IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I •'^ IM 1112.5 iillM m 12.2 2,0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■« 6" ► % k8 to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on th« first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. 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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'imageu ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. irrata to pelure, n i n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 I I FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA SECOND SERIES— 1897-98 VOLUME II SECTION II BNQUSH HISTORY. UTERATURB, ACHAOLOaV, ETC A MONOGRAPH OF THE CARTOGRAPHY OF THE Province of New Brunswick i;! By W. F GANONG, M.A., Ph.D ! I FOR SAUB BY J. DURIB A 30N» OTTAWA ; THE COPP-CI-ARK CO., TORONTO BERNARD QUARITCH. LONDON, ENGLAND 1897 if' J ?l ^ in I' !• ■! i' I '« I ' V ^-^3^"*rX^' '?/{ . »r, (.1, D« llo ^ l'"ioiit ispit'cc. ) I'm;. 1. ski: It II .MAI» Ol-' M-IW I :{() inik's I iiK-li. .4i^y-^ ^ r^M ,icou Q 7| Wx ^'^'^'""'^^' inuc V /I \. 9> * ^ ^/ ^■^S N .^:> J ^ :ji'-'- 31. 6f llo ^ Grand 'A r \ X «\ ^-^'"^ / — ^- J ' i''i(>iit ispii'c'c. ) MAP OF M:\\ HIil XSWICK. (i iiiilrs I inch. ll . m- iri -stl BucrioN II., lftl»7. [313] TttANH. U. S. (J. X.— yl Mi'Hoijraph <rinre of Nfv Brmnwink, (CuntributioiiH to I lie History of New Hninswjck, No. H.> By Wii.i.iAM !•'. (iANdNO, MA., l*ii.J). (I'rt'senti'd !>> Dr. .1. (i. Houriiiol, ami rend .lune '£i. \^\n.) CONTKNTS. InTUOIM CTION. VaHT I. — I'lssAV ri'ON TIIK .StuKV i'K Local CaUTi)UR.\1'IIV. 1, Oil till- Siariity ofOltl Muipm. 2. On tlu- Ilistoi'V i>l' Mii]i-.Miikiii!;'. 'A. On tlu! I'niiH-r .Sjdrit ol Slndv 1 OM Ma])-*. 5. On tlic .Viitiirt' (if tlic Kvdlutiun of the Cui'tognipliy ofa Speoiul District. PaUT II. — 8v.STE.MATIC C'aHTO(JRA I'll Y OF NeW HkUN.SWIP K. Type Xo. 1. Till" Piv-Diin-icntiation Type. l.")00 to 15:U. TyjK' No. 2. Tlu- Carticr Typi'. 1.W4 to 1()(I4. Type N(. ;!. Thr Clianiphiin Ty).i«. 1(1(14 to 170;'.. Typo No. 4. Tiu« Deli.sle Typu. 1703 to 1744. Type No. ;'). Tlu- P..'ilin 4Vpi". 1741 to ahoul 1770. Type No. fi. Till' Modern Type. About 177(1 to 1S2(). Type No. 7. Theronijilete Typo. 1820 to the present. Type Xo. S. The Kxael Type". I'AKT III. — A CLAS.SfKIEl> Ll.ST OF TIIK I'KI.NCI I'AI. MaI'.S .SHoWINO New Bkunswick oh 1*orti(»ns of it. Api'ENlMX. — .Soiiiee.-' of jnfornuition. Bibliography. I % INTKODUCTIOX. Of the tliver.se antiquarian phtises of the study oi' history, iiono is in higher favourand better rejiute than eartograjihy. Map.s are thegraphic records of theinfluence whieli geography has exerted ujioii the course of hi.story, of the ]M'Ogre8s of e.x))loration and settlement, of tlie evolution of present-day political boundai'ies ; and not rarely they contribute new knowledge whei'o othei- records are wanting, and settle questions which without them would remain in doubt. It is hence natural tlial from all sides their scientific study shouM be viewed with much approbation. i I a 314 IIOYAI. SOCIETY OK CANADA 'in'iit iiiii?*lt'r.-> ill tlirir invfslijfaiion Imvi- arisfii wlmv lalniins arc win iiiiiL' |iriini|il>s wliirli an- raiHini^ nia|)-stu(iy iiiln a scit'iicc, arc rU'valiiig (•ai'iiii;i-a|tliy iiilu carlolojfy. Mimtuvi'I', tlifi'c is every reaMiii lor lu'iiov- iiiV' ilial llie nii'lliotls ami |iriini|i|i's of carl'i^raidiical stiuiy are asa|iiilit'- alije to Mnall a-* ii> lai'ijo aivaw, and liUely to lead to ro>iilts relatively us rieli. Ill these liavs tiieii, it in tint iieee>sarv to o.\|ilaiii what oiu- eaii liinl ill maps to iiidiiee hiiii to devote to them tlie most exiiaiistive |iosm1)Io study. Iiowever wide or iiowuver limited may lie tlie lield of his interests. Ill adilitioii to its more idivimis and widely-reeo«,'nized values, earto- j,'ra|iliy isaii unusually attractive study from the purely siilijeetive |ioiiit of view. Not only doits materials often possess ^reat intrinsic interest from the heauty and intrieaey id" their vvorUmanship, and ijreat attniet- iveiiess Iroin the difficulty of their neciuisition, Imt at tlie same time those ofany reffion taUeii collectively otl'er a fasciiuUiiij; study in cvidution. (Mu who knows soiuethiiii;; of the iiiflueufes at work in or^fanic evolu- tion may liore tiinl paralleled with curiouM and often Hturtlin^; exact- ness, the familiar phenoiiu'na of variation, adaptation and Hurvival of the fittest. lie can see heredity, the old features, coming into conflict with new kiiowledire. ivpresentative of environment, and the result of the Htrui,':,de is always a com|iioinise. as it is in Nature. When heredity is too strong for the environment to influence it, there residts the persist- once ot an old type, wluwe extinction is only the more certain in the end. Selection, here tlie choice by men of the best, in the long run always pre- serves the best ailuj)ted, i.e.. tiie most accurate, which in its turn can be re))laced only by one yet Itetter. The analogy fails in one resjiect, it is true, in the sudden tratisiti(»ii from one type to another; Imt in most resjiects it holds good. It is not needful to follow t Ids subject farther, but I mu}' add that in some stages of this study I have been so much influenced by the evolutionary aspect of this subject as t*) contemplate ilassifying my maps, not under types as 1 have done, but into families, genera and s)iecies. a plan which has been abandoned ciiiefiy because of practical difficulties in carrying it out. Or, looking at the subject from another jtoint of view, it is a matter of extreme interest to follow the gradual crystallizing out of a given region from the great homogeneous undifferentiated mass of which at first it is an unrecognizable |)art, and to trace, in the light of its causes, the gradual unfolding of its outlines and the definition of its boundaries. In this study I have viewed the whole subject from the standpoint of local history, rather than from that of scientific cartography. I have been interested le.ss in what New Brunswick maps illustrate of the prin- ciples of cartography, than in what they teach about New Brunswick history. Hence there are some points in which my study is weak, such as discussion of evolving latitude and longitude, different kinds of pro- jections emj)loyed in the maps, etc. On the one hand, I have not found [(iANON<'l ( AIM'OUKAI'HY OK NKW HUl'SSAK K a 18 th('M< t'<>attn'i'> i)t iiii|Mii'titiii'<' tVoiu tlic lii.slorical -laiKliioint, t Ikmi^Ii iiikIi r "iiiiK' (•ir(Uin>liiii('i> ilify may well In' so.' ami on tin- ntin'r llicir (Umchs- >inii si'fiii.H to Ik'Ioiii,' ratliiT tc tlic iimi'c ^ciifral ^iilijccl, ii|iiiii whitli tlii'i'c aiH- icai'in'd ('ssay> aixl KnukH laloi' to \>r iTtcrrt'tl to. Ill tin- |)i'«'(i'iliiin' iiuiiioir ol 1 Ills si'iios, I havi' tried to licatllif platt.- iH)iin)iulatui'i' ol New HniiiswicU in a sciciilitic liiNliiuii. liOj^itally, tlial siiltji'ct were liflti r Ui'ated v.ioii:; with this, of which it is |iro|pcrly a liivisioii ; and. iiidct'd. it woiv yd ln'ttcr itholh toirciluT^ alon^f with a roiisidcrat ion td' till' historic and physiuyraidiic lactnrs intliicncint,' tin- 1,'co^r I'll] I Ideal distrihutioii of solllfincnlH. a study ot the evolution td' lioiindary lines, and the deterinination of I he (.xnct sitescd' leadiiifjf his- torical places and events, were to form a single u rk — the ideographical history of the piovince. iUil the most logical plan is not aUviiys prac- tically possihU', and tliosc various divi^i jns ( ' one ■uhjcct I must ho con- lent to treat in separated papers. I'AJIT 1. Kss.w ii'oN TiiK .SriiiY or liOiwi, (^\HT'M^llAl'll^ In this essay it is not my intention, even were ii witliiii the ••ompurt."* of my knowledge or ahilities. to alteinjil to present an analysis td' the principles of Cartography in the ahstract, worthy the attentitm t)f i1h)so learned in that suhject. Hut in \\w courHc ot' my studi's on the Carto- graphy t»f the province of New IJrunswick. into which fieltl I have gt)iio farther than any ttiie else np tt) I ho present time, I have noted some hiots and priiiti]>les ahtuit maps ami their interpretation wliich may lie of use tt) others who tonteinplate a like venture into the same or similar tieltis ; ami to jire.sent these is the limit of my ambititin in the present essay. In the general Held of American Cartography, he must indeed jwsHe.ss assurance, who, without half a lifetime of preparation, can expect ttiglean much that is new, where Kohl, Winsor ami llarrisse have harvested. Here and there tlie tliligcnt amateur, especially if he lie jiersonally familiar with the localities he studies, may tind a wisp or even a sheaf which has ebcaped those sclitilai's, hut, in general, in their tieltl any new knowletlge is to he gained only at great cost of labour and time. This is, however, true only for the general tieltl of Hast American Carttigrapliy, hut not at all true for tlie exhaustive raont)gniphie stmly td' limited areas, which can iiardly be said to have been yet begun. The leatlerH I have mentioned are like topographers who have gone over the entire country and ctirrectly laid ih)wn it.s leading features, its seas, great rivers and niountain chains, upon a scale wliich, though correct, is small ; there still remain for others, the tracing and mapping of details, even to every hill, ' Compare Dawson, Voyages of the Cutjots, (Ml et .soq. B'l 316 KOYAL SOCIETY OK CANADA 'i I ii: Ij- A : pond and rivulet. This hitter discipline is one whicli requires a high ilogrco of local knowledge and local aft'eotion. combined with the insidi- ous and persistent curiosity of the true investigator, and the patient devotion of the antiquary. The reader of tiiis paper will be surprised to find how large an amount of material exists upon the Cartography of Now Brunswick, but I have no reason to suppose that this i)rovince is unusually rich in this respect; and it is altogether jirobable that every older province in the Dominion, and every older state of the [^nion, may b(( made to yield results equally rich. /. On the Srarcifi/ of Old Maps. One may almost say that the chief characteristic which old majis have in common is their scarcity. Many great librai'ies possess but an insigniticant number, and one often has to search through many for a single copy of a map which once existed in far larger editions than did many of the books upon their shelves. As Kohl has said : •• Tiiere is no class of bistoncal documents on which the • tooth of time' has Ixhmi more busy, more cruel and destructive, than on old maps, — those compiled, as well as those niade from actual survey', the manuscript, as well as the engraveci and printed. We could point out some ma|)s engraved and printed only a few hundred ^-ears ago, and then existing in iiundreds or thousands of copies, of which now scarcely a copy is left, which is valued b}' amateurs at its weight in gold." ' The destruction of maps is, perhajis, due chiefly to the fact that, unlike books, their shape makes them ditlicult to store and keep accessible. This is well illustrated by one of the " don'ts " in a ■booklet issued some years ago for libi'arians, which read : " Don't try to find a convenient way to keep maps — there isn't any ;" a truth to which any of us who possess collections are i-eady to testily. In our houses and offices, too, a map for which there is not wall-room, when superseded by a better, is not placed in the library, but its awkward shape is dis- posed of in the garret, whence its way lies through dust to destruction. Moreover, old editions of maps are regarded as of little value when newer ones ap])ear, thus differing somewhat from older editions of books, which ai-e generally preserved. This is true, also, to a considerable extent, of the original maps of the earlier explorers ; and after these were used for the compilation of the general maps, they were thought of no farther value. But how precious would be the original sketches of Cabot and Cartier to us I in modern times, of course, original ma[)s of oxplorei-s and surveyors are carefully preserved, and where there is a central depository for such maps under government supervision there is likely to be a rich collection. ' Discovery, 26. ■«■ rfi [ganono] CAUTOORAl'HY OF NEW HRUNSWK K 317 Siifh was the taso, and still is, in France, where the Depot des Cartes de la Marine contains rich materials; an' ,i. Oh the Hi&tonj ir present sub- ject is that of LaCosa of ITjOO beautifully ]»ainted on an ox-hide. Vuv a long time afterwards the princii)al nuii)s were in manuscript. This was pai'llj'due. no doubt, to the exjjense of engraving and other ])urely busi- ness reasons, but chiefly to the fact that the great exploring nations were extremely jealous of their knowledge, and unwilling that it should ])rove of advantage totheir neighbours. By some rulers it was strictly forbidden to communicate nuips to foreigners, and. of course, one of the best ways to prevent th's was to forbid their publication, anil allow of the circula- tion of but a few manuscri])t copies.' The earliest known engraved map of the Murld is in Ptolemy's (ieography of 147*^, and the first showing any pari of America was that of Euysch, ir)()8, but the lirstone to re pre sent the Nortlieast coast in any detail was that of Sebastian Cabot of 1544, engraved on copper. But for a time even after Cabot most of the important maps were in nuinuscri)»t. and it was not until after the great ' Conip.ire Kolil, Licture, 101-102; Dawson, VoyaKes. (is, wliich nivfs refcrenct's to HiirrisHi'. lldrrisse, iit first held that the traiisfor of maps was >lrictlY forbifl(k'ii» l)Ut lati'ly has written (liHerently ; see Discovery, HOI. There is a very interesting reference as to how map-makers kept materials from one another in the hi.st century in Green's E.xplanntion for the new nnip of Nova Seotia, 17"«"). p. I.'t, I '. i k \ ' i i. i ; 318 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA li i I 1 -1 mai> of Mcivutor of 15«);» that tlie nioro imi)or(an( maps wore i(enerally vngravt'il. Many of these early maps, both mamiscnpt and printed, are veniarkable for the great beauty of their execution, and, in tiie C'a.se of those in manuscript, for the beauty of their colouring and elaborateness of their illumination. Blank spaces were rilled with historical scenes, animals and other natural productions supposed to live in the ditferent countries, and this custom |)revailed down to the time of Cham}>lain. These early maps showed, also, the many ditferent ways in which the makei-a attempted to overcome the difticulty of correctly representing a globe upon a flat surface, and the study of the.se methods alone is an extensive and ditticult one ; amongst them the most important is the projection of .>roirator. still so widely used. Along with the imjjrove- ments in map-drawing went advances in methods of determining longi- tudes and latitudes ; linalU' caniethe era of tri;ronoinetrical surveys, giving the possibility of the formation of maps of perlect exactness. With the improvements in engraving, removal of government restrictions and freei- communication between nations, map making rapidly advanced, as it has steadily to the present. In the last cenUiry under Delisle, Bellin and D'An- ville, the French were the leaders in map-making, and they were aided by the wise policy of their government, which not only established a central depository for maps, but sent out expeditions for the gathering of carto gra])hical data Wliat niai> maiving is to .lay it is not necessary to inform u\y readers. •/. On the Projicr S/n'rit of Htuilij of Old Maps. C'artography ' is essentially a subject requiring the scientitic induc- tive spirit for its investigation. Its successful jcirsuit demands minute observation of all obtainable facts, the grouping of these together accord- ing to the degrees of their likeness and unlikeness, and deduction there- from of what is common and essential, and what individual and unim- portant. It roquii'es critical judgment to weigh evidence and esti- mate what is logically proven, what is probiible, and what is oidy |ios- sibly true. Even a certain kind of experiment has here its place, ihe kind which has to do with the testing of hypotheses. It is, therefore, essential that one shall not allow preconceived notions lo unbalance his judg- ment, nor local pride tu lead him unconsciously to distort facts or evid- ence to the magnitieation of his own subject or locality. VVinsor has said : "Nothing is more seductive than to let a spirit of dogmatism direct in the interpretation ofearly majts-and there is no Held of ivsearch in which predisi)osition to belief may lead one so wrongly.^" The early I This word is at present asc'd in (litrerciit .si-nses-.-^onietinuvs as eciuivaleut for maps to l)iljlio}j;nipliy for l)Ool{s, .sometimes for tlu'ir scientitic study, for wliitii cartology would l)e ln'tler, sometimes even for mapinal^in.s. Amongst sources of error in map-sludj- must be placed first of all the fact, that the men who made the maps and those who are studying them belong to ditt'erent ages, nations and professions, each having cus- toms, superstitions, and political surroundings of its own distinct from those of the other ; and it is impossible for the student to jplace himself in the mental attitiule of the mapmaUer, a condition which is necessary for a full understanding of many of the things which the latter did. Equally ditlicult is it for students in their well-appointed libraries, with ])erfect modern maps before them, to understand why explorei-s acted in (he remarkable way they sometimes did. coasting ])ast the open passages they were seeking, missing important features of the topogi'aphy, and locating land where none existed. We forget the entire ignorance of the sailor of the land he is exploring, how shoi't a distance men can see from a ship, how deceptive fogs are.' how completely high land hides every- thing behind it, how hard it is to tell headlands from islands, and bays fi'om straits ; how ditl'erently the same feature looks fioin tlie opposite directions.- We forget that th<' explorers did not look down upon a countrj' as wo do on a nia]>. but at a tin}- bit of it edgewise.' In interjire- ting the nuips of explorers, the student needs to try to project liimself into their mental condition, something which he can do the better if he is himself something of an exjilorer, or at least has himself gone over the route of those whose voyages he is investigating. How ditlerent does a place seem to one when he visits it, after having formed his image of it through reading or by viewing its site u|»on the maps. How unsafe a guide, then, to the sensations of an explorer is a modern map ! ' For cases in which t-xplorcrs liave Ik-uii dciiMvi'd Iw fog-baiiks, .seu these Tran- sactions, VII., sect, ii., p. 21, fjoi note. Kohl Discovery, j). 10, and the very striking case mentioned l)y Nanseii in his l''artlie>l .North, American VA., II., iVJS-SoO. Al.so see Nature, LVI., 59o. -As to tlie (litTerent discoveries made l)y sailors going In one direction, as com- pared witli lliose going in tlie otiu'r, Kohl (Discovery, 27tUsays; "A discoverer sailing along our coast from south to north would l)e likely to make ditlerent discoverici, to enter dill'erent ports, to be arrested by ditlerent impediments, from one sailing from north to south." •' Kven so great a student as Harrisse sometimes trips in this regard, as when he identitii's Fagundes' Auguada Bay with the entrance to the river St. Lawrence. (Dis- covery, 18.5 ; compare Dawson's Voyages, 52.) I 320 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA K I '■ i Sources of error in the maps tliemselves miiy bo olassiticd as fol- lows : /. Errors of ropy i^ts. In the early maps we often find that copies inado from the same original differ widely. This is tluo chiefly, no doubt, to tiie cuvelcssness of an uncritical age, but partly also to the individual carelessness of copj'ists, who i)robably knew well enough that the originals were themselves even approximately correct only in the main points. JIarrisse has said : •' The ignorance or carelessness of copyists to whom the work was entrusted, it does not matter where or b3' whom, is the principal cause of geographical errors and enigmas which the critic cannot ever hope to solve entirely." ' The use of tracing and transfer paper, and of systems or instruments for enlarging and reducing, seems to have been unknown, and the copies were made freehand ; and this, combined with the habitual carelessness, produced most distorted results. Now and then, of course, arose a mas- ter like Desceliers or Mercator whose copies were made with fair accuracy, though even theirs, taken from the same originals, differed much from one another. Doubtless, too, there is much difference between the work of the map-makers themselves and that of the hired copyists ;the former would be much better than the latter. Another important class oforroi-s, wonderfully prevalent on the old maps, ai'ose from the misprincing of names. By copying from written, and not always clearly made, letters of words belonging often to a foreign tongue, similarly-made letters were constantly confounded. Little attention was paid to the terms cajje, river, etc., which were exchanged very readily. Moreover, it was the custom to translate foreign words into the tongue of the maker of the copy, when their meaning was understood, and when it was not, they were often, on the well-known principle of familiarization,^ altered to a form resembling familiar sounds. The result of all this, combined again with indifference on the part of the copyist as to whether they were correct or not, made the names ver}' different from the originals, and those on different copies by the same copyist, different from one another. If now these were again copied, new errors came in, and a series of four or five copyings might make an entire series unrecogniz- able, except for a few very clearly marked and unmistakable ones. Pro- bably this has been the fate of the names given by Cabot on Newfound- land, which upon La Cosa's map of 1500 have, with two or three excep- tions, become meaningless. One has but to tabulate theiuimes of a series of maps of the fifteen century, applied to some one coast, and all dei'ived from one original, to see how wonderfully changed they may become from copy to copy. It is possible that some of our most important names, such as Acadia, have originated in such changes. ' Discovery, 175. '•' Discussed in these Trans. (N. S.) vol. 11., .sect, il., 183. 08 lUl al8 its. jm :,he itic int8 lies ess, las- vcy, I'om ork mer 5 of rs ot" ive H i »;, ! 11 Tsnsmi>3e&:, Sffissatmiawfla [(ianomO CARTOUUAPHY OF NKW UIIUNSWICK 321 .'. Krror.'< of imperfect knoicledije of the iiKiker.". This is so obvious a souiTf ot t'lTor ivH liurdly to neetl (IIhcussIoii. (Jurliei- nilHtook tlic lioad ol' Xortliiimberhiiid Strait for a closed bay ; honce Piiiuo Kdward Island was thouirlit a pari of the muinland, and for nearly a hundivd yeai-s after Cartior it was tluiH represented on I lie maps. He similarly mistook the jiassai^o between (rasp^ and Anticosti i'or a closed bay, and it thus a|)pears oil soino maps, but he himself corrected this error later. The early explorei's missed the Bay of Fundy entirely, and it does not ap:iear eU'arly on the maps until about KJOU. ■). Errors from the effort to reroneile trroncoto- feitture.s or thi older maj/s with new liiiowle.dtje. As is well known and will be later diseussed, the cartography of a given region advances not evenly, but by leaps. When new knowledge, brought home by some explorer, was ailded to the older ma|)s, frequently it contradicted something already there. In such cases the map-maker, with that same deep-seated reverence for the older, especially if backed b}' the authority of some great name, which still ju-evails among us. did not reject the old, but attempted to reconcile it with the new facts. A good example of this is to be tbund in Mer- cator's map ol' 15()!>, in which along with a fairly correct representation of our eastern coasts, he tries to retain the old Drogeo and I-lstotilaiit of earlier maps as well as numerous islands which have no existence ; and, indeed, examples of this kind of i-rror are common enough, ('omliineil with this wiis the natural etfort to keep as much information as possible on the maps, no doubt an excellent princi])lc from a business point of view. Thus islands, occurring upon the earlier maps, were retained long alter it was shown that they did not exist where they were marked, and they were simply moved to a new position. Thus an island of Claudia, a name given by Verrazano to Block Island, wandered up and down this coast for more tlian a centur\' before it tinally disappeared. It was probably this same effort to retain all ])os.sible information and to leave no blanks. which led to the repetition or doubling of sets of names, which is not in- frequent on early maps. Another phase of these errors is to be seen in cases where names placed on an island supposed to be a part of the main- land, are retained on the mainland when the island is added to the map. Thus, Cartier's names, R. des barques, C. des Sauvages, etc., apjilied on Prince Edward Island when it was supposed to be a part of the main- land, were kept on the mainland when the island was sliowii separated from it on the maps ; and hence they appear upon the New Brunswick coast, llomem's attempt to combine the Bay of Fundy ami the Penob- scot on iiis map of 1558 is an example of the same error. .