IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) -^ A, 4> /^/. I/.. a i/.^ 1.0 I.I lii|2£ |2.5 S6 yis 2.2 If K4 '^ £ I4£ 12.0 IL25 i 1.4 6" 1.6 /. V ^ ''W '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 93 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4S03 \ •Sj \ ;\ ^ 4 i/.. a CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographicaiiy unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag6e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul6e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque 1^1 Coloured maps/ Cartes g6ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reiii avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pagM blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, iorsque ceia 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplimentaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'ii lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normaie de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ > ^ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag6es □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piqudes □ Pages detached/ Pages ddtachides Showthrough/ -2-1 Transparence Quality of prir Qualiti indgaie de I'impression Includes supplementary materit Comprend du materiel suppidmentaire Only edition available/ Seuie Edition disponible I I Quality of print varies/ r~~| Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ Thee toth( Thei possi of th( filmii Origli begir the ii sion, other first I sion, or illi "■-* Theli shall TINU whici Maps differ entire begin right requii meth Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une peiure, etc., ont M fiim^es d nouveau de fagon d obtenir la meiileure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est f ilm6 au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X / 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X ire details les du modifier ler une filmage 6es re y errata )d to nt ne pel u re, ipon d The copy filmed hero has been reproduced thanlcs to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated Impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. iVIaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 3 L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce A la gtn6rosit6 de: La bibiiothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec Ee plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la netteti de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprlm6e sont filmte en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fiimds en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmfo A des taux de r6duction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre reproduit en un seul cilch6, 11 est film6 A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la m^thode. 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( liil P3. /-" '^ /T ■/ /. EXPLORATlOX-HRM'ISIl NOliTII AMERICA. P A P E K S UKI.AIIVK TO Tin; E X l» L O R A T I O N liY CAPTAIN I'ALLISER OF Tri.VT rouTioN or BRITISH NORTH AMERICA wiiKJi Mios ]ii;t\vi;i;.v THE NORTHERN BRANCH OF THE RIYER SASKATCHEWAN AND THE FRONTIER OF THE INITED STATES ; AND BETWEEN THE RED RITER AND ROCKY MOUNTAINS. |lrr0rittrli to fioil^ ?i;ou0r0 of ilArliainrnt Iil> tfTommanli of P^rt* ffHait^tv- June ISof). c~> ^ ^-^ LONDON : PKINTED BY GKOUGi: KDWAKD EYUE AND WILLIAAE Sl' - Eighth Report I'Bge. 11 12 i 16 27 29 41 I PAP E R S KKI.ATIVK TO TlIK EXPLORATION OF UltlTISlI NORTH AMERICA. I'age. No. 1. No. 1. 11 12 16 ; 27 29 41 Copy of INSTRUCTIONS from tlie Sfxretary of State to Captain Pai.mser. Sin, Downing Street, March 31, 18^7. With reference to the Letter which, by my directions, was addressed to you on the ■^Stl) inst., I have now the iionour to communicate to you Special Instructions for your guidance in the conduct of the Expedition for exploring that portion of Britisli North America wliicli hes between the northern brancli of the River Saskatchewan and the frontier of the United Stales, and between the lied River and tlic Roclr the Colonies, Downing Street, London. In fiill reliance upon your ability and discretion. Her Majesty's Government have not liesilatcil to entrust to you the conduct of the Lxpediliou, with the express understanding that the scientific gentlemen of your parly will coii.sidor themselves subject to your authority, and bound to be guiJed explicitly by the orileis which your experience may suggest for the safety of tiie Kxpedition and f()r the complete success of the objects for which it is undertaken. In the event of any unforeseen accident which might deprive the Kxpedition of your services as leader, the connnand of the parly may be entrusted by you either to Lieut, lilakiston or to Dr. Hector, and you will furnish a duplicate copy of these Instructions to whichever otlicer you may select for that purpose. In conclusion, I cannot too earnestly impress upon you the necessity for tlie utmost caution in the selection of the line of route to be taken by the Kxpedition, and in avoiding all risk of hostile encounters with any native tribes who may inhabit the country through which you may pass. I have to recpiest that you will conimiinicate to me, for the inlbrmatioii of the Lords Commissioners of the Ireasury, the mode in which tlie expenditure incurred by you while in the territories under tlie control of the Hudson's 15ay Company is to be defrayed, and you will understaiul that the limits of expense prescribed for the Kxpedition cannot I)e exceeded unless under circumstances of urgent necessity, which you will at once report for the information of Her Majesty's Govenniient. I have, &c. Captain Palliser (Signed) II. LABOUCHKIIE. &c. &c. i No. 2. Copy of REPORT from Ca))fain I*ALr.isF.u to Heii Majesty's Si:ci{ETAitY or Statk roii the Colonics. Sault .Sainte Marie, June 10, 1857. Sin, (Itei'civfil July .'{, 18.17.) I ii.WE the honour to report my arrival here at 1 o'clock a.m. this morning. We started from Liverpool in the " Arabia "steamer, which left Kngland at 3 p.m., May 1(3, and laniled at New York at () r.M. on the 'JSth May. Immediately on landing, we experienced .some diHiculty with the Custom House at New Jersey, and subsequently were enabled to puss our instruments through, owing to the kind assistance of Mr. Pompelly, of New York, who.se acquaintance we casually made at our hotel next morning. Mr. I'onqielly, aiiled by Mr. Wheatley, well known as an Sin, EXPLORATION OF lUlITISH NORTH AMERICA. in siiflicieiit atoH, ii) the MoiiDtaiiis only niuier litli pcrfiH't 111 that the yonr own t'the Rocky il'l, as far as al scientific laintaining a cal t'catuics he nature of LT, and any ir Roileiick len attached nrnal of liie cate of tiiat lural history (led at every Secretary of .•nt have not nderstandin<^ ject to yonr jerience may le objects for ition of your )U either to j)y of these the utmost ition, and in inhabit the ;jf the Lords ed by yon ic defrayed, ition cannot will at once fCHERE. 10, 1857. )rning. We May 1(3, and in House at rji, owing to isually made nown as an accomplished mineralogist in the scientific world, accompanied us on the 20tli May to the Custom House, and having explained the objects of om- llxpedition, and representing it as one directed by Her Ibifannie Mnjesty's (Jovernmenf, these gentlemen at length succeeded in accomplishing our ol,)ject of passing the instruments, saddles, guns, &c., but not until they had called on the Solicitor of the Customs, and conferred with the Super- intendent, and several of the sid)ordinate oHicers of the C'uslom House. 1 have entered into these minutiii", as I consiiK'r the kindness of these two gentlemen (Mr. I'ompelly and Mr. Wheatley), and their anxiety in the furtherance of international science, deserving of the highest praises. I am much concerned at having to report, about this date, the bursting of one of our new barometers. I am fully convinced that this accident has not occurred fioin the relaxation of Dr. Hector's vigilance over the barometers, which has been most unren)itting. 1 therefore had the instrument examined by the first makers in New York, who agreed that it might have arisen from the tightness of the metal fittings enclosing the cistern, which prevented its due expansion with a great rise in temperature, such as we experienced on landing at New York. Mr. Pompelly, however, most kindly applied for us, and obtained one of theNnw York Observatory barometers, initil such time as oius could be repaired and forwarded to Carlton House, or otherwise reclaimed. On the morning of '.id June we started for Detroit, via Elmira and the Niagara Ealls. At Detroit we were detained several days, as the steamer to the Sault Sainte Marie had not yet returned ; she, however, arrived on Saturday the (ith, reporting much ice .still floating on Lake Superior, and also that Sir George Simpson was still detained at the Sault Sainte Marie by the ice. We have, therefore, no longer any reason to regret the delay of our departure from England, as -all progress, owing to the very unusual lateness of the season, would hitherto have been denied us. On my arrival this morriing at tliii Sault Sainte Marie, I have fountl my two birch canoes ami Ki ri)\\ers awaiting me, and have made an arrangement with the ea])tain of the steanjer to take us nj), with men, boats, luggage, and all, to Isle Ivoyale ; and as tlie steamer is now starting I must conclude my Report. And remain, &c. Her Majesty's Secretary of State (Signeii) JOHN PALLISER. for the Colonies. Sir, No. 3. Copy of REPORT from Captain I'alliskii to Her. Majivstv's Skcuktauv ok Statk iok thk Colonies. I'ort (iarry, Huilson's Hay Conipany's Territories, July 16, 1857." (Ki'<'('ivcil"()rt«ibor I). '«.j7.) In continuation of my Report, dated Saidt Sainte Marie, Jn • 10, 1857, I have now the honour of acquainting you with our further progress. Owing to the unusual lateness of the season. Lake Superior was crowded with floating ice, ofiVring great difticulties even to a steamer, and, after consulting experienced persons, I determined to accej)t the further assistance of the steamer " Illinois," whose captain agreed, for the sum of S300, to take up my two canoes on deck, 16 voyageurs, and ourselves across the lake, and leave us near Isle Royale, about eight hours' paddling distance from Fort \\'illiam. Although this might have appeared a lurge sum (i.e., £1)1 5s.), yet subsequently I had reason to congratulate myself on adopting that course, for, shortly after, the men and canoes were taken up, we came on fields of ice, and the captain, after pushing his way for several miles, fell in with a schooner that warned him to return and try a course along the north shore of the lake. At length, after deviating 7^ miles fiom his course, he succeeded, and came in sight of the island at daybreak of the r2th June, four miles to the north-east. We then launched, loaded, and started in our canoes, having avoided not only seven or eight days' journey, but also the ri.sk of being stopped altogether by the ice. We reached the mouth of the Kaministoquoiah at nightfidl, and arrived at Fort William at 10 p.m. on the 12th June, where we learned that Sir George Simp.son had only preceded us eleven day.s, having been eight days on the north shore of Lake Superior, where his canoe had been broken on the ice. A 3 No. 3. 6 PAPKUS RKLATlVi: TO THE ^1 it Jl l)ii Satuiday, 13tli June, we stalled, and encamped some miles from the fort, and on Sunday, the 1 Itli, arrived al the mouth of" the White Kisli Itiver. I halted here, and, ai'coiding to n)v instruetions, ori;anized a party, coii^isiii)s>ol myself and Dr. lleetor, three vovageurs, ami three hulians, ami aseemled the Wliitc Fish lliver. I chose these .small birch canoes, on account of their drawing but very little water; they coidd merely carry two paddiers and one passenger each, while the tiiinl, with two paddlers, took the provi- sions for the party, consisting of eight neoi)le in all. 1 can readily understanil why the existence of this river has been denied, as its mouth could be easily pa.ssed unobserved by those oidy travelling in canoes on the Kaministoqiioiali, owing to its taking a suilden bend bctbre Howing into that river, ami therefore appearing much like a recess of the Kaministoquoiah. 'I'he White Fish River varies in breadth from '10 to Hi) yards, ami is .j feet, deep at its mouth ; but useless lor purposes of navigation, owing to the frequency of the rapids. We punted up a considerable ])ortion of the stream at intervals, when the rapidity ot the river prevcnteil us from paddling. In the first day of our journey up the river, the barometer intlicated a proximate ascent of /'^ feet in I'J miles, and on the second day u further rise of 100 feet in six miles. Here a very large tree fell on one of the canoe.s, and dashed it to pieces, I myself narrowly escaping by Jumping out of the way. The rain was very severe, and the men very much expo.sed, being obliged frequently to get out up to their middles in water to a.ssist in bringing up the canoes. Owing to the accident which befel our l)oat with the provisions, we were obliged to return the next ilay. Dr. Hector and I started accordingly on foot at (i .a.m., .Imie 1 Mh, straight througii thick woods, in the direction of the falls of the Kakabeka, distant by our calculation 27 miles, taking two Indians with us, and sending l)ack the remaining canoes with the third Imlian, and the three voyageurs to the camp at the mouth of the White Fish River, with directions for the whole party to go on to the falls of Kakibica, and meet us there. On leaving tlie coiuse of the White Fish River, we ascended a steep bank into a legion of larch woods, and, contrary to our expectations from the previous reports, found no ditHcnIty in itushin;:' forward at the rate of :y\ miles throuiih the country intercepted between the White Fish ami Kaministotiuoiah Rivets ; and, if we could take our experience of tiiat portion of the country for a fiiir average of the whole, I do not ap|)iehend any ililiiculty in connecting, either by means of railroad or a common road, the country around Fort William with tlie .south shore of Sturgeon Lake, but the accident which occurre.i to our boat ami provisions took place l)efore we reached the watershed which must necessarilv exist between the head of White Fish River and the wateis which flow into I-ake Wiiiipeg; am! tlierefore it still remains to be seen what amount of difficulty to overcome the watershed will present at that point compared with tliat which it offers, both on the Old I'ortage Route and the Xorthern Portage Route, whicli we have followed. All tiiis time heavy rain fell with little intermission, ami detained us fur several days after we had arrived at the Kakabeka Falls. On the il3i\ we reachetl the height of land, and next morning crossed the Savannah Portage into the Savannah River, and commerced the descent of the watersheil towards Lake Wiiiipeg. On the 1st .Inly we arrived at Fort Frances on Lac la Pliiii.', and, while at Ijieakfiist in the fort, a large number of Indians formed a di potation, iieaded l)y tlieir chiefs with their soKliers, and led by the old chief of the Lac la Pluie nation. it seems that they had heard a rumoiu' of my arrival, and had organized this deputation for .some time previo:isly. This fact I woulti not have t.iken up your time by dwelling on, were it not for the high tone which the old chief took in his harangue, which contained in it more than the mere ordinary imagery with wiiicii they make speeches tor the sake of obtaining j)resents. He said, " I do not ask for presents although I am poor, and my people are hungry, but I know that you have come straight from the great country, and we know that no man from that country ever came to us and lied. I want you to declare to us truthfully what the great Queen of your country intends to do to us when she will take the country from the Fur Company's people. All around me I see the smoke of the white man to rise. The ' long knives,' (i.e. the Americans) are trading with our neighbours for their lands, and they are cheating them and deceiving them. Now, we will not sell or part with our lands." It was of no use to try and cut him short by any assurances that I was not employed to treat for the sale of his lands ; uiul I told him contideiUiy that if he did not wish to i t I fort, and on hI hero, ;ni(l. Hector, three i these ainall merely curry i'jk the provi- as its n)outli niiiistoqtioiah, ore apjiearirif;- let deep at its of the rapiils. ipiility of tiie he river, the second day a of tlie canoes, e way. Tlie ]uently to get ere obhged to aight through )ur calculation inoes with the te Fish River, and meet us ) ljanl< into a reports, found ry intercepted )nld take onr ole, I do not inon road, tlie It tlie accident the watershed ; wateis which lat amount of ith that whicli ute, which we )r several days the Savannah isheil towarda le at hreaUfast eir chiefs with nis thai they or some time on, were it not lied in it more e of obtaining lie are hungry, know that no us trutiifully ke the country ite man to rise, for their lands, 1 or part with ; not employed ;lid not wish to KXI'LOUATION OF BRITISH NORTH .VMERICA. 7 part witli his lands, and also if he and his people behaved as always they had done, that is, (juielly and peaceably, with the white fices, I would assure him that the Queen would never send soliliers to deprive them of their lands by force. Here an Imliaii (not of their nation, but of a (riendly nei<;libouriiig tribe) muttered to him in a low tone, " Make him put it into writing on a piece of paper; make him, I say ; and now 1 have said it, for its nothing to me one way or the other, but I know the whites on the other side where we are, and I say make him put it into writing." JJul the orator .said aside to him, " No, what lie will .say he will keep to." " Now," continued he aloud, "what is to become of us? we have no more animals; tiiey are all gone, and without skins the Company will not give us goods from their store ; and only for the little tish we take we would starve, and many of us do .starve and die." I answered that they were to blame tor not endeavourin.; to cultivate their lands and tiiid otlier resources for maintaining themselves besides hunting. He answered, " Tliere are none to show u.s, and we have no implements to do it with." He then objected to Mons. Uoiir^eaii collecting plants, and requested that Dr. Hector ishould not take away any mineral specimens as long as we were in his territories. He also bejiged that the great Queen might be made ac(|uainteil with their unhappy con- dition, and that she might know that his heart was grieved by reason of all those of his children who died by hunger. He asked me to promise that 1 wotdd acrt'iil, and •vioiisly active n to cxortion. [)(uls sufHcii'iit It of wliat is tliey want on 'i'liiTC is no (lining three nine. Tlicir I'll is character oil, hilt would I'lic only hold ;y of property Siioiild the )le portion of ly not severe, I of lightning 1 two of tliein ly nntoiiched. ohscrved the often presents Sullivan, and the frontier at {caver Creek, My horses, i wages at the ?t to say, not ecoyed into a ibbed of their even a shirt, ) enable them iiical ohserva- researches to mical collec- I 1 trust will orded in my e the honour ort Carlton. ALLISliK. EXPLORATION OF IllUTKSH NORTH AMERICA. -3 s ■a — t" •»< 1* n -r cj — o i.|, -«s>. ?i ^- »? • ? ^^ ' "5 cc Ti .-. *v !0 «r « j; '»! * c. y. — o 'I -f -r V, 9 ct ^ T t f -" o Ci ^ Ti CV X at 00 oc ?. -. f >-5 (o m s) 3; ?-. .3 ' i ! s ; IS 5 Sz; i^ «:; ,^ 71 Si 1^ c V. - ?i i"; Tl ^ - w •t "■■ M o ■? « ^ :> ?l rs 1 3 tj •_3 E I- O c Oil > Oil + o o s c o O f •r •t 1< -r -t> ■§ H-l -f •^ T f f -»• W w ;4 ;J u,' \A U 2 «» s 1^ n 'T oo o '^ -r CI -r >5 >!1 » ki » 'A o -r >5 >a 00 - n /2 Si" .« f= — c- 3i 3C ^ Oil o *^ '^ ^^ *^ •f lO •? »-C *o •r It >•; 1.-; it o I- + CI 3 ; X i OUi J> 05 71 J- Si O) rj ^ 2 n '1 T T f CI Cl CI CI 71 + 9 >c CI -r -o 00 o — — — CI « « « w o = « o 17 sn 00 f7 >7 5>. O '7 Cl M CI X> I CI t^ c; 1" Cl i-c m c 71 71 -< l~ »>■ !s a> 1" Cl o> « eo O « Cl I 3S « Cl o Cl 74 Cl Cl Cl '.a o — s r3 9 to B "3 I H — « 17 t 6 af- « © j2 -2 -7 te 'S o C •- 00 := 6 "1- One tl) ri ^J c cc *< ^^ ..-» O) 60 ■^ g. ^ 2 u -= - -= Ji! r2 a a B ^ m HH M l-l M B 10 PAVKUS JJKLATIVK TO THE ^ ^ ^^ / ~r T, ■M ?; cf - '- s - - ' >• y >• s s - r, ., ,, ^ -■ C J; V 2^ f 3; C' '^ ~ ^ ^1 r c ^ - ^ = «-, f -J- - - - ^ ^ S ^ ^ :C ^ r ~ S o Ji £■ i; r _ , •"* ■>! ■* S ^ C U £ c ,, >■ X " ^ ^ -f 1- t~ M 7-1 c^ -* -K ■r :;■. X,- '- ■;r + + ci M 7\ •I :■! f- '• i^- — ^ .'T 30 1- M 'r — , ^ '- -~ •' " a - '^ - , Z M ^, M -., + £SS 3 1^ >" i~ :r -* « cr !1 r =^ I- ?i '?, h ^ y »" o- •' ^1 ^ f c « cA s: 1 -7 ^ f t( i- "Z L. <■>'" or ? .C ■f K " c tc s « ^ >. C<3 £ Is r; _ T ■ 1— l^ 2; ^ ^ ■^ w. ^ « £ 'a ^ 4 X KXPLOUATION OV niUTISM NORTH AMKRICA. li No. 4. Ni>. -1. * 2 a. » X + + b >-- y. 1 Copy of a UKl'ORT fioni Captain I'Ai.Mfsru to IIi.ii Majk-sty's ^|,| StCllKTAIlY Ol' StATK Foil Till'; ( 'oi.ON II'.S. fl'oit I'ombina, Ilmlson's liav Companv's 'rcrritoiies, July '27. 1«'7. ?, (Kcccivcd Oi'tolu'f ;5, 1N,)V,) h In contiiuiatioii of my Ri'poit of the Hitli July, I liavc the honour to inform you of t!ie (it'paitui-c of the Expedition from I'oit G u ly to Fort IVnibina, on liie '2lst Instant. ;*^ I have now enirageii twelve men, thirty horses, two small wagoDns, antl live carts. In consequence of the absence of buffalo in this portion of the country, I am obliifcii to -eury along with me a considerable (piantity of provisions to last until we arrive suf- ficiently far to the westward to tall in with these animals. For this jjurpose I li)inid the ■small heavy carts ot the country not suHicient, and, contrary to the atlvice and prejudices tti the people, bought two small Amerieati waggons, and have f()mid them most eiiicii nt. 6 I was not disappointed with the class and condition of the horses obtained (or me by the Hudson's Bay C'onipany. as I have all along been aware that the halt-breeds of Red Kiver have taken their best horses to the siunmer buffalo hunt. *• I have, in order to save as much extra travelling as possible to the horses, sent on four «ien, with foiu- carts and ten horse.s, straight to Reaver Cnek, with orders to await our arrival in that ipiarter; while Dr. Hector, Mr. Sullivan, and myself take the route thither, via Pembina and Turtle Mountain, 'i'liis arrangement will serve to recruit my horses, whose pasture hitherto has not been gooil. . On leaving Fort Ciarry we crossed the river Assineboine, and |)roceedt.'d up the Red Kiver for nine or ten miles, in a course a little east of south, through copse and light timber. We crossed the river Sail nine miles from Fort Ciarry, a river about twcntv-five yards wide, but not j)nt down on the majjs. Shortly alter this we euierged on thr open prairie over a well-ilefined road, indicating a far greater amount of traffic than I had expected to find. Owing to the peculiar distribution of the wood, which consists principally of line oak trees, and is confined principally to the right b.uik of the river, the tortuous coursi- of which is very distinctly markeil by Jutting promoiiti)rics. calleil by the ))eo|)le "poirts," I observeil that tiie agricultural resources of the country were not merely confined to Red River Settlement, for the country through which we |)assed iissumeil tullv e(pial ;ind in some places even suj)erior advantages, being more elevated above the river. 1 had an opportunity of noting the nature of the soil, where a settler was digging tor marl about six feet deep, and again at Pembina, where I had a special examination made. It consists of about one foot of black vegetable moukl resting on a free clay loam of a light grey colour, but very deficient of sand. The banks of the rivers in this country are composed of remarkably tenacious clay mud, rendering access to them very diflicult, and great care is re(piired in passing a cart or waggon across. On '-'Jd we crossed Riviere (pii (Jrate, situateil thirty-eight miles south of Fort (Jarry : this river, as well as the Riviere Sal!, we passed in I'outoons. The ferry- man here was a very intelligent Ameriean, who luul recently arriveil in the country by a route from the Lake of the Woods, following the coisrse of lleeil (Jrass l{iver. He describeil the first twenty-five miles west of the Lake of the Woods as being flat ami swampy; he partly paddled aiul partly dragged his canoe ov,m- a slightly rising country until he leached lii'vd (irass Lake, out of which a river of' tue same name flows. The country about the head waters of this river is swampy, but the lower half of its course, according to his account, flows through a ilry and finely wooiled country; but he described the river as shallow and swift, only tit tor very small canoes. I observed large pieces of driftwooil scattereil about the higher spots of the prairie, indicating the extent to which the whole country is flooded in spring. IJy measuiement, I ascertained that last spring the water rose thirty-five feet almve the present level ol the stream, and it is l)y no means unusual for the flood to reach ten feet higher. Opposite Fort Pembina the river is about eighty yards wide and twelve feel deep ; in dry seasons it tails five feet lower. From Mr. Tddings (an American Civil Fngineer, whose nanu; will appear in this Despatcii), I ascertaineil that the river is (ifteen feet ileep 'JOO miles further up, but there its width is reduced to ninety feet, and the frequent occiuaence of sharp bends in its coin\se would make it diflicult to ascend in steand)oats. The mouth of I'embina River, which flows fium the west into Red River, is situated about two miles south of tlie boundary line. Upon this river, at a distance of about twenty-five miles from this, I am infornted that there is a thriving American town called San Joset'.s, which, owing to its recent establishment, is not yet recognized in our ntaps. I J '2 \i\ ■^.\\<^ \0 .r^^'': li PAPERS RKLATIVK TO TIIK On Friday, Jiilv '21tl» (the day after my arrival here), my Secretary Mr. Siilhvan and I took tlie mori.lian altitudes ot'tlie sun, in order to find the hicus ot tlie I'Jth degree of north hilitudo, and to ditermine the direction of the Boundary line. We were shown at the same time a post driven into the earth to indicate a similar ohservation taken by Mr. Nicolay, an American gentleman, well known in the American scientific world. On this occasion I availed myself of the vahiable assistance of Mr. hidings, the gen- tleman to whom I have alluded above, and who is commissioned to lay out lots of land from the fiontier line southwarti, purchased by an American Land Company; and this siontleman, with mv Secretary Mr. Sullivan, placeil another j)ost at about JOt) yards in the direction of true west, making the necessary allowance for the variation of the compass here, which Mr. Sullivan found to be If E. Mr. hillings informed me that the Land (Company by whom he is employed intend to build a town here, and establish a railway station, about two miles distant from the posts whose positions we have established. As yet the place is but a wild waste. The Hud- son's Hay Company's Eort, where we have been residing for the last two or three days, is a very small shabby establishment, and the American one, situated about two miles on the othtMside of our present line, is still smaller and more wretcheil in appearance. It, however, professes to be a Post Office, and carries a mail, said to be a monthly one, from St. Paul's ; but as the Postmaster is away at present, and left the place under care of an hulian woman, who speaks no other language but her own ; c(msequeiitly 1 cannot form very accurate ideas as to the safety of any letters committed to its care. Still how- ever, 1 am induced to forward these by the assurance of an intelligent half-breed, who told me that the Post Ollice here is " a very lucky one." Enclosed is a Note ol the Observations made on the direction of the Uoundary line, drawn up and signed liv myself and the two gentlemen engaged in the survey. I have, &c. (Signed) .lOILV PALLLSEK, Captain, Commanding the Nortii American Exploring Expedition. I 1! Kiii'l. in No. 4. No. Knclosurc in No. I. N'oTF. of OiisKUVATioxs at Pi.MiiiNA by Captain l'Ai.i,isi;it, Mr. h)i)iV(;s (U.S.), and Mr. .Sii.i.ivaV. A\ 01)sorvation takt'ii at tlio above plate bv Mr. Nicolav in 18 IS-)[)' 19" \. Mr. hidings (U.S. Civil Kngineer), and my Secretary Mr. Sullivan, after ascertaining the variation of the conijiass at place, erected a second post, distant from the first 'J70 yards due east thus determining the direction of the IJoundary line. Jonx Pai.i.isi.u, Captain. Commanding Hiiti!.li NortliAmerican Kxpedition. C. VV. Ii)ni\(.s, C. !