bank,
late United States Bank, in State street ; Park street
Church, &c.; Boston Theatre, now the "Odeon,"
on Franklin and Federal streets, is now employed
as a place of worship ; Tremont Theatre, on Tre.
niont street ; National Theatre, corner of Travers
and Portland streets.

Among the other objects of interest, in or around
Boston, are the following :

Boston Common, a public promenade, consisting
of 75 acres of ground, surrounded by an iron railing,
and ornamented with gravelled \Yalks, trees, &.p.

Mount Auburn Cemetery. — A beautiful rural
place of sepulture, is situated about 3 miles west of

NEW-YORK TO BOSTON.

117

the city. It comprises about 100 acres of land, which
is appropriately arranged and adorned for the pur-
poses to which it is devoted-

Bunker Hill Monument, in Charlestown ; where
are, also, the U. States Navy Yard, McLean Asy.
lum for the insane, State Prison, &c. In South
Boston, are Dorchester Heights, 130 feetfabove the
adjacent bay, from which a fine view of Boston, &c.
is had.

Route from New- York to Boston, via Norwich^ by

steamboat and railway.

Thames river, as above 125

New London, 4 129

Norwich, 16 145

Jewett's City, 9 154

Canterbury 6 160

Westfield, T 12 172

Thompson, 12 184

Oxford, 10 194

Worcester, 10 204

Boston, 44 248

New London. — A city, and one of the seats of jus-
tice for New London county, Conn. . It is situated
on the west bank of Thames river, and contains
about 4,700 inhabitants, moist of whom are engaged
in the fishing business. The city is defended by two
fortresses, one on- each side of the river, which
command the entrance. New London suffered se-
verely during the revolutionary war. On the Gth of
September, 1781, it was attacked by a British force
of 24 vessels, under the renegade Arnold, and, after
a slight resistance, succeeded in destroying a consi-
derable portion of the city.

Norwich. — A beautiful and flourishing city of New
London county, situated at the forks of Yantic and
Shetucket rivers, tho two principal branches of the

118

ROUTE FROM

Thames. Its chief buildings are, n court house,
a town hall, an academy. In Granville, a suburb of
Norwich, are 3 extensive paper mills, besides 10 or
12 other factories, which produce cotton and woolen
poods in large quantities, with many other articles.
The falls of Shetucket deserve attention. Popula-
tion of Norwich, according to the census of 1840, is
4,500.

JeweiVs City. — An extensive manufacturing vil-
lage of New London county.

Canterbury,

Weatjield, and

Thompgon, are small villages of Windham county,
Conn.

Oxford. — A village of the township of the same
name, in Worcester count}', Mass.

Worcester.^

Boston.^

Route from New York to Boston, via Bridgeport, by
steamboat and railroad.

Bridgeport, st. boat, 60
Newtown, R.R. 20 80
New Milford, do 16 96
Kent, do 12 108

Cornwall, do 12 120

Canaanfalls, R.R. 6 126
W. Stockbr. do 28 144
Springfield, do 62 206
Worcester, do 54 260
Boston, do 44 304

Bridgeport. — A city of Fairfield county. Conn.,
beautifully situated on a small hhy of Long Island
sound, having a population of about 1,700. Since
the completion of the Housatonic railroad, which
commences here, the city has assumed quite a busi-
ness-like appearance, and is now one of the most
flourishing and handsome towns of the state.

Newtown. — A neat village of Fairfield county.

New Milford. — A handsome little village of Litch-
field county, Conn.

NEW-YORK TO BOSTON.

119

Kent. — A village of Litchfield county, Conn., si.
tuated on the Housatonic river.

Cornwall. — A village of the same county, roman-
tically situated among the hills of Housatonic. A
school for the instruction of Indians was established
here in 1818, at which Obookiah, a native of Owyhee,
was educated ; but, ere he could return to his native
country, he sickened and died. A neat monument
to his memory may be seen in the village church-
yard.

Canaan falls. — A beautiful cataract in the Housa-
tonic river, occasioned by a ledge of limestone rocks,
over which the water is precipitated, in an unbroken
fall of 60 feet.

West Stockbridge.i — [Here the Housatonic rail-
road is intersected by the Albany and West Stock-
bridge railway, by which a practicable route from
New York to Albany is furnished. The distance
from New York to Bridgeport, by steamboat, is 6t)
miles, thence to West Stockbridge 94 miles, and
thence to Albany 41 miles. Total distance from N.
York to Albany 195 miles.]

Spr in g field. i

Worcester.^

Boston.\

Route from New. York to Hartford, Conn.

N. Haven, as above, 80 Mcriden, byR.R. 6 98
WalHngford,R.R.12 92 Hartford, do 18 116

New Haven. — One of the caintals of the state of
Connecticut, and the most populous and beautiful
town of the state. New Haven has long been cele-
brated, not only as the seat of Yale College, one of the
oldest and most distinguished schools of the country,
but also for its numerous scientific and hterary in-
stitutions ; which, with the uncommon beauty of the
city itself, and the general intelligence of the inhabit-

120

CANADA.

ants, render it one of the most attractive places in
New England. Population 12,960.

Wallingford. — A village of New Haven county,
beautifully situated on an eminence about a mile east
from the Quinnipiac. It consists of two parallel
streets extending along the ridge of a hill. The main
street, on which the most of the buildings are erect-
ed, is nearly a mile in length.

Meriden. — A manufacturing town of New Haven
county. Here arc produced, in great abundance,
patent augers and auger bitts, combs, tin and Britan.
nia ware, iron castings, coffee mills, clocks, ironmon-
gery, block tin ware, skates, rakes, &c.

A short distance from the village is the famous
Cat Hole, a narrow and romantic glen, through which
a road has been constructed.

Hartford. — A city, and one of the capitals of Con-
necticut, situated on the right or west bank of Con-
necticut river. The city plot is rather irregular, and
is intersected by Little river, over which is a fine
bridge. Another bridge across the Connecticut unites
the city with East Hartford. Among the most promi-
nent objects in the city are, the Amcricfni Asylum
for the instruction of the deaf and dumb; Retreat
for the Insane ; WasMngton College ; and tke Char-
ter Oak, an old tree, of immense propurtioup, in the
hollow of which was secreted, and thus preserved,
in the year 1687, the original colonial charter, which
had been demanded by the Governor General, with
a view to its abrogation.

CANADA.

GENERAL VIEW.

A vast territory of North America, belonging at
present to Great Britain, lying in a N. E. and S. W.
direction, principally along the N. side of the St. Law-

CANADA.

121

lin

rencd, Und the "!>[. and E. sides of lakes Ontario, Erie,
Huron, and Superior, between 57° 50' and 90° W.
longitude, and 42° and 52'^ N. latitude. The other
portion of Canada, or that on the S. side of the St.
Lawrence, is of comparatively limited dimensions :
it stretches along the river from near Montreal to Point
Gasp6^, at its embouchure, having on the S. the terri-
tory of the United States and New Drunswick. On
the N. Canada has Labrador and the inhospitable
territories belonging to the N. W. Company, the boun-
dary in this direction being the elevated grounds, or
water sheds, separating the rivers which run S. to the
St. Lawrence and the great lakes from those which
run N. to Davis' straits and Hudson's bay. The
length of Canada, from Amhersiburg, on Detroit river,
the extreme S. W. limit of the provir;ce, to Sablon
harbor, on the strait of Belle Isle, its extreme N. E.
limit, is about 1,450 miles, its breadth may vary from
200 to 400 miles. Its area has been estimated at about
350,000 square miles ; and its population at present
probably exceeds a million. It is wholly within the
basin of the St. Lawrence, of which it includes the
entire N. and a small part of the S. slope.

This great territory, which is consolidated under
6he administration, is divided into two parts as for.
merly, but aire designated as "Canada West" and
'* Canada East," the former being identical with Up-
per, and the latter with Lower Cannda. The Ottawa
or Grand river, which has its sources in about 48°
30' N. latitude, and 80° W. longitude, and flows in an
E. S. E. direction till it unites with the St. Lawrence,
near Montreal, forms nearly in its whole extent tho
line of demarcation between the two provinces. Can-
ada West is entirely an inland province ; but from
its having the great lakes and a part of the St. Law.
rence for its boundary, it has a vast command of in.
ternal navigation, and a ready access to the ocean.

The N. portion of Canada consists of a table-land,
little of which has been hitherto explored. In Can.

122

CANADA*

!!;

ada West, E. of Huroi., it has an average elevation
of perhaps from 1,200 to i,300 feet. It is covered with
forests interspersed with ravines, swamps, and tor-
rents ; and abounds with lakes which, any where but
in the neighborhood of the immense lakes of this con-
tinent, would he deemed of considerable size. The
Coast of Canada East, N. E. of the Saguenay, is less
lofty than S. W. of that liver; but of a very uninvit-
ing description.. The intei'or of this part of the coun-
try is described as composed of rocky cliffs and low
hills, scattered over barren plains, diversified with
thick forests of stunted pines, and checkered with
small lakes. The greater part of the immense dis.
trict of Quebec presents a chaos of mountains, lakes,
and torrents, tenanted only by wild beasts, and a few
W'andcring Itrdians. From the mouth of the Sague-
nay to Cape Tourment, near Quebec, the shore of the
St. Lawrence is bold and desolate ; but W. of this
point a plain country begins to extend inland, with a
variable breadth of from 15 to 40 miles, rising into the
table-land behind itby successive terraces. The cul-
tivated country N. of Quebec does not extend far,
being l:°mmed in by hill ranges. But as these ranges
gradually recede fr jm the St. Lawrence, and the
country, at first diversified by varied eminences, sinks
into a level plain, the surface of settled and culfivated*
land increases ; and this is especially the case as we
approach and penetrate Canada West. The penin-
sula or great plain of this province, between lakis
Huron, Erie, and Ontario, comprising about 210,000^^
square miles, consists, for the most part, of alluvial
soil, on a calcareous substratum. It is of varying
fertility ; but, on the whole, is believed to be the best
grain country of pny of the more N. portions of the
American continent. A large part of this fine plain
is still covered with lofty forests : it has, however,
some prairies, or natural meadows ; but these are not
extensive. At some remote period it had evidently
formed part of the bed of a vast inland sea, of which

CANADA.

123

the five great lakes having been the deepest, are now
the principal remaining portions. N. of lake Ontario,
two terraces inlervent between the plain on the shoro
of the Itike and the table-land in the N., decreasing
somewhat in fertility as they increase in height, and
separated from each other and from tiie pliin by two
ranges of hills of moderate elevation. The most S.
of these two ranges unite near longitude 80° with a
third, which passes N. and S. from Natawasanga
bay, in lakts Huron, to the W. extremity of lake On.
tario. The combined range, after encircling the head
of the latter lake, crosses the bed of the Niaijara river,
forming the ledge over which are the celebrated falls,
and is finally lost in the territory of the U. States.