{. Errors from chanije of.2. - "The general atlases at this time [sixteenth iind seventeenth centuries] beconi- ng familiar ro Kurope were unfortunately made up on a thrifty principle, little condu- cive to keeping the public mind abreast of current discovery,— so far as America, at least, was concerned,— and very perplexing now to any one studj ing the course of the cartographical development of American geography. Dates were sedulously erased with a deceitful purpose (which is not yet gone into disuse) from plates thus made to do service for many years, and united with other dated maps, to convey an impres- sion of a like period of production." (America, IV., Wi).) Tl [(iANONO I (■AUnXiRAl'HY OF NKW I5RUNSVVKK 323 COUIl- 1 (s kind Hie. In jly dis- livter. iTfi had lis nav- ictioiis. I lieconi- ! condu- lerica, at lie of the erased linade to impres- I'rol)alily tlio romarkablo straits ami passages shown \>y irumoiu on liis nuip of ir>r)8, in tho rei^ion of liay ClialiMir and tho St. Lawrotici", aio tiie roHult of an inipcrfoft undeiMlandini^ of tin' text of »'artior's narra- tive, possibly !t. certainly had ■('articr's narrative, for he uses the foi'm (Ja|W)osperance, which occurs only in tlte narrative, but not on other maps, which always use the form C Despoir. Cartier's narrative locates (J. J{eal and C. St. John, both really on Newfouiulland, so indefinitely, and, moreover, gives the impres- sion that they are so much farther south than they were, that Mereator luiturally placed them down on th(! Nova Scotia coast. Now. just in front of C S. Jean on that nuip lies a snuill island, and this island is as nearly as possible in the position of the little Isle St. Jean of Chami)lain's mapof 161-, which doubtless became the large Island of St. J(diii on his HV^^:i juaj). This C S. Jean appears on several later maps, as VVylHiet, 1597 ; John Dee, 1580, and others, and was. therefore, on the maj)- used by 4 'ham plain. -1. On tke Nature of the Evoluttou of the Cartography of a Special District. One does not go far in the study of the nuips of a particular district before he perceives that they do not fall into a series gradually improving from the earliest to tho latest, but, on the contrary, form a .series of steps where a sudden advance alternates with a long period not only without improvement, but with a marked tendency to degeneration. These inter- mediate forms, as a rule, follow the latest ones which mark the advance, hence are of the same types ; and we may say that, in general, the maps of any given region fall into a series of a few successively improv- ing types. The type maps it is usually easy to trace to their origin, and when this is done, they are found to be the j)roducts of actual exploration, and frequently are the work of the exjilorers themselves. The map makers of Europe had no source of information except the reports oftho.se who hud been in the new countries, and thej- eagerly seized upon these and made the most of them ; but between the explorations there was nothing to be done but to copy the latest maps accessible. Now, in making the successive co|»ies they i-arely co]>ied anew from the origituils, but. like the small boy and the lines in the copy-book, they copied the latest cojiy ; iind thus, with no new knowledge, and with an accumulating series of <()p3-ist's errors, the maps grew steadily wonse until a luuv type suddenly -appeared, after which the |)rocess was repeated. If MS i% 'Mtj. I •SBaasasSte" 824 HOYAL SOf'lKTY OF CANADA J I !i Tliis <«lnirji ilivi>io?i iiUo Iy|K's i-. niiliinill}- ihohI distincl in llic earlier niaps ; iii Mio later ones, with increasing earo in tiiuir preparation, a more crit'eal spirit in tiieir inalvin^. freer commnnieation. and u luarei*' apjiroaeli to accuracy in llie maps llicmsclves, the distinctness of tlie types steadily diminislies until it j^^niduaily mi-ri^es over inic) a system of continuous improvement. Tlieso piinciples aro very deaily shown in tlie maps of Xew MriinswicU, as will presently appear. While, as a rule, the intermediates are less accurate than the t^'pes. and contain nothing not upon them, there are at times exceptions. There may be a survey of some special feature, a single river, or a line of coast, giving vise to sub-types. A map-maker may ol)tain from sailors a bit of information which the explorer diiieaied irom the maps. Thus the old French names about Passamaquoddj-, Diintc, Jjctitc. are not found upon any ma]i« j)rior to Knglish occupation, and it is probable that they were preserved through their use by pilots from New Knghuid. who vihilcd this region continuously from early tiniLS ;ind passed along their nomenclature con- tinuously trom one to another. We have, ])robably, another example ol" this in the name lS(U}it 'Toolfii/, applied to a cai)e just east of Quaco ; it does not occur upon any iduirt, but is universally used by the sailors and by (lANoN 0] rARTCHiUAI'llY OF NKW HHrSSWICK 323 tho po(»|tU' ill tlic vicinity. Cliainplaiii nave tln' iiaiiif A'. Sf. Lmns lomio of tlio Mtrotims at (^uaco, and it scoiiis |)i'()l)alilt' that ilii'> name lias poi»istO(l in IIk' spi't'ch of pilolH down to tlic prcscMit tiiin-. and lias l.r"n <'orrii])li'd \)\ tlic iMiijliHli to its present fnriii. Tliongli. in j^oncral. llic maps I'all into t heir proper plaee^ iind er t lie types, thoro arc some exceptions, due (Hi the one iiand ti le pei'sislciir of old tyjies loni; lieyond tlieir proper limit, and on tlie other to the aj)peiu'anco of aherrunt forms result ini; from other causes. There was also a tondoncy for certain typos of maps to issue from particular local- ities, tho ma|)makt'rs there, no doubt, worUiiii^ toifellier. Thus it l>eeomes ihle to ilivide tlicm into ''rout larri md (J. I!. F. I' possi done, such as the J)ieppe, the Lusitano (lermanic. Seviliian, etc. Tho poi-sistonce of old tyi)i'M is most common amongst the earlier maps. Com- munication was then slow and uncertain, and it often i'e(|uired mail}' yoars tor a new type to reach a forein'ii country, even if not far tlistant. Thus the Italian maps of tlic middle and latter half of the si.\teeiith century either showed no trace of ('artior'a explorations, or else showcil the old lopographj' with some of Cartier's names, taken i'roni his narratives, added. No doubt older types wore also sometimes copied in iifnoraneeof the existence and acce.ssilulity of later and better, especially from those wliich map makers had issued from old |)lates simply rodated. Kven in our day oiil features persist. I huvo seen a y-ood I'lni^lish mapid' ]8s;,i which uses the name Liverpool for Richibucto. thoui^h this name was ofticially abandoned in 1832. and had scarcely come into uho at all. Xames thus often remain long on the nuips after they litive j^one entirely out of use, and. indeed, very many names jtlaced upon maps have never been in use at all. Such was the case with many of those placed upon DesHarre.s'd charts in tho last contniy, and many of thf)se on the Admiralty charts at ])rosent. The other aberrent typos appear through various causes, such as a new mode of jirojoction, or through the making of a new map based upon personal knowledge and independently of earlier ones, as in that of Denys, \{\1'1. and tli rough other causes. It is, ofcour.se, true that the types of the series are not of equal value, some being oi' great importance, very dill'ereiit from their jire- must ai'curati! int'orniation. I'AUT II. *j| Systematk' ('ahtoiiuaimiv ok New HmiNswifK. TIk' inlliu'nics wliicli inivo delorniinotl tlu' I'voliilion of the carto- ^raph}- of New Mrunswiek are in brief tiie following; : Kirst of all is i(s jjfoo- <»i'a|dii(a! position, its ontlino, and its |)l\ysioni'a|>hie contour. No part of itH coast is exposed to the eastern ocean, tor .Vova Scotia lies before its Hiititliern const, and its nortiicrn is witliin the Gidf of St. Ijawrenco ; and of the t^ulf coast, a part is covered by Prince Ivlwaivl Island. Our north shore is nearer to Kiirope than is our .southern. In the interior are everywhere interlocking: rivei's navii^able for canoes, one of which, the St. John, forms the natural hi<^hway from countries on the east to coun- tries on the west. Corresponding with those gcf)ifi'a phi c lacts we tind that the i^ulf coast north of Prince Kdward Island, was liie tirst pan to be laid down on the maps ; the Buy of Fundy came next, the St. John next, then the gulf coast inside the island, ami finally the other and less important rivers. Further details of the relations of the physical geograjihy of New Brunswick to the |»rogiess of its cartographical development, will be found in the ])roper connection later. Next come the historical causes at work. In 1497 and 141)8 Cabot explored a part of the east coast, and for the tirst time placed on the maps u country of which New Brunswick was at tirst an entirely unditferentiuted part. And so it remained despite many other explorations which showed the outer eastern coasts in considerable detail, until Cartier came in 15H4. This type we may call the P re-different iat ion fi/j/e. Cartier. on his tirst voy- age, laid down ovir North Shore north of Prince Kdward Island, but no other explorer came to this coast and none to the liay of Fundy until ("hamplainin 1(]04, so that for all this time there persisted the Cartier f)//ie. Chamjdain explored the Bay of Fundj-, and for the tirst time jilaced it distinctly on the maps, and laid down the general course of the St. John, and later he correctly showed the north coast inside of Prince Kdward Island. The type he gave, the Champlaiu type, persisted nearly a century. But after him came many traders, and especially missionary ])riests, who explored {\w interior and made majjs which they sent home to France ; and in 168(] an official voyage of inspection was made through the country by the Intendant. All of these accumulated data for another type, showing the interior, and this tirst appeared in u jiublished map in that of Delisle, of \10H, giving us the Delisle type. [OANOSa] CAUTCMJU.M'MY OF NEW BUUNSWICK 327 Yi I l'!x|iloratiuiisortliis UiiKlconiiiiiioil. and tVoiii llio adiird data a i^rral iiia|i- rtiakor, Holliii, «Hmstnn'twl in 1744 a iiia|i u Inc li ufiivo a n«'\v tvpc far siir- pasHmij any tiiut |»r<'»'o It'd It, I lit' Ih'lh li t iipf ACtiT tlu' Miiddlf i>r tlicccn pasMOi oxai't Burvoys of tlio couhIh liiry tlu) country pasMod into tlic hands (it'll.i' I'ln^'lisli. and llu-y lK'i,Mn inlnidiuin<^ tlio Mndrrn tyfif, cliiotly founded on tho .Hurvcys of MorriH. Wri^lit and DcsManvs. Hut tlit-so Hiirvcys wuri! (lisfonneclcd, and it ivniainwl to j^alluM' tlit'in into oiu' niiip, slmwin;,' tlic |ii'ovinro as a whole Uiid down actoi'dinif to all the corivct ilata, and this WHS (lone on thi> map of Hnnnor of IH'20, which thus ijavc a hanis for that steady inii)i()vcnicnl which lias ( hai'aclci'i/A'ij the atlvau'ji" of our niapH since tiicn, and wiiich. tiu'retore, we may call the ''om/z/iVi tiijie. M ut surveys pieced tofjfelher ilo no! give accurate maps; tlies< can l>o bu80(' '>rdy u|>on trii^onometrical surveys, which have not yet heen made, but ■. ' on they are, tliev will i^ive uh tho Kxitrt ti/fir. At lirst Now IJrunswiclv was hut a |iart of maps of very wide rai i e and Hinall scale, usually maps of the world ; latei- it was pai't of maps of North Amerieu. later of New Franco, lator of Actidia, and it is only in this century that we have larifc-sealc maps devoted to it alone. It is plain that the cartographical ty|)es do not correspond to tho natural periods of our history. The l*re-ditl'erentiation, ('artier, and Champlain types all belong to the Period of Kxploration ; tho Delisle and Hellin to tho French Period ; the Modern to the Now Hngland and Loy- alist periods ; the Ooniplete to the Post Loyalist Period, while tho H)xact typo has not yet ap])eured. But tlmse types and tho influences controll- ing thoni will now be con-siderod more in detail. TYPK No. 1 — TilK PRH-DIFFFRKNTIATION TYPH. La Cosa, l.'tdU, TO uEFoHE (Jaktiek, ir>;U. New Briiiisicick a juirf of an undiffcrt'iitiated mainland, \chlch Ims an itlmnst unhrokcn and often nrarhj straiijht coast-Um', with nu (rare of the Bay of Fund y, and hut a snuiU indentation for the (iulf of ijt. Law- rence; hence no part of the New Brunswick coast is distini/uishaldy shoicn. Beijan ivith the Voyaijec of the Cabots {14'^7, Hf)S) shown on La I'osa of 1500, and ended with the first I'oyaije of (dirtier (15->i) first shown nn Desliens of I'tJ/L Fiom u strictly local Now Brunswick standpoint, this typo has little direct interest, tor probably no part of the province appears upon any map of that time. Nevertheless, since tho cartography of this period strongly intiuencod that of the one next following, which does directly concern our present subject, it must receive some treatment here, though this need bo but in brief outline. The subject is one of great impor- ;. ''tl ^« T^' •:i ! i ! ,1 •^1 ^1 ',t ■3 I : 328 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA tunco in coiinoction with tlie history of tho discovery uiul exploration of North America, and on this account has been thoroui^hiy investigated by Kolil, Winsor, Harrisse, and othere. It must possess also great interest to the monographer of the cartographj' of Nova Scotia and New- foundland, and although it has received some attention from llovvley, Prowse (father and son), and Patterson, it is not at all likely that it has yet yielded all that it contains of local interest and value. Kohl's admir- able treatment of it for Maine, however, leaves but little to be said upon that part of the subject. If one turns to this study with the diM'erent periods of our history in mind, he naturally asks first whether maps made by Indians have played any part in our cartography. No doubt sketches made by them for the early explorers gave much information about places the explorers could not visit, and it is not unlikely that such sketches are the originals of some features upon early maps ; in fact there is no other imaginable source fri)m which accurate infoi-mation could have been derived where the explorers did not themselves visit the places. But from our ])rosent stand]>oint, the Indian period has not aflfccted our cartography.' First amongst the explorers of the eastern coast of North America were the Northmen, though in this sentence we have expres.sed nearly all that i.s certain about their relation to the subject. It is. however, of intei'est to note that there exist maps, which, though of comparatively late dale, are believed to show the results of the early Norse voyages to America from original sources of information, and one of the best of these is that of the Icelander. .Stephanius of 1570. (Fig 2.) As interpreted bj- Kohl, Iliilelaiid is Newfoundland. Marldimd. Nova .Scotia, and Frnmnn- torniiH Vinlnaditc, Cape Cod. There are other Icelandic maps discussed by Kohl, who also describes the still earlier map of Antonio Zeno of 1-400, which, hovvever, belongs really much later, but which is of some interest for the introduction of the names FiStt)tiland and Drogeo. which long per- sisted on American maps. But it is not until after the voyages of the Cabots (hat we reach the true beginnings of otir cartography. ' Tlio\ijili l'<;.sc Indian n!ai)s Iimvo not in tlic slighttst inMueni'cd oin' carto- graphy, tlii'v aro wortliy of some attention. Kreiinent reforences occur in t)ook.s of I ravi'l clsewliero to maps drawn nn h.irk or skin liy Indians, Imt tlie only ones known to nic made by Indians in our ro^ioii which have hcon preserved, are tliree or four drawn al)o\U 17il7 hy I'assaiiia<|Uoddy Indians for the Houndary Connnissioners, and preserved among the manuscripts in the library of the Maine Historical Society. One of these has l)een published in the Masja/ine of American History, XX\'I., 2ti4, and may be compared with the modern map of the sanu- district on p. 2hith are unknown to us directly, hiU which are suggested by some features of the early n-ai' . \ ■Is 11 ,1 V '1 . 1 \ ! ! 1 r, I ¥' 11 330 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ^'reut historic importjinoe, und a oopious literature has grown up upon it, whioh the Canadian student may best trace through the works of Dawson, and by help of the newCal)ot Bibliogi-aphy." One theory of the Cabot voyages holds that he circumnavigated the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which, if true, would connect tlie subject more closely with New Brunswick ; but it is all too uncertain and too remotely connected with our present siibjecrt to require further notice iiore.' Fig. 3. LA COSA, 1.500. From Kretsclimer ; full size. The names on La Cosa do not certainly occur upon any later map, nor are any of them extant," nor does the topography reappear. While La Cosa's map is, therefore, the first of this period, it by no means establishes a typo, as do tlio leading maps of the succeeding periods. The Voyages of the Cortereals, Portuguese sailors sent out by the King of Portugal, in 150U, LiOl, with their representation upon the maps of Canerio (1502), Keinel (ir)05), and Iluysch (1508) concern New- foundland and Labrador rather than our own coasts. In 1521, Joara Alvarez Kagundes, a Portuguese, was sent by the King ot Portugal to this region, and is supposed to have explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence.* but the map usually adduced as evidence of this voyage is p\irely of the Cartier type. But thorc can be little doubt that, he visited ' t'iibot Bibliography. Hy (Jeorge Parker Winship. Bulletin Providence Public Library, .June, l.S!»7. -' At least one etlbrt of no small interest has been matle to apply Cabot's name to tlie region of wlneli New Brunswick is a part. In 1814, .Tolm Purdy, an eminent liydro- grapber of England, published an excellent map of eastern Canada, under the title "A Map of Cabotia ■' (see list of maps in Part III.), and in the notes he makes it plain that be wished thus to honour the memory of Cabot. The name Cabot Strait has recently been applied to the passage between Newfoundland and Cape Breton, ((ieogr. .lourn., .June, 1H!)7, (I0!»>. ■■' It was once suggested to me by a Canadian student that the Caco dc Yngla- (i rra may be the original of (?<(/«• lirnnii (Britain) changed to its present form by early French map-i-iakers. Probably cartog.-aphical and other evidence could be adduced to disprove this. * Harrisse, Discovery, 182. ■ „.iill!!gliW ' r" 111 [oanosg] CARTOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 331 the south coast of Nowfoundhind. In 1524 (rioviinni dii Vorm/.tmo, an Itiiliiin in the service of the Kin^r of France, explored the coast from about 34° N. to Xewfoundhind. His voyage is shown upon the map of the Italian Maggiolo of 1527 (Fig. 4) and also upon that of his brother. Hieronymus Verrazano.' This map of Maggiolo is of some importance to our present sul)ject ; it is the most detailed which liad up to that time a])peared, and it gives for the first lime some luimes which for a short time persisted, though they soon entirely vanished. There is on it no Fig. i. >[AGGIOLO, 1527 From Kretschmer ; \ i^. le to 'dro- title es it has !ton. trace of the Bay of Fundy, but the indentation to the west ofC. Itassa (Cape Race), is un(h)ui(to!. '^ See earlier, Fart I, Section 4. \n I: J !| m f\ ■ 332 ROY.\L SOCIETY OF CANADA in 1525 Kstovan Gomez, u Pojluguose in tin; wrvioo of tlio King of Spuin, coiwled thi.s .shore from North (o South, and liis explorations iiro shown on a chart of 152lt (I'^iiJf. 5), made by Jiiijoro (or liiboiro), a Spaniard, and there is reason to believe tliey were shown yet more fully, and perhaps correct!}', upon a majt by Chaves of IS^fi, now lost. The topography and the series of names on Jlibero's map are different from those of Maggiolo, and there is little connection between the two. It is from this map of J^ibero that tiie to])Ogra}thy and names of tiiis coast are TJERA^ DE ESTIVA GOMEZ: UqualackubMO ;>orM«»i»io it fuvnaV'sUnS it i j 1 5 « , n dia. wuthoj «>bol«5 A trueU^ icUjibj c\pi^ jCn>u.chos r«Jo\i»llo5 J) (alwont^ jj (o|1«s rvoaw alUAo t-te -a (A I'iu. ."). RIHKRO, l.i2!». TYl'K. From Kretschiner : x ','. taken by nearly all of the maps of this and the next period — by all indei'd except a few Italian maps which follow Maggiolo — and hence, in reality, this and not La Cosa's is the type ma]> of the Atlantic Coast of Canada until the time of Chamj)lain. The entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence is plain, but the Eay of Fundy does not appear, unless the indentation at the word Golfo is meant for it, which is not improbalile. It is much easier to understand how Gomez, coasting from the North, could miss the Bay of Fundy, or have mistaken it for a shallow C'>ve. than to conceive how Verrazano, coming from the South, could have missed it entirely. In 1527 John Rut, an Knglishman, visited this coast, but his voyage seems to have ])roduced no eti'ect upon its cartogra]ihy, though its results elsewhere are shown upon Thoi'nes map of the same year. From this time until after the opening of the next period, and in- deed for long after, there were no other voyages of consequence to this coast, nor any other maps of special importance. Inde(Hl, so far as the • In writing this j)api'r I luivc adopted tlic view of Kohl and others that the great river lilted witli islands west of iirtrifi's on Ribero is tiie Penolhscot. But I nin becoming convinced that it is reall.v tlie Hay of Fundy, and shall in another paper present the argument. i A [(iANONOj CARTOORArHY OF XP:W BRUNSWICK Atlantic coast is conccrnoil, tliis peridd inorjLtos without break 1 next, and tiicrc is no real inuirovc/iicnt over Hiliero in tin grajthy iinlii near the end of the century, and no jtfreat inipn until the time of (Jhaniplain, as 1 shall presently denionstrat reifion was u) douht constantly visited liy fishermen and various re ncos to whom occur in early works, hut tho\- influence cartography Xumerous world-maiis of the time are showing tiiis ivgion upon a small scale, hut they do not concern our l)resent suhjcct. Helongini;; to this period are several aherrent types, of which tht- most im])ortant to us is that af (rastalili. (I'ig (i.) Though usually dated loot!, hecause occurring in a hook of that year,' it really belongs 333 1 nto the e carto ivenient 0. The traders. did not i extant xi«/»i»0HMM lARTE INCOGNITA Af»Jo v/cCcrW -Kfai*' fk;. (i.- (;ast.\li)I artXi), ir,:Ai. From Winsor ; x jj. niiich earlier, probably about ISI^iJ. since it shows not the slightest trace ol Cartier's voyaires, though thedulf of St. Lawrence is clearly represented- The (rulf of St. Lawrence had been shown as an indentation as early as on Reiiu-1 of lo05.-' ami ujion several later, notably on ,A[aggiolo, 1527, and Vicgas. l');>4. and on these are given many names which later ' Uisciission in Rugc, 50. -Tlie c'lrtiiu iif Wiiisor that (lie entire ^uif is xliown on tlie Ptolemy of loll iseon- lroverleersistent of those names is a Terra de viuHa (jentc, which aiipearson Mag- iriolo, and persists as hite as (riitierrez, 1 5(i2, where it occura near the |»i'08ent Miramichi, and possibly may have some connection with it. On (xas- laldi. however, we find a sudden advance in the representation of the f^nlf, though not in its nomenchiture. We do not know tlie source of his information ; it has been surmised to be from the mapof Jehan Denys, of 150(>, but there is no evidence therefor. We tind the same i-epresent- ation on the map of Mercator, of 1538. I'o.ssibly tlu' voyage of Fagundes was the source of this (opograpiiy, for it seems phiin tluit he visited the gulf, though the ma|» usually attributed to him belongs after the time of Cartier. Hold a.s the outlining of (rastaldi is, however, it is altogether too inaccurate to make it w.nth while to attempt to identify the places shown. It is worth noting, that on this map most of the names of the .Atlantic coast are taken from Maggiolo, on which the names Aii'jou- U'sme, Flora. Paradis, Real. Rc/iK/c, all occur, though in a very ditl'- erent order. From this time onwards, almost to ('ham])lain, we can trace two series of ma|)s — an Italian series, with these tuimes following Maggiolo, and another series. Spanish, Portugiiese. and French, following Kibero. The comparison of the order of these names on the two maps is enough to show the futility of attempting to identiiy the places to which they were ai)piied, and of course disposes of Kohl's theory that Angoulesme repre. sents Passamaquoddy Bay, etc.,' a mistake he would never have made had he known of the Maggiolo map. which lie did not. Probably many of these names were never a])})lied to any places at all. or if they were originally, their subsequent transposition was due either to carelessness or perhaps whim, on the part of later inap-makers. There is another similar map by (rastaldi of 1548, interesting as giving the tii-st known use of the name Acadia," and (lastalili's influence is plain in iiuscelli of 1561. The same names are on the Ulpius Globe of 1542. The different names applied to the territory of which Xew liruns- wicic is a part, wore successively. — by the Northmen probably a part ol' Mtirklaiid, by the brothers Zeni, E si ntU and or Drufi'a. by Cabot, perhaps u part of the Ntxc Found Land, \)y Vorrazano, JV^orrt Franrui, also r^T- ' Harrisse (Discovery, (iOO) thinks Vi'. diis pob/as of \'\L'g:\s may be Bay Chaleur •or tlie mouth of the St. Lawrence and Jiio Pria, tiie latter or liie Sagiienay— but it is all very doubtful. - The same objection applies to Rev. Mr. Patterson's ellortsto identify these places and locate them on the coast of Nova Scotia (I\)rtuguese in North America, p. 1.52). Poff Real and Refuge are on Maggiolo in positions wliich make it quite im- possible that they could have been in Nova bcolia. That they are there on Gastaldi is but one of the shifts of the map-makers. a For a discussion of the origin of tliis important name see these Tran.sactions, s, Terra -iJf), shown on Rotz, lo42- the Harleyan, 1')J/2, and Besliens, liHl, and ended with the voyages of Champlain (Ih'O.l, KiO/f). With this |)eriod the cartography of New Brunswick ])roi)er begins, though it is concerned only with a part (jf the northern coast, which was the first part of the province to be explored. The tirst explorer of the Gulf of St. J.,awrence of whom we have any authentic record, was .lacques Cartier. on whosi* tirst voyage in 1534 there is a considerable literatvire. Formerly his coui-se in the gulf was obscure, but the studies of Mr. .losejth Pope, Dr. X. K. IMonne. Bishop llovvley, and othei-s, have left .scarcely a doubtful point in his cntii-e voy- age.' Cartier was sent out b}- the King of France to explore this land and to seek for the western jjai^sage. He entered the gulf in Juno through the Straits of Belle Isle, and after coasting Labrador and the ' In partioular Bisliop HowlevV papei, the late.st and most complete of all, .seems to me to say about the last word on the subject in every point except one; I cannot ajrree with liini in identifying Cartier's Alezay with l-hitry I.sland. I still think it was Deadman's Island. The narrative is not clonr on this point, but the facts of cartography are against his view. Thus we all agree that the Desceliers map of 154(i faithfully reflects Cartier's voyage, and that the Magdalenes are there clearly shown. (See the.se Transactions, VII., ii., 'A\.) On th.is map Alezay is a small Island off the southwest corner of the Magdalene group, which is exactly where Deadnmn's Island is, and not where Entry Island is. It is striking how slowly the results of investigation upon special subjects gain ii place in general works. The amount of technical literature is becoming so enor- mous that general writers cannot work over it all, and continue to take most of their facts from older standard works, which, no matter how excellent in general, are apt to be wrong in detail. Though Cartier's course has been made clear, the newer histories still repeat old errors. Some new device is needed to force on the attention of general writers the results of new research. 