•:. (U.S.) John .Sri.i.iv a\, Secretary, and ,\stron. Assistant to the Kxpedition. Siu, No. rj. Coi'Y of a lll'T'ORT from Captain Palliser to Ih:ii Majk.sty's Six'KETAUV OK Statk i-oa riii: Coloniks. Montreal, Canada East, December 8, 1857. (l{efcivud December L'o uiitbrtiuiate a^ to lose one of my waggons in the chaiuiel of the river at a depth of sixteen feet, where I suhsetpiently crossed it. All j)articulars of this river, its timber, capabilities, Sec, will be found in my journal, which I hope to have the honoiu" of forwarding to England next spring. 'I he W'J' of longitude is the furthest point to the westward that I liave tliis season explored. At this point I crossed the river to the north side, and started on a north-east course tor Carlton, my winter quarters, where wi' airived on the Sth of October. I have endeavoureil to coiuluct the Expedition with the greatest economy, and li-el happy to say that 1 have as yet no apprehension of the grant for .'{,<()()/. f()r the first year ending March 31st, 18/5.S, being overdiawn, although I receiveil and obeyeil my orders to adopt the canoe route in .lune last, a most ex))en>ive one, and one for which I never estimated. Also a UngL' amoimt for instrinnents (per Lieut. RIaekiston) over which I have had no control. I have now paid all the men engaged, and discharged them with the excep- tion of four, who remain at Carlton through the winter, to hunt, cook, chop, and look after the horses, and one at Ued River to accompany me on my return early next spring, before the breaking up of the ire. I hold now for Her Majesty's (ioverinnent forty horses, together with carts, harness, arms, instruments, kc, to the value of 1,000/. and upwards. Thelioises, owing to the great care and watehfidness which has been exercised towards them, will he far more serviceable next season than they were the last one, owing to the wretched condition in which I was obliged to receive them. 'J'hree days after the arrival of the Expedition at Eort Carlton, and as soon as I had paid off the men and made fiirther necessary arrangements for sending them home to Red River, also as soon as I had arranged matters for the gentlemen and the men who were to winter there, I started on hired horses with Mr. M'Kay for Canada, finding it necessary to see anil confer with Sir George Simp.son, for the purposes and objects of the Expetlition, also in order to put EXPLORATION OF WIITISH NORTH AMERICA. W s may l)e con- , to wliicli the ml tlif whole as ac'(]iiaiiited thov call him his way alone ill the peace- tive of killing a present of r', '"/Ibow on the t'pteniber Kith nclians iMoose L'iccI no incon- i I'eaecniaker, lil we came to September. :allei.la biitfalo e none go to tiom lumting. haiuls varying serious appre- ain lintl been river kept ofl" ;ilo slums the Saskatchewan, of this river, ' Lakes, being- tain that there ul lied River, end tiom the Li)pelle Lakes, e connnenced )n the 2Sth of 111 even at this )l any size, as ly waggons in rossed it. All ournal, which 'I'he U)|>' of )red. At this e (or (."arlton, [)my, anil U'el the first year I my orders to liieh I never which I have ith the excep- lop, and look y next spring, ernment f()rt\ of 1,(J()()/. and )een exercised ast one, owing- days after the nen and made as soon as I lere, I started ul confer with 1 order to put myself in commimication with the Colonial Office at home, with a view of receiving further instructions, to which I shall beg leave to dra\v your attention at the conclusion of this letter. I started from Carlton (Upper Saskatchewan), October 11th ; reached Touchwood Hills October 1.0th; Fort I'elly, October 18th; Fort Fllice, October Sod ; and on the 1st of November arri- "d at Keil River. This portion of my journey was very cold, accom- )tanied with snow, almost every day, yet not sutticient to delay me or cause me nnich inconvenience. At Red River I foiuid very great difficulty in obtaining horses and a giiiile to Crow Wing, Minnesota 'J'erritory, but at length succeeded for the sum of 65/. in obtaining the services of a half-breed, named Robert Tate, and his horses, to take me there, a disiance of about five hundred and twenty miles. For this smn I was supplied with a horse to ride, besides the horses necessary to carry our baggage, bedding, and pro- visions. Unfortunately, however, my horse was killed at Pembina, and I had to go on l()ot about four hinulred anil lifty miles of the way : the snow, however, was so deep, and the weather so cold, that it did not much signify, and we arrived at Crow Wing on the l<)th of November. From Crow ^\'ing there is stage conveyance to St. Paul's and Prairie " Le Chien," partly by coach, and principally by waggons and sleighs. At Prairie " Le Chien " is the railway terminu.s, from which 1 proceeded, via Chicago and Detroit, to Montreal. On my arrival here, I lost no time in conferring with Sir (ieorge Simpson, and settling the accounts of the Expedition for this year. I have therefore, according to my instruc- tions, drawn on Her Majesty's Paymaster-Cieneral for 2,000/., thus leaving a balance of 'AM/, to meet a few small accounts not yet received at Lachine from the more remote posts of the Hudson's Bay Territory, also the stores from York factory for winter clothing and consumption sent by boat this summer to Carlton. While I was at Red l^iver on my way to lhi<, I made my arrangements for pro- ceeding next spring with the Expedition by engaging twenty men, and ordering them to j)roceed on the 10th of March 18,58, with a sufficient number of dog sleighs to convey their j)rovisions up to Carlton, in order tiiat all may he in readiness for as early a .start as the season will ]>ermit. My couise will be in the first instance to visit Eagle Hills, and thence to strike f()r tiic soutli branch of the Saskatchewan, and renew my e\|)lorations at that point whert! 1 left off at the end of September. I regret that I am obliged to engage so many men, as their pay and small rations will increase the expense of the Expedition ; i)ut witli a smaller number it would be the height of imprudence to venture into the south-western part of the Blackfeet and Pegan country. A smaller nundier would only invite the Indians to attempts on the hor.ses. It is true I have hitherto only travelled with thirteen men, but the Indian camps I have met (with one ^exception at Koche Percee) were small ones, but next year the camps I shall fiill in with are much larger, and to meet this I must increase the number of my nien to thirty in all, viz., ibiu' men at Carlton ; one man at Red River .still under pay ; five at Carlton to commence pay on April 1st, LS-OS, at 15/. for six months; and QO from Red River to conunence ))ay March 10th 185S, at '20/. for six months. After this dangerous country .shall have been traversed, nuich fewer men will suffice, by returning to the settlement on the Hudson's Bay Company's beaten track via Edmonton, but the country the Expedition will have to traverse next year in order to fulfil its objects will be so great that it would be iujpossible to fulfil my orders of sending the Expedition back in time to reach St. Paul's in the fall of 1S58. Under these circumstances, I think it of great import nice that Her Majesty's Govern- ment should communicate to me further orders ; and 1 .should suggest that my services be taken for another season, and that the Expedition should winter in the country between the forks of the Red Deer River, and the Rocky Mountains in the winter of 1858. Thus all the objects in investigating and exploring the country, for both physical and .scientific purpo.ses. would be fully attjiined. I intend to leave this for New York immediately, there to await the (iivour of an answer to this letter, and whether it will be the pleasme of Iler Majesty's Government to extend the tinu" granted for the Expedition until the tall of 185!). Should Her Majesty's Government wish to consult with me in person, there would be suflicient lime to convey their intention to do so to New York, and for me to repair to the Colonial (.Office, London, and afterwards return in sufficient time to reach Fort Carlton in spring. All the chief expenses of the Expedition have been incinred; viz., a most expensive canoe route, also arms, j)rovisions, &c., and finally a large nmnber of horses bought; all of which expenses will have to be undergone for the next Expedition which will have to succeed mine, in the event of our beinu: recalled in 1858. with our exulorations .'ing 1 13 I 1^ 16 No. 6. PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE incomplete, owing to too short a space of time tor examining so large a territory ; add to this the fiict, that tiie mineral resources of the British Rocky Mountain territory are utterly unknown and the assurances of more than one gentleman in the service of the Hudson's Ray Company of having found specimens of nikel, load, and gold in that region. t • i ■ "My address will be, St. Nicholas Hotel, New York, U.S.; and anxiously awaitnig your further commands, I remain. Sec. (Signed) JOHN PALLISER, Captain, Commanding North Rritish American Exploring Expedition. Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the Colonies. No. G. Copy of a REPORT from Captain Palliseii to Hkr Majksty's SErRETAHY OF StATK lOR THE CoLOMES. Fort Ciarry, Red River, May 3, 1858. Sir, (no<'t'iv.', is.>8.) I HAVE the honour to report n)y arrival at this post, on my way to join the Expe- dition, and recommence my explorations this year from Fort Carlton. I shall still be obliged to wait for some days initil the grass is sufficiently forward to enable me to proceed on horseback. Although the snow has tlisappeared, yet, owing to the cold northerly winds that now prevail, the grass is now quite as backward as it usually is at this period of the year, although the winter has been an extraordinarily mild one; I hope, however, that I may be able to start on or about the lOth instant. 1 accomplished my voyage from Ciow Wing (Minesota territory) to this place in a month, in a canoe, assisted by two halt-breeds. We ])unteil up the Crow Wing and Leaf Rivers, carried the canoe across the iieiglit of land from Leaf Lake to Ottertail Lake, but in attempting to cross the latter to tlio south shore we narrowly escaped being crushed in the ice ; however we extricated ourselves, and were consetpienlly obliged to extend oiu" portage along the eastern shore round to the mouth of Ottertail Hiver (the principal head of Red River). Down this river we ran all the rapids but one, makiiii>; there (piarter mile portage, joined the main stream ot lied Kiver at "Hois des Sioux," and came down to Fort Garry. I have the honoiu' to enclose you Lieutenant Blakiston's letter on the subject of the Hudson's Bay and York Factory voyage uj) to Carlton on the Saskatchewan ; likewise Dr. Hector's Geological Report of 1S57, which I will thank you to be so kind as to place in the hands of Sir Roderick Murchison. I have received an English translation of Mons. Bourgeau's Report of the Botany and I'lora of the country, which 1 should likewise have had the honour of forwarding to you, but, on reading the document, 1 find it so full of mistakes that it was attempted by an incompetent person. I therefore prefer deferring its transmis.sion until after my arrival at Carlton, when 1 shall forward Mons. Botngeau's Report in the original, with a request at the same time to have it placed in the liands of Sir William Hooker. I have likewise received the map of the coinitry, copied out by Lieut. Blakititon from the detached charts we ourselves made on the route. L'nfbrtiniately he made but one copy, and as 1 have not the means here of making a copy for myself, 1 will likewise defer forwarding it until after my arrival at Carlton. I have the iionour of forwarding the Astronomical Observations encloseil in a letter from my Secretary, Mr, Sullivan. 1 have, cVc. (Signed) JOHN PALLISEH, Captain, Commanding North British American Exploring Expedition. P.S. — As almost the whole of my recent voyage has been through United States terri- tory, I h ive not intruded a more detailed accoinit on your attention ; and I only wish further to observe, that my descent of the whole of the Red River from its principal source, has enabled me to judge of its great fiicilities for Steam Boat Navigation, Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the Colonies. J. P I i EXPLORATION OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 17 ;ory ; add to territory are ivicc of the jold in that sly awaiting Captain, sli American dition. KiU'Iosmv 1. ill Nil. fi. May 3, 1858. )in the Expe- ly forward to inds that now of the year, !r, that I may his place in a 'inj? and Loaf tail Lake, hut being; crushed to e.\tend our )rincipal head i (piarter mile ?amc down to ■ubject of the ,van ; likewise nd as to place le Botany and uding to you, cmpted by an • my arrival at h a request at ilakiiiton tiom nade but one likewise defer n a letter from R, Captain, tish American edition. lmI States terri- d I only wish in its principal ;ation. J. P. I Sill, _ Kort Carlton, Siiskiitclit'wiiii liivcr, ;!(1 .laiiiiarv, 1S."8- A', llif MittjtTl (if a (■(iiiiiminicatioii iK'twi-cii Urd Uivn- Scttlfiiit'iit and sonii' civili/td iiiirlinii of till' 15i'ili~li Diiniinions i-; ln-irimiiiijr to atlra't some ainoiint of |inlilic atlciitioii, ami as two iiiditfi'i-ciit roiili's ;irf at ini'scnl in use. one of wliicli, naiiit'ly, tiiat from Canada, via Lake Supi'rior, Kaiiiy Lake, and lilt' l.akf of tlif \\'oods, yon liaM' tins last season traversed, and will no doiilit lia\e made a ri'iiort on tiie same, «liile diiiinj^ the same season 1 have jiassed the other, namely, iVoin I'Jiiiland, \ia ^'ol■k factory, on Hudson's Hay, and Lake Winnipe^r, 1 have the honour to lay liefore yon my oliservations on the same for the information of Her Majesty's (■overmni'iit. Ihsrriptiitn nf /{iiiifs iisiil in I'irir .\iir!i/iitliiii. Ill llie iirst iilaic, the mode of transiiortiii;,' iiasseiiffers and jroods lietweeii York l'"aelnry, lindson's lia\, and ifi'd l!i\('r. wliicli is at present, and has lieeii for many years in use, is liy means oi' lir^'e wooden linats luiilt in llie cimntry, and well adapted fur this kind ol' na\ iuatioii. Ivnii lioat is of the I'oUowin^- consliiutioii: i.eii<;tli of keid ;!0 feet, over all I'J fei't, wliicli f^ivcs eonsidcialile shear eqiiallv to lioth stem and stern-post; hreadtli of lieain !) feet, sharp at lioth ends, deplli iii>i(!e ,'J feit, and when loadetl with 70 "pieces" (alioiif .J(i ewt.), Iiesides the Crew, oars, sail, mast, .Vc. draws two feet of water; it is steered hy means of a loiijr sweep iiassinjf tlnuiifjfh a riii^- made fast to the stern-post, except under sail when a rudder is shipped. Voi/njirs. Kacli lioat is manned hy one steersman, one howsman, and six or sev(>n middlemen, who, mostly half breeds of l''rencli-Caiiadiaii or Hritish descent, labour in the service of the iliidsoii's Hay Company for very moderate waj^i's; their food, however, which consi^ts of '• pcimnican " and Hour, lieiiii;' supplied by the Company, as niiiili as they have iieeil of; in fact, were it not that they have pU'iity of good working- food, they certainly could not continue this labonrious work. t '/i-iiiiss(iiii: — /)rsrri/i/i'iiii af llie Itoiiti; Till' ?priiig Hoods lia\iiig subsided, the n|iwar(l journey is performed as follows :—Leavinii- York I'actory, which is situated on the left bank of Hayes I{iver, five miles above its month, it is possible with a fair wind to sail about six miles to the head of the tide, at which ])lace poles and the trackiiiff line are obliu-ed to be wr^vA for the purpose of jiassing some shoal )ilaces; from litis sailing or "trahoal places, is confinned for a coii]ile of days, after which the continnal liends of the river and the strengtli of the enrrent jirevent the use of the sail, the mast, a nuigli pole, is therefore thrown overboard, and tracking with oecational poling is eontinued until the IJock I'ortago is reached, l'J4 miles aliove York l''actory. 1 1 ■«/•/• 0/ Mai. Tracking is hard work for the voyagers, they take it turn about, an hour and a half at a time, in fad this river work, to >ay nothing of the "carrying" at the portages where many an- injured, is very laboiious and trying, particularly considering the fact of their being almost continually in wet clothes, from the nc within a few yards of ihe source of the Lchiamamis, a small stream whose waters flow to the westward; when sullicieiit water is only ke|)t for the passage of boats by two dams six miles apart, these were formerly the wink ot' b(>avers, but are now kepi up by the passing boats. At ihe passage ol a boat a piu'tion is pulled away, ihe boats run thr(uigh, and it is again shut securely. 'I'ln.^ stream, which on account of dams has little or no current, is for the most part thrmigli marsh, and so narrow that the Willows nearly meet over head, and the boat smnetiines tonelies the hank on each side. At a distance of ;1">M miles from Hudson's IJay, Lea Kiver is entered, when, by making the last of the '3,j portages, and ]inlliiig against stream, Norway House, a post of the Hiulsoii's Hay Company is reached, from which to l^ake Winnipeg is but '-'() niil(>s without ra])ids, Ufi-liansiif/i', Dixtanci; and Timv, Thus, from York Factory to Norway House, a distance of 400 miles, is aceoniplished only after laborious work for three weeks. The time for the passage across Lake \Viiinipeg to lied Kiver, 300 c •'iicl. 1. ill No. G. :f, Pt 19 I'M'ERS ItELATIVK TO TFIE mil"-, i|i'|)iMiiliii;r ciiiiicly ; inakiiiir tlic I'litirc ili-iaii" I'l'iiii ^drk I'Mitory, ilii:l-(iir.-> May. t'l lu-il |{ivi.r ^ettk'iia'iit, 700 milos. in tour wcoks on tlic upwai'ii |ia.-?*aK('. I>iiirii I'lifSiii/r. Till' |)a--aL''' 'I'lwn Hircaiii IVinn Norway llon^c to ^'ork Factory, IxMiijf accoinplislii'd in nine (iay?;, iiiakiiiu' ilioijl li.iir a (lo/'Mi jioiLiiri'-.. at thn-i- of wliirli tin- lioat i'i farricil over, one licinu' the two- lliird- o| a iinic |)oriaL'('. ail ll llicr rapiil- licinjr "•run," not. iiowcvcr, without i'on:ral)li> ri;ik, Miakcs tlif pa -aj,'(' troiii Kiii l(i\('r to Ndrk l"a(lory sixteen days. Lk/iI'i I'iLsSIII/I, I'lin-. to j'o III and liom licil i;l\fi to lliid-nii's Hay witiioul stoppaj^os, is alH>ut r^even weeks. . Iim/ln r Hiiiili', llii' oiiiii'i ll 111'' ualri- wliKJi air c (ilicricd in l-'kr \Vi\inipe:;' iVoiii tiie Saskateliewan. Swan liiver. Iti'd li'iuT. ,\r i> iVoiii till' noitii *'w\ oltlie Lakeliy N'tlMin l!i\er. uliicii Hows into lludxin's 15ay at the u ill mI' lla\('s Ii'imt: lint the I'ails and rapids are said toiic so\ery iieavyon tliis ri\er. iiesides il- lii'ini', till' |iiiL;i'r roiilr. llial it i- imw ni'\i'r used. hii^iiissiliilihi III hif/'iiifi nil 11/ I'lir S/iniiiiis. It III lieeii |iro|io»i'i! to iiiipiiAc llic runner route in oiiler to allow of the passage of steamers, this liowmerlVoin the foreiroiiu; de>rri|itioii w ill he seen lo he impossihle: for, if liy ( 'iltiiif,'- throiijih solid granite and swamp and ill m-lruilion ol' loik*, liie jiiirliues could he avoided and the snialier rivers widened, \-cl ill llie lower ii\ers the want of water could only he o^er(■oIne liy ilredji'inif, which operation would iic rnluilv dc-lro\iil \i\ the spriiiu ll is; and I thiiili that it would he the opinion id' any ohservinj,' pci-.iiii |ia»inv. iliniiu;li tliir route, that il would lie iiii|io>^ilile m) to improve it as lo allow of the iiavi- ;;alioii ot anylhinu lar;;er than ihc lioats (previously descrilied) at jjivsent in use; ;m(l certain it is, that the fiilnre piodiiic of the \ast we tern plains could never lie transported in tiiis manner. II iiilsim's Hiijl. Iliit were a route praciicalile ilicre c\i>ls a consideration, which is ahove all others; n.-iinely, that from the outlet of llud-nn's I'ay hciui; ^o far uorlli, and the amount of ice in the hay itself, \essids caniiol rcniaii le lliaii ^i\ vw'cks oiil ol'llie whole year at ^ ork I'actory, with a chance of after- ward- liciiii; alilc In make ihcir way oiil anain to tlu' .Vllantic. Sat in III (hitlit. I. mill Uinili finijinsiil. No clouhl the u.itiual oiulei ol this ureal wc>Icni district i^ across an easy country to the water ol' tiie Mi>si>-ip|ii and \lis-oiui. which if fu>t cstaldished the \Vc>t i> lo>t to ihitain. It liehoves ns, tlierid'ore, to e^tahli-h a loiilc llu'oiiuh our own tiuritory. for the encoiM-au'eincnt of eiiii ignition to. and the transport ol'the I'liliue produce from Keil l!i\er auii the ureat Western I'lains to Canada. Now. as the water route from I.akc Suiierior to IJcd l!i\er which \ ou have ll•a^er^cd i> of a still more amphiliious nature than the ninic northern one d.-M-rihed in ihi • report it >eeins natiual that wo >hould look for a lam! route : I would llicrefoie ^nil■•;•est a >earch t'or such a one. coiisidcrahly to the iiortli of the ca>terii part of the e.inoe route, iianu l\, from a pori mi the north ^hore of Lake Superior iro->iiiLr to the north i iid of tlu' Lake of llie \\ iioii-, wliich. a- wi-ll as heiiiL;' cpiile ascoii\euienl lor the lake na\ if,^al ion liy >teamers, would he on the line of a coiuiiiuou- railway tVom other portions of Canada and the I'nited States; hesiih's heiiii;' much more pielerahle in a military point of \iew, than a route near the liouiidarv line. Mitiiis iif Tiiiii.'ijiiiif. Steamcis will no doulit naxiuaie Lake Winnipeg; and Red Kiver. hut the Saskatchewan heinj^ dislriliiitcil at it> moutli h\ a laruc rapid, and at other jdaces l>y minor one.-, he^i(ie^ tin' up]ier part containinu lUlmeroll^ -Inliiiijj- >and l>ar^. will likidy he little n>ed tor uavi^iation. particularly on account oltlu" very le\t 1 nature of ilie couutiy wi>stward from lu-d Hiver and Lake W iimipej:. so suitable to the t'ormation o( l^ailwa\^. which 1 douhl not will l>c the tir>t :iieans of transi)ort una lar<:e scale on these plain;-. I'oslii/ ( 'iik'iiiiiiniriitioii f/inmi/lt I'liitnl ."Slithf. At present thi've exists no pii-i.d coinmunicatii'U hctween Canada ami Red River except through the I niled >tatc>. I ha\e. iVc. (Signed) Tiidmas Ri.aki-tun. .lolm I'alliscr, Kxi.. Lieut. R. Artillery. .>,(■. .Vc. i'.S, l!y liu' arvi\.il of the packet. 1 hear that the Canadian Ciovenimeiit having granted a >uin of ."i.OotV. t\ir the eslahli.-hmeni of a route lietween Lake >uperior and Red River: an engineering pa rtv is at piv-ent mnplo\edin laying out a roaii from the Lake of the Woods to the settlement of Red Ri\er. to term the western section of the route. '.'iMh .1annar\. l^j^. T.B.. LieuU K..\. I I injr till' I'litiri' wi'i'ks on tlie in uiuf day^, i'iiii,' tlu' two- si(lt'ral)K' ri^k, wi'oks. 1. Swan UiviT, IIiuImmi's l?ay s r'lNOV, bi'sides r stfaiiicr>, tliis [ill solid urauilf rivers widcnt'ii, jicratioii would any oliscr\ in?,' w (if till' navi- rtaiii it is, that s; uatiit'ly. lliat y ilsoir, Nfssfls liaiiic of aftt-r- lic water ot' tlio us, tlu'ri'toi'i', id till' transport till' water route us nature than lam', route : I rn part of the irth iiid 111' the 1 by steamers, luiteil States; iindar\ line. ateliewaii being the upjier part iirly (.111 aecount suitable to the scale on these ■xcept through ■ ION. Artillery. ranted a sum of triiieering party lenient of Ked •ut. K..\. I KXPLOR.\TION OF BRITISH NOU'lll .\MKHK A. I'", iielosure 'J. in No. I). 19 l''orl Carlton, ilud-ou's May 'I'errilorirs, Shi, Deceinlier 1.'. is,"»7. |\ eoinplianee with your desire I have drawn up a general reporl, enilmilv ing llie principal geologieal results of the exploratory journey inaile duriiiu- the past season, in anlii'i|ialion of a more detailed report to he eompleted during the lei'-iire of the winter. 'I'his report 1 1 ave the lionour of eoiimuiniealing herewith. 1 lia\e. \(. (Signed) ,1 wii ' I Ik ioii. 'ro.loini I'iiUiser, Ksip. Commander of the North Urilisli Kxploring I'Aiiedition. Knelosiire ;5. in .No. (i. l''iiisT (ii;\iii.\i, Ui-.t'oitT on the fii tuiK.^ of the Chin rin examined h\ the l''.\pi'ditioii nnilev the eommand of .Fohn I'alliser, I'.sij., during the Season of ls,")7. embraced two mtv ditl'crcni niclhoil.'' n--.- n r~ "' physical appearance. 'I'lie tir-t of these is the canoe route fruiii Lake Superiiu' to Lake Winipeg; the -econd. the fr(nii l'"ort Carry to Fort Carlton. The general structural features of the countrv lra\clli'd iner on the canoe . 1 1 i: :...-i.. i: r i "..i i.. i ....ll .1 '.i....! I, iiunicy acros~ the plains liinte. Tui; journey made by the Iviiieilition during the fu>t season lia^ i of travelling, marking regions of disliiut geological structure and these is the canoe route from Lake Superiiu' to Lake \\ inipeg; the ■ fnnii l'"ort Carry to Fort Carlton. The general structural features of the country lra\clli'd iner on the canoe inute, so far a^- they can he learned from a single line of traverse, lia\e already been well described by Mr. Keating, Sir ,lolm Hiehardson, Dr. Higshy, and others, hut from the eomplieated relations of the rocks oi' which it is eomjiosed, no detailed oliservation can he of any value iiiitil they are extended in eM-iy direction by means of an elaborate topographical and geological survey. The whole of this district is occupied by a primitive axis, the iulcrmediate |)rimiti\i' belt of Sir .1. Hiehardson, which is composed of gneiss, mica schist, and other metamorphie rocks, with intrusions and outbursts of granite, probably of veiy diU'erent agi'>. I'rom obx-rvations made in the coium' of our journey, it appears that there are two ilistlm t directions of strata iu the rock which compose this axis, marking it into two districts, one from Lake Superior to Kainy Lake, the oilier iVnin Lake of the Woods to Lake AVinipeg. Not only the general strike ol'lhe altered and iiplieaM'd rocks in thi'M' two district^, hut also the direction iu which the water coiiiso atl'ect the principal (li'M'cnts. and the manner in which the lakes in each of them are arranged, all indicate a dinereul direction of the ele\atiug and disturbing force, in other words, two diU'erent axes. turn very consi'-tentiy witii tlie Dearing oi eiiiier oi me iwii axes to wimii tiic\ iicioiig. 'I heic are besides many minor outbursts of granite as dykes and iiilrusions, but they do not M'ein to inleiiire with ahove-meiilioned general bearings oi' the country. In a sketch map (sheet'; 1 and '_') * which accom- panies tlii^ report, copied lioiii Sir .lohii I'rankliu's second Miyage, tli aud a section dr.iwn at right angle liaM' been laid down. paiues thi^ report, copied Iroiii Sir .lolni rranklms second Miyage, the "^ll■|kes liaM' liecn laid down, aud a section dr.iwn at right angles, expressing the various levels, obtaiued jiaitl}' h_\ obseiAation and estimate, and partly from authorities cited iu Sir.Iohn Kichardsoirs " Moat N'oyage." Hy referring to these it will be observed, that in the district betwi'en Lake Superior and Itaiiiy Lake the summit level is reached by an abrupt and rapid ascent in a direction at nearly right angles to the main eastern axis. Then follows a long traverse, almost along the summit of that axis, and then an abrupt but com])aratively short descent to itainy Lake again at right angles to the axis. Km'l. 2. ill Nil. (i. F.nrl. ;). in Mil. (i. • >-ii' Miips I and 'J al the I'll'l ilI'llll.S l!.|.