That part of Canada East, S of the St. I awrence,
extending between longitude 72° 30' and 74° 30, and
entering into the district of Montreal, consists, for
the most part, of an extended plain almost complete-
ly flat, except that sG-ne detached hills diversify the
snrf^ace, one of which, that of Rouville, is 1,100 feet
in height. It is less extensive than the plain on the
opposite shore of the river, and contains no large
towns, but it is in many districts equally fertile and
well watered, and the cities are dependent on it for
a large proportion of their supplies. To the S. and
E. it ascends by degrees into the mountainous re.
gions. The aspect of the S, shore of the ajstuary of
the St. Lawrence, between longitude 69° 30' and 72°,
though bold and hilly, is not mountainous, us on the
opposite shore : and the hill ranges arc interspersed
with valleys and even plains of some extent, many
of which, from the encouragement afforded by the
contiguous markets of the capital, have been brought
into very tolerable cultivation. E. of Kamouraska,
the country is diversified by more abrupt eminences,
while population and culture become more limited ;
and in the district of Gaspd the mountains rise into
two chains of considerable elevation, enclosing be-
tween them a lofty table-land or central valley. This

vii

■i

!-/«

CAITAOA.

most southerly of these chains bounds on Its 6. side
the valley of the Ristigouche and St. John rivjBrs.

Besides the great lakes iodonting the W. qutUne qf
the count! y, Canada contains, as has been already
said, numerous minor, yet still considerable, bodies
of water. In Canada Bnst, the lakes and rivers have
been estimated lb cover 3,200 square miles of surface;
the principal of the former hitherto discovered are
lake St. John, with an areqi of 540 square miles ; those
of Manicouagan, Piretibbe, nhd olhers N. of the St.
Lawrence, and Mephramagog, &c., S. of that river.
In Canada West, the chief known are Nipissing lake,
Timiscaming and St. Ann's, in the high table-land ;
and the Simcoe lake in the upper terrace country of
the Home district.

Amongst the rivers falling into the St. Lawrence,
or into the lakes which form part of its system, there
are some deserving of especial mention here for their
utility as regards navigation, or their agency in fertil-
izing the soil. In the peninsula of Canada West,
the Thames originates in the district of London, by
the union of several streams, near latitude 43° and
lonifitude 81 \ and after a course of about 150 miles
chiefly S. W. falls into lake St. Glair, situated between
those of Huron and Erie. The Thames is navigable
for largo vessels to Chatham, 15 miles up, and for
boats nearly to its source. It intersects and waters a
fine and fertile country. Besides Chatham^, stnall
towns, with the pompous names of London and Ox-
ford, are situated upon its banks. Next in magni-
tude to the Thames is the Ouse. This river rises in
the Home district, about latitude 44°, longitude 80°
10', runs generally S. E., and falls into lake Erie near
its N. E. extremity. Parallel to this river for about
50 miles, runs the Welland or Chippewa river, which
in one part of its conrse forms a portion of the canal
between the Ouse and lake Ontario, by means of
which the falls of Niagara are avoided. The Trent,
in the district of Newcastle, connects the small lakes

CANADA.

125

ide

fialsam, Sfurgeon, and sf verul others in the upper
terrace country, wiili the Rice Inke, and, after a tor-
tuous course, discharges itself nUo the bay of QiiinK;,
in lake Ontario. It is said to bo luivijiahle for boats
In the whole of its course. 'I'lie lake Bulsanj is sep-
arated by only a short portage from that of Sinicoe,
\vhich discharges its waters into GIouctsttT bay (Hu-
ron lake) by the Severn river. A short and valuable
line of direct water communication between the lakes
Huron and Ontario is apparently impeded only by
the intervention of this short portage, and by the ra.
pids of the Severn, which river is, however, no more
than 20 miles in length. If we except the St. John,
the Ristigouche, which bounds the district of Gaspo
S., and falls into Chalour bay, is the only river of any
importance in Canada not belonging to the St. Lawr
fence basin.

Climate. — The climate of Canada is subject to
great extremes of heat and cold ; the thermometer
^ranging between 102° above, and 3G^ below, the zero
ofFahr. In such an extensive region there is, of
pourse, some difTercnce in this respect ; as we ascend
the St. Lawrence, not only a more S. parallel is
reached, but the country is less wild and exposed
fi^^n that near its entrance; so that whilst Quebec
Jias been said to have the summer of Paris and the
winter of St. Petersburg, the great plain of lake Erie
has the climate of Philadelphia. Still the Canadian
climate, as a whole, must be considered very severe :
all the streams are locked up by ice, and the ground
is covered every where, to an average depth of 5 orG
feet, by snow, for 4 or 5 months of every year. Frosts
usually commence in October, whilst the weather, by
day, is still mild and serene. But with November
begins a succession of snow-storms and tempests,
from the N. and E., accompanied by a great-increase
of cold; and this sort of weather usually continues
to the 2d or 3d week of December, when the atmos.
phcre again becomes serene, but the cold still more

.. I

I2t)

CANADA.

intense, bo that the rivers become suddenly frozen
over. Towards the latter part of April, or, in late
seasons, the beginning of May, the ice begins to break
up (often with loud reports like the discharge of can-
non ;) a sudden increase of temperature stimulates
vegetation, and makes its growth almost perceptible
to the eye ; so that spring and summer can scarcely
be recognised as distinct seasons. May and June
are occasionally wet, to the hinderance of the farmer,
whose seed-time this is. (to be followed by harvest
towards the end of August ;) but usually, the sumr
mers are very fine. Thunder-storms are often of
great violence, and the aurora boreaiis is frequent and
vivid : of the prevailing winds, those from the S. W.
are usually accompanied by clear and serene wea>
ther ; those from the N. E. by continued rain in sum-
mer, and snow in winter ; whilst a N. W. breeze is
usually dry, with severe cold. Fogs (except in the
district of Gasp6)are of unusual occurrence. It seems
to be the general opinion of the inhabitants, that the
winters are gradually becoming less severe : and this
may be attributable to the clearance of the forests and
the increased extent of cultivated surface ; for. whilst
the state of climate (especially of humidity) influences
vegetation, that, in turn, reacts on climate. Hum-
boldt's reasoning and tables {Blemoires d*Arceuil,
tom. iii.) may be satisfactorily referred to for the con-
ditions that have the greatest and most permanent
influence on the Canadian climate.

The length and severity of the Canadian winter is
a heavy drawback on the country, and lays the far-
mer under serious difficulty and privations not ex-
perienced in countries where the climate is milder,
as in the contiguoup territories of Indiana and Illinois.
For five or six montiis almost all agricultural opera-
tions are suspended, so that time is not left in the
rest of the year for the proper preparation of the ground
for the crops and other necessary labors. It is clear
toO| that horses, cattle, and other farm stock, must

CARADA.

127

require a proportionally large supply of fodder for
their keep. In these respects, however, there is a
material difference between the two provinces. In
Canada West the severity and the length of the win-
ter are considerably diminished. The soil too is gen.
eraliy better; and the quality of the wheat improves
as we draw nearer to the S. limit of the province.

Most of the causes that contribute to make the cli.
mate of the northern part of America more severe,
and subject to greater extremes than that of Europe,
in the same parallel, bear with especial force on the
Canadian regions. The greater portion of these pro-
vinces is covered by extensive forests ; the trees com-
posing which (especially in the more northern and
eastern parts) do not, generally speaking, attain
the same lofty size as those of the United States, nor
flourish with the same exuberant vitality : the pine
family, and various species of evergreens, are the
most numerous and predominant. Amongst various
other kinds of trees, are, the silver and American firs,
Weymouth and Canadian pines, white cedar (7%?/,ya
occidentalism) maple, birch, American ash, basis wood,
hickory, two or three species of wild cherry, and nu-
merous species of oak. Like the rest of the Ahneri-
can continent, most of the plants and animals differ
specifically from those of the Old World. Many of
the smaller kinds of annual and perennial plants are
common to Canada and regions lying much further
to the S., which may be accoi#ited for by the high
summer temperature, whilst the deep winter snows
effectually protect their roots through the severest sea-
sons ; but the trees and larger shrubs, which find no
such shelter, belong for the most part to more north-
ern and arcdc regions. Of the smaller plants, the
Zizania aquatica may be noticed as peculiar to Can-
ada, and abounding in most of the swamps (a grass
not unhke rice, and affording food to birds, and oo-
casionally to the Indian tribes,) and the ginseng, and
Ganadiaa liljx, commoa to this country and Kamt.

.ri

1-28

CANADA.

chatska. From the s&p of the maple (acer saccharu
num,) as it rises in the earher part of spring, sugar
is made in considerable quantities; in collecting
which, from trees scattered over thousands of acres,
whilst the snow still covers the ground, much hard-
ship is frequently endured : these districts are called
sugaries, and a valuable description of property. The
mode of procuring it is by inserting a small cane shoot
through an incision made in the bark, the sap being
received in a wooden trough placed under it ; it is after,
wards boiled, and left to cool into a hard solid mas, of a
dark brown color, which is moulded by the form of the
jars which contain it; the value of the article is about
half of that produced from the sugar-cane. Most of
the oak growing in the woods is unfit for ship.build.
ing, and the greater part of the timber used for that
purpose is imported from New England. The spe>
cies called the live oak, which grows in the warmer
parts of the colony, is, however, said to be well adapt-
ed fot ship timber ; the various kinds of wood avail-
,able for no other purpose, serve to supply the pot and
pearUash manufactories. Amongst the wild animals
ranging through these unreclaimed regions, are the
American elk, fallow deer, bear, wolf, fox, wild catj
racoon, martin, otter, and various species of Viverrce
and Mustelfs; the beaver, hare, grey and red squir-
rel ; and in the more southern parts, the buffalo and
roebuck : the bears usually hibernate, if the season
has enabled them toigec sufficiently fat for the pur^
pose ; if not, they migrate to a more southerly climate.
Amongst the birds, may be noticed the wild pigeon,
quail, partridge, and different kinds of grouse ; of the
water birds, the species are very numerous, as might
be inferred from the general character of the region,
where, in the basm of the St. Lawrence, and the nu-
merous lakes occupying the elevated table-landa
around it, half the fresh water on the surface of the
globe is collected ; a humming bird (the smallest of
its genus) is also indigenous, and may be seen in the

GAlfADA.