1^ 1?^ ■i ■ y H !• "' > i':^. \\ 336 ROYAL BOriKTY OF CANADA west coiiht of Ncwlonnilliind, vinitoil the Maii'dali'iie^, and tln'iico sailod westward. On .lunc 30tli lie sighted hmd. whicli his d(>>(ri|iti()n locates HK near the i)resent (rrenvilio on Prince l-klward Ishmd. Ho entered a hhallow viver, which he named Riindere des Bitmmes, the present Rich- mond liay. He then coasted nortiiward, named the present Cape Kil- dare, C(»// '/'0/7(v/«.s, and North Cape, Le Cap df: Sditcuiycs. Jle next entered the head of Northuml)erh\nd Strait, which lie mistook for a closed bay and named La Baije Sahicf Lunaire. Jle did not enter the Miramiehi, l>\it refers to it as a triant-'ular hay all ranged with sands. Coasting northward lie rounded Point Miscoii, naming it Cap d'Esper- anrc, and entered Hay Chaleur, which he explored to its head along its north coast, and to which he gave its present name (La Bai/edt: dialaur). lie spent some days at the jiresent Port Daniel, called hy him L(( Couche Sainct Mariin. The remainder ol'the voyage does not concern our ])re8- enl subject, nor did he again visit this coast. This scant outline, ample for our present purpose, gives no idea of the great interest, accuracy, and importance of Cartier's original narrative ; these, liowever, together with the critical discussion of his entire route, are so fully treated in the easily accessible works referred to, that the interesteil reader may there find full satisfaction. This tirst voyage of (-artier is of immense importance to the carto- graphy of the entire Gulf of St. Ltiwrence. I have elsewhere ' pro- pounded and defended the thesis — The corrrct interpretation of Cartier's firat voyaije ix the hey to the carttxjraphij "f the Guff for almost the sub- sequent eentury. Further study has but contirmed this opinion. It is ];ei'fectly true for the New Brunswick coast. The maps after Cartier, and until Champlain, reflect the former's influence only, and the nearer to him they are, the better; they degenerate steadily until the new ty])e appears. It is known that Cartier made ma])s of the places he visited,-' but these are entirely lost, though happily his narratives are extant. The first ma])s to ap])ear after his voyages, show his travels verj^ clearly and must have been based upon his own. A careful comparison of them with one another has suggested certain features which (Jartier's maps probably showed, i. e., they were on a larger scale than any of those cojiied from them, contained legends desci-iptive of the country, in- habitants, etc., bore place-names not mentioned in tiie narratives, recorded the days of saints on which discoveries were made, and left coasts undefined which he did not himself visit. Xo doubt also he made several maps, the first showing the first voyage onl}-. and the later ones adding what he found out in the subsequent ones. " These Trans., VII., ii., 17. ■i These Trims., VII., ii., 27, 42. ■ «■" !■ : "' r 1 \ [GANONCl] CARTOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 337 Tho curliest known dated map shuwintf the voyagea ot'Cartier is Nicolas Desliens's, of JJieppo, 1541,lii>t publisliod by Harrissoin his 'John and Sebastian Cabot." In that work it is upon so small a seak., however, as to be almost illegible. uJid 1 have to thank M. llarrisse for a larger draft of it. llerr Dr. Ruge, of Dresilen, lias hud the very great kindness to send me a tracing of it from which the ligure (Fig. !•) is maile. Its priority is, however, its chief virtue, for there are later maps wliich Hhow Cartier's influence very much better, and even the priority is more if I -^ Hill- 3Ut The irly lem naps lose in- ives, left lade ones ^^^P^' Flit. 7.-R0TZ, (laiS) 1.542. Fi'oiii I'rowse ; full size. seeming than real, for there are others which belong earlier, even though dated latei-. I shall return later to the Desliens maj), but must consider others tirst. Though Cartier's tirst voyage was cartographically the most im- portant of his three, there were some points wliich the first left obscure to him, which he later cleai'ed up. Thus, on his tirst voyage, thinking he was crossing the enti-ance to a great bay, not the mouth of a great river, he crossed from Gasp^ directly to Anticosti, missing the southern entrance to the St. Lawrence.' On his second voyage he came through this passage. On the first voyage he turned back to return to France from the strait north of Anticosti, entering it only far enough to see the great river broadening out at the west of the island. On the first voyage he had not explored east and south of the Magdalenes. A mai>, therefore, ishowing his first and not his second voyage would show Anticosti as a ])art of the mainland of Gasp^, would mark the St. Lawrence for a short ' Fully discussed in these Transactions, V., ii., VXi ; VII., ii., 21. Sec. II., 1897. 10. ■■' M \l 11 I ' \ .i ' i 338 ROYAL 80CIKTY OF CANADA (listaiiCL' west of AnticoHti, and would show the roifioii «outh tind oust of the Miigdalones uudolined, or as iioavly as possible as in the older mRi>s, whieh showed this whole region as solid land. Precisely such a map wo have in tluit of J?otz (or Rose), (Kig. 7). a Frenchman in the service of the Knglish king, contained in a MS. work dated 1542. The entire topography answei's exactly to the narrative of Cavtier's Hrst voyage without the slightest trace of influence of the second. The Magdalones, which ma)' be recognized by comparison with the Desceliors map, to bo K^r^- 'M^^ Fi(i. 8.— HARLRY, (l.^Xi) l;>)2. From I'rowso ; full sizu. given later, are shown merged with the mainland to the soMth. and Anti- costi is joined to the coast on the south.' If one will compare, moreovei-, the exact lining of this map with the Desceliers map (Fig. iO), he has no difWcidty in identifying all of the localities up(m our North Coast.-' This map of Jtotz is then really the oldest known to us showing the voyages ofCartier. Closely following it is a beautiful map, the 'Hrrleyan '' of 1.J42 ' (Fig. 8), which shows Cartier's second voyage in the o'stinctness of Anticosti, and in the representation oi' the St. Lawrence River, but it still shows the Magdaienes fused with the coast to the south, suggesting that this error was not cleared up until the third voj-age in 1540. So far as concerns our own North Shore, however, it corresponds on this map so very closely to Cartier's narratives, that we can scarcely doubt I And hence not " omitted by a simple lapsus " as Iliirrlssp states (.Jean et Sebas tienCaVjot, 20H.) '^ Fully identitted, with ligure, these Trans., V'll., ii., 2!). •' A Dieppe map of the school of Pierre Desceliers, but not by him. Harrisse, Discovery, (H7. :^- rHT' AiiU- reovov, I has no This Ian '' of ictnesB [, but it kjosting 10. So Ion this doubt bt Sebas- llarrisHe, [OANOSd] ('AUTOGRAPHY OK NKW lUtrNHWKK 339 that it is traced diivitiy from Carlior's dwii iiiaps. and it, tDgctlior with iho equally oxcollcnt DcHc-ulicvs's u)a)> next to bi' (h^scribt'd, an- l»y far llio boHt that arc oxtant showing Carlier's voyagos. The dotted line along the coast probably does not represent Cartier's couinc. but it is a conven- tional mark to designate a sandy coast. A tracing of this map is the so- called •' Jomard map of 155 — ? " We have next to consider the well-known l)esceliers map of 1'>4U, known also as the "Henri 11.'' and the • Dauphin " map. (I'^ig. l'*) 1 3 ■i » L'lc;. !).-DKSHKNS, 1511. TVI'K. From oriKiiiiil : full sixc. Its maker was Pierre Desceliers, a Frenchmai», the contemporary and ulmo.st the neighbour of Cartier. Most writers have praised the accuracy Olid beauty of this maj). Its lo])ographv agrees exactly with Cartier's narratives, and, perhaps, is even nearer than the Harleyan to what Cartier's originals must have been. The Magdulenes are clearly shown ; the name Aleznij belonged unquestionably to that group. Prince Edward Island is fused with the mainland, the round '-/iaijc de Sc. AJaue" is the head of Northumberland Strait, the southern end not being shown. This union of the island with the mainland, the result of Cartier's error Jis to the nature of his Bay of St. Lunario, persists until the end of this period, when it was rectilied by Champlain. .Most of the names are in Cartier's narratives, and the few which are not, ]n"obably are fragments of inscriptions which were on his ma})s. R. den barques (the piesent Ilichnnmd bay) is plain ; C. diinijuulesme (now C. Kildarc) is an alterna- tive name for OrUam, and, no doubt, was given in honour of the father a 340 ROYAL SOCIKTY OK TANADA !' of Kiii^ Kraiuis I,, wlio was Charlon ol' Orluuiis, Count of An^oiilcsmo. liiiijf lie He. Aliiiii', at ilic lu'atl of NorllmniLorland Strait, douht- li'KM. Sainti' Miirie. is proliuiily an altoriiativt' iiaiim Ibr St. IjUiiano, I'oi' CartiiT \va> in thiw hay on llio 'l\n\ of .liil}-. the ilay <>f (ho viKitutiou of the Viri^in Mary. (:. Soma, prohaliiy .Miraniivhi hay. I rannoloxphiin ; it ih not in CartiiT's narnuivo, nor lioos it appear on an}- other map. Terrc de Mli'/nthnan \h, I heiit^vc, connoctcd witli tho present Mirainiehi." La Ji(iicond voyage was of tiiis name. Tiiis map is followed by Mereator, 15(!!l. Tho tyjto map of this periotl isCarlier's own. and, since that is lost, this of Desceliors, or else (he JIarleyun, must stand as its nearest reprosenlative. l?o(urnin!i- now (o (he Desliens ma]» (l''ig. 9).ol wliieh tiio inferiori(y is manifest, we find the (opoi^rajjliy markedly inferior to thoDeseeliers, and the names all corrupted. Moreover, it belongs (o an endrely distinct SJries, antl is more closely related to the Portuguese raaps tlian to the Krench. All names are, however, recogidzable, exce]tt troncc, de damas, which is new, and which I cannot explain; it occurs, also, ajton sovoral otiier maps. I'rofessor H. JI. Nash, of Hoston, has kindly sent me tho following suggestion upon these words : " You will allow mo to call your attendon to two words (not found in (lu'se techiucal meanings in the general dictionaries of the Spanisii language, but given in tho Jioyal 'Dicionario mari'dme Kspanol.) These are, ' YVoftco-ol meridiiuio gradu- ado on las cartas do maroar ; que so llama tronco do latitudes.' ' Daraas, es elti'tulo o' adi(amen(o eon quo so distingue la jiarte del (3eo'ano Atla'ntico en que reinan las brisas o'vientos constantos del Kste, y por donde on consecuoncia .sili' tlicii- t-xccssivo coriMiiPlinii. Sdlniijo.s icfV'i'>. of '-^^^'S.oiauft Fiii. 1(».-DESCELIEHS, VA6. From .Joniard ; full size. course, to the natives seen by Cartier at the R. des Barques, which latter name is here corrupted to r. de parts, as it is in a long series of Spanish aJid Portuguese maps. Co. del mnro is C. de So. .\rarie (or, perhaps, a corrup- ! ?' I i i] ' In his John Cabot. EETIBBS: h* ! H' t • ■ < 342 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA is 1 i ■■! tion ot'de Lunurio), and ralecjno is a Spanish equivalent for Chulour. I can- not find tliat ihis map is iollowed by any otiicv wiiatever, whicii is rcmark- alt'e, 'onsidoring the fact that it was not MS., hut published, and shows either tliat it was unknown to, or held in sus2)ioion by, contemporary map-makers. An excellent map of the time is that of Joannes Freiiv, a Portu- guese, of 154G. Its names are intelligible ; Allmadhis is, doubtless, the Portuguese ainuidia, meaning ' an Indian boat,' and hence the equiva- lent of the French barques. In Eo. de pazis and /, de baqua we have both the French original and its Portuguese corruption, the latter, how- ever, transferred to an island often shown in this region (see on Des- celiers) ; Dclhnargl seems to be the equivalent of Cartier's C. desSauvages, while the other names are on Desliens. This map is followed with an altogether rare fidelity by the Dourado map of I.'jTB, which, indeed, is nearly identical with it. Of some importance is the Vallard map of 15-47, of uncertain author- shij*. It has no names upon our norlli coast (at least in the accessible reproductions of it), but it shows a curious slender form of the Cape Breton ])eninsula, whicli reappears in others, as that of Simon, of 1580, which, likewise, has no names in this region, A map, famous for its excellence, is that of Mercator of 15ti9, which, however, closely follows the ty])e of Desceliers in topography, though ap[)arently with some effort to make the Cape Breton peninsula conform to the Vullard shape. The form, C. Desp«5rance, which is given in Cartier's narratives, but which on Desceliers and the Ilarleyan is C. Despoir, makes one think that Mercator had the narrative before him in making Uiis nuip. It has V. de Stiai/o (i.e., St. James) as alternative for (Orleans, followed on some other maps ; this name I cannot explain.' A map by (Tuillaume le Testu, of 1555 or 15()(i, has some of the names so ctn'rupted as to be unrecognizable. Of a purely Cartier type is the map of Lazaro Luis of 155."{, without names in our region, but which has been cited as evidence of a pre- Cartier exploration of the (iulf by Joam Alvarez Fagundes in 1521. In the maititself, however, there is nothing not derivable directly from the voyages of (Jartier, and on our Xorth Shore it is very close to his narra- tive. Later in the century, and indeed down to the coming of Chainplain, maps of the Cartier-Ribero ty[ie continued to appear, none of them show- ' Cartier sighted Cape Orleans June ;)Otli. Witli reference to a Saint James, wliose (la> is celel)rated JuneliOtli, Rev. Father Jone.s, of St. Mary".s College, Mont- real, lias had the kindness to make search, and writes nie : " I find in L. 3. Fran- cu'ur's ' Thcorie de Calendrier' a St. James on June 2.'ird. The octave of this feast, if it hg';ih\j which is probably because Cartier's nar- ratives were actei'.>jiu!e, wailo his majts were not. As in other periods, some maps of {'< ■■^ '^A-tend over into the ne.Kt, so far as d.Ue is concerned, though with no impro' ement in to|)ography. such are 'hose of Oliva. 1(113, 1050, and Sanchca, 1623. Naturally in 'I'lis period there are some very aberrent types. Of these, one of the more important and loss extreme is thaiofHoinem, of 1558. (Fig- 11)- III its nomenclature it !ias nothing peculiar. excei)t in the Portuguese form given to the names, and tin; uue of Itestas (I'ortu guese besta, a brutish man), for " Sauvage.s, ' but io the topography it is unique. As Kohl says: ''Our author aiijcars to have had a great ]iassion for islands and a stl•o^g belief in I'urth'vesl passages, ife put down a strrJl. in every place wher'' CiirtiM', in Iiis i- jiort, had t;aid he had ' A photoptraph of tins (rlobe, sert ihc U\e sketch of it in '.Vinsor, Hi. '^ America, IV., 05, 101. •' Jeiin et P».-bastien Cdliot ; Discovery, 1 y .'Ir. lVo< se, (lifler.s considerably fioiu :\\ \: ^ '- - ^ ft ! '. 'I I 344 ROYAL SOC:iETY OF CANADA looked for one, even if he did not find it." The map is further remark- uble for its repi'esentation of the Bay of Fundy, which will soon be discussed. More remarkably aberrent ai-e several Italian maps of the second half of the century, ol' which one by Agnese is hei-e reproduced. (Fig. 12). The St. Lawrence and Saguenay are made one stream, emptying through the Miramichi '. The names are Cartier's and very correctly given in an Italian form, though the topography is alto- gether erroneous. Along the Atlantic coast are the names Anyoulesme, paradis, real, refiuje, recalling Gastaldi, as do other features. It seems to me plain that this map was made by one who tried to fit the narratives -t;-~-AO '(ill l Wi l«I IIMWM »li ^i* ' AJ"" [ganonq] CARTOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 343 Fui. 12.-ACtNESP:, VM) it). From Kretschnier ; full size. ii "smssBsmBBsmwm '3 i^ 846 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA III y 1 1 Fi'iinoo, oi' about 1560, givou in Miiller's Atlas. Indeed, in general, it may be said that the Ftalian maps of the middle and latter part of the sixteenth century are of this combined Gastaldi-Carlier-narrative sort. In this combination we have the solution of the puzzle of these maps, which has so ])erplexed cartograjjhers.' Probably this type disappeared in Italy as soon as Cartior's maps or coi)ies from them became accessible there. Aberrent in another way are the maps of Allelonsce, companion and pilot of Cartier and Eolierval. His sketches of the gulf are made entirely independently ot -iny other maps, and though of some interest in the general cartograph of the 1,'ulf, are of no importance to our present inquirj'. So far in this ])eri • .vc have traced the cartogra])hy of the (lulf of St. Lawrence coast only ; .,0 must now turn to the Hay of Fundy. The cartography of these two coasts \n this period, as subsequently, was- largely independent of one another. This part of our subject is, how- ever, brief. At the o])ening of the period, as we have seen, the map of Eibero was the type followed by ?iost ma])8 for this region. This, though with many minor altoi'ations of the coast line, and with many and often gi-eat corrujitions of the names, some now one^ added and old ones droi>ped, continued to be followed through the entire series men- tioned above, and indeed throughout the period; and no new type was introduced until the time of Champlain. It is possible that a minute comparative tabulation of the names on the numerous maps in this region would give results of interest, though this is more likely to be of philological, than ot historic, value, and it is quite foreign to our present jnirpo.se.- All through those maps the Bay of Fundy is wanting, as in liibero. and it is only towards the close of the century that it puts in a hesitating and almost uncertain appearance. On the Mercator map of 15G9, however, the coast is given a contour which sugge.sts a more accu- rate knowledge of the form of Nova Scotia, but the bay is not shown. In this region, in most of the maps, a no Hoiuh) or Futulo is naarked, which on a map of about 1540-1550. given by Kohl (315, No. 2), and on the Italian ma]is (.see tig. 12) is a prominent locality, but it is not until a map of 159-4 ' that we can clearly locate this river as the pre.sent Bay of Fundy, and it is similarly given on de Bry, 15lt0. These map-makers must have had accurate information upon the presence of the bay. What is i)robably the bay, though it is not certain, is shown even more plainly, and for tho tirst time as a bav. though without name, on the Molineaux • Winsor speaks of the pu/ziiufj; character of these maps. America, IV., 93, 95. ■-' On Wvtllict and some other maps occurs one name which may be connected Willi New Brunswick, i.e., H. Seguido. This has l)een supposed by De Costa to be possibly the St. John. Mat?. Ani. Hist. IX. ■' In " Histoire de la NaviKatione de.Iean Ungues de Linscot." [OANONCi] CARTOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 347 or Hukluyt inap of KJOO, and tliis map ivprosents its hiifliost dovelop- niont up to the time of (-hamplain. Possibly some of these features on those maps resulted from an expoilition spoken of by Jlakluyt, whioii in 1583 it was proposed to send to explore the coiist southwest of Cape Breton." The map of llomem has been spoken of as an aberront type Ibr the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and it is likewise so for this region. It jn-oduced no effect u)M)n any which came later. The very large bay which it shows has been taken by Kohl '' and others for the Hay of Fundy. Kohl con- sidei"8 that the western side of this bay represents the New I'^nifland coast north of Cape Cod. but this view introduces great dilKcidties and incon- sistencies, and seems to me to be contradicted by the cartographical evi- dence at hand. The nomenclature ol this coast on llomem is of the liibero typo, though corrupted. If one now will compare these two nuij)s (tigs. ■) and 11), he will find C, dc macluis ijalm on both, and moving eastward the first name in common is Golfo, then Ji. de MuntaiKiH. Taking aicount of the distance between these two names, and the configuratit)n of the coast, it ^eems to be undoubtable that the great bay on llomem and the river of the many islands of liibero are the same. The great size of Ilomem's bay, however, and its branching at the end, ;ind some other features, do strongly suggest the Bay of Knndy, and 1 am inclined to think are meant for it. In other words the simplest explanation seems to be that llomem did have knowledge of the Hay of Fundy. gleaned, per- haps verbally, from the fishermen, but supposed that the big river then on the maps was meant for it, though made too small and wrongly shaped. We can imagine llomem unable to believe that ,so great a bay as that of Fundy was omitted altogether from the maps. He then simply nuide the river the lull size and shape for the bay. and the map is explained. It is, perhaps, the most remarkable fact in the whole history of our ('artograpliv, that so conspicuous a feature of east-coast topography as the Hay of Fundy a])pears only in the uncertain way it does on the maps throughout this period of exploration. The subject still requires a satis- factory ex[)ianation. which can only be given b}' a study even more minute than Kohl has made, of the cartographical history of the coast from Cape Breton to Cape Coil. Thus does this period end. The Gulf of St. Lawrence is on th& maps to remain, though but poorly drawn ; the Bay of Fundy is but little more than suggested. I Coll. Miiine Mist. Soo. iii., 22S. - This river, conimonly considered to be the l\'iiol)oeot, I hiivc more thivn once .ilnioHt concluded, is tlie Bay of Kuiidy, and I am not sure but that a more minute study of this region will show this to l)e the case. This seems to be sustained l)y No. 1.57 of the Kohl Collection at Washington. i ! I i5 ^,11 348 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ii ^ i;i!. ^ [| f ^ ii I TYPE No. H.— THI<: CnAMl'LAIX TYPK. ClIAMPI.AIN, 1612 (liESCAauOT. 1609), TO HEFOUE Demsi-e, 1703. The Bay of Fundy explored, 7. Toolcji, tiiu iniiversiil locU uiinie (thotiKh on no chart), for llie eastern headhvnd of Qimco Bay. It was probaI)ly liandeil down tlirough successive generations of pilots. - Another interesting early eirort to trace Cartier's course is shown on a map l)y Bellin in the I'arknian MS. (Abenaquis, I., .S8), in the Library of the Mass. His- torical Society, l)ut it is erroneous. Genest's Historical Map of 1H7.5 is well known, but is likewise in error at several points. J K . 1 IP] II 5 liiiniii 7 3SO ROYAL SOCIETY OK CANADA :: ll- I? I f known Knglishniaii. and which niirroiH Cliani]»hiin'8 explorations fully as well as his own 1612 map. so that it could only have been made from u draft supplied by C'haniplain himself. In 1G13 appeared Champlain's ^'Voyages," containing his two maps, one of 1G13 upon a small scale, 4ind that of 1612 (Fig. 14). which is the type for this period. This map Fic. Ki.-LKSCARHOT, Kltlit. From rc'i)riiit ; full size. ■■>0. Fleuve de.s LJciniues, (|uc jt- proiis pour Mt'i^iimichi.s. 51, Cap de.s Sauvafji's. 'yZ. (iolfe SaiuctliUiiaire. (|ue.je pren.s pour Tregate. 53. Cap d'Esperancp. 54. Baye on Golfe de Cliali'ur. 55. Cap du Pre. 5((. Saiiut-Martiii. agrees exactly with the narrative in every resjiect, except that the former has on it some names not mentioned in the latter. There is not in our entire cartography another case in which we have a type map made by the explorer himself and accompanied by a minute account of the data on which it is based. Champlain's 1612 map (Fig. 14) is remarkable not only for its advance over all earlier maps, but for its almost entire independence of '■ W" '.^ ; V [OANONO] CARTOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 331 Its of them. He mado little or no attempt to rocoiuMic now tnilli and old error, but records the new truth only. Not only does he sweep away at one stroke from the Atlantic coast the elaborate but highly corrupted nomenclature of Eibero, which had prevailed for nearly a century, but oven on the north shore lie abandons all of the nomenclature of Cartier except a single name, Baye de Chaleur, whose preservation to our day is probably due to its retention by him ; and instead of copying from older maps, which it is impossible to suppose he was not familiar with, C litsUiuifn. Fk;. 14.-CHAxMPLAIX, 101 i*. TYPK. From Quel)i'c reprint; x ,''„. 4. Ille Knavee. 6. Baye de gennes. 7. Ille perdue. 8. Cap de mine. !(. I'ort aux coiiuilles. 10. Ille.s iiinielles. 