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 !^i^HmP^'«P!WSR^^H9H!!irapP 
 
 BROWN ON THE GEOLOGY OF CAPE BRETON. 
 
 M 
 
 December 13. 1843. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas Image, M.A., was elected a Fellow of this 
 Society. 
 
 The following communications were read : — 
 
 I. On the Geology of Cape Breton. By Richard Brown, Esq.* 
 
 In a letter to Mr. Lyell, dated Sydney Mines, Cape Breton, Oct. 
 20. 1843, the aulhor stated — 
 
 " I have made a survey of some forty miles of coast on the 
 eastern side of our coal-field ; and have since devoted a few days 
 to the examination of the shoreri of the Island of Boularderie, which 
 is four miles wide, and twenty- six miles long, and exhibits natural 
 sections on both sides from end to end. Nothing can be more defi- 
 nite than the position of the masses of gypsum in this island. I 
 have examined them this summer in four different places, scores of 
 miles apart, and find the following, with little variation, to be a 
 section of the accompanying strata : 
 
 Section I. (Ideal). 
 
 General sequence of the Coai. Measures and Gvrsi.'ERous Formations near 
 
 JSvDNEy, Cape Breton. 
 
 S.W. :R>v N.E. 
 
 j- g. Coal measures. 
 
 f. Coarse sandstone with coal plants 
 —Shale. 
 
 e. Limestone in thin beds — Fossils. 
 
 d. Gypsum. 
 
 / e 
 
 c. Soft red shale. 
 
 ft. Coarse concretionary limestone 
 and shales. 
 
 a. Coarse conglomerate, highly 
 inclined. 
 
 "Wherever I have had an opportunity of making observations, 
 they have confirmed your views as to the relative age of the 
 gypsum." 
 
 Subjoined is the Memoir received from Mr. Brown. 
 
 The following is a sketch of the north-western end of the 
 Sydney coal-field. Oh the W. side of Sydney Harbour, the coal- 
 measures can be traced transversely, without interruption, for 5200 
 yards, dipping to the N. E. at an angle of 7°, which gives a thick- 
 ness of 1900 feet. The coal measures, generally speaking, are 
 very free from faults. 
 
 * This paper and the next (Mr. Dawson's on Nova Scotia) are both illus- 
 trated by tile map of Nova Scotia appended ; but the map was originally prepared 
 by Dr. A. Gesner to illustrate the paper of which a notice has already appeared 
 in the " I'roccedings," vol. iv. p. 18(j. One portion of the map is repeated, and 
 coloured according to Mr, Brown's survey. 
 
 f These references arc continued throughout the paper in the other Sections. 
 
 c 4 
 
mmmmmmm 
 
 24 
 
 ruocEEinNGs or the oeolouical socikty. 
 
 The coal-measures are underlaid by a series of sandstone beds, 
 with some beds of shale. The thickness of the sandstone, in some 
 places, exceeds 2000 feet ; but to the west of the Little Entrance 
 it is much thinner ; and, finally, when it approaches the granite 
 ridge that lies between the Great Entrance and St. Anne's Harbour, 
 it has thinned out. The sandstones, witli their superincumbent 
 coal-measures, are very uniform in their dip to the north-east. 
 
 Next to the sandstone is the limestone ; and this accompanies 
 the sandstone very uniformly, along the whole course of its out- 
 crop, from the southern branch of Sydney Harbour to the Granite 
 ridge Avest of the Great Entrance. On both branches of Sydnej' 
 Harbour, and at George's River, the limestone dips distinctly be- 
 neath tlie sandstone. Tlie shoi'e, from George's River to Long Is] and, 
 gives the following Section, 
 
 Section II. 
 Long Island to the Coal Measukes East of Geoiige's River. 
 
 I 
 
 Long Ibliuiil. Uuuiiit Inland. 
 
 Micaceous Beds. e f 8 
 
 Fir,-<t we have the limestone {e) ; then a Ioav, flat space of half a 
 mile, where the stratification cannot be observed ; tlien beds of a 
 red and l)rown micaceous slaty rock, dipping at high angles in 
 various directions between south and Avest. 
 
 The base of Round Island is of the same kind of rock ; but the 
 Isle is capped Avitli a limestone Avliich, to judge from its fossils, 
 is quite ditfercnt from the limestone * aboA^e described beneath the 
 sandstone. Long Island, on its eastern side, is 200 feet high, and 
 very precipitous ; but, in a Avesterly direction, it slopes gradually 
 to the Avater. It is com})Osed principally of Porphyritic rocks. 
 
 On the opposite side of the channel, the shore exhibits the 
 
 alloAving section : — 
 
 Section III. 
 
 
 
 .,-l-07S- t-^*^'''*^'^!^^''?!^^ 
 
 .'"*^^^^^\.^^iiS?^^^ 
 
 -./N-^.^,.'^ 
 
 ^ .--^ 
 
 c c d e f 
 
 e f ef 
 
 d 
 
 
 f 
 
 First, the sandstone ( /') Avhich underlies the coal-measures, and 
 can be traced to Avithin a fcAv hundred yards of Roe's Point. 
 
 At Hoe's Point the limestone (containing here Proditctus Lt/elfi) 
 slioAvs itself, having an easterly dip. This limestone, both in its 
 local position, dip, and genei'al ajjpearance, corresponds Avith the 
 limestone on the other side of the clumnel, at George's River ; 
 
 Tills limes) one contains Tcrehratula thngntu, and a Modiola. 
 
beds, 
 
 UROWN ON THE GEOLOGY OF CAPE BltETON. 
 
 26 
 
 and these circumstances lead i . the supposition that in both in- 
 stances it dips under the sandstone. Between Roe's Point and 
 Campbell's Cove, on the western shore of the Island of Boulai'derie, 
 the strata are very much broken and disturbed by faults. It would 
 be difficult to describe tliese disturbances by words ; but the Section 
 will give the most distinct idea of them. Gypsum appears along 
 this line in two places, which are shown in the Section. 
 