(.rl. 1111- iii:>[ f;nv a Mure->ion of minor lulls. uiNin,!,'- ri-e to !t the hii;he-t point of land over which we passed during' the route, still it is prol.ahle that this hill i, a- hi;;'ii as anv jiortioii of the ro.'ky axis of the country, as those aloiijr the lake are e\en inferior to it in eTevalion. "wiiile the a^'ciit wliich is made after leaving' the upper end of l)i>^ Lake is throu'-h a swamnv roimtrv covered with drift. In fact, after leaving- Don; |,nUe inilil a coiiMclerahle desceiit has I.ecii made to the west, no roik is expo-ed, the whole summit level lieintr covered with a thick (IcpoMt of drift, as will he afterwards descriiied. I'rom the lake of the 'riioiisaiid Isles, where the ro.'ky llooriiif; ol the country i- ai;aiii uncovered, until Stiir>reoii 1-ake i- reached, the descent is very slijrjit, and liy referriu!;- to the iiiai> (Sheet 1) il vould he -ecu that the route follows a chain of small lakes, which are in most cases di'iached I'roiii one anotiier. I'eiiii,' separated liv rocky harriers, over which the canoes and car"?oes are carried. lii_ many ea-es the lake^ are at exacilv llie' same level at each end of the portaife, and the jrreatest dilVercnce between the two ends of any" of these porta;;es is only ahout thirty-five leet, so tiiat the total descent in this part of the route ca'nuot anioniit to very iiiucli. This chain of lakes may, in fact, he con- sidered as iKcupyinu- a line parallel with the siimmit of the watershed, and tile country in which thev lie is almost wholly cnin|ioseil of granite, occurriiifj in hroad rounded eminences, nowhere risiii"' to 1011 feet ahove" the level of this half-drowned country. It is proiiahle that this granitic bolt "is expanded lower j)art of the river are very distinctly t erraced its month at l*"ort Alexander. The The estimated levels of the drift dejiosit at Rainy River, the Seven I'ortages, and at Uat I'ortage, are respectively 4'io. -JoO, and 270 feet above Lake Superior, and deducting l!}"i feet from each, as the probahle elevation of Lake \Vinipeg abovi; that lake, wc have the levels above it at 2')">, l.jo, and 75 feet. Ol g is a whic , alini whi( aspe be d .■; it is not the grus and i hare I KXI'LORATION OK HKI'I'ISII NOUTII AMKRICA. 21 ■n>s>iiif; I lie Iic(|h v. At tin- Dim; iid-i, wliiili lor ,1 liiiiit'^ III' M will)' licii is iiiniiit 7 1!) iirt;ii;i', Imt on!)- I' '_'!); I'l'i-l ill till' i>r this hill, mill lirli |iniihi('c this initi'. Altliciiiiih is |)nil)iil)lc tJi.it 111" liikc ;iri' CM'ii if I )ip;j- Luke i^ ii riMi^iiicrahlt' iii\('i'i'(l with a i;;'Miii iniiiiM'n'il, iia|i (Siii'ft 1) it tai'iii'il li'iiin one vrit'il. Ill iiiaiiy ■I'ati'st (lilVcii'iicf hi- tula) ilcsci'iit ill fact, Ih> ('i)ii- "iititry ill whii'li nriici's, iiowluTi' lal liiis yiMiiitic f wliiiii' iliaiii of whii'li will form which (iniiis the • cliaiiiicl crosses c (lip. c nearly east ami er all rocks from eil, their ffeiicral the lake, just as ike of the Woods •-Uke e\|iaiisioiis, II <;raiiitic district r;i-eoii Lake, ttle to the cast of iiiy Lake hut less 111)1 seen, l)ut the the hanks of the these strata. At in. coiisideral)le way ■arth. AloiifT the the month of the verof L^O. i;u, and hey are in spots ice exposed. sand witii many oded towards the ^aillies and round iiist he alxitit '-'(«» it of a lii^lit frrey |>;irts aii(l is only t rise in the level t tiiese two lakes in such an e\teii- aiul terraced, and hrou^di a smooth leiii.H' at ilrst only icl of the deposit li'. and lielow the the river runs to inctlv terraced. 1 at l{at i'ortaye, from each, ,is the at ^2'u>, l,5."i, and (ilacial scralchin^' was verj distinctly seen al many poiiils mi llie route. 'I'he direction i> a/niost always north and south. Hardly a surface in the t\M> ^^ranitic tracts did not present distinct scratch- iiiffs. 'i'iiey were .-eldom to he seen, however, on the southern esposiire of rock surfaces, if tlie-e sloped mneh, hut tlu' more a surface with a iiorlheni exiiosnre sIoimmI, the lietlcr they seemed to he marked. A map has heeii iirepared of the couiitry travcr.-ed liy the e\peditiiin lietwi'eii I'orf (iarry and I'lut ( 'arllon, on which llie results olilained lia\e hcen as far as pn-sihle laid down. A copv oV this map accoiiiiiaiiies this report.* The country around l-'ort (iarry is a level plain of drift, which loiisisls of a iiylii-ciilouied marly loam rather delicieiit in sand with heds of white tenacious clay. Only a few lioiilders are to lie seen scattered over tlie surface of this plain, fienerally anirular fragments of the I'nrt (iarry limestone of lar;,'e size. At the .Settlement the ri\er is sunk from forty to sevi-nty feet helow the level of this plain, hut nearer its mouth it flows throu<;h a level swampy country. ele\ated only a few feet al)o\e it^ surface. At the Lower l'"ort, eijriiteeii miles helow l'"ort (iarry, which latter is situated at the jniictioii of the Assinehoine with lied IJiver there is a section (d'ma^niesian limestone exposed in the lied nf tiie stream when the water is low, and which is then iiuarried for Imildiiiyf purposes. As the river was liinh when wi' were there, this section was not visihle, hut from amoiiir the fraifiiients lyiii;; on the liaiik several fossils were olitained, such as Favosiles, Septa'iia, iVc, and some poor specimens of liecejitai iilite^, hut Major Seatoii, the ollicer in eoimnand of the tioo|)s stationed at the I'pper I'ort, kindly otfered to make as cnmiilete a collection as he could when the state of the river allows of the lieils heiuLf examined, and when tile search will he facilitat(stone are horizontal or nearly so, and are slii^htlv diU'ereni from those at l''()rt (iarry in their mineral as|)ect, haviiiff a more <'rystaline fracture and tiie ciiloiir lieiiif; of a reddish hue. N'o fossils can lie discovered in newly-fractured portions, hut on the weathered surfaces a fi'w ohscnre remains of fossil-; are to he seen projcctinj,' alonj,' with siiecioiis and gritty particles from a dull floury surface. Alter leaviiiiT Ufd lliver, alonnthe whole route to I'ort Carlton, at only live localities were any of the strata ohserved which must underlie the drift throiitrhont this vast extent of country. At I.oiiu' Iiiver, hit. -lOH' N., loiiir. <)H 3.5' \V., a trihiitary of I'einhina Kiver (lowiiij; iiorthwards, and aj;ain at I'orked Creek, a deep frully that joins the valley of the .Assinehoine in lat. .')0 d' N., loiifr. 101 IH' W. sections were ohserved of a c()mi)aet shale, of a lifflit greenish drah colour, not occurrinif in coiitiniioiiR layers, hut as fraj;ments with irref^ular concoidal surfaces which have heen produced hy the desicatioii of what was ori;,finally thin <'ontiniious heds of clay. Sometimes it makes a nearer approach to a slaty character. Amoiiif these heds are hands and nodules of a hard deep hrowu-colmired clay iron- stone, and iierptMidicular fissures are common, which are filled up with splintery iron shale. .\ careful exiimiiiation of these heds at Loiijj lliver did not atl'ord any fossils, and a lonj; search of those at Forked Creek only yielded six or seven very minute specimens, amoiijf wliich were scales of Hshes (cleiioids .■'). a small hivalve, and several ohscnre impressions. '1'lirouj.diout these shales there occurred ochery calcareous tuhes, ahoiit a half line in diameter, traversiiij;- the layers iierpeiidicularly. At holh these places the thickness of the strata ex|iosed amounts to ahout ;iO feet. At I,on^ Kiver they dip to the south, hut not with rej^iilarity. At I'mkeil Creek the strata are strictly horizontal, and were seen in two creeks two miles apart, liav iii^' exactly the same characters. No clue could he discovered to their relations with other rocks, as the sections only occurred in deep heiuls in tiie creeks, for all else was ohscured hy drii' .\t I-oiifr Uiver tliey were covered hy ahout six feet of pure white sand, very incoherent, and over this lay the ordinary drift, consistinf^ of lifrlit g'rey calcareous earth. At Forked Creek they were overlayed hy ahout 'in feet of rlrift. At I'ort F.Uice the hanks of the Assinehoine are 'ii'ii feet hii^h; and at one point there, a recent slide had taken jilace, a partial section of the hank was displayed. The upper part of this section consisted principally of conmiinuted fra^nneiits of the same /.nm/ Itii-n- sliulf, with local heds of j)ure sand, also the more common f,aey drift. At a part of this slide which was cut hy a heiid of the river, strata of tenacious calcareous clay were visihle, of a ilark purple hlack colour, hut with the weathered surface decinnpiisiiii;- into a red ferruj^iiious earth. Alon^' with these clav strata were two heds of soft clay ironstone, alumt four feet apart, the lower one a half-foot thick, and rather compact, the up\>er one concretionary, forminix thick nodulated masses, the upper surfaces of whicii were calcareous, and very like decomposed coral. At the elhovv of the south hraiich of the river Saskatchewan, at the point where it meets the fjreat I'rairie ridf^e, known farther south as the "Coteau des I'rairies," similar clay lieds were seen, havinjj: the ironstone concretions occurriiiff in >;reat profusion, and in several of these wer<> found fraj>'ments of chalk fossils, iiioceranins, haeulites, and others. As the mineral reseinhlance to those heds at Fort FUice is jierfect, there can he no diiuht as to their similarity in a,!;e. At the eliiow the fcction is one of ^reat interest, from the relation of these heds to the drift l)y whicli they are covered. Sheet 4 is a sketch map of the river a little ahove tiie elhow, with a section exliihitinji' the manner in which the heds occur. In the section, the pale hhie colour represents the soft clay strata, which are almost horizontal, while the ochre tint represents the drift. 'I'liis latter thins out as it nenrs the " Coteau." whicli is prohahly mainly composed of the clay strata, with only a thin coverinj; of drift on its eastern aspect. As this jiart of the river was the western limit of our journey this year this point could not he determined. Seeing that the under surface of the drift lies uneonformahly with these soft clay strata, it is evident that the eroding agency has had its western limit here, the cause of which was certainly not the hardness of the heds that it encountered. Portions of these soft strata have heen formed hy the action of the river into conical mounds, whi<'h present a most extraorilinary appeafanoe. As no grass has time to grow on them, from the constant attrition of their surface, they are jierfectly hlack, and their outline is hroken into terraces hy the successive lines of ironstone concretions, which, froni their hardness, retain the soft strata underneath them. There is a large quantity of gypsum disseminated c a Si'f Mii|iiii I'liii, V: 99 I'Al'KHS HKLA riVK TO THK tliniutrhcMil thf-i' lir«U. n. i iirriii>r ;i- lrim-.|ian'iii -climilc rr\>tals in nulintinu; groups. 'I'Ikmv ,m'c no liirjff ln'ilr« or niii-M"* I'l il- I'roiii I'oit I'llin' ,1 trip u:i- iii.mIi' I'it ;i li'\» iImn- |v I'l" iiiiH-ltri'rd Innitcr^ 1..I itoilic I'crccc. The route followed to ilijs place piis>-eil li\ the eastern till! d" Moo-e Mount. «hicli v' ill lie (Ic-criheii alier\Minl- in connection \> ith ilic ilrilt, nnd of'whii'h it M'ein< to he entirely conipo-cd. 'I'lic a-ceni to the ha-c of liii-* hill \>a- aiioni Km feet aho\r the As^inelioine iil I'nrl Klliee. and in ( nntinniii>i' southwards initil «e struck the A'^souri. ,i descent of .diouf l"'!i feet wii- made. Tl'us the jiroliahie heiifht of ihi' plain tlnoiinji a cuttinir in whiili the A--oini rini< in this plice is ;1(H1 feet ahnve the Assinehoine, while the \ailey of the ri\er is Iti.) feet deep, so that the ilitVcrenei' of li'\el hetween the two ri\i'rs atnoinits to aliont III.") feet. The direction ot il^c \~-ouri here is ea-teriy. ami Sjieet ."> is a rouirli niap of a |)ortion of it. with a y'ww of its norlh l)aid\. I lie whole praiiie here is eoM'red with a most e\traordinary profusion of honlders. which are fraunieni- of uranite. ifneiss. limestone, \e. In the \alley. a uroup of strata is exposed, a «i'cliou ol Whiih i~ i;i\en in Sheet t>. as follows: — (/ Drift with honlders from ...--.- /; Mud stone - - - - - -• -- f- Incoherent sandstone, liiu' ^irained. w ith hard com retioiis ini|)re;rnated w ith iron, which weather coneentrically ..-..- (/ I'oriiu^ cidcareoiis scinter ..--.- (' 1 lard dark hhie ironstone shale, decomposing into dee)i oraiiue coloured splinters /' (irilty linicstriie - - - - - - - r/ Ash coloured ilay in thin iiidisiinct layers, xcry :-ofi.willi one hed of coal nine inclic- in thickness -..----. /( Haul liliie limestone ------- / Same as (/. hut with thrci hcd^ of coal. ten. eijrht, and si\ inches in ihickness - /■ (iritty liniestoiie - - - - - / IJriijlitly coloured marls and shales, with selanite in -mall fra^iinents - III \ er\ cii'ir^e ;,nained iiicolierciil -and-tone more than - - l-"eet. I to 7 I I'l 1 in ''II No trace of fo— il remain- were found in an\ of these heds |o inilieate their a;;e. Tliocoal does not occur a- well-dctincd hcds. hut irradnale- into the ^hales on hoth .surfaces. It is not visihle until a li;;ht a-hy di'iiosii i- removed t'loni the e\pcised cdfic of the hed, produced hy the soft clay wMshinn down from the strata above. The coal is of se\eral i)iialitie>, some liaviiin; ipiite the appeaiaiieo of eompael t'amicU coal of line ipiality. some like the more ;fli-teniii^r liitiiminoii> coal friahle, and only to he obtained in small culioidal fraji'ineiits, while some can hardly lie distiii;;\iished from charcoal. Where we I'rossed the Assouri, lietwccn Turtle Mount anil I'ort Kllice. fra;fiiient> of similar coal were pir ked nil in the hed ol the stream, no i douht derived from these seams. Also at the elhi ifti le south l)ranch of the Sii-katrhcwa'i like fraciiients wi-re t'ouiid. so th.it we may e\pi'ct to meet with -imilar ImmIm in the course ol' our journey uii thai river diirini.'' the next year. A rouj^di analysis of an averafjed fpeei .f til - I'oal mi a siual lie u- i\e the lollow iiiLT n -lilts :- Aipieous and volatile matter Carhoii l.iulit oraii'ied colour ash |o per cent. ."ill in 111 the first of the; tlic air with dilliciiltv, withoui llanic. mips there seem to he an iiliusiial deliciency ot tar am i| coal niiiiis in rhe sandstone which I'oinis hid ( '. is eomixised of very fine pure ;rniiiis of i|uart/. Iiardlv coiierin^r. di-h I iiie, hut in the np)ier parts of the iied. there occur coiieretions impreifnated with iron and of a re( which are comparali\('ly hard, and decomiiose coneentrically. It is this irrefjiilar disintcj;iatioii of this bed that ^ive- ri-c to the cniinii ■ a|ipcaraiices that have rendered this spot an ohject of f^rcat siipcrsti' which lanl concretions tion aiiionj;' the Indiaii>. The lower sandstone wear- away from under the 1 from their )ic( nliar luanner of weatherinfr. assiniie the forms of compressed -plicres, and sometime- loiii cylinder^ like ihe hoilc stoiK Th lii.'h -team cn^iiU'. and ihe-e are lilt elevated on pillars of thewiiile rpseiiihliiiif till riiUi' s w liicli join t main vallev are ttiu; '1' d with I irrotcsijne loriiis. -onie e\a( tlv led nave of an aiirieni abbey, while those concretions which have just reached tin surface, liiit lii!\c mil vet hecome i-olated hv the iHsiiite';ralion of tl le licit lielow, ma tak en lor piffantie tonibst'iies, and so furiher the illusion. The sandstone at the base of the section is also very incoherent, but composed ol' lar;fer iriaiiis. The strata are not found in the same |iro|ioitioii and order in dirt't rent part-* ol tl le vallev, la It fhev are always horizontal. The thickest bed of that was seen was one foot, but the ashy clays were at .some places very ninch thicker than at other.-. The marh shales (lettereil I.) have (|uanlilie.-- of yypsuni embed(l(>d with them, laitonly in small detalched crvstals to tlr In rejrard M..Iules Mareoii in tie' 7-''ii paue i leir proliahle aue the ileseription if tl le iipiier liei Is ol' the creti leeoiis system i^iveii by Ndrd, Ills to be ihat of f his "Heviie l''\plieali\e dune Carte (icoliici(pie de I'Aineriipie dii '.er\ >iiiiilar lied lo tl lose seen liere, Tf lat. 4u>. hi:! H W. le position o li J' I'he whole coiintry Iravi'ised by the l'",\]iedition dnriiij; the hist -.ear has been overspread hy superli- 1 depo-its of yreal ihicklie.-s. Although these ininht be all included under the f^roiip of Northern Drifts in the iirdinary acccpiatinii, -till it is probable thai they consist of deposits of vei\ dirt'erent ages, and circinnstances of (le|)osition. Three boldly marked levels were observed of difl'i'i-ent mineral composition a- " flat pi; nil upon wli as jreiiyr ich the lied I iphical distribution. To the first of these belong' the dejiiisits of the wi Scttl eiiient issituati'd; this forms the first prairie level. Itti eorn)iosition w marked by a iireponderanee of arjrilhiceous marl and a delieioiicy of sandy matter, and is invariahlv siratif It ied in thin layers, rnderlyiiifr this, at various depths I'rom the surfuee, is a bed of stifl light-coloured clay, and which forin>< the immediate margin of the river in many jioints. 'I'lie upper parts of the deposit coutuin leaves and fragments of wood and reed», and the whole has (|uite the tSiit, r'xi'LouATiox OK lutrrisii nokih amerk a. 9S I lit'iv .iri- iii> (lll>("l|llt'lll'(' of ijimm-. rhi> plan' piis^fd willi ihc iliil'r, iiliiiiil Kill ('(>cf the Assouri, .t I) il CUttillir ill (if till" liM'f is "i Cert. I III' it. \\\\\\ II lary |triit'ii»i(iii ip ot sfi-jifa is Kc(>t. 4 to 7 1 111 1 some exactly St reached the ,• III' taken (or nil i.s also very tion and order I lliat «as seen H. The marly itelu'd crvstals. stein i^iNen l)y rAineri(|ne dn •he I'eicce • is ead by .-uperli- ip of Northern very dirterent (I'ereiit mineral its of the wide irie level. Its matter, and it •e, i« a hed ot' s. 'J"lu> upjier has ((uite the uppearanee of ii iVesh-water deposit, indieatinc a time when Lake Winipt-'r eovereil a inueh more extensive area than it at pre-ent nceiipies,. 'I"lie siirlare ol' this deposit mn-t he IVom '.'i |m Inn leer aliove the lake, hiil it slopi'H Irotn thi( vviMt Inwards lied lliver. and at .St. .loseph's, \»hi're the .seeomi praliic level Mipei\enes, it may lie Inn I'ect hijflier. The Hrst jirairic level has a very irreifular ontline to thi' west. I'eiiiWiiia Mpiiiit at St. .losephV is formed I ly the eastern limit of the second prairi'- level «t that plii< •. It fnllows a iiirtherh eonr^e a-- an ahriipl terrace, varyin',' from '_'nii to :tn(i fed ahove the tirst lre| for almnt .'(n mile-, when it turns to the iioi tli-wesi, and assume* at llie >anie lime ii moie identic Inpe, up which our route lay. Sheet f<' is a ronuh rcdnctinn of the lin'','er map. lia\inL;- the dilferent lev.-l- e\ajj'ueiated, * Sw Map s ^t so as to render them mi'ie distinct. ('uloui> 'une I n ii--ed to icpresenl the proliaMc laiinc of these '"'• (litl'eient levels. The composition of the second nreat le\cl i- \cy\ dilfeienl fioiii thai of the lir-l. .>.nid is tin- |)re- piindiMatiiij,Mn;;redient. 'I'lins at St. .losepli -. w here the liaiik^ "f the ri\er I'enihiiiii present a tine section of it. the material is coarse red sand HJlh j^ravel alli^ Iml 'ers, very similar to th.it observed on the eastern limit of the drift iieds on the ...nnimit of the \v;itci'-^heil helwei'ii l.aki- .Superior ami M'inipeu. Tliere ate no si<,nis of stratilic.ifion in any |iail of this deposit, as .,.(.u at I'ciuliina Mnuut. l''urther wc-l. hii\se\er. it a-siimes .i li^lii '/n'V coloin. .-fnd cnntaiu- a c,n-ideral«le porti mi ot' lime. .\l l''orl I'.llice, a-- liel'ore iiienliomd, tiie upper portions of it irnsi-il entirely of fra^'ments of ilie I.oiii; lliver -hale. 'I'hal the vvholc ihicknc r- of tlii> |c> el at every point I im; fiiincil of drift, i- iiroved liy the cli»c()\eiy nf the -hale beds at Lonj; l!i\cranil I'orked Creek, forininc- ii" it were ii mu( lens in il. N'olw i|li-landin'j; that this IcmI i.. exeivwliere cut lo ,i ;,q'r'at ilcplii by li' - :-; ,ind cii'cks very little can be leanird of its nature at diU'irciii points, as slides at the hunk-^ of the <,'nllies are bntraielv -■.•en. 'llie --lide near I'ort I'.lhce of the bank^ of the Assinebniue has been spoken of in eoiniectioii vvitli the beds, probably of cretai'eoiis aijc, uliicli are vi.-ilile at the base of it, .Vnolb. i .iniilar .lido was seen at the (^u'Apiiclle Lakes, whicii ari' a siicci'-sion of dilatations of the river; of that name lyinj^' in the bottom of a di'cp wide valley cut ihroiiirli this second level. This slide did not c\po-e the bank quite to the base, but as far .is was \i>ible consisted of a stiff -aiuly elay, ol" a lij;lit lel colour, with patches of blue clay and ;^ra\elly beds. In I'ai^l. the characters of tins level, a- far ;is reu'^ards its mineral com- liusiliou, seem In be very variaiile and Iik al. li.iulders are tolerably plcutilid all over it, liiit occur ill ;,n'c.ilest i|uaulily upon the -ides and suuniiit- of ridi;'c.- and mound-, uliich are irreu'ularly dispersed over this le\el, lisiny- abruptly and i;emially In tin liei',dit of abunt ■'><> Icet. .V ure.lt deal of this level is clothed with clumps of poplars. Tin re aic, iiouever, some larye li-;uts ofiiaic (iLiiii. The third level is what is spoken of iiy the hunlers as i„i (irandi^ Prairie. The route of the expe- dition did not traverse thi- level al all, it.-- westei'ly course meciinu- it only at the elbow of the south blanch of the Saskatchewan, at which pi, ue the approach of winter coMipelled us to tuiii northward. 'I'liere are, Imwevir, two hills, or moiinlains, as they ,ire leriiii(l bv the hunters, vi/., 'I'lirtle .Moitnl and Moose Mount, which seem lo be ilelaclied outliers (jflliis level, their summits haviiij,' nearly the same elevation as that of the summit of this level. These hills are very much alike, eonslstlnjir of irrec'ularly disposed ridel's and cones of very coarse I'l'ct above the second prairie levi'l. The northern a-pecl of thc.e hill-- is very ir.-eynlar, as iilso their central mas.-, beinu' mo-lly densely wooded, and euclo-iou' numerous small lakes, bm their southern aspect i- a loiio- oeiitle slope niterly (lev old ol' tiees, aiiil beinu^ CiinlinuoUs with the level prairies beyond, which reach as far .-i- the true easiern limit of thi- lev id the '•('uteati ile I'vairies.'" The (ileal I'rairie ridi;e of the hunters has .i direction from iiortii-wes! to soiitli-east, with its northeilv a-|)cct very much furi.iwcd in the same manner as lias been lueiilinueil in re fcr,' nee to its two outliers. Moose .Mount and liulle Mount. Al lloche I'erc.'e thi- rid;.;.' vva^ ahiiul ten miles to the smith, and the extr.iordiiiary |iiiilusion of boMldeis al that place, and tiie thin layer of drift, which covered the coal bearing' strata, toi;ether with llie facts vvliicli were observed with a »imilar jiroxiiiuty to the '•('oteau" at the elbow of the .Saskatchew.ui, all indicate thai the drift li.is at the '' Coteau" its toiith and westerly houiidary. (."^iuih'di .l.vvirs lli:( TDK, M.D. fort I'arllon, l)ecember 1-1, iH.'il, Enclosure 1. in .Vo. (i, iSiii, I'ort Carlton, .Saskatchewan, ,lune 7, iM.'is^, l)i iiisi. the latter half of last October I proi'eeded to Fort I'ilt and obtained the horses which you had ordered at that place for the service of the expedition. On my return I made ob-ervatioiis Knel. t. in for latitude and longitude at various plaees on the route, and construeteil a rough map of the country No. 6. between l''orl I'itt and Carlton. t iiueil uiakiun' preparation for l/(.l>t«1ll I I'll I III tilltl V (lllll>ll(1 1 found, oil my arrival at this place, that l.iein. Hlakisloii was busily eiiiiaued uiakiuji' preparation for earryiiifj on a system of maj^iietical and meteorological observ.itions duiin<; the wiiiler months. \\ e uominenced the" observations on .Ndvcniiier I'J, each member of the Lxiifdition takiiiii' si\ hours watch dmiiig the day and four durine- the night, in rotation. I continued on duly .it llie I'ort until I'ebniary 'J'l, when a scarcity of provisions being felt, I proceeded to I'ike Lake, wliere lisli at least could b"e got. While I remained at the lake, which was frmn March 1 until Aprils, 1 was employed chiefly in ol)tainiiig fish, and in that .short time caught upwards of Inn jack fish, besides a few white lish. Tliere has been a great scarcity of provisions thronghmit the Saskatchewan district ; the Indians have been reduced to eating their horse.s, and hunting wolves and foxes for fo,)(l, as not a single buffalo has apjieared for many miles on either side of the river, except at Edmonton where they have been so thick as to defy the hunters running them. fl'liis ni.ii) has hi'en reduced ami iiicorporiited into the long miip, whicli w'li be found at the end of these reports, C 4 F.nrl. ."). in No, tj. 21 PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE On April 1. Dr. Hoctou wlio acconliu;;- to yiiiir orders liiui boi'ii to Kdmoiiton on luifi'iiu-ss comuMtod witli till" Ksiicditioii. ,irrivt'(i at I'ikc Lake on liis way to Carlton; so I aci'oiniianiiHl liini to tliis placp, wluM'i' we arriM'd on April 7. 'i'lnoimiioiit tlif winter, as |)revion>ly, 1 have kepi n|i rejrnlarly the Jonnial of tlie Kxpedition, and altlioiiiili il i< lueaure in detail dniini; the depth of winter, yet as the sprinjj advanced 1 have lieen \ery caretui |o n.ue e\ervthinii- iliara(leri>tic of 'ts advancement. In addition 1 have taken tlie temperature of tlie ri\er dailv from the lii-eakiii.Lr up of tiu' ice till now. and noted either its increase or decrease of vohune verv carefully. 1 learn I'roni Dr. llcitur that he has a numlier of like oliservations whidi he look in the autunui hcfoie tiu" ice formed on the river, ■^o an interesting;- comparison may lie instituted lietweeu the two sets of oliser\ation>. Duriniv (uu- stay at Carlton 1 iiavc m.ide a complele scries of oliservations for latitude and lonu'ilnde, .-uid freipuntlv in the winter I have taken oliservations to ascertain how niv chronometers l)eha\ed. 'I'liirteeii luiiiir distances are worked for the lonyitudi- of this jilace, and 1 have as many more yet to \,orK. In the maiiv sii re iioiu> which 1 have had in common with the other fjentlemu of the I'lxpedition. I 111 lEIt mailV SI), rt IltMO> \>ilLiU l llil^« ntni m vi'iiiiiinii ..nil 1111 I'liivi ^11111,11111 111 III, i..\iiiiiiiiiiii, I have collected a laru'e numlier ol' iiisect> and other animals and various shells, tor the purpose of j;-cftiiin- ihem Invvvanlcd to Knulaud. Tlicie is one sipiirrel in the collection which is undouhtedly new : it reseiiililes the Arctoiuvs lloodii, iiut is nnuh siuallei-. and is not patched with liuht hairs on the dark ...; : .1. .. .. : 'i stripe as i- that annual Captain I'alliser. Commander of North Ihitish American lAplorinn' l'.\peditioii. 1 have, \:c. (Sijfned) .). W, .Sii.i.iv.vx, ('{■rotary to I'Apedition I'.uclosure ."i. in No. (1. Ohsikv \iin\~ ot'lhe 'l"i Mi'i livn i!i ot'Niui at various Depths, and the Deptli of the l'"ro/en (iroiiud. I'ort l''.dmonton, lS."iS. 1. t)\ the i.".'d I'ehruary coiiimeuced dij;'i;inir a hole in the field iiehind the fort, on the top of the hiu'h hank on which the mill stands. In tinee days reached the depth of 4 feet flinches; tiround still hard frozen. The diunitiir was di~c.iutiiiiu'!l in cnu-i'cpienre of the man lieinLj re(|uired tor somc- tiiim;- cIm'. 'J. Maiili .'!(l. The ilii;i;inf;' recommenced tc-d;iy, hut as iIh- i;roun(l must have fro/en in the hotloin of the old hole, a fresii one has heen • iiiiiineiu cd 'i x i ft. in the same field. Imt on a level with tiie fort al a distance of 1'.' yards t'rom the pickets. The soil is the same as that disjilayed in the last hole; dark loam tor !l iiicho. then a yellow reddi^ll earth, enclosiiif^ fraj,niients of the ImmI^ associated wilii the coal, also anirular pieces ot'the coal itselt'. rounded frajzmeiits of liiieiss. (piart/, \c. Miinh 4th. The hole is now dwii to the depth of I feet 111 inches, the last S feet thnuiuii fine liuht red sand, which was >o dry as almost t ) look like unfro/eu eartii. however it. jrot so niuch softer, and hroke down so line after it was extracted, that tiicii' is no doulit that it is still fro/en. Hut liesides, a hed ha- hceii reached of a wliite cartiiy clay, iiuludiii;^; t'ramnenfs of coal, so hard tidzeii as to resist the pirk and tiic horer. and uhii !; "ii l:eii:u' tiiavvcd -ol'tcn-. coiiipletely. Thi~ al'tcrnoon I hored a iioic wifli the auu'cr in the iinttom of the dujx hole and intended to cmrv it down three feet, iml the clay lied ])ro\ed too hard for the anjiiir to pierce, so alter I '^dt down three iiiche~, I placed the llu iiuometcr in it. pai ked it round with soil. ;ind then tilled t!ie laruo hide with a foot or two c.f hay to prevent tlie tcmpciature of the atmospiiere durinj; the ni^ht from inllueiu'iuj;- it. March ith. Tliei'iiiomcter, at ■') fei t. at S a.m., :'■(• : surt'ace, '.'(I . The uufro/i'ii .-oil wa-. at lemith reached to-day, at the dc]itli ot' 7 feet il inches, in a hed of sand with roiauled >tonc<. and the line of t'ro/.en soil was e.i.^ily ]iev<<'i\ed. The hole is dii lal S I'l. '_'i'. from snrliKc); siirliice. :1K . at noon :;.. .. „ ., l!l . o. Man): 'id. In liie field lichinil tlie fort, ;it a slioi (hstacce from the ])ickels (i^OI'celi hored a hole one inch in diameter to depth ol' Iwo feel, plai-ecl ll.er. i iiieler at holtoni, haviiifi- its Imiii covered wiilitow. and heiiiL;' envelope (1 in a met.illic ca-c •, tlien rammed in a phiu' of tow ahove it so a> to ] rcvt'iii the air havin;;- any ai ci ss to ii. The followiuj,^ are the readiiifis of iheiniometer : — .March .d. at « a.m., 1.^ ' ■'< : surface, 'Jl( . at niiou, !.■< ■."> ., \> I ', I p.m. \H •:> .. 'j\\ 1. .Marih -U], liniea-ed the depth of hole lo .', j'ect. and adiu^ted the lliei 'rniomelcr a> ni lieadi a-i lollows : M irch I. at .s a. in. i.'l ., at noon, '-M ■ I ; siirtace '.'; I p.m. water had tilled it. from the iiiellin,i;df the snow, mil hot water had to in- ponreii down to f^et ihcrmoiiieter out l-'ehruarv 'J.'itli. .\lier ihree da\s' ihiiu the surface of the lield liehiud the I'oil is ji solf mud to the depth of three inches, and tli is on a slope where no water has lodijed coiivei ted into e "roinid u thawed to the depth of einht inches. This I'ehriiary 'J7th. The j;ioinid this inorninj; is as hard frozen as ever a^jaiii. The frost of twenty- four hours, h.ivini;- a mininiiim temperature of ()'."i liavinff pnived siiHieient to re-solidifv it to llic filll depth to whi