11. Cap St. Jean. 14. Illes rangees. he writes the honest legend, '• Luuteur na point encore recougnu sette coate." Indeed, 1 have tried in vain to trace in this map any influence of the earlier ones so far as topography is concerned, and except for Baye Chaleur, and I. S. lean, earlier referred to in this paper, it seems to be all quite new in this region.' In his Voyages, there is also a smaller • Possibly another case is found on the 1632 map in the Cap d'Espoir (73 on the map) which he says in the explanation is " proche de I'lsle Percee." This has now- become Cape Despair. It is difficult to believe that it is any other than Cartier's Cape d'Espoir or Cap Desperance, accidentally displaced by Champlain. i '! *f \ ft: 1 » u I ii I 1 'lii ^'if i I i •! I 1 f ! I i 852 ROYAL KOCIFITY OF CANADA map, (luted ItlliJ, but ul' no siK'cial interest except for tlie form of the cross lie gives to the St. Croix, In 1(!32, in the collected edition of his works, appejired his second important map (Fig. 15), which, while a great '[ j / s. 1 j;j J/'r 1 3)f \ J if \ iia \ iXi \" Fig. 15.-CHAMPLAIX, 1632. From Quebec reprint ; x if. P. Port mix Co(|u111l'.s, (|ui est uiie isle a I'entree de la riviere S.Croix bonne pesclierie, 29. Riviere par 6u roii va a la Baye Fraiii/oise. :J0. Chassc (les Eslan.s. Ii"). Itiviere de Gaspay. :t<). Riviere de Chaleu, .'i7. I'lusieurs Isles pres de Miscou, eomnie est le port de Miscou entre deux Isle.s. 38. Cap de I'lsle sainct lean. ■17. l^etit passage de I'lsle Longue. 18. Cap des deux Bayes. 73. Le Cap d'Espoir, proche de I'lsle Percee. 74. Forillon, k la poinete de (iaspey. [24, 4.5, 77, 03, not explained.] improvement iipon the Crulf of St. Lawrence coast, is actually much poorer for the Bay of Fundy than the 1(J12 map, an excellent illustra- tion of the degeneration of maps where no new knowledge is available. [(iAM)N(l] CAUTOGKAl'IlY OK NKW I5KUN8\V1( K 333 'i'lu'iv is iiothiiif^ in his works to show tliat (Jhaiiiphiin hiul visited Northuinhoi'hind Strait himsolf. hut iiis mi morons voyaiccs tliroiio;ii the (itilf, and his position as (iovcrnor ol' (^uehoo. j^ave liiiii tlif hi'st ot' opportunities for loarnini^ I'rom otiuM-s who iviiow the rof^ion wi-li. From the groat pnhlioity ^■yf Fii!. 17.- Did. A KT, H(3(t. From orif^iiml ; full si/f. Most inijtorlant ot the followers of C'hamplain's map. however, is that of DeLaet (Fig. 17). This beautiful map of 1630, while based nuunl3- upon that of 1(512, has on the north shore a marked resemblance to that of 1G32. Possibly Champlain published, or at all events prepared a map, now lost, before 1630, on which the island was laid down, and which DeLaet has copied, But on our north shore, some of Cartier's names appear. DeLaet was unaware, as was Lescarbot and ever3'body else until recently, that Cartier's names, R. des barcques and Cap des V ,.<•' J'i*^ ■*4 )r, IS |)asc(l tav oil and tier's rody des [OANfJMl] 'AltTOliRAIMlY OF NKW BUUNKWICK asB S,iiirii'/i!< WDi'o im I'riiic 'Idward Island, and Iniici- he kdt tluMn nn tli(? inuinland and sini|>ly added llic island, lu'liiirini; tlicin as we s«t on tlio nia|i, and tins riirioiis urror is loljitwi'd liy si'voi'al others. It is (inite ])ossilile, as I liavc clsowlii'ri' afi^iicd, that ihis naino (!. dos Saiivai^tw lii^canu' fasliMU'd to the coaxt near Bay*' V^ortf, and snrvivrs altorod in tin- prestMit Capo 'rorniiMitini',' imt liijs Is littK' inoiv than a i,'ness.and I have f • I'k;. is.— SANSON, Kiali. From original ; full y^i/.v. no jn'out'ofit to offvv. Do Laot was not only a carof'iil coin|iiior and copy- ist of maps, hut he road Chanii>lain's narratives with oaro, and in his book ho roniarks on soaixdiing tii rough Chaniphdns nai'rativo for a niontion of tlio nanio St. F.ouis. wliitdi of oouisc lu' did not tind.- I)o Laot is olo.soly foilowod l)y Vissclu-r. (Fig. -1.) Tlic ])nhlication ot'lho \i>'.i2 edition of Champlain tausvd it to supi-r- sedo that of l(il2, and ils influenoo appears in the Sanson map of 165ti ( Fig. 18). in which, howovor. a i\ow word, lifi/ili'iiii'hou for the first timo appears, taken, jig doubt, from tlio .losuit Relations, in wliich it occurs in that of 164(i spoiled Uogibouetou. In othor maps, however, Sanson goes back to tho earlier type, restoring ('. ih'a Sauv(iijet<. It is Sanson ohietly, though with .some now information from tho mis.sionai'ios, which Crouxius follows in his map of HJGo. (Fig. 1!>.) The I Tiiese Trims., VII., ii., IS. ■' DoLac't, thou.i;li lie placi's St. Luiiairc as a l)a.v on his map. in ids worit s|>eal<.H of it as a strait, w liicli it really is. Il i ' f '. I 3B6 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 4 I ' names liavo a Latin joriii, and several aiv new, a8 /. perdii-h (Pavtridgo T.^ Ne.peticquitius pai/iin, (land of Nepisiguit), and piperhi.). From orifriiial ; x ,'„. General xlthises and Charts of the Sixteenth and Seventeentii Cen- turies,"' most valuable. But we must at least note here the luimes of the makers of these atlases, of whom the principal were Mercutor. Ortelius, ' America, IV., 3($t(. [ganono] CARTOGRAPHY OF NEVV BRUNSWICK 389 Qiiadus, lloiulius. Blaou, Sanson, Vissdior. Atlases of Sea Charts wore made by Jacobcz, Dudley, Colom. Doncker. Van Loon, (lOos, de Witt, laillot, " The Enirlish Pilot." In this p^'riod. as in otliers. we tind i-orlain altorront ty])es. of which two ai'(^ of jiartieidar ini|ioi-tanfo. In HUT ap]ioai'ed iheeni-ious (•liarl of Dudley, with its numy repetitions of names all turned into Italian. it follows, however. Chaniplain, with some ailditions from his narratives; it makes a sea-passai^e from the St. Ch'oix throui^h to the St. Lawrence, in which it follows the Ilakluyt-.Molineau.x maii of ItiOd.and it is followed by the map of 1702 in the Kne Laet, except for new I'rroi-s about Grand Manan, and his names, alsoi are adopted exactly as far as they go, but. in addition, man}' new ones a])])ear, which are the same as those on the Hnglish Pilot map, already referred to. One might at first suppose that tlu'se names on the latter wei-e taken from this ma]) of Vi.sscher, but that is hardly i)Ossible, for tlie topogra]>hy which accom- panies them is entirely ditferent in the two cases. Hy eom])aring V^is.scher with I)e Laet (Figs. 17 and 21) it will bo seen that Vis.sfher tbllows the toi)ography of De Laet very exactly, and adds these curious names to it, while the Knglish Pilot nuip has no trace of the De Laet topography, and hence could not have been co])ied from Visscher. ^[oreovcr. the entire seiies ol names on the two maps on the north shore is quite distinct, again showing that one has not influenced the other, but lioth have taken their information iVom otiier sources. The Visscher i\anies on the Nortii Shore, (ir(tnpear. except that the word (^iKiseo is on a ma^i of 1722. b}- Edward Wells ; otherwise Visscher's map has hiid no influence, and it remains another cartograithical puzzle. Another aberrant map of much importance is that of Nicolas Denys, of 1(572. This was made from his personal observations, and is largely independent in details of topography and in nomenclature from all A4(n*i O C (^0 o C t^1), '■ La i)lus belle dos cartes do rAm^rique,' and in the nuiji by CoroiioUi, of lliS'i, which show several now names. All of those, however, excei)t Fort La Tour, are contained upon a MS. map (Fig. 23), which, since it is more correct than (!oroiielli, is probably of earlier date. Hacrr n L'ctrove- ment in the interior. No advance in published maps was maile over Coronelli until the now type of Dolislo, of 1703, but in the interval were the most important maps by DeMeulles, Jumeau, and other missionaries) the consideration of which, however, belongs to the next period, ove« though chronologically they belong to this. [ganong] CARTOGRAPHY OK NEW BRUNSWICK 361 Thus the penod olosod, with our entire sea-coasts laid <1o\nmi, though from hasty tvaverees, not true survey's, and with the interior hardly at all represented. TYPK No. 4.— TilK DELISLK TVPK. ■FT, ;:5), ite. ity •oni ion ve- vor ere ie«) ,-en Dei.isi-e, 1703. TO Bki.li.n, 1744. The hcfjinning of thi' represfiitafiun of the interior, Imsed upon maps made by the Jesuit and Rreoflerf 7nis'aries. and bij the Intendi'nt De- Meulles, after a journeij of expluratiun ; the entire <'ourses of all the prin- cipal rivers, except the St. Croix, shown, but with much error ; no im- provement in the coasts at first, but later a surcey liy Blachnore, improved somewhat l>y Southach, .) There is no iiiiip in our whole history wliich is of great is the region about the head of the Bay of (''undy. which is very poorly given. The course of the Miramiclii is shown with the re(,'ue la croix diuiucinent da ciel loiijjtems aiiiint Tarriuee dcs fnin(,'oiH euce pays, faite par Le R. pere Emiiiaimel .jiiinean recollect niissionaire en Canada. 4 oct. 168.5. I think there can be no connection between the P. S. Croce of the Italian maps and the name St. Croix, applied to Miramichi ; it is, doubtless, a mere coincidence. On this name applied to the Miramichi, see Shea's translation of Le Clercii'.s " Estab- lishment of the Faith," and Dionne, Jac(iues Cartier, 'iM. 'Now a lake in Albert, partially traced in iiiy Monop;raph. '- The symbol 8 was used by the French for the sound expressed by oo in moon. It was chosen because the sound they wished to express is well rendered by the initial sound of huit. nsatlBUMMiMM do to is no No iboiit d tho ro to f the I the fully ulfof II few given '0 tho hiip- *ulles, t) con- have •iijihy ; liow w the I how ndian in the whose It the mup : spec), Mus- k', and ; only K'asia) bund- ective which h the e pays. t. 16a5. ti nia|)s idcnce. Esta!)- 1 moon, by tlie ' " m% - I t r i" ^v^""'"^ ^«'"H->^"" ^'^'nSi'^ ^^' '^'^^ O^^eu % iJi. rqr Qnr' Fig. 26.-FKANQUELIN (DeME From copy in Library of Parliamei iii ''% ''« i^/Tw ^ /rut,... > ..^,i'^-E>if"< i'^ai)aiifi. "■"TfOIS •1^ / ^ ^ \ -A ANQUELIN (DkMEULI.ES), 1686. Library of Parliament, Ottawa ; x J. i f 1 ■: 1 ;. 1 1 \ 1 i- i ^ i f- ' \ li '; ■; ■ k ' 1 1 if [l'ilit3 Ncpiisigiiil. TIh'I'i- is. linucvcr. ii ^'iv.it error in llu- ii|i|it'r part 'u\\n'. /t^ . I. .'. ll.. ..I ilo I,...,, I ..rll). .. .L...I.I.. I,. I. ...w> I....,,!',.,,. ...ill, iL.. slio Lit V inmu'iictMi all iiia|)« lor nvt-r a iTiiniry. i nc \ {)i>ti\ur. itri/i'iin , \-^ wii correctly at its lioad. willi a doutile liraneli, ono lu'adiii^ with the tie Soil tliwosi Miratuielii (Mtotu'i), ami another now called Nietor, head- iiii,' with till' NepisinMiit (eonipare l''ii;\ JC. modern map I'ii;. 1). and the acenraeyof these lu'adinij;s, even to the correct luiiiiher of llu' lakes and tiie portaijc (oni^ueii) is wondorl'nlly correct. IJut Just helowihe I'orUsof t he 'I'oliiipic I he river is made to llow into />./'■ Mii/anuiisiii ('remisconala), a most iiiiaceonntaldc erroi", hut one whi(di. as we --liall see. siroii^i\- jn- (luenccd the majis ol' the ne.\t hundred yi-ars. Had this map iieen pnli- lislied and ijonerally accussihle. it would, ol' CMmrse, liave formetl a distinct i\ jie in our eart()!j;raphy, hut no trace of it appears in any pi'iiite(| map until that of Delisle of l"OH, which. Iieinij; accessible and cojiyahlc, ihei'c- t'oi'e liecamc the type. I'"ran(|uelin was a map-niakei' of i;'rcat skill and iMunensc product ive- lu'ss. hut far less Icnowii than he elislc nuikes it necessary to relerto it by his nanio. i'raiKiuelin. accordini;- to .Marcel (Catalogue), was a|)pointod hydi'oti;ra|dier of !•' ranee in MSil.aiid |»roliahly died in 1(107, ihoii^fh there is a ma|i hy him dated ITttS. His map of 1(!H4. and several others o| his, so imporlaiil for other parts ot Noi'lh Anu'rica, is ot' little iinpoi'tance for Acadia, which is laid down wvy t-rroiieously on il. V>\\\ his lti8(i map. to which I have so fully referred, ^rave him new data, wliicli arc fully used in hi^ map of ITdS. This map dilicrs somcwiiat from that of lilHc. as in the omission of Jj. Madawaska. the use nl' ('/lii'/u'i'/dui for Cheminpic, and the ]U'escn(c at the mouth of the St.,l()hn of J-'^irt li( Tour on tiu' east side of the rivei'. and on tlic west, /•'. Martinnon. The latter is. of course, for Sieur .Mai'tignon, who received a large seigniorial grant on the west side of the mouth id' the I'iver in llITi!- Marcel (Catalogue. Xo. 279) sjieaks ot this as a '' liednctioh de la ('arte dc liiS^." which, however, lor Acadia il is not. Of otlier manuscript mapsafter Franquelin-I>e .Menllcs. there are but two that 1 know of. One is a nuipof New I'ingland. already re])i'oduced in these 'I'lansactions (IX.. ii.. Td). dated MSO. Init cei'tainly belonging later (KJ.'-") ?) Its topograi)liy on the upper river recalls that of Franquelin. but is simjiler. and it, or itsoriginal, is followed by Moll. 17irt'. Another is that of (luillaume de IJozier of 1()II9, whi(di, while very erroneous as to the lower river, liastlie upper part and the Si,("roi.\ and Magaguadavic remarkalily well drawn, far better indeed tlian any other nuip until a hundred years later, but it was not followed by any otlier that 1 have seen. ' Lf Cli rc(|'s Carte geiieralle of lt)ll2, on loo .small a settle to tje of inucli u.se. murks the Hecollect Mis.sion.s of Miscou and La V'liliei T t I }. I 366 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Wo coiiR' now to tliu iiiiip(> of Dolisle. In 1700 lie publiHlied ono of small scalo, but mostly of the old type, with no interior topograjtliy. and the Restigouche and Nepisiguit marked, but transposed. Passing now to the type-map of j>elisle (Fig. 24) we note that the Bay of Fund}' is poor, for there had been no new survey since ('hanii)lain, and copies grow worse, n<»t better. But in 1711 and 1712 a survey of the bay was made by Nat. Blackmore, the New Bruns- wick portion of whose chart is given herewith. (Fig. 27.) The imrtion west of Pt. Little. Pro is so erroneous that it must be su|)poscd tlie surveyoi- passed direct I}- from Grand Manan to I'oint Leprcau ; the remainder of the coast to 6', Race (Kurage) is laid down better than in any pr(!ceding map, and E. of Lei»reau it establishes a new ty])e for the Bay of Fundy region, which is hardly superseded until the excellent surveys of Wright and DesCarres, sixly years later. 'Hie Passainaquoddj' region was in, proved so'iiewhal in later charts notably those of Southack (Fig. 28), and ])robabiy by him, and this improved Blaclc- more-,Southack is the type of the IJay of Fundy in the Knglish maps of the next jK'riod. This muji of Delisle is followed by De Fer. 170') ; .lohn Senox. 17H), and others. In 1715 appeared the remarkable ma]) of '^loll (Fig. 29), which is con- spicuous for its attemj)! to combine the topography of several earlier printetl maps, ar.d shows but little referenci' 1<> Delisle. The entin- North Shore shows no sign of De- lisle. Franquelin or .lume.u. but goes back to u much earlier and still unknown type, of which I have already spoken (See Fig. 20). as witness the old names, Smirenr, Plata, Ran- (liiii/i' liiirselle. Lujene. The Bay of Funtly is taken from Fio. 27.- lU-ACKMORE. 17IH. From orininal ; x [;. 1 1 [ganong] CARTOGRAPHY OF NKW BRUNSWICK 367 Bliickmore almost exactly, luit with one important dirt'orent'i'. namely. Moll makes the St. John empty where Hlackmore puts ' Month of St. Croix River," a curious error, which .seems to he pure carelessness. The lower part of the St. John shows the influence of Deli.sh: in the double lake, hut above that it is evidently taken not from Delisle, but from the same source as the New England map of lti85, which it so closely resembles t..»iivr'^^»*' DaTr'Jt la Proe M/o(ves Istands 0<5° dOocP Fk;. i!s.-SOrTIIACK, 17:(;!. From orijfinal ; x •(. (these Trans.. IX., ii.. TO). Thus Moll is a composite from at least four sources. There are several latei- maps by Moll, but none of tbeni any iin- pi'ovement over this. In 173;:} appeared Popples maji (Fi_n'. •"tO). which, on the North Shore is curiously ditVerent from any single map we know, but. in the main, seems to follow Delisle. It is the latest map I know of which retains Cartier's old C. Savage ; the placing oi' I. Cocagne so far to the south is easily understood by reference to the ambiguous way in which that name stands on Delisle. The Bay of Fundy is from Blackmore, with a differ- ence but hardly an improvement, in the Passamaquoddy region, while the interi(>- seems to repref:;>nt an attempt to harmonize Delisle and Moll, itut with sonu> new distortion introduced. I I I M 368 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA t ;• r H ! il i'l!^ ?!i iii^ 11 , \ 13^ Fi(i. 20.-MOLL, 171c From original : x ?. nt] [gang no] CARTOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 369 "^h, ^ v A iiiap-inakor of much indopeiideiice and orii^inality of oi'lhoi^rupliy wua Captain Cyprian Southack. Upon his map of 174() he tells us lio had cruised on the Athintic Coast, from 1(!!10 to 1712. in the sorvico i>f the (Vown, Green states in his " Kxi)hination :" "Part of tiiis last [i.e., St. John liiver] to the Fort of Naxoat, 28 leagues upwards from its mouth, was surveyed in the year lii;*?. when the English attacked the place.' The draught is ascribe*! to Captain Southack. and is laid down by a scale of one league to an inch one-eighth." L^nhappily this is entirely lost, but it is fair to suppose that its chief features are shown on (rreen's map of 1755, presently to be referred to. Another map which. I tliiiik. is Southack's, already printed in these Transactions (IX., ii., 72) in an atlas dated 1707, but doubtless itsell' made as early as l(i9(), is very curious and of remarkable spelling, though most of the names are recognizable. On it occurs for the tirst time the name Wolves. Southack's chart of 17;^H is of some importance-'; it follows Blackmore in the Bay of Fundy. except about Pas.samaquoddy, where it introduces a new topography (I'ig. 2.S). which was followed by (irc^n, Mitchell and others. ! think that on this map Passamaipioddy bay is not at all shown ; that •■ Fassamaquoddy Kiver" represents the p is.sagc between Deer island and Maine, and the '• St. Croix liiver" is Letito Passage. On this supposition the tDpography is intelligible, and far more accurate than on those which preceded it, or which followed it until the surveys of .Mitchel in 17t!4. On the North Shore, however, it is very inaccurate, and. perhai)s, put in from hearsay; he u.ses siich curious names as Barndhns. fiilett, Xajiaront, H(t.'. Deiislc ,ii;iivc' a now type, Imt it sutlV-rcd t'roiii its small scale, and did nnj iinin'o.ss ilsult' so iiiarUedly upon ilic t'ollowiiin' maps as maiiv ntlu-i- typos liavo dono. But il pivpared tlu- way tor llie <) to 17')'>. Heijan, with the line map of Bellin of /T.'f.',. and I'nded irith tin sarrci/.': i,f Morri.s, Wriijht, De.tHarre.-i and Holland. The s^realest Fivneh inap-makei' of the last eentiiry. with the pos- sihle oxcoptiori of D'Anville, was Joan Xieolas lieliin (17IKM772). He was otticial ca flog rape i' ol' I'lauce, and under him vv'as n-alhercd the great eolloetion in the Dejiot des ('artes do la Marine, whieh helped to maUe Fi-eneh ma]is in the last eentury of th(; foremost e.xeellence and authority '. Naturally he had aecess to all inlormation then existent in Franeo. and so well di. there is another (d' Acadia in the same voUnne of Charle- voix, whieh contains some inl\)riuation not cm the larger. On Hollhi, see Wiiisor, Aiin'rica, \., I2!». t ijiiml;ih) arc from the latter. The head ol the Hay of Ftindy is extremely confused, suggesting that it was laid down from the ri'ading of re|iort> rather than ironi any sketch. I'oi' the inversion of the lunnes Mcvicraiin'con and ('h'dajiourhl (Shej)o(ly) can hardly otherwise be explained. The remainder of the Hay of Fundy is a degenerated co])y from Blackmorc, with some names from i-'i-ancjuelin, and is especially poor in the region of Passanuvquoddy, where it shows no trace of Southack's impi'ovement ovei- Hlackmorc. Ail of this i-< true, also, of his ma]> of Acadie. which, thougli it has some additional detail, is no more correct tlian the other. Neither of them has any new names in thisentire region, all occurring either upon Frani[ueliii or F)laekmore. Passing to the interior, we linroiuiMenl in tlu^ older parts the iiiHuence of Franqueliu. though with an a'ltmpt at th'' correction of some of his errors, and, in addition, a few new features. Here, for the tirst time, the St. Croix is laid down and with s )me (■orrect ness, for it is nuule to head in a lake near a hranch of the I'enohscot on the one hami, and with the lakes enii)tied ly the .Medoctec on the olhei'. The .Medoctec. however, though heading with the St, Croix, em|»ties lu're near the (iraml Lake, an error which 1 have elsewhere fxpiained ', as probably due to a con- fusion of the river named Mcdai'tir (EjI river, below Woodstock), with the creek or jtoinl named Xo-drr-tlc by the Maliseets, which is situated a short distance ai)ove the mouth of the Belleisle on the west bank. This ei'ror. howevi'r it arose. persi>tt'd long and '.vasonly reclilied near the close of the century. Anotlier erroi'. for which 1 can think of no excuse, is the placing ot'the ('lii(''0'fi so far to the westward and making it so large, for on Jumeau, from which it was no doubt taken.il is correctly given to P)arnaby's river, a snmil stream not far troni the mouth of the Miramichi. Thiserror. also, soon became prev.dent and was intensilied, so that Chacodi became applied to the nuiin south branch of the Miramichi. and .so appears on many maps; while later, even in the present centuiy. in both maps and documents, through a confusion ot the Indian nanu'of the .Miramichi (Ri'Sti(jiii(<'/iii'hi\ Ol- Ijittle iiestigouehe 1. with the llestigoucdie itself. Cha(!odi became transfei'red to a south l)ranch of the latter river ; but. tinally, after all these waia I'rin; it has become extinct. What an inertia some errors seem to have when once started, backed bv authority ! The Grand Lake is here verv clearlv shown for the lirst time on a \> rinted map, no doubt from Fran(iuelin, though his r 7(j//,('/(yy// (ludian. Clie-mui- pir, now Salmon river) has become misprinted to C/tiinaiiisfi, in which I Moiiognipli, i")0. ! rGASOS(i] C'ARTOGUAPIIY (>F NKW llUrNSW ICK 373 .'d II lose tl 10 \. f bi- ll to ii'lii. .•oa liiaps lic'hi llsell. 1ml. loi'tia Tho ntcd hiniii- I'orrn it loiii;' iirov;iilrii;Miil, wilh wliicli it lioiidiMl. Tluis thcso rivers arc cun'ied liotli ti)o liii' wojst and too tar nurlli, and lu;noo liavo f'orcod tile Ri'stiifoiiclK- still lartlioi" north. What a distortion thereby is produced will liccome |ilain on comparing this map with the modern one. (Kig. 31 and Fig'. 1.) This error in these ihree rivers persisted on ]M'inte(l maps until near or into the jtrescnl e(Mitury ! Indeed. 1 do not know a printed ,na|i lietore tliat of I'urdy ol' 1S14. whicdi has not the Hestigouelu' thus out of ))o.sition. On Bollln Liir Mi'ditud^td (^ol' course, 'lemiseouata) heads pniperly with iheTrois I'istoles ; west of it comes the St. Kraneis hcadiui;- with the If. couata-shape tur the St. l''rancis likewise long jier- sistcd. Indeed. JJellin i- honmircd hy his errors, for they show how elosely all followed him, and lu' was not supersedeil in this region until the appearance of the modei'ii maps based upon surveys. The success ol' ilellin's new ma)> was immeiliate. It was followed by D'Anville in his map of iTliiiind by many others. In 1"")") Ijc Sieur J. I]. I]. D'Anville (a great Fremdi cartographer. !(J9T-17S2.'j published a tine map (I'ii;'. '^'1). which, while in tlie main tbllowing Hellin. yet ditlcrs in some partu-ulars. fni' lie has tried to coiTecl IJcllir, by the u>e of other authorities. Thus, upon the north shore. whiU,' in the main following Bellin. there are many new names, J/Z^/Zi ■/(,-/. Piuisii'/uft. IVrz/.r Cdii'lu, Miiuniiiii. It. ■lr.-< I). Hrctiiiis Triicsfdii.'' llai)iiily. we can set these names aek oiu' stage, for in I he rem b A rclnves there is a line man unc laled and without author ( l"'ig. 33) which, without any doubt, is the original of this part of D'Anville. I*erha|is il.like that of Jumeau. was the work of a mi>sionary. but it is also possible that it was made l>y sinne otliccr, po.-sibly by Fiei're l>oishebert, who was so active in this region from ITrjO-")."). This 111 lirunswick up to that time, (d' D'Anville ar. 1]) is the most, accurate made of any part of Xcvv nal Chi el reasons tor considering i t th origi lt^ '•reater accuracy and its much greater .scale, [t locates exactly the t wo curious names Vi*. i/('iiiil>r<'f'»i and iiini'm i'(ii'i:hi* whi(di. more or le.s.s altered, occur on later maps. The names mentioned ihove as now on D'Aiivillo, and several others, occur on it for tiie tirsl ' .See .Moiiotji-apli, 'I'AK - .\ii impoi taut work \ipoii !ii'< lit'e, with a li>t of liis works, i>, " .Volioe dus Onvrancs do M, D'Anville," Piiii>;, )S(I2, Vli) pp. Svo. i'liis shows a list of 211 maps and 7S iitlitM- puhlicatioHs. ■ .\ll of these are cxplaiiied in luy .Mon<>,ura)>li. *On wliieii see Moiioj^vapb, 2:^:5. In that work this map is inioted as the Survey -.uai) of ITo."). [OANONO] CARTOGRAPHY OF NKW IJKUNSWICK 37B r -j:>^'l i*^sA^"'";.Uf^^ .'^-4^/x._ ^^t^^rfW-V c- i G ^ •■• ■^^^ "-X .^"SVcrte > .-J •if:-.-, N Fi(i. 32.-D'AXVILLE, 1755. From original ; x J. i ' ( f I >< 376 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA '\ . i 8 i*i!' Ft(i. ;«.- UNKNOWN, 1754 (?) From copy of original ; x J . ~r^ [OASONO] CAHTixiUAl'lIY OF NKW lUtUXSWK'K tiiiio. It llm^ ri'ully l)OC()iiu'.s :i suli-tyiKv On I) Aiiv ii77 till- lieu'l i»r tin Bay of Kmniy Im mow laid down witli sonic iU'ciifiu-y. and |)i'ol»aldy iVoin |tluns sent lionu' by Fraiiquct. wlin in IT") t niadr a niosi cai'ct'ul .snivi-y of this ri'i^ion, (d' whi(d) llic aciouiil i-* proscrvi'd, lU'conipanifd l>y a delaik'd map f)f tlic Missa,i;Miasli, thou()ftliat roijioii is Unown to uw '. The liay of Fiindy is very like Ucllin until Pussaniaquoddy is ivatdu'il, wlu(di i> inul<,and it i^ of iiitoi'cst to note that runnini:; oil' from it to tho nortli is a stream ending in a lake noar the St. Croix, prijcisoiy as Denys Rivi-r and Mt'ddyhcnips liakt- do lit'. Possihly for this tln'iv is sonic missionary map unknown to u>. It is in the interior that ihis ma|» is most like lieliin. and t lie dillereiue.s are slight. The Mailawaska I'iviM- is her<' called (Iriiii'h U. S. I''riiii<;i)i.s : it had hoon eailed .S'. Fi'oriant ones hy Bellin himself, hy (ireen and hy Mitchell. Hellin's laro well i^ivcn a.s hy D'Anville ; and he adds a J'ortd'/c « /'((/(/ SdIi'H hetwcer\ what is clearly the IVnitcodiac and Salmon River, though it should he to the Washade- moak. which is liei'(( omitted.' John Mitchell* was an American of much learning, and his nuip (Fig. .'id) is very famous in connection with the i)Oun(lary controversies, for it was the one used in their delilieralions hy the negotiators of the Treaty of I'ai'is in 1783. It is hased almost entirely u])()n Hellin of 1744. 