 First, to tlie N. W. of lioe's Point, we have solitary pinnacles of 
 gypsum appearing on tlie beach. Next, three beds of limestone, 
 with two of' sandstone interposed, these beds all dipping in an 
 opposite direction to those at Roe's Point. The mic'dle bed of 
 limestone contains Productns sphiosus. The tliird and upper of 
 these limestones is cut off' by a vertical fault, which is succeeded 
 by a flat arch of limestone, i osting upon sandstone. This again 
 is cut otf by a vertical fault, Avhicli is succeeded by a horizontal 
 bed of limestone. 
 
 This is followed by a level space ; and beyond that we have a series 
 of beds dipping in the same direction with those of Roc's Point. 
 
 1. A thin bed of limestone. 
 
 U. A bed of sandstone. 
 
 3. A thick bed of coarse limestone. 
 
 4. Gyjisum, IS feet thick. 
 
 5. Rich marl, 6 feet. 
 
 6. Green sandstone, with veins of gyp- 
 
 sum, 2 feet. 
 
 7. Red marl, with grains of gypsum, 1 2 
 
 feet. 
 
 This is followed by a level space, when no beds are seen, and 
 beyond that we have limestone, dipping in the same direction with 
 the gypsiferous mai'ls. 
 
 Section IV. 
 Cajitbell's Cove, near Lime 1'oint. 
 
 N.N.w. s.s.i': 
 
 .y-~: 
 
 / 
 fes, and 
 
 Proceeding from Campbell's Cove along the shore of the Island 
 of Bouliirderie in a south-Avesterly direction, we have similar lime- 
 stones, lying in a horizontal position, lor tlie space of two miles, 
 until we arrive at Lime I'oiiit, where a small cove exhibits tliree 
 beds of limestone with two interposed beds of sandstone di[)ping 
 to the S. S. E., and apparently underlying the sandstone with coal- 
 {dants ; but separated from it by a space Avliieh affords no section. 
 The lowest of the tlirce beds of limestone contains Spirifer glabcr 
 (Lyell); the middle l)ed contains shells. 
 
 Tlu; writer mentions in his letter to IVIr. Lyell that, " on the 
 eastern side of tlie Sydney coal-field, he has found beloAv the coal- 
 seams, in every instance, beds of fin!-ehiy, containing the long 
 fibrous leaves ol' Stifimarin, matted together. 
 
 " In the black bituminous Shale, wliich lies about twenty yards 
 
26 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OV THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 above the Main Coal at Sydney, ho has found the scales of dif- 
 ferent kinds of fishes, as hard and bright as enamel ; one tooth, and 
 a number of Coprolitcs ; also the Cypris in great abundance, and a 
 Modiola." 
 
 2. On the Lower Carboniferous Rocks, or Gypsiferous Form- 
 ation of Nova Scotia. By John William Dawson, Esq., of 
 Pictou, Nova Scotia.* 
 
 The coal formation of the eastern part of Nova Scotia consists of 
 a great thickness of sandstones, shales, and conglomerates, of va- 
 rious reddish and grey colours, the former being most prevalent. 
 The lower part of the series is distinguislied by the presence of 
 limestones with marine shells and gypsum. T , central portion is 
 charactei'ised by a greater prevalence of grey and dark colours, 
 and by containing an abundance of vegetable fossils and beds of 
 bituminous coal. The upper portion of these productive coal 
 measures appears to pass into a thick dej)osit of reddish sandstones 
 and shales, containing few fossils, eitlier animal or vegetable. To 
 examine the structure and relations of the lower, or gypsiferous 
 part of this series, is the object of the pi'esent paper : it will, how- 
 ever, be proper in the first place to notice the general disposition 
 of tlie I'ocks of the Carbonifei'ous system, in the region more par- 
 ticularly observed, whicli extends along the. shores of the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, from Tatmagouclie to Antigonish Harbour. 
 
 The coast section between these points cuts at acute angles 
 across two great coal troughs, tlie one beginning at Pictou, and 
 thence stretching to the west along the northern shore of the 
 Basin of Mines ; the other beginning at Antigonish, and thence 
 extending westward to the Stewiacke and Shubenaeadie Rivers. 
 The»e two troughs are separated by a hilly range composed of 
 igneous rocks and of distui'bed lower-carboniferous and Silurian 
 strata. This range beginning at Cape St. George extends west- 
 ward to the East River of Pictou ; and beyond this it is continued 
 along the outcrops of the oldest carboniferous rocks in the di- 
 rection of Truro. 
 
 The southern boundary of the Antigonish trough is formed by 
 the region of Palaeozoic, metamorphic, and Plutonic rocks which 
 occupy the southern side of the province. A chain of hills, similar 
 in structure to the range of Cape St. George, but of greater eleva- 
 tion, separates the Pictou trough from a region belonging to the 
 coal strata which extends beyond Tatmagouclie in a northerly di- 
 rection. 
 
 The chain in question commences at tiie New Annan Hills, and 
 extends westward tl-.rough the Cobequid Mountains! to the Bay of 
 
 • See the map of Nova Scotia. 
 * t lir. (jesnur, many years since, described the Cobequid chain as forming a 
 ridge separating the coal-formation of the north side of the Hasin of Mines from 
 that of Cumberland county. Mr. Logan first noticed the existence of a trough 
 of carboniferous strata between Antigonisli and Windsor. 
 
DAWSON ON Tllli GEOLOGY OK NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 27 
 
 Section I. 
 Tatmagouchk to Truro, 24 miles. 
 
 N. TttmaKouclie, 
 
 Ntiw Annan Hilli. 
 
 Piclou Trough. 
 
 Truro. 8. 
 
 c a b ft 
 
 d. Horizontal red sandstone. 
 
 c. Red and grey sandstones and shale, with concretionary limestone, con- 
 taining c<)])per ore, liynite, Endogenites, and footmarku of birds j dip near the hills, 
 30° ; at Tatmagouclie only 10°. 
 
 b. Sandstone and coal — coal-plants, 
 
 a. Limestone, dark slate, 'shale, and (frits, with shells and encrinitcs — In- 
 truding bands of granite, syenite, amygdaloid, &c. 
 