  • , ictcrs l)i'liaM'd. iiany nmrc yet l'!\|)(Mlitiiin, I pcsc (if jjcttint;' litt'dly new : it irs (HI the dark I'Apt'dilioii. llic I'nizcn InnldU. IS."iS. tile tup (if llic nclics ; jirnund lircd fdi' s^diiic- II ill tlio Ixittiiiii el witli the tort II tlio la>t lidlc; iiiiatfd with lli(> rcii^'h line liuhl luch Miftcr. and l)iit hc^-idc--, ;i a^ Id legist the iidi'd to cany it ;;cit (!d\ni thri'c n\i;i' hdlc «ilii a lllhlcllcill;;- it. ii'd (if saiii! «iili inches hclow it. Von ihc Miifaic ;n fc( I) hni'cd a its linlli cciNcrcd Ihivc it so as td II :'•. Iicadiniis ml;' (iI tiic siiiiu . 'il (iiivni td j;('l < cdiivfi led iiilii t inches. 'I'liis 'nist of twi'iity- ifv it Id Ihc fiill roil, M.l). Enclosure G in No. G. Fort Carlton, Hon. Ilndsoii's Bay Conipanvt Sill, Saskatchewan, .Iiiiio 8, IS.W. !v Mccordaiwc with yonr instructions, that I should make every effort to en dof>s to follow a track already healeii, than open a new one throuu'h the snow. We skirted a ranf>'e of hills which toniis a cdiitinuation of the 'I'liickwddd Hills td the west, and jiassed over many lakes, the ])riiicipal of which are iieilherry Lake, seven miles wide imd ten miles loufi', and Jack Fish Lake, eijjht miles w ide and twelve miles lany. .\t the latter of these I found a small temjioiary post of the ( 'oinpany's, which was only in the course (if erection. I heard here that the i>utt'aloliad heeii very ir.nnerous, iiiit that they had all heen passion; to the south-west, and now none were to he seen hut a few strajrfrlini; hulls. \\\' reached Fort I'itt on our sesenth day from I'ort Carltun. It stands on the left hank of the Saskatcliewan, at a ])oint where it takes a hend to the north. Mefure reachinn' tli(> latter place, Ikiwcmm", il makes a great sweep to the south, ]iassin;j aloiifj the hase of the Kaj,de Hills, which I h:i(l oliserved as a hliie line skirtin(j the southern hori/.on. I'ort I'itt is in latitude ,'>:V ;in' \., and loiij;itiide (Lefroy) In") In \\ . On the 'Jlth of Decemher, accompanied hy Mr. Simpson, llii' jientlenian in charge at l''ort I'itt, I started for Ldmonton House. With the exceptidii (if the llrst day's journey, our road lay along the smith side of the river, so as to cut otf a great hend which ii makes to the north iietween the two places. The eountrv now passed through was dii a much higher level than that liefdre reaching h'ort I'itt, agreeing with the summit of the hilly ground which was then skirled, and from this Icm'I other hills again rose. The rise of the country to Ldmonton is very inconsidt'rahle ; nevertheless, when the distance is considered, hardly amounting to l.ooo feet. I''(ir the first few days after leaving Fort Pitt, we found the plains covered withhull'alo: and I'arly one morning 1 was fortunately at a camp of Indians just as they had filled their jkihiI with alimit loll of them, and were carrying tin an indiscriminate slai!glit( r. The iimul is an eiiclosure of stakes and hranches of trees interwoven, having one hniad entrance, hut which is so constnicted that the hiiffalo. (iiice driviMi in, cannot again escape. .\t almost every camp of Indians, of wiiich nine were ]iasse(l since leaving Carlton, 1 saw one or more of these ])dn(is, and I helieve the nuniher of luitlliln killed in this manner in each year throughdut the Saskatcliewan district is endriiKiiis. Alter the pmid is tilled tliev iiuisl (if cdurse slaughter every anintal hefore they can remove any of the meat. 'i'lie country to the south of the river tliroiigh which we passed is iiKire geiu'rally wodded than it is rciMirted to have heen some twenty or thirty years ago, hut the wodd is all (if a wdrthless character, consisting of small pojilars, with only a few clumjis of s])riice in the swani])s as Ldmonton is ajiproached. On the ,'iotli of Decendier, oiir sixth day from Fort I'ilt, we arrived at Ldmonton House. Tliedistance 1 fdiiiid to he 1!»I miles, 'i'lie snow had heeii rather deeper tiiaii formerly, so as to render the rate of Iraxelling slower. Ldmonton House, which is a large estahlislnnent, and the residence of the chief factor, who confrdls the district, is Iniilt on a high jioiiit on the left hank of the river. There is a windmill liehind the fort, and a good deal of land enclosed for cultivation, 'ihc river is here 'Joo yards wide, and enclosed liy hanks Kit) feet high, in which are exposed sections of the lieds which contain coal. 'I'his coal lucurs in three er four heds; the principal of which is from four to six feet thick. It is of very inferidr (luality, hiiriis with no flami\ hut rather smoulders awav, lea\inga plentiful ash. 'i'lie lieds associated with it are df grey sandy clay, containing ironstone, nodules, and also argild-calcareous >liales. It is used in the fdrge at the fort, and is fdund td answer toleralily well. The half-hreed settlement, where 1 expected to find men, I found to he situated ahout fifty miles to thi> west of Ldmonton, hut as I learnt that all the population was ahseiit on the plain hunting, I did not \isit it at this time. On the !lth of .lanuary I started for IJocky Mountain House, for the first three days travelling due south nearly, and afterwards turning to the west for three days more, arriving at that place on the 14tli. The distance I found to he 1.")" miles, hut there was little or no snow (in the grdiind. sd that il wa^ very hard work for the dogs. 'I'he road lay over a succession of wooded ridges, the weslern slopes of which were covered with young jioplars, while the eastern slopes and the swampy valleys hetween ^u|iport a growth of spruce. l-rom a rising ground, known as (iahriid's Hill, I ohtained the first view of the niountains tlie e\en- iiig hefore I arrived at tht> fort. I found the Mountain House to he aii estahlishuienl ahout the si/e of I'oit I'lll, liiil in a very ruinous condition, owing to its heiiig ahandoned 4very summer, when it is generally adopted as a residence hy se\eral fainilies of Indians, who prove anything hut improving tenants. It stands on the left hank of the river which is l."il) yards wide, and ahout half a mile ahove the mouth of Clear Water Kiver, a large hrancli which joins the Saskatchewan from the S.L. I runuiinod here until thu '26Ui, niuking uxcurttiuud in every direction for tlic purpose of examining ^'- Mr. Sullivan, (lining a visit ti) Fcirt I'itt, in ( let. lust, found till' long, liy ehi'dti. iiliB. tu tic I0tt° S' W. '■a 26 PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE il tho \wih i}\\)o^oi\ in tlic Imiiks of tin- main river and its tiiliutarv. wliicli arc \cry inlcrostiiif;-. Tlicy bcloni: to {\w same scries as those at I'.diuonton. and coal is lound abnndantly, altlioufrli no Ucd that was ohscned is more tlian two feet thick. The princijial feature of tiie river here, however, is tlie oecurrenie of thick ijcds of inroiicrcnt saiuislonc of coarse texture wliich forms cliU's .sometimes loo feet high, overhanuiiifj the river, uiviny it a very diU'erent character from liie tame slopiiiii- hanks lower down in its course. The Mountiin House is at tiie di-tauce of not less than loii miles from the main ciiain of the llocky Mountains, wiiich arene\erthcless distinctly seen from it as a chain of snow clad peaks. 'l"he priiuii)al chain is, however, screeneii l)y a nearer range, distant ai)out 4"> miles. 'l"he view of the m(Mintaiiis occnjjics the arc i.f the liori/on. froniMiutli liy east to west hy nortli. The near or Mra/eau's range, merges with the main range towards the north, hut lying more east ;nid west tlian the line of lofty peaks at its southern cMieiiiity. it is far distant from tliem. I made an altcuipl to reach tiiis near range, l>ut failed in forcing a road through tlie dense ])int' woods with wliiili th<' whole cimuUi\ is covered. F(U' a short lime alter my arrixal the |)lace was reduced to great straits for pro\ Isions, l)ui a camp of IJlackfoot Indians aniM'd. hringiiin' with them a small <|uantity of dried provisions so as to gi\(' tem- porary relief. 1 niet si\ of the iirincipal chiefs of llii- Mlackfoot Natives, and explained to them the ohjecis of the Expedition, and tiie course it would likely j)ursuc when jjassing through their country, and oiitained a ])romise IVtan tlicm thai they would take stejis to prevent the \oung liravcs of the nation from stealing our horses or otlicrwisc moloting the |)arty. ! gave i>acli a small present and a paper in which their pronuse was emoodicd. The kit. of the Mountain House is iYJ 2!*' N., the long. Iiy account I |."i' 'J' W. J5va compari>on of oiiservations made with the harometer dining my stay, and (Lose at similar times at Fort Carlton. I foun at I'ort Kdmonton. hut lor many days a sotV -outh-west wind hU'w, wliicli does uei seem to ha\e atl'cctcd the temperature at lldmouton in the same degree, which accounts for this great dillereuce, lla\ing oiitained all the infoiination concerning the country which might he of use to you in making your plans for next year, and leaiiit the names of the liest guides. \-c.. I started on my return to I'ldmontoii House on the L'lilh of .lainiary. In order to obtain a clearer understanding of the structure of the country, I descenile-eut at that i)lace. .Sections and a minute description of these strata, along with my jomaial, will be, however, submitted to you. The month of I'eliruary was occupied at l'"ort Edmonton in making an examination ol the sur- rounding country and other observations. I made an ex( ursioii to Eake St. .Ann's, to visit the Settle- ment and Roman Catholic Mission there, under the sujierintendence of M. Ee Combe. It is ,3(i miles W. by \. from Eduiouton. and consists of 4.J houses in three liitle villages on the west shore of the lake, which is about 14 miles long and V wide. There is a nice liitle chapel, hnt at tin- time of mv visit all the inhahiiants. with the exception ol' three or four families, weie alisent on the plain. On the 7tli of March I -ct oil' to the plain> to meet the I'rcemeii. Iia\iiig heard that they were now- all together and on tiieir rctniii. I met them in the neighbourhood of Halile liiNcr, and succeeded in engaging the guiiles and nun 1 waut(>(l. 'i'liesc freemen seem to be a tliri\iiig class, and lia\e none of that love ol' i)er-inal displav and extravagance whicli is such a blot on the character of the lied i{i\er half-breeds. On the l.Jtli ol March I h'li Edmonttin, and cmitinued to descend the .Saskatihewan on the ice. Four miles bidow I'nrt Edmonton I saw the coal hu' the last time, and at the distance of so miles the associated beds disappear, and the clay strata with the ironstone nodules which wt're first seen at the ell)ow of the south lirauch la^t year, and which .ire of <'retaccous age, taki; their placi' in the bank of the river, to all appearance having the coal bearing strata cont'ormablv snpcrimiiosed. As we a|i]ir.iaclied I'ort I'itt we I'ound the >now on the ri\er, and also all over the couiitr\. to be very deep, so thai for the iir.-t time throughout the wliidc trip we had to take to snow shoes in earne-t, which says a great deal I'or tlii> unu.-ual mildness of the winter, or lailier tlii> ab^euce of snow, for the cold at some jiciiods was \cr\ ycerc. I found the distance by the river to be 2.;1 miles. The hcai of the sun, from melting the surface of the snow, caused U' to travel ihiring the night, and rest in the day, during this part of the journey. I arrived at l''ort I'itt on the 21st of March, but finding that letters had missed me on the I'oitd. I h;id to wait there until the liotli. The ice on the river was now getting so had that it voulil no loiig( r be safely travelled on. so that I had to return by the u.Mial traik to Fori Carlton. On the 1st of Ajiril I reached .lack Fish Eake, where I found Mr. Sullivan, he having been obliged to leave Carlton on account of the scarcity of provisions. .\t this jilace l had to give up the use of sleighs, as the ground was now ipiite hnv. I had /i;inii//,:i madi' for my dog.-, alter the meiliod of the Indians, and .doiig with Mr. .Sullivan in tliis iii.imicr we reachi'd (.'arlton on the stii ol' .\pril. Here I lound the men you had I'ligagcd at Ued Uiver, and who had only .irrived the dav previoii>ly. As the jiciiplc at the Fori were next thing to>t,irviiig, I at once despatidicd them to ihe I'leaic.-I point where biill'alo v.cre lobe fimiid. so that they might hunt for themselves. I'litil the Till of May I was occupied at Carlton, when I again started for Fort I'itt to meet the men I had engageik and whom I had directed to come to that place with the Company's annual brigade of boats. I had already sent U|i a supply river ili'laved tlic n"igadc so thiit it did not reach that place until the \ol\i aiid iSth. 1 then gut the liorses ordered Irom the Company Sill, EXPLORATION OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 27 Mostinj;-. Tlicy li()iiiiiiks lower in of till' l{()cky I'lic principiil tlic ni(miit;iiiis ira/(Mii's r;niii(>, I' ot' lofty pt'iiks llu' ilensi- pine IS, i)iit a ciinip as to f^'ivc tcni- ' ohjci'ls ot' the anil olitaincd a 1 IVoin stealing; in wliicli their Hint 11. "> '-'' \V. at similar limes e time at I'ort i\e atl'ecti'il tiie I you in ni.ikini,' n my letmn to it' tlie stnu'lure lo he 'Jl 1 miles. I'hed I'ldmouton t to eat, \v(> did It time went 'JM ' of this portion II, and the strata lute descri|)tioii ion of the sur- visit the Settle- It is .'ill miles lore of the lake, the time ol' my plain. they Wine now id succeeded in id iia\e none of ' tile Ked Kiscr ■an on the ice. of SI! miles the rst seen at the in the l>ank of ' country, lo lie hoes in earnest, if siiou, for ihe s. 'I'lie ileal ol' and rest in tlu> l)ul fnidiii'^ that „' river was now the iiMial lra(k Ir. Sullivan, he I had li-araillis this iiiainier we day pre\iou>ly. le iieaii'>i point meet the men iniial hri^ade of iifade, so that it 1 the ('onipany, and which were in readiness at Kort Pitt, and mont the men at once to a rendezvous to the south of the Ka-^le Hills, where in all nrohahility they will meet hi with the parly of lied lliver men. I did this, as it was impossihie for them to he fed at l""ort IMtt, as the ImlValo were distant many days. 'I'wo of till" jiarty are to come on to Carltnn. to jfiiide ns hack, so as to avoid any chance of missing' them. On tiie '}'Jnd of Mav I left Fort I'itt to descend the river aloiij;' witii the lirifrade, and so comi)lete .1 (■ :t /...i.r.a. I i...,i 1., , I., ■.;.,,,. fi... „;,,i..,. (■,,„>, ..i, .,,. ,i i »i.„ m......^..- y alidve the Mountain is ahout 28,> miles, and 'eet water, and are led hy the siirvev "f it (which I had made durinu' the winter, fioiii alioul one House) as far as Carlton. The distance, by the river, lietween the two places it occupied us seven days. These boats draw only on" and a hall' to two , , ^ fiuides loiiff used to navijiate the river, yet from the shallowness of the water, and the f^reat intricacy of the channel, the boats were constantly runninjr afiround. kei'iiinj^- the men c instantly wet from morning to nifj'ht, from haviiifr to jump into the water every time to shove them off. Tlie river above t'arlton is certainly iiiinavif,rable exee])t for the smiillest craft, iiiid even then only with jireat dillicnlty. Wiiile at I'ort I'itt, waitiiif!; fur the brigade,! had an opportunity of eNaminiiig the cretaceous beds, and obtaining a few more of the characteristic fossils. At about ninety miles above (Jarlton, or about fortv-five miles above the elbow of the north branch, they were observed for the last time in a section of the'flankof the Kagle Hills. I'rom Mr. Swanstoii, the gentleman in charge at I'Ort l%dmontiiii, 1 receiveil a valuable meteorological register which he had kept, with a tbermonieter i'urnished by myself, continuously from the 1st of .lanuary till the l.jth of ^Iay. Hy a coniparison of barometer readings a( Kdmonton during tlie months of .(aiiuary and February, with the similar readings at Carlton, tlie apiiroximate ditt'erence of altitude between the two places is found to be !)22 feet. This meteorological register, with all other meteorological and other observations, along with the jouruul of this trip, will be submitted to yon as soon as completed. I have, \"c., Ja.mks IIkctok, M.D. To Captain i'allisor, coinnianding North iJritisli America F.xploring Fxpedition. No. 7. Copy of Ulli'OR'l' tioiii Captain Palmsku to FIr.u .Majkstv's Skcrktauy oi- State for tiii; ( 'or,ovii:s. Fort Carlton, S.iskatolit'waii, .Iiiiio 5, IS.jS. Sir, ■ iKcccivcd Sclilciiilicr (i. ls.>s.) I HAVK tlic honour to repoit my arrival at this post on iho Hh ot'.Iiino. ()vvin '2!)th of March, conveying the suggestion of the CJeographical Society, viz., " to dejiosit tiir Cajjtain Hawkins' use at Foi t Assineboine the records of my observations to the north of the li)th ])aiallel." Fort Assineboine was situated on a tributary of the Mackenzie River which flows into the Arctic Ocean ; the post has tor seveial years ceaseil to exist, and I hope to avail myself of an easier way to communicate with Captain Hawkins, as I learn that Mr. Dallas of the Hudson Bay Company is crossing the moimtains by way of the boat encampment t. No. 7. D 28 PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE and Athabasca portage, a»d tlic men who return witli the boats down the Colnnibia can take back desj)atches from me. I intend to adopt this means of communication in case I niiglit .subsequently fail in Hndin^- a practicable pass for horses across the Uocky Mouiuains witliin the British territory, and so fiil in having a personal interview with Ca])tain Hawkins. I enclose letters from Lieut. Hhikistou and Dr. Hector, and Mr. Sullivan, concerning their operations during tiie winter of 1857-58. Also M. Boingeau's botanical report, which I shall feel obliged by yoiu' submitting to Sir William Hooker. I have likewise the honour of enclosing the map of our explorations in IS57, containing also my route from Red River this sjiring.* As soon as my men are all collected fiom the plains wiiere they have been in search of food, and making provisions, I shall start the Expedition. T' ' '" 111- be elVected about the I'v'th of liiis month. his will probably I would strongly recommend Her ALtjesty's Government at the termination of my Exj)lorations to attacii Lieut. RIakiston to Capt. Hawkins' stafl; in order to continue across the Rocky Mountains his very valuable series of magnetic anil meteorological observations. Her ALijesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies. I have, &c., (Signed) JOHN PALLISER, Captain Conunandiiig N.W. America Exploring Expedition. • Tlii- rt'porii. 1- liCL'ti leilucid iiiiil i!R'iii|ioiii(til into tlic long iiiun, wliii.li will lie foiinil at llic ciiil dl' tl l3;-a' 1 B' '■ L'olunibia can cation in case tlio Uocky ntcrvic'W with II, concfiiiinf:; miical ri'])ort, i7) containing; )ecn in scarcli iviil probably nation of niv to continue notcoroloiiical 'ALLISEIJ, iidinj; Expedition. the ciiil (if llu'sc KXIM-ORATION OK JUUTFSII NOUTII AMKHICA. 29 No. 8. ("(.i'.v of I{Kl'C)iri' ti'oni Capi.iiii I'ai.iisi'k to tin- Kiglit lion. I.onl Stanlkv, M.P. I'ort luinionton, Saskatcliewan, Octol)er 7, 18.0S. Mv Lonn, ( Kccfivcil .liimiin y 2.-,. \K.-,9.) I ii.WK the honour to report tlie sale letnin ot' myself ami my secretarv, Mr. Sullivan, to winter cpiarters ; also the relinn of Lieut. Ulaki.ston with" the brandi ex- peilition I had .sent to explore the Kootauie Pass. I have also to report the return of Mons. l^oiugeau, wiiom I also sent oi a botanical tour into the Koekv Mountains, with (lirections to (bilow any route where he thought lie could best fiutlier the interests of i)otany. I am rejoiced to say that I have completely succeeded in discovering not only a pass ))racticable for horses, but one which, with but little ex])ense, coidd be rendered available (()r carts also. This pass will connect the |)rairies of the Saskatchewan with Her Majesty's Possessions on (lie west side of the Rocky Mountains. The pass is situateil l)reciscly where I had long sup])osed, and this impression was connnunieated by me to ller Majesty's (ioveriinient previous to my appointment to the connnand of the Expedition. 1 shall now endeavotu' to give a siiimnaiy of the movements of the Kxpedition, since the connnencemeni of June IS.>S up to the present period ; also of the branch expedition of the gentlemen whom I dispatched at ditfercnt times lor that service. Karly in the month of .lime, I despatched Lieut. HIakiston, by Fort I'itt and Tort Ednionlon, on the north l)iaiich of the Saskatchewan River, in order to carry on the mag- netic tleterminatious at those posts, as well as to bring us supplies overland, which supplies were every day exi)ected up in the boats. I then started with Dr. Hector, M. Rourgeaii, and Mr. Sullivan, lor the Lagle Hills, with the intention ot'exploring the region of country between the north and scnith brandies of the Saskatchewan or Row River. I was then accompanieil only with the men 1 had engaged at Red River Settlement, anil with them went as far as the Cross Woods, where I left them along with the gentlemen, with orders to await my return. I then started with two men and one pack-horse, rode about HO miles in (piest of my Si. Ann's Rrigade, whom 1 had sent on the prairie to the south of the Eagle Hills in search of bullalo, the game being so scarce that I could not run the risk of keeping so large a party together. After two days' ride 1 found their camp; they had not only liveil well, but iiad been able to comply with my directions, to dry meat for us, tor we had started almost without provisions. I lost not an hour in leading them to join my Red River Ibigaile, and on the h'fth day reached tlie Expetlition at the Li//ard Lake. Here we passid our first Sunday. All my Red iliver men l)elonged to the C'hnrch of England, consequently I read prayers tor them ; but also, the St. Aim's men, half breeds, who, although of the Catholic persuasion, asked and obtained leave from me to attend Divine worship, and I conducted the lessons and half the jirayers in Cree tlirongli the medium of an interpreter. I mention this circumstance to show the respectful tendency and absence of bigotry of these men, in their appreciation of Divine service. Our supply of provisions was very small ; we bad meat only for three days, and about three stones of flour, lor a ])arty consisting of my three companions, myself, and '^8 men. 1 had, however, tea and sugar remaining from last year's store, which, together with what 1 brought from Reil River Settlement, has lasted us pretty well through the season. The absence of all flour and vegetables did not inconvenience either us or the men in the least, and I found the tea very useful in counteracting the injurious elfects of the swamp water, which otherwise might have produced many cases of dysentery. The country surroniuling the Eagle Hills and Lizzard Lake is rich, and wood abun- dant, but the timber is not of a valuable description, being chieHy poplar and willow. Here I learned that the war hail broken out between the Cree and lllackfoot nations, and that a large number of Indians were on their way to pay me a visit. Knowing that they would have litlle or no provisions to trade, and fearing their importunity, I made a few forced marches and got into the RIackfoot coimtry. On the ii'ind .Fnne we reached lOStli degree of west longitude, in lat. 52° N. Tiie ground offering very bad pasture, was very inferior land, and we travelled the prairie without wood, depending on a scanty supply of buffalo dung, which we collected in order to cook our meals. D 3 ce Arrival .it I'Miiionroti. Ilnvc clis- cdvcri'il a I'ass witliin , I5rilisli l'o3-t ei'ssioiis. Movpmonts of tlic K\' pcilition. rJcd Rivrr IJrigiide. St. Ann's Jlriiiaile. Sirvicc on Sundiiys Scanty snp \)\y of pro- visions Enalo HiU: Arrivnt in 15laoivfoot country. Absence of wood. 30 PAPKHS KELATIVK TO THK Ear Mills Griiiicl Coiilio, ISiitl'alo. 4 Losi- a horse Doliiy liy sickiK'SS. Giianliiii: liursrs. iliiroh rt'- sumcd. Battle River. I^i Ffrtility of tlip rouiitrv. Piuus. m ii ' I .Effect of prairie fires. [Jrofss IJiittle River a :ccoii'l time, "^ircees. [■fh 11 ■ splendid soil ve.stwunl of '■ JattleUiver. f* At'tor pa>siiiL: tiu- I'.ar Mills on -Jl-tli ol' .Iiini', wo rcacliLHl the (iiandi- (\)iik''c, and I'anipi'il iifar a lake ihrco niilcs lonu' ami two wiiK', wliori.' we at lenj;tli ('oiiiid .some wctoii, (willow and ])0|)lMr, with a lew hiivh). We were here out of provisions, lint Ibrtnnately fell in with hantls ol' luitValo. The weather was very eoM and stormy, and the rain fell in torrents. W'c killed, howevi-r sidfieient hiiU'alo for onr i)resent wants. Here I had the misfortiine to lose one of my rinest horses while euttinj;- np a Imtfalo. The horse was attaehed to the dead bidl'.^ iiorn, and took iriL;hl at one of the men eomin,i>' over the hrow ol' the hill with a load of hruslnvood ; he hroke his liiller anil made his eseape on the plain. Instaiitlv, liuM' of my best mounted men started in pursuit; the rain ))' in'ed in torrents, driven hv the sinrni aoainst th. ir I'aees. They c.intinned till dark night in vain ; the intrepid fellows, without a eoat or a blanket with tiiem, passed the nitjht on the broad prairie, witii not a shnd) to >helter them tVom a terrifie tlnnider>tiirm, anil as soon as day dawned, took np tiie horse's traeks, monnted and reeommeneed their pnrsnit. All their o.xertions, however, were in vain, (()r, nntbrtimately, the horse was a very swift powerful animal, a finer one than any in pnrsnit of him. In eonseipienee of the severity of the weather, and the j^reat hardships the men had muleri^one, one of them was seized with aente inflanunation of the lun<^s, which tlelayed ns for ein'ht davs. 