'I'he iMitii'e north .shore follows that original very closel}', there hi'ing upon it i)ut a single name. M.>ni'i/i\ not on Belliri. and that was ohtaiiuMl possihiy from D'Anville. The head ol the Bay of ^^^nd3' .seems to he taken from Morris of 174'.( : the remainder of the hay is Ironi Bellin, except the Pa.-^.samaquoddy region, which is plaiidy taken 'On I''raii(|iiel iiiid Iiis worlo see Catalogue of riiliriwy of I'lulianicnt lOttiiwiu, Vol. II. -Or po.ssil)ly from a sketch liy Boi.siiehfrl, who in 17.")l was ordereil liy Duiiuesnc to repitir to PassanuKiuoddy and UKiki- an accurate draujilU of it. IJroadlicad, New York Does., x. 264. •' BxplaiiiPd in my Moiiofiraph, p. liiiO. ■•Not the John Mitcliel who surveyed Passauiaiiuoddy in 1701, as Kill)y h;is supposed, l)Ut Dr. Mitchell, I'MJ.S. See Huske, " i'reseut .State of North America," 1755, and ed., 27 ; also Goude, " Beginnings of Natural History in Anierica," 7S. n n78 liOYAF, SOCIETY OF CANADA ]■' i III Irom Sdiitliiick (fomitan' l-'ii;. 2H). In ilic iiitcrii)r lii'llin is lollowcd oxinlly and with ran- tiik'lity. Til'" very importi'i'i ro|iri'S('titatioii dl'ilic Passamaqnoddy rcijion has led In Lircat dill'oiTiiccs of opiriiiin aiiKHij^Nl |ic()|i|c iiitcrcstfd in i lit^ Ka-ti'i'ii lidundary (iiifstioii. as to wliicii river tin- Si. (^roix liort' shown rt-aiiy rc|in'scnls. wlicllicr Mial at present callod St. < 'mix or somo other. ■»-/V\, ^r \^i^;^ -V-'^^ .', XiriraukiB^i t:^ ),i- a .^..i.---,: Fic. :U.— MITCHKLL, 17.").'). From oi'iginiil : x L By some it lias lieen considered to represent the Mai>;an'uadavic, and it has even iieen claimed \>y tliese writers that since this River St. Croix on MitchvU's map was the one cho.sen by the c nmissioiiers, and since the St. Croix of Mitchell's map really is the Magaguadavic, therefore the Magaffuadavic should have been chosen as the boundary'. Aside from the ' "America," VII., 17:). 1 I [oANONd] <;AR1TM1KAI'IIV i)V NKW I'.KINSWK k i.i79 (lUt'Hlioiiulilo valiilil V i>t tlu' hitter cliiiin, it liii> licen |ii'(ivcii lif\ oiul iloiilit tliut the St. Croix of Mitclu'll is rcully tiie I'ivcr we now know li_v liuit nunio, lor /v''/«.'-(//i'', at i's ln'iid. is ilic moilrrii (ii'aiul LiiUiv ciilicd in I'liHsaiiiiuiuiiiMy lo-ilay I\ri'-ol< (|U sak-il<. al llic licail i>t' ilir Si. ('ruix '. j::: ii:: v^ ij^ -- -"^ -- -- '^ I 11 111 I I ■■ ^^M. 1^^ '.■'I'liin !iiiiiiii,il : X \. Notliiiii;- can lio lold iVoni its moutii, for, a fact which lias liccii I'lilirciy overlooUed, a comparisoii witli Soutliack's nia|i (I"'i,i^. 2S) makes it oxtremoiy jirohalile tliat it is shown eniptyinif dii'i'ctly thi'ont;'li Lotito Tassauje. Anotlior nia]i of 1755. of nuicli iinportani'i'. is that of Joiiii (Ireen ■' (Fig. 35). which is chiefly remaikahio for its ott'oi't to I'o us tlitforent as ' Discussed in Miipizine of Aiiiericaii History, XXVI., lilil, aiKf'XXVII., 72. ' His n>al iianic was prol)al)ly Hrailoclv >r('a'l, as sliowii liy a Ji'ttcr mentioned in one of Stevens's Bnnlv Catalogne>. • < wm mmm :}\' 380 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ! .' , / ! I : ! \H' ! ])0H8ibk' from llio Fi'encli miips of the tiiuc. ALui^- llio North Shoiv its lo|iogrii[)liy ilitlbi's (.•onsidcrubly fi'oiii any othoi' kiuiwn iii;i|i, arnl lo the names of Hellin ai'o used as u basis, thoy arc mii' li alk'ivJ and pted ini( will iVi'iiui'iitlv transhited. aiiu at loast one old naino. -ril 1. is ri'ailo tv. Alt'xa' dcT. l(ilft for whom the ne'v uamo for Ha\' Cliaiciir, Ster i>ay, was. no doubt, given. Tbero is no reason to siipjio-M- that Hi-een had any new souree of information in tiiat region. The lioad of the Way ot Fiiiidy is elearly taken from Mori'is. 1749, and llie entire ISay of I'lmdy is of the l5laekmore-,Southaek type. In iiie Joining of the two St.C'roi.x: rivers, however, we iiid a tV'alui'e resemiiling that we h D'Aiiville. and, (loulith'ss, it is froie that inai>. O'l tiiu i\e spoken of in lowe Si. .loiin, )f the iiowever. lliis map is partially independent of tlie I'reiub maps lime, tlioiigh not eiuirely, as llie .Me(h)lvlek ;uid Shiaministi show. Happily we know the source of tins (iilVerence, for in liis valuable ■ Ivxplanation for the New Majt of Nvaa Scotia, etc.,' the author tells ii> that the river was siir\eyeil in lil'.tT a? ar as Fort Nashwaak ami a iiian made It was snpi iGsed in' ("aiiti'in Soiithaek. on a scale of one leairue to an inch-oiie-eighth. This plan, now lo^t, (rreeii has. of c(Uirse. u>ed. and in mosi respects in this })art he is much moi-e acoirate than an}' of the Fr(Mudi nuips. Tlu' Riiinc't Fort is. of course, that at Nere])is, the I'^reiich settle- ment, is the Xld <{' Aii/li- of Hellin, prol)al)iy just above the moutli of the IJelleisk'. Oitij[iinik (called, also, .\ukpaqiie, etc.), was the Indian name of the village at Sj)ringhill. aliove Fredericton. Above lliis [)oint the tna|) again t'ollows Hellin. except that Alexander's name, ('liji/c. is restored, as is tile iiame Wijudi. erroneously apjilied to the river by Cliaiii}ilaiii. The name Ny^'V is probaiily, also, a relic of Alexander's nomenclature. We may here notice a class of geographical tloeiiments of much value to our cartography in the last century, those pamphlets prepared to accompany the principal majis of the tiiue, e.\])laiiiinM,' the sources ol' informalit)!!. etc.. and containing remarks of great importance to an undei-standing ot the 1 ■elatioiis of map-makers to one another, et Of those, four of much importance are known to me. Crreen's •' Renuirks in Support of The New Ciuirt of Nortli and South America," (irecn's ■• Ex- planation'' for his map of 17")5. " Helliu's " M emoire on liis nuui ot f ITnf). and D'AnvilK .Mt^moire' of I7r)(i, the latter of wiiicli I have not seen. (ireen' !•: xplanatitin" not only gives a list of maps up to his time with much information about the makers, their sources of information, etc. but inaiiv other facts, t(» some of which I have referred in liese pages. The 17ri7 nuip by Hellin. '('arte du ('ours dii Fleiive de St. Laurent," while showing a part of New Hrunswiek, has luitliing new, Imi his 1757 map ol Acadie is renmrkable for the large number of corivcticuis in the Bay of Fundy region. Not only is the head of the Bay of Fiindy shown witii much greater accuracy than on his previous maps but he adopts the Southack tv pe tor rassaina({Uo( Idv and the D'Anville tvpc lor the St. [oancm;] CAUnKJU'Al'HY OF NEW RRUN.SWICK 38 (/I'oix. u'ul lie iviiiDVcs l'\irt J. a 'I'our fVdin the west .side of tlu iiarl)()iii-, where lie liad ])laeed i1 on liis 1755 maji, in tlie eaNt side, and dosignateH it Aiifioi /•'. /(' 7V/(/r, a point of very ijreal ini|ioi'tanec in tlie detei'niination ofllicexaet siteof tliat fori. In 17")7 .letlei'ys |iuiiiislie(i a ■ Chart of llie li'iver St. Jjawrenee." on wiiieii on;' Xorlh Shoi'e is shown, in wliieii he .>^c'W /" -^i-#9-Si%s^^''^G':/i' Ckif>affitf -T^rt, ra/s* ^" ^.w\ .^' -^ s > liniT- ir. f \ jfjal at>w/' .^^ -i-'l t^-^y I'"e.. :Mi. S.VYKI? & HKNNKTT, 177ii. l''r(im orininiil ; t'lill size. eioselv follows D'Anville of 1755. The latei' •'('hart of the (Julf of St. Lawrence.'' 1775, printed hy IJoht. Saver, i.- |irolialily hased u|ion surveys made in 17('iii' ii|inii II. TluTf is. ])fiiia|i--. sonii- olliri' ciii'licr priiiteil iiia|i I liuve not met willi wliifli hfurs tlii'sc names. Sonic ul' llieni, to^'cl licr with tliii old Bi'ilin ty]i<' ot'tlic inti'vior. a]>|iuar also on ( 'apt. Cafver's map of (Quebec nt' 177(!,also printed by SaVL'r. This type for tlio North Shore and interior are foliowecl aisoon Saver and iJennett's map of 17T•')• ''"' '" ^lie L'assaniaquuddy ri'i^ion liierc i.-~ a ii'real im* •■^veinenl, wiiieh is ih^'ived from Pownall's nnip, and that in tnrn was uerixed from tiie survey of John Mitehei of iTIil. i)reNenlly lo be spoken of. Wo tind, also, in this map the name Sjtfii. fromfini is made idi-ntiral with Tunisi/iKifd. and the SjiCi/, or river from Lake .Medarosia. is idenlilicd witii the present (Jreen rivi^r, b\il there is no improvemeni in the other rivt'i's. In the Laurie and Whittle iimp of 1794 {\'\'^- HO an iuu;enioii- solution of the difli- eullv is found by identifyiui;- .he old Lae Medaooasea witii the chain emptyinu' liake I'emiscouata liy the Touladi. but I be Xepisii^uit andMira- miehi still head with it. finally, llu- maiis (d' the United States, iiy Lapie. in ISOi;. and by 4'ai'dieu, in ISdS, both rev.'Cl l>aek lo the older type, but with them il disa|)pear--, for in lie' mr) in the rei!,ion aliout tlie head of the Bay of fundy naturally produced several majis. sucdi as Fran(|net's ot the .Missaguash. that in the '■ Miunoircs sur le Canada;" .lefl'ervs's I'lan of 17">"i. the maji in Maiite's • Ijate War." and another by ("u]it. Lewis showiug a survey of the May \'erle road, aiid the French map of 177'.'. all of greai local interest. Dnrini:' ilic saim' iH'i'iod many Acadian maps appeared in the pages of •• The Lonilon Maga/,ine '' and " The (lentleinen's .Magazine" of London, made up fiom dillerent sour es. In addition to these there is a perfect host of maps, many of ihem bi'ought out by the attenti.Mi de\o|ed to the troublous limes in America from 17on llieni. and mie may say thai the Sayer and Bennett map of 177l> ( I'^ig. •">'') represents their ver_\- best ilevelopnuMit. and il iua\' be considered a~- the closing ma|i (d' this ])eriod. though in the PasHamaq noddy rei;ion il belongs to the ne.xl. The good majs whi(di appeared after it belonged more or less to tlu' next |ieriod. It is not I I 1l [gano> CARTOGKAl'jn (>] MAV HUUNSW l( K 383 voval iioxl aluo • mil the » as la ;" by lull laiiy iiiil 1 cs. Uirllt iVlMU ami hiiiH" iiu'tt 111 it tlu' l.icli - not protitalile t'oi' u- '<» alt(.'iu|it to wurk iiir(iii:;-ii all nl' llioc iii;i|i--. i<\ wliicli a list lias lu't-ii |.i, IiHsIrmI, tir>l in (iallatiu's ■ Jvi^'iit ot' llic I'liitcil Slati's of Auu'i'ica t(i ihf X()rth(>ast('i'ii Pxjuiidai'y rhiitiiod hy theni." ( iiostdn, New yorlc, lS4lt. p. 7ti,) and ivpi'intwl with niaiiy additions in -Statt'- ment on tlic part ol' tlio I'nitod States of tlio case roforrod in the Kini,^ of tlu^ XcthcrhuHU. ' 'P'' list is not fompit'lc for the period it eovers, and its len<^tli will sliou now prolitie in nnips was that tinu.' A very iinporttint ])iiase of the cartogra])hy of this and the next period is its relation to the whole question of the hotindury between New Bvtinswiek and Maine. Hut tlii> is a voluminous subjeet with a large literature ol' its own, and 1 do iu)t here treat of it. partly beeaii.se Justice could not be done it in the sjiaee at my disposal, but esjiecially beeuuHo I hope to treat the whole qu*'ntion of the evolution of New iJriinswiek Boundaries in a future ineiuoir of ihis .series.' The suhjeel is considered 'See, also, AViiisor, Maps of Nortli Aiiiciici, 17();<-17.s.'t. Aiiii'iif.i. \'ir., 1,S2. -' As tliis sul).ject 01 the l)oun(liiry lictwccu Maim' aiis lierc tlic opinion to wliiiii I liavc lici-n led l)y not alittit' study of I Ins (|Ui's|ion cxlcndini;- over seviM-al years. 'I'lie Anieiicaii claim, it will lie remenibcrt'd. was that the due norlli line from the source of llie St. Croi.x should cross ihc St. lolm aliove (Irand Falls (not Hlojjpiiifi al the rivcri. and lontimu' north uiuil il reached the hiffhlands scpar.uinu liwis I'allinfi into the St. r.awrcncc fiom those tlowiny; south, which wotdil hrinij,- it within a few n dies of the St. Lawrence, an(( that all vvest o' tint line and soutti of the watershed, bcloniicd to them. In my opin- ion the Amciic-ius weri' entirely correct in their claim that the treaty mean I to .iward them this tei'iilory. Thnmrli t he words of the treaty ile -crilie as the iiorl hwcsl anfjle of .\o\ a .^Sciiiia a spot which actually does not exist, ne\ en heiess it is plain oiioukIi that the old boundary belwecu Nova Sc(. tia and Massacluisetls was intended l)y the treaty to be the International boundary. .New, exclmlinjjiold l''rencli maps which do not bear on the cpiestion. upon do/ens of ma])s. I l)elieve upon all without exception, betwci'ii ITti:! and \'i^''i. (.'^ee l'"igs. litiandHrti, wliei lier made by laiulishmen oranybody else, the boundary between No\a Scot ia .'ind Massai'husi'tls ran north lo tliose hij?li- lands near the v'sl. Lawrence: and, moreover, that si^paration between thi' [irovlnces was explicitlv slated In a ro>al i)roclamation ami coninussion of li'ti;!. I know of maps made in l-Jiv.and at the (lose of the Revolution, even as late as IT.s;!, which make the boundary run north to those hiuhljuids. Moreover, at lirst the American claim was iidmilted without (piestion by as fj;rent a Jin-isl and typical Loy.alist as tile elder \\'ard I'bipmaii, as show n by an orij-'inal dociimeni in ni> pe-session, wliich I have ac(piired tiirounh the kindness of Kev. W. ( ). li.iynKUid. It was only after 17s;-! that a ditVereiit claim was set up by Ureal lirilaiii. 1 am unable tn doubt that it was entirely the intention of tic commissioners who made the Treaty of Peace in 17s:!. that the ohl boundary rinminjj: north to the liiyhlands was lo foiin here the Iiilernat ional boundary. 'I'o suppose that t he commissioners had any other inlenlio!i in using t he words they did, is to ask us to believe that these words conceal a cipher. Why the Hrit isli (J'omnussioners should have nlloweil this old boundarv to stand, lliiis forever iHTmittinji a wed.uc of foieijjn territory to cxli'inl into Hrilish America, cuttinj,: oil' coiiimunication between its eastern and western j)arts, is an entirely separate (jnestion, the solution of which does not in the least decree all'ecl the fact that they did thai very thinji'. Perhaps they were tooanxious to Ueepold bouiuiaricH as fai' as possible - possibly that w edfic seemed too IrilHnjj an all'air lo beworlh wriuiiiliiiLi' over, in cniuparisou with tlie numerous iinii'ense interests they had to consider : perhaps they wert> outm-neralled. At all e\enls it seems (o me the blame if il 384 liOVAL S()( lETY OF CANADA h liy Winsor in !ii>- cliiiiitei' on the jifuci' iif!.''oti;itioiis of 17,S2-17P:^ (Amri'ica. VII.), and i'si)C'C'ially in his •' ('arloirrapliical Ilisti)i'\- of tlic No rll least crn JJoiuulary ('oiilrovci'sv/' I >minij; this ))('rii)il a I'onsiderabii' advaiui' in ihc nia])s, |iarticiiliii'I\' of ilic I'cniMsuhi nt' Nova Scoiia. was made llii'ijuiidi liic more n>itneroiis observations t'oi- latitude and longitude, Tliese were taken h^ olfieei's of Freneh siiips of war on tiie eoast. In 1750-51. as (ireen tells lis, .M. ('Iialiert was sent out in a frigate liv tlie l^'reiu li (ioverinnenl. and provided with the best instriinieiits. to take ntunerous observations. Tliirt imjiortant expedition did not toueli our present ))rovince of Now Bruns wick. In 175H. however, an Ik'ijn tells us in his •• Keinarques sur la(;urte du (lolfe Saint Ijaurent.' the •Th tis." King's IVigate. made observ.ations in Bay Verte. .Morris, in 17411. de.ei'iniued tlio latitude and longitude of Mill Island, near Cape iOnragi', 15 40'. given on Ins Ms. niaji in the L-*ublie Keeord otUee. but thes. are the only su(di observations that J have noted in Xew Brunswiek up ti 177U. This period does not end abriiiilly. but iiilerloeks closely with the following, for many of its features persisted long after good surveys had improved other jiarts of the province. for thin KH'-il cri-ar l)ek)n,<^.s with Uiciii. T'lis in, however, hut one side of tlie i|uc.-,- tioii. On till' olluT is the I'lict thai tlie Aiiicricaiis. \\ jicii it liccai'M' |)l;iiii that they had jiiiint'd a Ki'eal. advaiitag',', and lliar tlu' value of the land in that wc(l.u<' was hnt little to ilu'in in coiuparison with its value to Great IJritain (for, wiiile irivinii them a strateu'ie ay Mr. Ilannay. wiioin no one will accuse of loo great iiartialily to the I'niled States, and he has re|ieatedly attirmed it in newspaper art ides, though I do not know that it appears in any of his more per- manent writings. 'i [GAN()N'ul, Wright. 177. .\ Desliarrcs. 177(>17S1, ami Wrig/if, JiHD, ichirh together covered the entire coast : "f the interior, the St. John, from its irnportancr' as the winter road to 'Juehc-, was first laid down l)i/ Morris and others: the remainder of the interior east of it, found to l)e inaccurately mapped, was for a time abandoned altogether, and the maps left blank ; the Restigouche later added from a special survey; the more accessible parts mapped by provincial surveyors in connection with surveys for settling the New England and Loyalist immigrants. These re.vilts brou'/ht together for the first time on a large-.-icab- map showing New Brnnsirir/; alone, by Bonnor, ISJO. To uniltM'staiiil this |)cri()il, it is tirst iK't't'ssuiy to ilctiiic w hat is mcaiit liy tlio wonl surveys usod in this ((inncrtion. Siirvovs oi .im- kind woi-e made tVoni the time of Cartiev, Init up until the iasi cciiiui-y the ex|)h)reis made sueh hasty visits that they could dn little more than use their ships' compasses for general direetioiis, and the log and de:id- reekoning I'or dislanees. Moi'o exaet surveys, and those wliieli define this period, could only liegin with determinations tor latitmle and longi lude, and with the \ise of [)roper compasses on shore for detei'inining Jingles with exactness. Morris, in IT-t'.t. took :ii Miiii'l ((Irindstone i lslan on shore >eems to ine to liave begun with Morris, wdiosc; surveys of 17+9 are in u'eneral so accurate that tlnn' could hardly otherwise have lieen laaide ; and. witlioiii tpies- lion, the surveys of I'assiimaquoddy. by .\!i'< lel '•■ ITd'-t. wi're thus nuide, as his tielddmok shows. Of course, the snrrt^ys •■f Wright and De^liarres from 17tIS onwards were thus ma('", though I \'< not know how they obtained distances so accurately, 'iriangnlaion is the onl\' nn'thod of obtaining distiii.ces ticcuralely by sea, but it could hardly have been e.^>d by them. Triangvilation has of course been used in the .Vdiniialiy >ur- v*y8 in this century, tmd the results of some of tlie triangulaiioiis made \\y the United States Coast Survey about I'assamaquoiidy are accessible in their publisluHl re})orts. Tlu* only triangul.ition of the interior that I know of is that by (^ajitHtn « >wen, from St.John to nlif»nnghill. in ls41-4;i. ' The mobt complete liwt that I know of is in a tiil)le on Wilkinson's in.-iji ..t' li^'iii. Scf. II., 1S!I7, -l-l. • U i II ! t i- »./'" ,1J '. !» r I 386 ItOYAl, S()t"IKTY OF ('ANAPA I ^hall iKite lirsi soinc t'urly survoy.s which sroni t<> h:ivi' pi'oduceil litth' L'ilcct inniii oiii't'iirtngraphy. I^assiiiir over tlio draft of the St. John niacK' liy Southack in 111!*", iiiul l^hiclviiiori''s of tlie Hay of h'timiy^we linil thai in IT.'U (Icorov MitclK'll, oncM)f iho I K'puty Surveyors of tho Woods ill Xorih Atnorica, was ordered to jiroeeed to survi'^- the river of Aniiai'olis Uoyai and the entire eoast around the liead of the Iky of Fiindy, tlie ne(d< of hmd at Bay of Vert ; " from thence you are to pro- ceed to Cliiii|iody, the liiver St. Johns, and so forward around the Bay of Fuinly to Passaniaquady, Grand Menan." Tiiis survey was to i)e nuKUi witii the i^reatest possible exactness.' Iiut whether it was ever made I ihi ni>t know, for I liave not been able to find any trace either of mupn niaiie liy (reori;-e Mitch(dl or of any influence 2)roduced by such a survey upon other nuips. with a possible exception to be mentioned later.' (rreen spi'uks of a chail made l)y Ca])tain Tiicliard iFazzen. from the -Men-imack to the St. Croix, of 17^0, l)Ut I have .seen no elVects oi' tliis on any maps of that region. But the tirst accurate survey of Ihe modern type of any part of New Brunswick is that made by Lieutenant iiruccof St. .lohn harbour, in I7t>l. Many manu,script (n)pies of this chart exist, and its princi)ial portion has been published in these 'rran.sactions (IX.. ii.. p. fil) ; it is of vovy ii'reat ini|)orlance to the licul historian, since it shows .so accurately the a|>pt'arance of the hai'bour before the (dianges introduced by settle- ment. There is in the I*ublic Record oflice a report by Bruce on cleared lands of the St. .hdin. dated 1768, but I have not seen it.' The next sur- vey is that (d' .bdin Mitcbel. who. in 176 t. was ordered b}' Governor Ber- nard, of Massachusetts, to survey I'as,sama([Uoddy bay.* which he did with Some thoroughness in that year, as we can learn from his lield-book, which is now in existenei .'' Mitehel's survey was made with compass on Hhoi'e and with the disianc 's estimated, His ma|i. of whitdi he made three manuscript copies, is now unknown, but its influenco is shown in ' .\lurdoi-ii, Nova Scotia. I., t!t7. .A copy of Mitclu'irs full commission forlliiH Movcy is in possession of Hcv. \V. (). llii.vmoml, >t. .loliii. - Possibly this was the survey n'tcrrcd to Ity .Murdoch, I., "lOS, under date 173.5 :— " The Indians of the river St. .Tolm fell, or adected to feel. iii)prehensions on account of tile jircjeeedings of the Koverninenl surveyors in that vicinity." •'Archives. ISlU. SVX 'In (lov. Merniird'.s instructions to Mitchel, he is or(h'ied to proceed to the head of the St. Croix, hut he appears nol to lui ve done so. 'I'here is a reference to a survey in that rej^ion in 17(14 in the Massacluisetis journals. 'This field hook is in possession of I lie Maine IIistoric;il Society. Hy the kind- ness of the secretary of that sociely and of llie former owner of the MS., Mr. W. H. Kilhy, of Roston. I have been allowed lo make a copy of it, which later I shall ptil> lish with annotations. Much from this hook has lu'eii ])uhlished hy Mr. Kilhy in his "Eastport and l'assaiiia(|Uoddy." There are important refi-reuces to this and other curly surveys in I'nited States State Papers. I., ill. .\lso, see Kilhy. |."i. h: i r '^ii'l [(IANOXG] CARKXiUArHV Ol' NKW iJltUNSWK K 387 I'OlllU head >nrvo> it least one |iul)lislK'(l iiia|p. that in I'owiial iri'aiiliical Di'-cr '1' lion Lake I'lo] Jli ITT'l. wlici'c I lu' liav is Ini- tlie tii'sl linif well laid ilown, and >ia, wliitli Milelu'l liail visited. IS a Isnsl idwn, tl inui;di without name. s inai) is. ]H'i'liaiis, the oi'iginal (d tliis re<;ion in Sol/.i nan iM: oT .Maine, 17(*8. .Morris's siii'vey of the same ha}- tho ne.\l year ivsnhi'd in a ma)) wiiieh I liave not .seen. Winle eonsiderino- l-'a.ssaina([Uo(ldy we may as well trace it farther. We eome ne.xt to tlie tine survey by W 'rii;lil. repri'sented hy a s|)lendid MS. of t mail m tiie lirit isli .M useiim, dated 177: his .survey. ;is tlie till le mail tells us, w as made ■' ai^reealily lo the Orders and Instruelioiis of the Ri^ht iionouralile the Lords ( 'onimissioners for Trade and Planta- tions, to Samuel llollaiul, Ks([., Siirvoyor-CTeiu'ral of Lauds for the .Xortliorii District of Xortli Ameriea. Hy liis Deputy, Mr. 'I'hesHari'es wliich immediately followed, and lliese. too, are of the greaU'st iiujtor- taiice lo our siibicel. Wright snii.scMiucntly iKcaiiie Sur\-evor-( ieueral ot the Ishinil of St. .lohn, ami Holland Siirveyor-I ieiii'ral of <^ueboc. it is singular how forlauate I'a-^samaqiioddy lias always been in llie matter of surveys It 1 las neon s ur\e\ed earlier, oftener and better than an\' othei' pari of the province, excoi)ting only St. John harlioiir. for which, no doubt, it ha.s ehicfly to thank its geographical position. We come now to the ureal woric of Deslian .1. F. W. DesKarres is a not unimportant ligure in the history of both .New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Korii in lT"-2, he lived to the ago ol' 102 years.' in the introduction to "The .Mlantic Xe|itiine" he tells u- how his surveys began ; "In the year ITli.'i the Hoard ol .\dniiralty, convinced of the many advantages thut would accrue to the |iiiblic troiii a thorough knowledge of the ])roviuco [i.e.. Nova Scotia], engaged ,1. F. W. Des Marres to iiuike I'xact surveys and (diarls of its coasts and iiarbours, and directed the several commanders-in-chief ot the Heel in America to assist him with vessels and boats for taking soundings, tents for eucaiiipiiig on the shores. men, )irovi-.ions, etc. In the survey the liest iustrumonts were employi'd. and work was always confirmed by eolestial observations. ' For impoftaiil inatU'roii DesBanvs sec Hdiu-iiint . Caiic Hictoii, 24S 24!i : aNo, .Morgan, IVililiotlu'i'a Canadensis. i • ( •i '1 ' I '.iteair', S8S KOYAI. SOCIKTY OK CANADA :: m , t ••Tlw I'limiuc not ailiiiittinu; tlic use o)' iiisinimnits more than six monllis of the yi'iir, ii(i(lc(l to the frequent interfu)>ti()iis from foi^is and jirceafioiis weatlier, iinav()irunsvvick coast and the lower St. John, and one of them shows the interior in an altou-ether reuuirkable manner, but of tbis 1 shall speak latei', The charls are fairly accurate. A chief jieculiarity of them is their co]iious introduction of ni'W names for ])laces, seen especially in his ITTU chart of the entrance to the River 8t. John. These are mostly those of persons, but of these very few indeed have persisted, except ("ourtenay bay, Capo Spencer. Salisbur}' and, po.ssibly, Fox Island. Miranuchi." These charls were, of course, the standard for the lime, and have only been super.seded by the more |)erfect oni^s of the Admiralty in this century. In ITi'O, however, appeared a ■ New ('hart of the tJulf r-( u'uoral of No\ a Scotia. Por hoth tlio inlrinsio iniporlanoo, as well as tlio niorit of tlH> work ho did for our early carto^ra]»hy, ho must stand as Olio of the foi'o- inost of our iiia|i-niakors. ITo diod in IT'^I aiul was siioooodod in otlioo l>y his son of tho samo iiaino. His tiist siirvoys woro of the roLcion ahout the head of tho i}a_\ of Pnndy. and his mai>s aroprosorvod in tho iJi-itish Museum. Those ma|)s o.