 Fundy. To the eastward it does not reach the coast of Nor- 
 thumberland Strait, though its underground continuation in that 
 direction is indicated by an Anticlinal line which traverses the 
 newer members of the coal formation that lap round the eastern 
 extremity of the Annan Hills. 
 
 Tliese trough-shaped arrangements of the strata are subject to 
 many irregularities. The hilly region of Mount Thorn is placed 
 nearly transverse to the Pictou trough. In consecjuence of the 
 separating ridges and anticlinal lines Imving been elevated, either 
 during the carboniferous period, or at a still later epoch, the car- 
 boniferous strata are traversed by numerous faults and minor lines 
 of disturbance, the prevailing direction of which is from east to 
 west. In spite of these disturbances, however, the strata in the 
 troughs have a general synclinal arrangement which can be traced 
 in the hilly regions, such as that of Mount Thorn. This will be 
 seen by examining the accompanying map. 
 
 East liivcr. 
 
 Section TT. The gypsiferons formation ap- 
 
 Valley of tlio eastern branch of East pears in several plac<?S on the south 
 
 River. 
 
 rictou TrouKh. 
 
 side of the Pictou coal trough. In 
 
 these 
 
 ^<' 
 
 noticing its appearance at 
 points, I may begin by stating some 
 facts respecting the section on the 
 East River of Pictou in addition 
 to those already described by Mr. 
 J.yell. Tlu; members of the gyp- 
 siferous formation seen in that sec- 
 tion consist of hard, brownish-red 
 shales and sandstones (c),with beds 
 of marine limestone and masses of 
 g3rp,sum(A). These latter are seen in the valley of tlie river between 
 the sandstones and the Silurian strata (a) ; but there are no good 
 
 ^^^ i^'^''^ — ,,^r^cm3 
 
 c. Hard sandstone. 
 
 I). Gypsiferoiis formation, with beds 
 of limestone and gypsum alternating, 
 and drifts overlying. 
 
 a. Silurian slate. 
 
28 
 
 riJOCEi;mN(JS Ol" THK CiEOLOUICVL socikty. 
 
 sections to be found in the nci^liliourliood. Witli the view of ascer- 
 taiiiiiifj their true relations, I exiunined two nypsiun roeks, within 
 three miles of that seen by Mr. Lyell. The Hr.st of these eonsisted 
 of white granular jrypsun), eontaimiig, like most similar beds in 
 this ])rovinee, minute disseminated grains of eai'])onate of lime, 
 and having, in one part, large rounded masses of aniiydrous 
 gypsum, enclosed in the common species, an appearance which 
 I have not elsewhere observed. No other rock was seen in 
 connection with this bed, Avhich appeared to be upwards of 
 100 feef thick, and to have a strike corresponding with that of 
 the nearest visible sandstones and limestones. Tlie other bed 
 examined was on Lime Brook, a tributary of the East River. 
 Plere there is no good section, but the gypsum may be seen in 
 connection with soft sandstones mostly Avhite, and liaving lime- 
 stones both below and above, separated, however, by intervals 
 ■without section, which have ])robably once been occupied by soft 
 sandstones removed by denudation. The limest(me, underlying 
 tlie gypsum at Lime IJrook, is without fossils, and rests uncon- 
 formably on the edges of slates with Silurian fossils, angular 
 fragments of the slate being included in its lower portion. The 
 limestone above the gypsum is of a ligliter colour, and more pure 
 than any other limestone on the East River, and is also distin- 
 guished by containing a species of coral, not found in the other 
 beds. These limestones are seen at several other points, appa- 
 rently resting on the older slates ; and in some places a])pear to be 
 penetrated by fissures containing haematite and other ores of iron, 
 peroxide of manganese, and sul))Iiate of barytes. * 
 
 The limestones and gypsums tlius resting on the Silurian strata 
 at the East River are separated from the productive coal measures 
 by hard reddisli sandstones and shales, apparently of great thickness, 
 and containing (especially in tlieir lower part) beds of marine 
 limestone. Where they approach the coal measures, however, 
 the sandstones are very much disturbed, and for this reason I was 
 anxious to obtain some additional evidence of the actual super- 
 position of the coal measures. I therefore examined the section 
 shown by the Middle River, and found there a series of beds 
 dii)ping in the same direction with those at the Albi(m mines, 
 tliough at a higlier angle, and beginning at about 5000 fi et '"low 
 the main coal at the Albion mines. Tlie ujipermost of these rucks 
 is a thick lied of hard grey sandstone ; underlying this are alter- 
 nations of grey and reddish sandstones and sliales, containing in 
 one ]>la('e a bed of bituminous shale, with Cahuuites above, and 
 cylindrical leaves or roots, perhaps of Sfit/unirta, below. Beneath 
 these are several lumdred feet of red and vai-iegated sandstone, 
 witii shale and conglomerate. ITei'e there is a break in the section, 
 
 * The balls of luLMiiatltc scattered over tlic country, near tlie n;y])suins of the 
 East River, have been derived Iroiii tiiese fissures in the {fypsiferous rocks ; 
 and their ahiindaiiee is an additional evidence of the denudation which tlie^e 
 rocks have Millered. 
 
 •|: 
 
 I 
 
DAWSON ON TIIK (JEOLOOY OK NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 29 
 
 \v of asccr- 
 ;ks, within 
 i c'on.Histcd 
 u' boils in 
 e of liine, 
 anhydrous 
 ncc which 
 s seen in 
 pwards of 
 th that of 
 otlier bed 
 ist River. 
 36 seen in 
 k'ing lime- 
 ■ intervals 
 led by soft 
 anderlying 
 3t3 uncon- 
 3, angular 
 ion. The 
 more pure 
 [so distin- 
 the other 
 nts, appa- 
 ipear to be 
 es of iron, 
 
 rian strata 
 I measures 
 thickness, 
 of marine 
 
 however, 
 ison I was 
 Lial super- 
 he section 
 'S of beds 
 on mines, 
 feet li'loAV 
 hese rucks 
 
 are alter- 
 taiuing in 
 ibove, and 
 Beneath 
 sandstone, 
 lie section, 
 
 sums of the 
 •rous rocks ; 
 wliich tlie.e 
 
 and these roeks are succeeded, farther up tin; river, by disturbed 
 sandstones and limestones, winch I was unable to examine, but 
 whicli I believe to correspond witii those of the East River. 
 