'ihis lime 1 eoidd hardly eonsider lost, as the weather eontnnied very wet, anti the horses were mueh in want of rest. We were nou in the liluektoot conntry and hatl to u;nard oin* horses strictly every ni^ht, I m\sel(' an 1 each of the gentlemen with me keepinu watch in tnrn, ami dnrinj; the daytime keepiiij>' sconts on tiie '" look-out" in every ilirection. At lenifth, on 3rd July, Antoine .Shaw was sufficiently recovered to be removed and the Kx])e(lition eontimied its coinse to Batth.; River, the weather very cold and .storm v, with .several severe hail showers, the stones striking so hard as to canse pain to oinselves and the horses. I will not occn])y yonr J-ordship's time with niiiuite detail-s of our jonrney from this, as the ))rairie was neither well j)rovided with wood nor rich in pasture, but wiil pass on to the ])eiiod of om- arrival at the Battle lliver. On 7tli July we arrived at Battle River, a larye but iinnaviguble tributary of the Saskat- chewan, cro.ssed the stream, and encamped in about lat. .>2° N'., long. 111° W. Here we foiuni tine rich soil, well ailapted for ])asture and agricultural purposes. The river at this point tikes a wide sweep to the south ; instead therefore of continuing up the stream to the southward and then again to the northwarti (/.«'. round the bend of the river), I determined t)n holding my direct course, and disi)atciied Dr. Hector with two men on iiorsebaek iuid one pack-horse to I'ollow the bend of the river, and meet the Kxpedition again, where I projiosed re-crossing the stream, about 40 miles to the westward. The Doctor reached me on the 11 tii, tiie day after I arriveil at my second crossing place, having laid doAU that portion of the river, ami fully confirmed my expectations as tt) the fertility of the country through which it Hows. Here, also, we iiad seen tiie first pines since our departure from the north branch of the Saskatchewan, and although //o/r no lon::er in large number, still there are iiulication-- of their having existed here in great abundance, and of a large size. Unfortunately the Indians have a most disastrous habit of setting the prairie on tire toy the mo?", otherwise I do not think the chiefs would have .iiicceetletl in their endeavour to ken.' llie young men from attempts on our horses. We s|)ent an anxious night, all keeping watch, and the next day we made them a few presents, exchanged a few tired horses, and parted on very good terms. Our course to the westward froiii Battle River continued through a soil of fine vege- table mould two feet deep upon a substratum of sand. lliii portit)ii of country was no dr)ul)t formerly forest lands, but now converted into prairie by the liecpient occurrence of fires which overrun the country. EXPLORATION OF BRITISH NORTH AMI- RICA. 81 'oiik'o, and oiiie wood, tortiinati'ly lain f'l'll in < I had the hoisi- was T tlu' brow •apo on the I p'ured in ht in vain ; n the broad soon as day , All tlieir itt poweiiid he men had ich delayed tiiuied very rietly every ved and the torniv, with irselvcs and V from tills, il |)ass on to f the Saskat- ' W. Here riie river at ) the stream le river), I two Mien on expedition ward. The laee, havinf^ the leitility Bs since our iiior in hiiije ice, and of u tiie prairie •etunis, if a le invariable timber, such 'inj; nothiii<; ar after year uis of trans- ;inony by a iickfeet, and roiil)lesome, ere well dis- a.s so stroi"'', to ke; I! I-m; ■|)iiif^ watch, , und parted f fine vei,fe- itry was no cciiri ence of On Htli .Inly, when nearly ui,t f provisions, hufl'alo were discovered to otir sonth at a great destance. I dis])atcheil Mr. Sullivan wiili the hunters lollowed by tliree carl!) to hunt, beinu: uncertain as to whether we should aiiain find bufliilo to the westward. On the return of the carls, I gave orders to ri main here a few days, to slice and dry pro- visions ti)r lit least ten days' couMimption. I started tiom this ( ncampment in a \^ .N.W. direction to the lUill Like, and left ordeis that the Kxpeditioii siioidd jj;o on tlieir course to the Red Deer River, where I would i, steer his course in order to llill on oiir trail. On .Inly ■JOtli we again broke nj) camj) ; and, as I intendiil to send a part of the Lxpedition by the same route to winter quarters from the Rocky Mountains, I there made a '•cache" of all the articles that we could jiossibly dispense with, in order to ligiiten tlie Hxpedifion as much as possible, and enable us to abandon the carts (or a time, hide liiem, and proceed with pack-horses. All these arrangements being completed, we started at S.f'iUA.M.; and as we were campetl at 1 o'clock tor dinner, Lieut. Blakiston, with his carts and horses, overtook ns. He l)roiight us the news that the boats had not arrived, and he was obliged to leave without tiie stores ; but he succeeded in bringing me^;.sonie annnunition from Kdmonton, which, after all, was the only thing of vital imiiortai.ce. We were now without provisions, but still continued our course. In the evening, liowevei', two of my scouts came into camp, and reported a large band of bntfalo about twelve miles to S.K. The next morning we started before sunrise, and travelled till <) o'clock, when we came within hearing distance of tiie tramping of the animals. Here we camped, saddled the runners, and started after our game : we had an admirable run, and killed sixteen. All hands then went to \Vork to prepare and dry meat for the jieriod that we should travel among the liocky Mountains ; because I was aware that, once we entered that range, we should have little or no chance of rinding any- thing to eat. N\ e all worked hard slicing and drying, made our j)rovisions, and were really to start on Itli August. As I had ample time before the close of this season to seek for the pass, the existence and place of which I was in search of, I determined to ride to the boundary line and examine the country from the mountains eastward, and took with me Mr. Sullivan. I left Dr. Hector and Lieut, lilakistoii, and M. Bouigean, to proceed to the Old Bow Fort, or Chesterfield House, with the main body of the Expedition under charge of Dr. Hector, with orders that, as soon as they had arrived at the site of tiie Old Fort, he should place the carts in " cache," dispatch the gentlemen on their different missions, proceed upon his own, aiul direct the remainder to await my secretary's return from the '"Jiuuiary line : M.Bonrgeau to enter the mountains and proceed with three men and .seven horses on a botanical exploration, wherever he thought best ; Dr. Hector with aiiotlier Jiarty, to go on a geological tour; Lieut. Blakiston to proceed through the mountains liy the two known Kootanie passes, returning by the southern one. I started at noon from our camp, known as Slaiigliter Camp, lat. 51^" 'JD' N., long. 1 l.'j° '15' \\'., aiul kept on a southern coiusc along the prairie. We only found salt lakes; and though we rode till 11 p.m., we camped without fire or water, but next morning reached the Lower Sa.skatchewan or Bow River, in lat. 50" 55' N. We crossed the river after breakfast, found it very deep, our horses as well as ourselves being obliged to swim. The country we passed over on tlie north side of the river has a wretched soil ; but when on the south side, the appearance and soil changed greatly for the better. We crossed numerous well-wooded rivers, — many of them containing valuable timber, such as D 1 Halt loninke provisions. Bull Luke. Cai'iieCniiip. .Si'iiil to meet l.iciil. IMa- ki^loii. Start again. Liuut. Bla- kisioii's arri- val. liiilUilu. AiTftiigc- moiiis for cxploi'iitioii. 2 Slauplitcr Camp. Start lor the boundary line. Nature of couutry. tf Cypres llilN Rcncli lioiiii- dai'v liiii.'. Its liiOll-i. L'liii'f Miiuu- tain. «|: r si f. OM How SI Scarcity ot' guiiic. B U Uc.-i^jriiatioii of l.iiiit. Blakistoii. Doniiigc- iiiiiit lit' my Fi (ilaiis. till Start til cx- Pi jilorc the iiioiiiit:tiii!<. '. Kaiiaiiaskis llivcr. Ef pn tec 3it Rj, Reach lieigiit of lund. Altitude of, the only obstacle. Fallen tim- ber. vcs kt Columbia Lakes. y2 r.vPKUs uKL.VTivi: to tiik nines, spruce, i*vc,,— the valleys ami iieigiiboiiriiiu soil of wliicli were rich ami desirable tor ciillivation ; hut wlieiiever we struck out on the liioail piaiiie, we {generally tbiintl the soil worthless, except here ami there in small swamps. Aithouuh my jumiiey to the western extieiiiity ol' the hoiuulary line was necessarily a r.ipid one, I determineil on a visit to the " Cvpies llills." I was anxious to see this part oi' the coiuilry, in consrtpu'nce of having; heard manv reports of its wonderfid tind)er and tine rich soil. I t()uml i^'reat tracks^ol si)lendid 'tinihcr wasteil hy lire ; there Mill remains, however, many valuable pines, and the land is rich and capable of prodiiciiii,' several i-raiu crops in succession without manure. On August >Sth, we arrived at tiie IDlh parallel, the prairie stretchiusj; to the east, utterly devoid of wo.ul save in tiie valley of the (ireat lielly Kiver. The locus of l-Otli liarallel is verv strongly marked by a 'hii,'h promimiit mountain, called the ("hiel's Mountain, in lull view (>!' which the Indians meet in the aiitimm, and perform some characteristic d.mci's. 1 only remaineil one ilay, which 1 devoted to ridiui;- in an easterly direction, and ciimbiuLr elevations to obtain an extensive view of the comitry to the east, but saw nothinij but |)rairie of the poorest kiiul, and deslituie of tind)er. 'I'lie next day i arrived late'^in camp, and we started for the OKI How Fort, where we arrived on ilth Aujrust. 'J'he site oi' the Old How Tort is in lat. .")1° !)' X., loni:'. H") 1' W.. at the foot of the Rocky .Mountains. 'I'lie chinnieys of the place are still standiuir. 'I'he Hudson's IJay C'ompanv have lonii abandoned the post, many of their servants haviiijj; lost their lives in its defence. Alliionuh the limber here, consisting- of tine prush, Hanksian pine, spruce ami red pine is valuable, the soil is scanty, the river valley bein.t'- occupied by immense deposits of shinL;le. On mv arrival at the How I'ort I fbiuul my hunters waitinj;' for me. They had been out in everv' direction, but couM not fall in with buffalo; they had also (bund elk and deer verv scarce. In addition to this, they were in irrcat fear of the lilackfeet ami Hlood Indians, whose return from the south-east would soon be daily expected. 1 was tlicreibre obligeil to alter my plans and desire tliein oidy to await tlie arrival of .M. Hourgeau, and afterwanls to jiroceed to the tbrks of Red W'i^r and .Mciheine rivers, ami tliere to await tiie return of .Mr. Sullivan, whom I was to send in charj^e of my branch expedition as soon as I had siarched for mv piss back from the mountains, I myself proposiui^ to |)roceed westward to meet Captain Hawkins ami visit \'anconver. I regret, however, that a letter fioin Lieut. l)lal;iston was handed to me by one of my men accpiaintiuf: me, that " his " ))osilioii in Iler .Majesty's service would not allow of his consiilering himself in any " way coimected with the Kxploring Kxpedition under my eoumiand." 'I his step of Lieut. Hlakiston derangeil my plans a little, ami is partly the reason why I have determini d on wintering on this side of the moimtains. On the ISth of August I starteil to seek lor the new pass across the Rocky .Mountains, proceeding up the nortli siile of the Sontii braiicli of the Saskatchi'wan or How Kiver, passing the month of Kananaskis Kiver. I'ive miles higher up we crossed the liow River and entered a ravine. \\\i fell upon Kananaskis River anil travelieil up it in a south-westerly direction, and the f()llowing day we reached Kananaskis I'rairle, known to the Imliansas the place "where Kanana-kis was sttmned but not killed." On the 2Lst we passed two lakes about two nfiles long and one wide. We continued oiu' course, winding through this gorge in the moimtains among cliffs of a tremendous height, yet our onward progress was not impeileil bv obstacles of any consetiuence ; the only dillicidty we experienceil was occasioned by tpiantities of fallen tind)er caused by fires. I observed tliat many, indeed most of these tremendous lires are caused by lightning, and in one or two places traced their progress where the foot of man could never have trod. On the 'J.'nd of August we reachetl the height of land between the waters of Kanan- askis River and a new river, a tributary of the Kootaiiie River. We remained here for the rest of the day, occupied with observations. Oiu' height above the Row Fort was now 1,8S5 feet, or above the sea .0,985 feet. Next morning we commenced oiu' descent, and tor the fiist time we were obliged to get off anil walk, leading our horses down a preci- pitous slope of 960 fi.'et over loose angular fragments of rock. This j)ortioii over, oiu- route continued lor several d' ■ through dense mas^-'.'s of fallen timber, destroyed bv tire, where our ])i-ogress was \{;\y mua, nat owing to any diflicnliy of the mountains, but on account of thefidleu timber, which we had first to climb over and then to chop through to enal)lc the horses to step or jump over it. We continued at this work from daybreak till night,and even by moonlight, and at length reached the Columbia Portage on the 'J7th of August. Here 1 devoted a day to a.sce»iiling some heights in searcli of a view of the Coluiid)ia Jiivcr. After climbing several mountains in rain, I at last was astonished to find myself right upon the bank of the lake from which the Colundjiu rises, at a height of about %:iO{) feet ovtr the surface. Climbing u high tree in order to overlook the woods which inter- i n KXPLORATION 01- BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 33 ml desirable ly t'oiiiul the riu'v to the iK'il (111 a visit is(.'(iiU'iioe <>(' tbiiml j^reat my vahiablc II succession > U) the east, ociis ot" •M)lh tlio ("hiel's LM'iorm some n ail easterly V to the east, 'he next day e arrived on e loot of tiie [rliidson's 15ay tht ir lives in ])iiie, spruce l)y immense had been out elk and deer et and Hlood was therefore }our_i>\'au, and lere to await HJition as soon ng to proceed r, that a letter me, that " his limseir in any he reason why ky Mountains, iviver, passing {i)W River and sonlli-vveslerly the Indians as we passed two ndiiii^ through iward progress ke experienced ked that many, e or two places Lers of Kauan- iiained here f()r v l"'ort was now iir descent, and down a preci- over, our route 1 l»y tire, where but on account •ough to enai)ie ik till night, and 7th of August. [' the L'ohunbia i to tind myself of about '-ViUU )ds whicli inter- cepted my view, I saw both the Coltimbia lakes, the Columbia rising out of tlie southern, flowing into the nortiiern one, out of which it bends to the westward previous to taking its northern comse to the boat encampment. The most southerly of these hikes is in lat. .5()'7' N-. long. 11.0° 50' W. Uii the.'JOth of August we arrived in lat. 49" 36' N., long. 11.0" 37' W. on the Kootanie River, where we found a camp of Kootanie Indian''. These are the most wretched- looking fellows I pver met ; men, women, and children, all living on berries, the men naked and the women nearly so ; yet strange to say they possess a wonderful number of horses, and those very superior to the Indian horses on the east of the .Mountains. Although these people were starving and destitute of clothes and ammunition, still they possess an enormous quantity of very fine horses. Yet I had considerable difKcuIty in training horses for the Kx|)editiou, and those I did succeed in training were not iiom among their best horses, neither could I obtain more than one or two horses tor mere trade, although they were most anxious to exchange horses even greatly to their own disadvantage. I had eleven horses with me. Most of them were in wretched condition, and many of them worn-out, unserviceable animals, yet these were eagerly exchanged and good ones given in their stead, particularly when a little present of two plugs of tobacco and fifteen balls and powder were advanced. Indeed, only for my having effected these exchanges of horses I hardly think I should have succeeded in bringing buck all the horses I had started with from the Old Row I'ort, some of which had also been with me on my previous rapid trip to the boundary line. I learned from the Kootunies that tiiere was a very plain easy roail to Tort (!^olville, distant eight days from their camp ; but as they had quarrelled with the Flat Heads, not one woulil volunteer to come with me as guide. However, that circumstance would not have deterred me from ))rocecding westward to meet Captain Hawkins and visiting Vancouver, iiad I known what Lieut, lilakistoii's intentions were, and, indeed, it was not until after his return to Ivlmontoii tliat he could communicate tiiem to me. 1 merely state them without note or comment. Oil the 11th August Lieut. Hlaki^toll resigned his place in the Kxpedition ; Lieut, lilakiston then took three men, an Indian guide, and ten horses belonging to the Kxpe- dition, when no longer an oilicer of the Kxpedition. This irregular proceeding I pointed out to Lieut. Rlakiston, but said I would let that jiass. However, on requesting Lieut. Rlakiston fijr the map of his route through the two Kootanie Passes, I was surprised by a positive refusal to give me any maps, or the benefit of any observations whatever. I have nothing furtiier to write on the subject, save to submit Lieut. IJiakiston's letter of 1 Ith August IS.iS, which I have the honour to enclose. On September (ith I started to re-cross the mountair.s by the Ko;)tanie Pass, and was surprised to fiiiil that j)ass also within the IJritish territory. We entered it in lat. 4!)" U' N., long. 115° iil' W. in" the valley of the Elk River, and came out on the east side of the mountains in lat. 49 32' N., long. 114^ ,'W W. in the valley of Little Heliy River. It is one frequently used, but not the general pass of the Kootanie Indians, who have a prelerable one in the American territory. On .Septend)er 7tli \\e passed the height of land, a formidable ascent, where we had to walk and lead the horses for two hours. This is the height of land which constitutes the watershed. We encamped for the night in a small prairie, after making a considerable descent. On the Sth of September our course continued through woods and swamps, for about 15 miles, till we arrived at another ascent ; this was also a severe ascent, though not so formidable as that of the day previous ; we reached its summit about four o'clock, through a severe snowstorm, the snow falling so fast as to make me very apprehensive of losing the track. We descended that evening, and camped on the eastern side, and next day arrived at the eastern extremity of the pass. I regret that I cannot give the altitudes on tills pass, as our barometer was broken by one of the horses. It is, however, fiir from being so favourable as the more northern one by which I entered on Kananaskis River, which has but one obstacle in height of land to overcome, and where the whole line of route is free from swamps and marshes. I will not take up your Lordship's time with an account of our journey from the Kootanie Pass to Eilmonton, as I have given a description of the greater part of the country already. I have great pleasure in reporting the arrival of Dr. Hector while I have been writing tiiis letter. I have been very anxious about him, knowing how badly off he must have been lor provisions. He has had a very severe journey, and much trouble in E Meet witli the Kootn- nie.i. Trade llo^se^^. The road to Colville. iLTtioranoe of Lieut. Bla- kislou's iii- Ifiitioii!". Sliitenieiit coiieerniug Lieut. Bill- - kistoii. Enclose copy of Lieut, liliikistun's letter. Start to re- cross tlie inouutains. liritisii Kooliuiie Pass. Height of hiud. AuoroiJ barometer broken. Arrival of Ur. Hector. 34 I'APERS HKLATIVK TO THE i ir bl ;«'! ill He liii* liiiil down till' Saskniclif- waii. Euclosi' \.\r vciiort. His rmui. watci'jlictl. On ll;c' jpiMC- ti(';il)ilily lit' 11 l'!lillMII>l. T1\C WIllOl- liiii' luit iili'iitic-iil with till' geiilujjicul axis. Rccom- mc'inl ;il- terniion ni' iii-iiiiciioii--. B .Oilc ol return. Ei'iimiiiiy dt' , Wl'.-ilClil route. Slllr of liorsL's. till Pi IVi E£ pri Expt'iuli- tuiv. il'O 3ir 3pl. ves iiit 1,200/. more required. Possililo objectiou. fiiuliim' g;\iiiL> eiioimli to !siij)porl liiiiiselt' and party, lie has ainassoil a large stock ot iiitbrmatioii in the mountains, frcojjiapliical a.s well a.s geological. He is very anxious to i)eiietrate I'lirtiier across to tlie west, but iiiilortiinately my instnietion-i prevent nii' from iiermittinu liim I ' ilo .so, however desirable I iiiiLilil eonsider siieli a journey to be. In addi- tion to being an aceoniplislieil naturalist, Dr. Hector is the most accurate mapper of oriuinal eoiiittry 1 have ever seen, and is now an exjjerienceil traveller, Hy long and sevTre jomiievs with dogs and snow shoes la^t winter, in connexion with liis lianl trip this autumn, he has laid down tiie whole north branch of the .Saskatchewan, and the soiitii branch (inm wiiere we met it to the glaciers of its soiu'ce ; and tiiere is no de- parlment of the Kxpedition in which he is nol only competent, but willing to assist. I have the lionoiu" of enclo>ing Dr. Hector's report of his exjilorations, and there are two facts couneclcd witli that portion of country to which I wish particularly to draw vour attention. 1st. Dr. lieclor followed the I?ow Uiver right up to the main walerslieil of the conti- nent, then follow ctl i; initil lie rcaciied a transverse watersheil, which di\ides the waters of the (."ohimbia and those of the north Saskatchewan on the one haml. tiom those of the Kootanie anil -outli branch of the Saskatchewan, on the other. There he toimd the tacililies tor c-ossing the moimtains so great, as to leave little dotdit in his niiiiil ot the praclicabilit\ ot' con>triicting even a railroad coiniecting the plains of the Saskatchewan with the oppo-ileside ol' the tnain chain of the Hocky .Moimtains. '.'ntl. i)r. Hector informs me, that the water-line of the mountains is not identical with their geological axis; this axis he was unable to reach, and had only opportimity of examiiiing wiiat are called llankiug ranges, therefore the most important geological results relating to the Kockv Moimtains of North America remain as yet una.scertained, because, in coni'ormitv with my instructions, I w.is ohligcil to order Dr. Hector not to ailvance fiulher than the axis of the watershed of these moimtains ; and I take this opportimity of recoiimiending Her .Majesty's Government to alter that ])art of my instructions, and direct mv movements in the tollowing maimer :— That, as soon as my explorations are ct)mpleted on the east siile of the moinitains (for now there remain only (i-" of lonyiuile in the country of the hoiindary line), 1 .^liouhl send Dr. Hector to compleii ;iis exploration, and then meet me at Fort Colville, whence we coulil return home to England by ranaiua, and the l}riti>li West Indian mail steamer from (Jhagres, a (;u' cliea])er roiite than reciossing the whole continent of North America. IJesides this, it will enable me to dispose of all my horses to great advantage, ami even make money to credit side of the Kxpeilition in the account lor horses. The Hudson's Hay Company are verv short ol horses, and allow me '20l. each for •>'■) horses now, and have promised to purcha.H' all the others I can spare next year. I have now ."i;) hor.ses, almost all of which are suie to outlive the winter; I have lost but tliree or tour this yea', and may lose five this winter ; however, I have not neglecteil any precaution in my power, and have cut and stacked hay tor them, and am constructing a shelter lor those that may require it after Christmas. .As to my expenditure this year, it is not ea.sy to give an exact statement, as the accounts aie all priceil at La Chine, and I am too far (listant to go down and settle them, as I diil last year. Tiiey will, however, hardly exceed '2,0001. by more than I can counterbalance by the sale of the hor>es. 'i he expenses of next sea.son will exceed \,bOOl. if anything at all is to be done Hut if Her Majesty's Ciovernment are really apprehensive of the grant of 1,500/. being overdrawn, I have but one coiir.se to pursue, that of abandoning the com- pletion of the boiuulary line, and all discoveries in the Rocky Moimtains, and returning home in the beginning of the season. It is (piite true that my expenses for this financial year will not have been so great as those for the financial year 18.;7-fs ; but any one ac(piainted with this expensive country will intbrin Her Majesty's Ciovernment that 1,.jOO/. is lianlly siifticient to cover a season's explorations, j)articularly when the salaries and home journey expenses are to be deducted from it. 1 feel greatly honoured by the confidence Her Majesty's Government have hitherto l)la< ed in me, and should Her .Majesty's Government consider the imjiortance of ascer- taining the inacticability of a railroail acro.ss the Rocky Mountains, as well as a more extended acquaintance of the geological structure of those mountains them.selves, worth the further .sacrifice of a few hundred pounds, I would propo.se that the Government gratu me the whole ol'the l,.'iOO/. lor expenses in this country alone lor the next season, independent of salaries and the homeward travelling expenses, the former of which will an ount to 570/., and the latter, 1 hardly think, will exceed an etpial sum, if I am allowed to adopt the route I propose as most conducive to the interests of science as well as the purposes of economy. The only objection that can be urged to this proposi- tion is, that Captain Hawkins and his party have been sent to the west side of the be I EXPLORATION OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 85 large stock oi jry anxious to •vi-nt im- from () he. Ill ailili- iitc iiiappcr of |{v lonir aiul hi", liaril trip wan, anil tiie icro is no lio- to assist. , and tlioif are iilarly to draw d of llie conti- s tile waters of in tliose of tlie lie tound the is iniiiil of the Sasliatciiewan : identical with oi)portiniity of ()l()i;ical results ained, hecaiisa, lot lo ailvance lis opportunity istnietions, and xploralions are ti" of joni^i'iulc coniplek- ;iis (.'luni home to Cliagies, a Uir Ik'sides this, it make money to 1 Bay Company ive jiromised to ost all of wliieli id may lose live •, and have cut may require it as the accounts :; them, as I did 1 coiinteri)alaiicc »/. if anything at e of the grant of ioning the com- s, aiul returning for this financial ; ; hut anv one overiiinent that lien the salaries it have hitherto jrtance of ascer- well as a more emselves, worth he Government LJic next season, er of which will 1 sum, if 1 am ,ts of science as I to this proposi- kvest side of the PUn- for noxl vciir. Grcnt linPte. mountains. Rut their work, as fhr as I understand, will confine them to the neighbour- hooil of the lOtli parallel, nid they will not have the same facilities for accomp'isliing those ohjec'ts as I shall, starting from the eastward in a higher latitude, \ In ■ the country is safe aiul a small party can travel, nor could they effect them as rapitlly nu economically as I could. My plan is to send Dr. Hector to pursue his discovered route, wlneli n >• iiiMi uctionN comjielled him to ahamlon, while I and my secretary, Mr. Sullivan, will foil. )W n dirt'efer" line of traverse to the Pacific, so as to ascertain as much as possible of the uiture of tl. country lying between the mountains and the sen north of the .Olst parallel. M. Houigeau, who has maile a magnificent collection of Alpine plants ihiring his tour itoimii^al in the mountains, will return lo London, vid Pemhina ami St. Paul's, in order to fulfil his cfillidin-' botanical engagements for IS(i(). I have to express my thanks to him for his most uii- M. Hon- ceasing exertions, not only in his botanical labours, but for his zeal and care as manager R*"*"' of the provisions and stores of the ICxpedition, and his anxiety to assist me in every possible way. I have also to express my satisfacticm with my secretary, Mr. Sullivan, not only l(>r his Mr. Siillivi\n zeal and asiiihiity in carrying on the astronomical observations, but also lor his assistance and exertions for the interests of the I'Apeclilion, particularly with regard to the horses; also by his care and regiilari'y with tin.' accounts, which, in a country where everything is conductetl on a system of ** barter," are of a very conijilicated nature. I have the honour to enclose two maps.