\eitod the adniiralion of (Jrooii. who sjieakH of his "acourate snrvev.s of 1T48 anil 1T-H>." and mother survov o f .M r. Morris made in the years 1751 and 1752, with no !os> aoeiiraoy than the former." Those surveys were probai)ly used hy ISollin toeorroot his later maps, as I liave already mentioned. Thoy were, of course, used by Morris in his romarkahie map oi" the Northern l';n<;-lish Colonios. of 174Jt, reeoittly published in ••Captain Polo's Journal," from the oriy-inal .MS. eservcd in tho Lenox library Tl lis map 1 remarkable lor its indo- pv pondonce of most of tho.se of the time, and one wonders whether (Jeorgo MitohoH's survej' may not bo the oriij^iual for some parts, such as the St, ■lohn, which is unlike any map of that river known to mo. 'I'ho l''r(Micl; influence, howovor, is evident in places, such as L'Etan// ; and Misti/uipif sugu^est Hellin's ma]i of 1744. Probably Passamaquoddy is l)Ut a poor copy of the Hlackmoro-Southack ty|)o, and I do not know tho original of the Xorth Shore, but be has evidently used tho same source as fJroen in his 1755 map. Without doubt, also, Morris is the maker of the map accom- panying Monckton's journal, luvservod in the Uritish Museum, of his t valuable of all existent expedition on the St..Iolin in 1V5R. one of the mos maps of any part of ^ew Rrunswick. (See Fig. ■!7.) A Major n command of the post at the .M doubtless Charles Morris, was i the St. John in that voai ol'lMS, th of This is not only tiio first map we ] mou OSSc' which shows the lower St. .lohn upon a fair scale and with fair accviracy, but it is the only one we possess which marks the French sottlemonts in that region. It also j.mvos us at least a part of the I'^'onch place nomen- clature, and shows l!;al a number of our names, seemingly of Hiiglish origin, are really translations from the French, as I have traced in my V ace -No monclaturo. In the lieautv and accuracy of this ma]) we have a distinct suggestion of Morris, and, as well, in some ot its topo- ^rajihical features it is not unlike some of his later maps. In \~('i7) he had surveyed tho whole rivor and the coast to Passamaquoddy, an I ■ C A N A 1 • A 4 '■■^\\^<4'^^it,v ■'%vi //-^^Vv- JieauClQTCe 'V Foinf'iuX \ \^ o 5' r\ Stale t^ Ten milts- - — Ba^ c[ rondij ( -i Fi(i. ;i7.-M01{RIS ' Icai'ii ii|inii ^mh] aullMiilv. llif St . .Inlm had lii'i'ii Mirvcyi'"! t'of O,'* miles, ami |nMlialilv l)y liiiii. In ilic r.riiisli Mu-'fiiin, ami also m ihc ('ruwn Lain! ullirc al l''rrii('i'icli)ii. arc ropir-- ni a iiia)i of 17^4. sfi'iiiiiii^ly l)asc(l n|iiiii liis, sliowini;' iiH^'alisl ami ol Ium' lami u'rants made up lo lliat tiiiu", wliidi sliowstlic river a- fai' as (Iraiid Kails, ami I lie I iitirc noiiu'iiclaturc is lluil wliicli lias pcfsisicd lo llii> day, iiml is now ill us '. Ill an insfription npoii one of liis maps. Morris rcl'ors t(i llic oliscrva- tionsol' (;"aplain I'ca'di upon ilic rivci'as laras Ijalce rcniiscouata. TIhm'c was a .losepli I'oacli. a pi'lilioncr lor lands on the St. .lolm in 1Tlin. I5ut hero, not oidy is the <^eneral course of the St. .Folin _<,nvon with an accuracy much iijreater than appears in any other map prior to tliis century, bu' the Aroostook. 'IVilii([U(> ivnd otlx'r branches are well laid down, and what is especially surprisiiin- is that the lieadiiiij of the 'Pobiciiic. Nt>pi.sio-iiil and .Miramicdii is ifiveii witii fair accuracy, and better than upon any oilier ma]i until that of Haillie in 1832. One at tirst is inclined to connect tlie St. .lohn part with that of Peacbey fto be veferriul to later), but a careful comparison shows nothing in common. It is ]ilain enou^jh that DesBarres had access to some plans or other source of information not accessible to other ina|(-makcrH of that period, and totally uiilcnown to us. 'Phis map is to me the ;s to this period. In the British .^rusoum is a maj) (Kisif. H9) of the Kivor St. John from Lake Madawaska to its mouth, on which is the inscription: 'Drawn by James Poachey, l-'.nsn. (lOth He,ii;i.," and Mr. Kdwanl Scott, of the British .Museum, writes me: "The map was executed between 17^7 and 170"). as James I .\rcliivfs, ISiM, ■111, 275. • \lvliivos, IS!) I, :!!»s. !i 'I i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V <• // {./ S mi J) V ,. W^s :/ \,\J |50 ""'^ 11^= I.I IK mil 2.2 1^ ■ 40 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -4 6" — ► V. <^ /] (? c^] ^. e: /a / V /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 1 4580 (716) 872-4S03 # ■1>^ '^<^ iV :\ \ ^ . I! n 392 PeiU'lu'V ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA :;iimo . . Ity wliom it was drawn, beciimo litMitonunt and changocl liis n-ifiinont in the latter year." The I'ortago road from the St. Law- ri'iKT was opened in IIH'S. The niaj* shows the post houses estahlisliod iiy the (Jovernrnont along tlie river for the aceominodation of travelloi-s ; Imt what is most remaikahle about it is its nomonelature, which ditfers greatly from that ot Morris, and could only have been made from an actual visit, since the topography, though crude, is fairly correct, and the Indian luimes, though much corrupted are recognizable and correctly II (OANOXO] CAirnMiKAl'MY (H NKW nkUNSWICK 893 V ?ii^^^^ ,t:>i53::5?s;r^C vAVV"' hrani'j Pvmt -^i^L^: t y it n JO Mill I ffrmmn fa/aw <| ?HtJ»«¥ g*'^ to*. Bt>'' I'Ki. :!!!.- I'MACIIKY, ITKt? From |ilioto(jiajili of oriniiml ; x 4. r' t I I. li 39^ RoYAl, SOriKTY Ol" CANADA ii|i|pli(,Ml. ;is iiiiu' IK' liMinu iti'sri rilpfil :i iiirimis lact i^ ll 111 iiu' ■• riaiT iiniiu'iicliii in'i 111 N ow- ns. I lull wliilo IIk' iiaiiii's DM iho I'lvrr IpcIow M lIIIIO s 110 iim occur al a I 111 loii aii\' o thcr iiia|i or III any ilocumciit Uiiowii to ill altovi' St. Aiiiu''> aiv almost iiJcMitical' with tlio.sc used hy iiro III his \vt ll-kiiowii Kt'|)ort ol' 17^0. ill tlescrilpinii' tlic lower nvto'. Mil li(iwc\(T, .Miiiiro (loos Hot use any of iliosc iiaiiu's, it seems to me plain le u|)|ier and the lowci- river ai'e from tlio Ilial al >t (lie names on lintli t same original, tor tlu'V are ol iiiucli the same cliarai'ter aiiaiiv liis i'e|io)'i ; rveu had he made it lor the u|i|ier river, It is im|)ossil)k* thai ll mid have made ii lor the lower, without iisiiiii- some ol' the names in liw repor' ll II IIK Iherel 'ore. that .Miiiiro used on his vo\' an earliei- ma|iot' the upper St. John made hy .some inaki'r yet liiiL igo Known to me. tiid this mail oi I'caehev s IS drawn from the same orin-i mil. but with later additions. On the lower St. John. .Miinro prohahly had a majt ■ i|' Morris. Now, as to the ori^^inal maker ol'this map, one at once reeulls the ret'oreiice hy Morris to Captain I'eaeli, and it is (juile possiMc that the original ol' this entire maj) of the river is hy him, or less pi-ohaiily. that il was made hv (roortte Milehell in IT.'Jf). It nniv vet Ik' I'ouiid aiuonir the trea'^ures ol'ihe llritish Museum, hnl I'or the jirescnt it remains one of those ])uz/.les which will iiive /,esi to I he pur--iiit of our eartograjihy t'or some time to come. 'ro liaMy this man was ])ulilishcil. for it ■.\ten>ively cop There is a iiianiiseri|il i'>j',\ I'f the part from St. Ann's to (Jrand Falls in itliee at Frederieton, with some ditVoreiieeH from the ihe ( rown ami oacliev eoiiv Tl le I arliest apjiearanee of this t^'iie in print tliat I have ■n i- the ma|( of 17!'4 in Iviteliin's Atlas (Fiy;. 40), hut it apj'earsiipon Arrowsmith's rnili'd Slates. ITOi! ; Solzmann's map of I'laii of the liiver St. J(din '' on Ifollaiid's new chart of many oihers. a Maine. \~,9^ ; a the coast of Nova Scotia, ITllS. and even on Arrowsmith, 1794. and on II enilei>oii nap of the St. John. Is27. Rut its nomenclature and to) 10- rranliv ater died out. and in the end the Morns ty|ie prevai ami IS ' Ma)) and report agree in sonie curious inistHkes, such as the presence of hotli /)'. .\((iiniiii(/iti(/mi !\ui\ Mdi/iiiiif Kissiidi/, wlilch arc in fuel the sinnc, and In placing Miiliiiliik \'illiii/f al the sDiilh ol' iln' .Mad(K'hcii<|uick (iinl iiaincd 011 I he iiiiip), when it ccii.iiiilv should have lii-.ii put liclow Mcdoctick Creek. On the other luvnd, the in.ip hastiowac (Comci wrun^ilv pliiccd and the report has it correctly. I some- times liuve tlioMn'ht the map was made up to airree with the report. I'crlmps, after all. ihc iini)cr livci- is from a map l>y Muaro. .Scveivil of the names are of totally inikiiow 11 orijiiii. such as /. Omnrd/s, (lath of Miilnrlirk. On some of the maps which adopi the I'cache.x names, tlu're arc .some seemiiiK to belong to the .same set wjiieh are on neither I'eachcy iioi' .Mnnro, such as Sii/to linrlo (Shikatehawkl and >7i(V7'S (,»ii«/7cr ((Jrand Hiverl. seeming to show that all have drawn independently from a coinnioa som-cc. Mr. 1. Allen -lack, of St. John, writes nie he (nice p(»sseH8e(l a printed naip, dated not later than 177(1, which coniained some of these names. !ii [(iANOMl] r.\KTf)(il;AriIY ()!• NKW HIirNSWK K 89B ;i |)riiiicil thill wliic'ii is till' (Pi'i^iiiiil 1)1' ilic inii|is we use i>t iliis day. iii!i|i. tlu' .Morris lyjii'. appcariMJ lirsl. mi tar as I Ivimw, in I'lii'iiyX •• ( "alintia " of IMI, ami aijain in tin' two maps l^y llou(in'll<', ami Iimiii tlial time coiistiintly down to tlu- iirt'seiit. ^ -.AV' ji _L S^'^ ...^.. Vu:. iO.-l.XV\UK k WiiriTI.K (KIlCIl IN ., ITlM. Friini i)ri}j;iiijil ; fnil si/c Whilo s|teakiii.i^ ot'tiicSt. .loliri, wo may iuTr note a very iiiti'ivstiiii; niaj) of tlio river from its moutli to (iraml Falls, niaiic liy DoiigakI C'aniplu'il in 1785. and prcsorvcd in manuscript in tlic I'ulilio Kocoi'd ortice. It is follu\v«!d on Majoi- Holland's map of Lower Canada of I8l(ii, l»iit ^i II 396 KOVAL SOCIKTY OK f'ANAPA te il u u in no other tliat I liuvf sih-ii. It is remarkalile furllK' tidnlit.v with which it, rt'conis tlic Imiian iianics (if tlu' river, to wiiich tlu- triinshitioii isoftcii adtied. Anoliu'r valuahlc map <>(' tlic lower rivor is a |Mil>lished iiia|i of 1788. hiado liy Itohcrt Campiti'li, and nearly indcpendontly of otiier inu|w, and wliitdi conluins intorrniition of eonsiiierable local histoi'ical vaiiu'. I'assini,' now to other parts of tlie interior ot tlie province, we lind that the St. ("roix, thoui^h soinewhut ronufhiy surveyed in 1T>") l>y ordi-r of Govornor Carleton. renuiins of tin- old liellin type on printed maps Fi.i. I1.-AI!I{()\VSMITH, 171C). From orifiiiiiil ; full si/c. until after the iJonmlary snrveys of 17!'t'-lT'.'fi. lOlsi'where in tin' pro vince the old iiellin type is retained as late as the Kitchin map ot iT'.il. The fii^t to abandon it is Arrowsmith of 1"!)4 (Fi<,'. 41), who, however, omits the interior entirely; and, thei-eafter, if ditt'erentiates out a,i,'aiii, slowly, but this time correctly, and the Jump from the complicated hut erroneous map of Kitchin to the simple hut correct one of Arrowsmith, Jilmost in itself marks another ty]>e in our cartography. It is I'urdys " ('ubotia " of 1814 which first gives the Restigouche with fair accuracy, and it appears again on Bouchette of 1S15. and on cW [' OANliMi ( AUTOdUAl'llY OK NKW HKINSWK K 397 olliiTs to till' )ti'('MMn. Iliqiiiily wi' know llii- soiiicc ol I'lirdy's iiiturnm tioii. In iTStf O'i'' river WHS surveyed, t lie (list iinees lu'lntf iueiisiirepears grailually in the next j)eriod. In 17.""4, New MrunswieU was set off from Nova Scotia, and from that time on posses.sed a Crown Land office, Surveyor-( ieiieral and sur- veyors of her own. An immense impetus was thereby given to the ex))l()ration of Xew IJrunswiek. Ai'ter 17^3 the .Maine-New Brunswick boundary was in dispute until H42, and the surveys and eommi.ssions in connection with attempts to .settle it produced a groat abundance of maps of that region. There had lieen a rough survey ot' the St.Oroix as early as I7srt. and there are maniisiiipt pbnis nf parts ol' it dateil 178(.' and 175)- in the Massachusetts archives, but the lirst thorough survi'V, and the one which forms the basis for all subseipieiit maiis.eveii to the pri'seiit. is that made of the St. C'roi.K and Magaguadavic rivers in I70() to 17Ii8, under autliority ol the Hound- ary ( 'ommissioners.' A copy of this map appears on Holland's map of Lower Canada of about 1S((0. Its elleets appear al.so on Cark'tons map of .Maine ot' lM>2. where also is clearly shown an interesting survey by the American Surveyor Titcomb, who, n M'.H, being ordered to run a Hoi-ih line from the source of the St. Croi.x to the St. .lohn. ascended I'alfivy brook to .Skill' lake, and ran from there a liiu' which met the St. ,lohn near Ukl I'ort .Meduetie. llaii|iily an account ol this survey hu.s al.so been preserved. ' The lirst Hrilish printed map to use the boundary surveys was Pur, which is the very best of New Brunswick up to that time, i r.rdy was a rather celebrated English map-maker of high repute early .n this century,' and, of course, ' Tlie Held liouks and diiirie.s of the surveyors of tlie Magii^uadavk' are in the p.i-ssession of Kev. \V. t). Raymond, St. John. -Ill Maine Historical MaKftzine. V'll., l.'vl. .\lso, Biin^or Historical .MaKnxiiic. 11., !M. = A full aci'duiii of liiin may he fouiul in tJie Dirtionary of Nalioiial liioKrapiiy. 1 p n I 1 398 UOYAI, MXlll Y (»!• ( :\N,M».\ li:iil iii-('('^i-> (•• iIk' iiialcriaU in tin' Miii^li^li (insci'iiiiifiit ottices. l-'ruin ihi^ map, il tin- l^l^l IJoiilo tnnii (^uclicc to llaiil'ax in tin- saiiir yi'ai'. And all snl)Hi'(|iU'nt niai» have nM'il tlic Itnnndary snrv('y> Anotlior map of inncli inlcrcNt made at llial lime is Wrif^lit s map of lionc oi' I)oc'lK't island, upon a very iarLfc scali', and of mncli value for it- (tomparison witii llial of (Miamplain of liil'i. In lsl7 till' Norlli Line from tlio source of tlie St, ("roix was I'lm |o llio St. .loliii liy lloueliette ami ,lolinson ; and this was continued to llie llighlaniis llie next year l>y .lolinson and Odell. Tlie roifion about tlie Jlighlands wa> examined hy l>r. 'I'iarUs and Mr. IJurniiam in ls20. ami tlie rcf^ion wt'st (d the Touladi and the upper .St, .John was explored liv several surveyors in 1S1!I-1S2(>. These surveys, aloiifj; witii many ()ther> latei" ?aado in conheetioii with the houndarv disiiuto. made that reirion very well known. .\o maps .showihi;- the North Line appear to have l»een printi'il, hut several in nuinnsciipl are ind'erred to in tlie houndarv literature, and tiu-ii- eti'eels upon the sul»e(pieiit printed maps are easy to trace. Helonn'iii!^ to this )iei-iod are a few other maps more or less aherreiit in typo, or winn' this rei^ion. hut tin- new knowledge spread slowly and they are of little value. 'I here are several MS. sketches made hy Indians in 1T!'--1THT for the Houndarv Commissioners in the library \V|( K 399 .Mi;|i 1)1' Mirainiilii. \>y Midicaii. \~f^') : :i I'lnii nl New |{riiii>uir|<. 17.^5 Map of lliu Sciidiuc (St. Croix). IT^'i : Miip ct New liiiiiiswirk. 1' '>i\i Map of Ni'W lininswicU. ITSS. all ruonlidiiud in tin- Ciinadian Anliivi -^ fnr 1 Sit'), and listod nnni' fully lali-r in litis pa|K'i'. Tin' plan an>i map if .\f\v Mrunswick an- no doulit, of niMcli intiTCNt, Imt 1 liavt- not I ici'U al)lf to see thcni. Tlii'i'i' arc, also, the iiritisli Miis) utii. map i>t' a pari of Nt'w nnmswiok ol' ITSK on a lar/ro sraic, and anotluTof Fort < 'undicrland lo KptMlorictoii of IT".'!*, ncitlnT of wliiili I have socn. Somo of iIk' most important maps on Now Mninswick arc in tin- voluhK- (!XIX. in tilt' Kini^'s lihraiy. Other majts of soino imiiorlaiur aro Jonos's map of I'assamaijuoddy of 180."), and LooUwood's lini- copper- plati' maji of iho mouth of the Hivor St. .lolin id' 1818. After 1783 the more aeoessihie parts of the province, particularly those fitted for settlement , were sui've^'eil in conncctJcMi willi t licir a->ii^n- menl to the New l^ii^land and Loyalist immii^rants. and this i^ave th«' topoirrapiiy winch appears in those parts in I'nrdy and tiie other earliei- maps. The results of these surveys are carefully preserved in tiie (Jrown liand otiiee at Fredericton. and naturally are of the utmost historical value. it is suri)ri8ing iiow few printed maps there are of this period whi( h show the topos^rapliy so rapidly deveioi)infj:. Ai'iowsndth's was the tirst, then tlie fragment on O.sgood's .Maine of 1S((2. then i'a me Cary's small one of 1807, then that of I'urdy, 1814; next came the two map> hy Mouchette, but no others until that of lionnor. Tardu'u's map of 18n>s is a complete return to the older type. Such were the conditions at the close of tliis period, and >ucli were the materials which IJonnor used in making iiis ma|> of 1S2U. All tliiouuli this period accurate data had been accumulating; lionnoi- was the tiiNt to collect them togetiicr upon a singU^ niajt of large scaK- showing Now iirunswiek alone. TVI'K No. 7.— THI-: rOMPLKTE TVPi:. j}.i\.Nou. l8'J(t. TO TiiK Present. 77((' period of continuous improvement, throwjh n series of larije-scae maps of the entire province, each Ixised upon a preceding complete map plus all informati(jn accumulated in the meantime. Numerous surveys in connection with the international boundary itntil after ISJfJ, and the Quebec-New hruii.^- wick boundary until after lS't'>, and others connected with formation of new settlements, county lines, timber licenses, running surveys of the principal rivers, roads, geological surveys, etc.; all these, pieced together, compose the successive maps. The coast entirely and minutely rcsurreyed by the British Admiralty, and the lower St. John by Capt. Otven : thus, the coast on our map.i 400 1{(>YAL SOCIKTN (.I- ( .\NAI>A fi ) . (.s far inori' ilelniti'il nml ihfttriite than (lir interior, of which no siin/le ci'Vi /irehcnsirr siin^eij Aw.s yet ln'cn inailf. /{f./an inth fhr ma/i of lionnor of IS Jit, •ind throui/h a seriea of (jraibialUf im/inirimj tonnx, ended with that of Loijijie nf I.S.S.',. It is 111)1 so iiuicli lii'i'iiusf 111' iu iiilriiisif merit. i'\i'ii tlioii^'li it is a licaiitit'iilly iiuulc ina|) ami <(/iitaiiis iiioi'c iiifoniiatiDii than any of itH |irc(ii'ci'ss()rs, tlial liiiiiiior'v map slamls as a ty|K' in uiir cartoi^niphy, liiit ralluT IpcoaiiHc it ma •!<- a new primiplc. It is ilu' tii'sl publislit'd map tli'votod cxclusivi'ly to Ncv ISi'uiiHwicU. and it I'oi'ms tlic lirHt of thu typo wliich \vi' liuvo i'l iisi' to-day. Our lattT ones do not ditlor from it in kind. Imt only in tlc^nr. in tlicir ^rcati-r detail and the correclion of minor errors. 'i'liomaH IJoimur was provincial au'ent for New {{ninswiek in London iVoiu IHId-lsii-J. it is not likely iliat lie made tliis map inmself ; it was |iro|pal)ly prepan-il liy some drauij;litsinan in New ljrunswi(d<. It was published in London, is a lithoujraidi with someeolour. on a soalo ot eight miles to the inch. 1 know ot' the existence ot hut two copies, one in thu Moston Alhena'um lihrary. and anotheiv .somewhat iniperfeel. which I poHserts, given to me somo yeais ago hy Mr. Arthur Hill, of St. Stejdion. Probably tliore is a copy in the British Museum. It Ih very accurate aw far as it goes, for it does not co|iy old errors but loaves blank those parts on which e.Kaet knowledge was wanting. The St. John is well hhown.and (d' course lIu' St. Croix and .Magaguadavic fronilho l)uundary surveys, and the north line from the St. (Jroix, and the (freon Jtivor- Madawasku region, from the same source. The Jtestigouche \h I'ully drawn, but the Tobicjue and Nel)isigiiit only in their lower coui>I;3. Inline, the map seems to re[)rescnt very well the knowledge of our geography at that time. In one of the many works relating to the l)ouiulary disputes I have seen reference to a mai» of New JJrunswick and Nova Scotia of 1825 liy Wykl. but this is unknown to nie. The next complete mai> of New Brunswick alone is that by Lock- wood of 1826, of which there is u copy, with numerous later manuscript [(.AVuS(i| r\Hr()(iR.\: IIY iiitil Siii'Vfyni-.iii'in'ru! Ill' New I5i'im>\\ ick. oiIht Mia|is ot lii« have alrcatly lu'fii iiioiilii>iH'il. lI'iM iiia|> i^ w«'ll i'iii,'i'avi'i|. mi a larn'i-f sialr than l^ni iior'w, MX milts to (lie iiicli, aiiii(l Irniu l''rc(|i)ii(luii lo St. .loliii, siirvi'yt'd in l^^ii.aiiii I licSln'iidily mail arc slitiwii, ami siiiiu' ollicis ; Imt CardiLfaii a|)|u'ars to he tlif mily la-w M'tllciiiciit, llHiiii:;li a loiisiilci'alil)' iiiiiiiii;i'a'ii)h liaiL Im'<4;iiii in IHI'.l. Tlit- Miinty iMiiiiniarit's arc all xlmwii. 'I'lir 'I'nliiii III' Is ailail ni ilu- Nt'|ii>imiil ; ami llic nid and |.((cir ii'|in' si'iilalioii of ilir Miramii'lii alxivc BoicHtnun isumitti'd alttind li'i'. ciitiiH' c()iii'.x('s n| iiiaii>' strcaiiis art; iMuil r (.orrcftlv I'ui- liic lir^i iiiik siicli as Salmon l»'iv<'r ((^lu'cii's) and tliosc ol' Kent cminly, Mmii'V .r. iho St. .loliii is more atiiiratoly slmwn tliaii hit iii'rtn, oT cuiii-c iVoni ilic vory carcl'ii! survey liy ('aplaiM Fmilis in iSJif. riic map ni ihis latter survey, on a lar,'j;e scale, and sliouiiijLf llie levels iVoin S|iriii'rit;iii;i| t'ofthe repi'osentatioi) of tiie rivei' on all latei' and I'm- our invsciii niaps. or inu(di iiit<'i'esi is ilie map liy Hoiieliette ol 18.il. a map of all ('aiiada. liut showiiii^ Xew Ui'iuiswiek wtdl. I'liis map, 14 mile- to the iiK^h, was madi^ by .los. llouchetU'. son of tho elder .los. Boueheiie, so woU known as surveyor and author. Of this a new edition was is.,ii(.,|. revised, in 1H4y Thos. Maillie. in his •Account of the Province of New Hruiiswick. ' and the otber, mucb larger, by Thos. Haillie and Lieut. Kendall. jlaillie's smaller map is of great exeellencc. It shows tbe Nepisiguit to iis head, no doubt Irom the survey made in IB.'JU. and tlu- rp.salqiiitdi appear- for the first time, but the Tobique is not imjtroved over Lo( kwood. The upper Miramichi is shown, though not us well as on the larger inaip ; it ' Under Boucliette in I'orirails of British Aiiiericiiiis, Xotnian & Taylor, I.'^mIW. -Some of its names reappear upon a map of IHH4 in O.skdoiI's '• .Miiritiiiie I'tD- vinces," without appeariiiK on otliers in llio nieantime. See. II., 181)7. 2!}. i II 402 lUiYAL SUCIKIY OK ( ANADA If liiid Ih'i'ii Mirvcynl Id IIh licail in IK'M. New M'ttlttiiifiits arc ii(li* map, with Home dthers. All dt the stroams tVdm KoHli^diulie lo tliu Nupiai^iiit arc nhown with much ilelaii, ami the Tdl)i(|ue, thoii^li still incorrect, is hetter than on the sn\all map, ami the upper Miramichi Ih well drawn. The granted lands are all marked, which i^ives the map a special historic value, and there is an additidti ot' mm h detail in ditl'ereni parH dt'thu province. Thu ^rant to the New Hrunswick and Nova Scotia [jand Company is marked for the lirsl time Thei'c is a map id' ls;i4 liy the New Hrunswick and Nova Scotia Land Compaii}', which 1 have not seen. This company, orj^anized in \, houj^ht a larifc tract df land in York county, llie hounds of which arc Htill nmrked on the maps, and made settlements upon it. hut the enterprise was unprdlitaliK' and was ahaiidoned. This attempt iornis an interostin^ chapter in our geographical history, and ,m diie pha>c dia suhji'd which I hdpe Id di.sciiss in a t'uture menidir of this sci'ie>, upon t he jihysio^raphic and liist(U"ic causes determining the i^eoi^ra- |ddcal dislriluition of our settlemenls. The ne.Nt map (d' imporlunce that I know of is one of Ni'W lii'uns- wick and Nova Scnlia hv Wyld. undated, luu ol alMiut ls4l. In many t'W respects it resenihlc Houchelte. which it follows, luit it has sdiue n iidormatidii. Here, forthetii'st time, the Tobicjuo is i^ivt-n correctly, of ciuirse from I he surve\- of it which had lieen made in ISMS. X ew rdads ap|>ear. hut in f^emral it does not contain as much new matter a> was availahle. Thus the survey of the lA-proau lake system hy Mahood, ill IS;!7, is not noticed.' Next ill our serii's is the map of lS42. hearini;' the name of .Itdin Simcno Sauiulciv, Siirvevdi-treneral. While far inferior in execution to Haillic ami K<-nd! ill's, it neverlhele.ss marks a distinct advance in the new iufor nation it cdiitaitm, parliculariy as to ihc new settlements. On it appear? al llsd, a raiiire ol hills riinninir across the province from Mais llill north eas tward. This fealii re IS I' taken from the map of IS8{), made hv l"eatlu'i-s|dnhau,i.!;h and Mud^e, two surveyors sent out in connection with the houndary question, and it was puhMshed in the Hritish Hluehook on the Northeast {{(umdary. This map of Saundei-s, of course not made bv I III ISIl I here appeared a. niiip of Miiiiic iiiid New Hrunswick l)y (irt'cnloaf, whk-h is nf lui value and far liehiiid ttu* limes, Init on it one notes llirce iiaiiieH which, so far as 1 have observed, are conlliied to Maine maps, i.e., Wolunikuas (lro(|uois), Oluiiikuas (Little Pres<|\iile) ancl'Meiiucook for a brook above Woodstock. These are, also, on Collin's map of the I'ublic liiiiuls of Maine, l.s;ri, but 1 do not know llieir origin. ftiANoNdl CAUKXiUArHY 01' NMW BKrNSWKK 403 lllllOOO iHiiillio iiil'or liiortli- llo hy II with |uk oil lUe by iiMileaf, lllHlllfS Inikuas Istock. Jdo not liiiii hut liv (iiii' of llu" (lniii;;litsiiu'ii ol'lhc C^owii Ijitml oflico, is tin' lurtt (o li'iivt' the iiitiTiiulioiial iMUiiMlary iiinli'tiiit'"!, lor it wa-* xcttlf*! in tliat yoar. Til*' next i^t'iioral map <>i' tin- inoviiwi' tli.'it I liavi- f'lMinil, i-> an iiil«'rior ina|i liy lni\vs llio liiti'iiuilioMal lioiiinlary tonvctly. atid uImo the (^iii'l>i'i-N\'\v Hmiiswick Itn'iiHlary, wliicli han Hx<' toui'st' in tin- vicinity of Loni,' I.aU«'. as (orniiavi'd witli llu' liirt'ctiun ii actually lia- on our iati'f niapH, hIiowm lliat this line docs ns sonic ini|ior- taiil work luid hccn dono on V-w Mrunswick to|Mn,'ra|diy. Not only liad niatn county lini's lu-cn run ; i i now scttlcmcntH laid out. Imt ('a|i'ain Owen, in ISH-lSI.';. had made lijs splendid traverse and t riani;ulalion ol the St. .Iidin fr J.!