 From these observations, in connection with thosi; formerly 
 mad*; by Mr. Logan and Mr. Lyell, it is apparent that the lowest 
 members of the Carboniferous series scjenon the East River consist 
 of limestones, gypsum, and soft sandstones, above which are hard 
 reddish sandstones and shales, witli limestone ; and lastly, red and 
 gr(!y sandstone, shells, and conglomerate, with carboniferous plants, 
 and probably these beds pass into the productive coal measures. 
 
 On the south sid(! of the West River of Pictou, limestones, having 
 the same fossils with those found on tiie P^ust River, are seen in 
 several jdaces, and are associated with reddish sandstones, hard 
 grey shales, and white and purple sandstones. Farther westward, 
 near the Salmon River, tliere are sandstones, limestones, and 
 gypsum, identical in fossils and mineral character witli those of tlie 
 pjast Riv(>r, and like them connected with ]>roductive coal measures, 
 which they appear to underlie. Still farther westward, the gyp- 
 siferous fornuitions of Onslow and the De Bert River probably 
 form a continuation of the Pictou lower carboniferous deposits, 
 being, like them, succeeded to the northward by the middle and 
 newer members of the coal formation. • 
 
 Meriffonish. 
 
 Section III, 
 MERiaoNisii to Malignant Cove, i'O miles. 
 
 M'Cara's IJrook. Arisai^. E. 
 
 e e d c b a 
 
 e. Coloured sandstones and shales, with occasional bands of ironstone and 
 concretionary limestone in the upper part — Calainites and other coal plants. 
 Coal ?. 
 
 d. Limestone and conglomerate — fossil shtUs. 
 
 c. Amygdaloid and conglomerate overlying sandstones and containing ;)/uh/s. 
 
 h. Dark shales with thin beds of limestone, a little conglomerate, and reddish 
 grits — marine shells, Encrinites, Trilohites, Sfc. 
 
 a. Altered red sandstone and conglomerate with dark shales, beds of amyg- 
 daloid, and intriidiiig masses of greenstone. 
 
 Eastward of the East River, the band of carboniferous rocks 
 in( |\i(U'd between tlic shores of the gulf and the hills to the south- 
 ward, shows a series of beds, amounting to 10,000 or 12,000 feet in 
 thickness, and dijiping to the north-west at an angle of 20 degrees. 
 Tlie upper part of this section, beginning at the entrance of Meri- 
 
 * Tlic salt sprii:<Ts of the West River rise from lower carboniferous rocks, 
 those of Salmon Iliver fn)m the productive coal measures. In both instances 
 they rise from verticiil strata on lines of fault. 
 
F 
 
 ! ' 
 
 1 ii 
 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
 ( 
 
 80 
 
 I'llOCEEDlNCiS OK TUB OKOLOOICAL SOCIKTT. 
 
 {jonish litirboMi', hIiows proy and brownish-rod Handstonos and 
 sliali's, hiirt'-coloured sandstones, impure iron-stone, and coarse oon- 
 cretionary limestone, these beds eontaininfj Caiamites, conilerftus 
 wood, and one or two small l)e<ls of coal. This part of the section 
 is, however, very imperfect, thonph, wherever the, rocks can be 
 seen, there is a perfect conformity of dip. Tlieir <reneral as[)ect 
 and fossils correspond with those; of tlio middle part of the coal- 
 formation, and they occupy about six miles of the coast section. 
 
 Eastward of the rocks last (h'scribed, the section is bettor, and 
 shows a groat thicknc^sa of brownish-red sandstones and shales, 
 with some prey beds, in which I could not find any fossils, cxcej)t 
 some ciirbonised fragments of plants. These strata occupy about 
 three miles of the section, and are underlaid by reddish conglo- 
 merates, containing two beds of (hirk grey limestone, having an 
 aggregate thickness of about 80 feet. These limestones contain 
 numerous fossils, among which are Productits Martini, Spirifer 
 (glabra, and other shells, all common to these beds and the lime- 
 stones of the East River. These conglomerates and limestones 
 are succeeded by a few hundred feet of thinly strntilied, reddish 
 and grey sandstones, with a few fragments of fossil plants in bad 
 preservation. Beneath these, red conglomerates again appear, 
 associated witli amygdaloidal trap. The latter is of a grey colour 
 an'l earthy aspect, and has its ci-lls filled with white carbonate of 
 lime. It constitutes two conformable Ix'ds, whose lower sides are 
 more compact tiiaii tlu'ir upper. Their njiper surfaces are also 
 partially broken \\\) and intermixed with conglomerate. At this 
 point the carl)onifer<)Us rocks are cut oM' im the coast section ; 
 some hard brownish grits, however, seen in a neig]d)ouring brook, 
 eaUed M'Cara's brook, probably underlie the rocks last mentioned. 
 
 The section between M'Cara's brook and Arisaig is occupied 
 by dark shales and thin layers of limestone, with a few beds of 
 reddish shale and conglomerate. These rocks dip S. W., but 
 become much fractured as they ap})roach Arisaig. They contain 
 niunerous fossils, including species of the; genera Tentaculites, 
 Graptolitcs, Trilobites, Orthoveratites, 3lndiola, Producttts and 
 Conularia, and remains of Encrinitcs. T'hough mostly Silurian, 
 a few of these species appear to be the same with those of the slates 
 of the East Kiver. Kocks having the appearance and fossils of 
 the latter are, however, found a short distance inland, to the 
 southward of the shales. 
 
 There can be little doubt that, in the sandstones, limestones, 
 and conglomerates of this section, we have the representatives of 
 at least a part of the Gypsiferous foi-mation of the East River, 
 and, resting conformably upon these, an equivalent of the coal- 
 measures. 
 
 Arlsaiy. 
 