* The first contains the routes of the whole Tlu' mnps. Expedition, together with those of the branch parties. The other is a rough enlargement of a jiortioii of this, in order to display with greater clearness our d'tferent routes of explontion while in the mountains. 'I'lie map is not final as regards the mountains, as Dr. Hector's longitudes are by account, and may recpiire correctior. ; the remainder, how- ever, is completed, and I beg it may be i)reseived, us we have no time to make a copy. We have barely returned from the plains into Lort Kdmonton in time to receive and answer our letters by the " fall boats," which start again immediately after they are un- loaded, to anticipate the setting in of the ice. Our time, thereliire, is very short, ;:nd although 1 have troubled your Lordship with a long letter, yet I have been obliged to omit a great deal of information contained in the Journal. Fort Kdmonton is the largest trading post in the Saskatchewan ; a little agriculture is FortEdmon- carried on ; they grow tolerable wheat, aiul grind it in a windmill. The potatoes are '°"" excellent, and horned cattle continue out the whole winter, anil still are thriving. How- ever, I cannot observe iiiiich as yet ; iny whole time has been occujiied with tlie men's accounts and the correspondence. Tlie Red River nun return to Carlton by tiie boats, where 1 have made arrangements Hed River for their conveyance to Red River Settlement, and give tlicm the balance of their pay in Brigade, orders on the Hudson's Ray (.'ompaiiy. The Lake St. Ann's men are jiaitl in goods, as st. Ann's money is not known in this country, and I am now giving them value for their wages in Riigmlc. goods ordered by nie (or the Expedition, cluirging them tlu; Company's prices. It would be impossible to s iid an acicoiint down now, but I will forward one bv the winter express, along with the whole corrected map of the Expedition, anil tlie o'oservations. I must now beg leave to draw your Lordship's attention to that portion of my original M.v niiginal instructions of March .31, 18,57, whicii direct me as follows: — instnictious. *' Vou will endeavour from the best inlbrmation you cm collect to ascertain whether one or more practicable passes exist over tlie Rocky Mountains within the Rritisii territory, and south of that known to exist between Mount Rrown and Mount Hooker." In accordance with these iiislructions, I first obtained the best iiiti:)i mation I could collect, which proved so vague as to be utterly valueless. I then directed Dr. Hector to undertake the nmre northern search {i.e. between the two branches of the Saskatchewan River), I myselli accompanied by Mr. Sullivan, undertook the search fiom the soutii branch of the Siskatchewan to the pass of the probable existence of which I had informeil Her Majesty's Government before receiving the command of the Expedition. I directed Lieut, lilakiston to undertake the Kootanie Passes supposed to be in American terri- tory. Lieut. IJlakiston threw up his command in order to carry out that object inde- pendent of me, but with the assistance of Mr. Sullivan, I was also able to etfiect that portion of what was to have been his duty myself This comprised the southernmost pass Vagueness of Indian reports. Suinmaiy. * Tlie maps Inive been reduced and incorporated into tlic long map, which will be found at the end of tliese Reports. E 2 a6 I'APEHS HKLATIVE TO TIIK Imlinii kimwlcdj;!' of till' niiiiin- tiiiin iiimlc- qimtr. Do.-iriiMf that i'X|ilo- ration rmi- liiiito. Kiuinioriiiioii of (li.>co\irfcl pnssci*. n Ft till Pi t\h of ller Majesty's (Joveriiment tiiat I should com- municate with ("ai)t.iiii Hawkins, I hei;' to stale tliat I shall endeavour to liiul an opi)or- tiinity of iloinj:; >(>. In conclusion, I have to acknowledge tlie receipt of your Lordship's courleous expres- sions on the subject of my letter of l.JtIi .March IS.OS. I have also to acknowleil^e the receipt of the abstract account for the tinancial year IS.^r--^*^. I have, &:c. (Signed; .lOIIN P.ALLISKH, Capt.Walciford Artillery Militia, Commanding N. Hritish America Fxploring Fxpedition. The Right Hon. Lord Stanley, M.P. &c. &c. &c. Enclosure 1 in No. 8. .'ml .Ird. tth. down, Hritish KiU'losuro 1 in No. K. Sir, Fort Kdmonlon, Saskatchewan, October 9, 18.58. I have the honour to report the safe arrival of myself and ])arty at this place on 7tli ii- i'kI down. II laid down, is llio Hiilish slioidd c-oin- iiul an oi)i)or- I'U'ons I'xpit's- ;nowlcdgo tlic cry Militia, ipcdilioii. (■toiler 9, lfi.58. R on "til current, xpeditioii. ions I finuliK'ted on the iiftornoon 111 |)liiins. From le parts to their njf oi" tlie 7th, we >r, and from this narked (mly hy a of timl)er, all of stream joins the •til to an easterly s raiif^es of hald •aded pack saddles •niturc of boiling <. The eorrected the altitude above jynipiesonieter for s, notwithstanding ) the valley of How alley being barred )f the fallen timber any years. 5ht angles to their c (most likely of rarhoniferous age) dipping at S" to W.S.W., hut having sexenil obsnire pliiations. 'I'wo well marked peaks occur on either side of the valii'v, wliicliM. Mourireau namcil "(iiolto ' and "I'igeou" peaks. After passing the forini'r of tiiesc, the following inorniug (hiiviiii; t.ikeii lenvc nf M. Hourgeau. who remained to exuiiiiue thi-< iiioiiutiiiii) I cntcreil a wide trough-like xaHcy, ruiiiiiiig to S-S.!'!,, through which 1 I'oiilrived to follow u|) How l!i\er in the opposite dircctiin for three iliys. 'I'his tioiigh cnn- tinuei to run througli the niouuliiiu^, bcyoii mountains in litis portion of the chiiiu, all being eipiallv preci|iitous and inaccessible. Hounding tlu- valley to the south is the *■ Windy " ^^oullt of M. Mmn-geau, which he has made the biibject of an elaborate botanical examination. l-'rom the Cascade Mount the ri\er \alley again I'hanges its directiini, passing at right angles to the chain so as lo cross the " Saw-back " range, which are coinposeil of the same strata as lieloie, but now almost vertical, having only a sli>;ht inclination to W.S.W. After following up tlie valley whiih then was reacheil, to N.W. for three days, on the iNtli I arrived at "Castle" Mount opposite lli' entiaiice to the " N'erniilliou " I'.iss. I had already passed three small tribiitaiies, by following u either of which, the height of laud can be crossed to tlie Kootauie Kiver, hilt judging fniiu Indi.iu cpoit, none of these were so proiiiisiiig as this one, by which I now resolved to cross the water-lin,' ..fthe inountaius. The mountains now liegaii to wi'ar a dillereiit aspect, more massive, and e\ idently much loftier. 'I'liev are coinposedof white ami pink (|iiarl/iise sandstone, almost passing into a !|uart/ite in some jiarts, ami 111 others into a line conglomerate. Their minute description, as well as ntber geological points, will, however, form the subject of a more special rcpint. Having dovoted a day to the e\aiuiiiatioii of Castle Mount, and lo prepare the llesh of a moose we had killed, on the '.^01 h I crossed Mow l{i\ei'. without swimming the horses and uuloailing their packs,; and, after a six hours' mai
  • giving lor the height of laud !t |o feet. The small sln^aiu alou'r wiiich wc had asccudcd iii're ends in two small lakes, the water of which is beautifully clear; and 'Jon vards further on, and at 17 led .liiovc the level of the upper lake, we came on a rapid lurbiil stream, llowiiig to ilie S.W.. which was tiie head of the \ Cnuillion Hiver, the ])rincipal hranih of the Kootauie Kiver. 'I'he height ol land is in .il K' ;{() ' \., longitude by aci'ount lin ;},V W. it is in a wide valley, betwi-en outlying shoulders of two snow-clad niouufains. which I named after Mr. Mall and Colonel I.efroy, the latter being t(» the west. 'I'he ascent to the wati'rshed from the .Saskatchewan is hardly perceiitible to the traveller who is prepared for a tremendous climb, by which to reach the dividing ridge of the liocky Mountains, and no labour would be rei|uired, except that of hewing timber to eonstrnct an easy road for carts, by whii-h it might be attained. 'I'he three following days were occu])ie(l in the descent of X'ermiHiou I iiver, which, after llowng to .S.W. by \V. for nine miles, suddenly changes its course to .S.!-;. for is miles, when it again iianges to S., escaping into a wide valley to join a much smaller stream, which is the Kootauie Hiver. In its course of about -lo miles it descends l,'Ji;7 feet, so that at its junction with the m.i n strenni it is •iH'i feet below the Old i-'ort. It becomes of considerable size a very short way from its source, as it receives large tributaries from glaciers which occnp;, the valleys of Mounts I.efroy, Hall, and (ioodsir. 'I'he valley through which it flows is contracted only at one point "'I'lie Ciorge," near its lower part, where two lotty mountains seem to close in on the str(>am, without, however, in reality causing any great ditliculty in |)assing along its base. A road for carts down the valley of \'erinilli(m Hiver, from the height of land to the Kootauie Hiver, could be cleare miles in breadth. The J' 1 .s of Kootauie and N'ermillion Hiver are in lat. .5t»' .jU' N. long, by account IKJ" 4o' W. (1 may state that, in reference to all my longitudes, I did not trust to the reckoning by distances travelled alone, hut obtained them by a system of bearings, combined with numerous observations for latitude.) 1 should have liked very much to have descended the Kootauie Hiver for some distance, to find if there is any gap in it., valley hy which a passage could be effected to the west without following down the stream; but my (U'ders to eonfiiie myself to the water-line of the luountaius, and vvliich required me to he back at I'ort Kdnumton early in October, limited ine to a less extended circuit in the mountains than 1 should then have re(|uire(l to make ; besides, judging from the absence of all tracks since leaving the valley of the south branch, there did not seem to be the slightest prospect of pro- curing game on the west side of the watershed, and we were now beginning to be pinched for provisions. Ascending the Kootauie Hiver, therefore, on '_'7th, I reached the height of land whieh divides it from one of the principal tributaries of the Columbia Hiver, called Heaver Foot Hiver. The watershed is in a large morass, with several lakes oeeupying the bottom of a deep wide valley, common to the two streams, although flowing in opposite directions. The line of watershed is so little marked that it is imjioesible to cross even on foot between the two streams without going in water. On either side of it E 3 (l SI F. th Pi 'U Ef pr. i: 2h ttf Vl'S ti 38 PAPERS RET.ATIVE TO THE t\u' stivani is ililnti'ii int.) wiilo i-hallow luki-s itu- siiilac.«s of wliicli were (Towdcd witli iln> Riiiuly tliiworol' till- Niiiiliiir IiiIim. 'I'lio allilndf of tliis watcrslicd I lonsidcivd t.) lie :!,H;'.| Iccl id)o\(> tin* soa. Of '.'111' I'oi't lu'low tiic (Md Kort. It is on "'1st iiaiallol of latitude, in lotij;itiido 1 17" H' \\ . <)" llio nortli sidi> ol llio valli'v arc Mount (ioo liu'lirad of llio nortli lirancii of tln> Sa' .xa.clu'wan, and wislu'd to follow it down, lint ifniv liaronictov and sviii|iiosoini>trv wciv artino «iil, ;,iiy a|.|iroarli to a.curacv wo wore now alioiit on a lincl with what 1 iiad lound to Im- tiio (dtnation of tho Moiinlain ilonso dniiiia list wintiM-, M) that tlii> could not Wo tin- case. In addition, tlit< chaiijiy in the M'i^ctation, oiiccially the occnimu'i' of ofdar. conNinccd i-.o thai wo wororoally on a liiain li of tin- ('ohnnlii.i. I aci'oidiiifilv only followod il fov two days, and on '_';m1i roachod the inoiiih of a lai!;o Irilintary, to NAV. This'^rivtM- is iniuli lai;.''''!' than tho Vcrinillion \\\\ci: and alioiit foiirtinics the si/o of the stream into which it llows. hcini;- ahoni c<|ual to tlii< >oiith liraiuh at the [loiiit when wo Icli it. Hero 1 rccfi\cd a ^c\cll• kii k in the chest from my horse. reii(lerin,u me senseless, and disahliiii: me for some time. M\ ieco\ei\ miulil ha\e liei-n nmell more tedious than it wa^, hut for the fact that we were now >tarwn,i;-. and 1 tomul il ahsolutely necessary to i>ush on after twodavs. Where il recei\e^ l^eavcr I'ool l!i\cr. Kickinir Horse l!i\er lieiids liack on itx'll. iiicludiiii; an aiiirle of only '.'o'. jiud after |ia.->ili.i; over a line fall of aliout |o feet llowson to \.\\. 'riit' mouth of l)ca\er I'oot Kiver is ahout i'-ls feet helow the height of land where we lirsl >tnick il. A- 1 wa- (luile nnalile to nio\e. I m'mI my intcr|ireler, I'eli-r l'a-.i>mus, to ascend Mount Iliniter, which i> iiicludeil in tlu' ancle of Kicking- Horse l!i\er. lie a.-ci'iided for o. I'o; t'eet. and ohtained a view, to the we>l, I'f >now-clad jicaks as far as the eye can reach. ()\er the toi»> ol Hrisco's raime, and all to the left of .'^.W., he could peiceive no mounlaiii;-. so that if that |iorlion of coiniiry is occupied by any lliey niii^t he of very inferior .ihiludc. ' It was mv intention lo have crossed lirisco's raiin'e on fool. Iml my nnforlnnati' .iccideni (|nile inifillcil nie for the t;i>k. The ancle ol Kickim: Horse Kiv er is in lal. ."> I lo N..lonL;. 1 1 T'" '.'!• W . While lra\er>iiiu- lln^ vallev. -iiice comiii'^ on the Koolanie !!i\er. we have had iiotiail lo lollow. and it did not seem tol;,-|\e heen fret|nented liy Indians lor many year-. '\'\\\> make- the aliseiice of came all the more eMraordinary. 'The only animal which seemed lo ccur at all w.i> the iiaiillier. The Indian saw one. and in lh<' evenini;- wi- heard llicni cillinu', .is ihey -kirled roniid our I'.-imii, ,illrac|(>il liy the scent. The liottom of the \,ille\' i- oi riipicd li\ >o nnicii niina--. tlial we were oliliced lo kceji alonjj the slope, alt houfjli tlie fallen tinilier rendered il very tedioii- work, .iiid scveic for onr jioor horses, thai now had their leu- covered hy cuts and linii-cs. The tiinlier alonii' Heaver h'oot Kiver is mostly youiic. imt llicie ,ire the remains of what liad iieon ,i llolile cj-(ivvtii liiii.' of cedar, jiiiies. and sprui-e, anioiii; llie kilter of which is the maLjnili- ecnt prii>che, which xinietiine-; reaches lour yards in circumference. I also saw a few yoinic- maple- (Ncii'.iiulo t'raso). lierries of many kind- were \e\'y atiund.inl. and. inileed. had it not licen fot this wf would lia\e sutl'ered imicli from linnyci. On ;'>l-t AuLTU-t we -Irnck iiii the valley ol Kickiiii: llor-o iJiver. travellint;- as fast a- wi' could i;el our iaded horse- to i^d, and as I cinild hear the molion, and on the .'nil Sept riMched the heic^ht of land. Ill doiiia' so we ascended ..o^l feet. Inlike tlie \ ermillion iJiver. the kicking; Horse Kiver. allhoiiLrh rapid. dcM-eud- more hy a -iiccc--ion of falU than hy i i:r.idici| -lupe. .Iii-I hefore we attained the lieiLjliI of laml. we ascended more lli.in l.ouo feet in .iKoul a mile, down which the -tre.ini leaps hv succes-ion ot casi.ides. 'rhis heiclit of land i- ."i.l'.'O feel .ihove the -ea. and i- lat. .">i '.'I N . loni;. | IT 'jii W. The water- line is in a tlat vallev. dollied with liiii' open f Mcsls of >prnce. lyiiii; lictween Mount \'aii\ and the eastern end of tin' \\\-ipullcclik Mounlain-. Here, lo our irreat jov. we foinul track- of Ljamc auain. On the moruiiiy of the ;kd, we follow eil down a small stream over a wooded plain for aliont -i\ miles, and only descended ahoiil M) feel from the heiclil of land, when we came to a larce river. Ilowinif to S.K.. wiiichthc Indian at once rccoL'iii/ed a- the south hr.uich. from which we li.id licen aliseii' alioiit tW'O weeks. 'I'he same aliernoou he killed a moose, which rclie\ed us Ironi want, ami we also fell in with a hand of Assinehoines, who had Just cume over hy ,i direct pass from the north lirancli to this place. We had several days of seveie weather at thi- time; a frre.it deal of snow with thmiderstornis. I delayed here with the Indi.ins on acco.int of onr horses reiuiiiinc rest, and .also to cet them to ilry oiirinoosp-nieal piopeiiv for lis. as we lost more than half of the last from its not heiiijj woll )iropare(l. On Mil Septcmlicr 1 -l.irled to a-ci iid the south hrancli, liol fullowinj; the pass hy which the Indians had eonie, and which they de-ciihed as very e.isy. hut lo endeavinir to pa-- from its head wafers to those ol' the west hr.inch. All the ni(nmt;iiiis on holli sides of n- wi>reiiow snow -clad: and tlio-e on the -oiitli side haviii"- their valleys occn)iie(l hv glaciers, some ol cieat si/e. In two d.ivs we reached th heiuhl of kind hy a frradiial a-cent. Here the siuilh liranch issues from a lake al t four miles lone, ilu' upper end of which is fed liy a irkicier whiih (lescends from a innfrniliieiil )«(■;• (//y/""', occnpviiiLr the elevated v.illeys of Moinil Halfonr. There is a -mall -treatii. however, which Hows into thi;" lake t'roiii a tine plain which liirins the upper of the \alle\. I'"ollowin^' lip this, we ennu- to where it rises from a f>roiip of sprinys. and, a few \anls further on. a second jrniup "xives rise to the waters of the north hramli. We dined at this wati'rshed, which is the liiLihcst point we pa.'^sed over with the loaded horses, heiii;.' (!,;i47 feet ahove the sea. Snow was lyin;r under llic shade of the trees, iiotvvithstandin/r the clear midday snii. !,at. .11" -Jo' \., loni;. 11_7';: nc li-ilmlai-\, til '(■ (if till" stream 1(1 (lisaliliiiiT iiif ir liic tact tiiat ludiiii;- ail aiiitlf (• tirst >tniflv it. M(umt Uiiiitcr. and i>litaiiu>(l a Mfiscii'-* raimf, iiliy is (ici'iipit'il Ml l|Uill> iiiilillcil nil til rnlliiw, anil ilisiMU'o (it' iraiiif • iianliuT. Tlif ■ cainii. atli'a'lt>ii UiM'ii aliMio: till- iiviir jiiirsi's, tiial uiial hail lit'cn a li is I lie mairnili- \v yniini; nia|ilt's it liccn lot tliis I as \\i' loiilil i;t"! (•(1 tlif licitrht (if iiiLT liiirst' Kivcr, •Inst lu'l'iiri' \M' wliirli till" stroaiM \V. '{'Ill- \vatt>v- nl N'aiiN and tlu' ivalidiil si\ miles, riMT. Ilinvinn' tu ifiMi alisiMii aiiiHit in »itli a liaiid IS |ilai't'. ii ilinndt'islovms. II 111 |;('t tilflll t(i ts iiiil licin^' woll wliii'ii till' Indians Is lioatl watrrn to sidi^ liaviiifj their iralich issues friim d('-(('ii(N iVdiii a i-- a -mall --Irfam. cr 111' lln> \all('\. lew \ards I'urthtM' ■: uattnsliftl, which II' si'a. Sniiw was , ."il" III' \., hmg. 1 om- ascent of the nbnnt 1,000 foot. I'\inr miles iVtim the lK'iij:ht of land, the small stream whidi (irii-iiialcs ihere receives a iarse briuieh tV(im S.IO., which, i\x it rises in a fi'lacier, tlescendinj,' IVmn the same imr ,/,■ ,/liitr, as thai which feeds the lake at the heail of sontli liraiuh. 'I'his feeder nf the iinrlli liianch I calleil the Little I'tirk : it lliiws t(i N.W. thr(iii!ih a nij^ut'd \alley hetwecn Mdunt Munhison and Mount lialfonr. 'l"he former tif these, which is a must massive mountain, the Indians consider to lie the hij;hesl of all the H'.icky Mountains. I ai'terwartls measuitd two of its luL-hesl peaks, the one ,i1iom' the ani;lc of the main ri\eran(l the little tork, the other to the siintli of the Kootaiiie plain, on the main ri\er. 'l'he\ arc, respectively, 1,3,78!) and ll,l:il feel alioM' the sea. I li(i|ie I may liaM- vcl an opporiuiiity of visiting- Mount Ih'ovMi and Monul iionker, so as to oiilain thcii- allilndcs icIaliNcI;, to Mount Murchisdii. 'I'lie t;reat si/.e of these mountains, some of which are formed of l; roups (in to so miles in i ircuniference, prevents the propir appreciation of their allilude: liesides not only here, hut all tlirouL;!! that portion of the ranj^c I h.i\e seen, there is an ahsence of strikinu peaks. l'"rom till' point where 1 met the north liranch. I ascended to the place known to the Indians a;) the " Ice," aiuj from which the largest fork of the north lirauch rises, 'The river is larjic at this place, and Hows throiiijh a very wide valley, windin;^- ihrouuh shiunie beds which must lie covertd liy every sprint;' llood, as they .ire clot heil hy a niatliiit; nf Dryas iiitenrifolinm, l',|iiliiliiiim alpiniim, and other .\lpine plants, the seeils of which have liceii carried down froiii their natural lialiitats liy the niountain torrents. It iici iipied Iwii days to ascend to ihc foot of the j^rcal ;;lacici' ; liul one of lliese was iicciipicd in cultint;' a road lhroni;h fallen limlier aliiiii; the hanks of the ( llacier Lake. This lake is alioiil seven or eiiiiit miles lout;, and aiioiit four wide, and is lormcd liy llie liammini;- up of a narrow valley lielweeii 'Mount l''orhes and Moiinl Ly ell. I'he iipjier part of this valley is occnpieil hy glaciers cominunicalinj; «ilh inimeiisc fields of ice which cover the mounlaiiis all round it. The fool of the i^knicr is alioiil U.'i'.'d feel almve the sea. I*. is easy of ascent, as it terminales liy a rounded slope, to reach which, from the lloor of the valley, I liatl only to scramble over the series of moraines which lie in front of it. Thai portion lyinj;' within the valley is aliiuit live miles loiifj and three wide; it is lioii fct't dee|i al its IdWi'r part, hut its surface al the upper end is Lt'iHo ahove the valley at il.> base. It is ted by a narrow spout-like glacier iVoni the iiirr ill- t/l(iir above. I ascentlcd Sullivan's I'eak Id the unilli oi i|, liaviiii; an altitude of 7.M.''rt feet, and obtained a splendid v i('v\ di'tlic immense mass of ice wliich em elopes the mnuntaius In the soiilh and west, oblileralilii;- all their valley >. The stream which issues Ironi ihc I ilacicr 1 .ake is much laii;cr lliaii either the main fork or the little fork. The former o( these two I ascended for sdiiic di-laiu c and saw thai il look its rise in the ylaeiers of a mounlaiii to S..^. I!. I'p this river I here is s.iid In be a p.i'-s direct to the Colninbia. which was the one tirst liceii liy M'appeis in tin time of the Noilh-WesI Cnnipaiiy, as far as I cniild make nut i'niin the accounts of the Indians. Moinil I'orbcs, which lies between liie (ilacier Lake and llie ;^reat fork of the north branch, I found In have an allilude ol In.lMo feet. Dcscendint,'' the valley of the iinrlh branch .as il sweeps round the base nt' Mnuiil Murcliison, on the ICilli, I reached the Koolaliie plain, where the v.dley bcconics iiuich cNpanded, and is occupied by line level plain, free from wikhI, like true prairie. 'I'liis spot is lamons jimniiu the Indians lor the alinii- dalice ofi:ame, but it h;iil been well hunted diuiiiu the snnmier, sn th.it iherewasiinw iinne left. HulValo at one time were very minierous here, and iheir bones ;nid diinu showed that ihis must h.ive been not nianv years ai;o. I rcm.iined here a few days toexainine the mountains, which * the vallev. * •'^'''' ( )nc to tile west of the ]ilain I ascended, and fonud In be s.t||;; feet above the sea. On llie east side of the valley is what 1 consider tn be the cnnliniialinn nf the Saw-back i;in;;(', so lli;it the Koo- taiiie plain licsinthe same Iroimh-likc valley of the niniiniaiiis as ilial in wliicli Castle Monnlain stands, and which is continuous to the north-east of Mniinls liichaidson .ind Miii(hisoii. Wiiile restiiifi' here the Indian shot snmeof the liiu' hoiiis, the nic.it of which, when fat, is ceiiainly the finest of all animal- in the country. 'I'hey occnr only aloiii;- the oiilci- laii^iC of the mnimtaiiis. 'I'lie r.nns alone fre(pu'lit the lliaii portions of them, and the ewes keep by the river m.ir^ins, especially where craf;i;y. The true animal nf the mnimlains is the white Lroat, whicli .ilwav s keeps al liifili altitudes, ami is onlv met with toward the axis of the chain. It never descends into the valleys, summer nr winter, except at ceilain pkn cs, local a kind of while (lay, which nci ins aniniij;' the recent deposits in the valleys of the moiliitaiiis. 'I'lie vallev of the ninth biaiich cut- lliiounh the monnlain-. more directly lliaii llial nf the south branch, ami is accnitliiii;ly much slmiler. riiidniihoni it is very iiiucb wider lliaii the valley ol any oilier livci I have seen in llie iiioiinlains, and it is skirted by terrace levels consisting' of deposits ol' sbin^ie, white c.ilcaieoiis (lav. and -and the whole way np to the ;in'at fork, lis descent is nol ^rcal. amnuiitiiin- indy tn ;l(io I'eel finm the i;lacier lake tn where it issues from the mnimlains. I lav iiiH- passed a larne tribiilary I'ldin the iinrlh. which I ' named Wapnttechk or *' While ( ioat " Itiver, I passed out ot' llie mountains on the aflernoon of the l.stli, after li.iviiif;- been :iS days ti'avellini>' in them. The following- day we arrived at liiy Horn river, where I deleiniineti to jiive my horses a week's rest, .is they were so reduced as to he ipiile unlit for the lonu' trip which still lemainetl before icachin^i' Ldmonlou. 'I'lie feeding;- alnnnthis trihnlaiy tif the Saskatchewan wlii(li enters il between the in.iin chain and Hra/.ean's ranj^e is exceedin^ilv line, (nnsisiiii;; alinnst entirciv (if vetches. Mesides, I wished to ;;el a series of (ibseiv.iliniis lor chrnnoineter r.ile, so as to delennine, if possible, the exact l(ini,'itiiile ol' this place, .ind by ccmpariiii^- that with the loiifj;ilude of liovv l'"(irl, obtain the diieclion of this pnrtinn ot' the chain, .is llie two places occupy similar pnsilii.iis with refeience In it. 'I'lie latilntle nfthepnint where the nnilli branch leaves the monnlains is ,V.' Vo' N. 'The lonjjilnde I have not yet ascertained, linl by account 117" ^^ . While restiiif,' at this place, the liidiaii killed seveial ewes of the bij;- horn, the llesli of w liich we tlrieil to serve as provision to take ns to Ldmonton. Here we were met by a band of Assineboines, who came anti camped beside us, anil I'rnm whnin I obtained a fresh horse for one that was too mncli reihiceil to prtieeeil further. 'I'lie weather was aijain very unsellled at this lime, and several inches of !•: 4 -M 40 PAPERS RET. ATI VE TO THE snow fi'll, wliicli contimicd to lie on tlic mountains. \Vi' started for the IJocky Moimtain House on the '.'7th. and. leavintc tiie north braneli to tiu' soutli, ])assed tiirou;,di a nick in 15ra/ean's rannre. Tiiis ransje is formed of hme.-tone beds tiUed up at an aiifrle of So" to W. 'I'lu'v are woocU'd to tlieir summits cm Tiie west side, and rise to about L'.i 1(1(1 feet above the valley. llavinir auain met the north branch, we followed it down throuffh thick forests, till, on the nifjht of the :ilsl,~we~reached the Mountain l'"ort in lat. .Jl ys N., ion-j. ll.V'T'W. The fort is deserted all suiinner. beinir only a winter ])ost for the IMackfeet. 'l"he traders had not yet arrived, so we found it lookinu' verv des()late, with the comtyariis choked witii weeds, and ;ill the windows and doors were staiiiiinir diieu. We took jiosscssion of it for tlie two nijrhts we were .it this ])lace, but did not find it so comfortable as our camii (ire. On 'Jud October 1 left tiie Moimtain House for iMJmonton, followinjr the road I had travelled i)etween the two places last winter. W'v were ajjain out of provisions: but as we were now travelling among jioplars, we had no dilliculty in supporting ourselves on rabbits. .