109

Qnebec gardens, flitting round the flowers. Amongst
l^e reptiles, the rattlesnake is occasionally met with.
Fish, in great variety and abundance, are found in the
lakes and rivers ; in which respect few streams can
rival the St. Lawrence ; the stdrgeon is common, and
the salmon and herring fisheries* are considerable;
seals are also met with occasionally, in large shoals,
in the lower parts of the river. Forests can only ex-
ist where the prevailing winds bring with them suf.
£cient moisture, but they may usually be taken as a
measure of the fertility of the soil, no less than of the
humidity of the climate: in this respect, therefore,
taken generally, Canada must be considered a fertile
region ; the v'r''t'?rn province much more so than the
eastern one. T uto, hemp, flax, and the different
kinds of grain fa ' pulse, are successfully cultivated;
as are all the ccn: i mer fruits and vegetables of Eng-
land : melons of different species abound, and are
probably indigenous ; as are also the strawberry and
raspberry : these last flourish luxuriantly in the woods;
and on the plains behind Quebec are gathered in great
quantities, and taken to that market. Pears and ap.
pies succeed well, both there and at Montreal ; and
on the shores of Lake Erie, the grape, peach, and
nectarine, as well as all the hardier kinds of fruit, ar-
rive at the greatest perfection.

Canada does not appear to be rich in minerals, but
iron abounds in some districts ; veins of silver-lead
have been met with in St. Paul's Bay (.50 miles be-
low Quebec,) and coals, salt, and sulphur, are also
known to exist in the colony. No volcanos have
been discovered, but authentic accounts are preserved
of several violent earthquakes : amongst others, one
in 1663, when tremendous convulsions, lasting for
six months, extending from Quebec to Tadeausac
(130 miles below it,) which broke up the ice of the
rivers, and caused many great land-slips and disloca.
tions ; in 1791, earthquakes were also frequent and
violent, in the same region ; and the shores, both of

130

CANADA.

the gulf and river St. Lawrence present many proofs
of former convulsions in the horizontal banks of re-
cent shingle and shells, and in elevated lime.stone
strata, with wave-scooped marks, and lithodomous
perforations, that occur on various parts of the shores.
People. — The majority of the population in East
Canada are of French origin, and are for the most
part descendants of settlers from Normandy, estiib-
lished in the colony previously to 1759. Their num.
ber at that period was about 70,000, and in 1831 they
had increased (according to the cen^^us) to upwards
of 400,000 ; the most rapid augmentation probably of
any on record from births alone. Neither the con-
quest, nor the long period which has since elapsed,
has wrought any great change in their character and
habits; nor has their increasing numbers induced
them to make any considerable encroachments on
the wilderness around: on the contrary, they have
continued within their original limits, subdividing the
land more and jnore. and submitting to a constantly
decreasing ratio of comfort. They are frugal, honest,
industrious, and hospitable, but cling with unreason-
ing tenacity to their ancient prejudices and customs ;
by temperament, cheerful, social, engaging, and (from
the highest to the lowest) distinguished for courtesy
and real politene'^s, they retain all the essential char-
acteristics of the French provinces under the ancient
regime, and present the spectacle of an old, uneducat-
ed, stationary society, in a new and progressive world.
A few seignorial families possess large, but not very
valuable properties : the clasj wholly dependent on
wages is a very small one ; and the great majority
consists of a hnrd-working yeomanry (usually called
hahitffns,) amongst whom there is almost a liniversal
equality of condition and property. From the public
colleges and seminaries established in the cities and
other central points by the early possessors of thp
country, chiefly by the Jesuits (where the education
fpa^tahlea that of our public grammar-schools, and ip

CANADA.

131

entirely in the hands of the Catholic clergy,) between
900 and 300 annually finish their education, and
are dispersed through the community : nearly the
whole of these are of the class of hubitans, and re-
turn to reside amongst them, mostly as notaries or sur-
geons ; and thus, living on terms of complete social
equality, though with greatly superior knowledge, in
Communities which possess nothing in the shape of
municipal institutions, they possess almost despotic
influence over popular opinion and conduct in all pub.
lie matters. The habitans under the old feudal te.
nures have cleared two or three belts of land along
the St. Lawrence, and cultivate them on the worst
system of small farming; their farms and residences
being all so connected, that the country of the seign-
ories appears like a continuous. village. They spin
and weave their own wool and flax, and make their
own soap, candles, and sugar. What energy and
enterprise there exists in the community (beyond the
portion required by this sort of routine) is exerted in
the fur trade and in hunting.

The Anglo-Saxon portion of the population of
Canada East consists almost wholly of persons who
have emigrated from the United Kingdom, or the de-*
scendanfs of such, subsequent to 1759. At considef-
flble addition was made to their numbers by U. S. loy.
alists in 1787 ; at a subsequent period many familiesf
fronri Vermont have settled in the townships adjoin,
ing that state, and since the formation of the Ameri.
can Land Company many have emigrated through
their exertions. A majority of the laboring class in
this portion of the population are Irish Catholics ; the
rest are English or Scotch Protestants : besides this,
they possess the best cultivated farms in the province,
and are owners* of fully half the more valuable seign.
ories. Th .•, inhabitants of the W. province consist
principally of the descendanis of U. S. loyalists, pre-
viously to 1787, and of subsequent settlers, or theif
descendants, from the United Kingdom and the states:

13Q

CANADA.

an expensive emigration from the former, subsequent
to 1828, nearly doubled the previous population of the
province. Of the emigrants from the United Kuig.
dom, many were half-pay army or navy officers, and
of the working classes a considerable proportion were
Irish. The Catholic population of the western pro-
vince is estimated at one fifth part of the whole : in
the back part of the Niagara district some Dutch set.
tiers are established ; and a few French families along
the Detroit. The population at present is estimated
at 500,000, Scattered along an extensive frontier, with
very imperfect means of inter-communication ; the
more thickly settled districts being, of course, in the
occupation of the older section of residents, who are
for the most part owners also of the wild lands in
those districts. The number of emigrants from the
United Kingdom, which landed at the port of Quebec
in the nine years ending 1838, amounted to 263,089;
of these, 165,000 proceeded to the western province;
but of the whole number, from 50 to 60 per cent., re-
emigrated, after a short residence, to the U. States*.
The greatest number which emigrated in any one
year was in 1332, when 51,746 arrived at Quebec;
the smallest number was in 1838, when 4,992 only
reached tl\jit port. Within the period spoken of there
were also 50,000 estimated to have reached the pro-
vinces by way of New York and the Erie canal; a
like proportion of whom also re-emigrated. •

There can be no doubt that the valley of the Mis-
sissippi offers incomparably greater advantages to in-
dustrious immigrants, whether with or without capital,
than can be enjoyed in any part of Canada. It has
a better climate, a better and cheaper soil, and is free
from the greater number of those social greivancea
that disturb and embitter society in .Canada. The
wonder, in fact, is, not that so many of the emigrants
to Canada have left it for the United States, but that
any considerable portion of them should have remain,
cd behind.

CANADA.

133

The native Indian tribes still occupy portions of
this colony on lakes Superior and Huron, and along
the whole extent towards the north bo daries ; but
their numbers are rapidly din.'"*" hih^. id they are
fast degenerating from their oiif,..ial sp and char-
acter, so that the utter extinction of the race seems
inevitable, as civilization advances on the wilderness,
to which, only, they appear to be adapted. Various
attempts have been made, from 1776, downward, to
settle and instruct them in agriculture and the arts,
but with very little success. There are five of these
settlements in the eastern province ; the number of In-
dians at which is estimated at 3,437, the most numer-
ous being the Iroquois and Algonquins. Those of the
Six Nations (who were the firm allies of the British
in the first American war) are estimated at 2,149;
the Mohawks of the Bay of Quintd 337 ; the other
tribes at G,428 ; they occupy tracts along the rivers
St. Clair, Aux Sables, Detroit, Thames, Ousc, and
Credit ; lakes Simcoe, Rice, Mud, and Balsam, and
Point Peter; the great Manitouwunning (containing
about 1,000,000 acres) is also appropriated to In-
dians who choose to setde. The lands are held un-
der the crown in joint tenancy to them and their
posterity, and are not allowed to be leased or sold
without its consent. Besides the above, there are
other tribes round the shores of lake Michigan, and
the south side of lake Superior (about 2,000 in all,)
who consider themselves' as owing allegiance to the
British crown, and attend to receive presents an-
nually : there arc also many. tribes on the north sides
of lakes Huron and Superior, who consider that vast
tract their own, and occujiy it as hunting-grounds.
Large sums have been expended by religious societies
in futile efforts to improve them ; and the Indian de-
partment of government has occasionally cost 150,000Z
in a single year : the object of the last, however, has
rather been to make the services of the Indians avail-
ablo in war, than with a view to their permanent im-

134

CANADA.

ivers,
Gaspe
statute

provement ; tho Hudson's Bay and Canada compa.
nies have, also, not scrupled to employ them in the
same way ; and it is stated, that without a change of
system in both respects the iutc of tiie Indians is
sealed. But the truth is, that, however it may be
changed, their fate is sealed.

Distribution and Tenure of Lands in the Eastern
Province, Governrnent, tj-c. — About l-38th part of
the area of the province is estimated to be under some
sort of cultivation. The extent of land surveyed in
each district, down to 10th July, 1838, was — in tho
Montreal district, 2,28G,750 acres; Three
2,098,908 do.; Quebec, 1,383,6G6 do.;
400,639 do.; making a total of 6,169,9G3
acres. This is divided in townships averaging about
70,000 square acres, and is exclp«ive of an allowance
of 5 per cent, for highways, ar jf a block of land,
set offfor the British American l. id Company, in the
county Sherbrook, district of Tiirce Rivera, contain,
ing 585,089 acres. The land comprised in the scign-
orial districts amounts to about 8,300,000 acres; of
this last, the whole has been granted by the crown,
subject to an obligation to concede to actual settlers,
and 4,300,000 acres have been thus conceded. Of
the township land 3,500,000 acres have been disposed
o( "for other than public purposes." Tho grants
made by the French government previously to tho
conquest, were on one uniform system. Seignories (or
manors containing from 9 to 36 square leagues) were
created in favor of certain leading individuals, who
were bound to grant or ^^ concede" a specified portion
to any applicant ; the profit, to the seignor, being de-
rived from payment of a small rent, from services
which the censitaire (or tenant) was bound to per.
form; from l-12th of the corn ground (by compul-
sion) at the seignorial mill ; and from a fine on tho
transference of the property (other than by inherit-
ance.)

CANADA.