 At Arisaig, lo miles from INferigonish harbour, we enter on 
 the disturbed district, separating the coal-trough of Pictou from 
 that of Antigonisli, From Arisaig to Malignant Cove, the shore 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 -I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 DAWSON ON TIIK OEOI.OCiV 01- NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 31 
 
 tones nnd 
 oarso, C'on- 
 conitVtrouft 
 ht! section 
 ^rt can hi'. 
 ■ral a.H[)('ct 
 ■ the eoal- 
 ^I'ction. 
 jt'tter, and 
 nd Hhales, 
 lils, except 
 'iipy about 
 sh eonglo- 
 havin<r an 
 e.s contain 
 I, Spirif'er 
 I the lime- 
 limerttones 
 I'd, reddish 
 mtrt in bad 
 in appear, 
 ;rcy colour 
 i\rbonate of 
 sr sides are 
 e» are also 
 ?. At this 
 St section ; 
 i"in<!; brook, 
 mentioned. 
 s occupied 
 ew beds of 
 S. W., but 
 ley contain 
 'cntaculifes, 
 liicfKS and 
 ly Silurian, 
 if the slates 
 (1 fossils of 
 iiul, to the 
 
 limestones, 
 ■ntatives of 
 \;ist River, 
 the coal- 
 
 'c entcn* on 
 Mctou from 
 ', the shore 
 
 displays hard brownish-red (piartzose and Jaspery rocks, witli 
 tliick lieds of hard };rey shales, v.-d conj^lumerates, and coars<' pur- 
 plisii firits. Associated with tliese, are beds of amyjjdahiid, which 
 are evidently interstratilied with the acconij)anying rocks, and are 
 ]»rol»ably, like those of IM'Cara's brook, of contemporaneous ori<i;in. 
 'i'lie whole of these beds are vertical, and are, without doul)t, 
 lower carboniferous rocks (fK'rhaj)S a little lower in the series 
 than those last seen at M'Cara's brook), but in a much altered 
 condition. Heyond Malij^nant Cove, syeiiitic <jrcenstone is seen 
 on the shore, and, is said to appear in diflercnt places as far as 
 Cape St. Georpfe. Eastward and soutlnvard of JMali;:nant Cove, 
 the iiiils, in many |)laces, show masses of compact felspar and 
 other ifrneous rocks, accompanied by altered and disturlx'd <frits. 
 After passinj; this disturbed re^rion, we enter on the (Jypsiferous 
 rocks of th(^ northern side of Anti;;onisii liarbour, liavi.i;,' a <re- 
 neral dip to the southward. Of these rocks, 1 examined two in- 
 
 teresting sections. 
 
 Antigonish. 
 
 Sfx'tion IV, 
 llroiiT's IlivF.ii, Antioonish. 
 
 (/. (Jypsiffious buds — gypsum, limustono, and sandstuiie. 
 
 c. LiiiH'slone. 
 
 /;. Hod ooiiglomcratt' and coarso red sandstone, dark sandstone and sliale. 
 
 (I, Dark and grey sandstones ami sliales, reddlsli sandstone ; — ])hinls. 
 
 The first of these sections is that represented above, and is 
 seen extending about five miles. Near the mouth of tliis river, 
 at the head of Antigonish luirboiir, is a thick bed of white 
 gypsum, dipping to the soutii-west. Succeeding this, in de- 
 scending ordei", after a small interval (which a|)pears to have 
 been oc(!Upied by sandstones, ncnv iiearlj^ removi'd l»y denuda- 
 tion), is a bed of dark-coloured limestone, in which, at different 
 points where it appears, I found Produvtus Martini with other 
 shells also occurring on the East River ; and Prvductus Lyelli, 
 a shell not yet met with in the East River limestones, but very 
 characteristic of the gypsiferous formation in other parts of the 
 province. lielow this limestone there is another break, also show- 
 ing traces of sandstones and a bed of gypsum, and then a thick bed 
 of dark limestone, partly laminated and partly brecciated without 
 fossils, and containing in its fissures thin jdates of copper ore. 
 Beneath tiiis limestone is a great thickness of reddish conglomerate, 
 composed of pebbles of igneous and metamorphic rocks, and vary- 
 ing in texture from a very coarse conglomerate to a coarse-grained 
 sandstone. In one place it contains a few beds of dark sandstones 
 and shales. Tiiese are succeeded by red, grey, and dark sandstone 
 and dark shales, in a disturbed condition, but probably underlying 
 
 
82 
 
 rUOCEEDlNGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 the conji^lomerate ; they contain a few fossil plants. This section 
 on Right's River includes a thickness of probably 8000 feet. 
 
 Section V. 
 Ocdkn's Lake to South Lake, near Anticonish (4 miles). 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 d. Grey samlstono, and red conglomerate. 
 
 c. Soft red sandstones and clays ; Iv^nite, cahwiiten, &c. 
 
 a. Altered dark sandstones and shales; intruded greenstone. 
 
 b. Grey and soft red sandstones and shales. 
 
 e. Limestone. 
 
 f. Gypsum. 
 
 Another section, near the mouth of Antigonish harbour, displays 
 a series sojnewhat similar. At tlu? north side of the outlet of 
 Ogden's Luke, about eiglit miles from Antigonish, is a bed of gyp- 
 sum, probably nearly 200 feet in thickness. Its iij)p('r part is 
 composed of white granular gypsum, in thick laminae, and with 
 disseminated particles of carbonate of lime. Beneath tliis is a con- 
 siderable thickness of foliated red gyi)sum, in its lower part alter- 
 nating with layers of a grey argi'hiccous non-crystalline limestone, 
 on wiiich it rests, and which is penetrated by small veins of white 
 fibrous gypsum in its ujiper portion, while below it becomes brec- 
 ciated, and then laminated. It is probably 100 feet thick, and ap- 
 pears to contain no fossils. These great beds of gypsum and lime- 
 ston(.> dip to the S. S. E. at an angle of 25°, and rest unccmformably 
 on soft red sandstones and shales, Avith some grey sandstones and 
 reddish conglomerate, dipping nearly in the same direction, but at 
 an angle of oO°. Following this underlying series in the descend- 
 ing direction, it becomes more highly inclined, and is finally ver- 
 tical, resting against a mass of altered and contorted dark shajes 
 and sandstones, with veins of greenstone containing much epldote. 
 This part of the section is connected with a ridge o." igneous 
 rocks running in an east and west direction, and wliich a few miles 
 fartJKn" inland attains a considerable elevation. It consists of a 
 reddish syenite, (juartz, comi)act felsi)ar, and greenstone. After 
 passing these disturl)ed rocks, there is a break in the section, which 
 is next occupied l)y tliirk beds of brownish-red sandstcme and clay, 
 supporting a thin bed of conglomerate and some thick beds of grey 
 san<lstone, containing Cala/tiifes, Stcrnheriiia, Kvdogi iiitcs, Carpo- 
 lifcs, and pieces of lignite. The relati(msof tliese beds to the otiier 
 parts of the section I could not determine. They dip to the north- 
 east, and prol)ably belong, eith;'r to the npi)er part of the gyi)si- 
 ferous formation, or to some newer member of the coal seri.s. 
 