\ severe snow storm, which covered the gromul to the depth of 18 iiU'lies, ipiite fatigued our horses, so that we had to load our riding horses; and in this manner only witli dillicidty reached this place on the 7th. I remain, \c. Capt. Pnlliser, \-c. \c. .Iamis Hi ( toh, M.D. Enclosure 2 in No. 8. SI ■r'' )H^ iMiclosnre ii in No. s. CHARCKS against Lieut. Blakisi'oX in acconnt Hritish Nortli .\nierican Expluring K.xpcditioii, undei- the Command of Captain Pai.[.Isi;ii. X .V. ll. August 12, 18.')S — 'I'll ii>c 111' tell linrsos rioiii Aii^xiist iL' to Sc|iiciiilicr L'S. ISoH, at 'Js. per (licin — '2s. - - - - - - 17 To use of three men from Augll^l lli tn Septcinlier 28, 18"i8. lit ta!, |ier inontli— t.'i\ - • - - - 1.") To giiods I'm- iiiiyment "f Imliim - - - - 2 -(.61 B See Captain I'mHIii'- kllir in Ibr Mjjeiy" l'iinilp:il '■'irnl.uy i.| ^uiie I'm- the ('i.lnnics. p:u'c 33. ol October 7, 1858. i '• I' Enclosure 3 iu No. 8. F. th Pi El pr l.iu hi ;J ill No. Siic)if()ld How I'ort, Hase of Rocky Mountains, Sir, August 11, ls."iS. After our conversation on tiie :'.rd iust.. from wiiidi 1 infer tliat private matters intliience you ill your public dutie>. my ]iosition in Her Majesty's MM'vice will not allow of my considering myself any longer in any way connected with the Kxploring lApedition under your command. I shall, however, carry out to the liest of my power what 1 had innlcrtakcn previously to our c()n\ersatiiin above referred to, namely, to survey the Koolanie l'a>.~, an., iii liic event of my reaching Kdmontoii in siulii ient time, proceed wilh the Ked IJiver men iiy watir lo I'ort Carltou, and arrange for their tran>porl to lied Kiver. I have. \i'. (Signed) ru l?i. akiston', •lohn I'alliser. l'.si|.. Lieutenant, Koyal Artillery. Commanding l''.\ploring Kspciiiiiou. Ri iCC 3ii vcs hit 111 tiiin House on r.'iiijit'. This their siiuiinits M tlie iiifiiit of is deserted all so we found lid doors were did not tind it had travelled now travelling led our horses, reai'hed this (.11, M.D, Kx] edition, .' s. d. ; -) .' 4 lilies. lau'c *6'6, ot Mountains, s intliience you isiderineveritie> of the winter very fairly ; I have lost but two as yet, and I trust that the rest, with but few exceptions, will outlive tlie winter. They are at present removed about twenty miles from the fort, for lear of being stolen by the Iiulituis ; they are ouarded by three of my men stationctl there, and constantly visited either bv my Secretary, Mr. Sullivan, or by myself. The horses we ride backward and fbrwaiil for that purpose are beiiij^' stabled at the f()rt. Tile fort is built altogether of wooil, consistiii"' of one gooil sized house two storeys high, inhabited by Mr. ("hristie, the ofticer in charge of this j)o.>t and the Company's trailers, and also by ourselves during our stay here. Adjoining this house are the store- liouses of the Company, containing their goods and furs, besides the log lioiises inhabited by the men ingaged by the Company together with their wives and families; the whole is surroimdeil by wooden pickets or jiiles, firmly diiveii into the ground close together, and about 'JC feet high. In sl,a|;e it is an irregular hi\ag(.n, about UiO y.uiK him and 7^ vvido, and contains a ])opu!ati()ii of about U) men, 30 women, ami hO children, almost entirely supported on b'.illiilo meat, the hauling of which, for sometimes upwards of ','ji) miles across the plain;!, is the source of great and most friutless expense. Indeed, the labour and the dillicuhy of pi<>\ idiiig ftir a consumption of 7oilioii ol country which was cxploied last year by the cNpedilion, also the astro- nomical obsir\alioiiN ul iasi year, which 1 request may be fi)rwariled to the CJeographical Society. 1 shall leverve iry observations, and liio.se ot my secretary, Mr. Sullivan, on the longituile of l''dmontoii until the state of the atmosphere will allow (perhaps) of greater accuiacy, for it is important that its longitiuie .should be more accurately ascer- tained than any one has obtained it hitherto. I also enclose a separate record of observations taken on the comet, which I will feci much obliged by yom" Lordships forwarding to the Astronomical Society. I ('. 4'2 PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE As I li;ul tlic honour to coniiminicMto my plans ami IntiMitions already to your Lord- ship in mv h'tti'r ot' October last, I shall not take up any more of your time. I liave, iVc. (Sii>iieil) Jons* Pam.isf.ii, Captain, Couunantling N.W. Britijh American Kxplormg Expeilition. Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State tor the Colonies, &c. P.S, 1 am iniable, as yet, to forward the accoimts of the present financial year, as they have not yet arrived from Montreal, where they are sent to be priced by Sir George Simpson. J. P. I •. ( L 81 End. 1. in No. 9, 1:,-.! B F. th Pi iVa pr Ri ice Z'u Spl vci >IR, Enclosure 1. in No. d. Fort Eiinionton, Saskatchewan, January 10, lf<.">'.i. I HAV1-: tlio honour to make tlie f'oUowinjr report of uiy freoloijical ohsicrvations (hirin>f the past 1 HAV1-: the honour to make the follownijr report ot my freoloijical oijsicrvations (ltinn>f tlie past n, in which is eniboiiied only the principal results and {:(>neral features of tlie country examined, i?tails beinc reserved lor a more elaborate -tudy and comparison than can be t'\ecuted here. season, the deta On startinj: from t'ort ("arlton on 1 Itli of Jiuu-, I' is bdunded In the wc.-l by tli.it lim' nf hiub uiouud sweepiuii' to the \.\\'. tc meet the soiiib bramli " Coteau des I'laiiies." and from that jioint bcuiif iimtinucc Eairle Hills, while acros- tiial liver it rc-appcars averaiiV elevation of these plains abo\e Cailton i which is built upon the liist livcr level, :!■) feet above '' l'2.j feet above the level of the sea. and on it rests isolated poitious of the if I is. w(> (rosse been traced from loiiiriiud(> li.;{"\V. he Saskatchewan at the elbow, known as the (1 to the north branch as the Had Mills and as the 'I'liickwood and White Lake Hills. The the water) is 2Jo ffet, oi the water) is 2jo (fet, or UA^Jo lect above the level ot tlie sea. and on it rests isolated portions ol the Iiijrlu'r level which have sui'vived the general denudation, risinizes, beiujr iiairments of the rocks of the (iranitic belt. I)Kll(llMll\ .^ll<.ttll 1>llll111(«ltv I>l^ III t lt\ I M\ n^ 1>l llll ^IICIIIIIIV l_fVl[^ which riiu^ to N.W. from I.akc Supcricu- to the ,\rctic Sea. with others of Majjnesiau limestone and biitl' colcmrcd qiiarto/e rock of Silurian aire, which crops out all aloiiir the western tlank of that range. A very remarkable line of the Majfuesian limestone boulders occurs at the di^tanc■e of '_'() miles above Carltmi. cro-«int; the country from the Thlckwood Hills in a southerly clirectiou towards the Moose Hills on the south branch. 'I'his limestone contains the saini' indistinct fossiliferous niarkiiiffs as that at thi' .Stoney Hill behind l''(nt (i.iriy. Some of these masses are of inmicii-e si/e, beiiiir made up of |)ortioiis of several beds uhii'li only looM'ly cohere to form the i)lock. They are all >iib-aiii,nilar, without any j;lacial markings, althouiih some have their sides hifrhly polished and smoothed from the hutl'alo rubbing against them. One of these blocks was measured, and computed to be Mo tons. The nearest known point where this limestone occurs in situ, from whence these block may have been derived, is 17o miles distant to N.E. Disregarding, for the sake of clearness, the order in which the country was examined, I now give at once, an acccumt of the whole "drift" phenomena observed. As we travelled to the west the drift was found to ])reserve the same mineral character of variable proportions of -and and clay, having boulders interspersed, hut cliietly with the elav predominatin"'. The boulder-, houcM'r, deerea'-e in >i/c. and tiiose of limestone become very rare as the hi gher plains are gained. At fort Edmonton, for iiistanci'. I lomid it dillicult last winter to proi'ure fragments, with which to make liiiie for medicinal purpose-, although the river bed is strewn with those of other rocks. It- depth also becomes much less, forming onlv a snperlieial covering to older strata, when observed in the river sections to the west of the Eagle Hills. As we a|)i)roaihed the Uocky Mountains, it ipiite disapjiears from the table lands, and is only to be found in depressions of the jdain through which streiuiis run, and even the existence of true drift in these places is rendered donbtfid, owing to the prevalence of more recent deposits, which have been formed land wliii'h ritiulo 1";5" W. known as tlii' \Vm\ Hills and ;e Hills. rill' :i.j t'l'i't abtivf uirtions of the f'.Oii ti) III" t'wt 'loi't'or Hill l)y lic.-c plains are (iianitii' bolt, linii'stonc and lit' that range. '_'(» niih's above rds the Moose Stoney Hill hons (if si'veral nt any glacial Imtl'alo rnbbing iloi'k may have icd, I now give K'tcr of variable |irfdoniinating. 10 lii ghor plains •uro fragnionts, li thiiso of other or strata, when nd is only to be of true drift in vhich have been nunntains, there atoan, formed of 10 iiaving been sumo rouk, viz. A of mica diuse- if the watershe replaced by an angular " brecchia," of which jiatches cling in the most singular positjuus. This latter deposit is most likely of the nature of glacier maraines, although it is found «her no glacier occurs anywhiio in ttie neigh- bourhood. I found, liowovor. that the glaciers in the chain had, at one time, extended a considerable degree beyond their present limits, and therefore, at tliat lime tliey ])ossibIy may have existed in portions of the nuiuntains whore now there are none. The terrace deposits seem to reach jiretM neartv the same altitude in different parts of the mountians vi/., about the height of l,(i(Ht foot above the level of the plains at their eastern base. 1 found that, in crossing the different heights of laud, tlio easiness of the par'S corres])onded with the degree to which these dcjiosits had remained untoiuhed, owing to peculiarities in the form of the valleys. In the case of every height of land, whether of tiio-e examined by Captain I'alliser oi by myself, with the single exception of the Xermillion pass, the slope is gradual t,,tmia. vcrv [•,t.,"«>"»' a.ul tl.o M-lanitj< only so in >omi. mrtr \t tlR> fUI" llill^ llii-v iuv nut s. moist, and tonn ratlur a .'.mipart sl.alo ol a l.lmsli ImH ••olour, ni ci; .tm.H-a «i;iriWu.iuous Mn-ak.: il n.Mk. up into v.-ry .mail fVa,,-.mMUs «u!, con.l.oulal surlares, I i- ...nlaiia^ aro lu-i-lu'.- >-o al.mulant. Tl.i> lon.uiliou iu'.v. .1 .liu-.l ;..ul hanl.-n.-.l. wnul.l nnwli n-sonihl.- bo '^lialos oh.iMvr.l at L. uu KImm. au.l at Toik CHM'k on tin- Assinol.jMno dnvni- the snnnn.-r ot 18..<. AlittU>Nvaval.ov,.tlu>Snakol'o.tat;.> (v.l.iei. pl^-^ I ''ii;!'" vi^-t'-.l tins antunnj) nils ns.- j' "•;.' the plain lovdVn both sides of tbo vivoi- to ahont ;in.. to .-.im In-t, sn.^b as tlu> IMack II. Is, .snako ll.lls, an. W-.r Lako Hills; tbcso .•.msist of coaisf -rits fonnod ot pn.k and -lo.-n ^'ranis uith a small annmnt ol ndearcons .-onK-nt. .,nit.- tho same as those observe.l in the neiirbhonrhoo.l ot t u> Mountani ll.mse. 'I'hcv are in thin beds ^^Kv■h xveather into spheroidal masses, an.l betxveen these beds ot bine and pnrple elay are foniul. It is the same samlstone as is found thronuhout the I'.dinonton and Mountani House coal basins, forniiiif; the lloor upon wliieh they rest. These ba«iiis are divided from each other bv a irreat thickiu-ss of liutT-eolonred sandstone of much the same texture, but not so distinetlv bedded, which forms a hijrh rid-re cnosm^' the eountry from Ked Deer River at the Nick Hills, bv ihe Musijuachis on Battle ]{iver to the north branch at Abridiam's Gates. At these places it loiiii>' l..ft\ pie.'ijiiies which I think must he similar to those described as the ranijiarts on the Mackenzie and Peace riNcrs. On Ued Deer Itiver. in lat. o-J" VJ N., hm^'. 11;5» W., an extensive deposit of coal was discovered associated with the same sau(L-< and clavs as at Kdmonton, The coal forms beds of nnuh ^^reater thickness however, one f;roup of three beds measurinj.: '.'0 feet, of which li.' feet were jiure coal, the remainder beiufi carbonaceous clavs. At one i)lace this coal was on tire, the whole heel expo.-ed ni a clitl' about ;iii() yard> in lenuth beiiij,'' in a filow, the constant slidiii'T of the bank contnuiinf,' to supply a fresh snrface'to the atmosphere. Tor as lonj;- as the Indians renuMnber this tire liad never been extinguished, sunnner or winter. A heavy sulphurous and limey smell pervades the air for miles around. ' The extent of this coal ileposit alonj; Ued Deer itiver is for 14 miles. In following up the river if is succeeded bv the sandstone clitVs, ai)parently by substitution, as neither tiie coal group nor the beds of sandstone have any i)cneptible dip. and" this is exactly the sanu' manner in whicii tin- passage is effected between the >anu' groups at the Mountain House. Lower down on the r;\er the coal is >uccee(led I)y white marls and sands, with be iianks piu'uomcna sonu'whal like those at La Uoche I'ercc'e. Thi' strata consist of banded clay> and orange-ccilo\ired splintery linu>stone, with one bed ipiite tilled w ith frag- ments of silicitied wood, of an a.-hy or black culoin-. Towards the upper part of the section the clays are filled witii sandy coiuretious. in some of which 1 found a few beautifully preserved fossils, the principal of which was a small avicula, a cardinm, and other litiu'al shells. There is also a bed of nine inches in tbickne>s, composed entirely of rolleand. This bed I detected at several points along the valley, and by using it as a test. foun;l that the wiiole group had a geutie inclination to north-east. Af the l)oiut where we crossed Hattle iiiver a second tinu'. in lat. 'i^J '_'s' N., long. Ill :>i>' \\., in the bed of the stream, and at the foot of the section described aiiove, the first coal met with in our progress westward was observed. Whether this be the same coal, however, as that on Ued Deer Uiver and at Kdmonton, or a thin bed, such as was ol)>erved at La Uoche t'erc'e, and of (piite a diHerenf age, I was tuiable to determine. If the former, then it is certaiidy overlaid by the Ostrea and .\vicula beds; and these fossils when com])ared at home will throw nuich light on the true age of this coal. (I regret to say, that owing to the bursting of the hoops of the kegs in which they were packed for carriage to Edmonton from the Uow I'ort, some of these fossils, as well as others, were lost on the road; l>ul I ho|)e yet to have an opjjortnnity of procuring another set.) This group of strata, charaeteri/.ed by the light-coloured nuirls wliieh were found in Hattle and Ued Deer Uivers, was not abserved along the north branch. The distance between the two point.s where they were found on the former rivers was .30 miles in a line due west. The superficial strata which compose the jirairie country preserve their horizontal character, as the Uocky .Mountains are ajiproached, until within In niiles of the eastern limits of the true chain. At this distance they connnei'ce to undulate at first gently, but soon asstnning most intricate plications. The section along the Little Ued Deer Uiver displays the structure of the lu-ar range, which is wholly made U|) of the plications of the more superficial strata. The grits and clays of the Snake Portage again re-api^ar in this section, and are seen not only to change from their almost hori/.ontal arrange- nu'iit, l)nl also to lose their original mineral character, the clays becoming indurated and converted into hard shales with a smooth soapy streak, while the sandstone beds are cleared in their original liiu?s of false bedding, and rendered so very much harder, that in the stimmcr, when I observed isolated sections I was not sure of their identity, and only removed my doubts this winter by an examination of the contiiHions section afforded by Little Ued Deer Uiver. From under this group the sepfaria clays arise, also much altered in character, but 1 obtained fragments of the same fossils that were found at I'ort I'itt, and the elbow of the south branch of the Saskatchewan, so that 1 have no doubt of their identity. 'J'liey are foiuid on the west side of the outer range in the valley which intervenes l)etvveen it and the main chain. The Uocky Moiuitains, as far iis the west side of the watershed, consist of parallel ranges running from N.N.VV. to S.S.L. Ijetween the north branch and Bow River, but south ol tliat changing to nearly EXPLORATION 01- BRITISH NORTH AMP:RICA 40 so in >cmv I Imrt'coloiir, liil surt'aci's, ell rcs^cnihlt' icr (if 18.")7. i(> al)(iM' tlip \(> Hills, iiiui II iniioiiiit of itaiii Iloiisp. (' and pnrplo ntain ilon.so ol' ninch tlu' ry I'roni RimI It Abraham's (IcscriiuMl as IS discovered nuili ^^roator inrc coal, the rxi)o>od in a nj; to supply id novor i)ceii tlu< river if is nor tlif beds lie passage is of caleari'oiis profusion of MaltK' UiM'r. DxHv is aliout |i'('. 'I'lie strata icil wiili Cra;,'- itiou the clays c(l fossils, the ts. of a species Mijr the valley, ■east. At the ,, in the hed of I our projrress r Miver and at ent a^'e, I was ula beds ; and . ( 1 regret to for carriage to lid; hilt I hope I north and south. These ranges are in groups, divided from one another l)y trough-like vallevs traversing the length of the chain. The two eastern ranges from the IJow I'ort to the Sawliack raiiire are mainly composed of a lihie limestone, sometimes chertv, sometimes compact, and sometimes crystalline, with fossils which belong either to the carl)onil'eroiis or devonian epoch. As a rule, tiiese strata dip to the west, the same lieds are, however, exhihited again and again, lieing thrown iii) in pli<'ations of gieat magnilndc. Itehind the Mow fort, tin- mountains rise as lni;(e clitl's inae limestones is a mass of strata composed of micaceous sandstone, with particles of carbon disseminated. This group also appears along Mow Uiver and DtMilman's ifiver, after tiiey lea\e the monnlaius. Along willi tlic'-e sandstones are intercalated carbonaceous shales, among which are to be fomid traces of coal and carbonifennis plants, of which latter one was a calamite, somewhat like calamites canna' iorinis ol' the coal measures at home. IJesting on the flanks of the liiiiostone ranges are patches of the septaria clays and grits uhicii are recognised at a li ycllou colour, without a trace of vegetation on its surface. 'l"o the west of the Sawback range the limestone was not observed, that range being composed of its bed eroi)j)ing out vertically along the east side ol' a valley, in which stands C'astle .\Iount composed of licrizontal beds of a hard (piarto/e sandstone, pa-^sing into a coughnnerate, and capped by in-own slaty shale. .\t the Kootanie plain, on the north branch of the Saskalcliewaii this shale is seen to underlie the liniestono. The mountains which compose the lieigiit ot' land of the Veriiiillion pass consist of the same rocks as the Castle Mount, but in descending N'ennillion Uiver a white slate is met with, which again is succeeded by a deep blue coinpa<'t limestone, associated with a clay schist, curiously banded with red layers. On the north branch of the .Satkatchewan, the inoiintains at its source are composed of this blue limestoiu' and banded schist. 'l"he very com])licated relations of these strata renders it iniiiossible to form any sound \iew regarding their thickness or relative positions from data colle<'ted during one rapid survey, especially when it is remembered that they compose one of the most massive mountain chains in the world, the topogr.iiihy of which had to be learned step by stej) as the survey was made. 'I'he most singular fact is, that no trace of the ernptivi' rocks which have caused the great coiuulsive movements of this portion of the earth's crust should l>.' found in coiinextioii with tbe dividing line of tiie iiKMintains, from which the waters are ihrown into the (iulf of Mexico, Hudson's May liie Arctic and I'acific Oceans. The direction of these waters seems altogether to be determined iiy die arrange- ment of the superficial deposit lilling iij) the valleys. Towards the lower part of the Verniillion Uiver, tin- schists are fractured by slaty clearage, but which is not \ery perfect. More to the south, howev.'r, from Mr. .Sullivan's notes, I find tliat the mountains along the east side of the Kootanie river valley are composed of true clay slate, which also forms those i-.t both heights of land crossed by Captain Palliser's party. John I'alliser, Esq. iVc. kc. I have, ki:. (Signed) Ja.mes Hkctoh, M.D. Jattle and lied I) points where iraeter, as the ■ue chain. At ate plications. Iiich is wholly Snake I'orlage :oiital arrange- converted into •iginal lines of erved isolated in examination Imt I obtained branch of the St side of the anges running iiging to nearly F 3 '..i I C 6 b 81 B tl F. t>i Pi El pr S r 46 PAPERS RFXATIVE TO THE Knelosnro 2 in No. !t. Obsehvations for Lvtitudf. mndo by Dr. Hector wlien detached from tliP Kxpdition. l);itc. riacv 1«.J7: Dppcinhcr 14 If 19 19 » 20 »» 20 M 22 18oH March 29 January 5 » 5 19 8 February 10 i» U 20 March 4 » 6 1) 7 January 11 ') 14 July 9 August 12 i» 14 II 1.) •1 18 II 21 11 22 » 24 II 2(S II 2M .SO 14 Four milr.i K. of Redbprry Luke Eiifllish Crock K. an^ileol' Hid D.cr Mill Fori Tilt Fort Edmonton September October November December Cro.«:.iiii; Place, Hiilllc River, on Moun- tain Ho. Triiek. Rocky Mountain Fort Elho«- of IJatilc liiviT Ruckv Mountains, Mow River, First I.iik.- . . . . Rocky Moiintiiins, l!o\v River, The Nick Rocky Mountiiins, How River, Cascade Mount .... Ri>cky Mountains, Row River, Casllo Mount - - . . Rocky MouMtnin-i, Verniillion River, Tlie an^'le Rocky Mountains. Vermillion River, Snow Creek, S. t'roni Mount H.iU Rocky Mountains, Kooianie Ri\( r, N. of Forks - - - . Rocky Mountains, Kootanie River, its : 2fi 1.'} * Polaris 1 10 .);i * „ 110 4 .10 * Jupiter 97 4(> 26 :i2 I) 79 20 30 28 2fi * Polaris 109 .50 O 28 44 2 44 42 .30 .'il ;«) r>9 51 61 2fi 30 ''^ fi2 9 ;!0 * .Fupiter * Polaris f^ 15 j Edge of Plain, Stoney Camp O © O o 99 34 107 .')3 119 37 107 19 30 10.-) .59 10.-) 10 U)3 10 101 20 100 49 !t9 4S ilH II 96 28 .30 ;»,'( 93 IS O 91 3S H7 44 86 34 S6 .{« 83 :>A S2 16 78 4.5 30 76 41 74 21 70 14 69 3.) 30 67 20 30 42 .')() .30 .30 .5.5 31 10 31 6 30 .5.5 30 47 30 52 30 .5.3 30 7 Longitude hv Account. \V. 106 .56 108 .56 109 3 l(H> 18 Jjititudf. 113 49 N. .52 42 .53 16 .53 28 .53 35 .53 34 53 34 53 34 53 29 ryd ,30 53 32 53 30 53 30 .53 31 .53 31 53 30 53 31 114 6 115 .30 111 5 115 16 115 30 115 40 116 116 26 IKi 19 116 26 116 40 116 .52 IKi :,.-, IKi 57 116 38 116 43 117 117 30 117 .39 117 22 116 46 116 4I> 116 10 IKi 115 25 113 .58 113 .^.^ 114 114 10 114 20 114 40 114 45 114 50 114 45 .52 41 52 29 .52 19 i 51 1 44 i 51 2 26 ■)1 9 18 51 10 42 51 50 51 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52 53 52 52 52 52 51 51 51 51 6 2 45 52 f) 37 9 .30 10 16 .30 22 40 2H 40 54 52 16 56 30 18 24 23 30 30 2() 23 30 5 46 26 18 13 12 36 I 26 50 28 29 28 21 40 25 24 dition. Ijilitudr, N. 52 42 53 16 53 28 53 35 53 34 53 34 53 34 53 29 oH 30 53 32 53 30 53 30 53 31 53 31 53 30 53 31 52 41 52 29 52 19 51 1 44 51 2 26 51 9 18 51 10 42 51 6 51 2 45 50 52 ol 37 51 9 30 51 10 51 16 30 51 22 40 51 2M 51 40 51 54 51 52 16 51 56 30 52 18 52 24 52 23 30 52 30 52 2(i 52 23 30 53 5 52 46 26 52 18 13 52 12 36 52 1 26 51 50 28 51 29 28 51 21 40 51 25 24 EXPLORATION OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. Kuclosure .'} in \o. Q. OnsF.RVATioNs on the Comkt at the HfiwoN B.w Company's Foht, EoMONTrix 1858. 47 Approxinmk- Mean ClirouomeUT Timt? tit' (.)l>st*rviitii>ii Obscnvd Diiianct'ii. Objc'il. 1 Krror of I Clironoineter Keuiarka. Time at Hlac*. \fl v.rirfl^l Tum/ll> 1 on a.M.T. 1858. U. U. U. H. .J / tl M. s. Sept. 20th. 8 P.M. 20 15 37 30 34 24 Arcturua r 9 59 slow. „ 24th, 8 P.M. 24 15 19 34 24 37 28 43 20 74 7 40 Arcturus r Capclla. 7 1 127 45 2 Moon . Mtnn of Ave 16 I 43 102 7 30 a Aquiiic. sights. 8 30 21 16 45 )) tj. Major. 11 4 22 54 40 ? U. Major. 14 51 22 7 20 f U. Major. 18 45 56 13 .30 Polaris. „ 28th, 8 P.M. 28 14 50 22 54 2 5(> 5 15 9 15 12 47 15 44 20 6 20 24 37 10 24 38 20 49 50 96 20 59 18 30 r, U. .Major. - ; U. Major. , U. Major. Arclurus ? a A(|uiln'. Polaris. 10 10 Oct. 2d, 8 P.M. - 2 15 25 25 ' 23 59 20 r, V. Major. 27 41 i 29 52 30 , U. Ma'jor. - 10 30 29 38 ! 31 52 ;!0 t U. Major. 34 9 40 ArctiiriH f „ 5tll. 8 P.M. - 5 14 M -i;! i 1 13 .-.0 ArciiiruN ? 10 20 At present the 59 46 31 53 ■, V. Major. comet has 15 3 15 38 14 :,.; ,' U. Major. changed S. 5 40 40 59 20 £ U. Major. of Arcturua. 7 44 72 3;i ,-)0 Polaris. ■ 10 29 lot 18 ;!() Ca|H'lla. 12 19 so 2.'! 20 u A(|uila'. ., 12lli, 8 p.m. - 12 14 3s 3 40 (i 42 1 41 1 47 s 48 59 53 22 51 10 57 16 32 3i» 30 31 44 40 58 .-)<; 50 62 34 ,-)() 59 55 30 ()(> 35 r>o ' 95 32 20 70 16 ,-.0 134 23 40 Arctiiru- r a Cor Hori'alis. u. I.yru!. u Acpiila;. r, ['. Major. ■^ I'. Majoi-. Polaris. t ['. Major. Capclla. 10 15 1 34 110 (i 20 a Pf^iisi. •■—*■» Api^r 1 (ixiiKiito Mean Tiiiii; at riace. Chroiiometur 'rime of Obiervation. Obscrvi'd Altitude of the Coinel. CDoiili.l Error of Clirononicter on G,M.T. 1 1858. D. H. M. ». . , .. M. s. Sept . 27th, 8 P.M. - 28th, 8 P.M. - 27 14 43 42 53 1 54 54 57 17 58 21 15 34 3 3 28 14 37 45 40 47 42 17 43 23 44 31 46 2 34 59 40 .32 36 30 32 II 35 31 40 25 31 21 30 30 50 30 15 10 36 22 20 36 33 52 35 11 34 54 10 34 3() .30 34 13 25 10 8 slow. 10 10 slow. - 48 28 33 34 10 II N.B.^The index error of sextant )-5'58" is to be applied to each sextant nudinj; which is tabulated in this sheet. The nwue of the star to which (?) is affixed I am not quite sure of; it is probahly oturus. .ToiiN Palliser, Captain, Commanding North-west British America Exploring Expedition. F 4 If- ; 1 ( 48 I'APEUS UKLATIVi: TO THE Eiu'loMiif I ill No. !». HecoUO (i| A^lUnNiiMh aI. OllsKliV.V I IONS iliuiiiu Seasons ISAT-flS, i,()N(.nri)i:N outainiii) uv oiiskuvation. li '- ! L F. th Pi El. pr » Ri ^ M) 1 ^ ■i j .i 3p: ve Jai.l 1 1 — — ■ Miiin iitT'lirntiii- Mean .if 1 l.alilii'li-l i\ ,\|i|iV(ililli;i (.' ini-lrr 'rniu's i i M>>.'i'v L.ll.in .Mil- 1 Kill iritiiilf. I.iil'.l!itN. 1 I lli.iTV.Iliii 1 1'l .\i r. I' i.nniii'il tor K. tiiil.'s, 111! r ..I'li.l 1 li\ Af'-oii II. nil li.M.T. tor. N. lv-,7 1 II. II. M. s. >. (•■- I « \V. Toit Williiini, ll.l!.('. is LM .1 .lllllo 1.1. S V.M. ■ l.'l 1 i:i W (is 44 ( H3 L'l .•.() 'riiiiililin;; I'mlii;.".' • 1 is ;!(» .. L'l. !)A.M. l'l -J 47 .'l.'l KN 4.-, 41 .S!) .;s IS Diii; I'oilii^'O (V. I'liil) 1 ■IS 4,-. „ TJ. !».\.M. 22 2 ;U .'!» M :i!i .-.1 S!< o.'l l.'t \Kr2 Ui\ii- ( r. liiiiik) S:iv;inali I'lirlajir - IS :,:, ■is ,-,:; .. L'.I. Ha.m. L';l 2 Hi .')!» •_'.-. 2 7 i: VH ;io 74 4.1 ;!.■. S!» !»() 'i.\ IS l'l 4(; l'>;il ri( r l'iiil:i;;c' _ 1 IS 1.-, „ L'ti, r, |..M. L't) 10 ;!4 \r, ri4 L' L'.'I . !M) .lO L'l Fi-cui'h I'l'iMiitri' IS 10 .. L'7. 10 A.M. i'7 1 4 :i;t 10!l l!» .'17 Kl 1 1 ;iL' l'ilMI|i I'olCl.^'l' - is :.',-, tl ., l'!l. 7 I'.M. L'j» i;i L'l IH 11 is L'O ML' •-'7 L'S 1>< L'T ,. :;(>. 7 .\.M. ;t(t 1 i;t .'.H .-..i 1'.' 4!» !»L' .')() 4 Fi.rt riii'i.TS 11.1!. I'. IS :;(; 1.-. July 1. (i I'.M. 1 '1 :,:, H 40 .'.!* 2~ (i;t .•t.t .'i;! Kaiiiv IJiMi' is .;() .." :!. 'J v.M. ;! ;i 4.". ;!(; >)!) l.'l "tl !M 1 1 hi r.illi'l.LV '\v H"!^ Id -M (1 1. <).V.M. 4 2 42 4L' 7.'. :'.(> :'•'.! !I4 4s 7 Willi)" ;: ]i\\<\- ■{it .'..') (1 .'). S A.M. .-. .1 2 4 M4 .'M Ill !M 4.'. .id Pill.. .-() 1.- li. Sa.M. (1 •_' .-).'. :,2 SI ,il .-.1 !».'. 17 l!» *\>'illi|iC'' l.'lUr .-,0 ;!:! is ■• •>■ * !lfi ;i;t .-.li . * Diii.i .-,() L'.i ., 11, ^ V.M. II L> :i.-. L'(i 7'.' L'l •} tMi :;() L'.'. I'lipcr l-Mi-i ( tai r> I'J rr> li .. Hi. S \.M. Hi 2 47 IT 71 !!• L'O Mti .'.L' L'7 I'li.-t (III lioiUMliUv liiw, iirai' I'liiiIiiiKi IS ,-,!i IL' ., 2'i, '■'< f.M 2-; 10 I.-. 1 7.'! i:i 1 !Hi 4(i i;! Prairie •IS :,2 .. L'S, .ll-.M. L's It) ;;!) :il (i.1 .11 1 !i7 17 L'll St .Tci-ii'iili ScO -l'llill ati' |>a|>i'i'. 1 Tniiiif lil 10 ,liilv ,;i. -t'l-.M. 111 II ■•. :>.: .'.(i .'.1 .'.(i , !)H 10 ;(!» Dill.. - l!t S All^. 1'. ff.M. 2 10 :i .".l 7(i L'S •' !IH .l.'l I.-) Dilt.. 11) s ;!. .'