Pince the province came under the British govern,
ment, the plans tinder which land has been granted
and sold, havn didercd very widely at difTcrent pc-
riods; but have very rnrely, indeed, been established
on sound principles. The township lands have been
granted in many modes, ditlerinij boih in their char-
acter and oI)jt'Ct : at first, ilioy wcro f^ranted to settlers
in free and common f-nccagp, with a reservation to
resume all, or any part, if required for military pur-
poses, but subject to no other conditions : the quantity
so granted to each individual, being limited to 100
acres for himself, and 50 acres additional for each
member of his family ; the governor having authority
to increase this amount, by 1,000 acres. These
favorable terms were mennt to attract settlers from
the colonies, which now form the United States. In
1775 this arrangement was superseded, and the
Quebec Act of tli*^ preceding year having restored the
French code and language, corresponding instructions
were given, that future grants should again be made
'n fief and seijinory, and three seienorics were thus
created. In 1791 thercfiulationsof 1763 were revived,
though with certain conditions annexed to them,
which in practice were avoided ; nnd this mode con-
tinued till 183G; but the constitutional act of 1791
also enacted that a reserve for the supjiort of the Pro-
testant clergy should be made, in respect of every
grant, equal in value, as near as could be estimated,
to 1.7th part of the land granted. The crown reserves
to a like extent, originated in the view of supplying,
first by sales and ultimately by rents, an independent
source of revenue, and obviating the necessity of
taxes, and consequently of such disputes as had led
to the Independence of the United States. These
reserves, however, have proved most serious obstacles
to the welfare of the colony, which the mis-construc-
tion or violation of the act has aggravated, by increas-
ing their extent beyond what appears to have been
contemplated. From 180G, downward, no new town-

iir'

ti'

136

CANADA.

ships were granted ; and the grants, on to 1814, were
in lots of 300 acres, to actual settlers, and few in
number. From the last date, grants were made on
*' location tickets," requiring the erection of a house,
and the clearing and cuitivatini? 4 acres, before the
title was perfected. In 182G the new mode of selling
land by auction, at a minimum upset price, waa
adopted, the purchase money being payable by four
annual instalments, without interest. In 1831, the
purchase-money was to be repaid by half-yearly in-
stalments; and in 1837, the purchase-money was
made payable i.t the time of sale : but in practice this
has not been effected. Besides the grants made under
these different regulations, other exceptional ones
have been made — mostly in reward of public services;
such as those to the militia of the revolutionary war,
and of that of 1812 — many valid claims in these re-
spects still remaining to be settled : there has also
been an exceptional sale of nearly 800,000 acres to
the British North American Land Company. The
crown reserves must be considered as virtually aban-
doned wbon the auction sales were introduced ; and
an act of the imperial legislature has ciuthorized the
sale of l-4th part of the clergy reserves, at a rate not
exceeding 100,000 acres annually. In these various
ways, about 3,500,000 acres have been disposed of.
The amount received on the sales of crown land in
the lower province, from 1828 to 1837 inclusive, was
jC33,8.'>3 ; on clergy reservers, jC50.425 ; timber du-
ties, f 58,085. In the upper province for the same
period, crown lands, jC33,853; clergy reserves,
jE114,618; timber duties, je58,085. The timber is
chiefly red and white pine and oak.

Each district has its own judges, whose jurisdiction
(except Gaspe) is independent of the others, and only
subject to the court of appeal. A sheriff is also ap-
pointed for each district, and grand voyer, or general
inspector of the roads. These appear to be the only
characteristics ; but as respects judicial affairs, Gaap6

CANADA.

137

is dependent on Quebec ; and the ronds of St Francis
are surveyed by the grand voyers of Montreal and
Three Rivera. Tho aubdivisioiis of tliesc districts
are counties, t(jwi;ships, parislits, and extra-parochial
places; that of Montreal has 19, Quebec 13, Three
Rivera 5, St. Francis 3, mid Gaspu 2 counties, re-
spectively. Tlie parishes and townships are merely
divisions for such local purposes as (he repairs of
roads, inspection offences, \vatcr.cour.«es, &.c ; each
is subdivided into sections (not exceeding ten ;) the
parishes vary much in extent, and those which are
Catholic, also serve for limits, in tho ecclesiastical
jurisdiction of that church : the townships usually en-
close a square of 10 miles. There are in all 175
seignories, 33 fiefs, and IGO townships. The cities
of Quebec and Montreal wore incorporated under
temporary acts, which have been allowed to e.snire
without renewal : these were the only nmnicipal cor-
porations in the province. In the Catholic parishes,
churchwardens are appointed, and in some localities,
"a council of notables," to mannge the secular all'airs
of the church, and what are called the funds of " the
fabrique," under old French ordinances, so doubtful
and contradictory, as to cause frequent litigation.
The income of their clergy is derived from the 26th
bushel of all grain grown by the parishioners ; this,
however, is contingent on the proprietor being a Ca-
tholic. When an estate passes into Protestant hands,
this right is lost ; and hence the natural aversion of
the priests to any Protestant settlements being made
within their seignories ; nor is there any provision
for the Catholic clergy, in the event of any part of the
French population settling beyond the seignories,
which, no doubt, has had some effijct in confining it
within their limits. There are 44 clergymen, and
53 churchs and chapels, finished and in progress.
There is also a Catholic bishop of Quebec, paid by
the government out of certain public revenues, and
under him a body of secular clergy, for the seignories

12*

138

CAPfADA.

and somo fcnmlo monnstic establishments. Tho Pro-
testant <JiHSLMir( rs liavc places ot worship, and minis,
tors in varionK parts of tho i)rovincc.

For the relief of niarincra, a (hity of a penny a (on
is levied on every vessel arriving from any port out of
the limits of tho province : the portion received at
Qtiebec goes to support the marine hospital there,
which was built, by a public grant ; that received at
Montreal goes to the general hospital of that city:
various arts have also passed to establish depots for
the relief of sliipwrecked mariners. There arc four
Buch at Aniicosti, one near Cape Chat, and another
at Magdalene river.

' Tho governor and principal ofTiccrs of the govcrn-
incnt arc appointed by the crown, and hold their ap-
pointments during pleasure. The chicfof these are, tho
assistant civil secretary, provincial secretary and reg-
istrar, receiver-general, inspector-general of accounts,
&c. ; there arc also G collectors of customs, 3 judges
at Quebec, and .3 at Montreal ; with numerous other
functionaries. There is aiso an unpaid magistracy,
appointed by the crown, who arc required to possess
immovable property, beyond all liabilities, of at least
X300 currency; and commissioners who -sit in the
email cause courts, which are held w^eekly in the
cities, and on tho first and third Saturday of each
month in the rural districts, with power of adjourn,
ment. As regards the superior courts of justice, the
judges pesiding in each district have supreme juris-
diction. Trial by jury was introduced, with the rest
of the criminal and civil law of England, in 17G3;
the juries were, at first, exclusively taken from the
cities, and subsequently (by a government order) were
selected by the sherilVs, from these, and from the ad-
jacent country, for J5 leagues around.

The exrernai trade of Canada is carried on through
the medium of the ports of Quebec, Montreal, St.
John's, Coteau du Lac, and Stanfield. From the U.
Kingdom, Canada imports coals, metals, cordage.

CANADA.

J 3D

East India produce, and vorious kindd of nritish niaii-
ufactureg; from tlio Uriiish West India colonics,
sugnr, molasses, rum, coffee, and hard. woods ; fron»
tho United Slates, beef, |)ork, biscuit, rice, and to-
bacco. Owing to tlio urjjust and oppressive prefer-
ence given to Canadian timber in ilio markets gf
Great Britain, it forms by far tho principal article of
export from tho colony. The next article is corn,
especially wheat, which, however, is supposed to bo
mainly derived from tho United States ; and then
follow ashes, furs, fish, &.c. In 1831 tho tolal valuo
of the exports from Canadix amounted lo XI, 018, 922.
The importscheifly consist of cottons, woolens, silks,
linens, glass, hardware, coal, iScc. Their total valuo
in 1834 was Xl.OGS.Gir). Tho total revenue derived
from taxes in 1836 amounted to X'102,027.

Canada was ceded by France to England in
17G3: it had j)reviously been governed by French
military authority; from thence, to 1774, it was
under the rule of an English governor and council,
U'ith English law, administered in tho English
language only. From 1774 to 1791 it was gov-
erned by an English governor and a logislutivc
council, appointed by the crown, with English crim-
inal, and French civil law ; and from 1791 downward,
by the constitution sanctioned by the British Parlia-
ment. The Quebec Act of 1774 introduced a new
and liberal policy. In order to conciliate the colonists,
it substituted the old system of civil law, or that called
tho Coutume de Paris, fur tho civil law of England,
and it directed the use of the French language to bo
resumed in the law courts. Notwithstanding these
concessions, the French in Canada are now almost
as much a distinct people as in 17G0. Tho Nation
Canadienne has no sympathy, and but little commu-
nication with Englishmen : on the contrary, a broad
line of demarcation and a deep-rooted antipa^^v -vb-
sists between them. To this hostile feeling oa the
part of the French colonists, may be fairly ascribed thq

ill

">■'

•ii

140

CANADA.

outbreak that took place in Canada, and the subse-
quent suppression of the constitution, and the occupa-
tion of the country bj' British troops.

Distribution of Ground. — The surveyed portion
of West Canada comprises 17,653,544 acres, in
11 districts, and between 300 and 400 townships.
Wheat and tobaeco are the chief exports. Of the
surveyed lands 450,000 acres are reserved for roads ;
2,395,687 acres are clergy reserves ; 13,660,838 have
been granted and appropriated, and there remain for
future grants, 1,147,019 acres. About l-48th part
of the area is considered to be under cultivation. The
modes of granting have been the same as those in
the lower province. The crown and clergy reserves
have also been made on the same principle as those
of Canada East ; in two cases the government has
delegated the disposal of its waste lands to others ;
the district of Talbot (48,500 acres) to Col. Talbot ;
and the crown reserves (1,384,413 acres) and a block
of land in the Huron district, (1,100,000 acres) to the
** Canada Company ;" about l-30th part of the grant
ed land is under cultivation.

A small tax, not exceeding Id. in the pound, is
levied both on cultivated and waste lands ; the for-
mer being valued at 20s. the acre, the latter at 4*.
The whole amount of taxation of a farm of 100 acres,
in the western province, is about 18.9. This tax be-
gan to be levied by the provincial government in 1820.
If 8 years are in arrear, the shcriifis authorised to
sell; but this has been done only in a few instances,
when the owners allowed it as the cheapest and easi-
est way of making a title to the rest of their land.
The number of churches built, or in progress, con-
nected with the Church of England, is about 90; the
number of clergymen 73; the number of followers are
estimated at 150,000, by the Bishop of Montreal,
within whose diocese the province is included, and
under him are the archdeacons of York and Kings-
ton. The Presbyterians of the Scotch church, the

CANADA.

141

Catholics, and the Wcsleyans, are the other chief
Beets: the latter arc said to out-number any of the
rest. The ministers of the Church of Scotland fire
supported partly by stipends from the government,
partly by their respective congregations; the Catho-
lics have a bishop, who resides at Toronto, and who
also receives an annual grant from the government
to aid in the maintenance of himself and priesthood ;
the ministers of the other sects are wholly supported
by their congregations. By the Constitutional Act
of. 1791, reserves of land were set apart in this, as in
the eastein province, for the maintenance of the
*' Protestant clergy".