-18 1 1 the surveys |o> the military road U-itu i^iieiiec to llalifa.N. and later the Inter coloiual Railroad s\irve\: ma !'■ Ui.own much of I he lopui^raphy of tlio province In particuhir the mil" /s cd' lS4.i-|s4l laid down ilic upper Hestijurouehe in >rreat di'lail, and the heautii"! maps of that survey arc in the Crown liand ollice. Tlie t^utdu-c-New Ihiiiiswic k h mndary was run ill 1x55. In lsr)7 appeared a small hut excellent map. jirohahly prepared hy .M. II. I'erley for liis llandliooU piihlished in thai year. It shows clearly the hlocdvH of land laid out lor si-t llcmeiit in ls5ti. In l>ril> we conic to what is j^enerully rej^arded as the L,'ieatost map whi(di has yet heen jmblished (d" New MrunswicU — that of , John Wilkiiisiui. This map is very well known, and many copies ol it are still in use. Not oiil_\ is it rcmarkahle for the beauty .\ .loliii Wilkinson, Frcdericton, lHt>4. : I --.^^aguaiim iii,i„iiLj .i.i iijiw ' I I rtl I I 404 HOYAF. SOCIIOTY OK CANADA n a scale of eight miles to the iiudi. Then there are. of course, many school maps, and others of all degrees of imi)ortance down to the most general maps- of small areas, but it is not worth while to attempt to describe these in a work winch, like the present, attemjjts not to exhaustively list all of our maps, but I'ather (o trace tlie steps in llie progivss of their develojtment. Jt will be necessary, however, to refer hereto some important sectional maps, but 1 shall confine my enumeration entirely to those whidi are published, for an}- such enumeration oi' those in .MS. in the Crown Land otHce would necessitate well nigh a volume in itself. Of some interest is a well engraved map of the St. .lohn. by Henderson, 1S27. whicii. iu jiart, follows the old Peachey ty])e. Of some value is a plan of the city and bai'bour of St. John, by John Cunningham, of 1S35, which one may compare with the Admiralty chart of 1S44. In 1S;52 a nuip was pub- lished showing the Bay Verte canal routes, by Lieutenant Kendall, which r : WT-, [gaxong] CARTOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 403 r I have not seuii. Tlioiv is a pul)lisheil plan of iS.'l'l of tlic i;i>uiitrv from Salmon River to Richibncto. There is a valnaltlt' ma|i of Cam|tol>ello of 1830, and tlie Rapidn ma|i of lS4tl is of somo interest, (n 18(12 was pnb- lished a lari^e map of 81. .Fohn and Kini^'s eounties. on a scale of 40(1 rods to an inch, by IF. F. Walling, which will sonv day have great local his- torical value, since it locates and names the house of every settler in those counties outside of St. Joim in that year. Similar n\aps by the same tiriii have iioen published of West nioi'land and .\lberl. A map by .Mr. Loggie of the principal timber Uinds of New lii'unswicU. id' IS74, has some value. Poo's Atlas of the Maritime I'rovinces of ISl^. an inferioi- production, contains twenty-tive New iJrunswick maps, and there is an .Vtlasof York county, by Halfpenny, of the same year. A ii-rotesqne nnip of Charlotte County was issued by .\rc.\lpinc, St. John, years ago, in connection with the boundary controversy, a perfect host of maps has appeared in the various special reports, but the enumeration of tliese and their criti- cal estimate t leave to another occasion. In one of the Reports of ]84(» is a lithographed series of reiu'oduclions of older mai)s ot' the French period, and accompanying them is a valuable map of the Aladawaska region, showing the location of houses of most of the settlers. A valu- able maj) of the Hestigouche up to the Kedgwick, with a full local nomenclature, is givt'u in Dean Sage's supei'b work, '-'rhc Histigouche." The Bay Verte canal surveys of 1S73-74 produced ;ui accurate map of the Isthmus of Chignccto, which has been much copied. There is a very detailed map of Campobello of IS87. Hailev's •Canoemans .Map of the Upper St. .John.' 18!»U, is of some interest for New Brunswick. All of these special maps will be found listed on a latei- page. The tirst geological map of New Hrnnswi(d< is that in Lyell'sTravels in North America, l'^4r). Abraham (iesner made the tirst geological map of the province, l)ut it remained unpublished until recently, when a sketch of it has been printed by the New Brunswick Natural History Society. (Bulletin No. i"). 181*7) X' vv Brunswick, also, tigures in the more general maps liy Hitchcock and by .Marcou, and cspeciMlly in the mai)sin the successive editions of Dawson s Acadian < leology. Of course there are many special inap^ of particular |)arts of New Brunswii k in the geological and miinng reports, where they are more or less accessible to those interested. The later maps of the Canailian (reological Survey have already been mentioned. A geological map of New Brunswick, based upon (lesner's, was published by .hunes IJofib. in .lobnston's " K-'jiort on the Agricultural Capaliilities of New Brunswick," ls,")(), and in the same volume is a nuip showing the relative (pialitii'sof its soils. Of maps showing vertical toi>ography. contours, etc., almost none exist. K.xcept for the Admiralt)' maps, 1 know oidy of Owen's MS, map of the lower St. .lohn. It is true there are some majis whi(di make an attempt to represent the principal hill ranges by ha(diure lines, suidi I 406 kOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA a.s Featlierstoiihaugh and Mudge's, already mentioned, but usually tlieso are put in only by estimate, and are but ajiproximate and very incom- l)Iete. Of ))ubli8hed maps showiuji^ contour lines I know of none for any part of New Urunswick, except u very crude folder issued i)y a steain- lioat comjtany, based upon Owen's ma]) of the lower St. Jolin. Upon our best maps of to-day there are large gaps where no topo- graphy at all is laid down, or where the streams are but dotted in approximate!}'. Moreover, as every lumberman and every one of us who has boon much in the wilderness areas of the province knows well, in many places the lakes and streams are wrongly laid down. If an abso- lutely perfect map of the province could be ])rojected against Loggie's, for example, upon the same scale, 1 have no question tiiat the differences would be considerable. It is simj)iy impossible to make an exact maj) by piecing together surveys of different scale, different extent and different date; yet, in this way arc our maps of the jirovince constructed. An exact inaji can be made only by a complete unified trigonometrical survey of the entire province. Hut such a survey is extremely expensive, and we must wait long for it. Wlien it comes it will initiate a new period in our cartography, and give a new type — the exact type. This perioil of our Cartography I have traced far less fully, and 1 think much more imperfectly than tlie earlier j)eriods. To do it Justice would require as much space and labour as I have given to this entire subject. Moreover, I have not had the use of as good materials for this as for the previous periods, for the libraries and other collections to which I have had access are poor in modern maps, and in my visits to the Crown Land oliice I have worked rather upon other subjects. But 1 commend this study of the evolution of New Brunswick cartography from the foundation of the province dowii to the ))r('sent. as a sul)ject of the very greatest interest. TVl'K No. «.— TIIK KXACT TyiVK. A i-omjili't" iind I'Xiti'.t iairrfij : the fiiutl jxissihlc ti/pi'. The Admiralty surveys of the coasts, and Owen's survey of the Lower St. .lohn are of this lyj)e, but otherwise it does not yet exist. CoNCM siox. 1 shall here try briefly to state the relation of this study to the com- plete Cartograi)hy of New Brunswick. In this paper it has been my aim to make not so much a collective and exhaustive, as a selective and criti- cal exposition of the subject, in order to illustrate the stages in its evolu- TfT.r [gakong] C'AKTOUUAl'HY OF NEW BRUNSWiCK 407 tioii, from the day wlion oiir |»ri)vinco was but an unknown area of an undiscovered western sea down to our own times. In order to keep tiie worlv within manaj^jeable limits, and not to obscure tlie more important matters by an accumulation of those of lesser moment, f have had to treat each period far from fully, and to keep strictly to Cartography, resisting every temptation to add other geogra|)hical material. There is not one of the periods which would not under other circumstances repay nearly a.s full treatment as I have given to the whole. I have no doubt that in the future the subject will receive such treatment ; but no matter how much more fully and how much better my successors may elaborate it. to me at least belongs the joy of having oi)ened it up. In ])articuiar, the period of the sixth and seventh types will repay far more detailed study, and I am aware that in these my work is weaker than in the earlier ones. There must l)0 many published maps of the last hundred years which 1 have misseil, auil. were these acce.ssil)li'. th(>re exists in the thrown Land oltice at Fredericton the materials for working out in the minutest and surest fashion not only the evolution of our (Cartography, but indeed of our entire geographical history for the past hundred and fif- teen years. Moreover, there are other topics which 1 have left unsolved, not out of consideration for future students, but because I have been utterly unable to solve them. Thus, I may mention the many obscure j>oints in the nomenclature of the maps which show Cartier's voyages, the source of the nomenclature of the iMiglish Pilot ma|) of 1702. the source of Dos Barres's information for his map of the interior of 1780, the true origin of the Muiiro-Peaihey type; and there are many minor ones. Fui-ther- niore. there must be most valuable material in the British Museum and Public IJeconl otKce which my shorL visits to those places did not disclose, and alsoin the Archives of Paris, which I have not m}'self seen. Probably, too, there is something in the Crown Land ollices of Nova Scotia and (Quebec, which I have not examined. Attempts to gain information about them from corresiioiulence have not been satisfactory. In line. 1 have but nia])ped out the broader oullines of this subject ; t]n' detaiisstill remain to be tilled in. I 'i »'t t ; T 408 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA PART III. > > Ml A Ci.AssiFrED LrsT ok the PiiiNcri'AL Maps showino New Brunswick ok Portions ok ft. In lUiiUinif uj> sucli a list us this, one has the f^reatest ditiiculty in (locidiny: wiiero to draw the line between those to be included and those 1() bt- k'l't out. The important ones which certainly belong in it grade down inii)erce|)tibly into tho.se which do not. through manj' whose eligi- bilit\- is doubtful on account either of inferior workmanshi]). erroneous information, small scale, or lack of any valuable feature. While there are some ma]is which show only New Hrunswick, in much detail and on a large scale, there are others which are mere sketches to accompany some special repoi't, or small maps in school geographies or general atlases, Also on others. New Brunswick is but a part of Cana(hi or North America, or the Western Hemisphere or the World, and lienc<' may be of all degrees of smaliness of scale. i'V)r the earlier periods New Brunswick is invariably a ]iait of maps of very large range ; later it becomes a ]iart oi' New France, later a part of Acadia, and it isonlj' in thepresen*: century that it has maps devoted to it alone. How many of tho.se showing New Brunswick are to be included is. tiien-fore, a troublesome question, and 1 have solved it by selecting only those which .seem to me to contain something really impor- tant. If one sought to make a comjilete list of maps showing New Brunswick, he would find them mounting upwards into the thousands, — if he tried to make it entirely comjtlete — perhajis into the tens of thousands. From a bibliographical standpoint my list is ver}- faulty. A ])roper catalogue, of which there are models in Baker's List of .Vfai)sof Washing- ton. D.C.in National (Jeograjthical Magazine. VI., KJ", and in the recently pulilisiuMl volumes of the United States ('ommission appointed to inquire into the \'enezuelan boundar}' discussion, should include a full title, date, ])hicc of publication, author, publisher, size, scale, ■whether coloured or not. mode of engraving (copperplate, etc.), where a co])y may be found, and sliould even give an idea of the amount of territory- covered. Rut not (inly do my notes nuide at many places and diiferent times during the past twelve years not allord such ilata, but to add them would swell too much the size of this work without a compensating value. Hence, in general, the titles are made Imt long enough to properly identify the map. e.Kcepting where they contain some information of value, though T have added the size and scale Avhen 1 have these accessibli^. In "ases ■whei'e the maps are unique or rare, the jtlace where they at present are to be fouiui is added ; when no such note is given, it is to be understood that tliey are fairly commc»n, and may be found in some of the principal [qanong] CARTOGRAPHY OK NEW BRUNSWK K 409 libraries of tiie United States, ov in the liritisli Musennj. I have person- ally examined nearly every niaji here listed, and this is to be understooil unless tlie contrary is stated I also jxissess in my own colleetion eitiior MS. or printed copies oi' the New Brunswick parts of nearly all of theni. In selecting the lV)rty maps, of which reproductions are iiii'l. Kohl, 177 ; Kri'tiflimiT, IX ; thi'si' TraiiB.U'tiotis, XII., ii., 74. IfiUS. Huyac'li. Ivri'lsi'linuT, IX.. Wiii^^oi', 111., b ; Kohl, l.'B; llarrissi. .XVI. li'iU. rtoh'iiiy. Xordcuskjidil. XXX 111. 1527. 'I'horiR'. Kretsiliincr, XIV. ; Wiiii-or, III., 17. IVji). Vi'rra/.aiio. Si'i' note cm p. :i:il. ir)34. Vii'gus. Kohl, :;4S; Marnl. Hi'pi'odiutious XU.,ii., 77. V,:,6. MiTiMtor. Xordi'iisUJcdil. XI, 111. 1542. Llpiud. Winsoi, IV.,42. 1,-)4M. (iaataldi. Wiu.'sor, IV., b^. latin. liiTtrlli. MliUir. ,\tlas. 1J81. liiiswUi. Wiiisor, IV., 'Jl. Important lost maps of this piriod whirh arc known to liavi' I'xisti'il : — (1) ThoM' of till' Caliots, showiiii? their \oyai?i'i of 14'.i7-14lif. (i) ThatofiJian DiMiyB of I'jilo. (:i) Tliat of Chavi'3 of VVM. In no casi' ia an original map madi' hy any of tin' explorers of this period known to exist, lint in most caries others, nearly eoiiteniporary, must he very like tliein. No. 4 ; tliese Transaetioiis, VIII., ii , 157 ; i i! ! ,li 410 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA II.-THE CARTIER TYPK. InIM Hi<»4. il i \] 1541. DohIUmih, \icola8. (Mnp of the Vv'orld.) Ki^. i). MH' in Lil>riiry in Droxlcn. Skctcli in IliirrieAr, Juliii iiml Hi'lia>ti;in Cabot. 1542. RotK, ilciiii, '). .Vtlantic Coast in .Mariil. Atlas, JH. 155K. Hoiiioiii, l>ioKi>. (lOii.st Coa.st of Nortli America.) Fi;.;. 11. .MS. in .\llas in lintiHli .Miis.'iin). Cojiicd in Kolil, 377; tlics.' 'rransactions, VII1-, ii., I-"il. 1500(0. Ajfiiose. iiapiisia. (America.) FIk- '-• .MS- I'opy in Kntsiluu. r, XX 111- and XXIV. 150:{. liiiiz, liaxaro. (America.) .MS. Copy in lii'ttcncourt, Di'ncolirinirntos; Winsor, IV-, -17; tliusi' Transaitions, VII., ii-- 14H. 1500. Zaitioi'i. (Map of North .Vmerica.) Enuriivrd. Copy in Kr''tsilnni.'r, XIX- 1560. >I«Tc-ator. €' Ui-y. America .sive Xovus Orhis. Knt/ravi'd, in Ilia Voynjii's. 1507. WytJlict, Corii<>Iius. WooiliMit ill till' •■ IHoliiiiy ■• of l."j!i7. Copy in Xordenskjold. LI- ; Winsor, IV.. UIO; tliose Transailions. VII.. ii.. 41. lOOO. Moliiioaii.x, Kniei-ic. K.iKTavi'd. Copy in llakluyt Sou. IM. of Davis's Voyagi's ; Winsiir, III.. 210; thesf Trana- actions, XII.. ii.. '-)1 ; Xonli'nskjold. J.. lOOO. (Map ^sho\vin{^ Eastern Canada.) Kngiavcil. In Cicnnanic .Miiscuir.. XiiroinlH'rg: Room, L.XVII. Copies of the other maps iiientioiied may be fonnd as follows : — l.'i7ii. Orteliiis. Winsor, IV., li.'j- lftb7. '• Venezuela Coiiimission Atlas, Xo- 20. I,'i'-I3. .ludieis. Winsor, IV-. l>7 ; Xordenskjold, XLVIII- Kioo. (^nadiis- Winsor, IV.. ml ; Xordenskjold, XLIX. '1' n ANOSO] CAUTOdRArHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 411 ir>7>. I'orrac'ilii. Wiiisor, IV., !)«. 1')!I2. Molini'iuix (HdIic. Wiiisor, I II., 213. \rm. Ilooil. WiiiHor, lU., 1^17. lf)87. Pistolrt. Prowac, ti!). 1.5H(I, Miirliiii'/t. I'riiwHi', .'i7. IV)-. .roiii.iril. WiiisDr, IV.. HI). (Satin' an tlio Hurlcyiiii, l.lia. I of the tollowin^, tin piililisltrd oopicH aro known to nii> ; I liavi' ri-crivi-il plioto^raplts of tlioin t'riiiii .Mr. I'rowBi' : — l.'>ii2. triitii'ifi'z. Kil.J. Uliva. I.')8(l. Oct'. (.Vlsii I'lMWW, .")(<.) Ui2.). Siiiifhoz. ir)7;i. Dom-ado. Ki.lU. Oliva. l.'iHi). Sititoit. l.wn. H. .M., 17'.]i8il. liiiportaiit lust tiiapH nf titis period : — Tlio^jt' hy Cartit'r ,sltowiitu the ri'diiltM of Iiin voya^(*'rt. III.-THE CHAMFLAIN' TYPE. UM 17(«. 1007. <"Iiiiiii|(laiii, Kaiiiuel ilv. Uencrip.'sion de.s Costcs, ptn, riidis, ille.s ile la iiouvell fniiice.) .MS., on parc'liiiii'iit, in poaai'ssion (il'M. Marri«ni'. .Marcil, Snppleiit'tit. 1. lOOO. Ijo.scarbiJt, >IarcnM. Figure du la Terre N'evve, Graiul KivitMV ile Caniidii. et Cotes do Lui-ean en la Novvelle FiMiice. Fij;. lU. Coppirplate, 17 x 7!. in liis '• Hiatoirr." miO. (Map of the Colonies in America, made for James I.) .MS. ri'proil'.HTil in lirowii. " (ietnsi" of tlie 1'. S.,'" II. lOlU. Cliamplain, Samuel r, VicolaN. (Jjirto (louvcllo cuiitcn.inl lii pari ic (IWrncrinue la plus septi'iitrionale. V\)i. 21. IjiU'. IS^XL'.lill. 1070(;i. Iloiiiiiiiti, •!. li. Nova Aii}j;lia, ('ic. I''i^r. 22. I072. Ooiiy.s, .NicolaN. (Carte de rAcadie.* In hi« •• lli'4ri'i|ition xi'"K'''il'lii'li"'." Ili'J. l.')i X I'.'j in. : :|.') III. ^ 1 in. rupy in tlii'^f 'l'ran!<.iitiiin», IX.. ii. 1077. I>ii Viil, P. Ia' Canada faict par Ic Sr. du Champlaln. F.arlici- editions ; one of lii.-i:i (JIuiccl. CiitiiloKHc. 7:1) anil liiM. 10K2(?), ('arte do rAmuri(|iii' Scptciitrionalc ct partie de la merldlonalc, i-tc. In .Marcel's Atlas. No. ,1. Il.u-iiss.', Jl'i ; Mai-iM'l. f'iitalci.,'ii.'. I.tl. 10S4. Ki-aiu|iicliii. .1. 11. li. (."iirte de la Louisiane. on dcs Voyajre.s du Sr. de la Salle, c'Ic. MS. Paris. .\. ro|iroiliicti"ii is tn apiii'iir in tlio " .Ii'siiit Ki'l.itions." cil. Iiy'lt. d. TliWiiitos. 16Hr. ( 10«O). (Map of New KiiKland.) MS. in Vol. It[,, 11, Poorc MS. Copy in \Vin?nr ; tlii'co Trans.iotions. IX., ii.. 70. 12 X 7^ in. : 4,1 in. ;= 1 in. KI85. >liiiiiciiii, Kiiiiiianiiol. r,a grande l)a.ve di' S. laurens en la nouvelie franee, etc. Vin. 25. Marcel, Supplement, 17. MS. in Paris ; copy in Lilirary of Parliament. (Ittawa. 1680. FraiKiiiolin. .1. II. Ij. (Also cited as De Meulles.) Carte Geralle du Voyage • lue Moii.sr. I )e .Meulles, Inteiidiuit de la .[iLstice, Police et Finances de la Nouvelie France, a fait par ordre du Roy et conunencee le !K Noveinbre, et Any le ()>' .lulliet l(iS(i, en suivant, etc. Fig. 2(>, Harrisse. Xo. '>M. jm. in paris ; copy in library of Piirliament. Ottawa. 1086. I><> Mciillos. See Fran(|uelin aliove. 1688 (?) (Virginia to Gulf of St. Lawrence.) Fig. 2;<. Jrs. Known to me only by a photo given me by Professor llorsfoiil. Tracincj of N'. I!, in this paper. 1680. Coroiu'lli. Cartie nrientale de Canada ou de la Nimvelle France. Kngr. Paris. 2:1; x 17^ in. : 7.') ni. = 1 in. Keproiliueil in tliese Transactions, IX., ii.. 71. 161)2. I.e Cloi'CMi, Clir. Carte generalle de la Xou>c'Ie France. MS. mentioned by Harrisse, Xo. 3i-7. Marcel. No. !in. 1600. De Itozier, Giiillaiinio. Carte de la riviere St. .lean, et des Misaion.s parniy le.s Abenaipiis, MS. in the Parkiiiann MS. (Abenakis. II.) in library of Massachusetts Historical Society. 1700. neli.slo, O. . Anierica Septentrionalis. 1702. A Chart of the Sea Coast of Ne« foundland, New Scotland, etc. Fig. 20. In the English Pilot, 4th I't. Copies of others mentioncil may be found as follows; — 1(12.'). BrigKs. America. IV.. :18:1. 1G2(). Speed. America, IV.. :m4. 1640. Hoeiiis. Miillcr's Atlas. 1722. Wells. In his New Sc^tt of Maps, I,on(lon, 1722. Important lost maps of this period : — That of the St. .lohn by Sonthack, li>!i7. r ( [ganono] ( AUTO(iKAl'llY OF NKW I'.KL'N^WICK A3 sions IV.-TIIK DEMSLK TYI'K. 17o;J 1741. noit. I»<'lis|<-. (;iiillHiinH*. (arte du Caiiatia on dc la Nouvello Kraiuo, ct lc» Dn-ouviTles (iiii y out i-ti- fiiites. Dri'sseo h»t plusicui-H ObsL-rvatioiis et Hiir uii f^riiiKl iiomtji'o dc Hdutions iiii|iririi('>i's on inanuscritt's. I'Mji. -•♦. riiri". ITnl. ;iil X 2'i in. ; liin in. = 1 in. TliiTi' arc ollii'i' latiT Imiiirrt iif lliii niap, williDiit ilal^n. I705. K*'!', \. «li'. Li; Canada on Xonvclk' KniiU'c, la l^'loride, la Virgliiic, ctf. I^l^i^■. '.JiMi ni. -: I in. : i:i x :!0 in. I707. S«'II«'r, .ler., and I'l-ice, -iiox, tlo!in. .Map i)f North America. ■„*i; X oH in. 17 1.'t. lilackiiiDrc, Nut. A Di^seripl ion of the Hay of F'lnidy, show In)^ ye Coast Ishiuds, lIarbo\irs, Creek.s, Coves, Hock.s, .Sholes, SoundinKs and Anchor- in>;.s, &c., oh.served hy Nat. Hlackmoru in ye years 1711 and 1712, Hy Her -Majesty's speeial command. I'i^. H. f' X 17 in. : i:; in. — I in. In Miilils .\tl.is .\Iiii.ir. 17,i-2> Xo. 4S. 17i."». >li)ll, Ht^riiiaii. A new and exaet Map of the Dominions of the KIdk of (Jreat Hritain on ye Continent of North America. Fin, -J. Jl X I'l in. 17l!». .SeiH'x, .loliii. A new Map of the British Empire in America. 1720. .Moll, Hi'i-maii. A new Map of the North Parts of America claimed by France. 4'i X Jt ill. 1 7:i!. A correct Map of the Coast of New F^nnrl.ind. Ill 'I'lir KiiKlisli I'ilnl. t'mirtli Hook, l.dinlon, 17IJ. (17;{."{.) S(mlha<;li, Cyprian. An actual survey of the .Sea Coast from New York to I he I. (.'aiic Hriton. Fiji. ^. l.oiiilon. No ilati', but an inscription at .St. IVtrr's, in Cai"' lireton, suyi '■ I'ortifying in 1733." In Tlf KiiHlisli Pilot, 1742. Mm isB'.n'il with soiiifwliat ililT.'i-iMit title. ■_'l X :;ii in. : 22J in. = 1 in. 17:i;5. 1*«>P|»I<', Henry. .V Map of the Hritish Kii)))ire in America, etc. Fii^. :)0. In •>! sli:. I'. 17+0 i La Hontaii. Carte Generale de Canada, etc. 2ii X n;] ill. ' ii i 1 *) ■^ v.— THE HELLIN TYl'E. 17U to about 1770 (17Kti. 1744. Hclliii, .v. Carte de la I'artie Orientale de la Notivelle France ou du Canada. Fig. 31. l"ii X 22 in. : .'Hi ni. — 1 in. In Cliai'li'voix's •• Hiatoiii- ft Dcsoriiition (ieiifralo ili- la Xoiivi'llf Kranci'." I'aris, 1744. ilnii' is an English I'llition of 1740 by .Iifferys. 1744. llelliii, N. Carte de TAccadie, etc. H x K! ill. : :!i; in. = 1 inili. In ('haiitvoix. op. i*it. 414 UOYAI. SWIETY OK CANADA m 1^ I74rt. Itclllii, N. I'lirtie UrienUle ilu In N'ouvi'llf Fraiicf, vlv. H X IHj III 174«. Noiithack, ryprlMii. A New (Miiirt of tlie Urili.Hli Empire in Nortli Ain(>rieii. Ilostoii. Alioiit ^7 X :iii ill. ; {,1 in. - 1 in. 17 l«. l>'Aiivlllo, Sr. Uiirto (le l'Aiiieri()ue Soplentrioimie, I'ariH. liiiliT iHsiii'ii. All KiiKlisli I'liition lit' I7.")2. " «ri'ally imiiriiviHl liy Mr. Iliiltoii." 174M. \'nuK<»> anil iiiii|i> li\ liini. 1754. Carte de la baie lies CliaU'urs. Kin. :i;i. .MS. ill Paris. Mart'cl, M. V< iioiiocs, '.i linni's ^ I ili'Kn'-. 1754. Krnni|iihn. A New and Accurate Map of North .\merica, etc. 1755. Seutter, Math. T. I'artie orientalc de la Nouvelle France, etc. Bub. by Tob. Cour Lotter. Distorted liy a special form of projection, lllj X 2^i ill. 1755. IiP lloiig*', Ii«> Sr. Canada et Louisiane, •20 X 24J ill. 1755? Map of Isthmus of Chignecto. In Memoirs sur le Canada, 1710176(1, Quebec, lH7:i. Also in Winsor, America, V., 451. 1755. A large and particular Plan of Shegnekto Bay and the Circumjacent Coun- try, etc. Drawn on the spot by an oflicer. Bui), liy Thoa. JeflTerys. In his General Topography of Xoitli .\nierica and the West Indies, London, 17(10. 22i X 14i in. 1755. Map of the Bason of Chignectou and its Environs in Nova Scotia. From a French Draught, Capt. Lewi.s' Survey of the road to Bay Vertc, and .some other Surveys to the year 175.5. MS. 2!t x lit in. 5 fi \ \\- I [l. XIV. I'urin. I".'>7. 17.17. Hi'lllii, \. Curie (In Cours (lu Kleuvi- (le St. Laun-nl, I'tc. I'liori' t'lill.. Nil. r,i> ill II. 1757. ilefferyH, TIioh. Ah K.xftct (Miait of thi- Klvcr St. Lawrcntc. I.oiiiloii. AIho iiii I'll Ml I77.'i. (I75H. MorriN, CIiun. Skutch of St. Joliiis llurlumr, etc. Scr iiiidiT next Typi'.) 1 7.'H>. Polnirpt, I. Uiirte di's I'osseM.sions AiiKlaiscH ct KnitivoiH c niiiliT iii'xt Tvpr.) 17(tN. >fi>iitri>H(tf, dipt. .Map of Nova Scotia or Acadii'. 1772. ( 17r»5.) Fort Ik'au.st'jotir and adjacent country, etc. Ill .Miiiiti''n •• lliHtiiry 111' till' I.iili' Win." I.nii(liin, 1772. 2-iJ X l:ii ; 1 :)-.■) 111. = 1 ill. Cdpy (il part in Winmir, Aiiifrii'ii. V., 4.'i.l. I 775. Sayer, llobt. A ('h vrt of the (Jiilf of St. Lawrence. I^lllltoll. 1775. J«'ft'«*i\vH, Th«»s. Tlic Map of North .ViiuTka, from the Fieiu'li of M. D'Aiiville. In I>niixlii8«'» " SiiniiUiii'y. ilistiiriial anil I'lilitical. " I. 211 X IH ill. ; lii'i 111. -. 1 ill. 1770. D'Aiivillo, Sr. I'artic orieiitaU' t' tlii' niap liy Kvaus alone. I 77 I'll 177">. I'ai'K. IK) X n) ill. I77». IMiiii (In Port . I'lan iW rUtlimc dc rAcinlii'. rdiiipriMiiint Ic noun HuH^jn iivpc niio I'artip (111 III Midi' Vfilc, I'ic. I'iirin. j:i X I'j ill. 1 7HO. iloiiiK*, >I. I.'IhIc lie Terreiii'Uvc. IWi'iulU', mi iii Ndiivclii' Kcossc, I'ImIc St. .Ifiin ft III I'artii' (irii'ntiili' dn Ciiiiailu. iiij I'y "i ill. ■ '*" '"■ = 1 ill. (n Kiiyiinrn Atlas. IThm ; al«() a cup.v in hit • Aiial.vfi' Siii'ciiuti'," \ii. 44. I7H:I. liilcliiii, 'riioM. .Map of till- rnitfil States in .North .ViiuTJoa, etc. ImJ Ii.v Hi in. . M'l III, - 1 in. In i;n|.'li»li TiaiiHlalidii Itiiynarn Kast ami Wi'st Inilii'". I.onilon. KPH. J''i)r M libl , It. <•. Plan of the Harbour and l^art of the River .St. John's in > Nova Scotia. 40 X an ill.; :ioii yds. = 1 in. Mb. in Crown Land Uflici'. lii'iirodmcd in part in tlii'sc 'rransactions. IX., ii., lil. 1704. 3lit<;h«'l, .loliii. Maj) of I'assainaiiuoddy Hay, J Now loat. tint the basin of this rejjion in Kvaii-i' and I'ownall's map and that of Snyer and Ilinni'tt. l''ig. :)ii. 17U5. Morris, Clias. Map showing fne Const from River St. .John to Passanui- •luoddy. Not »o.:'n. ' y 78 X ill! in. MS. I'liblic Hccord llftiii'. Ar. liivis, i(i'i4, J7."). I'roliably tin' original map on which his otlifrs ill'.' based. 1772. Wright, Tlios. (Holland, .Sanniel.) Plan of the Coast from the Went y^ Passage of PassaniHiuodi Hay to the River St. John in the Bay of Fundy. 4.0(1(1 feet to 1 inch. MS. in British Mnaeuiii. 1772. H<»llund (Wright) PasBanuiquoddy Btiy and Harbour. 2b X at; 1 111. = 1 in. MS. in Crown Laud Offlcp, Fredericton. (Inscription cun bo seen only by holding map up to light.) llM [(MSONO] (AkTOGUAI'IIY OF NI'.W HIMI.NSWK K 417 1771. MuitIm. riias. A I'liiii of llii' llivfc St, .luliii In I lie CdumIv ot Smiliiii.v iiriil I'l'Dviiiri- of Novii Si'olia, etc llii X J'l In. . I III. -■' I III. MS. ill llritioli MiiH I. Ari'liivm. Ih!I4, tr.}, Iiil'onimtiiiii nil It III 1774 ; tii|Miuni|iliv (Imiliili-o iitrliir. I 77 IJiliiin. !• in llir Kivcr St. .luliii.i l..itt r MHili'H. 1777. ,\ii«li'cWN. tloliii. A New Map of llic Kiiiisli ('oloiiic.s till! will of \\ iir. I'll'. i.lilllloll. showing 177»». l»«'slliiriM'M, .1. !•'. W. .Noil limiilHTliind Si ici«lit.->, Hurl iish lo Miiy Verte. I7MO. l><-H|{aiT<>N, .1. !•', \V. Till' ('oii.sl of Ndvii Scot ill. New Kii^;liiii<>Nltai-i-i>N, •!. I''. W. The IsthiiiiiM of Novii Sc'otiii. 17.S1. DcNitiii-iM'N, ,1, l'\ W. (Cluirt of .MiiMiiilclii Hiiy.i I7M1. ll<-Hilurr(>N, •!. !•'. \V. Slieiliiuk, Cixiigiic iiml Biiclii.-ili. I7HI. DoNltaiTPN. ,J. r. \V. (Itiiy ('huluur.) 17M1. Di'Niiari-ON. .1. I'. \V. (Hay CliiiliMir ami .Mliiimirhi Hiiy.) 17SI. llc'Nllai-i't'H, tl. V. W. (CliiKiiCfto May iind iHtlmms and Hay VcrU'.l I7NI. l><>Nliai-i-CN, .1. I<'. W. ((irand .Maiiaii I.sland.i I7M1. DixiitaiTCN, .1. I''. W. (Wolf Island lo Li'iirraii. I 17H1. Dt'Nllarrt'N, il. !■'. \V. ll'iissaniai|Uoddy.l 17H1. Di'HiiaiTON, •!. !•". W. Tin- Harlioiirs of Uiidiiburto and Hut'Ui.>