 These sections dilfer from that of the Kast River of Pictou, cliiefiy 
 in the jjresenee of large masses of sandstone and conglomerate be- 
 neath tlie limestones, and in tlie non-ap[)earan<'e of the lliiek series 
 of sandstones above the gypsum, so conspicuous in the Pictou 
 sections. 
 
 I 
 
his section 
 ['eet. 
 
 s). 
 
 tone. 
 
 ir, displays 
 J outlet of 
 )e(l of ?yp- 
 KT part is 
 
 aiul -with 
 is is a con- 
 pavt alter- 
 
 liniestone, 
 IS of white 
 omes brec- 
 ;k, and ap- 
 i and linie- 
 )nforinably 
 stones and 
 ion, but at 
 le descend- 
 inally ver- 
 ark shales 
 eh epidote. 
 of i;zneous 
 V few miles 
 iisists of a 
 ne. After 
 tion, whieh 
 and elay, 
 L'dsof grey 
 tes, Ciirpn- 
 o tlie otiier 
 
 the north- 
 
 the ?ypsi- 
 seri.'s. 
 ton, cliiefly 
 imcrate be- 
 
 lick scrii^s 
 the Pietou 
 
 I 
 
 I)AWSON ON Tin: LUWKII CAUUONll'KUOUS KUOKS. 
 
 Shube7iacudie. 
 
 33 
 
 I 
 
 Having thus described the Lower Carboniferous rocks, as thuy 
 a|»i)ear in some of the best sections near the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 it may be interesting to compare their ai'rangement and lithological 
 character with tiiose of the Gypsifcrous formations of the central 
 l)art of the province, formerly supposed to be newer than the coal- 
 formation, but referred by Mr. l^yell, principally on the ground of 
 its fossils, to tile lower part of the Carboniferous system. The 
 rocks seen on the estuary of the Shubenacatlie furnisii a good sj)e- 
 ciiiien of these deposits for the purpose of comparison. Tlie sec- 
 tions on tills estuary show several extensive masses of stratilied 
 deposits, ditfering considei'ably in their mineral cliaracter, and 
 scparat('(l by faults in such a manner that tlieir true I'elations Ao 
 not appear. Most of these masses consist of Red sandstones imd 
 marls, with beds of gypsum and limestone. These, wlien compared 
 witli the corresponding rocks in the Pietou and Antigonisii sec- 
 tions, appear to differ only in their ap))arently greater mass, and 
 especially in the thickness of the deposits of red sandstone and 
 marl. The u])per bed of gypsum on liight's River is succeeded by 
 a level tract allbrding no section ; and from the two sections, repre- 
 senting the outline of the surface near the gypsum of Ogden's 
 hike and tiie East River, it will be seen that tlie present outline ol" 
 tlie surface is caused by a great removal of the softer beds. 
 
 Section VI. 
 Near Ociien's Lake, Antigonisii (sliowirig dciuidutioii). 
 
 N. S. 
 
 ('. CJypsum aiul limestone. 
 
 Ik (irt'v and soft red sandstones. 
 
 (I. .Syenite and greenstone. 
 
 One of tlie most remarkable rocks on the banks oC the Shubena- 
 cadie is a great bed of compact and laminated non-fossililerons 
 lime-Stone, ii(>ar the mouth of the estuary. This lied has its upper 
 surl'aet; broken U]) into a kind of Itreeeia, and supports a great 
 thickness of soft red sandstone and conglomerate, with beds oi' 
 gypsum. Jt is also traversed l)y fissures tilled with luematite and 
 ores of manganese. It rests upon a great thickness of hard, 
 brownish grits and siudes, whieh appear in dill'erent jjlaces on the 
 road from Sliubenaculie to Truro. The horizontal reel .-andstone 
 of Truro lests on tli.' edges of these grits, whieh, near Truro, be- 
 come citlier vertical or dip rapidly to the north-east, aixl perhaps 
 also underlie some of the gypsiferous rocks of the Onslow hills. 
 From a consideration of all these cireumstanct's, it appears probable 
 that these hard grits are the I'lpiivaleiits of the lower grits and 
 conglomerates uf Antigonisii ; ;ind tiiat the bed of limestone whie'i 
 
 VOL. 1. D 
 
84 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 they support is a representative of the lower limestone at Anfi- 
 gonish and Pietou. To the lower grits I would also refer the 
 mass of dark red sandstones and shales at Eagle's Nest, three miles 
 from the mouth of the estuary of tiie Shubenaeadie. The mass of 
 contorted dark sandstones and shales at Five-mile River resembles 
 some parts of the productive coal formation more nearly than any 
 of the lower carbonifei'ous rocks : and the horizontal red sandstone, 
 a few miles farther up, is analogous to many of the beds both 
 a' ove and below the gypsum at Antigonish and Pietou, 
 
 From a comparison of the appearances of tlie lower carboniferous 
 rocks in the various sections which I have examined, I have drawn 
 out the foUoAving table, which, 1 think, exliibits very nearly their 
 general arrangement. It commences with the productive coal 
 measures. 
 
 Loiver Carboniferous or Gi/psiferous Formation. 
 
 11 
 
 t«' 
 
 Rocks. 
 
 . Brownisli-red, mottled nnd 
 grey sandstones ; brownish-red 
 shales ; some conglomerates ; 
 the beds containing small quan- 
 tities of copper ores. 
 