History. — Canada is paid to have been first dis-
covered by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497 ; if so, it was
comprised with the rest of the extensive line of coast
he explored, under the general name of Newfound,
land, subsequently limited to the island so called.
The French first attempted to make those discoveries
available, and are said to have framed a map of the
gulf so early as 1508. In 1525 the country waa
taken possession of in the name of the king of France,
and in 1535 Cartier explored the river, naming it St.
Lawrence, from having entered it on that saint's day.
Quebec, however, the first settlement, was not found-
ed till 16Q6. For a considerable period subsequent to
this the colonists ajjpcar to have been engaged in a
series of sanguinary conflicts with the native Indian
tribes, and to have been often on the brink of being
extripated: the strife, however, ultimately terminated
in a friendly compact, which converted the Indiana
into available auxiliaries against the English. Que-
bec was taken by the British forces under General
Wolf, in 1759, and the whole territory formally ceded
by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. The seignorial
rights, the various holdings and tenures under them,
and the endowments of ihe Catholic church, were
left undisturbed : and all the estates, including all
the unappropriated lands in the province, held at the

149

CANADA.

period by the French king, became vested in the
British crown. In the years 1812-13-14, the lakes,
and especially the shores of Niagara, were the scene
of a succession of severe contests ; and the militia
on either side beingr ciitratj^cd in tliom, near relatives
were found often coiitcndiiiiif in opposite ranks, so
that common was agi^ravatcd to civil warfjire ; and In-
dians also were employed, and increased its horrors.
The grievances and complaints of Canada first
obtained the attention of parliament in 1828, when a
select committee of the II. of C. reported on them.
The legislative assembly's claims were, — the right of
appropriating all the crown revenues as thoy pleased,
and also all those accruing from parliamentary and
provincial statutes, and the settlement and alienation
of all the wild lands of the province ; but the most im-
portant point, without which the rest would bo con-
ceded in vain, according to their statement, was, that
the legislative council should be elected by the people,
and thus assimilated to the senate ofthe United States.
Another H. of Commons report led to the nomination of
Lord Gosford (who was also appointed governor) and
two other commissioners, and five reports and ap.
pendixes, published in 1837, are the only result of
their labors. In the divisions which took place in
the House of Assembly, the British party divided from
8 to 1 1 in house of 88 mem')crs. The grievances of the
western province v/cre set forth in the report of a
committee of their IlouirC of Assembly, v;ho a'dopted
it, and laid it before the king. The extent and abuse of
the crown patronage ; the virtual irresponsibility of
the executive ; the mode of conducting the business
of the provincial posi-ofTice ; the manngemcnt ofthe
Toronto College ; the provision made for the ecclesi-
astical e5labhshment, and for the maintenance of
certain sects only (the House say they ♦' recognise no
particular denomination as established in Canada
with cxclu ve claims, powers, or privileges";) the*
partiahty shown in the choice of magistrates ; the

MONTHEAi.

143

absence of control over the crown revenues ; and the
failure on the part of the local, to carry into effect the
l-ecommendations of the general, government, are the
most prominent ol the grievances set forth. Subse-
quent to this. Sir F. Head replaced Sir J. Colborne
as governor, in 1836 ; and during his government the
outbreak under Mackenzie and others took place;
which ultimately led to the suppression, of the con-,
stitution, and the union of the tv\o provinces under
one government.

MONTREAL.

A town and river port of British America, and the
second city and chief seat of the commerce of East
Canada ; on the S. side of the island of Montreal, in
the St. Lawrence, 150 miles in a direct line S. W. of
Quebec ; lat. 45^ 30' W., lung. 73° 25' N. Popula-
tion, with its suburbs, in 1840, 27,297. Its site is
not so commanding as that of Quebec, but it is in
every other respect superior to that city. It is not so
crowded ; and some even of its oldest streets are of
tolerable breadth. Montreal is divided into the Up-
per and the Lower Town ; the diflt^rence in their
elevation is but slight, but the former being the more
modern is the handsomer division. It has several
suburbs, including which it stretclies along the river
for 2 miles from N. to S., and lias for some distance
a nearly equal breadth inland. The battiernented
wall with which it was formerly surrounded, has long
fallen into decay, and it is novv entirely open, tho
wooded heights around being covered with villas and
pleasure grounds. In the Lower Town, Paul street,
the chief commercial thoroughfare, extends parallel
with the river the whole length of the city ; and in the
Upper Town several streets proceed in the same di.
rcction, communicating vvith Paul street by cross
streets. In the Upper town and suburbs, which are
mostly inhabited by the principal merchants, many of

■> *£ i

144

MOSfTREAti.

the houses are handsomely and solidly built in the
modern style ; but in the Lower town they are prin-
cipally of a gloomy looking grey stone, with dark iron
window-shutters and tinned roofs. Along the bank
of the river is an extensive line of quays and ware-
houses. Many of the houses in the suburbs are built
of wood, but there arc no wooden buildings within the
space once encompassed by the walls ; and this city
and Quebec have more of the aspect of old European
towns than any other towns in America.

The most remarkable public edifice is the Roman
Catholic cathedral, opened in 1829, and superior to
any other church in British America. It is of Gothic
architecture, 255^ feet in length by 134^ in breadth.
It is faced with stone, and roofed with tin, and has 6
towers, of which the three belonging to the main front
are 220 feet in height. On the roof is a promenade,
76 feet in length by 20 in breadth, elevated 120 feet.
The principal window is 64 feet in height, and 32 in
breadth. The interior is capable of acocmmodating
from 10,000 to 12,000 persons, who may disperse by
numerous outlets in 5 or 6 minutes. It comprises 7
chapels, and 9 spacious aisles. There are several
other Roman Catholic churches, mostly belonging to
the order of St. Sulpice ; to the members of which
Montreal chiefly owed its foundation, and who still
hold the scignory of (he is'and upon which it stands.

The seminary of St. Sulpice, a large and commo-
dious building adjoining tlio cathedral, occupies three
sides of an oblong area, I'.i} feet in len^-ih by 29 deep,
and is surrounded by sp c^ous gardens. A hand-
some additional building, 210 feet by 45 feet, has
been lately erected, at an expense of XI 0,000. In
these establishments, students in most of the higher
branches of learning are taught at very moderate
charges. The principal English church is a hand-
some building, in the Grecian style, surmounted by a
high and beautiful spire. It has also a Scotch kirk,
»n American Protestant church, and chapels belong.

lilONTniiAL.

145

ing to iho Mcthoilists and Scotch dissenters. The
Montreal Genfriil Hospital, creeled in lS:il-2 by vol-
nntarj' su!)Scription, a lar^^e and vcll-built rdifice, is
said to be one of the bc3t regulated itisiimtions of
the kind in Anicrica. A lar^rc conventual structure,
the Hold Disit, oceiipiod by a superior, matron and
tUirty-six nu\is, is appropriiited to tlie reception of the
pick a:id indi^-iont; and the convoiit of the Grey
Bisters partly serves a3 an asylum for the aged and
infirm, the iasr.no, ffjundliiigs, &:c.

The iSitiiirs Noires, have an expensive convent,
founded in IGoO; lis inmates consist of a superior
and 63 nuns, whose duties are directed to (he edu-
cation of you;;g girls. Tlie court-house and prison
are subslanlial builJJHgs, ocenpying the site of the
former co!Iec:c of the Jesuits. The govcriuneut house,
bank, barracks, ordnaV.ce clucc, a;id 4 market.housea
arc amonj the remaining principal buildings. In one
of the squares is a colossal statue of Nelson, placed
on a Doric column, the pedestal of wliich has bas-
reliefs representing his principal actions. Besides
the educational establishments noticed above, Mon-
treal has a college, with a principal and 4 professors, a
royal grammar school, parochial, union, national, Sun-
day, and other public schools ; and many good privato
French and English seminaries. The university of
M'Gill college, endowed by a citizen of Montreal, in
1814, with a valuab'e estate, and .^^^ 10, 000 in money,
was chartered in 18iJl, and is conducted on a liberal
and enlarged scale. Montreal has a penitentiary, a
house of industry, a savings bank, a natural history so-
ciety, a mechanics' institution, a central auxiliary soci-
ety for promoting education and industry, bible and
tract, agricultural and horticultural societies, several
public libraries, an excellent news.room, &c. Several
newspapers and other periodical publications issue
from the presses of the town. The position of Montreal
at the head of the ship navigation of the St. Lawrence,
and near the confluence of that river with the Ottawa,

. ti;:

■m

}4^

UORtRCAt..

I' >

•8 well as its situation with respect to the United States
necessarily make it one of the greatest emporiums of
America.

The harbor, though not large, is secure, and vessels
d;rawing 15 feet water may lie close to the shore. Its
general depth of water is from 3 to 4i fathoms. Ita
chief disadvantage consists in the rapid of St. Mary's
about I mile below, which vessels often find it diffi-
cult to stem. To obviate the obstructions in the nav-
igation above Montreal, the La Chine canal, 9 miles
long, 20 feet wide, and 5 feet in depth, was undertaken
in 1821, and completed at an expense of £130,il00.
The communication with the opposite sides of the
river is carried on by several steam and other vessels ;
and duii-ing the summer, a regular steamboat commu-
nication is kept up with Quebec. At this season,
vast rafts of timber come down, and pass the city for
Quebec ; and scows, bateaux of about 6 tons, and
Durham boats, bring to Montreal the produce of the
Upper Country. Neither is the trade-of Montreal sus-
pended in winter, like that of Quebec. Thousands
of sledges may then be seen coming in from all dr.
rections with agricultural produce, frozen carcasses
of beef and pork, firewood and other articles. Mon.
treal is the centre of the commerce between Canada
and the United States, carried on by Lake Champlain
and the Hudson ; and not only is it the dep6t of all
the adj{(cent country, but most of the business done
in Quebec is carried on by branches from the Mon.
treal houses. In 1838, 98 ships, of the aggregate
burden of 22,289 tons, entered, and 99 ships, burden
Sl,90l tons, left the port. Formerly this city was the
head quarters of the fur trade, but its interest in it
has greatly declined. It has, however, cast-iroii foun.
dries, distilleries, breweries, soap, candle and tobacco
manufactories, several ship building establishments,
and machinery for steam-engines. Various articles
of hardware, linseed oil, floor-cloth, &c., arc made in
the town. The markets are abundantly supplied witH

^OM'CBUAL.

good butchers* ni^at, fish, poultry, ffuit, regetables,
&c. About three-fourths of the population are ^f
i^'rench descent; the remainder, consisting principal-
ly of emigrants from the United Kingdom, Americans,
and Iroquois Indians. Montreal, originally called
Villemarie, was taken from the French, in 1760.