  • e Gulpti of St. I, aw re net'. I7H:I? l*«>ac!lio.v, .Iuh. (I'hiii of the Hivcr St. -lohii and the I'osi Konic lo thu St. Liiwreiift'.) Via. Hit. MS. iu llritiah Muncuni. 17MI. >IorriN, fhan. Plan of the Bay and District of PaHsaniiU|nnddy. Not si'cii. il in. = 1 in. MS. ill IlritiKh .Muhi'iiiii. Also »|ii'tjal iiliin.s liy liiin iif tlii' Tnwiis nl' lii'lli' View i lli'iivii- llarlinii iiinl SI. li"iirK<' ami 8t . .Xnilri'ws, in sumr yrar. 17H4. .Morsi', Robt. i A Flan of tlie City and Harbour of Saint .John, from an actual survey taken in the year 17Ht. MS. in Crown Land OIHci'. I'rolmbly aiuiic us that aofomiianyiiiK Mor-ii's Iti'iioit of 1784, Aroliivei), 1H81, 3ii. 17HI. MoitIh, CIiuh. (I'lau of the River St. .lolin, showing Kmnted lands.) •2H X .Ml ill. ; :i in. = I in. MS. in (Jrowu Ijitnil (JHici", also in Hritish Musi'iiin. 1785. Plan of New Hrunswick. Ill I'ublii: lUxord Otlici'. Not mi'ii. Aicliivi/a, t8!).-i, N.H., :). 1785. Cainpboll, l>U);al(l. Plan of the Ourasstook or Saint .lohn's River, from an actual survey in the winters of ITf^l and 17Ki. Abont lid ill. long; :) in. =:: 1 in. MS. iu Public Uoc'ord umio. Aroliivcs, IS'l.^i, N'.H., o. 1785. Plan of the River Scoodick or tireat Saint Croi.x, from an actual survey made by order of Hl.s E.xcellency tiovernor Carletoii. 1 m. = 1 in. .MS. ill Pnblie llrcoid llHiee. Aichivcfl, IWi.-i, N.B., 4. Sec. II., 1897. 24. r^mm 418 ROYAL .SOCIETY OF CANADA I :!■ !!■ ' 17H5. (17(!50 Mlclieaii, l>uniol. Miip of Miraiiiichi. <»*2 by Iti in. ; | in. = I in. MS. in I'ulilic Ui'nord omcc. Aicliivis, l.-iii',. N.li., :!. 17H(t. JTji]) of Southern Part of New Hrunswick. MS. in r.iitisli Mn«ruin. Not scimi. (CataldKiic of Aclilitions. \11. ■S-W.t 17««». \'oi: A'«"I«leii, W. I'liin of actual survey of lli.stiKOUclie, from I^e Mission to (lagoufliigouway, etc. 44 X s in. : 1 in. = 1 incli MS. in Crown I,;in(l (iftict'. 17HU. ( VII«Mi, .Itthii !) Sketcli of I'ilHsania(|Uocl(ly, willi llie jidjueent Rivers. MS. in MnssacliiiHettsi An'liivi's. I" .\f;i|.-( iinil I'l.uiM," XVI.. No. i".! 17SS. <'aiii|il)cll, KolxM't. Miip of the Great River St. .lolm & Waters, tlie tirst ever iiul)lisiu'(l, fi'oiii tlie Bay of Fuiidy up to St. Ann's or Frederick's Town ; being little known l)y White IVople until 17S;i, etc. London. \i>\ x :!(ij ; 4 ni. = 1 in. Only ropy k!io\vn to nif is in cnllt'ction of tlir Xow Hrun.swicl^ Historical Society. 1 71M). Wright, Thos. A New Chart of the Culf of St. Lawrence. London . 17»1I. Titt;t)uil>, SaniiuM. A Plan of the length of the River Schoodic : as well a,s Schoodic Like on the Fast and Passaniaiiuoddy Lakes on the West. .MS. in Masj;u-lMis.'tts Archives ( ■■ Kcdlcr !I!I7."I 1704. liaufie and AVf>i«tlo. A New and t'orrect Map of the British Colonies in North America. Fig. 1(1. Ill X JiiJ in. : liii 111. = 1 in. In Kitcliin'.s Atliis of ITIW. I,ondoii. 1705. .Ari'owsiniJh, A. A Ma|) e.Kliihitiiigall the new discoveries In the Interior Parts of North America, etc. Fig. 41. Laryc alu'cts, l.ondon. Also, with nddilions to, ISiiJ ; IMl edition altered and improved. 171>7. .Solziiiiiiiii, I). I-'. Map of Maine. llaMiliiirH. .\lso ITii-. 17»7. Hottileii, i)., and Caiiipboll, I). Plan of the River Magaguadavic. with its principal hianchcs. From the actual .siir\ eys of Isaac lledden in tlic yeiir IT'.Ki and Dugald Camijliell in 17!t7, etc. JS \ /S ill. ; I 111. = 1 ill. MS. ill l.iliiary of llassaehnsetts ilistorical Society. Field-hooU in piissessimi nf |{ev. W. (I. liaymoiiil of St, .loliii. .V map of tile same scale for the St. Croix is not known to nu'. 171>7. .Map of Bono [St. CroLx or Dochet] Ishind. .MS, in Crown Ijiiiid utliec and Lihrary of Massachusetts tlistoiieal Society. Ij chains - 1 inch. 17U.S, Plan of the Rivers Scoudiac and Magaguadavic, surve.\ whereof made in 17iKi, 17'.t7, 17it«. :!o X 21 in. ; liin eiiaiiis — I in. .\|s. ill Crown Land (illiee, Crcdcricton. 17UM. Holluiiil, (.'apt. Plan of the River St. John. From a New Chart of the Cocat of Nova Scotia, with the South Coast of New Brunswick. London. I!> ni. -~ 1 in. [OANONO] Cartography of new Brunswick 419 17»H. Joseph, I'riiiiois (an Inili.in.) (Headwaters of tlie St. Croix, iind tlie Portages. ) MS. in Library of Maini' E£istoriiiil Society. Itrproilueoil in Mhi{. Aineriian History, XXVI., 2ii4. (Cobseook Waters and Portages. ) MS. in Lilirary of Maine l£istorical Soi'ioty. 1709. Fort Cumberland to Fredpricton. Not seen. MS. in llritisli Miisi'iini. (C'atalcigni' of Aclilitioii.s. 122, 2;!S.) 1800 i Hollainl, Sniiiiiol. A new Map of the Province of Lower Canada, etr. To wliicli is added a plan of the rivers Schoudiae tind .Magiimiadavic, sur- veyed in 1790, '!)7 and 'OS, etc. London. SH^ x 24. Oagnon, Kasai. 442.!. N'ot si'i»n. 1S02. Carloton, Osgood. Map of the District of Maine. 4^ Ml. = 1 in. (about. I 'l^ht' earlier editions of tliis eontain notliin^ of any importance on Xew Urunswiek. IH02. Hollaiid, Major. Lower Canada. (Shows River St. John.) IS07. Cary, John. .\ New Map of Nova Scotia, Xewfoundland, &.C., from the latest autnorities. lMO«. TarilioH, 1*. I', ("arte des Etats-Unis, etc. Paris. lh(i«. IKIO. Jon<>s, it. I{. A .Map & Chart of the n,\ys, Harbours, Post Roads and Settlements in Passamaquoddy & Machias. 1<< X 21 in. Also eil. 1K24. Reproduced in Kilby's lOaatport and l'asiainai|UOddy as frontispiece ISl-t. Piirtly, John. A JLip of Cabot ia, comiirehending the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, N'ew Hrunswick, etc. London. 2(> m. = 1 in. With special enlar«eiTient of N'. S. anil Soutliern Part of \. H. ip scale 1.') in. = 1 in. Also iMlitious of 1H21 and 1S2.'>. 1H15. Hoiiuhette, Jos. Map of the Provinces of Upper and FiOwer ("anada, etc. l/indon. 4.'* x .10 in. ; ,1.'i m. = 1 in. (about. I 1815. Boiiuhelto, Jos. A Plan of the Route from llalifa.v to the River dn Lcip. In bis ■■ 'I'opoi^r.ipliieal Description of Ijiiwer (.anada,*' London. 181M. Lockwooil, .\. Month of the River St. John. 2Ji X 17^. Vine loiiperplatc. Only copy known to mo is in Crown L.md Ofliee. t'rederioton. t i .' l MePti(niud in ncn'iiinetils lielatinjito the N'orth Kastern boundary of the State of Maine, Hoston, ISis. 1817. I{oin,"hett<>, tlos. Survey of the N'orth Line fioin the source of the Sr, Croix, 1S17. MS. 1817. Johnson. .Sni-vey of the same line. MS. 1818. (Moll. Smvey of E.Ktenslon of the North Line. .MS. 1818. Johnson. Survey of the .same line. ^[S. ? Iturnhani. Survey of .Memkeswce, (ireen Itiver and Heaver Stream, MS. ? 'I'iarks. Survev of 'I'oladie and Green Rivers. Mis, 'ii'^:XF> 420 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ii'U il THE COMPLETE TYPE. 1820 to the Present. IHliO. ittmnor, Thos. A .New Map of tlie Province of New Brunswick. Loudon. ;iJ X 32 in. ; >• in. = 1 in. lM2, Ciiiiiiiii$;haiii. John. A Plan of the City and Harbour of St. .Jolin, N.B., etc. Boston. :iJi x 2..J ; .'hhi ft. = i in. 183U. Layton, \V. J. Plan of a Projected Communication between the Settle- ments of Richibucto and Salmon Rivers. Boston. 13 X 211 in. ; ni. = 1 in. 183M. Plan of Campobello and other Islands continuous. London. 21 x luj in.: 4,j chains = 1 iu. 1840 ^ Kapkiii, f). East Canada and New Brunswick. la X 111 in. : 42 ni. = 1 in. In U. Montgomery Martin's Britisli I'osnesaiona iu North America. 184(>. Plate of reproductions of Old Maps, with a Map of the Madawaska District. 27J X 17> 1841 (^1 Wyld, Jas. A Map of the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, etc. Luid'iM. 12 ni. = 1 in. 184 1 . (Jreeiiloai; Moncs. Map of the State of Mulie, with the Province of New Brunswick. 41i X .ViJ. ;irdid. I'liil:id.liiliia. l8t ed., 181.-| ; 2ud, ll<32. 1842. .Saiiiulers, .lohii .Siiiicoc. A Map of the Province of New Brunswick, Including the Territory in Dispute between Her Majesty'sGovernnient and the United States. 10 ui. --^ 1 in. Kredi rictou. 1840. Owen, W. l\ W. (Maps of the St. John, from the mouth to S))ringhill.) .MS. in frown Lund illlice, t'redirictou. 18.->3. I'orley, George H. Map of the Province of New Brunswick. St. John. .N.ii. I I.iiliugraiihed iu Boston.) 2nJ X 2'iJ in. ; 14 ni. = 1 iu. (aboJt.) W77\ [ganong] CARTOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 421 1857. Perley, M. H. ? New Brunswick. 15i X V>i; 13 111. = 1 in. (about.) (An t'xcellent iiuip, without nuiuc of author; probably made to accompany l'erl«y'3 Handbook of 1857, for the named blocks of land recently surveyed for settlement, and so fully described in I'erley's Handbook, are very plainly marked.) 1S50. Wilkiiistm, ilohii. Map of tlie British Province of New Brunswick, .... with adjacent parts of Canada, Nova Scotia and Maine. 50 X 48 in.; 8 m. = 1 in. 1802. Walling, H. F. Topof;rai)hical Map of the Counties of St. .Tohn and King's, New Brunswick. New York. 30 x 57j in. ; 1 m. = 4-3 in. (about.) There are similar maps by the same authors of Westmorland and Albert. 1867. (iregory, C. C. McMillan's Map of New Brunswick. 187-t i Ituck, Win. Map of the Province of New Brunswick, with pci'lions of Nova Scotia. New York. 1874. Steokel, R. Map of the Isthmus Ijetween the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy, etc. Montreal. 8J x 13j in. ; I 5-fi m. = 1 in. (about.) BeiSBued several times, with various additions. 1875. LogK'iOi Thos. G. Map of the Principal Timl)er Lands of New Brunswicki Montreal and Toronto, (i m. = 1 in. 1878 (?) Poploy, H. P. McMillan's Map of New Brunswick. St. John. inm. = lin. 1885. LoKKic, Thos. G. Map of the Province of New Brunswick, Canada, 09^ X 69} in. ; 4 m. =: 1 in. 1880-180G. Geolofjical Survey <»r Canuda. (I.) The entire Province, in 1.5 sheets, each 19 x 12A in. Scale, 4 ni. = 1 inch. Coloured to show the geolo- fjical formations. The most detailed maps of the Province which have yet appeared. (11.) Maps of the Surface Geology of the Province, hy R. Chalmers. Of these, 10 sheets, of the same size and upon the same scale as the preceding, have appeared. 1887. Washburn, li. I>eW. Plan of Catnpoliello Island. Boston. 1ft X 10 in. ; | iii. = 1 in. ADMIRALTY CHARTS. (The numbers preceding the titles are those officially applied to tlie charts.) Chart ol" the Bay ol" P''un(ly. Compiled from various manuscripts. Hydrographical (.)ftice of the Admiralty. 1H24. Sheet Ist. 2020. Canipobello Island. Surv. Copt. W. F. W.Oweii. 1847, with corrections U. S. Coast Kurvpy, 187r,. 1 aea m. = liiin. 2580. Grand Manan Island, with tlie adjacent islands and dangers. Surv. Commr. P. F. Shortland, 1853. 1 sea m. = 1 in. 1551. The Harbour of St. John. 1 seam. = 3jin.; do. = Tin. Surv. by l.ieuts. Harding and Kortright, under orders of Capt. W. F. W. Owen, 1844. 1747. Northnndierland Strait, Western Part. Surv. Copt. H. W. Bayflehl, 1830. 1 sea m. = } in. 1712. MiraniichI Bay and River. Surv. Capt. H. W. Bayfield. 1 sea ni. = i in. I i 422 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA IH lOHU. Buctouehc iiiver. Surv. Ciipt. H. \V. Uiiyflcld, ie3ii. 1 sea in. = .'1 in. 20ia. Qiiotldy H(l. to O. Ijeprcuu. Siirv. Ciipt, W.l''. W. Owiii, 184H. 1 aca in. = lifi-lOO in. 1715. Chiiloiir Bay. Surv. Ciipt. H. W. liayfiolil, 18;in. 1 soa m. = J in. .*J53. Buy of Kiindy. Slieet 1. Crrand Miiimn to St. John. Siirv. Lii'ut. r. V. Sliortliind (aisistud by Buvcral otliiTB), 1802. 1 sen m. ■- 'iy-KKi in. :J53. Buy ol" Fiiiuly. Slieet 2. Digby Gut to the Head of Xiivigation. Siirv. Liuiit. P. ]■'. Shortland (asaiatcd by se'vi'ral otliora), 1800. 1 ni. = :i-lii in. 174;i. I'ort St. A ml re w. liii'ut. KortriKlit. 1844. 1 Si'a in. = li in. 1857. li'Ktaiis Harbour. 1 8CU 111. = li in. Lii'iit. Konriglit, 1847. ;I54. Iiiver Petltcoiitllac and Cuniberlaiid Bai^iii. 1 Bi'a m. = 1 1-10 in. Ciiiit. Sliortland, 18(il. 2187. Miraiiiichi Bay. tjurv. Cupt. H. \V. Hayflc'ld, 18:i7; additions by Commr. Orlebar, 18")7. 1 sea ni. = IJ in. Also reissued by LI. S. Hydrographie Oflioe, 117'J. 2080. Caraquette, Shippi^^aii, and IVIIhuoh Harbonrs. 1838. 1 sea in. = l."! in. aiOO. Kiohibnc'tc) River. 18;lli. 1 sea ni. = 4 in. 1041. Coeagne Harbour. 184:i. 1 sea in. = ?, in. 104:{. Shediat? Bay and Harl)oHr. 1888. 1 sea m. = :i in. There is also a volume of Sailing Directloii.s for the south-efvsl coast of Nova Scotia and Hay of Fundy. Stair Com. McDougall, :Jnl ed., 1KS.5. St. Lawrence Pilot, 2 vols., .5tli ed., 1882, 1881. Imray & Sou have is.sued :— Chart of Gulf of St. Lawrence. We.st slieet. Compiled by .lames i'. Imray, F.Il.Cr.S. Xo. 10"). Contains also Shediae liay in detail, also Jliramiehi liay iu detail. United States Coast Survey :— lOl. Calais to Little Iiiver, including Cobscook Bay, Maine. 18:il. It in. = 1 in. 301. Ea8t|tort to Mooae Cove, including Cobscook Bay, Maine. 18!»;i. i in. = 1 iu. HI' ' 1 V [oanong] CARTOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 423 APl'ENDIX Sources of Information. In tlie pri'pumtioii ot'tliih work I Iiavi' n-coivod help at inivii}' i)oiiUs from sovorai t'rii'iid.s ami cori'es[)()iidents, to whom I wish here to lendev my grateful acknowledgmont. For a serioH of vcMy hoaiitiful and valu- able photograpliH of early mai)s 1 have to thank Mr. (1. l^ F. f'l'owsc, of Bradford, Vorkwhire. JMigland, who has also sent nu' valuable notes, too special for u.se in this pa])er, hut showing the wealth of eartographical material he possesses and the scholarly u.se he is making of it. Ilerr Di'. Sophus Ruge, of Dresden, has had the great kindness to send me a trac- ing of the Desliens map from the Royal Library, of which earlier M. Harri.s.se had sent me a sketch. The late Mr. Justin Winsor, whose recent death is the greatest loss our cartograjih}' has ever sustained, has several times favoured me with advice. M. Henry Vignaud, ol' the l' nited States Legation at Paris, has done me the greatest kindness in obtaining tine copies of several maps from the French archives, which I could not possibly have secured without his aid. At several points, also, I have bad the great advantage of the assistance of Mr. Victor H. Paltsits, of the Lenox Library. New York, whose rare bibliographical instinct is combined with a sympathetic interest in his fellow-studetits' work and most cheer- ful willingness to aid them. Mr. Thos. (1. Loggie, of the Crown Land o ice, Fredericton, has, as before, always been ivady to make available to mo the fulness of his knowledge of New Brunswick geography. Rev. W. O. Raymond, of St. .lohn, has allowed me the use of several valuable records, of which he possesses a large collection. .Mr. Arthur Hill, of St. Stephen, has loaned me several maps, and has given me the valuable and rare Honnor map. ^[y friend Mr. S. W. Kain, of St. .lohn, has sent me many notes on maps, and rendered other valuable service. Mr. Harry Piers, of Halifax, has also given me assistance, as have .several others whose names are mentioned in the preceding ])ages. In making these studies I have had the great advantage of the use of Harvard College Lil)rary, which, as is well known, jiossesses the largest collection of American maps in existence, and also is very rich in map-literature, including atlases of reproductions. The entire collection, moreover, is in the very best condition of order and accessibility, as it is to be expected in any collection under the care of Mr. Winsor. There are very valuable maps, also, in the Massachusetts Archives in the State Mouse at Boston, which includes the valiuible Ben Perley Poore collection. Tlu^ Boston Athona'um Library contains, also, some rare New lirunswick maps, which I have been allowed to examine freely. The collection in the Boston Public Library is also of use, though not so rich as the others I < m 424 ROYAI. SOCIETY OF CANADA il H-i ; 1 ! i I have mentioned, thougli itn collection of reproductions is very complete. The Library of the MassachiiKettH Historical Society also includes some valuable maps and other goograi)hical records, including some among the I'arkman manuscripts, and all of tliese the librarian, Dr. Green, has been ever n-ady to allow me to use freely. I iiave made some use of the Astor and Lenox Hbraries in New York, and of the Library of (>ongress at Washington, and thiid< I liave seen most that is valuable to this subject in them, but in m}' few visits to the British Museum and the Public Record oHice, I was able lo examine but a snuill part of the treasures they possess for the student of our cartography. Upon (cartography in the abstract, map constructi(m, its relations lo improvcnuMits in navigation, taking of latitudes and longitudes, etc., 1 have used but iew works. There is valuable matter on this subject in Thacher's "Continent of America.'' and in l>awson's "Voyages of the Cabots." Upon the History of Cartography, Judge Daly's '• Karly History of Cartogra])hy '' is important, as are the articles " Map "' and •• Geogiaphy" in the Kiicyclopii'dia Britannicu, and Kohl's Smithsonian Lecture, as well as parts of his " Discovery of the Kast Coast of Elaine,'' for both of which works m}' admiration steadily grows ; and there arc references to other works in the books of Winsor and Harrisse. by whose aid the subject may be fully traced. There is a '• Histoire de la Cartographie et de I'arpentage sous Ic n'gimc franyais,'' b}' J. E. Koy, wliich I have not seen. Some of the memoirs to accompan}' the great maps published in the last century, incidentallj- give much valuable information upon the different l)hases of cartograjjliy. A work, " America, its Geographical Histor}'," by D. W. 15. Scaife. evidently relating to this subject, and the more recent "Dawn of Modern Geo iiroton, unci Prowsc's Newfoundland. Mr. (i. R. F. Prowso is inaUiiij;- for Newfoundland a microseopieall}' minute study, though I do not know that he has yet published aii\' work u|)on it. There is a i)aiter on the Map-Literature of Canada, by JI. Seaddin. of some importuiiee for other parts of Canada, but not relating to our east ern region. Under tiie general works should be mentioned the great atlases of reproductions of ancient majis, of which there are several of great excel- lence, by .lomard, Ivretsehmer, Kuntsniann, Marcel, ^fiiiler, Nordenskjokl. These render accessible the materials for such studies as this, which, with- out them, would be hardly jiossible. Of great value for its account of the earlj' niajJS of America, and as a compeiuiium of our early carto- graphy, is Euge's '• Kntwickelung der Kartographie von Amerika." Much important matter is contained in llurrisse's " Notes sur la Nouvello France," and Marcel's supplement to it, and also in Marcel's Catalogue of the Collection of Alajis exhibited by the Bibliothequc Nationale in 1893. For the cartography of New Brunswick this work has no jiredeces- sors. Winsor has, in his "America " (Vol. V., 47-), given a brief outline of the cartogra])hy ot Acadia for the earlier periods, but it is too brief to give a sufficient idea of the subject. The only other cartograjihy of a limited district in America that I know of is ■' Virginia Cartography," by P. LeePliilliiis, in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, No. lOIW, 189(>, but it is a mere list with no analysis. There must be others that I do not know of. It is not neccssar}' to trace further this subject of authorities and literature, for the various notes tlirough the text ainjily explain the other sources of information, which are, with rare exceptions, very well known books. I have not given as full an account of some geographical documents as may seem desirable, but it has been necessary to keep this work strictly to cartograiiliy. "•":'•- 'i^^" II 426 HOYAL S0CIP:TY OF CANADA U I ■! m. A ■: BlIUJOGUAPIIY. A Lisr oi- TitM I'itiN( ii'Ai. WoiiKs ('iti;i) in this MoNoditAPii. AU'xniidtM-, Sir William. An l'liu'(»ur;i'^eini'ii( to Colonies. Prince Socioty Kdition, Ho-sloii, 1S7;{. Arcrhivi'M. Aiimiiil Kcports uii Canadian Arcliivos. Hy Donjilns Mryninor, Ottawa, 1S721SIM!. Iliiillic, Tlios. An .VccDnnt of tlic I'rovinci' of .\u\v Urunswicli, London, 18H2. Ilvlliii, N. Heniar<|Ui's snr la Cirle lie rAnu'i'i(|iH' Sc'ptcnti'ionali'. Paris, 1755. B«>ii«.'ln'tt«', tlos. r.ip');ir,i|)liic il Di'sci'iplion of liOWiT Canada. London, 1815. Roiiriiiol, J. ) new series, IL, sec. ii., ISiM), pp. •}■:!() DeLaet, .1. Xieuwe Wereld, etc. Loydcn, l(i:{0. Later editions in Dutch, Latin and French. l>e.\tor, H. >l. The History of the Easlein Hxpeditions. . . . Dy Benjamin Church. Boston, 18t)7. I>eiiys, Nicolas. Description Geo^raplnqne de rAinericpie Septentrionale. Paris, 1072. Dioiinc, N. K. Jaccpies Cartier. Quebec. 188i». Gasiion, I*. Essai de Bibliofirai)hie Canadienne. Quebec, 1895. Gallatin, Alhert. The Right of the United States of America to the Nortli-Eastern Boundary claimed by them. Xew York, 1840. CianoiiKi W. I'\ Jaci|ues Cartier's First Voyaf^e. These Transactions, V., ii., 1887. Cartoj^raphy of the t!ulf of St. Lawrence. These Transactions, VII., ii., 1889. Monograph of the Place-nomend iture of Xew Brunswick. These Transac- tions, second scries, IL. ii., 18!H). Goodp, G. Ii. Beginnings of Xatural History in .\inerica. Proc. Biological Society of Washington, III., 188(). Green. .1. Kxplanation for the Xew .Map of Xova Scotia. London, 1755. Howley. M. I'. Cartier's Course ; a Last Word. These Transactions, XIL, ii,, 18i)4. Horsf'oi'd. K. \. Discovery of .Vmerica by Xorthmen. Boston, 1888. The Defences of Xorumbega. Boston, 18!)1. HarrisNe. H. Notes pour servir a rhi.itoire, a la Bibliographic, et .-'i la Cartographic de la Nonvelle France. Paris, 1872. .lean et Sebastieu Cabot. Paris, 1882. The Discovery of Xortli America. London and Paris, 18i(2. John Cabot, the Discoverer of North America, and Sebastian, his Son. London, 18ir). J<>mnr«l, 10. V. Les Monuments de la (leographie. Paris, 186ti. Kilby, W. H. East port and Passama(|Uoddy. Eastport, 1888. Kohl, •!. G. Discovery of the Coast of Maine. Coll. Maine Hist. Soc, second series, L, 1800. Substance of a Lecture delivered at the Smithsonian Institution on a Collection of the Charts and Maps of America. Smithsonian Report, 18,tl, RI. Hisloire di' la Xmivt'lU! Knmce. I'ari.s, KWil), 1(112. Hepriiit, i'aris. IrtlT). Maiite, Thc»H. History of the Late War in America. Iiun(h>n, 1772. Marcel, <». Cartop;ra|)hie de la Notivelli' France. Sui)|)lenient a I'ouM-atjre dc .M. Harrisse. I'aris, 1H85. KeproductioiKs dc Carles et de Glohes. I'liris, 181)3. CataloKUt' de.s Documents geographi(iiies exposes a la Sect ion des Cartes et Plans de la MihliotluMnie N'ationale. Paris, 1H!)2. Morso, liolxM-l. KeiKii'i on Nova Scotia, ('anadian Archives, is,s|, XW'II. Miilloi- & Co. llemarkahle Maps of the XV.-XVII, Centuries. Amsterdam, 1S!)1 . >liiiir(>, J. Uescri|)tion of the Uiver St. John's, etc. Canadian Archives for 18!)1. iMiirdoch, H. A History of Xova Scotia. Halifax, :J vols., 18(i.")(i7. NordcMiNk.johl, A. K. ]''acsiniile Atlas to the Karly History of CartoKra|)hy. Stockliolin, 1HS!», I'aHcrHoii, «». The J'ortuKuese on the Northeast coast of America. These Trans- actions, VIH., il., 189t). I*<>«)re. Bon I'erloy. A Collection of Documents and Maps made hy hirii is in the Massachusetts "Archives, in the State House at Hoston. Pope, JoNcpli. .Iae(iues Cartier. Ottawa, 18!K). Pole, Capt. William. .lournal. Puhlished in New York, IKiXi, with notes hy Victor H. Paltsits. Prowse, I>. AV. History of Xewfoundland. London, 18i)5. Koy, J. K. Histoire de la Cartographic et de rArpentage sous le regime fran^ais. Bulletin des reoherches histori<|ues, I., (Levis, Quehec). Ruge, SopIiiiM. Die Entwickelungder Kartograi)hie von Amerika bis l.")70. Gotha, I'eterinanns Mittheilungen, Ergiinzungsheft, 1S!)2. Sajje, I). Tlie Ristigouche and its Salmon Fishing. Edinburgh. 18MS. Scacldin, H. Map-Literature of Canada. Canadian .lournal, new series, XV'., 23. Thacher, John Koyil. Tlio Continent of America, its Discovery and Baptism. New York, 1890. Titconib, S. Return of Survey of the Main North Branch of Scoodik. 1794. Maine Hist. Mag., VII., 154. Venezuela Itoiindary, U. S. Commission on. Report, 3 vols, Washington. 18J)7. Winsor, JiiNtin. Narrative and Critical History of America. 3 vols., Boston. Cartographical History of the North-Eastern Boundary Controversy. Pro- ceedings Mass. Hist. Soc, 1893. The Kohl Collection of Maps relating to America. Bibliographical Contribu- tions of the Lil)rary of Harvard University. No. 19, 188*!. 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