. I'.M. ,i 1 1 (i ;i7 .-.li IH ;»•> !IS 47 1'. Ditto t9 S I. ^A.M. , 4 1 l.'l :5H 1.-. 4'_' ;ii' !IS IS L'4 Diiiu - lit :iL' ., .-.. 1 P.M. ! 1 10 ;il L'o (iT ;i7 4;> !»!» 1 L'.I ■riirilr .Mount, i;. Fll^ l!l .'). .') I'.M. .-. II Ifi Ki III li •■'■-' ! !»•» Iti .-,0 Ditto - l!i r, 7. ■'. I'.M. . 7 11 L'l 4s 1 .-.() 2:\ '>" 1 !)!! L'l 4.1 r.irt Klli.v. Il.li.l'. Sc ■ -,l, ifali' iiajiri . 1 Srr M'].arali' i'a|M.'r. pp. ■'-. 'y,'<. .> 1. .•')() L'O o ' Srpi. 1:1, :if.M. ' 1,1 10 L'(i .'i;t .-,0 .-/_' is : , L'7, ■•ii'..M.i L'7 1 1 .IL' .'U I .11 I'd (I ( 1, 1, .1, 'I \.v.. :l .1 1.1 I.-. .-,! 40 I. !>A.M. I 1 II ■'•'■' r,2 .'. .. .1. L' I'.M. .-. !t L'S 10 .■,2 iL' o .. 'i '-'I'.M. -; !» i;i I I!) .'11 L"i 10.1 1.-. 4.-. L'.I l!» 17 I(>7 II " L'O L'7 !' 107 :!L' 1.-, L'(i i.-J ao 107 .■i7 .-,1 L'l IS 40 107 L'l L'L' II .1! !( (i .'1 IS O .llll A.M. ' ! I L'2 1()7 '-'s oc Sa.«kat('lii'\vaii illmw of. S. Iiraiicli (j\ii'A]ipi li-.Lakc-. I'-' mill .-. S. uf Saskatclicwaii. S. IjiMiii'li ul liiil Ui.ci' LaUL~. ti iuilcs I N. ..r - - - Prairir - . . . Uilt.i l)-||.. - |s,-;s. ! Kiif.'!.' IliiU - Ditti.. .'J tnilt* S. ot Lizaiil Lake Enj-'l.' lliil-^. at Stdiu V l..ikc Prairii' - - Dilt. I - - ■ 1 Ditto - - - ' AViipintiiiwxv. \'alli'_\ ol' - j Dilt.. ilitii. - I I'l'airi.. V I)ill.i Ditto - r.alllc Kivcr. 1st c'i(i.<>iii^; ot' Ditto L'(i .•i-.i..i>iii'r (if V Dried Moiiiu Camp • Tins ob.iorvatioii wii.i iic<;itl('iitnll)' clciincd I'l-oiii .tlati'. leaving linwcvcr (he rcsiiU a.s lal.iila.. .1. -p These tlir(o o1i-('rvati(jii- iiiaikcd thus, may l.c a little too I'ar to the wc-l. a.s an e\aiiiinati .ii it' chrotKjnicter rate, on arrival at Carlton, shewed it to ha\e . haiifjed. oc Indicates Iniiar distances (ilisefved. Is'.H. Ffeqiient e.xaniinalidiis of ciironoiiieter rate, since the dat.; of the last talmlated liitifjitiide, showed lis that the rate was unsteady. All longitudes that are deleriiiined since that, are the result.s of lunar di.^taiicc.a. riii; longitude of Carlton is the result of the accoinpiiiiying distances, observed while we rciiiiiiiiod there. i 1 1 2 14 > I'i > L'l i L'S .'!!) ) L'S .'!!» ) :;n ) ;;4 L'.I > ■M 2 ■i; ;t9 J L'S L';t t L'4 2i) .Inly •-'1. 1 I'.M. L'l II .'10 ;!.!•. 1 :i:t 2;t 1!) 107 2S Ifi O'l .'U'.M. •>'J !» l(i ;!!» ' IS 10 L'!» 107 .'1.1 4 L'.i, ;i A.M. ''.'! .! 1.1 I!f4 12 22 II los II .'la '-'t, 7 a m. L'l *) s l(i-4 2'; :>'.! 17 lOS •>- ..- >)- 7 A.M. L'.'i '2 .'10 14'(. 2;i * .( K.s 44 2.1 2(i. S A.M. L'ti .1 4!» 17 10 .11 o los .11 an O" S A.M. L'7 a .10 4;t II 1 (i His .12 .'Hi • i 1 I'.M. •) 11 20 1.1 • >•) .i.'t 22 III!) • i ao 4, S A..M. 4 .'i 2S >i ;t(i It) 2.1 III!) 2.'1 4.1 s, 7 A.M. H •J ;!2 DIM 27 27 4 110 L'a 1.1 ~ f»A.M. — 4 12 H-7 12 !) •) 110 .10 1 10, 7 A.M. 10 •> ~t't 4S'(; 1 ,'10 4 :il III Lit I.*i 11, 4 I'.M. 14 11 17 I.Vfi :;2 .1!» • >•> 112 1 1 ■ 1 '} I.iiiigitiiilr. \v. s:^ L"l .'.0 S!l ,-,S IS >*'.> c'-'t 1.-, s<) ;.\ IS !t() n •l(i !H) ."lO L'l ti ;«( .10 L'."> (m; .'.l' ''7 i((i lli i.t !i7 IT ■j'.i i)s 10 ;!!» }w ;i;! !.•. !)s i: |-. !)S IS L'4 !»}» 1 L'.'. \)\) It! .',() !»!) L'l •l.f (i;; I.-, •1". |>T II " u; ■i-j 1.-. or :!T .-.1 07 L'l ( i> .•| III L*S lli II :i;i i» - 1 -'i .yj .•;() •> L';i ;to 1.". L',! •",0 i.'i L'lt ■i.'> 11 •» > i.r EXPLORATION OK i.Aiiri 1)1 niUTisii NoiiTii A^r!■HIc^ S IIV OilsKiiVATroX. •1!) t^iciilit}-. i ni siTvii 1 1 Diiic. M '.III Altiii miles X. of 'I'rilintaiy of lielly Uiver. L'd eross- iii^r - . . . *\Vi' - IS.-,:. fliiiii' l:i •ft '.'. 'J 1 .liilv I „ I II 11 L' 17 ."..■> I I L' II .-. iiL' .1 .-,.; iiL' .Ji ;io ii;i !) .-. li:i L'S) ;i.-. 1 1 I L'L' L'.'> lOG .'ili L'.', lO.'i 10 L'O lo:! .'. L'.', lOL' It L'.', IOl' L'O ;i,-, 101 ;is 4.'> 100 .'(.) •'>:> KX) ;iL' i.-> !i;» 1 1 .".o !)S 48 40 its L'4 4() !»8 O !)« J4 2:) Ml) !);i !).'! !)1 !».'. !)(> <)(! .'.L' !)7 •Hi 4(i •-7 ."-II •IS L'O its ,:o itit lli Mt L'l loo ,•, 101 lOl lot IOL' lOli ICIi 107 1 07 .17 107 41 107 .'iL' 107 .iL' 107 loii ::o pp. .'0, .".1, IDS 10 10 4S 4S 10 o .io 10 .,() ;!:t .'() L'7 l:! :,() 4:1 o ;;o o II 107 L'S l."i los 1 1 ;i;t los .-,L' 10 L'L' O .",0 7 L'il A', IIL' IS 4.-, llL' .14 O 10!) 110 111 I 1:1 I I.'i 114 114 ll.'l 1 1 .'! ll;i 40 10 .M .iO ."-0 1.", o 1 i;j 4.". o ll.'l .",;( 11:; .")0 11. '! .",S 114 L'O 11.", 4 yot 1 l.-> IL' 11.-, IL' 11.-, L'l 11.") L'l 11.") L'7 11.') ;io 11.1 43 II.-. 40 wr, 42 4.-, 11.-) ;5.'i ll.j .•J;j fSee pp. ()0 anil ti2, (1 LatltuiU'. IS 21 .-. 4S Hi 11 IS :,i; lli IS ,'ili I,-, IS 47 is I!) ii.'t 4.T ."0 21 .'IS .-1) .'i;i 4ii 4!) .-,2 (i 4!) 2S 4;i IS .-,i) 12 Ii) (i .y.i 4!) 7 17 40 4 40 49 32 4!) (i 2 4!) ■■!() 3 .10 4 20 .",1) L t 32 .",0 24 24 .-,() 23 10 .',0 Lli L'li ■",0 L'7 .-,11 .",0 44 4.-. .',1 I 24 .iO .-,2 4S .",1 2.1 4", .",1 I.-, lli .■;2 3 7 .',2 .'11 4(1 •',3 2 Ii .-,2 17 .19 .12 It 37 •12 2S .'!;• .".2 111 2.1 /,.) ■'!.-. oil .12 2S 23 .12 24 29 ,■•) 23 21 ^-^■} Ii) 21 .11 .11 .11 .11 12 .-,2 1.1 lil L'O 12 47 .10 .11 4ti .10 Ii 23 4!) ■>•) :il 4i) .1 Ii 4!l 33 .10 .111 .12 49 .11 8 4li .10 .14 17 .10 4.-; 3 .",() 37 1 .JO 37 49 .",() 38 ')'» :a) .•10 14 .",0 27 21 .",() 19 24 .-)() 10 13 .-)() 1 14 49 42 41 /I 50 1 (I L I'AFKus kiclatim; ro tiik LATITl'DliS— .o«/(H«««/. Lncalit/. aStrny ramp .... Britisl. Kootiiiiii! l'us;<, W. I'lid of - Ditto ili'ij;lit of Lniiil British Kootanic 1'u.ts, K. i rid of - Middle Tril.iitary of llcll)- KiviT, cuming from Crow Ixidfji' - Most N. Tributiiry of hvUy Rivir, 2d cro8! 10 24 - 71 1^ 11 KnI. lo M. r. KimI. lo Mul'. Mrr. All. fl Mhoh. 21 Is Id l;i I^liluilv. N. 1!) .-.a !.•. If) II 21 4>) l>) 44 l!» ;12 3 ly 17 i» .•.() 12 l(i .'.0 ;),") 2!t jo r>7 Hi .•i2 4 15 .")2 :»!> 44 -.3 31 43 .-.3 31 44 .•)3 32 11 :,:\ :>i .w .'.3 32 13 * Indiciili's l-;itiuidc iil'liiiiu'l liy otliiT imdioil-. oc „ i.uniir Di-liMK 1 s objiivcd. N.B. Till' Loii^itudi; ofKdmonton i^ oniiiiid us ;i lerif of I.unur UistauccM are tving taken for that purjio-u. Tout Caiilton.— Li.i. 52" 52' 30" N. F th P ■ii ! pr 1 Ri : ie< , i ■'I J 'If ve }a 1857. December 22il, at .'ut. 30>f. p.m., (M/l". .tI place m urly ). Ilic fulldwiii;: distance wa> lakin KelwiiM Jupiter and Moon's V. I,. i.Iiipilir K. of Mouu i Index Imioi- f ,V 0' . l^rror of Cliionoiueler on M.T. at plaei' (ill. .J7.M. 21.'i. fii>l. ApproX. llnoi' on ii. M. T. lO.M. slow. Mean of 5 sights. Mean of Chron. Timi • Error on M. 'I'. 1.. ir. M. -. .... L'2 12 2;; .'i.ri Mmn ilcll^is. - ,■,() 4(i .'.3 ' () ." 21 '0 IikIi'x Kiinr - f .') .' 2(i 12 1 M . I 1 oO ol .■<3 To comimte Tnio anil Approxiniaie Alt. of * v' and .«. M. Q's "A- n.A. 01' iij). (or. Cor. Jill' x.r 1>. k yi. \>Uu la Arc U. M. S. n. jr. s. .'^. o . 11. M. .-i. 18 3 57*27 2 1(J 48-48 7-06 16-9 12 25 11 IS (! 0-6 1 22 15-5 1 58-28 3-7.) 1 . 76 12-5 9 ,■; 26 13-1 60 509 2 16 44-73 12-.> 84 -.J 12 25 .■J5 23 32 13-7 82 15 30 18 6 064 3-75 202 ■ S 211-25 8-6 i 77 34 25 2 16 44-7 21 15 29 2 44 30-9 20 33 52 Mti. S = V sin. /' . ..*in. Sin II /* . cos.'^ .; Sin. • = y .sin. ('-4^ + « ) • -"• C^'-^ - 0) EXPLORATION OF niUTISH NOHTII AMKRICA. 51 •2 n». 20 ;ia W = 1!»'!)»'JH|(). »iii. 77 xlli, !I7 :14 '2.1 ;»" 1/ l!l-7I.IL'L'!) !)"H.-,(i(il 1 •!)SS1H.'. '2!».'i(j.tO Ml ••JH'tHI.-, (» •(i4l!H)7 !•_' Ifi ;i,-i •J't .">7 Hi 4 V.'. :(!» 41 .11 4;i HI 41 ;t'_' 11 '(I 32 1.! .j2 ;to .17 1 :i(i l;i 3S 4:! Til ci.nniiiti' 'rnic and .\|iiirii\iiii;iii' Alliliidr uf ]) m' ami \ M. DIst. In Arc. II. M. ^. •>;\ H Wiva 11 |H(i (t '_';! :i7 .")! rio 11 4s'.-,ii II 4S ;i(i •_' .-,7 !) ;■. «. A. Cor. 11. M. S. 'J.l 7 37' '>'> iKJ-l .')H 3 L'il-j :.':! s ;it) L'.i .'.s • ; 14 :i() Cor. Cor. |.-)3'I.-> )•• N. 1'. D. Ki'li O 1 It () !» 4!M. •3 4.-.i>- 15 7 3!i (i '2 10 !l(i 1' 10 Ity Forniiilif ( 1) iiiid {'2). •J rem. 'J. .). <) = l<)-!»!WH4s ^iii. !i(i •_' lO = !l!lit7.'jS(i -ill. .'!" 30 !r7H()7 in lictwfi'ii luoiuctcr on (i(i 34 -ill. ."-() 41 fill. 117 Hi «in. l.> .lit -in. L'i» 3.! .-.0 3.'. = 43 2C 1!) 7771.11 sss.')7.'< !) •!)4SS40 437.'.01 1!) •3S(i;(41 y •()!)3170 .)!) 7 m' . . . . 30 .->2 .34 1 1 Cor. j Cor. 1 ysll.l'x. ! I'x. Alt. == II. 1 'x. C»». A pp. Alt. ).• S. 1). 1 I'x. nearly. T. I'x. l'.-, 34" 7 •3 + ■*.' • .1 3() •3 2l''!t "'7 i.4 1 ! 1 341()= 3-.-)33.-)lH I'.is. ;«' = !)-il33(i71 34l(> = 3 -,■533.5 IS {'o:<. m" = !)-}t37238 1.') 3.-)-0 H>i».'i .'iT li'-l 7 2!<3-.' = 3-4ti7189 2y.J() 3-4707.')6 Aup. 7' 7 -1) at— 49 MO l.> 4'J-7 .j() .'j li'3 f " ,„' = 30 .V-' 34 I'x. - 49 IH o ( II d = .->o :a .53 i>'s S. D.- lo 43 30 .3 \>< K(4' . . .+ 1 .'!•'' .')() 3(i 10 30 4 .■)3 Ci 2 I ( 52 KciroliiiL' >eciiml> : — d = .i(> •'!'> <• .'. '" •!• •" '"' >*' VAPEKS KKLATIVK TO THE I..' adiUM Id I) - 'r. (Viil. \y\<\. = ;is (» ( 1= ;io I I Alts, to lie ii?t'(l ill Coiiipulnii I',,,. I) =r ./ Sl'('. »l . *C'l-. .« . COS. X . COS. (,.C — (/) . COS. «( , COS. .V Mil. p-v/sin. (-7,- + «j . sin. ( — ^r- -«J X = lis SIT. - • KKitfiS ,,( = ;!(> 4 >cc. = •()(i2Tri2 lis w ,",!» L'(» ens. = il'TOTliO*) s m CDS. = !».--l,;il. -'il 1 L.''i N. 1 '')7. St jiIi'IiiIm T L'LM ill 111. 1-')M.1'\I. (M.'l'. Ill I'lucr Miillh I ihr rMllmviii^ Di^iliilK I lll'h !• ^^ll- iili-ci\ 111 liilwicn fMin [■I ,\Imoii. I'.i-rnr (if ( lii-i.iiiiii)' li :■ 111 M. r. .11 riii.r. Til. l»ivi. .■,()>. Ij-i. Indix V.vnn- ( I' 17' ,\|i|ii-oxiiiiiiir Krriiv en Ci.M.'l'. IOm. I'ii~i. \< II. M. Mi'iin nl' ( liioiHiiiii'ii I' Till llinn' ... 11 .Mian ul l)i-i-. oJ 2!) 1 Ki .70 !ii.li\ K 1 1 r 1 .\i.T. .11 J' Mil r i:t 21 I's N.r.i). 14 11 It N. 11 7'2 Cor. Cor. 7H ■.-,;{ ir4 •sfi4 11-4 i:.| iifT. ;, .\p|.. U. I... Ill .Si- 4 lij r 1 lit r i C * /'.) If. M. s. o t ti (iO l;t I (.•.72 Hf» ."Ki .0() :tH .78 ;m 'P vo ia 3 4-1 HP .7() .71 i 2;! 1 1 i (i4:{«;i (i(i7"42 34:)(i 9.704 •rsifdi s.j ;!i .'1.7 l;i;j Ki HI I2S .7.7 .'iO 33 19 7"H 64 27 4.: EXPLORATION OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 53 licl Willi Sun mr I 1' 17". hill. " = y' sin. /' , .sin. /» . cos. •.'-. Sin. ^ = ^ sin. (LjLii + « j. ,in.(L+i' .gj II 2 /' /' 2 c..?. 33 1!» S = iyH4402y sin. ;t8 .■)H 34 = i>"79H.jHS .sin. 8i) .'iS .")() = 9"0 10-6.) I 1.". t.'. 2()'19 1 48'42 I 40T. :r28 : i I.'. If) (.•79 (Jor. i2rs 4()"(> Cor. )|-«X. IM). J llr I.. In Arc. 92-01 22 3() 20 9. 3 4 4 19 s. 2 •3,-) 1-7 34 .'.8 -63 60 IS 402 22 .39 24 Ifi 26 1.^. 16 1 9 4-0.-; 34 58 38 .■1-4 112 39 24 6-79 o7-26 8 44 40 l!_v Forniiihi! (1) niul (2). 2 CM. S 44 io = 19^989M4(i sill. 112 .39 24 = 9^96.-il22 .-in. .38 .-.S .'{4 :=: 9-79M,-,H.s ~:t ts .■; •ill. IH ,-,() .-, -ill. 121 39 Mil. 26 .'.s ~iii. .'17 yn ) ) ."IS 2S .. .">l> l'>-7.-)3.-;.K) 9-H7(i77s 9^9|-il26 9'6.'16.-..-il 19-. -571677 9'7S.'.838 7-. 1(> 14 4.3 4 Cor. iri Ciir. ir4 j'i.11. I'.N Tx. in A. = 11. l'.x. in Cos. App. Alt. )i-gS.I». I I'x. ni'iiilT. i 14 4f-.'. •6 .-.'4 9'-'(i 3240 = 3*.j10,)4o ,os. «.' = 9-98.-,JH 3134 .•r4960.'.9 3240 = 3"o10j4.T; K.s, = 9 '987 186 14 46-9 Ann. 3^6 79H ! 1 108 297 .-.4 7^1 IJcil. 6-7 3146 3-497731 11 50 •.I 307 s .J4 0*4 2-J n G 3 Ill 54 I I P th P E ■ Jl • Ri .).;i n ; PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE ' « t I' c , ,1 ,„' = lt « 4 ^=■'52 3,! 21 0"sS. 1). 4 lo ,VJ m .•)() ;iH Kef. + 3 .iH .''S^ 10 III = la .')i If) Rejecting seconds :— o » / " rf=: ■').'! 4 /. 10 is to l)iM»ililo' . ros. (.1 — //) . cos. /«' . cos. s' T bcini; i(//i-| '■' + '/ '■ 1 ^sin. C^^ '' + «). sin. C'iJ*:^,) ./ = .-..T 4 .V = 11 ;V_' s.'C. = • 01 1124 /M=: l.'i .'1 sec. = -012!^ SI ;'.() •10 I.-, COS.:: !rs7!»420 12 l!( ros. = <)'!is;ms7 M 2M 31 fos. = 9'!)s.->!)<»l I 1 42 -i"* COS. = !)"!)H.-.,-)2.') n ar) ;•.!) i;cs(>:s,-),j ;!0 I.-. ;!() c,.^. !C!)3,'5!)27 ■t.") 24 l."i -ill. = !rs.".2:.27 |() 12 .'.7 sill. = !!■ 1U)002 l<)'2ns.V2;i 26 2s ,-,7 -ill. .v.' r,H t N.A. Di>i. 12 II W II •>() I'. I-. .'Hod la W 1'. L. riKiJ M 28 77U T.(..M.T II 2!> ;12 =^ . T.:M.T. nt V » I'l 2 I.oli^'illKlc 7 10 .ill W. (iO t)4;io ;;o o Loii!.'it«.lc 107 ■■'>' ;fo \v. . D = stn. - Fi.iM I'viii.ToN.— Lilt. .■;2°.'>2'30" N. IHoH. Miiy UHli. nt In. 10m. t.m. (M. T. lu I'liicc iic:irl\ j ihi' I'ollowiii;: l.uimr >vh- lakcn (Siin W. <>{' .Moon). — Index Krror 4 ■> iO ". ICnor nf Clironoiiiciri- on M.T. at rincc, (in. IOm. .')S. I'a-l, iiml .\.|)|)ioxiiimtc I'j'iiir, on M. T. 12m. slow. (Mean of 10 .■•ifjlitg. i ve ilk Mean ot'C'liroiioiiictii- Time I'"rriir T. M.T. Ht r. - 1'. n. M. .••. • 1!" 7 »H .13 •» - - (i 40 .>0 - lit 1 s 2Hiitu True and Approxiinato Altitude of 0, ,s' ami * :— 5.^ 0'»N. IM). Cor. Cor. VaI (.f T. 0's \ Ai)|.. llr. !,. III Arc. J sum (t + f)). 19 4« 9-i».N 4 14-2 a 1-77 H s. •118 S •994 M. S. a 4s-()7 • 99 11. M. ?. 1 H 2H-!) a 17 • 7 11. M. s. a() H-a ()0 O 1 II 70 9 at) a7 7 30 19 r>0 '24 1 2.Vl-l(i 4 14-2 a 47 ■7a 1 12 1()'« a(i H-a a() 8 18 107 17 ■>\ H 24 To com )Ulo True iinJ Appioxiinate Allitud - of ]) , III aiu lit :— M.S'sH. A. s K. A. 1 Cor. Cor. Hs .N. r. 1). \ M. iJiM. In Arc. U'' + /'). „ ' . 1 II U / II u t II 11. M. S. II. M. s. ! 3 47 27 ".W ilO .')•{)() 12.5-9.J 143 13 .11 ;•.(;• 9 3 48 48-;!.-) 7« 10 4li 1 IS'S.-, 2.'. -OS 2 9 2 2.! 1 8 28'!» 2 31 3(i-4 37 7 .30 r!)7 10 ao-oi 12 2-23 13 49 l:!-9 I " 17-2 (it) 113 18 It; a 48 4H-a.i ; 1 2.5-08 : 7'i 10 4(i 10 ;io- 1 i.-)i ;!() 21; r,ti 39 8 ; ,-. :i 12-9 37 r,i t; liy l''oMuiili« (1) and (2) :- H V a 4 II 2 COS. 37 .>4 (i= 19^794228 sill. 37 7 30 z= 9-780717 sill, 7(> 10 1()= 9-987240 ,■)() 39 8 19-.')(i2l8,j sill. 37 9 II 9'781092 W. Ill' .Moon). .VpproxiniHto sill. 93 4H 49 = 9-999037 sin. 19 29 27= 9-.')2.i'298 19'.12233". 3 32 .3 -M) 7 2 sin, 3o 14 20 9"7911()7 70 28 40 m' 19 31 '20 n G 4 86 PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE Cor. C.r. /s ir. I'x. ' .-,H 12-1 l(i-4 I'x. iu .\.=.n. I'j . Cos. A pp. Alt. y» s. D. I'x. m-arly. T. I'x. 1.-) .■).}• 7 8-2 „ -24-2 2 8-2 l(>-4 ;!46!> = ;t • .',40204 COS.//,' = 9-974.!02 ;!4fi9=z;J-.^40204 los. ///" = 9 i»7 ■ 7 ! 7'() .-.7 48-7 15 54-2 4-5 ■ ^ 1 l /«'= 19 31 20 lief. + 2 10 19 M l>x. _ r,i 48 IS ;w 12 RejcotiD^ st'coiuU : — 89 7 2 QV S. 1). -t LI .'SO J)'k S. 1). -f 1,-, oj S9 38 4G (/ = 89 39 /. 14 " !.•» to be siiliiriuic.l iVom n = T. I', iil. Dlst. r = .->4 8 = 18 39 }-' \lt<. iisi'il iu Coniimtatioii, COS. = v/ spc. .V . sec. Ill . COS. ,r . c1 II 19 il s :>ii Ai> III co^. =:9-18;;s.i4 COS. =9-99,:278 COS. — 9 • 7G79.i(J c.is. = 9-9742(HI in- )7(i!)t(l ti7 1 1 21 ;c.)Ssi7() E 101 10 30 L'2 S ill. = !)'9S(iSS} ill. =:9-7().i777 l9-f)!) 27 )42.-, 27 KKJ 21 4.3 \v. \v. EXPLORATION Ol' BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 57 All. '. I'x. = ;>• = y- .')40204 976702 >1690«i VoMT r,\i!i,Tu.\.— ; .it. .'12' :>'2' ;so" \. 1858. May 20th nf 2ii. .'«)m. v.m. ( M. V. iii Vha- noiirly), tli.> lolluwin^' Lunar was t.ikon (Sun W. of Moon) Index Knor ^ 1' .).'i". Ijrcir ci' (liriin. ou M. '1'. at I'larr (in. :i9M. 37';i.*. Ai'pio.x. Knor on C, M.T. 12m. >lnw. (Mean of 9 Si^'lil^. ) IP. II. M. .-. " ' " Mean of (•lirononitiir Times - L'O <) 11 49ri Moan of I)i>iani'C3 102 .) 43 Krror - - - - — 6 ;i;) ,'i7 • '•> Index Krrnr • ^- 1 .).) T.M.T. nt I'laio O'g N. V. 1). Cor. 20 2 12 1 2" a 102 7 38 for. Iv]. ofT. 4 .\|.|.. Ilr. 1.. Ill Aro. H'n')- I I O ( " 19 .■)8 .')2 4 56-7 20 3 49 69 56 11 30-9 9-6 IH.Vl 2781 2! 4 )(i-(il j6-7 14-0 9(. 12(i() I-.) 14 3 4.1 -8 1 i;ti 3 14-.-) + 10 M.T. II. M. S. I II. M. S. 2 32 12-3 i I 17 .')8-4 1 2 3.5 ,''.6 "8 ! 77 58 24- 1 17 58-4 19 29 36 O I ft 69 .56 II 37 7 30 107 3 41 53 31 50 Sin. — ^ ^\\\, I' . sin. /» . co.-;.'- (1) Sin.;= y/i„.7/' + /' + /)7Mm7(Lj-/'_»S . . (2) . 2 eo,-. 19 '2'.) ,■)(!— 19-!M87;i() . . .^in. 69 .Vi 1 1 = 9!)7l^s1() . . An. .37 7 ;!0 = 9-780717 .•.3 31 .'.() 19-7022.")7 >\u. 4.') 13 9'8.-,112S .sin. 98 44 .■>() = 9'994919 sin. 8 18 .-)() = 9-1601.)6 sin. 22 12 40 19I5,J075 9-577537 44 25 20 1{. 45 & 1' 34 40 50 15 35 30 To compute True ami A|)iiarent Altitmlo of | , III', ami m. M. ©•» R. A. yn U. A. Cor. Cor. 1 j.'s N. r. I). i 1 Ilr. L. II. M. s. 3 51 24-09 1 28-70 5-91 n. M. g. 10 ,•.() 46 9 1 10-5 s. 117-65 1-96 15-1 36 O t It 7 42 28-3 9 3 '6 n. M. s. 3 52 ,>S-7 ■' 3'' 12-3 !M)6 453 10 51 57 '5 3() 117 6 558 7 33 24-7 6 25 11 3 52 58-7 10 51 47 .-)43-6 82 26 35 4 ''() 46 70 '56 9 3-6 2 13 23 1 10-5 H 68 u V I 1 ( 6 I PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE By Formulao ( I ) imd (2). U '2 >'o.-. ;i;! 20 4S z= 19S43748 r sin. 8'_' 21) 3.".= 9"996211 /. .-in. 37 07 30= 9 7807 17 59 47 2 19(;2(Mi7<> .Mil. 10 1.'. 9 !l-810;i38 sin. 100 2 11= 9-993303 fin. 19 31 ,J3 = 9 -.524 166 19-.") 17469 niii. 3,-) 47 = 9-7.'i8734 70 I 34 m . . . 19 .■.s L>6 5 '8 S. I). Cor. 1 Cor. 1 1 AH. Vx. Px. in A. v= 11. I'x. Coi. App. Alt. Vx. nearly. T. Vx. 1 n 15 40*7 ■> - (■.•2 9-6 - 22- 6 9 6 1 II 57 24 '4 18-0 3419 = 3 '533899 Co».H»' =9-973078 3419 = 3-533899 Cos. m"= 9 975452 15 35-7 Aug. 5*5 372 558 1 3.-)6 ' 2031 57 6-4 7-0 3-506977 3231 3 '509351 15 41-2 59-52 216-9 ."<(i 59 "4 53-51 •'i 18-0 F P E O I II m' = 19 58 26 R. & P. — 51 16 m = 19 7 10 rf = 102 7 38 + 15 41 + 15 50 102 39 9 Ji Ri Rejecting Seconds : rf = 102 39 . ~ 45 Ifi Of ■Altitudes used in Compulation. 9" is to he added to D = T. Cent. Dist. I* ve Cos. » = ^ sec. .« . sec. m . cos. .r . cos. {x — d) , cos. m' . cot. «'. in. , = v' sin. / — 3_ + » J . sin. ( — ;J— - -- « J ■ ■-- . ..-.^"U.-U. EXPLORATION OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 59 (/ = 102 39 * = 19 7 sec. = 024635 III — 43 3() stc. = •IS'illl 167 22 83 41 COS. =n'04148o 18 o8 fos. = 9-97.')7u7 19 o8 16 COS. =9-9730«J6 4,> 35 30 COS. = 9-844954 Coi. App. Alt. T. Vx. 3419 = 3 -.533899 ;os. /«"= 9 975452 3231 3*509351 32 46 71 13 • 104 38 27 60 57 48 55 43 5 52 2 COS. sin. sin. sin. 1'. r I'. 1 \s. vv. 19015008 9 •507504 = 9-986881 = 9 • 793686 19-780567 9-890283 101 o5 + 44 9 Dist. at 9h. . . T. (1. M. T. . T. JI. T. at P. 101 55 101 37 IS 9 37 2 32 53 2 51 21 12 9 . 2970 .. 98(H) 6830 Longitude . . 7 5 60 4)425 9 Longitude . . . UK) 17 15 53-51 The following are the results of other Lunars taken at Fort Cnrllon : — •Uiiiitcr and Moon 1857. Dec. 27th „ 28tli 1858. Jan. IStli „ 21st Apr. 201 h „ 23rd May 22nd „ 18th Aldcbaran and Moon Sun and Moon 106 10 15 W. 106 13 45 Not worked. 106 19 15 106 14 1(K> 18 37 106 17 30 106 15 Mean of Longitudes 106 15 28 W. N.B. These Lunars worked at full length, are the greatest and least observed. They are 106 8 30 W. 106 21 45 106 17 15 47 30 Mean 106 15 50 106 15 28 W. 106 15 50 VV. 78 Longitude 106 15 39 W. H 2 |!J: ll H 60 PAPKUS UELATIVl- TO THE Oi.ii I'low I'our, Sill'. i>i- nil.. — I.iil. ■■•! !»' ()' N. It.Vsr. Oh I''" K» .Mill .M'MN?. |M"iS. Aiii!ii«l l.'illi al •'•11. I0\|. i.M, (M. T. ill I'hlii' iiiMilv ) till' r.ill.iwin'.,' Lillliir w:i < iili iiMcl . — (Sun ;iiu! .Miiiini liiilc\ I'.iiiir I I'jiui- i.r (.'lir.iminiclir mi .M. T. iit I'hifc, Til. 'J!»M. itnn. (uM. A|i|iriiMiii l\r V.YVnV III! (i. M. I . I.'M. (.\|(ailol'(»s|.;lil-:.) yU;it\ (if C'liiMiioiinli r Tiui I'.irnr 11. II, M. H. 1,-. 11 (i i:;-l .MiaiKir l)i-^l!Ui.'•.■; ir.i 11-;! I'.ii. .if T. 4 IT'OI i;! .";(; l'o'!) 71) ;i .!!> 1 ii;;;) USl.i •j;.-\i 1 17 I 1 11 ••is ■i;i|i .Ni.r. s' ami .••■. 1 M. I)i>t. 11. M. s. ;t .iii 4:ri 4 wr. In An: II. M. S. 1 l(i I.V!) (id 4 (1 ^ /'V o in 7(i ;i ;!!>• .•is ,-,| (). /' !K) .-.! » ;i ;i2 .'JJ KXi l.V.-.l L'C ;!.i-.-H 1 1 1 ' 11 1 .-.4 :t!)- 3S .jl 1 4(! l.'i-!» ." 27 !!»• >in. t< Sill. --: y 1' II ill / . iii. 7(i :! X) = !»"<)s7()is sill, as .-,1 0= ir7!i7i(i4 i.'7 lii 1!» (is7.".(if) P' sin. n 1.1 L'li !i-s4:i7s;i sin. 101 42 4.')= !ril(is()4 1 sill. i;i 11 .■,;! r= !t-,l-js.-,y!) lii-ai'C.-.SO sin. 27 2."j 2.'; !)'(!f).!2!H) 1{. nnil P. ,■,4 ,-.() .•.0 3.") !l 10 4- 1 14 R lO U. A.olM. ,: ; 1{ .\.of. .« 3J 10 24 To conipuU' Tnii' ami App. Altituilo ot'j) III' anil III. II. M. S. II. M. ?. «i ;;4 24 ■(12 14 :.l 2;!-7.'. 12 r 1 1 4s- \-2 41-2 ! 2 0(; ;r2S . 14 J2 4-llu 20 Ut7'4 y M l(!-32 ! ;'-N'r. D. i >1. Hist. I In Arc. II. M. S. ; II. M. S. L'l ;'.2 .'iS-li !» 3li lli'3 j 3 171 ;; M i;!-4 ' O 4') 32 "(i 4!) 32 30 ;i 3ii l(> 1,! 1-j r.'-y- \i.f*p)- j 111 3f; k; ! 3s :a 111 3(J IG .- 14 .-.2 1 ;» : 12 23 i) I loO 27 16 1 3H .■i-2 I 49 32 "tj j 75 13 38 KXPLORATIOX OF RRITISII NORTH AMERICA. Gl lly Konmihi! ( I ) aiiil (U). • ■«H. I'i L';! !) - l(/!t7!t.'l»i -ill. II I .!() l(i z=. !C!MiH;i(;(i ■.ill. Its .',1 = •(•7!»7l(il 7.', i;j ;;s -ill. 18 II I.; sill. 12.'} 27 .■.;( sin. 2(i :>'.) 2;{ .-ill, ;i7 ."M 2S i!r 7 i.';i7() H72G8H i»2l2M4 (i.')6894 1!) .'.7HI7H i) 7S!K)89 7.J ."JG .•)(! 1 ;i t C.r. ( r,.r. i -s It r.T. t n I'x.iiiA.-II. I'x Cos, A pp. Alt. 7 's S. I). I'x. iK'aily. T. I'x. ; II /' „ lo G-7 4-.> \3 22 Aug. 3-7 lo 59 - 4-8 •4 113 4 -02 - 17'4 r.) ii;i \r> lG.-> IG •!).". ■',5 19-7 IG-9 Kt'.l. G-7 ;!29G = ;!•.") 17987 Cos. /«' = 9 "980809 ;il97 ;t-.'i0479G ,-,:M7 3296 = 3-.: 17987 Cor. m" =9-988430 3210 = 3-.J06417 ')3-30 14 3 4 R. and 1'. - 49 4.J m 13 13 19 n . SCO. s . COS. X , {j: — d) . cos. m . cos. *' X beinfr }i (m-^-s+d) Sm.»-= y.:i~.(£±^ + •)..!«. {■^^' -') d = 8l 41 s = 3.-, 10 m = 13 13 133 4 GG 32 IS 9 3o 8 4G 14 2 4j 24 35 45 52 6 39 80C. = -087523 sec: = 'OllGoS COS. = 9-G0nil8 COS. — 9 •97783,:; COS. = 9-9l2o87 COS. = 9'98G818 19-d7Go39 COS. 9-7882G9 H 3 I L. .1.1 62 PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE I N. A. Dim. I'.'ii. 76 42 21 27 :i() .VI 42 6 27 2 84 12 .■)4 + 12 84 i;i 6 H4 33 I li» :,s 41' 4.'. T. O. M.T. 11 17 1 J T. M. T. iV ! 36 43 sill = !)'98SL'().'. -iu.= «)'(«i4624 l!r652S2y riiii. !r826414 1'. L. 3306 I'. L. i».)J() 6ltU Longilmlf 7 K) 32 \V. (iO 4)460 3l' Longitude 111 s <> W. t tl P Old Bow Fort, Site of tiie.— Lat. oT 9' 0" N. Mask of Kocky Mointains. 1858. Aiifrust 16tli. Ml 4ii. 39m. i-.m. i.M.'l". iii I'lace i iipiuly, the t'uUowing DistRiices were olmerved (Sun iiml Mnoii), Index Krror + .V 2.'i ' ; Krror of Chrouoiueter on M.T. at Pluce, 7h. 29m. 2l3. last; Approxiniutu Kiror on ii. M. T. 10m. Auw. (Mean of 9 >iL'iits , Mean Cluojiomeler Times Error T. .M. r. at Place l>. II. M. S. 16 12 S 33-0 Mean of Diataiu'en 9,j 33 31 7 29 210 I. Krror l(i 4 -Mr 12 + ■> 25 95 .'i** 56 P' 1' To cnni[iiite True and Apparent Altitude of © «' Aud $. ©'8 N. p. U Cor. Cor. Kq. 34 sin. 97 »3 4(i tin. 17 30 3H 33 41' I9-6|K1(HJ 9'S(»<)(),)3 9"99(i0.36 9-47H;I95 19 474431 9-737215 t 66 11 23 ' . . . 23 4S 37 Ref. and Par. -+ 2 1 23 50 38 To compute True nnrt Apparoiit Altitiuli' of ;) m' uiid III. M 0» K. A. }.'«R. A. II. M. s. Cor. Cor, ■s \. r. I). >! M. I)is(. H. M. 8. U. M. S. a. ■ " 9 38 21-18 15 44 1-01 128-7 7"()7 25 G 59-5 9 10 22 9 1 r,H-2H 44-1 2-1 21 2 28-4 1 39 11-7 42 35-2 115 9 28 3-44 15 44 45 21 707 25 9 28 14 19 34-6 60 38 31 9 40 22'9 21 1414 1 1 5 9 2s 15 44 45 1 42 35 12 154 28 42 148-4 1 25 10-5 10 38 48 / f 14 44 1 2 28 12 :\.-r2 2 COS. 10 38 48 = 19-984918 sin. sin. 115 9 28 = 38 51 = 47 46 38 77 14 124 46 .52 29 13 36 39 17 30 2 i 9-9.)(i7l6 9-797464 19-73!«)98 sin. 9-869549 sin. sin. 9-914.>23 9-688656 19-603179 *in. 9-801589 78 35 . • - 11 25 ))•» 8. V. Cor. Cor. n -10-1 -9 •4 ) •« U. I'x. Px. in A. = H. I'x. Cos. App. Alt I'x. nearly. T. Px. t ft 14 54-3 • 1 II -2-7 1 It ■A 34-6 •4 54 34-2 Ued. 6-7 3267 = 3-514149 Cos. /h' = 9-991321 II 3267 = 3-514149 Cos. »i"=9-992619 ■2 14 .54-2 Aug. 2-9 3-.)05470 3211 3-506768 •08 -36 53-31 14 .57-1 54 27-5 ^ H 4 1 I II « 64 I'AI'KUS UKLATIVK TO TIIK Px. - .Vl III 10 ;ti •-'!> K.I. I l .17 ,/ = !).•) 3H .',6 CV S. I». )- l.> .^O y\ !S. 1). \ \^ .-.7 W <) 4.'* 10 ;)(! (i ,il • I t tl p E !: Rpjctftiiij: >eronil!t — #/ = <»() 10 .'. 17 ' i* lo li" .iiiliiraiMiMl iVoiii 1) = T. C'riii. Hi^t. .« = •>:\ •"'(> I AIh. ii-i'il in ('ciiniiiiliil'n)ii //) = 10 M 1 l'(i«, =z \/ ^"C. '" . ^* •• • '■"'■'• I ' — '/l . •'<••■ III '■ •'OS. *'. Sin. .,■ = ^ .-ill. (-■ ry- + " '• '""• ( ~1>"~ " " ) r>.Mi| Mitiltll II. ,1 •Mi 10 III — 10 ;U) >i'l*. = •(H)7I7.'> s = I'.i .-,() .•>Cl'. = •o;is71o l.'iO :i(i (■(IS. «i.") IH )•<;•_' lo;!s :!o o'l ('It*. = ' t!i;!;i(i71 11 •Jl .•.1 fdS, z=. (• Mn, >in. 1 r7(i.'.(iOL' i'71()!».Tl 'i-s7oi(;,-, S W. 4.5 W. M-4.5 ll.j 4 T2 W. John Palliseh, Capt., Couiuinnding N.B. America Exploring Expedition. it LONDON: Printed by Gkorof. K. Kvhe and William SroTTiswooDE. I'rinttrs to the Ciuoen's most Excellent Majesty. i'.ir llcr Slaj(.ity'6 Stationery Office. KM) KIIITISII NOinil AMKHICAN IXI'LOIMNli I.XIi;i>ITION. r«tiihli'v llfiwmi Tin: UK I) iiivKU si:tti-i;mi;nt mill THi: lUH'KV MOUNTAINS, SiKiwiiig iIm- Viiriiiiis |{iHit<-s nt' ilu* Kx|H-ilili(tii. ////(/>•/' iJii I'limiiiiiiiil oi' ('a|ti'l .Idliii I'ldlisfi- . .VI i Uii UA Ul I. .S'.iniif I II I s\ ■,„■„ ri V- ■ mhtarM rvS M' lluuk.' MM>.U Uu,H,-,«lMI. Siilliv.ui s Tcik I'ip/n.l i(.- (./r.i.v /,,r„,. //;, ;/ 1,,-maiiiilii li' llii- il. ./ ilM> l.i/li/il {Mi.<,ll I. 'I I ' ', llilili- .L'liii I'.illi.'irhii'l" liUiihUlllillllil .Vi'iY/i /iil//.-.(i .liitinr.ui K.ti'Irniui /■,.iyn////( M nil II. • ^f^Ouvr .,■-...-..--., "'».- or now K ■'tourh^ JUuiuh A j(t ,'«' ;((► It' ^ .W rtjt V "S •<'* '>r .4- DiitHill J Ifl"' I'.mlM .'(■ /,.i(//u./. ;i,'wr.(.i/\ /.i/N- /■.(".■•■ii limil llnlmii iV- 77i.' Cm/.'il Sdili'.* inn TOB ^ I ' ' ' < ■ 107 lO'l loe 105 un " r!jt lit Cm-nr all si u /. '-} , ; n 1 '■ <• .... ■--■' ' "'"' ^J^HlaCanie C^Krltnn .11' .,.,P''!'---"'' ^-^SfiyC ,, / ,-^,," p.llli-' and a t' t h' *' u fii p s 40,0 r f/ic I'rfitthiti'i iUt U'itutrtil I . 11 T '■ ''liKmi lirj-nl linltim it 'Ihe I'mlril Stitli-.^ r II I r I e '% "Ik SdW. «, y^ 3-^-K^*«.*'....;:; ttB I I ] ^ mUTlSH NORTH AMERICAN EXPLORING KXTEniTI ON. Country Between THE RED RIVER SETTLEMENT «nil THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS; Showiug tlie Viii'ioiis Itoiiles of llu- I^xpedititm , iiikIit tlif I'omiiMiul lit' dipt'; .lolui Pidliser. 7«,'.7 ,f- IH.',fi. l^'bi-'f.wll 'r'-^-' r^';,.,:,S:*'\ ■•.„...7\ lot IIKI V^V' f nil -\^^ II .'i-l 41) i It f » L. 'y-ttMr.i- i7.r /ruicA as Hi f} Hiij'/i/ Wriorif II,,;), ,'/■/,.>•/> WHIT P. nSII UIVKH .Intlll PlllllMT KS(|' __i TA^ f/r//r} v/V//.* /Vi^^ :v fft f/tf/'r o/^/Af A'tt/m-i'tM/^fi/^tt-^^ /{ A'-i/'V^tf/f /'ofu/t/w /iVvv*-/^; 'f. /(<'.y.^ "f'/ff/f '////*. -/| H''. '/Vif/ ^i»/, '/, ■-/-• ' t''"tr/t rJ'v. \ ,1,^ " H- V' /■»V////vVvir ir 4' .w./ flW /-^z* ''/'/A wif^A! f^^:f rA^/'^ r.v u//f '"»3^. Sf. / ■. t\'4'\tttt^H '//"If ,f,'/4^/ '/■'> ,T Jn" TAr .,i,',//'\ ii/v' /.•>"*f.i rf //t/^ /•;afm,/ ».' ;ir:Jl :iori',f) ;>rrU,S '•■rf n„m i,.i,/M-Hi"/ .ll'inv/xv" rrff/ifyr:iy r'Df/'A'il-'l'M.i- \ '^...'%^^ ^,^, ---',. ^^-t- "^~- "*^.., ^/!f M "'»<«)< /7,f/». /X/.i (J«r/; .1 im.'\ n^/oraiUHitf/^y U-Uf . T'/if (//.i/iime lu.r fi.n.'io '} . 1 trlf/f/' //T/i / '/'Ar fiMU/^/^' f.r r,,,»»-' 1 f • i Sh f) ;.(iin/ /o/"H' rflKii!i00' #ll«' '■!'1"«C .-f- I rf.,,„....'i'V',. i> Sh.rt i*- Sh 7 \ Ji^ "s. ■^ w "^^ * I Sli« V'V'*©*' / * Hrlrrrnrr . ^■'"' />» ... V"' />^ ... Sli 7 Sh. 7 ^ yhi- ■-> ' ' . rs5. \t^^ s Mrr-y ^- ■ '<\\J^' Sh « .(/r/' '//■ U'/////jfy /,,tAf /i'l.vi,, \!'r\Mii^- //// JjS'/l/tU/lci/l >;,■ f/te Sli/ir/'/'i, /,i/ t/,yiii.\itr.\ Ml » •l,4n>«i I I r' ,v. - 1 .^' .loiffihA I Oi*U t, fOr^'-^-Sx^isJL~-~r>L m lua ''^'^^ 'X-v 11 ^ «l YBT- ■I- § 5^ If M ^^.:l> % ^ I \ ^^^waw^WMVH ? r ^ '\ :^ \ !^ 1^ I t 'ft* I Si ^ I Hi! ^ I I * I ■4 ^ 1 f 1= I I I Htii i'ini.s HtiHur JIMOft ffl /I'lirk^ Mmm4a4ti tintixr idiiti O Kihrti^n/t.n. f/i>UA't J!,,n''- /Mv i Siiilir /////.I /..j'l n , h'lirl /'lit I Ku/f/f i/iUs /ofw n\ Flirt t V-- (Ijj /^w /iMJttf ."oi'liuff /fMiiMjiJi.r /yirfntf ^ Sh. 3 Ml' -?^_ 1.11 i I l*or'fil//f rf^w /ftll 'i)ili.' ■■' .\'nf In- Hie.i II ill 111 X Ulih Sli 1. Sli. i \V% .SW/' a.'h/ Mfi/' \)j :lpnnr/i of ri (//.(,<•//// vVu.-w ,', // ,>V' ,•', Ir/ur !i>7",i>y /Iri/y ~- •i*;- ( >'«'«(<-<;.'■' IfVt//,/ Iff/- .V- / .M /■ «<'*^ L,l„WlV:(#'^^"''"^"^-5^i«^ >- ■"""X>.,«.''"«"" ^ »"/ ■/w*''^', f*'*!***' ^^^^ ■-' .'wror,,:'"' ''fit ^^f^ ^4^ #" aiJi(i ^:" "^u^ '^•^'';.',:;>.. lllllir./, ''MiMw*liHj(i(^ :M JW«i ArrnvmM lilhc Ut~ ^ i ! Sli I 1 Italic Sli .' It UK- r^"^ Alrvajiili Sli I /trtft Sh I ]:rTrmr:T|T" W'^ ft /r^iA ijf I.rnr of '^•'t/ian iM>.Si Jft//« Had ¥ai-/ h orUu ^fJmmt'44ffi4»r/i/tA t yn .A / ■^ / / .-,/. vna,. 5^' / ■'••*/-. / SI, ..• Sli 2 ./^afi/ti/ hi 1/7 /.fM'/je UmSUK /A k ~ cp i)s.frKj:uj7r^/r^~' ':iJ ni » i H^ n^T" I h o I' r t r" I'nflaiir (, ^ / ''^■^■^■yr J y J- ffl ii ' ii >w»t ' M'anw .' -j'iu^. ; , ,fii/>/l fl"/i/».im//A , LU/