The environs of Montreal also present many objects
worthy a stranger's attention: as the " Mountain," La
Chine Canal, and the Rapids, which it is designed to
overcome: those of the Cedres, &,c.; indeed the
entire island is replete with interesting objects, an in-
spection of which will -amply i;epay the time devoted
to it ; and, more remote, are the celebrated 'Caledo-
nia Springs, which, though known and tesorted to
by the Indians of the neighborhood for many years
past, have but lately received that attention from th©
public which their medicinal and heaUng qualities de-
jnand. They are situated about 70 miles nearly due
.west from Montreal, at the head of a small affluent of
the Ottawa, in Caledonia township, where a town has
been laid off, and buildings erected for the accom-
modation of visiters. The chief of ?theee springs are
iJesignated as the "^white sulphur^" ^^ saline" and
*^gaa" springs, respectively. The latter emits an in-
flammable gas, probably carburetted hydrogen, which
answers the purpose of lighting some of the buildings.
The route commonly ,*aken from Montreal to the
springs, is by the yill&ges of St. Eustache, Point Fop-
tune, Hawkesbury, L'Original, &c. A water route,
which increases the distance somewhat, is afforded
by the Ottawa, which conducts to L'Original, whencd
passengers are conveyed in stages, a distance of S
miles, to the springs.

Route frtim Montreal to Quebec, iy steambotit.

On leaving Montreal, the first village that presents
itself is Boucherville, nearly opposite the lowersuburb
of Montreal ; which, like most of the Tillages that Hoc

liiii

.JBi
8fih

148

ROUTE FROM

the shores of the St. Lawrence, presents a remark,
ably neat appearance. Indeed the entire bank is
occupied by a continued succession of villages, with
their churches and tin covered houses, or cottages,
which add life and animation to the natural scenery,
which is beautiful to a high degree. The rapids of
St. Mary's, about 2 miles below the city, serve to in-
crease the speed of the steamer, which soon reaches
Varennes. — A beautiful village, nearly opposite
the north point of Montreal island. Ten miles farther
on is St. Sulpice, then Vnltrie, both on the left.
After proceeding some 5 or 6 miles, the pretty little
town oi Noraye comes in view ; it is on the left bank
of the St. Lawrence, which is here broken by several
small islands, nearly opposite to which is William
Henry, a small fortress situated at the confluence of
the Richlieu, the outlet of lake Champlain, with the
St. Lawrence. Immediately on leaving William
Henry, Lake St Peter is entered through a perfect
labyrinth of islands. It is an expansion of the St.
Lawrence, about 10 miles in width, and 20 in length.
The rivers St. Francis and Yamasca enter it from
the south-east. At the mouth of the latter is the neat
village of Yamasca ; then follow those of Baie, St.
laabelle, and Gregoire, all on the right bank of the
lake; which, at the latter village, contracts to the width
of one mile. Point du Lac, another pretty village, is
situated at the point where the St. Lawrence emerges
from the lake, and from which is seen the ancient
town of Thrae Fivers, the half-way station between
Montreal and Quebec. This town, which is third in
point of size in Canada, is situated on the north bank
of the St. Lawrence, where it is jwHed by the St.
Maurice. It derives its name from two small islands
at the mouth of the St. Maurice, which divides it into
three channels ; but the town is on the west bank of
that river. The situation is pleasant, though the town
itself, which is one of the oldest in Canada, is less
attractive. It contains about 450 dwelling housest

MONTREAL TO (^UlSBEC.

mostly buih of yt^eod ; a handsome courUhoasc, a jail*
a €a(holic and a Protestant church, an Ursulino
oonvenit, founded in 1677, and some other public edi.
iices. Here the courts of justice for the district are
held ; and here, at one period, a great share of the fur
trade centered ; but its general trade has been mostly
absorbed by Quebec and Montreal. Three Rivers
was once the capital of Canada. 1 ? population ia
about 4,000, mostly descendants of 1 >-ench, and th6
names of its streets are nearly all derived from those
of Paris. It is 96 miles from Montreal, and 84 froth
Quebec. Ten miles "below Three Rivers, on the left,
is the village of Champlain, and 4 miles beyond is
that of Batiscon. St. Piefre next presents itself on
the right, and then ^t. Anne otx the left ; these are
succeeded by Grandines on the left, Lotbiniere on the
p!ght, and Dechamhault on the north bank ; all re-
markably neat little hamlets, united together by a
string of white cottages, equally neat in their appear,
ance. About 7 miles below the latter, situated on tha
south bank of the river is St. Croix, and immediately
opposite, is the village of Cape Sante ; thence to St.
Augustine on the left and St. Nicolas on the right is
about 18 miles. The new town of Liverpool is next
reached, from which Quebec is in full view. The fact
of the near approach to a large city, is made abun.
dantly evident by the improved appearance of the
cottagies and seats which line both banks of the river*
increasing in number as the city is approached.

QUEBEC.

*l'he city of Quebec is situated on the Idft Ct ttOirtlh>
west bank of the St. Lawrence, at the point where
it is intersected by the St. Charles, about 350 miles
from the mouth of the former. By a late census it
was found tu contain 27,56*2 inhabitants, but its po-
pulation may be estimated at 30,000. The city oc*

13*

150

QUEBEC.

cupies the extremity of a ridge, terminating in tlie
angle formed by the junction of the two rivers, in tlio
point called Cape Diamond, rising to the height of
nearly 340 feet above the St. Lawrence. The cape
is surmounted by the citadel; and the town extends
from it, principally in a N. E. direction, down to the
water's edge. It is divided, from tho difference of
elevation, into the Upper and Lower towns. 'J'he
old town, which lies wholly without the walls, partly
at the foot of Cape Diamond and round to the St.
Charles, has narrow and dirty, and, in parts, steep
streets. The ascent from the Lower to the tapper
town, which crosses tiie line of the fortifications, is by
a winding street, and by flights of steps. Tl.c streets
in the latter, thongh rather nnrrow, are generally
clean, and loleral)ly well paved, or macadamised.
Both towns arc wholly built of stone; and tho public
building-', and most of the houses in th*^ Upper town,
are roofed witli tin plates, the glitter of which, in the
sun, has a brilliant and striking rfFoct, but is destruc-
tive of every thing tliat Europeans have been accus-
tomed to call grand and venerable. In the Lower
town the houses are mostly covered with shingles.

PUBLIC BtJlLDINGS, &C.

Quebec Exchange, situated at the east end of
St. Paul street, is a fine stone structure, having a read-
ing room 50 by 30 feet in the second, and a public
library in the third stories. The Quebec Board of
Trade have apartments on the same floor with the
library. Several capacious warehouses have lately
been erected.

Trinity House, near the Exchange, is occupied
by an incorporated body, who is charged with the
supervision and regulation of the pilots who navigate
the river.

QUEBEC.

151

Custom House, is a neat stono edifice, well adapt,
ed to tlie pur[ioaes to wliicli it is devoted. Adjoining
the Custom flouse is the

Kinfr^s Wharf, n^oA as a pinco of landing and em-
barkation ol tlic troops, &,c. 'I'hc immense ware-
hou«o of the commissary stands near the wharf.

Hotel DieUf one of the most exidnsive huildings
ill Canada, is situated between Hope and Palace
gates. It is 390 feet in length, 51 iu width, and 3
stories liiijh, with a wing on the N. W. f^idc li stories
high and 150 feet long. There arc several fine pic-
tares here, chiefly by French artists. The Il6tel Dicu
is a most valuable hospital. The nuns here not only
act as nuriea to the sick who are admitted into the
establishment, but also r.s teachers of young females.

Ur.fuliiic Convent, is an appropriate structure, 114
by 40 feet, and two stories high, with extensive or-
namented grounds, inclosed within a .stone wall : the
chapel, which is adorned by several valuable pictures,
is 95 by 45 feet, of plain cxteiior, but some of its in-
terior dccor.'itions are splrndid. The remains of Mont,
calm, who was killed at the attack of Quebec, in 1759,
by General Wolfe, were int-'rred near tlie chapel.

Quebec Seminnry, on Market square, is a three
story uuilding, 210 {cet in length and 42 feet in depth,
with rear projections 168 feet long. The hall, or
chapel, is decorated l)y Ionic columns. The bishop
of the diocese and his a.ssistaiils reside here. The
library consists of nearly 10,000 volumes, and the cab-
inet embraces a fine scries of rnineralogical speci-
mens, fossils, &c., to which a choice collection of
paintings has been added.

Castle of St Louis, the government palace of former
times : of this once immense structure, nothing is now
to be seen but its blackened and naked walls. It was
destroyed by fire in 1834

Government offices, occupy an extensive building
on Front street, in which also is the museum of the
Canadian Society of Arts.

1 1

''/* y^ r iJ l ^ww^v m

i5>2

qUKBEC.

Monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, on Des Cpr-
rieres street. Jesuit's Barracks, a quadrangular build-
ing of stone, formerly occupied by the Jesuits as a
college, is situated on the Market place, opposite the
French cathedral.

Parliament House, is a fine three story structure
of wrought stone, consisting of a main building, with
two wings. Its massive front is embellished by four
Ionic coUmis, with a pediment. The Colonial As-
sembly mot here until 1841, when the constitution of
the province was abrogated.

Court House, a plain building of grayj-stone, 13C
by 46 feet, is situated at the corner of St. Louis street
and the Place d'Armes. The building, which is sur.
rounded by nn iron railing, is occupied by the vari-
ous courts, officers of the police, sherifT, &c.

Misonic Hall, opposite the post-office.

Marine Hospittl, a beautiful Ionic structure, four
stories high and 20G feet lony, is situated on the bank
of Clinrlos river. Its grounds are extensive and
beautifully ornamented.

Among the places of worship, the following de*
serve notice : the French Roman Catholic Cathe-
dral, east of the Market place, a neat building 216
by 108 feet, with a spire ; Catholic Church of the
Congregation, near the western termination of the
esplanade ; Noire Dame dea Victoires, erected in
1690, on the Market place; English Cathedral, 134'
by 73 feet, with a chime of 8 bells ; Holy Trinity,
in Stanislaus street; St. J\Iatthews, a free church;
StPauVs; St. Patrick's, St. Helen street; Scotch
Church, in St. Anne street; St. John's, in St. Fran-
cis street; Methodisi Church, St. Anne street, and
another in Champlain street.

The Citadel, over Cape Diamond, includes an area
of about 40 acres ; and is formidable alike from its
position and the extent of its works, constructed on a
gigantic scale, and on the most approved principles.
The Citadel coutains the armory, magazine, storehouse

QUEBEC.

153

and barracks for the ofllcers. Tho line of the fortl.
fications, which stretches nearly across the peninsula
on the west, and runs alonjf a rid^'o between tho Up-
per and Lower towns, in intersected by five pates,
and has an inner circuit of about two and a half miles.
On the west, beyond llie ramparts, which aie 95 or
30 feet in height, are the extensive suburbs of St.
Roche, St. Louia and St. .John. Military parades
take place daily on the great plain within the ram.
parts.

Dalhovsie Gate, is the principal entrance to the
citadel, which is 200 feet above the site of the Upper
town, and is approached by a winding road up the
glacis from St. Louis gate, which is defended by out.
works of great strength. The main guard-rooms are
immediately within the Dalhousie gate. From the
bastion, which afTords a splendid view of the city and
its environs, cannon point in every direction.