 . Brownish-red hard sandstones 
 and shales, often rippled ; some 
 grey sandstones, conglomerates, 
 and limestones ; copper ores in 
 small quantity. 
 
 3. Reddish and white sandstones 
 and marls, usually soft ; beds 
 of gypsum and limestone (tiie 
 lowest bed usually a non-fossi- 
 liferous limestone); veins and 
 fissures with oris of iron, man- 
 ganese, copper, &c. 
 
 4. lleddish-brown conglomerates 
 and hard grits ; some dark and 
 grey sandstones, and brown and 
 dark shales. 
 
 Fossils. 
 
 Endogonites, Cala- 
 mites, Lepidoden- 
 dron. 
 
 Fragments of plants 
 and fucoidal mark- 
 ings ; I'roductus 
 (especially P.Mar- 
 tini), Terebratiila, 
 Spirifer, and other 
 sliells. 
 
 Productus (espe- 
 cially P. I.yelli), 
 Terebratula, En- 
 crinites. Corals, 
 Spirifer, Pecten, 
 Avicula, &c. &c. 
 
 Various plants. 
 
 Where seen. 
 
 Merigonish, East 
 Uiver, Middle R., 
 Shubenaeadie ? 
 
 East River, Merigo- 
 nish, West River, 
 Middle River, 
 
 Economy, Ward- 
 robe's, on Shube- 
 naeadie ? 
 
 East River, Antigo- 
 nis'.!, Shubenaea- 
 die, Onslow Moun- 
 tain, De Bert R., 
 \Vindsor,Pugwash, 
 Wallace, &c.' 
 
 Antigonish, Sliube- 
 niieadie, 'I'ruro, 
 Salmon R. 
 
 Newer Coal Formation, Sandstones, Sfc. 
 
 In several parts of the eastern section of Nova Scotia, there are 
 extensive deposits of sandstones and shales, principnlly of a 
 brownish-red colour, and including some thin beds of concretionary 
 limestone and grey suudstone. Tlwy contain n few ciilaniites and 
 other carboniferous plants. Tlicse beds constitute, I believe, the 
 newest member of the carboniferous series, and are connected with 
 the productive coal measiires by a tliick series of reddish-brown 
 and grey sandstones, shales, and congloinerates, often abounding in 
 
at Anti- 
 
 rt'f'er the 
 
 [hrec miles 
 
 (lie mass of 
 
 resembles 
 
 than any 
 
 sandstone, 
 
 beds both 
 
 Ivboniferous 
 lave drawn 
 learly their 
 
 luctive coal 
 
 on. 
 
 here seen. 
 
 jnisli, Eiist 
 r, Middle R., 
 lenacadie ? 
 
 liver, Merigo- 
 West River, 
 
 lie River, 
 
 iioiny, Ward- 
 "'s. on Sliiibe- 
 idie ? 
 
 River, Antif^o- ] 
 , Slmbeiiaca- 
 Onslow INIoun- 
 , De Bert R , 
 idsor,I'ii!»\v<nsli, 
 I lace, &c. 
 
 jonisli, Sliiihe- 
 idie, Truro, 
 
 TlOll R. 
 
 itia, there ar<', 
 leipiilly of a 
 eonerctionary 
 ealaniites and 
 
 I Itclieve, the 
 onneete<l with 
 'eddish-brown 
 
 aboundin^jr in 
 
 
 
 (Icological Map 
 
 S\&u .Scotia. 
 
 
 1 {(icJ(/ ■ t'ffiihmfe*^' 
 
 ('ape brelou, 
 
 ?TLn''"i i'V F'eve '^\ 
 
 \\ 
 
■5-.t%^\/--' , ■•' .■■■■ \ \, . 
 
 ^/X / \..y ^^^ ■'■" "4^ ^ "^ -^A:^Y^'''^""" 
 
 c -•' c-7 O y>'> -"^^t'-'-' >- PortKtu « 
 
...-^^ 
 
 'V- 
 
 As 
 
 ■..x^" 
 
 
 
 
 \, 
 
 
 '-^^^j-^p-v- 
 
 .y 
 
 -t •'■ 
 
 " -^-K^' 
 
 ^^r liv^'ci . . . 
 
 •r*>i 
 
 >r 
 
 \Jlivan ,,--' at''-' W 
 
 
 •^^ 
 
 xV*- 
 
 i* - 
 
 .^ / 
 
 Qr< 
 
 „..it 
 
 H' 
 
 ,0"' 
 
 
 s^/^ 
 
 J^ 
 
 Q ("fattieny T 
 
 
 ^'^'L-^' ^ 
 
 •J^- 1 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 ■ huinl^ (' 
 
 (i(M)l()gical Map 
 by 
 
 IcfneoiA.^ Rvc/m. 
 ,Ue/.anwrpAic ^ Silwna'Vi. 
 (/id nd .i'dffAfto^^e ^ Gypsif&rous sfrcfA". 
 
 «<•/<'« 
 
 \ty 
 
 Portion *)t Nova Scota. 
 
 mm if' /Ji.nwcH-^' ■':iiriK,tf 
 .V>y/.v ' 
 
 Cape Breton, 
 
 nv7ft Mf^'s '"'VAj ^y.suih i /fnnvh^ SiATV 
 
 Yruiled bv Ki*.ev^ KrotliTS. 
 
HENSLOW ON CONCKKTiONS IX TIIK CKAG. 
 
 35 
 
 fossil plants. As those upper red sandstones have, howevei', lieen 
 eont'oun(l(Ml with the gypsit'eroiis formation, some of whoso sainl- 
 stones they often mueli resemble, I may siiortiy describe a section 
 on tlie Waugh's and French rivers of Tatmagouehe, exhibiting a 
 portion of them, and at the same time illustrating the structure of 
 a part of the Cobequid cliain. 
 