Palace Gate, which is near the barracks, with a
guard-house adjoining, is a fine specimen of archi.
tecture.

Hope Gate conducts to the ascent of Cape Dia.
mond on the east, on which point is the great battery
of 32 pounders, which commands the basin and bar-
bor. This point is upwards of 300 feet above the St.
Lawrence.*

Frescott Gate, on Mountain street, is the barrier
between the Upper and Lower towns. It is connected
with the castle of St. Louis.

St. Loui^' Gate opens the way to the Plains of
Abraham, which are reached by a beautiful avenue,
well lined with fine bui'dings.

St. John's Gate leads to the suburb of St John.

Public Promenade, on the summit of ihe ramparts
of Cape Diamond, is a wide covered way, which af-
fords a magnificent view in all directions.

Governor's Gardens, south-west of the ruins of St.
Louis, occupy a field 540 by 210 feet, which is do-
fended by a small battery.

154

qUEBEC.

Among' the establishments for educational purpo-
ses, the first place is due to the French college. It
has a principal, and professors of theology, rhetoric,
and mathematics, with 5 regents for the Latin and
Greek classes. Here is, also, a royal grammar
school,, a classical academy, a national school, and
many French and English private schools. A royal
institution for the advancement of learning within
the province, and a literary and historical society,
respectively enjoy the patronage of the government
and of the principal inhabitants. A mechanics' in-
stitute was established in 1830; and it has numerous
benevolent associations. The city public library,
though not very extensive, is said to be yvcu selected,
and to contain a great variety of standard works.
The garrison, also, ' s a good library. Several
newspapers are published in the city.

Though not a manufacturing town, Quebec has
various diotillerics, breweries, with tobacco, soap,
and candle vorks ;; and numbers of fine ships have
been launched from its yards. It has two or three
banks and a savings bank. The markets are well
stocked with most sorts of produce, except good fish,
which is rather scarce and dear.

The climate, though on the whole good and healthy,
is in extrem'es. In summer the heat is equal to that
of Naples, while the cold of winter is not inferior to
^at of Moscow. This inequality occasions a corres-
ponding difference in the modes of life during the dif-
ferent seasons of the year. In winter travelling is
carried on by meaiis of sledges and carrioles, in the
same way as in Russia. The first view of Quebec,
in sailing up the St. Lawrence, is striking in the ex-
treme ; and travellers speak in high terms of the mag-
nificent prospect from the citadel on Cape Diamond.

The majority of the population being of French ex*
traction, the French language, which is still spoken
in some of the best circles with great propriety, and
tJte Roman Catholic religion, predominate. Society

Quebec.

155

is here more polished and refined than in any other
town of British America ; and the higher provincial
gentry of French descent are distinguished by the
conrteousness and urbanity of their manner.

Vessels of the very largest burden arrive at Que.
bee. Its harbor or basin, between the city und the
island of New Orleans, is of great extent, having,
in general, about 28 fathoms water, the tide rising
from 16 to 18 feet at neaps, and from 2.5 to 30 feei
at springs. Ships lie alongside the wharfs along the
St. Lawrence. There are extensive flats between
the lower town and the St. Charles, where, if it were
deemed of importance, wet docks migljt be easily
constructed.

The trade of the city is very extensive. It en-
grosses almost the entire trade of the province with
the mother country. West Indies, &c.; and is annu.
ally resorted to by vast numbers of inmiigrants, who
partly settle in Canada, but who mostly re-emigrate
to the United States. It has a regular intercourse,
by nieans of steamers, with Montreal, and other
ports higher up the St. Lawrence, and with HaHfax,
and other ports on the Atlantic.

Quebec was taken from the French in 1759.,. A
British army, under General Wolfe, having effected
a landing near the city, attacked and defeated the
French army, under Montcalm, on the heights of
Abraham, to the W. of the town. Wolfe fell in the
moment of victory; and Montcalm, who w.'is also
mortally wounded in the action, expired soon after.

The French, panic-struck by the loss of the battle
and the death of their commander-in-chief, surren-
dered the city before even a single battery had been
opened against it. A monument was erected, under
the patronage of Lord Dalhousie, in the gardens of
the chateau, inscribed to the " Immortal memory qf
W^Qlfe aqd Montcalm."

156

ROUTE FROM

ENVIRONS OF QUEBEC.

Falls of Moniinorencie, a beautiful cataract of
Monttnorcucio river, which falls into the St. Law-
renne, 9 mi'cs bolow Quebec. The perpendicular
pitch 1-3 210 feet; and bciii.T- in full view from the St.
Lawrence, alforda one of the most magnificent
scenes in Canada.

Island of Orleans, an island of the St. Law-
rence, commences near the outlet of Montmoreucie,
and extends about 20 miles in a N. E. direction. It
is well cultivated, and produces immense quantities
of garden vegetables for iho supply of the Quebec
markets. The principal villari;es on the island arc,
St, Pierre, St. Laurent, St. Jean, 5i. Faviille, and
St. Fianrois.

Beaufort, a npat village, which commences
about' .5 miles N. E. from Quebec, aijd extends, in
one continued street, to the Falls of Montmorencie.

Charleshourg, six miles N. W., and New Lorcttc
and Sonbroitzc, about 10 miles west from Quebec,
are neat villages, each havinir a church. Old Lo.
rettc and St. Foi, the former 8 and the latter G miles
S. W. from the city, are also pretty little towns.

Chaiidicrrc Falls, about 10 miles from Quebec,
arc in the Chaudierre river, which enters the south
side of the St. Lawrence, 6 miles above the (ity.

The falls, which descend 130 feet, arc four miles
from the mouth of the river.

In descending the St. Lawrence from Quebec, tho
first object which attracts attention is Faint Levy,
surmounted by the little village of St. Joseph. Ten
miles below are, St. Laurent, on the north, and
Beaumont, on the south bank. These arc succeeded
by St, Blichel, St. Vallier, and Berthier, (25 miles
from Quebec,) all on the south side of the river ;
which, at the latter place, is nearly 10 miles in width.

Cape Tourment, 10 miles below the island of Or-,
leans, is an elevated blutf, 1,800 feet in height.

oi
ih
of

b:
o

MONTHEAL TO FINGSTOX. 157

Zloiiie from Moniicnl to Kingston, and thence to
IS i: gar (I, ly st.aiuboat, <J-r.

La Cl'.inc, 8

Ca.vciides IG 2-i

C'cdic?, 7 'M

Cotv-);ai clu Lac, 7 SS

Lt!-.c St. Francis, 4 4^

St. lieyi^, 2:i ni

Cornwa!!, G "iO ■

lio:-;;; Saute Ts'i.nd, lO 80

Ciirysler's Field, 17 97

IIa;iiiIton, 1 98

Pre^c^Jlt 18 IIG

]irockvilie, 14 U[)

Ki!;s.^ta:i, 48 178

Oswego, 53 23G

Coburjr, 74 310

Port Hope, .3:5 34G

Toronto, GG 412

Niagara Vi!la-e, 3;) 442

Queousloii, 7 419

Falls of Niagara, G 455

La Chine, a town of Montreal island, and one
of the principal seats of the fur trade, situated near
the S. E. point of the island, at the conimenceniont
of llie canal around tlie La Chine rapids.

Cascades, a part of tlie St. Lawrence, which
being greatly reduced in breadlh by the intervention"
of an island and a point that bear this name, present;? a
most tumultuous appearance. The dangers of this
pass are avoided by a small canal which has leon.
cut across the point leading into lake St. Louis.

Cedres, a small village of Vaudreuil, on the Si.
Lawrence, opposite the rapids of " Lcs Cedres."

Coteou dii Lac, rapids of the St. Lnw.nhC-i,
which aro overcome by a series of locks. Tiio vil-
lage of Coteau du Lac is on the north bank of the
river, near the rapids.

158

ROUTE TROii

Lake St. Francis, an expansion of the St. LSW*
rcnce, about 30 iiiilca in length, with a mean width
of 4 miles. At (he head of the hike is St. I^egis, an In«
dian villiige, situated on tlie St Lawrence, just above
the boundary Hne between New York and Canada.

Cornwall, a villaire of Stennont, Canada West,
cituated on the rortli bank of the St. Lawrence.

Lo7}g Srjiit ld':nd, in the St. Lawrence.

Chryder^i< Field. — Mere the Americans were de-
feated liv a Dritii^h force, under Col. Fearson, Nov.
IL 181 3.

I[ut:iilJnn, a villngc of St. Lawrence county,
New York.

Prescott, a vil'aire of Greenville, Canada West,
situared nearly ojiposife Ogdensburg.

Brockville, a iiourishing town and ' cat of jus-
tice for liCeds county, Canada West.

Kingaton, a hir^fe and important town of west,
em Canada, wiiich occupies thri site of old fort Fron-
tenac, at the outh't of lake Ontario, opposite Grand
island. It was laid out in 178-1, and is now the most
populo'.. ^ I ■M'o ince, having:;' about 3,0II0 inhab-
itant: . ^ ^ si" ,,;. ;, as an entrepot between Canada
and '.6 United Sratcs, is very advantageous. The
ha jr is excellent, and admits vessels of the largest
si '3. Its public buildings arc, 4 churches, a court
house, jail, hospital, and some others. The Rideau
canal, the most extensive and costly work in British
America, commences here-, and extends in a general
N. E. direction to Bytovvn, on the Ottawa, a distance
of 129i miles.

Oswego, an incorporated village and seat of jus.
lice of Oswego county, situated on lake Ontario, at
the mouth of Oswego river. Besides the court house
and other county buildings, there are, 7 churches, a
custom house, 2 banks, an academy, and about 600
other buildings, including 2 cotton factories, 7 flour-
ing mills, tan yard, morocco factory, 2 iron foundries,
6 machine shops, a snufT factory, planter, planing, and

MONTREAL TO KINGSTON.

saw mills, 2 ship yards, ifcc. Tlie town and harbor
arc dfifunded hy fort Oiitaiio, situatrd on the riifht
hank of the river, at its confluence with lake Ontario.
The site of old fort Oswego, wliicli was on the oppo.
site side of the river, is now occupied by n ship yard,
a marine railway, and warehouses. The Oswrrro
canal extends hence to Syracuse, a distance of 38
miles, where it intersects the Erie canal.

Oswego, which has a population of not less than
5,000, is the most populous and coniniercitil town on
the shore of lake Ontario, and its manufactures arc
vast and various. The Oswego river affords an al-
most unlimited water power, which is employed by
many of the factories and workshops ; and its means
of inler-commimication are not less important.

Cobiirg and Fort. Ilupe are two small villages of
Newcastle district, Canada West.

Toronto, formerly the seat of government for
tipper Canada, is beautifully situated within an ex.
ci'Ilent harbor, formed by a peninsula, which con-
fines a basin of water sufficiently capacious to con.
tain a large fleet. It was originally called York,
which name was changed to that of Toronto a short
time prior to the late disturbances in Canada, which
al once deprived the place of its consequence as the
scat of government, and also led lo the abolition of the
constitutional system, which, until then, had been in
operation.

Niagara V'illnge, a small settlement and fort on
the west bank of Niagara river, at its entrance into
lake Ontario.

Queenstori, a small vi'lage of Niagara district,
Canada V- st, situated on Niagara river, neaily op.
posite to Lewiiitovvn.

The battle of Queenston, in which the British
General, Brock, was killed, October 13, 1812, was
fought on the heights near the village, upon which a
monument to the memory of Brock has been erected.

Niagara Falls.f

I N D l^J X .

A PAGE. '

Acquackanoiik 43

Albany 57

Alha , routes from 59

Albi< 77

Aldca eS

Alexandria 83

Amsterdam GO

Angelica 10(1

Antwerp 102

Argyle 68

Astoria 24

Athens So

Attica 68

Avon springs 107

Auburn 63

Baie 148

Baker's falls 85

Ballston lake 80

Ballston Spa 79

Barnegat 52

Batavia.,. 67

Bath 108

Batiscon 149

Beaufort 150

Beaumont 156

Bedford 25

Bedlow's island 29

Bemu's heights 89

Bergen 67

Bergen, N.Y 72

Berthior 156

Binglianiton 104

Biackrock 69

Blooiniiigdale 28

Buorievillc 100

Bonlcntown 30

Boston 115

Bt)ucherviIlo 147

Hriii^cport 118

Rridaeport 64

Brighton 26

Bristol 39

Bristol 54

Brockport 77

Brockville 158

F'Tooklyn 23

Brown ville 101

Buffalo 68

Buflalo, routes from 109

Bull's ferry 44

Burlington 91

Burlington, N. J. ... 30
C

Cohoes falls 74

Caledonia 106

Caldwell 82

Caldwell's landing. . 49

Camillus 63

C'anaan falls 119

Canada, general view 120
Canajoharie 74

162

INDEX.

PAGE.

Canals of N.Y 10

Caiiaiitlaigua G5

Cape Tounncnt 15G

Capo Sante 149

Cascades 157

Canastota 75

Canterbury 118

Carthago 102

Castle Williams 29

Caughncwaga GO

Cat^kill 55

Cayuga Gt

Cayuga lake G4

Ccdres 157

Cliarlesbourg 15G

Chatham 4

Charlton 95

Four Corners 93

Chaudicre fails 15G

Chena'igo forks 104

Clierry Valley 90

Chester 94

Chester, N.J 40

Chittcnango 75

Chrysler's field 158

Churchville 67

Chaniplain 149

Cleveland 109

Clyde 76

Coeynians 56

Coburg 159

Cold S()ring 50

Colutnbiaville 56

Columbus 53

Conncaut 109

Connecticut river. ... 114

Coney island 25

Coopcrstown 91

TAGB.

Cotoau du Lac 157

Cornwall 119

Cornwall Con 158

Cortland 92

Coxsackie 56

Crooked lake 65

Croton 47

Croton aqueduct ... . 47

Croton river 47

Crown point 85

Dalton 94

Dansvillc 107

Dcchambault 149

Dekalb 102

Denmark 100

Deru\tcr 92

Detroit 110

D-bb's ferry 45

Duanesburg 90

Dunkirk 109

Earlvillc .'. 103

lOaston 88

Easron, Pa 41

Eddyville 54

Elbridge 63

Elizabethtown 32

Elizabethport 29

Erie lOi)

Esperancc 90

Essex 86

Fairport 77

Falkner's islands — 114

Fishkill 51

Flatbush ,. 25

Flushing 24

IXDKX.

163

TAOF.. I

Flnsliin^^bay 113

Foiidii 07

I'ort An:\ -'ja

Fort Clinton 49

Fort Edward 81)

Fort Ilatiiihon ^5

Fort Lcc 41

Fort Miller 89

Fort Montgomery ... 49

Fort Plain 74

Fort SchloRacr 71)

Fortsville 81

PVaniingham 95

Frankfort 74

Fredonia Ill

Fultonvillc 71

Geddes 75

Genesee falls G7

Genesco 107

Geneva G5

German Valley 40

Glasgow 54

Glenn's falls 82

Glenville GO

Gra vesend 25

Grcgoire 148

Grondines 149

Granville 88

Greenbush 57

Greene 104

Hamburg 52

Hamburg Ill

Hamilton 103

Hamilton, Con 158

Harlem 28

Harsimua 27

Ilartf M-d, N. J 88

Hnrtford. Con 120

Hahtiiigr, 45

llavcrj^triiw '17

IlcllGaie 112

Henrietta 107

llei kiuier G2

Herkimer bridge .... 74

Miirhlauds 48

Hightstown 30

Ilobukcn 27

Molly 77

Hudson 55

Hudson rivor 43

Hulbcvton 77

Hvde Turk 53

Irvincr Ill

iLhcica 92

Jamaica 24

.lertcy City 27

Jes£ui)'s I'all.s 82

.FcwetL's City 118

Jordan 75

Kent 119

Kinderhook 93

Kindeihook landing 5G

Kingsbridge 45

Kingsbury 85

Kingston 115

Kingston, Con 158

Kingston 54

Knowiesville 77

La Chine 157

1G4

ItfDEX.

PACE

Lake George 82

Jiake St. Francis.... 158

Lake St. Peter 14H

La Prairie 87

Lancaster tirt

Laiisirigljurg 87

Lenox (12

Liberty ]08

Lutle falls ()i

Liverpo'tl 149

Lockport 78

LocJi , , 7.">

Long island soutid... 113

Lorette loG

Long Saut island ... 158

Lntbiniero Mi)

Lowville lOl)

Lyons 7G

Madison 103

Manliattanville 28

Manliua Centre 75

Martinsburg 100

]\Iafouchin 34

Manslield 41

Marlboro' ,... 52

IMartinsville 50

Matteawan 51

Mechanicsvillc 89

Medina 77

Mcriden 120

Mendham 40

Middleport 77

Middletown 24

Milton 52

Montezuma 76

Montmorenci 156

Montreal 143

Montreal, ris.frm. 84-147

FAOE.

Morganvillo 67

Monistown 40

I\I()sco\v 106

Mount Morris 106

Newark, N. J 31

Newark, N Y 76

New Baltimore 56

New Boston 75

New Brunswick .... 34

Ncvvbiirg 50

New Hartford 103

New Haven 119

New HuvP!! harbor. 1 14
New liondon, Con., 117
New Lo'idon, N. Y. 75
New Faltz landing . 53

New Milfurd 118

New Kocholle land'g 113

Newtown, Con 118

Newtown 24

New Windsor 50

New Utrecht 25

New York State, gen-
eral view .,., 5

New York city 14

New Y., routes from 112

Niagara falls 70

Niagara village 159

Noraye 148

Norwich 104

Norwich, Con 117

Nunda Valley 106

Nyack 46

Ogdensburg 102

Olean 106

Oiean, routes from... 106
Oriskany 75

INPEX.

165

Orlcnii3 ialarnl IHG

0iiwv[tn ],";8

0\vns(;o lal;c (i3

Oxtoid lot

Oxford, iMa.sf; lid

Filial iiic liridgo Gl

Piilii-adcs 41

rnlmor 01

Palnivra 7G

Paris'llill 103

Passaic falls 42

Peckskill 4')

PGiidlcton 78

Pelliain 53

Piormont 4")

Pine OrcIiarJ T)')

Piusfield J)3

Prrlh Amboy ^9

Piitsford 77

PiaUfhurp: 8()

Poii.t du Lac 118

i'o'r.d Levy 156

P ):t nyron 70

Puit Gibson 76

Port Hope 159

Port Kent 86

Pouf^hkeepsic 52

Prescott 158

Princeton 35

Providence 115

Quebec 149

Quebec, environs of 149
QuecUiiton 159

Railway 33

RailroadsofN. Y. . 9
Kcd Hook kiiidin^'... 51

Rcmcen 100

Iliiyiibcc.k 53

l^f;liii;o;id 1:3

Ri.b'Ps Reef...: -2:)

I'ochostcr (>G

Roclx'stcr, rts. J'rom 105

I'ocl.away 23

rionic 6^

Round lake 80

Rouse'd Puint 8G

S(. Pierre i 'G

Ht. Laurent . ■

8t. Jean "• -

^"t. Franv^ois i J

St. Foi 153

!'t. Jof oph 156

St. Michel 156

St. VuHier 15G

St. Rcyis 15a

St. AuftMislir.o IH)

St. Nicolas in

St. Anne M9

St. Croix 149

St. .lohn'a 87

St. Francis LIB

St. Jolinsvillc 61

St. Tierre 149

St. Isabelle 148

St. Sulpice LJ8

Sackeii's Harbor.... 101

Sandy Hill 84

Sandusky 1 10

Sarali)';a lake 81

Saratoga springs .... 80

Saugerties 54

Scliajriicoko 88

Schodack 56

Sclieiicctady 60

1C6

iNDax4BRARY \1

Bchoolcy's Mt. Sp\ ■•:4I

Scliuylcrsville 'v«l$

Scottsville 10()

ScMiecu Luke fit

Sharon Springs ^ /^^

Sherburne ^j^Wft

Sleepy Hollow 46

Smyrna 92

Sing Sing 46

Soinerville 102

South Aniboy 21)

Sonbrouze 156

Spencersvillc 77

Sprinclield 94

Spotavvood 30

Spuyton Duyvei Crk. 4C)

Stamford ^.. 113

Statosburg 53

Stillwater 89

Stonington 114

Stony Point 48

Stratford I'oint 113

:.... 62

Tnppan 46

'i'appan Sea 46

Tarrvtown 46

Tellers Tuint 47

Thames River 114

Thompson 118

Three Rivers 148

Throg's Point 113

Ticonderoga 83

TivoH 54

Tompkinsville 26

Tonawanda 69

Toronto 159

Trenton 100

Trenton, N.J 37

Syracuse

Tripp's HilU,.. A*. I.'.^/SjI)

rrwjr ^.« .. .«.'*••. •.^^>« • J>>

Tfoy, rnim^-frgin ... 97

Truxtun , 92

Turin ..^.t...J../^f^.jififi

Utica 98

Utica, routes from ... 100

Vnltrie 148

Varcnnes 148

Verplanck's City ... . 48

Victor 6G

Vienna 65

Wallingford 120

Warren 94

Washington, Mass.. 94

Waterford 88

Waterloo 64

Watertown 100

WaterviUe 103

Wehawken 28

Westfield Ill

Westport 85

Westchester 28

West Point 49

West Sprinjfield .... 94

West Stockbridge... 119

West Troy 73

Whitehall 85

Whitesboro' 62

Williamsburg 23

William Henry 148

Worcester 95

Yamaska 148

Yonkers 45

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