 At the mouth of the Fi'ench river are grey sandstones and 
 shales, containing a i'tiw endogenites, calamites, and pieces of lignite, 
 impregnated Avith coi)])er ores. lieneatii tliese appears a series of 
 brovvnisli-red sandstones and sliales, with a few grey beds, occu- 
 pying, in a regular descending series, about six miles of the river 
 section. They contain, in a few places, nodules of coi)per glance, 
 they are often rippled, and contain branching fucoidal marks. On one 
 of the rippled slabs 1 found marks consisting of four foot-prints of 
 an animal. These we;-" three inches and a-half apart, and each 
 exhibited three straiglit marks, as if of claws. * 
 
 The dips of these sandstones gradually increase in approaching 
 the hills, and the lowest seen is a bed of grey sandstone, dipping 
 at an angle of 30°. Tliere is then a small break in the sections, 
 succeeded by hard dark shales and slates, and hard brown grits, 
 with a bed of limestone in which I could find no fossils, i-xcept 
 a fragment of a Productus and a few fragments of encrinital stems 
 in bad [)reservation. Tliese rocks are much disturbed, but gene- 
 rally a))pear to dip at high angles to the northward. They are 
 associated with masses of greenstone, amygdaloid, reddisii syenite, 
 and otlu^r igneous rocks. They appear to rise uncon formal )ly fnjm 
 beneath the sandstones of the low country; but whetiier tliey 
 belong to tiwi loAver carboniferous or to some' older system, I cannot 
 at present determine. 
 
 I hope, at some future time, to be able more particularly to state 
 the structure and relations of the newer members of the coal 
 formation, but have not yet collected a sutHeient quantity of I'acts 
 to determine accurately their relations. 
 
 T!u' horizontal I'cd sandstone of Truro, which skirts the Basin of 
 Mines, has no connection witli the red sandstone of Tatmagoiu-hc, 
 but is prol)ably newer tlian any part of the coal formation. It is 
 destitute of th(! grey sandstcmes and shales, and in several sections 
 of it which I have examined, I have not found any fossils. 
 
 3. On CoNCUKTiONS in the Kkd Ckao at Fklixstow, Sukfomc. 
 By tlie Rev. J. S. IIknsloav, M.A., F.G.S., Professor of Botany 
 in the University of Cambridge. 
 
 I I'LACK on the table a selection from a large assortment of a 
 peculiar descriptiim of concretions obtained from the Ked Crag at 
 
 * Tliuse tracks rcscMiibli- tliu ni.irks of tlic claws of an aiiiiiiiil cm/ou'w// over a 
 niodorati'ly firm surface, or climJiing u]) an inclined j)liino. They are not unlike 
 the marks left hy the claws of small individuals of tlie Uiver Tortoise on the 
 sides of nuul hunks, bi.t diHer from them in showing traces of two feet only. 
 
 I) 2 
 
a() 
 
 I'KOCKKDINiJ.s OK TIIK (itOLOLllCAL SOCIKTY. 
 
 Folixstow, in Suffolk. Iv 1842 I was niucli puzzled to iicoount for 
 tlic iiiitiiiv of these concretions. At a cursory "fiance one niigiit 
 almost be inclined to jiass them by us wati'rworii pebbles, as they 
 lie abundantly intei'spersed among the couiminnted shells which 
 form the npper parts of the ditfs. 1 found more than one eminent 
 geologist disposed to agree Avith me in considering them to be 
 rolled masses of London clay which had been indurated subse- 
 quently to their deposition in the crag. On my again visiting 
 Felixstow diu'ing tiu! summer of the present year (1843), 1 deter- 
 mined to give them a particular examination ; and although a Ibrni- 
 ation whi(di has been so thoroughly worked as tlie crag is not 
 likely to afford a casual visitor the opportunity of gleaning much 
 of novelty, I believe I have satisfactorily ascertained the origin 
 of these concretions, and liave added to the list of ci'ag fossils 
 the jietro-tympanic bones of at least four species of Cetaceans. 
 These latter, 1 am |)ersuaded, have been overlooked among the 
 many concretions of this formation. They are, however, of a dif- 
 ferent composition, and clos(dy resemble, in this respect, the silici- 
 iied fragments of bone so abundant in this locality. 1 believe the 
 s])ecimens I have procured will range under two tyj)es, each con- 
 taining at least two species. I am not com[)etent to the task of 
 throwing any '>steoU)gieal light ujion theses fossils, but am hajipy to 
 state that l*ri ossor Owen has undertaken their examination ; and 
 we may tliei'cfore expect before long to be in possession of all that 
 can be said about them. It seems to me not a little remarkable, 
 tliat all these specimens shoiild have been pi'ocured Avithin a very 
 narrow compass, for I found none beyond the limits of two con- 
 tiguous indentations in tiie cliff, a short distance to the north of 
 Felixstow. 
 
 IJut, to return to the concretions to Avhich I am more particu- 
 larly desirous of directing attention. They exiiibit a very great 
 variety of forms. I\Iany are more or l(^ss spherr)idal, fusiform, and 
 cylindrical ; many are perfectly amorphous. They appear to be 
 composed of a fine-grained compact ferruginous daystone, of a 
 dark choct)late brown colour ; but the surface, which is very 
 snu)otli, and even ])olished, becomes pale by exposure. They often 
 separate by natural flaws into thi'ce or more fragments, Avhieii are 
 bounded internally by nearly plane siu'faces. Many of them offer 
 traces of organic association ; and the result of an extensive ex- 
 aminati(m has convinced nw that they must all be considered as of 
 coi)rolitic origin. I am not aware Avhether any analysis has ever 
 yet been made of them. 
 
 1 Avill now direct attention to the following peculiarities observ- 
 able in some one or other of the specimens referred to: — 
 
 1 . Two spiral inassus. 
 
 2. A larj^o pc'iforatuii oin.', with traces of spiral or nnmilar transverse convo- 
 lutions. 
 
 .'5. Oilier smaller ones, tlie convolutions licin;^ lonf^iludinal. 
 4. Common character of the cylindrical and fusifonn ones, seen, by fractiu'c, 
 to ho formed oi' lunffiliidinullff coUed folds, with a perforated axis. 
 
PURCnASEl).$..3UM;^^ 
 
 F PuRCIIASE...MM-^wXiCX-5^ 
 
 Place of 
 PuiCE\!:if:. 
 
 Later Catalogued Prices 
 
 n»